A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales - My-Plant

Lamiales – Synoptical classification vers. 2.2 (in prog.) Updated: 26 July, 2010 

A Synoptical Classification 

of the Lamiales 

Version 2.2 

(in progress) 

Compiled by 

Richard Olmstead 

With the help of: 

D. Albach, B. Bremer, P. Cantino, C. dePamphilis, P. 

Garnock-Jones, R. Harley, H.-D. Ihlenfeldt, L. Lohmann, 

S. Mathews, L. McDade, E. Norman, B. Oxelman, J. 

Reveal, R. Scotland, J. Smith, S. Wagstaff, E. Wallander, 

A. Weber, A. Wolfe, A. Wortley, N. Young, M. Zjhra, and 

others 

[estimated 23 families, 1041 genera, and ca. 21,878 species in Lamiales] 

The goal of this project is to produce a working infraordinal classification of the 

Lamiales to genus with information on distribution and species richness. All recognized 

taxa will be clades; adherence to Linnaean ranks is optional. Synonymy is very incomplete 

(comprehensive synonymy is not a goal of the project, but could be incorporated). 

Although I anticipate producing a publishable version of this classification at a future date, 

my near-term goal is to produce a web-accessible version, which will be available to the 

public and which will be updated regularly through input from systematists familiar with 

taxa within the Lamiales. For further information on the project and to provide 

information for future versions, please contact R. Olmstead via email at 

olmstead@u.washington.edu, or by regular mail at: Department of Biology, Box 355325, 

University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA.


Acanthaceae (~201/3510) Durande, Notions Elém. Bot.: 265. 1782, nom. cons. – Synopsis compiled 

by R. Scotland & K. Vollesen (Kew Bull. 55: 513-589. 2000). Avicennia included (Schwarzbach & 

McDade, 2002). 

Nelsonioideae (7/ ) Lindl. ex Pfeiff., Nomencl. 

Bot. 1(1): 10. 8 Dec 1871 

Anisosepalum E. Hossain (3) C. Africa 

Elytraria Michx. (17) warm & trop. NW & 

OW 

Gynocraterium Bremek. (1) trop. S. Amer. 

Nelsonia R. Br. (1) trop. OW 

Ophiorrhiziphyllon Kurz (5) SE Asia 

Saintpauliopsis Staner (1) trop. Africa 

Staurogyne Wall. (140) trop. OW & NW 

Thunbergioideae (including Mendoncia) (5/ ) 

Kostel., Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 3: 923. Apr- 

Dec 1834 

Anomacanthus R.D. Good (1) Zaire, Angola 

Mendoncia Vell ex Vand. (60) trop. Amer. & 

Africa, Madag. 

Meyenia Nees (1) India, Sri Lanka 

Pseudocalyx Radlk. (4) trop. Africa, Madag. 

Thunbergia Retz. (90) trop. OW 

Acanthoideae (189/ ) Link, Handbuch 1:500. 

Jan-Aug 1829 

Acantheae (21/ ) Dunmort., Anal. Fam. Pl.: 

23 1829 

Acanthopsis Harv. (7) S. Africa 

Acanthus L. (30) warm & trop. OW 

Achyrocalyx Benoist (4) Madag. 

Aphelandra R. Br. (175) Trop. Amer. 

Blepharis Juss. (8) OW trop., Medit., S. 

Africa 

Crossandra Salisb. (50) trop. Africa & Asia, 

Madag., Arabian Penin. 

Crossandrella C.B. Clarke (2) trop. Africa 

Cynarospermum Vollesen 

Cyphacanthus Leonard (1) Columbia 

Encephalosphaera Lindau (2) trop. S. Amer. 

Geissomeria Lindl. (15) Mex., C. Amer., 

trop. S. Amer. 

Holographis Nees (10) Arid Mexico 

Neriacanthus Benth. (4) trop. Amer. 

Orophochilus Lindau (1) Peru 

Rhombochlamys Lindau (2) Columbia 

Salpixantha Hook. (1) Jamaica 

Sclerochiton Harv. 12) trop. & S. Africa 

Stenandrium Nees (25) warm S. Amer. 

Streptosiphon Mildbr.(1) trop. E. Africa 

Strobilacanthus Griseb. (1) Panama 

Xantheranthemum Lindau (1) Peru 

Ruellieae 

Ruelliinae (48/ ) 

Acanthopale C.B. Clarke (150) OW trop. 

Aechmanthera Nees(3) Himal. 

Apassalus Kobuski (3) SE US, W.I. 

Beniocanthus Heine & A. Raynal (2) Madag. 

Blechum P. Brown (6) trop. Amer. 

Bravaisia DC. (3) trop. Amer. 

Brillantaisia P. Beauv. (9) trop. Africa, Madag. 

Brunoniella Bremek.(6) New Guinea, Australia 

Calacanthus T. Anderson ex Benth. (1) Indomal. 

Clarkeasia J.R.I. Wood (2) India, China 

Dischistocalyx T.Anderson ex Benth. (20) 

Africa 

Duosperma Dayton(12) trop. & S. Africa 

Dyschoriste Nees (65) warm & trop. NW & 

OW 

Echinacanthus Nees(4) Himal., China 

Epiclastopelma Lindau (2) trop. Africa 

Eranthemum L. (30 trop. Asia 

Eremomastax Lindau (2) Africa 

Eusiphon Benoist (3) Madag. 

Hemigraphis Nees (90) Asia to New 

Caledonia 

Heteradelphia Lindau (1) W. Africa 

Hygrophila R. Br. (25) trop. OW & NW 

Ionacanthus Beniost (1) Madag. 

Kosmosiphon Lindau (1) trop. W. Africa 

Leptosiphonium F. Muell. (10) Papauasia 

Louteridium S. Watson (6) Mex. & C. Amer. 

Lychniothyrsus Lindau (5) Brazil 

Mellera S. Moore (5) warm Africa 

Mimulopsis Schweinf. (3) trop. Africa, 

Madag. 

Pararuellia Bremek. (5) Malaysia 

Petalidium Nees (35) trop. & S. Africa, 

Himal., India 

Phaulopsis Willd. (20) Afra. Mascarenes, 

India 

Physacanthus Benth. (5) trop. Africa 

Polylychnis Bremek. (2) NE S. Amer. 

Pseudoruellia Benoist (1) Madag. 

Ruellia L. (150) temp. & warm to trop. 

Amer. 

Ruelliospis C.B. Clarke (3) trop. & S. Africa 

Sanchezia Ruiz & Pav.(20) trop. Amer. 

Satanocrater Schweinf. (4) trop. Africa 

Sautiera Decne. (1) Timor 

Spirostigma Nees (1) Brazil 

Stenosiphonium Nees (3) India, Sri Lanka 

Stenothyrsus C.B. Clarke (1) Malaya 

Strobilanthes Blume (250) trop. Asia 

Strobilanthopsis S. Moore (5) trop. Africa 

Suessenguthia Merm. (1) Bolivia 

Trichanthera Kunth (2) N. S. Amer. 

Trichosanchezia Mildbr. (1) trop. Peru 

Zygoruellia Baill. (1) Madag. 

Andrographinae (8/ ) 

Andrographis Wall. ex Nees (20) trop. Asia 

Cystacanthus T. Anderson (10) SE Asia 

Diotacanthus Benth. (2) Indomal. 

Graphandra J.B. Imlay (1) Thailand


Gymnostachyum Nees (30) India to 

C Malaysia. 

Haplanthodes Kuntze (4) India 

Indoneesiella Sreem. (2) India 

Phlogacanthus Nees (15) Indomal. 

Justiciinae (103/ ) 

Afrofittonia Lindau (1) trop. W. 

Africa 

Ambongia Beniost (1) Madag. 

Ancistranthus Lindau (1) Cuba 

Angkalanthus Balf.f. (2) Socotra, 

Transvaal 

Anisacanthus Nees (8) SW US, Mex. 

Anisotes Nees (19) trop. Africa, 

Madag. 

Anthacanthus Nees (?) Unknown 

Aphanosperma T.F. Daniel (1) NW Mex. 

Ascotheca Heine (1) trop. W. Africa 

Asystasia Blume (70) OW trop. 

Ballochia Balf.f. (3) Socotra 

Brachystephanus Nees (10) trop. Africa, 

Madag. 

Calycacanthus K. Schum. (1) New Guinea 

Carlowrightia A.Gray (23) SW US, Mex, C. 

Amer. 

Celerina Benoist (1) Madag. 

Centrilla Lindau (?) Unknown 

Cephalacanthus Lindau (1) Peru 

Chalarothyrsus Lindau (1) Mex. 

Chamaeranthemum Nees(4) trop. Amer. 

Chileranthemum Oerst. (2) Mex. 

Chlamydocardia Lindau (4) trop. W. Africa 

Chlamydostachya Mildbr. (1) trop. E. Africa 

Chorisochroa Vollese 

Clinacanthus Nees (2) S. China to Malaysia 

Clistax Mart. (2) Brazil 

Codonacanthus Nees (2) NE India, S. China, 

Japan 

Conocalyx Benoist (1) Madag. 

Cosmianthemum Bremek. (8) W. Borneo 

Cyclacanthus S. Moore (2) SE. Asia 

Cylindrosolenium Lindau (1) Peru 

Danguya Beniost (1) Madag. 

Dasytropis Urb. (1) E. Cuba 

Dichazothece Lindau (1) E. Brasil 

Dicladanthera F. Muell. (2) W. Australia 

Dicliptera Juss. (150) warm & trop. NW & 

OW 

Ecbolium Kurz (19) trop. & S. Africa, 

Madag., Socotra, India 

Filetia Miq. (8) Sumatra, Indomal. 

Fittonia Coem. (2) Peru 

Forcipella Baill. (5) Madag. 

Glossochilus Nees (2) S. Africa 

Graptophyllum Nees (10) Australia, SW 

Parcific Isl. 

Gypsacanthus Lott, Jarmillo & Rzed. (1) 

Mex. 

Harpochilus Nees (3) Brasil 

Henrya Nees (2) C. Amer. 

Herpetacanthus Nees (10) Panama to Brasil 

Hoverdenia Nees (1) Mex. 

Hypoestes Sol. Ex R.Br. (40) OW trop. 

Ichtyostoma Hedren and Vollesen 

Isoglossa Oerst. (50) OW trop. & Arabian Penin. 

Isotheca Turrill (1) Trinidad 

Jadunia Lindau (1) New Guinea 

Juruasia Lindau (2) Brazil 

Justicia L. (600) trop. & warm temp. NW 

Kalbreyeriella Lindau (3) Panama, Columbia 

Linariantha B.L. Burtt & Ros.M.Sm. (1) Borneo 

Mackaya Harv. (15) Africa 

Marcania J.B. Imlay (1) Thailand 

Megalochlamys Lindau (3) SW Africa 

Megalostoma Leonard (1) C. Amer. 

Megaskepasma Lindau (1) Venezula 

Mellitacanthus S. Moore (1) Madag. 

Metarungia Baden (3) trop. & S. Africa 

Mexacanthus T.F. Daniel (1) Mex. 

Mirandea Rzed. (2) Mex. 

Monechma Hochst. (60) Africa, India 

Monothecium Hochst. (3) trop. Africa, S. India 

Odontonema Nees 936) Mex., C. & S. Amer., W. I. 

Oplonia Raf. (19) trop. Amer., Africa (extinct?), 

Madag. 

Oreacanthus Benth. (4) C. Africa 

Pachystachys Nees (12) trop. Amer. 

Pelecostemon Leonard (1) Columbia 

Peristrophe Nees (15) trop. OW 

Phialacanthus Benth. (5) Himal. to Malay Penin. 

Podorungia Baill. (1) Madag. 

Poikilacanthus Lindau (6) trop. Amer. 

Populina Baill. (2) Madag. 

Pranceacanthus Wassh. (1) Brazil 

Pseuderanthemum Radlk. (60) trop. OW & NW 

Pseudodicliptera Benoist (2) Madag. 

Psilanthele Lindau (1) Ecuador 

Ptyssiglottis T. Anderson (60) Indomal. 

Pulchranthus V.M. Baum, Reveal and Nowicke (4) 

trop. S. Amer. 

Razisea Oerst. (3) C. Amer. 

Rhinacanthus Nees (15) trop. OW 

Ritonia Benoist (3) Madag. 

Rungia Nees (50) trop. OW 

Ruspolia Lindau (4) trop. Africa 

Ruttya Harv. (3) trop. & S. Africa, Arabian Penin. 

Samuelessonia Urb. & Ekman (1) Hispaniola 

Sapphoa Urb. (2) Cuba 

Schaueria Nees (8) Brazil 

Sebastiano-Schaueria Nees (1) Brazil 

Spathacanthus Baill. (5) C. Amer. 

Sphinctacanthus Benth. (1) NE India to Burma 

Stenostephanus Nees (6) S. Amer. 

Streblacanthus Kuntze (6) C. Amer. 

Tessmanniacanthus Mildbr. (1) trop. Peru 

Tetramerium Nees (28) C. Amer.


Thysanostigma J.B. Imlay (2) Thailand, 

Malayan Penin. 

Trichaulax Vollesen 

Trichocalyx Balf.f. (2) Socotra 

Xerothamnella C.T. White (2) E. Australia 

Yeatesia Small (3) SE US, NE Mex. 

Barleriinae (9/ ) 

Barleria L. (250) OW & NW trop. 

Barleriola Oerst. (6) W. I. 

Borneacanthus Bremek. (6) Borneo 

Boutonia DC. (1) Madag. 

Chroesthes Beniost (3) China, SE Asia 

Crabbea Harv. (12) trop. & S. Africa 

Hulemacanthus S. Moore (1) New Guinea 

Lepidagathis Willd. (100) warm & trop. NW 

& OW 

Lophostachys Pohl. (15) trop. Amer. 

Unplaced within Acanthoideae (20/ ) 

Acanthostelma Bidgood and Brummitt (1) 

Somalia 

Acanthura Lindau (1) Brazil 

Aphelandrella Mildbr. (1) Peru (= 

Aphelandra?) 

Camarotea Scott Elliot (1) Madag. 

Chlamydacanthus Lindau (4) trop. E. Africa, Madag. 

Dolichostachys Benoist (1) Madag. 

Golaea Chiov. (1) Somalia 

Idiacanthus Leonard (= Stenostephanus?) 

Kudoacanthus Hosok. (1) taiwan 

Lankesteria Lindl. (7) trop. Africa, Madag. 

Lasiocladus Bojer ex Nees (5) Madag. 

Leandriella Benoist (1) Madag. 

Morsacanthus Rizzini (1) Brazil (= 

Pseuderanthemum?) 

Neuracanthus Nees (20) trop. Africa, Arabian Penin. 

to India 

Perenideboles Ram. Goyena (1) Nicaragua (??) 

Pericalypta Beniost (1) Madag. 

Sphacanthus Benoist (2) Madag. 

Vavara Benoist (1) Madag. 

Vindasia Benoist (1) Madag. 

Whitfieldia Hook. (10) trop Africa 

Unplaced within Acanthaceae (1/4-7) 

Avicennia (4-7) warm cosmop 

Bignoniaceae (82/~809) Durande, Notions Elém. Bot.: 265. 1782, nom. cons. - Synoptical 

classification by tribe following Gentry 1980, 1992; Spangler & Olmstead 1999, Zjhra et al. 2003, 

Lohman 2006, Grose & Olmstead, 2007; Olmstead et al., 2009; Sutee Duangjai, pers. comm.. 

Bignonieae Dumort., Anal. Fam. Pl.: 23. 1829 

(treatment following L. Lohmann, 2005) 

(21/335? – check LL’s monograph) 

Adenocalymma Mart. ex Meisn. (78) trop Am 

Amphilophium Kunth (41) trop Am 

Anemopaegma Mart. ex Meisn. (41) trop Am 

Arrabidaea DC. (69) trop Am 

Bignonia L. (28) trop Am (including SE 

USA) 

Callichlamys Miq. (1) trop Am 

Ceratophytum Pittier (= Paragonia Bureau) 

Clytostoma Miers ex Bureau (= Bignonia L.) 

Cuspidaria DC. (16) trop Am 

Cydista Miers (= Bignonia L.) 

Distictella Kuntze (= Amphilophium Kunth) 

Distictis Mart. ex. Meisn. (= Amphilophium 

Kunth) 

Dolichandra Cham. (9) trop Am 

Fridericia (= Arrabidaea DC.) 

Gardnerodoxa Sandwith (= Neojobertia 

Baill.) 

Glaziova Bureau (= Amphilophium Kunth) 

Haplolophium Cham. (= Amphilophium 

Kunth) 

Leucocalantha Barb. Rodr. (= Pachyptera 

DC. ex Meisn.) 

Lundia DC. (13) trop Am 

Macfadyena A. DC.( = Dolichandra Cham.) 

Macranthisiphon Bureau ex K. Schum. (= 

Bignonia L.) 

Manaosella J.C. Gomes (1) Bolivia and 

Brazil 

Mansoa DC. (11) trop Am 

Martinella Baill. (2) trop Am 

Melloa Bureau (= Dolichandra Cham.) 

Memora Miers (= Adenocalymma Mart. ex 

Meisn.) 

Mussatia Bureau ex Baill. (= Bignonia L.) 

Neojobertia Baill. (2) Eastern Brazil 

Pachyptera DC. ex Meisn. (4) trop Am 

Parabignonia Bureau ex K. Schum. (= 

Dolichandra Cham.) 

Paragonia Bureau (= Tanaecium) 

Perianthomega Bureau ex Baill. (1) SE 

Brazil, NE Parag. and SE Bolivia 

Periarrabidaea A. Samp. (= Paragonia 

Bureau) 

Phryganocydia Mart. ex Bureau (= Bignonia 

L.) 

Piriadacus Pichon (= Arrabidaea DC.) 

Pithecoctenium Mart. ex Meisn. (= 

Amphilophium Kunth) 

Pleonotoma Miers (15) trop Am 

Potamoganos Sandwith (= Bignonia L.) 

Pseudocatalpa A. H. Gentry (= Paragonia 

Bureau) 

Pyrostegia C. Presl (3) trop S Am


Roentgenia Urb. (= Bignonia L.) 

Saritaea Dugand (= Bignonia L.) 

Spathicalyx J. C. Gomes (= Paragonia 

Bureau) 

Stizophyllum Miers (3) trop Am 

Tanaecium Sw (15) neotropical forests 

Tynanthus Miers (17) trop Am 

Urbanolophium Melch. (= Amphilophium 

Kunth) 

Xylophragma Sprague (6) C & S Am 

Catalpeae DC. ex Meisn. (3/11) 

Catalpa Scop. (6) E Asia, N Am 

Chilopsis D. Don (1) SW US, Mex 

Chitalpa Elias & Wisura (= Catalpa X 

Chilopsis) 

Macrocatalpa (Griseb.) Britton (4) Antilles 

(~Catalpa) 

Oroxyleae Gentry 1980 (4/6) 

Hieris Steenis (1) Penang 

Millingtonia L.f. (1) SE Asia, Malaysia 

Nyctocalos Teijsm. & Binn. (3) Indomalaysia 

Oroxylum Vent. (1) Indomalaysia 

Crescentioideae Kostel. (34/~305) 

Paleotropical clade (20/~151) 

Coleeae Bojer 1837 (4/60) 

Colea Bojer ex Meisn. (21) Madagascar, 

Mascarenes 

Ophiocolea H. Perrier (5) Madagascar, 

Comores 

Phyllarthron DC. (17) Madagascar, Comores 

Phylloctenium Baill. (= Phyllarthron) 

Rhodocolea Baill. (7) Madagascar 

Paleotropical clade unassigned (16/91) 

Barnettia (= Santisukia) 

Catophractes D. Don (1) tropical & S Africa 

Dolichandrone (Fenzl) Seem. (10) E Afr, 

Indomal, trop. Austral, New Caledonia 

Fernandoa Welw. ex Seem. (14) Afr, Mad, S 

China, SE Asia to Sumatra 

Haplophragma Dop. (=Fernandoa) 

Heterophragma DC. (2) India, SW Asia 

Kigelia DC. (2) tropical Africa 

Markhamia Seem. ex Baill. (10) trop Afr & 

SE Asia 

Mayodendron Kurz (= Radermachera) 

Newbouldia Seem. ex Bureau (1) tropical W 

Africa 

Pajanelia DC. (1) Indomalaysia 

Pauldopia Steenis (1) NE India to SE Asia 

Perichlaena Baill. (1) Madagascar 

Radermachera Zoll. & Moritzi. (17) SE Asia, 

Malaysia 

Rhigozum Burch. (7) trop & S Afr, Ethiop, 

Somal, Madag 

Santisukia Brummitt (2) Thailand 

Spathodea P. Beauv. (1) tropical Africa 

Stereospermum Cham. (20) trop Afr & Asia 

Tecomella Seem. (1) Arabia to W India 

Tabebuia Alliance Grose & Olmstead, 2007 

(Digitifolieae, sensu Bentham & Hooker, 

1876) (14/~154) 

Crescentieae G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 216, 232. 

1837-8 Apr 1838 (3/33) 

Amphitecna Miers (18) tropical Am 

Crescentia L. (6) tropical Am 

Enallagma (Miers) Baill. (= Amphitecna) 

Parmentiera DC. (9) C Am, NW Columbia 

Tabebuia Alliance unassigned (11/~121) 

Cybistax Mart. ex Meisn. (1) 

Ekmanianthe Urb. (2) Cuba, Hispaniola 

Handroanthus (34) Neotrop. 

Godmania Hemsl. (2) tropical Am 

Paratecoma Kuhlm. (1) Brazil 

Romeroa Dugand (1) Colombia 

Roseodendron (2) Neotrop. 

Sparattosperma Mart. Ex Meisn. (2) trop. S. 

Am. 

Spirotecoma Baill. ex Dalla Torre & Harms 

(4) Cuba, Hispaniola 

Tabebuia Gomes ex DC. (~70) tropical Am 

Zeyheria Mart. (2) Brazil, Bolivia 

Tecomeae Endl., Gen. Pl.: 711. Jan 1839 

(13/57) 

Astianthus D. Don (1) C Am 

Campsidium Seem. (1) Chile, Argentina 

Campsis Lour. (2) E Asia, E US 

Deplanchea Vieill. (5) Malaysia, Aust, New 

Cal 

Dinklageodoxa Heine & Sandwith (1) Liberia 

Incarvillea Juss. (16) Himalaya, C to E Asia 

Lamiodendron Steenis (1) New Guinea 

Neosepicaea Diels (4) N Guinea, Queensl, 

Moluccas 

Pandorea (Endl.) Spach (6) E Malay, Austr, 

New Cal 

Podranea Sprague (1) tropical to S Africa 

Tecoma Juss. (12) tropical Am (Andes) to 

Ariz 

Tecomanthe Baill. (5) Malaysia, Austr, NZ 

Tecomaria (Endl.) Spach (2) E & S Africa 

Tourrettieae G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 215, 231. 

1837-8 Apr 1838 (2/4) 

Eccremocarpus Ruiz & Pav. (3) Colombia to 

Chile 

Tourrettia Foug. (1) Andes to Mexico 

Jacarandeae Seem., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 

ser. 3, 10: 31. Jul 1862 (2/52) 

Digomphia Benth. (3) Guayana highland 

Jacaranda Juss. (49) Guatemala/Antilles to 

Argentina 

Bignoniaceae unassigned to more inclusive 

clade (3/17) 

Argylia D. Don (12) Peru, Chile, Argentina 

Delostoma D. Don (4) Andes


Sphingiphila A. H. Gentry (1) Paraguay 

(tentatively placed in Bignonieae by LL, 

but later deleted) 

Byblidaceae (Engl. & Gilg) Domin, Acta Bot. Bohem. 1:3. 1922, nom. cons. (1/2) [maybe 

Lentibulariaceae?] 

Byblis (2) Aus, New Guinea 

Calceolariaceae (2/275) (G. Don) R. Olmstead 1999 (Olmstead et al. 1999) (see Molau 1988; Andersson 

2006) 

Calceolaria L. (240-270 sensu Molau) C to S Am Porodittia G. Don (= Calceolaria) Peru 

Jovellana Ruiz & Pav. (6) NZ, Chile 

Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw (1964) (APG II, 2002) (2/5) 

Carlemannia Benth (3) Indomal 

Silvianthus Hook.f. (2) India to SE Asia 

Gesneriaceae (~135-140/>3000) – synopsis compiled by A. Weber, provisional state 1999 (classification 

after WIEHLER & BURTT 1995; modified following A. Weber & J. Smith) 

Gesnerioideae Link, Handbuch 1: 505. Jan-Aug 

Vanhouttea Lem. (6), SE Brazil 

1829 

Episcieae 

Gloxinieae (G. Don) G. Don in Sweet, Hort. 

Alloplectus Mart. (>75), throughout the 

Brit., ed. 3: 526. late 1839 

Neotropics (except SE Brazil) 

Achimenes Pers. (24), mainly Mexico and 

Chrysothemis Decne. (7), Ecuador to 

Central America 

Guatemala, C Brazil, the Guianas, 

Anodiscus Benth. (1), Peru 

Venezuela and Lesser Antilles 

Bellonia L. (2), Cuba and Hispaniola 

Cobananthus Wiehler (1), Guatemala 

Capanea Planch. (11), Peru to Guatemala 

Codonanthe (Mart.)Hanst. (>20), troughout 

Diastema Benth. (>20), Bolivia to Mexico, 

the Neotropics 

Venezuala, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru 

Codonanthopsis Mansf. (5), Peru to Brazil 

Eucodonia Hanst. (2), C and S Mexico 

(Aamazon system) 

Gloxinia L'Hér.(15), central America and 

Columnea L. s. lat. 

trop. S America 

Bucinellina Wiehler (2) , SW Colombia, 

Goyazia Taub. (2), C Brazil 

NW Ecuador 

Heppiella Regel (4), Peru, W Venezuela 

Columnea L. s. str. (>75), C America, 

Koellikeria Regel (1), C and trop. S America 

Carrib. Islands, Colombia, Ecuador, 

Kohleria Regel (>20) , Peru to Mexico, 

Venezuala, Guayana Highlands, NE 

Venezuela, Trinidad, Guianas 

Brazil 

Lembocarpus Leeuwenb. (1), Surinam and 

Dalbergaria Tussac (>120), Bolivia to 

French Guiana 

Guiana Highlands, Mexico, Greater 

Monopyle Benth. (>27), Bolivia to 

Antilles 

Guatemala 

Pentadenia (Planch.)Hanst. (>35), Bolivia 

Moussonia Regel (11), Mexico to Panama 

to Mexico 

Niphaea Lindl. (5), Mexico, Guatemala, 

Trichantha Hook.f. (>70), Bolivia to 

Venezuela, Peru 

Guatemala, Greater Antilles, Guayana 

Pearcea Regel (incl. Parakohleria Wiehler) 

Highlands 

(17), eastern slopes of the Andes 

Corytoplectus Oerst. (15), Bolivia to 

(Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia), 1 sp. 

Panama, coastal Venezuela, Guayana 

also on the western slopes (Ecuador) 

Highlands 

Phinaea Benth. (>16), Mexico to Peru, 

Drymonia Mart. (>140), throughout the 

Venezuela, Cuba, Haiti 

Neotropics 

Smithiantha Kuntze (5), C & N Mexico, 

Episcia Mart. s.l. 

Guatemala 

Episcia Mart. s str. (9), trop. S America to 

Solenophora Benth. (> 20), central America 

Nicaragua) 

Sinningieae 

Alsobia Hanst. (2), Mexico and central 

Paliavana Vand. (8), SE Brazil 

America 

Sinningia Nees (>60), throughout the 

Nautilocalyx [Linden ex] Hanst. (>70), 

Neotropics 

troughout trop. America, except SE Brazil


Nematanthus Schrad. (30), S & SE Brazil 

Neomortonia Wiehler (3), central America 

and W Colombia 

Oerstedina Wiehler (3), Central America 

Paradrymonia Hanst. (>70), througout the 

Neotropcis, except SE Brazil 

Rhoogeton Leeuwenb. (3), British Guiana 

Rufodorsia Wiehler (4), Costa Rica, Panama 

Beslerieae 

Anetanthus Benth. (2), Peru, Bolivia, C 

Colombia, SE Brazil 

Besleria L. (>200), troughout the Neotropics, 

esp. Andes of Colombia and Ecuador 

Cremosperma Benth. (23), Costa Rica to 

Andes of Peru 

Gasteranthus Benth. (35), S Mexico, central 

America, SW South America to Bolivia 

Reldia Wiehler (5), Panama to N Peru 

Resia H.E.Moore (2), Colombia, Venezuela 

Tylopsacas Leeuwenb. (1), Guayana 

Highlands 

Napeantheae 

Napeanthus Gardn. (>30), troughout the 

Neotropics 

Gesnerieae 

Gesneria L. s. lat. 

Gesneria L. s. str. (Skog) (46), Carribean 

islands 

Pheidonocarpa L. E. Skog (3), Carribean 

islands 

Rhytidophyllum Mart. (c. 20), Carribean 

islands 

Coronantheroideae 

Coronanthereae 

Asteranthera Hanst. (1), Chile 

Coronanthera C.B.Clarke (11), New 

Caledonia, one sp. in Solomon Islands 

Depanthus S.Moore (2), New Caledonia 

Fieldia Cunn. (1), SE Australia 

Lenbrassia G.W.Gillett (1), NE Australia 

Mitraria Cav. (1), Chile, nearby Argentina 

Negria F. Muell. (1), Lord Howe Island (SW 

Pacific) 

Rhabdothamnus Cunn. (1), New Zealand 

Sarmienta Ruiz & Pav. (1), Chile 

Cyrtandroideae Burnett, Outl. Bot.: 963, 1095, 

1107. Jun 1835 

Epithemateae (= Klugieae) Klugieae Fritsch 

in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 

143. Mai 1893 

Cyrtandromoea (11) SE Asia, Mal 

Epithema Blume (> 20), S & SE Asia, one 

sp. in W Africa 

Gyrogyne W. T. Wang (1), S China 

Loxonia Jack (3), W Malesia (Sumatra, 

Malay Penins., Borneo) 

Monophyllaea R. Br. (32), Malesia (Sumatra 

to New Guinea, S Thailand and Luzon to 

Java) 

Rhynchoglossum Blume (c. 12), Malesia 

(India and S China to New Guinea), 1 (or 

more?) spp. in C America, Columbia, 

Venezuela 

Stauranthera Benth. (5-8), NE India and S 

China over Malesia to New Guinea 

Whytockia W. W. Sm. (6), S China, Taiwan 

Didymocarpeae Endl., Gen. Pl.: 716. Jan 

1839 

Acanthonema Hook.f. (2), trop. W Africa 

Allocheilos W.T.Wang (2), S China 

Allostigma W.T.Wang (1), S China 

Ancylostemon Craib (11), C & S China 

Anna Pellegr. (3), S China 

Beccarinda Kuntze (c. 8), NE India, Burma, 

S China, Hainan, Vietnam, Sumatra 

Boea [Comm. ex] Lam.(17), S China, NE 

India, N Thailand, Vietnam, Philipp. 

Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Flores, Ne Guinea, 

Solomon Islands, Bismarck and Lousiade 

Archipelago 

Boeica C.B.Clarke (9), NE India, Bangladesh, 

Burma, S China, Malaysia 

Bournea Oliv. (2), SE China 

Briggsia Craib (21), C & S China 

Briggsiopsis K.Y.Pan (1), S China 

Calcareoboea H.W.Wu (1), S China 

Cathayanthe Chun (1), S China 

Championia Gard. (1), Sri Lanka 

Chirita D.Don (>130), S China to Borneo 

Chiritopsis W.T.Wang (8), S China 

Colpogyne B.L.Burtt (1), Madagascar 

Conandron Sieb. & Zucc. (1), China, Taiwan, 

Japan 

Corallodiscus Batalin (17), India, Bhutan, 

Nepal, Sikkim, C & S China 

Dayaoshania W.T.Wang (1), S China 

Deinocheilos W.T.Wang (2), S China 

Deinostigma [W.T.Wang ex] Z.Y.Li (8), W 

Malesia 

Didymocarpus Wall. (c. 80), S China to 

Malay Peninsula and Sumatra 

Didymostigma W.T.Wang (1), SE China 

Dolicholoma D.Fang & W.T.Wang (1), SE 

China 

Gyrocheilos W.T.Wang (4), S China 

Haberlea Friv. (2), Balkan Peninsula 

Hemiboea C.B.Clarke (21), C & S China, N 

Vietnam, Taiwan, Japan 

Hemiboeopsis W.T.Wang (1), S China 

Henckelia Spreng. (Didymocarpus p.p., 

Loxocarpus, Platyadenia) (c. 180), from S 

India and Sri Lanka troughout Malesia to 

New Guinea 

Hexatheca C.B.Clarke (3), Borneo


Hovanella A.Weber & B.L.Burtt 

(Didymocarpus p.p.) (2), E & C Madagascar 

Isometrum Craib (13), C China 

Jancaea Boiss. (1), Greece 

Lagarosolen W.T.Wang (2), S China 

Leptoboea Benth. (4), NE India, Sikkim, 

Bhutan, Burma, S China 

Linnaeopsis Engl. (3), E Africa 

Metabriggsia W.T.Wang (2), S China 

Metapetrocosmea W.T.Wang (1), S China 

Nodonema B.L.Burtt (1), trop. W Africa 

Opithandra B.L.Burtt (9), S China, Japan 

Orchadocarpa Ridl. (1), Malay Peninsula 

Oreocharis Benth. (27), C & S China, N 

Vietnam, Thailand 

Ornithoboea [Parish ex] C.B.Clarke (11), S 

China to N Malay Peninsula 

Paraboea (C.B.Clarke) Ridl. (>80), Malesia 

(Sumatra to New Guinea, S Thailand to 

Borneo) 

Paraisometrum W.T.Wang (1), S China 

Petrocodon Hance (1), China 

Petrocosmea Oliv. (27), S China, NE India, 

Burma, Thailand Vietnam 

Phylloboea Benth. (1), Burma 

Platystemma Wall. (1), Nepal, SW China 

Primulina Hance (1), S China 

Pseudochirita W.T.Wang (1), S China 

Ramonda Rich. (3), Iberian (Pyrenees) and 

Balkan Peninsula 

Raphiocarpus Chun (Didissandra p.p.) (11), 

China, Vietnam 

Rhabdothamnopsis Hemsl. (1), S China 

Ridleyandra A.Weber & B.L.Burtt 

(Didissandra p.p.) (c. 23), Malay Peninsula, 

Borneo 

Saintpaulia H.Wendl. (>20), E Africa 

Schizoboea (Fritsch) B.L.Burtt (1), W, C & E 

Africa 

Streptocarpus Lindl. (>130), Africa, 

Madagascar, Comoro Islands 

Tengia Chun (1), S China 

Tetraphyllum [Griff. ex] C.B.Clarke (2-3), 

NE India, Bangladesh, Thailand, ?Burma 

Thamnocharis W.T.Wang (1), S China 

Trachystigma C.B.Clarke (1), W Africa 

Tremacron Craib (7), S China 

Trisepalum C.B.Clarke (15), S China, 

Burma, Thailand, N Malay Peninsula 

Trichospreae 

Aeschynanthus Jack (c. 150), S China, 

Nepal, S India, Sri Lanka, throughout 

Malesia to New Guinea, Solomon Islands 

Agalmyla Blume (>50), Malesia 

Loxostigma C.B.Clarke (7 or more), NE 

India, Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal, Burma, S 

China, N Vietnam 

Lysionotus G.Don (c. 30) from N India and 

Nepal to Thailand, Vietnam, S China, S 

Japan 

Micraeschynanthus Ridl. (1, doubtful), 

Malay Peninsula 

Cyrtandreae 

Cyrtandra J.R. & G.Forst. (>450), Nicobar 

Islands, Sumatra, S Thailand, Taiwan, 

troughout Malesia to the Pacific and 

Hawaiian Islands 

Rhynchotechum Blume (12), SE Asia, 

position somewhat uncertain, eventually 

to Didymocarpeae 

Sepikaea Schltr. (1), New Guinea, probably 

to be included in Cyrtandra 

Genera of uncertain position: 

Titanotrichum Soler. (1), S China, Taiwan, 

S Japan (accomodated in a monotypic 

tribe, Cyrtandroideae-Tiitanotricheae, by 

C.-N.Wang, Syst. Bot. 2004) 

Lamiaceae (= Labiatae) ( ~252/6700) Genera by subfamily and tribe (after Cantino et al. 1992, 1997, 

Wagstaff et al. 1997, Olmstead, unpubl. ; Cantino pers. comm.). Nomenclature follows Cantino et al 1997; 

1998. 

Ajugoideae (26/~1000) 

Aegiphila Jacq. (125-150) trop Am 

Ajuga L. (40-50) mainly Eurasia 

Amasonia L.f. (8) trop Am 

Amethystea L. (1) Asia 

Cardioteucris (= Rubiteucris) Kudo (2) China 

Caryopteris Bunge (7) E Asia 

Clerodendrum L. 400-500 trop/subtrop 

Cyclonema (= Rotheca) 

Discretitheca 1 Nepal 

Eplingia (= Trichostema) L. (17) Mexico 

Faradaya F. Muell. (3-18) 

Indomal/Austral/Polynes 

Glossocarya Wall. ex Griff. (9-13) 

Australia/Indomal/SE Asia 

Hosea Ridl. (1) Indomal 

Huxleya Ewart (1) Australia 

Isanthus (= Trichostema) N Am 

Kalaharia (= Clerodendrum) Africa 

Karomia Dop. (9) Afr/Mad/Viet Nam 

Kinostemon (= Teucrium) China 

Monochilus Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (2) Brazil 

Oncinocalyx F. Muell. (1) Australia 

Oxera Labill. (20) New Caledonia, Vanuatu 

Pseudocaryopteris 3 S China, India, SE Asia 

Rotheca 50-60 Afr/Mad/Ind Ocean/S Asia/Indomal 

Rubiteucris 2 E Asia


Schnabelia Hand.-Mazz. (5) China 

Metastachydium Airy Shaw ex C.Y. Wu & H.W. Li (1) C. Asia 

Spartothamnella Briq. (3) Australia 

Microtoena Prain (25) Himalaya-W China 

Tetraclea (2) S. N.Am 

Moluccella L. (4) Medit - NW India 

Teucridium Hook.f. (1) New Zealand 

Notochaete Bent. (1) Himalaya 

Teucrium L. (200) worldwide mostly temp 

Otostegia Benth. (20) SE trop Af - C Asia 

Trichostema L. (17-19) N Am/Bahamas 

Panzerina Sojak (6) Siberia/Mongol 

Tripora 1 E Asia 

Paralamium Dunn (1) SW China 

Lamiina () 

Paraphlomis Prain (8) E Asia/Malaysia 

Scutellarioideae Prantl, Text-Book Bot.: 293. 

Phlomidoschema (Benth.) Vved. (1) Iran-W Himalaya 

1 Mar-15 Apr 1880. (5/372) 

Phlomis L. (100) C Asia/China 

Harlanlewisia (= Scutellaria) Ecuador 

Phyllostegia Benth. (25) Tahiti/Hawaii 

Holmskioldia Retz. (1) Himal 

Physoleucas (= Leucas) Arabia 

Perilomia (= Scutellaria) S Am 

Physostegia Benth. (12) N Am 

Renschia Vatke (1) Africa (2 sp. in Tropicos) 

Pogostemon Desf. (71) Indomalaysia 

Salazaria (= Scutellaria) SW US 

Prasium L. (1) Medit 

Scutellaria L. (350) worldwide 

Pseuderemostachys Popov (1) C Asia 

Tinnea Kptschy & Peyr. (19) Africa 

Pseudomarrubium Popov (1) C Asia ? 

Wenchengia C.Y. Wu & S. Chow (1) China 

Roylea Wall. ex Benth. (1) Himalaya 

Lamioideae (~56/1090) 

Sideritis L. (100) N temp Old world/Macarones 

Achyrospermum Blume (10) Old World trop 

Stachyopsis Popov & Vved. (3) C Asia 

Acrotome Benth. ex Endl. (8) trop and S. Africa Stachys L. (300) temp World-wide 

Ajugoides Makino (1) Japan 

Stenogyne Benth. (25) Hawaii 

Alajja Ikonn. (3) C Asia/Afghan/W Himalaya 

Sulaimania Hedge & Rech.f. (1) Pakistan 

Anisomeles R. Br. (13) OW trop, Mad, 

Suzukia Kudo (2) Ryukyus/Taiwan 

Indom, Aus 

Synandra Nutt. (1) E US 

Ballota L. (35) Europe/Medit/W.Asia 

Thuspeinanta T. Durand (2) C Asia/Iran/Afghan 

Bostrychanthera Benth. (1) China 

Warnockia 1 S US 

Brazoria Engelm. & A. Gray (2) S US 

Wiedemannia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (3) SW Asia 

Chaiturus (~ Leonurus) Ehrh. ex Willd. (1) W Eur to Lamioideae C As – genera of uncertain placement 

Chamaesphacos Schrenk ex Firsh. & C.A. Mey. (1) Epimeredi (= Anisomeles) 

Iran/Afghanistan 

Eurysolen (or Lamioideae?) Prain (1) SE 

Chelonopsis Miq. (13) Kashmir/Tibet/E Asia 

Asia and Malaysia 

Colebrookea Sm. (1) India 

Eusteralis (= Pogostemon) 96 temp Asia/Aus 

Colquhounia Wall. (3) Himalaya/SW China 

Leucosceptrum Sm. (3) Himal., China 

Comanthosphace S. Moore (5) E Asia 

Rostrinucula Kudo (2) E Asia 

Craniotome Rchb. (1) Himalaya 

Lamiina – genera of uncertain placement 

Eremostachys Bunge (5+) Eur - C.Asia 

Acrymia Prain 1 Malaysia 

Eriophyton Benth. (1) Himalaya 

Cymaria Benth. (2-3) SE Asia, Indomal. 

Galeobdolon (= Lamium) W Eur/Iran 

Prostantheroideae (16/239) Leurss., Handb. Syst. 

Galeopsis L. (10) temp Eurasia 

Bot. 2: 1014, 1016. Sep 1882 (14/238) 

Gomphostemma L. (30) SE Asia/Malaysia 

Chloantheae (9/99) Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 

Holocheila (Kudo) S. Chow (1) China 

2: 1132. 1-16 Mai 1876 

Haplostachys (A. Gray) W.F. Hillebr. (6) Hawaii Brachysola (F. Muell.) Rye (2) Australia 

Harmsiella (= Otostegia) 

Chloanthes R. Br. (4) Australia 

Hypogomphia 4 C Asia/Afghan 

Cyanostegia Turcz. (5) Australia 

Isoleucas O. Schwartz (1) Arabia 

Denisonia (=Pityrodia) 

Lagochilus Bunge (35) C.As - Iran/Afghan. 

Dicrastylis J.L. Drumm. ex Harv. (28) 

Lagopsis Bunge (4) (=Marrubium?) Siberia/Japan 

Australia 

Lamiophlomis (=Phlomis) 

Hemiphora (F. Muell.) F. Muell. (1) 

Lamium L. (41) N.Af/Eurasian 

Australia 

Lasiocorys (= Leucas) trop S Af/Socotra/Arab 

Lachnostachys Hook. (6) Australia 

Leonotis (Pers.) R. Br. (40) trop, S Af; 1 pantrop Mallophora Endl. (= Dicrastylis) Australia 

Leonurus L. (4) temp Eurasia 

Newcastelia F. Muell. (12) Australia 

Leucas R. Br. (150) Afr/Arabia/Indomal. 

Physopsis Turcz. (3) Australia 

Loxocalyx Hemsl. (2) China 

Pityrodia R. Br. (39) Australia 

Macbridea Elliott ex Nutt. (2) SE US 

Westringieae Bartl., Ord. Nat. Pl.: 182. Sep 

Marrubium L. (30) Eur/Medit 

1830. (7/140) 

Melittis L. (1) Eur - Iran 

Cryphia (= Prostanthera)


Eichlerago 1 (= Prostanthera) Australia 

Hemiandra R. Br. (7) Australia 

Hemigenia R. Br. (40) Australia 

Microcorys R. Br. (16) Australia 

Prostanthera Labill. (45) Australia 

Westringia Sm. (30) Australia 

Wrixonia 1 Australia 

Symphorematina (3/24) 

Congea Roxb. (7) SE Asia & W. Malaysia 

Sphenodesme Jack (14) SE Asia & W. 

Malaysia 

Symphorema Roxb. (3) Indomal 

Nepetoideae Kostel., Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 3: 

752. Apr-Dec 1834. (/) 

Mentheae Dumort., Fl. Belg.: 48. 1827. (/) 

Acanthomintha A. Gray (3) W. US 

Acinos (= Clinopodium) 

Agastache Gronov. (22) N. Amer. 

Blephilia Raph. (3) E N Am 

Bystropogon L'Her. (10) Macaronesia 

Calamintha (= Clinopodium) 

Cedronella Moench (1) Macaronesia 

Chaunostoma Donn.Sm. (1) C. Amer. 

Cleonia L. (2) W Medit. 

Clinopodium L. (100) N World temp Eurasia 

Conradina (6) SE US 

Coridothymus (= Thymbra) Rchb.f. 

(unknown) Uncertain 

Cuminia Colla (1) Juan Fernandez Isl. 

Cunila Royen ex L. (15) N/S Am 

Cyclotrichium (Boiss.) Manden. & Scheng. 

(6) SW Asia to Iran 

Dicerandra Benth. (8-9) SE US 

Diodeilis (= Clinopodium) 

Dorystaechas Boiss. & Heldr. ex Benth. (1) 

W Asia 

Dracocephalum L. (46) Eurasia, N. Amer. 

Drepanocaryum Pojark. (1) C Asia 

Eriothymus (Benth.) Rchb. (1) Brazil 

Euhesperida Brullo & Furnari (1) Libya & 

Cyrenaica 

Gardoquia (= Clinopodium) 

Glechoma L. (10) temp. Eurasia 

Glechon Spreng. (6) Brazil, Paraguay 

Gontscharovia Boriss. (1) C Asia 

Hedeoma Pers. (38) SW N. Amer. & S. Amer. 

Hesperozygis Epling (8) Mex. to Brazil 

Hoehnea Epling (4) S Brazil to N Argentina 

Horminum L. (1) S Europe 

Hymenocrater Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (12) SW 

Asia 

Hyssopus L. (5) S Europe & Medit. to C Asia 

Kudrjaschevia Pojark. (4) C Asia 

Kurzamra Kuntze (1) temp. S. Amer. 

Lallemantia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (5) Turkey 

to C Asia & Himal. 

Lepechinia Willd. (55) warm N. Amer. & S. 

Amer., Hawaii 

Lophanthus Adans. (2) unknown 

Lycopus L. (14) N temp 

Marmoritis Benth. (5) Pakistan to China 

Meehania Britton (2) E Asia, E US 

Melissa L. (3) Europe to Iran & C Asia 

Mentha L. (25) temp. OW 

Meriandra Benth. (2) Ethiopia, Himal. 

Micromeria Benth. (90) temp. Europe, 

Canary Isl., W.I. 

Minthostachys (Benth.) Spach (12) W S. 

Amer. 

Monarda L. (20) N Am, Mex 

Monardella Benth. (20) W N. Amer. 

Neoeplingia Ramam., Hiriart & Medrano (1) 

Mex. 

Nepeta L. (250) Eurasia & N Africa 

Obtegomeria (1) N S Am 

Origanum L. (36) Eurasia 

Pentapleura Hand.-Mazz. (1) Kurdistan 

Perovskia Kar. (7) NE Iran to NW India 

Piloblephis Raf. (1) SE US 

Pitardia Batt. ex Pit. (2) NW Africa 

Pogogyne Benth. (6) W N. Amer. 

Poliomintha A. Gray (7) SW N. Amer. 

Prunella L. (4) N temp. Eurasia & NW Africa 

Pycnanthemum Michx. (17-21) E N Am 

Rhabdocaulon (Benth.) Epling (7) trop. S. 

Amer. 

Rhododon Epling (1) SC US 

Rosmarinus L. (2) Medit. 

Saccocalyx Coss. & Durieu (1) NW Africa 

Salvia L. (900) OW & NW temp regions 

Satureja L. (30) OW & NW temp. & warm 

regions 

Schizonepeta (Benth.) Briq. (3) temp. Asia 

Stachydeoma Small (1) SE US 

Thymbra L. (4) Medit. & S Europe to SW 

Asia 

Thymus L. (350) temp. Eurasia 

Xenopoma (= Clinopodium) 

Zataria Boiss. (1) Iran, Afghanistan 

Zhumeria Rech.f. & Wendelbo (1) Iran 

Ziziphora L. (25) Medit. to C Asia 

Ocimeae Dumort., Anal. Fam. Pl.: 22. 1829 

(52/1458) 

Acrocephalus Benth. (= Platostoma) 

Aeollanthus Mart. ex Spreng. (43) trop. & 

warm Amer. 

Alvesia Welw. (3) trop. Africa 

Anisochilus () 

Asterohyptis Epling (3) Mex. 

Basilicum Moench (7) OW trop. to Australia 

Becium (= Ocimum) Lindl. (10) trop. Africa 

Benguellia G. Taylor (1) Angola 

Capitanopsis S. Moore (2) Madag. 

Capitanya Schweinf. ex Gurke (1) E Africa 

Catoferia (Benth.) Benth. (4) C. Amer.


Ceratanthus (= Platostoma) F. Muell. ex G. 

Taylor (10) SE Asia, Malayasia 

Dauphinea Hedge (1) Madag. 

Endostemon N.E. Br. (17) trop. & S Africa to 

India 

Englerastrum (= Plectranthus) Briq. (20) 

trop. Africa 

Eriope Kunth ex Benth. (30) trop. & warm 

S. Amer. 

Eriopidion (= Eriope) Harley (1) Venezula, 

Brazil 

Erythrochlamys (= Ocimum) Gurke (5) trop. 

E Africa 

Fuerstia T.C.E. Fr. (6) trop. Africa 

Geniosporum (= Plectranthus) Wall. ex 

Benth. (25) trop. Africa, Madag., SE Asia 

Hanceola Kudo (3) China 

Haumaniastrum P.A.Duvign. & Plancke (23) 

trop. Africa 

Hemizygia (Benth.) Briq. (28) trop. & S 

Africa 

Holostylon Robyns & Lebrun (3) trop. Africa 

Hoslundia Vahl (2) trop. Africa 

Hypenia (Mart. ex Benth.) Harley (24) warm 

& trop. Amer. 

Hyptidendron Harley (16) warm & trop. 

Amer. 

Hyptis Jacq. (300) warm & trop. Amer., OW 

trop. 

Isodictyophorus (= Plectranthus) Briq. (1) W 

Africa 

Isodon (Schrad. ex Benth.) Spach (96) warm 

& trop. Asia & Africa 

Leocus () 

Marsypianthes Mart. ex Benth. (6) trop. 

Amer. 

Mesona (= Plectranthus) Blume (3) Asia, 

Malaysia 

Neohyptis (= Plectranthus) J.K. Morton (1) 

Angola 

Nosema (= Plectranthus) Prain (6) SE Asia, 

Malaysia 

Ocimum L. (150) temp. & trop. OW 

Octomeron (= Plectranthus) Robyns (1) trop. 

Africa 

Orthosiphon Benth. (40) OW trop. 

Peltodon Pohl (5) Brazil, Paraguay 

Perrierastrum Guillaumin (1) Madag. 

Platostoma P. Beauv. (5) OW trop. 

Plectranthus L'Her. (200) warm & trop. OW 

Puntia Hedge (1) C Somalia 

Pycnostachys Hook. (37) trop & S Africa, 

Madag. 

Rabdosiella (= Plectranthus) Codd (2) S 

Africa, N India 

Rhaphiodon Schauer (1) Brazil 

Solenostemon (= Plectranthus) Thonn. (10) 

trop. Africa 

Symphostemon (= Plectranthus) Hiern (2) 

Angola 

Syncolostemon E. Mey. (10) SE Africa 

Tetradenia Benth. (9) trop. Africa, Madag. 

Thorncroftia N.E. Br. (3) Transvaal 

Elsholtzieae Burnett, Outl. Bot.: 971. Jun 

1835 (6/57) 

Collinsonia L. (4) E N Am 

Elsholtzia Willd.(35) OW trop. 

Keiskea Miq. (5) Asia 

Mosla (Benth.) Buch.-Ham. ex Maxim. (10) 

E Asia, Malaysia 

Perilla L. (6) India to Japan 

Perillula Maxim. (1) Japan 

Lavanduleae Caruel in Parl., Fl. Ital. 6: 53. 

Sep 1884 (1/30) 

Lavandula L. (30) Atlantic isl., Medit. to 

Somalia & India 

Sabaudia (= Lavandula) Buscal. & Muschl. 

(2) NE & SE trop. Africa 

Nepetoideae genera of uncertain placement 

Bovonia Chiov. (1) Zaire 

Heterolamium C.Y. Wu (1) China 

Ombrocharis Hand.-Mazz. (1) China 

Viticoideae (6/280) 

Paravitex H.R. Fletcher (1) SE Asia 

Petitia Jacq. (2) W.I. 

Pseudocarpidium Millsp. (8) W.I. 

Teijsmanniodendron Koord. (14) SE Asia, 

Malaysia 

Tsoongia Merr. (1) SE Asia 

Vitex L. (250) temp. & trop. NW & OW 

Viticipremna Lam. (5) Indomal., Australia 

“Premnoideae” (3/247) [provisional name] 

Cornutia L. (12) trop. Am 

Gmelina L. (35) SE Asia, Indomal., Africa, 

Mascarenes 

Pygmaeopremna (= Premna?) 

Premna (200) trop/subtrop Af/Asia/Aust 

“New Clade” (3/247) [provisional designation] 

Hymenopyramis Wall. ex Griff. (6) India, SE 

Asia 

Petraeovitex Olive (8) Indomal /Pac.Is/Phillipines 

Peronema Jack (1) SE Asia/Indomal. 

Uncertain affinity within family 

Adelosa Blume 1 Madagascar 

Archboldia E. Beer & H.J. Lam (1) New Guinea 

Callicarpa L. (140) warm & trop. NW & OW 

Garrettia H.R. Fletcher (1) SE Asia, 

Indomal. 

Geunsia (=Callicarpa; see Bramley, 2009 BJLS) 

Neorapinia Moldenke (1) New Caledonia 

Pseudochamaesphacos ? 

Tectona L.f. (3) trop. Asia


Lentibulariaceae Rich. in Poit. & Turpin, Fl. Paris 1: ed. fol. 23, ed. qu. 26. 1808, nom. cons. (4/310) 

See Müller et al. 2004. 

Genlisea A. St.-Hil. (21) trop Am, trop & S 

Af, Mad 

Pinguicula L. (74) Am, Medit, circumbor 

Utricularia L. (215) cosmop, esp trop 

Sometimes assigned here, but excluded in 

most recent phylogenetic studies: 

Byblis (2) Aus, New Guinea 

Linderniaceae (Rchb.) Borsch, K. Müller, & Eb. Fisch. (13/~194) Rahmanzadeh et al., 2005) 

Artanema D. Don (4) trop Afr, Asia 

Bampsia Lisowskia & Mielcarek (2) Congo 

Chamaegigas Dinter (1) Namibia 

Craterostigma Hochst. (9) Yemen, trop & S 

Af, Ind 

Crepidorhopalon Eb. Fisch. (28) trop & S Af, 

Mad 

Hartliella Eb. Fisch. (4) C Af (Congo, 

Katanga) 

Hemiarrhena Benth. (1) Q’land (= 

Lindernia?) 

Legazpia Blanco (1) SE As, Micrones, N 

Guin (= Torenia?) 

Lindernia All. (~100) Eur, trop Af, Mad, SE 

As, N, C, & C. Am. 

Picria Lour. (1) Indomal. (= Curanga) 

Pierranthus Bonati (1) SE As 

Schizotorenia T. Yamaz. (2) SE As (= 

Lindernia?) 

Scolophyllum T. Yamaz. (2) SE As (= 

Lindernia?) 

Torenia L. (40) SE As, Af, Mad 

Martyniaceae Horan., Char. Ess. Fam.: 130. 1847, nom. cons. (4/17) (sensu H.-D. Ihlenfeldt, pers. 

comm.) 

Craniolaria L. (3) S. Am. 

Holoregmia (1) Brazil 

Ibicella Van Eselt. (3) warm and trop. Am 

Martynia L. (1) Mex 

Proboscidea Schmidel (10) warm Am 

Oleaceae Hofmanns. & Link Fl. Portug. 1:62. 1809. (25/600+) provided by Eva Wallander 

Comments: Note that Dimetra and Nyctanthes now, without doubt, belong to Oleaceae (not Verbenaceae). 

The subfamilies Jasminoideae and Oleoideae have been abandoned because Jasminoideae is paraphyletic. 

The Oleoideae is monophyletic but now recognised as tribe Oleeae, with its former tribes as subtribes. 

Fontanesieae 

Fontanesia (1-2) SW Asia (and Sicily) and 

China 

Forsythieae 

Abeliophyllum Nakai (1) Korea 

Forsythia (11) E Asia and SE Europe (1 sp.) 

Jasmineae 

Jasminum (200+) Tropical and subtropical 

parts of the Old World 

Menodora (22) Subtropical North America, 

central and S South America, and S Africa 

Myxopyreae 

Dimetra (1) Thailand 

Myxopyrum (4) Tropical SE Asia 

Nyctanthes (2) Tropical and subtropical SE 

Asia 

Oleeae 

Ligustrinae 

Ligustrum (45) Temperate to tropical parts 

of the Old World, except Africa 

Syringa (20) Mainly subtropical parts of 

Eurasia 

Schreberinae 

Comoranthus (3) Madagascar and the 

Comores 

Schrebera (4) Tropical parts of Africa and 

India 

Fraxininae 

Fraxinus (50) Mainly temperate and 

subtropical regions of the Northern 

Hemisphere 

Oleinae 

Chionanthus (100) Tropical and subtropical 

Africa, America, Asia, and Australia 

Forestiera (15) Subtropical North America, 

West Indies, and N South America 

Haenianthus (3) West Indies 

Hesperelaea (1, extinct) Mexico 

Nestegis (5) New Zealand and Hawaii (1 sp.) 

Noronhia (41) Madagascar 

Notelaea (12) Australia and Tasmania 

Olea (40+) Tropical and subtropical parts of 

the Old World


Osmanthus (30) Subtropical parts of E Asia 

and North America (1-2 spp.) 

Phillyrea (2) Mediterranean region to W 

Asia 

Picconia (1) Macaronesia 

Priogymnanthus (2) South America 

Orobanchaceae Vent., Tabl. Règne Vég. 2:292. 1799, nom. cons. (65/1538) Synoptical classification 

following Young et al. 1999, Olmstead et al. 2001, Wolfe et al. 2005, Bennett & Mathews 2006, Tank et 

al. 2009, and D. Nickrent, pers. comm. 

Orobanchaceae sensu stricto (8/~179) 

Boschniakia (4) Himal, N Asia, NW N Am 

Cistanche (16) Med, Ethiopia, India, to W 

China 

Conopholis (2) E US to Panama 

Diphelypaea (2?) Asia 

Epifagus (1) E N Am 

Kopsiopsis (2) W N Am (= Boschniakia) 

Mysorrhiza (= Orobanche) 

Orobanche (~150) temp & warm N 

Hemisphere 

Xylanche (2) Himal to Taiwan (= 

Boschniakia) 

New World hemiparasite plus Pedicularis clade 

Agalinis (40) trop & warm Am 

Esterhazya (5) Bolivia, Brazil 

Gerardia (= Agalinis) 

Lamourouxia (28) Mex to Peru 

Macranthera (1) SE US 

Pedicularis (350) N hemisphere, 1 sp in 

Andes 

Phtheirospermum (7) E As 

Seymeria (25) S N Am 

Castillejinae G. Don 

Adenostegia (= Cordylanthus) 

Castilleja Mutis ex L. f. (~190) most W N 

Am, also E N Am, Euras, C Am, Andes 

Chloropyron Behr (4) W N Am (formerly 

Cordylanthus) 

Clevelandia Greene (= Castilleja) 

Cordylanthus Nutt. ex Benth. in DC. (13) 

W N Am 

Dicranostegia (A. Gray) Pennell (1) W N 

Am (form. Cordylanthus) 

Gentrya Breedlove & Heckard (= 

Castilleja) 

Ophiocephalus Wiggins (= Castilleja) 

Orthocarpus Nutt. (9) W Am 

Triphysaria Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (5) W N 

Am 

Africa/SW Asia clade 

Aeginetia L. (3) Indomal, E As 

Alectra (40) Africa/Asia 

Buchnera (100) warm O&NW (16 NW) 

Cycnium (15) warm AF (~Escobediea) 

Escobedia (6) trop Am 

Graderia (5) Af & Socotra 

Harveya (40) trop & S. Af, Mascarenes 

Hyobanche (7) S Af 

Melasma (20) trop Af, Am 

Radamaea (5) Madagascar 

Sopubia (60) trop OW to S Af 

Stellularia (= Buchnera) 

Striga (~40) OW trop to S Af 

Vellosiella (3) Brazil (~Melasma) 

Xylocalyx (5) Somalia, Socotra 

Cyclocheilaceae 

Asepalum (1) NE & E Af 

Cyclocheilon (3) NE Af 

Nesogenaceae 

Nesogenes A. DC. (8) E Afr, Mad, India, Pac 

Is 

European clade 

Bartsia (60) Eur, Af mt, Andes (not mono- 

Bennett&Mathews) 

Bellardia (1) Med 

Bungea (2) SW As to China 

Euphrasia (~170) N temp, Malaysia, NZ, S 

Am (only Eurasia? Nickrent) 

Fistularia (= Rhinanthus) 

Lathraea (7) Eurasia 

Macrosyringion (= Odontites) 

Melampyrum (35) N temp 

Odontites (30) W & S Eur to W As 

Orthantha (= Odontites) 

Parentucellia (2) Med & SW As 

Rhynchocorys (6) S Eur to Iran 

Rhinanthus (45) N hemisphere, esp Eur 

Siphonidium (= Euphrasia) 

Tozzia (1) Alps, Carpathanians 

Orobanchaceae placed in tree, but unassigned to 

above clades 

Brandisia (13) Burma China 

Cymbaria (4) Eurasia 

Lesquereuxia (1) E Medit (= Siphonostegia?) 

Lindenbergia (15) Himal to trop Afr/Asia 

Monochasma (4) E As 

Schwalbea (1) E US 

Siphonostegia (3) Med & E As 

Genera not sampled in phylogenetic studies and 

unassigned for that reason. 

Buchnereae (25/352) 

Aureolaria (11) E US, Mex 

Buttonia (3) trop & S Af 

Centranthera (9) China to Australia


Gerardiina (2) trop & S. Af 

Leptorhabdos (1) Cauc, Iran, C As, Himal 

Micrargeria (4) trop Af, India 

Nothochilus (1) Brazil 

Physocalyx (2) Brazil 

Rhamphicarpa (6) trop & S Af, India, Austral 

Rhaphispermum (1) Madag 

(=Pseudomelasma?) 

Silviella (2) Mex 

Tetraspidium (1) Madagascar 

Orobancheae (15/210) 

Christisonia (17) SW China, SE As 

Gleadovia (6) W Himal, W. China 

Mannagettaea (3) W China to E Siberia 

Necranthus (1) Turkey 

Phacellanthus (1) E As 

Phelypaea (4) Medit 

Platypholis (1) Japan 

Tienmuia (1) E China (~Phacellanthus) 

Rhinantheae (21/944) 

Omphalotrix (1) NE As 

Unassigned: 

Paulowniaceae Nakai J. Jap. Bot. 24:13, 1949. (1/6) 

Paulownia Siebold & Zucc. (6) E Asia 

Ancistrostylis (1) Laos 

Brachystigma (1) SW US 

Cycniopsis (3) trop Africa 

Dasistoma (1) E N Am 

Ghikaea (1) trop Africa 

Hedbergia (1) trop Africa 

Leucosalpa (3) Madagascar 

Madgalenaea (1) SE Brazil 

Micrargeriella (1) trop E Africa 

Nothobartsia (1) Medit 

Parastriga (1) trop Africa 

Petitmenginia (2) S China, SE Asia 

Pseudobartsia (1) China 

Pseudomelasma (1) Madagascar 

Pseudosopubia (7) trop Africa 

Pseudostriga (1) SE Asia 

Pterygiella (3) China 

Sieversandreas (1) Madagascar 

Spirostriga (1) California to Baja Ca 

Thunbergianthus (2) Africa 

Vellosiella (3) Brazil 

Zizangia (1) China 

Pedaliaceae R.Br. Prodr. 519. 1819. nom.cons. (13/70) (sensu H.-D. Ihlenfeldt, pers. comm.. 2001) 

Pedalioideae (of Pedaliaceae s.l.) 12/70 

Ceratotheca (5) trop and S. Af. 

Dicerocaryum (3) S. trop. Af. 

Harpagophytum (2) S. Af. Madagascar 

Holubia (1) S. Af. 

Josephinia (4) Kenya to Somalia 

Linariopsis (2-3) W and SW trop Af. 

Pedaliodiscus (1) E Af 

Pedalium (1) OW trop – P. murex edible 

Pterodiscus (13) trop and S. Af. 

Rogeria (4) Brazil, trop and S. Af. 

Sesamothamnus (6) trop Af. 

Sesamum (19) OW trop. and S. Af. 

Uncarina (13) Madagascar 

Phrymaceae Shcauer in DC. Prodr. 11:520. 1847. nom. cons. (11/195) (Beardsley & Olmstead 2002; 

Beardsley & Barker 2005) 

Berendtiella (4) C Am 

Diplacus (= Mimulus) 

Dodartia (1) S Russia, W As 

Elacholoma (1) C Aus 

Glossostigma (6) Aus, NZ, Af, Ind 

Hemichaena (1) C Am 

Plocospermataceae Hutch. Fam. Fl. Pl. ed. 3 469. 1973. (1/1) 

Plocospermum (1) Mex, Guatemala 

Leucocarpus (1) trop Am 

Mimetanthe (= Mimulus) 

Mimulus (150) Am, Asia, S Af 

Peplidium (7) Aus, Ind, Af 

Phryma (2) E Asia, E N Am 

Schlegeliaceae (A.H. Gentry) Reveal Phytologia 79:74. 1996. (4/36) formerly of Bignoniaceae and 

may still be close 

Exarata (1) Ecuador & Colombia 

Synapsis (1) Cuba 

Gibsoniothamnus (12) Mexico to C Am 

Schlegelia (22) tropical Am


Scrophulariaceae Durande Notions Elém. Bot.: 265. 1782. (52/1681) Synoptical classification by 

tribe. Following Wettstein (1891), Barringer (1993), Olmstead et al. 2001, Kornhall et al., 2001, 2004, 

Oxelman et al. 2005. 

Aptosimeae (4/44) 

Anticharis (14) Af to Mal 

Aptosimum (20) Africa 

Peliostomum (7) trop & S Af 

Stemodiopsis (3) Africa 

Buddlejaceae (5/~110) 

Buddleja (98) Neotrop (63) S Af (10) As (25) 

Chilianthus (?) ? 

Emorya (2) Tex., Mex. 

Gomphostigma (2) S. Af. 

Nicodemia (=Buddleja?) 

Hemimerideae (7/134) 

Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav. (16) trop Am, S Af 

Colpias (1) S Africa 

Diascia (38) S Af 

Diclis (10) trop & S Af, Mad 

Hemimeris (4) S Af 

Nemesia (65) trop & S Af 

Schistanthe (?) ? 

Leucophyleae (3/17) 

Capraria (4) warm Am 

Eremogeton (1) Mex, Guat 

Leucophyllum (12) SW N Am 

Manuleeae (28/566) (Hilliard 1994) 

Agathelpis Choisy (2) SW Cape 

Barthlottia (1) Madag 

Chenopodiopsis (3) S Af 

Cromidon (12) S Af 

Dischisma (11) SW Cape to Namibia 

Glekia (1) S Af 

Globulariopsis (7) S. Af 

Glumicalyx (6) S&SE Af 

Gosela (1) S Af 

Hebenstretia (25) trop & S Am 

Jamesbrittenia (83) S Af 

Limosella (11) cosmop 

Lyperia (6) S Af 

Manulea (73) S Af 

Manuleopsis (1) SW Af 

Melanospermum (6) S Af 

Microdon (7) SW Cape 

Phyllopodium (26) SW Cape 

Polycarena (17) SW Cape 

Pseudoselago (28) west S Af 

Reyemia (2) S Af 

Selago (190) trop & S Af 

Sphenandra? (= Sutera) 

Strobilopsis (1) S Af 

Sutera (49) S Af 

Tetraselago (4) S Af 

Trieenia (9) SW Cape 

Walafrida (?) Madag, S Af 

Zaluzianskya (55) W S Af 

Myoporeae (4/236) sensu Chinnock, in press 

Androya (1) Madagascar (Oxelman et al. 

1999) 

Bontia L. (1) W. Ind., trop S. Am. 

Calamphoreus Chinnock (1) 

Diocirea Chinnock (4) Austral 

Eremophila R. Br. (214) Austral. (1 NZ) 

Glycocystis Chinnock (1) Austral 

Myoporum Sol. Ex Forster (30) Austral., NZ, 

Pac. Is., E. Asia 

Pentacoelium Zucc. (1) Austral 

Scrophularieae (4/564) 

Antherothamnus (1) C&S Af 

Celsia (= Verbascum) 

Oreosolen (3) Himalaya 

Scrophularia (200) N temp to trop Am 

Staurophragma (= Verbascum) 

Verbascum (360) Euras, E Af 

Teedieae (7/14) (G. Don; Barringer 1993, incl. 

Freylinieae Barringer 1993) 

Dermatobotrys (1) S. Af 

Freylinia (4) trop & S Af 

Manuleopsis (1) SW Afr 

Oftia (3) S Af 

Phygelius (2) S Africa 

Ranopisoa (1) Madag (~ Oftia) 

Teedia (2) S Af 

Unassigned 

Ameroglossum (Veronicaceae?) (1) Brazil 

Anamaria (Veronicaceae?) (1) Brazil 

Androya (1) Mad 

Camptoloma (3) Canaries Ethiopia Arabia 

Cheilophyllum (8) W Indies 

Philcoxia (Veronicaceae?) (3) Brazil 

Stilbaceae (11/39) Synoptical Classification by tribe. (Bremer et al. 1994; Olmstead et al. 2001; 

Oxelman, unpubl.; Goldblatt, pers. comm.) 

Stilbeae 7/28 

Campylostachys (1) SW Cape 

Eurylobium (2) SW Cape 

Euthystachys (1) S Af 

Nuxia (15) S Arabia to trop Af, Masc, S Af. 

Retzia (1) Cape 

Stilbe (6) SW and S Cape 

Xeroplana (2) SW and S Cape 

Bowkerieae (Barringer 1993) 3/7 

Anastrabe (1) S Africa 

Bowkeria (5) S Africa 

Brookea (placed here in Fischer) (3) Borneo


Ixianthes (1) S Africa 

Hallerieae 1/4 

Halleria (4) trop & S Africa, Madag 

Tetrachondraceae 2/3 (Oxelman et al. 1999) 

Polypremum (1) warm Am. Tetrachondra (2) Patagonia, N.Z. 

Thomandersiaceae Sreem. (Phytologia 37: 413-416. 1977) 1/6 (Wortley et al. 2007) 

Thomandersia (6) trop Afr. 

Verbenaceae J. Sainte-Hilaire 1805 (36/971) – Provisional Classification (O’Leary et al. 2009; 

Marx et al., in press) 

Petreeae Briquet 1895 (2/12) 

Petrea 11 (Rueda ’94 only 11) trop Am 

Xolocotzia 1 Mexico 

Duranteae Bentham 1839 (6/191) 

Bouchea 9 trop-subtr Am 

Chascanum 27 Af/Mad./Arab./Ind. 

Duranta ~20 trop-subtr Am 

Recordia 1 Bolivia 

Stachytarpheta 130 trop-subtr Am (weeds in 

tropics elsewhere) 

Svensonia (~Chascanum) 4 E.Af/India 

Ubochea (~Stachytarpheta) 1 C Verde Is 

Citharexyleae Briquet 1895 (6/154) 

Baillonia 1 Brazil & Paraguay 

Casselia 11 trop Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay 

Citharexylum ~130 trop-subtr Am 

Ghinia (= Tamonea) 

Parodianthus 2 Argentina 

Rehdera 3 C.Am 

Tamonea 6-7 trop Am 

Verbenoxylum 1 Brazil 

Priveae Briquet 1895 (2/21) 

Castelia (=Pitraea) 

Pitraea (~Priva) 1 temp Peru & Bolivia to 

Argentina/Chile 

Priva 20 trop/subtrop Af/Am/As 

“Neospartoneae” (3/7) (provisional designation) 

Diostea 1 Argentina/Chile 

Lampaya 2 Argent/Chile/Bolivia 

Neosparton 4 temp. Argentina 

Verbeneae Dumortier 1829 (6/177) 

Glandularia 84 S subtr-temp New World 

Hierobotana 1 Colombia/Ecuador/Peru 

(~Verbena or Glandularia) 

Junellia 31 Peru to Patagonia 

Stylodon (= Verbena) 

Mulguraea 15 Argentina (ex Junellia) 

Urbania (= Junellia) 

Verbena 44 mostly New World, few Eur/As 

Lantaneae Endler 1838 (7/404) (generic 

boundaries and species no. poorly defined) 

Acantholippia 6 arid Argentina/Chile 

Aloysia ~30 trop-subtr New World 

Burroughsia (=Lippia) 2 SW N Am. 

Coelocarpum 5 Socotra/Madagascar 

(tentatively placed here based on cpDNA) 

Lantana ~150 trop Am/trop-subtr; Africa 

Lippia ~200 trop Af/Am 

Nashia (=Phyla?) 7 Bahamas/Cuba 

Phyla (~Lippia?) 5 trop Am 

Xeroaloysia 1 NW Argentina 

Genera unassigned to more inclusive clades, or 

of uncertain position (3/4) 

Dipyrena 1 temp Argentina (tentatively 

placed in Verbeneae based on cpDNA, but 

not based on PPR) 

Rhaphithamnus 2 Chile/Juan Fern./W 

Argentina 

Veronicaceae (= Plantaginaceae in APGII) (117/1890) Synoptical classification by Tribe. Following 

Wettstein (1891), Barringer (1993), Olmstead et al. 2001, Oxelman et al. 1999, Oxelman et al. 2005; 

Albach et al. 2005; Fischer et al. (2004). 

Angelonieae (5/39) 

Angelonia (25) trop Am 

Basistemon (8) trop Am 

Melosperma (1) Chile, Argentina 

Monopera (2) S. Am 

Monttea (3) Chile, Argentina 

Saccanthus (=Basistemon; 1-2 Bolivia) 

Antirrhineae 28/297 (Sutton 1988) 

Acanthorrhinum (1) N Af 

Albraunia (3) SW Asia 

Anarrhinum (8) Medit. SW Asia 

Antirrhinum (20 Sutton - Medit; 36 

Thompson – Medit, W N Am) 

Asarina (1) SW Europe 

Chaenorrhinum (21) Medit., W Asia 

Cymbalaria (9) W Europe to Iran 

Epixiphium (1) SW N Am (~ Maurandya) 

Galvezia (4) coast Peru, Ecuador, Galap. 

Gambelia (4) SW N Am (~Antirrhinum) 

Holmgrenanthe (1) SW N Am 

Holzneria (2) SW Asia 

Howelliella (1) SW N Am (~ Antirrhinum) 

Kickxia (9) Med to SC&SW Asia 

Linaria (150) Euras, Medit 

Lophospermum (6) Mex, Guatemala 

Mabrya (5) SW N Am


Maurandella (1) SW N Am (~Maurandya) 

Maurandya (2) Mex C Am 

Misopates (7) Medit, Cape Verde, Is Ethiop 

India 

Mohavea (2) SW US 

Nenorhinum (10) (~ Kickxia) Med, SC-SW 

Asia 

Neogaerrhinum (2) (~Antirrhinum) 

Nuttalanthus (4) N Am temp S Am 

(~Linaria) 

Pseudorontium (1) SW N Am (~Antirrhinum) 

Rhodochiton (3) Mex (~Lophospermum) 

Sairocarpus (13) SW US (~ Antirrhinum) 

Schweinfurthia (6) NE Af to India 

Callitricheae 2/~45 

Callitriche (40-50) Cosmop 

Hippuris (1) Cosmop 

Cheloneae 9/290 

Chelone (4) E N Am 

Chionophila (2) W N Am 

Collinsia (20) N Am 

Keckiella (7) N Am 

Nothochelone (1) W N Am 

Pennellianthus (1) NE As 

Penstemon (~250) N Am 

Tonella (2) W US 

Uroskinnera (3) Mex C Am 

Digitalideae 2/25 

Digitalis (23) Med, Eur, C As, Macaronesia 

Erinus (2) N Af, Pyrren, Alps 

Isoplexis (= Digitalis) Macaronesia 

Globulariaceae (Globularieae) 2/25 

Globularia (22) Cape Verde Eur W As 

Poskea (3) Somolia Socotra 

Gratiolieae 37/~321 

Achetaria Cham. & Schltdl. (5) Brazil, Carib 

Adenosma R. Br. (15) China, Indomal, Aus 

Allocalyx? (=Bacopa) 

Amphianthus? (=Bacopa) 

Artenema (4) OW trop 

Bacopa (~60) pantropical 

Benjaminia (1) trop Am 

Boelckia (1) Bolivia 

Braunblanquetia (1) Arg Patagonia 

Bryodes (3) Med & Mascaren 

Bythophyton? (1) Indomal 

Cheilophyllon (8) Carib 

Conobea (7) Am trop 

Darcya (3) Costa Rica - Columbia 

Deinostema (2) E Asia 

Dintera (1) trop Af 

Dizygostemon (2) Brazil 

Dopatrium (12) trop Afr – SE Asia 

Encopella (1) Cuba 

Geochorda (=Bacopa) 

Gratiola (20) temp, trop mts 

Hemianthus (3-4) (~Micranthemum) C Am 

Hemisiphonia (=Micranthemum) 

Herpestis (=Bacopa) 

Hydrotriche? (4) Mad 

Ildefonsia (=Bacopa) 

Leucospora (1) (~Stemodia?) E N Am 

Limnophila (36) OW trop 

Maeviella (1) S. Am 

Mecardonia (15) warm Am (~Bacopa) 

Micranthemum (17) Am, WI 

Microcarpaea (1) (~Peplideum) SE Asia 

Monocardia (=Bacopa?) 

Morgania (4) (~Stemodia) Australia 

Otacanthus (6) Brazil 

Philcoxia (3) Brazil 

Psammetes (1) trop W Af, Med 

Schistophragma? (2) (~Leucocarpus) W N 

Am, C Am 

Schizosepala (1) Brazil 

Scoparia (20) trop Am 

Sophronanthe (1) SE US 

Stemodia (56) OW & NW trop 

Tetraulacium (1) Brazil 

Trapella (1-2) E. As. 

Zenkerina? () 

Hemiphragmieae 1/1 

Hemiphragma (1) Himal 

Plantaginaceae (Plantagineae) (3/282) 

Aragoa (5) Andes 

Bougueria (= Plantago) Andes 

Littorella (3) 1 each in N Am, S Am, Eur 

Plantago (274) cosmop 

Russelieae 2/60 

Russelia (52) Cuba, Mex to Columbia 

Tetranema (8) Mex, Guatem, Nicaragua, 

Costa Rica 

Sibthorpieae 2/6 

Ellisiophyllum (1) India to Japan, New 

Guinea 

Sibthorpia (5) trop & S Am, Macaron, Eur, 

Afr mts 

Veroniceae 21/~450 (see Albach et alo. 2004) 

Besseya (7) N Am (= Veronica) 

Botryopleuron (=Veronicastrum) 

Calorhabdos (=Veronicastrum) 

Chionohebe (7) Tasmania, NZ (~Veronica) 

Cochlidiosperma (= Veronica) 

Derwentia (8) SE Aus (= Veronica) 

Detzneria (1) New Guin (= Veronica) 

Falconeria (=Kashmiria) 

Hebe (~70) NZ, Fr Polynes, S Am (= 

Veronica) 

Heliohebe (5) NZ (= Veronica) 

Kashmiria (1) Himal 

Lagotis (20) Eur to W China 

Neopicrorhiza (1) E Himal (~Picrorhiza) 

Odicardis (2) Cauc, E Afr (~Veronica) 

Oligospermum (= Veronica) 

Paederota (2) S Eur 

Paederotella (3) As Minor, Cauc (~Veronica) 

Parahebe (30) N Guin,ea NZ (~Veronica) 

Picrorhiza (1) W Himal 

Pseudolysimachion (~15) temp/subtemp 

Euras (= Veronica)


Scrofella (1) China 

Synthyris (~15) W N Am (= Veronica) 

Veronica (s.s. ~250; s.l. ~450) N temp or 

cosmop temp 

Veronicastrum (5-6) NE As, NE Am 

Wulfenia (4) SE Eur, Turk 

Genera of Lamiales unassigned to family (7/52): 

Cubitanthus Barringer (1), Brazil; Excluded 

from Gesneriaceae (J. Smith, V. 

Savolainen p.c.), possibly near 

Linderniaceae (Alain Chautems, p.c.) 

Lithophytum (1) Mexico 

Limnophila (37) OW tropics 

Lancea (2) Tibet, China (Mazoideae) 

Mazus (20) E & SE As, Indomal, Aust 

(Mazoideae) 

Peltanthera (1) Costa Rica to Bolivia 

Rehmannia (9) E As (sister to Triaenophora) 

Acknowledgments: 

P. Cantino (Lamiaceae) 

E. Norman (Buddlejaceae, Sanango, Peltanthera) 

P. Garnock-Jones (New Zealand Scrophulariaceae s.l.) 

B. Oxelman (unpubl. Results in Buddlejaceae, Scrophulariaceae s.l.) 

J. Reveal (nomenclature and misc.) 

A. Weber (Gesneriaceae) 

J. Smith (Gesneriaceae) 

R. Harley (Lamiaceae) 

P. Goldblatt (Scrophulariaceae s.l.; esp. S. Africa) 

D. Albach (Veroniceae and Veronicaceae/Plantaginaceae) 

Eva Wallander (eva.wallander@systbot.gu.se) (Oleaceae) 

R. Scotland (Acanthaceae) 

B. Bremer (scroph tribe Manuleeae, including former Selagineae) 

H.-D. Ihlenfeldt (Pedaliaceae, Martyniaceae, Trapellaceae) 

D. Mabberley (Lamiaceae) 

L. Lohmann (Bignoniaceae) 

D. Nickrent (Orobanchaceae) 

D. Albach (Veronicaceae) 

N. O’Leary (Verbena, Glandularia, Mulguraea) 

Wulfeniopsis (2) Afghan – Nepal 

Veronicaceae unassigned to tribe 3/49 

Campylanthus (12) Macaron NE Af Arabia 

Lafuentea (1) Spain 

Ourisia (36) Andes (20), NZ (15), Tasm (1) 

Sanango Bunting & Duke (1), C America, 

eastern slopes of the Andes (Ecuador and 

Peru), included in Gesnerioideae- 

Gesnerieae by Wiehler (1994), but position 

still doubtful (J. Smith, pers. comm.) 

Triaenophora (2) China (sister to 

Rehmannia) 

Wightia (2) SE Asia epiphytes becoming 

trees 

Miscellaneous refs: 

Scotland, R. W. and K. Vollesen. 2000. Classification of Acanthaceae. Kew Bull. 55: 513-589. 

Hilliard, O. M. 1994. The Manuleae: A tribe of Scrophulariaceae. Edinburgh University Press, 

Edinburgh. 

Molau, U. 1988. Scrophulariaceae – Part I. Calceolarieae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 47: 1-325. 

Muller et al., 2004. Evolution of carnivory in Lentibulariaceae and the Lamiales. Pl. Biol. 6: 477-490. 

Sutton, D. A. 1988. A revision of the tribe Antirrhineae. British Museum (Natural History), London, & 

Oxford University Press, Oxford. 

Hjertson, M. 1995. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography of Lindenbergia (Scrophulariaceae). Bot. J. 

Linn. Soc. 119: 265-321. 

Hjertson, M. 2003. Revision of the disjunct genus Campylanthus (Scrophulariaceae). Edinburgh J. Bot. 

60(2): 131-174 (2003). 

Kornhall, Heidari, & Bremer 2001. Selagineae and Manuleae, two tribes or one? Phylogenetic studies in 

the Scrophulariaceae. Pl. Syst. Evol. 228:199-218. 

Kornhall & Bremer. (2004) New circumscription of Manuleeae… Bot. J. Linn. Soc.


Albach DC, Meudt HM, Oxelman B (2005) Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae. American Journal of Botany 92, 

297-315. 

Albach DC, Yan, K, Jensen, SR, Li, H.-Q. 2009. Phylogenetic placement of Triaenophora (formerly Scrophulariaceae) 

with someimplications for the phylogeny of Lamiales. Taxon 58: 749-756. 

Xia, Z, Wang, Y.-Z., & Smith JF. 2009. Familial placement and relations of Rehmannia and Triaenophora 

(Scrophulariaceae s.l.) inferred from five gene regions. Amer. J. Bot. 96: 519-530. 

Oxelman B, Kornhall P, Olmstead RG, Bremer B (in press) Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American 

Journal of Botany. 

Beardsley PM, Olmstead RG. 2002. Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae and Phryma. 

Amer. J. Bot. 89: 1093-1102. 

Beardsley, PM, & Barker, WR. 2005. Patterns of evolution in Australian Mimulus and related genera 

(Phrymaceae~Scrophulariaceae): A molecular phylogeny using chloroplast and nuclear sequence data. Austr. 

Syst. Bot. 18: 61-73. 

Rahmanzadeh, R., K. Miuller, E. Fischer, D. Bartels, and T. Borsch. 2005. The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are 

further lineages distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales). Plant Biol. 7: 67-78. 

Tank, DC, Beardsley, PM, Kelchner, SA, Olmstead, RG. 2006. Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. and 

their current disposition. Austr. Syst. Bot. 19: 289-307. 

Tank, DC, Egger, MJ, & Olmstead RG. 2009. Phylogenetic classification of subtribe Castillejinae (Orobanchaceae). 

Syst. Bot. 34: 182-197. 

Bennett, JR, & Mathews, S. 2006. Phylogeny of the parasitic plant family Orobanchaceae inferred from phytochrome 

A. Amer. J. Bot. 93: 1039-1051. 

O’Leary N, Yuan, Y.-W., Chemisquy, A., & Olmstead RG. 2009. Reassignment of species of paraphyletic Junellia s.l. 

to the new genus Mulguraea (Verbenaceae) and new circumscription of genus Junellia: Molecular and 

morphological congruence. Syst. Bot. 34: 777-786. 

Marx, H. E., N. O’Leary, Y.-W. Yuan, P. Lu-Irving, D. C. Tank, M. Múlgura, and R. G. Olmstead. 2010. A molecular 

phylogeny and classification of Verbenaceae. Amer. J. Bot., in press.

A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales - My-Plant

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?