Monograph |
Corresponding author: Sarah M. Smith ( camptocerus@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Miguel Alonso-Zarazaga
© 2020 Sarah M. Smith, Roger A. Beaver, Anthony I. Cognato.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Smith SM, Beaver RA, Cognato AI (2020) A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China. ZooKeys 983: 1-442. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630
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The Southeast Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetle fauna is reviewed for the first time. Thirty-four genera and 315 species are reviewed, illustrated, and keyed to genera and species. Sixty-three new species are described: Amasa cycloxyster sp. nov., Amasa galeoderma sp. nov., Amasa gibbosa sp. nov., Amasa lini sp. nov., Amasa tropidacron sp. nov., Amasa youlii sp. nov., Ambrosiophilus caliginestris sp. nov., Ambrosiophilus indicus sp. nov., Ambrosiophilus lannaensis sp. nov., Ambrosiophilus papilliferus sp. nov., Ambrosiophilus wantaneeae sp. nov., Anisandrus achaete sp. nov., Anisandrus auco sp. nov., Anisandrus auratipilus sp. nov., Anisandrus congruens sp. nov., Anisandrus cryphaloides sp. nov., Anisandrus feronia sp. nov., Anisandrus hera sp. nov., Anisandrus paragogus sp. nov., Anisandrus sinivali sp. nov., Anisandrus venustus sp. nov., Anisandrus xuannu sp. nov., Arixyleborus crassior sp. nov., Arixyleborus phiaoacensis sp. nov., Arixyleborus setosus sp. nov., Arixyleborus silvanus sp. nov., Arixyleborus sittichayai sp. nov., Arixyleborus titanus sp. nov., Coptodryas amydra sp. nov., Coptodryas carinata sp. nov., Coptodryas inornata sp. nov., Cyclorhipidion amasoides sp. nov., Cyclorhipidion amputatum sp. nov., Cyclorhipidion denticauda sp. nov., Cyclorhipidion muticum sp. nov., Cyclorhipidion obesulum sp. nov., Cyclorhipidion petrosum sp. nov., Cyclorhipidion truncaudinum sp. nov., Cyclorhipidion xeniolum sp. nov., Euwallacea geminus sp. nov., Euwallacea neptis sp. nov., Euwallacea subalpinus sp. nov., Euwallacea testudinatus sp. nov., Heteroborips fastigatus sp. nov., Heteroborips indicus sp. nov., Microperus latesalebrinus sp. nov., Microperus minax sp. nov., Microperus sagmatus sp. nov., Streptocranus petilus sp. nov., Truncaudum bullatum sp. nov., Xyleborinus cuneatus sp. nov., Xyleborinus disgregus sp. nov., Xyleborinus echinopterus sp. nov., Xyleborinus ephialtodes sp. nov., Xyleborinus huifenyinae sp. nov., Xyleborinus jianghuansuni sp. nov., Xyleborinus thaiphami sp. nov., Xyleborinus tritus sp. nov., Xyleborus opacus sp. nov., Xyleborus sunisae sp. nov., Xyleborus yunnanensis sp. nov., Xylosandrus bellinsulanus sp. nov., Xylosandrus spinifer sp. nov.. Thirteen new combinations are given: Ambrosiophilus consimilis (Eggers) comb. nov., Anisandrus carinensis (Eggers) comb. nov., Anisandrus cristatus (Hagedorn) comb. nov., Anisandrus klapperichi (Schedl) comb. nov., Anisandrus percristatus (Eggers) comb. nov., Arixyleborus resecans (Eggers) comb. nov., Cyclorhipidion armiger (Schedl) comb. nov., Debus quadrispinus (Motschulsky) comb. nov., Heteroborips tristis (Eggers) comb. nov., Leptoxyleborus machili (Niisima) comb. nov., Microperus cruralis (Schedl) comb. nov., Planiculus shiva (Maiti & Saha) comb. nov., Xylosandrus formosae (Wood) comb. nov. Twenty-four new synonyms are proposed: Ambrosiophilus osumiensis (Murayama, 1934) (= Xyleborus nodulosus Eggers, 1941 syn. nov.); Ambrosiophilus subnepotulus (Eggers, 1930) (= Xyleborus cristatuloides Schedl, 1971 syn. nov.); Ambrosiophilus sulcatus (Eggers, 1930) (= Xyleborus sinensis Eggers, 1941 syn. nov.; = Xyleborus sulcatulus Eggers, 1939 syn. nov.); Anisandrus hirtus (Hagedorn, 1904) (= Xyleborus hirtipes Schedl, 1969 syn. nov.); Cnestus protensus (Eggers, 1930) (= Cnestus rostratus Schedl, 1977 syn. nov.); Cyclorhipidion bodoanum (Reitter, 1913) (= Xyleborus misatoensis Nobuchi, 1981 syn. nov.); Cyclorhipidion distinguendum (Eggers, 1930) (= Xyleborus fukiensis Eggers, 1941 syn. nov.; = Xyleborus ganshoensis Murayama, 1952 syn. nov.); Cyclorhipidion inarmatum (Eggers, 1923) (= Xyleborus vagans Schedl, 1977 syn. nov.); Debus quadrispinus (Motschulsky, 1863) (= Xyleborus fallax Eichhoff, 1878 syn. nov.); Euwallacea gravelyi (Wichmann, 1914) (= Xyleborus barbatomorphus Schedl, 1951 syn. nov.); Euwallacea perbrevis (Schedl, 1951) (= Xyleborus molestulus Wood, 1975 syn. nov.; Euwallacea semirudis (Blandford, 1896) (= Xyleborus neohybridus Schedl, 1942 syn. nov.); Euwallacea sibsagaricus (Eggers, 1930) (= Xyleborus tonkinensis Schedl, 1934 syn. nov.); Euwallacea velatus (Sampson, 1913) (= Xyleborus rudis Eggers, 1930 syn. nov.); Microperus kadoyamaensis (Murayama, 1934) (= Xyleborus pubipennis Schedl, 1974 syn. nov.; =Xyleborus denseseriatus Eggers, 1941 syn. nov.); Stictodex dimidiatus (Eggers, 1927) (=Xyleborus dorsosulcatus Beeson, 1930 syn. nov.); Webbia trigintispinata Sampson, 1922 (= Webbia mucronatus Eggers, 1927 syn. nov.); Xyleborinus artestriatus (Eichhoff, 1878) (= Xyelborus angustior [sic] Eggers, 1925 syn. nov.; = Xyleborus undatus Schedl, 1974 syn. nov.); Xyleborinus exiguus (Walker, 1859) (= Xyleborus diversus Schedl, 1954 syn. nov.); Xyleborus muticus Blandford, 1894 (= Xyleborus conditus Schedl, 1971 syn. nov.; = Xyleborus lignographus Schedl, 1953 syn. nov.). Seven species are removed from synonymy and reinstated as valid species: Anisandrus cristatus (Hagedorn, 1908), Cyclorhipidion tenuigraphum (Schedl, 1953), Diuncus ciliatoformis (Schedl, 1953), Euwallacea gravelyi (Wichmann, 1914), Euwallacea semirudis (Blandford, 1896), Microperus fulvulus (Schedl, 1942), Xyleborinus subspinosus (Eggers, 1930).
ambrosia beetles, biodiversity, new combinations, new species, new synonymy, Oriental region, Scolytidae, taxonomy
Xyleborine ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) occur throughout the forested regions of the world with the highest diversity occurring in the tropical and subtropical regions (
Taxonomic knowledge of xyleborines is mostly limited to alpha-level taxonomy that began in earnest with the description of Xyleborus by
Given that SE Asia species are intercepted at US and other ports every year and have proven pestiferous (
Examined specimens came from our own collections, fieldwork and through loans from several institutions. All descriptions, keys and diagnoses are based on females as males are largely unknown, rarely encountered, and not often present without a female of the same species. Type material was examined by all authors. Specimens were assembled and examined from the following entomological collections by one or more authors:
CSLC Ching-Shan Lin collection, Chang Hua, Taiwan;
LYLC Lan-Yu Liu collection, Yilan, Taiwan;
MFNB Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany;
MIZ Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland;
MNHP Museum of Natural History, Prague, Cechia;
PPST Plant Protection Station, Tokyo, Japan;
QDAFB Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Australia;
QSBG Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden, Chiang Mai, Thailand;
RABC Roger A. Beaver collection, Chiang Mai, Thailand;
RIFID Research Institute of Forest Insect Diversity, Namyangju, South Korea;
RJRC Robert J. Rabaglia collection, Annapolis, USA;
SSC Sunisa Sanguansub collection, Khampaengsaen, Thailand;
UFFE University of Florida, Forest Entomology Laboratory, Gainesville, USA;
UHZM Universität Hamburg – Zoological Museum, Hamburg, Germany;
All the primary literature as well as types of nearly all 280 species and many of their synonyms known prior to this study were obtained so to assure correct identity of examined specimens. We employed a species concept sensu
Specimens were primarily photographed by SMS with some by Rachel Osborn (MSU) with a Visionary Digital Passport II system (Dun Inc., Palmyra, VA) using a Canon EOS 5D Mark II, 65.0 mm Canon Macro photo lens, two Dynalite (Union, NJ) MH2015 road flash heads, Dynalite RoadMax MP8 power pack and a Stack Shot (Cognisys, Inc, Traverse City, MI). Montage images were assembled using Helicon Focus Mac Pro 6.7.1 (Helicon Soft, Kharkov, Ukraine). Additional photos were contributed by Wisut Sittichaya (Prince of Songkhla University) and AIC (methods detailed in
Specimens were examined using Leica (Wetzlar, Germany) MZ6 and MZ16 stereomicroscopes and illuminated with an Ikea Jansjö LED work lamp (Delft, Netherlands). Length was measured from pronotum apex to the apex of the declivity and a maximum of five specimens per species were measured. Pedicel is not included in the number of funicle segments, following
Anatomical terminology is illustrated in Figure
alutaceous with fine, leather-like reticulation;
asperity(-ies) small flat denticle-like structures frequently arranged in rows or confined to specific areas;
carina a sharply elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily high or acute (Fig.
costa a more gradually elevated ridge that is rounded at its crest, without a sharp appearance (Fig.
declivity/declivital the downward slope of the elytra/pertaining to the declivity;
denticle a small tooth, the sides of which are equal, and the tip is above the middle of the base (Fig.
glabrous devoid of vestiture;
granule a small rounded protuberance, like a grain of sand (Fig.
opalescent showing varying colors, like an opal;
serrations row of asperities (flat denticles), a saw-like structure;
shagreened with a rough surface of closely set granules;
spine an elongate projection of the exoskeleton that is longer than its basal width (Fig.
summit highest point, used for pronotum and elytra, denotes the peak between pronotal frontal slope and disc, and between elytral disc and declivity;
tubercle a small knob-like or rounded protuberance of the exoskeleton (Fig.
unarmed without cuticular protuberances, e.g., granules, denticles, tubercles or spines;
vermiculate tortuous; marked by repeated twists, like worm tracks.
Dorsal pronotal types. Type 0, Heteroborips seriatus; type 1 rounded, Cnestus gravidus; type 2 basic and parallel-sided, Amasa gibbosa; type 3 subquadrate with anterolateral corners slightly prominent, Cyclorhipidion amasoides; type 4 quadrate with anterolateral corners conspicuous and sides almost parallel, Euwallacea destruens; type 5 conical and elongate, Leptoxyleborus sordicauda; type 6 strongly conical, Anisandrus cryphaloides; type 7 rounded frontally and long, Tricosa cattienensis; type 8 elongate and subquadrate or quadrate, Euwallacea piceus; type 9 long and rounded frontally, Debus amphicranoides; type a long and quadrate frontally, Webbia duodecimspinata; type c conspicuously elongate and quadrate frontally, Streptocranus bicuspis. Drawings modified from
Lateral pronotal types. Type 0 basic, Xylosandrus mancus; type 1 uniformly rounded without distinct summit, Ambrosiodmus rubricollis; type 2 taller than basic, Euwallacea perbrevis; type 3 short and tall, Anisandrus percristatus; type 4 robust with summit moved anteriad, Schedlia sumatrana; type 5 robust, subquadrate or rounded, Diuncus haberkorni; type 7 disc as long or slightly longer than anterior slope, Tricosa cattienensis; type 8 disc much longer than anterior slope, Cryptoxyleborus stenographus; type 9 anterior slope much longer than disc, Debus amphicranoides; type a very long ‘hooded frontally’, Streptocranus mirabilis; type b long flattened and bulging frontally, Webbia duodecimspinata. Drawings modified from
We identified 34 genera and 315 species as occurring in the study region. Sixty-three new species, 24 new synonyms and 13 new combinations were identified. Previously published records of two additional species were not confirmed as occurring in the region and are therefore considered dubious:
1. Cnestus bicornis (Eggers, 1923) is listed as occurring in India (Assam) (
2. Xyleborus aquilus Blandford, 1894 was described from Japan and was previously reported from China (Fujian, Hunan, Sichuan), South Korea and Taiwan. Images of syntypes from
In part, this study relied on DNA based phylogenies to help resolve generic and species identities and designate species limits (
We discovered a total of 75 new species reported in this and associated publications (
This study provides the first taxonomic review of xyleborine species occurring in mainland SE Asia and adjacent areas. The associated taxonomic tools, Lucid key, DNA sequences, and images complement this monograph and provide additional resources for species and generic identifications (
Amasa Lea, 1894
Pseudoxyleborus Eggers, 1930
Anaxyleborus Wood, 1980
Amasa aspersa (Sampson, 1921)
Amasa beesoni (Eggers, 1930)
Amasa concitata (Schedl, 1969a)
Amasa cycloxyster sp. nov.
Amasa cylindrotomica (Schedl, 1939b)
Xyleborus semitruncatus Schedl, 1942c
Xyleborus truncatellus Schedl, 1951a
Xyleborus jucundus Schedl, 1954
Amasa eugeniae (Eggers, 1930)
Amasa galeoderma sp. nov.
Amasa gibbosa sp. nov.
Amasa lini sp. nov.
Amasa opalescens (Schedl, 1937a)
Amasa resecta (Eggers, 1923)
Xyleborus abruptus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus opacicauda Eggers, 1940
Amasa schlichii (Stebbing, 1907)
Acanthotomicus truncatus Stebbing, 1907
Xyleborus glaber Eggers, 1930
Xyleborus uniseriatus Eggers, 1936b
Xyleborus verax Schedl, 1939b
Amasa tropidacron sp. nov.
Amasa versicolor (Sampson, 1921)
Amasa youlii sp. nov.
Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, 1915a
Phloeotrogus Motschulsky, 1863
Brownia Nunberg, 1963
Ambrosiodmus asperatus (Blandford, 1895)
Xyleborus nepotulus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus citri Beeson, 1930
Xyleborus nepotulomorphus Eggers, 1936b
Ambrosiodmus brunneipes (Eggers, 1940)
Ambrosiodmus conspectus (Schedl, 1964b)
Ambrosiodmus lewisi (Blandford, 1894b)
Ozopemon tuberculatus Strohmeyer, 1912
Xyleborus lewekianus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus tegalensis Eggers, 1923
Ambrosiodmus minor (Stebbing, 1907)
Xyleborus crassus Hagedorn, 1910a
Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1876a)
Xyleborus taboensis Schedl, 1952b
Xyleborus strohmeyeri Schedl, 1975b
Ambrosiophilus Hulcr & Cognato, 2009
Ambrosiophilus atratus (Eichhoff, 1876a)
Xyleborus collis Niisima, 1910
Ambrosiophilus caliginestris sp. nov.
Ambrosiophilus consimilis (Eggers, 1923), comb. nov.
Ambrosiophilus cristatulus (Schedl, 1953b)
Ambrosiophilus indicus sp. nov.
Ambrosiophilus lannaensis sp. nov.
Ambrosiophilus latisulcatus (Eggers, 1940)
Ambrosiophilus osumiensis (Murayama, 1934)
Xyleborus metanepotulus Eggers, 1939b
Xyleborus nodulosus Eggers, 1941b, syn. nov.
Xyleborus pernodulus Schedl, 1957
Xyleborus hunanensis Browne, 1983b
Ambrosiophilus peregrinus Smith & Cognato, 2015
Ambrosiophilus papilliferus sp. nov.
Ambrosiophilus satoi (Schedl, 1966b)
Ambrosiophilus sexdentatus (Eggers, 1940)
Ambrosiophilus subnepotulus (Eggers, 1930)
Xyleborus cristatuloides Schedl, 1971a, syn. nov.
Ambrosiophilus sulcatus (Eggers, 1930)
Xyleborus sulcatulus Eggers, 1939a, syn. nov.
Xyleborus sinensis Eggers, 1941b, syn. nov.
Ambrosiophilus wantaneeae sp. nov.
Ancipitis Hulcr & Cognato, 2013
Ancipitis puer (Eggers, 1923)
Xyleborus ceramensis Schedl, 1937a
Ancipitis punctatissimus (Eichhoff), 1880
Xyleborus spatulatus Blandford, 1896b
Anisandrus Ferrari, 1867
Anisandrus achaete sp. nov.
Anisandrus apicalis (Blandford, 1894b)
Anisandrus auco sp. nov.
Anisandrus auratipilus sp. nov.
Anisandrus carinensis (Eggers, 1923), comb. nov.
Anisandrus congruens sp. nov.
Anisandrus cristatus (Hagedorn, 1908), comb. nov., stat. res.
Xyleborus fabricii Schedl, 1964c
Anisandrus cryphaloides sp. nov.
Anisandrus dispar (Fabricius, 1792)
Bostrichus brevis Panzer, 1793
Bostrichus thoracicus Panzer, 1793
Scolytus pyri Peck, 1817
Bostrichus tachygraphus Sahlberg, 1836
Bostrichus ratzeburgi Kolenati, 1846
Xyleborus ishidai Niisima, 1909
Anisandrus aequalis Reitter, 1913
Anisandrus swainei Drake, 1921
Xyleborus dispar rugulosus Eggers, 1922
Xyleborus cerasi Eggers, 1937
Xyleborus khinganensis Murayama, 1943
Anisandrus eggersi (Beeson, 1930)
Anisandrus feronia sp. nov.
Anisandrus geminatus (Hagedorn, 1904)
Anisandrus hera sp. nov.
Anisandrus hirtus (Hagedorn, 1904)
Xyleborus hagedorni Stebbing, 1914
Xyleborus hirtuosus Beeson, 1930
Xyleborus hagedornianus Schedl, 1952d
Xyleborus tectonae Nunberg, 1956
Xyleborus hirtipes Schedl, 1969b, syn. nov.
Xyleborus taiwanensis Browne, 1980b
Anisandrus improbus (Sampson, 1913)
Anisandrus klapperichi (Schedl, 1955b), comb. nov.
Anisandrus lineatus (Eggers, 1930)
Xyleborus melancranis Beeson, 1930
Anisandrus longidens (Eggers, 1930)
Anisandrus maiche (Kurentzov, 1941)
Xyleborus maiche Eggers, 1942
Anisandrus mussooriensis (Eggers, 1930)
Anisandrus niger (Sampson, 1912)
Anisandrus paragogus sp. nov.
Anisandrus percristatus (Eggers, 1939a), comb. nov.
Anisandrus sinivali sp. nov.
Anisandrus ursulus (Eggers, 1923)
Anisandrus venustus sp. nov.
Anisandrus xuannu sp. nov.
Arixyleborus Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleboricus Eggers, 1923
Arixyleborus crassior sp. nov.
Arixyleborus grandis (Schedl, 1942c)
Arixyleborus granifer (Eichhoff, 1878a)
Xyleborus granifer borneensis Schedl, 1965
Arixyleborus granulifer (Eggers, 1923)
Arixyleborus hirsutulus Schedl, 1969a
Arixyleborus leprosulus Schedl, 1953b
Arixyleborus aralidii Nunberg, 1961
Arixyleborus malayensis (Schedl, 1954)
Arixyleborus mediosectus (Eggers, 1923)
Arixyleborus angulatus Schedl, 1942a
Arixyleborus minor (Eggers, 1940)
Arixyleborus trux Schedl, 1975c
Arixyleborus moestus (Eggers, 1930)
Arixyleborus nudulus Smith, Rabaglia & Cognato, 2018 (in
Arixyleborus phiaoacensis sp. nov.
Arixyleborus puberulus (Blandford, 1896b)
Xyleborus hirtipennis Eggers, 1940
Arixyleborus resecans (Eggers, 1930), comb. nov.
Arixyleborus rugosipes Hopkins, 1915a
Webbia medius Eggers, 1927b
Webbia camphorae Eggers, 1936a
Arixyleborus scabripennis (Blandford, 1896b)
Arixyleborus setosus sp. nov.
Arixyleborus silvanus sp. nov.
Arixyleborus sittichayai sp. nov.
Arixyleborus suturalis (Eggers, 1936b)
Arixyleborus titanus sp. nov.
Arixyleborus tuberculatus (Eggers, 1940)
Arixyleborus yakushimanus (Murayama, 1958)
Beaverium Hulcr & Cognato, 2009
Beaverium lantanae (Eggers, 1930)
Beaverium latus (Eggers, 1923)
Beaverium magnus (Niisima, 1910)
Xyleborus rufobrunneus var. dihingensis Eggers, 1930
Xyleborus chujoi Schedl, 1951a
Cnestus Sampson, 1911
Tosaxyleborus Murayama, 1950
Cnestus ater (Eggers, 1923)
Xyleborus retusiformis Schedl, 1936d
Cnestus aterrimus (Eggers, 1927a)
Xyleborus glabripennis Schedl, 1942a
Tosaxyleborus pallidipennis Murayama, 1950
Cnestus nitens Browne, 1955
Cnestus murayamai Schedl, 1962a
Cnestus murayamai Browne, 1963
Cnestus pseudosuturalis Schedl, 1964c
Cnestus maculatus Browne, 1983b
Cnestus bicornioides (Schedl, 1952a)
Cnestus gravidus (Blandford, 1898)
Cnestus improcerus (Sampson, 1921)
Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford, 1894b)
Xyleborus sampsoni Eggers, 1930
Xyleborus banjoewangi Schedl, 1939b
Xyleborus taitonus Eggers, 1939b
Cnestus nitidipennis (Schedl, 1951a)
Cnestus protensus (Eggers, 1930)
Cnestus rostratus Schedl, 1977, syn. nov.
Cnestus quadrispinosus Sittichaya & Beaver, 2018
Cnestus suturalis (Eggers, 1930)
Cnestus testudo (Eggers, 1939b)
Coptodryas Hopkins, 1915a
Coptodryas amydra sp. nov.
Coptodryas bella (Sampson, 1921)
Coptodryas carinata sp. nov.
Coptodryas concinna (Beeson, 1930)
Xyleborus flexicostatus Schedl, 1942c
Coptodryas confusa Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus cryphaloides Schedl, 1942a
Coptodryas elegans (Sampson, 1923)
Coptodryas inornata sp. nov.
Coptodryas mus (Eggers, 1930)
Coptodryas nudipennis (Schedl, 1951a)
Coptodryas quadricostata (Schedl, 1942c)
Cryptoxyleborus Wood & Bright, 1992
Cryptoxyleborus Schedl, 1937a
Cryptoxyleborus barbieri Schedl, 1953a
Cryptoxyleborus confusus Browne, 1950
Cryptoxyleborus eggersi Schedl, 1936c
Cryptoxyleborus dryobalanopsis Schedl, 1942a
Xyleborus eggersianus Schedl, 1960b
Cryptoxyleborus percuneolus (Schedl, 1951a)
Cryptoxyleborus quadriporus Beaver, 1990
Cryptoxyleborus stenographus (Schedl, 1971b)
Cryptoxyleborus subnaevus Schedl, 1937a
Cryptoxyleborus turbineus (Sampson, 1923)
Cyclorhipidion Hagedorn, 1912b
Terminalinus Hopkins, 1915a
Notoxyleborus Schedl, 1934b
Kelantanius Nunberg, 1961
Cyclorhipidion amasoides sp. nov.
Cyclorhipidion amputatum sp. nov.
Cyclorhipidion armiger (Schedl, 1953c), comb. nov.
Cyclorhipidion bodoanum (Reitter, 1913)
Xyleborus punctulatus Kurentzov, 1948
Xyleborus californicus Wood, 1975b
Xyleborus misatoensis Nobuchi, 1981a, syn. nov.
Cyclorhipidion circumcisum (Sampson, 1921)
Xyleborus obtusus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus subobtusus Schedl, 1942a
Cyclorhipidion denticauda sp. nov.
Cyclorhipidion distinguendum (Eggers, 1930)
Xyleborus fukiensis Eggers, 1941b, syn. nov.
Xyleborus ganshoensis Murayama, 1952, syn. nov.
Cyclorhipidion fouqueti (Schedl, 1937b)
Cyclorhipidion inarmatum (Eggers, 1923)
Xyleborus vagans Schedl, 1977, syn. nov.
Cyclorhipidion japonicum (Nobuchi, 1981a)
Cyclorhipidion miyazakiense (Murayama, 1936)
Xyleborus armipennis Schedl, 1953c
Xyleborus wakayamensis Nobuchi, 1981a
Cyclorhipidion muticum sp. nov.
Cyclorhipidion neocavipenne (Schedl, 1977)
Cyclorhipidion obesulum sp. nov.
Cyclorhipidion ohnoi (Browne, 1980a)
Cyclorhipidion pelliculosum (Eichhoff, 1878a)
Xyleborus seiryorensis Murayama, 1930
Xyleborus quercus Kurentzov, 1948
Xyleborus starki Nunberg, 1956
Cyclorhipidion perpilosellum (Schedl, 1935a)
Xyleborus punctatopilosus Schedl, 1936b
Cyclorhipidion petrosum sp. nov.
Cyclorhipidion pilipenne (Eggers, 1940)
Cyclorhipidion pruinosulum Browne, 1979
Cyclorhipidion pruinosum (Blandford, 1896b)
Xyleborus arcticollis Blandford, 1896b
Xyleborus decipiens Eggers, 1923
Cyclorhipidion sisyrnophorum (Hagedorn, 1910a)
Cyclorhipidion tenuigraphum (Schedl, 1953) stat. res.
Cyclorhipidion trucaudinum sp. nov.
Cyclorhipidion umbratum (Eggers, 1941b)
Cyclorhipidion vigilans (Schedl, 1939b)
Cyclorhipidion xeniolum sp. nov.
Cyclorhipidion xyloteroides (Eggers, 1939b)
Debus Hulcr & Cognato, 2010a
Debus adusticollis (Motschulsky, 1863)
Xyleborus vestitus Schedl, 1931
Debus amphicranoides (Hagedorn, 1908)
Xyleborus amphicranoides latecavatus Eggers, 1927b
Xyleborus amphicranoides parvior Browne, 1981b
Debus birmanus (Eggers, 1930)
Debus detritus (Eggers, 1927a)
Xyleborus maniensis Browne, 1981a
Debus emarginatus (Eichhoff, 1878a)
Xyleborus exesus Blandford, 1894b
Ips cinchonae Veen, 1897
Xyleborus cordatus Hagedorn, 1910a
Xyleborus palmeri Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus terminaliae Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus emarginatus semicircularis Schedl, 1973
Debus pumilus (Eggers, 1923)
Xyleborus cylindricus Eggers, 1927b
Xyleborus neocylindricus Schedl, 1942a
Ips kelantanensis Browne, 1955
Xyleborus ipidia Schedl, 1972a
Xyleborus planodeclivis Browne, 1974
Debus quadrispinus (Motschulsky, 1863), comb. nov.
Xyleborus fallax Eichhoff, 1878a, syn. nov.
Xyleborus amphicranulus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus fastigatus Schedl, 1935a
Debus shoreae (Stebbing, 1907)
Tomicus assamensis Stebbing, 1909
Diuncus Hulcr & Cognato, 2009
Diuncus ciliatoformis (Schedl, 1953d) stat. res.
Diuncus corpulentus (Eggers, 1930)
Diuncus dossuarius (Eggers, 1923)
Diuncus haberkorni (Eggers, 1920)
Xyleborus approximatus Schedl, 1951a
Xyleborus taichuensis Schedl, 1952b
Xyleborus potens Schedl, 1964a
Diuncus javanus (Eggers, 1923)
Xyleborus perdix Schedl, 1939a
Diuncus justus (Schedl, 1931)
Xyleborus marginicollis Schedl, 1936c
Xyleborus ciliatus Eggers, 1940
Xyleborus apiculatus Schedl, 1942a
Diuncus mucronatulus (Eggers, 1930)
Diuncus mucronatus (Eggers, 1923)
Diuncus quadrispinulosus (Eggers, 1923)
Xyleborus parvispinosus palembangensis Schedl, 1939b
Xyleborus parvispinosus Schedl, 1951a
Dryoxylon Bright & Rabaglia, 1999
Dryoxylon onoharaense (Murayama, 1934)
Eccoptopterus Motschulsky, 1863
Platydactylus Eichhoff, 1886
Eurydactylus Hagedorn, 1909
Eccoptopterus limbus Sampson, 1911
Xyleborus auratus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus squamulosus duplicatus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus squamulosus Eggers, 1923
Eccoptopterus spinosus (Olivier, 1800)
Eccoptopterus sexspinosus Motschulsky, 1863
Xyleborus abnormis Eichhoff, 1869
Platydactylus gracilipes Eichhoff, 1886
Xyleborus sexspinosus multispinosus Hagedorn, 1908
Xyleborus collaris Eggers, 1923
Eccoptopterus sagittarius Schedl, 1939b
Eccoptopterus sexspinosus pluridentatus Schedl, 1942c
Xyleborus eccoptopterus Schedl, 1951b
Euwallacea Hopkins, 1915a
Wallacellus Hulcr & Cognato, 2010a
Euwallacea andamanensis (Blandford, 1896b)
Xyleborus noxius Sampson, 1913
Xyleborus siobanus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus burmanicus Beeson, 1930
Xyleborus granulipennis Eggers, 1930
Xyleborus intextus Beeson, 1930
Xyleborus senchalensis Beeson, 1930
Xyleborus talumalai Browne, 1966
Euwallacea aplanatus (Wichmann, 1914)
Euwallacea destruens (Blandford, 1896b)
Xyleborus barbatus Hagedorn, 1910a
Xyleborus barbatulus Schedl, 1934b
Xyleborus pseudobarbatus Schedl, 1942a
Xyleborus nandarivatus Schedl, 1950a
Xyleborus procerrimus Schedl, 1969a
Euwallacea fornicatior (Eggers, 1923)
Xyleborus schultzei Schedl, 1951a
Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff, 1868b)
Xyleborus whitfordiodendrus Schedl, 1942a
Xyleborus tapatapaoensis Schedl, 1951b
Euwallacea funereus (Lea, 1910)
Xyleborus nepos Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus nepos robustus Schedl, 1933
Xyleborus signatus Schedl, 1949
Euwallacea geminus sp. nov.
Euwallacea gravelyi (Wichmann, 1914) stat. res.
Xyleborus ovalicollis Eggers, 1930
Xyleborus barbatomorphus Schedl, 1951a, syn. nov.
Euwallacea interjectus (Blandford, 1894c)
Xyleborus pseudovalidus Eggers, 1925
Euwallacea kuroshio Gomez & Hulcr, 2018 (in
Euwallacea luctuosus (Eggers, 1939a)
Euwallacea malloti (Eggers, 1930)
Euwallacea minutus (Blandford, 1894b), comb. nov.
Xyleborus breviusculus Schedl, 1942a
Xyleborus pernitidus Schedl, 1954
Euwallacea neptis sp. nov.
Euwallacea perbrevis (Schedl, 1951a)
Xyleborus molestulus Wood, 1975, syn. nov.
Euwallacea piceus (Motschulsky, 1863)
Xyleborus indicus Eichhoff, 1878a
Xyleborus imitans Eggers, 1927a
Xyleborus indicus subcoriaceus Eggers, 1927b
Xyleborus samoensis Beeson, 1929
Euwallacea semiermis (Schedl, 1934c)
Euwallacea semirudis (Blandford, 1896b) stat. res.
Xyleborus dubius Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus sereinuus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus hybridus Eggers, 1927b
Xyleborus interruptus Eggers, 1940
Xyleborus neohybridus Schedl, 1942a, syn. nov.
Xyleborus longehirtus Nunberg, 1956
Euwallacea sibsagaricus (Eggers, 1930)
Xyleborus dalbergiae Eggers, 1930
Xyleborus tonkinensis Schedl, 1934a, syn. nov.
Euwallacea similis (Ferrari, 1867)
Bostrichus ferrugineus Bohemann, 1858
Xyleborus parvulus Eichhoff, 1868b
Xyleborus dilatatus Eichhoff, 1878b
Xyleborus submarginatus Blandford, 1896b
Xyleborus bucco Schaufuss, 1897
Xyleborus capito Schaufuss, 1897
Xyleborus novaguineanus Schedl, 1936b
Xyleborus dilatatulus Schedl, 1953a
Euwallacea subalpinus sp. nov.
Euwallacea testudinatus sp. nov.
Euwallacea validus (Eichhoff, 1876a)
Euwallacea velatus (Sampson, 1913)
Xyleborus assamensis Eggers, 1930
Xyleborus rudis Eggers, 1930, syn. nov.
Xyleborus asperipennis Eggers, 1934b
Fortiborus Hulcr & Cognato, 2010a
Fortiborus macropterus (Schedl, 1935b)
Fortiborus major (Stebbing, 1909)
Xyleborus siclus Schedl, 1936d
Fortiborus pseudopilifer (Schedl, 1936a)
Fraudatrix Cognato, Smith & Beaver, 2020
Fraudatrix cuneiformis (Schedl, 1958b)
Fraudatrix melas (Eggers, 1927b)
Fraudatrix simplex (Browne, 1949)
Hadrodemius Wood, 1980
Hadrodemius comans (Sampson, 1919)
Xyleborus amorphus Eggers, 1926
Xyleborus metacomans Eggers, 1930
Hadrodemius globus (Blandford, 1896b)
Xyleborus ursus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus ursus fuscus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus tomentosus Eggers, 1939a
Hadrodemius pseudocomans (Eggers, 1930)
Xyleborus artecomans Schedl, 1953c
Heteroborips Reitter, 1913
Heteroborips fastigatus sp. nov.
Heteroborips indicus sp. nov.
Heteroborips seriatus (Blandford, 1894b)
Xyleborus orientalis Eggers, 1933b
Xyleborus todo Kôno, 1938
Xyleborus orientalis aceris Kurentzov, 1941
Xyleborus orientalis kalopanacis Kurentzov, 1941
Xyleborus perorientalis Schedl, 1957
Heteroborips tristis (Eggers, 1930), comb. nov.
Immanus Hulcr & Cognato, 2013
Immanus desectus (Eggers, 1923)
Xyleborus desectus arduus Schedl, 1942a
Immanus sarawakensis (Eggers, 1923)
Leptoxyleborus Wood, 1980
Leptoxyleborus machili (Niisima, 1910), comb. nov.
Xyleborus depressus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus kojimai Murayama, 1936
Xyleborus sejugatus Schedl, 1942a
Leptoxyleborus sordicauda (Motschulsky, 1863)
Phloeotrogus attenuatus Motschulsky, 1863
Xyleborus concisus Blandford, 1894b
Xyleborus marginatus Eggers, 1927b
Xyleborus sordicaudulus Eggers, 1927b
Xyleborus incurvus Eggers, 1930
Xyleborus sordicaudulus peguensis Eggers, 1930
Microperus Wood, 1980
Microperus alpha (Beeson, 1929)
Microperus chrysophylli (Eggers, 1930)
Microperus corporaali (Eggers, 1923)
Microperus cruralis (Schedl, 1975b), comb. nov.
Microperus diversicolor (Eggers, 1923)
Xyleborus myristicae Schedl, 1939b
Xyleborus brevipilosus Eggers, 1940
Xyleborus theae Eggers, 1940
Xyleborus cylindripennis Schedl, 1954
Xyleborus atavus Schedl, 1979b
Microperus fulvulus (Schedl, 1942c) stat. res.
Xyleborus fulvus Schedl, 1939b
Microperus kadoyamaensis (Murayama, 1934)
Xyleborus denseseriatus Eggers, 1941b, syn. nov.
Xyleborus nameranus Murayama, 1954
Xyleborus pubipennis Schedl, 1974, syn. nov.
Xyleborus huangi Browne, 1983b
Microperus kirishimanus (Murayama, 1955)
Microperus latesalebrinus sp. nov.
Microperus minax sp. nov.
Microperus nudibrevis (Schedl, 1942a)
Microperus nugax (Schedl, 1939a)
Xyleborus pertuberculatus Eggers, 1940
Microperus perparvus (Sampson, 1922b)
Xyleborus tsukubanus Murayama, 1954
Microperus pometianus (Schedl, 1939a)
Microperus quercicola (Eggers, 1926)
Xyleborus izuensis Murayama, 1952
Microperus recidens (Sampson, 1923)
Xyleborus minusculus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus minutissimus Eggers, 1930
Xyleborus crassitarsus Schedl, 1936d
Xyleborus artegraphus Schedl, 1942c
Xyleborus extensus Schedl, 1955a
Xyleborus tuberculosus Browne, 1981b
Microperus sagmatus sp. nov.
Microperus undulatus (Sampson, 1919)
Xyleborus leprosulus Schedl, 1936d
Planiculus Hulcr & Cognato, 2010a
Planiculus bicolor (Blandford, 1894b)
Xyleborus laevis Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus bicolor unimodus Beeson, 1929
Xyleborus rodgeri Beeson, 1930
Xyleborus rodgeri privatus Beeson, 1930
Xyleborus rameus Schedl, 1940a
Xyleborus artelaevis Schedl, 1942a
Xyleborus ashuensis Murayama, 1954
Xyleborus tumidus Schedl, 1975c
Xyleborus filiformis Schedl, 1975c
Xyleborus glabratulus Browne, 1983a
Planiculus limatus (Schedl, 1942b)
Xyleborus subemarginatus Eggers, 1940
Xyleborus subparallelus Eggers, 1940
Planiculus shiva (Maiti & Saha, 1986), comb. nov.
Pseudowebbia Browne, 1961a
Pseudowebbia trepanicauda (Eggers, 1923)
Schedlia Browne, 1950b
Schedlia allecta (Schedl, 1942c)
Schedlia sumatrana (Hagedorn, 1908)
Stictodex Hulcr & Cognato, 2013
Stictodex dimidiatus (Eggers, 1927a)
Xyleborus dorsosulcatus Beeson, 1930, syn. nov.
Xyleborus tunggali Schedl, 1936d
Xyleborus decumans Schedl, 1953b
Xyleborus cruciatus Schedl, 1973
Streptocranus Schedl, 1939b
Streptocranus bicolor (Browne, 1949)
Streptocranus bicuspis (Eggers, 1940)
Streptocranus recurvus Browne, 1949
Streptocranus fragilis Browne, 1949
Streptocranus mirabilis Schedl, 1939b
Streptocranus petilus sp. nov.
Tricosa Cognato, Smith & Beaver, 2020
Tricosa cattienensis Cognato, Smith & Beaver, 2020 (in
Tricosa indochinensis Cognato, Smith & Beaver, 2020 (in
Tricosa jacula Cognato, Smith & Beaver, 2020 (in
Tricosa metacuneolus (Eggers, 1940)
Xyleborus kaimochii Nobuchi, 1981a
Truncaudum Hulcr & Cognato, 2010a
Truncaudum agnatum (Eggers, 1923)
Xyleborus polyodon Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus gratiosus
Xyleborus nutans Schedl, 1942a
Xyleborus delicatus Schedl, 1955a
Xyleborus subagnatus Wood, 1992
Truncaudum bullatum sp. nov.
Webbia Hopkins, 1915b
Xelyborus Schedl, 1939a
Prowebbia Browne, 1962
Webbia biformis Browne, 1958
Webbia cornuta Schedl, 1942a
Webbia dasyura Browne, 1981a
Webbia dipterocarpi Hopkins, 1915b
Webbia diversicauda Browne, 1972
Webbia duodecimspinata Schedl, 1942a
Webbia pabo Sampson, 1922
Webbia quatuordecimspinata Sampson, 1921
Webbia trigintispinata Sampson, 1922
Webbia vigintisexspinata Sampson, 1922
Webbia mucronatus Eggers, 1927, syn. nov.
Webbia turbinata Maiti & Saha, 1986
Xyleborinus Reitter, 1913
Xyleborinus andrewesi (Blandford, 1896b)
Xyleborus persphenos Schedl, 1970a
Xyleborus insolitus Bright, 1972
Cryptoxyleborus gracilior Browne, 1984a
Xyleborinus artestriatus (Eichhoff, 1878b)
Xyleborus laticollis Blandford, 1896b
Xyelborus angustior Eggers, 1925, syn. nov.
Xyleborus rugipennis Schedl, 1953b
Xyleborus undatus Schedl, 1974, syn. nov.
Xyleborus beaveri Browne, 1978
Xyleborinus attenuatus (Blandford, 1894b)
Xyleborus alni Niisima, 1909
Xyleborus canus Niisima, 1909
Xyleborinus cuneatus sp. nov.
Xyleborinus disgregus sp. nov.
Xyleborinus echinopterus sp. nov.
Xyleborinus ephialtodes sp. nov.
Xyleborinus exiguus (Walker, 1859)
Xyleborus muriceus Eichhoff, 1878a
Xyleborus diversus Schedl, 1954b, syn. nov.
Xyleborus perexiguus Schedl, 1971b
Xyleborus ankius Schedl, 1975c
Xyleborinus huifenyinae sp. nov.
Xyleborinus jianghuasuni sp. nov.
Xyleborinus octiesdentatus (Murayama, 1931)
Xyleborinus perpusillus (Eggers, 1927a)
Xyleborus perminutissimus Schedl, 1934b
Xyleborus angustatulus Schedl, 1942c
Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg, 1837)
Xyleborus dohrni Wollaston, 1854
Xyleborus decolor Boieldieu, 1859
Xyleborus aesculi Ferrari, 1867
Xyleborus subdepressus Rey, 1883
Xyleborus frigidus Blackburn, 1885
Xyleborus arbuti Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus floridensis Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus pecanis Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus quercus Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus sobrinus Eichhoff, 1876a
Xyleborinus librocedri Swaine, 1934
Xyleborinus tsugae Swaine, 1934
Xyleborus pseudogracilis Schedl, 1937c
Xyleborus retrusus Schedl, 1940b
Xyleborus peregrinus Eggers, 1944
Xyleborus pseudoangustatus Schedl, 1948
Xyleborus paraguayensis Schedl, 1949
Xyleborus opimulus Schedl, 1976
Xyleborinus schaufussi (Blandford, 1894b)
Xyleborus kraunhiae Niisima, 1910
Xyleborinus sculptilis (Schedl, 1964b)
Xyleborinus speciosus (Schedl, 1975b)
Xyleborinus spinipennis (Eggers, 1930)
Xyleborinus subgranulatus (Eggers, 1930)
Xyleborinus subspinosus (Eggers, 1930) stat. res.
Xyleborinus thaiphami sp. nov.
Xyleborinus tritus sp. nov.
Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864
Anaeretus Dugès, 1888
Progenius Blandford, 1896a
Mesoscolytus Broun, 1904
Boroxylon Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, 1868b
Xyleborus affinis fuscobrunneus Eichhoff, 1878b
Xyleborus affinis mascarensis Eichhoff, 1878b
Xyleborus affinis parvus Eichhoff, 1878b
Xyleborus sacchari Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus societatis Beeson, 1935a
Xyleborus subaffinis Eggers, 1933a
Xyleborus proximus Eggers, 1943
Xyleborus bidentatus (Motschulsky, 1863)
Xyleborus subcostatus Eichhoff, 1869a
Xyleborus riehlii Eichhoff, 1878b
Progenius fleutiauxi Blandford, 1896a
Xyleborus laeviusculus Blandford, 1896a
Boroxylon stephegynis Hopkins, 1915a
Boroxylon webbi Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus subcostatus dearmatus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus brevidentatus Eggers, 1930
Xyleborus quadridens Eggers, 1930
Xyleborus cognatus Blandford, 1896a
Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius, 1801)
Tomicus trypanaeoides Wollaston, 1867
Xyleborus confusus Eichhoff, 1868a
Xyleborus fuscatus Eichhoff, 1868a
Xyleborus retusicollis Zimmermann, 1868
Xyleborus amplicollis Eichhoff, 1869
Xyleborus insularis Sharp, 1885
Xyleborus tanganus Hagedorn, 1910a
Xyleborus nyssae Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus soltaui Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus hopkinsi Beeson, 1929
Xyleborus argentinensis Schedl, 1931
Xyleborus rufopiceus Eggers, 1932
Xyleborus schedli Eggers, 1934a
Xyleborus nesianus Beeson, 1940
Xyleborus notatus Eggers, 1941a
Xyleborus subitus Schedl, 1949
Xyleborus festivus Eichhoff, 1876a
Xyleborus pinicola Eggers, 1930
Xyleborus detectus Schedl, 1975a
Xyleborus pinivorus Browne, 1980a
Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, 1877
Xyleborus kumamotoensis Murayama, 1934
Xyleborus insidiosus Cognato & Smith, 2019
Xyleborus muticus Blandford, 1894b
Xyleborus lignographus Schedl, 1953c, syn. nov.
Xyleborus conditus Schedl, 1971b, syn. nov.
Xyleborus mysticulus Cognato & Smith, 2019
Xyleborus opacus sp. nov.
Xyleborus perforans (Wollaston, 1857)
Bostrichus testaceus Walker, 1859
Xyleborus duponti Montrouzier, 1861
Anodius denticulus Motschulsky, 1863
Anodius tuberculatus Motschulsky, 1863
Xyleborus kraatzii Eichhoff, 1868b
Xyleborus kraatzii philippinensis Eichhoff, 1878b
Xyleborus immaturus Blackburn, 1885
Xylopertha hirsuta Lea, 1894
Xyleborus whitteni Beeson, 1935b
Xyleborus apertus Schedl, 1939a
Xyleborus criticus Schedl, 1950b
Xyleborus cylindrus Schedl, 1951a
Xyleborus shionomisakiensis Murayama, 1951
Xyleborus minimus Schedl, 1955a
Xyleborus pfeilii (Ratzeburg, 1837)
Bostrichus alni Mulsant & Rey, 1856
Xyleborus vicarius Eichhoff, 1876a
Xyleborus adumbratus Blandford, 1894b
Xyleborus septentrionalis Niisima, 1909
Xyleborus singhi Park & Smith, 2020
Xyleborus sunisae sp. nov.
Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius, 1775)
Xyleborus torquatus Eichhoff, 1868b
Xyleborus alternans Eichhoff, 1869
Xyleborus badius Eichhoff, 1869
Xyleborus interstitalis Eichhoff, 1878b
Xyleborus guanajuatensis Dugès, 1887
Xyleborus grenadensis Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus hubbardi Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus rileyi Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus schwarzi Hopkins, 1915a
Xyleborus continentalis Eggers, 1920
Xyleborus silvestris Beeson, 1929
Xyleborus vagabundus Schedl, 1949
Xyleborus granularis Schedl, 1950b
Xyleborus yunnanensis sp. nov.
Xylosandrus Reitter, 1913
Apoxyleborus Wood, 1980
Xylosandrus adherescens Schedl, 1971b
Xylosandrus amputatus (Blandford, 1894c)
Xyleborus melli Schedl, 1938
Xylosandrus beesoni Saha, Maiti & Chakraborti, 1992
Xylosandrus bellinsulanus sp. nov.
Xylosandrus borealis Nobuchi, 1981b
Xylosandrus brevis (Eichhoff, 1877)
Xyleborus cucullatus Blandford, 1894b
Xyleborus montanus Niisima, 1910
Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff, 1876a)
Xyleborus morstatti Hagedorn, 1912a
Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky, 1866)
Xyleborus semiopacus Eichhoff, 1878b
Xyleborus semigranosus Blandford, 1896b
Dryocoetes bengalensis Stebbing, 1908
Xyleborus mascarenus Hagedorn, 1908
Xyleborus ebriosus Niisima, 1909
Xyleborus okoumeensis Schedl, 1935b
Xyleborus declivigranulatus Schedl, 1936d
Xylosandrus dentipennis Park & Smith, 2020
Xylosandrus derupteterminatus (Schedl, 1951a)
Xylosandrus discolor (Blandford, 1898)
Xyleborus posticestriatus Eggers, 1939b
Xylosandrus diversepilosus (Eggers, 1941b)
Xylosandrus eupatorii (Eggers, 1940)
Xylosandrus formosae (Wood), comb. nov.
Xyleborus formosanus Browne, 1981a
Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894b)
Xyleborus orbatus Blandford, 1894b
Xylosandrus jaintianus (Schedl, 1967)
Xylosandrus mancus (Blandford, 1898)
Xyleborus abruptus Sampson, 1914
Xyleborus mancus formosanus Eggers, 1930
Xylosandrus mesuae (Eggers, 1930)
Xylosandrus metagermanus (Schedl, 1951a)
Xylosandrus morigerus (Blandford, 1894a)
Xyleborus coffeae Wurth, 1908
Xyleborus difficilis Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus luzonicus Eggers, 1923
Xyleborus abruptoides Schedl, 1955a
Xylosandrus spinifer sp. nov.
Xylosandrus subsimiliformis (Eggers, 1939a)
Xylosandrus subsimilis (Eggers, 1930)
1 | Scutellum not easily visible in dorsal view, apparently absent (Fig. |
2 |
– | Scutellum distinctly visible, linguiform, flush with the elytra, or medially depressed below elytra | 13 |
2 | Scutellum conical and surrounded by setae (Fig. |
Xyleborinus |
– | Scutellum apparently absent (Fig. |
3 |
3 | Pronotum with a dense basal mycangial tuft (Fig. |
Hadrodemius |
– | Pronotum without a mycangial tuft (Fig. |
4 |
4 | Mesonotal mycangial tuft in two or four pit mycangia located on the elytra either near the scutellum or along the base (Fig. |
Cryptoxyleborus |
– | Mesonotal mycangial tuft on elytral bases (Fig. |
5 |
5 | Anterior margin of pronotum quadrate or subquadrate, and emarginated; posterior face of protibiae inflated, with or without granules | 6 |
– | Anterior margin of pronotum rounded, never emarginated; posterior face of protibiae flat and unarmed by granules | 7 |
6 | Pronotum 1.1–2.0× longer than wide; pronotal disc smooth, finely punctate; antennal funicle 2- or 3-segmented; posterior face of protibiae inflated and unarmed by granules | Webbia |
– | Pronotum wider than long; pronotal disc coarse, finely asperate; antennal funicle 4-segmented; posterior face of protibiae inflated and granulate | Schedlia |
7 | Declivity truncate, circular, completely surrounded by a circle of pointed teeth | Pseudowebbia |
– | Declivity not as above if truncate, then not surrounded by a circle of pointed teeth | 8 |
8 | Antennal club obliquely truncate, type 2 with one or two sutures visible on posterior face (Fig. |
Microperus , in part |
– | Antennal club flattened, types 3 or 4 with two or three sutures visible on posterior face (Fig. |
9 |
9 | Pronotal disc finely asperate (Fig. |
Coptodryas , in part |
– | Pronotal disc punctate (Fig. |
10 |
10 | Antennal club circular | Coptodryas amydra sp. nov. |
– | Antennal club longer than wide | Microperus , in part |
11 | Elytral bases straight (Fig. |
Microperus fulvulus |
– | Elytral bases bisinuate (Fig. |
12 |
12 | Protibiae distinctly triangular, denticles on apical 1/3 of outer margin | Coptodryas inornata sp. nov. |
– | Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge, denticles along most of length or obliquely triangular with denticles on apical half | Microperus , in part |
13 | Elytral with oblong pit mycangia in distinctly impressed area immediately adjacent to the scutellum on each elytron (Fig. |
Heteroborips |
– | Elytra without pit mycangia (Fig. |
14 |
14 | Mycangial tuft present on basal margin of pronotum (Fig. |
15 |
– | Pronotum without mycangial tufts (Fig. |
18 |
15 | Procoxae widely separated | Xylosandrus , in part |
– | Procoxae contiguous or narrowly separated | 16 |
16 | Metatibiae conspicuously enlarged and flattened; pronotal disc asperate | Eccoptopterus |
– | Metatibiae similar to pro- and mesotibiae, never enlarged; pronotal disc punctate | 17 |
17 | Lateral margins of pronotum carinate (Fig. |
Cnestus , in part |
– | Lateral margins of pronotum obliquely costate (Fig. |
Anisandrus , in part |
18 | Elytral apex divaricate and ornamented with a pair of distal projections; very elongate, 3.85–4.75× as long as wide | Streptocranus |
– | Elytral apex entire without a pair of distal projections; stout to elongate, 2.1–3.4× as long as wide | 19 |
19 | Posterior face of protibiae inflated, granulate | 20 |
– | Posterior face of protibiae flat, without granules | 23 |
20 | Declivital face with three striae (Fig. |
Amasa , in part |
– | Declivital face with five or six striae (Fig. |
21 |
21 | Elytra with distinctive deep strial furrows and interstrial ridges, ridges either granulate or carinate (Fig. |
Arixyleborus , in part |
– | Elytra without strial furrows and interstrial ridges (Fig. |
22 |
22 | Declivital posterolateral margin rounded; lateral profile of declivity appearing obliquely truncate; declivity armed with numerous tubercles; declivital striae 1 variably undulating, never parallel to suture (Fig. |
Stictodex |
– | Declivital posterolateral margin carinate forming a circumdeclivital ring; lateral profile of declivity appearing truncate; declivity unarmed; declivital striae 1 parallel to suture (Fig. |
Arixyleborus resecans |
23 | Scutellum flush with elytra and medially impressed (Fig. |
Arixyleborus , in part |
– | Scutellum flush with elytra and flat (Fig. |
24 |
24 | Elytra with distinctive deep strial furrows and interstrial ridges, ridges either granulate or carinate | Arixyleborus , in part |
– | Elytra without strial furrows and interstrial ridges | 25 |
25 | Anterior margin of pronotum feebly emarginate (Fig. |
Dryoxylon |
– | Anterior margin of pronotum entire (Fig. |
26 |
26 | Pronotal disc asperate (Fig. |
27 |
– | Pronotal disc punctate (Fig. |
29 |
27 | Anterior margin of pronotum with separate asperities of almost equal size, not larger than those on anterior slope (Fig. |
Ambrosiodmus |
– | Anterior margin of pronotum with two or more distinctly larger asperities, which may be fused to form a recurved carina (Fig. |
28 |
28 | Protibiae with normal socketed denticles, their bases elevated; declivity distinctly flattened and posterolaterally widened, posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; declivital interstriae 2 without spines or tubercles (Fig. |
Beaverium |
– | Protibiae with denticles reduced or absent, only the raised bases present; declivity either convex with posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 7, or truncate, its margin forming a circular rim around the declivity; spines or tubercles present on declivital interstriae 2 (Fig. |
Immanus |
29 | Elytral apex emarginate and/or explanate (Fig. |
30 |
– | Elytral apex entire (Fig. |
31 |
30 | Elytra never explanate or excavated | Planiculus , in part |
– | Elytra explanate and weakly to strongly excavated (not explanate, strongly excavated and apex appearing subquadrate in D. adusticollis) | Debus |
31 | Lateral margin of pronotum carinate (Fig. |
Cnestus , in part |
– | Lateral margin of pronotum obliquely costate (Fig. |
32 |
32 | Procoxae narrowly separated | 33 |
– | Procoxae contiguous | 35 |
33 | Elytra truncate; antennal club flattened, types 4 or 5 (Fig. |
Amasa , in part |
– | Elytra rounded; antennal club obliquely truncate, types 1 or 2 (Fig. |
34 |
34 | Declivity unarmed, lacking granules or tubercles (some granules on disc) | Xylosandrus formosae |
– | Declivity bearing granules or tubercles | Anisandrus , in part |
35 | Antennal club flattened, types 3, 4 or 5 (Fig. |
36 |
– | Antennal club obliquely truncate, types 1 or 2 (Fig. |
46 |
36 | Elytral disc with at least interstrial punctures confused (Fig. |
Cyclorhipidion |
– | Elytral disc with interstrial punctures uniseriate or interstriae impunctate (Fig. |
37 |
37 | Submentum large, distinctly triangular and flat, flush with genae | Ancipitis |
– | Submentum variable, slightly or deeply depressed below genae | 38 |
38 | Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge | Euwallacea , in part |
– | Protibiae obliquely or distinctly triangular | 39 |
39 | Anterior margin of pronotum conspicuously extended anteriad with prominent serrations (Fig. |
40 |
– | Anterior margin of pronotum not conspicuously extended anteriad, without serrations (Fig. |
41 |
40 | Elytral apex rounded; eyes very large, deeply emarginate; elytral apex angulate; larger, 4.8–6.6 mm | Fortiborus |
– | Elytral apex acuminate; eyes small, feebly emarginate, almost entire; smaller, 3.4–3.5 mm | Xyleborus bidentatus |
41 | Anterior margin of pronotum subquadrate or quadrate in dorsal view (Fig. |
42 |
– | Anterior margin of pronotum conical or rounded in dorsal view (Fig. |
43 |
42 | Pronotum wider than long; stouter species, 2.3–2.7× as long as wide | Ambrosiophilus osumiensis , in part |
– | Pronotum at least 1.15× longer than wide; elongate species, 2.78–2.89× as long as wide | Euwallacea semiermis |
43 | Elytral apex attenuate, sides parallel in basal 30–60%; declivital slope very gradually rounded; scutellum small | Tricosa |
– | Elytral apex narrowly or broadly rounded, sides parallel in basal 66–80%; declivital slope evenly or steeply rounded; scutellum large | 44 |
44 | Protibiae with six or more socketed denticles | Ambrosiophilus , in part |
– | Protibiae with five socketed denticles | 45 |
45 | Declivital interstriae unarmed by tubercles or granules | Ambrosiophilus lannaensis sp. nov. |
– | Declivital interstriae 2 and 3 each bearing three large tubercles | Xyleborus singhi |
46 | Antennal club 2-segmented, elytra attenuate | Fraudatrix |
– | Antennal club 3- or 4-segmented, elytra variable but never attenuate | 47 |
47 | Antennal club type 1, segment 1 encircling anterior face, no sutures on posterior face (Fig. |
Diuncus |
– | Antennal club type 2, with at least one suture on posterior face (Fig. |
48 |
48 | Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge | 49 |
– | Protibiae obliquely or distinctly triangular without evenly rounded edge | 52 |
49 | Elytral disc with interstrial punctures confused | 50 |
– | Elytral disc with interstrial punctures uniseriate | 51 |
50 | Declivity steeply rounded, posterolateral margin costate and tuberculate | Xyleborus , in part |
– | Declivity truncate and encircled by a tuberculate circumdeclivital carina | Truncaudum bullatum sp. nov. |
51 | Pronotal summit prominent | Euwallacea , in part |
– | Pronotal summit low, indistinct | Truncaudum agnatum |
52 | Declivity extremely flat, laterally broadened and densely setose, setae star-shaped scales or bristle-like; declivital slope very gradual | Leptoxyleborus |
– | Declivity variably convex or slightly broadened and slightly to moderately setose, setae hair-like; declivital slope steep or evenly rounded | 53 |
53 | Posterolateral margin of declivity acutely carinate; elytral apex laterally broadened | 54 |
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity rounded or costate; elytral apex variably rounded | 55 |
54 | Declivital interstriae 2 armed by tubercles and granules; body unicolored | Xyleborus , in part |
– | Declivital interstriae 2 unarmed by tubercles, typically unarmed by granules; body typically bicolored | Planiculus bicolor |
55 | Declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint and then narrowing towards apex | Xyleborus , in part |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 parallel to suture along its length | 56 |
56 | Declivity with tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3 equally sized or those of interstriae 3 the largest | Xyleborus , in part (Xyleborus s. s.) |
– | Declivity with tubercles on interstriae 1, 2 and 3 equally sized or those of interstriae 1 the largest | Euwallacea , in part |
Amasa Lea, 1894: 322.
Pseudoxyleborus
Eggers, 1930: 206. Synonymy:
Anaxyleborus
Wood, 1980: 90. Synonymy:
Amasa thoracica Lea, 1894 = Tomicus truncatus Erichson, 1842; monotypy.
2.5–5.0 mm, 2.11–3.4× as long as wide. Amasa is distinguished by the declivity truncate, margined with a circumdeclivital ring; antennal club flattened, types 4 or 5 (typically type 4), club sutures sinuate, two sutures visible on posterior face; protibiae typically slender, inflated and granulate on posterior face (rarely distinctly triangular or unarmed on posterior face); anterior margin of pronotum with a row of serrations; scutellum flat, flush with elytral surface; declivital face with three striae; procoxae contiguous or narrowly separated; and mycangial tufts absent.
Cyclorhipidion, Pseudowebbia, Truncaudum, Webbia, Xylosandrus.
Distributed throughout Asia and Australasia, also occurring in Madagascar. One species has been introduced to Brazil, Chile and Uruguay (
This usually comprises a short radial tunnel leading to a single, large, flat brood chamber, extending in the longitudinal plane.
Amasa is easily confused with other species possessing truncate declivities in the genera listed above. Most species can be readily distinguished by the type 4 antennal club with sinuate sutures and the presence of only three striae on the declivital face.
Previous morphological studies of Amasa have suggested that species are very morphologically variable (
1 | Antennal club type 5, with sutures almost or completely reduced, club covered with pubescence (Fig. |
2 |
– | Antennal club type 4, with sutures visible and partly corneous (Fig. |
5 |
2 | Eye completely divided (Fig. |
beesoni |
– | Eye moderately to strongly emarginate (Fig. |
3 |
3 | Declivital face with strial and interstrial punctures deeply confused, indistinguishable; larger, 3.7–3.9 mm | aspersa |
– | Declivital face with three striae clearly indicated on each elytron; smaller, 2.0–3.2 mm | 4 |
4 | Stout, 2.0× as long as wide; pronotum from dorsal view round and stout, type 1. 2.0–2.4 mm | cylindrotomica |
– | Slender, 2.8–3.2× as long as wide; pronotum from dorsal view elongate, type 7. 2.0–3.2 mm | eugeniae |
5 | Declivital striae 2 not equidistant between 1 and 3 (Fig. |
6 |
– | Declivital striae 2 equidistant between 1 and 3 (Fig. |
7 |
6 | Declivital striae 1 clearly laterally displaced, striae 2 nearly touching striae 1, striae 3 displaced near circumdeclivital margin (Fig. |
lini sp. nov. |
– | Declivital striae 2 medially displaced toward striae 1; distance between striae 1 and 3 twice the distance between 1 and 2 (Fig. |
youlii sp. nov. |
7 | Declivity not granulate, or only interstriae 1 granulate, or only interstriae 1 and 2 | 8 |
– | Declivity with all interstriae granulate | 10 |
8 | All declivital interstriae smooth, never granulate; larger, 4.5–4.8 mm | opalescens |
– | Interstriae 1, or 1 and 2 granulate; smaller, 2.9–3.6 mm | 9 |
9 | Declivital face flat, strongly shagreened to opalescent; interstriae 1 granulate (typically near apex) | schlichii |
– | Declivital face convex, strongly shiny; interstriae 1 and 2 moderately inflated from apex to near midpoint of declivity | gibbosa sp. nov. |
10 | Declivital face setose, sparsely to moderately covered with recumbent or semi-recumbent hair-like setae, sometimes difficult to see | 11 |
– | Declivital face without setae | 13 |
11 | Declivity strongly shiny; interstriae very finely setose, setae semi-erect; larger, 4.3–4.5 mm | concitata |
– | Declivity shagreened, dull; interstriae sparsely to moderately covered with semi-recumbent hair-like setae; smaller, 2.5–3.0 mm | 12 |
12 | Setae on declivital interstriae short, less than 1/2 width of an interstria; margin of circumdeclivital ring with short, erect, hair-like setae | galeoderma sp. nov. |
– | Setae on declivital interstriae approximately as long as the width of an interstria; margin of circumdeclivital ring with long, erect, bristle-like setae | versicolor |
13 | Declivity strongly shiny; declivital interstriae 1 carinate along at least apical 1/2 | tropidacron sp. nov. |
– | Declivity shagreened, dull; declivital interstriae 1 granulate | 14 |
14 | Declivital interstriae convex; larger, 3.4 mm, and more elongate, 3.4× as long as wide | cycloxyster sp. nov. |
– | Declivital interstriae 2–4 flat; smaller, 2.8–3.2 mm, and stouter, 2.3–2.4× as long as wide | resecta |
Xyleborus aspersus Sampson, 1921: 31.
Amasa aspersus
[sic] (Sampson):
Holotype
(
3.7–3.9 mm long (mean = 3.82 mm; n = 2); 2.11–2.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense and strongly confused declivital strial and interstrial punctures with striae and interstriae indistinguishable.
None.
Brunei, East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
All host records are from the genus Eugenia (Myrtaceae), and the species appears to have a fixed host association with this family (
Pseudoxyleborus beesoni Eggers, 1930: 207.
Amasa beesoni
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
5.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished from all other species in Southeast Asia, except the Malaysian species, A. glauca (Sampson, 1921), by the completely divided eye. It is easily distinguished from A. glauca by the presence of a small tooth on the first interstriae at the top of the declivity, the impressed declivital striae, and densely punctured declivital interstriae.
Amasa glauca (from Indomalayan region), A. opalescens.
‘Borneo’, West Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand.
The only host records are from the family Sapindaceae (Nephelium, Xerospermum), and the species may have a fixed host association with this family (
Xyleborus concitatus Schedl, 1969a: 214.
Amasa concitatus
[sic] (Schedl):
Holotype (PPST). Not examined.
China: Jiangxi, Longnan County, Jiulianshan, 24.58; 114.44, 382 m, 1.vii.2018, Lv-Jia, S.C. Lai, ex unknown [host tree] (LYLC, 1).
4.3–4.5 mm long (n = 2); 2.32–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface smooth, strongly shiny; large size; declivital interstriae very finely setose, setae semi-erect; declivital face convex towards suture; declivital interstriae 1 inflated from apex to near midpoint of declivity; declivital striae 1–3 approximately equidistant.
Amasa gibbosa, A. lini, A. tropidacron, A. youlii.
China* (Jiangxi), Taiwan.
Recorded only from ‘Formosan hardwood’ and ‘angiosperm wood’ (
Holotype
, female, Thailand: Surat Thani, Khao Sok National Park, 22.iii.2006, Hulcr et al., ex “Mai Naun Pang” tree (
3.4 mm long (n = 1); 3.4× as long as wide. The species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface shagreened, dull, opaque; declivity glabrous; declivital interstriae 1–3 multiseriate granulate, granules strongly confused; and declivital interstriae convex.
Amasa galeoderma, A. resecta, A. schlichii, A. versicolor.
(female). 3.4 mm long (n = 1); 3.4× as long as wide. Body bicolored: pronotum, head, legs, antennae and abdomen orange, elytra dark brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; median impression between eyes; surface shagreened, impunctate, alutaceous, asperate; asperities longitudinal, smaller, rounder, denser above epistoma, increasing in size and length and decreasing in density dorsally and laterally. Eyes very deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 4; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal 1/5; segment 2 narrow, larger than segment 1, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.08× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of five serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope shagreened, with densely spaced, fine asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc shiny, alutaceous, impunctate, glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles narrowly rounded. Elytra: 1.4× as long as wide, 1.3× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, broad, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then sharply angulate to apex. Disc ascending posteriorly, shiny, glabrous; striae and interstriae laterally diverging from base to declivital summit; striae not impressed, punctures separated by 1–4 diameters of a puncture; interstriae flat, finely punctate, punctures 1/2 the size of strial punctures, strongly confused. Declivity truncate, face convex, strongly shagreened, dull, glabrous; three striae present, striae moderately impressed, equidistant, strial punctures shiny, very large, shallow, much larger than on disc, punctures subcontiguous to spaced by two diameters of a puncture; interstriae impunctate, convex, interstriae 1 more strongly convex, interstriae 1–3 multiseriate granulate, granules strongly confused. Posterolateral margin forming a circumdeclivital carina, carina glabrous. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece bulging. Protibiae slender, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face inflated, coarsely granulate; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six small socketed denticles, their length as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened, outer margins evenly rounded with 11 small and nine small to minute socketed denticles, respectively; posterior faces unarmed; anterior faces finely granulate.
G. kyklos = circle; xyster = rasp. In reference to acute granules on the round declivital face. A noun in apposition.
Thailand.
Unknown.
The holotype specimen is a DNA voucher, SAX40. The head and pronotum were separated from the specimen prior to DNA extraction and point mounted with the elytra.
Pseudoxyleborus cylindrotomicus Schedl, 1939b: 40.
Xyleborus cylindrotomicus
(Schedl):
Xylosandrus cylindrotomicus
(Schedl):
Amasa cylindrotomica
(Schedl):
Xyleborus semitruncatus
Schedl, 1942c: 35. Synonymy:
Xyleborus truncatellus
Schedl, 1951a: 79. Synonymy:
Xyleborus jucundus
Schedl, 1954a: 138 (new name for Xyleborus truncatellus Schedl, 1951 nec
Lectotype
(
2.1–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.25 mm; n = 2); 2.0× as long as wide (
Amasa opalescens.
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Thailand.
Xyleborus eugeniae Eggers, 1930: 183.
Amasa eugeniae
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
2.8–3.2 mm long (mean = 2.65 mm; n = 5); 2.8–3.2× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its very elongate body and pronotum (type 7) when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 5; and declivital surface shagreened, dull.
Cyclorhipidion amasoides.
India (Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Sri Lanka.
Recorded from two species of Eugenia (Myrtaceae), and Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae) (
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., 11.44221, 107.43114, 379 m, 20.ii.2017, VN79, A.I. Cognato, T.A. Hoang, ex 4 cm diameter branch (
3.0 mm long (mean = 3.0 mm; n = 5); 2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface shagreened, dull, opaque; declivital interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused; declivital interstriae 1 moderately covered with semi-recumbent fine hair-like setae, less than 1/2 width of an interstria; and circumdeclivital carina margin setose, setae short, erect, hair-like.
Amasa cycloxyster, A. resecta, A. schlichii, A. versicolor.
(female). 3.0 mm long (mean = 3.0 mm; n = 5); 2.5× as long as wide. Body bicolored: pronotum, head, legs and antennae orange, elytra and abdomen dark brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; median impression between eyes; surface shagreened, impunctate, alutaceous, asperate; asperities longitudinal, smaller, rounder, denser above epistoma, increasing in size and length and decreasing in density dorsally and laterally. Eyes very deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 4; segment corneous, 1 convex on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/4; segment 2 narrow, larger than segment 1, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.0× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of 5–7 serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope strongly shiny, with widely spaced, moderate asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc shiny, alutaceous, sparsely finely punctate, glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles narrowly rounded. Elytra: 1.35× as long as wide, 1.25× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, broad, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then sharply angulate to apex. Disc ascending posteriorly, shiny, glabrous; striae and interstriae laterally diverging from base to declivital summit; striae not impressed, punctures separated by 2–3 diameters of a puncture; interstriae flat, finely uniseriate punctate, punctures 1/3 size of strial punctures. Declivity truncate, face flattened, strongly shagreened, dull, glabrous; three striae present, striae moderately impressed, striae 2 equidistant between striae 1 and 3, strial punctures shiny, very large, shallow, much larger than on disc, punctures subcontiguous; interstriae impunctate, convex, interstriae 1 more strongly convex, interstriae 1–3 multiseriate granulate, granules multiseriate, confused, interstriae 1 moderately covered with fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae, less than 1/2 width of an interstria. Posterolateral margin forming a circumdeclivital carina; carina setose, setae short, erect, hair-like. Legs: procoxae contiguous, prosternal coxal piece flat, inconspicuous. Protibiae slender, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face inflated, finely granulate; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six small socketed denticles, their length as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened, outer margins evenly rounded with nine and 11 small socketed denticles, respectively, posterior faces unarmed; anterior faces finely granulate.
G. galeos = shark; derma = skin. In reference to the shagreened face of the declivity. Noun in apposition.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Holotype
, female, Thailand: Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phoom Dist., Phu Yae subdist[rict], 400 m, 14.944N, 98.674E, 16.vii.2002, Cognato, Gillogly, Harlin (
3.5–3.6 mm long (mean = 3.53 mm; n = 3); 2.33–2.41× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface glabrous, smooth, strongly shiny; moderate size; declivital face convex, interstriae 1 and 2 moderately inflated from apex to near midpoint of declivity; declivital striae 1–3 approximately equidistant.
Amasa concitata, A. lini, A. tropidacron, A. youlii.
(female). 3.5–3.6 mm long (mean = 3.53 mm; n = 3); 2.33–2.41× as long as wide. Body dark red-brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; median impression between eyes; surface shagreened, impunctate, alutaceous, asperate; asperities longitudinal, smaller, rounder, denser above epistoma, increasing in length and decreasing in width and density dorsally. Eyes very deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 4; segment 1 corneous, convex on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/4; segment 2 broad, larger than segment 1, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.02× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of six serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope strongly shiny with densely spaced, fine asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc shiny, alutaceous, densely finely punctate behind summit, punctures decreasing in density toward base, glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles narrowly rounded. Elytra: 1.48× as long as wide, 1.45× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, broad, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then sharply angulate to apex. Disc ascending posteriorly, shiny, glabrous; striae and interstriae laterally diverging from base to declivital summit; striae not impressed, punctures separated by five diameters of a puncture; interstriae flat, finely punctate, punctures 1/2 size of strial punctures, strongly confused. Declivity truncate, face convex, strongly shiny, smooth, glabrous; three striae present, striae weakly impressed, striae 2 equidistant between striae 1 and 3, strial punctures subshiny, very large and deep, much larger and deeper than on disc, punctures subcontiguous to spaced by one diameter of a puncture; interstriae impunctate, convex, interstriae 1 and 2 moderately inflated from apex to near midpoint of declivity; apical 1/4 of interstriae 1 and 2 with a row of uniseriate rugae. Posterolateral margin forming a circumdeclivital carina; carina setose, setae short, erect hair-like. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece flat, inconspicuous. Protibiae distinctly triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face inflated, coarsely granulate; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six or seven small socketed denticles, their length as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with 11 and nine small to minute socketed denticles, respectively; posterior faces unarmed; anterior faces finely granulate.
L. gibbosa = humped. In reference to the rather bulging declivity. A variable adjective.
Thailand.
Unknown.
Holotype
, female, Taiwan: Nantou Dist., Sun Moon Lake, 23.vi.2016, C.-S. Lin (
3.5 mm long (n = 1); 2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface smooth, shiny; large size; declivity glabrous; declivital interstriae 1 strongly tumescent and granulate; declivital striae 1 strongly laterally displaced, nearly touching striae 2, striae 3 displaced to near circumdeclivital carina margin; and declivital striae 2 not appearing equidistant between striae 1 and 3.
Amasa concitata, A. gibbosa, A. tropidacron, A. youlii.
(female). 3.5 mm long (n = 1); 2.33× as long as wide. Body bicolored: pronotum reddish, elytra and abdomen dark brown, head, legs, and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; median impression between eyes; surface shagreened, impunctate, alutaceous, asperate; asperities longitudinal, larger, rounder, denser above epistoma, increasing in length and decreasing in width and density dorsally. Eyes very deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 4; segment 1 corneous, sinuate on anterior face, occupying approximately 1/5 of club; segment 2 narrow, larger than segment 1, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.4 × as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of eight serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope shagreened, with densely spaced, fine asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, densely, finely punctate, glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.4× as long as wide, 1.43× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, broad, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then sharply angulate to apex. Disc flat, shiny, glabrous; striae and interstriae laterally diverging from base to declivital summit; striae not impressed, punctures separated by 3–5 diameters of a puncture; interstriae flat, finely punctate, punctures 1/3 size of strial punctures, strongly confused. Declivity truncate, face convex, smooth, shiny, glabrous; three striae present, striae weakly impressed, striae 1 strongly laterally displaced, striae 2 nearly touching striae 1, striae 3 displaced to near circumdeclivital carina, strial punctures dull, small, shallow, larger than on disc, punctures spaced by a diameter of a puncture; interstriae impunctate, convex, interstriae 1 strongly tumescent and granulate, granules strongly confused, apical 1/6 of interstriae 1 carinate. Posterolateral margin forming a circumdeclivital carina; carina glabrous. Legs: procoxae contiguous, prosternal coxal piece flat, inconspicuous. Protibiae slender, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face inflated, finely granulate; apical 1/2 of outer margin with five small socketed denticles, their length as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened, outer margins evenly rounded with 11 and nine small socketed denticles, respectively, posterior faces unarmed; anterior faces finely granulate.
The species is named for Mr. Ching-Shan Lin, the collector, for his contributions to our knowledge of bark and ambrosia beetles. Noun in genitive.
Taiwan.
Xyleborus opalescens Schedl, 1937a: 550.
Amasa opalescens
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
4.5–4.8 mm long (4.7 mm long; n = 3); 2.4–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; pronotum rounded, robust from lateral view (type 5); declivital interstriae 1 unarmed (lacking granules) and flat; declivital strial punctures very large, irregularly spaced; and declivital surface appearing smooth and opalescent.
Amasa beesoni, A. cylindrotomica, A. schlichii.
East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.
Recorded only from species of Eugenia and Tristania (Myrtaceae), and possibly with a fixed association with this family (
Xyleborus abruptus Eggers, 1923: 169.
Xyleborus resectus
Eggers, 1927a: 391 (new name for X. abruptus Eggers, 1923 nec
Amasa resectus
[sic] (Eggers):
Xyleborus opacicauda
Eggers, 1940: 136. Synonymy:
Syntype Xyleborus resectus (MIZ, 1).
China: Hainan, Wu-zhi-shan Town, 18.902N, 109.663E, 703 m, 2.xii.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia (RABC, 2).
2.85–3.2 mm long (mean = 2.94 mm; n = 4); 2.29–2.38× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface shagreened, dull, opaque; declivity glabrous; declivital interstriae 1–3 multiseriate granulate, granules strongly confused; and declivital interstriae 2–4 flat.
Amasa cycloxyster, A. galeoderma, A. schlichii, A. versicolor, A. youlii.
China (Hainan), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East Malaysia, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Recorded by
Acanthotomicus truncatus Stebbing, 1907: 40.
Xyleborus schlichii
Stebbing, 1914: 592 (new name for Xyleborus (Acanthotomicus) truncatus (Stebbing, 1907) nec
Amasa schlichi
[sic] (Stebbing):
Xyleborus glaber
Eggers, 1930: 185. Synonymy:
Xyleborus uniseriatus
Eggers, 1936b: 89. Synonymy:
Xyleborus verax
Schedl, 1939b: 43. Synonymy:
Holotype
, Xyleborus glaber (
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
2.9–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.21 mm; n = 10); 2.23–2.54× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface shagreened to opalescent, dull, opaque; declivity glabrous; and declivital interstriae 1 granulate (typically near apex), interstriae 2 and 3 unarmed.
Amasa cycloxyster, A. galeoderma, A. resecta, A. versicolor, A. youlii.
China* (Hong Kong, Yunnan), India (Assam, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java), Japan*, East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Apparently polyphagous (
This species had previously been considered to be extremely morphologically variable (
Holotype
, female, Japan: Okinawa, Iriomote-jima, Isd. Code. 1, 9.xi.2012, Kajimura (
2.5–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.65 mm; n = 2); 2.5–2.54× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface glabrous, smooth, strongly shiny; small size; declivital face flattened; and interstriae 1 carinate, weakly inflated from apex to near midpoint of declivity; declivital striae 1–3 approximately equidistant.
Amasa concitata, A. gibbosa, A. lini, A. youlii.
(female). 2.5–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.65 mm; n = 2); 2.5–2.54× as long as wide. Body light red-brown. Head, legs, and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; median impression between eyes; surface shagreened, impunctate, alutaceous, asperate; asperities longitudinal, smaller, rounder, denser above epistoma, increasing in length and decreasing in width and density dorsally and laterally. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 4; segment 1 corneous, convex on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/5; segment 2 broad, larger than segment 1, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.13× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic, type 2, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of 6–8 serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope shagreened with densely spaced, fine asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit; bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent hair-like setae. Disc shiny, alutaceous, impunctate, glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles narrowly rounded. Elytra: 1.4× as long as wide, 1.23× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, broad, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then sharply angulate to apex. Disc ascending posteriorly, shiny, glabrous; striae and interstriae laterally diverging from base to declivital summit; striae not impressed, punctures separated by 1–4 diameters of a puncture; interstriae flat, finely punctate, punctures 1/5 size of strial punctures, strongly confused. Declivity truncate, face flattened, strongly shiny, smooth, glabrous; three striae present, striae weakly impressed, equidistant, strial punctures strongly shiny, very large, deep, much larger and deeper than on disc, punctures subcontiguous to spaced by one diameter of a puncture; interstriae impunctate, convex, interstriae 1 weakly inflated from apex to below declivital midpoint, interstriae 1 uniseriate granulate, 2–4 multiseriate granulate, granules strongly confused; apical 1/4 of interstriae 1 and 2 costate with a row of rugae. Posterolateral margin forming a circumdeclivital carina; carina setose, setae short, erect, hair-like. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece flat, inconspicuous. Protibiae slender, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face inflated, finely granulate; apical 1/2 of outer margin with five small socketed denticles, their length as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened, outer margins evenly rounded with 11 and ten small socketed denticles, respectively; posterior faces unarmed; anterior faces finely granulate.
G. tropis = keel, ridge; akron = end. In reference to the inflated costate apex of the declivity. Noun in apposition.
Japan, Vietnam.
Xyleborus versicolor Sampson, 1921: 29.
Amasa versicolor
(Sampson):
Holotype
(
Ceylon [Sri Lanka]: Kalutara Dist., Kanneliya, 250 m, 23.v.1973, S.L. Wood, ex limbs (
2.5–2.6 mm long (mean = 2.57 mm; n = 5); 2.27–2.43× as long as wide. The species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface shagreened, dull, opaque; declivital interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused; declivity setose, interstriae moderately covered with semi-recumbent hair-like setae, approximately as long as the width of an interstria; and circumdeclivital carina margin setose, setae long, erect, bristle-like.
Amasa cycloxyster, A. galeoderma, A. resecta, A. schlichii, A. youlii.
Federated States of Micronesia, India (‘Bengal’), Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka*, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Holotype
, female, China: Fujian, Fuzhou, Qishan, 31.iii.2018, Y. Li, ex 5 cm diameter twig, possibly Fagaceae (
2.9–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.93 mm; n = 3); 2.42–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin serrate; declivital surface smooth, moderately shiny; small size; declivital interstriae setose, setae recumbent; declivital face flattened; and interstriae 1 weakly inflated from apex to near midpoint of declivity; and declivital striae 2 medially displaced, not appearing equidistant between striae 1 and 3.
Amasa concitata, A. gibbosa, A. lini, A. tropidacron.
(female). 2.9–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.93 mm; n = 3); 2.42–2.5 × as long as wide. Body bicolored: pronotal disc, head, legs, and antennae reddish, anterior slope of pronotum, elytra, and abdomen dark brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; median impression between eyes; surface shagreened, impunctate, alutaceous, asperate; asperities longitudinal, smaller, rounder, denser above epistoma, increasing in size and length and decreasing in density dorsally and laterally. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, longer than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 4; segment 1 corneous, sinuate on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/4; segment 2 narrow, larger than segment 1, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.88× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of 4–6 serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope strongly shagreened with densely spaced, short fine asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent hair-like setae. Disc shiny, alutaceous, densely minutely punctate, glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles narrowly rounded. Elytra: 1.45× as long as wide, 1.65× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, broad, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then sharply angulate to apex. Disc flat, shiny, glabrous; striae and interstriae laterally diverging from base to declivital summit; striae not impressed, punctures separated by 1–4 diameters of a puncture; interstriae flat, finely punctate, punctures 1/2 size of strial punctures, strongly confused. Declivity truncate, face flattened, moderately shiny, smooth, setose; three striae present, striae weakly impressed, striae 2 medially displaced near striae 1, strial punctures shiny, moderately large, moderately deep, much larger than on disc, punctures subcontiguous to spaced by three diameters of a puncture; interstriae impunctate, convex, interstriae 1 moderately inflated from apex to above declivital midpoint, interstriae 1 uniseriate granulate, 2–4 multiseriate granulate, granules strongly confused; apical 1/2 of interstriae 1 carinate to just before apex, becoming flattened, apical 1/4 of interstriae 2 costate, nearly carinate, with a row of rugae. Posterolateral margin forming a circumdeclivital carina; carina setose, setae short, erect hair-like. Legs: procoxae contiguous, prosternal coxal piece flat, inconspicuous. Protibiae slender, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face inflated, coarsely granulate; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six small socketed denticles, their length as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened, outer margins evenly rounded with 11 and nine small socketed denticles, respectively, posterior faces unarmed; anterior faces finely granulate.
Named after the collector Dr. You Li for his generous contributions to this project. Noun in genitive, invariable.
China (Fujian).
Unknown but potentially collected from Fagaceae.
Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, 1915a: 55.
Phloeotrogus
Motschulsky, 1863: 512.
Brownia
Nunberg, 1963: 37. Synonymy:
Xyleborus tachygraphus Zimmerman, 1868; original designation.
2.5–4.8 mm, 1.7–2.8× as long as wide, body usually stout and darkly colored. Ambrosiodmus is distinguished by the pronotum short and rounded, types 1 or 2 in dorsal view; pronotal disc entirely asperate; pronotum anterior margin without a carina or serrations; elytral disc convex; declivity rounded and steep at apex; antennal club flattened, type 4; scutellum flat, flush with elytra; mycangial tufts absent; and procoxae contiguous.
Ambrosiophilus, Beaverium, Immanus.
Temperate and tropical regions of the world.
This consists of a radial entrance tunnel leading to branched tunnels. These usually lie predominantly in one horizontal plane but may extend into three dimensions. They lack enlarged brood chambers. Many gallery systems are often started in a small area of the tree. Unlike many xyleborines, the galleries of different individuals often interconnect so that beetles can move between galleries (
Recent studies suggest that all Ambrosiodmus and Ambrosiophilus species (see below) are associated with a single species of polypore basidiomycete ambrosia fungus (Flavodon ambrosius) (
1 | Declivity granulate (Fig. |
2 |
– | Declivity tuberculate or denticulate, never granulate (Fig. |
4 |
2 | Declivital interstriae with uniformly sized and spaced granules from base to apex; declivital interstriae bearing erect hair-like setae | rubricollis |
– | Declivity with uniformly sized and spaced granules on declivital interstriae from base to declivity midpoint, apical 1/2 of interstriae with granules irregularly spaced; declivital interstriae slightly elevated and bearing erect thick setae | 3 |
3 | Larger, 3.2–3.4 mm; apical 1/2 of declivital interstriae 1 with five or six granules | brunneipes |
– | Smaller, 2.9–3.1 mm; apical 1/2 of declivital interstriae 1 with three or four granules | conspectus |
4 | Declivital interstriae tuberculate, except interstriae 1 unarmed (rarely a few granules in some individuals); smaller, 2.5–2.8 mm | asperatus |
– | All declivital interstriae tuberculate; larger, 3.4–4.8 mm | 5 |
5 | Tubercles of declivital interstriae 2 distinctly larger than those of other interstriae (Fig. |
lewisi |
– | Tubercles of declivital interstriae 2 similarly sized to those of other interstriae (Fig. |
minor |
Xyleborus asperatus Blandford, 1895: 321.
Ambrosiodmus asperatus
(Blandford):
Xyleborus nepotulus
Eggers, 1923: 179. Synonymy:
Xyleborus citri
Beeson, 1930: 215. Synonymy:
Xyleborus nepotulomorphus
Eggers, 1936b: 88. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus asperatus (
China: Guangxi, Shiwandashan, 25.iii.2018, Y. Li, ex Quercus griffithii (UFFE, 1). Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
2.5–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.64 mm; n = 5); 2.4–2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 2 bearing a row of 3–5 denticles that are larger than those on other interstriae, and declivital interstriae 1 distinctly impressed.
Ambrosiophilus cristatulus, A. osumiensis, A. subnepotulus.
Australia, Brunei, China (Guizhou, Guangxi*, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Xizang), India (Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Japan (Ryukyu Is), West Malaysia, Nepal, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
This species has a very similar appearance and size to several Ambrosiophilus species which also have three or four denticles on declivital interstriae 2. The two genera are easily separated by the pronotal disc sculpturing: punctate in Ambrosiophilus and asperate in Ambrosiodmus.
Xyleborus brunneipes Eggers, 1940: 138.
Ambrosiodmus brunneipes
(Eggers):
Allotype
(
3.2–3.4 mm long (mean = 3.38 mm; n = 5); 2.43–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae with uniformly sized and spaced granules from base to declivital midpoint, apical 1/2 of interstriae with granules irregularly spaced; declivital interstriae slightly elevated and bearing thick, erect setae, setae located ventrad of granules; declivital surface strongly shagreened; and dark brown color.
This species is very closely related to A. conspectus and is distinguished by the larger size and five or six granules on the apical 1/2 of declivital interstriae 1.
Ambrosiodmus conspectus, A. rubricollis.
Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from Parartocarpus (Moraceae), Octomeles (Tetramelaceae), and rattans (Arecacae). Probably polyphagous (
Xyleborus conspectus Schedl, 1964b: 247.
Ambrosiodmus conspectus
(Schedl):
Paratypes
(
2.9–3.1 mm long (mean = 3.01 mm; n = 5); 2.48–2.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivity with uniformly sized and spaced granules on declivital interstriae from base to declivity midpoint, apical 1/2 of interstriae with granules irregularly spaced; declivital interstriae slightly elevated and bearing thick, erect setae, setae located ventrad of granules; declivital surface strongly shagreened; and dark brown color.
This species is very closely related to A. brunneipes and is distinguished by the smaller size and the and three or four granules on the apical 1/2 of declivital interstriae 1.
Ambrosiodmus brunneipes, A. rubricollis.
East Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded only from rattan (Arecacae) (
Xyleborus lewisi Blandford, 1894b: 104.
Ambrosiodmus lewisi
(Blandford):
Ozopemon tuberculatus
Strohmeyer, 1912: 38. Synonymy:
Xyleborus lewekianus
Eggers, 1923: 181. Synonymy:
Xyleborus tegalensis
Eggers, 1923: 181. Synonymy:
Syntypes
Xyleborus lewisi (
China: Hong Kong, Sheung Shui, 22.vi.1964, ex soaked in oil (
3.4–4.8 mm long (mean = 4.26 mm; n = 5); 1.7–2.53× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by each declivital interstriae variously tuberculate, never granulate; and red-brown color.
This species strongly resembles A. minor from which it can usually be distinguished by the larger size and the tubercles on declivital interstriae 2 distinctly larger than those of other interstriae.
Ambrosiodmus minor.
China (Guangdong, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Japan, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Established in USA (
The species is polyphagous but may show some preference for Dipterocarpaceae in the southern part of its range, and for Fagaceae in the northern part (
Phloeosinus minor Stebbing, 1907: 37.
Dryocoetes minor
(Stebbing):
Xyleborus minor
(Stebbing):
Ambrosiodmus minor
(Stebbing):
Xyleborus crassus
Hagedorn, 1910a: 8. Synonymy:
Holotype
Phloeosinus minor (
China: Chongqing, NanShan, 15.viii.2015, J-G Wang, Lv-Jia, Tian-Shang (RABC, 3). Jiangsu, Nanjing, Zijinshan, 10.viii.2017, Y. Li, ex unknown log (
3.5–4.0 mm long (mean = 3.74 mm; n = 5); 2.19–2.53× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by each declivital interstriae variously tuberculate, never granulate; and red-brown color.
This species strongly resembles A. lewisi from which it can usually be distinguished by the smaller size and tubercles on interstriae 2 not distinctly larger than those of other interstriae.
Ambrosiodmus lewisi.
Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Chongqing, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Jiangxi*, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Assam, Meghalaya, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Laos*, East Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Established in the USA (
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus rubricollis Eichhoff, 1876a: 202.
Ambrosiodmus rubricollis
(Eichhoff):
Xyleborus taboensis
Schedl, 1952b: 65. Synonymy:
Xyleborus strohmeyeri
Schedl, 1975b: 457. Synonymy:
Holotype
(
China: Chongqing, Simian mtn, 7.v.2015, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia (RABC, 1); as previous except: Jinfo mtn, 10.v.2015 (RABC, 2). Guangdong, Lantau Is., Shi Bi pool, hardwood plantation, 4.vi.2004, Li, Z-R. (RABC, 1). Guangxi, Jiangidi, 25°55.6'N, 110°14.8'E, 365 m, terraced fields surrounded with shrubs and bamboo forest, 12.iv.2013, M. Ficáček, J. Hájek, J. Růžička (MNHP, 1). Hong Kong Is., Shek O, secondary broadleaf trees & bamboo forest, 24.viii.2004 (RABC, 1); as previous except: Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
2.5–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.7 mm; n = 7); 2.45–2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae with uniformly sized and spaced granules from base to apex; declivital interstriae slightly elevated and bearing erect hair-like setae, setae located ventrad of each granule; declivital surface shiny, and light red-brown color.
Ambrosiodmus brunneipes, A. conspectus.
China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing*, Fujian, Guangdong*, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hong Kong*, Hunan, Jiangxi*, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan, South & North Korea, Laos*, West Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Introduced to Australia (
A polyphagous species (
Ambrosiophilus Hulcr & Cognato, 2009: 21.
Xyleborus restrictus Schedl, 1939b; original designation.
1.95–4.5 mm, stout to elongate (2.27–2.92× as long as wide) with elytral apex rounded and entire. Ambrosiophilus is distinguished by the pronotum anterior margin typically without a carina or serrations; pronotal disc punctate; declivity rounded and steep; antennal club flattened, types 3 or 4; scutellum flat, flush; mycangial tufts absent; protibiae obliquely triangular; and procoxae contiguous.
Ambrosiophilus most closely resembles Ambrosiodmus and is distinguished by the pronotal disc and lateral areas punctate, never asperate, and lateral profile of pronotal and elytral discs flat.
Ambrosiodmus.
Found in temperate and tropical Asia, two species are established in the United States (
Similar to Ambrosiodmus (see above).
Ambrosiophilus atratus and A. subnepotulus are believed to use the same basidiomycete as Ambrosiodmus (see above) (
1 | Interstriae 1 armed with at least minute granules, other interstriae variously granulate or tuberculate (Fig. |
2 |
– | Interstriae 1 unarmed, lacking even minute granules, other interstriae variously granulate or tuberculate (Fig. |
7 |
2 | Declivital interstriae 1–3 each armed by one major tubercle surrounding declivital sulcus; anterior margin of pronotum apically produced with a row of six serrations | latisulcatus |
– | Declivital interstriae granulate, never armed by major tubercles; pronotum rounded and lacking serrations | 3 |
3 | Declivital interstriae granulate only on upper 1/2 of declivity; declivital face flattened, opalescent (Fig. |
4 |
– | Declivital interstriae granulate along the entire length; declivital face rounded, shiny (Fig. |
5 |
4 | Smaller, 1.95–2.05 mm, more elongate, 2.6–2.7× as long as wide | lannaensis sp. nov. |
– | Larger, 2.5–2.75 mm, less elongate, 2.5–2.6× as long as wide | satoi |
5 | Pronotum from lateral view long (type 8) with summit displaced towards anterior margin (Fig. |
atratus |
– | Pronotum from lateral view basic (type 2) with median summit (Fig. |
6 |
6 | Declivital striae 1 weakly impressed; declivital interstriae moderately and uniformly granulate, granules spaced by a distance of four diameters of a granule | caliginestris sp. nov. |
– | Declivity weakly to strongly sulcate between striae 1 and interstriae 3; interstriae densely and uniformly granulate, granules on interstriae 3 spaced by a distance of less than the diameter of a granule | sulcatus |
7 | Declivity strongly sulcate, lateral margins of sulcus rounded, armed with three large spines, one at the base of interstriae 2, one at the declivital midpoint of interstriae 3 and one on the apical 1/3 of interstriae 3 | sexdentatus |
– | Declivity never strongly sulcate or armed with spines as described above | 8 |
8 | Tubercles on declivital interstriae 3 distinctly larger than those on interstriae 2 (Fig. |
9 |
– | Tubercles of declivital interstriae 3 as large as or smaller than those of interstriae 2 (Fig. |
11 |
9 | Tubercles on declivital interstriae 3 very large, distinctly larger than those of other interstriae; tubercles present on interstriae 2 at declivital summit and often on declivital face; declivital surface coarsely sculptured | consimilis |
– | Tubercles on declivital interstriae 3 small, but somewhat larger than those of other interstriae; tubercles on interstriae 2 only present at declivital summit; declivital surface finely sculptured, smooth | 10 |
10 | Declivital interstriae 3 bearing three small denticles; pronotal discal punctures small, fine, moderately spaced by 1–3 diameters of a puncture; pronotal disc shagreened | cristatulus |
– | Declivital interstriae 3 bearing two large tubercles; pronotal discal punctures minute, very fine, widely spaced by 2–6 diameters of a puncture, pronotal disc shiny | subnepotulus |
11 | Declivital interstriae 2 armed by a single tubercle at declivital summit, remainder of interstriae 2 unarmed (Fig. |
indicus sp. nov. |
– | Declivital interstriae 2 variously armed along its length (Fig. |
12 |
12 | Pronotum from dorsal view conical and elongate (type 5) (Fig. |
wantaneeae sp. nov. |
– | Pronotum from dorsal view basic or subquadrate (types 2 or 3) (Fig. |
13 |
13 | Tubercles of interstriae 2 larger than those of interstriae 3 | osumiensis |
– | Tubercles of interstriae 2 and 3 equally sized | papilliferus sp. nov. |
Xyleborus atratus Eichhoff, 1876a: 201.
Ambrosiophilus atratus
(Eichhoff):
Xyleborus collis
Niisima, 1910: 12. Synonymy:
The holotype of Xyleborus atratus was destroyed in the bombing of UHZM in World War II (
China: Chongqing, Nanshan, 20.viii.2015, Wang, J-G., Lv-Jia, Tian-Shang (RABC, 4); as previous except: Simian mtn, 7.v.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia (RABC, 1). Fukien [Fujian], Shaowu, Tachuland, 10–14.iv.1943, T.C. Ma (
3.3–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.46 mm; n = 5); 2.75–2.92× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by all declivital interstriae granulate along the entire length; pronotum from lateral view long (type 8); declivital striae 1 and 2 moderately to strongly impressed; declivital interstriae moderately and uniformly granulate, granules on interstriae 3 spaced by a distance of 2–3 diameters of a granule; interstrial setae long, hair-like; and large size.
Ambrosiophilus caliginestris, A. satoi, A. sulcatus.
China (Chongqing*, Fujian, Shanxi), Japan, South & North Korea, Taiwan. Introduced to Europe and North America (
Polyphagous (
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°36.454'N, 105°52.083'E, 1661 m, 15.iv.2014, VN35, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex phloem (
2.9–3.1 mm long (mean = 3.0 mm; n = 2); 2.42–2.58× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by all declivital interstriae granulate along the entire length; pronotum from lateral view tall (type 2); declivital striae 1 weakly impressed; declivital interstriae moderately and uniformly granulate, granules spaced by a distance of four diameters of a granule; interstrial setae long, hair-like; and moderate size.
Ambrosiophilus atratus, A. satoi, A. sulcatus.
(female). 2.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.42× as long as wide. Body ferruginous. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface shagreened, punctate; punctures dense, becoming shallower and sparser on reticulate upper part of frons. Eyes feebly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, longer than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, much shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/2; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.9× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, disc flat, summit pronounced. Anterior slope with densely spaced small asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc shagreened with sparse, fine punctures bearing long, fine, erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.54× as long as wide, 1.6× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc shiny, striae not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, shallow, separated by less than one diameter of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, finely punctate, punctures more widely separated than those of striae, with long, fine, erect hair-like setae. Declivity steep, strongly convex, shiny; strial punctures larger than on disc, striae 1 weakly impressed; interstriae moderately and uniformly granulate, granules spaced by a distance of four diameters of a granule, each granule with a moderately long, erect hair-like seta. Posterolateral margin carinate, granulate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall, pointed. Protibiae slender, obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with eight large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with eight large socketed denticles.
L. caligo = fog; -estris = belonging to. In reference to the climate of the type localities. An adjective.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Xyleborus consimilis Eggers, 1923: 180.
Ambrosiodmus consimilis
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
India: Bengal [West Bengal], Samsing, xi.1933, B. Singh, ex Litsea sp. (
2.6–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.06 mm; n = 5); 2.36–2.91× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, interstriae 2 armed by one tubercle at declivital summit, remainder of interstriae 2 unarmed or with a few granules, interstriae 3 with two or three large denticles; declivity weakly bisulcate from sutural margin to striae 2, interstriae 3 moderately and distinctly convex; pronotal disc surface shiny, punctures small, fine, widely spaced by 2–4 diameters of a puncture; and declivital surface coarsely sculptured, shiny; and large size.
Ambrosiophilus cristatulus, A. indicus, A. osumiensis, A. subnepotulus.
India (Tamil Nadu, West Bengal*), East Malaysia.
This species has only been recorded from Litsea (Lauraceae).
The species has the generic characters of Ambrosiophilus and is here transferred to that genus.
Xyleborus cristatulus Schedl, 1953b: 300.
Ambrosiodmus cristatulus
(Schedl):
Ambrosiophilus cristatulus
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
2.1–2.3 mm long (mean = 2.21 mm; n = 4); 2.3–2.39× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, interstriae 2 armed by one tubercle at declivital summit, remainder of interstriae 2 unarmed, interstriae 3 with three small denticles; declivity weakly bisulcate from sutural margin to striae 2, interstriae 3 weakly convex; pronotal surface shagreened, discal punctures small, fine, moderately spaced by 1–3 diameters of a puncture; declivital surface smooth, shiny; and small size.
Ambrosiophilus consimilis, A. indicus, A. subnepotulus.
China (Fujian), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Unknown.
Holotype
, female, India: Bengal [West Bengal], Kalimpong, Samsingh, 25.x.1933, N.C. Chatterjee, ex “kanda lahara” (
2.4 mm long (mean = 2.4 mm; n = 3); 2.67× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, interstriae 2 armed by one tubercle at declivital summit, remainder of interstriae 2 unarmed, interstriae 3 with three minute tubercles equally spaced from base to apex; declivity weakly bisulcate from sutural margin to striae 2, interstriae 3 feebly convex; pronotal surface shagreened, discal punctures minute, very fine, widely spaced by four diameters of a puncture; declivital surface shagreened; and small size.
Ambrosiophilus consimilis, A. cristatulus, A. subnepotulus.
(female). 2.4 mm long (mean = 2.4 mm; n = 3); 2.67× as long as wide. Body ferruginous, antennae and legs light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface subshiny, punctate; punctures moderately dense, becoming shallower and sparser on reticulate upper part. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, longer than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, as long as funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 4; segment 1 transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/6; segment 2 narrow, larger than segment 1, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.1× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic, type 2, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc flat, summit pronounced. Anterior slope with closely spaced, coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc shagreened with sparse, small, fine punctures bearing short, fine, erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.3× as long as wide, 1.58× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc subshiny, striae not impressed, with moderately coarse, shallow punctures separated by 1–2 diameters of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, finely punctate, punctures more widely separated than those of striae, with long, fine, erect hair-like setae. Declivity steep, strongly convex, shagreened; strial punctures larger than on disc, weakly bisulcate from sutural margin to striae 2; interstriae 1 unarmed, interstriae 2 armed by one tubercle at declivital summit, remainder of interstriae 2 unarmed, interstriae 3 with three minute equally spaced tubercles from base to apex; interstriae 3 feebly convex. Posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; outer margin of apical 1/2 with six moderate socketed denticles, approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with seven large socketed denticles.
L. indicus = of India. An adjective.
India (West Bengal).
Holotype
, female, Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 18°50'23"N, 98°53'53"E, 1200–1300 m, 2-BM-Jun-B-23 (2016), [vi.2016], S. Sanguansub et al., ex Butea monosperma (
1.95–2.05 mm long (mean = 2.01 mm; n = 5); 2.67–2.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by all declivital interstriae granulate on upper 1/2 of declivity; pronotum from dorsal view conical and elongate (type 5), from lateral view type 7; pronotal disc shiny, punctures moderately fine and separated by several times their diameter; posterolateral margins of elytra rounded; lower part of declivity flattened; and declivital striae not impressed, interstriae finely, sparsely granulate on upper part of declivity only.
Ambrosiophilus atratus, A. caliginestris, A. satoi, A. wantaneeae.
(female). 1.95–2.05 mm long (mean = 2.01 mm; n = 5); 2.67–2.73 × as long as wide. Body dark brown, antennae and legs light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface subshiny, punctate; punctures moderately dense, becoming shallower and sparser on reticulate upper part. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, approximately as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/3; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.13× as long as wide. In dorsal view conical and elongate, type 5, sides almost parallel in basal 1/2, conical anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate, disc longer than anterior slope, type 7, summit not pronounced, on anterior 1/3. Anterior slope with widely spaced, small coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny with moderately dense small, deep punctures bearing short, fine, erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.63× as long as wide, 1.67× as long as pronotum. Scutellum small, triangular, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc shiny, striae not impressed, with moderately coarse, shallow punctures separated by one width of their diameter, each bearing a short, semi-erect hair-like seta; interstriae flat, finely punctate, punctures more widely separated than those of striae, with fine, semi-erect setae. Declivity steep, strongly convex, shagreened; strial punctures larger than on disc, striae 1 and 2 very weakly impressed; interstriae unarmed by granules, each puncture bearing a moderately long, erect hair-like seta. Posterolateral margin rounded, unarmed. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece short, pointed. Protibiae slender, obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with five large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with seven large socketed denticles.
The specific name refers to the old Northern Thai kingdom ‘Lan Na’. Latinized adjective.
Thailand.
This species is evidently polyphagous and is here reported from Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Diospyros kaki (Ebenaceae), Butea monosperma (Fabaceae), Castanopsis armata, and Lithocarpus tenuinervis (Fagaceae).
Xyleborus latisulcatus Eggers, 1940: 142.
Ambrosiodmus latisulcatus
(Eggers):
Ambrosiophilus latisulcatus
(Eggers):
Holotype
Xyleborus latisulcatus (
3.9–4.2 mm long (mean = 4.05 mm; n = 2); 2.52–2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1–3 each armed by one major tubercle surrounding declivital sulcus; pronotum from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6); pronotal anterior slope steep, flat; anterior margin with a row of six serrations; pronotum from lateral view tall (type 2); pronotal surface reticulate, discal punctures coarse, dense, spaced less than the diameter of a puncture; declivity moderately sulcate to interstriae 3, margins of sulcus armed with three equally sized tubercles: one at the base of interstriae 1, one on interstriae 2 just ventrad to the first, and one at the midpoint of interstriae 3.
Ambrosiophilus sexdentatus, A. sulcatus.
Indonesia (Java), Thailand.
Unknown.
Xyleborus osumiensis Murayama, 1934: 292.
Ambrosiophilus osumiensis
(Murayama):
Xyleborus metanepotulus
Eggers, 1939b: 119. Synonymy:
Xyleborus nodulosus Eggers, 1941b: 233. syn. nov.
Xyleborus pernodulus
Schedl, 1957: 85. Unnecessary replacement name. Synonymy:
Xyleborus hunanensis
Browne, 1983b: 33. Synonymy:
Ambrosiophilus peregrinus Smith & Cognato, 2015: 216. Synonymy: Smith et al. 2017: 552.
Holotype
Xyleborus hunanensis (
China: Anhui, Chuxian, 32.25N, 118.28E, 1.v.1965, Pistacia chinensis (
2.3–3.2 mm long (mean = 2.6 mm; n = 7); 2.3–2.67× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, 2 armed by 3–5 pointed tubercles along its length, major declivital tubercles on interstriae 2; weakly to moderately sulcate to striae 1, interstriae 2 convex, bearing 3–5 pointed tubercles and several small granules (near apical and basal margins) along its length; pronotum from dorsal view basic or subquadrate (type 2 or 3); and pronotum from lateral view basic (type 0).
Ambrosiophilus papilliferus, A. subnepotulus, A. wantaneeae.
China (Anhui, Chongqing*, Fujian, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi*, Sichuan*, Yunnan), Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam. Imported and established in USA (
This species is likely polyphagous and has been recorded from numerous host families including Pistacia (Anacardiaceae), Ilex (Aquifoliaceae), Quercus (Fagaceae), Cinnamomum (Lauraceae), Broussonetia (Moraceace), and Ligustrum (Oleaceae).
The morphology of A. osumiensis is highly variable in regard to numerous characteristics that are routinely used to diagnose other xyleborine species. Such variation includes: the antennal club type either 3 or 4; pronotum basic (type 2) or subquadrate (type 3) from dorsal view; declivity shiny or shagreened; pronotal disc shiny or shagreened; number and size of tubercles on declivital interstriae 2; and a large size range with individuals differing by up to 0.9 mm in length. This variation led to A. osumiensis being described several times. Types of each species are distinct and diagnosable. Examination of the specimens listed above in ‘new records’ as well as the holotypes showed that these species formed a continuous spectrum of variation. During our fieldwork we were able to collect and sequence specimens that fell within the concept of X. metanepotulus (Vietnam), X. hunanensis (China), X. nodulosus (China) and A. peregrinus (Georgia, USA) and an additional larger morphospecies from multiple localities in Vietnam. COI sequences showed that all populations differed by no more than 7.4% supporting the hypothesis of one morphologically variable species. Typical intraspecific variation in xyleborines is below 10% (
The identification of A. nodulosus from East Malaysia by
Holotype
, female, 贵州 平塘 核桃 1981.VI.6 采集者:罗禄怡 [China: Guizhou, Pingtang, 6.vi.1981, Luyi Luo, ex Carya sp.] (
2.5 mm long (n = 1); 2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, interstriae 2 armed by four or five moderately sized and variably spaced denticles along its length, interstriae 3 armed by five larger denticles; declivital striae 1 and 2 moderately impressed; and pronotum from dorsal view basic (type 2), lateral view basic (type 0).
Ambrosiophilus osumiensis, A. wantaneeae.
(female). 2.5 mm long (n = 1); 2.5× as long as wide. Body color red-brown, antennae and legs light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface subshiny, punctate; punctures moderately dense, becoming shallower and sparser on reticulate upper part. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, shorter than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club tall and oval, flat, type 3; segment 1 convex and small on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/6; segment 2 corneous, narrow; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.79× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic, type 2, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc flat, summit pronounced. Anterior slope with widely spaced, small coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny with moderately dense small, shallow punctures bearing short, fine, erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.64× as long as wide, 2.1× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc opalescent, striae weakly impressed, with moderately coarse, shallow, and irregular punctures separated by 0.5–1 diameter of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, finely punctate, punctures more widely separated than those of striae, with fine, erect hair-like setae. Declivity steep, strongly convex, shagreened; strial punctures larger than on disc, striae 1 and 2 moderately impressed, strial punctures bearing short, recumbent setae 1× width of a puncture; interstriae 1 unarmed by granules, interstriae 2 with four or five coarse granules, interstriae 3 and 4 with four or five slightly smaller granules, each granule with a moderately long, erect hair. Posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous, prosternal coxal piece short, pointed. Protibiae slender, obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened, outer margins evenly rounded with eight large socketed denticles.
L. papilla = nipple; adjectival suffix ferus = bearer. In reference to the denticles on the declivity. An adjective.
China (Guizhou), Vietnam.
Recorded only from Carya (Juglandaceae).
Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
Xyleborus satoi Schedl, 1966b: 39.
Ambrosiophilus satoi
(Schedl):
Paratype
(
Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, 1400 m, EtOH trap, 16–20.v.2005, W. Puranasakul (RABC, 1); as previous except: 20.vii.2016, S. Sanguansub et al. (RABC, 1); as previous except: 18°50'23"N, 98°53'53"E, 1200–1300 m, vi.2016, S. Sanguansub et al., ex Castanopsis armata (RABC, 1); as previous except: ex Lithocarpus tenuinervis (RABC, 1).
2.5–2.75 mm long (mean = 2.67 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by all declivital interstriae granulate on upper 1/2 of declivity; pronotum from lateral view basic (type 0); declivity rounded, face flattened; declivital interstriae sparsely and uniformly granulate, granules spaced by a distance of at least four diameters of a granule; interstrial setae short, bristle-like; and small size.
Ambrosiophilus atratus, A. caliginestris, A. latisulcatus, A. sulcatus.
Bhutan, Taiwan, Thailand*.
Recorded from a ‘camphor log’ (probably Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae)) (
Xyleborus sexdentatus Eggers, 1940: 148.
Ambrosiodmus sexdentatus
(Eggers):
Ambrosiophilus sexdentatus
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
2.7–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.84 mm; n = 5); 2.7–2.9× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 2 (1 spine), interstriae 3 (2 spines) surrounding declivital sulcus; pronotum from dorsal view basic (type 2); pronotal anterior slope rounded, convex; pronotum anterior margin lacking serrations; pronotum from lateral view tall (type 2); pronotal discal punctures small, fine spaced by at least two diameters of a puncture, surface shiny; declivity strongly sulcate to interstriae 3, lateral margins of sulcus rounded, margin armed with three large spines, one at the base of interstriae 2, one at the declivital midpoint of interstriae 3 and one on the apical 1/3 of interstriae 3.
Ambrosiophilus latisulcatus, A. sulcatus.
Indonesia (Java), New Guinea, Thailand.
Recorded from Quercus (Fagaceae) and Tectona (Lamiaceae) in Java (
A mycocleptic associate of Beaverium species (
Xyleborus subnepotulus Eggers, 1930: 178.
Ambrosiodmus subnepotulus
(Eggers):
Ambrosiophilus subnepotulus
(Eggers):
Xyleborus cristatuloides Schedl, 1971a: 284. syn. nov.
Holotype
Xyleborus subnepotulus (
China: Guizhou, Guiyang, Huaxi, 31.iv.2015, Y. Li, ex in flight (UFFE, 9). Hong Kong, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
2.5–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.64 mm; n = 7); 2.27–2.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, interstriae 2 armed by one tubercle at declivital summit, remainder of interstriae 2 unarmed, interstriae 3 with two large tubercles; declivity weakly bisulcate from sutural margin to striae 2; interstriae 3 weakly convex; pronotal surface shiny, discal punctures minute, very fine, widely spaced by 2–6 diameters of a puncture; and declivital surface smooth, shiny; and moderate size.
Ambrosiophilus consimilis, A. cristatulus, A. indicus, A. osumiensis.
China* (Guizhou, Hong Kong*), Indonesia (Java), Laos*, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan.
The only recorded host is Albizia lebbeck (Fabaceae) (
Xyleborus sulcatus Eggers, 1930: 180.
Ambrosiodmus sulcatus
(Eggers):
Cyclorhipidion sulcatum
(Eggers):
Ambrosiophilus sulcatus
(Eggers):
Xyleborus sulcatulus Eggers, 1939a: 13. syn. nov.
Xyleborus sinensis Eggers, 1941b: 224. syn. nov.
Holotype
Xyleborus sinensis (ZMFK). Holotype Xyleborus sulcatus (
China: Jiangxi, Wu-Yi Mt., 19.vii.2017, Lai, S-C, Tian Shang et al. (RABC, 1). India: Bengal [West Bengal], Darjeeling, Debrepani, 6000 ft, 15.ix.1929, J.C.M. Gardner, unknown wood (
3.4–4.5 mm long (mean = 3.94 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.87× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by all declivital interstriae granulate along the entire length; pronotum from dorsal view basic (type 2); pronotal anterior slope rounded; pronotal anterior margin without a row of serrations; pronotum from lateral view tall (type 2); declivity weakly to strongly bisulcate between striae 1 and interstriae 3; interstriae densely and uniformly granulate, granules on interstriae 3 spaced by a distance of less than the diameter of a granule; interstrial setae long, hair-like, and of large size.
Ambrosiophilus sulcatus is variable in body length, the degree of bisulcation of the declivity and in the size of the declivital granules, but all specimens form a continuous spectrum of variation. Specimens from India and China (Fujian) are larger, more strongly bisulcate and have slightly larger granules than specimens occurring further south (Myanmar and Vietnam).
Ambrosiophilus atratus, A. caliginestris, A. latisulcatus, A. satoi.
China (Fujian, Jiangxi*), India (Assam, West Bengal*), Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan*, Vietnam*.
Recorded only from Artocarpus (Moraceae) (
The type specimens of Xyleborus sinensis, X. sulcatulus and type images of X. sulcatus, were directly examined. The specimens differ in size (2.8 mm X. sulcatulus, 3.0 mm, X. sulcatus, 4.2 mm X. sinensis), the depth of the declivital sulci and in the degree development of interstrial granules. Additional non-type specimens were also examined. We found that size, depth of the declivital sulci and development of interstrial granules formed a continuum of variation and should be considered a single morphologically variable species.
Holotype
, female, Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1400 m, 17.iv.–8.v.2006, W. Puranasakul, ex EtOH trap (
2.0–2.1 mm long (mean = 2.03 mm; n = 4); 2.63–2.77× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed, 2 armed by four or five coarse granules along its length, interstriae 3 with four or five slightly smaller granules; declivital striae 1 and 2 very weakly impressed; and pronotum from dorsal view conical (type 0) to subelongate (type 7), lateral view long (type 7).
Ambrosiophilus osumiensis, A. papilliferus.
(female). 2.0–2.1 mm (mean = 2.02 mm; n = 4); 2.63–2.67× as long as wide. Body dark brown to pitchy black, antennae and legs light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface subshiny, punctate; punctures moderately dense, becoming shallower and sparser on reticulate upper part. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, approximately as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/3; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.0–1.1× as long as wide. In dorsal view conical and elongate, type 5, sides almost parallel in basal 1/2, conical anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate, disc as long as anterior slope, type 7, summit not pronounced, at midpoint. Anterior slope with widely spaced, small asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc strongly shiny with sparse, small, deep punctures bearing short, fine, erect hair-like setae. Some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.6–1.7× as long as wide, 1.6–1.7× as long as pronotum. Scutellum small, triangular, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc shiny, striae not impressed, parallel, with moderately coarse, shallow punctures separated by 1–2× their diameter, without hair-like setae; interstriae flat, finely punctate, punctures more widely separated than those of striae, with fine, erect hair-like setae. Declivity shiny, steep, strongly convex; strial punctures larger than on disc, striae 1 and 2 very weakly impressed; interstriae 1 without granules, interstriae 2 with four or five coarse granules, interstriae 3 and 4 with four or five slightly smaller granules, each granule with a moderately long, erect hair-like seta. Posterolateral margin rounded, unarmed. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece short, pointed. Protibiae slender, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six moderate socketed denticles, their length slightly longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with eight small socketed denticles.
The species is named for Ms. Wantanee Puranasakul (then at Chiang Mai University, Thailand) who collected several new species of Scolytinae during her MSc studies. Noun in genitive.
Thailand.
Unknown.
Ancipitis Hulcr & Cognato, 2013: 41.
Xyleborus puer Eggers, 1923; original designation.
1.9–5.4 mm long, 2.08–2.73× as long as wide. Ancipitis is distinguished by the flat submentum that is flush with genae and shaped as a distinct large triangle; elytra extremely long, flattened, very gradually descending, broadened laterally and elongated apically; declivital face appearing somewhat depressed below posterolateral costa and covered with hair-like setae; pronotum extended anteriad, appearing conical, type 0 in dorsal view, without serrations on anterior margin; antennal club flattened, type 3 with three sutures visible on the posterior face; scape long and slender; protibiae slender, all tibia bearing large denticles; procoxae appearing tall, longer than basal width; scutellum flat, flush with elytra; procoxae narrowly separated; mycangial tufts absent; elytra unarmed.
Diuncus, Leptoxyleborus.
Distributed in temperate and tropical Asia and Melanesia.
This consists of branched tunnels without brood chambers (
1 | Declivity weakly sulcate between interstriae 3 in middle of declivity; sutural interstriae weakly raised and striae 1 impressed in apical third; larger, 4.9–5.4 mm | punctatissimus |
– | Declivity not sulcate between interstriae 3 in middle of declivity; sutural interstriae not raised and striae 1 not impressed in apical third; smaller, 3.0–3.6 mm | puer |
Xyleborus puer Eggers, 1923: 191.
Ancipitis puer
(Eggers):
Xyleborus ceramensis
Schedl, 1937a: 549. Synonymy:
Holotype
(
Moderately sized, 3.0–3.6 mm long (mean = 3.2 mm; n = 5); 2.14–2.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size, declivity not sulcate between interstriae 3 in middle of declivity; sutural interstriae not raised and striae 1 not impressed in apical third; and declivital striae and interstriae both bearing long hair-like setae that are erect on the interstriae and semi-recumbent on the striae.
Leptoxyleborus machili, L. sordicauda.
Indonesia (Ceram, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Thailand.
Xyleborus punctatissimus Eichhoff, 1880: 189.
Leptoxyleborus punctatissimus
(Eichhoff):
Ancipitis punctatissimus
(Eichhoff):
Xyleborus spatulatus
Blandford, 1896b: 218. Synonymy:
Syntypes
Xyleborus spatulatus (
The largest Ancipitis species, 4.9–5.4 mm long (mean = 5.16 mm; n = 5); 2.08–2.41× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; declivity weakly sulcate between interstriae 3 in middle of declivity; sutural interstriae weakly raised and striae 1 impressed in apical third; and declivital interstriae with three rows of mixed short erect and recumbent hair-like setae.
Ancipitis puer, Leptoxyleborus sordicauda.
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from four different families of angiosperm trees, and from Pinus merkusii (Pinaceae) (
Anisandrus Ferrari, 1867: 24.
Apate dispar Fabricius, 1793; monotypy.
2.1–5.9 mm, 1.88–2.78× as long as wide, body usually stout and dark. Anisandrus is distinguished most easily by the antennal club obliquely truncate type 1 (A. achaete type 2), club taller than wide (A. achaete wider than tall), procoxae narrowly separated, protibiae slender, obliquely or distinctly triangular, outer margin with 5–8 large socketed denticles on distal 1/2, posterior face unarmed, mesonotal mycangial tufts typically present along the pronotal base (missing in three species), either as a small tuft the length of the scutellum and directly opposite it or extending laterally from the scutellum to striae 3 and with elytral base broadly, shallowly emarginated from the scutellum to striae 3. Additional diagnostic characters include: pronotum from dorsal view typically types 0 and 1 (A. cryphaloides, type 6), pronotum from lateral view tall (type 3), or rounded and robust (type 5), pronotum anterior margin with a row of serrations, pronotum lateral margins obliquely costate, scutellum flat, flush with elytra, and the elytral disc either convex or variously transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression. Species range from nearly glabrous to densely setose and are typically black or dark brown.
Cnestus, Cyclorhipidion, Hadrodemius, Xylosandrus. Anisandrus is closely related to Cnestus, Hadrodemius and Xylosandrus, all of which possess a mesonotal mycangium and the associated dense tuft of hair-like setae at the scutellar area and pronotal base (
Uncommon genus with species occurring in forests of the Holarctic and Paleotropical regions.
The species usually attack stems of small diameter, and the gallery system consists of a radial or circumferential gallery with several longitudinal branches without brood chambers. SMS collected several species (A. cristatus, A. lineatus, A. longidens) in northern Vietnam that had a preference for attacking small saplings just above the soil line.
This genus is remarkably diverse in montane habitats across Asia but most species are poorly known. It is very likely that many additional new species await description.
1 | Pronotal mycangial tuft moderate to densely setose, very broad, extending laterally from the scutellum to striae 3 (Fig. |
2 |
– | Pronotal mycangial tuft absent (Fig. |
7 |
2 | Posterolateral margin of elytra rounded (Fig. |
3 |
– | Posterolateral margin of elytra costate or carinate to interstriae 5 (Fig. |
4 |
3 | Elytral disc flat; declivital face moderately steep and convex; declivital summit with interstriae 1 unarmed, a small denticle on interstriae 2 and a minute denticle on interstriae 3; declivity shiny | auratipilus sp. nov. |
– | Elytral disc with a broad and weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital face steep, flattened; declivital summit with a minute denticle on interstriae 1, a small denticle on interstriae 2, and interstriae 3 unarmed; declivity opalescent | venustus sp. nov. |
4 | At least punctures of declivital striae 2 strongly confused, minute; pronotal asperities large, widely spaced; elytral disc with a profound transverse saddle-like depression; declivity broadly sulcate to interstriae 5 | percristatus |
– | Declivital strial punctures all uniseriate, large; pronotal asperities small, densely spaced; elytral disc with a weak to deep transverse saddle-like depression; declivity sulcate to interstriae 3 | 5 |
5 | Elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression (Fig. |
hera sp. nov. |
– | Elytral disc with a deep transverse saddle-like depression (Fig. |
6 |
6 | Declivital interstriae impunctate, setose, setae semi-erect, short and thick; declivital summit with large incurved spine on interstriae 2; declivital interstriae 3 with six additional unequally sized incurved spines on basal 1/2 of declivity; larger, 5.4–5.6 mm | klapperichi |
– | Declivital interstriae minutely biseriately punctate, setose, setae bristle-like, erect; declivital summit with a large incurved spine on interstriae 2, interstriae 3 unarmed; smaller, 4.0–4.15 mm | xuannu sp. nov. |
7 | Mesonotal mycangial tuft absent (Fig. |
8 |
– | Mesonotal mycangial tuft just anteriad and roughly equal in width to scutellum, lightly to moderately setose (Fig. |
10 |
8 | Antennal club wider than longer, type 2, one suture visible on posterior face (Fig. |
achaete |
– | Antennal club longer than wide, type 1, no sutures visible on posterior face (Fig. |
9 |
9 | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed by 4–5 unequally sized tubercles; declivital striae strongly impressed; elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression; pronotal disc coarsely punctate; larger, 4.5 mm | carinensis |
– | Declivital interstriae uniseriate granulate on basal 1/2, granules equally sized; striae clearly impressed; elytral disc convex; pronotal disc finely punctate; smaller, 2.8 mm | paragogus sp. nov. |
10 | Interstriae 2 and 3 of equal width at midpoint of declivity (Fig. |
17 |
– | Interstriae 2 and 3 not equal in width at midpoint of declivity (Fig. |
11 |
11 | Interstriae 2 narrower than interstriae 3 at midpoint of declivity (Fig. |
12 |
– | Interstriae 3 narrower than interstriae 2 at midpoint of declivity (Fig. |
15 |
12 | Declivity rounded, posterolateral margin rounded | 13 |
– | Declivity obliquely truncate, posterolateral margin costate | 14 |
13 | Elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital interstriae 2 armed with a blunt tubercle at summit, interstriae 3 armed by one or two denticles near declivital summit ventrad to tubercle on interstriae 2 | sinivali sp. nov. |
– | Elytral disc convex; declivity unarmed | hirtus |
14 | Declivity weakly bisulcate, margins ornamented by large sharp spines on interstriae 2–7, spine on interstriae 3 the largest; declivital interstriae impunctate; posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5. | longidens |
– | Declivity steeply rounded and flat, declivital summit armed by a minute denticle on interstriae 2 and 3; granules present on basal 1/2 of interstriae 2–4; declivital interstriae clearly punctate, posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 7 | improbus |
15 | Declivity steeply rounded and flat; elytral apex sharply angulate, nearly subquadrate; posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; pronotum rounded, type 1, in dorsal view | eggersi |
– | Declivity gradual and convex, elytral apex broadly rounded; posterolateral margin rounded; pronotum conical, type 0, in dorsal view | 16 |
16 | Declivity strongly shagreened or opalescent; striae weakly impressed; smaller, 2.1–2.4 mm | cryphaloides sp. nov. |
– | Declivity strongly shiny, striae deeply impressed; larger, 2.6–3.3 mm | lineatus |
17 | Declivital interstriae 2 punctate, punctures either uniseriate or confused | 18 |
– | Declivital interstriae 2 impunctate, punctures may be replaced by granules | 22 |
18 | Declivital interstriae 2 punctures multiseriate and confused; body densely covered by erect dark brown pubescence | ursulus |
– | Declivital interstriae 2 punctures uniseriate; body nearly glabrous or at most moderately setose | 19 |
19 | Declivity rounded and convex; posterolateral margin rounded | auco sp. nov. |
– | Declivity steep and face variably impressed; posterolateral margin costate or carinate | 20 |
20 | Declivital summit unarmed; declivital face flat and weakly depressed below lateral margins | mussooriensis |
– | Declivital summit ornamented by two small sharp incurved spines at the base of interstriae 2 and 3; declivital face flat and moderately bisulcate or concave | 21 |
21 | Declivity moderately bisulcate; declivital interstriae bearing erect fine hair-like setae | feronia sp. nov. |
– | Declivital face concave; declivital interstriae bearing erect pointed bristle-like setae | geminatus |
22 | Posterolateral margins of elytra rounded; larger, 5.8–5.9 mm | niger |
– | Posterolateral margins of elytra costate or carinate; smaller, 2.2–3.7 mm | 23 |
23 | Declivital summit without a sharp hooked spine on interstriae 2; declivital interstriae 2 face densely granulate or denticulate; elytral disc typically without a weak transverse saddle-like depression | 24 |
– | Declivital summit with a sharp hooked spine on interstriae 2; declivital interstriae 2 face sparsely granulate; elytral disc flat, with a weak transverse saddle-like depression (rarely flat in some apicalis and cristatus) | 25 |
24 | Declivital interstriae denticulate; elytral discal interstriae punctures uniseriate; declivity appearing bisulcate with declivity impressed from striae 1 to interstriae 2, interstriae 3 distinctly raised; smaller, 2.2–2.5 mm | maiche |
– | Declivital interstriae granulate; elytral discal interstriae with 2–3 confused rows of punctures; declivital interstriae 1 slightly raised, interstriae 2 and 3 flush; larger, 3.1–3.5 mm | dispar |
25 | Spine at declivital summit of interstriae 2 backwardly pointed; smaller, 2.6–2.8 mm | congruens sp. nov. |
– | Spine at declivital summit of interstriae 2 incurved; larger, 3.05–3.7 mm | 26 |
26 | Spines interstriae 3 not backwardly hooked, much smaller than spine at the summit of interstriae 2; smaller, 3.05–3.4 mm; declivity weakly sulcate | apicalis |
– | Spines interstriae 3 backwardly hooked, subequal to the spine at the summit of interstriae 2; larger, 3.35–3.7 mm; declivity moderately sulcate | cristatus |
Holotype
, female, 云南 勐养 700m 寄主:栎 1984.VII.19 [China: Yunnan, Mengyang, 700 m, 19.vii.1984, ex Fagaceae] (
3.5 mm long (mean = 3.5 mm; n = 2); 2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft absent; antennal club type 2, one suture on posterior face; elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression near declivital summit; declivity unarmed by spines; declivital striae strongly impressed, interstriae granulate; and anterior margin of pronotum without serrations.
Anisandrus apicalis.
(female). 3.5 mm long (mean = 3.5 mm; n = 2); 2.33× as long as wide. Body bicolored with pronotal and elytral bases light brown, remainder of elytra red-brown. Head, legs, and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, strongly shiny, finely punctate; lateral areas weakly rugose, setose; each shallow ruga or puncture bearing a very long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club wider than long, obliquely truncate, type 2; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal 2/5, nearly covering posterior face; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segment 1 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.89× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic, type 2, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc as long as anterior slope, summit at apical 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced, large fine asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc impressed behind summit, shiny, impunctate, glabrous, some long hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Mycangial tuft absent. Elytra: 1.55 × as long as wide, 1.75× as long as pronotum. Scutellum narrow, moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 2/3, then broadly rounded to apex; surface shiny. Disc with a weak medial transverse saddle-like depression, striae 1–3 distinctly impressed, other striae not impressed, punctures small, deep, separated by 2–4 diameters of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae glabrous, unarmed, interstriae 1–4 feebly convex, punctate, punctures minute, confused. Declivity occupying approximately 1/3 of elytra, steeply rounded, declivital face flattened; striae deeply impressed, strial punctures much larger and deeper than those of disc; interstriae impunctate, uniseriate granulate, granules bearing setae 1.5× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, interstriae 3 narrower than interstriae 2 at midpoint of declivity. Posterolateral margin rounded, unarmed by granules. Legs: procoxae contiguous, prosternal coxal piece tall and pointed. Protibiae distinctly triangular, broadest at apical 4/5, posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with eight moderate socketed denticles, their length slightly longer than basal width. Mesotibiae flattened, distinctly triangular, apical 1/2 with nine moderate socketed denticles on outer margin; metatibiae flattened, obliquely triangular, apical 1/2 with nine moderate socketed denticles on outer margin.
G. a = without; chaite = long hair. In reference to the uncharacteristically reduced number of elytral setae. Noun in apposition.
China (Yunnan).
Recorded from Fagaceae.
Locality labels on the holotype and paratype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on each specimen below the original locality labels.
Xyleborus apicalis Blandford, 1894b: 105.
Ambrosiodmus apicalis
(Blandford):
Anisandrus apicalis
(Blandford):
Holotype
(
China: Jiangxi, Wu-Yi Mt., 17.vii.2017, Lai, S-C, Tian, S et al. (RABC, 1). Sichuan, Jiuzhago Nature Reserve, 33°08.865'N, 103°55.134'E, 2483 m, 5.vii.2005, A.I. Cognato, ex Pinus armandii (
3.05–3.4 mm long (mean = 3.17 mm; n = 5); 2.33–2.43× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc with or without a weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; declivity appearing bisulcate, weakly impressed from striae 1 and 2, interstriae 3 feebly inflated and tuberculate from base to apical 1/2 then becoming flattened and unarmed to apex; and moderately sized sharp incurved spine at base of declivity on interstriae 2.
This species strongly resembles A. cristatus and A. congruens and is most easily distinguished by the moderate size, the less strongly impressed declivital sulci and smaller spines on interstriae 3 that are not backwardly hooked and much smaller than the spine at the summit of interstriae 2.
Anisandrus congruens, A. cristatus, A. geminatus, A. niger, A. sinivali, A. venustus.
China (Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi*, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal), Japan, South & North Korea, Kuril Islands, Nepal, Thailand.
A polyphagous species usually attacking angiosperms, but also recorded from Pinus (Pinaceae) (
Published records from India, Nepal, Thailand, and some Chinese provinces may refer to Anisandrus cristatus or A. congruens, with which A. apicalis has been confused previously.
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°36.3'N, 105°52.6'E, 1435–1601 m, 13–17.iv.2014, VN16, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex FIT (
2.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.23× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc flat; declivital interstriae clearly punctate; declivity gradual and convex, posterolateral margins rounded; pronotum rounded when viewed dorsally (type 1); and pronotum armed by four uniformly sized coarse serrations on anterior margin.
Anisandrus cryphaloides.
(female). 2.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.23× as long as wide. Body bicolored with pronotal and elytral bases lighter than rest of body. Pronotal and elytral bases, head, legs, and antennae light brown, remainder of elytra red-brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, subshiny, punctate; punctures large, shallow, dense; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.85× as long as wide. In dorsal view rounded, type 1, sides convex, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of four very large, coarse serrations. In lateral view short and tall, type 3, disc as long as anterior slope, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, very large coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny with moderately dense, large, shallow punctures bearing moderate, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Mycangial tuft present along basal margin, tuft moderately setose, approximately the width of scutellum. Elytra: 1.49× as long as wide, 1.75× as long as pronotum. Scutellum broad, large, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 1/2, then broadly rounded to apex; surface shiny. Disc flat, striae not impressed, with moderately-sized, deep punctures separated by less than one diameter of a puncture, setose, setae as long as two punctures, recumbent, hair-like; interstriae flat, punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae 1× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, unarmed by granules. Declivity occupying approximately 2/5 of elytra, gradually rounded, declivital face convex; striae weakly impressed, strial punctures larger and deeper than those of disc, punctures setose, setae slightly longer than the diameter of a puncture, semi-erect, hair-like; interstriae uniseriate punctate, setae 2× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, interstriae 2 as wide as interstriae 3 at midpoint of declivity. Posterolateral margin rounded, unarmed by granules. Legs: procoxae contiguous. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with nine and ten small socketed denticles, respectively.
Vietnamese mythology, Âu Cơ – mountain fairy that gave birth to the ancestors of the Vietnamese people. Pronunciation – ò-ghá. Noun in apposition.
Vietnam.
Holotype
, female, China: Fujian, Fuzhou, 18.iii.2018, Y. Li, ex unknown twig (
2.8 mm long (n = 1); 2.15× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the moderately dense mesonotal mycangial tuft that extends laterally from the scutellum to striae 3; declivital posterolateral margin rounded; elytral disc flat; declivital face moderately steep, convex; declivital interstriae 1 unarmed; declivital summit with a small denticle on interstriae 2 and a minute denticle on interstriae 3; interstriae 3 with three denticles on basal 1/2; declivital striae weakly impressed, punctures small, shallow and seriate; interstriae convex, minutely punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae erect hair-like; body shiny, abundantly covered with long erect hair-like setae; elytral disc finely punctate; and pronotal asperities large, coarse, moderately spaced.
Anisandrus apicalis, A. hera, A. klapperichi, A. percristatus, A. venustus, A. xuannu.
(female). 2.8 mm long (n = 1); 2.15× as long as wide. Body bicolored with pronotal and elytral bases lighter than rest of body. Pronotal and elytral bases brown, remainder of elytra and head dark brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, impunctate, median area of with a small ovate smooth, glabrous, strongly shiny area; lateral areas shagreened, weakly rugose, setose, each shallow ruga bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.7× as long as wide. In dorsal view conical, type 0, sides convex, conical anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of four moderate serrations. In lateral view type 3, short and tall, disc as long as anterior slope, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with moderately spaced, large, coarse, asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny with dense, large, shallow punctures bearing short to moderate, erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Mycangial tuft present along basal margin tuft broad, moderately setose, laterally extending to elytral striae 3. Elytra: 1.6× as long as wide, 2.26× as long as pronotum. Scutellum broad, large, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 2/3, then narrowly rounded to apex; surface shiny. Disc flat, striae not impressed, with small, shallow punctures separated by one diameter of a puncture, setose, setae as long as a puncture, semi-recumbent, hair-like; interstriae flat, minutely punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae 1× width of interstriae 2, erect hair-like, unarmed by granules. Declivity occupying approximately 2/5 of elytra, steeply rounded, declivital face convex; striae weakly impressed, strial punctures somewhat larger and deeper than those of disc, and bearing setae as described for disc; interstriae sparsely minutely uniseriate punctate, setae 1–1.5× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, interstriae 2 as wide as interstriae 3 at midpoint of declivity, declivital summit with a small denticle on interstriae 2 and a minute denticle on interstriae 3; interstriae 3 with three denticles on basal 1/2. Posterolateral margin rounded, unarmed by granules. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece short, inconspicuous. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with five large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with seven and eight large socketed denticles, respectively.
L. auratus = golden; pilus = hair. In reference to the golden setae covering the elytra. Noun in apposition.
China (Fujian).
Unknown.
Xyleborus carinensis Eggers, 1923: 180.
Holotype
(
4.5 mm long (n = 1); 2.25× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft absent; antennal club type 1 with segment 1 encircling anterior face; elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed by four or five unequally sized tubercles; and a row of serrations on anterior margin of pronotum.
Anisandrus achaete.
Myanmar.
Unknown.
The species has the generic characters of Anisandrus and is here transferred to that genus.
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°36.3'N, 105°52.6'E, 1435–1601 m, 13–17.iv.2014, VN16, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex FIT (
2.6–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.7 mm; n = 2); 2.16–2.36× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc with a weak to moderate transverse saddle-like depression; posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; declivity appearing bisulcate, moderately impressed from striae 1 and 2, interstriae 3 strongly inflated, tuberculate from summit to apical 1/4 then becoming flattened and unarmed to apex; and moderate sharp backwardly pointed spine at base of declivital interstriae 2.
This species strongly resembles A. apicalis and A. cristatus and is most easily distinguished by the smaller size, more strongly impressed declivital sulci than A. apicalis and larger spines on interstriae 3 that are sharply pointed but not strongly backwardly hooked.
Anisandrus apicalis, A. cristatus, A. geminatus, A. niger, A. sinivali.
(female). 2.6–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.7 mm; n = 2); 2.16–2.36× as long as wide. Body uniformly dark brown, except dark red-brown declivity. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, alutaceous, subshiny, punctate; punctures large, shallow, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.0× as long as wide. In dorsal view rounded, type 1, sides convex, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of four serrations. In lateral view robust and rounded, type 5, disc as long as anterior slope, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, large coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny, alutaceous with sparse fine punctures bearing short, recumbent, hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Mycangial tuft present along basal margin, tuft moderately setose, approximately the width of scutellum. Elytra: 1.5× as long as wide, 1.5× as long as pronotum. Scutellum broad, large, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 1/2, then broadly rounded to apex; surface shiny. Disc with a weak to moderate medial transverse saddle-like depression, striae not impressed, with small, deep punctures separated by two diameters of a puncture, setose, setae as long as a puncture, recumbent, hair-like; interstriae flat, punctate, punctures uniseriate subequal to those of striae, setose, setae 1× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, unarmed by granules. Declivity occupying approximately 1/2 elytra, evenly rounded, declivital face weakly bisulcate, moderately impressed from striae 1 and 2, interstriae 3 strongly inflated, tuberculate from summit to apical 1/4 then becoming flattened and unarmed to apex; striae not impressed, strial punctures much larger and deeper than those of disc, and bearing setae as described for disc; interstriae impunctate, sparsely minutely granulate, setae 1–2× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, interstriae 2 as wide as interstriae 3 at midpoint of declivity, declivital summit with a moderate sharp backwardly pointed spine at base of declivital interstriae 2. Posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece short, inconspicuous. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with seven large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with eight and ten large socketed denticles, respectively.
L. congruens = agreeing with. In reference to its similarity to apicalis and cristatus. A participle.
Thailand, Vietnam.
Unknown.
Xyleborus cristatus Hagedorn, 1908: 377.
Xyleborus fabricii Schedl, 1964c: 217. Unnecessary replacement name.
Syntypes
(
China: Yunnan, Gaoligong Mts, 24.57; 98.45, 2200–2500 m, 8–16.v.1995, V. Kuban (
3.35–3.7 mm long (mean = 3.55 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.47× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc with or without a weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; declivity appearing bisulcate, moderately impressed from striae 1 and 2, interstriae 3 moderately inflated, tuberculate from base to apical 1/4 then becoming flattened and unarmed to apex; and large sized sharp incurved spine on interstriae 2 at base of declivity.
This species strongly resembles A. apicalis and A. congruens and is most easily distinguished by the larger size, more strongly impressed declivital sulci than A. apicalis and larger spines on interstriae 3 that are sharply pointed and backwardly hooked and subequal in size to the spine at the summit of interstriae 2.
Anisandrus apicalis, A. congruens, A. geminatus, A. niger, A. sinivali.
Bhutan*, China* (Yunnan), India (Meghalaya, ‘Naga Hills’, Sikkim, West Bengal), Laos*, Myanmar*, Nepal*, Thailand*, Vietnam*.
This species has been recorded from Alnus (Betulaceae), Quercus (Fagaceae), Symplocos (Symplocaceae) (
Xyleborus cristatus has the generic characters of Anisandrus and is here transferred to that genus. This species was synonymized with Ambrosiodmus apicalis (Blandford) [sic] by
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°36.804'N, 105°51.982'E, 1831 m, 17.iv.2014, VN42, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex 0.3–3 cm twigs/branches (
2.1–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.26 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity gradual and convex, with rounded posterolateral margins; pronotum conical frontally when viewed dorsally (type 0); pronotum armed by four coarse serrations on anterior margin (median pair larger than lateral pair); elytra strongly shagreened or opalescent; and declivital striae weakly impressed.
Anisandrus auco.
(female). 2.1–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.26 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.4× as long as wide. Body dark brown. Antennae and legs light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, alutaceous, subshiny, punctate, punctures large, shallow, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes feebly emarginate, almost entire, just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.89× as long as wide. In dorsal view conical, type 0, sides convex, conical anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of four coarse serrations, median pair larger than lateral pair. In lateral view type 3, short and tall, disc as long as anterior slope, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with moderately spaced, large coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc strongly shiny with moderately dense, large, shallow punctures bearing moderate, erect, hair-like setae or short, recumbent, hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Mycangial tuft present along basal margin, tuft moderately setose, approximately the width of scutellum. Elytra: 1.26× as long as wide, 1.4× as long as pronotum. Scutellum broad, large, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 1/2, then broadly rounded to apex; surface opalescent to shagreened. Disc convex, striae not impressed, with small, shallow punctures separated by less than one diameter of a puncture, setose, setae as long as two punctures, recumbent, hair-like; interstriae flat, punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae longer than the width of interstriae 2, erect hair-like, unarmed by granules. Declivity occupying approximately 1/2 elytra, gradually rounded, declivital face convex; striae weakly impressed, strial punctures somewhat larger and deeper than those of disc; interstriae sparsely uniseriate punctate, setae 2–3× width of an interstria, erect, hair-like, interstriae 3 narrower than interstriae 2 at midpoint of declivity, interstriae 2 with a small incurved spine at declivital summit. Posterolateral margin rounded, unarmed by granules. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece short, inconspicuous. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six very large socketed denticles, their length much longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with eight very large socketed denticles.
Resembling Cryphalus Erichson, 1836, in reference to the coarse asperities in concentric rows on the anterior half of the pronotum. Noun in apposition.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Apate dispar Fabricius, 1792: 363.
Anisandrus dispar
(Fabricius):
Xyleborus dispar
(Fabricius):
Anisandrus dispar
(Fabricius):
Bostrichus thoracicus
Panzer, 1793: 34. Synonymy:
Scolytus pyri
Peck, 1817: 207. Synonymy:
Bostrichus tachygraphus
Sahlberg, 1836: 152. Synonymy:
Bostrichus ratzeburgi
Kolenati, 1846: 39. Synonymy:
Xyleborus ishidai
Niisima, 1909: 156. Synonymy:
Anisandrus aequalis
Reitter, 1913: 81. Synonymy:
Anisandrus swainei
Drake, 1921: 203. Synonymy:
Xyleborus dispar rugulosus
Eggers, 1922: 17. Synonymy:
Xyleborus cerasi
Eggers, 1937: 335. Synonymy:
Xyleborus khinganensis
Murayama, 1943: 100. Synonymy:
Holotype
Anisandrus swainei (
3.1–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.4 mm; n = 5); 2.27–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft sparse, the length of the scutellum; declivital interstriae uniseriate granulate; discal interstriae with two or three confused rows of punctures; declivital interstriae 1 slightly raised, interstriae 2 and 3 even; declivital face smooth, shiny; and declivital interstrial setae erect, 1.5× the width of an interstria.
Anisandrus maiche, A. paragogus, Xylosandrus germanus.
Europe and North Africa, through Russia and Central Asia to China (Heilongjiang, Shaanxi), North Korea, and Japan. Introduced to Canada and USA (
Polyphagous attacking both angiosperms and conifers (
The biology of the species is described by
Xyleborus eggersi Beeson, 1930: 215.
Cyclorhipidion eggersi
(Beeson):
Anisandrus eggersi
(Beeson):
Paratypes
(
Bhutan: km 87 von Phuntsholing, 22.v.1972, Nat.-Hist. Museum Basel – Bhutan Expedition (
3.1–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.12 mm; n = 5); 2.21–2.29× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity appearing flat when viewed laterally; two or three small tubercles present on basal 1/2 of interstriae 2; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; declivital face strongly shagreened; and declivital interstriae clearly punctate.
Anisandrus feronia, A. improbus, A. mussooriensis.
Bhutan*, India (West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand*, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous, recorded from five genera in five different families (Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Staphyleaceae, Symplocaceae) (
Holotype
, female, 福建 崇安 1500m 芥桔子 1978.V.7 采集者:黄復生 [China: Fujian, Chong’an, 1500 m, 7.v.1978, Shuyong Wang, ex Fortunella margarita] (
2.9 mm long (mean = 2.9 mm; n = 3); 2.23× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc flat; declivital interstriae punctate; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 5; declivity moderately bisulcate; declivital margins ornamented by only two small sharp incurved spines at the base of interstriae 2 and 3; and declivital interstriae bearing fine erect hair-like setae.
Anisandrus eggersi, A. longidens, A. mussooriensis.
(female). 2.9 mm long (mean = 2.9 mm; n = 3); 2.23× as long as wide. Body dark red-brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, alutaceous, subshiny, punctate; punctures large, shallow, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.77× as long as wide. In dorsal view rounded, type 1, sides convex, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of 6–8 serrations. In lateral view short and tall, type 3, disc shorter than anterior slope, summit at basal 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced, large coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny with dense, fine punctures bearing moderate, semi-erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Mycangial tuft present along basal margin, tuft moderately setose, approximately the width of scutellum. Elytra: 1.52× as long as wide, 1.97× as long as pronotum. Scutellum broad, large, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/5, then narrowly rounded to apex; surface opalescent. Disc weakly convex, striae not impressed, with small, deep punctures separated by approximately one diameter of a puncture, setose, setae as long as two punctures, recumbent, hair-like; interstriae flat, punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae 1–1.5× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, unarmed by granules. Declivity occupying approximately 1/2 elytra, steeply rounded, declivital face moderately bisulcate to interstriae 4; striae not impressed, strial punctures much larger and deeper than those of disc, and bearing setae as described for disc; interstriae minutely uniseriate punctate, setae 1–1.5× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, interstriae 2 as wide as interstriae 3 at midpoint of declivity, declivital margins ornamented by only two small sharp incurved spines at base of interstriae 2 and 3. Posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 5. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece short, inconspicuous. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with seven very large socketed denticles, their length much longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with nine and ten large socketed denticles, respectively.
Roman mythology, Feronia – goddess of wildlife, fertility, abundance. Noun in apposition.
China (Fujian).
Recorded from Fortunella margarita (Rutaceae).
Locality labels on the holotype and paratypes are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
Xyleborus geminatus Hagedorn, 1904: 126.
Amasa geminata
(Hagedorn):
Anisandrus geminatus
(Hagedorn):
The holotype was destroyed in the bombing of UHZM in World War II (
India: Darjeeling, Rangirum, 6000 ft, J.C.M. Gardner, 3.ix.1929, ex misc. timber (
2.9–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.03 mm; n = 3); 2.31–2.37× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc flat; declivital interstriae punctate; and posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 7; declivital face concave; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 each armed with a small sharp incurved spine at the summit; and declivital interstriae bearing erect pointed bristle-like setae.
Anisandrus apicalis, A. congruens, A. cristatus, A. niger, A. sinivali.
India (West Bengal), Nepal.
Unknown.
Holotype
, female, 四川 峨边 1900公尺 木合 川 1960-VI-29 采集者:殷惠芬 [China: Sichuan, E’bian; 1900 m, 29.vi.1960, Huifen Yin, ex Schima superba] (
3.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.05× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense mesonotal mycangial tuft that extends laterally from the scutellum to striae 3; declivital posterolateral margin obliquely costate to interstriae 5; elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital summit with large incurved spine on interstriae 2, interstriae 3 with two additional unequally sized denticles ventrad to large spine; declivity weakly sulcate to interstriae 3; declivital strial punctures large each bearing a recumbent seta, interstriae minutely punctate, punctures uniseriate, setose, setae erect, hair-like; body moderately sized and abundantly covered with long erect hair-like setae; declivity shiny; and pronotal asperities small, coarse, densely spaced.
Anisandrus auratipilus, A. klapperichi, A. percristatus, A. venustus, A. xuannu.
(female). 3.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.05× as long as wide. Body dark brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons moderately impressed above epistoma then weakly convex to upper level of eyes, impunctate, median area of with a oval-shaped smooth, glabrous, strongly shiny area; lateral areas shagreened, coarsely rugose, setose; each ruga bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.89× as long as wide. In dorsal view rounded, type 1, sides convex, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of six large serrations. In lateral view type 3, short and tall, disc as long as anterior slope, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with widely spaced, large coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny, median area weakly rugose, lateral areas with dense, large, shallow punctures bearing moderate, erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Mycangial tuft present along basal margin tuft broad, densely setose, laterally extending to elytral striae 3. Elytra: 1.0× as long as wide, 1.13× as long as pronotum. Scutellum narrow, large, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 2/3, then narrowly rounded to apex; surface shiny. Disc with a weak medial transverse saddle-like depression, striae not impressed, with small, shallow punctures separated by 2–4 diameters of a puncture, setose, setae as long as a puncture, recumbent, hair-like; interstriae flat, punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae 1.5× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, unarmed by granules. Declivity occupying approximately 1/2 elytra, evenly rounded, declivital face weakly sulcate to interstriae 3; striae not impressed, strial punctures somewhat larger and deeper than those of disc, and bearing setae as described for disc; interstriae sparsely minutely uniseriate punctate, setae 1–2× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, interstriae 2 narrower than interstriae 3 at midpoint of declivity, declivital summit with a large incurved spine on interstriae 2, interstriae 3 costate with two additional unequally sized denticles ventrad to large spine. Posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece short, inconspicuous. Protibiae distinctly triangular, broadest at apical 9/10; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with seven large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins obliquely triangular with 11 and 14 small socketed denticles, respectively.
Greek mythology, Hera – goddess of women, marriage, family, and childbirth. Noun in apposition.
China (Sichuan).
Recorded from Schima (Theaceae).
Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
Xyleborus hirtus Hagedorn, 1904: 126.
Cyclorhipidion hirtum
(Hagedorn):
Anisandrus hirtus
(Hagedorn):
Xyleborus hagedorni Stebbing, 1914: 596 nec Iglesias 1914.
Xyleborus hirtuosus
Beeson, 1930: 217. Synonymy:
Xyleborus hagedornianus Schedl, 1952d: 164. Unnecessary replacement name for hagedorni.
Xyleborus tectonae Nunberg, 1956: 209. Unnecessary replacement name for hagedorni.
Xyleborus hirtipes Schedl, 1969b: 53. syn. nov.
Xyleborus taiwanensis
Browne, 1980b: 386. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus hirtipes (
China: Guangxi A. R., Longsheng hot spring, 25°53.6'N, 110°12.4'E, 360 m, forested river valley, wet rocks, M. Ficáček, J. Hájek, J. Růžička (MNHP, 2; RABC, 1). Jiangxi, Jinggang Shan Mts, Songmuping, 26°34.7'N, 114°04.3'E, 1280 m, stream valley, M. Ficáček, J. Hájek (MNHP, 1; RABC, 1). Sichuan, E’bian, 29.vi.1960, Fusheng Huang, ex Fagaceae (
3.4–4.5 mm long (mean = 3.92 mm; n = 5); 1.95–2.53× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity rounded, posterolateral margins rounded; declivity unarmed, surface opalescent to shagreened; declivital striae clearly impressed; and body densely covered by erect dark brown pubescence.
Anisandrus ursulus.
Bhutan, Cambodia, China (Fujian, Guangxi*, Jiangxi*, Sichuan*, Xizang*, Yunnan*), India (Meghalaya, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous, recorded from five genera in five different families (Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Rutaceae, Symplocaceae) (
The Xyleborus hirtipes holotype was examined and found to be conspecific to other specimens of Anisandrus hirtus and is here placed in synonymy.
Xyleborus improbus Sampson, 1913: 444.
Anisandrus improbus
(Sampson):
Holotype
(
3.3–3.4 mm long (mean = 3.4 mm; n = 2); 2.43–2.54× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity appearing flat when viewed laterally; declivital striae clearly impressed; declivital summit armed by a minute denticle on each interstriae 2 and 3; granules present on basal 1/2 of interstriae 2–4; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 7; declivital face strongly shiny; and declivital interstriae clearly punctate.
Anisandrus eggersi, A. feronia, A. mussooriensis.
China (Xizang), India (Assam, West Bengal).
Recorded from Quercus (Fagaceae), Machilus (Lauraceae), and Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) (
Xyleborus klapperichi Schedl, 1955b: 46.
Cnestus klapperichi
(Schedl):
Holotype (ZMFK). Not examined.
China: Fujian, Shaowu, Tachulan, 2.vi.1943, T. Maa (
5.4–5.6 mm long (mean = 5.53 mm; n = 4); 2.12–2.24× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense mesonotal mycangial tuft that extends laterally from the scutellum to striae 3; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; elytral disc with a deep transverse saddle-like depression; declivital summit with large incurved spine on interstriae 2; declivital interstriae 3 with six additional unequally sized incurved spines on basal 1/2; declivity strongly sulcate to interstriae 3; strial punctures large, seriate; interstriae impunctate, setose, setae semi-erect, short and thick; declivity shagreened, abundantly covered with long erect hair-like setae; and pronotal asperities small, coarse, densely spaced.
Anisandrus auratipilus, A. hera, A. percristatus, A. venustus, A. xuannu.
China (Fujian).
This species has only been reported from Cinnamomum (Lauraceae).
This species is transferred to Anisandrus because of the visible scutellum, pronotal base with a large, dense setal tuft (indicating a mesonotal mycangium), procoxae contiguous, antennal club type 1, taller than wide, and protibiae triangular.
Xyleborus lineatus Eggers, 1930: 177.
Cyclorhipidion lineatum
(Eggers):
Anisandrus lineatus
(Eggers):
Xyleborus melancranis
Beeson, 1930: 179. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus lineatus (
China: Sichuan, Leibo, 19.iv.1964, ex either Acer or Carpinus (
2.6–3.3 mm long (mean = 2.96 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity gradual and convex, with rounded posterolateral margins; pronotum conical frontally when viewed dorsally (type 0); pronotum armed by four coarse serrations on anterior margin (median pair larger than lateral pair); elytra smooth, strongly shiny; and declivital striae deeply impressed.
Xylosandrus formosae.
China* (Sichuan), India (Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Nepal, Vietnam*.
Recorded from Machilus (Lauraceae), Symplocos (Symplocaceae) (
Xyleborus longidens Eggers, 1930: 181.
Anisandrus longidens
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
Vietnam: Lao Cai, Hoang Lien N.P., 22.35, 103.77, 1500–2000 m, 20.v.2019, VN185, S.M. Smith, A.I. Cognato, ex 1–2 cm branch (
3.0–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.1 mm; n = 2); 2.5–2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; convex elytral disc; declivity weakly bisulcate, margins ornamented by large sharp spines on interstriae 2–7, spine on interstriae 3 the largest; posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; and declivital interstriae impunctate.
Anisandrus feronia.
India (Meghalaya), Vietnam*.
Unknown.
Xyleborus maiche Kurentzov, 1941: 192.
Anisandrus maiche
(Kurentzov):
Anisandrus maiche
Stark, 1936: 142 [sic].
Xyleborus maiche
Eggers, 1942: 36. Homonym. Synonymy:
Syntypes
(
China: Shanghai, Dongchuan, vii–viii.2017, Lei Gao, ex trap w/ querciverol (
2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.3 mm; n = 5); 2.3–2.78× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; declivital interstriae 1–4 uniseriate denticulate; discal interstriae punctures uniseriate; declivity appearing bisulcate with impressed from striae 1 to interstriae 2, interstriae 3 distinctly raised; declivital punctures small, uniseriate; shiny appearance; and small body size.
Anisandrus dispar, A. paragogus, Xylosandrus germanus.
China (Heilongjiang, Shanghai*), Japan*, South & North Korea, Russia (European (introduced), Far East), Ukraine. Introduced to USA (
Polyphagous, recorded from eight families of trees (
Preliminary phylogenies suggest that Anisandrus maiche is sister to Xylosandrus (
Xyleborus mussooriensis Eggers, 1930: 179.
Cyclorhipidion mussooriense
(Eggers):
Anisandrus mussooriensis
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
3.0–3.25 mm long (mean = 3.1 mm; n = 5); 2.3–2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc flat; declivital interstriae clearly punctate; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 5; declivity appearing flat when viewed laterally, weakly depressed below lateral margins; and basal 1/2 of declivital interstriae 2 with two or three small tubercles.
Anisandrus eggersi, A. feronia, A. improbus.
India (Uttarakhand), Nepal.
Recorded only from Berberis (Berberidaceae) (
Xyleborus niger Sampson, 1912: 247.
Anisandrus niger
(Sampson):
Holotype
(
Laos: NE, Houa Phan, Ban Saluei, Phou Pan Mt, 20°12–13.5'N, 103°59.5–104°01'E, 1340–1780 m, 15.iv.–15.v.2008, Lao collectors (RABC, 1); as previous except: 20°12'N, 104°01'E, 1300–1900 m, 7.iv.–25.v.2010, C. Holzschuh (RABC, 1). Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°36.3'N, 105°52.6'E, 1435–1601 m, 13–17.iv.2014, VN16, Cognato, Smith, Pham, FIT (
5.8–5.9 mm long (mean = 5.87 mm; n = 3); 2.0–2.19× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size, mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivital interstriae impunctate; elytral surface smooth, shiny to weakly shagreened; declivital face flattened when viewed laterally; declivity appearing weakly bisulcate; declivital interstriae 2 weakly impressed, declivital interstriae 1 and 3 tuberculate to apex, interstriae 2 with a tubercle at summit and three or four irregularly spaced granules along its length; and declivital posterolateral margin rounded.
Anisandrus apicalis, A. congruens, A. cristatus, A. geminatus, A. sinivali.
Laos*, Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam*.
Holotype
, female, 西藏 73084 察隅洞穷1973.7.15 桢楠 采集者 : 黄复生 [China: Tibet [Xizang], Dongqiong, Chayu, 15.vii.1973, Fusheng Huang, ex Machilus sp.] (
2.8 mm long (n = 1); 2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft absent; declivital interstriae uniseriate granulate on basal 1/2; declivital face opalescent; declivital interstrial setae erect, 3× width of an interstria; and a row of serrations on anterior margin of pronotum.
Anisandrus dispar, A. maiche, Xylosandrus germanus.
(female). 2.8 mm long (n = 1); 2.55× as long as wide. Body brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, subshiny, punctate; punctures large, shallow, moderately dense; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, shorter than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club much longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.73× as long as wide. In dorsal view rounded, type 1, sides convex, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of seven very large serrations. In lateral view robust and rounded, type 5, disc longer than anterior slope, summit at apical 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced, large coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny with dense, small, fine punctures bearing short erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Mycangial tuft absent. Elytra: 1.6× as long as wide, 2.2× as long as pronotum. Scutellum broad, large, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc flat, opalescent, striae not impressed, with small, shallow punctures separated by 1–2 diameters of a puncture, setose, setae short, in-curved, hair-like; interstriae flat, punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae long, erect hair-like, unarmed by granules. Declivity occupying approximately 1/3 of elytra, steeply rounded, declivital face convex, opalescent; striae distinctly impressed, strial punctures much larger and deeper than those of disc; interstriae impunctate, granulate, granules widely and regularly spaced from base to apex, granules setose, setae 3× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, interstriae weakly laterally broadened from declivital summit to midpoint then narrowed to apex. Posterolateral margin costate, granulate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae narrowly separated. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with five large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with nine and ten moderate socketed denticles, respectively.
G. paragogos = misleading. In reference to its resemblance to Ambrosiophilus.
China (Xizang).
Recorded only from Machilus (Lauraceae).
Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
Xyleborus percristatus Eggers, 1939a: 12.
Paratype
(
China: Sichuan, E’bian, 1900 m, 2.vi.1960, Huifen Yin, ex Schima superba (
5.5 mm long (mean = 5.5 mm; n = 3); 2.12–2.2× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense mesonotal mycangial tuft that extends laterally from the scutellum to striae 3; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 5; elytral disc with a profound transverse saddle-like depression; declivital base with very large incurved spine on interstriae 3, interstriae 3 with four additional equally sized and spaced denticles; declivity broadly sulcate to interstriae 5; elytral disc sulcate anteriad to spine on interstriae 3; large body size; body shiny, appearing polished, largely glabrous, minutely punctate; declivital punctures confused; and pronotal asperities very broad, fine, widely spaced.
Anisandrus auratipilus, A. hera, A. klapperichi, A. venustus, A. xuannu.
China (Sichuan, Yunnan), Myanmar.
Recorded from Schima superba (Theaceae).
This species is transferred to Anisandrus because of the visible scutellum, pronotal base with a large, dense setal tuft (indicating a mesonotal mycangium), contiguous procoxae; antennal club type 1, taller than wide, and protibiae triangular.
Holotype
, female, India: Bengal [West Bengal], Kalimpong, Samsingh, 7.x.1933, C.F.C. Beeson (
3.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.29× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc with a weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivity posterolateral margins rounded; elytral surface opalescent; declivital interstriae 2 armed with a blunt tubercle at summit, interstriae 3 armed by one or two denticles near declivital summit ventrad to tubercle on interstriae 2; declivital face convex, evenly rounded toward apex; and pronotal disc feebly asperate.
Anisandrus apicalis, A. congruens, A. cristatus, A. geminatus, A. niger.
(female). 3.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.29× as long as wide. Body dark brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, finely reticulate, sparsely finely punctate; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed Antennal scape regularly thick, longer than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 longer than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.86× as long as wide. In dorsal view rounded, type 1, sides convex, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of five large serrations. In lateral view type 3, short and tall, disc as long as anterior slope, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, large coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny, impunctate, feebly asperate, basal and lateral areas densely finely punctate, each puncture bearing moderate, erect, hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Mycangial tuft present along basal margin, tuft densely setose, approximately the width of scutellum. Elytra: 1.06× as long as wide, 1.24× as long as pronotum. Scutellum broad, large, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 1/2, then broadly rounded to apex; surface opalescent. Disc with a weak medial transverse saddle-like depression, striae not impressed, with small, shallow punctures separated by less than one diameter of a puncture, setose, setae as long as two punctures, recumbent, hair-like; interstriae flat, punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae 2–3× width of interstriae 2, erect hair-like, unarmed by granules. Declivity occupying approximately 1/2 elytra, evenly rounded, declivital face convex; striae weakly impressed, strial punctures somewhat larger and deeper than those of disc; interstriae sparsely uniseriate punctate, setae 2–4× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, interstriae 2 narrower than interstriae 3 at midpoint of declivity, declivital interstriae 2 armed with a blunt tubercle at summit, interstriae 3 armed by one or two denticles near declivital summit ventrad to tubercle on interstriae 2. Posterolateral margin rounded, unarmed by granules. Legs: procoxae contiguous. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with seven very large socketed denticles, their length much longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with at least five and seven large socketed denticles, respectively.
Hindu mythology, Sinivali – goddess of fecundity. Pronunciation – Sinivālī. Noun in apposition.
India (West Bengal).
Unknown.
The holotype is card mounted obscuring ventral characters, including mesotibial denticles.
Xyleborus ursulus Eggers, 1923: 173.
Xylosandrus ursulus
(Eggers):
Anisandrus ursulus
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
China: Guangdong, W of Qixing, Heishiding nature reserve, 27°27.9'N, 111°54.3'E, 190 m, forested stream valley, at light, 1–3.v.2011, M. Ficáček, J. Hájek (MNHP, 1). Guangxi A. R., Longsheng hot spring, 25°53.6'N, 110°12.4'E, 360 m, forested river valley, wet rocks, M. Ficáček, J. Hájek, J. Růžička (MNHP, 1). Jiangxi, Long Nan, 12.vii.2016, Lv-Jia, Lai, S-C., ex Cyclobalanopsis glauca (RABC, 1).
4.3–4.9 mm long (mean = 4.5 mm; n = 5); 1.88–1.96× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum; elytral disc convex; declivity obliquely truncate with lateral margins obliquely costate; declivity opalescent and unarmed; declivital striae not impressed; body stout and densely covered by erect dark brown pubescence.
Similar to Cnestus mutilatus and Hadrodemius species but declivity less steeply truncate, with posterolateral margins rounded, never carinate, procoxae contiguous and the mesonotal mycangial tuft the length of the scutellum.
Anisandrus hirtus, Cnestus ater, C. mutilatus, Hadrodemius spp.
China (Fujian, Guangdong*, Guangxi*, Jiangxi*), India (Nicobar Is, West Bengal), Indonesia (Bali, Batoe Is, Java, Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Laos, East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Vietnam.
Holotype
, female, Taiwan: Taichung, Heping Dist., 2.iv.2014, C.-S. Lin (
3.1 mm long (mean = 3.1 mm; n = 4); 2.38× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense mesonotal mycangial tuft that extends laterally from the scutellum to striae 3; declivital posterolateral margin rounded; elytral disc with a broad, weak transverse saddle-like depression; declivital summit with a small denticle on interstriae 2 and a minute denticle on interstriae 1, interstriae 3 unarmed; declivital strial punctures large, seriate, each bearing a recumbent seta, interstriae flat, minutely punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae hair-like, erect; declivity opalescent; elytral disc shiny and finely punctate; body abundantly covered with long erect hair-like setae; and pronotal asperities large, coarse, moderately spaced.
Anisandrus apicalis, A. auratipilus, A. hera, A. klapperichi, A. percristatus, A. xuannu.
(female). 3.1 mm long (mean = 3.1 mm; n = 4); 2.38× as long as wide. Body bicolored with pronotal and elytral bases lighter than rest of body. Pronotal and elytral bases brown, remainder of elytra and head dark brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, impunctate, median area with a broad diamond-shaped smooth, glabrous, strongly shiny area; lateral areas shagreened, weakly rugose, setose; each shallow ruga bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, shorter than length of club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.64× as long as wide. In dorsal view conical, type 0, sides convex, conical anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of 6–8 moderate serrations. In lateral view short and tall, type 3, disc as long as anterior slope, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with moderately spaced, large, coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny with dense, large, fine punctures bearing short to moderate, erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Mycangial tuft present along basal margin tuft broad, densely setose, laterally extending to elytral striae 3. Elytra: 1.44× as long as wide, 2.23× as long as pronotum. Scutellum broad, large, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then narrowly rounded to apex; surface shiny. Disc shiny, with a broad, weak transverse saddle-like depression behind declivital summit, striae not impressed, with moderate, shallow punctures separated by 1–2 diameters of a puncture, setose, setae as long as a puncture, recumbent, hair-like; interstriae flat, minutely punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae 1–1.5× width of interstriae 2, erect hair-like, unarmed by granules. Declivity occupying approximately 1/3 of elytra, steeply rounded, declivital face flattened, opalescent; striae not impressed, strial punctures much larger and deeper than those of disc, and bearing setae 2× as long as those of disc; interstriae densely minutely punctate, punctures strongly confuses, setose, setae 1–1.5× width of interstriae 2, erect, hair-like, interstriae 2 as wide as interstriae 3 at midpoint of declivity, declivital summit with a small denticle on interstriae 2 and a minute denticle on interstriae 1, interstriae 3 unarmed. Posterolateral margin rounded, unarmed. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece short, inconspicuous. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with seven large, narrow socketed denticles.
L. venustus = like Venus, lovely, beautiful, elegant, graceful. An adjective.
Taiwan.
Unknown.
Holotype
, female, 四川 : 峨眉山 洪椿坪295 1964-V-12 采集者 : 黄复生 [China: Sichuan, Hongchunping, Emeishan Mt., 12.v.1964, Fusheng Huang, ex Fagaceae] (
4.0–4.15 mm long (mean = 4.08 mm; n = 3); 2.0–2.31× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense mesonotal mycangial tuft that extends laterally from the scutellum to striae 3; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5; elytral disc with a deep transverse saddle-like depression, depressed area sulcate; declivital summit with large incurved spine on interstriae 2, interstriae 3 unarmed; declivity moderately sulcate to interstriae 4; declivital strial punctures large, seriate, interstriae minutely biseriately punctate, setose, setae short erect bristle-like; moderate body size; declivity shagreened; elytral disc rugose; body abundantly covered with long erect hair-like setae; and pronotal asperities small, coarse, densely spaced.
Anisandrus auratipilus, A. hera, A. klapperichi, A. percristatus, A. venustus.
(female). 4.0–4.15 mm long (mean = 4.08 mm; n = 3); 2.0–2.31× as long as wide. Body bicolored with pronotal and elytral bases lighter than rest of body. Pronotal and elytral bases, head, legs, and antennae light brown, remainder of elytra red-brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, impunctate, shagreened, weakly rugose, setose; each shallow ruga bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.78× as long as wide. In dorsal view rounded, type 1, sides convex, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of six very large serrations. In lateral view type 3, short and tall, disc as long as anterior slope, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, large coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny, median area impunctate, reticulate, lateral areas with dense, small, shallow punctures bearing moderate, erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Mycangial tuft present along basal margin tuft broad, densely setose, laterally extending to elytral striae 3. Elytra: 1.45× as long as wide, 1.86× as long as pronotum. Scutellum broad, large, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 1/2, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc rugose, shiny, with a deep transverse saddle-like depression just behind declivital summit, depressed area sulcate; striae not impressed, with small, shallow punctures separated by two diameters of a puncture, setose, setae as long as a puncture, recumbent, hair-like; interstriae flat, punctate, punctures strongly confused, setose, setae 1× width of interstriae 2, erect hair-like, unarmed by granules. Declivity occupying approximately 1/2 elytra, evenly rounded, declivital face nearly flat, moderately sulcate to interstriae 4, shagreened; striae not impressed, strial punctures much larger and deeper than those of disc, and bearing setae as described for disc; interstriae minutely biseriately punctate, setose, setae short, erect, bristle-like, interstriae 2 as broad as interstriae 3 at midpoint of declivity, declivital summit with large incurved spine on interstriae 2, interstriae 3 unarmed; lateral margins of declivity densely setose with very long, erect hair-like setae 2–4× width of interstriae 2. Posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 5. Legs: procoxae contiguous. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with at least eight large socketed denticles.
Chinese mythology, Xuannü “mysterious lady”- the goddess of fertility. Noun in apposition.
China (Chongqing, Sichuan).
Recorded from Fagaceae.
The holotype is point mounted with an excessive amount of opaque glue which obscures the examination of ventral characters. Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
Arixyleborus Hopkins, 1915a: 59.
Xyleboricus
Eggers, 1923: 212. Synonymy:
Arixyleborus rugosipes Hopkins, 1915a; original designation.
1.35–5.2 mm, 2.0–3.5× as long as wide. Arixyleborus is distinguished by the elytra with distinctive deep strial furrows and interstrial ridges, ridges either granulate or carinate (three species without). Arixyleborus can be further diagnosed by the obliquely truncate antennal club with segment 1 almost covering the posterior face (type 2), club wider than long or as long as wide; protibiae slender or evenly rounded, posterior face flat and unarmed or inflated and granulate; scutellum variable either flush with elytra and flat, flush with elytra and medially impressed or flat and depressed below elytra; elytra from dorsal view typically angulate apically, rarely rounded; mycangial tufts absent; and procoxae contiguous.
Arixyleborus is similar to Stictodex with which it shares a broad antennal club but which lacks the distinctive elytral ridges and furrows. In addition, Arixyleborus has declivital striae 1 parallel to the suture while in Stictodex they are not parallel but undulating.
Cnestus, Pseudowebbia, Stictodex, Truncaudum, Webbia.
Distributed throughout tropical Asia and Oceania.
An unbranched radial or curved entrance tunnel, sometimes with a few branches. As the larvae develop, their feeding activity extends part of the main gallery into a single longitudinal brood chamber usually approximately rectangular in shape, and the width of the main gallery (
1 | Posterior face of protibiae inflated and granulate; scutellum flush with elytra and flat; lateral margin of pronotum costate or carinate | 2 |
– | Posterior face of protibiae flat and unarmed; scutellum flush with elytra and medially impressed or depressed below level of elytra; lateral margin of pronotum oblique | 15 |
2 | Declivital posterolateral carina forming a circumdeclivital ring; lateral profile of declivity appearing truncate; pronotum from dorsal view type 8, with disc very long compared to anterior slope | resecans |
– | Declivital posterolateral costa extending to interstriae 7; lateral profile of declivity appearing rounded or obliquely truncate; pronotum from dorsal view type 7, with disc as long or slightly longer than anterior slope | 3 |
3 | Anterior margin of pronotum viewed from above slightly angularly projecting, the asperities on the margin distinctly larger than those on the anterior slope, and separated from them by the height of a serration or more (Fig. |
4 |
– | Anterior margin of pronotum viewed from above evenly rounded, the asperities on the anterior margin not distinctly larger than those on the anterior slope, and separated from them by the less than the height of a serration (Fig. |
8 |
4 | Smaller, 1.35–1.5 mm; dorsal profile of elytral apex rounded; elytral posterolateral costa denticulate | tuberculatus |
– | Larger, 1.9–3.5 mm; dorsal profile of elytral apex angulate; elytral posterolateral costa carinate and unarmed | 5 |
5 | Larger, 3.2–3.5 mm; pronotal disc rugose; lateral margin of pronotum carinate | grandis |
– | Smaller, 1.9–2.2 mm; pronotal disc punctate; lateral margin of pronotum costate | 6 |
6 | Declivital face without strial furrows and interstrial ridges below | leprosulus |
– | Declivital face with strial furrows and interstrial ridges at least to midpoint | 7 |
7 | Declivital strial furrows at least 1.5× the width of interstrial ridges on disc; interstrial ridges denticulate, setose, setae recumbent, hair-like, as long as striae 2 with at declivital base; striae strongly impressed; declivity weakly shagreened, interstrial ridges almost appear shiny (Fig. |
malayensis |
– | Declivital strial furrows equal in width to interstrial ridges on disc; interstrial ridges finely tuberculate, glabrous or with minute setae no longer than 1/2 width of a strial furrow; striae moderately impressed; declivity strongly shagreened (Fig. |
yakushimanus |
8 | Posterolateral declivital costa carinate and unarmed | 9 |
– | Posterolateral declivital costa acute or not, armed with granules or denticles | 10 |
9 | Declivity with odd interstriae more strongly elevated than even interstriae; declivital interstriae minutely and equally denticulate | minor |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 strongly elevated on apical 1/2, other interstriae similarly elevated; declivital interstriae 1 denticulate, denticles very large, denticles on remaining interstriae greatly reduced and less abundant | suturalis |
10 | Elytral strial furrows and interstrial ridges of striae and interstriae 1–3 anteriorly extending no further than apical 1/3 of disc (Fig. |
11 |
– | Elytral strial furrows and interstrial ridges of striae and interstriae 1–3 anteriorly extending at least to midpoint of disc (Fig. |
12 |
11 | More elongate form, 2.9–3.3× as long as wide; more elongate pronotum (1.3 × longer than wide; declivity with short coarse setae | mediosectus |
– | Less elongate form, 2.6–2.7× as long as wide; less elongate pronotum (1.1–1.2× longer than wide; declivity with fine hair-like setae | silvanus sp. nov. |
12 | Elytral strial furrows and interstrial ridges anteriorly extending to apical 1/4 of disc; interstriae densely setose with long hair-like setae and bristles | rugosipes |
– | Elytral strial furrows and interstrial ridges anteriorly extending just beyond the midpoint of disc; interstriae lightly setose, nearly glabrous | 13 |
13 | Declivity interstriae 1–3 strongly and uniformly convex from base to apex | nudulus |
– | Declivity interstriae 1–3 feebly convex, convexity variably decreasing from base to apex | 14 |
14 | Antennal club as wide as long; larger 2.2 mm; elytra 1.35× longer than pronotum | phiaoacensis sp. nov. |
– | Antennal club wider than long; smaller, 2.0 mm; elytra 1.24× longer than pronotum | crassior sp. nov. |
15 | Elytral disc with a transverse saddle-like depression (Fig. |
16 |
– | Elytral disc flat, without a transverse saddle-like depression (Fig. |
17 |
16 | Larger, 5.2 mm; scutellum depressed below level of elytra and flat | titanus sp. nov. |
– | Smaller, 2.8–3.0 mm; scutellum flush with elytra and medially impressed | granifer |
17 | Striae and interstriae on disc never forming strial furrows (Fig. |
18 |
– | Striae and interstriae on disc forming deep strial furrows and interstrial ridges (Fig. |
20 |
18 | Declivital interstrial granules large, widely spaced and uniseriate | hirsutulus |
– | Declivital interstriae granules small, densely spaced and confused | 19 |
19 | Elytral interstriae bearing two rows of long thick semi-erect hair-like setae; shallow strial furrows on declivity | sittichayai sp. nov. |
– | Elytral interstriae bearing one row of short erect black bristles and longer semi-erect hair-like setae; strial furrows never present on declivity | granulifer |
20 | Discal interstriae with tubercles larger than those on the declivity | scabripennis |
– | Discal and declivital interstriae with multiple rows of confused tubercles of equal size | 21 |
21 | Discal striae deeply impressed; elytral interstriae with at least two rows of tubercles and long erect, fine hair-like setae, setae 2× the width of an interstria | puberulus |
– | Discal striae weakly impressed; elytral interstriae with two rows of granules and long semi-recumbent fine hair-like setae, setae 1–1.5× the width of an interstria | 22 |
22 | Elytral vestiture comprised of only hair-like setae on both disc and declivity, setae long, fine, and semi-recumbent | moestus |
– | Elytral vestiture comprised of hair-like setae and golden scales, long semi-recumbent fine hair-like setae on disc; declivital interstriae densely covered by two or three rows of dense, confused golden scales | setosus sp. nov. |
Holotype
, female, India: Arunachal Pradesh, Etalin vicinity, 28°36'56"N, 95°53'21"E, 700 m, 12–25.v.2012, L. Dembický (
2.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, granulate.
It can be further distinguished from the closely related A. silvanus by the more stout form (2.6–2.7× as long as wide in A. silvanus), more elongate pronotum (1.3 × longer than wide vs. 1.1–1.2× in A. silvanus), the more finely granulate interstriae, moderately impressed striae at the apex of the elytral disc, and the presence of short coarse setae on the declivity rather than fine hair-like setae. It can be further distinguished from the closely related A. mediosectus by the more stout form (2.86–3.33× as long as wide in mediosectus) and short coarse setae on the declivity.
Arixyleborus mediosectus, A. phiaoacensis, A. silvanus.
(female). 2.0 mm (n = 1); 2.5× as long as wide. Body uniformly dark red-brown. Legs and antennae yellow-brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, lined with a row of hair-like setae. Frons slightly convex from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface alutaceous, shiny, sparsely punctate; punctures above epistoma large, coarse, shallow; punctures decreasing in size, coarseness, and depth from epistoma to upper level of eyes. Eyes deeply emarginated above level of antennal insertion, upper portion of eyes smaller than lower part. Scape regularly thick, shorter than club. Pedicle as long as funicle. Antennal funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club wider than long and asymmetrical, club type 1; obliquely truncate, segment 2 not visible on posterior face; segment 1 covering posterior face, its margin completely costate; segment 2 narrow, pubescent with corneous part, visible on anterior face only. Pronotum: 1.15× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 8, summit low. Surface shagreened, anterior 1/2 finely asperate; asperities close, arranged in concentric rings from midpoint of pronotum to anterior margin; anterolateral areas unarmed; disc minutely and sparsely punctate; glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base weakly bisinuate; setal tuft absent. Elytra: 1.5× as long as wide, 1.24× longer than pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat. Elytral base weakly bisinuate, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded; sides straight from base to apical 1/2 of declivity then rounded to apex. Disc longer than declivity, distinctly separated; interstriae shiny, minutely, finely uniseriate punctate from base to midpoint, sparsely setose, nearly glabrous, basal 1/2 shagreened, dull, becoming sharply carinate and tuberculate; striae impressed on basal 1/2, strial punctures larger, shallower than on apical 1/2, interstriae laterally diverging from base to declivity and narrowed on declivity. Declivity obliquely truncate, densely shagreened, dull, sculpturing consisting of much weaker interstrial carinae and impressed striae; striae punctate, punctures large, shallow; interstriae tuberculate, tubercles small, each bearing a short, recumbent seta, less than the distance between tubercles in length, interstriae 1 strongly inflated on apical 1/2, interstriae 1–3 carinae extending to apex of declivity. Posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7. Legs: protibiae slender, slightly broadened distally; posterior face inflated, tuberculate; outer margin of apical 1/2 with six small socketed denticles. Meso- and metatibiae flattened, outer margin evenly rounded, eight and ten socketed denticles on outer margin, respectively; posterior face unarmed.
L. crassior = stouter, comparative form of crassus (stout). An adjective.
India (Arunachal Pradesh).
The species has only been recorded from Castanopsis (Fagaceae).
The holotype is card mounted. Characters on the ventral surface including the submentum, prosternal posterocoxal piece, and denticles on the outer margins of the tibia were unable to be viewed. Socketed denticles are present on all tibiae.
Xyleboricus grandis Schedl, 1942c: 27.
Arixyleborus grandis
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
3.2–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.43 mm; n = 4); 2.13–2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral costa carinate; pronotum lateral margin distinctly costate, nearly carinate; pronotum anterior margin elevated with row of serrations; large size; strial furrows 3× the width of interstrial ridges on disc; interstrial ridges setose, setae recumbent, hair-like, as long as striae 2 width at declivital base; interstrial ridges denticulate; striae moderately impressed; and declivity weakly shagreened, interstrial ridges almost appear shiny.
Arixyleborus malayensis, A. tuberculatus, A. yakushimanus.
Indonesia (Java), East Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand.
Recorded from Canarium (Burseraceae), Dipterocarpus (Dipterocarpaceae), Mangifera (Anacardiaceae), and Palaquium (Sapotaceae) (
Xyleborus granifer Eichhoff, 1878a: 391.
Arixyleborus granifer
(Eichhoff):
Xyleborus granifer borneensis
Schedl, 1965: 27. Synonymy:
Syntype(s) in UHZM destroyed in World War II (
China: Yunnan, Banna, 24.i.2018, Shengchang Lai, ex Hevea brasiliensis (UFFE, 1). Laos: Kham Mouan, Ban Khun Ngeun, 18°07'N, 104°29'E, ~ 200 m, 24–29.iv.2001, Pacholátko (
2.8–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.94 mm; n = 5); 2.23–2.31× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc with weak transverse saddle-like depression; and moderate size.
Arixyleborus titanus.
Borneo, China* (Yunnan), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand.
Polyphagous. The frequent records from Dipterocarpaceae may simply reflect the abundance of this family in the forests of the region rather than indicating a preference for the family (
The supposed syntype in MIZ (Wegrzynowicz and Mokrzycki 1996) is actually a specimen of Xyleborus ferrugineus (F.) (RAB pers. obs.).
Xyleborus granulifer Eggers, 1923: 206.
Arixyleborus granulifer
(Eggers):
Lectotype
(
1.9–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.98 mm; n = 5); 2.11–2.44× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc flat, without a transverse depression; striae not impressed; declivital interstriae bearing a row of short erect bristles and longer semi-erect hair-like setae, setae as long as an interstrial width.
Arixyleborus hirsutulus, A. sittichayai.
‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Mentawai Is, Sulawesi, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Polyphagous.
Arixyleborus hirsutulus Schedl, 1969a: 212.
Holotype (PPST). Not examined.
2.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.27× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral weakly convex, without a transverse depression; striae not impressed; declivital striae and interstriae covered with small equally sized granules; and elytra densely covered with setae, setae increasing in density towards apex.
Arixyleborus granulifer, A. sittichayai.
Philippines, Thailand. Imported to Japan from ‘Borneo’ and Indonesia (Maluku) (
Recorded from Anisoptera, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Shorea. (Dipterocarpaceae), Artocarpus (Moraceae), and an unidentified species of Sapotaceae (
Arixyleborus leprosulus Schedl, 1953b: 300.
Arixyleborus aralidii
Nunberg, 1961: 618. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Arixyleborus leprosulus (
1.9–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.94 mm; n = 5); 2.38–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral carina costate to interstriae 7; elytra obliquely truncate, boundary between elytral disc and declivity distinct, declivital face without strial furrows and interstrial ridges; declivital interstriae setose, setae long, hair-like, recumbent, as long as 1.5 strial widths.
Arixyleborus resecans.
Brunei, West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from Dryobalanops and Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae), Castanopsis (Fagaceae), Palaquium (Sapotaceae) (
Xyleboricus malayensis Schedl, 1954a: 150.
Arixyleborus malayensis
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
China: S -Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 37 km NW Jinghong, vic. Guo Men Shan, 22°14.48'N, 100°36.22'E, 780 m, 06.iv.2009, L. Meng (RABC, 1).
2.1 mm long (mean = 2.1 mm; n = 5); 2.63× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral carina costate; pronotum lateral margin distinctly costate, nearly carinate; pronotum anterior margin elevated with a row of serrations; strial furrows 3× width of interstrial ridges on disc; interstrial ridges setose, setae recumbent, hair-like, as long as striae 2 width at declivital base; interstrial ridges denticulate; striae strongly impressed; declivity weakly shagreened, interstrial ridges almost appear shiny; and moderate size.
Arixyleborus grandis, A. tuberculatus, A. yakushimanus.
China* (Yunnan), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), West Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
The gallery system is typical of the genus. One gallery excavated by
Xyleboricus mediosectus Eggers, 1923: 215.
Arixyleborus mediosectus
(Eggers):
Arixyleborus angulatus
Schedl, 1942a: 183. Synonymy:
Holotype
(
Laos: 10 km N Luang-Prabang, Mekhong river, 240 km N Vientiane, hills c. 250 m, poor settlem[ent], prim[ary] veget[ation], lux, iii.1993, Insomsay Somsy (MFNB, 1); Vientiane, Nan Van Eue, 15.xii.1966, native collector, ex light trap (
1.9–2.1 mm long (mean = 1.98 mm; n = 5); 2.86–3.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, granulate.
It can be further distinguished from the closely related A. silvanus by the more elongate form (2.6–2.7× as long as wide in A. silvanus), more elongate pronotum (1.3 × longer than wide vs. 1.1–1.2× in A. silvanus), the more finely granulate interstriae, and shallowly impressed striae at the apex of the elytral disc, and the presence of short coarse setae on the declivity rather than fine hair-like setae. It can be further distinguished from the closely related A. crassior by the more elongate form (2.5× as long as wide in A. crassior) and short coarse setae on the declivity.
Arixyleborus crassior, A. phiaoacensis, A. silvanus.
‘Borneo’, Cambodia, India (Andaman Is, Assam), Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
Xyleboricus minor Eggers, 1940: 134.
Arixyleborus minor
(Eggers):
Arixyleborus trux
Schedl, 1975c: 359. Synonymy:
Not examined. Potentially housed in Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Cibinong, Java, Indonesia (
1.2–1.4 mm long (mean = 1.28 mm; n = 5); 3.0–3.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its minute size; protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club as broad as tall; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, carinate; and odd interstriae more strongly elevated than even interstriae.
Arixyleborus suturalis.
Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Thailand.
Recorded from Dalbergia (Fabaceae), Castanea (Fagaceae), Dryobalanops and Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae), Palaquium (Sapotaceae) (
Xyleborus moestus Eggers, 1930: 189.
Arixyleborus moestus
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
Bhutan: W. distr. Thimpu, E Dochu La Menshunang, 2400 m, 7.vii.1988, C. Holzschuh (RABC, 1). Laos: Houa Phan, Ban Saluei – Phou Pan Mt., 20°12–13.5'N, 103°59.5–104°01'E, 1340–1780 m, 15.iv–15.v.2008, Lao collectors (MNHP, 1); as previous except: 20°12'N, 104°01'E, 1300–1900 m, 7.iv–25.v.2010, C. Holzschuh (
2.5–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.62 mm; n = 5); 2.36–2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc flat, without a transverse depression; elytral striae weakly impressed; elytral interstriae with two rows of granules and long semi-recumbent fine hair-like setae, setae 1–1.5× width of an interstria.
Arixyleborus puberulus, A. scabripennis, A. setosus.
Bhutan*, India (Meghalaya, West Bengal), Laos*, Nepal.
Recorded only from Quercus lamellosa (Fagaceae) (
Arixyleborus nudulus
Smith, Rabaglia & Cognato, 2018 (in
Holotype
(
1.5–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.56 mm; n = 5); 2.5–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, denticulate; strial furrows and interstrial ridges anteriorly extending no further than midpoint of disc; and interstriae sparsely setose with minute bristles, almost appearing glabrous.
Arixyleborus mediosectus.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°33.118'N, 105°52.537'E, 1048 m, 12–17.vi.2014, VN9, Cognato, Smith, Pham, FIT (
2.2 mm long (n = 1); 2.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; protibiae slender, slightly broadened distally, posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club as broad as tall; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, granulate.
Arixyleborus crassior, A. mediosectus, A. silvanus.
(female). Length 2.2 mm (n = 1); 2.75× as long as wide. Body uniformly red-brown. Legs and antennae yellow-brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, lined with a row of hair-like setae. Frons slightly convex from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface shagreened, dull, punctate; punctures above epistoma large, coarse, shallow; punctures decreasing in size, coarseness, and depth from epistoma to upper level of eyes; area between upper level of eyes reticulate. Eyes deeply emarginate above level of antennal insertion, upper portion of eyes smaller than lower part. Submentum deeply impressed, very narrow, triangular. Scape short and thick, shorter than club. Antennal funicle 4-segmented, segments equal in size. Pedicle as long as funicle. Club wider than long, asymmetrical, club type 1; obliquely truncate, segment 2 not visible on posterior face; segment 1 covering posterior face, its margin completely costate; segment 2 narrow, pubescent with corneous part, visible on anterior face only. Pronotum: 1.25× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 2/3, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 8, summit low. Surface shagreened, anterior 1/2 finely asperate, asperities close, arranged in concentric rings from midpoint of pronotum to anterior margin; anterolateral areas unarmed; disc minutely and sparsely punctate; punctures bearing minute setae slightly longer than puncture width. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base weakly bisinuate, median region with a row of setae. Elytra: 1.52× as long as wide, 1.34× longer than pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat. Elytral base weakly bisinuate, humeral angles rounded, sides straight from base to apical 1/2 of declivity, then slightly acuminate to apex. Disc longer than declivity, distinctly and abruptly separated; interstriae shiny, minutely, finely uniseriate punctate from base to midpoint, sparsely setose, nearly glabrous, basal 1/2 shagreened, dull, becoming sharply carinate, tuberculate; striae impressed, strial punctures larger, shallower than on apical 1/2, interstriae laterally diverging from base to declivity and narrowed on declivity. Declivity obliquely truncate, densely shagreened, dull, sculpturing consisting of much weaker interstrial carinae and impressed striae; striae punctate, punctures large, shallow; interstriae tuberculate, tubercles small, bearing a short, recumbent seta, less than the distance between tubercles in length; interstriae 1 inflated on apical 1/2; interstriae 1–3 carinae extending to apex of declivity. Posterolateral margin carinate, granulate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal posterocoxal piece short, conical. Protibiae slender, slightly broadened distally; posterior faces inflated, granulate; outer margin of apical 1/2 with six small socketed denticles. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded, seven and eight socketed denticles on outer margin, respectively; posterior face unarmed.
In reference to the type locality, Phia Oac Nature Reserve. Latinized adjective.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Xyleborus puberulus Blandford, 1896b: 215.
Arixyleborus puberulus
(Blandford):
Xyleborus hirtipennis
Eggers, 1940: 146. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus puberulus (
2.6–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.66 mm; n = 5); 2.48–2.64× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc flat, without a transverse depression; elytral striae deeply impressed on disc; elytral interstriae with at least two rows of tubercles and long erect fine hair-like setae, setae 2× width of an interstria.
Arixyleborus moestus, A. scabripennis, A. setosus.
Indonesia (Java), East Malaysia, New Guinea, Thailand.
Recorded from three genera of Dipterocarpaceae, Canarium (Burseraceae) (
Xyleborus resecans Eggers, 1930: 184.
Amasa resecans
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
3.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.72× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral carina costate; elytra truncate, surrounded by a circumdeclivital carina; boundary between elytral disc and declivity distinct, elytral disc without strial furrows and interstrial ridges; circumdeclivital carina emarginated at each striae (striae 5 and 6 may be weakly indicated); and declivital striae setose, setae minute, recumbent, as long as a strial puncture.
Amasa spp., Arixyleborus leprosulus.
India (Andaman Is, Assam).
Recorded from two species of Dipterocarpus (Dipterocarpaceae) (
This species is transferred to Arixyleborus from Amasa. This species displays a superficial morphological resemblance to Amasa, however it possesses the unique characteristics exhibited by Arixyleborus including protibiae slender, inflated and granulate on posterior faces, antennal club type 2, six striae present on the declivity, and pronotum from dorsal view elongated basic shape with rounded frontal margin (type 7).
Arixyleborus rugosipes Hopkins, 1915a: 59.
Webbia medius
Eggers, 1927b: 104. Synonymy:
Webbia camphorae
Eggers, 1936a: 634. Synonymy:
Holotype
Arixyleborus rugosipes (
Laos: Vientiane, Nan Van Eue, 15.xii.1966, native collector, ex light trap (
1.7–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.84 mm; n = 5); 2.83–3.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, denticulate; strial furrows and interstrial ridges anteriorly extending to basal 1/4 of elytral disc; and interstriae densely setose with long hair-like setae and bristles.
Arixyleborus nudulus.
India (Andaman Is), Indonesia (Java, Maluku, Sumatra), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous.
Xyleborus scabripennis Blandford, 1896b: 216.
Arixyleborus scabripennis
(Blandford):
Holotype
(
Vietnam: Thua Thien-Hue, Bach Ma N.P., 16.20089, 107.84824, 919 m, 16.ii.2017, VN67, A.I. Cognato, T.A. Hoang, ex 2 cm dia; 8 cm diameter branch (
2.5–2.55 mm long (mean = 2.51 mm; n = 4); 2.27–2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc flat, without a transverse depression; elytral striae weakly impressed; elytral interstriae with one row of dominant tubercles.
Arixyleborus moestus, A. puberulus, A. setosus.
Indonesia (Java, Maluku, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°36.3'N, 105°52.6'E, 1435–1601 m, 13–17.iv.2014, VN16, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex FIT (
2.5 mm long (n = 2); 2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc flat, without a transverse depression; elytral striae moderately impressed on disc; elytral interstriae with two rows of granules and long semi-recumbent fine hair-like setae on disc, setae 1–1.5× width of an interstria; and declivital interstriae densely covered by two or three rows of dense confused golden scales.
Arixyleborus rugosipes.
(female). 2.5 mm long (n = 2); 2.5× as long as wide. Body color uniformly dark brown. Legs and antennae yellow-brown. Densely setose appearance on elytra, especially the declivity. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, lined with a row of hair-like setae. Frons slightly convex from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface shagreened, dull, punctate; punctures above epistoma large, coarse, shallow; punctures decreasing in size, coarseness, and depth from epistoma to upper level of eyes. Eyes deeply emarginate above level of antennal insertion, upper portion of eyes smaller than lower part. Submentum deeply impressed, triangular. Scape short and thick, approximately 3/4 length of club. Pedicle as long as funicle. Antennal funicle 4-segmented, segments equal in size. Club wider than long, asymmetrical, club type 1; obliquely truncate, segment 2 not visible on posterior face; segment 1 covering most of posterior face, its margin completely costate; segment 2 narrow, pubescent with corneous part, visible on anterior face only. Pronotum: 1.0× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc slightly longer than anterior slope, type 7, summit low. Surface shagreened, anterior 1/2 finely asperate, asperities close, arranged in concentric rings from midpoint of pronotum to anterior margin; anterolateral areas unarmed; disc minutely and sparsely punctate; punctures bearing long, erect hair-like setae, as long as width of discal interstriae 2. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base weakly bisinuate with a row of erect setae. Elytra: 1.5× as long as wide, 1.53× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, medially impressed. Elytral base weakly bisinuate, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, sides straight from base to apical 1/2 of declivity then rounded to apex. Disc longer than declivity, distinctly separated and flat; striae impressed; interstriae shiny, densely, coarsely punctate in semicircular area from base to basal 1/4 and laterally to interstriae 6, punctures strongly confused, each bearing an erect golden hair-like seta equal in length to interstrial width, interstriae 2× width of striae, posterior 3/4 shagreened, dull, interstriae becoming densely, coarsely tuberculate apically; interstriae laterally diverging from base to declivity and narrowed on declivity. Declivity obliquely truncate, flattened, shagreened, dull; striae not impressed, impunctate; interstriae flattened, densely tuberculate and punctate, punctures dense, coarse, each bearing a short stout semi-erect scale. Posterolateral declivital margin costate, granulate. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal posterocoxal piece short, conical. Protibiae slender, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior faces flattened, unarmed; outer margin of apical 1/2 with six small socketed denticles. Meso- and metatibiae flattened, outer margin evenly rounded with nine socketed denticles; posterior face unarmed.
L. setosus = bristly. In reference to the declivity densely covered with setae. An adjective.
Vietnam.
Holotype
, female, Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1400 m, 20.xii.2004–10.i.2005, W. Puranasakul, ex EtOH trap (
1.65–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.72, n = 5); 2.6–2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its elongate form and steeply sloping declivity; posterolateral margin with a series of granules; pronotal summit distinctly anterior to middle; elytral disc with striae impressed on posterior part; and interstriae 1–3 extending to apex of declivity, armed with uniseriate granules.
Arixyleborus silvanus is distinguished from A. mediosectus by its less elongate form (2.9–3.3× as long as wide in mediosectus), and less elongate pronotum (1.1–1.2× longer than wide vs. 1.3× in mediosectus), the more coarsely granulate interstriae, and more deeply impressed striae at the apex of the elytral disc, and the presence of fine hair-like setae on the declivity rather than coarse setae. It can be further distinguished from the closely related A. crassior by the more elongate form (2.5× as long as wide in A. crassior), more stout pronotum (1.1–1.2× longer than wide vs. 1.3× in A. crassior), the more coarsely granulate interstriae, and weakly impressed striae at the apex of the elytral disc, and the presence of fine hair-like setae on the declivity rather than coarse setae.
Arixyleborus crassior, A. mediosectus, A. phiaoacensis.
(female). 1.65–1.8 mm long (n = 5); 2.6–2.7× as long as wide. Body uniformly red-brown. Legs and antennae yellow-brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, lined with a row of hair-like setae. Frons slightly convex from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface alutaceous, shiny, sparsely punctate; punctures above epistoma large, coarse, shallow; punctures decreasing in size, coarseness, and depth from epistoma to upper level of eyes. Eyes deeply emarginate above level of antennal insertion, upper portion of eyes smaller than lower part. Submentum deeply impressed, very narrow, triangular. Scape short and thick, approximately 3/4 length of club. Pedicle as long as funicle. Antennal funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club wider than long and asymmetrical, club type 1; obliquely truncate, segment 2 not visible on posterior face; segment 1 covering posterior face, its margin completely costate; segment 2 narrow, pubescent with corneous part, visible on anterior face only. Pronotum: 1.33× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 2/3, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. Pronotum with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 7, summit low. Surface shagreened, anterior 1/2 finely asperate, asperities close, arranged in concentric rings from midpoint of pronotum to anterior margin; anterolateral areas unarmed; disc minutely and sparsely punctate; glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base weakly bisinuate; setal tuft absent. Elytra: 1.53× as long as wide, 1.32× longer than pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat. Elytral base weakly bisinuate, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, sides straight from base to apical 1/2 of declivity, then rounded to apex. Disc longer than declivity, distinctly separated, shiny; striae impressed, punctures on basal 1/2 larger and deeper than those on apical 1/2; interstriae minutely, finely uniseriate punctate from base to midpoint, moderately setose, basal 1/2 of interstriae shagreened, dull, becoming sharply carinate, denticulate. Declivity obliquely truncate, strongly shagreened, dull; striae punctate, punctures large, shallow, glabrous; interstriae tuberculate, tubercles small, each bearing a fine hair-like seta, less than the distance between tubercles in length; interstriae 1–3 extending to apex of declivity, armed with uniseriate granules. Posterolateral declivital margin carinate, tuberculate to interstriae 7. Legs: Protibiae slender, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face inflated, tuberculate; outer margin of apical 1/2 with five small socketed denticles. Meso- and metatibiae flattened, outer margin evenly rounded with seven socketed denticles; posterior face unarmed.
L. silvanus = associated with forests. An adjective.
China (Guangxi, Hainan), Thailand.
This species is only recorded from Liquidambar formosana (Altingiaceae).
Holotype
, female, Thailand: Nakhon Sri [Thammarat], Khao Luong [sic; = Khao Luang] N.P., 1.vi.2011, Wisut [Sittichaya], ex ET [ethanol trap] (
2.3 mm long (n = 1); 2.3× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club as broad as tall; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc flat, without a transverse depression; striae not impressed on disc, feebly impressed on declivity; declivital interstriae bearing two rows of long thick semi-erect hair-like setae, setae as long as 1.5 interstrial widths.
Arixyleborus granulifer, A. hirsutulus.
(female). 2.3 mm (n = 1); 2.3× as long as wide. Body uniformly dark red-brown. Legs and antennae yellow-brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, lined with a row of hair-like setae. Frons slightly convex from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface alutaceous, shiny, sparsely punctate; punctures above epistoma large, coarse, shallow, punctures decreasing in size, coarseness, and depth from epistoma to upper level of eyes. Eyes deeply emarginate above level of antennal insertion, upper portion of eyes smaller than lower part. Scape regularly thick, approximately as long as club. Pedicle as long as funicle. Antennal funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club wider than long and asymmetrical, club type 1; obliquely truncate, segment 2 not visible on posterior face; segment 1 covering posterior face, its margin completely costate; segment 2 narrow, pubescent with corneous part, visible on anterior face only. Pronotum: 1.06× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 2/3, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 8, summit low. Surface shagreened, anterior 1/2 finely asperate, asperities close, arranged in concentric rings from midpoint of pronotum to anterior margin; anterolateral areas unarmed; disc minutely and sparsely punctate; glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base weakly bisinuate; setal tuft absent. Elytra: 1.39× as long as wide, 1.36× longer than pronotum. Elytral base weakly bisinuate, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flat, flush with elytra, medially impressed, sides straight from base to apical 1/2 of declivity then rounded to apex. Disc longer than declivity, distinctly separated, flat; striae impressed; interstriae shiny, densely, coarsely punctate in basal 1/4, punctures strongly confused, each bearing an erect golden-hair-like seta equal in length to interstrial width, interstriae 4× width of striae, posterior 3/4 shagreened, dull, becoming densely, coarsely tuberculate apically, interstriae straight from base to declivity and narrowed on declivity. Declivity rounded, convex, strongly shagreened, dull, sculpturing consisting of much weaker interstrial carinae and strial impression; striae feebly impressed, punctate, punctures large, shallow, glabrous; interstriae tuberculate, bearing two rows of long thick semi-erect hair-like setae, setae as long as 1.5 interstrial widths; interstriae 1–3 carinae not extending to apex of declivity. Posterolateral margin costate, granulate to interstriae 7. Legs: protibiae slender, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face flat, unarmed; outer margin of apical 1/2 with five small socketed denticles. Meso- and metatibiae flattened, outer margin evenly rounded with ten socketed denticles; posterior face unarmed.
Named for Dr. Wisut Sittichaya in recognition of his contributions to the study of bark and ambrosia beetles. Noun in genitive.
Thailand.
Unknown.
Xyleboricus suturalis Eggers, 1936b: 91.
Arixyleborus suturalis
(Eggers):
Paratype
(
Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., 11.44221, 107.43114, 379 m, 20–22.ii.2017, VN78, A.I. Cognato, T.A. Hoang, ex FIT (
1.5–1.7 mm long (mean = 1.6 mm; n = 5); 2.5–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; pronotum lateral margin oblique; pronotum anterior margin without serrations; posterolateral carina acute, carinate; and declivital interstriae 1 strongly elevated on apical 1/2, denticulate, denticles large.
Arixyleborus minor.
Indonesia (Java, Maluku), East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Holotype
, female, 云南西双版纳 1200–1600 公尺 1958.VII.26 采集者:王書永 [China: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menghai, 1200–1600 m, 26.vii.1958, Shuyong Wang] (
5.2 mm long (n = 1); 2.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces flat, unarmed; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral carina oblique, granulate; elytral disc with deep transverse saddle-like depression; and large size.
Arixyleborus granifer.
(female). 5.2 mm (n = 1); 2.6× as long as wide. Body dark brown with red-brown declivity. Legs and antennae yellow-brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, lined with a row of hair-like setae. Frons slightly convex from epistoma to upper level of eyes; weakly medially impressed between upper level of eyes; surface shagreened, dull, punctate; punctures above epistoma small, fine, shallow; punctures increasing in size, coarseness, and depth from epistoma to upper level of eyes; lower 1/2 of frons granulate. Eyes deeply emarginate above level of antennal insertion, upper portion of eyes smaller than lower part. Scape regularly thick, approximately 3/4 length of club. Pedicle shorter than funicle. Antennal funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club wider than long and asymmetrical, club type 1; obliquely truncate, segment 2 not visible on posterior face; segment 1 covering posterior face, its margin completely costate; segment 2 narrow, corneous, visible on anterior face only. Pronotum: 1.02× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 2/3, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc as long as declivity, type 7, summit moderate. Surface shiny, anterior 1/2 finely asperate, asperities close, arranged in concentric rings from midpoint of pronotum to anterior margin; anterolateral areas unarmed; disc finely, densely punctate; very long, erect hair-like setae, equal in length to 1.5× discal interstriae 1. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base weakly bisinuate; setal tuft absent. Elytra: 1.43× as long as wide, 1.27× longer than pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, clearly depressed below level of elytra. Elytral base weakly bisinuate, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, sides straight from base to apical 1/2 of declivity then rounded to apex. Disc longer than declivity, indistinctly separated, shiny, median area concave, densely, finely punctate on basal 1/4; striae deeply impressed; interstrial punctures strongly confused, each bearing an erect golden hair-like seta equal in length to 3 interstrial widths, posterior 3/4 shagreened, dull, interstriae 3× width of striae, interstriae becoming sparsely tuberculate and granulate apically, interstriae laterally diverging from base to declivity and narrowed on declivity; declivity obliquely truncate, shagreened, dull; striae weakly impressed, distinctly punctate; interstriae impunctate, densely tuberculate, each tubercle bearing a long, erect golden hair-like seta equal in length to 3 interstrial widths; interstriae 1–3 inflated on apical 1/2. Posterolateral margin feebly costate, granulate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous. Protibiae slender, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face flat, unarmed. Meso- and metatibiae flattened, outer margin evenly rounded; posterior face unarmed.
L. titanus = of giants, large. In reference to its relatively large size. Noun in apposition.
China (Yunnan).
Unknown.
The holotype is card mounted with a large amount of glue. Characters on the ventral surface including the submentum, prosternal posterocoxal piece, and denticles on the outer margins of the tibia were unable to be viewed. Socketed denticles are present on all tibiae. Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
Xyleboricus tuberculatus Eggers, 1940: 133.
Arixyleborus tuberculatus
(Eggers):
Paratype
(
1.35–1.5 mm long (mean = 1.42 mm; n = 2); 2.5–2.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral carina costate; pronotum lateral margin distinctly costate, nearly carinate; pronotum anterior margin elevated with a row of serrations; declivital interstriae except interstriae 1 denticulate; and minute size.
Arixyleborus grandis, A. malayensis, A. yakushimanus.
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Thailand.
Recorded from Dalbergia and Parkia (Fabaceae), and from Cinchona (Rubiaceae) (
Xyleborus yakushimanus Murayama, 1955: 83.
Arixyleborus yakushimanus
(Murayama):
Holotype
(
China: Jiangxi, Long Nan, 12.vii.2016, Lv-Jia, Lai, S-C., ex Cyclobalanopsis glauca (RABC, 1). Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Sanchahe Nat. Res., 22°09.784'N, 100°52.256'E, 2186 m, 29–30.v.2008, A. Cognato (
2.0–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.08 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae posterior faces inflated, granulate; antennal club wider than long; posterolateral carina costate; pronotum lateral margin distinctly costate, nearly carinate; pronotum anterior margin elevated with a row of serrations; strial furrows equal in width to interstrial ridges on disc; interstrial ridges glabrous or with minute setae no longer than 1/2 width of a strial furrow; interstrial ridges finely tuberculate; striae moderately impressed; declivity strongly shagreened; and moderate size.
Arixyleborus grandis, A. malayensis, A. tuberculatus.
China (Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan), India* (Bihar, West Bengal), Japan, Laos*, Taiwan*, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded from Castanopsis (Fagaceae) and Machilus (Lauraceae) (
The record of Arixyleborus malayensis from Doi Pui, Chiang Mai, Thailand in
Beaverium Hulcr & Cognato, 2009: 25.
Xyleborus insulindicus Eggers, 1923; original designation.
Large and robust species, 4.1–5.6 mm long, 2.2–2.55× as long as wide. Beaverium is distinguished by the declivity distinctly flattened and posterolaterally broadened, posterolateral declivital margin costate, terminating at interstriae 5; pronotal disc asperate; pronotum anterior margin with continuously elevated carina; scutellum flat, flush with elytra, mycangial tufts absent, and procoxae contiguous.
Ambrosiodmus, Fortiborus, Immanus.
Distributed throughout mostly tropical regions of Asia, Australasia, and Oceania.
This appears to have been described only in B. insulindicus (Eggers, 1923), a species not found in the study region. Based on observations in Fiji,
1 | Elytral disc convex; posterolateral margin of declivity costate; smaller, 4.1–4.5 mm | lantanae |
– | Elytral disc flat to concave with a transverse saddle-like depression; posterolateral margin of declivity carinate; larger, 5.0–6.0 mm | 2 |
2 | Declivity densely covered with long golden setae; elytral disc flat with a weak transverse impression; larger, 6.0 mm | latus |
– | Declivity sparsely covered with long golden setae; elytral disc concave with a distinct transverse saddle-like depression; smaller, 5.0–5.6 mm | magnus |
Xyleborus lantanae Eggers, 1930: 180.
Ambrosiodmus lantanae
(Eggers):
Beaverium lantanae
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien National Park, E of Crocodile Lake, 11°27'25"N, 107°21'7"E, 120 m, ex pan trap, 21–31.v.1999, D.C. Darling, B. Hubley (RABC, 1).
4.1–4.5 mm long (mean = 4.26 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.28× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the small size; elytral disc convex, without a transverse saddle-like depression; declivital posterolateral margins costate, never carinate; and boundary between elytral disc and declivity smoothly rounded.
Beaverium latus, B. magnus.
India (Karnataka, Nicobar Is, West Bengal), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Xyleborus latus Eggers, 1923: 177.
Terminalinus latus
(Eggers):
Beaverium latus
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
6.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.2× as long as wide (
Beaverium lantanae, B. magnus.
‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from Parinari griffithiana (Chrysobalanaceae), Shorea balanocarpoides, S. leprosula, Shorea sp. (Dipterocarpaceae), Intsia palembanica (Fabaceae), Castanopsis sumatrana, Lithocarpus sundaicus (Fagaceae) (
Xyleborus magnus Niisima, 1910: 111.
Beaverium magnus
(Niisima):
Xyleborus rufobrunneus var. dihingensis Eggers, 1930: 189.
Xyleborus chujoi
Schedl, 1951a: 73.
Holotype
Xyleborus rufobrunneus var. dihingensis (
China: Chongqing, Jinfo Mtn, 9.v.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia, ex Ficus sp. (RABC, 1). Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (UFFE, 1). Jiangxi, Xin Feng, 29.vii.2016, Lai, S-C., ex Castanopsis carlesii (RABC, 1). Yunnan, Menglun, 750 m, 7.v.1962, Shimei Song, ex Cassia siamea [= Senna siamea] (
5.0–5.6 mm long (mean = 5.2 mm; n = 10); 2.21–2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the moderate size; elytral disc concave with a transverse saddle-like depression; declivital posterolateral margins carinate; and boundary between elytral disc and declivity smoothly abrupt.
Beaverium lantanae, B. latus.
China (Chongqing*, Hong Kong*, Jiangxi*, Yunnan), India (Assam, West Bengal), Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous. Recorded from Artocarpus (Moraceae), Pterocarpus (Fabaceae) (
Cnestus Sampson, 1911: 383.
Tosaxyleborus
Murayama, 1950: 49. Synonymy:
Cnestus magnus Sampson, 1911; monotypy.
Cnestus species are typically moderate to large in size, 1.8–5.5 mm, and stout, 1.54–2.75× as long as wide. Cnestus is a morphologically variable genus but is distinguished by the eye feebly emarginate; lateral margin of the pronotum carinate from base to at least the midpoint; submentum depressed; procoxae narrowly separated; antennal club truncate, types 1 or 2 with segment 1 completely or almost covering the posterior face; antennal funicle 3- or 4-segmented; scutellum flat, flush with elytral surface. Most species have a mesonotal mycangium on the pronotal base.
Anisandrus, Hadrodemius, Xylosandrus. Cnestus is closely related to Anisandrus, Hadrodemius and Xylosandrus, all of which possess a mesonotal mycangium and the associated dense tuft of hair-like setae at the scutellar area and pronotal base (
Distributed throughout Asia, Oceania and South America (
The species, as far as is known, are twig and shoot-borers, and the gallery system is typical of such species with a short radial or circumferential gallery running to the middle of the stem, and longitudinal branches up and down the stem in which the brood develops.
1 | Mycangial tuft absent on pronotal base (Fig. |
2 |
– | Mycangial tuft present on pronotal base (Fig. |
5 |
2 | Declivity convex and unarmed; anterior margin of pronotum strongly produced, extending into a process with numerous serrations; epistoma emarginate, mandibles enlarged (in lateral view protruding forward at 90° to the plane of the frons, dorsoventrally deeper than normal; in anterior view, with an upwardly directed, smooth, rounded process on the dorsal side) | 3 |
– | Declivity sulcate, its margins armed with denticles or spines; anterior margin of pronotum with two large serrations; epistoma transverse; mandibles normal, not as described above | 4 |
3 | Smaller, 2.8–3.2 mm; pronotal base punctures fine, sparse; pronotal surface smooth, shiny; pronotum appearing narrow, sides parallel for approximately 2/3 of total length. | nitidipennis |
– | Larger, 3.3–5.4 mm; pronotal base punctures coarse, dense; pronotal surface dull; pronotum appearing wide, sides parallel for approximately 1/2 of total length | protensus |
4 | Elytra bicolored, disc light brown, declivity and pronotum piceus; elytra with two large spines on each elytron, one at the declivital summit on interstriae 3 and a second on interstriae 5 at the lateral margin of the declivity; antennal club type 1, no sutures visible on posterior face (Fig. |
quadrispinosus |
– | Elytra uniformly piceous; declivital interstriae 2–5 sparsely denticulate without large spines; antennal club type 2 with two sutures visible on posterior face (Fig. |
bicornioides |
5 | Elytral disc very short, less than 1/2 of elytral length, declivity obliquely truncate (Fig. |
6 |
– | Elytral disc longer, more than 1/2 of elytral length, evenly curving into convex declivity (Fig. |
10 |
6 | Declivity bicolored with the basal 1/2 black and the apical 1/2 with a pale translucent area; declivital interstriae unarmed | improcerus |
– | Declivity unicolored; declivital interstriae granulate | 7 |
7 | Pronotal disc sparsely and finely punctured (Fig. |
gravidus |
– | Pronotal disc densely and coarsely punctured (Fig. |
8 |
8 | Scutellum very large (Fig. |
9 |
– | Scutellum of normal size (Fig. |
ater |
9 | Striae distinct on declivity, declivital striae 1 and 2 impressed; smaller, 3.6–3.8 mm | mutilatus |
– | Striae indistinct on declivity, only declivital striae 1 impressed; larger, 4.2–4.4 mm | testudo |
10 | Declivital striae with much coarser, deeper punctures than on disc; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 strongly narrowed toward apex; declivital striae 1–3 impressed. | suturalis |
– | Declivital striae with punctures similar to those on disc; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 not narrowed toward apex; at most declivital striae 1 and 2 impressed | aterrimus |
Xyleborus ater Eggers, 1923: 210.
Xylosandrus ater
(Eggers):
Cnestus ater
(Eggers):
Xyleborus retusiformis
Schedl, 1936d: 31. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus retusiformis (
3.9–4.1 mm long (mean = 4.0 mm; n = 4); 1.63–1.70× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elytral disc 4–5× scutellum length; declivity obliquely truncate; pronotum type 1 when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on posterior face; antennal funicle 4-segmented; protibiae obliquely triangular; procoxae narrowly separated; declivital posterolateral margin weakly carinate from apex to declivital base along interstriae 7; declivital interstriae weakly granulate, setose with five or six rows of recumbent hair-like setae on interstriae 2 and 3; striae indistinct on declivity, striae 1 and 2 impressed; discal punctures dense, confused, surface distinctly reticulate between punctures; and body black with basal part of pronotal disc sometimes orange or brown.
Cnestus gravidus, C. improcerus, C. mutilatus, C. testudo.
‘Borneo’, China (Fujian), Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus aterrimus Eggers, 1927a: 400.
Cnestus aterrimus
(Eggers):
Xyleborus glabripennis
Schedl, 1942a: 189. Synonymy:
Tosaxyleborus pallidipennis
Murayama, 1950: 49. Synonymy:
Cnestus nitens
Browne, 1955: 358. Synonymy:
Cnestus murayamai
Schedl, 1962a: 207 (new name for C. pallidipennis Murayama nec
Cnestus murayamai
Browne, 1963: 54 (new name for C. pallidipennis Murayama nec
Cnestus pseudosuturalis
Schedl, 1964c: 315. Synonymy:
Cnestus maculatus
Browne, 1983b: 33. Synonymy:
Syntypes
Tosaxyleborus pallidipennis (
China: Fujian, Quanzhou, 23.xi.2015, Y. Li, ex mango (UFFE, 1). Chongqing, Jinfo Mtn, 10.v.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia (RABC, 1); as previous except: Peng Shui, 10.v.2015, Tian-Shang, ex Castanea mollissima (RABC, 1). Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
1.8–2.6 mm long (mean = 2.34 mm; n = 5); 2.09–2.36× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; declivity rounded; elytra typically with a transparent area (may also be solid black); pronotum from dorsal view basic (type 1); antennal club type 1, with no sutures visible on the posterior face; antennal funicle 3-segmented; protibiae obliquely triangular; declivital striae with punctures similar to those of disc; and declivital interstriae 2 and 3 not narrowed toward apex, at most striae 1 and 2 impressed.
This species strongly resembles C. suturalis which has much coarser declivital strial punctures that are deeper than those of disc, interstriae 2 and 3 strongly narrowed toward apex, striae 1–3 impressed.
Cnestus suturalis.
China (Chongqing*, Fujian*, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan*), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Japan, Laos*, West Malaysia, New Guinea, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus bicornioides Schedl, 1952a: 368.
Cnestus bicornoides
(Schedl):
Holotype
(
China: Tibet [Xizang], Chayu, Shama, 2020 m, 21.vii.1973, ex Fagaceae sp. (
3.3–3.7 mm long (mean = 3.42 mm; n = 5); 2.36–2.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the absence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elongate body; declivity excavated; pronotum from dorsal view type 6; pronotum apex strongly produced, extending to a process with two serrations; mandibles normal; epistoma entire; elytral punctures distinct, clearly uniseriate; declivital interstriae bearing sparse erect hair-like setae; declivital interstriae 2–5 sparsely denticulate; protibiae very slender with three large narrow denticles; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on the posterior face; and 3-segmented antennal funicle.
Cnestus bicornis (from Indomalayan region), C. quadrispinosus.
China* (Xizang, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, West Bengal), West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand*.
Recorded from Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae), Swietenia (Meliaceae) (
The entries in
Xyleborus gravidus Blandford, 1898: 427.
Xylosandrus gravidus
(Blandford):
Cnestus gravidus
(Blandford):
Holotype
(
India: Arunachal Pradesh, Etalin vicinity, 28°36'56"N, 95°53'21"E, 700 m, 12–25.v.2012, L. Dembický (
5.0–5.5 mm long (mean = 5.34 mm; n = 5); 1.83–2.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elytral disc short; declivity obliquely truncate; pronotum type 1 when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on posterior face; antennal funicle 4-segmented; protibiae distinctly triangular; procoxae narrowly separated; declivital posterolateral margin strongly carinate from apex to declivital base along interstriae 7; declivital interstriae granulate with a median row of long erect hair-like setae, clearly distinct from the ground vestiture; pronotal disc glabrous, shiny, sparsely punctate; and typically bicolored pronotum with apical 1/2 black and basal 1/2 orange.
Cnestus ater, C. improcerus, C. mutilatus, C. testudo.
Bangladesh, China (Hainan, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Sikkim, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus improcerus Sampson, 1921: 33.
Xylosandrus improcerus
(Sampson):
Cnestus improcerus
(Sampson):
Holotype
(
2.7–3.3 mm long (mean = 3.04 mm; n = 5); 1.67–1.74× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elytral disc very short; procoxae widely separated; declivity bicolored, with the basal 1/2 black and the apical 1/2 with a pale translucent area; declivity flat; pronotum type 1 when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on posterior face; antennal funicle 4-segmented; protibiae distinctly triangular; declivital posterolateral margin moderately carinate from apex to declivital base along interstriae 7; declivital interstriae punctate, setose, and ground vestiture absent.
Cnestus ater, C. gravidus, C. mutilatus, C. testudo, Xylosandrus spp.
‘Borneo’, Brunei, East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from Canarium (Burseraceae), Dipterocarpus (Dipterocarpaceae), and an unidentified genus of Lauraceae (
Reported by
Xyleborus mutilatus Blandford, 1894b: 103.
Xylosandrus mutilatus
(Blandford):
Cnestus mutilatus
(Blandford):
Xyleborus sampsoni
Eggers, 1930: 184. Synonymy:
Xyleborus banjoewangi
Schedl, 1939b: 41. Synonymy:
Xyleborus taitonus
Eggers, 1939b: 118. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus mutilatus (
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton, ex Liquidambar (
3.6–3.8 mm long (mean = 3.76 mm; n = 5); 1.58–1.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elytral disc very short, 2× scutellum length; declivity obliquely truncate; pronotum type 1 when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on posterior face; antennal funicle 4-segmented; protibiae obliquely triangular; procoxae narrowly separated; declivital posterolateral margin weakly carinate from apex to declivital base along interstriae 7; declivital interstriae granulate, with recumbent hair-like setae, often a median row of long erect hair-like setae on upper part of declivity (varies geographically); interstriae 2 and 3 with three or four rows of setae; declivital striae 1 and 2 impressed; discal punctures dense, confused, surface between punctures with only traces of reticulation; and uniformly black body.
Anisandrus ursulus, Cnestus ater, C. gravidus, C. improcerus, C. testudo.
Throughout the Oriental region from India to Indonesia and New Guinea, and extending northwards to Japan, Korea, and Russia (Far East). Introduced and established in the United States (
Polyphagous (
The biology of the species has been studied in Japan by
Xyleborus nitidipennis Schedl, 1951a: 88.
Cnestus nitidipennis
(Schedl):
Holotype
(
China: Hainan, Jianfengling Mt., 600 m, 26.iii.1984, Shimei Song (
2.8–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.0 mm; n = 4); 2.14–2.28× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the uniquely emarginate epistomal margin; enlarged mandibles (in lateral view protruding forward at 90° to the plane of the frons, dorsoventrally deeper than normal; in anterior view, with an upwardly directed, smooth, rounded process on the dorsal side); absence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; pronotum from dorsal view type 6; pronotum apex strongly produced, extending to a process with numerous serrations; body glabrous, strongly shiny; declivity strongly rounded; protibiae very slender with three large, narrow denticles on outer margin; antennal club type 1, with no sutures visible on the posterior face; and 3-segmented antennal funicle.
This species is very similar to C. protensus and is distinguished by the smaller size, pronotal base with punctures clearly finer, sparser, surface smooth, shiny, pronotum appearing narrow, sides of pronotum parallel for approximately 2/3 total length.
Cnestus protensus.
China* (Fujian, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Sikkim), Indonesia (Java), Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Likely polyphagous. Recorded from Eupatorium (Asteraceae) (
Both C. nitidipennis and C. protensus possess unique morphology among Cnestus species including the pronotal apex very strongly produced, very slender protibia, enlarged mandibles and absence of a mycangial tuft. These morphological characters are convergent with Neotropical genera such as Sampsonius Eggers, 1935 (Xyleborini) and Amphicranus Erichson, 1836 (Corthylini) (
Xyleborus protensus Eggers, 1930: 201.
Cnestus protensus
(Eggers):
Cnestus rostratus Schedl, 1977: 502. syn. nov.
Holotype
Xyleborus protensus (
China: Fujian, Chong’an, Guidun, 950 m, 25.vi.1979, Fusheng Huang, ex Machilus thunbergii (
3.3–5.4 mm long (mean = 4.35 mm; n = 4); 2.0–2.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the uniquely emarginate epistomal margin; enlarged mandibles (in lateral view protruding forward at 90° to the plane of the frons, dorsoventrally deeper than normal; in anterior view, with an upwardly directed, smooth, rounded process on the dorsal side); absence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; pronotum from dorsal view type 6; pronotum apex strongly produced, extending to a process with numerous serrations; body glabrous, strongly shiny; declivity strongly rounded; protibiae very slender with three large, narrow denticles on outer margin; antennal club type 1, with no sutures visible on the posterior face; and 3-segmented antennal funicle.
This species is very similar to C. nitidipennis and is distinguished by the larger size, pronotal base with punctures clearly coarser, denser, surface mostly dull, pronotum appearing wider, sides of pronotum parallel for approximately 1/2 of the total length.
Cnestus nitidipennis.
China* (Yunnan*), India (Assam), Indonesia (Java), Laos*, Vietnam.
This species has only been recorded from Machilus (Lauraceae).
Images of the Xyleborus protensus holotype and the holotype of C. rostratus were compared. Though the two specimens differ in size (3.5 and 4.2 mm, respectively) they were clearly conspecific and C. rostratus is here placed in synonymy.
Both C. nitidipennis and C. protensus possess unique morphology among Cnestus species including the pronotal apex very strongly produced, very slender protibia, enlarged mandibles and absence of a mycangial tuft. These morphological characters are convergent with Neotropical genera that are inquilines (see remarks of C. nitidpennis). Further investigation of their behavior is necessary to determine if these species are also inquilines.
Cnestus quadrispinosus Sittichaya & Beaver, 2018: 32.
Holotype
(
3.45–4.5 mm long (mean = 4.1 mm; n = 4); 2.2–2.56× as long as wide (
Cnestus bicornioides, Cnestus bicornis (from Indomalayan region).
Brunei, East Malaysia, Thailand.
Xyleborus suturalis Eggers, 1930: 200.
Cnestus suturalis
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
China: Guizhou, Guiyang, Huaxi, 8.iv.2015, Y. Li, ex in flight (UFFE, 1). Yunnan, Yulongshan mts., Ganhaizi pass, 27°06'N, 100°15'E, 3000–3500 m, 18–23.vii.1990, V. Kubáň (
2.8 mm long (mean = 2.8 mm; n = 2); 2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; declivity rounded; elytra often with a transparent area; pronotum from dorsal view type 1; antennal club type 1, with no sutures visible on the posterior face; antennal funicle 3-segmented; protibiae obliquely triangular; declivital striae with punctures much coarser, deeper than those of disc; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 strongly narrowed toward apex; and striae 1–3 impressed.
This species strongly resembles C. aterrimus which has declivital strial punctures similarly sized to those of disc, interstriae 2 and 3 not narrowed toward apex, and at most striae 1 and 2 impressed.
Cnestus aterrimus.
China* (Guizhou, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Meghalaya), Indonesia (Java), Vietnam.
Recorded from Eupatorium (Asteraceae), Terminalia (Combretaceae), Swietenia (Meliaceae) and Piper (Piperaceae), and presumed polyphagous (
Xyleborus testudo Eggers, 1939b: 116.
Xylosandrus testudo
(Eggers):
Cnestus testudo
(Eggers):
Lectotype
(
4.2–4.4 mm long (mean = 4.31 mm; n = 5); 1.54–1.62× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of a mesonotal mycangial tuft on the pronotal base; elytral disc short, 3× scutellum length; declivity obliquely truncate; pronotum type 1 when viewed dorsally; antennal club type 2, with two sutures visible on posterior face; antennal funicle 4-segmented; protibiae distinctly triangular; procoxae narrowly separated; declivital posterolateral margin weakly carinate from apex to declivital base along interstriae 7; declivital interstriae granulate, setose with recumbent ground vestiture and a median row of long erect hair-like setae; declivital striae 1 impressed; discal punctures dense, confused; and uniformly pitch black or piceous colored body with brown legs and antennae.
Cnestus ater, C. gravidus, C. improcerus, C. mutilatus.
China (Yunnan), Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Unknown.
Coptodryas Hopkins, 1915a: 54.
Coptodryas confusa Hopkins, 1915a; original designation.
1.8–4.0 mm, 1.88–2.71× as long as wide. Coptodryas is distinguished by the scutellum minute, convex, slightly raised above elytral surface or not apparent; dense tuft of setae present along elytral base associated with an elytral mycangium (C. confusa also has a pair of pit mycangia on the pronotal disc); elytral bases sinuate, costate; antennal club flattened, types 3 or 4, sutures gently sinuate and pubescent on anterior face, three sutures visible on posterior face; pronotal disc finely asperate (rarely punctate); pronotum from lateral view basic (type 0), or long and conical (type 5), rarely taller than basic (type 2; C. confusa); pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) or basic and parallel sided (type 2), rarely conical (type 0; C. confusa); and anterior margin of pronotum with or without a row of 2–6 serrations. In addition, the procoxae are contiguous, outer margin of protibiae obliquely or distinctly triangular, armed by six or seven denticles, and posterior face flattened, unarmed.
Microperus, Schedlia.
Species are distributed in tropical Asia and are rare in Melanesia.
The gallery system in this genus appears to be rather variable (
Coptodryas is in need of further taxonomic/phylogenetic investigation given its potential polyphyly (
1 | Posterolateral margin of elytra rounded | 2 |
– | Posterolateral margin of elytra carinate or costate | 3 |
2 | Pronotum with a pair of pit mycangia opening on the anterior slope of the elytra; elytra broadly rounded; protibiae with an evenly rounded outer margin; smaller, 1.8–2.2 mm, and stout, 2.0–2.25× as long as wide | confusa |
– | Pronotum without a pair of pit mycangia; elytra acuminate, declivity gradual; protibiae distinctly triangular; larger, 2.3–2.4 mm, and elongate, 2.4–2.67× as long as wide | mus |
3 | Posterolateral margins of elytra costate; declivity obliquely truncate in lateral view; antennal club wider than long; larger, 3.75–4.0 mm | bella |
– | Posterolateral margins of elytra carinate; declivity variously rounded in lateral view; antennal club circular or longer than wide; smaller, 1.9–3.2 mm | 4 |
4 | Declivital summit bearing four sharp spines that extend over the declivity | quadricostata |
– | Declivital summit without spines | 5 |
5 | Elytral bases without a setal tuft; protibiae distinctly triangular; antennal club longer than wide | inornata sp. nov. |
– | Elytral bases with a dense tuft of setae extending at least to striae 3; protibiae obliquely triangular; antennal club circular | 6 |
6 | Elytral interstriae acutely carinate or costate; declivital face sulcate or bisulcate | 7 |
– | Elytral interstriae never carinate, flat or feebly tumescent; declivital face subconvex | 9 |
7 | Basal 1/2 of declivity strongly sulcate, sulcate area v-shaped, margined by costate interstriae 3, 5, 6, interstriae 4 sharply carinate; larger, 2.7 mm | carinata sp. nov. |
– | Declivity weakly to moderately bisulcate, interstriae 2 to striae 3 weakly to moderately depressed, interstriae 4–7 carinate; smaller, 2.1–2.4 mm | 8 |
8 | Declivital interstriae 4 moderately tumescent and sharply carinate from base to apical 1/2 (Fig. |
elegans |
– | Declivital interstriae 4 strongly tumescent and sharply carinate from base to apical 1/4 (Fig. |
concinna |
9 | Elytral discal striae punctate, interstriae impunctate; elytral disc shagreened; declivital interstriae 1–4 costate, 5 and 6 subcarinate; elongate, 2.71× as long as wide | amydra sp. nov. |
– | Elytral discal striae and interstriae punctate; elytral disc strongly shiny; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 depressed, remaining interstriae slightly tumescent; stout, 2.2–2.22× as long as wide | nudipennis |
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Ninh Binh, Cuc Phuong N.P., Mac Lake, 20°15'29.0"N, 105°42'27.5"E, 155 m, 4–7.v.2009, J.B. Heppner, ex blacklight trap (
1.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.71× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense tuft of setae along the elytral base extending to interstriae 4; discal striae punctate, interstriae impunctate; elytral disc and declivity shagreened; declivital face subconvex; declivital interstriae 1–4 costate, 5 and 6 subcarinate; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7; pronotum basic (type 0) when viewed laterally, basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally; and anterior margin of the pronotum without a distinct row of serrations.
Coptodryas carinata, C. concinna, C. elegans, C. nudipennis.
(female). 1.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.71× as long as wide. Pronotum, head, antennae, legs and elytral disc light brown, declivity dark brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, shagreened, alutaceous, impunctate, glabrous. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrowly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular, flattened, type 4; segment 1 corneous, small, convex; segment 2 larger than segment 1, narrow, transverse, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.06× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 2/3, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny with dense minute punctures, glabrous, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base weakly bisinuate, posterior angles acutely rounded, almost subquadrate. Elytra: 1.73× as long as wide, 1.63× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, convex, slightly raised above elytral surface. Elytral mycangium setal tuft along elytral base dense, extending to interstriae 4. Elytral base bisinuate, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 4/5, narrowly rounded to apex. Disc flat, shagreened, striae not impressed, with minute shallow punctures separated by three diameters of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, impunctate, glabrous. Declivity occupying approximately 2/5 of elytral length, rounded, face subconvex, strongly shagreened; striae flat, punctate, punctures much larger than those of disc and very shallow; interstriae 1–4 costate, five and six subcarinate, impunctate, feebly to moderately granulate. Posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous, prosternal coxal piece short, conical. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six moderate socketed denticles, their length as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened, outer margins evenly rounded with eight and nine large socketed denticles, respectively.
G. amydros = indistinct. Named in reference to its uninteresting habitus. A Latinized adjective.
Vietnam.
Xyleborus bellus Sampson, 1921: 31.
Coptodryas bella
(Sampson):
Holotype
(
Philippines: Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon Munc., Mount Palali basecamp, 16.46228; 121.21975, 722 m, 6.vi.2017, Siler Brachymeles Expedition 4, ex light collecting (
3.75–4.0 mm long (mean = 3.95 mm; n = 5); 1.88–2.05× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; pronotum anterior margin with a pair of conspicuous serrations; densely setose body; declivity obliquely truncate; elytral strial and interstrial punctures confused; declivital interstriae granulate; and pronotum type 5 when laterally viewed.
Coptodryas confusa.
Indonesia (Maluku), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines*, Thailand.
Recorded from Vatica (Dipterocarpaceae), and an unidentified genus of Euphorbiaceae (
Holotype
, female, 雲南:勐养 1000公尺 印度栲051 1962-V-10 采集者:宋士美 [China: Yunnan, Mengyang, 1000 m, 10.v.1962, Shimei Song, ex Castanopsis indica] (
2.7 mm long (n = 1); 2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense tuft of setae along the elytral base extending to interstriae 8; body glabrous except for pronotal and elytral bases; striae and interstriae uniseriate punctate; elytral disc strongly shiny, declivity shagreened; basal 1/2 of declivity strongly sulcate, sulcate area v-shaped, margined by costate interstriae 3, 5, 6, and sharply carinate interstriae 4; apical 1/2 of declivity subconvex, interstriae costate, denticulate to apex; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7; protibiae obliquely triangular; pronotum rounded, robust (type 5) when viewed laterally, and basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally.
Coptodryas amydra, C. concinna, C. elegans, C. nudipennis.
(female). 2.7 mm long (n = 1); 2.7× as long as wide. Body, antenna, and legs dark brown. Body glabrous except for pronotal and elytral bases. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, strongly shagreened, alutaceous, punctate, punctures fine, dense, setose, setae long, erect, hair-like. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrowly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick. Pedicel as wide as scape. Pronotum: 0.69× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 2/3, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of five serrations. In lateral view rounded and robust, type 5, disc flat, summit at apical 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc shagreened, weakly rugose, impunctate glabrous. Some longer hair-like setae at anterior and lateral margins and a dense narrow median tuft along base laterally extending to striae 3. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base weakly bisinuate, posterior angles acutely rounded, almost subquadrate. Elytra: 1.53× as long as wide, 2.22× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, convex, slightly raised above elytral surface. Elytral mycangium setal tuft along elytral base dense, extending to interstriae 8. Elytral base bisinuate, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 2/3, then rounded to apex. Disc flat, strongly shiny, striae weakly impressed, with large deep punctures separated by less than 1–2 diameters of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, minutely uniseriate punctate, punctures sparse, spaced 2–4 diameters of a puncture, glabrous. Declivity occupying approximately 2/3 of elytral length, glabrous, basal 1/2 of strongly sulcate, sulcate area v-shaped, margined by costate interstriae 3, 5, 6, and sharply carinate interstriae 4, apical 1/2 of declivity subconvex, strongly shagreened; interstriae costate and denticulate to apex; striae punctate, punctures much larger and deeper than those of disc; interstriae impunctate and densely and uniseriate granulate from base to apex. Posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece bulging. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six large socketed denticles, their length as longer than basal width. Mesotibiae flattened, outer margins evenly rounded with nine large socketed denticles.
L. carinatus = keeled. In reference to the profoundly large carinae on the declivity. An adjective.
China (Yunnan).
This species is known from Castanopsis indica (Fagaceae).
The holotype is missing the antennal funicles and club and metatibiae. Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
Xyleborus concinnus Beeson, 1930: 214.
Coptodryas concinnus
(Beeson):
Xyleborus flexicostatus
Schedl, 1942c: 31. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus concinnus (
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
2.3 mm long (mean = 2.3 mm; n = 4); 2.09–2.3× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense tuft of setae along the elytral base extending to interstriae 4; body glabrous except for pronotal and elytral bases; striae and interstriae uniseriate punctate, elytral disc strongly shiny; declivity shagreened; declivity bisulcate, interstriae 2 and 3 moderately depressed, interstriae 4–7 carinate, interstriae 4 strongly tumescent and sharply carinate from base to apical 1/4; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7; protibiae distinctly triangular; pronotum rounded, robust (type 5) when viewed laterally and rounded (type 1) when viewed dorsally.
Coptodryas amydra, C. carinata, C. elegans, C. nudipennis.
China* (Hong Kong), India (West Bengal), Indonesia (Java), Myanmar, Thailand.
Recorded from Albizia (Fabaceae), Camellia (Theaceae), Dimocarpus (Sapindaceae) and Lansium (Meliaceae) (
Records of Coptodryas elegans (Sampson) in
Coptodryas confusa Hopkins, 1915a: 54.
Xyleborus cryphaloides
Schedl, 1942a: 191. Synonymy:
Holotype
Coptodryas confusa (
1.8–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.18 mm; n = 5); 2.0–2.25× as long as wide. This species can be identified from all other species in the region by its unique mycangia that include both typical elytral mycangia with conspicuous medial tufts of setae and a pair of pit mycangia located near the pronotal base. In addition, the protibiae have evenly rounded outer margins; elytral strial and interstrial punctures confused; interstriae tuberculate; elytra setose; pronotum tall (type 2) when laterally viewed; and pronotum anterior margin unarmed by a row of serrations.
Coptodryas bella.
Brunei, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
Apparently highly host-selective and recorded only from trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae (
Xyleborus elegans Sampson, 1923: 288.
Coptodryas elegans
(Sampson):
Syntype
(
China: 28.iv.1938, Litchi chinensis (
2.1–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.29 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense tuft of setae along the elytral base extending to interstriae 8; body glabrous except for pronotal and elytral bases; striae and interstriae uniseriate punctate; elytral disc strongly shiny, declivity shagreened; declivity bisulcate, interstriae 2 to striae 3 weakly to moderately depressed, interstriae 4–7 carinate, interstriae 4 moderately tumescent and sharply carinate from base to apical 1/2; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7; protibiae obliquely triangular; pronotum rounded, robust (type 5) when viewed laterally, and rounded (type 1) when viewed dorsally.
Coptodryas concinna, C. nudipennis.
China* (no specified province), India (Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java), Vietnam.
Recorded from three different families of trees and probably polyphagous (
Records of this species in
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., 11.42854, 107.42544, 148 m, 23.ii.2017, VN98, A.I. Cognato, T.A. Hoang, ex 5 cm diameter branches (
3.1–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.14 mm; n = 5); 2.38–2.46× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the lack of a tuft of setae along the elytral base; declivity rounded; elytra shiny; striae and interstriae distinct; interstrial punctures confused; body lightly setose; antennal club as broad as tall; protibiae distinctly triangular; pronotum basic (type 0) when viewed laterally, basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally; and anterior margin of the pronotum without a row of serrations.
This species strongly resembles Xylosandrus formosae which also lacks a distinct mycangial tuft (at the base of the pronotum) and both have triangular protibia. Coptodryas inornata is distinguished by the reduced scutellum, antennal club type 3 (as described for genus), and elytral base bisinuate and costate.
Microperus fulvulus, Xylosandrus formosae.
(female). 3.1–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.14 mm; n = 5); 2.38–2.46× as long as wide. Pronotum, head, antennae, and legs light brown, elytra darker brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, alutaceous, subshiny, punctate, punctures large, shallow, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum distinctly triangular, flat, flush with genae. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, flattened, type 4; segment 1 corneous, small, convex; segment 2 larger than segment 1, narrow, transverse, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.72× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, type 2, sides parallel in basal 2/3, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc shiny with dense minute punctures, densely setose, setae short erect hair-like, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base weakly bisinuate, posterior angles acutely rounded, almost subquadrate. Elytra: 1.4× as long as wide, 1.96× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, convex, slightly raised above elytral surface. Elytral mycangium setal tuft of absent. Elytral base bisinuate, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 2/3, then rounded to apex. Disc flat, shiny, striae not impressed, with small shallow punctures separated by 2–3 diameters of a puncture, setose, setae short, recumbent, hair-like; interstriae flat, minutely and confusedly punctate, setose, setae 2× as long as strial setae, erect, hair-like. Declivity occupying approximately 2/5 of elytral length, rounded, face convex, strongly shiny; striae flat, setose, setae as described for disc, punctate, punctures similar in size to those of disc; interstriae 1–3 parallel, interstriae densely covered with long, erect hair-like setae; interstriae impunctate, densely and uniformly uniseriately granulate from base to apex, setose, setae as described for disc. Posterolateral margin distinctly carinate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece short, inconspicuous. Protibiae distinctly triangular, broadest at apical 1/4; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six or seven large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with 9–11 and eight large socketed denticles, respectively.
L. inornatus = unadorned. In reference to the atypical unsculptured declivity. An adjective.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Xyleborus mus Eggers, 1930: 203.
Microperus mus
(Eggers):
Coptodryas mus
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
China: Guizhou, Pingtang, 7.vi.1978, Luyi Luo, ex Carya sp. (
2.3–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.4 mm; n = 5); 2.4–2.67× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its elongate form with acuminate elytral apex and gradual declivity; elytra shagreened; striae and interstriae distinct, interstrial punctures confused; body moderately setose; antennal club as long as wide; protibiae distinctly triangular; pronotum basic (type 0) when viewed laterally, basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally; and pronotum anterior margin with a row of six equally sized serrations.
Tricosa metacuneolus.
Bangladesh, China* (Guizhou), India (Sikkim, West Bengal), Vietnam*.
Recorded from Gmelina (Lamiaceae) and Michelia (Magnoliaceae) (
Xyleborus nudipennis Schedl, 1951a: 63.
Coptodryas nudipennis
(Schedl):
Holotype
(
2.0–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.1 mm; n = 5); 2.2–2.22× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the dense tuft of setae along the elytral base extending to interstriae 6; body glabrous except for pronotal and elytral bases; striae and interstriae uniseriate; elytral disc strongly shiny; declivity shagreened; declivital face subconvex, interstriae 2 and 3 depressed, remaining interstriae slightly tumescent; pronotum rounded and robust, type 5, when viewed laterally, rounded, type 1, when viewed dorsally; and anterior margin of the pronotum without a distinct row of serrations.
Coptodryas amydra, C. carinata, C. concinna, C. elegans.
Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Xyleborus quadricostatus Schedl, 1942c: 30.
Coptodryas quadricostata
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
3.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.0× as long as wide (
None.
‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from Campnosperma (Anacardiaceae), Garcinia (Clusiaceae), Shorea leprosula, S. parvifolia (Dipterocarpaceae), and Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae) (
Cryptoxyleborus Wood & Bright, 1992: 828.
Cryptoxyleborus
Schedl, 1937a: 550. Unavailable name (see
Cryptoxyleborus naevus Schedl, 1937a; original designation.
1.75–4.4 mm, and elongate, 3.0–4.17× as long as wide, with elytral apex attenuate or acuminate. Cryptoxyleborus is recognized by the distinctive pit mycangia located on the elytra either near the scutellum or along the base (two species without pit mycaniga); scutellum is on the anterior slope and appears absent when viewed dorsally; protibiae slender and rugose on the posterior face; and procoxae contiguous.
Fraudatrix, Tricosa, Xyleborinus.
Occurring in tropical Asia and New Guinea, possibly introduced to Australia.
This consists of an unbranched entrance tunnel leading to a single terminal brood chamber in the longitudinal plane (
All species of Cryptoxyleborus with known hosts only attack trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae (
1 | Elytra without mycangial pits (Fig. |
2 |
– | Elytra with mycangial pits on basal slope or near scutellum on dorsal surface (Fig. |
3 |
2 | Larger, 2.0 mm and elongate, 3.3× as long as wide; elytral interstriae reticulate–punctate, punctures confused and very dense at the base of the disc | confusus |
– | Smaller, 1.4 mm and stout, 2.55× as long as wide; elytral interstriae distinctly seriate punctate, punctures not densely placed at the base | percuneolus |
3 | Pit mycangia present on dorsal elytral surface near scutellum (Fig. |
4 |
– | Pit mycangia present on basal slope of elytra (Fig. |
5 |
4 | Mycangial pits subtriangular; elytral apex truncate when viewed from behind, forming a small approximately oval, impunctate, flattened facet | barbieri |
– | Mycangial pits subcircular; elytral apex attenuate, lacking a flattened, apical facet | subnaevus |
5 | Elytral disc with a transverse, saddle-like depression in basal 1/2; interstriae bearing strongly hooked tubercles from basal 1/3 (Fig. |
eggersi |
– | Elytral disc without a transverse, saddle-like depression; interstriae bearing weakly hooked tubercles from at or behind elytral midpoint (Fig. |
6 |
6 | Mycangial openings in elytra base comprised of four round pits | quadriporus |
– | Mycangial openings in elytra base comprised of two transverse slits | 7 |
7 | Smaller, 2.35–2.6 mm; elytral vestiture uniseriate on all discal interstriae (except at base) | stenographus |
– | Larger, 3.2–3.3 mm; elytral vestiture irregularly biseriate on discal interstriae 2–4 | turbineus |
Cryptoxyleborus barbieri Schedl, 1953a: 128.
Lectotype
(
2.15–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.35 mm; n = 4); 3.31–3.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pair of subtriangular mycangial pits close to the scutellum on the dorsal elytral surface; antennal funicle 4-segmented; and elytral apex truncate when viewed from behind, forming a small approximately oval, impunctate, flattened facet.
Cryptoxyleborus subnaevus.
Brunei, Vietnam.
Cryptoxyleborus confusus Browne, 1950: 644.
Holotype
(
2.0 mm long (n = 1); 3.3× as long as wide (
Cryptoxyleborus percuneolus, Fraudatrix simplex.
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Only recorded from Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) (
Cryptoxyleborus eggersi Schedl, 1936c: 60.
Cryptoxyleborus dryobalanopsis
Schedl, 1942a: 184. Synonymy:
Xyleborus eggersianus
Schedl, 1960b: 110 (unnecessary new name for X. eggersi (Schedl 1936 nec
Lectotype
Cryptoxyleborus eggersi (
Laos: Kham Mouan, Ban Khoun Ngeun, 18°07'N, 104°29'E, ~ 200 m, 24–29.iv.2001, P. Pacholátko (RABC, 1). Philippines: v.1958, H. Milliron (
3.5–4.4 mm long (mean = 3.85 mm; n = 4); 3.14–3.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; large and broad mycangial pits on the basal slope of elytra; elytral disc with a transverse saddle-like depression; declivital interstriae bearing strongly hooked tubercles from basal 1/3; antennal funicle 4-segmented.
Cryptoxyleborus quadriporus, C. stenographus, C. turbineus.
Brunei, Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam.
Recorded from Balanocarpus, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops and Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) (
A lectotype for the species was designated by
Xyleborus percuneolus Schedl, 1951a: 85.
Xyleborinus percuneolus
(Schedl):
Cryptoxyleborus percuneolus
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
1.4 mm long (n = 1); 2.55× as long as wide (
Cryptoxyleborus confusus, Fraudatrix simplex.
Indonesia (Java), East Malaysia, Thailand.
No host records are known but hosts are presumably similar to other Cryptoxyleborus which are specific to Dipterocarpaceae (
One gallery system investigated consisted of an unbranched entrance tunnel leading to a single terminal brood chamber enlarged in the longitudinal plane, with multiple tunnels extending further into the wood (
Cryptoxyleborus quadriporus Beaver, 1990: 281.
Holotype
(
Thailand: Chiang Mai, Fang, 12–19.iv.1958, T.C. Maa (
3.2–3.3 mm long (n = 2); 3.2–3.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the two distinctive pairs of round mycangial pits along the basal slope of elytra; and antennal funicle 4-segmented.
Cryptoxyleborus eggersi, C. stenographus, C. turbineus.
Thailand.
Unknown.
Only two specimens of this species are known, both from Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Xyleborus stenographus Schedl, 1971b: 383.
Cryptoxyleborus stenographus
(Schedl):
Holotype
(
Laos: Sekong, ~ 12 km S Sekong, Taofaek waterfall, 15°14.7'N, 106°45.1'E, 118 m, at light, 12.v.2010, J. Hájek, (MHNP, 1).
2.35–2.6 mm long (mean = 2.46 mm; n = 4); 3.0–3.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex acuminate; two mycangial pits broad and narrow on basal slope of elytra; declivital interstriae denticulate; and antennal funicle 4-segmented.
This species most closely resembles C. turbineus and is distinguished by the smaller size and by the elytral vestiture uniseriate on all discal interstriae (except at base).
Cryptoxyleborus eggersi, C. quadriporus, C. turbineus.
Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos*, Thailand.
Unknown.
Cryptoxyleborus subnaevus Schedl, 1937a: 552.
Lectotype
(
Laos: Vientiane, Gi Sion vill. De Tha Ngone, 28.ii.1965, J.L. Gressitt, light trap (
2.2–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.46 mm; n = 5); 3.29–4.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pair of subcircular mycangial pits close to the scutellum on the dorsal elytral surface; antennal funicle 4-segmented; and attenuate elytral apex.
Cryptoxyleborus barbieri.
Australia, ‘Borneo’, Brunei, India (Kerala), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded from Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Pentacme, and Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) (
Xyleborus turbineus Sampson, 1923: 288.
Cryptoxyleborus turbineus
(Sampson):
Syntype
(
3.2–3.3 mm long (mean = 3.26 mm; n = 4); 3.2–3.3× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex acuminate; two mycangial pits broad and narrow on basal slope of elytra; declivital interstriae denticulate; and antennal funicle 4-segmented.
This species most closely resembles C. stenographus and is distinguished by the larger size and elytral vestiture irregularly biseriate on discal interstriae 2–4.
Cryptoxyleborus eggersi, C. quadriporus, C. stenographus.
India (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam.
Recorded from Pentacme and Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) (
Cyclorhipidion Hagedorn, 1912b: 355.
Terminalinus
Hopkins, 1915a: 10. Synonymy:
Notoxyleborus
Schedl, 1934b: 84. Synonymy:
Kelantanius
Nunberg, 1961: 621. Synonymy:
Cyclorhipidion pelliculosum Hagedorn, 1912b; original designation.
1.7–5.0 mm, very stout to very elongate (2.19–3.67× as long as wide) with elytral apex entire and variable declivital forms. Cyclorhipidion is a morphologically variable genus. However species can largely be distinguished by their distinctive appearance with most of body covered with dense pubescence and very abundant minute punctures, elytral disc with confused interstrial punctures, pronotum and elytra rounded, typically with no conspicuous edges or carinae, antennal club flattened, type 3 (types 4 and 5 rare), visible scutellum, protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge (rarely obliquely triangular), procoxae contiguous and lack of mycangial tufts. Several species have obliquely truncate or truncate declivities.
Fraudatrix and Truncaudum are very similar to small Cyclorhipidion species and are distinguished by the obliquely truncate type 2 antennal club. Tricosa is also similar and is distinguished by the distinctly triangular protibiae.
Anisandrus, Dryoxylon, Fraudatrix, Tricosa, Truncaudum.
Occurring in temperate and tropical forests worldwide with the exception of South America. Three species have been introduced to the United States. (
Usually consists of an unbranched entrance tunnel leading to a single narrow brood chamber, which may be quite large, in the longitudinal plane (
Some species of Cyclorhipidion have a strong host preference for trees of the family Fagaceae. These species occur especially in areas where this family is abundant in the forests (
1 | Elytral disc with a median shallow saddle-like impression (Fig. |
2 |
– | Elytral disc without a median shallow saddle-like impression (Fig. |
3 |
2 | Elytral apex armed by two or three pairs of large sharp spines, their length longer than basal width; declivital face steep, flat, unarmed by tubercles, one or two small granules on declivital interstriae 1 and 3 near upper margin | miyazakiense |
– | Elytral apex armed by two pairs moderate teeth, their apices blunt, and their length no longer than basal width; declivital face steeply convex, tuberculate and granulate | armiger |
3 | Declivity moderately to strongly sulcate between suture and interstriae 3 (Fig. |
4 |
– | Declivity convex or flattened; interstriae 1 armed by granules, denticles or tubercles (Fig. |
5 |
4 | Declivity sulcate to interstriae 3; interstriae 3 bearing five tubercles along its length; smaller, 2.1–2.3 mm | japonicum |
– | Declivity sulcate to interstriae 4; interstriae 3 only armed by two granules near base; larger, 2.5 mm | neocavipenne |
5 | Anterior margin of pronotum with a row of serrations (Fig. |
6 |
– | Anterior margin of pronotum without a row of serrations (Fig. |
8 |
6 | Antennal club circular, type 5, lacking sutures on anterior and posterior faces (Fig. |
sisyrnophorum |
– | Antennal club wider than long, type 3, with three sutures visible on anterior face and 2–3 sutures visible on posterior face (Fig. |
7 |
7 | Anterior margin of pronotum serrate with serrations on a short continuously elevated recurved carina; posterolateral margin of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; larger, 5.5 mm | vigilans |
– | Anterior margin of pronotum serrate and without a carina; posterolateral margin of elytra rounded; smaller, 3.5–4.1 mm | pruinosum |
8 | Eyes almost entire; declivity with scale-like setae | fouqueti |
– | Eyes moderately to deeply emarginate; declivity with hair-like setae | 9 |
9 | Declivital interstriae 2 armed, bearing granules, denticles or tubercles | 11 |
– | Declivital interstriae 2 unarmed by granules, denticles or tubercles (excluding apical margin) | 22 |
10 | Declivity obliquely truncate or truncate, separation between disc and declivity abrupt (Fig. |
11 |
– | Declivity variably rounded (gradually, evenly or steeply), separation between disc and declivity gradual (Fig. |
15 |
11 | Declivity truncate, declivital margins forming a costate and tuberculate circumdeclivital ring (Fig. |
12 |
– | Declivity obliquely truncate, declivital margins costate and granulate or tuberculate to interstriae 7, never forming a circumdeclivital ring (Fig. |
13 |
12 | Declivital face rugose and coarsely sculptured, distinctly sulcate on basal 1/2, striae 1 more deeply impressed than striae 2 or 3; interstriae 1 inflated on apical 1/3 and interstriae 2 and 3 flat | truncaudinum sp. nov. |
– | Declivital face smooth, feebly sulcate on basal 1/4; striae clearly, uniformly impressed; and interstriae inflated | umbratum |
13 | Declivity strongly shiny; pronotum wider than long; more elongate, 3.13× as long as wide | amputatum sp. nov. |
– | Declivity shagreened and dull; pronotum longer than wide; stouter, 2.54–2.83× as long as wide | 14 |
14 | Pronotum subquadrate from dorsal view (type 3); declivital interstrial punctures replaced by a single row of tubercles. | muticum sp. nov. |
– | Pronotum basic from dorsal view (type 2) with rounded anterior margin; declivital interstriae densely covered in multiseriate rows of tubercles | circumcisum |
15 | Base of elytral disc with seriate striae and confused interstriae; strial punctures larger than interstrial punctures (Fig. |
16 |
– | Base of elytral disc with confused striae and interstriae; strial punctures as large as interstrial punctures (Fig. |
19 |
16 | Declivity sulcate between suture and striae 1; tubercles on interstriae 2 larger than those of interstriae 1 and 3; pronotal disc coarsely punctate; larger size, 4.1–4.2 mm | ohnoi |
– | Declivity convex; tubercles on interstriae 1 larger than those of interstriae 2 and 3; pronotal disc finely punctate; smaller size, 2.5–3.1 mm | 17 |
17 | Declivity very steeply rounded; granules present on no more than apical 1/3 of declivity | tenuigraphum , in part |
– | Declivity gradually rounded; granules present along entire length of interstriae 2 | 18 |
18 | Elytral apex and posterolateral margin armed with alternating spines and denticles, a single spine on each interstria and a smaller denticle on each stria from suture to interstriae 7; elytral interstriae tuberculate with three large equally spaced tubercles along interstriae 1 and 3, those of interstriae 3 smaller | denticauda sp. nov. |
– | Elytral apex and posterolateral margin granulate; declivital interstriae armed with a row of moderately spaced uniseriate granules | pilipenne |
19 | Declivital slope strongly and evenly rounded (Fig. |
perpilosellum |
– | Declivital slope gentle, gradual (Fig. |
20 |
20 | Posterolateral margin of elytra granulate; declivital striae weakly impressed; granules on interstriae 1–3 approximately equal in size; larger, 3.9–4.1 mm | petrosum sp. nov. |
– | Posterolateral margin of elytra costate and granulate; declivital striae not impressed, punctures small, indistinct; granules on interstriae 1 larger than those of 2 or 3; smaller, 3.25 mm | xyloteroides |
21 | Declivity truncate, surrounded by circumdeclivital carina; interstriae 3 unarmed; anterior margin of pronotum subquadrate; larger, 4.2 mm | amasoides sp. nov. |
– | Declivity rounded or obliquely truncate; interstriae 3 armed by granules, denticles or tubercles; anterior margin of pronotum rounded; smaller, 1.65–4.1 mm | 22 |
22 | Declivity at least 1/3 of total elytral length evenly or gradually rounded (Fig. |
23 |
– | Declivity approximately 1/4 of total elytral length, very steep (Fig. |
24 |
23 | Declivity evenly rounded and convex; posterolateral margin of elytra rounded and granulate; declivital interstriae 1 with two large tubercles in median area; submentum deeply depressed below genae; smaller, 2.1 mm | obesulum sp. nov. |
– | Declivity gradually rounded; posterolateral margin of elytra carinate and granulate to interstriae 7; declivital interstriae 1 armed by a large denticle near the base and a small spine near the apex with the area in between appearing concave; submentum not depressed, flat, flush with genae; larger, 2.7–3.5 mm | pruinosulum |
24 | Declivital interstriae 1 with one row of seriate setae | 25 |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 with two or three rows of confused setae | 26 |
25 | Declivity obliquely truncate and flattened; pronotal anterior slope short, pronotal summit approximately at apical 25%; smaller, 1.65–1.8 mm | xeniolum sp. nov. |
– | Declivity steeply rounded and weakly convex or concave (atypical and rare individuals); pronotal anterior slope moderate, pronotal summit approximately at apical 35–45%; larger, larger, 1.9–2.2 mm | bodoanum |
26 | Declivital interstriae 2 setae uniseriate, in one row on apical 1/2 | 27 |
– | Declivital interstriae 2 setae biseriate, confused on apical 1/2 | 28 |
27 | Declivital interstriae 1 with three rows of confused setae; larger, 3.2–3.5 mm | pelliculosum |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 with two rows of confused setae; smaller, 2.75–3.0 mm | inarmatum |
28 | Declivital interstriae 1 with three rows of confused setae | distinguendum |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 with two rows of confused setae | tenuigraphum , in part |
Holotype
, female, India: Arunachal Pradesh, Hunli vicinity, 28°19'32"N, 95°57'31"E, 1300 ± 100 m, 26.v.2012, L. Dembický (
4.2 mm long (n = 1); 2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; declivity truncate; pronotum subquadrate from dorsal view (type 3); declivital face with three striae; declivity strongly tumescent from apex to basal 1/4 and laterally from sutural margin to striae 2; declivital interstriae 1 coarsely granulate, interstriae 2–4 minutely punctate, and surface shiny.
Amasa spp., Cyclorhipidion amputatum, C. circumcisum, C. muticum, C. truncaudinum, C. umbratum, all of which are large and have an obliquely truncate or truncate declivity.
(female). 4.2 mm long (n = 1); 2.8× as long as wide. Head and body dark red-brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface shiny, impunctate, alutaceous, feebly rugose. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/4; segment 2 broad, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.89× as long as wide. In dorsal view subquadrate, sides convex, type 3, narrowly rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc longer than anterior slope, type 7, disc flat, summit at apical 2/5. Anterior slope shagreened, with densely spaced, fine, narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent hair-like setae. Disc shiny, densely, finely punctate, glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.74× as long as wide, 1.9× as long as pronotum. Scutellum large, broad, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 4/5, then sharply angulate to apex. Disc ascending posteriorly, shiny, striae and interstriae densely setose, setae short, recumbent, hair-like; striae and interstriae laterally diverging from base to declivital summit; striae not impressed, punctures separated by 1–4 diameters of a puncture; interstriae flat, punctate, punctures minute, 1/2 size of strial punctures, strongly confused. Declivity occupying 1/3 of elytra, truncate, face strongly tumescent from apex to basal 1/4 and laterally from sutural margin to striae 2, strongly shiny; three striae present, striae not impressed, equidistant, strial punctures shiny, moderately sized, shallow, much larger than on disc, punctures irregular, variably spaced by 1–4 diameters of a puncture; interstriae setose, setae sparse, short, erect hair-like; interstriae 1 impunctate, coarsely granulate, granules increasing in size apically, interstriae 2–4 punctate, punctures minute, strongly confused, less than 1/2 size of strial punctures. Posterolateral margin forming a circumdeclivital carina; carina feebly rugose, setose, setae short, fine. Legs: procoxae contiguous. Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with nine moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with 13 and 11 moderate socketed denticles, respectively.
In reference to the likeness to Amasa. Noun in apposition.
India (Arunachal Pradesh).
Unknown.
The holotype is card mounted and ventral characters could not be examined. This species exhibits strong morphological convergence with Amasa. It is distinguished from Amasa by the type 3 antennal club with transverse sutures, subquadrate pronotum (type 3) that lacks serrations on anterior margin and the elytral disc densely setose with strial and interstrial punctures minute and strongly confused.
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°36.454'N, 105°52.083'E, 1661 m, 15.iv.2014, VN39, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex 3–6 cm branches '(
5.0 mm long (n = 1); 3.13× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; obliquely truncate declivity with rounded margins; pronotum wider than long and subquadrate from dorsal view (type 3); declivital interstriae punctures replaced by sparse, small, confused tubercles; declivital strial punctures large, distinct; declivital face appearing convex and strongly shiny; declivital striae clearly, uniformly impressed and interstriae inflated on apical 1/2.
Cyclorhipidion amasoides, C. circumcisum, C. muticum, C. truncaudinum, C. umbratum, all of which are large and have an obliquely truncate or truncate declivity.
(female). 5.0 mm long (n = 1); 3.13× as long as wide. Body, antennae, and legs red. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface subshiny, impunctate, alutaceous, rugose. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 2/5; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.96× as long as wide. In dorsal view subquadrate, sides convex, type 3, narrowly rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope shagreened, with densely spaced, fine, narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, densely, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.81× as long as wide, 1.89× as long as pronotum. Scutellum large, broad, linguiform, shiny, flush with elytra, flat. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 4/5, then sharply angulate to apex. Disc flat, shiny, striae and interstriae densely setose, setae long, semi-recumbent, hair-like, striae and interstriae strongly confused, indistinguishable; striae and interstriae not impressed, minutely punctate, punctures strongly confused, separated by 2–5 diameters of a puncture. Declivity occupying 1/3 of elytra, obliquely truncate, face convex, strongly shiny; five striae present, striae distinctly and uniformly impressed, striae 2 equidistant between 1 and 3, strial punctures large, distinct, subcontiguous to separated by two diameters of a puncture, subshiny, much larger than on disc; interstriae inflated on apical 1/2 of declivity, interstriae setose, setae dense, long, semi-erect hair-like; interstriae impunctate, coarsely tuberculate, tubercles sparse, small, strongly confused, variably sized. Posterolateral margin forming a circumdeclivital costa extending laterally to interstriae 7; costa granulate, setose, setae long, erect, fine, hair-like. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall and pointed. Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer margin, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with ten moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with 15 moderate socketed denticles.
L. amputatus = cut away, lopped off. In reference to the chopped appearance of the elytra. An adjective.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
The holotype is card mounted and ventral characters could not be examined.
Xyleborus armiger Schedl, 1953c: 28.
Lectotype
(
China: Jiangxi, Longnan County, Jiulianshan, 24.541347; 114.460357, 613 m, 03.vii.2018, Lv-Jia & SC Lai, ex Anacardiaceae (LYLC, 1). S. Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR), 22°10'N, 100°39'E, 700–1000 m, Div. Fallen, v.–vii.2009, L. Meng (
2.6–3.3 mm long (mean = 2.89 mm; n = 9); 2.5–2.71× as long as wide.
This species is distinguished by the elytral disc with a median shallow saddle-like impression; declivital interstriae 2 granulate; declivity very steep, posterolateral margin feebly costate; elytral apex bearing four denticles, one on each interstriae 1 and 2; declivital face bearing four equally sized and spaced tubercles along interstriae 1; and striae slightly impressed.
Cyclorhipidion miyazakiense, C. obesulum, C. xyloteroides.
China (Fujian, Jiangxi*, Sichuan, Yunnan), Thailand*, Taiwan*, Vietnam*.
Recorded only from an unknown genus of Anacardiaceae.
The holotype of was examined and is here transferred to Cyclorhipidion because of the following characters: most of body covered with dense pubescence and discal strial and interstrial punctures strongly confused, pronotum and elytra rounded, with no conspicuous edges or carinas, semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge, antennal club type 3, visible scutellum and lack of mycangial tufts.
Xyleborus bodoanus Reitter, 1913: 82.
Cyclorhipidion bodoanum
(Reitter):
Xyleborus punctulatus
Kurentzov, 1948: 52. Synonymy:
Xyleborus californicus
Wood, 1975b: 399. Synonymy:
Xyleborus misatoensis Nobuchi, 1981a: 146. syn. nov.
Holotype
Xyleborus misatoensis (
China: Fujian, Chong’an, Guidun, 1200 m, 7.v.1978, host: Cyclobalanopsis glauca [= Quercus glauca] (
1.7–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.03 mm; n = 4); 2.76–3.14× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the short, steep declivity that is approximately 25% of total elytral length, armed with large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3, interstriae 2 always unarmed; posterolateral margins rounded; and declivital interstriae 1 and 2 setae uniseriate (Table
This species is a part of a challenging species group consisting of C. distinguendum, C. inarmatum, C. pelliculosum, C. tenuigraphum and C. xeniolum (Table
China (Fujian*, Heilongjiang, Hong Kong*, Guizhou*, Jiangxi*, Yunnan*), Japan, Laos, South & North Korea, Russia (Far East), Taiwan*, Thailand, Vietnam*. Introduced to Europe, USA (Wood 1975;
Like a number of other species of Cyclorhipidion, the species has a clear preference for trees in the family Fagaceae, and most records are from Quercus, with rare attacks on Castanea (
The holotype of Xyleborus misatoensis was compared to specimens of C. bodoanum from the United States and Asia. The specimens were found to be conspecific and X. misatoensis is here placed in synonymy.
Species | Declivital interstriae 1 setae | Declivital interstriae 2 setae | Lateral profile of declivity | Declivital interstriae 2 granulate | Total length (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
xeniolum | uniseriate | uniseriate | obliquely truncate | unarmed | 1.65–1.8 |
bodoanum | uniseriate | uniseriate | steeply rounded | unarmed | 1.7–2.2 |
inarmatum | 2 rows, confused | uniseriate | steeply rounded | unarmed | 2.8–3.0 |
tenuigraphum | 2 rows, confused | 2 rows, confused | steeply rounded | often on apical third | 2.7–3.0 |
pelliculosum | 3 rows, confused | uniseriate | steeply rounded | unarmed | 3.2–3.5 |
distinguendum | 3 rows, confused | 2 rows, confused | steeply rounded | unarmed | 2.5–3.1 |
Xyleborus circumcisus Sampson, 1921: 30.
Cyclorhipidion circumcisum
(Sampson):
Xyleborus obtusus
Eggers, 1923: 172. Synonymy:
Xyleborus subobtusus
Schedl, 1942a: 192. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus circumcisus (
3.3–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.43 mm; n = 5); 2.54–2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; declivity obliquely truncate, strongly shagreened and dull; pronotum longer than wide and basic from dorsal view (type 2); declivital interstriae densely covered in multiseriate rows of tubercles.
Cyclorhipidion amasoides, C. amputatum, C. muticum, C. truncaudinum, C. umbratum, all of which are large and have an obliquely truncate or truncate declivity.
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
The species has a strong preference for Fagaceae (Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Quercus) (
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°34.5'N, 105°52.4'E, ~1080 m, 14.iv.2014, VN20, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex branches (
2.95–3.1 mm long (mean = 3.02 mm; n = 2); 2.81–3.1× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital slope gentle, gradual; separation between the smooth, shiny elytral disc and shagreened declivity gradual, not sharply distinct; declivital striae weakly impressed, punctures large, distinct; declivital interstriae tuberculate with three large equally spaced tubercles along interstriae 1 and 3, those of interstriae 3 smaller; interstriae 2 granulate near base, interstriae 4 granulate along its length; and elytral apex and posterolateral margin armed with alternating spines and denticles, a single spine on each interstriae and a smaller denticle on each striae from suture to interstriae 7.
Cyclorhipidion ohnoi, C. petrosum, C. pilipenne.
(female). 2.95–3.1 mm long (mean = 3.02 mm; n = 2); 2.81–3.1 × as long as wide. Body red. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface subshiny, impunctate, alutaceous, rugose. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, shallowly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 2/5; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.24× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 7, disc flat, summit at apical 2/5. Anterior slope shagreened, with densely spaced, fine, narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, densely, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.92× as long as wide, 1.54× as long as pronotum. Scutellum large, broad, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 4/5, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc flat, strongly shiny, striae setose, setae short, semi-recumbent, hair-like, interstriae glabrous, striae not impressed, punctures uniseriate, spaced by two or three diameters of a puncture, interstriae minutely punctate, punctures 1/2 size of strial punctures, strongly confused, separated by five diameters of a puncture. Declivity occupying 2/5 of elytra, declivital slope gradual, rounded, strongly shagreened, separation between the smooth, shiny disc and shagreened declivity gradual, not sharply distinct; six striae present, striae 2 equidistant between 1 and 3, striae weakly impressed, punctures large, shallow, distinct, subcontiguous to spaced one diameter of a puncture, shagreened, much larger than on disc, glabrous; interstriae feebly convex, interstriae setose, setae dense, very long, erect hair-like; interstriae 1 laterally broadened from declivital summit to apical 1/3 then narrowed to apex, interstriae impunctate, tuberculate with three large equally spaced tubercles along interstriae 1 and three smaller tubercles on interstriae 3, interstriae 4 granulate, interstriae 2 denticulate near summit. Apex and posterolateral margin armed with alternating spines and denticles, a single spine on each interstria and a smaller denticle on each stria from suture to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall, conical. Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with seven moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with ten and 12 moderate socketed denticles, respectively.
L. dentis = tooth; cauda = tail. In reference to the declivity which is adorned with spines and denticles. Noun in apposition.
China (Jiangxi), Vietnam.
Unknown.
Xyleborus distinguendus Eggers, 1930: 205.
Cyclorhipidion distinguendum
(Eggers):
Xyleborus fukiensis Eggers, 1941b: 225. syn. nov.
Xyleborus ganshoensis Murayama, 1952: 16. syn. nov.
Neotype
Xyleborus distinguendus (
China: Beijing, 15.iv.1980, Peiyu Yu (
2.5–3.11 mm long (mean = 2.78 mm; n = 15); 2.6–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the short, steep declivity that is approximately 25% of total elytral length, armed with large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3, interstriae 2 always unarmed; posterolateral margins rounded; and declivital interstriae 1 setae in three confused rows and interstriae 2 setae in two confused rows (Table
This species is a part of a challenging species group consisting of C. bodoanum, C. inarmatum, C. pelliculosum, C. tenuigraphum and C. xeniolum (Table
China (Beijing*, Fujian, Hong Kong*, Jiangxi*, Yunnan*), India (Uttarakhand), Japan, Nepal, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam*. Recently established in the United States (
Recorded from Castanea, Lithocarpus, and Quercus (Fagaceae), and probably with a close association with Fagaceae (
Images of the X. distinguendus holotype were examined and compared to the X. fukiensis and X. ganshoensis holotypes and were found to be conspecific. Both X. fukiensis and X. ganshoensis are here placed in synonymy.
The declivity of C. distinguendum is highly morphologically variable in regard to numerous key features that are routinely used to diagnose other xyleborine species and each elytron of an individual often has a different arrangement of tubercles. When trying to identify C. distinguendum note that the characters listed above in the diagnosis are the only way to reliably identify the species. Characters such as surface luster, the number, size, and position of interstrial tubercles, declivital puncture size, interstrial convexity and strial impression are all highly variable. Variation in all these characters can be found in individuals from one locality and even from a single host (Smith, pers. obs.). Individuals exhibiting such variation were monophyletic in a molecular phylogeny using COI and CAD (
Xyleborus fouqueti Schedl, 1937b: 15.
Cyclorhipidion fouqueti
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
1.8 mm long (n = 1); 2.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its minute size; eyes that are nearly as large as the head and very weakly emarginated; and declivity bearing scale-like setae.
None.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
This tiny species is only known from the lectotype specimen which is point mounted with an excessive amount of glue. This mounting prevented the examination of most antennal and ventral characters, including the legs. It is likely that this species belongs in a different genus, potentially Tricosa, but these characters will need to be examined before the species can be transferred.
Xyleborus inarmatus Eggers, 1923: 209.
Cyclorhipidion inarmatum
(Eggers):
Xyleborus vagans Schedl, 1977: 504. syn. nov.
Lectotype
Xyleborus inarmatus (
Bhutan: Thimpu, km 125 Phuntsholing, 2300 m, 24.v.1972, Nat.-Hist. Mus Basel, Bhutan Expedition (
2.8–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.9 mm; n = 3); 2.8–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the short, steep declivity that is approximately 25% of total elytral length, armed with large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3, interstriae 2 always unarmed; posterolateral margins rounded; and declivital interstriae 1 setae in two confused rows, interstriae 2 setae uniseriate (Table
This species is a part of a challenging species group consisting of C. bodoanum, C. distinguendum, C. pelliculosum, C. tenuigraphum and C. xeniolum (Table
Bhutan*, China* (Yunnan), India (Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos*, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.
Recorded from Castanopsis and Quercus (Fagaceae), and probably with a close association with Fagaceae (
The holotype of Xyleborus vagans was compared with the lectotype of X. inarmatum and was found to be conspecific. Xyleborus vagans is slightly smaller than X. inarmatum but the specimens are identical in every other way. The specimens were found to be conspecific and X. vagans is here placed in synonymy.
Xyleborus japonicus Nobuchi, 1981a: 153.
Cyclorhipidion japonicum
(Nobuchi):
Holotype
(
China: [unspecificed province], northeastern China, DB07, A56, Wang (RJRC, 1). S. Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 28 km NW Jinghong, vic. An Ma Xi Zhan (NNNR), 22°12'N, 100°38'E, 700 m, forest, 25.iii.2009, L. Meng (RABC, 1); as previous except: 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban (NNNR), 22°09.49'N, 100°39.92'E, 730 m, rubber plantation, 15.vi.2008, A. Weigel (RABC, 1). Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1400 m, 18–22.x.2004, W. Puranasakul, ex EtOH trap (RABC, 2); as previous except: 6–27.vi.2005 (RABC, 1). [Chaiyaphum], Phu Khieo N.P., branch, vii.2005, Hulcr et al. (RABC, 1).
2.1–2.3 mm long (mean = 2.2 mm; n = 4); 2.81–3.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the small size; declivity obliquely truncate, moderately to strongly sulcate; pronotum elongate from dorsal view (type 9); declivity laterally sulcate to interstriae 3, interstriae 3 bearing five tubercles along its length.
Cyclorhipidion neocavipenne, C. xeniolum.
China* (Yunnan), Japan, Russia (Far East), South Korea, Thailand*.
Recorded only from Castanopsis and Quercus (Fagaceae) (
Xyleborus miyazakiensis Murayama, 1936: 144.
Cyclorhipidion miyazakiense
(Murayama):
Xyleborus armipennis
Schedl, 1953c: 27. Synonymy:
Xyleborus wakayamensis
Nobuchi, 1981a: 144. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Xyleborus armipennis (
China: Fukien [Fujian], Shaowu, Tachuland, 4.v.1943, T.C. Maa (
2.6–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.87 mm; n = 4); 2.5–2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc with a shallow median saddle-like impression; declivity very steep; declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 5; elytral apex bearing two single triangular spines at interstriae 1 and 3 that are at least the width of an interstria (additional smaller denticles may be present along posterolateral margin); and declivital face unarmed by tubercles.
Cyclorhipidion armiger, C. obesulum, C. xyloteroides.
China (Fujian, Guangxi*, Sichuan), Japan, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded only from Castanopsis and Quercus (Fagaceae) (
Holotype
, female, India: Arunachal Pradesh, Etalin vicinity, 28°36'56"N, 95°53'21"E, 700 m, 12–25.v.2012, L. Dembický (
4.0 mm long (n = 3); 2.67× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; declivity obliquely truncate, strongly shagreened and dull; pronotum longer than wide subquadrate from dorsal view (type 3); and declivital interstrial punctures replaced by a single row of tubercles.
Cyclorhipidion amasoides, C. amputatum, C. circumcisum, C. truncaudinum, C. umbratum, all of which are large and have an obliquely truncate or truncate declivity.
(female). 4.0 mm long (n = 3); 2.67× as long as wide. Body dark red-brown. Legs and antennae dark brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface shagreened, impunctate, alutaceous, moderately rugose. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/3; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.05× as long as wide. In dorsal view subquadrate, sides convex, type 3, narrowly rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 7, disc flat, summit at apical 2/5. Anterior slope shagreened, with densely spaced, fine, narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc shagreened, alutaceous, densely, finely punctate, setose, setae dense, long, fine hair-like. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles narrowly rounded. Elytra: 1.68× as long as wide, 1.6× as long as pronotum. Scutellum large, broad, linguiform, shiny, flush with elytra, flat. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 4/5, then sharply angulate to apex. Disc ascending posteriorly, shiny, basal 1/5 shagreened, striae and interstriae densely setose, setae long, semi-recumbent, hair-like, striae and interstriae strongly confused, indistinguishable; striae and interstriae not impressed, punctures strongly confused, separated by 2–5 diameters of a puncture. Declivity occupying 1/4 of elytra, obliquely truncate, face weakly convex, strongly shagreened, densely setose; six striae present, striae weakly impressed, striae 2 equidistant between 1 and 3, strial punctures large, shallow, subcontiguous, shagreened, much larger than on disc; interstriae weakly convex, interstriae very densely setose, setae long, semi-erect hair-like; interstriae impunctate, uniseriate tuberculate, tubercles numerous, moderately large and irregularly spaced. Posterolateral margin costate, granulate, extending laterally to interstriae 7; setose, setae long, fine, erect, hair-like. Legs: procoxae contiguous. Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with 9–11 moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with 16 moderate socketed denticles.
L. muticus = maimed, broken. In reference to the truncate declivity. An adjective.
India (Arunachal Pradesh).
Unknown.
The type series is card mounted and ventral characters could not be examined.
Xyleborus neocavipennis Schedl, 1977: 503.
Cyclorhipidion neocavipenne
(Schedl):
Holotype
(
Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1400 m, 2004, W. Puranasakul (RABC, 2).
2.5 mm long (n = 1); 3.13× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the small size; declivity obliquely truncate and moderately sulcate; pronotum elongate from dorsal view (type 9); declivity sulcate to interstriae 4; and declivity only armed by two granules near base of interstriae 3.
Cyclorhipidion japonicum, C. xeniolum.
Thailand*, Vietnam.
Holotype
, female, China: S. Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR), 22°10'N, 100°39'E, 700–1000 m, v–vii.2009, L. Meng (
2.1 mm long (n = 1); 2.45× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc convex; declivity rounded; and elytral apex bearing a single, strong triangular spine at the end of interstriae 2.
Cyclorhipidion armiger, C. miyazakiense, C. xyloteroides.
(female). 2.1 mm long (n = 1); 2.45× as long as wide. Appearing bicolored: body, antennae, legs, elytral base light brown, remainder of declivity darker brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface subshiny, impunctate, alutaceous, finely rugose. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/3; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.17× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 7, disc flat, summit at apical 2/5. Anterior slope shagreened, with densely spaced, fine, narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc shiny, densely, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.2× as long as wide, 1.03× as long as pronotum. Scutellum large, broad, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 2/3, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc convex, shiny, striae and interstriae densely setose, setae very short, semi-recumbent, hair-like, striae and interstriae strongly confused, indistinguishable; striae and interstriae not impressed, minutely punctate, punctures strongly confused, separated by one diameter of a puncture. Declivity occupying 1/3 of elytra, declivital slope gradual, rounded, shagreened, separation between the smooth, shiny disc and shagreened declivity gradual, not sharply distinct; three striae present, striae 2 equidistant between 1 and 3, striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, distinct, spaced by one diameter of a puncture, shagreened, larger than on disc; interstriae feebly convex, setose, setae dense, long, semi-erect hair-like, apically increasing in length and thickness, each interstriae with two rows; interstriae 1 laterally broadened from declivital summit to midpoint then narrowed to apex, minutely punctate, punctures strongly confused, interstriae 1 with two large tubercles in median area (variable placement on each elytron), interstriae 2 unarmed, interstriae 3 with two equally spaced tubercles on apical 1/2; apex bearing a single, strong triangular spine at apex of interstriae 2. Posterolateral margin round, granulate. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece flat and inconspicuous. Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with six moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with eight moderate socketed denticles.
L. obesus = stout, plump; -ulum = diminutive suffix. An adjective.
China (Yunnan).
Unknown.
Xyleborus ohnoi Browne, 1980a: 375.
Cyclorhipidion ohnoi
(Browne):
Holotype
(
Taiwan: Fushan, iii.2015, J. Hulcr, ex Lithocarpus (UFFE, 1).
4.1–4.2 mm long (mean = 4.15 mm; n = 2); 2.73–2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; pronotal disc coarsely and densely punctured, strongly shagreened; elytra shiny; declivity impressed between suture and striae 1, interstriae 2 convex; and declivital interstriae 1 sparsely granulate, interstriae 2 and 3 each with a row of widely spaced large tubercles, those on interstriae 2 larger.
Cyclorhipidion denticauda, C. petrosum, C. pilipenne.
Taiwan.
Recorded only from Quercus (
Xyleborus pelliculosus Eichhoff, 1878a: 392.
Cyclorhipidion pelliculosum
(Eichhoff):
Xyleborus seiryorensis
Murayama, 1930: 25. Synonymy:
Xyleborus quercus
Kurentzov, 1948: 51. Synonymy:
Xyleborus starki
Nunberg, 1956: 209 (new name for X. quercus Kurentzov, 1948 nec Hopkins 1915). Synonymy:
Syntypes
Xyleborus seiryorensis (
Taiwan: Ilan Co., Fushan, 2000 m, 27.vi.1995, A. Warneke, ex light trap (RABC, 1); as previous except: 26.vii.1995 (RABC, 1).
3.2–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.3 mm; n = 5); 2.67–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the short, steep declivity that is approximately 25% of total elytral length, armed with large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3, interstriae 2 always unarmed; posterolateral margins rounded; and declivital interstriae 1 setae in three confused rows, interstriae 2 setae uniseriate (Table
This species is a part of a challenging species group consisting of C. bodoanum, C. distinguendum, C. inarmatum, C. tenuigraphum, and C. xeniolum (Table
China (Shanxi, Sichuan), Japan, South & North Korea, Russia (Far East), Taiwan*. Imported to USA (
Most records are from Castanopsis and Quercus (Fagaceae), but the species has also been recorded from Acer (Aceraceae), Juglans (Juglandaceae) and from Alnus and Betula (Betulaceae) (
Xyleborus perpilosellus Schedl, 1935a: 402.
Cyclorhipidion perpilosellum
(Schedl):
Xyleborus punctatopilosus
Schedl, 1936b: 532. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Xyleborus perpilosellus (
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR), 22°10'N, 100°39'E, 700–1000 m, v–vii.2009, L. Meng (RABC, 2); Xishuangbanna Sanchahe Nat. Res., 22°09.784'N, 100°52.256'E, 2186 m, 29–30.v.2008, A. Cognato, ex Quercus (
2.5–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.74 mm; n = 5); 2.08–2.31× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its very stout body; pronotum rounded from dorsal view (type 1); and lack of serrations on pronotum anterior margin; and uniseriate row of sparse, large tubercles on the declivity.
Cyclorhipidion pruinosum, C. sisyrnophorum.
‘Borneo’, China (Hainan, Yunnan*), India* (Arunachal Pradesh), Indonesia (Java), Laos*, West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded from Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, and Quercus (Fagaceae), and probably closely associated with that family.
The gallery system has few branches, and small, rather irregular brood chambers in the longitudinal plane (
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°34.118'N, 105°52.537'E, 1048 m, 12–17.iv.2014, VN9, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex FIT (
3.9–4.1 mm long (mean = 4.02 mm; n = 5); 2.58–2.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by large size; declivital slope gentle, gradual; separation between the smooth, shiny elytral disc and shagreened declivity gradual, not sharply distinct; declivital striae weakly impressed, strial punctures small, indistinct; declivital interstriae armed with a row of somewhat confused dense granules; and elytral apex and posterolateral margin armed with granules.
Cyclorhipidion denticauda, C. ohnoi, C. pilipenne.
(female). 3.9–4.1 mm long (mean = 4.02 mm; n = 5); 2.58–2.73× as long as wide. Body dark red-brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface subshiny, impunctate, alutaceous, rugose. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 2/5; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.89× as long as wide. In dorsal view subquadrate, sides convex, type 3, narrowly rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 7, disc flat, summit at apical 2/5. Anterior slope shagreened, with densely spaced, fine, narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, densely, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.82× as long as wide, 2.05× as long as pronotum. Scutellum large, broad, linguiform, shiny, flush with elytra, flat. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 4/5, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc flat, shiny, striae and interstriae densely setose, setae long, semi-recumbent, hair-like, striae and interstriae strongly confused, indistinguishable; striae and interstriae not impressed, minutely punctate, punctures strongly confused, separated by 2–5 diameters of a puncture. Declivity occupying 2/5 of elytra, declivital slope gradual, rounded, strongly shagreened, separation between the smooth, shiny disc and shagreened declivity gradual, not sharply distinct; six striae present, striae 2 equidistant between 1 and 3, striae weakly impressed, punctures small, shallow, indistinct, subcontiguous, shagreened, much larger than on disc; interstriae feebly convex, interstriae setose, setae dense, long, semi-erect hair-like; interstriae impunctate, coarsely granulate, granules dense, confused, variably sized. Posterolateral margin rounded, granulate. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall and pointed. Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with 11 moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with 14 moderate socketed denticles.
L. petrosus = rocky, stony. In reference to the granular declivity. An adjective.
Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
This species has only been recorded from Castanopsis (Fagaceae).
Xyleborus pilipennis Eggers, 1940: 140.
Cyclorhipidion pilipenne
(Eggers):
Paratype
(
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR), 22°10'N, 100°39'E, 700–1000 m, v–vii.2009, L. Meng (RABC, 2); Xishuangbanna Sanchahe Nat. Res., 22°09.784'N, 100°52.256'E, 2186 m, 29–30.v.2008, A. Cognato, ex Quercus (
2.5–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.86 mm; n = 5); 2.78–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by moderate size; declivital slope gentle, gradual; separation between the smooth, shiny elytral disc and shagreened declivity gradual, not sharply distinct; declivital striae weakly impressed, punctures small, indistinct; declivital interstriae armed with a row of moderately spaced uniseriate granules; and elytral apex and posterolateral margin granulate.
Cyclorhipidion denticauda, C. ohnoi, C. petrosum.
China* (Yunnan), Indonesia (Java), Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded only from Castanopsis (
Xyleborus pruinosulus
Browne, 1979 (in
Cyclorhipidion pruinosulum
(Browne):
Holotype
(
Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., 11.40817, 107.38098, 134 m, 20–22.ii.2017, VN81, A.I. Cognato, T.A. Hoang, ex FIT (
2.7–3.5 mm long (mean = 2.92 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.9× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its unique elytral sculpturing: declivital interstriae 1 armed by a large denticle near the base and a small spine near the apex with the area in between appearing concave.
None.
Brunei, East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Unknown.
Xyleborus pruinosus Blandford, 1896b: 214.
Cyclorhipidion pruinosum
(Blandford):
Xyleborus arcticollis
Blandford, 1896b: 217. Synonymy:
Xyleborus decipiens
Eggers, 1923: 182. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus pruinosus (
3.5–4.1 mm long (mean = 3.9 mm; n = 5); 2.19–2.56× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its stout body; anterior pronotum margin with a row of 5–7 serrations; antennal club type 3; and elytral interstriae granulate.
Cyclorhipidion perpilosellum, C. sisyrnophorum.
Chagos Is, Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
Polyphagous, but with a distinct preference for trees of the family Burseraceae (
Xyleborus sisyrnophorus Hagedorn, 1910a: 7.
Cyclorhipidion sisyrnophorum
(Hagedorn):
Holotype
(
India: N. Andaman, C.F.C. Beeson, 18.iii.193 [sic], ex unknown wood (
3.3–4.0 mm long (mean = 3.61 mm; n = 8); 2.2–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the type 5 antennal club which lacks visible sutures on both the anterior and posterior faces; anterior margin of pronotum with a distinct row of five serrations; and declivital interstriae 2 granulate and stout form.
Cyclorhipidion perpilosellum, C. pruinosum.
‘Borneo’, India (Andaman Is), Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia.
Recorded from Dryobalanops (Dipterocarpaceae), Xerospermum (Sapindaceae) and an unidentified species of Burseraceae (
Xyleborus tenuigraphus Schedl, 1953c: 29.
Cyclorhipidion tenuigraphus
(Schedl):
Lectotype
Xyleborus tenuigraphus (
China: Yunnan, Lijiang, v.1975, Zhizhong Zhang, ex Pistacia weinmannifolia (
2.7–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.84 mm; n = 4); 2.5–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the short, steep declivity that is approximately 25% of total elytral length, armed with large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3, interstriae 2 granulate on apical 1/3; posterolateral margins rounded; and declivital interstriae 1 and 2 setae in two confused rows (Table
This species is a part of a challenging species group consisting of C. bodoanum, C. distinguendum, C. inarmatum, C. pelliculosum, and C. xeniolum (Table
China (Fujian, Yunnan*), India* (Assam), Vietnam*.
This species has only been recorded from Pistacia (Anacardiaceae).
In his description Schedl lists the species as 2.3 mm long. The lectotype is 2.7 mm long. Xyleborus tenuigraphum was previously considered a synonym of X. fukiense by
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°36.454'N, 105°52.083'E, 1661 m, 15.iv.2014, VN39, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex 3–6 cm branches (
4.0 mm long (mean = 4.0 mm; n = 3); 2.67–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; truncate declivity surrounded by a granulate circumdeclivital costa; pronotum subquadrate from dorsal view (type 3); declivital interstrial punctures replaced by a single row of tubercles; declivital strial punctures large, distinct; declivital face with three striae, distinctly sulcate on basal 1/2, surface rugose, coarsely sculptured and appearing undulating; declivital striae impressed, striae 1 more deeply impressed; and interstriae 1 inflated on apical 1/3 and interstriae 2 and 3 flat.
Cyclorhipidion amasoides, C. amputatum, C. circumcisum, C. muticum, C. umbratum, all of which are large and have an obliquely truncate or truncate declivity.
(female). 4.0 mm long (mean = 4.0 mm; n = 3); 2.67–2.86× as long as wide. Body dark red-brown. Legs and antennae dark brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface subshiny, impunctate, alutaceous, rugose. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 2/5; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.95–0.97× as long as wide. In dorsal view subquadrate, sides convex, type 3, narrowly rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 7, disc flat, summit at apical 2/5. Anterior slope shagreened, with densely spaced, fine, narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, densely, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.62–1.87× as long as wide, 1.7–1.92× as long as pronotum. Scutellum large, broad, linguiform, shiny, flush with elytra, flat. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 4/5, then sharply angulate to apex. Disc flat, shiny, striae and interstriae densely setose, setae long, semi-recumbent, hair-like, striae and interstriae strongly confused, indistinguishable; striae and interstriae not impressed, minutely punctate, punctures strongly confused, separated by 2–5 diameters of a puncture. Declivity occupying 1/3 of elytra, truncate, face alutaceous, subshiny, appearing undulating, sulcate on basal 1/2; three striae present, striae distinctly impressed, striae 1 more deeply than 2 or 3, strial punctures large, distinct, subcontiguous, shagreened, much larger than on disc; interstriae setose, setae dense, long, semi-erect hair-like; interstriae convex, impunctate, coarsely uniseriate tuberculate, tubercles increasing in size apically; interstriae 1 strongly convex on apical 1/3. Posterolateral margin forming a circumdeclivital carina; carina granulate, setose, setae long, fine, erect. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall, conical. Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with ten moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with 15 moderate socketed denticles.
In reference to the likeness to Truncaudum. An adjective.
Vietnam.
Recorded from Lithocarpus (Fagaceae).
Xyleborus umbratus Eggers, 1941b: 223.
Cyclorhipidion umbratum
(Eggers):
Holotype (ZMFK).
China: Fujian, Jianyang, 2.v.1978, Fusheng Huang, ex Lithocarpus dealbatus (
3.8–4.1 mm long (mean = 4.0 mm; n = 4); 2.53–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; truncate declivity surrounded by a granulate circumdeclivital costa; pronotum subquadrate from dorsal view (type 3); declivital interstrial punctures replaced by a single row of tubercles; declivital strial punctures large, distinct; declivital face with three striae, feebly sulcate on basal 1/4, surface smooth; and declivital striae clearly, uniformly impressed; and interstriae inflated.
Cyclorhipidion amasoides, C. amputatum, C. circumcisum, C. muticum, and C. truncaudinum, all of which are large and have an obliquely truncate or truncate declivity.
China (Fujian).
Xyleborus vigilans Schedl, 1939b: 43.
Cyclorhipidion vigilans
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
5.5 mm long (mean = 5.5 mm; n = 5); 2.45–2.48× as long as wide (
Fortiborus spp.
Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded only from Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae) (
Holotype
, female, China: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Sanchahe Nat. Res., 22°09.784'N, 100°52.256'E, 2186 m, 29–30.v.2008, A.I. Cognato (
1.65–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.71 mm; n = 5); 3.09–3.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the short, obliquely truncate and flat declivity that is approximately 25% of total elytral length, armed with large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3; interstriae 2 always unarmed; posterolateral margins rounded; declivital interstriae 1 and 2 setae uniseriate (Table
This species is a part of a challenging species group consisting of C. bodoanum, C. distinguendum, C. inarmatum, C. pelliculosum and C. tenuigraphum (Table
(female). 1.65–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.71 mm; n = 5); 3.09–3.4 × as long as wide. Body, antennae, and legs light brown. Elytra slightly darker than rest of body. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface subshiny, impunctate, alutaceous, finely rugose. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, shorter than club. Pedicel narrower than scape, as long as funicle. Funicle 3-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular and flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately 2/5 of club; segment 2 narrow, soft; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.32× as long as wide. In dorsal view very elongate, rounded frontally, type 9, sides parallel on basal 3/4; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 8, disc flat, summit at apical 1/4. Anterior slope shagreened, with densely spaced, fine, narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, densely, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.79× as long as wide, 1.35× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderate, broad, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 4/5, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc flat, shiny, striae and interstriae moderately setose, setae long, semi-recumbent, hair-like, striae not impressed, punctures large, uniseriate, spaced by one diameter of a puncture; interstriae not impressed, minutely punctate, punctures less than 1/2 size of strial punctures, strongly confused, separated by more than five diameters of a puncture. Declivity occupying 1/4 of elytra, obliquely truncate, declivital slope very steep, flat, weakly medially concave between suture and interstriae 3, strongly shagreened, separation between the smooth, shiny disc and shagreened declivity distinct; three striae present, striae 2 closer to striae 1 than striae 3, striae weakly impressed, punctures very large, shallow, subcontiguous, shagreened, much larger than on disc; interstriae 1 and 3 feebly convex, interstriae 2 flat, interstriae minutely punctate, punctures seriate, interstriae 1 and 2 bearing a single row of setae on declivital face, interstriae 3 and 4 bearing two rows of setae, setae long, semi-erect; interstriae 1 with three tubercles, two on apical 1/4 and one on basal 1/3, interstriae 3 with three equally spaced tubercles, one at base, midpoint and on apical 1/4, interstriae 2 unarmed. Posterolateral margin rounded, granulate, extending to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall and pointed. Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with six moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae broad, flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with eight and seven moderate socketed denticles, respectively.
L. xenium = a gift to a guest; -olum = diminutive suffix. In reference to AIC’s appreciation of finding such a dainty species. A noun in apposition.
China (Yunnan), Thailand.
Known only from Castanopsis (Fagaceae).
Xyleborus xyloteroides Eggers, 1939b: 120.
Cyclorhipidion xyloteroides
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
Taiwan: Taichung Co., Dasyueshan Natl Forest, ex EtOH trap, 11.viii.2013, C-S. Lin (RABC, 1). Chiayi Co., Alishan, 2400 m 12–16.vi.1965, T. Maa, K.S. Lin (
3.25 mm long (n = 1); 2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc convex; declivity convex; posterolateral margin costate with a row of larger granules; elytral apex granulate; moderately large size; pronotal disc shiny, finely, densely punctured; declivital striae not impressed, both striae and interstriae punctures granulate, and of similar size, a row of slightly larger granules on interstriae 1 and 3, and a weaker row on interstriae 2; and declivital vestiture very fine and short.
Cyclorhipidion armiger, C. miyazakiense, C. obesulum.
Taiwan.
Unknown.
Debus Hulcr & Cognato, 2010a: 13.
Xyleborus emarginatus Eichhoff, 1878; original designation.
2.2–5.4 mm, 2.68–3.85× as long as wide. Debus is distinguished by the pronotal disc flat and elongate, pronotum from dorsal view long, rounded frontally (type 9, rarely type 7); elytral apex emarginate (except D. adusticollis in our region); elytra typically strongly excavated and explanate; first declivital interstriae broadened, laterally displacing strial punctures; protibiae distinctly triangular with fewer than six large denticles on lateral margin. In addition, mycangial tufts are absent, procoxae are contiguous and scutellum flat and flush with the elytra.
Streptocranus.
Common in tropical forests throughout South Asia to the far reaches of the Pacific Ocean.
This usually has a transverse surface gallery between the bark and wood, part of which is expanded by the larvae into a brood chamber in which many of them develop. Further branching tunnels penetrate directly into the wood. These too develop brood chambers in the longitudinal plane. Brood development proceeds normally in the wood, if the tree is debarked. In some species (e.g., D. adusticollis), surface galleries and brood chambers have not been observed (
1 | Elytral apex never explanate; elytral apices not prolonged beyond abdominal apex (Fig. |
2 |
– | Elytral apex explanate; elytral apices produced beyond the abdominal apex with posterolateral extensions (Fig. |
4 |
2 | Elytral apex entire; declivital sulcus deep | adusticollis |
– | Elytral apex emarginate; declivital sulcus shallow | 3 |
3 | Declivity minutely, finely punctate; smaller, 2.5–3.2 mm and more elongate, 3.2–3.6× as long as wide | pumilus |
– | Declivity densely, coarsely punctate; larger, 3.9–4.6 mm, and stouter, 2.7–2.9 × as long as wide. | detritus |
4 | Posterolateral extensions of elytra short, less than the width of apical emargination; declivity shallowly excavated (Fig. |
5 |
– | Posterolateral extensions of elytra long, at least as long as width of apical emargination; declivity deeply excavated (Fig. |
6 |
5 | Declivity impunctate except for a single row of punctures running from the upper margin to the inner margin of the second declivital spine and thence to the apical emargination | shoreae |
– | Declivity clearly, confusedly punctate | emarginatus |
6 | Elytra distinctly tapering apically from 1/3 length from base, a slight lateral constriction just behind second declivital teeth; length 3.3–5.4 mm | amphicranoides |
– | Elytra weakly tapering only in posterior 1/3 or less, lacking a lateral constriction; usually smaller, not more than 4.0 mm | 7 |
7 | Larger species, 3.7–3.9 mm; upper pair of spines on declivity short, conical, separated from lower pair by approximately the same distance as the second pair from the elytral apex | birmanus |
– | Smaller species, 2.2–2.5 mm; upper pair of spines on declivity longer, more sharply pointed, usually separated from the lower pair by a shorter distance than between the lower pair and the elytral apex | quadrispinus |
Tomicus adusticollis Motschulsky, 1863: 514.
Debus adusticollis
(Motschulsky):
Xyleborus vestitus
Schedl, 1931: 341. Synonymy:
Holotype
(
Laos: Vientiane, Ban Van Eue, 15.ii.1966, native collector, ex malaise trap (
2.2–2.7 mm (mean = 2.52 mm; n = 5); 3.57–3.85× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex entire, never explanate, appearing flat and broad; declivital sulcus deep; and small size.
Debus detritus, D. pumilus.
Brunei, China (Yunnan), Indonesia (Java), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Xyleborus amphicranoides Hagedorn, 1908: 379.
Debus amphicranoides
(Hagedorn):
Xyleborus amphicranoides latecavatus
Eggers, 1927b: 95. Synonymy:
Xyleborus amphicranoides parvior
Browne, 1981b: 601. Synonymy:
Syntypes
Xyleborus amphicranoides (
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 20 km NW Jinghong, vic. Man Dian (NNNR), 22°07.80'N, 100°40.05'E, 730 m, forest, 6.vi.2008, A. Weigel (RABC, 1). Vietnam: Ninh Binh, Cuc Phuong N.P., 7.iii.2018, 20.34932, 105.59669, 431 m, A.I. Cognato, S.M. Smith, VN 130, ex 8 cm diameter bole (
3.3–5.4 mm long (mean = 4.26 mm; n = 9); 3.23–3.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterolateral extensions of elytra long, as long as width of apical emargination; apex of posterolateral extensions with a denticle; declivity strongly excavated; and large size.
Debus birmanus.
China* (Yunnan), Indonesia (Java, Mentawai Is, Sumatra, Sulawesi), Laos, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus amphicranoides parvior has been considered to be a synonym of D. amphicranoides. As noted by
Xyleborus birmanus Eggers, 1930: 200.
Debus birmanus
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
3.7–3.9 mm long (mean = 3.8 mm; n = 2); 3.25–3.36× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterolateral extensions of elytra long, as long as width of apical emargination; apex of posterolateral extensions unarmed by a denticle; declivity strongly excavated; and moderate size.
Debus amphicranoides.
West Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus detritus Eggers, 1927a: 402.
Debus detritus
(Eggers):
Xyleborus maniensis
Browne, 1981a: 130. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus detritus (
3.9–4.6 mm long (mean = 4.22 mm; n = 5); 2.69–2.93× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex emarginate, never explanate, appearing flat and broad; declivital sulcus shallow; and large size.
Debus adusticollis, D. pumilus.
Indonesia (Java), East Malaysia, Thailand.
Unknown.
Xyleborus emarginatus Eichhoff, 1878a: 392.
Debus emarginatus
(Eichhoff):
Xyleborus exesus
Blandford, 1894b: 119. Synonymy:
Ips cinchonae
Veen, 1897: 135. Synonymy:
Xyleborus cordatus
Hagedorn, 1910a: 12. Synonymy:
Xyleborus palmeri
Hopkins, 1915a: 54. Synonymy:
Xyleborus terminaliae
Hopkins, 1915a: 54. Synonymy:
Xyleborus emarginatus semicircularis
Schedl, 1973: 92. Synonymy:
Syntype
Xyleborus emarginatus (MIZ). Syntypes Xyleborus exesus (
China: N Guangxi reg., Miaoershan, S slope, 1300–2000 m, 25–28.vi.1997, Bolm (RABC, 1).
3.3–3.6 mm long (mean = 3.48 mm; n = 4); 2.83–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterolateral extensions of elytra short, less than the width of apical emargination, and declivity shallowly excavated; declivity clearly, confusedly punctate.
This species is very similar to D. shoreae and is distinguished by the punctation of the declivity.
Debus quadrispinus, D. shoreae.
From India and southern China through southeast Asia, the Philippines and Indonesia to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in the East, northwards to Japan. Recorded in the study region from China (Fujian, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Nicobar Is), Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Strongly polyphagous (e.g.,
Xyleborus pumilus Eggers, 1923: 209.
Debus pumilus
(Eggers):
Xyleborus cylindricus
Eggers, 1927b: 94. Synonymy:
Xyleborus neocylindricus
Schedl, 1942a: 196. Synonymy:
Ips kelantanensis
Browne, 1955: 345. Synonymy:
Xyleborus ipidia
Schedl, 1972a: Synonymy:
Xyleborus planodeclivis
Browne, 1974: 70. Synonymy:
Holotype
Ips kelantanensis (
China: S Yunnan, 28 km NW Jinghong, vic. An Ma Xi Zhan (NNNR), 22°12'N, 100°38'E, 700 m, forest, EKL, 30.x.2008, A. Weigel (RABC, 1). India: Arunachal Pradesh, Etalin vicinity, 28°36'56"N, 95°53'21"E, 700 m, 12–25.v.2012, L. Dembický (
2.5–3.2 mm long (mean = 2.78 mm; n = 5); 3.25–3.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral apex emarginate, never explanate, appearing flat and broad; declivital sulcus shallow; and small size.
Debus adusticollis, D. detritus.
Australia, China (Xizang, Yunnan*), Fiji, India (Andaman Is, Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Maluku, Sumatra), Laos, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous.
Tomicus quadrispinus Motschulsky, 1863: 514.
Xyleborus quadrispinus
(Motschulsky):
Xyleborus fallax Eichhoff, 1878a: 392. syn. nov.
Xyleborus amphicranulus
Eggers, 1923: 204. Synonymy:
Xyleborus fastigatus
Schedl, 1935a: 402. Synonymy:
Holotype
Tomicus quadrispinus (
China: Jiangxi, Long Nan, 12.vii.2016, Lv-Jia, Lai, S-C., ex Cyclobalanopsis glauca (RABC, 1). S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 20 km NW Jinghong, vic. Man Dian (NNNR), 22°07.80'N, 100°40.05'E, 730 m, forest, 6.vi.2008, A. Weigel (
2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.36 mm; n = 5); 3.67–3.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterolateral extensions of elytra long, as long as width of apical emargination; declivity deeply excavated; small size; and typically bicolored appearance, with light brown pronotum and dark brown elytra.
Debus emarginatus, D. shoreae.
China* (Jiangxi, Yunnan), India (Assam), Indonesia (Enggano Is, Java, Maluku, Mentawai Is, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines*, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Vietnam.
Strongly polyphagous (e.g.,
Tomicus shoreae Stebbing, 1907: 39.
Xyleborus shoreae
(Stebbing):
Debus shoreae
(Stebbing):
Tomicus assamensis
Stebbing, 1909: 17. Synonymy:
Holotype
Tomicus shoreae (
China: Sichuan, Leibo, 800 m, 20.iv.1964, Fusheng Huang, ex fir (
3.0–3.8 mm long (mean = 3.34 mm; n = 5); 2.92– 3.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterolateral extensions of elytra short, less than the width of apical emargination and declivity shallowly excavated; and declivity impunctate except for a single row of punctures running from the upper margin to the inner margin of the second declivital spine and thence to the apical emargination.
This species is very similar to D. emarginatus and is distinguished by the punctation of the declivity.
Debus emarginatus, D. quadrispinus.
China (Guangxi, Sichuan*), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Laos, East Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous, possibly with a preference for Dipterocarpaceae (
Diuncus Hulcr & Cognato, 2009: 28.
Xyleborus papatrae Schedl, 1972a; original designation.
Small to moderately sized (1.5–3.0 mm) stout species (1.33–2.78× as long as wide). Diuncus species are distinguished by the antennal club truncate, type 1, segment 1 corneous and dominant on both sides; pronotum stout, with 4–6 serrations on anterior margin; pronotum from lateral view rounded, robust (type 5), from dorsal view rounded (type 1), rarely conical and angulate (type 6); declivity flat and broad, margins broadened and distinctly carinate, declivital base often armed with one or two pairs of denticles; protibiae obliquely triangular, with 3–5 large denticles, denticles distinctly longer than wide; scutellum visible and flush with the elytra; mycangial tufts absent; and procoxae contiguous.
Ancipitis, Leptoxyleborus, Xylosandrus.
Found in tropical Asia and Oceania, rare in Africa.
The gallery systems in Diuncus vary depending on the species and the size of the breeding material. There may be an entrance tunnel leading to a terminal brood chamber in the longitudinal plane (D. ciliatoformis); the gallery may branch in three dimensions and either have very irregular brood chambers (D. mucronatus), or lack brood chambers (D. javanus); in small stems, there are longitudinal branches in the center of the stem (D. haberkorni).
Diuncus species are usually mycocleptic, making use of the ambrosia fungi of other ambrosia beetles, and lack mycangia (
1 | Elytral summit unarmed (Fig. |
2 |
– | Elytral summit armed by denticles (denticles may be present posterior to saddle-like impression) (Figs |
3 |
2 | Declivity densely covered by recumbent setae on both the striae and interstriae, setae short, as long as one interstrial width; declivital striae 1 moderately impressed; 1.65–1.95 mm | ciliatoformis |
– | Declivity nearly glabrous, interstriae 2 and 4 with a sparse row of very long semi-erect hair-like setae, setae longer than the width of two interstriae; declivital striae 1 shallowly impressed 1.5–1.7 mm | justus |
3 | Elytral summit transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression (Fig. |
4 |
– | Elytral summit convex, without a saddle-like depression (Fig. |
5 |
4 | Declivital interstrial setae thick, scale-like, in uniseriate rows; and striae glabrous | javanus |
– | Declivital interstrial setae finer, almost hair-like, in two or three confused rows on interstriae 2–4; and striae setose, setae similar to those of interstriae | dossuarius |
5 | Declivity with uniseriate rows of small denticles along the entire length of interstriae 3, 5, 6; elytra and pronotum bicolored, darker on the apical areas | corpulentus |
– | Declivity armed only at summit of interstriae 1 and 3; elytra and pronotum unicolored | 6 |
6 | Declivity flat; declivital summit armed by two pairs of minute sharp denticles | quadrispinulosus |
– | Declivity appearing bisulcate; declivital summit armed by two pairs of large oblique denticles | 7 |
7 | Pronotum longer than wide; declivity appearing strongly bisulcate; interstriae 1 and 3–6 clearly convex giving the declivity a rugged appearance | mucronatus |
– | Pronotum as long as wide; declivity appearing weakly bisulcate; interstriae 1 and 3–6 flat to weakly convex giving the declivity a finely sculptured appearance | 8 |
8 | Smaller, 1.5 mm; pronotum conical frontally and angulate (type 6) in dorsal view; pronotal summit anterior to midpoint | mucronatulus |
– | Larger, 1.9–2.8 mm; pronotum rounded (type 1) in dorsal view; pronotal summit at midpoint | haberkorni |
Xyleborus ciliatoformis Schedl, 1953d: 81.
Diuncus ciliatoformis
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
China: Chongqing, Pengshui, 11.viii.2016, Tian-Shang (RABC, 1); Guizhou, Guiyang, East temple, viii.2015, Su, T-L. (RABC, 1).
1.65–1.95 mm long (mean = 1.78 mm; n = 5); 2.36–2.62× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the minute size; unarmed declivity; moderately impressed declivital striae 1; declivity densely covered by recumbent setae on the striae and interstriae; and lateral margin of the protibiae armed with four denticles.
Diuncus justus.
China* (Chongqing, Guizhou), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Taiwan, Thailand.
Recorded from Shorea, Vatica (Dipterocarpaceae) and Lithocarpus (Fagaceae).
This species had previously been considered a synonym of D. justus by
Xyleborus corpulentus Eggers, 1930: 198.
Diuncus corpulentus
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
China: Hainan, Wu-zhi-shan Town, 18.902N, 109.663E, 703 m, 2.xii.2016, Tian-Shang & Lv-Jia (RABC, 1). S-Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 37 km NW Jinghong, vic. Guo Men Shan, 22°14.48'N, 100°36.22'E, 1080 m, 10.x.2008, UWP MF, L. Meng (RABC, 1); as previous except: 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban (NNNR), 22°09.49'N, 100°39.92'E, 730 m, second[ary] for[est], 6.vi.2008, GS, A. Weigel (RABC, 1). Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR), 22°10'N, 100°39'E, 700–1000 m, v–vii.2009, L. Meng (RABC, 1). India: Arunachal Pradesh, Hunli, 28°19'32"N, 95°57'31"E, 1300 ±100 m, 26.v–1.vi.2012, L. Dembický, ex FIT (
1.6–3.2 mm long (mean = 2.66 mm; n = 5); 1.33–2.31× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc convex; declivital summit armed by three denticles along interstriae 2; declivital interstriae 3, 5, and 6 bearing a uniseriate row of denticles along its length; interstrial setae minute, strongly confused, recumbent, as long as length between setae; and bicolored elytra and pronotum that are darker at the apical areas.
Diuncus dossuarius, D. javanus.
China (Hainan, Xizang, Yunnan*), India (Andaman Is, Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Meghalaya*, West Bengal), Laos, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus dossuarius Eggers, 1923: 187.
Diuncus dossuarius
(Eggers):
Paratype
(
2.6 mm long (mean = 2.6 mm; n = 5); 2.0–2.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral summit transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression; declivital base armed by two pairs of denticles, one pair on interstriae 2 and the other on interstriae 3; bicolored elytra and pronotum that are darker on the apical areas; interstrial setae recumbent, finer, almost hair-like, in two or three confused rows on interstriae 2–4; and striae setose, setae similar to those of interstriae.
Diuncus corpulentus, D. javanus.
Brunei, Philippines, Vietnam.
Recorded from Swietenia, Toona (Meliaceae), and Ficus (Moraceae) (
Xyleborus haberkorni Eggers, 1920: 43.
Diuncus haberkorni
(Eggers):
Xyleborus approximatus
Schedl, 1951a: 77. Synonymy:
Xyleborus taichuensis
Schedl, 1952b: 64. Synonymy:
Xyleborus potens
Schedl, 1964a: 298. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Xyleborus haberkorni (
China: Fujian, Fuan, Shuyang, 2.x.2018, A. Ernstsons, ex EtOH trap (
1.9–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.28 mm; n = 5); 2.11–2.38× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral summit armed by two pairs of large denticles, one pair on interstriae 2 and the other on interstriae 3; pronotum approximately as long as wide, summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 punctate; declivity appearing weakly bisulcate; and interstriae 1 and 3–6 flat to weakly convex giving the declivity a finely sculptured appearance.
Diuncus mucronatus, D. mucronatulus, D. quadrispinulosus.
Bangladesh, China (Fujian*, Guangdong*, Guangxi*, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Jiangxi*, Yunnan*), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh*, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java), Japan (Ryukyu Is), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Imported to Africa (South Africa, Tanzania).
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus javanus Eggers, 1923: 188.
Diuncus javanus
(Eggers):
Xyleborus perdix
Schedl, 1939a: 351. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Xyleborus javanus (
2.5–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.62 mm; n = 5); 2.08–2.25× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral summit transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression; declivital base armed by two pairs of denticles, one pair on interstriae 2 and the other on interstriae 3; bicolored elytra and pronotum that are darker on the apical areas; declivital interstrial setae recumbent, thick, scale-like, in uniseriate rows; and striae glabrous.
Diuncus corpulentus, D. dossuarius.
Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
Xyleborus justus Schedl, 1931: 339.
Diuncus justus
(Schedl):
Xyleborus marginicollis
Schedl, 1936c: 64. Synonymy:
Xyleborus ciliatus
Eggers, 1940: 141. Synonymy:
Xyleborus apiculatus
Schedl, 1942a: 190. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus justus (
Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°34.5'N, 105°52.4'E, ~ 1080 m, 14.iv.2014, VN28, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex Cunninghamia branches (
1.5–1.7 mm long (mean = 1.65 mm; n = 5); 2.36–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the minute size; unarmed declivity; declivital striae 1 shallowly impressed; nearly glabrous appearance; and lateral margin of the protibiae armed with four denticles.
Diuncus ciliatoformis.
Australia, China (Fujian), Indonesia (Java), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Vietnam*.
This species has only been recorded from Cunninghamia (Cupressaceae).
The synonymy of Xyleborus apiculatus, X. ciliatus, and X. marginicollis with Diuncus justus needs to be reassessed using information from DNA as well as morphology.
Xyleborus mucronatulus Eggers, 1930: 199.
Diuncus mucronatulus
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
1.5 mm long; 2.37× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its minute size; pronotum conical frontally and angulate (type 6) in dorsal view; pronotal summit at anterior 3/8, basal 5/8 punctate; elytral summit armed by two pairs of large denticles, one pair on interstriae 2, the other on interstriae 3; pronotum as long as wide; declivity appearing weakly bisulcate; and interstriae 1 and 3–6 flat to weakly convex giving the declivity a finely sculptured appearance.
Diuncus haberkorni, D. mucronatus, D. quadrispinulosus.
India (West Bengal). The inclusion of Indonesia (‘Borneo’, Java) , Malaysia and Thailand in the distribution by
Recorded only from Mesua (Calophyllaceae) (
The species was found associated with Xylosandrus mesuae (Eggers) (
Xyleborus mucronatus Eggers, 1923: 191.
Diuncus mucronatus
(Eggers):
The holotype was destroyed in the bombing of UHZM in World War II (
China: Guizhou, Guiyang, Huaxi, 25.x.2015, Y. Li, ex trap baited with ipsenol + EtOH (
2.0–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.26 mm; n = 5); 2.33–2.78× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral summit armed by two pairs of large denticles, one pair on interstriae 2 and the other on interstriae 3; pronotum longer than wide; declivity appearing strongly bisulcate; declivital interstriae 1 and 3–6 clearly convex giving the declivity a rugged appearance.
Diuncus haberkorni, D. mucronatulus, D. quadrispinulosus.
China* (Guizhou*, Hong Kong*, Jiangsu*), Indonesia (Java), Japan, East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus quadrispinosulus Eggers, 1923: 189.
Diuncus quadrispinosulus
(Eggers):
Xyleborus parvispinosus palembangensis
Schedl, 1939b: 43. Synonymy:
Xyleborus parvispinosus
Schedl, 1951a: 78. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus quadrispinosulus (
Thailand: Narathiwat, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanct., 5°47'44"N, 101°50'07"E, lowland TRF [tropical rain forest], 1.ii.2015, W. Sittichaya (RABC, 1). Vietnam: N [Tuyen Quang], 160 km NNW Hanoi, NE env. of Na Hang, 150–200 m, 3–13.vi.1996, A. Napolov & I. Roma (RABC, 2).
1.8–1.9 mm long (mean = 1.82 mm; n = 5); 2.25–2.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral summit armed by two pairs of minute denticles, one pair on interstriae 2 and the other on interstriae 3.
Diuncus haberkorni, D. mucronatus, D. mucronatulus.
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Dryoxylon Bright & Rabaglia, 1999: 333.
Xyleborus onoharaensis Murayama, 1934; original designation.
2.2–2.4 mm and elongate (3.14–3.43× as long as wide). Dryoxylon is most easily distinguished by the anterior margin of pronotum in lateral view evenly arched, summit not elevated or evident; anterior margin of pronotum weakly emarginated at middle; declivity distinctly moderately sulcate; declivital face and lateral margins unarmed; submentum not impressed; comparatively few socketed denticles on the outer margin of the pro- (five), meso- (six) and metatibiae (five); scutellum flat, flush with elytra; procoxae narrowly separated; mycangial tufts absent; and elytra unarmed.
Dryoxylon is superficially similar to Cyclorhipidion which also has elongate species with a setose declivity but is distinguished by the unique pronotum described above. Dryoxylon may also be confused with Dryocoetini because of the reduced number of socketed denticles on the pro- and metatibiae (five).
Known only from China, Japan and South Korea. Introduced and established in USA.
Unknown. The biology of the only species in the genus, D. onoharaense has been investigated in the USA.
Dryoxylon was originally placed in the Dryocoetini. Molecular data clearly indicates that this genus belongs in the Xyleborini (
Xyleborus onoharaensis Murayama, 1934: 293.
Dryoxylon onoharaensum
(Murayama):
Dryoxylon onoharaensis
(Murayama):
Dryoxylon onoharaense
(Murayama):
Holotype
(
China: Guizhou, Guiyang, vi.2015, Y. Li, ex ethanol trap (UFFE, 1); as previous except: ix.2015 (UFFE, 1). Sichuan, Leibo, 800 m, 20.iv.1964, F. Huang, ex Cupressaceae 119 (
2.2–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.36 mm; n = 5); 3.14–3.43× as long as wide. As described for the genus. This species is most easily distinguished by the anterior margin of pronotum in lateral view evenly arched, summit not elevated or evident; anterior margin of pronotum weakly emarginated at middle; declivity distinctly moderately deeply sulcate; declivital face and lateral margins unarmed; and comparatively few socketed denticles on the outer margin of the pro- (five), meso- (six) and metatibiae (five).
Small Cyclorhipidion spp.
China* (Guizhou, Sichuan), Japan, South Korea. Introduced and established in USA (Rabaglia and Bright 1999;
Abies (Pinaceae), Acer (Sapindaceae) (
Eccoptopterus Motschulsky, 1863: 515.
Platydactylus Eichhoff, 1886: 25. Preoccupied by Goldfuss 1820.
Eurydactylus
Hagedorn, 1909: 733. (new name for Platydactylus Eichhoff, 1866 nec Goldfuss 1820). Synonymy:
Eccoptopterus sexspinosus Motschulsky, 1863 = Scolytus spinosus Olivier, 1800; monotypy.
2.5–4.2 mm and stout (2.06–2.3× as long as wide). Eccoptopterus is distinguished by the robust pronotum which is almost as large or larger than abdomen; pronotal base bearing a dense tuft of setae; pronotal disc asperate; elytra excavated with denticles around the margins and by the metatibiae conspicuously enlarged and flattened. In addition, the scutellum is flush with elytra and flat, and procoxae are contiguous.
Eccoptopterus is morphologically very distinctive and is not similar to other genera.
Throughout the tropical regions of Africa and Asia to New Guinea, Australia, the Solomon Islands and Samoa.
The radial entrance gallery leads to several branches in various planes, not penetrating more than 3–4 cm. In small diameter stems, the branches may be longitudinal. Enlarged brood chambers are absent.
1 | Declivity bearing more than three spines on each elytral margin; declivital armature consisting of two large spines closest to suture on declivital summit and many smaller, uniform-sized denticles on declivital margin | limbus |
– | Declivity bearing three spines on each elytral margin; largest spine near the declivital summit | spinosus |
Eccoptopterus limbus Sampson, 1911: 381.
Xyleborus auratus
Eggers, 1923: 193. Synonymy:
Xyleborus squamulosus
Eggers, 1923: 193. Synonymy:
Xyleborus squamulosus duplicatus
Eggers, 1923: 193. Synonymy:
Holotype
Eccoptopterus limbus (
3.5–4.2 mm long (mean = 3.73 mm; n = 5); 2.1–2.3× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of more than three spines on each elytral margin, declivital armature consists of two large spines closest to suture on declivital summit and many smaller, uniformly sized denticles on declivital margin.
Eccoptopterus spinosus.
China (Yunnan), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Sunda Is), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Elytral vestiture of this species is quite variable. In Asian specimens the declivity is covered with dense flattened scales while specimens from Papua New Guinea are covered by long setae. The shape, density and color of the scales are quite variable (
Scolytus spinosus Olivier, 1800: 9.
Eccoptopterus spinosus
(Olivier):
Eccoptopterus sexspinosus
Motschulsky, 1863: 515. Synonymy:
Xyleborus abnormis
Eichhoff, 1869: 282. Synonymy:
Platydactylus gracilipes
Eichhoff, 1886: 25. Synonymy:
Xyleborus sexspinosus multispinosus
Hagedorn, 1908: 377. Synonymy:
Xyleborus collaris
Eggers, 1923: 194.
Eccoptopterus sagittarius
Schedl, 1939b: 41. Synonymy:
Eccoptopterus sexspinosus pluridentatus
Schedl, 1942c: 49. Synonymy:
Xyleborus eccoptopterus
Schedl, 1951b: 154. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Xyleborus collaris (
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR), 22°10'N, 100°39'E, 700–1000 m, v–vii.2009, L. Meng (RABC, 2); as previous except: 25 km NW Jinghong, vic. Zhang Zhi Chang (NNNR), 22°11.06'N, 100°39.05'E, 780 m, rubber plantation, EKL, 12.v.2008, A. Weigel (RABC, 1); as previous except: 6.iv.2009, L. Meng (
2.5–3.7 mm long (mean = 2.9 mm; n = 5); 2.06–2.27× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the presence of three spines on each elytral margin, with the largest spine near the declivital summit.
Eccoptopterus limbus.
Throughout the tropical regions of Africa and Asia to New Guinea, Australia, the Solomon Islands and Samoa. Recorded in the study region from Cambodia, China* (Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Laos*, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
Following
Eccoptopterus spinosus is a morphologically variable species and represents a species complex that will require a more detailed investigation to address. COI sequences from specimens collected from Ghana, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia (Java), Taiwan, Vietnam differed from 12–18% between sites and CAD varied by 2–7% (
Euwallacea Hopkins, 1915a: 54.
Wallacellus
Hulcr & Cognato, 2010a: 27. Synonymy:
Xyleborus wallacei Blandford, 1896b; original designation.
1.8–5.7 mm, 2.08–3.6× as long as wide. Euwallacea is distinguished by a combination of homoplastic characters which include the pronotum typically tall with inflated anterolateral corners, appearing subquadrate to quadrate in dorsal profile (types 3, 4, 8), less commonly with rounded anterior margin (types 2, 4, 7); anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; pronotal disc alutaceous; declivital posterolateral margin with prominent costa or carina; elytral discal interstrial punctures seriate; declivity typically with very sparse setae; and antennal club truncate (type 2) or flattened (type 3), circular or taller than wide. In addition, the scutellum is flush with elytra and flat, mycangial tufts are absent, lateral margin of pronotum obliquely costate, and procoxae are contiguous.
Fortiborus, Planiculus, Xylosandrus.
Found throughout tropical South Asia and Oceania, rare in temperate East Asia. Six species, including three in the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex, have been introduced to North America (
This consists of branched tunnels, either in one horizontal plane or extending into three dimensions and penetrating deeply into the wood. Brood chambers are absent. In small diameter stems the galleries may be longitudinal.
Euwallacea species are in need of further taxonomic/phylogenetic investigation given evidence of several non-monophyletic species (
1 | Elytra as long as wide | aplanatus |
– | Elytra longer than wide | 2 |
2 | Declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened from declivital summit to apical 1/3 then narrowed to apex, with a large tubercle on apical 1/3 | similis |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 uniform in width | 3 |
3 | Protibiae obliquely or distinctly triangular | 4 |
– | Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge | 10 |
4 | Anterior margin of pronotum rounded, elongate, type 7 in dorsal view (Fig. |
5 |
– | Anterior margin of pronotum subquadrate or quadrate, types 3 or 4 in dorsal view (Fig. |
7 |
5 | Very elongate, 3.6× as long as wide | luctuosus |
– | Less elongate, 2.5–3.0× as long as wide | 6 |
6 | Posterolateral margin of declivity acutely carinate; declivital face sulcate armed only by one transverse row of four large granules at declivital summit, one on interstriae 1 and 3; larger, 2.5–2.75 mm | semiermis |
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity costate; declivital face convex, without a transverse row of granules at declivital summit, granules on declivital face; smaller, 2.4 mm | subalpinus sp. nov. |
7 | Protibiae with 7–9 socketed denticles on outer margins; very large, 4.6–5.7 mm | gravelyi |
– | Protibiae with 4–6 socketed denticles on outer margins; moderate to large, 2.8–4.6 mm | 8 |
8 | Strial punctures much larger on declivity than on disc; declivity typically opalescent | andamanensis |
– | Strial punctures on declivity and disc approximately equal in size; declivity strongly shiny | 9 |
9 | Declivity gradual, occupying apical ~40% of elytra; larger, 3.9–4.6 mm and less elongate, 2.54–2.79× as long as wide | destruens |
– | Declivity very steep, occupying apical ~20% of elytra; smaller, 3.4–3.9 mm and more elongate, 2.77–2.83× as long as wide | sibsagaricus |
10 | Anterior margin of pronotum rounded, basic, type 2 in dorsal view (Fig. |
11 |
– | Anterior margin of pronotum subquadrate or quadrate, types 3 or 4 in dorsal view (Fig. |
15 |
11 | Posterolateral margin of declivity granulate and carinate or costate | 12 |
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity carinate or costate and never granulate | 19 |
12 | Posterolateral margin of declivity costate; smaller, 1.8–1.9 mm | minutus |
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity carinate; larger, 2.4–4.2 mm | 9 |
13 | Elytral bases oblique, unarmed; posterolateral margin of declivity acutely carinate, elevated, giving the apical 1/3 of declivity transversely impressed appearance; larger, 4.2 mm | neptis sp. nov. |
– | Elytral bases weakly carinate, granulate; posterolateral margin of declivity moderately carinate, declivity convex, not transversely impressed; smaller, 2.4–3.0 mm | 14 |
14 | Strial punctures the same color as interstriae; distributed in submontane forests in northern India | malloti |
– | Strial punctures much darker colored than interstriae; distributed in lowland forests in Vietnam | geminus sp. nov. |
15 | Posterolateral margin of declivity costate and granulate (Fig. |
velatus |
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity carinate, never granulate (Fig. |
16 |
16 | Declivital interstriae 1 unarmed; tubercles on interstriae large | funereus |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 bearing a few granules or tubercles; granules or tubercles on interstriae small | 17 |
17 | Elytral bases weakly carinate; smaller, 2.8–2.9 mm and stouter, 2.24–2.33× as long as wide | testudinatus sp. nov. |
– | Elytral bases oblique; larger, 3.5–4.1 mm, and more elongate, 2.4–2.73× as long as wide | 18 |
18 | Tubercles on declivital interstriae 2 extending from base to apex; declivity gradually sloped; declivital strial punctures shallow, giving the declivity a smooth appearance; smaller, 3.5–3.9 mm | interjectus |
– | Tubercles on declivital interstriae 2 mostly absent from the apical 1/2; declivity steeply sloped; declivital strial punctures deep, giving the declivity a rugged appearance; larger, 3.9–4.1 mm | validus |
19 | Larger, 3.1–3.3 mm; declivital face flattened; declivital striae 1 more deeply impressed than striae 2 or 3; declivity opalescent and shagreened | semirudis |
– | Smaller, 2.2–2.8 mm; declivital face convex or weakly concave; declivital striae 1 as impressed or less impressed than striae 2 and 3; declivity shiny | 20 |
20 | Declivital face weakly concave; declivital striae 1 not impressed; elongate, 2.75–3.25× as long as wide | piceus |
– | Declivital face convex; declivital striae 1–3 equally impressed; stout, 2.2–2.55 |
fornicatus species complex (see Table |
Comparative table of measurements (mm) for the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex from Smith et al. (2019). Measurements for total length, pronotal and elytral width, length/width ratios are measured in dorsal view while pronotal and elytral length are measured in lateral view on a diagonal (
Species | Total length (mm) | Length/width ratio | Elytral length (mm) | Pronotal length (mm) | Elytron width (mm) | Pronotal width (mm) | # Protibial denticles |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fornicatior | 2.2–2.37 | 2.15–2.3 | 1.4–1.46 | 1.02–1.06 | 0.48–0.52 | 1.0–1.06 | 6–7 |
fornicatus | 2.6–2.7 | 2.25–2.36 | 1.44–1.72 | 1.02–1.16 | 0.48–0.62 | 1.0–1.14 | 8–9 |
kuroshio | 2.4–2.8 | 2.17–2.4 | 1.5–1.82 | 1.08–1.16 | 0.52–0.56 | 1.06–1.16 | 8–11 |
perbrevis | 2.3–2.5 | 2.46–2.55 | 1.42–1.68 | 1.04–1.16 | 0.48–0.56 | 1.02–1.14 | 7–10 |
Xyleborus andamanensis Blandford, 1896b: 222.
Euwallacea andamanensis
(Blandford):
Xyleborus noxius
Sampson, 1913: 445. Synonymy:
Xyleborus siobanus
Eggers, 1923: 186. Synonymy:
Xyleborus burmanicus
Beeson, 1930: 210. Synonymy:
Xyleborus intextus
Beeson, 1930: 211. Synonymy:
Xyleborus senchalensis
Beeson, 1930: 212. Synonymy:
Xyleborus granulipennis
Eggers, 1930: 194. Synonymy:
Xyleborus talumalai
Browne, 1966: 248. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus burmanicus (
China: Hong Kong, Kadoorie Farm, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
2.8–3.4 mm long (mean = 3.12 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.91× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its slender form; declivital posterolateral margin costate and granulate; pronotum appearing subquadrate when viewed dorsally (type 3); protibiae outer margins distinctly triangular bearing five or fewer large acute denticles; declivital strial punctures much larger on the declivity than on the disc; declivity broadly rounded; and declivital surface often appearing opalescent.
Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (E. fornicatior, E. fornicatus, E. kuroshio, E. perbrevis), E. geminus, E. malloti, E. neptis, E. semirudis, E. testudinatus, E. velatus.
Bangladesh, Federated States of Micronesia, China* (Hong Kong*, Jiangxi, Yunnan), Indonesia (Buru I., Java, Mentawai Is, Sumatra), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Japan*, Laos*, West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
This species as currently defined represents a species complex and is in need of revision (
Xyleborus aplanatus Wichmann, 1914: 412.
Euwallacea aplanatus
(Wichmann):
Syntypes , possibly in Indian Museum, Kolkata, India (M. Alonso-Zarazaga pers. comm. June 2020). Not examined.
4.0 mm. The morphology of the species was insufficiently described in the species description. However, the species is unique in having stout elytra that are as long as wide. No other Euwallacea spp. have such stout elytra.
None.
India (Assam).
Unknown.
The location of the type specimens was listed as unknown (
Xyleborus destruens Blandford, 1896b: 221.
Euwallacea destruens
(Blandford):
Xyleborus barbatus
Hagedorn, 1910a: 11. Synonymy:
Xyleborus barbatulus
Schedl, 1934b: 86. Synonymy:
Xyleborus pseudobarbatus
Schedl, 1942a: 193. Synonymy:
Xyleborus nandarivatus
Schedl, 1950a: 53. Synonymy:
Xyleborus procerrimus
Schedl, 1969a: 214. Synonymy:
Syntype
Xyleborus barbatus (
3.9–4.6 mm long (mean = 4.19 mm; n = 6); 2.54–2.79× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large body size and elongate form; protibiae distinctly triangular with 4–6 denticles in the apical 1/2; declivity commencing at posterior 1/3, steeper than in E. gravelyi, and usually appearing concave in lateral view.
Euwallacea gravelyi.
From the Andaman Islands, and Southwest China, through Southeast Asia to Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines to New Guinea, Australia and the Pacific islands. Recorded in the study region from China (Yunnan), India (Andaman Is), Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
The species is an important pest of teak (Tectona grandis) (Lamiaceae) in Java and other areas where there is only a short or no dry season (
Xyleborus fornicatior Eggers, 1923: 184.
Euwallacea fornicatior
(Eggers):
Xyleborus schultzei
Schedl, 1951a: 68.
Holotype
Xyleborus fornicatior (
2.2–2.37 mm long (mean = 2.3 mm; n = 5); 2.15–2.35× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with six or seven socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; declivital interstriae bearing sparse small granules; and declivital posterolateral margin costate. This species is part of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex and the most reliable method to ensure accurate identification of these species is through generation of COI barcoding sequences (
This species is nearly identical to E. geminus and E. malloti and can be separated by the elytral bases rounded and posterolateral declivital margin carinate and never granulate.
This species is part of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex along with E. fornicatus, E. kuroshio and E. perbrevis from which it is difficult to distinguish. The species is also similar to E. andamanensis, E. geminus, E. malloti, E. neptis, E. semirudis, E. testudinatus, and E. velatus.
China (Sichuan), Federated States of Micronesia, India (Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand (
Recorded from Albizzia and Tephrosia (Fabaceae), durian (Durio zibethinus) (Malvaceae), breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) (Moraceae) and tea (Camellia sinensis) (Theaceae) (
Due to longstanding confusion of E. fornicatior with E. fornicatus and E. perbrevis it is quite difficult to unravel the published accounts of the biology of each species. All three species occur sympatrically on Sri Lanka where most of the natural history studies were undertaken. See the discussion on the identity of the tea shot hole borer in
Xyleborus fornicatus Eichhoff, 1868b: 151.
Euwallacea fornicatus
(Eichhoff):
Xyleborus fornicatus fornicatus
Eichhoff, 1868:
Xyleborus whitfordiodendrus
Schedl, 1942a: 189. Synonymy:
Xyleborus tapatapaoensis
Schedl, 1951b: 152. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Xyleborus fornicatus (MIZ). Lectotype Xyleborus tapatapaoensis (
2.6–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.66 mm; n = 5); 2.25–2.36× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with 8 or 9 socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; declivital interstriae bearing sparse small granules; declivital posterolateral margin costate. This species is part of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex and the most reliable method to ensure accurate identification of these species is through generation of COI barcoding sequences (
This species is nearly identical to E. geminus and E. malloti and can be separated by the elytral bases rounded and posterolateral declivital costa carinate and never granulate.
This species is part of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex along with E. fornicatior, E. kuroshio and E. perbrevis from which it is difficult to distinguish. The species is also similar to E. andamanensis, E. geminus, E. malloti, E. neptis, E. semirudis, E. testudinatus, E. velatus, and Xylosandrus formosae.
China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Yunnan), India (Uttar Pradesh), Japan (Bonin Is, Okinawa), East Malaysia, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. This species has been introduced into Israel, South Africa, and the United States (California) (cited as PSHB and/or E. whitfordiodendrus;
Strongly polyphagous and has been reported from Sambucus (Adoxaceae), Liquidambar (Altingiaceae), Schinus (Anacardiaceae), Alnus (Betulaceae), Cunninghamia (Cupressaceae), Ricinus (Euphorbiaceae), Acacia, Albizia, Bauhinia, Callerya, Erythrina, Robinia (Fabaceae), Carya, Quercus (Fagaceae), Juglans (Juglandaceae), Persea, Umbellaria (Lauraceae), Magnolia (Magnoliaceae), Ochroma (Malvaceae), Ficus, Milicia, Morus (Moraceae), Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), Fraxinus (Oleaceae), Platanus (Platanaceae), Prunus (Rosaceae), Populus, Salix (Salicaceae), Acer (Sapindaceae), Ailanthus (Simaroubaceae), and Ulmus (Ulmaceae) (
This species is commonly known as the Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB) and has been referred to as this and its synonym E. whitfordiodendrus in numerous publications before the species complex was reassessed by
Various aspects of the biology of the species are described by
Xyleborus funereus Lea, 1910: 139.
Ambrosiodmus funereus
(Lea):
Euwallacea funereus
(Lea):
Xyleborus nepos
Eggers, 1923: 198. Synonymy:
Xyleborus nepos robustus
Schedl, 1933: 103. Synonymy:
Xyleborus signatus
Schedl, 1949: 278. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Xyleborus nepos (
3.45–3.7 mm long (mean = 3.65 mm; n = 5); 2.46–2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing subquadrate (type 3) from dorsal view; outer margin of protibiae round; declivital interstriae 1 unarmed; declivital posterolateral margin carinate, never granulate; and moderately large size.
Euwallacea interjectus, E. validus.
Australia, India (Andaman Is, Nicobar Is), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Sumbawa, Sulawesi, Ternate), East Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., 11.44221, 107.43114, 379 m, 20.ii.2017, VN79, A.I. Cognato, T.A. Hoang, ex 4 cm diameter branch (
2.7–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.72 mm; n = 5); 2.33–2.35× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; elytral bases weakly costate, granulate; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with at least eight socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; declivital interstriae bearing sparse small granules; posterolateral declivital margin carinate and granulate; and elytral bases weakly carinate and granulate.
This species is identical to E. malloti and can only reliably be identified with molecular data. Without molecular data it can be distinguished by its distribution in lowland forests (E. malloti primarily occurs in submontane forests of the Himalayas) and by the often unique coloration of the elytral striae which are dark brown in mature specimens making the punctures appear very distinctive and clear to see (E. malloti strial punctures not colored differently from the rest of the elytra). This species is also nearly identical to the E. fornicatus species complex and can be separated by the elytral bases weakly carinate and posterolateral declivital margin costate and granulate.
Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (E. fornicatior, E. fornicatus, E. kuroshio, E. perbrevis), E. andamanensis, E. malloti, E. semirudis, E. neptis, E. testudinatus, E. velatus.
(female). 2.7–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.72 mm; n = 5); 2.33–2.35× as long as wide. Pronotum, head, antennae, and legs light brown, elytra darker, red-brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface strongly shiny, median 2/3 smooth, impunctate, lateral 1/3 sparsely and finely punctate, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape long and slender, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club longer than wide, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/4; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.93× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, disc flat, summit at basal 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc strongly shiny with sparse, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Elytra: 1.24× as long as wide, 1.3× as long as pronotum. Scutellum broad, moderately sized, linguiform, shiny, flush with elytra, flat. Elytral base transverse, edge weakly costate and granulate, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc convex, shiny, striae not impressed, with large, shallow punctures separated by one diameter of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, impunctate, granulate, granules sparse and widely spaced, each granule with a long, erect seta. Declivity occupying approximately 1/2 of elytra, rounded, declivital face convex, shiny; striae not impressed, strial punctures much larger and deeper than those of disc; interstriae granulate, granules as described for disc, interstriae weakly laterally broadened from declivital summit to apical 1/3 then narrowed to apex. Posterolateral margin carinate, granulate. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall, pointed. Protibiae broad, semi-circular, with rounded outer margin, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with eight large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with 11 small socketed denticles.
L. geminus = twin. In reference to this species the very close morphology to E. malloti. An adjective.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Xyleborus gravelyi Wichmann, 1914: 411.
Euwallacea gravelyi
(Wichmann):
Xyleborus ovalicollis
Eggers, 1930: 193. Synonymy:
Xyleborus barbatomorphus Schedl, 1951a: 72. syn. nov.
Holotype
Xyleborus barbatomorphus (
Bhutan: W. Paro distr., Gedu, 2100 m, 17–26.vi.1988, C. Holzschuh (RABC, 1). China: Yunnan, Lincang, Genma, 12.xii.2018, Y. Li, ex rubber tree (
4.6–5.7 mm long (mean = 5.21 mm; n = 8); 2.6–2.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size and elongate form; protibiae less distinctly triangular than E. destruens, and with 7–9 denticles in apical 1/2; declivity commencing at approximately midpoint, evenly curved from disc into declivity; and declivity usually appearing flat in lateral view.
Euwallacea destruens.
Bhutan*, China* (Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Meghalaya*, West Bengal), Laos*, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand*, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
This species was included in Xyleborus by
Xyleborus barbatomorphus was given as a synonym of E. wallacei by
Xyleborus interjectus Blandford, 1894c: 576.
Euwallacea interjectus
(Blandford):
Xyleborus pseudovalidus
Eggers, 1925: 159. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus interjectus (
China: Chongqing, Jinfo Mtn, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia, ex Ficus sp. (RABC, 2). Hong Kong, Kadoorie Farm, vi.2017, J. Skelton (UFFE, 1). Jiangsu, Nanjing, Laoshan National Park, Bacai Road, 32.09156N, 118.583701E, 15.viii.2017, Cognato, Li, Gao, ex paper mulberry (
3.5–3.9 mm long (mean = 3.78 mm; n = 5); 2.4–2.64× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing subquadrate (type 3) from dorsal view; outer margin of protibiae round; declivital interstriae 1 granulate; declivital posterolateral margin carinate, never granulate; and moderately large size.
It can be further separated from the strongly morphologically similar species E. validus by the gradually sloped declivity; declivital strial punctures shallow giving the declivity a smooth appearance; and tubercles on interstriae 2 extending from base to apex.
Euwallacea funereus, E. validus, E. velatus.
From the Indian subcontinent, China and South Korea through Southeast Asia and Indonesia to the Philippines, New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Introduced to North America, Hawaii and South America (Argentina) (
Polyphagous (
Euwallacea kuroshio
Gomez & Hulcr, 2018 (in
Holotype
(
2.4–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.6 mm; n = 5); 2.17–2.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with 8–11 socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; interstriae bearing sparse small granules; and posterolateral declivital margin costate. This species is part of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex and the most reliable method to ensure accurate identification of these species is through generation of COI barcoding sequences (
This species is nearly identical to E. geminus and E. malloti and can be separated by the elytral bases rounded and posterolateral declivital costa carinate and never granulate.
This species is part of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex along with E. fornicatior, E. fornicatus and E. perbrevis from which it is difficult to distinguish. The species is also similar to E. andamanensis, E. geminus, E. malloti, E. neptis, E. semirudis, E. testudinatus, E. velatus, and Xylosandrus formosae.
This species is reported in the study region from Indonesia, Japan (Okinawa), and Taiwan. It has been introduced to Mexico and the United States (California) (
This species is polyphagous and reported from Sambucus (Adoxaceae), Liquidambar (Altingiaceae), Schinus, Searsia (Anacardiaceae), Ambrosia, Baccharis (Asteraceae), Alnus (Betulaceae), Ricinus (Euphorbiaceae), Quercus (Fagaceae), Juglans, Pterocarya (Juglandaceae), Cassia, Persea (Lauraceae), Ficus (Moraceae), Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), Magnolia (Magnoliaceae), Fraxinus (Oleaceae), Platanus (Platanaceae), Populus, Salix (Salicaceae), Nicotiana (Solanaceae), Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) (
This species is commonly known as the Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer (KSHB) and has been referred to as this in publications before the species was formally described (e.g.,
Xyleborus luctuosus Eggers, 1939a: 13.
Euwallacea luctuosus
(Eggers):
Holotype (NHRS).
3.6 mm long (n = 1); 3.6× as long as wide. This species is the most slender of the Euwallacea species. It can be further recognized by the posterolateral margins of declivity weakly costate; pronotum from dorsal view elongate, anterior margin rounded (type 7); and outer margin of protibiae obliquely triangular and bearing seven large denticles, their bases contiguous.
Euwallacea sibsagaricus, E. subalpinus, Heteroborips tristis.
Myanmar.
Unknown.
Xyleborus malloti Eggers, 1930: 192.
Euwallacea malloti
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
India: Uttarakhand, Dehradun, Forest Research Institute, 30°20'24"N, 78°0'14"E, 2223’, 16–26.i.2017, A.I. Cognato, ex small branch of Melia dubia (
2.4–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.62 mm; n = 5); 2.08–2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with at least seven socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; declivital interstriae bearing sparse small granules, posterolateral declivital margin carinate and granulate; and elytral bases weakly carinate and granulate.
This species is identical to Euwallacea geminus and can only reliably be identified with molecular data. Without molecular data it can be distinguished by its distribution primarily in submontane forests of the Himalayas (E. geminus occurs in lowland forests in Vietnam) and by the elytral strial punctures not colored differently from the rest of the elytra (E. geminus typically has unique coloration of the elytral striae which are dark brown in mature specimens making the punctures appear very distinctive and clear to see. This species is nearly identical to E. fornicatus species complex and can be separated by the elytral bases weakly carinate and posterolateral declivital costa granulate.
Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (E. fornicatior, E. fornicatus, E. kuroshio, E. perbrevis), E. andamanensis, E. geminus, E. neptis, E. semirudis, E. testudinatus, E. velatus.
India (Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal).
Recorded from Mallotus (Euphorbiaceae), Phoebe (Lauraceae), Tinospora (Menispermaceae), Eugenia (Myrtaceae) (
Xyleborus minutus Blandford, 1894b: 116.
Planiculus minutus
(Blandford):
Wallacellus minutus
(Blandford):
Euwallacea minutus
(Blandford):
Xyleborus breviusculus
Schedl, 1942a: 196. Synonymy:
Xyleborus pernitidus
Schedl, 1954a: 152. Synonymy:
Syntypes
Xyleborus minutus (
China: Jiangxi, Xunwu, Xingshan, 6.ix.2018, Y. Li, ex Fagaceae log (UFFE, 1). Laos: Vientiane, Ban Van Eue, 15.viii.1966, native collector (
1.8–1.9 mm long (mean = 1.87 mm; n = 3); 2.57–2.71× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its minute size; short, steep declivity with two transverse rows of granules on each interstriae at declivital summit; pronotum from dorsal view elongate (type 7); and pronotal asperities small, coarse.
Euwallacea semiermis.
Brunei, China (Chongqing, Jiangxi*, Yunnan), Indonesia (Java), Japan, Korea, Laos, East & West Malaysia, Philippines*, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Holotype
, female, India: Darjeeling, Rangirum, 6000 ft, J.C.M. Gardner, 5.ix.1929, ex misc. timber (
4.2 mm long (n = 1); 2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; and elytral bases rounded, never granulate; declivity gradual, declivital face flat, opalescent; declivital striae impressed, strial punctures large; posterolateral declivital margin elevated, acutely carinate, giving the apical 1/3 of declivity a transversely impressed appearance; and large size.
Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (E. fornicatior, E. fornicatus, E. kuroshio, E. perbrevis), E. andamanensis, E. geminus, E. malloti, E. semirudis, E. testudinatus, E. velatus.
(female). 4.2 mm long (n = 1); 2.8× as long as wide. Body dark red-brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface strongly shiny, sparsely, finely punctate, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape long and slender, longer than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 longer than pedicel. Club longer than wide, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 1/4; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.92× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, disc flat, summit at basal 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc strongly shiny with sparse, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded, almost quadrate. Elytra: 1.7 × as long as wide, 1.83× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique and unarmed by granules, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc convex, shiny, striae not impressed, with large, shallow punctures separated by less than one diameter of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, very sparsely finely punctate, punctures 1/3 size of strial punctures, each with a long, erect seta. Declivity occupying approximately 2/5 of elytra, gradual, face flat, opalescent, apical 1/3 appearing transversely impressed; striae impressed, strial punctures much larger and deeper than those of disc; interstriae 2–4 with three widely spaced tubercles on basal 1/2, apical 1/2 unarmed. Posterolateral margin elevated, acutely carinate and granulate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall, pointed. Protibiae broad, semi-circular, with rounded outer margin; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with eight small, widely spaced socketed denticles, their length shorter longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with 12 small socketed denticles.
L. neptis = granddaughter. In reference to its similarity to several Euwallacea species. Noun in apposition.
India (West Bengal).
Xyleborus perbrevis Schedl, 1951a: 59.
Euwallacea perbrevis
(Schedl):
Xyleborus molestulus Wood, 1975b: 400. syn. nov.
Holotype
Xyleborus perbrevis (
2.3–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.44 mm; n = 5); 2.46–2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with 7–10 socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; interstriae bearing sparse small granules; and posterolateral declivital margin costate. This species is part of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex and the most reliable method to ensure accurate identification of these species is through generation of COI barcoding sequences (
This species is nearly identical to E. geminus and E. malloti and can be separated by the elytral bases rounded and posterolateral declivital costa carinate and never granulate.
This species is part of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex along with E. fornicatior, E. fornicatus, E. kuroshio from which it is difficult to distinguish. The species is also similar to E. andamanensis, E. geminus, E. malloti, E. neptis, E. semirudis, E. testudinatus, E. velatus, and Xylosandrus formosae.
This species occurs in American Samoa, Australia, Brunei, China (Hainan), Fiji, Indonesia (Java), Japan (Okinawa), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Palau, Philippines, Réunion, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor Leste, Vietnam, and introduced in the United States (Florida and Hawaii) (
The species is strongly polyphagous and has been recorded from 13 families: Avicennia (Acanthaceae), Mangifera (Anacardiaceae), Annona (Annonaceae), Cyathocalyx, Xylopia (Annonaceae), Bursera, Protium (Burseraceae), Terminalia (Combretaceae), Aleurites (Euphorbiaceae), Acacia, Albizia, Erythrina, Lysiloma (Fabaceae), Theobroma and Trichospermum (Malvaceae), Cedrela (Meliaceae), Artocarpus, Brosimum (Moraceae), Myristica (Myristicaceae), Citrus (Rutaceae), Casearia (Salicaceae), Litchi (Sapindaceae), and Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) (
Xyleborus molestulus Wood was described from specimens collected in the Panama Canal Zone and western Panama in 1963.
Euwallacea perbrevis was previously thought to be a synonym of E. fornicatus (
Various aspects of the biology of the species are described by
Anodius piceus Motschulsky, 1863: 512.
Euwallacea piceus
(Motschulsky):
Wallacellus piceus
(Motschulsky):
Euwallacea piceus
(Motschulsky):
Xyleborus indicus
Eichhoff, 1878a: 392. Synonymy:
Xyleborus imitans
Eggers, 1927a: 404. Synonymy:
Xyleborus indicus subcoriaceus
Eggers, 1927b: 92. Synonymy:
Xyleborus samoensis
Beeson, 1929: 237. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Xyleborus imitans (
India: Arunachal Pradesh, Etalin vicinity, 28°36'56"N, 95°53'21"E, 700 m, 12–25.v.2012, L. Dembický (
2.2–2.6 mm long (mean = 2.36 mm; n = 5); 2.75–3.25× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae parallel, granulate, granules uniform in size; small body size, elongate form; declivital striae 1 not impressed; elytral apex entire; and dark brown to black color.
Euwallacea similis, Planiculus spp.
Throughout the Oriental region from the Indian subcontinent through Southeast Asia, Indonesia to New Guinea and the Western Pacific islands; tropical Africa, Madagascar and the Seychelles. Recorded in the study region from Bangladesh, India (Andaman Is, Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam*, Meghalaya*, Nicobar Is, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
The species has some potential as a pest because of its deeply penetrating galleries and very wide host range (
Xyleborus semiermis Schedl, 1934c: 89.
Euwallacea semiermis
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
2.5–2.75 mm long (mean = 2.62 mm; n = 3); 2.78–2.89× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; short, steep, sulcate declivity armed only by one transverse row of four granules, one on interstriae 1 and three at declivital summit; pronotum from dorsal view elongate (type 7); and pronotal asperities fine, minute.
Euwallacea minutus.
Indonesia (Java), Thailand.
Recorded only from Schefflera (Araliaceae) (
Xyleborus semirudis Blandford, 1896b: 210.
Euwallacea semirudis
(Blandford):
Xyleborus sereinuus
Eggers, 1923: 187. Synonymy:
Xyleborus dubius
Eggers, 1923: 199. Synonymy:
Xyleborus hybridus
Eggers, 1927b: 90. Synonymy:
Xyleborus interruptus
Eggers, 1940: 139. Synonymy:
Xyleborus neohybridus Schedl, 1942a: 188. syn. nov.
Xyleborus longehirtus Nunberg, 1956: 209. Unnecessary new name for X. dubius Eggers, 1923: 199.
Holotype
Xyleborus semirudis (
3.1–3.3 mm long (mean = 3.18 mm; n = 5); 2.21–2.29× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity gradual; declivital face flat, opalescent and shagreened; declivital striae impressed, strial punctures large; and declivital posterolateral margin carinate.
Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (E. fornicatior, E. fornicatus, E. kuroshio, E. perbrevis), E. andamanensis, E. geminus, E. malloti, E. neptis, E. testudinatus, E. velatus.
‘Borneo’, Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Mentawai Is, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Euwallacea semirudis had previously been considered a synonym of the African species E. xanthopus Eichhoff by
Xyleborus sibsagaricus Eggers, 1930: 196.
Euwallacea sibsagaricus
(Eggers):
Xyleborus dalbergiae
Eggers, 1930: 196. Synonymy:
Xyleborus tonkinensis Schedl, 1934a: 39. syn. nov.
Holotype
Xyleborus sibsagaricus (
China: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Jinghong Farm, 21.785N, 100.790E, 677 m, 18.vii.2018, Lai S-C., Zhang L., ex Hevea brasiliensis (RABC, 1). India: Arunachal Pradesh, Etalin vicinity, 28°36'56"N, 95°53'21"E, 700 m, 12–25.v.2012, L. Dembický (
3.4–3.9 mm long (mean = 3.58 mm; n = 5); 2.77–2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its slender form; declivital posterolateral margin costate and granulate, pronotum appearing subquadrate when viewed dorsally (type 3); protibiae outer margins distinctly triangular bearing five short broad obtuse denticles; declivital strial punctures approximately the same size on disc and declivity; declivity very steep; and declivital surface strongly shiny.
Euwallacea luctuosus, E. subalpinus, Heteroborips tristis.
China* (Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Meghalaya*, West Bengal), Indonesia (Maluku), East Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam.
Recorded from Ehretia (Ehretiaceae), Sapium (Euphorbiaceae), Casearia (Salicaceae) (
Images of the Xyleborus dalbergiae and X. sibsagaricus holotypes and the holotype specimen of X. tonkinensis was compared to each other and found to be conspecific and X. tonkinensis is here placed in synonymy.
Xyleborus similis Ferrari, 1867: 23.
Wallacellus similis
(Ferrari):
Euwallacea similis
(Ferrari)
Bostrichus ferrugineus
Bohemann, 1858: 88. Preoccupied by
Xyleborus parvulus
Eichhoff, 1868b: 152. Synonymy:
Xyleborus dilatatus
Eichhoff, 1878b: 393. Synonymy:
Xyleborus submarginatus
Blandford, 1896b: 223. Synonymy:
Xyleborus bucco
Schaufuss, 1897: 212. Synonymy:
Xyleborus capito
Schaufuss, 1897: 215. Synonymy:
Xyleborus novaguineanus
Schedl, 1936b: 530. Synonymy:
Xyleborus dilatatulus
Schedl, 1953a: 127. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Xyleborus bucco (
China: Chongqing, Gele Mtn, 5.v.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia, ex Broussonetia sp. (RABC, 1). Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
2.3–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.42 mm; n = 5); 2.88–3.13× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened, bearing a large median tubercle and several small granules (rarely median tubercles absent); small body size and elongate form; and red brown color.
Euwallacea piceus, Planiculus spp., Xyleborus affinis, X. cognatus, X. ferrugineus, X. perforans, X. volvulus.
Throughout the Oriental region from the Indian subcontinent through southeast Asia and Indonesia to New Guinea, Australia, and the Pacific islands; tropical Africa, Indian Ocean islands. Recorded in the study area from Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Chongqing*, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Nicobar Is, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Laos*, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Introduced to the US (
Strongly polyphagous (
The biology of the species is discussed by
Holotype
, female, India: Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border [Assam]: Bhalukpong, 27°00'48"N, 92°39'08"E, 150 m, 1–8.v.2012, L. Dembický, ex FIT (
2.4 mm long (n = 1); 3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its slender form; pronotum from dorsal view elongate, anterior margin rounded (type 7); outer margin of protibiae distinctly triangular, bearing five denticles, denticles not contiguous; and declivital strial punctures very large, coarse.
Euwallacea luctuosus, E. sibsagaricus.
(female). 2.4 mm long (n = 1); 3.0× as long as wide. Body ferruginous. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface subshiny, alutaceous, punctate; punctures large, shallow, moderately spaced, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular, obliquely truncate, type 2; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal 1/2, nearly covering posterior face; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segment 1 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.26× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 7, disc flat, summit at apical 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced, low, broad asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc strongly shiny with sparse, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Elytra: 1.68× as long as wide, 1.34× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, shiny, flush with elytra, flat. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique and unarmed by granules, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 1/2, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc flat, shiny, striae not impressed, with large, shallow punctures separated by less than one diameter of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, very sparsely finely punctate, punctures 1/3 size of strial punctures, each with a long, erect seta. Declivity occupying approximately 1/3 of elytra, rounded, declivital face convex, shiny and coarsely sculptured; striae not impressed, strial punctures very large and coarse, much larger and deeper than those of disc, setose, setae short, as long as strial punctures; interstriae impunctate, interstriae 1 and 3 with three and two large tubercles, respectively, as well as several granules, interstriae 2 sparsely granulate, tubercles and granules setose, setae long, erect. Posterolateral margin costate, granulate to interstriae 7. Legs: protibiae distinctly triangular, broadest at apical 1/4; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with five large socketed denticles, their length much longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with five and six large socketed denticles, respectively.
L. sub = under, below; alpinus = high mountains. In reference for the species occurrence in the foothills of the Himalayas. An adjective.
India (Assam).
Unknown.
The holotype is card mounted and ventral characters could not be examined.
Holotype
, female, China: S-Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR), 22°10'N, 100°39'E, 700–1000 m, v–vii.2009, L. Meng (
2.8–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.86 mm; n = 5); 2.24–2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum subquadrate (near type 3) in dorsal view, but only 0.89–0.97× longer than wide, and more strongly truncate anteriorly; elytra with a weak basal carina, sides parallel in basal 2/3, then gradually incurved to broadly rounded apex; declivity beginning after basal 1/4, convex, weakly flattened across interstriae 1–2 in apical 1/4, declivital strial punctures shallow, very coarse, striae 2 very weakly impressed, interstriae granulate, interstriae 2 with two or three larger denticles in apical 1/4, declivital posterolateral margin carinate, never granulate; and protibiae with 9–11 socketed denticles.
Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (E. fornicatior, E. fornicatus, E. kuroshio, E. perbrevis), E. andamanensis, E. geminus, E. malloti, E. neptis, E. semirudis, E. velatus.
(female). 2.8–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.86 mm; n = 5); 2.24–2.33× as long as wide. Body dark brown. Legs and antennae brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface strongly shiny, median 2/3 smooth, impunctate, lateral 1/3 sparsely and finely punctate, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club longer than wide, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal 2/5; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.89–0.97× as long as wide. In dorsal view subquadrate and parallel-sided, type 3, sides parallel in basal 4/5, narrowly rounded anteriorly; anterior margin transverse without serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, large coarse asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc shiny, alutaceous with sparse, minute punctures, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Elytra: 1.46× as long as wide, 1.5× as long as pronotum. Scutellum broad, moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge weakly carinate and unarmed by granules, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 2/3, then gradually incurved to broadly rounded apex. Disc convex, shiny, striae not impressed, with large, shallow punctures separated by one diameter of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, very sparsely finely punctate, punctures 1/3 size of strial punctures, each with a long, erect seta. Declivity occupying approximately 3/4 of elytra, gradual, face convex, shiny, weakly flattened across interstriae 1–2 in apical 1/4; declivital strial punctures shallow, very coarse, strial punctures as large as those of disc, striae 2 very weakly impressed; interstriae impunctate, granulate, interstriae 1 with one denticle, interstriae 2–4 with two or three larger denticles in apical 1/4. Posterolateral margin carinate, unarmed to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece short, conical. Protibiae semi-circular, with rounded outer margin; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with 9–11 large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with 11 small socketed denticles.
L. testudinatus = vaulted like a tortoise shell. Named in reference to its domed shaped elytra. An adjective.
China (Yunnan).
Xyleborus validus Eichhoff, 1876a: 202.
Euwallacea validus
(Eichhoff):
Syntype
(
China: Chongqing, Youyang, 11.vii.2016, Tian-Shang (RABC, 1). W. Hupeh [= Hubei], Lichuan Distr., Suisapa, 1000 m, 29.vii.[19]48, Gressitt & Djou, ex Metasequoia glyptostroboides (
3.9–4.1 mm long (mean = 4.0 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum appearing subquadrate (type 3) from dorsal view; outer margin of protibiae round, declivital interstriae 1 granulate; declivital posterolateral margin carinate never granulate; and moderately large size.
It can be further separated from the strongly morphologically similar species E. interjectus by the declivity steeply sloped; declivital strial punctures deep giving the declivity a rugged appearance; and tubercles mostly absent from the apical 1/2 of interstriae 2.
Euwallacea funereus, E. interjectus, E. velatus.
China (Anhui, Chongqing*, Fujian, Hubei*, Yunnan), Japan, Nepal, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam. Introduced and established in USA (Wood 1975;
Polyphagous attacking both gymnosperm and angiosperm trees (
Xyleborus velatus Sampson, 1913: 443.
Euwallacea velatus
(Sampson):
Xyleborus rudis Eggers, 1930: 192. syn. nov.
Xyleborus assamensis
Eggers, 1930: 195. Synonymy:
Xyleborus asperipennis
Eggers, 1934b: 27. Unnecessary new name for X. assamensis Eggers, 1930 nec Stebbing, 1909. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus velatus (
China: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Sanchahe Nat. Res., 22°09.784'N, 100°52.256'E, 2186 m, 29–30.v.2008, A.I. Cognato (
2.8–3.6 mm long (mean = 3.28 mm; n = 5); 2.31–2.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the granulate posterolateral costa, pronotum appearing subquadrate (type 3) when viewed dorsally; protibiae outer margins rounded, bearing nine small socketed denticles, sockets small; declivital posterolateral margin costate and granulate; declivity rounded and convex; and elytral bases rounded, never weakly costate, or granulate.
Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (E. fornicatior, E. fornicatus, E. kuroshio, E. perbrevis), E. andamanensis, E. geminus, E. interjectus, E. malloti, E. neptis, E. semirudis, E. testudinatus, E. validus.
China (Xizang, Yunnan*), India (Andaman Is, Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus rudis was considered a synonym of the African species E. xanthopus by
Fortiborus Hulcr & Cognato, 2010a: 17.
Phloeosinus major Stebbing, 1909; original designation.
Fortiborus species are among the largest xyleborines in Southeast Asia (4.8–6.6 mm and 2.52–3.06× as long as wide). Fortiborus is distinguished by the robust pronotum; declivity flattened and broadened laterally, apex angulate; anterior edge of pronotum extended anteriad, bearing a distinct row of serrations; antennal club distinctly pubescent, type 4; eyes very large, deeply emarginate; scutellum flat, flush with elytra; procoxae contiguous; and mycangial tufts absent.
Fortiborus is similar to some large Euwallacea species except the margin of segment 1 of antennal club is concave and recurved; anterior edge of pronotum produced anteriad, bearing row of serrations; and protibiae rounded, with seven or more denticles.
Euwallacea, Xyleborus.
Found throughout Southeast Asia and Oceania.
The galleries are regularly branched in one transverse plane and are without brood chambers (
The species of this genus are all closely associated with Dipterocarpaceae and are not definitely known to breed in other families of trees.
1 | Larger, over 6.0 mm; elytral discal interstriae impunctate; boundary between disc and declivity distinct (Fig. |
pseudopilifer |
– | Smaller, under 6.0 mm; elytral discal interstriae punctate; boundary between disc and declivity indistinct (Fig. |
2 |
2 | Declivity evenly rounded, posterolateral costa of the elytra uniformly thick to its dorsal end on interstriae 7 (Fig. |
macropterus |
– | Declivity steeper, posterolateral costa of the elytra thickens and becomes more prominent at its dorsal end on interstriae 7 (Fig. |
major |
Xyleborus macropterus Schedl, 1935b: 271.
Fortiborus macropterus
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
4.8–5.1 mm long (mean = 4.93 mm; n = 3); 2.55–3.06× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the small size; conspicuously angulate elytral apex; posterolateral declivital costa weakly elevated and asperate; declivity appearing very broad and rounded; tubercles on declivital interstriae uniformly sized, present from base to apex; and discal interstrial punctures uniseriate.
Fortiborus major.
‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
Apart from a single record from Sapotaceae, recorded only from various genera of Dipterocarpaceae (Balanocarpus, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Hopea, Shorea, Vatica) (
Phloeosinus major Stebbing, 1909: 19.
Xyleborus major
(Stebbing):
Notoxyleborus major
(Stebbing):
Fortiborus major
(Stebbing):
Xyleborus siclus
Schedl, 1936d: 26. Synonymy:
Holotype
Phloeosinus major (
India: Andaman Islands, N. Andaman, 3.xi.1930, C.F.C. Beeson, Dipterocarpus turbinatus (
5.2–6.0 mm long (mean = 5.58 mm; n = 5); 2.52–2.71× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the moderate size; conspicuously angulate elytral apex; posterolateral declivital costa conspicuously elevated and asperate, making the declivity appear very broad and flat; declivital interstrial granules uniformly sized, present from base to apex; and discal interstrial punctures confused.
Fortiborus macropterus.
‘Borneo’, India (Andaman Is*, Assam, West Bengal*), Indonesia (Mentawai Is, Sumatra), New Guinea, Thailand.
This species is also closely associated with Dipterocarpaceae (
Xyleborus pseudopilifer Schedl, 1936a: 11.
Fortiborus pseudopilifer
(Schedl):
Paratype
(
6.6 mm long, (n = 1); 2.64× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the large size; unique declivital sculpturing marked by a distinct boundary between disc and declivity; all interstriae bearing a series of 1–3 moderate to large tubercles at declivital summit and all interstriae bearing 3–8 irregularly spaced small to moderately sized tubercles; declivital punctures strongly confused; and discal interstriae impunctate.
Euwallacea wallacei, from which it is distinguished by its very large eyes.
‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam.
Unknown, but probably associated with Dipterocarpaceae like other Fortiborus species.
Fraudatrix
Cognato, Smith & Beaver, 2020 (in
Xyleborus melas Eggers, 1927b; original designation.
1.75–2.5 mm and 2.86–3.33× as long as wide. Fraudatrix is distinguished by the following combination of characters: antennal funicle 2-segmented, antennal club type 2 with one suture visible on the posterior face; protibiae obliquely triangular with six or fewer denticles on outer margin, posterior face flattened and unarmed; scutellum small, flush with elytral surface; mycangial tufts absent, elytra attenuate and pronotal disc longer than anterior slope (
Fraudatrix most closely resembles Cryptoxyleborus and Tricosa with which it shares an attenuate appearance and small size. It is distinguished from Cryptoxyleborus by the following diagnostic characters (Fraudatrix given first): scutellum visible vs. scutellum not apparent, antennal club truncate and type 2 vs. flattened and type 4, antennal funicle 2-segmented vs. 3 or 4-segmented, no more than one suture visible on the posterior face vs. three sutures visible. Fraudatrix is also similar to Stictodex with which it shares a type 2 antennal club and obliquely triangular protibia. Stictodex is easily distinguished from Fraudatrix by the following combination of characters (Stictodex given first): larger size and stouter form (2.4–3.3 mm long; 2.54–2.89× as long as wide), antennal club very broad, protibiae with 6–8 denticles on outer margin and posterior face inflated and granulate, elytra with first and second interstriae divergent, broadest at elytral summit, and declivity truncate or broadly rounded (
Cryptoxyleborus, Tricosa.
Throughout the Oriental and Australian regions.
Only the gallery of F. cuneiformis has been described. The system has branched tunnels with small brood chambers in the longitudinal plane (
Fraudatrix species appear to be quite rare. Species are known from very few specimens.
1 | Pronotum anterior margin subquadrate | simplex |
– | Pronotum anterior margin rounded | 2 |
2 | Declivital strial punctures distinct, nearly as large as interstrial granules | melas |
– | Declivital strial punctures indistinct, much smaller than interstrial granules | cuneiformis |
Xyleborus cuneiformis Schedl, 1958b: 104.
Fraudatrix cuneiformis
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
1.9–2.15 mm long (mean = 2.02 mm; n = 5); 2.86–3.07× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the anterior margin of the pronotum rounded; declivital strial punctures indistinct; interstrial granules large, distinct; elytral apex narrowly attenuate; and stouter form (
Coptodryas mus, Tricosa metacuneolus.
Brunei, East & West Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan.
Recorded only from two species of Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) (
Xyleborus melas Eggers, 1927b
Fraudatrix melas
(Eggers):
Lectotype (
2.3 mm long (n = 2); 3.29× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the anterior margin of the pronotum rounded; declivital strial punctures distinct, nearly as large as interstrial granules, each bearing a short recumbent seta; and more slender form (
Tricosa jacula, T. metacuneolus.
China (Hong Kong), Philippines.
Unknown.
Cryptoxyleborus simplex Browne, 1949: 902.
Webbia simplex
(Browne):
Cryptoxyleborus simplex
Browne:
Fraudatrix simplex
(Browne):
Holotype (
1.75–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.92 mm; n = 5); 3.08–3.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the anterior margin of the pronotum subquadrate; short semi-recumbent interstrial setae; and minute size (
Cryptoxyleborus confusus, C. percuneolus.
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Hopea, Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) (
Hadrodemius Wood, 1980: 94.
Xyleborus globus Blandford, 1896b; original designation.
Hadrodemius species are distinguished by their large size, 4.9–7.2 mm and stout (less than 2× as long as wide) and hairy appearance; pronotal base and scutellar area ornamented with a dense tuft of hair associated with mesonotal mycangium; scutellum visible only on the basal slope of elytral bases; procoxae contiguous; and the pronotal lateral margins rounded.
Hadrodemius is closely related to Anisandrus, Cnestus, and Xylosandrus, all of which possess a mesonotal mycangium and the associated dense tuft of hair-like setae at the scutellar area and pronotal base (
Hadrodemius occurs in tropical areas from India in the West, through the Oriental region to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in the East.
Usually constructed in small stems from 1.5 – 5.0 cm diameter, it comprises a circumferential entrance gallery leading to one to several longitudinal galleries (
Further details of the biology are given by
1 | Declivity strongly impressed, sides of impression raised and bearing tubercles or rugosities; elytral impression matte or nearly so, with fairly sparse long hair-like setae or short hair-like setae only; 6.0 – 7.2 mm | pseudocomans |
– | Declivity weakly impressed, flat or weakly convex; if weakly impressed, sides of impression without tubercles or rugosities, although minute granules are often present, and whole declivity with dense, long, fine hair-like setae; 4.9–6.3 mm. | 2 |
2 | Declivity plano-convex, nitid, striae 1 not impressed, strial punctures less distinct, interstrial punctures finer and more closely placed, declivital face more densely hairy; elytral vestiture usually yellowish or golden; 4.9–5.8 mm | globus |
– | Declivity plano-concave from suture to interstriae 3, nitid to matte, striae 1 at least weakly impressed, strial punctures more distinct, interstrial punctures coarser and less closely placed, declivital face less densely hairy; elytral vestiture dark brown or black; 5.0–6.3 mm | comans |
Xyleborus comans Sampson, 1919: 109.
Hadrodemius comans
(Sampson):
Xyleborus amorphus
Eggers, 1926: 147. Synonymy:
Xyleborus metacomans
Eggers, 1930: 199. Synonymy:
Syntype Xyleborus comans (NHMUK). Syntypes Xyleborus amorphus (NHMW).
China: Guangdong, v.2014, Jianguo Wang (RJRC, 1); as previous except: xii.2014 (RJRC, 3). Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
5.0–6.3 mm long (mean = 6.02 mm; n = 5); 1.73–1.88× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivity plano-concave from suture to interstriae 3, striae 1 at least weakly impressed; entire elytra densely setose with declivital face less densely hairy and dark brown to black vestiture.
This species is similar to H. globus and is distinguished by the strial punctures distinct, interstrial punctures coarser and less closely placed, and vestiture darker.
Hadrodemius globus.
Recorded in the study region from China (Fujian, Guangdong*, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan*, Zhejiang), India (Assam, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. It also occurs in Malaysia and Indonesia West of Wallace’s line.
Xyleborus globus Blandford, 1896b: 208.
Hadrodemius globus
(Blandford):
Xyleborus ursus
Eggers, 1923: 173. Synonymy:
Xyleborus ursus fuscus
Eggers, 1923: 174. Synonymy:
Xyleborus tomentosus
Eggers, 1939a: 10. Synonymy:
Holotype Xyleborus globus (
4.9–5.8 mm long (mean = 5.5 mm; n = 5); 1.77–1.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivity plano-convex; striae 1 not impressed; and entire elytra densely setose with usually yellowish or golden vestiture.
This species is similar to H. comans and is distinguished by the strial punctures less distinct, interstrial punctures finer and more closely placed, declivital face more densely hairy, and vestiture lighter in color.
Hadrodemius comans.
Recorded in the study region from India (Kerala), Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. It also occurs in Malaysia and the Philippines, through Indonesia to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus pseudocomans Eggers, 1930: 187.
Hadrodemius pseudocomans
(Eggers):
Xyleborus artecomans
Schedl, 1953c: 24. Synonymy:
Holotype Xyleborus pseudocomans (
China: Chongqing, Chengkou, 16.vii.2016, Tian-Shang (RABC, 1). Guangdong, iii.2014, Jianguo Wang (RJRC, 1). Guangxi A. R., Jiangidi, 25°55.6'N, 110°14.8'E, 365 m, terraced fields surrounded with shrubs and bamboo forest, 12.iv.2013, M. Ficáček, J. Hájek, J. Růžička (MNHP, 1). Hainan, Jianfengling Mt., 600 m, 26.iii.1984, Shimei Song (
6.0–7.2 mm long (mean = 6.86 mm; n = 5); 1.8–1.9× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its larger size; declivity strongly impressed, sides of impression raised and bearing tubercles or rugosities; and elytral impression bearing fairly sparse, long hairs or short hairs only.
This species is most similar to H. comans from which it is distinguished by the strongly impressed declivity rather than the declivity plano-concave from suture to interstriae 3.
Hadrodemius comans.
Brunei, China (Chongqing*, Fujian, Guangdong*, Guangxi*, Hainan, Jiangxi*, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Assam, West Bengal), Laos*, Myanmar, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Heteroborips Reitter, 1913: 79.
Bostrichus cryptographus Ratzeburg, 1837; monotypy.
2.5–4.0 mm, 2.2–3.25× as long as wide. In this region Heteroborips is distinguished by the distinctive elytral mycangium appearing as a distinctly impressed area immediately adjacent to the scutellum on each elytron.
Tricosa, Xyleborinus, Xyleborus.
Distributed throughout Europe and temperate Asia including the Himalayas. One species is introduced and established in USA (
The gallery system of Heteroborips is unusual among xyleborines and lies wholly between the bark and wood (
The genus has been recently reviewed by
1 | Pronotum subquadrate (type 3) in dorsal view; apical margin of elytral mycangia distinctly raised; larger, 3.9–4.0 mm | tristis |
– | Pronotum conical (type 0) in dorsal view; elytral mycangia flat, margins never raised; smaller, 2.2–3.5 mm | 2 |
2 | Declivity steeply sloping, occupying apical 1/4 of elytra | seriatus |
– | Declivity gradually sloping, occupying at least 1/2 of elytra | 3 |
3 | Declivity occupying 1/2 of elytra; elytra tapering after basal 3/4 to a broadly rounded apex; smaller, 2.2–2.4 mm | indicus sp. nov. |
– | Declivity occupying 2/3 of elytra; elytra tapering after basal 1/3 to an angularly rounded apex; larger, 3.4–3.5 mm | fastigatus sp. nov. |
Holotype
, female, India: NE, Meghalaya, Nokrak N.P., 3 km S Darbokgiri, 25°27'N, 90°19'E, 1400 m, 26.iv.1999, Dombický & Pacholátko (
3.4–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.45 mm; n = 2); 2.7–2.8× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the tapering, gradually sloping form of the elytra; pronotum conical (type 0) from dorsal view, with rounded anterior margin; elytra tapering after basal 1/3 to an angularly rounded apex; declivity beginning after basal 1/4, gradually, evenly sloping to apex; declivital interstriae weakly outwardly curved in apical 1/4; interstriae granulate only in apical 1/4; and posterolateral margin weakly raised to interstriae 7, not carinate or granulate.
Heteroborips indicus.
(female). 3.4–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.45 mm; n = 2); 2.7–2.8× as long as wide. Body, head and legs dark brown. Antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface shiny, median 1/3 smooth, impunctate, lateral 2/3 densely and coarsely punctate, setose; puncture bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes very shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Antennal scape long and slender, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club longer than wide, flat, type 3; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying approximately basal 2/5; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.08 × as long as wide. In dorsal view conical, type 0, sides convex, conical anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, summit pronounced, just behind middle. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, with moderately dense punctures, punctures setose, each bearing a very long, recumbent or semi-erect, hair-like seta, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.9× as long as wide, 1.86× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, narrowly linguiform, slightly raised above elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral mycangium consisting of two oblong pit mycangia immediately adjacent to scutellum, one on each elytron. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 1/3 then gradually tapering to angularly rounded apex. Disc flat shiny, striae weakly impressed, with moderately sized deep punctures separated by two diameters of a puncture, punctures setose, setae semi-erect, slightly longer than puncture diameter; interstriae flat, punctate, punctures minute and widely spaced, setose, setae longer than 2× interstriae 1 width, semi-erect, hair-like. Declivity beginning after basal 1/4, gradually, evenly sloping to apex, strongly shiny; strial punctures as large as those of disc, striae weakly impressed, punctures setose, setae like those of disc, interstriae weakly laterally broadened from declivital summit to apical 1/3 then narrowed to apex, basal 3/4 of interstriae 1–3 uniseriate punctate, punctures subequal to those of striae, apical 1/4 impunctate, punctures replaced by four granules, granules widely spaced, interstriae 4–8 impunctate and unarmed. Posterolateral margin rounded. Legs: protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six large socketed denticles, their length much longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; with obliquely triangular outer margin with ten large socketed denticles.
L. fastigatus = sloping. In reference to the form of the elytra which slope downwards almost from the base. An adjective.
India (Meghalaya), Nepal.
Unknown.
Holotype
, female, India: [West] Bengal, Darjeeling, Debrepani, 6000 ft, 20.xi.1929, J.C.M. Gardner, ex Michelia excelsa (
2.2–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.3 mm; n = 4); 2.75–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the distinctive elytral mycangium which appears as a distinctly impressed area immediately adjacent to the scutellum on each elytron; and declivity broadly sloping, occupying 1/2 of elytra.
Heteroborips fastigatus, H. seriatus, Tricosa cattienensis, T. indochinensis.
(female). 2.2–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.3 mm; n = 4); 2.75–3.0× as long as wide. Body, antennae and legs uniformly light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons flattened to upper level of eyes; surface shiny, punctate, setose; punctures dense, becoming shallower and sparser on reticulate upper part of frons. Eyes feebly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum flat, flush with genae, triangular. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, as long as funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than broad, obliquely truncate, type 2; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal 2/5, nearly covering posterior face; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segment 1 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.0× as long as wide. In dorsal view conical, type 0, sides convex, conical anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, summit pronounced, just behind middle. Anterior slope with densely spaced small asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc alutaceous, subshiny, with sparse coarse punctures bearing short, recumbent setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.88× as long as wide, 1.88× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, slightly raised above elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral mycangium comprised of two oblong pit mycangia immediately adjacent to scutellum, one on each elytron. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then acuminate to apex. Disc ascending apically, shiny, striae not impressed, with moderately sized deep punctures separated by 2–4 diameters of a puncture, punctures setose, setae semi-erect, slightly longer than puncture diameter; interstriae flat, impunctate, glabrous. Declivity occupying 1/2 of elytral length, shiny, gradually rounded; strial punctures larger than on disc, striae weakly impressed, punctures setose, setae semi-erect, as long as interstriae 1 width; interstriae laterally broadened from declivital summit to apical 1/3 then narrowed to apex, basal 1/2 of interstriae 1–3 uniseriate punctate, punctures subequal to those of striae, apical 1/2 impunctate, punctures replaced by 4–7 granules, granules widely spaced, interstriae 4–8 impunctate and unarmed, setose, as described for striae. Posterolateral margin rounded. Legs: procoxae contiguous. Protibiae distinctly triangular, posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with four or five large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with eight or nine and seven or eight large socketed denticles, respectively.
L. indicus = of India. An adjective.
India (West Bengal).
This species has only been reported from Michelia (Magnoliaceae).
The entire type series is card mounted and ventral characters could not be examined.
Xyleborus seriatus Blandford, 1894b: 111.
Heteroborips seriatus
(Blandford):
Xyleborus orientalis
Eggers, 1933b: 54. Synonymy:
Xyleborus todo
Kôno, 1938: 71.
Xyleborus orientalis kalopanacis
Kurentzov, 1941: 187. Synonymy:
Xyleborus orientalis aceris
Kurentzov, 1941: 188. Synonymy:
Xyleborus perorientalis
Schedl, 1957: 85. Unnecessary replacement name. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus orientalis (
2.5–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.64 mm; n = 5); 2.78–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the unique elytral mycangium appearing as a distinctly impressed area immediately adjacent to the scutellum on each elytron; and declivity steeply sloping, occupying apical 1/4.
Heteroborips cryptographus, which is distributed from Europe to the Russian Far East, and H. indicus.
China (Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan), Japan, South & North Korea, Russia (Far East, Kuril Is). Introduced and established in USA (
Polyphagous attacking both conifers and angiosperms (
The gallery system is unusual in lying between the bark and wood and not penetrating the wood. The parent female, larvae and pupae are all found together in communal chambers under the bark (
Xyleborus tristis Eggers, 1930: 194.
Euwallacea tristis
(Eggers):
Neotype
(
India: Arunachal Pradesh, Etalin vicinity, 28°36'56"N, 95°53'21"E, 700 m, 12–25.v.2012, L. Dembický (
3.9–4.0 mm long (mean = 3.92 mm; n = 3); 2.79–3.25× as long as wide. This species can be recognized by the unique elytral mycangium appearing as a distinct impressed area immediately adjacent to the scutellum on each elytron, its posterior margin distinctly raised; large size, pronotum from dorsal view appearing subquadrate (type 3); declivity steeply sloping, occupying apical 3/4 of elytra; and elytral disc flat and transverse.
Euwallacea luctuosus, E. sibsagaricus, E. subalpinus.
India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal).
Recorded from Vatica (Dipterocarpaceae) and Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) (
Xyleborus tristis is here transferred to Heteroborips because of the distinct elytral mycangia adjacent to the scutellum on each elytron.
Immanus Hulcr & Cognato, 2013: 100.
Xyleborus colossus Blandford, 1896b; original designation.
This is the largest xyleborine genus with species ranging between 5.0–8.8 mm (
Ambrosiodmus, Beaverium.
Paleotropical.
The gallery system is branched and lies in one transverse plane (
The genus has been recently reviewed by
1 | Declivity rounded; larger, 7.0–7.8 mm | sarawakensis |
– | Declivity truncate with a circumdeclivital costa; smaller, 5.0–5.5 mm | desectus |
Xyleborus desectus Eggers, 1923: 167.
Ambrosiodmus desectus
(Eggers):
Immanus desectus
(Eggers):
Xyleborus desectus arduus
Schedl, 1942a: 188. Synonymy:
Lectotype
(
Thailand: [Prachuap Khiri Khan]: Kui Buri N.P., 27.iii.2006, Dole et al., ex “Krachid” dead standing trunk (
5.0–5.5 mm long (mean = 5.2 mm; n = 5); 2.27–2.5× as long as wide. Most closely resembles I. colossus (Blandford, 1896), which occurs in Papua New Guinea. Immanus desectus is distinguished by the smaller size; truncate declivity with a circumdeclivital costa; and two or three denticles on declivital interstriae 2 rather than a row of denticles.
Immanus colossus (from Papua New Guinea), I. sarawakensis.
Indonesia (Java), West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam.
Xyleborus sarawakensis Eggers, 1923: 176.
Ambrosiodmus sarawakensis
(Eggers):
Immanus sarawakensis
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
The largest species occurring in Southeast Asia, 7.0–7.8 mm long (mean = 7.26 mm; n = 5); 1.97–2.05× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the very large size; rounded declivity; densely setose body; declivital interstriae 2 bearing a row of two or three denticles; and all declivital interstriae are slightly elevated.
Immanus colossus (from Papua New Guinea), I. desectus.
East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from Lophopetalum (Celastraceae), Parinari (Chrysobalanaceae), Xanthophyllum (Polygalaceae) and an unidentified genus of Annonaceae (
Leptoxyleborus Wood, 1980: 94.
Phloeotrogus sordicauda Motschulsky, 1863; original designation.
1.9–3.6 mm, 2.15–2.52× as long as wide. Leptoxyleborus is distinguished by the declivity extremely flat and broad, especially laterally; posterolateral declivital margin carinate, ending at interstriae 7; surface covered with bristles or minute star-shaped scales; pronotum elongate, appearing conical and elongate from dorsal aspect (type 5); antennal club truncate, type 2, with segment 1 nearly covering the entire posterior face; submentum slightly impressed, shaped as a large triangle; protibiae narrow, with fewer than six denticles; scutellum flat, flush with elytra; procoxae contiguous; mycangial tufts absent; and elytra unarmed.
Ancipitis, Diuncus.
Paleotropics and Oceania.
Consists of a system of irregularly branched tunnels without brood chambers, lying more or less in one transverse plane. When the host tree has thick bark, transverse surface galleries may also be made between the bark and wood (
1 | Declivital interstriae bearing uniseriate short, semi-erect scales; posterolateral declivital margin costate; smaller, 1.9–2.1 mm | machili |
– | Declivital interstriae covered with minute star-shaped scales; posterolateral declivital margin carinate; larger, 2.6–3.6 mm | sordicauda |
Xyleborus machili Niisima, 1910: 14.
Ancipitis machili
(Niisima):
Xyleborus depressus
Eggers, 1923: 190. Synonymy:
Xyleborus kojimai
Murayama, 1936: 143. Synonymy:
Xyleborus sejugatus
Schedl, 1942a: 188. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus depressus (
China: Jiangxi, Long Nan, 12.vii.2016, Lv-Jia, Lai, S-C., ex Cyclobalanopsis glauca (RABC, 1). Japan: Kagoshima Pref., Tarumizu Oonohara broadleaf forest, 425 m, 1.viii.2000, Y. Sato, ex EtOH baited trap (RJRC, 1); as previous except: 27.viii.2000 (RJRC, 1).
1.9–2.1 mm long (mean = 1.99 mm; n = 5); 2.22–2.53× as long as wide. The species is readily distinguished by its small size and declivital interstriae bearing uniseriate short, semi-erect scales; and posterolateral declivital margin costate.
Ancipitis puer, Leptoxyleborus sordicauda.
China* (Jiangxi), Indonesia (Sumatra), Japan*, East & West Malaysia, Solomon Islands, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
This species bears striking morphological similarity to Ancipitis species. Upon close examination of specimens we determined that this species should be moved to Leptoxyleborus because of the following combination of characters: antennal club truncate, type 2, with segment 1 nearly covering the entire posterior face; segment 1 of the antennal club shorter than pedicel; scape regularly thick; protibiae obliquely truncate; elytral interstriae seriate and bearing scales; and declivital face flat.
Phloeotrogus sordicauda Motschulsky, 1863: 514.
Leptoxyleborus sordicauda
(Motschulsky):
Phloeotrogus attenuatus
Motschulsky, 1863: 512. Synonymy:
Xyleborus concisus
Blandford, 1894b: 107. Synonymy:
Xyleborus marginatus
Eggers, 1927b: 91. Synonymy:
Xyleborus sordicaudulus
Eggers, 1927b: 91. Synonymy:
Xyleborus incurvus
Eggers, 1930: 197. Synonymy:
Xyleborus sordicaudulus peguensis
Eggers, 1930: 198. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus concisus (
China: Guangxi Reg., Miaoershan, S slope, 800–1300 m, 20–27.vi.1997, Bolm (
2.6–3.6 mm long (mean = 2.84 mm; n = 5); 2.15–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the larger size, declivity extremely flat and broad; especially laterally; posterolateral declivital margin elevated, carinate; declivital surface covered with minute star-shaped scales.
Leptoxyleborus machili, Ancipitis puer, A. punctatissimus.
China* (Guangxi, Jiangxi), India (Andaman Is, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Maluku, Sumatra), Japan, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
The species attacks large logs, smaller stems down to approximately 3 cm diameter, and lianas (
Microperus Wood, 1980: 94.
Xyleborus theae Eggers, 1940 = Xyleborus myristicae Schedl, 1939b; original designation.
1.2–3.1 mm, 1.93–3.17× as long as wide. Microperus is distinguished by the scutellum either narrow, minute, convex and slightly raised above elytra or not visible; dense tuft of setae present along elytral base associated with an elytral mycangium; elytral bases sinuate (rarely transverse), costate; antennal club truncate (type 2) or flattened, types 3 or 4, sutures gently sinuate and pubescent on anterior face, 1–3 sutures visible on posterior face; pronotum from lateral view taller than basic (type 2) or with pronotal disc longer than anterior slope (type 7); pronotum from dorsal view basic and parallel sided (type 2), or subquadrate (type 3); anterior margin of pronotum without a row of serrations; and pronotal disc punctate. In addition, the procoxae are contiguous, outer margin of protibiae obliquely or distinctly triangular and armed by 6–8 denticles, and posterior face flattened, unarmed.
Coptodryas, Xyleborinus.
Found throughout the Paleotropics, Australia and Oceania.
The tunnels are irregularly branched, more or less in one transverse plane, and enlarged into small brood chambers in the longitudinal plane in places. In a few species (e.g., M. corporaali, M. nugax, M. undulatus), the brood chambers are in the transverse plane (
Microperus is in need of further taxonomic/phylogenetic investigation given its potential polyphyly and confusion with Coptodryas (
1 | Elytral disc broadly, deeply transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression from scutellum to declivital base; declivity deeply sulcate, its margins costate; elytral bases slightly emarginated from sutural margin to interstriae 4 to accommodate mycangial tuft | cruralis |
– | Elytral disc either medially impressed and appearing humped, or flat, or broadly convex; declivity flat or convex its margins flat; elytral bases not emarginated | 2 |
2 | Declivity obliquely truncate; posterolateral declivital margin rounded and denticulate (Fig. |
3 |
– | Declivity rounded; posterolateral declivital margin costate or carinate, with or without granules (Fig. |
6 |
3 | Declivital interstriae 2 and 3 strongly laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint and then narrowing towards apex (Fig. |
latesalebrinus sp. nov. |
– | Declivital interstriae parallel from base to apex, never laterally broadened (Fig. |
4 |
4 | Denticles on declivital summit and margins larger and more sharply acute than those on declivital face | kirishimanus |
– | Denticles on declivital summit of equal size and shape as those on declivital face | 5 |
5 | Denticles on declivital summit as dense as those on declivital face; declivital face opalescent, subshiny | nudibrevis |
– | Denticles on declivital summit denser than those on declivital face; declivital face shagreened, dull | perparvus |
6 | Larger, 2.55–2.95 mm | 7 |
– | Smaller, 1.2–2.1 mm | 9 |
7 | Stout, 1.93–2.19× as long as wide; elytral posterolateral margin strongly carinate and unarmed | fulvulus |
– | Elongate, 2.5–2.9× as long as wide; elytral posterolateral margin costate and granulate | 8 |
8 | Declivital strial punctures very large, distinct | chrysophylli |
– | Declivital strial punctures small, indistinct | corporaali |
9 | Declivity with granules, denticles or tubercles distinctly less abundant than strial punctures (Fig. |
10 |
– | Declivity with abundant granules or denticles, at least as abundant as strial punctures (Fig. |
13 |
10 | Elytral disc shallowly transversely impressed with a saddle-like impression (Fig. |
11 |
– | Elytral disc without a depression (Fig. |
12 |
11 | Discal impression deeper, antero-posteriorly narrower, with steeper anterior and posterior slopes, strial punctures on impression with rounded granules (Fig. |
sagmatus sp. nov. |
– | Discal impression shallower, antero-posteriorly broader, with gentler anterior and posterior slopes strial punctures on impression without granules (Fig. |
undulatus |
12 | Declivital denticles uniformly sized; smaller, 1.7–1.8 mm | alpha |
– | Declivital denticles not uniformly sized, one or two pairs of slightly larger denticles on declivital interstriae 3; larger, 1.9–2.0 mm | recidens |
13 | Elytral disc convex on basal 1/3, appearing humped in lateral view (Fig. |
14 |
– | Elytral disc flat, never appearing humped (Fig. |
16 |
14 | Declivital interstriae densely covered with short semi-erect scales | kadoyamaensis |
– | Declivital interstriae densely covered with long fine, erect hair-like setae | 15 |
15 | Antennal club flat, type 3 with two sutures visible on apical 1/3 of posterior face (Fig. |
minax sp. nov. |
– | Antennal club obliquely truncate, type 2 with segment 1 almost covering posterior face (Fig. |
nugax |
16 | Antennal club flat, type 3 with two sutures visible on apical 1/3 of posterior face (Fig. |
diversicolor |
– | Antennal club obliquely truncate, type 2 with segment 1 almost covering posterior face (Fig. |
17 |
17 | Declivital interstrial granules dispersed, separated by the width of at least three granules; posterolateral margin of declivity weakly carinate and granulate; interstrial vestiture consisting of short semi-erect bristles, shorter in length than the width of an interstria; smaller, 1.2–1.7 mm | pometianus |
– | Declivital interstrial granules dense, separated by the width of one granule; posterolateral margin of declivity strongly carinate; interstrial vestiture consisting of long semi-erect hair-like setae, longer in length than the width of an interstria (easily abraded); larger, 1.8–2.0 mm | quercicola |
Xyleborus bicolor Blandford, var. α Sampson, 1923: 289.
Xyleborus alpha Beeson, 1929: 239.
Coptodryas alpha
(Beeson):
Microperus alpha
(Beeson):
Holotype
(
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR), 22°10'N, 100°39'E, 700–1000 m, v–vii.2009, L. Meng (RABC, 1); Xishuangbanna tropical botanical garden, 17.vii.2014, C. Bateman, ex unknown wood (UFFE, 1); as previous except: Mengyang, 12.v.1962 (
1.7–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.74 mm; n = 5); 2.43–2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat with short, steep declivity; declivital posterolateral margin carinate; declivity with sparse minor denticles, less abundant than strial punctures, and denticles uniform in size.
Microperus recidens.
Bangladesh, China (Guizhou, Yunnan*), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, West Bengal), Laos*, West Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Xyleborus chrysophylli Eggers, 1930: 205.
Coptodryas chrysophylli
(Eggers):
Microperus chrysophylli
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
China: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Jinghong Farm, 21.785N, 100.790E, 677 m, 18.vii.2018, Lai, S-C, Zhang, L., ex Hevea brasiliensis (RABC, 1).
2.6–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.68 mm; n = 5); 2.6–2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat; declivity long, gradual; large size; declivital interstriae 2 lacking granules on declivital face; declivital face strongly shagreened, weakly impressed along striae 2 and interstriae 2; declivital strial punctures small, indistinct; posterolateral costa granulate; interstriae densely covered with long erect hair-like setae, setae longer than two interstrial widths; and striae setose, setae short, semi-recumbent, as long as strial width.
This species strongly resembles M. corporaali and is distinguished by the less strongly sulcate declivity, declivital strial punctures very large, distinct.
Microperus corporaali, M. fulvulus.
Bangladesh, China* (Yunnan), India (West Bengal).
Recorded from Cinnamomum (Lauraceae), Chrysophyllum (Sapotaceae), (
Xyleborus corporaali Eggers, 1923: 210.
Coptodryas corporaali
(Eggers):
Microperus corporaali
(Eggers):
Lectotype
(
China: Guangxi, Shangsi, 25.iii.2018, Y. Li, ex Quercus (UFFE, 3). Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 20 km NW Jinghong, vic. Man Dian (NNNR), 22°07.80'N, 100°40.0'E, 730 m, forest, EK, 6.iv.2009, L. Meng (RABC, 1). Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°34.5'N, 105°52.4'E, ~ 1080 m, 14.iv.2014, VN31, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex emerging from bark of standing dead tree (
2.55–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.72 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.9× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat; declivity long, gradual; large size; declivital interstriae 2 lacking granules on declivital face; declivital face strongly shagreened, weakly impressed along striae 2 and interstriae 2; declivital strial punctures small, indistinct; posterolateral costa granulate; interstriae densely covered with long erect hair-like setae, setae longer than two interstrial widths; striae setose, setae short, semi-recumbent, as long as strial width.
This species strongly resembles M. chrysophylli and is distinguished by the more strongly sulcate declivity, declivital strial punctures small, indistinct.
Microperus chrysophylli, M. fulvulus.
China* (Guangxi*, Yunnan*), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded from five different families of trees, and probably polyphagous (
Xyleborus cruralis Schedl, 1975b: 456.
Coptodryas cruralis
(Schedl):
Holotype
(
Cambodia: Siem Reap, Angkor Thom, 26.v.2003, J. Constant, K. Smets & P. Grootaert, ex light trap (RABC, 1). Laos: Vientiane, Gi Sion vill., de Tha Ngone, 28.ii.1965, J.L. Gressitt, ex light trap (
3.0–3.1 mm long (mean = 3.03 mm; n = 3); 2.5–2.82× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; elytral disc broadly and deeply transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression from scutellum to declivital base; declivity deeply sulcate, its margins lined by large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3–6; elytral base emarginated from sutural margin to interstriae 4 to accommodate mycangial tuft, mycangial tuft setae long, very dense; and posterolateral costa absent.
Microperus nugax, M. sagmatus, M. undulatus.
Cambodia*, Laos*, Thailand.
Unknown.
The species is transferred to Microperus because of the following characters: pronotum type 2 (viewed dorsally), antennal club flat, type 3, pronotal disc punctate, and scutellum narrow, minute and convex.
Xyleborus diversicolor Eggers, 1923: 202.
Coptodryas diversicolor
(Eggers):
Microperus diversicolor
(Eggers):
Xyleborus myristicae
Schedl, 1939b: 49. Synonymy:
Xyleborus theae
Eggers, 1940: 144. Synonymy:
Xyleborus brevipilosus
Eggers, 1940: 145. Synonymy:
Xyleborus cylindripennis
Schedl, 1954a: 152. Synonymy:
Xyleborus atavus
Schedl, 1979b: 104. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Xyleborus myristicae (
1.6–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.68 mm; n = 5); 2.57–2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae sparsely covered with short erect bristle-like setae; elytral disc medially convex, appearing humped; antennal club type 3 with two sutures visible on posterior face; declivity short, steep; all declivital interstriae uniformly granulate from base to apex; declivital face convex; and posterolateral costa carinate.
Microperus kadoyamaensis, M. minax.
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Thailand.
Xyleborus fulvus
Schedl, 1939b: 48. Preoccupied by
Xyleborus fulvulus
Schedl, 1942c: 35 (new name for X. fulvus Schedl, 1939 nec
Microperus fulvulus
(Schedl):
Lectotype
Xyleborus fulvus (
China: Chongqing Mun., S-W Univ., viii.2015, Su, T-L., ex Cinnamomum camphora (RABC, 1). Sichuan, De Chang Co., roadside, vii. 2015, Su, T-L., ex Prunus yedoensis (RABC, 1). Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 28°50'23"N, 98°53'53"E, 1200–1300 m, vii.2014, S. Sanguansub et al. (RABC, 1). Chumphon, 1.iii.2010, W. Sittichaya, ex EtOH trap in durian plantn [plantation] (
2.8–2.95 mm long (mean = 2.88 mm; n = 4), 1.93–2.19× longer than wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat; declivity long, gradual; all declivital interstriae uniformly granulate from base to apex; declivital face convex; posterolateral costa strongly carinate; interstriae densely covered with long erect hair-like setae, setae longer than two interstrial widths; striae setose, setae short, recumbent, as long as 1.5 strial widths.
This species is distinguished from the closely related M. chrysophylli and M. corporaali by the convex declivity and strongly carinate posterolateral costa.
Coptodryas inornata, Microperus chrysophylli, M. corporaali.
China* (Chongqing, Sichuan), Indonesia (Sumatra), Thailand*.
Recorded from Cinnamomum camphora, C. iners (Lauraceae), Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae), and Prunus yedoensis (Rosaceae).
The species was incorrectly synonymized with Microperus corporaali (Eggers) by
Xyleborus kadoyamaensis Murayama, 1934: 290.
Microperus kadoyamaensis
(Murayama):
Xyleborus denseseriatus Eggers, 1941b: 225. syn. nov.
Xyleborus nameranus
Murayama, 1954: 194. Synonymy:
Xyleborus pubipennis Schedl, 1974: 263. syn. nov.
Xyleborus huangi
Browne, 1983b: 34. Synonymy:
Syntypes
Xyleborus kadoyamaensis (
China: Guangdong, Nanling N. P., 25.iii.2005, P. Grootaert (
1.8–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.92 mm; n = 5); 2.86–3.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae densely covered with short semi-erect scales; elytral disc medially convex, appearing humped; declivity long, gradual; all declivital interstriae uniformly granulate from base to apex; declivital face convex; and posterolateral costa granulate.
Microperus diversicolor, M. minax, M. quercicola.
China (Fujian, Guangdong*, Guangxi, Hong Kong*, Hunan, Jiangxi*, Yunnan*, Zhejiang*), Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam.
Polyphagous attacking both gymnosperm and angiosperm trees (
Xyleborus pubipennis was recently placed in synonymy with Microperus parvus (Lea, 1894) (
Xyleborus kirishimanus Murayama, 1955: 85.
Coptodryas kirishimanus
(Murayama):
Microperus kirishimanus
(Murayama):
Syntypes
(
1.6–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.69 mm; n = 5); 2.43–2.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat with short and steep obliquely truncate declivity; posterolateral carina denticulate; declivital interstriae straight from base to apex, never laterally broadened; denticles on declivital summit and margins larger, more sharply acute and denser than those on declivital face.
Microperus latesalebrinus, M. nudibrevis, M. perparvus.
Japan, Taiwan.
Recorded from Ilex (Aquifoliaceae), Castanopsis, and Quercus (Fagaceae) (Nobuchi 1981d).
Holotype
, female, China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, 3.vi.2016, Skelton, Carlson (
1.6 mm long (mean = 1.6 mm; n = 2); 2.67× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat with short and steep obliquely truncate declivity; posterolateral carina denticulate; and declivital interstriae 2 and 3 strongly laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint then narrowing towards apex.
Microperus kirishimanus, M. nudibrevis, M. perparvus.
(female). 1.6 mm long (mean = 1.6 mm; n = 2); 2.67× as long as wide. Appearing bicolored: head, anterior slope of pronotum and elytra dark brown, remainder of pronotum, antennae, and legs light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, subshiny, punctate; punctures large, shallow, moderately dense, glabrous; punctures in lateral areas bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, shorter than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 2; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal 2/5 club, nearly covering posterior face; segment 2 narrow, soft; segment 1 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.0× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 8, summit low, at apical 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc shagreened, alutaceous, finely punctate, glabrous, some moderately long hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base weakly bisinuate, posterior angles acutely rounded, almost subquadrate. Elytra: 1.78× as long as wide, 1.78× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, convex, slightly raised above elytral surface. Elytral mycangium present as a dispersed median setal tuft of setae extending along elytral base. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 4/5, then narrowly rounded to apex. Disc flat, subshiny, striae not impressed, with small shallow punctures separated by one diameter of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, impunctate, setose, setae short, sparse, erect-hair-like. Declivity occupying 1/3 of elytral length, truncate, its margins denticulate, strongly shagreened, dull; striae flat, glabrous, impunctate; interstriae irregularly denticulate along their lengths, denticles uniformly sized, each bearing a short erect hair-like seta, interstriae 2 and 3 strongly laterally broadened from base to midpoint and then narrowed to apex. Posterolateral margin rounded, denticulate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall, pointed. Protibiae slender, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with six moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with seven and eight large socketed denticles, respectively.
L. latus = broad; salebra = rough road; -inus = likeness. Named in reference to the wide shagreened second declivital interstriae. An adjective.
China (Hong Kong).
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Ninh Binh, Cuc Phuong N.P., 20.33296, 105.61259, 7.iii.2018, 279 m, A.I. Cognato, S.M. Smith, VN 141, ex 6 cm diameter branch (
1.95–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.98 mm; n = 2); 2.79–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae densely covered with long erect hair-like setae; elytral disc medially convex, appearing humped; declivity long, gradual; all declivital interstriae uniformly granulate from base to apex; declivital face convex; posterolateral carina granulate; antennal club truncate, type 2 with one suture visible on posterior face near apex; and declivity smooth, shiny.
This species is nearly identical to M. intermedius (Eggers, 1923) which has not been reported from the study region. Microperus minax is distinguished by the larger size (1.6–1.8 mm in M. intermedius) and the elytral disc longer, occupying 36–42% of total elytral length (30% in M. intermedius).
Microperus diversicolor, M. kadoyamaensis.
(female). 1.95–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.98 mm; n = 2); 2.79–2.86× as long as wide. Body dark red-brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, subshiny, punctate, punctures small, shallow, moderately dense, glabrous; a few punctures in lateral areas bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrowly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, shorter than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 2; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal 2/5, nearly covering posterior face; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segment 1 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.0× as long as wide. Basic and parallel-sided, type 2 in dorsal view, sides parallel in basal 2/3, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc slightly longer than anterior slope, type 7, disc flat, summit at apical 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc shagreened, alutaceous, impunctate, glabrous, some moderately long hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded, almost subquadrate. Elytra: 1.7× as long as wide, 1.7× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, convex, slightly raised above elytral surface. Elytral mycangium present as a dispersed median setal tuft of setae extending along elytral base to striae 3. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 9/10, then narrowly rounded to apex. Disc medially convex, appearing humped, shiny, striae not impressed, with small shallow punctures separated by 1–2 diameters of a puncture, setose, setae short, semi-erect, hair-like; interstriae flat, minutely punctate, setose, setae 2× as long as strial setae, erect, hair-like. Declivity occupying over 1/2 of elytral length, long, gradually rounded, face convex, shiny; striae flat, setose, setae as described for disc, impunctate; interstriae 1–3 parallel, interstriae densely covered with long, erect hair-like setae; all interstriae densely and uniformly granulate from base to apex, densely setose, setae as described for disc. Posterolateral margin carinate, granulate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall, pointed. Protibiae slender, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with seven moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with 13 and 11 socketed denticles, respectively; basal two denticles longer than basal width, much larger than other denticles, remaining apical denticles very small, their length much shorter than basal width.
L. minax = threatening. In reference to the species habit of using live trees to host brood chambers. An invariable adjective.
Vietnam.
This species was collected from Terminalia myriocarpa (Combretaceae).
Microperus minax was collected from apparently healthy branches of living trees (SMS, AIC, personal observation) and may be an aggressive species.
Xyleborus nudibrevis Schedl, 1942a: 195.
Coptodryas nudibrevis
(Schedl):
Microperus nudibrevis
(Schedl):
Holotype
(
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
1.5–1.6 mm long (mean = 1.53 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.91× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat with short and steep obliquely truncate declivity; posterolateral carina strong and denticulate; declivital interstriae straight from base to apex, never laterally broadened; declivital interstriae densely granulate, granules uniformly sized and spaced from declivital summit to elytral apex; and declivital face opalescent, subshiny.
Microperus kirishimanus, M. latesalebrinus, M. perparvus.
China* (Hong Kong), Japan*, East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Recorded from five genera in five different families of trees, and presumably polyphagous (
Xyleborus nugax Schedl, 1939a: 353.
Coptodryas nugax
(Schedl):
Microperus nugax
(Schedl):
Xyleborus pertuberculatus
Eggers, 1940: 144. Synonymy:
Lectotype
(
Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., 11.42232, 107.42834, 128 m, 25.ii.2017, VN105, A.I. Cognato, T.A. Hoang, ex 10 cm diameter branch (
1.8–1.9 mm long (mean = 1.84 mm; n = 4); 2.57–2.71× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae densely covered with long erect hair-like setae; elytral disc medially convex, appearing humped; declivity long, gradual; all declivital interstriae uniformly granulate from base to apex; declivital face convex; posterolateral carina granulate; antennal club flat, type 3 with two sutures visible on posterior face; and declivity shagreened, dull.
Microperus cruralis, M. sagmatus, M. undulatus.
‘Borneo’, Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus perparvus Sampson, 1922b: 151.
Microperus perparvus
(Sampson):
Coptodryas perparva
(Sampson):
Xyleborus tsukubanus
Murayama, 1954: 184. Synonymy:
Syntypes
Xyleborus perparvus (
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
1.5–1.9 mm long (mean = 1.64 mm; n = 5); 2.71–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat with short and steep obliquely truncate declivity; posterolateral carina weak, denticulate; declivital interstriae straight from base to apex, never laterally broadened; denticles on declivital summit denser and of equal size to those on declivital face; declivital face shagreened, dull.
Microperus kirishimanus, M. latesalebrinus, M. nudibrevis.
Bangladesh, China (Fujian, Guizhou, Hong Kong*, Hunan, Jiangxi*, Sichuan*, Xizang, Yunnan*), India (Andaman Is, Assam, West Bengal), Indonesia (Ternate), Japan, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Xyleborus pometianus Schedl, 1939a: 354.
Microperus pometianus
(Schedl):
Lectotype
(
1.2–1.7 mm long (mean = 1.44 mm; n = 5); 2.6–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat; declivity short, steep; declivity granulate from base to apex, granules small, as abundant as strial punctures; granules dispersed, separated by the width of at least three granules; declivital surface shagreened; interstriae moderately setose, setae short semi-erect bristles, less than the width of an interstria; striae glabrous; and minute size.
Microperus quercicola.
East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand.
Recorded from Nephelium, Pometia, Xerospermum (Sapindaceae), and an unidentified genus of Burseraceae (
Xyleborus quercicola Eggers, 1926: 146.
Microperus quercicola
(Eggers):
Xyleborus izuensis
Murayama, 1952: 16. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus quercicola (
China: Guizhou, Zunyi, 28.x.2015, Y. Li, ex Cinnamomum camphora (
1.8–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.96 mm; n = 5); 2.38–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat; declivity short, steep; declivity granulate from base to apex, granules small, as abundant as strial punctures; granules dense, separated by the width of one granule; declivital surface shiny; posterolateral costa strongly carinate; interstriae densely setose, setae fine, hair-like as long as the width of an interstria; and strial punctures setose, setae recumbent, hair-like, less than a strial width.
Microperus kadoyamaensis, M. pometianus.
China* (Guizhou, Hong Kong*, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Japan, Russia (Far East), South Korea, Taiwan*.
This species is polyphagous and has been recorded from Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) (
Xyleborus recidens Sampson, 1923: 287.
Coptodryas recidens
(Sampson):
Microperus recidens
(Sampson):
Xyleborus minusculus
Eggers, 1923: 212. Synonymy:
Xyleborus minutissimus
Eggers, 1930: 204. Synonymy:
Xyleborus crassitarsus
Schedl, 1936d: 28. Synonymy:
Xyleborus artegraphus
Schedl, 1942c: 44. Synonymy:
Xyleborus extensus
Schedl, 1955a: 301. Synonymy:
Xyleborus tuberculosus
Browne, 1981b: 602. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Xyleborus minusculus (
China: Jiangxi, Xunwu, Xingshan, 6.ix.2018, Y. Li, ex Fagaceae log (UFFE, 1). S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban village (NNNR), 22°10'N, 100°39'E, 700–1000 m, v–vii. 2009, L. Meng (RABC, 1). Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., 11.42232, 107.42834, 128 m, 19.ii.2017, VN74, A.I. Cognato, T.A. Hoang, ex porch light (
1.9–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.97 mm; n = 5); 2.71–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc flat with short, steep declivity; posterolateral margin of elytra carinate; declivity with sparse minor denticles, much less abundant than strial punctures; and a pair of slightly larger denticles on interstriae 3.
Microperus alpha.
Bangladesh, ‘Borneo’, Brunei, China* (Jiangxi, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, West Bengal), Indonesia (Engano I., Java, Maluku), East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Holotype
, female, Thailand: Suranthani [= Surat Thani], durian or[chard], 01.xii.[20]10, Wisut Sittichaya, EToH-trap (
1.75–1.95 mm long (mean = 1.83 mm; n = 5); 2.69–2.79× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc shallowly transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression; elytral interstriae costate with strong interstrial spines posterior to the saddle; and declivity steep, slightly flattened.
Microperus sagmatus closely resembles M. undulatus but is distinguished by the discal impression deeper, antero-posteriorly narrower, with steeper anterior and posterior slopes, strial punctures on impression with rounded granules, interstrial spines on disc behind saddle stronger, and backwardly hooked, not pointing dorsally.
Microperus cruralis, M. nugax, M. undulatus.
(female). 1.75–1.95 mm long (mean = 1.83 mm; n = 5); 2.69–2.79 × as long as wide. Body ferruginous. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, shagreened, punctate; punctures large, shallow, sparse, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 2; segment 1 corneous, feebly convex on anterior face, occupying basal 1/3, nearly covering posterior face; segment 2 narrow, soft; segment 1 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.05× as long as wide. In dorsal view subquadrate and parallel-sided, type 3, sides parallel in basal 2/3, weakly rounded anteriorly with prominent anterolateral corners; anterior margin without a row of serrations. In lateral view tall, type 2, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, broad asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc shagreened, alutaceous, impunctate, glabrous, some moderately long hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base weakly bisinuate, posterior angles acutely rounded, almost subquadrate. Elytra: 1.7× as long as wide, 1.6× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, convex, slightly raised above elytral surface. Elytral mycangium present as a dispersed median setal tuft of setae extending along elytral base. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 4/5, then narrowly rounded to apex. Disc shiny, a moderately deep transverse saddle-like impression at midpoint, striae and interstriae flat, nearly glabrous anteriad of depression, strial punctures on impression with rounded granules, interstriae costate with strong backwardly hooked spines posteriad of depression, spines setose with long hair-like setae. Declivity occupying 1/3 of elytral length, shagreened, dull, steeply rounded, face slightly flattened; striae flat, parallel, punctate, punctures very large, shallow subcontiguous, setose, setae recumbent, as long a puncture; interstriae irregularly denticulate along their lengths, denticles small, irregularly spaced and sized, each bearing a long, erect hair-like seta, interstriae 1 and 3, weakly convex, 2 and 4 flat. Posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall, conical. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with seven moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with nine and eight moderate to large socketed denticles, respectively.
G. sagma = pack-saddle. In reference to the shape of the elytra. An adjective.
West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from Durio zibethinus (durian) (Malvaceae), and an undetermined tree, ‘krachid’.
Xyleborus undulatus Sampson, 1919: 111.
Coptodryas undulata
(Sampson):
Microperus undulatus
(Sampson):
Xyleborus leprosulus
Schedl, 1936d: 27. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus undulatus (
2.0–2.1 mm long (mean = 2.03 mm; n = 3); 2.5–2.86× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral disc shallowly transversely impressed with a saddle-like depression; elytral interstriae flat with moderate interstrial tubercles posterior to the saddle; and declivity steep, slightly flattened.
Microperus undulatus closely resembles M. sagmatus but is distinguished by the discal impression shallower, antero-posteriorly broader, with gentler anterior and posterior slopes, strial punctures on impression without granules, interstrial tubercles on disc behind saddle moderately sized with rounded apices pointing dorsally, not backwardly hooked.
Microperus cruralis, M. nugax, M. sagmatus.
India (West Bengal), Indonesia (Java), West Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand.
Recorded only from two species of Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) (
Planiculus Hulcr & Cognato, 2010a: 21.
Xyleborus bicolor Blandford, 1894b; original designation.
Minute to small (1.7–2.4 mm), elongate (2.57–3.6× as long as wide) and distinctly bicolored species. Planiculus is distinguished by the declivity flat, slightly broadened laterally; declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened; lateral profile of declivity gradually descending; pronotum from dorsal view long, rounded anteriad (type 9), from lateral view elongated with low summit and elongate disc (type 8); antennal club approximately circular, obliquely truncate, type 2, segment 1 corneous, large, occupying at least basal 1/2 of club, segment 2 visible on posterior face; and protibiae distinctly triangular. In addition, the procoxae are contiguous, scutellum visible, flat, flush with elytra, the tuft on pronotal base associated with mesonotal mycangium is absent.
Planiculus species are most easily confused with small Euwallacea and Xyleborus species but are distinguished by the declivity flat, slightly broadened laterally, with very few tubercles and smaller more elongate body, and rounded frontal margin of pronotum (type 7) that is never subquadrate (as in Euwallacea).
Euwallacea, Xyleborus.
Found throughout the Paleotropics and Australasia.
The gallery system has a few branches more or less in one transverse plane with several small brood chambers extending longitudinally. Surface galleries between the phloem and sapwood may occur in thick-barked stems (
1 | Elytral apex entire (Fig. |
bicolor |
– | Elytral apex emarginate (Fig. |
2 |
2 | Declivital interstriae 1 armed with several granules | limatus |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 armed with one tubercle | shiva |
Xyleborus bicolor Blandford, 1894b: 113.
Euwallacea bicolor
(Blandford):
Planiculus bicolor
(Blandford):
Xyleborus laevis
Eggers, 1923: 201. Synonymy:
Xyleborus bicolor unimodus
Beeson, 1929: 238. Synonymy:
Xyleborus rodgeri
Beeson, 1930: 213. Synonymy:
Xyleborus rodgeri privatus
Beeson, 1930: 213. Synonymy:
Xyleborus rameus
Schedl, 1940a: 441. Synonymy:
Xyleborus artelaevis
Schedl, 1942a: 196. Synonymy:
Xyleborus ashuensis
Murayama, 1954: 193. Synonymy:
Xyleborus filiformis
Schedl, 1975c: 364. Synonymy:
Xyleborus tumidus
Schedl, 1975c: 371. Synonymy:
Xyleborus glabratulus
Browne, 1983a: 560. Synonymy:
Syntypes
Xyleborus bicolor (
China: Hainan, Ledong, Jian Feng Natl For. Park, 18.700N, 109.080E, 133 m, 4.xii.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia (RABC, 1). Jiangxi, Long Nan, 12.vii.2016, Lv-Jia, Lai, S-C., ex Cyclobalanopsis glauca (RABC, 1). Laos: Bolikhamxai, Ban nape (8 km NE), 18°21'N, 105°08'E, 600 m, 1–18.v.2001, V. Kubáň (
1.8–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.05 mm; n = 5); 2.86–3.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its rounded elytral apex.
Planiculus limatus, P. shiva.
American Samoa, Bangladesh, ‘Borneo’, China (Hainan*, Jiangxi*, Yunnan), Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, India (Andaman Is, Assam, Nicobar Is, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Japan, Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Xyleborus limatus Schedl, 1942b: 171.
Planiculus limatus
(Schedl):
Xyleborus subemarginatus
Eggers, 1940: 150. Synonymy:
Xyleborus subparallelus
Eggers, 1940: 151. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus limatus (
Japan: Okinawa Pref., Iriomote-jima Island, 2.xi.2016, H. Kajimura, ex Machilus thunbergii (
1.7–2.2 mm long (mean = 1.9 mm; n = 5); 2.57–2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the emarginate elytral apex and declivital interstriae 1 armed with several granules.
Planiculus bicolor, P. shiva.
Indonesia (Java), Japan*, East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus shiva Maiti & Saha, 1986: 140.
Holotype
(
India (Andaman Is).
1.85 mm long. Length/width ratio unknown. This species is distinguished by the emarginate elytral apex and “declivital interstriae 1 somewhat raised below the middle accommodating one distinct setiferous tubercle” (
Planiculus bicolor, P. limatus.
Recorded only from Pterocymbium (Malvaceae) (
Specimens of this species were unavailable for study. The diagnosis and measurements were taken from
Pseudowebbia Browne, 1961a: 308.
Xyleborus trepanicauda Eggers, 1923; original designation.
2.2–3.1 mm, elongate species, 2.4–3.1× as long as wide. Pseudowebbia is distinguished by the scutellum not visible; dense tuft of setae along elytral base associated with an elytral mycangium; antennal funicle 4-segmented; declivity truncate, covered with dense scales and encircled by a row of denticles; and protibiae with evenly rounded edge, lateral margin armed with seven socketed denticles, posterior face flat, unarmed.
Arixyleborus, Cyclorhipidion, Truncaudum, Webbia.
Occurring throughout the Paleotropics.
Described only for P. percorthylus (Schedl, 1935). The short entrance tunnel runs into an irregular cavity lying between the bark and wood, with or without some short side branches. In the observed systems, the gallery system does not penetrate the wood (
Xyleborus trepanicauda Eggers, 1923: 170.
Pseudowebbia trepanicauda
(Eggers):
Syntypes
(
2.2–3.1 mm long (mean = 2.51 mm; n = 6); 2.4–3.1× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by 1–3 moderately sized denticles on declivital interstriae 2; and pronotum anterior margin basic, short, rounded and parallel-sided, when viewed dorsally (type 2).
Arixyleborus, truncate Cyclorhipidion species, Truncaudum, Webbia.
‘Borneo’, Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), East Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.
Recorded only from Vatica (Dipterocarpaceae) (
Schedlia Browne, 1950b: 641.
Xyleborus sumatranus Hagedorn, 1908; original designation.
Schedlia species are large and stout (4.2–5.3 mm; 2.15–2.5× as long as wide) and distinguished by the scutellum absent; elytral disc minutely rugose and punctate; declivity clearly distinct from disc, obliquely truncate, impunctate, coarsely granulate to tuberculate; elytral bases costate, curved, with conspicuous medial tufts of setae denoting an elytral mycangium; antennal club flattened, type 4, pubescent; pronotum type 4 in lateral view; protibiae sickle-like, inflated and granulate on posterior face; and procoxae contiguous.
Schedlia can be distinguished from Ambrosiodmus by the lack of scutellum, and from Coptodryas by the declivity clearly separated from disc.
Ambrosiodmus, Coptodryas.
Paleotropical.
The unbranched radial entrance tunnel leads to a single large brood chamber in the longitudinal plane (
Schedlia species are Dipterocarpaceae specialists.
1 | Declivity without a pair of large spines on basal 1/3; smaller, 4.2–4.65 mm | allecta |
– | Declivity with a pair of large spines on basal 1/3; larger, 4.8–5.3 mm | sumatrana |
Xyleborus allectus Schedl, 1942c: 33.
Schedlia allecta (Schedl): Browne, 1950: 642.
Holotype
(
Cambodia: Pursat, Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Pramsoy, forest edge, 16.xi.2005, K. Smets, I. Var, light trapping (
4.2–4.65 mm long (mean = 4.45 mm; n = 5); 2.15–2.5× as long as wide. This species is clearly distinguished from S. sumatrana by the lack of a pair of large spines on basal 1/3 of declivity; and smaller size.
Schedlia sumatrana.
Brunei, Cambodia*, Thailand, Vietnam.
Xyleborus sumatranus Hagedorn, 1908: 381.
Schedlia sumatrana
(Hagedorn):
The holotype was destroyed in the bombing of UHZM in World War II (
4.8–5.3 mm long (mean = 4.96 mm; n = 5); 2.18–2.41× as long as wide. This species can be diagnosed by the larger size; and a pair of large spines on basal 1/3 of declivity.
Schedlia allecta.
Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.
The species has been recorded only from trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae (Balanocarpus, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Hopea, Shorea, Vatica) (
Stictodex Hulcr & Cognato, 2013: 123.
Xyleborus dimidiatus Eggers, 1927a: original designation.
Moderately sized, 2.4–3.3 mm, elongate, 2.54–2.89× as long as wide, and shiny species. Stictodex is distinguished by the antennal club very broad, type 2, with segment 1 straight; declivity with first and second interstriae divergent, broadest at elytral summit; declivity flat and gradually sloped; scutellum flat, flush with elytra; protibiae inflated on posterior face; and procoxae contiguous.
Stictodex is similar to Arixyleborus with which it shares a broad antennal club but it lacks the distinctive elytral ridges and furrows.
Arixyleborus, Fraudatrix, Xyleborus.
Paleotropical.
Not described.
Xyleborus dimidiatus Eggers, 1927a: 404.
Stictodex dimidiatus
(Eggers):
Xyleborus dorsosulcatus Beeson, 1930: 219. syn. nov.
Xyleborus tunggali
Schedl, 1936d: 32. Synonymy:
Xyleborus decumans
Schedl, 1953b: 301. Synonymy:
Xyleborus cruciatus
Schedl, 1973: 90. Synonymy:
Paratype
Xyleborus dimidiatus (
Laos: Kham Mouan, Ban Khun Ngeun, 18°07'N, 104°29'E, ~ 200 m, 24–29.iv.2001, Pacholátko (RABC, 1). Vientiane, Ban Van Eue, 15.xii.1965, native collector, ex malaise trap (
2.4–3.3 mm long (mean = 2.96 mm; n = 5); 2.54–2.89× as long as wide. Stictodex dimidiatus can be readily distinguished by the antennal club very broad, and type 2, with segment 1 straight; declivity with first and second interstriae divergent, broadest at elytral summit; declivity flat and gradually sloped; scutellum flat, flush with elytra; pronotum tight around head; protibiae inflated on posterior face. Specimens of this species demonstrate an extreme morphological continuum of variation in the elytral striae (both on disc and declivity) ranging from slightly to deeply impressed.
Arixyleborus spp.
Indonesia (Maluku), Laos*, East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam*.
Most host records are from the Dipterocarpaceae, but other tree families are also occasionally attacked (
This species as currently defined is remarkably morphologically variable (Fig.
Images of a X. dorsosulcatus paratype were examined. The specimen represents the most extreme declivity seen in S. dimidiatus with striae 1 deeply impressed (Fig.
Streptocranus Schedl, 1939b: 52.
Streptocranus mirabilis Schedl, 1939b; monotypy.
The most slender and extremely elongated species (1.9–4.9 mm; 3.85–4.75× as long as wide) occurring in Southeast Asia. Streptocranus is distinguished by its unique subquadrate and laterally constricted pronotum (type a in lateral view; type c in dorsal view) with a flat and long pronotal disc; elytral apex divaricate and ornamented with a pair of distal processes; protibiae slender, sickle-shaped; mycangial tufts absent; scutellum flat, flush with elytra; and procoxae contiguous.
Debus.
Only occurring in the Paleotropics and Oceania.
The gallery systems of Streptocranus seem to be rather variable, with a few branches that may run horizontally or longitudinally, and may be irregularly widened, but without distinct brood chambers (
1 | Elytral processes somewhat laterally compressed, much narrower in dorsal view than the space between them (Fig. |
2 |
– | Elytral processes somewhat dorso-ventrally compressed, approximately as wide or wider than the space between them (Fig. |
4 |
2 | Elytral processes elongate, strongly tapering, strongly curved dorsad, and with an acutely pointed tip | bicuspis |
– | Elytral processes short, less tapering, less strongly curved dorsad, and with a mucronate tip | 3 |
3 | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 unarmed; elytral processes rounded, weakly carinate; smaller, 1.9–2.15 mm and very elongate, 4.3–4.8× as long as wide | fragilis |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 with two or three granules; elytral processes subquadrate, strongly carinate; larger, 2.3 mm and less elongate, 3.8× as long as wide | petilus sp. nov. |
4 | Large species, 4.1–4.9 mm long; dorsal margin of elytral process with a strong, inwardly-directed denticle at the level of the elytral apex | mirabilis |
– | Smaller species, 2.4–3.6 mm long; dorsal margin of elytral process with a minute denticle (occasionally absent) at the level of the elytral apex | bicolor |
Streptocranus bicolor Browne, 1949: 900.
Coptoborus bicolor
(Browne):
Streptocranus bicolor
Browne:
Holotype
(
2.4–3.6 mm long (mean = 2.69 mm; n = 5); 4.0–4.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; strongly attenuate elytra; and dorsal margin of elytral process with a minute denticle (occasionally absent) at the level of the elytral apex.
Streptocranus fragilis, S. mirabilis, S. petilus.
East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from Dryobalanops, Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae), Eugenia (Myrtaceae), and Palaquium (Sapotaceae). Probably polyphagous (
Xyleborus bicuspis Eggers, 1940: 153.
Coptoborus bicuspis
(Eggers):
Streptocranus bicuspis
(Eggers):
Streptocranus recurvus
Lectotype
Xyleborus bicuspis (
2.2–3.4 mm long (mean = 2.87 mm; n = 4); 3.85–4.25× as long as wide. The species is distinguished by the unique elongate elytral processes, strongly tapering, strongly curved dorsad, and with an acutely pointed tip.
None.
‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Java), West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded only from Castanopsis (Fagaceae) (
Streptocranus fragilis Browne, 1949: 901.
Coptoborus fragilis
(Browne):
Streptocranus fragilis
(Browne):
Holotype
(
China: Fujian, Fuzhou, 19.iv.2018, Y. Li, ex Liquidambar formosana (UFFE, 1). S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 28 km NW Jinghong, vic. An Ma Xi Zhan (NNNR), 22°12'N, 100°38'E, 700 m, forest, EKL, 5.iv.2009, L. Meng (RABC, 1).
1.9–2.15 mm long (mean = 2.03 mm; n = 5); 4.3–4.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; elytra with sides nearly parallel from base to apex; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 unarmed; and elytral distal projection short, rounded, weakly carinate.
Streptocranus bicolor, S. mirabilis, S. petilus.
Brunei, China* (Fujian, Yunnan), East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from Eugenia (Myrtaceae), Palaquium (Sapotaceae) (
Streptocranus mirabilis Schedl, 1939b: 53.
Coptoborus mirabilis
(Schedl):
Streptocranus mirabilis
Schedl:
Lectotype
(
4.1–4.9 mm long (mean = 4.45 mm; n = 3); 3.90–4.08× as long as wide. The species is the largest Streptocranus and is distinguished by the moderately attenuate elytra; and dorsal margin of elytral process with a strong, inwardly directed denticle at the level of the elytral apex.
Streptocranus bicolor, S. fragilis, S. petilus.
Indonesia (Java), West Malaysia, Thailand.
Recorded from Mesua (Calophyllaceae), Quercus (Fagaceae), and Schoutenia (= Actinophora) (Malvaceae) (
Holotype
, female, China: Yunnan, Jinghong, 24.i.2018, Shengchang Lai, ex Hevea brasiliensis (
2.3 mm long (n = 1); 3.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; elytra with sides nearly parallel from base to apex; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 with two or three granules; and elytral distal projection short, subquadrate, strongly carinate.
Streptocranus bicolor, S. fragilis, S. mirabilis.
(female). 2.3 mm long (n = 1); 3.83× as long as wide. Body light to dark brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: Missing. Pronotum: 1.48× as long as wide. In dorsal view conspicuously elongate and quadrate frontally, type c, sides tapering from summit to base; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view conspicuously elongate and hooded frontally, type a, summit on apical 1/5. Anterior slope steep with densely spaced small asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc shiny, glabrous, with sparse, fine punctures. Lateral margins concave above procoxae. Base transverse, posterior angles narrowly rounded. Elytra: 2.28× as long as wide, 1.5× as long as pronotum. Scutellum small, triangular, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, nearly parallel-sided along entire length, apex emarginate, each elytron with a short, subquadrate, strongly carinate distal projection that is shorter than the depth of the emargination. Disc shiny; striae irregularly seriate, not impressed, with moderately sized, shallow punctures separated by 1–3 diameters of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, impunctate, glabrous. Declivity short, occupying apical 1/4, gradually rounded, shiny; striae flat, punctures as large as those of disc; interstriae laterally diverging from base to apex, interstriae 1 and 3 with two or three granules, each granule with a moderately long, erect hair. Posterolateral margin rounded. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece short, inconspicuous. Protibiae slender with evenly rounded outer edge, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with four large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin obliquely triangular with four and five large socketed denticles, respectively.
China (Yunnan).
L. petilus = slender. In reference its general habitus. An adjective.
This species is only known from Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae).
Tricosa
Cognato, Smith & Beaver, 2020 (
Xyleborus metacuneolus (Eggers, 1940); original designation.
2.2–3.8 mm, 2.5–3.0× as long as wide. Tricosa is distinguished by the following combination of characters: antennal funicle 4-segmented; antennal club type 3 with one or two sutures visible on the posterior face; protibiae distinctly or obliquely triangular with six or fewer denticles on outer margin and posterior face flattened and unarmed; scutellum small, flush with elytra surface; mycangial tufts absent; elytra attenuate; elytral discal punctures seriate; and posterolateral costa absent (
Tricosa resembles Cyclorhipidion, Cryptoxyleborus, and Fraudatrix with which it shares either a setose and/or an attenuate appearance. Tricosa is most similar to Cyclorhipidion with which it shares a setose appearance, but is distinguished by the following diagnostic characters (Tricosa given first): protibiae obliquely triangular vs. semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge; typically attenuate elytra vs. rounded, truncate or excavated; outer margin of protibiae with five or six socketed denticles vs. 6–9+; anterior margin of the pronotum typically serrate vs. unarmed (rarely serrate). Tricosa is distinguished from Cryptoxyleborus by the visible scutellum, and from Fraudatrix by the 4-segmented antennal funicle and antennal club type 3 with one or two sutures visible on the posterior face, and the pronotal disc being as long as or shorter than the anterior slope (
Cryptoxyleborus, Cyclorhipidion, Fraudatrix.
Throughout the Oriental region and New Guinea.
Not described.
1 | Elytral discal striae and interstriae clearly uniseriate punctate | 2 |
– | Elytral discal striae and interstriae punctures confused | 3 |
2 | Pronotum anterior margin unarmed; protibiae broad, appearing distinctly triangular | jacula |
– | Pronotum anterior margin serrate; protibiae narrow, appearing obliquely triangular | metacuneolus |
3 | Pronotum anterior margin armed by a row of six serrations; smaller, 2.7–3.1 mm, and stouter, 2.5–2.7× as long as wide | cattienensis |
– | Pronotum anterior margin armed by a row of eight serrations; larger, 3.2–3.4 mm, and more slender, 2.83–2.91× as long as wide | indochinensis |
Tricosa cattienensis
Cognato, Smith & Beaver, 2020 (in
Holotype (
2.7–3.1 mm long (mean = 2.98 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.7× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital slope gentle; declivital posterolateral margins rounded; elytral disc and declivity shiny; elytral interstriae granulate, not tuberculate; declivital striae weakly impressed; and pronotum anterior margin with a clear row of six moderate serrations.
It can be further distinguished from T. indochinensis by the smaller size and stouter form.
Tricosa indochinensis.
China (Hong Kong), Japan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Known only from Pterocarpus (Fabaceae), Machilus (Lauraceae), and a cut liana (
Tricosa indochinensis
Cognato, Smith & Beaver, 2020 (in
Holotype (
3.2–3.4 mm long (mean = 3.32 mm; n = 5); 2.83–2.91× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the discal interstrial punctures confused; protibiae distinctly triangular; and pronotum anterior margin with a clear row of eight moderate serrations.
This species is very similar to T. cattienensis and is distinguished by the larger size and narrower form (
Heteroborips indicus, Tricosa cattienensis.
China (Yunnan), India (West Bengal), Thailand.
Known only from Pterocarpus (Fabaceae) (
Tricosa jacula
Cognato, Smith & Beaver, 2020 (in
Holotype (
3.2 mm long (n = 1); 2.91× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytral discal striae and interstriae clearly uniseriate punctate; pronotum anterior margin unarmed; and protibiae distinctly triangular (
Fraudatrix melas, Tricosa metacuneolus.
China (Guizhou).
This species has been reported from Populus (Salicaceae) (
Xyleborus metacuneolus Eggers, 1940: 150.
Tricosa metacuneola
[sic] (Eggers):
Xyleborus kaimochii
Nobuchi, 1981a: 143. Synonymy:
Paratype Xyleborus metacuneolus (
2.4–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.46 mm; n = 5); 2.67–2.78× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytra gently attenuate on apical 30%; declivital interstriae uniseriate granulate, granules numerous, spaced by a distance of less than three granule widths; and declivital striae and interstriae densely setose, strial setae 1/2 as long as those of interstriae.
Coptodryas mus, Fraudatrix cuneiformis.
Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), Japan, East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand.
Probably polyphagous. Recorded from Buchanania, Mangifera (Anacardiaceae), Castanopsis (Fagaceae), Swietenia (Meliaceae), and Gymnacranthera (Myristicaceae) (
Truncaudum Hulcr & Cognato, 2010a: 24.
Xyleborus impexus Schedl, 1942b; original designation.
Small to moderately sized, somewhat elongate (1.9–2.9 mm, 2.44–2.9 × as long as wide) and densely pubescent. Truncaudum is distinguished by the declivity obliquely or abruptly truncate; pronotum elongate without distinct serrations on anterior margin; protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer margin; scutellum visible, procoxae contiguous, mycangial tufts absent.
The two species in Southeast Asia are strikingly similar to several small Cyclorhipidion species and is distinguished by the obliquely truncate (type 2) antennal club while those of Cyclorhipidion are flat and types 3, 4, 5.
Amasa, Cyclorhipidion, Pseudowebbia.
Found throughout the Paleotropics and Australasia with one species occurring in Africa.
The gallery system has a few branches, usually in the transverse plane, and at least one brood chamber in the longitudinal plane (
1 | Declivity obliquely truncate, margins rounded; declivital interstriae 1 flat | agnatum |
– | Declivity abruptly truncate, surrounded by a circumdeclivital costa margined with a row of variably tubercles; declivital interstriae 1 tumescent | bullatum sp. nov. |
Xyleborus agnatus Eggers, 1923: 197.
Truncaudum agnatum
(Eggers):
Xyleborus polyodon
Eggers, 1923: 196. Synonymy:
Xyleborus gratiosus
Schedl, 1942a: 199. Synonymy:
Xyleborus nutans
Schedl, 1942a: 199. Synonymy:
Xyleborus delicatus
Schedl, 1955a: 300. Synonymy:
Xyleborus subagnatus
Wood, 1992: 85. Synonymy:
Paralectotype
Xyleborus nutans (
2.1–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.4 mm; n = 5); 2.44–2.9× as long as wide and densely pubescent. This species is distinguished by the declivity obliquely truncate, margins rounded; declivital interstriae 1 flat; and large size.
This species is strikingly similar to many small Cyclorhipidion species and is distinguished by the characters given for the genus.
Small Cyclorhipidion spp.
Australia, ‘Borneo’, Federated States of Micronesia, Indonesia (Java, Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatra), New Caledonia, New Guinea, Palau, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Holotype
, female, China: Fujian, Fuzhou, Qishan, Y. Li, 18.iv.2018, ex unknown twig (
1.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.71× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivity abruptly truncate, surrounded by a complete costa and margined with a row of variably tubercles; declivital interstriae 1 tumescent; and small size.
This species is strikingly similar to many small Cyclorhipidion species and is distinguished by the characters given for the genus.
Amasa spp., Arixyleborus spp., Cyclorhipidion spp., Pseudowebbia spp., Webbia spp.
(female). 1.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.71× as long as wide. Head, pronotum, antennae and legs light brown. Elytra bicolored: elytral disc light brown, becoming darker apically, declivital face maroon. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; surface shagreened, impunctate, alutaceous; granulate just above epistoma. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, approximately as long as funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular, obliquely truncate, type 2; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal 2/5, nearly covering posterior face; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segment 1 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.2× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 7, disc flat, summit at apical 1/4. Anterior slope with densely spaced, fine asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, erect hair-like setae. Disc shiny, alutaceous with very dense, fine punctures, glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles narrowly rounded. Elytra: 1.35× as long as wide, 1.1× as long as pronotum. Scutellum small, linguiform, shiny, flush with elytra, flat. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then sharply angulate to apex. Disc shiny, densely setose; striae not impressed, punctures fine, shallow, separated by three diameters of a puncture; interstriae flat, finely punctate, punctures as large as those of striae, strongly confused, setose, each bearing a short, semi-erect hair-like seta. Declivity truncate, strongly shagreened, dull, almost glabrous; interstriae impunctate, interstriae 1 laterally broadened from declivital summit to apical 1/3 then narrowed to apex, tumescent, one denticle on apical 1/3; tumescent area sparsely setose, setae short, stout, erect; strial punctures very large, shallow, much larger than on disc, punctures subcontiguous with those of adjacent rows. Posterolateral margin forming a circumdeclivital carina, carina coarsely tuberculate, tubercles increasing in size from base to apex. Legs: procoxae contiguous, prosternal coxal piece inconspicuous. Protibiae slender with evenly rounded outer edge, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with four large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with seven moderate socketed denticles, their length equal to basal width.
L. bullatus = inflated. Named in reference to the tumescent declivity. An adjective.
China (Fujian).
Unknown.
Webbia Hopkins, 1915b: 222.
Xelyborus
Schedl, 1939a: 349. Synonymy:
Prowebbia
Browne, 1962: 208. Synonymy:
Webbia dipterocarpi Hopkins, 1915b; original designation.
1.9–3.4 mm long, 2.6–3.75× as long as wide. Webbia is distinguished by the scutellum not apparent; dense tuft of setae present along elytral base associated with an elytral mycangium; antennal funicle 2-segmented; protibiae slender, outer margin armed with more than nine denticles, posterior face inflated and unarmed; pronotum conspicuously elongated, rectangular in dorsal aspect, disc flat, anterolateral corners inflated (type a in dorsal view); elytra with few setae, abruptly truncated and often elaborately ornamented with large projections.
Amasa, Arixyleborus, Cyclorhipidion, Pseudowebbia.
Throughout the Paleotropics.
The unbranched radial entrance tunnel leads to a single large brood chamber in the longitudinal plane (
The majority of species are strongly associated with Dipterocarpaceae, but single species are specialized on Fagaceae and Sapotaceae (
1 | Circumdeclivital margin carinate and unarmed by denticles or spines; declivity densely covered with thick semi-recumbent golden setae; declivity unarmed by processes | dasyura |
– | Circumdeclivital margin costate and denticulate or spinose; declivity glabrous or with few fine hair-like setae; declivity armed by processes | 2 |
2 | Circumdeclivital margin denticulate; declivital summit with striae and interstriae flush; entire elytral disc smooth, shiny (Fig. |
3 |
– | Circumdeclivital margin spinose; declivital summit with striae strongly impressed and interstriae costate; posterior 25–40% of elytral disc coarsely sculptured, shagreened, dull, anterior portions smooth and shiny (Fig. |
7 |
3 | Declivity with short elytral processes, as long as basal width, their apices acute (Fig. |
4 |
– | Declivity with long elytral processes, spinose, longer than 1.5× their basal width, their apices bifurcate (Fig. |
5 |
4 | Elytral process arising from apical margin, rounded apically with a short, medially directed spine (Fig. |
cornuta |
– | Elytral process arising from declivital face, short and acute (Fig. |
turbinata |
5 | Apical processes of elytra not strongly widened from base to apex, their upper and lower edges subparallel | pabo |
– | Apical processes of elytra triangular, strongly widened from base to apex | 6 |
6 | Base of triangular spine elongate, occupying approximately 1/3 of declivital length; acute spine at elytral apex arising from the sutural interstriae; discal interstriae 1 denticulate, never prolonged into a short spine over the declivity | biformis |
– | Base of triangular spine narrow, occupying approximately 1/4 of declivital length; acute spine at elytral apex arising from the second interstriae, distinctly separated from the suture; discal interstriae 1 prolonged into a short spine over the declivity | diversecauda |
7 | Margin of declivity with six or seven spines on each side | 8 |
– | Margin of declivity with at least nine spines on each side | 9 |
8 | Margin of declivity with six spines on each side, lacking teeth on interstriae 2, 4, and 5, or these teeth much smaller than others; declivital face with a single vermiculate ridge on each side and a row of tubercles lateral to it | duodecimspinata |
– | Margin of declivity with seven teeth on each side, lacking teeth on interstriae 2 and 4; declivital face with two strong vermiculate ridges on each side and without additional tubercles | quatuordecimspinata |
9 | Margin of declivity with 13–15 teeth on each side; declivital face with the vermiculate ridge on interstriae 1 strongly raised in middle of declivity, and with three or four rows of tubercles lateral to it; elytral disc shiny to upper margin of declivity, apart from grooves between marginal teeth | trigintispinata |
– | Margin of declivity with nine or ten teeth on each side; declivital face with a weak ridge on interstriae 1, and two rows of tubercles lateral to it; elytral disc matte on posterior 1/4 | dipterocarpi |
Webbia biformis Browne, 1958: 496.
Holotype
(
2.4–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.67 mm; n = 3); 3.43–3.75× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the circumdeclivital margin denticulate; declivital face bearing a large triangular spine that is as much broader at apex than base; base of spine elongate, occupying approximately 1/3 of declivital length; acute spine at elytral apex arising from the sutural interstriae; and discal interstriae 1 denticulate, never prolonged into a short spine over the declivity.
Webbia diversicauda, W. pabo.
East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Associated with Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Shorea) (
Webbia cornutus [sic] Schedl, 1942a: 183.
Lectotype
(
1.9–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.02 mm; n = 5); 3.14–4.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the circumdeclivital margin denticulate; declivity rather smooth and strongly shiny; declivital striae 1 and 3 very weakly impressed, declivital interstriae without granules; declivital strial and interstrial punctures very fine, of the same size, bearing short fine hair-like setae; short acute elytral process arising from declivital margin; and elytral apex entire.
Webbia turbinata.
‘Borneo’, East & West Malaysia, Thailand.
Associated with Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Shorea) (
As in W. biformis, brood size can be large (up to 87) (
Webbia dasyurus [sic] Browne, 1981a: 133.
Holotype
(
Laos: Kham Mouan, Ban Khun Ngeun, 18°07'N, 104°29'E, ~ 200 m, 24–29.iv.2001, Pacholátko (RABC, 1).
2.8–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.83 mm; n = 3); 2.8–2.95× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the circumdeclivital margin carinate smooth, unarmed by granules or tubercles; declivital face densely covered with thick semi-recumbent golden setae; and declivity unarmed by any spines or processes.
None.
Laos*, East Malaysia, Philippines.
Recorded from Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) (
Webbia dipterocarpi Hopkins, 1915b: 223.
Webbia octodecimspinatus
Sampson, 1921: 32. Synonymy:
Holotype
(
Thailand: Trang, Khaophappha Khaochang, 200–400 m, 13.i.1964, G.A. Samuelson (
3.0–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.12 mm; n = 5); 2.73–2.91× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the margin of declivity with nine or ten teeth on each side; declivital face with a weak ridge on interstriae 1, and two rows of tubercles lateral to it; and elytral disc matte on posterior 1/4.
Webbia duodecimspinata, W. quatuordecimspinata, W. trigintispinata.
East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand*, Vietnam.
Associated with Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Hopea, Shorea, Vatica) (
Webbia diversicauda Browne, 1972: 26.
Holotype
(
2.75–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.83 mm; n = 5); 3.5–3.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the circumdeclivital margin denticulate; declivital face bearing a large triangular spine that is much broader at apex than base; base of spine narrow, occupying approximately 1/4 of declivital length; acute spine at elytral apex arising from the second interstriae, distinctly separated from the suture; discal interstriae 1 prolonged into a short spine over the declivity.
Webbia biformis, W. pabo.
West Malaysia, Thailand.
Webbia 12-spinatus [sic] Schedl, 1942a: 182.
Lectotype
(
3.1–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.27 mm; n = 5); 2.6–2.92× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the entire circumdeclivital margin armed with six spines on each side, lacking teeth on interstriae 2, 4, and 5, or these teeth much smaller than others; declivital face with a single vermiculate ridge on each side and a row of tubercles lateral to it.
Webbia dipterocarpi, W. quatuordecimspinata, W. trigintispinata.
West Malaysia, Thailand.
Associated with Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Shorea) (
A brood of 107 offspring is recorded by
Webbia pabo Sampson, 1922: 150.
Holotype
(
2.3–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.5 mm; n = 4); 3.29–3.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the circumdeclivital margin denticulate; declivital face bearing a large spine that is as broad at apex as base; and an acute spine at elytral apex arising from the sutural interstriae.
Webbia biformis, W. diversicauda.
‘Borneo’, China (Xizang, Yunnan), India (Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand), Indonesia (Maluku), East Malaysia, Thailand.
Associated with Dipterocarpaceae (Anisoptera, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Shorea) (
Webbia 14-spinatus [sic] Sampson, 1921: 34.
Webbia quatuordecimspinatus
Schedl, 1942a: 182. Synonymy:
Webbia quatuordecimcostatus
Schedl, 1952b: 61. Synonymy:
Webbia sampsoni Nunberg, 1956: 209. Unnecessary replacement name for W. quatuordecimspinatus Schedl.
Holotype
(
2.8–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.84 mm; n = 5); 2.8–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the margin of declivity with seven teeth on each side, lacking teeth on interstriae 2 and 4; declivital face with two strong vermiculate ridges on each side and without additional tubercles.
Webbia dipterocarpi, W. duodecimspinata, W. trigintispinata.
‘Borneo’, Brunei, East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
Associated with Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Hopea, Shorea), but also recorded from unidentified species of Burseraceae and Euphorbiaceae (
Webbia 14-spinatus [sic] Sampson, 1922: 149.
Webbia 26-spinatus [sic] Sampson, 1922: 149. Synonymy: Browne, 1963: 57.
Webbia trigintispinatus [sic] Sampson. Browne, 1968b: 133.
Webbia vigintisexspinata Sampson. Corrected name.
Webbia mucronatus Eggers, 1927b: 107. syn. nov.
Holotype
Webbia trigintispinata (
Ceylon [Sri Lanka]: Galle district, Kanneliya, 250 m, 23.v.1975, S.L. Wood, collected from log (
3.0 mm long (mean = 3.0 mm; n = 5); 3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the margin of declivity with 13–15 teeth on each side; declivital face with the vermiculate ridge on interstriae 1 strongly raised in middle of declivity, and with three or four rows of tubercles lateral to it; and elytral disc shiny to upper margin of declivity, apart from grooves between marginal teeth.
Webbia dipterocarpi, W. duodecimspinata, W. quatuordecimspinata.
Cambodia, India (Andaman Is, Assam), Indonesia (Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka*, Thailand, Vietnam.
Associated with Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Hopea, Shorea) (
The species name 26-spinatus is an incorrect original spelling which is here corrected to vigintisexspinata. The corrected name is a subjective synonym of Webbia trigintispinata. Images of the W. mucronatus holotype were examined by all authors and found to be conspecific with the W. trigintispinata holotype and non-type specimens. It is here placed in synonymy.
Webbia turbinatus [sic] Maiti & Saha, 1986: 104.
Holotype
(
Thailand: Chaiyaphum, Phu Khieo, 17.vii.2005, Hulcr et al., ex Shorea branch (
2.2–3.4 mm long; 3.14–3.2× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the circumdeclivital margin denticulate; declivity appearing rugose, striae 1–3 distinctly impressed, interstriae granulate; declivital strial punctures coarse, shallow, hair-like setae arising from punctures rather coarse; short acute elytral process arising from declivital face, not declivital margin; and elytral apices weakly but distinctly divaricate.
Webbia cornuta.
India (Andaman Is), Thailand*.
Recorded from Dipterocarpus, Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) and Sapium (Euphorbiaceae) (
The records of Webbia cornuta from Thailand (Chiang Mai and Phrae) in
Xyleborinus Reitter, 1913: 83.
Bostrichus saxesenii Ratzeburg, 1837; subsequent designation: Swaine, 1918: 50.
Typically small (1.6–3.1 mm) and elongate (2.3–3.4× as long as wide). Xyleborinus is most readily distinguished by the unique scutellum and elytral mycangia: scutellum minute, conical, disconnected from elytra and mycangium which opens adjacent to scutellum. In addition, the antennal club is obliquely truncate with segment 1 corneous and dominant on both sides of the club (type 1), protibiae obliquely triangular, and procoxae contiguous.
Southeast Asian Heteroborips species have elytral mycangium opening adjacent to the scutellum but the scutellum is never minute, conical and disconnected from the elytra.
Cryptoxyleborus, Heteroborips, Microperus, Xyleborus.
Widespread throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world.
In many species, a short unbranched entrance tunnel leads to a brood chamber in the longitudinal plane; in others, such as X. artestriatus, the tunnel branches and there are several small brood chambers (
Note that granules or tubercles on the declivital summit are not considered to be on the declivital face.
1 | Declivital interstriae 1 unarmed on declivital face (Fig. |
2 |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 armed on declivital face (Fig. |
13 |
2 | Only declivital interstriae 1 unarmed on declivital face | subspinosus |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed on declivital face | 3 |
3 | Elytra parallel in basal 1/2, tapering posteriorly to attenuate apex (Fig. |
4 |
– | Elytra parallel for at least basal 40%, broadly rounded to apex (Fig. |
5 |
4 | Larger, 2.3–2.75 mm and less elongate, 2.83–2.89× as long as wide; elytra with small denticles on interstriae 1–4 not extending anteriorly beyond the declivital summit; pronotum less elongate, 1.14× as long as wide | spinipennis |
– | Smaller, 2.1–2.2 mm and more elongate, 3.14–3.23× as long as wide; elytra with small denticles on interstriae 1–4 extending anteriorly onto the disc to at least the midpoint; pronotum more elongate, 1.22× as long as wide | cuneatus sp. nov. |
5 | Declivital face with impunctate striae | 6 |
– | Declivital face with punctate striae | 8 |
6 | Declivity strongly sulcate between interstriae 3; interstriae 3 strongly elevated and costate; larger, 2.5–3.1 mm | schaufussi |
– | Declivity flattened or weakly sulcate between interstriae 3; interstriae 3 weakly elevated; smaller, 1.6–2.0 mm | 7 |
7 | Declivital interstriae 3 denticles increasing in size apically, third denticle very large; denticles along interstriae 5 distinctly smaller than those on interstriae 3 | disgregus sp. nov. |
– | Declivital interstriae 3 denticles subequal or uniform in size; denticles along interstriae 5 subequal to those on interstriae 3 | jianghuasuni sp. nov. |
8 | Very small, 1.6–1.8 mm; declivital face flattened and shagreened; discal interstriae 1 and 2 granulate, granules extending from declivital summit to midpoint of disc (Fig. |
subgranulatus (in part) |
– | Larger, 2.1–3.0 mm; declivital face weakly to moderately sulcate, opalescent or shiny; discal interstriae granulate only at declivital summit (Fig. |
9 |
9 | Declivital face moderately sulcate, interstriae 3 strongly elevated and costate, bearing 4–6 pairs of long, narrow, acute spines | octiesdentatus |
– | Declivital face weakly sulcate, interstriae 3 weakly elevated, bearing denticles or short spines | 10 |
10 | Declivital striae 1 and 2 nearly convergent, their punctures subcontiguous interstriae 2 very narrow; larger, 3.0 mm | echinopterus sp. nov. |
– | Declivital striae 1 and 2 distinctly separated, interstriae 2 wide, at least the width of two strial punctures; smaller, 2.1–2.7 mm | 11 |
11 | Declivital interstriae 3 with broad tubercles, their bases wider than their length and apices obtusely rounded (Fig. |
artestriatus |
– | Declivital interstriae 3 with narrow denticles or spines, their bases less than or equal to their length and apices pointed (Fig. |
12 |
12 | Declivital interstriae 3 feebly elevated, bearing three small pairs of sharply pointed denticles increasing in size from base to apex; declivity opalescent; smaller, 2.1–2.25 mm | sculptilis |
– | Declivital interstriae weakly elevated, bearing three pairs of short, narrow, sharply pointed spines, spines equal in size; declivity strongly shiny and smooth; larger, 2.6–2.7 mm | speciosus |
13 | Declivital interstriae 1 and 2 granulate, interstriae 3 spinose | ephialtodes sp. nov. |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 armed, 2 unarmed, 3 armed | 14 |
14 | Elytra strongly attenuate from basal 1/2; apex acute | andrewesi |
– | Elytra parallel for at least basal 2/3; apex narrowly or broadly rounded | 15 |
15 | Denticles of interstriae 3 larger than those of interstriae 1 | 16 |
– | Denticles of interstriae 3 and interstriae 1 approximately equal | 18 |
16 | Smaller, shorter than 2.0 mm; denticles of interstriae 1 and 3 with bluntly rounded apices; elytral apex with three (usually) pairs of large flattened tubercles; declivity strongly shiny | exiguus |
– | Larger, longer than 2.6 mm; denticles of interstriae 1 and 3 spine-like with acute apices; elytral apex with 1–2 small acute tubercles; declivity shagreened, dull | 17 |
17 | Denticles of declivital interstriae 3 and 5 spine-like with apices slightly recurved in lateral view (Fig. |
attenuatus |
– | Denticles of declivital interstriae 3 and 5 spine-like with apices erect, not recurved (Fig. |
thaiphami sp. nov. |
18 | Declivital interstriae 2 unarmed along its entire length (Fig. |
perpusillus |
– | Declivital interstriae 2 armed at declivital summit and/ or disc by granules (Fig. |
19 |
19 | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 strongly convex; bases of denticles tumescent; striae 1 nearly convergent with striae 2 on declivital face, interstriae 2 not apparent | tritus sp. nov. |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 weakly convex; bases of denticles never tumescent; striae 1 clearly separated from striae 2, interstriae 2 distinct | 20 |
20 | Larger, 2.3−2.5 mm; discal interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed (Fig. |
saxesenii |
– | Smaller, 1.6−1.8 mm; discal interstriae 1 and 2 granulate, granules extending from declivital summit up to midpoint of disc (Fig. |
21 |
21 | Discal interstriae 1 and 2 granules extending from declivital summit to apical quarter of disc (Fig. |
huifenyinae sp. nov. |
– | Discal interstriae 1 and 2 granules extending from declivital summit to midpoint of disc (Fig. |
subgranulatus (in part) |
Xyleborus andrewesi Blandford, 1896b: 227.
Xyleborinus andrewesi
(Blandford):
Xyleborus persphenos
Schedl, 1970a: 219. Synonymy:
Xyleborus insolitus
Bright, 1972: 77. Synonymy:
Cryptoxyleborus gracilior
Browne, 1984: 101. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus andrewesi (
China: Fujian, Fuan, Shuyang, 29.ix.2018, A. Ernstsons, ex EtOH trap (
1.9–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.92 mm; n = 5); 3.17–3.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytra strongly attenuate with apex acute.
Cryptoxyleborus spp., Xyleborinus cuneatus.
Recorded in the study region from Bangladesh, China (Fujian*, Hong Kong*, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. It also occurs in Sri Lanka and through Malaysia and Indonesia, to the Philippines and New Guinea. Presumably imported to and established in East Africa (Tanzania, Zambia) and the Seychelles. Introduced and established in the USA (
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus artestriatus Eichhoff, 1878b: 507.
Xyleborinus artestriatus
(Eichhoff):
Xyleborus laticollis
Blandford, 1896b: 226. Synonymy:
Xyelborus angustior [sic] Eggers, 1925: 158. syn. nov.
Xyleborus rugipennis
Schedl, 1953b: 303. Synonymy:
Xyleborus undatus Schedl, 1974: 264. syn. nov.
Xyleborus beaveri
Browne, 1979 (in
Paratype
Xyelborus angustior (
Cambodia: Siem Reap, Preaj Khan temple, 26.vii.2006, O. Yothin, ex Malaise trap (
2.3–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.48 mm; n = 5); 2.3–3.13× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face weakly sulcate; large body size; lateral declivital margins elevated along interstriae 3, bearing two or three pairs of large, broad, obtusely pointed tubercles of different sizes on basal 1/2 of declivity; sulcate area of declivity smooth, shiny or opalescent; and stout body.
Xyleborinus echinopterus, X. ephialtodes, X. octiesdentatus, X. schaufussi, X. speciosus, X. spinipennis.
Recorded in the study region from Bangladesh, Cambodia*, China (Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Shanghai, Yunnan, unknown province), India (Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. It also occurs in Sri Lanka, and through the Indomalayan region to New Guinea and Australia and has been introduced to the United States (
Polyphagous (
In this species the gallery system is branched with several small brood chambers (
The holotype of Xyelborus angustior is in poor condition; only the mesonotum and abdomen without elytra remain glued to the card. Eggers’ description clearly indicates that the specimen strongly resembled X. artestriatus before it became damaged. The species description and paratype specimen of Xyleborus undatus was also examined and found to be conspecific with X. artestriatus. Both species are here placed in synonymy with X. artestriatus.
Xyleborus attenuatus Blandford, 1894b: 114.
Xyleborinus attenuatus
(Blandford):
Xyleborus alni
Niisima, 1909: 160. Synonymy:
Xyleborus canus
Niisima, 1909: 161. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus attenuatus (
China: Chongqing, Wu Xi, 4.viii.2015, Wang, J-G., Lv-Jia, Tian-Shang, ex Pinus armandii (RABC, 2). Shaanxi, Feng Xian, 20–22.v.2016, Nie, Yang (
2.6–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.78 mm; n = 5); 2.9–3.25× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital face with interstriae 2 armed by granules at declivital summit, unarmed on declivital face; denticles of declivital interstriae 3 larger than those of interstriae 1; denticles pointed, spine-like, slightly incurved; denticles on interstriae 5 large, sharply pointed, spine-like, curved slightly downwards; discal interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed; declivital interstriae 2 flattened; and large size.
This species is nearly identical to X. thaiphami and is distinguished by the declivital interstriae 3 denticles that are incurved rather than acutely pointed and interstriae 5 denticles always down-curved.
Xyleborinus saxesenii, X. subgranulatus, X. subspinosus, X. thaiphami.
China* (Chongqing, Shaanxi), Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East), Taiwan. Introduced and established in central and northern Europe and North America (
Previously recorded from trees in the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Rosaceae (
Holotype
, female, Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1400 m, 10–31.i.2005, W. Puranasakul, ex EtOH trap (
2.1–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.13 mm; n = 3); 3.14–3.23× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytra parallel-sided in basal 1/2, tapering posteriorly; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face moderately sulcate; small body size; lateral declivital margins moderately elevated, costate, bearing 4–6 pairs of large sharply pointed backwardly hooked denticles (often asymmetric); elytra with small denticles on interstriae 1–4 extending anteriorly onto the disc to at least the midpoint; strial punctures large; declivital surface shagreened, dull; and elongate body form.
This species is very similar to X. spinipennis and can be recognized by the smaller size and more elongate form, elytra with small denticles on interstriae 1–4 extending anteriorly onto the disc to at least the midpoint, and pronotum more elongate, 1.22× as long as wide.
Xyleborinus andrewesi, X. disgregus, X. jianghuasuni, X. sculptilis, X. speciosus, X. spinipennis.
(female). 2.1–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.13 mm; n = 3); 3.14–3.23× as long as wide. Body dark red-brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, alutaceous, subshiny, sparsely punctate; punctures large, shallow, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrowly triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, as long as funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.17× as long as wide. In dorsal view very elongate, rounded frontally, type 9, sides parallel on basal 3/4; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 8, disc flat, summit prominent at apical 1/3. Anterior slope with densely spaced narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Elytra: 2.02× as long as wide, 1.73× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, conical, disconnected from elytra, surrounded by dense mycangial tuft of setae. Elytral base transverse, medially emarginate near scutellum and mycangial tuft, edge oblique, humeral angles angulate, parallel-sided in basal 1/2, then tapering to apex. Disc occupying basal 2/3, smooth on basal 1/2, shagreened and dull on apical 1/2; striae not impressed, glabrous, with moderate punctures separated by one diameter of a puncture; interstriae flat, sparsely finely uniseriate punctate, punctures 1/3 those of striae, each bearing erect, hair-like setae, setae approximately as long as width of interstriae 2; apical 1/2 of interstriae armed by granules medially and increasing in size apically, becoming large denticles at declivital base. Declivital face steeply rounded, impressed between interstriae 1 and 3, appearing bisulcate, strongly shagreened; three striae present, striae parallel, strial punctures slightly larger than on disc, glabrous; interstriae impunctate; interstriae 1 with two denticles present at base, remainder unarmed; interstriae 2 narrow, flat, impressed, unarmed along its length; interstriae 3 elevated on basal 3/4 with a row of with a row of five or six regularly spaced, strong spines. Interstrial denticles and spines setose, setae erect, hair-like, uniseriate, as long as the width between suture and interstriae 3. Posterolateral margin costate, denticulate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece flat, inconspicuous. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with six moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with eight and five moderate socketed denticles, respectively.
L. cuneatus = wedge-shaped. In reference to the shape of the beetle. An adjective.
Thailand.
Unknown.
Holotype
: female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°34.118'N, 105°52.537'E, 1048 m, 12–17.iv.2014, VN9, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex FIT (
1.8–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.87 mm; n = 3); 3.0–3.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face feebly sulcate; small body size; lateral declivital margins weakly elevated, bearing three pairs of sharply pointed denticles, denticles increasing in size from base to apex; denticles along interstriae 5 distinctly smaller than those on interstriae 3; sulcate area impunctate, surface strongly shagreened, dull; and elongate body form.
Xyleborinus cuneatus, X. jianghuasuni, X. sculptilis.
(female). 1.8–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.87 mm; n = 3); 3.0–3.33× as long as wide. Body, legs and antennae light brown, elytra becoming darker apically, declivity red-brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons flattened to upper level of eyes, alutaceous, subshiny, finely, sparsely punctate, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrowly triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, as long as funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum. 1.06× as long as wide. In dorsal view very elongate, rounded frontally, type 9, sides parallel on basal 3/4; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 8, disc flat, summit moderately prominent, at apical 1/3. Anterior slope with densely spaced narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Elytra: 2.0× as long as wide, 1.88× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, conical, disconnected from elytra, surrounded by dense mycangial tuft of setae. Elytral base transverse, medially emarginate near scutellum and mycangial tuft, edge oblique, humeral angles angulate, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc occupying basal 2/3, smooth, shiny, glabrous, unarmed; striae not impressed, with moderate punctures separated by two diameters of a puncture; interstriae flat, sparsely finely uniseriate punctate, punctures 1/3 those of striae. Declivital face strongly shagreened, dull, steeply rounded, feebly sulcate between interstriae 3; three striae present, striae and interstriae impunctate; interstriae 1 and 2 flat, unarmed on face, two small denticles present at base; interstriae 3 weakly elevated with a row of three pairs of sharply pointed denticles, denticles increasing in size from base to apex. Interstrial denticles and spines setose, setae erect, hair-like, uniseriate and as long as the width between suture and interstriae 3. Posterolateral margin without a costa, denticulate from interstriae 5–6. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece flat, inconspicuous. Protibiae distinctly triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with six moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with 5–7 and seven or eight moderate socketed denticles, respectively.
L. disgregus = unlike, different. In reference to the interesting pattern of granules on the declivity. An adjective.
India (Arunachal Pradesh), Vietnam.
Holotype
, female, China: Hong Kong, Shing Mun, 24–28.v.2017, ex intercept trap (
3.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.73× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face weakly sulcate; large body size; lateral declivital margins elevated, bearing 2–4 pairs of small, narrow, sharply pointed spines of equal size (often asymmetric) on basal 2/3; sulcate area of declivity smooth, shiny; and stout body.
Xyleborinus artestriatus, X. ephialtodes, X. octiesdentatus, X. schaufussi, X. speciosus, X. spinipennis.
(female). 3.0 mm long (n = 1); 2.73× as long as wide. Body, legs, and antennae uniformly light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, alutaceous, subshiny, finely, sparsely punctate, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, as long as funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.02× as long as wide. In dorsal view basic and parallel-sided, sides parallel in basal 2/3, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate, disc longer than anterior slope, type 7, summit low, on apical 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Elytra: 1.69× as long as wide, 1.67× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, conical, disconnected from elytra, surrounded by dense mycangial tuft of setae. Elytral base transverse, medially emarginate near scutellum and mycangial tuft, edge oblique, humeral angles angulate, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc occupying basal 3/5, smooth, shiny, glabrous, unarmed; striae not impressed, glabrous, with moderate punctures separated by one diameter of a puncture; interstriae flat, sparsely finely uniseriate punctate, punctures 1/3 those of striae, each bearing erect hair-like setae, setae approximately as long as width of interstriae 2. Declivital face steeply rounded, weakly sulcate between interstriae 3, smooth, shiny, striae and interstriae moderately setose, setae long, semi-erect hair-like, as long or longer than the distance between suture and interstriae 3; three striae present, striae 1 and 2 subcontiguous; strial punctures as larger, deeper than on disc; interstriae 1 and 2 flat, armed by two and four denticles, respectively, on declivital base, unarmed on face; interstriae 2 very narrow; interstriae 3 forming declivital margin, distinctly elevated, 2–4 pairs of small, narrow, sharply pointed spines of equal size (often asymmetric) on basal 2/3. Posterolateral margin rounded, denticulate from interstriae 3–7. Legs: procoxae contiguous, prosternal coxal piece flat, inconspicuous. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with six moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened, outer margin evenly rounded with nine and seven moderate socketed denticles, respectively.
G. echinos- = hedgehog or sea urchin; -pteron = wing. In reference to the acute spines on the declivity. The last element has been Latinized as a second declension noun. A noun in apposition.
China (Hong Kong).
Unknown.
Holotype
, female, China: Fujian, Zhangzhou, 14.xii.2017, Shouping Cai, Haitian Song, ex Schima superba (
2.6 mm long (n = 1); 2.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the discal interstriae confused; posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 granulate, unarmed by tubercles; declivital face weakly sulcate; large body size; lateral declivital margins elevated, bearing five pairs of moderate, narrow, sharply pointed spines of equal size; sulcate area of declivity shagreened, dull; and stout body.
Xyleborinus artestriatus, X. echinopterus, X. octiesdentatus, X. schaufussi, X. speciosus, X. spinipennis.
(female). 2.6 mm long (n = 1); 2.6× as long as wide. Body dark red-brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, alutaceous, subshiny, finely, densely punctate, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, as long as funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club wider than long, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.9× as long as wide. Basic and parallel-sided, type 2 in dorsal view, sides parallel in basal 2/3, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view type 7, elongate, disc longer than anterior slope, summit low, on apical 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect hair-like, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Elytra: 1.62× as long as wide, 1.78× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, conical, disconnected from elytra, surrounded by dense mycangial tuft of setae. Elytral base transverse, medially emarginate near scutellum and mycangial tuft, edge oblique, humeral angles angulate, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc occupying basal 3/5, smooth, shiny, glabrous, unarmed; striae not impressed, glabrous, with small punctures separated by two diameters of a puncture; interstriae flat, sparsely finely punctate, punctures confused, 1/2 those of striae, glabrous. Declivital face shagreened, dull, steeply rounded, weakly sulcate between interstriae 3, striae and interstriae densely setose, setae long, erect hair-like, as long as the distance between suture and interstriae 3; three striae present; strial punctures as larger, deeper than on disc; interstriae 1 and 2 flat, granulate along their length; interstriae 2 very narrow; interstriae 3 forming declivital margin, distinctly elevated, bearing five pairs of moderate, narrow, sharply pointed spines of equal size. Posterolateral margin without a costa, spinose and denticulate from interstriae 3–7, apical pair largest. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall, pointed. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with seven moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with ten and eight moderate socketed denticles, respectively.
G. ephialtes = nightmare; -odes = resembling. In reference to the nightmarish long, acute spines on the declivity. A noun in apposition.
China (Fujian).
This species is only known from Schima (Theaceae).
Bostrichus exiguus Walker, 1859: 260.
Xyleborinus exiguus
(Walker):
Xyleborus muriceus
Eichhoff, 1878a: 392. Synonymy:
Xyleborus diversus Schedl, 1954b: 80. syn. nov.
Xyleborus perexiguus
Schedl, 1971b: 381. Synonymy:
Xyleborus ankius
Schedl, 1975c: 361. Synonymy:
Holotype
Bostrichus exiguus (
Cambodia: Kumpong Speu, Oral mountain foot, Cardamom [Mts.], 25–31.i.2006, Oul Yothin, Malaise trap (
1.8–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.88 mm; n = 5); 2.57–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital face with interstriae 2 unarmed by tubercles; elytral apex attenuated, with three (usually) pairs of large flattened tubercles; and declivital interstriae flat, interstriae 2 not impressed.
Xyleborinus huifenyinae, X. perpusillus, X. tritus.
Recorded in the study region from India (Andaman Is), Cambodia*, China* (Jiangxi, Yunnan), Laos*, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan*, Thailand, Vietnam. Also recorded from American Samoa, Australia, Cook Is, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Indonesia (Java, Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, Mariana Is., New Guinea, Niue I., Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tahiti. Introduced to West Africa (Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast) (
Polyphagous (
A paralectotype of the West African species, Xyleborus diversus (
Holotype
, female, China: Jiangxi, Xunwu, Xiangshan, You Li, 10.x.2018, ex Fagaceae log (
1.7 mm long (n = 1); 2.83× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 2 unarmed on face (armed at summit); granules at declivital summit extending to apical quarter of disc; declivital posterolateral margin costate and denticulate; declivital face shagreened, dull; declivital interstriae flat, interstriae 2 not impressed; and denticles on interstriae 1 and 3 prominent.
This species is very similar to X. perpusillus and is distinguished by the shagreened declivity, posterolateral declivity margin costate and denticulate, and larger denticles on interstriae 1 and 3.
Xyleborinus exiguus, X. perpusillus, X. tritus.
(female). 1.7 mm long (n = 1); 2.83× as long as wide. Body dark brown, pronotum lighter than elytra. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, alutaceous, subshiny, finely and sparsely punctate, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, as long as funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.06× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 2/3, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view type 7, elongate, disc much longer than anterior slope, summit low, on anterior 1/3. Anterior slope with densely spaced narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Elytra: 1.69× as long as wide, 1.58× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, conical, disconnected from elytra, surrounded by dense mycangial tuft of setae. Elytral base transverse, medially emarginate near scutellum and mycangial tuft, edge oblique, humeral angles angulate, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then weakly rounded to apex. Disc occupying basal 2/3, smooth, shiny, interstriae 1–3 granulate on apical quarter; striae not impressed, with small punctures separated by two diameters of a puncture setose, setae recumbent, as long as the distance between punctures; interstriae flat, sparsely finely uniseriate punctate, punctures 1/3 those of striae, each bearing erect hair-like setae, setae approximately as long as width of interstriae 2. Declivital face strongly shagreened, dull, steeply rounded, feebly sulcate between interstriae 3; three parallel striae present; interstriae impunctate, flat; interstriae 1 and 3 armed by four prominent denticles along its length; interstriae 2 unarmed along its length, one small denticle at summit; interstrial denticles and spines setose, setae erect, hair-like, uniseriate and as long as the width between suture and interstriae 3. Posterolateral margin costate, tuberculate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall, conical. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with six moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with eight and seven moderate socketed denticles, respectively.
Named for Dr. Hui-Fen Yin and her contribution to the understanding of the Chinese scolytine fauna. Noun in genitive.
China (Fujian).
Holotype
, female, China: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Sanchahe Nat[ure]. Res[erve]., 22°09.784'N, 100°52.256'E, 2186 m, 29–30.v.2008, A.I. Cognato, ex Quercus (
1.8 mm long (n = 3); 3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face feebly sulcate; small body size; lateral declivital margins weakly elevated, bearing three pairs of sharply pointed denticles, denticles subequal; denticles along interstriae 5 subequal to those on interstriae 3; sulcate area impunctate, surface strongly shagreened, dull; and elongate body form.
Xyleborinus cuneatus, X. disgregus, X. sculptilis.
(female). 1.8 mm long (n = 3); 3.0× as long as wide. Body uniformly red-brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, alutaceous, subshiny, finely, sparsely punctate, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrowly triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape short and thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, as long as funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.25× as long as wide. In dorsal view very elongate, rounded frontally, type 9, sides parallel on basal 3/4; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 8, disc flat, summit moderately prominent, at apical 1/3. Anterior slope with densely spaced narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Elytra: 1.93× as long as wide, 1.54× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, conical, disconnected from elytra, surrounded by dense mycangial tuft of setae. Elytral base transverse, medially emarginate near scutellum and mycangial tuft, edge oblique, humeral angles angulate, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc occupying basal 2/3, smooth, shiny, unarmed; striae not impressed, with large punctures separated by one diameter of a puncture, setose, setae recumbent, as long as the diameter of a puncture; interstriae flat, sparsely finely uniseriate punctate, punctures 1/4 those of striae, each bearing erect hair-like setae, setae approximately as long as width of interstriae 2. Declivital face strongly shagreened, dull, steeply rounded, feebly sulcate between interstriae 3, impunctate; three parallel striae present; interstriae impunctate, flat; interstriae 1 unarmed on face, two or three denticles present at base; interstriae 2 unarmed along its length, one small denticle at base; interstriae 3 weakly elevated, bearing three pairs of sharply pointed denticles, denticles subequal; interstrial denticles setose, setae erect, hair-like, uniseriate and as long as the width between suture and interstriae 3. Posterolateral margin costate, granulate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall and pointed. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with five moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with seven moderate socketed denticles.
In gratitude for the assistance of Dr. Jianghua Sun (Chinese Academy of Sciences) who facilitated AIC’s access to wild China. Noun in genitive.
China (Yunnan).
This species is only known from Quercus (Fagaceae).
Xyleborus octiesdentatus Murayama, 1931: 46.
Xyleborinus octiesdentatus
(Murayama):
Syntypes
(
Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°33.9981'N, 105°52.591'E, 1051 m, 12–17.iv.2014, VN12, Cognato, Smith, Pham (
2.50–2.65 mm long (mean = 2.55 mm; n = 5); 2.79–3.13× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face moderately sulcate; large body size; lateral declivital margins elevated, bearing 4–6 pairs of long, narrow, sharply pointed spines (often asymmetric), increasing in length from base to apex; sulcate area of declivity smooth, shiny; and elongate body form.
Xyleborinus artestriatus, X. echinopterus, X. ephialtodes, X. schaufussi, X. speciosus, X. spinipennis.
China (Sichuan), Japan, South Korea, Vietnam*. Imported and established in USA (
Recorded from Carpinus (Betulaceae), Illicium (Illiciaceae), Cleyera and Eurya (Theaceae) (
Xyleborus perpusillus Eggers, 1927a: 404.
Xyleborinus perpusillus
(Eggers):
Xyleborus perminutissimus
Schedl, 1934b: 90. Synonymy:
Xyleborus angustatulus
Schedl, 1942c: 42. Synonymy:
Paratype
Xyleborus perpusillus (
1.6–1.9 mm long (mean = 1.76 mm; n = 5); 2.67–3.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the entire length of interstriae 2 unarmed by tubercles; posterolateral margin of elytra rounded, unarmed; declivital interstriae flat, interstriae 2 not impressed; and denticles on interstriae 1 and 3 small.
This species is very similar to X. huifenyinae and is distinguished by the shiny declivity, posterolateral declivity margin rounded and unarmed and smaller denticles on interstriae 1 and 3.
Xyleborinus exiguus, X. huifenyinae, X. tritus.
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Thailand.
Recorded from small trees in several families, including palms (Arecaceae) (
Bostrichus saxesenii Ratzeburg, 1837: 167.
Xyleborinus saxesenii
(Ratzeburg):
Xyleborus dohrni
Wollaston, 1854: 290. Synonymy:
Xyleborus decolor
Boieldieu, 1859: 473. Synonymy:
Xyleborus aesculi
Ferrari, 1867: 22. Synonymy:
Xyleborus sobrinus
Eichhoff, 1876a: 202. Synonymy:
Xyleborus subdepressus
Rey, 1883: 142. Synonymy:
Xyleborus frigidus
Blackburn, 1885: 193. Synonymy:
Xyleborus floridensis
Hopkins, 1915a: 60, 63. Synonymy:
Xyleborus pecanis
Hopkins, 1915a: 60, 63. Synonymy:
Xyleborus quercus
Hopkins, 1915a: 60, 63. Synonymy:
Xyleborus arbuti
Hopkins, 1915a: 61, 64. Synonymy:
Xyleborinus tsugae
Swaine, 1934: 204. Synonymy:
Xyleborinus librocedri
Swaine, 1934: 205. Synonymy:
Xyleborus pseudogracilis
Schedl, 1937c: 169. Synonymy:
Xyleborus retrusus
Xyleborus peregrinus
Eggers, 1944: 142. Synonymy:
Xyleborus pseudoangustatus
Schedl, 1948: 28. Synonymy:
Xyleborus paraguayensis
Schedl, 1949: 276. Synonymy:
Xyleborus opimulus
Schedl, 1976: 77. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus floridensis (
China: Chongqing, Jinfo Mtn, 9.v.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia, ex Ficus sp. (RABC, 2). Hong Kong, Kadoorie Farm, vi.2017, J. Skelton (UFFE, 1). Shanghai, Dongchuan, vii–viii.2017, Gao, ex trap w/ querciverol (
2.3–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.34 mm; n = 5); 3.13–3.29× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital face with interstriae 2 armed by granules at declivital summit, unarmed on declivital face; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 denticles subacutely pointed; denticles on ventrolateral areas of the elytra small, less acute; discal interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed; declivital interstriae 2 flattened; and moderate size.
Xyleborinus attenuatus, X. subgranulatus, X. subspinosus, X. thaiphami.
Occurs throughout the Palaearctic region. Recorded in the study region from China (Anhui, Chongqing*, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hong Kong*, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanghai*, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Assam, Kashmir, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Taiwan, Vietnam. Outside the Palaearctic, introduced and established in American Samoa, Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, South Africa, North America (Canada, United States, Mexico) and several countries in South America (
Strongly polyphagous attacking both gymnosperms and angiosperms (
The biology of the species has been studied by
Xyleborus schaufussi Blandford, 1894b: 117.
Xyleborinus schaufussi
(Blandford):
Xyleborus kraunhiae
Niisima, 1910: 14. Synonymy:
Syntypes
Xyleborus schaufussi (
China: Guizhou, Guiyang, Huaxi, 31.iv.2015, Guangyu Liu, ex ethanol trap (UFFE, 1). Sichuan, Tongjiang, 1.viii.1980, Yongguang Shen, ex Betula sp. (
2.5–3.1 mm long (mean = 2.73 mm; n = 5); 3.21–3.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face strongly sulcate; large body size; lateral declivital margins strongly elevated, costate, bearing 4–6 pairs of large sharply pointed backwardly hooked denticles (often asymmetric); sulcate area of declivity impunctate, shagreened, dull; and elongate body form.
Xyleborinus artestriatus, X. echinopterus, X. ephialtodes, X. octiesdentatus, X. speciosus, X. spinipennis.
China* (Guizhou, Sichuan), Japan, Taiwan.
Recorded from Millettia (Fabaceae) (
Xyleborus sculptilis Schedl, 1964b: 247.
Xyleborinus sculptilis
(Schedl):
Paratype
(
Taiwan: Taipei City, TFRI Botanical Garden, 12.iii.2014, L.J. Wang, ex log (RABC, 1).
2.1–2.25 mm long (mean = 2.16 mm; n = 4); 2.81–3.14× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face weakly sulcate; small body size; lateral declivital margins feebly elevated, bearing three small pairs of sharply pointed denticles, denticles increasing in size from base to apex; sulcate area punctate, surface smooth, opalescent; and elongate body form.
Xyleborinus cuneatus, X. disgregus, X. jianghuasuni.
Brunei, Laos, East Malaysia, Taiwan*, Thailand.
Recorded from Artocarpus (Moraceae) and Mangifera (Anacardiaceae) (
Xyleborus speciosus Schedl, 1975b: 457.
Xyleborinus speciosus
(Schedl):
Holotype
(
China: S. Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 37 km NW Jinghong, vic. Guo Men Shan, 22°14.48'N, 100°36.22'E, 1080 m, 28.vi.2008, L. Meng (RABC, 1). Thailand: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1400 m, EtOH trap, various dates from 6.ix–12.xi.2004, 10–31.x.2005, 8–12.v.2006, W. Puranasakul (RABC, 7).
2.6–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.65 mm; n = 3); 2.89–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face weakly sulcate; large body size; lateral declivital margins elevated along interstriae 3, bearing three pairs of short, narrow, sharply pointed spines, spines equal in size; sulcate area of declivity smooth, shiny; interstriae impunctate; and elongate body form.
Xyleborinus artestriatus, X. ephialtodes, X. echinopterus, X. octiesdentatus, X. schaufussi, X. spinipennis.
China* (Yunnan), India (West Bengal), Thailand*.
Recorded from Juglans (Juglandaceae), Litsea (Lauraceae), Prunus (Rosaceae) and Symplocos (Symplocaceae) (
This species appears to have been misidentified by
Xyleborus spinipennis Eggers, 1930: 202.
Xyleborinus spinipennis
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
China: Sichuan, Mt. Emei, 1000 m, 4–20.v.1989, V. Kubáň (RABC, 1); as previous except: 600–1050 m, 5–19.v.1989, L. Bocák (
2.3–2.75 mm long (mean = 2.56 mm; n = 5); 2.83–2.89× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the elytra parallel-sided in basal 1/2, tapering posteriorly; declivital face with interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed by tubercles; declivital face moderately sulcate; small body size; lateral declivital margins moderately elevated, costate, bearing 4–6 pairs of large sharply pointed backwardly hooked denticles (often asymmetric); strial punctures large; elytra with small denticles on interstriae 1–4 not extending further than the declivital summit; declivital surface shagreened, dull; and elongate body form.
This species is very similar to X. cuneatus and is distinguished by the larger size, less elongate form, elytra with small denticles on interstriae 1–4 not extending further than the declivital summit, pronotum less elongate, 1.14× as long as wide.
Xyleborinus artestriatus, X. cuneatus, X. echinopterus, X. ephialtodes, X. octiesdentatus, X. schaufussi, X. speciosus.
China* (Sichuan), India (Assam), Nepal*, Vietnam*.
Unknown.
Xyleborus subgranulatus Eggers, 1930: 202.
Xyleborinus subgranulatus
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
China: Yunnan, Gaoligong Mts., 25.22N, 98.49E, 1500–2500 m, 17–24.v.1995, V. Kubáň (
1.6–1.8 mm long (mean = 1.7 mm; n = 5); 3.0–3.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital face with interstriae 2 armed by granules at declivital summit, unarmed on declivital face; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 denticles subacutely pointed; denticles on ventrolateral areas of the elytra small, less acute; declivital interstriae 2 slightly impressed; discal interstriae 1 and 2 granulate, granules extending from declivital summit to mid-point of disc; and minute size.
Xyleborinus attenuatus, X. saxesenii, X. subspinosus, X. thaiphami.
China* (Yunnan), India (Assam, West Bengal), Laos*, Taiwan*, Thailand, Vietnam*,
Recorded from four genera in four different families (
This species is strikingly similar to, and has been recovered as, sister to Xyleborinus saxesenii using COI data (
Xyleborus subspinosus Eggers, 1930: 203.
Xyleborinus subspinosus
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
2.3 mm long (
Xyleborinus attenuatus, X. saxesenii, X. subgranulatus, X. thaiphami.
India (Assam).
Unknown.
Holotype, female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°36.402'N, 105°52.397'E, 1601 m, 13.iv.2014, VN17, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex standing stump (
2.8–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.86 mm; n = 5); 2.9–3.11× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital face with interstriae 2 armed by granules at declivital summit (1–3 large denticles present in Vietnamese specimens), unarmed on declivital face; declivital interstriae 3 denticles larger than those of interstriae 1, pointed, spine-like; denticles on interstriae 5 large, sharply pointed, spine-like; discal interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed; declivital interstriae 2 flattened; and large size.
This species is nearly identical to X. attenuatus and is distinguished by the declivital interstriae 3 denticles which are acutely pointed rather than incurved, and interstriae 5 denticles never down-curved.
Xyleborinus attenuatus, X. saxesenii, X. subgranulatus, X. subspinosus.
(female). 2.8–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.86 mm; n = 5); 2.9–3.11× as long as wide. Body light to dark brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, alutaceous, subshiny, finely, sparsely punctate, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, shorter than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.04× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate, disc much longer than anterior slope, type 7, summit prominent, on anterior 1/3. Anterior slope with densely spaced narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Elytra: 1.8× as long as wide, 1.73× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, conical, disconnected from elytra, surrounded by dense mycangial tuft of setae. Elytral base transverse, medially emarginate near scutellum and mycangial tuft, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then weakly rounded to apex. Disc occupying basal 2/3, smooth, shiny, unarmed; striae not impressed, glabrous, with moderate punctures separated by two diameters of a puncture; interstriae flat, sparsely finely uniseriate punctate, punctures 1/3 those of striae, each bearing erect hair-like setae, setae approximately as long as width of interstriae 2. Declivital face strongly shagreened, steeply rounded, three striae present, striae parallel, strial punctures as large as on disc, glabrous; interstriae impunctate, setose, setae uniseriate and as long as the width between suture and interstriae 3; interstriae 1 weakly convex, widened from base to declivital midpoint, then narrowed to apex, basal 1/2 armed with three small denticles; interstriae 2 flat, parallel, armed by granules only at declivital summit (1–3 denticles present in some specimens), unarmed on declivital face; interstriae 3 with a row of four large denticles along its length, their apices acutely pointed, spine-like. Posterolateral margin rounded, denticulate from interstriae 3–5. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece slightly inflated, conical. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with six moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with ten and nine moderate socketed denticles, respectively.
Named after our collaborator Dr. Thai Hong Pham who first saw the standing dead tree in which the holotype was living and who then sawed the tree down with great enthusiasm. Noun in genitive.
China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan), Vietnam.
This species is only known from Pinus armandii (Pinaceae).
Holotype
: female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°36.804'N, 105°51.982'E, 1831 m, 17.iv.2014, VN46, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex punky bark (
2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.33 mm; n = 4); 3.0–3.14× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital face with interstriae 2 unarmed by tubercles, granules present on apical 1/3 of disc; odd numbered declivital interstriae strongly convex, bases of denticles tumescent; and striae 1 nearly convergent with striae 2 on declivital face, interstriae 2 not apparent.
Xyleborinus exiguus, X. huifenyinae, X. perpusillus.
(female). 2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.33 mm; n = 4); 3.0–3.14× as long as wide. Body light to dark brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes, alutaceous, subshiny, finely, sparsely punctate, setose; punctures bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes deeply emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum large, distinctly triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.1× as long as wide. In dorsal view very elongate, rounded frontally, type 9, sides parallel on basal 3/4; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate with disc much longer than anterior slope, type 8, disc flat, summit prominent, at apical 1/3. Anterior slope with densely spaced narrow asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, semi-recumbent, hair-like setae. Disc subshiny, alutaceous, finely punctate, finely setose, setae short, erect, hair-like, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles acutely rounded. Elytra: 2.1× as long as wide, 1.9× as long as pronotum. Scutellum minute, conical, disconnected from elytra, surrounded by dense mycangial tuft of setae. Elytral base transverse, medially emarginate near scutellum and mycangial tuft, edge oblique, humeral angles angulate, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc occupying basal 2/3, smooth, shiny, glabrous; striae not impressed, with small punctures separated by two diameters of a puncture; interstriae flat, sparsely finely uniseriate punctate, punctures 1/3 those of striae; interstriae 2 variably granulate on apical 1/3 of disc (1–3 granules present). Declivital face strongly shagreened, steeply rounded, three striae present, striae 1 and 3 convergent, interstriae 2 not apparent, strial punctures larger and shallower than on disc, glabrous; interstriae impunctate, setose, setae uniseriate and as long or longer than the width between suture and interstriae 3; odd numbered interstriae strongly convex, and denticulate, bases of tubercles tumescent; even numbered interstriae impressed; interstriae 2 impressed, unarmed along its length (granules on apical 1/3 of disc in one of two specimens examined). Posterolateral margin costate, granulate to interstriae 5. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall and pointed. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with six moderate socketed denticles, their length approximately as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margin evenly rounded with eight and nine moderate socketed denticles, respectively.
L. tritus = commonplace. Named in reference to the uninteresting pattern of granules on the declivity. An adjective.
Vietnam.
Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864: 37.
Anaeretus
Dugès, 1888: 141. Synonymy:
Progenius
Blandford, 1896a: 20. Synonymy:
Mesoscolytus
Broun, 1904: 125. Synonymy:
Boroxylon
Hopkins, 1915a: 58. Synonymy:
Bostrichus monographus Fabricius, 1793; subsequent designation: Lacordaire, 1865: 381.
1.9–3.9 mm, 2.5–3.51× as long as wide. Xyleborus is distinguished by a combination of homoplastic characters which include the scutellum flush with elytra and flat; mycangial tufts are absent; lateral margin of pronotum obliquely costate; procoxae contiguous; pronotum from dorsal view rounded frontally (types 0, 2, 6, 7), rarely quadrate (type 4 in X. bidentatus); elytral disc longer than declivity; elytral disc strial and interstrial punctures seriate; pronotal disc alutaceous; posterior face of the protibiae flat, unarmed; antennal club typically obliquely truncate with segment 1 nearly covering the entire posterior face (type 2), or flattened (type 3); antennal funicle 4-segmented; and anterior margin of pronotum typically unarmed (serrations on a carina in X. bidentatus).
Cryptoxyleborus, Fortiborus, Heteroborips, Planiculus, Stictodex.
Widespread throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world.
The gallery system usually consists of irregularly branched tunnels, usually in one horizontal plane, but sometimes spreading into three dimensions, and without brood chambers. However, given the heterogeneity of the genus, it is not surprising that there are variations on this pattern. In some species, small brood chambers may be present.
Xyleborus is in need of further taxonomic/phylogenetic investigation given its likely polyphyly (
1 | Antennal club flattened, type 3 (Fig. |
2 |
– | Antennal club obliquely truncate, type 2 (Fig. |
3 |
2 | Elytral apex acuminate; pronotum quadrate (type 4) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin conspicuously extended anteriad with prominent serrations; declivital interstriae 2 with a large spine; larger, 3.4–3.5 mm | bidentatus |
– | Elytral apex broadly rounded; pronotum basic (type 0) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin without a row of serrations; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 equally tuberculate; smaller, 1.9–2.4 mm | singhi |
3 | Protibiae semi-circular with evenly rounded outer edge; elytral disc with confused interstrial punctures; antennal club wider than long; eyes deeply emarginated | 4 |
– | Protibiae obliquely triangular or triangular; elytral disc with seriate punctures; antennal club circular or longer than wide; eyes moderately emarginated | 5 |
4 | Declivity lightly shagreened, strial punctures large, deep and distinct; discal interstrial setae uniseriate; larger, 3.0–3.1 mm, less elongate, 2.72–2.82× as long as wide | muticus |
– | Declivity strongly shagreened, strial punctures large, very shallow, difficult to distinguish; discal interstrial setae biseriate; smaller, 2.7 mm, more elongate, 3.0× as long as wide | opacus sp. nov. |
5 | Declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint and then narrowing towards apex (Fig. |
6 |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 parallel to suture along its length (Fig. |
12 |
6 | Posterolateral margin of declivity acutely carinate (Fig. |
7 |
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity costate and often granulate (Fig. |
9 |
7 | Larger, 2.7–2.8 mm; posterolateral margin of declivity carinate to interstriae 6; all declivital striae distinctly impressed. | insidiosus |
– | Smaller, 2.2–2.5 mm; posterolateral margin of declivity carinate to interstriae 7; declivital striae not impressed or striae feebly impressed | 8 |
8 | Declivital striae and interstriae clearly distinguishable; discal strial punctures 4–5× the diameter of those of interstriae; declivital interstriae 1 without denticles on low tumescences giving the declivity a finely sculptured appearance | glabratus |
– | Declivital striae and interstriae difficult to distinguish; discal strial punctures 3× larger than interstrial punctures; declivital interstriae 1 bearing denticles on low tumescences giving the declivity a rugged sculptured appearance | mysticulus |
9 | Posterolateral margin of declivity costate and unarmed | 10 |
– | Posterolateral margin of declivity costate and armed with a row of small spines or spinose granules | 11 |
10 | Declivital interstriae 1 armed by 3–7 large denticles, interstriae 2 armed with denticles or unarmed (highly variable), declivital interstriae 3 armed by 4–9 large denticles, denticles on interstriae 1 and 3 uniform in height; declivital strial punctures moderately sized, fine, uniseriate, never confused; larger, 3.6–3.9 mm | festivus |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 armed by two or three large denticles, interstriae 2 unarmed, declivital interstriae 3 armed by two or three large denticles, denticles on interstriae 3 taller than those on interstriae 1; declivital strial punctures large, shallow, coarse and confused near large tubercles; smaller, 2.9–3.2 mm | pfeilii |
11 | Antennal club longer than wide; posterolateral margin of declivity costate and with a row of small spines to interstriae 6; all declivital interstriae with denticles only, lacking granules | yunnanensis sp. nov. |
– | Antennal club circular; posterolateral margin of declivity costate and bearing a row of spinose granules to interstriae 7; all declivital interstriae with small spines or granules | sunisae sp. nov. |
12 | Declivital interstriae 2 unarmed along its entire length; declivity with a pair of prominent tubercles on interstriae 3; interstriae 1 armed only by a denticle at declivital summit | ferrugineus |
– | Declivital interstriae 2 granulate at declivital summit or along entire length; declivity never with a pair of prominent tubercles on interstriae 3, uniformly granulate, with two or three pairs of moderate to large tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3; interstriae 1 armed by sparse tubercles along its entire length | 13 |
13 | Declivital interstriae 2 sparsely granulate along its entire length | volvulus |
– | Declivital interstriae 2 sparsely granulate at declivital summit only | 14 |
14 | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with sparse uniformly sized small granules; declivity shagreened, dull (specimen must be dry) | affinis |
– | Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of large tubercles; declivity smooth, shiny (specimen must be dry) | 15 |
15 | Larger, 2.8–3.1 mm and more elongate, 2.8–3.1× as long as wide; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of large tubercles; elytra typically bicolored | cognatus |
– | Smaller, 2.3–2.6 mm and less elongate, 2.67–2.89× as long as wide; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of moderate tubercles; elytra typically unicolored | perforans |
Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, 1868b: 401.
Xyleborus affinis fuscobrunneus
Eichhoff, 1878b: 372. Synonymy:
Xyleborus affinis mascarensis
Eichhoff, 1878b: 372. Synonymy:
Xyleborus affinis parvus
Eichhoff, 1878b: 372. Synonymy:
Xyleborus sacchari
Hopkins, 1915a: 64. Synonymy:
Xyleborus subaffinis
Eggers, 1933a: 36. Synonymy:
Xyleborus societatis
Beeson, 1935a: 120. Synonymy:
Xyleborus proximus
Eggers, 1943: 66. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus sacchari (
Cambodia: Kampong Speu, Aoral Wildlife Sanctuary, 11°42'10.75"N, 103°52'54.9"E, 200 m, dry dipterocarp forest, 16.xi.2013, O. Košulíc (MNHP, 1). China: Hainan, Changjiang, Bawangling Natl For. Park, 19.117N, 109.080E, 119 m, 5.xii.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia (RABC, 1). S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 20 km NW Jinghong, vic. Man Dian (NNNR), 22°07.80'N, 100°40.0'E, 740 m, rubber plantation, 23.v.2008, A. Weigel (
2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.32 mm; n = 5); 2.56–3.14× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at distal 1/3; declivity shagreened, dull (specimen must be dry); small size; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with sparse uniformly sized small granules, interstriae 2 sparsely granulate at declivital summit; and declivity not appearing sulcate.
Xyleborus cognatus, X. ferrugineus, X. festivus, X. perforans, X. pfeilii, X. volvulus.
Probably native to tropical America (
Strongly polyphagous (
The biology of the species is reviewed by
Phloeotrogus bidentatus Motschulsky, 1863: 514.
Xyleborus bidentatus
(Motschulsky):
Xyleborus subcostatus
Eichhoff, 1869a: 281. Synonymy:
Xyleborus riehlii
Eichhoff, 1878b: 346. Synonymy:
Progenius fleutiauxi
Blandford, 1896a: 21. Synonymy:
Xyleborus laeviusculus
Blandford, 1896a: 21. Synonymy:
Boroxylon stephegynis
Hopkins, 1915a: 58. Synonymy:
Boroxylon webbi
Hopkins, 1915a: 59. Synonymy:
Xyleborus subcostatus dearmatus
Eggers, 1923: 205. Synonymy:
Xyleborus brevidentatus
Eggers, 1930: 190. Synonymy:
Xyleborus quadridens
Eggers, 1930: 191. Synonymy:
Holotype
Boroxylon stephegynis (
3.4–3.5 mm long (mean = 3.48 mm; n = 5); 2.5–2.69× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the acuminate elytral apex; elytra broadest at apical 1/3; declivity gently sloped, almost concave near apex; protibiae slender, abruptly broadened and triangular on distal 1/3, apical mucro very large, prominent; pronotum quadrate (type 4) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin conspicuously extended anteriad with prominent serrations; pronotum strongly asperate on apical 1/2, disc weakly serrate; declivital interstriae 2 with a large spine; and large size.
Ambrosiodmus spp.
Australia, ‘Borneo’, India (Andaman Is, Nicobar Is, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, Sumatra, Sumbawa), East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Palau, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Also recorded from East Africa and Madagascar.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus cognatus Blandford, 1896a: 19.
Syntypes
(
2.8–3.1 mm long (mean = 2.96 mm; n = 5); 2.8–3.1× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at distal 1/3; declivity smooth, shiny (specimen must be dry); large size; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of large tubercles; interstriae 2 sparsely granulate at declivital summit; and elytra darker on declivity than disc.
This species is very similar to X. perforans with which it has often been treated as a synonym. It is distinguished by the larger size, generally more slender form (vs. 2.67–2.89× as long as wide), larger interstrial tubercles and typically bicolored elytra.
Xyleborus affinis, X. ferrugineus, X. festivus, X. perforans, X. pfeilii, X. volvulus.
Australia, India (Andaman Is, Bihar, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Sumatra, Sumbawa), East & West Malaysia, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Polyphagous (
The species is frequently associated with mangrove forests, but also attacks a very wide variety of other trees (
Bostrichus ferrugineus Fabricius, 1801: 388.
Xyleborus ferrugineus
(Fabricius):
Tomicus trypanaeoides
Wollaston, 1867: 114. Synonymy:
Xyleborus fuscatus
Eichhoff, 1868a: 400. Synonymy:
Xyleborus confusus
Eichhoff, 1868a: 401. Synonymy:
Xyleborus retusicollis
Zimmermann, 1868: 146. Synonymy:
Xyleborus amplicollis
Eichhoff, 1869: 280. Synonymy:
Xyleborus insularis
Sharp, 1885: 193. Synonymy:
Xyleborus tanganus
Hagedorn, 1910a: 8. Synonymy:
Xyleborus nyssae
Hopkins, 1915a: 66. Synonymy:
Xyleborus soltaui
Hopkins, 1915a: 66. Synonymy:
Xyleborus hopkinsi
Beeson, 1929: 246. Synonymy:
Xyleborus argentinensis
Schedl, 1931: 345. Synonymy:
Xyleborus rufopiceus
Eggers, 1932: 303. Synonymy:
Xyleborus schedli
Eggers, 1934a: 83. Synonymy:
Xyleborus nesianus
Beeson, 1940: 200. Synonymy:
Xyleborus notatus
Eggers, 1941a: 107. Synonymy:
Xyleborus subitus
Schedl, 1949: 280. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus hopkinsi (
2.5–3.1 mm long (mean = 2.84 mm; n = 5); 2.78–3.11× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at distal 1/3; declivity smooth, shiny (specimen must be dry); declivity with a pair of prominent tubercles on interstriae 3; declivity distinctly sulcate between suture and interstriae 3; interstriae 1 armed only by a denticle at declivital summit; and interstriae 2 unarmed.
Xyleborus affinis, X. cognatus, X. festivus, X. perforans, X. pfeilii, X. volvulus.
Probably native to tropical America (
Strongly polyphagous, with several hundred hosts recorded (
The biology of the species is described by
Xyleborus festivus Eichhoff, 1876a: 202.
Xyleborus pinicola
Eggers, 1930: 206. Synonymy:
Xyleborus detectus
Schedl, 1975a: 458. Synonymy:
Xyleborus pinivorus
Browne, 1980a: 374. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus festivus (UHZM). Holotype Xyleborus detectus (
China: Fujian, Nanjing, Zhangzhou, 600 m, 3.iii.1962, Fusheng Huang, ex Pinus massoniana (
3.6–3.9 mm long (mean = 3.75 mm; n = 5); 2.85–3.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivity steep, appearing convex from lateral view; declivital interstriae 1–3 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint then narrowing towards apex; large body size; declivital posterolateral margin costate extending to interstriae 7; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 convex, interstriae 2 impressed; declivital striae feebly impressed; declivital interstriae 1 armed by 3–7 large denticles, interstriae 2 armed with denticles or unarmed (highly variable), declivital interstriae 3 armed by 4–9 large denticles, denticles on interstriae 1 and 3 uniform in height; declivital strial punctures moderately sized, fine, uniseriate, never confused.
Xyleborus affinis, X. cognatus, X. ferrugineus, X. perforans, X. pfeilii, X. volvulus.
China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Japan, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
This species is unusual amongst Xyleborus in attacking only species of Pinus (Pinaceae) (
The Chinese host range and fungal associates of this species were recently reported (
Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, 1877: 127.
Xyleborus kumamotoensis
Murayama, 1934: 288.
Lectotype
Xyleborus glabratus (MIIZ). Lectotype Xyleborus kumamotoensis (
2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.36 mm; n = 5); 3.14–3.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint and then narrowing towards apex; anterior 1/2 of the pronotum strongly shiny; discal interstriae 2× the width of striae; discal strial punctures 4–5× the diameter of those of interstriae; declivital striae and interstriae clearly distinguishable; declivital striae flat to feebly impressed; declivital interstriae 1 with at least one large denticle (typically three), numerous closely spaced granules and 1–3 small denticles (typically one); and posterolateral margin of declivity carinate to interstriae 7.
Xyleborus insidiosus, X. mysticulus.
Bangladesh, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan), India (Assam, West Bengal), Japan, Myanmar, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Imported to and established in USA (
The species has an evident preference for the family Lauraceae, and its attacks are restricted to that family in the US (
Although not of economic importance in its native range, the species is an invasive pest in the US, where it transmits a pathogenic fungus (Raffaelea lauricola) to a variety of Lauraceae trees (including avocado) (
Xyleborus insidiosus
Cognato & Smith, 2019, (in
Holotype
(
2.7–2.8 mm long (mean = 2.74 mm; n = 5); 3.0–3.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint then narrowing towards apex; large body size; broad discal interstriae, 4× the width of discal striae; discal strial punctures 3× the diameter of those of interstriae; declivital striae and interstriae clearly distinguishable, striae clearly impressed; interstriae uniformly granulate, never denticulate; anterior 1/2 of pronotum strongly shagreened; and declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 6.
Xyleborus glabratus, X. mysticulus.
China (Sichuan), Vietnam.
This species has been collected from Fagaceae as well as unidentified punky wood (
Xyleborus muticus Blandford, 1894b: 112.
Xyleborus lignographus Schedl, 1953c: 28. syn. nov.
Xyleborus conditus Schedl, 1971b: 379. syn. nov.
Holotype
Xyleborus muticus (
3.0–3.1 mm long (mean = 3.08 mm; n = 4); 2.72–2.82× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the antennal club distinctly wider than long; protibiae with evenly rounded outer edge; elytral posterolateral costa absent, replaced by a short row of tubercles; declivity lightly shagreened, strial punctures large, deep and distinct; and discal interstrial setae uniseriate.
Xyleborus sunisae.
China (Fujian, Sichuan), India (Uttar Pradesh), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), Nepal, South Korea, Vietnam.
This species has been recorded from Quercus (Fagaceae) and Prunus (Rosaceae) (
The holotypes of X. muticus and X. conditus and the lectotype of X. lignographus were directly compared. All three specimens were found to be conspecific with minor variations observed in the numbers of setae remaining on the specimens and numbers of granules on the declivital interstriae. Xyleborus conditus and X. lignographus are here placed in synonymy with X. muticus.
Xyleborus mysticulus
Cognato & Smith, 2019 (in
Holotype
(
Vietnam: Lao Cai, Nam Tha, 22.01218, 104.37685, 28.v.2015, Pham Thu, ex funnel trap (RJRC, 1); as previous except: Hoang Lien N.P., 22.35N, 103.77E, 1500 m, 21.v.2019, VN152, S.M. Smith, A.I. Cognato, ex FIT (
2.2–2.5 mm long (mean = 2.38 mm; n = 5); 3.14–3.57× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint then narrowing towards apex; discal interstriae 2× the width of discal striae; discal strial punctures 3× larger than interstrial punctures; declivital interstriae bear both denticles and granules, denticles on low tumescences giving the declivity a rugged sculptured appearance; declivital striae not impressed; declivital striae and interstriae difficult to distinguish; and declivital posterolateral margin carinate to interstriae 7.
Xyleborus glabratus, X. insidiosus.
Taiwan, Vietnam.
Holotype
, female, Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°36.454'N, 105°52.083'E, 1661 m, 17.iv.2014, VN40, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex 3 pieces “firewood” (
2.7 mm long (mean = 2.9 mm; n = 3); 3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the antennal club distinctly wider than long; protibiae with evenly rounded outer edge; elytral posterolateral costa absent, replaced by a short row of tubercles; declivity strongly shagreened, strial punctures large, very shallow, difficult to distinguish; and discal interstrial setae biseriate.
Xyleborus muticus.
(female). 2.7 mm long (mean = 2.9 mm; n = 3); 3.0× as long as wide. Body red-brown to dark brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; median carina present; surface shagreened, alutaceous, punctate; punctures sparse, shallow, setose, each bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes moderately emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, slightly longer than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, as long as funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club wider than long, obliquely truncate, type 2; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal 2/5 of club, nearly covering posterior face; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segments 1 and 2 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.03× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate, disc longer than anterior slope, type 7, summit on anterior 1/3. Anterior slope with densely spaced small asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc shagreened, alutaceous, with dense, fine punctures bearing long, fine, erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.5× as long as wide, 1.57× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc subshiny, striae not impressed, with moderately coarse, shallow punctures separated by 2–3 diameters of a puncture, each puncture bearing a short, recumbent seta slightly longer than puncture diameter; interstriae flat, finely punctate, punctures smaller than those of striae and strongly confused, punctures more widely separated than those of striae bearing two rows of semi-erect long, fine, erect hair-like setae, setae approximately as long as width of interstriae 2. Declivity steeply rounded, strongly shagreened; three striae present, striae parallel, strial punctures much larger than on disc, glabrous; interstriae impunctate, setose, setae uniseriate and similar in size to those of discal interstriae. Posterolateral margin rounded, denticulate from interstriae 4–8. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece tall, pointed. Protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at apical 1/3; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with eight large socketed denticles, their length longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with ten and 12 small socketed denticles, respectively.
L. opacus = dark. In reference to the species’ habitus. An adjective.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
Tomicus perforans Wollaston, 1857: 96.
Xyleborus perforans
(Wollaston):
Bostrichus testaceus
Walker, 1859: 260. Synonymy:
Xyleborus duponti
Montrouzier, 1861: 265. Synonymy:
Anodius tuberculatus
Motschulsky, 1863: 511. Synonymy:
Anodius denticulus
Motschulsky, 1863: 512. Synonymy:
Xyleborus kraatzii
Eichhoff, 1868b: 152. Synonymy:
Xyleborus kraatzii philippinensis
Eichhoff, 1878b: 374. Synonymy:
Xyleborus immaturus
Blackburn, 1885: 193. Synonymy:
Xylopertha hirsuta
Lea, 1894: 321. Synonymy:
Xyleborus whitteni
Beeson, 1935b: 113. Synonymy:
Xyleborus apertus
Schedl, 1939a: 355. Synonymy:
Xyleborus criticus
Schedl, 1950b: 899. Synonymy:
Xyleborus shionomisakiensis
Murayama, 1951: 3. Synonymy:
Xyleborus cylindrus
Schedl, 1951a: 94. Synonymy:
Xyleborus minimus
Schedl, 1955a: 305. Synonymy:
Syntypes
Xyleborus whitteni (
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (UFFE, 1). Laos: 10 km N Luang-Prabang, Mekhong river, 240 km N Vientiane, hills c. 250 m, poor settlem[ent], prim[ary] veget[ation] lux, iv.1993, Insomsay Somsy (MFNB, 2); as previous except: iii.1993 (MFNB, 2). Vientiane, Ban Van Eue, 15.xii.1965, native collector (
2.3–2.6 mm long (mean = 2.46 mm; n = 5); 2.67–2.89× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at distal 1/3; declivity smooth, shiny (specimen must be dry); declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of moderate tubercles; interstriae 2 sparsely granulate at declivital summit; and elytra unicolored.
This species is very similar to X. cognatus which has often been treated as a synonym of X. perforans, and X. volvulus. It is distinguished from X. cognatus by the smaller size (vs. 2.8–3.1 mm), generally stouter form (vs. 2.8–3.1× as long as wide), smaller interstrial tubercles and unicolored elytra. This species is also almost identical to X. volvulus and is distinguished the stouter form (vs. 3.13× as long as wide) and interstriae 2 granules only present at declivity summit (vs. entire length).
Xyleborus affinis, X. cognatus, X. ferrugineus, X. festivus, X. pfeilii, X. volvulus.
Throughout tropical parts of the Afrotropical, Australian and Oriental regions. Recorded in the study region from Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Guangxi, Hong Kong*, Shanxi, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nicobar Is, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Strongly polyphagous (e.g.,
The biology has been described by
Bostrichus pfeilii Ratzeburg, 1837: 168.
Xyleborus pfeilii (Ratzeburg): Eichhoff, 1864: 38.
Bostrichus alni
Mulsant & Rey, 1856: 111. Synonymy:
Xyleborus vicarius
Eichhoff, 1876a: 203. Synonymy:
Xyleborus adumbratus
Blandford, 1894b: 115. Synonymy:
Xyleborus septentrionalis
Niisima, 1909: 162. Synonymy:
Lectotype
Xyleborus septentrionalis (
China: Jiangxi, Jinggang Shan Mts., Xiangzhu vill. env., 26°35.5'N, 114°16.0'E, 374 m, rice fields, forested stream valley, M. Fikáček, J. Hájek (MNHP, 2; RABC, 1). India: Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border: Bhalukpong, 27°00'48"N, 92°39'08"E, 150 m, 1–8.v.2012, L. Dembický, FIT (
2.9–3.2 mm long (mean = 3.02 mm; n = 5); 2.73–3.2× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivity steep, appearing flat when viewed laterally; the declivital interstriae 1–3 laterally broadened from base to declivital midpoint then narrowing towards apex; declivital posterolateral margin costate to interstriae 7; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 flat, interstriae 2 weakly impressed; declivital striae weakly impressed; declivital interstriae 1 armed by two or three large denticles, interstriae 2 unarmed, declivital interstriae 3 armed by two or three large denticles, denticles on interstriae 3 taller than those on interstriae 1; and declivital strial punctures large, shallow, coarse and confused near large tubercles.
Xyleborus affinis, X. cognatus, X. ferrugineus, X. festivus, X. perforans, X. volvulus.
Recorded in the study region from China (Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi*, Sichuan, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Assam*), Laos*. Also recorded from Japan, South Korea, throughout Europe, and in North Africa and Turkey. Imported to and established in USA and Canada (
Polyphagous (
Mizuno and Kajimura (2008) provide information on the biology, gallery system and development.
Xyleborus singhi
Park & Smith, 2020 (in
Paratypes
(
1.9–2.4 mm long (mean = 2. 15 mm; n = 2); 2.53–3.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by declivital interstriae 1 unarmed; declivital interstriae 2 and 3 equally tuberculate; and protibiae obliquely triangular.
None.
India (Arunachal Pradesh), South Korea.
Holotype
, female, Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 18.841N, 98.899E, 1348 m, 2.ii.2010, S. Sanguansub, ex Fagaceae sp., fallen tree (
2.7–2.75 mm long (mean = 2.73 mm; n = 4); 3.24–3.38× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its elongate form, the presence of denticles or granules on all declivital interstriae, including interstriae 2, the widening of declivital interstriae 1 from the base of the declivity to the apex; declivital striae not impressed; declivital posterolateral margin costate and bearing a row of spinose granules to interstriae 7; and discal interstriae with punctures much finer than strial punctures, very widely spaced.
Xyleborus dryographus (Ratzeburg, 1837) (from western Palearctic), X. muticus.
(female). 2.7–2.75 mm long (mean = 2.73 mm; n = 4); 3.24–3.38 × as long as wide. Body dark brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; median carina absent; surface shagreened, reticulate, punctate; punctures sparse, large, shallow, setose, each bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, slightly longer than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, as long as funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club approximately circular, obliquely truncate, type 2; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal 1/2, nearly covering posterior face; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segment 1 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.36× as long as wide. In dorsal view elongate, conical frontally, type 6, sides parallel on basal 2/3, conical anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view type 7, elongate, disc longer than anterior slope, summit on anterior 2/5. Anterior slope with densely spaced small asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc subshiny with sparse, large, coarse punctures bearing short, erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 2.04× as long as wide, 1.5× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 4/5, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc shiny, striae not impressed, with small, shallow punctures separated by three diameters of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, very sparsely finely punctate, punctures 1/2 size of strial punctures, each with a short, thick, erect seta. Declivity steep, strongly convex, shiny; striae not impressed, strial punctures larger, coarser than on disc; interstriae 1 widened from base to apex; all interstriae similarly armed, bearing small spines or granules. Posterolateral margin costate, granulate to interstriae 7, granules spinose. Legs: procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece bulging. Protibiae distinctly triangular; posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with six small socketed denticles, their length as long as basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins obliquely triangular with eight small socketed denticles.
The species is named for Dr. Sunisa Sanguansub, the collector, for her contributions to our knowledge of bark and ambrosia beetles. Noun in genitive.
Thailand.
Recorded only from an unidentified species of Fagaceae.
Bostrichus volvulus Fabricius, 1775: 454.
Hylesinus volvulus
(Fabricius):
Xyleborus volvulus
(Fabricius):
Xyleborus torquatus
Eichhoff, 1868b: 146. Synonymy:
Xyleborus alternans
Eichhoff, 1869: 280. Synonymy:
Xyleborus badius
Eichhoff, 1869: 280. Synonymy:
Xyleborus interstitialis
Eichhoff, 1878b: 375. Synonymy:
Xyleborus guanajuatensis
Dugès, 1887: 141. Synonymy:
Xyleborus grenadensis
Hopkins, 1915a: 62, 65. Synonymy:
Xyleborus hubbardi
Hopkins, 1915a: 62, 65. Synonymy:
Xyleborus rileyi
Hopkins, 1915a: 62, 65. Synonymy:
Xyleborus schwarzi
Hopkins, 1915a: 62, 65. Synonymy:
Xyleborus continentalis
Eggers, 1920: 42. Synonymy:
Xyleborus silvestris
Beeson, 1929: 241. Synonymy:
Xyleborus vagabundus
Schedl, 1949: 277. Synonymy:
Xyleborus granularis
Schedl, 1950b: 898. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus continentalis (MFNB). Holotype Xyleborus silvestris (
2.5 mm long (mean = 2.5 mm; n = 5); 3.13× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at distal 1/3; declivity smooth, shiny (specimen must be dry); declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of moderate tubercles; interstriae 2 sparsely granulate along its entire length; and elytra unicolored.
This species is almost identical to X. perforans, which is distinguished by its stouter form (2.67–2.89× as long as wide), and interstriae 2 granules only present at declivity summit.
Xyleborus affinis, X. cognatus, X. ferrugineus, X. festivus, X. perforans, X. pfeilii.
Probably of American origin (
Strongly polyphagous (
Specimens from Southeast Asia were not available for examination. The measurements and diagnosis are based on specimens from Panama (Panama) and the United States (Florida).
Holotype
, female, China: S-Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 28 km NW Jinghong, vic. An Ma Xi Chan (NNNR), 22°12'N, 100°38'E, 700 m, forest, EKL, 05.iv.2009, L. Meng (
2.7–2.75 mm long (mean = 2.73 mm; n = 3); 3.06–3.17× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the declivital interstriae 1 widened from base to midpoint of declivity, then narrowed to apex; declivital striae not impressed; three strong spines on declivital interstriae 1, and three slightly weaker spines on declivital interstriae 3, declivital interstriae 2 with at most a small spine near top of declivity; all interstriae with spines only, lacking granules; discal interstriae much wider than striae, strial punctures approximately 2× diameter of interstrial punctures, the latter very sparse on disc; declivital posterolateral margin costate and with a row of small spines to interstriae 6; integument smooth and strongly shiny on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, only the head reticulate and less shiny.
Xyleborus mysticulus, X. pfeilii.
(female). 2.7–2.75 mm long (mean = 2.73 mm; n = 3); 3.06–3.17 × as long as wide. Body red-brown. Legs and antennae light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; median carina absent; surface shagreened, alutaceous, punctate; punctures sparse, shallow, setose, each bearing a long, erect hair-like seta. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum triangular, deeply impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, slightly longer than club. Pedicel as wide as scape, as long as funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 shorter than pedicel. Club longer than broad, obliquely truncate, type 2; segment 1 corneous, transverse on anterior face, occupying basal 2/5, nearly covering posterior face; segment 2 narrow, corneous; segment 1 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 1.33× as long as wide. In dorsal view long and rounded frontally, type 7, sides parallel in basal 3/4, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin without serrations. In lateral view elongate, disc longer than anterior slope, type 7, summit on anterior 1/3. Anterior slope with densely spaced, moderately large asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit. Disc shiny with sparse, fine punctures bearing long, fine, erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at margins. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra: 1.79× as long as wide, 1.34× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc shiny, striae not impressed, with small, shallow punctures separated by three diameters of a puncture, glabrous; interstriae flat, very sparsely finely punctate, punctures 1/2 size of strial punctures, each with a short, thick, erect seta. Declivity strongly convex, steep, shiny; striae not impressed, strial punctures larger, coarser than on disc; interstriae 1 widened from base to declivital midpoint, then narrowed to apex; interstriae 1 with three strong spines, interstriae 2 with at most a small spine near declivital summit, interstriae 3 with three slightly weaker spines than those of interstriae 1. Posterolateral margin costate, granulate to interstriae 6. Legs: Procoxae contiguous; prosternal coxal piece bulging. Protibiae distinctly triangular, posterior face smooth; apical 1/2 of outer margin with five large socketed denticles, their length much longer than basal width. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins obliquely triangular with six large socketed denticles.
The specific name refers to the Chinese province where it was collected. Latinized adjective.
China (Yunnan).
Unknown.
Xylosandrus Reitter, 1913: 83.
Apoxyleborus
Wood, 1980: 90. Synonymy:
Xyleborus morigerus Blandford, 1894a; monotypy.
Xylosandrus species are small to moderately sized, 1.3–3.9 mm, and stout 1.79–2.6× as long as wide. Xylosandrus is distinguished by the procoxae widely separated (narrowly separated in X. formosae); pronotum with a median mycangial tuft (absent in X. formosae); antennal club type 1, obliquely truncate with segment 1 covering the posterior face (flat and type 4 in X. spinifer); eyes moderately to deeply emarginate; scutellum visible, flat, flush with elytra; lateral margin of the pronotum obliquely costate; protibiae distinctly triangular or slender with fewer than six large socketed denticles; and declivity with zero, five or six striae.
Amasa, Anisandrus, Cnestus, Diuncus, Hadrodemius. Xylosandrus is closely related to Anisandrus, Cnestus, and Hadrodemius, all of which possess a mesonotal mycangium and the associated dense tuft of hair-like setae at the scutellar area and pronotal base (
Globally distributed throughout temperate and tropical forests.
The species typically breed in small diameter stems. The gallery system consists of a radial gallery leading to an irregular chamber in the center of the stem with longitudinal branches extending up and down the stem.
Xylosandrus was recently revised by
1 | Procoxae narrowly separated; pronotal mycangial tuft absent (Fig. |
formosae |
– | Procoxae widely separated; pronotal mycangial tuft present, sparsely (Fig. |
2 |
2 | Declivital summit armed by a pair of very large spines; antennal club flat, type 4, with three sutures on posterior face (Fig. |
spinifer sp. nov. |
– | Declivital summit unarmed, granulate or denticulate; antennal club obliquely truncate, type 1, with no sutures on posterior face (Fig. |
3 |
3 | Elytra truncate, posterolateral margin acutely carinate, forming a continuous circumdeclivital carina (Fig. |
4 |
– | Elytra rounded (Fig. |
6 |
4 | Circumdeclivital carina never granulate; declivital interstriae 1 uniformly weakly costate; smaller, 2.8 mm | amputatus |
– | Circumdeclivital carina granulate on apical 1/3; sutural margin costate, costa increasing in height and size from base to apex; larger, 3.2–3.9 mm | 5 |
5 | Declivital face with declivital striae and interstrial punctures replaced by confused granules; larger, 3.9 mm | bellinsulanus sp. nov. |
– | Declivital face with four punctate striae; strial punctures large; interstriae granulate, granules more abundant near apex; smaller, 3.2–3.6 mm | mancus |
6 | Declivital striae punctate (Fig. |
7 |
– | Declivital striae granulate (Fig. |
15 |
7 | Declivity with five punctate striae; declivity obliquely truncate | derupteterminatus |
– | Declivity with six punctate striae; declivity rounded | 8 |
8 | Elytral disc strongly convex and appearing strongly humped (Fig. |
morigerus |
– | Elytral disc flat or weakly convex, not appearing humped (Fig. |
9 |
9 | Pronotum wider than long, 0.82–0.9× as long as wide; minute 1.3–1.7 mm | mesuae |
– | Pronotum as long as wide or longer than wide, 1.0–1.1× as long as wide; generally larger, 1.5–2.4 mm | 10 |
10 | Pronotum as long as wide | 11 |
– | Pronotum 1.1× as long as wide | 14 |
11 | Declivital interstriae denticulate-granulate, apices of granules acute (Fig. |
12 |
– | Declivital interstriae granulate, apices of granules round (Fig. |
13 |
12 | Declivital striae setose, setae semi-recumbent and equal to the width of an interstria; interstrial setae erect, hair-like, longer than the width of two interstriae; smaller, 2.0 mm and stout, 2.0× as long as wide | adherescens |
– | Declivital striae glabrous; interstrial setae erect, minute, less than the width of an interstria; larger, 2.15–2.36 mm and elongate, 2.4–2.56× as long as wide | dentipennis |
13 | Declivital striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like setae and equal in length to the width of an interstria; smaller, 1.5–1.9 mm | compactus |
– | Declivital striae glabrous; larger, 2.0–2.3 mm | eupatorii |
14 | Declivital striae feebly impressed, strial punctures small, shallow (Fig. |
germanus |
– | Declivital striae clearly impressed, strial punctures large, deep (Fig. |
metagermanus |
15 | Declivity rounded, disc gradually curving into declivity; pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1), lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint; pronotal disc shiny, finely minutely punctate; mycangial tuft on the pronotal base sparse | crassiusculus |
– | Declivity obliquely truncate, disc abruptly separated from steep declivity; pronotum from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6), lateral view tall (type 2), summit at basal 1/4; pronotal disc dull, coarsely densely punctate; mycangial tuft on the pronotal base dense | 16 |
16 | Declivital strial granules relatively small, as large as those of interstriae | brevis |
– | Declivital strial granules relatively large, at least 1.5× as large as those of interstriae (rarely a few interstrial granules as large as strial in X. borealis) | 17 |
17 | Declivital striae without setae | diversepilosus |
– | Declivital striae setose | 18 |
18 | Declivital striae and interstriae only bearing recumbent setae on face (some erect setae may be present on margins); declivital face densely setose, its surface obscured; declivital face flattened, depressed below margins (Fig. |
19 |
– | Declivital striae and interstriae bearing semi-recumbent or semi-erect setae and interstriae bearing a row of long erect setae; declivital face moderately setose, its surface readily visible; declivital face convex, flush with margins (Fig. |
20 |
19 | Declivital strial and interstrial setae recumbent, thick and scale-like, less than 1/2 width of an interstria; smaller, 2.5–2.9 mm | subsimilis |
– | Declivital striae and interstrial setae recumbent, fine and hair-like, equal to the width of an interstria; larger, 3.0 mm | jaintianus |
20 | Declivital interstrial granules large, prominent; declivital surface dull or opalescent | borealis |
– | Declivital interstrial granules small, inconspicuous; declivital surface shiny | 21 |
21 | Declivital interstriae with a row of erect, slightly thickened, bristle-like setae, their apices blunt | discolor |
– | Declivital interstriae with a row of erect, fine, hair-like setae, their apices pointed | 22 |
22 | Declivital stria1 and interstria1 setae recumbent, very fine, hair-like; interstriae with a row of erect setae equal in length to the width of an interstria; usually larger, 2.45–3.0 mm | subsimiliformis |
– | Declivital strial and interstrial setae semi-recumbent, hair-like; interstriae with a row of erect setae longer than the width of 1.5 interstriae; usually smaller, 2.2–2.7 mm | beesoni |
Xylosandrus adherescens Schedl, 1971b: 375.
Holotype
(
Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., 11.42854, 107.42544, 148 m, 23.ii.2017, VN98, A.I. Cognato, T.A. Hoang, ex 5 cm diameter (
2.0 mm long (n = 3); 2.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; elytral disc flat, gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae, striae setose, setae semi-recumbent and equal to the width of an interstria; interstriae denticulate-granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae; pronotum as long as wide, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus compactus, X. derupteterminatus, X. mesuae, X. morigerus.
Vietnam.
Unknown.
The gallery of this species was flat and a cave type. It was excavated against the grain of the wood (AIC, pers. obs.).
Xyleborus amputatus Blandford, 1894c: 575.
Amasa amputatus
[sic] (Blandford):
Xylosandrus amputatus
(Blandford):
Xyleborus melli
Schedl, 1938: 463. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus amputatus (
Cambodia: Sihanouk, Sihanoukville (Rosan Hill), 9–10.ix.2016, 50 m, J.B. Heppner (
2.8 mm long (mean = 2.8 mm; n = 5); 2.15–2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; upper part of eye smaller than lower part; elytral disc weakly ascending apically, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to suture forming a circumdeclivital carina; declivital face flat, coarsely shagreened, dull; declivity with four punctate, glabrous, straight striae visible; strial punctures large; interstriae glabrous, punctate; posterolateral margin smooth, not granulate; pronotum as long as wide, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 shiny, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Amasa spp., Xylosandrus bellinsulanus, X. mancus.
Cambodia*, China (Fujian, Guangdong*, Hunan, Shanghai*, Sichuan), Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam*. Imported and established in USA (
Recorded from Acer (Aceraceae), Cinnamomum, Machilus (Lauraceae), Pelargonium (Geraniaceae), and Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae) (
Xylosandrus beesoni Saha, Maiti & Chakraborti, 1992: 11.
Holotype
(
China: Yunnan, Kunming, 27.v.2013, J. Hulcr (UFFE, 1); S. Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 23 km NW Jinghong. vic. Na Ban Village (NNNR), 22.10'N, 100.39'E, 700–1000 m, v–vii.2009, leg. L. Meng (RABC, 1). India: Arunachal Pradesh, Etalin vicinity, 28°36'56"N, 95°53'21"E, 700 m, 12–25.v.2012, L. Dembický (
2.2–2.7 mm long (mean = 2.43 mm; n = 4); 2.0–2.25× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face convex, striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like and less than the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused with a uniseriate row of erect hair-like setae longer than the width of 1.5 interstriae and confused semi-erect hair-like setae equal to the width of an interstria; strial granules 2× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus borealis, X. discolor, X. diversepilosus, X. subsimiliformis.
China (Yunnan)*, India (Arunachal Pradesh*, West Bengal), Thailand*, Vietnam*.
Recorded only from Symplocos (Symplocaceae) (
This species was collected in great abundance by SMS and AIC in Lao Cai province, Vietnam. In nearly all collecting events the species was found in small branches (1–5 cm in diameter) that were dry and often exposed to full sun, an unusual feeding habit, as most other xyleborines are unable to thrive under these conditions. Thai specimens were recorded as Xylosandrus subsimiliformis by
Holotype
, female, 海南岛 尖峰, 600 m 1984-III-26 采集者:宋士美 [China: Hainan, Jianfengling Mt., 600 m; 26.iii.1984, Shimei Song] (
3.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.16× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; lower part of eye larger than upper part; elytral disc ascending apically, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to suture forming a circumdeclivital ring; declivital face flat, strongly shagreened, dull, glabrous, no striae visible; sutural margin costate, costa increasing in height and size from base to apex, declivital striae and interstrial punctures replaced by confused granules, granules more abundant near apex (especially between interstriae 1 and 2); declivital posterolateral margin granulate; pronotum wider than long, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 shiny, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Amasa spp., Xylosandrus amputatus, X. mancus.
(female). 3.9 mm long (n = 1); 2.16× as long as wide. Head, antennae, pronotum, elytral disc and legs dark red-brown, declivital face maroon. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; median carina present; surface shagreened, impunctate, alutaceous, asperate; asperities longitudinal, larger, denser above epistoma, decreasing in density and height dorsally, becoming more weakly raised and sparse by upper level of eyes. Eyes shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, approximately as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, much shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club longer than wide, obliquely truncate, type 1; segment 1 corneous, encircling anterior face; segment 2 narrow, concave, corneous on anterior face only; sutures absent on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.81× as long as wide. In dorsal view rounded, type 1, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, moderate asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, erect hair-like setae. Some longer hair-like setae at anterior and lateral margins. Disc shiny, alutaceous with very dense, fine punctures, glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Mycangial tuft present along base, tuft narrow, dense, laterally extending to striae 3. Elytra: 1.38× as long as wide, 1.7 × as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then sharply angulate to apex. Disc shiny, striae not impressed, punctures fine, shallow, strongly confused punctures separated by less than one diameter of a puncture, moderately setose, setae dense, erect, hair-like. Declivity truncate, strongly shagreened, glabrous; striae and interstriae strongly confused, indistinguishable, punctures replaced by granules; granules increasing in size and density apically and medially, especially between interstriae 1 and 2; sutural margin costae, costa increasing in height and size from base to apex. Posterolateral margin forming a circumdeclivital carina, carina granulate on apical 1/2. Legs: procoxae widely separated; prosternal coxal piece flat. Protibiae distinctly triangular, broadest at apical 1/4; posterior face smooth; apical 1/3 of outer margin with six large socketed denticles, their length much longer than basal width; apical mucro prominent, strongly incurved. Meso- and metatibiae flattened; outer margins evenly rounded with 13 and 14, small and variably sized socketed denticles, their length no longer than basal width, respectively.
L. bellus = beautiful; insulanus = islander. In reference to the species’ beautiful declivity and its island type locality. Noun in apposition.
China (Hainan).
Unknown.
Locality labels on the holotype are in Chinese and were translated by You Li. An English locality label has been placed on the specimen below the original locality labels.
Xylosandrus borealis Nobuchi, 1981b: 34.
Holotype
(
China: Guangdong, Shimentai, 28.iii.2003, P. Grootaert (RABC, 1). Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (
2.0–2.2 mm long (mean = 2.12 mm; n = 5); 2.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face convex; striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like and equal to the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused with a uniseriate row of very long erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae and confused semi-erect setae approximately the width of an interstria; strial granules large, 1–1.5× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus beesoni, X. discolor, X. diversepilosus.
China* (Guangdong*, Hong Kong*), Japan, Korea, Taiwan*.
Xyleborus brevis Eichhoff, 1877: 121.
Xylosandrus brevis
(Eichhoff):
Xyleborus cucullatus
Blandford, 1894b: 121. Synonymy:
Xyleborus montanus
Niisima, 1910: 13. Synonymy:
Syntypes
of Xyleborus montanus should be housed in
Taiwan: Nantou, Ren’ai Township, C.-S. Lin, 15.iv.2014 (
2.75–2.90 mm long (mean = 2.87 mm; n = 5); 2.04–2.07× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face convex; declivital striae and interstriae setose, setae recumbent, hair-like and equal to the width of an interstria; declivital interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae; strial granules small, approximately equal to those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus jaintianus, X. subsimiliformis, X. subsimilis.
China (Xizang, Yunnan), Japan, Korea, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand.
Polyphagous (
Xyleborus compactus Eichhoff, 1876a: 201.
Xylosandrus compactus
(Eichhoff):
Xyleborus morstatti
Hagedorn, 1912a: 37. Synonymy:
The holotype of Xyleborus compactus was destroyed in the bombing of UHZM in World War II (
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, 17.vi.1965, Lee Kit Ming, Hui Wai Ming, ex hand net (
1.5–1.9 mm long (mean = 1.68 mm; n = 5); 2.0–2.5× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; elytral disc flat; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like and equal in length to the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae; pronotum as long as wide, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, densely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus adherescens, X. derupteterminatus, X. mesuae, X. morigerus.
In temperate and tropical regions around the world. Within the study region recorded from China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu*, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), ‘Indochina’, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Established in the Neotropics, USA and Europe (
Strongly polyphagous (
The biology has been reviewed by
Phloeotrogus crassiusculus Motschulsky, 1866: 403.
Xylosandrus crassiusculus
(Motschulsky):
Xyleborus semiopacus
Eichhoff, 1878b: 334. Synonymy:
Xyleborus semigranosus
Blandford, 1896b: 211. Synonymy:
Dryocoetes bengalensis
Stebbing, 1908: 12. Synonymy:
Xyleborus mascarenus
Hagedorn, 1908: 379. Synonymy:
Xyleborus ebriosus
Niisima, 1909: 154. Synonymy:
Xyleborus okoumeensis
Schedl, 1935b: 271. Synonymy:
Xyleborus declivigranulatus
Schedl, 1936d: 30. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus semigranosus (
China: Chongqing, Peng Shui, 10.v.2015, Tian-Shang, ex Castanea molissima (RABC, 1); as previous except: Nan Chang, Jiangxi Agric. Univ. orchard, v.2015, Su, T-L., ex Choerospondias axillaris (RABC, 1); as previous except: Pengshui, 11.viii.2016, Tian-Shang (RABC, 3). Jiangsu, Nanjing, Laoshan National Park, Bacai Road, 32.09156; 118.583701, 15.viii.2017, Cognato, Li, Gao, ex Populus (
2.3–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.58 mm; n = 5); 2.17–2.42× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the moderate to large size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six striae; interstriae and striae granulate, confused, appearing dull, with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae; pronotum as long as wide, pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
None.
In temperate and tropical regions around the world. Within the study region recorded from Bhutan, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu*, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai*, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Andaman Is, Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Also present in South & North Korea. Imported to and established in Europe, North, Central and South America (
Strongly polyphagous (
The basic biology has been described by
Xylosandrus dentipennis
Park & Smith, 2020 (in
Holotype
(RIFID), paratypes (MFNB, 1;
2.15–2.36 mm long (mean = 2.3 mm; n = 2); 2.4–2.56× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; declivital interstriae denticulate-granulate, uniseriate with minute erect setae less than the width of an interstria; pronotum as long as wide; pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus eupatorii, X. germanus, X. metagermanus.
China (Fujian, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Shanghai, Yunnan), Japan, South Korea.
This species has only been recorded from Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) and Camptotheca (Nyssaceae).
Xyleborus derupteterminatus Schedl, 1951a: 64.
Xylosandrus derupteterminatus
(Schedl):
Holotype
(
China: S-Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 20 km NW Jinghong, Man Dian (NNNR), 740 m, 22°07.80'N, 100°40.05'E, forest, BF, 23.v.2008, A. Weigel (RABC, 1); as previous except: 15.vi.2008, GS/BS, rubber plantation (RABC, 1). Thailand: Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Ngam N.P., Thepana w’fall, 15°38.948'N, 101°25.625'E, savanna, 23–24.x.2006, K. Sa-nog, B. Adnafai, pan traps (RABC, 1). Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, Chang Khian Highl. Res. Stn, 3.vii.2013, S. Buranapanichpan, ex Mangifera indica (RABC, 1); Doi Chiang Dao N.P. HQ, 19°24.278'N, 98°55.311'E, 491 m, 2–3.viii.2007, S. Jugsu, A. Watwanich, pan trap (
2.0–2.3 mm long (mean = 2.18; n = 5); 1.82–2.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the small size; declivity obliquely truncate, abruptly separated from disc; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with five punctate striae; declivital interstriae densely uniseriate granulate; pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), pronotal summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus adherescens, X. compactus, X. mesuae, X. morigerus.
China* (Yunnan), Indonesia (Java, Moluccas, Sulawesi), Thailand*.
Recorded only from Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) and Agathis (Araucariaceae).
Xyleborus discolor Blandford, 1898: 429.
Xylosandrus discolor
(Blandford):
Xyleborus posticestriatus
Eggers, 1939b: 119. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus discolor (
China: Chongqing, Peng Shui, 10.v.2015, Tian-Shang, ex Castanea molissima (RABC, 1). Guangxi, Beihai, Yintan, viii.2015, Su T-L. (RABC, 1). Hong Kong, Pokfulan, 150 m, 31.v.1964, J.L. Gressitt (
2.0–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.02 mm; n = 5); 2.0–2.29× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face convex; declivital striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like and equal to the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused, with a uniseriate row of erect bristles equal in length to the width of an interstria; strial granules at least 2× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus beesoni, X. borealis, X. diversepilosus.
Within the study region recorded from China (Chongqing*, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Jiangxi*, Sichuan, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Laos*, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam*. Also recorded from Australia, Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyu Is), Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka.
Polyphagous (
The biology is described by
Xyleborus diversepilosus (Eggers), 1941b: 224.
Xylosandrus diversepilosus
(Eggers):
Holotype (ZMFK). Not examined.
China: Guizhou, [no locality], 29.x.2016, Wu, Y-K., ex Magnolia grandiflora (RABC, 1).
2.4 mm long; 1.92× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face convex; declivital striae glabrous; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused with a row of erect hair-like setae longer than the width of 1–2 interstriae, granules with an erect hair-like seta; strial granules 2–3× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus beesoni, X. borealis, X. discolor.
China (Fujian, Guizhou*), Taiwan.
Recorded only from Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae).
Xyleborus eupatorii Eggers, 1940: 140.
Xylosandrus eupatorii
(Eggers):
Paratypes
(
China: Hainan, Wu-zhi-shan Town, 18.902N, 109.663E, 703 m, 2.xii.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia (RABC, 2). Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (UFFE, 1). Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°36.804'N, 105°51.982'E, 1831 m, 17.iv.2014, VN42, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex 0.3–3 cm twigs/branches (
2.0–2.3 mm long (mean = 2.12 mm; n = 5); 2.22–2.3× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; declivital interstriae uniseriate granulate, with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae; pronotum as long as wide, pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
This species is nearly identical to X. germanus and is most readily distinguished by the pronotum that is as long as wide; and pronotum base with sparser more dispersed setae.
Xylosandrus dentipennis, X. germanus, X. metagermanus.
China (Hainan, Hong Kong*, Yunnan), Indonesia (Java), Thailand, Vietnam*.
Xyleborus formosanus Browne, 1981a: 131.
Xyleborus formosae
Wood, 1992: 80 (new name for X. formosanus Browne nec
Cyclorhipidion formosanum
(Browne):
Holotype
(
China: Fujian, Chong’an, Guidun, 1000 m, 25.vi.1979, Fusheng Huang, ex Machilus leptophylla (
2.5–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.76 mm; n = 5); 2.27–2.55× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the narrowly separated procoxae; mesonotal mycangial tuft absent; abundant hair-like elytral vestiture; declivital striae and interstriae uniseriate punctate; and declivity rounded, convex, unarmed, surface shagreened, appearing dull.
Anisandrus lineatus, Coptodryas inornata, Cyclorhipidion spp., Euwallacea fornicatus, E. kuroshio, E. perbrevis.
China* (Fujian, Jiangxi, Xizang), India* (West Bengal), Taiwan, Thailand*, Vietnam*.
This species is polyphagous and has been recorded from Saurauia (Actinidiaceae), Machilus (Euphorbiaceae), Michelia (Magnoliaceae), and Amoora (Meliaceae).
The unusual morphology of this species is superficially similar to that of several other genera (see similar species above). This presents a challenge in the generic identification of specimens especially if they are not pinned. Molecular phylogenetics revealed this species belongs in Xylosandrus and represents the only known Oriental species of an otherwise Australasian species group comprised of X. monteithi Dole and Beaver, X. rotundicollis (Browne), and X. woodi Dole and Beaver, in SE Asia (
Xyleborus germanus Blandford, 1894b: 106.
Xylosandrus germanus
(Blandford):
Xyleborus orbatus
Blandford, 1894b: 123. Synonymy:
Syntypes
Xyleborus germanus (
China: Chongqing, Chengkou, 16.vii.2016, Tian-Shang (RABC, 1); as previous except: Jinfo Mtn., 9.v.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia, ex Taxodiaceae sp. (RABC, 1); as previous except: Pengshui, 11.viii.2016, Tian-Shang (RABC, 1); as previous except: Simian Mtn., 7.v.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia (RABC, 1). Jiangsu, Nanjing, Laoshan National Park, Bacai Road, 32.09156N, 118.583701E, 15.viii.2017, Cognato, Li, Gao (
2.3–2.4 mm long (mean = 2.32 mm; n = 5); 2.3–2.56× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; declivital interstriae granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of 1.5 interstriae; pronotum 1.1× long as wide, pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
This species is nearly identical to X. eupatorii and is most easily distinguished by the pronotum 1.1× as long as wide and the pronotal base with more dense setae and from X. metagermanus by the smaller, shallower strial punctures and feebly impressed striae.
Anisandrus dispar, A. maiche, A. paragogus, Xylosandrus dentipennis, X. eupatorii, X. metagermanus.
China (Anhui, Chongqing*, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu*, Jiangxi*, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, Vietnam. Also present in Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East, Sakhalin, Kurile Is). Introduced to and established in Europe and Turkey, USA (including Hawaii) and Canada (
Polyphagous (
The basic biology is described by
Xyleborus jaintianus Schedl, 1967: 161.
Xylosandrus jaintianus
(Schedl):
Holotype
(
3.0 mm long (mean = 2.89 mm; n = 1); 2.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face flattened, depressed below declivital margins; declivital striae and interstriae setose, setae recumbent, hair-like, equal to the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused; strial granules at least 2× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus brevis, X. subsimiliformis, X. subsimilis.
India (Meghalaya), Myanmar, Nepal.
Unknown.
Xyleborus mancus Blandford, 1898: 428.
Apoxyleborus mancus
(Blandford):
Xylosandrus mancus
(Blandford):
Xyleborus abruptus
Sampson, 1914: 388. Synonymy:
Xyleborus mancus formosanus
Eggers, 1930: 186. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus mancus (
China: Chongqing, Chengkou, 16.vii.2016, Tian-Shang (RABC, 1); as previous except: Jinfo Mtn., 9.v.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia (RABC, 1); as previous except: Simian Mtn., 7.v.2016, Tian-Shang, Lv-Jia (RABC, 1); as previous except: Youyang, 14.v.2016, Tian-Shang (RABC, 1). Hong Kong, Lantau Island, San Shek Wan, v.1988, C. O’Connell (
3.2–3.6 mm long (mean = 3.46 mm; n = 5); 2.13–2.4× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; upper part of eye smaller than lower part; elytral disc strongly ascending apically, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to suture forming a circumdeclivital ring; declivital face flat, shagreened, four punctate, glabrous and somewhat wavy striae visible; strial punctures large; interstriae glabrous, granulate, granules more abundant near apex (especially between interstriae 1 and 2); declivital posterolateral margin granulate; pronotum as long as wide, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 shiny, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Amasa spp., Xylosandrus amputatus, X. bellinsulanus.
Within the study region recorded from China (Chongqing*, Gansu, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Xizang, Yunnan), India (Karnataka, Kerala), Laos*, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Outside the region recorded from East Africa (Tanzania), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Madagascar, East & West Malaysia, Mauritius, Philippines, Seychelles, Sri Lanka.
Xyleborus mesuae Eggers, 1930: 182.
Xylosandrus mesuae
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton, ex Machilus (
1.3–1.7 mm long (mean = 1.5 mm; n = 5); 2.29–2.6× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its minute size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; elytral disc convex, disc as long as declivity; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; declivital striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like, less than the width of one interstria; interstriae granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of one interstria; pronotum wider than long, 0.82–0.90× as long as wide, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view rounded (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus adherescens, X. compactus, X. derupteterminatus, X. morigerus.
China* (Hong Kong*), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand.
Recorded from Mesua (Calophyllaceae), Dipterocarpus, Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae), Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae), Osbeckia (Melastomataceae) (
Xyleborus metagermanus Schedl, 1951a: 58.
Xylosandrus metagermanus
(Schedl):
Holotype
(
India: Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border: Bhalukpong, 27°00'48"N, 92°39'08"E, 150 m, 1–8.v.2012, L. Dembický, ex FIT (
1.8–2.3 mm long (mean = 2.05 mm; n = 2); 2.09–2.25× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate and clearly impressed striae; declivital interstriae granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer 1–1.5× the width of an interstria; pronotum 1.1× long as wide, pronotum from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
This species is very similar to X. germanus and is most easily distinguished by the larger, deeper strial punctures and clearly impressed striae.
Xylosandrus dentipennis, X. eupatorii, X. germanus.
India (Assam).
Recorded only from Gmelina (Lamiaceae) (
Xyleborus morigerus Blandford, 1894a: 264.
Xylosandrus morigerus
(Blandford):
Xyleborus coffeae
Wurth, 1908: 64. Synonymy:
Xyleborus difficilis
Eggers, 1923: 174. Synonymy:
Xyleborus luzonicus
Eggers, 1923: 174. Synonymy:
Xyleborus abruptoides
Schedl, 1955a: 298. Synonymy:
Holotype
Xyleborus abruptoides (
China: S Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 20 km NW Jinghong, vic. Man Dian (NNNR), 22°07.80'N, 100°40.0'E, 730 m, forest, 6.vi.2008, A. Weigel (RABC, 1).
1.4–2.0 mm long (mean = 1.82 mm; n = 5); 2.0–2.33× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; disc strongly convex, much shorter than declivity; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; declivital striae setose, setae minute, semi-recumbent, hair-like; interstriae granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of one interstria; pronotum wider than long, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view rounded (type 1), summit at midpoint, basal half smooth, shiny, sparsely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus adherescens, X. compactus, X. derupteterminatus, X. mesuae.
Circumtropical. Within the study region recorded from China* (Yunnan), India (Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Introduced to Europe (
Strongly polyphagous (
The biology has been studied by
Holotype
, female, Thailand: SE Chanthaburi, 45 m, 25–30.iv.1958 (
3.3 mm long (n = 1); 2.3× as long as wide. This species is unique among all Xylosandrus because of the unmistakable pair of very large spines on the declivital summit and a flat antennal club, type 4, with three sutures visible on the posterior face.
Xylosandrus spinifer superficially resembles Diuncus spp. but can be differentiated by the following characteristics: base of the pronotum has an elongate patch of dense punctures bearing a tuft of setae; anterior margin of pronotum evenly rounded, asperities just above the margin are of equal size, rather than with a median, larger pair; procoxae separated; and posterolateral margin carinate and granulate.
Diuncus spp.
(female). 3.3 mm long (n = 1); 2.3× as long as wide. Head, pronotum and elytral disc light red-brown, declivity dark red-brown, antennae and legs light brown. Head: epistoma entire, transverse, with a row of hair-like setae. Frons weakly convex to upper level of eyes; median carina present; surface shagreened, impunctate, alutaceous, asperate; asperities longitudinal, larger, denser above epistoma, decreasing in density and height dorsally, becoming more weakly raised and sparse by upper level of eyes. Eyes very shallowly emarginate just above antennal insertion, upper part smaller than lower part. Submentum narrow, triangular, slightly impressed. Antennal scape regularly thick, approximately as long as club. Pedicel as wide as scape, shorter than funicle. Funicle 4-segmented, segment 1 as long as pedicel. Club longer than wide, flattened, type 4; segment 1 corneous, small, convex; segment 2 larger than segment 1, narrow, transverse, corneous; segments 1–3 present on posterior face. Pronotum: 0.97 × as long as wide. In dorsal view rounded, type 1, sides parallel in basal 1/2, rounded anteriorly; anterior margin with a row of serrations. In lateral view basic, type 0, disc flat, summit at midpoint. Anterior slope with densely spaced, moderate asperities, becoming lower and more strongly transverse towards summit, bearing long, fine, erect hair-like setae, some longer hair-like setae at anterior and lateral margins. Disc shiny, alutaceous with very dense, fine punctures, glabrous. Lateral margins obliquely costate. Base transverse, posterior angles broadly rounded. Mycangial tuft present along basal margin and basal median 1/2 of disc along median line, tuft broad, dense, approximately the width of scutellum. Elytra: 1.31× as long as wide, 1.39× as long as pronotum. Scutellum moderately sized, linguiform, flush with elytra, flat, shiny. Elytral base transverse, edge oblique, humeral angles rounded, parallel-sided in basal 3/4, then broadly rounded to apex. Disc shiny, striae not impressed, seriate; interstriae impunctate, moderately setose, setae semi-erect, hair-like. Declivity sharply distinct from disc, declivital summit armed by large denticles on interstriae 1, 2, 4, and 5 and a very large spine on interstriae 3, its apex incurved; interstrial punctures replaced by uniseriate denticles, each denticle bearing a long, erect hair-like seta equal in length to width of distance between interstriae 1 and 3; six striae present, striae 1 impressed at declivital summit, strial punctures larger, deeper than those of disc. Posterolateral margin carinate, granulate to interstriae 7. Legs: procoxae moderately separated; prosternal coxal piece tall, pointed. Protibiae distinctly triangular, broadest at apical 1/4; posterior face smooth; outer margin of apical 1/3 with five large socketed denticles, their length much longer than basal width; apical mucro prominent, strongly incurved. Meso- and metatibiae flattened, outer margins evenly rounded with nine and 12 small, similarly sized, socketed denticles, their length no longer than basal width, respectively.
China (Hong Kong), Thailand, Vietnam.
Unknown.
L. spinifer = thorn-bearing. In reference to the spines on the declivity which are atypical for the genus. A noun in apposition.
Xyleborus subsimiliformis Eggers, 1939a: 11.
Xylosandrus subsimiliformis
(Eggers):
Holotype (NHRS).
Vietnam: Lao Cai, Hoang Lien N.P., 22.35, 103.77, 1500–2000 m, 20.v.2019, VN185, S.M. Smith, A.I. Cognato, ex 1–2 cm branch (
2.45–3.0 mm long (mean = 2.6 mm; n = 5); 1.96–2.14× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its large size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra obliquely truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face convex; declivital striae and interstriae setose, setae recumbent, very fine, hair-like, equal to the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused; with a uniseriate row of erect hair-like setae equal in length to the width of an interstria; strial granules 2× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus beesoni, X. brevis, X. jaintianus, X. subsimilis.
China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Vietnam*.
Unknown.
This species was collected in great abundance by SMS and AIC in Lao Cai province, Vietnam. In nearly all collecting events the species was found in small branches (1–4 cm in diameter) that were dry and often exposed to full sun, an unusual feeding habit, as most other xyleborines are unable to thrive under these conditions. Records from Thailand (
Xyleborus subsimilis Eggers, 1930: 186.
Xylosandrus subsimilis
(Eggers):
Holotype
(
India: Arunachal Pradesh, Hunli vicinity, 28°19'32"N, 95°57'31"E, 1300 ± 100 m, 26.v–1.vi.2012, L. Dembický (
2.5–2.9 mm long (mean = 2.64 mm; n = 5); 1.79–2.0× as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its moderate size; elytral disc flat, longer than declivity; declivital face steep, abruptly separated from disc; elytra truncate; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with four apparent granulate striae (striae 5 short, converging with striae 4 forming a loop); declivital face flattened, depressed below declivital margins; declivital striae and interstriae setose, setae recumbent, thick, less than 1/2 width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, granules multiseriate, confused strial granules at least 2× larger than those of interstriae; pronotum longer than wide, from dorsal view conical frontally (type 6) and lateral view taller (type 2), summit at basal 1/4, basal 1/4 shagreened, dull, densely punctate; and broad, dense mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.
Xylosandrus brevis, X. jaintianus, X. subsimiliformis.
China (Hainan, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh*, Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand.
Recorded from five different families (
We thank the curators of the following institutions who allowed access to or the loan of specimens from the collections in their care: Dirk Ahrens (
We thank our colleagues for their generous support and specimens crucial to this project: Jiri Hulcr, You Li, Andrew Johnson, Craig Bateman, James Skelton and Demian Gomez (University of Florida), Ching-Shan Lin (Tsau-Hu Elementary School, Taichung, Taiwan), Robert Rabaglia (USDA Forest Service), Wisut Sittichaya (Prince of Songkla University), Sunisa Sanguansub (Kasetsart University), Hisashi Kajimura (Nagoya University), Naoto Kamata (Tokyo University), Sangwook Park (Research Institute of Forest Insect Diversity), Thomas Atkinson (University of Texas, Austin), Alexander Petrov (Institute of Forest Science, Russian Academy of Science), Michail Mandelshtam (Saint Petersburg State University), Lan-Yu Liu (National Ping Tung University), Judy King (QDAFB), Sheng-Chang Lai (Jiangxi Agricultural University), and Lei Gao (Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning). Hong Thai Pham and Tuấn Anh Hoàng (Vietnam National Museum of Nature) provided invaluable field research assistance. Rachel Osborn (Michigan State University) and Wisut Sittichaya provided images of several species. Miguel Alonso-Zarazaga provided assistance with nomenclature. Li Ren (
This research was supported by the following grants to AIC: USDA-APHIS Cooperative Agreement Award (16-8130-0666-CA), NSF-PEET (DEB-0328920), NSF (DEB-1256663), USDA Forest Service Early Detection Rapid Response program cooperative agreement (11-DG-11420004-257), and the Ernst Mayr Travel Grant in Animal Systematics (Harvard University). The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.