Checklist of the flora of huntingdonshire (VC31)

CHECKLIST OF THE FLORA OF HUNTINGDONSHIRE (VC31) 

David A. Broughton 

2011 

1

Overview 

The following checklist is an attempt to reconcile the divergent species lists for Huntingdonshire provided in 

The Flora of Huntingdonshire and the Soke of Peterborough (Wells, 2003) and the Vice-County Census 

Catalogue (available online at http://www.botanicalkeys.co.uk/flora/vccc/index.html). It also incorporates 

all new taxa identified since these two accounts were published. 

It is intended that the checklist will be refined over coming years through the inclusion of additional 

information, such as dates for the first and last county records. By so doing the checklist will provide a sound 

basis for further investigation of the county’s flora and ultimately, over the long term, for the preparation of 

a new county flora. At present, because of other constraints on my time, it is by necessity a brief account 

but, I hope, a useful step in the right direction. For further detail on the status and distribution of most of the 

taxa listed (recent finds excepted) please refer to the County Flora, The Rare Plant Register for 

Huntingdonshire (available online at http://www.bsbi.org.uk/rare_plants.html) and the BSBI Map Scheme 

(see http://www.bsbi.org.uk/maps_scheme.html). 

The checklist takes an inclusive approach covering all named taxa known to occur in the county, whether 

they are species, subspecies, varieties, forms, cultivars or hybrids. The only limitation on coverage is the 

availability of names and published descriptions for these taxa, particularly infraspecifics, and the (my) ability 

to recognise/identify these taxa when found. 

Pending further research, it is debateable whether all of the infraspecific taxa listed are taxonomically 

meaningful, indeed many will not be. However there is more to variation than taxonomy and a narrow focus 

on the latter overlooks the value associated with being able to apply labels to describe and study all of the 

variation observable within species. Where infraspecific variation is rooted in genetic variation then it is 

almost certainly meaningful and interesting even if not taxonomically meaningful. Given the concept of 

biodiversity covers the full spectrum of variation from genes and genotypes through to species and habitats 

then biodiversity conservation should be (however challenging that might be) about conserving variation 

and not just the conservation of taxonomically valid entities. Genetic diversity is fundamental to natural 

selection and evolution, ecological interactions between species and indeed to how we make use of natural 

resources e.g. for horticulture, crop breeding and pharmacology. 

The nomenclature for higher taxa follows the New Flora of the British Isles (Stace, 2010) but balanced by the 

Flora of Great Britain and Ireland (Sell & Murrell, 1996, 2006 and 2009) and Sedges of the British Isles (Jermy 

et al. 2007). The Flora of Great Britain and Ireland is also the primary source for many of the infraspecific 

taxa listed, although others have been drawn from a wide range of sources too numerous to list here. 

Taxa are presented in a tiered arrangement to reflect their currently accepted relationships, as follows: 

Species 

Subspecies 

Variety 

Form 

Where the list of infraspecific taxa present is likely to be incomplete, then this has been indicated by 

offsetting the infraspecific taxa identified to date from the species name. The relationships between a 

limited number of infraspecific taxa needs further clarification (e.g. within Crataegus monogyna and Stellaria 

neglecta) and at present does not reflect a robust hierarchy. 

1

The status assigned to taxa listed in the checklist is based on those defined in the New Flora of the British 

Isles (Stace, 2010). These are native, archaeophyte, introduced casual, introduced survivor and introduced 

naturalised. A sixth category, native (halophyte), is added to deal with the increasing number of halophytes 

being found along the county’s roads. While there is an anthropogenic component to the spread of these 

species they are expanding their range primarily to occupy newly available niches and are therefore not that 

different from many other native species. On this basis, it would seem unfair to consider these species to be 

introduced. 

Acknowledgements 

I gratefully acknowledge all botanists past and present who have contributed the records essential for the 

production of this checklist, and indeed all other accounts of the county’s flora. My predecessor as county 

recorder, Terry Wells, was responsible for the collation of a particularly significant dataset. 

I would specifically like to thank the following for their generous (and in some cases unsolicited) assistance in 

identifying difficult taxa: Professor A.J. Richards for identifying material of Taraxacum; Mr A.L. Newton for 

identifying Rubus; Mr. R. Maskew for help with Rosa; Mr N.F. Stewart for help with charophytes; Mr P.D. Sell 

for help with Hieracium, infraspecifics and other cryptic taxa; as well as all of the other BSBI referees who 

assist as and when required and who provide such a valuable service. 

2

The Checklist 

Taxon Common name Status 

Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Velvetleaf Introduced casual 

Acanthus mollis L. Bear’s-breeches Introduced survivor 

Acer miyabei Maxim. var. miyabei 

Miyabei Maple (hairy fruit) Introduced survivor 

var. shibatai (Nakai) Hara. 

Miyabei Maple (glabrous fruit) Introduced survivor 

Acer campestre L. var. campestre 

var. leiocarpum (Opiz) Wallr. 

var. oxytomum Borbas 

3 

Field Maple Native & introduced 

Introduced naturalised 

Native? & introduced 

Acer negundo L. f. negundo Ashleaf Maple Introduced survivor 

Acer platanoides L. f. drummondii Hegi 

f. platanoides 

f. schwedleri K. Koch 

Acer pseudoplatanus L. var. pseudoplatanus f. pseudoplatanus 

f. erythrospermum (Carrière) Pax 

f. purpureum (Loudon) Rehder 

Acer saccharinum L. f. laciniatum (Carrière) Rehder 

f. saccharinum 

Norway Maple Introduced survivor 


Introduced survivor 

Sycamore 



Purple Sycamore 


Cut-leaved Silver Maple 


Silver Maple 


Acer saccharum Marshall Sugar Maple Introduced survivor 

Achillea millefolium L. var. millefolium Yarrow Native 

Achillea ptarmica L. f. ptarmica Sneezewort Native 

Aconitum napellus L. sens. lat. Monkshood Introduced survivor 

Acorus calamus L. Sweet-flag Introduced naturalised 

Adonis annua L. Pheasant’s-eye Archaeophyte 

Adoxa moschatellina L. Moschatel Native, extinct 

Aegopodium podagraria L. Ground-elder Archaeophyte 

Aesculus carnea J. Zeyh. Red Horse-chestnut Introduced survivor 

Aesculus hippocastanum L. Horse-chestnut Introduced naturalised 

Aethusa cynapium L. ssp. agrestis (Wallr.) Dostál 

‘Dwarf’ Fool’s Parsley 

Archaeophyte 

ssp. cynapium 

Fool’s Parsley 

Native 

Agrimonia eupatoria L. Agrimony Native 

Agrimonia procera Wallr. Fragrant Agrimony Native 

Agrostemma githago L. Corncockle Archaeophyte and 

latterly an introduced 

casual 

Agrostis canina L. Velvet Bent Native 

Agrostis capillaris L. Common Bent Native 

Agrostis castellana Boiss. & Reut. Highland Bent Introduced naturalised 

Agrostis gigantea Roth Black Bent Archaeophyte 

Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw. 

Creeping Bent Native 

var. stolonifera 

Native 

Aira caryophyllea L. 

Silver Hair-grass Native 

ssp. multiculmis (Dumort.) Bonnier & Layens 

Native? 

Aira praecox L. Early Hair-grass Native 

Ajuga reptans L. Bugle Native 

Alcea rosea L. Hollyhock Introduced naturalised 

Alchemilla filicaulis Buser ssp. vestita (Buser) M.E. Bradshaw Hairy Lady’s-mantle Native, extinct 

Alchemilla mollis (Buser) Rothm. Soft Lady’s-mantle Introduced naturalised 

Alisma lanceolatum With. Narrow-leaved Water-plantain Native 

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Water-plantain Native 

Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande Garlic Mustard Native 

Allium oleraceum L. Field Garlic Native? 

Allium roseum L. Rosy Garlic Introduced naturalised 

Allium ursinum L. Ramsons Native 

Allium vineale L. Wild Onion Native 

Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby Italian Alder Introduced survivor, 

rarely naturalised 

Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Alder Native and Introduced 

Alnus incana (L.) Moench Grey Alder Introduced survivor

Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder Introduced survivor 

Alnus x hybrida A. Braun ex Rchb. Hybrid Alder Introduced survivor 

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Orange Foxtail Native 

Alopecurus geniculatus L. Marsh Foxtail Native 

Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. Black-grass Archaeophyte 

Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail Native 

Alopecurus x haussknechtianus Asch. & Graebn. A. geniculatus x aequalis Native 

Althaea officinalis L. Marsh-mallow Introduced naturalised 

Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. Small Alison Introduced casual 

Amaranthus blitum S. Watson Guernsey Pigweed Introduced casual 

Amaranthus bouchonii Thell. Indehiscent Amaranth Introduced casual 

Amaranthus caudatus L. Love-lies-bleeding Introduced casual 

Amaranthus cruentus L. Purple Amaranth Introduced casual 

Amaranthus hybridus L. Green Amaranth Introduced casual 

Amaranthus retroflexus L. Common Amaranth Introduced casual 

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Ragweed Introduced casual 

Anacamptis morio (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase Green-winged Orchid Native 

Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich. f. albiflora Fors.-Major 

Pyramidal Orchid Native 

f. pyramidalis 

Native 

Anagallis arvensis L. ssp. arvensis f. arvensis 

f. azurea Hyl. 

ssp. foemina (Mill.) Schinz & Thell. 

4 

Scarlet Pimpernel 

Blue Pimpernel 

Native 

Native 

Archaeophyte 

Anagallis tenella (L.) L. Bog Pimpernel Native 

Anchusa arvensis (L.) M. Bieb. Bugloss Archaeophyte 

Andromeda polifolia L. Bog-rosemary Native, extinct 

Anemone nemorosa L. var. nemorosa Wood Anemone Native 

Anemone ranunculoides L. Yellow Anemone Introduced naturalised 

Angellica sylvestris L. var. sylvestris Wild Angelica Native 

Anisantha diandra (Roth) Tutin ex Tzvelev Great Brome Introduced naturalised 

Anisantha madritensis (L.) Nevski Compact Brome Introduced casual 

Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski Barren Brome Archaeophyte 

Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. Mountain Everlasting Native, extinct 

Anthemis arvensis L. var. arvensis Corn Chamomile Archaeophyte 

Anthemis cotula L. var. cotula Stinking Chamomile Archaeophyte 

Anthemis tinctoria L. ssp. tinctoria Yellow Chamomile Introduced naturalised 

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernal-grass Native 

Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb. Bur Chervil Native 

Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. Garden Chervil Introduced casual 

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. Cow Parsley Native 

Anthyllis vulneraria L. ssp. polyphylla (DC.) Nyman 

Kidney Vetch Introduced naturalised 

ssp. vulneraria 

Native 

Antirrhinum majus L. Snapdragon Introduced casual 

Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv. Loose Silky-bent Archaeophyte 

Aphanes arvensis L. Parsley-piert Native 

Aphanes australis Rydb. Slender Parsley-piert Native 

Apium graveolens L. var. graveolens Wild Celery Native 

Apium inundatum (L.) Rchb. f. Lesser Marshwort Native, extinct 

Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. Fool’s-water-cress Native 

Aquilegia vulgaris L. Columbine Introduced naturalised 

Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Thale Cress Native 

Arabis caucasica Willd. ex Schltdl. Garden Arabis Introduced naturalised 

Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Hairy Rock-cress Native 

Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch Monkey Puzzle Introduced survivor 

Arctium lappa L. Great Burdock Native 

Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. ssp. minus 

Lesser Burdock 

Native 

ssp. pubens (Bab.) P. Fourn. 

Hairy Burdock 

Native 

Arctium nemorosum Lej. (perhaps recorded in error) Northern Burdock Native 

Arenaria leptoclados (Rchb.) Guss. Slender Sandwort Native 

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Sandwort Native

Aristolochia clematitis L. Birthwort Introduced naturalised 

Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. Horse-radish Introduced naturalised 

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P. Beauv. ex J. & C. Presl False oat-grass Native 

Artemisia absinthium L. Wormwood Archaeophyte 

Artemisia vulgaris L. var. coarctata Forselles Mugwort Archaeophyte 

Arum italicum Mill. ssp. italicum Italian Lords-and-ladies Introduced naturalised 

Arum maculatum L. Lords-and-ladies Native 

Asparagus officinalis L. Garden Asparagus Introduced naturalised 

Asperugo procumbens L. Madwort Introduced casual 

Asperula arvensis L. Blue Woodruff Introduced casual 

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. Black Spleenwort Native 

Asplenium ceterach L. Wall-rue Native 

Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Maidenhair Spleenwort Native 

Asplenium scolopendrium L. Hart’s-tongue Native 

Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D.E. Mey. Maidenhair Spleenwort Native 

Aster novi-belgii L. Confused Michaelmas-daisy Introduced naturalised 

Astragalus danicus Retz. Purple Milk-vetch Native, extinct 

Astragalus glycyphyllos L. Wild Liquorice Native 

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Lady-fern Native 

Atriplex hortensis L. Garden Orache Introduced casual 

Atriplex littoralis L. Grass-leaved Orache Native (halophyte) 

Atriplex patula L. Common Orache Native 

Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. Spear-leaved Orache Native 

Atropa belladonna L. var. belladonna Deadly Nightshade Native 

Aubretia deltoidea (L.) DC. Aubretia Introduced casual 

Avena fatua L. var. fatua 

var. glabrata Peterm. 

var. pilosa Syme 

5 

Wild-oat Archaeophyte 

Archaeophyte 

Archaeophyte 

Avena sterilis L. ssp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne Winter Wild-oat Introduced casual 

Avena strigosa Schreb. Bristle Oat Introduced casual 

Avenula pratensis (L.) Dumort. Meadow Oat-grass Native 

Avenula pubescens (Huds.) Dumort. Downy Oat-grass Native 

Azolla filiculoides Lam. Water-fern Introduced naturalised 

Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl. Lesser Water-plantain Native 

Ballota nigra L. ssp. meridionalis (Bég.) Bég. 

Black Horehound Archaeophyte 

var. mollissima Druce 

Archaeophyte 

Barbarea intermedia Boreau Medium-flowered Winter-cress Introduced naturalised 

Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. American Winter-cress Introduced casual 

Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton Winter-cress Native 

Bellis perennis L. f. perennis Daisy Native 

Berberis vulgaris L. Barberry Archaeophyte 

Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville Lesser Water-parsnip Native 

Betonica officinalis L. var. officinalis Betony Native 

Beta vulgaris L. ssp. maritima (L.) Arcang. 

Sea Beet 

Native (halophyte) 

ssp. vulgaris 

Root Beet 

Introduced casual 

Betula pendula Roth Silver Birch Native 

Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp. pubescens Downy Birch Native 

Betula x aurata Borkh. Hybrid Birch Native 

Bidens cernua L. Nodding Bur-marigold Native 

Bidens tripartita L. var. tripartita Trifid Bur-marigold Native 

Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds. Yellow-wort Native 

Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth Hard-fern Native, extinct? 

Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Sea Club-rush Native 

Borago officinalis L. Borage Introduced casual 

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort Native, extinct 

Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv. Stiff Brome Introduced casual 

Brachypodium pinnatum agg. Tor-grass aggregate Native 

Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv. Heath False-brome Native 

Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. Wood False-brome Native

Brassica elongata Ehrh. Long-stalked Rape Introduced casual 

Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Chinese Mustard Introduced casual 

Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. 

Oil-seed Rape 


ssp. rapifera Metzg. 

Swede 


Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch Black Mustard Native 

Brassica oleracea L. Cabbage Introduced casual 

Brassica rapa L. (subspecies not recorded) Turnip Archaeophyte or casual 

Briza media L. Quaking-grass Native 

Bromopsis erecta (Huds.) Fourr. Upright Brome Native 

Bromopsis ramosa (Huds.) Holub Hairy-brome Native 

Bromus commutatus Schrad. Meadow Brome Native 

Bromus hordeaceus L. ssp. hordeaceus 

Soft-brome Native 

ssp. longipedicellatus Spalton 

Native 

Bromus japonicus Thunb. Thunberg’s Brome Introduced casual 

Bromus lepidus Holmb. Slender Soft-brome Introduced naturalised 

Bromus racemosus L. Smooth Brome Native 

Bromus secalinus L. 

Rye Brome Introduced casual 

var. hirtus (F. Schultz) Aschers & Graebn. 


Bromus x pseudothominei P.M. Sm. Lesser Soft-brome Native 

Brunna macrophylla (Adams) I.M. Johnst. Great Forget-me-not Introduced naturalised 

Bryonia dioica Jacq. White Bryony Native 

Buddleja davidii Franch. Butterfly-bush Introduced naturalised 

Buddleja globosa Hope Orange-ball-tree Introduced survivor 

Bunias orientalis L. Warty-cabbage Introduced casual 

Bupleurum rotundifolium L. Thorow-wax Archaeophyte, extinct 

Bupleurum subovatum Link ex Spreng. False Thorow-wax Introduced casual 

Bupleurum tenuissimum L. Slender hare's-ear Native casual? 

Butomus umbellatus L. Flowering-rush Native 

Buxus sempervirens L. f. sempervirens Box Introduced naturalised 

Calamagrostis canescens (F.H. Wigg.) Roth Purple Small-reed Native 

Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth Wood Small-reed Native 

Calendula officinalis L. Pot Marigold Introduced casual 

Callitriche brutia Petagna ssp. hamulata (Kütz. ex W.D.J. Koch) O. 

Bolòs & Vigo 

Intermediate Water-starwort Native 

Callitriche obtusangula Le Gall Blunt-fruited Water-starwort Native 

Callitriche platycarpa Kütz. Various-leaved Water-starwort Native 

Callitriche stagnalis Scop. Common Water-starwort Native 

Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull Heather Native 

Caltha palustris L. var. palustris Marsh-marigold Native 

Calystegia pulchra Brummitt & Heywood Hairy Bindweed Introduced naturalised 

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. roseata Brummitt 

Hedge Bindweed Native 

ssp. sepium f. sepium 

Native 

Calystegia silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. ssp. disjuncta Brummitt Large Bindweed Introduced naturalised 

Calystegia x lucana (Ten.) G. Don C. sepium x silvatica - 

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz Gold-of-pleasure Introduced casual 

Campanula glomerata L. Clustered Bellflower Native 

Campanula latifolia L. Giant Bellflower Native 

Campanula rapunculoides L. Creeping Bellflower Introduced naturalised 

Campanula rotundifolia L. ssp. rotundifolia Harebell Native 

Campanula trachelium L. Nettle-leaved Bellflower Native 

Cannabis sativa L. Hemp Introduced casual 

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Shepherd’s-purse Archaeophyte 

Cardamine amara L. Large Bitter-cress Native 

Cardamine flexuosa With. Wavy Bitter-cress Native 

Cardamine hirsuta L. Hairy Bitter-cress Native 

Cardamine pratensis L. 

Cuckooflower Native 

‘Flore Pleno’ 

Native 

Carduus crispus L. ssp. multiflorus (Gaudin) Gremli. var. multiflorus Welted Thistle Native 

Carduus nutans L. Musk Thistle Native 

6

Stachys byzantina at Paxton Pits 

7 

Dipsacus laciniatus at Paxton pits 

Cerastium tomentosum at Paxton Pits

Carduus tenuiflorus Curtis Slender Thistle Native 

Carduus thoermeri Weinm. - Introduced casual 

Carduus x stangii H. Buek ex Nyman C. crispus x nutans Native 

Carex acuta L. Slender Tufted-sedge Native 

Carex acutiformis Ehrh. Lesser Pond-sedge Native 

Carex arenaria L. Sand Sedge Native casual 

Carex binervis Sm. Green-ribbed Sedge Native 

Carex caryophyllea Latourr. Spring Sedge Native 

Carex diandra Schrank Lesser Tussock-sedge Native 

Carex distans L. Distant Sedge Native 

Carex divulsa Stokes ssp. divulsa 

Grey Sedge 

Native 

ssp. leersii (F.W. Schultz) W, Koch 

Native 

Carex echinata Murray Star Sedge Native 

Carex elata All. Tufted-sedge Native 

Carex flacca Schreb. Glaucous Sedge Native 

Carex hirta L. Hairy Sedge Native 

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. Slender Sedge Native 

Carex leporina L. Oval Sedge Native 

Carex nigra (L.) Reichard Common Sedge Native 

Carex otrubae Podp. False Fox-sedge Native 

Carex pallescens L. Pale Sedge Native 

Carex panicea L. Carnation Sedge Native 

Carex paniculata L. Greater Tussock-sedge Native 

Carex pendula Huds. Pendulous Sedge Native 

Carex pilulifera L. Pill Sedge Native 

Carex pseudocyperus L. Cyperus Sedge Native 

Carex pulicaris L. Flea Sedge Native 

Carex remota L. Remote Sedge Native 

Carex riparia Curtis Greater Pond-sedge Native 

Carex spicata Huds. Spiked Sedge Native 

Carex sylvatica Huds. Wood Sedge Native 

Carex viridula ssp. brachyrrhyncha (Čelak.) B. Schmid 

ssp. oedocarpa (Andersson) B. Schmid 

ssp. viridula 

8 

Long-stalked Yellow-sedge 

Common Yellow-sedge 

Small-fruited Yellow-sedge 

Native 

Native 

Native 

Carex x evoluta Hartm. C. lasiocarpa x riparia Native 

Carex x pseudoaxillaris K. Richt. C. otrubae x remota Native 

Carlina vulgaris L. Carline Thistle Native 

Carpinus betulus L. wild type 

Hornbeam Native and introduced 

‘Fastigiata’ 


Carum carvi L. Caraway Introduced casual 

Castanea sativa Mill. Sweet Chestnut Introduced naturalised 

Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv. var. aquatica Whorl-grass Native 

Catalpa bignonioides Walter Indian Bean Introduced survivor 

Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E. Hubb. ssp. rigidum Fern-grass Native 

Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière 

Atlas Cedar 


f. glauca Beissn. 

Blue Atlas Cedar 


Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don Deodar Introduced survivor 

Cedrus libani A. Rich. Cedar-of-Lebanon Introduced survivor 

Centaurea calcitrapa L. Red Star-thistle Introduced casual 

Centaurea cyanus L. Cornflower Archaeophyte and 

casual 

Centaurea debeauxii Gren. & Godr. 

ssp. nemoralis (Jord.) Dostál var. nemoralis 

ssp. thuillieri Dostál var. thuillieri 

Chalk Knapweed 

Native 

Introduced naturalised? 

Centaurea cf. nigra L. Common Knapweed Native 

Centaurea scabiosa L. var. scabiosa Greater Kapweed Native 

Centaurea solstitialis L. Yellow Star-thistle Introduced casual 

Centaurium erythraea Rafn var. erythraea Common Centaury Native 

Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce Lesser Centaury Native

Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. Red Valerian Introduced naturalised 

Cerastium arvense L. Field Mouse-ear Native 

Cerastium diffusum Pers. Sea Mouse-ear Native (halophyte) 

Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. vulgare (Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet Common Mouse-ear Native 

Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Sticky Mouse-ear Native 

Cerastium semidecandrum L. Little Mouse-ear Native 

Cerastium tomentosum L. Snow-in-summer Introduced naturalised 

Ceratocapnos calviculata (L.) Lidén Climbing Corydalis Native 

Ceratophyllum demersum L. 

Rigid Hornwort Native 

var. apiculatum (Cham.) Asch. 

Native 

Ceratophyllum submersum L. Soft Hornwort Native 

Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange Small Toadflax Archaeophyte 

Chaerophyllum temulum L. var. temulum Rough Chervil Native 

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Parl. Lawson’s Cypress Introduced naturalised 

Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub Rosebay Willowherb Native 

Chara aculeolata Kütz. Hedgehog Stonewort Native 

Chara aspera Deth. ex Willd. Rough Stonewort Native 

Chara canescens Desv. & Lois. Bearded Stonewort Native 

Chara contraria A. Braun ex Kütz. Opposite Stonewort Native 

Chara curta Nolte ex Kütz. Lesser Bearded Stonewort Native 

Chara globularis Thuill. Fragile Stonewort Native 

Chara hispida L. Bristly Stonewort Native 

Chara virgata Kütz. var. barbata (U.Ganterer) J.C. van Raam 

var. virgata 

Delicate Stonewort Native 

Native 

Chara vulgaris var. longibracteata (Kütz.) J. Groves & Bull.-Webst. 

var. papillata Wallr. ex A. Braun 

var. vulgaris 

9 

Common Stonewort Native 

Native 

Native 

Chelidonium majus L. Greater Celandine Archaeophyte 

Chenopodium album L. Fat-hen Native 

Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. Good-King-Henry Archaeophyte 

Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi Strawberry-blite Introduced casual 

Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. Fig-leaved Goosefoot Archaeophyte 

Chenopodium hybridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot Archaeophyte 

Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad. ex W.D. Koch & Ziz Grey Goosefoot Introduced casual 

Chenopodium polyspermum L. Many-seeded Goosefoot Archaeophyte 

Chenopodium probstii Aellen Probst’s Goosefoot Introduced casual 

Chenopodium rubrum L. Red Goosefoot Native 

Chenopodium vulvaria L. Stinking Goosefoot Archaeophyte 

Cicerbita macrophylla (Willd.) Wallr. ssp. uralensis (Rouy) P.D. Sell Blue-sowthistle Introduced naturalised 

Cichorium intybus L. ssp. intybus Chichory Introduced naturalised 

Cicaea lutetiana L. Enchanter’s-nightshade Native 

Cirsium acaule Scop. Dwarf Thistle Native 

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. var. arvense 

var. horridum Wimm. & Grab. 

var. integrifolium Wimm. & grab. 

var. vestitum Wimm. & Grab. 

Creeping Thistle Native 

Native 



Cirsium dissectum (L.) Hill Meadow Thistle Native 

Cirsium eriophorum (L.) Scop. Woolly Thistle Native 

Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. var. palustre Marsh Thistle Native 

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. var. vulgare Spear Thistle Native 

Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl Great Fen-sedge Native 

Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd. Springbeauty Introduced naturalised 

Claytonia sibirica L. Pink Purslane Introduced naturalised 

Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC. Himalayan Clematis Introduced survivor 

Clematis vitalba L. Travellor’s-joy Native 

Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze Basil Thyme Native 

Clinopodium ascendens (Jord.) Samp. Common Calamint Native, extinct? 

Clinopodium calamintha (L.) Stace Lesser Calamint Native, extinct 

Clinopodium vulgare L. Wild Basil Native

Cochlearia danica L. Danish Scurvygrass Native (halophyte) 

Colchium autumnale L. Meadow Saffron Introduced naturalised 

Colutea arborescens L. Bladder-senna Introduced casual 

Comarum palustre L. Marsh Cinquefoil Native 

Conium maculatum L. Hemlock Archaeophyte 

Conopodium majus (Gouan) Loret Pignut Native 

Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur Larkspur Introduced naturalised 

Convallaria majalis L. Lily-of-the-valley Introduced survivor 

Convolvulus arvensis L. f. arvensis 

f. decarrhabdotus P.D. Sell 

f. decemvulnerus P.D. Sell 

f. notatus P.D. Sell 

f. pentarrhabdotus P.D. Sell 

f. perroseus P.D. Sell 

10 

Field Bindweed Native 

Native 

Native 

Native 

Native 

Native 

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist var. canadensis Canadian Fleabane Introduced naturalised 

Conyza floribunda Kunth var. floribunda 

var. linearifolia P.D. Sell 

Many-flowered Fleabane Introduced naturalised 

Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E. Walker Guernsey Fleabane Introduced casual 

Coriandrum sativum L. Coriander Introduced casual 

Cornus australis C.A. Mey. Southern Dogwood Introduced naturalised 

Cornus koenigii C.K. Schneid. Asian Dogwood Introduced survivor 

Cornus sanguinea L. Dogwood Native 

Cornus alba L. White Dogwood Introduced naturalised 

Cornus sericea L. Red-osier Dogwood Introduced naturalised 

Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Asch. & Graebn. Pampas-grass Introduced survivor 

Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. Bird-in-a-bush Introduced naturalised 

Corylus avellana L. Hazel Native 

Cotoneaster frigidus Wall. ex Lindl. Tree Cotoneaster Introduced naturalised 

Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne. Wall Cotoneaster 

Cotoneaster simonsii Baker Himalayan cotoneaster Introduced survivor 

Cotoneaster x suecicus G. Klotz Swedish Cotoneaster Introduced survivor 

Cotoneaster x watereri Excell Waterer’s Cotoneaster Introduced survivor 

Crassula helmsii (Kirk) Cockayne New Zealand Pigmyweed Introduced naturalised 

Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. Midland Hawthorn Native 

Crataegus monogyna Jacq. var. lasiocarpa (Lange) K.I.Chr. 

Hawthorn Introduced naturalised 

ssp. nordica Franco 

Native 

Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand. (and/or hybrids) Large-sepalled Hawthorn Introduced survivor 

Crataegus x media Bechst. Hybrid Hawthorn Native 

Crepis biennis L. Rough Hawk’s-beard Native 

Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. var. capillaris Smooth Hawk’s-beard Native 

Crepis nicaeensis Balb. French Hawk’s-beard Introduced casual 

Crepis setosa Haller f. Bristly Hawk’s-beard Introduced casual 

Crepis vesicaria L. ssp. taraxicifolia (Thuill.) Thell. ex Schinz & R. Keller 

var. taraxicifolia 

Beaked Hawk’s-beard Introduced naturalised 

Cruciata laevipes Opiz Crosswort Native 

Cryptomeria japonia (L. f.) D. Don ‘Elegans’ Japanese Red-cedar Introduced survivor 

Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. Dodder Native 

Cuscuta europaea L. Greater Dodder Native 

Cymbalaria muralis P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. ssp. muralis Ivy-leaved Toadflax Introduced naturalised 

Cynoglossum germanicum Jacq. Green Hound’s-tongue Native, extinct 

Cynoglossum officinale L. Hound’s-tongue Native 

Cynosurus cristatus L. Crested Dog’s-tail Native 

Cynosurus echinatus L. Rough Dog’s-tail Introduced casual 

Cyperus longus L. Galingale Introduced survivor 

Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link ssp. scoparius Broom Native 

Dactylis glomerata L. Cock’s-foot Native 

Dactyloctenium radulans (R. Br.) P. Beauv. Button-grass Introduced casual 

Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó ssp. fuchsii var. fuchsii Common Spotted-orchid Native 

Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó ssp. incarnata var. incarnata 

Early Marsh-orchid Native 

var. leucantha R.M. Bateman & Denholm 

Native

Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Druce) Soó Southern Marsh-orchid Native 

Dactylorhiza traunsteinerioides (Puglsey) R.M. Bateman & Denholm Narrow-leaved Marsh-orchid Native 

Dactylorhiza viridis (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase Frog Orchid Native, extinct 

Dactylorhiza x grandis (Druce) P.F. Hunt D. fuchsii x praetermissa Native 

Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC. Heath-grass Native 

Daphne laureola L. Spurge-laurel Native 

Datura stramonium L. 

Thorn-apple 


var. chalybaea W.D.J. Koch 

Purple-flowered Thorn-apple Introduced naturalised 

Daucus carota L. ssp. carota var. carota Wild Carrot Native 

Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Wavy Hair-grass Native 

Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. ssp. cespitosa 

Tufted Hair-grass 

Native 

ssp. parviflora (Thuill.) Dumort. ‘Lesser’ Tufted Hair-grass Native 

Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Flixweed Archaeophyte 

Dianthus barbatus L. Sweet-William Introduced casual 

Dianthus carthusianorum L. Carthusian Pink Introduced naturalised 

Dianthus deltoides L. Maiden Pink Native, extinct 

Digitalis purpurea L. Foxglove Native? and introduced 

Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Annual Wall-rocket Introduced naturalised 

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Perennial Wall-rocket Archaeophyte 

Dipsacus fullonum L. Wild Teasel Native 

Dipsacus laciniatus L. Cut-leaved teasel Introduced naturalised 

Dipsacus pilosus L. Small Teasel Native 

Dipsacus sativus (L.) Honck. Fuller’s Teasel Introduced casual 

Doronicum pardalianches L. Leopard’s-bane Introduced naturalised 

Dracunculus vulgaris Schott Dragon Arum Introduced naturalised 

Drosera anglica Huds. Great Sundew Native, extinct 

Drosera intermedia Hayne Oblong-leaved Sundew Native, extinct 

Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew Native, extinct 

Dryopteris affinis agg. Male-fern agg. Native 

Dryopteris borreri (Newman) Newman ex Oberh. & Tavel Borrer’s Male-fern Native 

Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs Narrow Buckler-fern Native 

Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray Crested Buckler-fern Native, extinct 

Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray Broad Buckler-fern Native 

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Male-fern Native 

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Cockspur Introduced naturalised 

Echium vulgare L. Viper’s-bugloss Native 

Elaeagnus x ebbingei Doorenbos f. ebbingei Hybrid Oleaster Introduced survivor 

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. Needle Spike-rush Native 

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. Common Spike-rush Native 

Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O. Schwarz Few-flowered Spike-rush Native 

Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. Slender Spike-rush Native 

Elodea canadensis Michx. Canadian Waterweed Introduced naturalised 

Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John Nuttall’s Waterweed Introduced naturalised 

Elymus caninus (L.) L. var. caninus Bearded Couch Native 

Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski f. aristata (Schum.) Beetle 

f. repens 

Common Couch Native 

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. American Willowherb Introduced naturalised 

Epilobium hirsutum L. var. hirsutum f. hirsutum Great Willowherb Native 

Epilobium montanum L. Broad-leaved Willowherb Native 

Epilobium obscurum Schreb. Short-fruited Willowherb Native 

Epilobium palustre L. Marsh Willowherb Native 

Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. Hoary Willowherb Native 

Epilobium tetragonum L. ssp. lamyi (F.W. Schultz) Nyman 

Square-stalked Willowherb Native 

ssp. tetragonum 

Native 

Epilobium x aggregatum Čelak E. montanum x obscurum Native 

Epilobium x dacicum Borbás E. parviflorum x obscurum Native 

Epilobium x erroneum Hausskn. E. hirsutum x montanum Native 

Epilobium x interjectum Smejkal E. montanum x ciliatum Native 

Epilobium x vicinum Smejkal E. obscurum x ciliatum Native 

11

Euphorbia hyberna at Little Paxton Sium latifolium at Woodwalton Fen 

Neottia ovata at Woodwalton Marsh Lonicera periclymenum var. hirsuta at Archer’s Wood 

12

Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz var. helleborine Broad-leaved Helleborine Native 

Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz Marsh Helleborine Native, extinct 

Epipactis purpurata Sm. Violet Helleborine Native 

Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail Native 

Equisetum fluviatile L. Water Horsetail Native 

Equisetum palustre L. Marsh Horsetail Native 

Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Great Horsetail Native 

Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. Winter Aconite Introduced naturalised 

Erica tetralix L. Cross-leaved Heath Native 

Erigeron acris L. Blue Fleabane Native 

Erinus alpinus L. Fairy Foxglove Introduced naturalised 

Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. Common Cottongrass Native, extinct 

Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe Broad-leaved Cottongrass Native, extinct 

Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. Mediterranean Stork’s-bill Introduced casual 

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. ssp. cicutarium Common Stork’s-bill Native 

Erodium crinitum Carolin Eastern Stork’s-bill Introduced casual 

Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Hér. Musk Stork’s-bill Native casual 

Erophila glabrescens Jord. Glabrous Whitlowgrass Native 

Erophila majuscula Jord. Hairy Whitlowgrass Native 

Erophila verna (L.) DC. Common Whitlowgrass Native 

Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz Hairy Rocket Introduced casual 

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Treacle-mustard Archaeophyte 

Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz Wallflower Introduced naturalised 

Eschscholzia californica Cham. Californian Poppy Introduced naturalised 

Euonymus europaeus L. f. europaeus 

Spindle Native 

f. intermedius (Gaudin) Borza 


Eupatorium cannabinum L. Hemp-agrimony Native 

Euphorbia amygdaloides L. ssp. amygdaloides 

Wood Spurge 

Native 

ssp. robbiae (Turrill) Radcl.-Sm. 

‘Turkish’ Wood Spurge 


Euphorbia characias L. ssp. characias Mediterranean Spurge Introduced survivor 

Euphorbia cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge Introduced naturalised 

Euphorbia exigua L. var. exigua Dwarf Spurge Archaeophyte 

Euphorbia helioscopia L. Sun spurge Archaeophyte 

Euphorbia hyberna L. Irish Spurge Introduced naturalised 

Euphorbia lathyris L. Caper Spurge Archaeophyte 

Euphorbia peplus L. Petty Spurge Archaeophyte 

Euphorbia platyphyllos L. Broad-leaved Spurge Archaeophyte 

Euphorbia stricta L. Upright Spurge Introduced naturalised 

Euphrasia nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr. var. nemorosa Common Eyebright Native 

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Buckwheat Introduced casual 

Fagus sylvatica L. f. latifolia Kirchn. 

f. pupurea (Aiton) C.K.Schneid. 

f. sylvatica 

13 

‘Large-leaved’ Beech 

Copper Beech 

Beech 



Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) Holub Russian-vine Introduced naturalised 

Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve Black Bindweed Archaeophyte 

Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. var. japonica Japanese Knotweed Introduced naturalised 

Festuca brevipila T. Tracey Hard Fescue Introduced naturalised 

Festuca filiformis Pourr. Fine-leaved Sheep’s-fescue Introduced naturalised 

Festuca ovina L. 

Sheep’s-fescue Native 

ssp. hirtula (Hack. ex Travis) M.J. Wilk. 

Native 

Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaudin 

Chewing’s Fescue 

Native 

ssp. rubra 

Red Fescue 

Native 

Ficaria verna Huds. ssp. fertilis (Lawalrée ex Laegaard) Stace 

ssp. ficariiformis (F.W. Schultz) B. Walln. 

ssp. verna 

Lesser Celandine Native 


Native 

Filago lutescens Jord. Red-tipped Cudweed Native casual 

Filago minima (Sm.) Pers. Small Cudweed Native 

Filago vulgaris Lam. Common Cudweed Native 

Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Meadowsweet Native

Filipendula vulgaris Moench Dropwort Native 

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. sativum (C. Presl) Bertol. Fennel Introduced naturalised 

Fragaria ananassa (Duchesne) Duchesne Garden Strawberry Introduced naturalised 

Fragaria vesca L. Wild Strawberry Native 

Frangula alnus Mill. Alder Buckthorn Native 

Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl ssp. oxycarpa (M. Bieb. Ex Willd.) Franco & 

Rocha Afonso f. purpurascens P.D. Sell 

Narrow-leaved Ash Introduced survivor 

Fraxinus excelsior L. f. angustifolia (Schella) P.D. Sell 

f. aurea (Pers.) Schelle 

f. diversifolia (Aiton) Lingelsh. 

f. excelsior 

f. multifoliolata P.D. Sell 

14 

Ash Introduced survivor 


Native? 

Native 

Native? and introduced 

Fraxinus ornus L. Manna Ash Introduced survivor 

Fritillaria meleagris L. f. albiflora Zahar. 

Fritillary Native? 

f. meleagris 

Native? 

Fritillaria imperialis L. Crown-imperial Introduced survivor 

Fumaria officinalis L. ssp. officinalis 

Common Fumitory Archaeophyte 

var. officinalis 

Archaeophyte 

ssp. wirtgenii (W.D.J. Koch) Arcang. 

Archaeophyte 

var. minor Hausskn. 

Archaeophyte 

Galanthus cf. elewesii Hook. f. Greater Snowdrop Introduced naturalised 

Galanthus nivalis L. f. nivalis 

Snowdrop Introduced naturalised 

f. pleniflorus P.D. Sell 


Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. Green Snowdrop Introduced naturalised 

Galega officinalis L. Goat’s-rue Introduced naturalised 

Galeopsis angustifolia Ehrh. ex Hoffm. Red Hemp-nettle Archaeophyte 

Galeopsis bifida Boenn. Bifid Hemp-nettle Native 

Galeopsis speciosa Mill. Large-flowered Hemp-nettle Archaeophyte 

Galeopsis tetrahit L. Common Hemp-nettle Native 

Galeopsis x ludwigii Hausskn. G. tetrahit x bifida Native 

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Gallant-soldier Introduced naturalised 

Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. Shaggy-soldier Introduced naturalised 

Galium aparine L. ssp. agreste P.D. Sell var. agreste 

‘Cushion’ Cleavers 

Native 

ssp. aparine 

Cleavers 

Native 

Galium album Mill. Hedge Bedstraw Native 

Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. Woodruff Introduced naturalised 

Galium palustre L. ssp. elongatum (C. Presl) Arcang. 

Great Marsh-bedstraw 

Native 

ssp. palustre 

Common Marsh-bedstraw Presence needs review 

ssp. tetraploideum A.R. Clapham 

‘Intermediate’ Marsh-bedstraw Native 

Galium parisiense L. Wall Bedstraw Native 

Galium saxatile L. Heath Bedstraw Native, extinct 

Galium tricornutum Dandy Corn Cleavers Archaeophyte 

Galium uliginosum L. Fen Bedstraw Native 

Galium verum L. var. verum Lady’s Bedstraw Native 

Galium x pomeranicum Retz. Hybrid Lady’s Bedstraw Native 

Gastridium ventricosum (Goudan) Schinz & Thell. Nit-grass Archaeophyte 

Genista tinctoria L. ssp. tinctoria Dyer’s Greenweed Native 

Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner ssp. amarella Autumn Gentian Native 

Geranium columbinum L. Long-stalked Crane’s-bill Native 

Geranium dissectum L. Cut-leaved Crane’s-bill Archaeophyte 

Geranium endressii J. Gay French Crane’s-bill Introduced naturalised 

Geranium lucidum L. Shining Crane’s-bill Introduced naturalised 

Geranium macrorrhizum L. Rock Crane’s-bill Introduced naturalised 

Geranium molle L. var. molle Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill Native 

Geranium pratense L. Meadow Crane’s-bill Native 

Geranium pusillum L. Small-flowered Crane’s-bill Native 

Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. albiflorum Schur 

Hedgerow crane’s-bill Introduced naturalised 

f. pyrenaicum 


Geranium robertianum L. ssp. robertianum 

Herb-Robert Native 

‘Album’ 

Introduced naturalised

Geranium rotundifolium L. Round-leaved Crane’s-bill Native 

Geranium sanguineum L. var. sanguineum Bloody Crane’s-bill Introduced naturalised 

Geranium versicolor L. Pencilled Crane’s-bill Introduced naturalised 

Geranium x oxonianum Yeo Druce’s Crane’s-bill Introduced naturalised 

Geum urbanum L. Wood Avens Native 

Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. Corn Marigold Archaeophyte 

Glechoma hederacea L. var. grandiflora H. Mart. 

Ground-ivy Native 

var. hederacea 

Native 

Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br. Floating Sweet-grass Native 

Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. Reed Sweet-grass Native 

Glyceria notata Chevall. Plicate Sweet-grass Native 

Glyceria x pedicillata F. Towns Hybrid Sweet-grass Native 

Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. Heath Cudweed Native 

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Marsh Cudweed Native 

Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. Opposite-leaved Pondweed Native 

Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. Chalk Fragrant-orchid Native, extinct 

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman Oak-fern Native 

Hedera colchica (K. Koch) K. Koch Persian Ivy Introduced naturalised 

Hedera helix L. f. helix 

Common Ivy 

Native 

f. pedata (Hibberd) Tobler 

Cv ‘Pedata’ 


Hedera hibernica (G. Kirchin.) Bean f. irica P.D. Sell Atlantic Ivy Introduced naturalised 

Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. Common Rock-rose Native, extinct 

Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke Introduced naturalised 

Helleborus foetidus L. Stinking Hellebore Introduced naturalised 

Helleborus viridis L. ssp. occidentalis (Reut.) Schiffn. Green Hellebore Native 

Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub var. echioides 

var. incisa P.D. Sell 

var. pratensis (Chevall.) DC. 

15 

Bristly Oxtongue Archaeophyte 



Heracleum mantegazzianum agg. Giant Hogweed Introduced naturalised 

Heracleum sphondylium L. ssp. sphondylium f. sphondylium Hogweed Native 

Hesperis matronalis L. Dame’s-violet Introduced naturalised 

Hieracium acuminatum Jord. Tall Hawkweed Native 

Hieracium diaphanum Fr. Dark-leaved Hawkweed Introduced naturalised 

Hieracium sabaudum L. f. sabaudum Autumn Hawkweed Native 

Hieracium spilophaeum Jord. ex Boreau Spotted Hawkweed Native? 

Hieracium umbellatum L. ssp. umbellatum var. commune Fr. Umbellate Hawkweed Native 

Hieracium vagum Jord. Glabrous-headed Hawkweed Native 

Hippophae rhamnoides L. Sea-buckthorn Introduced survivor 

Hippuris vulgaris L. Mare’s-tail Native 

Holcus lanatus L. Yorkshire-fog Native 

Holcus mollis L. Creeping Soft-grass Native 

Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Jess. ex Harz Wood Barley Native 

Hordeum jubatum L. Foxtail Barley Introduced casual 

Hordeum murinum L. ssp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev 

Wall Barley Introduced casual 

ssp. murinum 

Archaeophyte 

Hordeum secalinum Schreb. Meadow Barley Native 

Hordeum vulgare L. Six-rowed Barley Introduced casual 

Hottonia palustris L. Water-violet Native 

Humulus lupulus L. 

Hop 

Native 

‘Aureum’ 

Golden Hop 


Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. Spanish Bluebell Introduced naturalised 

Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm. Bluebell Native 

Hyacinthoides x massartiana Geerinck Hybrid Bluebell Introduced naturalised 

Hyacinthus orientalis L. Hyacinth Introduced casual 

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. Frogbit Native 

Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. Marsh Pennywort Native 

Hyoscyamus niger L. Henbane Archaeophyte 

Hypericum androsaemum L. Tutsan Introduced naturalised 

Hypericum calycinum L. Rose-of-Sharon Introduced naturalised

Hypericum hirsutum L. Hairy St John’s-wort Native 

Hypericum humifusum L. Trailing St John’s-wort Native 

Hypericum perforatum L. Perforate St John’s-wort Native 

Hypericum pulchrum L. Slender St John’s-wort Native 

Hypericum tetrapterum Fr. Square-stalked St John’s-wort Native 

Hypericum xylosteifolium (Spach) N. Robson Turkish Tutsan Introduced naturalised 

Hypericum x inodorum Mill. Tall Tutsan Introduced naturalised 

Hypochaeris radicata L. ssp. radicata Cat’s-ear Native 

Ilex aquifolium L. Holly Introduced naturalised 

Impatiens capensis Meerb. Orange Balsam Introduced naturalised 

Impatiens glandulifera Royle Indian Balsam Introduced naturalised 

Impatiens parviflora DC. Small Balsam Introduced naturalised 

Inula conyzae (Griess.) Meikle Ploughman’s-spikenard Native 

Inula helenium L. Elecampane Archaeophyte 

Iris foetidissima L. var. citrina Bromf. 

Stinking Iris Native? 

var. foetidissima 

Native 

Iris germanica L. Bearded Iris Introduced naturalised 

Iris pseudacorus L. var. pseudacorus Yellow Iris Native 

Isolepis fluitans (L.) R. Br. Floating Club-rush Native 

Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Br. Bristle Club-rush Native 

Juglans regia L. Walnut Introduced naturalised 

Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. Sharp-flowered Rush Native 

Juncus articulatus L. Jointed Rush Native 

Juncus bufonius L. Toad Rush Native 

Juncus bulbosus L. Bulbous Rush Native 

Juncus compressus Jacq. Round-fruited Rush Native 

Juncus conglomeratus L. var. conglomeratus 

Compact Rush Native 

var. subuliflorus (Drejer) Asch. & Graebn. 

Native 

Juncus effusus L. var. effusus Soft-rush Native 

Juncus inflexus L. Hard Rush Native 

Juncus subnodulosus Schrank Blunt-flowered Rush Native 

Juncus tenuis Willd. Slender Rush Introduced naturalised 

Juncus x diffusus Hoppe J. inflexus x effusus Native 

Kerria japonica (L.) DC. ‘Flore Pleno’ Kerria Introduced naturalised 

Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. Sharp-leaved Fluellen Archaeophyte 

Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. Round-leaved Fluellen Archaeophyte 

Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. Field Scabious Native 

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. Crested Hair-grass Native 

Laburnum anagyroides Medik. Laburnum Introduced naturalised 

Lactuca saligna L. Least Lettuce Native, extinct 

Lactuca serriola L. f. integrifolia (Gray) S.D. Prince & R.N. Carter Prickly Lettuce Archaeophyte 

Lactuca virosa L. f. lactucarii (Lamotte) P.D. Sell 

f. virosa 

Great Lettuce Native 

Lagarosiphon major (Ridl.) Moss ex V.A. Wager Curly Waterweed Introduced naturalised 

Lagurus ovatus L. 

Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek 

Hare’s-tail Introduced casual 

ssp. argentatum (Smejkal) Stace 

‘Variegated’ Yellow Archangel Introduced naturalised 

ssp. montanum (Pers.) Ehrend. & Polatschek var. montanum Yellow Archangel 

Native 

Lamium album L. White Dead-nettle Archaeophyte 

Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit Dead-nettle Archaeophyte 

Lamium hybridum Vill. Cut-leaved Dead-nettle Archaeophyte 

Lamium maculatum (L.) L. Spotted Dead-nettle Introduced naturalised 

Lamium purpureum L. var. incisum (Willd.) Pers. 

var. purpureum 

Red Dead-nettle Archaeophyte 

Lapsana communis L. ssp. communis Nipplewort Native 

Larix decidua Mill. European Larch Introduced naturalised 

Larix x marschlinsii Coaz Hybrid Larch Introduced naturalised 

Lathraea clandestina L. Purple Toothwort Introduced naturalised 

Lathyrus aphaca L. Yellow Vetchling Introduced casual 

16

Lemna spp., Spirodela polyrhiza and Hydrocharis 

morsus-ranae at Woodwalton Fen 

17 

Datura stramonium var. chalybaea at Paxton pits 

Galanthus nivalis f. nivalis at Holme Fen

Lathyrus latifolius L. var. latifolius Broad-leaved Everlasting-pea Introduced naturalised 

Lathyrus nissola L. Grass Vetchling Native 

Lathyrus palustris L. var. palustris Marsh Pea Native 

Lathyrus pratensis L. var. pratensis Meadow Vetchling Native 

Lathyrus sylvestris L. Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea Native 

Legousia hybrida (L.) Delarbre Venus’s-looking-glass Archaeophyte 

Lemna gibba L. Fat Duckweed Native 

Lemna minor L. Common Duckweed Native 

Lemna minuta Kunth Least Duckweed Introduced naturalised 

Lemna trisulca L. Ivy-leaved Duckweed Native 

Leontodon hispidus L. var. hispidus Rough Hawkbit Native 

Leontodon saxatilis Lam. Lesser Hawkbit Native 

Lepidium campestre (L.) W.T. Aiton Field Pepperwort Archaeophyte 

Lepidium coronopus (L.) Al-Shehbaz Swine-cress Archaeophyte 

Lepidium didymum L. Lesser Swine-cress Introduced naturalised 

Lepidium draba L. ssp. chalapense (L.) Thell. 

Hoary Cress Introduced naturalised 

ssp. draba 


Lepidium heterophyllum Benth. Smith’s Pepperwort Native 

Lepidium latifolium L. Dittander Native 

Lepidium ruderale L. Narrow-leaved Pepperwort Archaeophyte 

Lepidium sativum L. Garden Cress Introduced casual 

Lepidium virginicum L. Least Pepperwort Introduced casual 

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. ssp. vulgare var. vulgare Oxeye Daisy Native 

Leucanthemum x superbum (Bergmans ex J.W. Ingram) D.H. Kent Shasta Daisy Introduced naturalised 

Leucojum aestivum L. Summer Snowflake Introduced naturalised 

Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. f. aureum (Carrière) Rehder 

Garden Privet Introduced naturalised 

f. ovalifolium 


Ligustrum vulgare L. var. vulgare f. vulgare Wild Privet Native 

Lilium martagon L. Martagon Lily Introduced naturalised 

Limosella aquatica L. Mudwort Native, extinct 

Linaria purpurea (L.) Mill. Purple Toadflax Introduced naturalised 

Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Pale Toadflax Introduced naturalised 

Linaria vulgaris Mill. Common Toadflax Native 

Linaria x sepium G.J. Allman L. repens x vulgaris Native casual 

Linum catharticum L. var. catharticum Fairy Flax Native 

Linum perenne L. ssp. anglicum (Mill.) Ockendon Perennial Flax Native and introduced 

Linum usitatissimum L. var. crepitans Flax Introduced casual 

Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. Fen Orchid Native, extinct 

Lithospermum arvense L. Field Gromwell Archaeophyte 

Lithospermum officinale L. Common Gromwell Native 

Lobelia erinus L. Garden Lobelia Introduced casual 

Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Sweet Alison Introduced casual 

Lolium multiflorum Lam. Italian Rye-grass Introduced naturalised 

Lolium perenne L. Perennial Rye-grass Native 

Lolium x boucheanum Kunth Hybrid Rye-grass Introduced naturalised 

Lolium temulentum L. Darnel Archaeophyte 

Lonicera nitida E.H. Wilson Wilson’s Honeysuckle Introduced naturalised 

Lonicera periclymenum L. var. hirsuta (Rouy) P.D. Sell Honeysuckle Native 

Lonicera pileata Oliv. Box-leaved Honeysuckle Introduced naturalised 

Lonicera tatarica L. Tartarian Honeysuckle Introduced naturalised 

Lotus corniculatus L. var. corniculatus 

var. sativus Hyl. 

Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil Native 

Lotus pedunculatus Cav. var. pedunculatus Greater Bird’s-foot-trefoil Native 

Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. Narrow-leaved Bird’s-foottrefoil 

Native 

Lunaria annua L. Honesty Introduced naturalised 

Luzula campestris (L.) DC. Field Wood-rush Native 

Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. ssp. congesta (Thuill.) Arcang 

ssp. multiflora 

18 

‘Congested’ Heath Wood-rush 

Heath Wood-rush 

Native 

Native

Luzula pallescens Sw. Fen Wood-rush Native 

Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd. Hairy Wood-rush Native 

Lycium barbarum agg. Duke of Argyll’s Teaplant agg. Introduced naturalised 

Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub Marsh Clubmoss Native, extinct 

Lycopus europaeus L. Gypsywort Native 

Lysimachia nemorum L. Yellow Pimpernel Native 

Lysimachia nummularia L. Creeping-Jenny Native 

Lysimachia punctata L. Dotted Loosestrife Introduced naturalised 

Lysimachia vulgaris L. Yellow Loosestrife Native 

Lythrum hyssopifolia L. Grass-poly Native 

Lythrum junceum Banks & Sol. False Grass-poly Introduced casual 

Lythrum portula (L.) D.A. Webb ssp. portula Water-purslane Native 

Lythrum salicaria L. Purple-loosestrife Native 

Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. Oregon-grape Introduced naturalised 

Malus pumila Mill. Apple Introduced naturalised 

Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. sens. str. 

Crab Apple Native 

‘pubescent sepals’ 

Native? 

Malus x purpurea (E. Barbier) Rehder Purple Crab Introduced survivor 

Malva moschata L. f. laciniatus (Desr.) Hayek 

f. heterophylla (Vis.) Hayek 

f. moschata 

19 

Musk-mallow Native 

Native 

Native 

Malva neglecta Wallr. Dwarf Mallow Archaeophyte 

Malva pusilla Sm. Small Mallow Introduced casual 

Malva sylvestris L. var. sylvestris Common Mallow Archaeophyte 

Malva x clementii (Cheek) Stace Garden Tree-mallow Introduced survivor 

Marrubium vulgare L. White Horehound Native and introduced 

Matricaria chamomilla L. Scented Mayweed Archaeophyte 

Matricaria discoidea DC. ssp. discoidea Pineappleweed Introduced naturalised 

Meconopsis cambrica (L.) Vig. Welsh Poppy Introduced naturalised 

Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. Spotted Medick Native 

Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill. Tattered Medick Introduced casual 

Medicago lupulina L. var. cupaniana (Guss.) Boiss. 

var. lupulina 

var. major G. Mey. 

Black Medick Introduced naturalised 

Native 


Medicago minima (L.) Bartal. Bur Medick Introduced casual 

Medicago polymorpha L. Toothed Medick Introduced casual 

Medicago praecox DC. Early Medick Introduced casual 

Medicago sativa L. ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang. 

Lucerne Introduced naturalised 

ssp. sativa 


Melampyrum cristatum L. Crested Cow-wheat Native 

Melampyrum pratense L. ssp. pratense Common Cow-wheat Native, extinct 

Melica uniflora Retz. Wood Melick Native 

Melilotus albus Medik. White Melilot Introduced naturalised 

Melilotus altissimus Thuill. Tall Melilot Archaeophyte? 

Melilotus indicus (L.) All. Small Melilot Introduced casual 

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. Ribbed Melilot Introduced naturalised 

Melissa officinalis L. Balm Introduced naturalised 

Mentha aquatica L. Water Mint Native 

Mentha arvensis L. Corn Mint Native 

Mentha pulegium L. Pennyroyal Native 

Mentha spicata L. Spear Mint Introduced naturalised 

Mentha x gracilis Sole Bushy Mint Introduced naturalised 

Mentha x piperita L. Peppermint Introduced naturalised 

Mentha x smithiana R.A. Graham Tall Mint Introduced naturalised 

Mentha x verticillata L. Whorled Mint Native 

Menyanthes trifoliata L. Bog-bean Extinct native? & 

introduced 

Mercurialis annua L. Annual Mercury Archaeophyte 

Mercurialis perennis L. Dog’s Mercury Native

Milium effusum L. Wood Millet Native 

Moehringia trinerva (L.) Clairv. Three-veined Sandwort Native 

Moenchia erecta (L.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey & Schreb. Upright Chickweed Native, extinct 

Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench ssp. arundinacea (Schrank) K. Richt. Purple Moor-grass Native 

ssp. caerulea 

Needs confirmation 

Monsonia brevirostrata R. Knuth Short-fruited Dysentery-herb Introduced casual 

Montia fontana L. ssp. chondrosperma (Fenzl) Walters Blinks Native 

Morus nigra L. Black Mulberry Introduced survivor 

Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker Garden Grape-hyacinth Introduced naturalised 

Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. Grape-hyacinth Introduced naturalised 

Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. Wall Lettuce Native 

Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill ssp. arvensis var. arvensis 

Field Forget-me-not Archaeophyte 

ssp. umbrata (Mert.) & W.D.J. Koch 

Native 

Myosotis discolor Pers. ssp. dubia (Arrond.) Blaise Changing Forget-me-not Native 

Myosotis laxa Lehm. Tufted Forget-me-not Native 

Myosotis ramosissima Rochel Early Forget-me-not Native 

Myosotis scorpioides L. Water Forget-me-not Native 

Myosotis secunda Al. Murray Creeping Forget-me-not Record dubious 

Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. var. culta Wood Forget-me-not Introduced naturalised 

Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench Water Chickweed Native 

Myosurus minimus L. Mousetail Native 

Myrica gale L. Bog-myrtle Native 

Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. Alternate Water-milfoil Native 

Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. Parrot’s-feather Introduced naturalised 

Myriophyllum spicatum L. Spiked Water-milfoil Native 

Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Whorled Water-milfoil Native 

Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. Sweet Cicely Introduced naturalised 

Narcissus agg. Daffodil agg. Introduced naturalised 

Narcissus poeticus L. ssp. poeticus Pheasant’s-eye Daffodil Introduced naturalised 

Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. var. humilis Pugsley Daffodil Introduced naturalised 

Narcissus x cyclazetta Chater & Stace ‘Tête à Tête’ Head-to-head Daffodil Introduced naturalised 

Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds. Bog Asphodel Native, extinct 

Nasturtium microphyllum (Boenn.) Rchb. Narrow-fruited Water-cress Native 

Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton Water-cress Native 

Nasturtium x sterile (Airy Shaw) Oefelein Hybrid Water-cress Native 

Neotinea ustulata (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase Burnt Orchid Native, extinct 

Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. Bird’s-nest Orchid Native 

Neottia ovata (L.) Bluff & Fingerh. Common Twayblade Native 

Nepeta cataria L. Cat-mint Archaeophyte 

Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Apple-of-Peru Introduced casual 

Nigella damascena L. Love-in-the-mist Introduced naturalised 

Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. Yellow Water-lily Native 

Nymphaea alba L. ssp. alba White Water-lily Native 

Nymphaea marliaceae Lat.-Marl. Coloured Water-lily Introduced naturalised 

Nymphoides peltata Kuntze Fringed Water-lily Native 

Odontites vernus (Bellardi) Dumort. ssp. serotinus (Syme) Corb. Red Bartsia Native 

Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. Fine-leaved Water-dropwort Native 

Oenanthe crocata L. Hemlock Water-dropwort Native 

Oenanthe fistulosa L. Tubular Water-dropwort Native 

Oenanthe fluviatilis (Bab.) Coleman River Water-dropwort Native 

Oenanthe lachenalii C.C. Gmel. Parsley Water-dropwort Native 

Oenanthe silaifolia M. Bieb. Narrow-leaved Waterdropwort 

Native 

Oenothera biennis L. Common Evening-primrose Introduced naturalised 

Oenothera glazioviana P. Micheli Large-flowered Eveningprimrose 


Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Sainfoin Introduced naturalised 

Ononis repens L. ssp. repens Common Restharrow Native 

Ononis spinosa L. Spiny Restharrow Native 

20

Onopordum acanthium L. Cotton Thistle Archaeophyte and 

casual 

Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Adder’s-tongue Native 

Ophrys apifera Huds. var. apifera Bee Orchid Native 

Ophrys insectifera L. Fly Orchid Native, extinct 

Orchis mascula (L.) L. Early Purple-orchid Native 

Oreopteris limbosperma (All.) Holub Lemon-scented Fern Native, extinct 

Origanum vulgare L. Wild Marjoram Native? and introduced 

Ornithogalum nutans L. Drooping Star-of-Bethlehem Introduced naturalised 

Ornithogalum pyrenaicum L. Spiked Star-of Bethlehem Native 

Ornithogalum umbellatum L. ssp. campestre Rouy Star-of-Bethlehem Native 

Ornithopus perpusillus L. Bird’s-foot Introduced casual 

Orobanche elatior Sutton Knapweed Broomrape Native 

Orobanche minor Sm. ssp. minor Common Broomrape Native 

Osmunda regalis L. Royal-fern Native 

Oxalis acetosella L. Wood Sorrel Native 

Oxalis articulata Savigny Pink-sorrel Introduced naturalised 

Oxalis corniculata L. var. atropurpurea Planch. Procumbent Yellow-sorrel Introduced naturalised 

Oxalis exilis A. Cunn. Least Yellow-sorrel Introduced naturalised 

Oxalis stricta L. Upright Yellow-sorrel Introduced casual 

Panicum miliaceum L. Common Millet Introduced naturalised 

Papaver argemone L. Prickly Poppy Archaeophyte 

Papaver atlanticum (Ball) Coss. Atlas Poppy Introduced naturalised 

Papaver dubium L. Long-headed Poppy Archaeophyte 

Papaver hybridum L. Rough Poppy Archaeophyte 

Papaver lecoqii Lamotte Yellow-juiced Poppy Archaeophyte 

Papaver rhoeas L. Common Poppy Archaeophyte 

Papaver somniferum L. ssp. somniferum wild type 

Opium Poppy Archaeophyte 

‘Flore Pleno’ 


Parapholis strigosa (Dumort.) C.E. Hubb. Hard-grass Native (halophyte) 

Parietaria judaica L. Pellitory-of-the-wall Native 

Paris quadrifolia L. Herb-Paris Native 

Parnassia palustris L. Grass-of-Parnassus Native, extinct 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia-creeper Introduced casual 

Pastinca sativa L. ssp. sylvestris (Mill.) Rouy & E.G. Camus Wild Parsnip Native 

Pedicularis palustris L. Marsh Lousewort Native 

Pedicularis sylvatica L. ssp. sylvatica Lousewort Native 

Pentaglottis sempervirens (L.) Tausch ex L.H. Bailey Green Alkanet Introduced naturalised 

Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre Amphibious Bistort Native 

Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp. Bistort Native?, extinct 

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre var. hydropiper Water-pepper Native 

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre Pale Persicaria Native 

Persicaria maculosa Gray Redshank Native 

Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz Small Water-pepper Native 

Persicaria mitis (Schrank) Assenov Tasteless Water-pepper Native 

Petasites fragrans (Vill.) C. Presl Winter Heliotrope Introduced naturalised 

Petasites hybridus (L.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. Butterbur Native 

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss Garden Parsley Introduced casual 

Petroselinum segetum (L.) W.D.J. Koch Corn Parsley Native 

Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. Phacelia Introduced casual 

Phalaris aquatica L. Bulbous Canary-grass Introduced naturalised 

Phalaris arundinacea L. var. arundinacea 

Reed Canary-grass 

Native 

var. picta L. 

Gardener’s-garters 


Phalaris canariensis L. Canary-grass Introduced naturalised 

Phalaris minor Retz. Lesser Canary-grass Introduced casual 

Phalaris paradoxa L. Awned Canary-grass Introduced naturalised 

Philadelphus coronarius L. Mock-orange Introduced survivor 

Philadelphus x virginalis agg. Hairy Mock-orange Introduced survivor 

Phleum bertolonii DC. Smaller Cat’s-tail Native 

21

Butomus umbellatus and Crassula helmsii at Cow Lane Pits Orchis mascula at Aversley Wood 

Helleborus foetidus at Paxton Pits Verbena bonariensis at Paxton Pits 

22

Phleum pratense L. Timothy Native 

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed Native 

Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. ssp. abies var. abies Norway Spruce Introduced naturalised 

Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière Sitka Spruce Introduced naturalised 

Picris hieracioides L. Hawkweed Oxtongue Native 

Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) F.W. Schultz & Sch. Bip. ssp. carpathicola 

(Nägeli & Peter) Soják 

Fox-and-cubs Introduced naturalised 

Pilosella officinarum F.W. Schultz & Sch. Bip. 

ssp. micradenia (Nageli & Peter) P.D. Sell & C. West 

ssp. officinarum 

23 

Mouse-ear-hawkweed 

Native 

Native 

Pilularia globulifera L. Pillwort Native, extinct 

Pimpinella major (L.) Huds. Greater Burnet-saxifrage Native 

Pimpinella saxifraga L. Burnet Saxifrage Native 

Pinguicula vulgaris L. Common Butterwort Native, extinct 

Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon ssp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchf. Lodgepole Pine Introduced survivor 

Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold ssp. nigra Austrian Pine Introduced survivor 

Pinus sylvestris L. Scot’s Pine Introduced naturalised 

Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. Branched Plantain Introduced casual 

Plantago coronopus L. 

Buck’s-horn Plantain Native (halophyte) 

Plantago lanceolata L. var. bakeri C.E. Salmon 

var. lanceolata 

var. latifolia Wimm. & Grab. 

Plantago major L. ssp. intermedia (Gilib.)Lange 

ssp. major 

Ribwort Plantain Introduced naturalised 

Native 

Native 

‘Hairy’ Greater Plantain 

Native 

Greater Plantain 

Native 

Plantago media L. var. media Hoary Plantain Native 

Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. Greater Butterfly-orchid Native 

Platanus x hispanica Mill. ex Münchh. London Plane Introduced survivor 

Poa angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Meadow-grass Native 

Poa annua L. f. annua Annual Meadow-grass Native 

Poa compressa L. Flattened Meadow-grass Native 

Poa humilis Ehrh. ex Hoffm. Spreading Meadow-grass Native 

Poa infirma Kunth Early Meadow-grass Native casual 

Poa nemoralis L. Wood Meadow-grass Native 

Poa palustris L. Swamp Meadow-grass Introduced naturalised 

Poa pratensis L. Smooth Meadow-grass Native 

Poa trivialis L. Rough Meadow-grass Native 

Polygala serpyllifolia Hosé Heath Milkwort Native 

Polygala vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris Common Milkwort Native 

Polygonum arenastrum Boreau Equal-leaved Knotgrass Archaeophyte 

Polygonum aviculare L. Knotgrass Native 

Polygonum rurivagum Jord. ex Boreau Cornfield Knotgrass Archaeophyte 

Polypodium interjectum Shivas Intermediate Polypody Native 

Polypodium vulgare L. Polypody Native 

Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Annual Beard-grass Introduced casual 

Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. Water Bent Introduced naturalised 

Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth Hard Shield-fern Native, extinct 

Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) T. Moore ex Woyn. Soft Shield-fern Native 

Populus alba L. White Poplar Introduced naturalised 

Populus nigra L. ssp. betulifolia (Pursh) Dippel 

‘Elegans’ 

‘Plantierensis’ 

Black Poplar 

Plantier’s Poplar 

Native 



Populus tremula L. Aspen Native 

Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook. Western Balsam-poplar Introduced naturalised 

Populus x canadensis Moench Canadian Poplar Introduced naturalised 

Populus x canescens (Aiton) Sm. Grey Poplar Introduced naturalised 

Populus x jackii Sarg. ‘Aurora’ Balm-of-Gilead Introduced naturalised 

Portulaca oleracea L. Common Purslane Introduced naturalised 

Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber Small Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton coloratus Hornem. Fen Pondweed Native

Potamogeton crispus L. Curled Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton friesii Rupr. Flat-stalked Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton gramineus L. Various-leaved Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton lucens L. Shining Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton natans L. Broad-leaved Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton pectinatus L. Fennel Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Perfoliate Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen Long-stalked Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton pusillus L. Lesser Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton trichoides Cham. & Schltdl. Hairlike Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton x angustifolius J. Presl. Long-leaved Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton x cooperi (Fryer) Fryer Cooper’s Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton x fluitans Roth P. natans x lucens Native 

Potamogeton x salicifolius Wolfg. Willow-leaved Pondweed Native 

Potamogeton x sparganiifolius Laest. ex Fr. Ribbon-leaved Pondweed Native 

Potentilla anglica Laichard. Trailing Tormentil Native 

Potentilla anserina L. Silverweed Native 

Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. ssp. erecta Tormentil Native 

Potentilla norvegica L. Ternate-leaved Cinquefoil Introduced naturalised 

Potentilla recta L. Sulphur Cinquefoil Introduced naturalised 

Potentilla reptans L. Creeping Cinquefoil Native 

Potentilla sterilis (L.) Garcke Barren Strawberry Native 

Poterium sanguisorba L. ssp. balearicum (Bourg. ex Nyman) Stace Fodder Burnet 


ssp. sanguisorba 

Salad Burnet 

Native 

Primula elatior (L.) Hill Oxslip Native 

Primula veris L. Cowslip Native 

Primula vulgaris Huds. Primrose Native 

Primula x digenea A. Kern. P. vulgaris x elatior Native 

Primula x media Peterm. P. veris x elatior Native 

Primula x polyantha Mill. wild type 

False Oxlip 

Native 

cultivars 

Polyanthus 


Prunella vulgaris L. f. leucantha (Schur) Hegi 

Selfheal Native 

f. vulgaris 

Native 

Prunus avium (L.) L. wild type 

Wild Cherry 


‘Plena’ 

Double Gean 


Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. var. cerasifera 

var. pissardii (Carrière) L.H. Bailey (including 

‘Nigra’) 

Prunus domestica L. ssp. domestica 

ssp. insititia (L.) Bonnier & Layens 

‘Shepherd’s Bullace’ 

24 

Cherry Plum 

Purple Cherry Plum 

Plum 

Bullace and Damson 






Prunus laurocerasus L. f. laurocerasus Cherry Laurel Introduced naturalised 

Prunus lusitanica L. Portugal Laurel Introduced naturalised 

Prunus padus L. Bird Cherry Introduced survivor 

Prunus serotina Ehrh. Rum Cherry Introduced survivor 

Prunus spinosa L. Blackthorn Native 

Pseudofumaria lutea (L.) Borkh. Yellow Corydalis Introduced naturalised 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ssp. aquilinum Bracken Native 

Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. ssp. distans Reflexed Saltmarsh-grass Native (halophyte) 

Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. Common Fleabane Native 

Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. Small Fleabane Native, extinct 

Pulmonaria officinalis L. Lungwort Introduced naturalised 

Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. Pasqueflower Native, extinct 

Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. Firethorn Introduced survivor 

Pyrus communis L. Pear Introduced naturalised 

Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd. ssp. pyraster Wild Pear Native 

Quercus cerris L. Turkey oak Introduced naturalised 

Quercus ilex L. Holm Oak Introduced naturalised 

Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. Sessile Oak Introduced naturalised

Quercus robur L. Pedunculate Oak Native 

Quercus x turneri Willd. Turner’s Oak Introduced survivor 

Ranunculus acris L. ssp. acris Meadow Buttercup Native 

Ranunculus aquatilis L. Common Water-crowfoot Native 

Ranunculus arvensis L. Corn Buttercup Archaeophyte 

Ranunculus auricomus L. Goldilocks Buttercup Native 

Ranunculus baudotii Godr. Brackish Water-crowfoot Record doubtful 

Ranunculus bulbosus L. Bulbous Buttercup Native 

Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. Fan-leaved Water-crowfoot Native 

Ranunculus flammula L. ssp. flammula var. flammula Lesser Spearwort Native 

Ranunculus fluitans Lam. River Water-crowfoot Native 

Ranunculus hederaceus L. Ivy-leaved Crowfoot Native 

Ranunculus lingua L. Greater Spearwort Native 

Ranunculus parviflorus L. Small-flowered Buttercup Native 

Ranunculus peltatus Schrank Pond Water-crowfoot Native 

Ranunculus repens L. Creeping Buttercup Native 

Ranunculus sardous Crantz Hairy Buttercup Native 

Ranunculus sceleratus L. Celery-leaved Buttercup Native 

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix Thread-leaved Water-crowfoot Native 

Raphanus raphanistrum L. ssp. raphanistrum 

var.ochroleucus (Stokes) Peterm. 

var. raphanistrum 

25 

Wild Radish 

Archaeophyte 

Archaeophyte 

Raphanus sativus L. Garden Radish Introduced casual 

Rapistrum rugosum (L.) Bergeret ssp. linnaeanum (Coss.) Rouy & 

Foucaud 

Bastard Cabbage Introduced naturalised 

Reseda lutea L. Wild Mignonette Native 

Reseda luteola L. Weld Archaeophyte 

Rhamnus cathartica L. var. cathartica 

Buckthorn Native 

var. schroeteri DC. 

Native 

Rheum x rhabarbarum L. Rhubarb Introduced naturalised 

Rhinanthus minor L. ssp. minor 

‘Common’ Yellow-rattle 

Native 

ssp. stenophyllus O. Schwarz 

‘Fen’ Yellow-rattle 

Native 

Rhododendron ponticum L. Rhododendron Introduced naturalised 

Rhus typhina L. Sumach Introduced naturalised 

Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl White Beak-sedge Native, extinct 

Ribes nigrum L. Black Currant Introduced naturalised 

Ribes rubrum L. Red Currant Native 

Ribes sanguineum Pursh Flowering Current Introduced naturalised 

Ribes spicatum E. Robson Downy Currant Introduced naturalised 

Ribes uva-crispa L. Gooseberry Introduced naturalised 

Robinia pseudoacacia L. False Acacia Introduced naturalised 

Rorippa amphibia (L.) Besser Great Yellow-cress Native 

Rorippa austriaca (Crantz) Besser Austrian Yellow-cress Introduced naturalised 

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser Marsh Yellow-cress Native 

Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser Creeping Yellow-cress Native 

Rorippa x anceps (Wahlenb.) Rchb. Hybrid Yellow-cress Native 

Rosa arvensis Huds. Field-rose Native 

Rosa canina L. group ‘Dumales’ 

Dog-rose Native 

group ‘Lutetianae’ 

Native 

group ‘Pubescentes’ 

Native 

group ‘Transitoriae’ 

Native 

Rosa micrantha Borrer ex Sm. Small-flowered Sweet-briar Native 

Rosa obtusifolia Desv. Round-leaved Dog-rose Native 

Rosa rubiginosa L. Sweet-briar Native and introduced 

Rosa rugosa Thunb. Japanese Rose Introduced naturalised 

Rosa sheradii Davies Sherard’s Downy-rose 

Rosa spinosissima L. Burnet Rose Introduced naturalised 

Rosa stylosa Desv. Short-styled Rose Native 

Rosa tomentosa Sm. Harsh Downy-rose Native

Rosa x andegavensis Bastard R. stylosa x canina Native 

Rosa x dumalis Bechst. R. canina x caesia Native 

Rosa x dumetorum Thuill. R. canina x obtusifolia Native 

Rosa x irregularis Déségl. & Guillon R. arvensis x canina Native 

Rosa x nitidula Besser R. canina x rubiginosa Native 

Rosa x rouyana Duffort ex Rouy R. arvensis x obtusifolia Native 

Rosa x scabriuscula Sm. R. canina x tomentosa Native 

Rosa x toddiae Wolley-Dod R. canina x micrantha Native 

Rubus adamsii Sudre A bramble Native 

Rubus adspersus Weihe ex H. Weber A bramble Native 

Rubus armeniacus Focke Himalayan Giant Introduced naturalised 

Rubus arrheniiformis W.C.R. Watson A bramble Native 

Rubus bucknallii J.W. White A bramble Native 

Rubus caesius L. Dewberry Native 

Rubus cardiophyllus Lefèvre & P.J. Müll. A bramble Native 

Rubus conjugens (Bab.) Rogers A bramble Native 

Rubus dasyphyllus (W.M. Rogers) E.S. Marshall A bramble Native 

Rubus eboracensis W.C.R. Watson A bramble Native 

Rubus echinatoides (Rogers) Dallman A bramble Native 

Rubus echinatus Lindley A bramble Native 

Rubus fruticosus L. agg. Brambles Predominantly native 

Rubus hindii A.L. Bull A bramble Native 

Rubus idaeus L. Raspberry Native 

Rubus insectifolius Lef. & P.J. Müll. A bramble Native 

Rubus leightonii Lees ex Leighton A bramble Native 

Rubus lindleianus Lees A bramble Native 

Rubus macrophyllus Weihe & Nees A bramble Native 

Rubus nemoralis P.J. Müll. A bramble Native 

Rubus nemorosus Hayne & Willd. A bramble Native 

Rubus newbridgensis W.C. Barton & Riddelsd. A bramble Native 

Rubus percrispus D. Allen & R.D. Randall A bramble Native 

Rubus pistoris W.C. Barton & Riddelsd. A bramble Native 

Rubus polyanthemus Lindeb. A bramble Native 

Rubus pruinosus Arrh. A bramble Native 

Rubus radula Weihe ex Boenn. A bramble Native 

Rubus raduloides (Rogers) Sudre A bramble Native 

Rubus rhombifolius Weihe ex Boenn. A bramble Native 

Rubus rudis Weihe A bramble Native 

Rubus rufescens Lef. & P.J. Müll. A bramble Native 

Rubus tuberculatus Bab. A bramble Native 

Rubus ulmifolius Schott Elm-leaved Bramble Native 

Rubus vestitus Weihe A bramble Native 

Rubus vigorosus P.J. Müll. & Wirtgen A bramble Native 

Rubus watsonii Mills A bramble Native 

Rumex acetosa L. ssp. acetosa Common Sorrel Native 

Rumex acetosella L. 

Sheep’s Sorrel Native 

ssp. acetosella 

Native 

Rumex conglomeratus Murray Clustered Dock Native 

Rumex crispus L. ssp. crispus Curled Dock Native 

Rumex hydrolapathum Huds. Water Dock Native 

Rumex maritimus L. Golden Dock Native 

Rumex obtusifolius L. Broad-leaved Dock Native 

Rumex palustris Sm. Marsh Dock Native 

Rumex pulcher L. Fiddle Dock Native 

Rumex sanguineus L. var. viridis Sibth. Wood Dock Native 

Rumex x pratensis Mert. & W.D.J. Koch R. crispus x obtusifolius Native 

Rumex x weberi Fisch.-Benz. R. hydrolapathum x obtusifolius Native 

Ruscus aculeatus L. Butcher’s-broom Introduced naturalised 

Sagina apetala Ard. Annual Pearlwort Native 

26

Iris foetidissima var. citrina at Godmanchester 

27 

Caltha palustris at Eynesbury 

Silene dioica by the Ellington Brook

Sagina filicaulis Jord. Slender Pearlwort Native 

Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl Knotted Pearlwort Native, extinct 

Sagina procumbens L. Procumbent Pearlwort Native 

Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Arrowhead Native 

Salix alba L. var. alba 

var. caerulea (Sm.) Sm. 

var. vitellina (L.) Stokes f. vitellina 

28 

White Willow 

Cricket-bat Willow 

Golden Willow 

Archaeophyte 

Archaeophyte 

Archaeophyte 

Salix aurita L. Eared Willow Extinct Native and 

introduced 

Salix caprea L. ssp. caprea Goat Willow Native 

Salix cinerea L. ssp. cinerea 

Grey Willow Native 

ssp. oleifolia Macreight 

Native 

Salix daphnoides Vill. European Violet-willow Introduced survivor 

Salix fragilis L. var. decipiens (Hoffm.) W.D.J. Koch 

Crack-willow 

Archaeophyte 

var. furcata Ser. ex Gaudin. 

Archaeophyte 

var. russelliana (Sm.) W.D.J. Koch 

Bedford Willow 

Archaeophyte 

Salix pentandra L. Bay Willow Introduced survivor 

Salix purpurea L. ssp. lambertiana (Sm.) Macreight 

Purple Willow Introduced naturalised 

ssp. purpurea 

Native 

Salix repens L. var. fusca Wimm. & Grab. Creeping Willow Native 

Salix triandra L. Almond Willow Archaeophyte 

Salix vimnalis L. var. linearifolia Wimm. & Grab. 

Osier Archaeophyte 

var. vimnalis 

Archaeophyte 

Salix x calodendron Wimm. Holme Willow Native 

Salix x holosericea Willd. Silky-leaved Osier Native 

Salix x mollissima Hoffm. ex Elwert Sharp-stipuled Willow Archaeophyte 

Salix x multinervis Döll S. cinerea x aurita Native 

Salix x pendulina Wender. Weeping Crack-willow Introduced survivor 

Salix x reichardtii A. Kern. S. caprea x cinerea Native 

Salix x rubens Schrank 

Hybrid Crack-willow Archaeophyte 

nothovar. basfordiana (Scaling ex S.J.A. Salter) Meikle 

Archaeophyte 

Salix x rubra Huds. Green-leaved Willow Native 

Salix x sepulchralis Simonk. nothovar. chrysosoma (Dode) Meikle Weeping Willow Introduced naturalised 

Salix x smithiana Willd. Broad-leaved Osier Native 

Salsola kali L. ssp. tragus (L.) Čelak. Spineless Saltwort Introduced casual 

Salvia pratensis L. Meadow Clary Introduced naturalised 

Salvia verbenaca L. ssp. horminioides (Pourr.) Nyman Wild Clary Native 

Salvia verticillata L. Whorled Clary Introduced casual 

Sambucus ebulus L. Dwarf Elder Archaeophyte 

Sambucus nigra L. f. aurea (Sweet) Schwer. 

Golden Elder 


f. laciniata (L.) Zabel 

Parsley-leaved Elder 


f. nigra 

Elder 

Native 

f. viridis (Weston) Schwer. 

Native 

Sambucus racemosa L. Red-berried Elder Introduced naturalised 

Samolus valerandi L. Brookweed Native 

Sanguisorba officinalis L. Great Burnet Native 

Sanicula europaea L. Sanicle Native 

Saponaria officinalis L. wild type Soapwort Archaeophyte 

Saxifraga granulata L. Meadow Saxifrage Native 

Saxifraga tridactylites L. Rue-leaved Saxifrage Native 

Scabiosa columbaria L. Small Scabious Native 

Scandix pecten-veneris L. Shepherd’s-needle Archaeophyte 

Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. Tall Fescue Native 

Schedonorus giganteus (L.) Holub Giant Fescue Native 

Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv. Meadow Fescue Native 

Schedonorus x fleischeri (Rohlena) Holub S. arundicaceus x giganteus Native 

Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla Common Club-rush Native 

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) Palla Grey Club-rush Native 

Schoenus nigricans L. Black Bog-rush Native, extinct 

Scleranthus annuus L. ssp. annuus Annual Knawel Native

Scorzoneroides autumnalis (L.) Moench Autumn Hawkbit Native 

Scrophularia auriculata L. Water Figwort Native 

Scrophularia nodosa L. var. nodosa Common Figwort Native 

Scutellaria galericulata L. Skullcap Native 

Securigera varia (L.) Lassen Crown Vetch Introduced naturalised 

Sedum acre L. Biting Stonecrop Native 

Sedum album L. White Stonecrop Archaeophyte 

Sedum dasyphyllum L. Thick-leaved Stonecrop Introduced naturalised 

Sedum forsterianum Sm. Rock Stonecrop Introduced naturalised 

Sedum rupestre L. Reflexed Stonecrop Introduced naturalised 

Sedum spectabile Boreau Butterfly Stonecrop Introduced naturalised 

Sedum spurium M. Bieb. Caucasian-stonecrop Introduced naturalised 

Sedum telephium L. Orpine Native 

Sempervivum tectorum L. Houseleek Introduced naturalised 

Senecio aquaticus Hill ssp. aquaticus var. aquaticus Marsh Ragwort Native 

Senecio erucifolius L. var. commune Rouy Hoary Ragwort Native 

Senecio sarracenicus L. Broad-leaved Ragwort Introduced naturalised 

Senecio jacobaea L. var. jacobaea Common Ragwort Native 

Senecio paludosus L. Fen Ragwort Native (re-introduced) 

Senecio squalidus L. ssp. rupestris (Waldst. & Kit.) P.D. Sell var. 

pinnatifidus (Vis.) P.D. Sell 

Oxford Ragwort Introduced naturalised 

Senecio sylvaticus L. var. sylvaticus Heath Groundsel Native 

Senecio viscosus L. Sticky Groundsel Native? 

Senecio vulgaris L ssp. vulgaris var. hibernicus Syme 

var. vulgaris 

Groundsel Native 

Senecio x albescens Burb. & Colgan S. cineraria x jacobaea Introduced naturalised 

Senecio x subnebrodensis Simonk. S. squalidus x viscosus Introduced casual 

Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz Wellingtonia Introduced survivor 

Serratula tinctoria L. var. tinctoria Saw-wort Native 

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Yellow Bristle-grass Introduced casual 

Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. Rough Bristle-grass Introduced casual 

Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Green Bristle-grass Introduced casual 

Sherardia arvensis L. Field Madder Native 

Silaum silaus (L.) Schinz & Thell. Pepper-saxifrage Native 

Silene coronaria (L.) Clairv. Rose Campion Introduced naturalised 

Silene dichotoma Ehrh. Forked Catchfly Introduced casual 

Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. Red Campion Native and introduced 

Silene flos-cuculi (L.) Clairv. Ragged-robin Native 

Silene gallica L. Small-flowered Catchfly Introduced casual 

Silene latifolia Poir. ssp. alba (Mill.) Greuter & Burdet White Campion Archaeophyte 

Silene noctiflora L. Night-flowering Campion Archaeophyte 

Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke ssp. vulgaris Bladder Campion Native 

Silene x hampeana Meusel & K. Werner Hybrid Campion Native 

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Milk Thistle Archaeophyte 

Sinapis alba L. ssp. alba White Mustard Archaeophyte 

Sinapis arvensis L. var. arvensis 

Charlock Archaeophyte 

var. orientalis (L.) W. D. J. Koch & Ziz. 

Archaeophyte 

Sison amomum L. Stone Parsley Native 

Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tall Rocket Introduced casual 

Sisymbrium irio L. London-rocket Introduced casual 

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. var. leiocarpum DC. 

Hedge Mustard Archaeophyte 

var. officinale 

Archaeophyte 

Sisymbrium orientale L. Eastern Rocket Introduced naturalised 

Sium latifolium L. Greater Water-parsnip Native 

Smyrnium olusatrum L. Alexander’s Archaeophyte 

Solanum dulcamara L. var. dulcamara Bittersweet Native 

Solanum lycopersicum L. Tomato Introduced casual 

Solanum nigrum L. ssp. nigrum var. nigrum Black Nightshade Native 

Solanum rostratum Dunal Buffalo-bur Introduced casual 

29

Solanum tuberosum L. Potato Introduced casual 

Soleirolia soleirolii (Req.) Dandy Mind-your-own-business Introduced naturalised 

Solidago canadensis L. Canadian Goldenrod Introduced naturalised 

Solidago gigantea Aiton ssp. serotina (O. Kuntze) McNeill Early Goldenrod Introduced naturalised 

Solidago virgaurea L. Goldenrod Native, extinct 

Sonchus arvensis L. ssp. arvensis Perennial Sowthistle Native 

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill ssp. asper var. asper 

Prickly Sowthistle Native 

ssp. glaucesens (Jord.) Ball 


Sonchus oleraceus L. var. oleraceus Smooth Sowthistle Native 

Sonchus oleraceus x asper Hybrid Sowthistle Native 

Sonchus palustris L. Marsh Sowthistle Native 

Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz Common Whitebeam Introduced survivor 

Sorbus aucuparia L. Rowan Introduced naturalised 

Sorbus intermedia (Ehrh.) Pers. Swedish Whitebeam Introduced survivor 

Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz Wild Service-tree Native 

Sparganium emersum Rehmann Unbranched Bur-reed Native 

Sparganium erectum L. ssp. erectum 

Branched Bur-reed Native 

ssp. neglectum (Beeby) K. Richt. 

Native 

Sparganium natans L. Least Bur-reed Native, extinct 

Spergula arvensis L. Corn Spurrey Native 

Spergularia marina (L.) Besser Lesser Sea-spurrey Native (halophyte) 

Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl Sand Spurrey Extinct native and 

introduced casual 

Spiraea salicifolia agg. Bridewort Introduced naturalised 

Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. Autumn Lady’s-tresses Introduced naturalised 

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid Greater Duckweed Native 

Stachys annua (L.) L. Annual Woundwort Introduced casual 

Stachys arvensis (L.) L. Field Woundwort Archaeophyte 

Stachys byzantina Lamb’s-ear Introduced naturalised 

Stachys palustris L. Marsh Woundwort Native 

Stachys sylvatica L. var. sylvatica Hedge Woundwort Native 

Stellaria alsine Grimm Bog Stitchwort Native 

Stellaria graminea L. Lesser Stitchwort Native 

Stellaria holostea L. Greater Stitchwort Native 

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Common Chickweed Native 

Stellaria neglecta Weihe var. decipiens E.S. Marshall 

var. elizabethae (F.W. Schulz) Bég. 

var. neglecta 

30 

Greater Chickweed Native 

Native 

Native 

Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Crép. Lesser Chickweed Native 

Stellaria palustris Ehrh. ex Hoffm. glaucous form 

green form 

Marsh Stitchwort Native 

Stratiotes aloides L. Water-soldier Extinct native and 

introduced naturalised 

Succisa pratensis Moench var. pratensis Devil’s-bit Scabious Native 

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake Snowberry Introduced naturalised 

Symphoricarpos x chenaultii Rehder Chenault’s Coralberry Introduced naturalised 

Symphytum grandiflorum DC. Creeping Comfrey Introduced naturalised 

Symphytum officinale L. ssp. bohemicum (F.W. Schmidt) Čelak 

‘Fen’ Comfrey 

Native 

ssp. officinale 

Common Comfrey 

Native 

var. ochroleucum DC. 

Common Comfrey 

Native 

Symphytum orientale L. White Comfrey Introduced naturalised 

Symphytum x hidcotense P.D. Sell ‘Hidcote Blue’ Hidcote Comfrey Introduced naturalised 

Symphytum x uplandicum Nyman Russian Comfrey Introduced naturalised 

Syringa vulgaris L. Lilac Introduced naturalised 

Tagetes minuta L. Southern Marigold Introduced casual 

Tamus communis L. Black Bryony Native 

Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. f. hortense (Schur) Beck 

Bachelor’s Buttons 


f. parthenium 

Feverfew 


‘Aureum’ 

Golden Feverfew 


Tanacetum vulgare L. Tansy Archaeophyte

Taraxacum agg. Dandelions Native and introduced 

Taraxacum acroglossum Dahlst. Broad-bracted Dandelion Introduced naturalised 

Taraxacum akteum Hagend., Soest & Zevenb. Hampshire Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum ancistrolobum Dahlst. Few-lobed Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum atactum Sahlin & Soest. Narrow-bracted Dandelion Native? 

Taraxacum anglicum Dahlst. English Dandelion Native, extinct? 

Taraxacum boekmanii Borgv. Bökman’s Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum brachyglossum (Dahlst.) Raunk. Purple-bracted Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum bracteatum Dahlst. Dark-green Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum cophocentrum Dahlst. Round-lobed Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum cordatum Palmgr. Entire-lobed Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum dilaceratum M.P. Christ. Lacerate-leaved Dandelion Introduced naturalised 

Taraxacum duplidentifrons Dahlst. Double-toothed Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum ekmanii Dahlst. Ekman’s Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum expallidiforme Dahlst. Broad-stalked Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum fulvum Raunk. Cinnamon-fruited Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum glauciniforme Dahlst. Many-toothed Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum haematicum G.E. Haglund ex H. Øllg. Wiezell. Blood-red Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum hamatulum Hagend., Soest & Zevenb. Slender Hook-lobed Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum hamatum Raunk. Hook-lobed Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum intumescens G.E. Haglund Red-tipped Dandelion Introduced naturalised 

Taraxacum laciniosifrons Wiinst. Hairy-stemmed Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum lingulatum Markl. Long-bracted Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum lacistophyllum (Dahlst.) Raunk. Cut-leaved Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum lucidum Dahlst. Long-bracted Dandelion Introduced naturalised 

Taraxacum oblongatum Dahlst. Oblong-leaved Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum ostenfeldii Raunk. Ostenfeld’s Dandelion Native? 

Taraxacum oxoniense Dahlst. Oxford Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum pannulatum Dahlst. Brown-ribbed Dandelion Introduced naturalised 

Taraxacum pseudohamatum Dahlst. False Hook-lobed Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum pseudoretroflexum M.P. Christ. Spur-lobed Dandelion Introduced naturalised 

Taraxacum richardsianum C.C. Haw. Richard’s Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum sellandii Dahlst. Selland’s Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum subhamatum M.P. Christ. Large Hook-lobed Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum subundulatum Dahlst. Complex-leaved Dandelion Native 

Taraxacum valens Markl. Reflex-bracted Dandelion Introduced naturalised 

Taraxacum vatisectum Markl. ex Paol. Crowded-lobed Dandelion Introduced naturalised 

Taxus baccata L. f. baccata 

Yew 


f. fasciculata (Lindl.) Pilger 

Irish Yew 


Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) W.T. Aiton Shepherd’s-cress Introduced casual 

Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. Yellow Oxeye Introduced naturalised 

Tephroseris palustris (L.) Fourr. ssp. congesta (R. Br.) Holub Marsh Fleawort Native, extinct 

Teucrium scorodonia L. Wood Sage Native 

Thalictrum flavum L. Common Meadow-rue Native 

Thelypteris palustris Schott Marsh-fern Native, extinct 

Thlaspi arvense L. Field Penny-cress Archaeophyte 

Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don Western Red-cedar Introduced survivor 

Thymus polytrichus A. Kern. ex Borbás ssp. britannicus (Ronniger) 

Kerguélen 

Wild Thyme Native 

Thymus pulegioides L. Large Thyme Native, extinct 

Thyselium palustre (L.) Raf. Milk-parsley Native, extinct 

Tilia cordata Mill. Small-leaved Lime Introduced naturalised 

Tilia platyphyllos Scop. ssp. cordifolia (Besser) C.K. Schneid. Large-leaved Lime Introduced naturalised 

Tilia x europaea L. Lime Introduced naturalised 

Tolypella glomerata (Desv.) Leonh. Clustered Stonewort Native 

Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link Spreading Hedge-parsley Archaeophyte 

Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. Upright Hedge-parsley Native 

Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Knotted Hedge-parsley Native 

Tragopogon porrifolius L. ssp. porrifolius Salsify Introduced naturalised 

31

Hottonia palustris at St Neots Common 

32 

Plantago major ssp. intermedia 

from Cow Lane Pits 

Ononis spinosa by Bullock Road

Tragopogon pratensis L. ssp. minor (Mill.) Wahlenb Goat’s-beard Native 

Tragus racemosus (L.) All. European Bur-grass Introduced casual 

Trifolium angustifolium L. Narrow-leaved Clover Introduced casual 

Trifolium arvense L. Hare’s-foot Clover Native 

Trifolium campestre Schreb. var. campestre Hop Trefoil Native 

Trifolium dubium Sibth. var. dubium Lesser Trefoil Native 

Trifolium fragiferum L. ssp. fragiferum Strawberry Clover Native 

Trifolium glomeratum L. Clustered Clover Introduced casual 

Trifolium hybridum L. ssp. hybridum Alsike Clover Introduced naturalised 

Trifolium incarnatum L. ssp. incarnatum Crimson Clover Introduced casual 

Trifolium medium L. Zigzag Clover Native 

Trifolium micranthum Viv. Slender Trefoil Native 

Trifolium ochroleucon Huds. Sulphur Clover Native 

Trifolium pratense L. var. pratense 

Red Clover 

Native 

var. sativum Afzel. 

‘Fodder’ Red Clover 


Trifolium repens L. var. repens White Clover Native 

Trifolium resupinatum L. Reversed Clover Introduced casual 

Trifolium striatum L. Knotted Clover Native 

Trifolium subterraneum L. var. oxaloides (Bunge ex Nyman) Rouy Subterranean Clover Introduced casual 

Trifolium tomentosum L. Woolly Clover Introduced casual 

Trichlochin palustris L. Marsh Arrowgrass Native 

Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip. Scentless Mayweed Archaeophyte 

Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. ssp. flavescens Yellow Oat-grass Native 

Triticum aestivum L. Bread Wheat Introduced casual 

Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock-spruce Introduced survivor 

Turritis glabra L. Tower Mustard Introduced casual 

Tussilago farfara L. Colt’s-foot Native 

Typha angustifolia L. Lesser Bulrush Native 

Typha latifolia L. Bulrush Native 

Ulex europaeus L. Gorse Native 

Ulmus glabra Huds. ssp. glabra Wych Elm Native 

Ulmus minor Mill. ssp. minor 

Small-leaved Elm 

Native 

ssp. sarniensis (C.K. Schneid.) Stace 

Jersey Elm 


Ulmus plotii Druce Plot’s Elm Native 

Ulmus procera Salisb. English Elm Native 

Ulmus x elegantissima Horw. ?U. glabra x plotii Native 

Ulmus x hollandica Mill. Dutch Elm Native 

Ulmus x vegeta (Loudon) Ley Huntingdon Elm Native 

Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy 

Navelwort Extinct native but 

record dubious 

Urtica dioica L. ssp. dioica 

Common Nettle 

Native 

ssp. galeopsifolia (Wierzb. ex Opiz) Chrtek 

Fen Nettle 

Native 

Urtica urens L. Small Nettle Archaeophyte 

Utricularia australis R. Br. Bladderwort Native, extinct 

Utricularia minor L. Lesser Bladderwort Native, extinct 

Utricularia vulgaris L. Greater Bladderwort Native 

Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert Cowherb Introduced casual 

Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Cranberry Native, extinct 

Valeriana dioica L. Marsh Valerian Native 

Valeriana officinalis L. ssp. collina (Wallr.) Nyman 

‘Limestone’ Valerian 

Native 

ssp. sambucifolia (J.C. Mikan ex Pohl) W.R. Hayw. Common Valerian 

Native 

Valerianella carinata Loisel Keeled-fruited Cornsalad Archaeophyte 

Valerianella dentata (L.) Pollich Narrow-fruited Cornsalad Archaeophyte 

Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr. Common Cornsalad Native 

Valerianella rimosa Bastard Broad-fruited Cornsalad Archaeophyte, extinct 

Verbascum blattaria L. Moth Mullein Introduced casual 

Verbasum nigrum L. Dark Mullein Native 

Verbasum phlomoides L. Orange Mullein Introduced naturalised 

Verbasum speciosum Schrad. Hungarian Mullein Introduced casual 

33

Vebascum thapsus L. Great Mullein Native 

Verbena bonariensis L. Argentinean Vervain Introduced casual 

Verbena officinalis L. var. officianalis Vervain Archaeophyte 

Veronica agrestis L. Green Field-speedwell Archaeophyte 

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Blue Water-speedwell Native 

Veronica arvensis L. 

Wall Speedwell Native 

var. polyanthos (Thuill.) Mathieu 

Native 

Veronica beccabunga L. Brooklime Native 

Veronica catenata Pennell Pink Water-speedwell Native 

Veronica chamaedrys L. Germander Speedwell Native 

Veronica filiformis Sm. Slender Speedwell Introduced naturalised 

Veronica hederifolia L. ssp. hederifolia 

Ivy-leaved Speedwell Archaeophyte 

ssp. lucorum (Klett & Richt.) Hartl 

Archaeophyte or native 

Veronica montana L. Wood Speedwell Native 

Veronica officinalis L. Heath Speedwell Native 

Veronica persica Poir. Common Field-speedwell Introduced naturalised 

Veronica polita Fr. Grey Field-speedwell Native 

Veronica scutellata L. var. scutellata Marsh Speedwell Native 

Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell Native 

Viburnum lantana L. var. glabratum Chab. 

Wayfaring-tree Introduced naturalised 

var. lantana 

Native 

Viburnum opulus L. f. opulus 

Guelder-rose 

Native 

f. roseum (L.) Hegi 

Snowball-tree 


Viburnum rhytidiophyllum Hemsl. Ex Forbes & Hemsl. Wrinkled Viburnum Introduced survivor 

Viburnum tinus L. Laurustinus Introduced survivor 

Viburnum trilobum Marshall American Guelder-rose Introduced survivor 

Vicia cracca L. var. cracca Tufted Vetch Native 

Vicia faba L. Broad Bean Introduced casual 

Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray Hairy Tare Native 

Vicia pannonica Crantz Hungarian Vetch Introduced casual 

Vicia parviflora Cav. Slender Tare Native 

Vicia sativa (L.) Ehrh. ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. 

Common Vetch Needs confirmation 

ssp. segetalis (Thuill.) Gaudin 

Native 

Vicia sepium L. var. sepium Bush Vetch Native 

Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb Smooth Tare Native 

Vicia villosa Roth Fodder Vetch Introduced casual 

Vinca major L. var. major f. major 

f. variegata (Loudon) P.D. Sell 

var. oxyloba (Boiss.) Stearn 

34 

Greater Periwinkle 

Variegated Greater Periwinkle 




Vinca minor L. Lesser Periwinkle Introduced naturalised 

Viola arvensis Murray Field Pansy Archaeophyte 

Viola canina L. ssp. canina 

Heath Dog-violet 

Native 

ssp. montana (L.) Hartm. 

‘Fen’ Dog-violet 

Native 

Viola hirta L. Hairy Violet Native 

Viola odorata L. var. dumetorum (Jord.) Rouy & Fouc. 

Sweet Violet Native 

var. imberbis (Leight.) Henslow 

Native 

var. odorata 

Native 

cf. var. subcarnea (Jord.) Parl. 

Native? 

Viola palustris L. Marsh Violet Native, extinct 

Viola persicifolia Schreb. Fen Violet Native 

Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau Early Dog-violet Native 

Viola riviniana Rchb. Common Dog-violet Native 

Viola tricolor L. ssp. tricolor Wild Pansy Native 

Viola x ritschliana W. Becker V. canina x persicifolia Native 

Viola x scabra F. Braun V. odorata x hirta Native 

Viola x wittrockiana Gams ex Kappert Garden Pansy Introduced casual 

Viscum album L. Mistletoe Native 

Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray Squirreltail Fescue Native 

Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel Rat’s-tail Fescue Archaeophyte 

Vulpia unilateralis (L.) Stace Mat-grass Native?

Wahlenbergia hederacea (L.) Rchb. Ivy-leaved Bellflower Native, extinct 

Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC. ‘Florida Variegata’ Weigelia Introduced survivor 

X Cuprocyparis leylandii (A.B. Jacks & Dallim) Farjon 

Leyland Cypress Introduced survivor 

‘Castlewellan Gold’ 


‘Haggerston Grey’ 


X Schedolium loliaceum Hybrid Fescue Native 

Xanthium spinosum L. Spiny Cocklebur Introduced casual 

Zannichellia palustris L. Horned Pondweed Native 

Zea mays L. Maize Introduced casual 

Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino Japanese Elm Introduced survivor 

35

Checklist of the flora of huntingdonshire (VC31)

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