THE WORLD CONFERENCE ON ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION
A Global Challenge - Society for Ecological Restoration
A Global Challenge - Society for Ecological Restoration
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<strong>THE</strong> <strong>WORLD</strong> <strong>C<strong>ON</strong>FERENCE</strong><br />
<strong>ON</strong> <strong>ECOLOGICAL</strong><br />
RESTORATI<strong>ON</strong><br />
<strong>C<strong>ON</strong>FERENCE</strong> ABSTRACT
ORGANIZERS<br />
Conference Secretariat<br />
di&co<br />
Paseo de Sagasta, 19. Entlo dcha<br />
50008 Zaragoza. Spain<br />
Phone Number: +34 976 211 748,<br />
Fax +34 976 212 959)<br />
secretariat@ecologicalrestoration.net<br />
Conference Scientific Secretariat<br />
Pyrenean Institute of Ecology-CSIC.<br />
Avd. Montañana, 1005, Apdo. 202<br />
50. 080 - Zaragoza. Spain<br />
http://www.ipe.csic.es<br />
Chairperson:<br />
Prof. Francisco A. Comín, comin@ipe.cisic.es<br />
Coordinator:<br />
Dr. Mercedes García, sericonference2005@ipe.csic.es<br />
Society for Ecological Restoration International http://www.ser.org<br />
285 W. 18th St., #1, Tucson, AZ 85701, Ph nº: 520-622-5485, F:520-622-5491<br />
Chair<br />
Keith Bowers, kbowers@biohabitats.com<br />
Treasurer<br />
Steve Patterson, spatterson5000@earthlink.net<br />
Secretary<br />
Karen rodríguez, rodriguez.karen@epa.gov<br />
Asia/pacific representative<br />
Kingsley Dixon, kdixon@bgpa.wa.gov.au<br />
Euro-mediterranean representative<br />
Jim Harris, j.a.harris@cranfield.ac.uk<br />
Latin america/caribbean representative<br />
Carolina Murcia, cmurcia@wcs.org<br />
Midwest us representative<br />
Bonnie Harper-Lore, Bonnie.Harper-<br />
Lore@fhwa.dot.gov<br />
Northeast us/canada representative<br />
John Munro, munroeco@verizon.net<br />
Northwest us representative<br />
Steve Moddemeyer, steve@moddemeyer.com<br />
Rocky mt./great plains representative<br />
Suzanne Tuttle, Suzanne.Tuttle@fortworthgov.org<br />
Southeast us representative<br />
David Borland, dwborland@att.net<br />
Western us representative<br />
Cindy Roessler, skantics@comcast.net<br />
Representative-at-large<br />
George Gann, gann@regionalconservation.org<br />
Representative-at-large<br />
Bill Halvorson, halvor@srnr.arizona.edu<br />
Representative-at-large<br />
Lucinda Jackson, LUAJ@chevrontexaco.com<br />
Representative-at-large<br />
Rudy van Diggelen, r.v.diggelen@biol.rug.nl<br />
Representative-at-large<br />
Al Unwin - Niagara Collage,<br />
aunwin@niagarac.on.ca<br />
Representative-at-large<br />
Steve Whisenant, rangerider@mac.com<br />
Executive director: Mary Kay C. LeFevour, mkl@ser.org<br />
Membership Coordination: Jana Franz, jana@ser.org<br />
Director of comunication: Jack Reeves<br />
Development Associate: Judy Ciampoli, judy@ser.org<br />
Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza-CIHEAM http://www.iamz.ciheam.org<br />
Director<br />
Luis Esteruelas<br />
Department of Environment<br />
Mª Teresa Aguinaco, aguinaco@iamz.ciheam.org
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 3<br />
H<strong>ON</strong>OUR COMMITTEE<br />
SS. AA. RR. Los Príncipes de Asturias.<br />
Sra. Dña. Cristina Narbona. Minister of the Environment. Spain Government.<br />
Sr. D. Alfredo Boné. Consejero of the Environment. Aragón Government.<br />
Sr. D. Alberto Larraz. Consejero for Science, Technology and University. Aragón Government.<br />
Mr. Keith Bowers. President Society for Ecological Restoration International.<br />
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE<br />
Edith Allen. University of California. USA.<br />
Claude Amoros. University Claude Bernard. France.<br />
James Aronson. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. France.<br />
Francisco A. Comín. Pyrinean Institute of Ecology.CSIC. Spain.<br />
Kris Decleer. Institute for Nature Conservation. Belgium.<br />
Shivcharn Dhillion. Agricultural University of Norway Norway<br />
Diego García de Jalón. Politechnic University of Madrid. Spain<br />
Ab Grootjans. University of Groningen. The Netherlands.<br />
Stefan Halle. University of Jena. Germany.<br />
James Harris. Cranfield University. U.K.<br />
Jorge Herrera. CINVESTAV-IPN. Mexico.<br />
Richard Hobbs. Murdoch University. W. Australia.<br />
Eric Higgs. University of Victoria. Canada.<br />
Sven Jorgensen. Danish University Pharmaceutical Sciences. Denmark.<br />
Patrick Meire. University of Antwerp. Belgium.<br />
William J. Mitsch. Ohio State University. USA.<br />
Peter Poschlod. University of Regensburg. Germany.<br />
Karel Prach. University of South Bohemia. Czech Republik.<br />
Jose M. Rey-Benayas. University of Alcalá. Spain<br />
Anne Tolvanen. The Finnish Forest Research Institute. Finland<br />
Katalin Torok. Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Hungary.<br />
Ramon Vallejo. CEAM Foundation. Spain.<br />
Rudy van Diggelen. University of Groningen. The Netherlands.<br />
Steve Whisenant. Texas A&M University. USA.<br />
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE<br />
Chairperson: Francisco A. Comín. Pyrenean Institute of Ecology. CSIC. Spain.<br />
President SER-Europe: Rudy van Diggelen. Groningen. The Netherlands<br />
Secretary SER-Europe: Melinda Halassy. Budapest. Hungary.<br />
Past European Conference Chairperson: Katalin Törok. Budapest. Hungary<br />
SER International Executive Director: Mary. K. LeFevour. Tucson. USA<br />
SER International Conference Working Group: William L. Halvorson. Tucson. USA<br />
Director IAMZ-CIHEAM: Luis Esteruelas. Zaragoza. Spain.<br />
LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE<br />
Coordinator. Mercedes García. IPE-CSIC. Zaragoza.<br />
M Teresa Aguinaco. IAMZ-CIHEAM. Zaragoza.<br />
Miguel Alvarez. Environmental Sciences Center-CSIC. Madrid.<br />
Luis Balaguer. University of Madrid. Madrid.<br />
Alvaro Cabezas. IPE-CSIC. Zaragoza.<br />
Cecilia Ciancarelli. IPE-CSIC. Zaragoza.<br />
Jordi Cortina. University of Alicante. Alicante.<br />
Mª R. Luisa Dehesa. IPE-CSIC. Zaragoza.<br />
Mª Paz Errea. IPE-CSIC. Zaragoza.<br />
Belinda Gallardo Armas. IPE-CSIC. Zaragoza.<br />
Mª Begoña García. IPE-CSIC. Zaragoza.<br />
Jose Manuel García. IPE-CSIC. Zaragoza.<br />
Daniel Gómez. IPE-CSIC. Jaca. Huesca<br />
Eduardo González. IPE-CSIC. Zaragoza.<br />
Andy Green. Doñana Biological Station-CSIC. Sevilla<br />
Adela Lamana IPE-CSIC. Zaragoza.<br />
Margarita Menéndez. University of Barcelona.<br />
Barcelona.<br />
Sonia Moreno. IPE-CSIC. Zaragoza.<br />
Jose M. Nicolau. University of Alcalá. Madrid.<br />
Alfredo Ollero University of Zaragoza. Zaragoza.<br />
Cesar Pedrocchi. IPE-CSIC. Jaca. Huesca.<br />
Xavier Quintana. University of Girona.Girona.<br />
Ricardo Sorando. Asociación de Guías Laguna de<br />
Gallocanta. Zaragoza<br />
Fernando Valladares. Environmental Science Center-<br />
CSIC. Madrid.<br />
Regino Zamora. University of Granada. Granada.
Society for Ecological Restoration International<br />
2005 World Conference on Ecological Restoration<br />
Zaragoza, Spain, Europe 12-18 September 2005<br />
Preface<br />
This volume contains abstracts accepted for presentation at the 2005 World<br />
Conference on Ecological Restoration. They have been distributed in different<br />
sessions according to the appropriate conference program and the author’s<br />
specifications, as much as possible. The Conference Program includes global,<br />
landscape, ecosystem, habitat, population, social, economic, urban, damaged<br />
and contaminated sites, and technical aspects of environmental restoration, as<br />
well as symposia proposed and arranged by participants.<br />
Abstracts are arranged alphabetically in three groups (plenary, oral, and<br />
poster presentations) to facilitate organization. Texts have not been edited to<br />
respect original documents The name of each presenter is underlined. There is<br />
an author index at the end of the volume.<br />
Thanks are extended to the Local Organizing Committee, the Scientific Committee,<br />
and to SER International staff for help in evaluating the abstracts and<br />
planning the conference program. If there are questions or requirements related<br />
to this volume and scientific aspects of the conference, we remain at your<br />
disposition.<br />
Francisco A. Comín Mercedes García<br />
Chairman<br />
Coordinator<br />
2005 World Conference on Ecological Restoration
Tabla de contenidos<br />
Plenary Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<br />
Oral Presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<br />
Poster Presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175<br />
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
PLENARY SESSI<strong>ON</strong>S
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 11<br />
The Alexander River Restoration Project as a Bridge<br />
Between Israelis and Palestinians<br />
Amos Brandeis* and Rayeq Hamad**<br />
* Alexander River Restoration Administration, and RestorationPlanning Inc., Israel.<br />
amos-br@inter.net.il. www.RestorationPlanning.com<br />
** Water and Sewage Department, Tul Karem Municipality, Palestine.<br />
rayeqhamad@yahoo.com<br />
History is replete with examples of wars and conflicts related to water and<br />
rivers. The Alexander River Restoration Project, is a recent example of how a<br />
cross-border river can be an opportunity for cooperation between people who<br />
are in conflict, rather than the reason for the conflict. The Alexander River<br />
flows from the Palestinian city of Nablus, through Vadi Zaymar, up to the estuary<br />
of the Mediterranean Sea in Israel. It crosses under the separation wall in<br />
a large pipe, next to the Palestinian city of Tul Karem. The Alexander River<br />
Restoration Project, launched in Israel in 1995, is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary<br />
environmental project. The restored parts of the river, the ground water<br />
that both sides use for drinking, and the people who live on both sides of the<br />
wall suffered from the raw sewage which caused severe environmental and<br />
health problems. Since 1996 the brave local Palestinian and Israeli leaders<br />
from Tul Karem and Emek Hefer and their professional teams, have been cooperating<br />
on this environmental project. Two agreements, unique in nature,<br />
were signed, a joint plan was prepared, and with the assistance and mediation<br />
of the German government, works have been carried out to reduce the pollution.<br />
The rehabilitation of the sewage treatment ponds of Tul Karem was completed,<br />
and solved part of the severe environmental problems the people of Tul<br />
Karem face. Large scale plans remain for the coming years. The remaining<br />
question is: Can this unique cooperation between Israelis and Palestinians,<br />
which survived even during the most difficult times, be an example for a better<br />
future in the Middle East and elsewhere?<br />
Keywords: River restoration, joint environmental project, cross-border river,<br />
environmental cooperation, environmental conflicts, Alexander River.
12 Plenary Sessions<br />
The Value of a Restored Earth and its contribution to a<br />
sustainable and desirable future<br />
Dr. Robert Costanza<br />
Gund Institute of Ecological Economics, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural<br />
Resources, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-1708.<br />
Robert.Costanza@uvm.edu, http://www.uvm.edu/giee<br />
The environment is not a luxury good. The services provided by intact and<br />
functioning ecosystems contribute to human welfare and survival in innumerable<br />
ways, both directly and indirectly. These services, and the natural capital<br />
stocks that produce them, have been depleted and degraded by human actions<br />
to the point that the sustainability of the system is threatened. This paper discusses<br />
the dynamics and value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural<br />
capital from 1900 to 2000 and in two hypothetical futures: (1) a “business as<br />
usual” scenario and a “restored earth” scenario. The business as usual scenario<br />
assumes continued degradation of the earth’s natural capital, both by<br />
conversion to urban and achardt andy prince Joanne Woytek George R. Rumney,<br />
II Serry Simpson The Ferraro y Lori L. Winter jmiller Beverly Floyd prof.<br />
Sergio Vetrella Dr. Comp In addition the RE scenario assumes changes in<br />
management of the remaining agricultural, urban, and heavily managed natural<br />
systems to an adaptive management regime that is focused on maximizing<br />
ecosystem services while also enhancing agricultural productivity and urban<br />
quality of life. The social benefit-cost ratio of investing in a restored earth is estimated<br />
to be at least 100 to 1, and probably much higher. The RE scenario is<br />
also shown to provide a significantly higher sustainable quality of life than the<br />
BU scenario. Some paths to achieving the RE scenario are briefly discussed.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 13<br />
Spatial ecological solutions at different scales to mesh<br />
nature and people in urban changing regions so they<br />
both thrive. With examples from Barcelona to Boston<br />
and the world<br />
Richard T. T. Forman<br />
Harvard University, Harvard Design School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA<br />
Today's spreading city represents for civilization one of the great challenges of<br />
history. A concentrated population depends daily and fundamentally on natural<br />
resources either far away or in the surrounding urban region, which is the<br />
possible path of future expansion. The focus here is on highlighting spatial<br />
patterns in the urban region so that both natural systems and their human<br />
uses thrive long term.<br />
Common urban growth models are briefly evaluated from this perspective.<br />
Then a worldwide set of urban regions, differing in the arrangement of built<br />
and natural-resource area, is similarly evaluated. A land mosaic for the<br />
Greater Barcelona Region is presented as a case study. This highlights (a) an<br />
emerald network for nature, (b) diverse food areas, (c) a wide range of water-related<br />
issues, and (d) a wide range of development, industry, transportation and<br />
municipality issues. Land-use solutions that have wide applicability are emphasized.<br />
The other major focus for long-term success is the town or municipality within<br />
the urban region. Several approaches and case studies are briefly compared. A<br />
land mosaic for a town in the outer suburbs of Boston is presented as a case<br />
study. This highlights (a) a promising approach to think and act regionally, (b)<br />
a large-patch and major-corridor network for nature and agriculture, (c) an objective<br />
method to compare and rank highly diverse small special sites, and a<br />
25+ year record of active land protection for nature and people.<br />
To most people the urban region is beyond comprehension and its future defies<br />
optimism. Yet outlining a spatially focused vision where both nature and<br />
people thrive long term is doable. The urban region as a whole, the town or<br />
municipality within it, and natural systems with their human uses are keys to<br />
a better future.
14 Plenary Sessions<br />
Ecosystem Degradation and Restoration in the Western<br />
China<br />
Bojie FU, Guohua LIU, Yihe LU<br />
Key Lab. Of Systems Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese<br />
Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box2871, Beijing, 100085, China<br />
Western China covers 12 provinces with an area of about 6600 thousand<br />
squire kilometers accounting for about 68.8.3% territory of the whole country.<br />
The geomorphology patterns are unique constituting high mountains and deep<br />
river valleys, plateaus, and large basins. It can be divided into zones from middle<br />
temperate zone to peripheral tropical zone according to the latitudinal temperature<br />
gradient with additional two vertical zones of plateau temperate and<br />
sub-frigid zones. According to the humidity conditions, it varies from extreme<br />
arid to humid regions. Therefore, the natural ecosystem types are diverse<br />
along horizontal and vertical gradients. The latitudinal pattern of ecosystems<br />
from the south to north is tropical rain forest, sub-tropical evergreen broadleaf<br />
forest, temperate grassland, and temperate desert. Along the longitudinal<br />
direction from the east to west, there is temperate forest, temperate grassland,<br />
desert grassland, and desert. Arid valley shrub land, evergreen broad-leaf forest,<br />
deciduous broad-leaf forest, sub-alpine coniferous forest, sub-alpine<br />
shrub, sub-alpine grassland, sub-alpine meadow, and alpine sparse vegetated<br />
ecosystem distribute vertically along the elevation gradient of high mountains.<br />
There are 7 out of the 11 terrestrial biodiversity hotspots in western China.<br />
However, owing to the impacts of global environmental change, local environmental<br />
fragility, and high population and development pressures, many environmental<br />
problems have emerged as soil and water loss, desertification, ecological<br />
degradation of grasslands and forests, the shrinking of wetlands, soil<br />
saltification and alkalinization, and the loss of biodiversity. The natural driving<br />
factors of these problems are the extreme climatic conditions and the unique<br />
geomorphological conditions. The human factors include the rapid increase of<br />
population, the irrational reclamation of natural ecosystems, the uncontrolled<br />
use of water resources, over grazing, over cutting, poor land management, the<br />
unconsciousness of the environment, and the ignorance of the environmental<br />
laws. It is an urgent need to restore the degraded ecosystems under the national<br />
western development strategies. Multidisciplinary cooperation and<br />
multi-stakeholder participation are indispensable for this restoration campaign.<br />
The principles of the restoration include: 1) eco-regional and even site<br />
specific and problem oriented restoration; 2) natural succession based restoration;<br />
3) multi-objective and multi-measure restoration; 4) scientific and comprehensive<br />
planning based restoration; and 5) participation driven restoration.<br />
The success of the ecological restoration initiative in the western China depends<br />
on the establishment of a rational ecosystem management framework,<br />
which necessitate the enhancement of scientific research on the issues pertinent<br />
to ecological restoration.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 15<br />
Landscape Restoration in Some Tropical Biodiversity<br />
Hotspots<br />
David Lamb<br />
School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, Australia and IUCN Commission on<br />
Ecosystem Management<br />
Many of the world’s tropical biodiversity hotspots are also regions subject to extensive<br />
degradation. The degree of degradation has increased substantially in recent<br />
years. This has been caused by a variety of factors including agricultural<br />
clearing, uncontrolled logging, fuelwood collection and fires. However, a common<br />
underlying driver of degradation is rural poverty. This raises the dilemma of<br />
whether it is better to try to conserve the remaining biodiversity in these landscapes<br />
or, instead, to give priority to overcoming poverty. In theory restoration<br />
might seem to offer a chance of achieving both aims. But this can be difficult because<br />
trade-offs are involved. The “traditional” approaches to overcoming degradation<br />
and improving livelihoods include intensifying agriculture and reforesting<br />
with fast-growing exotic species. Such approaches can improve livelihoods in the<br />
short-term benefits but do little to conserve biodiversity and there is evidence<br />
that they may lower both ecological and economic resilience over the longer<br />
term. On the other hand, approaches that simply aim to restore the original<br />
ecosystems are equally unsuitable since they usually provide no improvement to<br />
human livelihoods within an appropriate time frame. There are some site-level<br />
interventions that represent a compromise between these two extremes. However,<br />
it is likely that trade-offs and compromises may be more easily achieved at a<br />
landscape scale. In the case of forested landscapes, key biophysical elements of<br />
the landscape mosaic that will affect the way restoration is approached include<br />
the amount of forest remaining, the degree of fragmentation and the amounts of<br />
secondary or regrowth forest that are present. These will influence how much reforestation<br />
might be needed to achieve certain biodiversity or functional outcomes<br />
and where this should be carried out. The key socio-economic factors that<br />
will affect the way restoration is approached will include land ownership patterns<br />
and tenure, farm size and farmer income (or degree of poverty), markets for<br />
forest goods and services and the range of other competing land uses a farmer<br />
might adopt. These will determine the attractiveness of reforestation, the type of<br />
reforestation that might be adopted and the rate at which it occurs. Restoration<br />
often occurs across landscapes in an unplanned ad hoc manner. The disadvantage<br />
of this is that each landholder makes a site-level decision based largely on<br />
local knowledge and without reference to the broader landscape or to what other<br />
landholders are or may be doing. Most cannot afford to undertake activities that<br />
restore biodiversity. Planned forest restoration at a landscape scale should provide<br />
an opportunity to improve conservation gains and increase overall livelihood<br />
benefits. Conservation theory does offer some directions for planning ways of fostering<br />
the recovery of biodiversity across landscape. However, the key dilemma is<br />
in devising means of integrating this with the aspirations and objectives of a variety<br />
of stakeholders who may differ in economic and political power as well as in<br />
their degree of dependency on the outcomes of the decisions made. I will discuss<br />
some of these issues as well as the constraints and opportunities for undertaking<br />
forest landscape restoration using several tropical examples.
16 Plenary Sessions<br />
Conservation, restoration and creation of wetlands: A<br />
global perspective<br />
William J. Mitsch<br />
Olentangy River Wetland Research Park. Ohio State University. Columbus. Ohio. USA<br />
Wetlands, rivers, and watersheds are being created restored around the world,<br />
often in urban areas or arid climates. There are major disadvantages of urban<br />
wetlands that include the difficulty to accommodate nature in areas where<br />
many humans are present, the perception that wetlands harbor threats to<br />
human health and comfort, and the inability to modify hydrology without significant<br />
infrastructure. The disadvantages of wetland restoration in arid climates<br />
are the lack of sufficient water and salinity problems. These disadvantages<br />
are balanced with the potential values that these wetlands potentially<br />
have to large populations. In arid climates, wetlands can be the very essence of<br />
sustaining life and culture. Wetland values accrue when there is a human population<br />
to receive those values. In that sense, wetland and watershed restoration<br />
could actually be more valuable in urban and arid settings than in humid<br />
non-urban regions where they are found in more abundance. Examples of<br />
urban wetland restoration in the USA and arid wetland restoration and conservation<br />
in the Mesopotamian Marshlands in Iraq and Okavengo Delta in<br />
Botswana will be presented.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 17<br />
Land use and bioenergy options: relevance for reducing<br />
net GHG emissions, meeting Kyoto targets, and<br />
restoring ecosystems<br />
Bernhard Schlamadinger<br />
Joanneum Research, Elisabethstrasse 5, 8010 Graz, Austria<br />
Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) plays a multiple role with<br />
respect to the global carbon cycle. Firstly, land use is a significant source of<br />
emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly from deforestation and degradation<br />
of forests and other ecosystems. Secondly, climate change affects<br />
ecosystem in different ways, depending on ecosystem, relative change of temperature<br />
and precipitation, and other factors. Thirdly, by protecting existing<br />
ecosystems from destruction, or enhancing carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems,<br />
such as through afforestation and reforestation, the increase of GHGs in<br />
the atmosphere can be slowed. And fourthly, the use of renewable biomass for<br />
energy generation and as a raw material for wood-based products can provide<br />
an important, indirect benefit to the atmosphere to the extent GHG emissions<br />
from energy systems, and energy intensive products, can be reduced. This<br />
presentation will provide an overview of how LULUCF activities are included in<br />
the Kyoto Protocol, what this means for the reporting needs of countries as<br />
part of their national GHG inventories, what experiences have been made so<br />
far under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), how biomass energy can<br />
help to meet Kyoto Protocol targets, and why the largest LULUCF emissions<br />
source – deforestation – is not yet being covered under the Protocol. There are<br />
three key differences between land-based carbon sequestration, and other<br />
means of reducing GHG emissions (such as energy efficiency or renewable energy):<br />
saturation, permanence, and the large areas involved in LULUCF (as opposed<br />
to point sources in energy systems). Also, methods for monitoring and<br />
estimating GHGs in land use are different than those for projects to reduce energy-related<br />
emissions. The presentation will give a brief introduction into national-level<br />
and project-level methodologies for monitoring carbon stock<br />
changes in the relevant carbon pools (especially biomass, dead wood, litter and<br />
soils). In many situations there are trade-offs and/or synergies between maximized<br />
carbon sequestration, bioenergy use, and environmental restoration or<br />
protection of ecosystems. Numerical model results will be used to illustrate<br />
some policy recommendations on how to maximize GHG benefits while also<br />
supporting restoration objectives. The Kyoto Protocol is only a first step towards<br />
addressing the climate change problem. Its key benefit is that it puts in<br />
place systems to monitor, estimate, limit, and trade pollution permits, and<br />
provides a signal to the key players (including industry, transportation, agriculture<br />
and others) that the environmental costs of emitting GHGs are now internalized<br />
and/or national policies to reduce emissions will be put in place. As<br />
we move into negotiations for a post-2012 climate agreement, i.e. the Kyoto<br />
Protocol expires, it will be important to enhance engagement of some key developing<br />
countries, e.g., by widening the inclusion of LULUCF in these countries,<br />
and particularly by addressing emissions from deforestation. Two countries<br />
have already made proposals how this could be done (Brazil and Papua<br />
New Guinea), and this will briefly be summarized in the presentation.
18 Plenary Sessions<br />
Carbon Exchange by Terrestrial Ecosystems and their feedbacks<br />
with the Climate System<br />
D. Papale & R. Valentini<br />
Università degli Studi della Tuscia. Viterbo Italy<br />
The current sink of carbon is a delicate balance between uptake of oceans and<br />
terrestrial biota and emissions from anthropogenic activities and land use<br />
changes.<br />
There are however no scientific evidences that such a sink strength will continue<br />
with the same magnitude and direction in the future. Across the globe<br />
there is great temporal and spatial variability in the rates and cumulated carbon<br />
exchanges by biomes due to temporal and spatial gradients in climate,<br />
available resources, plant structure and function, land use and soil development.<br />
Human activities, through modification of landscape patterns and socio<br />
– economic changes are also important driving forces of carbon uptake and<br />
release of terrestrial ecosystems. In this paper we address geographic variations<br />
in climate and vegetation affect net carbon exchange of terrestrial<br />
ecosystems and how likely climate changes could affect such processes. A<br />
mechanistic interpretation is provided by decomposing net ecosystem productivity<br />
(NEP) into its constituent componentsægross primary productivity and<br />
ecosystem respiration.
ORAL PRESENTATI<strong>ON</strong>S
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 21<br />
Towards a more safe environment: (4) Disposability of uranium by some clay<br />
sediments in Egypt<br />
Abd-Allah 1 S.M., O.M. El Hussaini 2 , R.M. Mahdy 2<br />
1 Soils Dept., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. Cairo, Egypt. P.o.Box 68 hadayek shoubra 1124, Cairo, Egypt.<br />
2 Nuclear Materials Authority, Cairo, Egypt<br />
Due to the increase concerns about the environmental pollution problems, it is so important in waste<br />
disposal management to perform an accurate exploration of geological barriers, which must be suitable<br />
for waste materials disposal. Clay sediments play an important role as natural adsorbents to immobilize<br />
heavy and nuclear metals contaminants.For the present study, the clay samples were collected from either<br />
clay exploitation localities or from nearby radioactive mineralization in Egypt. Obtained results indicated<br />
that uranium adsorption and desorption differ importantly in accordance with the source of clay<br />
sediment used. In addition, its adsorption increases by increasing uranium initial concentration. The obtained<br />
data were found to fit of Langmuir equation isotherms. Adsorption maxima (B) for uranium were<br />
high for Abu Tartur bentonite followed by El Hafafit vermiculite and was the least for Kalabsha kaolinite.<br />
However, the binding energy (b) that affects the adsorption process can be arranged in the opposite direction.<br />
Desorption of uranium by HCl, NaOH and tap water show clear ability of the different sediments to<br />
release uranium. This was a function of leaching solution and binding energy. Finally, the changes in the<br />
clay sediments through adsorption and desorption processes were investigated in detailed by I.R spectroscopy.<br />
Keywords: adsorption-desorption, clay sediments, I.R, nuclear, pollution, uranium.<br />
Mycorrhiza: a tool for forest restoration in calcareous soils<br />
Adjoud-Sadadou D., R. Halli-Hargas<br />
Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi-Ouzou. Faculté des Sciences biologiques et des Sciences agronomiques. Département de<br />
Biologie. Laboratoire Mycorhizes.BP 17 RP Tizi-Ouzou 15000. Algérie<br />
Toxicity of calcareous soils is well established. This lead to the existence of large stripped and damaged<br />
areas. In this study we suggest to use mycorrhizal seedlings inoculated with suitable calcicole strains of<br />
mycorrhizal fungi in reforestation programs for calcareous soils. The mycorrhizal symbioses are mutualistic<br />
associations between plants and fungi. It has been unequivocally demonstrated that these associations<br />
confer many benefits to the plant and allow their establishment under many unfavourable ecological<br />
conditions. Eucalyptus camaldulensis, a calcifuge species, growing in a patch of calcareous soil in the<br />
north of Algeria was examined for mycorrhizal status. Results revealed that all the trees were mycorrhizal.<br />
Samples of this soil, containing the mycorrhizal fungus symbionts, were taken down to a depth of<br />
25 cm. around the trees and pooled together. Then, it was divided into 2 parts and one of them was sterilized<br />
to eliminate all the soil inoculum. Seedlings belonging to 3 calcifuge Eucalyptus species were germinated<br />
in sterilized peat-perlite mixture (60-40 v/v). After two months of growth, they were transferred<br />
into pots filled with soil sterilized or not. All the seedlings transferred into sterilized soil grew very poorly,<br />
showed leaf clorosis or died. Seedlings transferred into non sterilized soil grew well. Observation of their<br />
root systems revealed typical mycorrhiza, arbuscular mycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza. It is obvious that<br />
the fungi which formed these mycorrhiza are calcicole strains, allowing seedlings of calcifuge Eucalyptus<br />
species to establish in such a calcareous soil.The information generated by this study should enable the<br />
nursery man to target which mycorrhizal fungi to select as suitable inoculant for calcifuge species in<br />
such calcareous soils.<br />
Keywords: Mycorrhiza. Reforestation. Calcareous soils. Calcifuge plant species.<br />
Restoring Atlantic wet dune slack habitats in an artificial recharge area<br />
Aggenbach 1 C.J.S., P.J. Stuyfzand 1,2 , M. Annema 3 , M.W.A. de Haan 1<br />
1 Water System Management Department, Kiwa Water Research, Nieuwegein, Netherlands<br />
2 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands<br />
3 Evides, Ouddorp, Netherlands<br />
In an Atlantic coastal dune area the effects of changes in artificial recharge using river water (AR),<br />
groundwater discharge and management, on wet dune slacks, were studied at 12 locations differing in<br />
AR (stopped, unchanged, increased). Most of these locations were sod cut and grazed, some were also<br />
mown. Plant species composition, groundwater levels, nutrients in standing crop, chemistry of topsoil<br />
and groundwater were monitored for several years. At locations where AR stopped, Cl - , Na + , SO 4 2- levels<br />
in the groundwater dropped and visa versa. At locations with increased AR locally thin rainwater bodies<br />
developed in the topsoil rising dissolution of calcium carbonates. At locations with increased and un-
22 Oral Presentations<br />
changed AR basiphilous, mesotrophic plant species recovered when groundwater levels were high during<br />
summer. At slacks isolated from infiltration channels restoration failed because of low groundwater levels.<br />
Some locations with lime-poor, organic topsoil are acidifying due to suboptimal hydrological conditions<br />
and partly decreased AR. The pattern of standing crop N/P-ratios revealed that locations influenced<br />
by AR were mostly N-limited, whereas other locations were P-limited. Although the P-load of river water<br />
decreased since 1991 by extended pretreatment, P-availability in AR-effected areas is still high. It is concluded<br />
that threatened dune slack vegetation can be restored in AR-areas when affected slacks are mown<br />
and in superficially decalcified slacks natural hydrology is restored and organic rich topsoil is removed.<br />
In AR-affected areas detailed design and management of the recharge and discharge regimes are crucial.<br />
Keywords: dune slack, artificial recharge, restoration, nutrient.<br />
Forest structure and diversity as a tool for restoration systems assessment<br />
Aguirre O., J. Jiménez, E. Treviño<br />
Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Linares, N. L., México<br />
Methods for defining structural attributes of forest ecosystems must be based on quantitative indices<br />
that lead to objective analysis of human influences or natural succession processes. The indices for characterizing<br />
structure and diversity of ecosystems allow a better reproduction of forest conditions in a given<br />
moment and of its evolution in time. They also allow the evaluation of sites condition in which restoration<br />
systems were applied. Such indices would have to be considered in addition to conventional variables<br />
such as diameter, height and basal area, in order to achieve a better description of the restored sites. The<br />
objective of this paper is the compilation of diverse quantitative variables to describe structural attributes<br />
from the arboreal stratum of the ecosystem, as well as different methods of inventory to obtain such indices,<br />
namely by sampling nearest neighbour information. These variables and attributes can be used to<br />
characterize modifications of diversity and structure resulting from restoration practices and to measure<br />
differences between ecosystems in time and space. For the evaluation of the species structure and diversity<br />
the indexes of Shannon H’, Species Profile A, Segregation S of Pielou and the Species Mingling index<br />
Mi are discussed. The Aggregation index R of Clark & Evans and the Contagion index Wi, were include in<br />
order to describe the horizontal structure of the ecosystem. Finally, for the characterization of the dimensional<br />
structure, the Homogeneity Coefficient H, and the indexes of Diameter Differentiation TDi, Height<br />
Differentiation THi and the tree attribute Dominance of Neighbours Ui were analyzed.<br />
Keywords: diversity, mingling, differentiation, restoration, Mexico.<br />
Restoration of disturbed aquatic ecosystem by artificial vegetation island (AVI)<br />
in oligo -meso trophic Lake Paro, Korea<br />
Ahn T.S. 1 , S.I. Choi 1 , J.H. Kim 1 , E.Y. Seo 1 , J.H. Park 2 , O.B. Kwon 2<br />
1 Dept. of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University. Chunchon. Korea<br />
2 ASSUM Ecological System Inc. Anyang. Korea<br />
After cut off of inflowing water from North Korea from 2001, the littoral zone of Lake Paro, an oligo -<br />
mesotrophic lake was perfectly diminished. Without the littoral zone, the fish community was disrupted.<br />
For restoration of littoral zone, a system with macrophytes on floating medium, called artificial vegetation<br />
island (AVI) was installed at the bay area. But the concentration of nutrients in lake water was not sufficient<br />
for plant growth. For overcoming this problem, medium which is suitable for bacterial attachment,<br />
bacterial growth and spreading roots of macrophytes was developed. In this medium, by the bacterial aggregation,<br />
the TN and TP were highly concentrated as 489 mg/l and 5 mg/l respectively. After launching<br />
1,800 m 2 of AVI in Lake Paro, the macrophytes, Iris (Iris ensata), Yellow iris (Iris pseudoacorus) and Reed<br />
(Phragmites communis) were well growing on that medium. Under the AVI, fishes were using the roots of<br />
macrophytes as spawning and hiding place and on the AVI, ducks were using the AVI as relaxing area<br />
and using the stem and leave of macrophytes as food. This solar energy based and self designed AVI can<br />
be used as alternative method for restoration of disturbed littoral zone.<br />
Keywords: artificial vegetation island, macrophyte growth, lake restoration, littoral zone.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 23<br />
Implications of rural-urban migration for forest restoration in Latin America<br />
Aide 1 T.M., H.R. Grau 2<br />
1 Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico<br />
2 LIEY, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina<br />
Rural-urban migration is one of the most important current demographic processes, in particular, in<br />
countries undergoing socioeconomic changes associated with globalization. In most regions, the lands<br />
that are being abandoned are in the mountains, in areas with steep slopes. These areas play a major role<br />
in determining watershed regimes including floods and the seasonality of water flow. The increase in vegetation<br />
cover by natural regeneration or restoration will help reduce erosion and floods, and at the same<br />
time provide habitat for many organisms. Given that demographic and socioeconomic changes appear to<br />
be as important as conservation efforts, we need to make a stronger effort to understand and incorporate<br />
these processes into forest management and conservation activities.<br />
Keywords: natural regeneration, abandoned agricultural lands, montane forest.<br />
Impact of long term application of wastewater on soil microbial biomass C and N<br />
and accumulation of bacteria of fecal origin<br />
Al-rashidi R., M. Rusan<br />
Land Management and Environment Department, College of Natural resources and Environment, Hashemite university,<br />
13115 Zarqa, Jordan<br />
In most countries of the Mediterranean region such as Jordan, there is an increasing and an urgent need<br />
to conserve and protect water resources. Water is a vital resource but a severely limited one in these countries.<br />
Consequently, the reuse of wastewater for agriculture is highly encouraged. The objectives of this<br />
study were to evaluate the cycling of C and N within the system through the determination of microbial<br />
biomass C and N and the health hazard that may associated with the using and handling of wastewater.<br />
Soil samples were taken from different sites from the Ramtha wastewater treatment plant. Sites that have<br />
been irrigated with wastewater for the last 17, 10, 4, and 1 years were identified and used as the sampling<br />
sites for this study. In addition, another two sites that have not been irrigated with wastewater were sampled<br />
as a control. From each location, soil samples were taken from several sites within each location, and<br />
at the following depths: 0-20, 20-40, and 20-60 cm. Microbial biomass was determined using chloroform<br />
fumigation technique and found to increase with increasing period of wastewater application. Results<br />
showed that microbial biomass as C was a lot higher than the microbial biomass as N. The bacteriological<br />
analysis showed that the total aerobic bacterial count of surface soil ( 0-20 cm) were higher in sites irrigated<br />
with wastewater for the last 10 and 17 years, suggesting that the use of this wastewater stimulate these<br />
microflora.The total coliforms ranged from 0.92x10 2 CFU/g to 17.0x10 2 CFU/g, while fecal coliform were<br />
less and only detected in sites irrigated with wastewater for the last 10 and 17 years.<br />
Keywords: Wastewater. Biomass. Coliforms.<br />
What is Forest Landscape Restoration? Some experiences and lessons learned<br />
from WWF's global portfolio of initiatives<br />
Aldrich M.<br />
Forest for Life Programme. WWF International. Avenue du Mont Blanc. 1196 Gland. Switzerland<br />
In response to the challenges of the continuing loss of forest cover and quality, with associated development<br />
as well as environmental problems in many parts of the world, WWF, working in collaboration with<br />
IUCN and other partners, has adopted a “Forest Landscape Restoration” approach, which is defined as “a<br />
process that aims to regain ecological integrity and enhance human wellbeing in deforested or degraded<br />
forest landscapes”. The concept of FLR is not a new idea. It builds on a number of existing rural development,<br />
conservation and natural resources management principles and approaches, bringing them together<br />
to restore multiple forest functions to degraded landscapes. WWF’s Forests for Life Programme is<br />
actively developing a learning portfolio of FLR initiatives in a number of countries and regions including<br />
the Mediterranean, East Africa and Madagascar, Atlantic Forests of Argentina and Brazil, New Caledonia,<br />
China and Indonesia. Although most of these initiatives are relatively young in terms of a restoration<br />
timescale, a number of interesting and useful lessons and experiences are starting to emerge related to<br />
planning, development and implementation. These include the need for a full and representative multistakeholder<br />
planning process, clear goals – both biodiversity and socio-economic and simple tools for<br />
tracking changes at the landscape level. Further aspects of work which warrant more focus include the<br />
role of FLR in carbon sequestration within the Clean Development Mechanism, and as a tool for engaging
24 Oral Presentations<br />
with Governments and the private sector to improve the multiple functions of forests in and around plantation<br />
holdings.<br />
Keywords: forest, landscape,WWF.<br />
New handbook on forest restoration in landscapes, and an update on the global<br />
partnership on forest landscape restoration<br />
Aldrich M.<br />
Forests for Life Programme. WWF International. Avenue du Mont Blanc. 1196 Gland. Switzerland<br />
In response to multiple requests for guidance, WWF has developed this book on how best to approach<br />
the restoration of forest functions in landscapes. The book is a compilation of short chapters, bringing together<br />
the expertise of over 60 specialists and practitioners. It offers simple, practical advice and examples<br />
from around the world, covering both temperate and tropical forests and is intended to outline current<br />
knowledge and examples, while highlighting outstanding gaps. The topics cover different stages in<br />
the restoration process, from planning through to negotiation and to specific restoration techniques that<br />
have proven effective or are currently being tested. Along with concise, practical information the handbook<br />
gives many suggestions for further research. Based on the experience of compiling this guide and<br />
the key lessons identified it also presents some ideas on an emerging decision-making framework to help<br />
guide implementation.The Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration was launched in March<br />
2003 by IUCN, WWF, and the UK Forestry Commission. It is a network of governments, organisations,<br />
communities and individuals who recognise the importance of forest landscape restoration and want to<br />
be part of a co-ordinated global effort. Main activities of the Partnership include: building momentum for<br />
restoration with decision-makers, the private sector, public and media. Facilitating partnerships and networking.<br />
Analysing experiences, highlighting opportunities, identifying obstacles and disseminating lessons<br />
learnt. Stimulating public and private investment in forest landscape restoration.<br />
Keywords: handbook, restoration, temperate and tropical forests.<br />
Long-term ecological monitoring and restoration of Piñon-Juniper wodlands at<br />
Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico, USA<br />
Allen C.D. 1 , K.L. Beeley 2 , B.F. Jacobs 2<br />
1 USGS Jemez Mountains Field Station, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA<br />
2 Bandelier National Monument, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA<br />
Woodlands of piñon (Pinus edulis) and one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) at Bandelier National<br />
Monument in northern New Mexico (USA) exhibit greatly accelerated rates of soil erosion, triggered by<br />
historic land use practices (livestock grazing and fire suppression). This erosion is degrading these woodland<br />
ecosystems and damaging thousands of archaeological sites in this national park unit. Researchers<br />
and land managers have teamed up to study erosion patterns and processes, and to experiment with<br />
restoration techniques. Restoration experiments and detailed monitoring of vegetation cover, tree growth<br />
patterns, and hydrological processes began during an unusually wet climatic period in the early 1990s.<br />
Severe drought conditions emerged in the late 1990s through 2003, resulting in major ecological changes<br />
in these woodland ecosystems, including massive dieback of dominant woody and herbaceous plants.<br />
Our long-term monitoring also showed hydrological changes in runoff and erosion patterns. Our primary<br />
restoration treatment (thinning and application of slash mulch) was demonstrated to be an effective remediation<br />
technique for increasing herbaceous cover, stabilizing soils, and supporting surface fire. Monitoring<br />
shows that the restoration treatment also increases the resiliency of vegetation to drought effects.<br />
Long-term monitoring is essential to distinguish short-term variability from longer term trends, particularly<br />
in highly dynamic ecosystems. The value of long-term ecological monitoring data is enhanced<br />
through linkages to larger networks, allowing local contributions to even global change-scaled issues.<br />
Keywords: long-term monitoring, woodland restoration, erosion, drought effects.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 25<br />
Ecological restoration under a changing environment: atmospheric nitrogen<br />
deposition and biological invasions<br />
Allen E.B.<br />
Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, USA<br />
Southern California shrublands are subject to anthropogenic N deposition, primarily from automobile<br />
emissions, with levels up to 30 kg N ha -1 yr -1 . In addition, coastal sage scrub has been invaded by an understory<br />
of Mediterranean annual grasses that increases flammability, promoting an increased frequency<br />
of fire. Observations along an urban-to-rural N deposition gradient showed a loss of diversity of native<br />
forb species from 67 to 16 species per ha, and an increase in exotic grass cover from 1% to 70%. Longterm<br />
N fertilizer studies in a site with low N deposition confirmed the relationship between elevated soil N<br />
and decline of native vegetation; after 10 years of N fertilization the native species began to decline in<br />
abundance even without fire, with a concomitant increase in exotic grass cover. Restored stands of native<br />
shrublands typically have an understory of exotic grasses, but these are comparable to local undisturbed<br />
stands that also have weedy understories. However, both restored and natural stands are intrinsically<br />
unstable because of their susceptibility to fire when grass biomass is high in soils with high N. Restoration<br />
of the diverse native forb component will be even more difficult to achieve, and will require a reduction<br />
in soil N. Ultimately the solution will be to strengthen air pollution legislation to reduce N emissions.<br />
The time required for soils with elevated N to decline to natural background levels is currently unknown,<br />
but will be required before restoration can be carried out successfully.<br />
Keywords: exotic annual grasses, Mediterranean ecosystems, nitrogen deposition, stability.<br />
Flow requirements as a tool for restoring brown trout population dynamics in<br />
regulated streams<br />
Alonso-González 1,2 C., J. Gortázar 2 , D. Baeza Sanz 2 , D. García de Jalón 2<br />
1 Sciences Faculty. Catholic University of Ávila. Ávila. Spain<br />
2 Ecohidráulica. Laboratory of Hydrobiology. Polytechnic University of Madrid. Madrid. Spain<br />
Changes on stream flow regimes due to the function of small hydroelectric dams (known as “minihydros”)<br />
are usually observed in mountain streams. These changes concern not only the intensity of flow but also<br />
the variability and frequency of high and low-flow episodes. Former studies have showed the influence of<br />
flow variability on the dynamics of a resident brown trout population, especially that related to the stream<br />
flow regime during spawning, incubation and emerging periods. As these stages are known to determine<br />
the population dynamics in further ages, stream flow variability appears to be a mayor factor on the regulation<br />
of a wild brown trout population. Thus, mean flow discharge should not be the only parameter<br />
taken into account when establishing ecological flow regimes in order to re-establish proper flow conditions<br />
for the enhancement of altered trout populations in mountain streams. Setting ecological stream<br />
flow regime characteristics, in base to conclusions obtained in a former study (Alonso-González et al.,<br />
2004), is propounded as a tool for the restoration of degraded trout populations inhabiting mountain<br />
reaches downstream hydroelectric devices. Case studies were conducted in a high mountain basin in<br />
Central Spain (River Tormes) during 5 years showing that relationship between duration and frequency of<br />
high low-flow episodes during egg incubation could be linked to young of the year recruitment and quantified<br />
in terms of flow management units. Duration and frequency of flow discharges can be set so as to<br />
reach desirable population levels in brown trout populations affected by hydropower flow regulation.<br />
Keywords: Stream, flow regime, population restoration, brown trout.<br />
Remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in Mexico using vermicompost<br />
Álvarez-Bernal D., E.L. García-Díaz, S.M. Contreras-Ramos, L. Dendooven<br />
Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Dept. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508,<br />
C. P. 07000 México D. F., México<br />
Contamination of soil with hydrocarbon occurs frequently in Mexico through oil spills. Restoration of<br />
these contaminated sites might take a long time through deficiency of nutrients (N, P) for the petroleum<br />
degrading micro-organisms thereby increasing a possible impact on the ecosystem. Waste water treatment<br />
is increasing throughout Mexico generating large amounts of biosolids that are often incinerated<br />
because they contain pathogens thereby loosing a valuable source of nutrients (N, P, and K) and organic<br />
material. Vermicomposting or composting with earthworms reduces amounts of pathogens while maintaining<br />
nutrient levels. Addition of vermicompost to hydrocarbon-contaminated soil might accelerate<br />
their degradation so soil was amended with vermicompost and spiked with three different polyaromatic
26 Oral Presentations<br />
hydrocarbons (PAHs: phenanthrene, anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene). The same amounts of PAHs and vermicompost<br />
were also added to soil and sterilized to study the effect of abiotic factors. Dynamics of PAHs, C<br />
and N were monitored for 100 days in an aerobic incubation experiment. Application of organic material<br />
did not affect the concentration of phenanthrene and anthracene, which decreased sharply in the first<br />
weeks of the incubation. Less than 3% of the added phenanthrene was detected after 100 days and less<br />
than 8.5% of the added anthracene. The decrease in concentration of benzo(a)pyrene was not fast as that<br />
of phenathrene and anthracene, and 22% was extractable from soil still after 100 days. It was concluded<br />
that addition vermicompost only had a transient effect on removal of phenanthrene, anthracene and<br />
benzo(a)pyrene in soil of Acolman, while abiotic factors had no significant effect.<br />
Keywords: remediation, contaminated soils, monitoring.<br />
Assessing complex vs. simple restoration strategies in damaged Great Lakes-St.<br />
Lawrence Forest, Canada<br />
Anand M.<br />
Biology Department. Laurentian University. Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada<br />
Assessing the community-level consequences of ecological restoration is essential to guide future restoration<br />
efforts. We compared the structure of the vegetation at sites that received a range of restoration<br />
treatments (from simple one-dimensional treatments involving abiotic enhancements to complex, multistage<br />
revegetation treatments using native and non-native species) and a series of naturally recovering<br />
sites. Canonical correspondence analysis and cluster analysis was used to determine which restoration<br />
treatments explained differences in the community structure among sites. We found that native understory<br />
vascular plant species richness is restored by more complex restoration treatments; however, the<br />
role of planted trees and non-native species in these artificial community assemblages remains unclear.<br />
Understory vascular seeding played a key role in determining community composition of vascular understory<br />
and overstory communities, but the time since restoration commenced was a more important factor<br />
for non-vascular communities since they received no direct biotic enhancements. The use of non-native<br />
species in the vascular seed mix seems to be slowly encouraging the colonization of native species, but<br />
non-natives continue to dominate restored sites 25 years after restoration began.<br />
Keywords: restoration treatments, native, non-native species.<br />
Restoration of Skjern river and its valley<br />
Andersen J.M.<br />
National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark<br />
A monitoring programme was set up to evaluate the ecological effects of a restoration of 19 km of the<br />
Skjern River and river valley. The 22 km 2 project area was reclaimed for agricultural cultivation in the<br />
1960s by channelizing the river and pumping water into the river. The restoration in 1999-2002 included<br />
re-establishment of a meandering river and the natural water levels and floodings. The monitoring<br />
showed immediate increases in numbers and species of both breeding and migratory waterbirds. Breeding<br />
waterbirds increased rapidly from 6-8 to 34-36 species, and 105 species of migratory birds were registered.<br />
Within two years the vegetation of the former cultivated fields changed from weeds typical for<br />
cultivated fields to species typical for natural wetlands. After two years the vegetation was still under<br />
rapid development. The plant coverage in the new river course was reduced but the numbers of species<br />
increased on the new river banks. The river invertebrate community was a clean river fauna both before<br />
and after the restoration, but the invertebrate densities increased because of increased occurrence of<br />
gravel in the riverbed. There was a minor increase in the death rates of trout and salmon smolts because<br />
of predation by birds and possibly pikes. The retention of nitrogen and phosphorus in the project area<br />
was less than 10% of the total nutrient transport through the river.<br />
Keywords: river, valley, restoration, vegetation, birds, fish, invertebrates.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 27<br />
The Community-Owned Forest of Arcata, California: A Model of Sustainable<br />
Redwood Forest Restoration<br />
Andre, M.<br />
Environmental Services, City of Arcata, California<br />
The Arcata Community Forest established in 1955, comprises 803 hectares of 100-120 year old second<br />
growth redwood forest in Humboldt County California. Community Forests are relatively rare in the western<br />
United States, but recently there has been an increasing interest and effort to establish community<br />
forests in many areas. The City of Arcata government leaders and its citizen’s are committed to a sustainable<br />
management program that serves as a model of a managed redwood forest for demonstration<br />
and educational purposes. Timber harvest revenue funds forest operations and open space and parkland<br />
acquisitions. During the past 25 years, various silvicultural systems including variable retention, group<br />
selection, group selection with green tree retention and single-tree selection has attempted to mimic natural<br />
disturbance regimes such as wind throw and low intensity fire. The goal of providing habitat for<br />
species associated with late-successional forest habitat in second growth redwood forests has primarily<br />
focused on retaining structural elements while creating multi-aged stands, increased species diversity<br />
and introducing “chaos” into relatively even aged 120-year-old stands. An array of permanent plots is<br />
used to monitor changes in understory vegetation, structural features such as logs and snags, invasive<br />
species, lichens, bryophytes and liverworts. Plot data is compared to reference stands including small adjacent<br />
patches as well as larger old growth forest areas in nearby Redwood National Park. Arcata’s adaptive<br />
management approach to increase biodiversity, accelerate old forest conditions, provide late successional<br />
forest habitat while providing revenue is a long-term project that provides a valuable case study<br />
for the region as efforts to restore redwood forests are expanded.<br />
Keywords: Redwood, sustainability, restoration, community forestry.<br />
The effect of Acacia saligna and dune stabilization on rodent populations in<br />
Ashdod-Nitzanim sands<br />
Anglister 1 N, U. Motro 2 , Y. Yom-Tov 1<br />
1 Department of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978<br />
2 Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904<br />
The coastal dune habitat of Israel is diminishing rapidly, mostly due to massive urbanization, fragmentation<br />
and changes of habitat characteristics caused by dune stabilization and the introduction of Acacia<br />
saligna, an invasive species brought to Israel for the purpose of dune stabilization. We studied the effect<br />
of sand stabilization, on the populations of small mammals. The research was conducted from April 2003<br />
through April 2004 in the Ashdod-Nizzanim sands; it included a total of 58 trapping nights. We analyzed<br />
differences in species diversity, abundance and body condition of each species of rodent in four plots:<br />
Unstablized dunes, semi-stablized dunes, stablized dunes and one plot with the presence of Acacia<br />
saligna. Gerbillus pyramidum and Jaculus jaculus were captured almost entirely on the unstabilized<br />
dunes. Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi was captured mostly on the semi-stabilized plot. On the other hand,<br />
human commensals such as Mus musculus were found only on the stabilized dunes and on the Acacia<br />
plot. Cluster analysis of species similarity among the four plots places the very similar stabilized and<br />
semi-stabilized plots in the same cluster with the Acacia plot wheras the unstabilized plot forms another,<br />
distinct cluster. The results of this research show that dune stabilization is followed by changes in rodents<br />
populations - the disappearance of psammophile rodents and the appearance of human commensals.<br />
Measures should be taken to stop the spread of the Acacia and the continuing stabilization of the<br />
sands in order to conserve the psammophile species.<br />
Keywords: dune stabilization, Acacia saligna, rodents.
28 Oral Presentations<br />
Restoration of a closed-off estuary in the Netherlands, consequences for<br />
biogeochemistry and terrestrial vegetation: first results of a mesocosm<br />
experiment<br />
Antheunisse 1 A.M., R. Loeb 2 , M. Miletto 3<br />
1 Utrecht University, Faculty of Biology, Sect. Landscape Ecology<br />
2 Radboud University Nijmegen, Faculty of Science, Sect. Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology<br />
3 Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Centre for Limnology, Dept. Microbial Ecology<br />
In 1970 the Haringvliet, the largest estuary of the Netherlands, was closed-off from the North Sea; the<br />
water became fresh and the tidal influence decreased. Recently, plans have arisen to restore part of the<br />
lost wetlands by partly re-opening the Haringvliet dam. This will have significant effects on both vegetation<br />
and soil processes, due to increased dynamics in redox values by tidal fluctuation and increase in salinity.<br />
We designed a mesocosm experiment with sods from two former tidal marshes in the Haringvliet area,<br />
with and without a history of agricultural land-use. The experiment consisted of a full-factorial design with<br />
increased salinity and tidal amplitude. During the two-year experiment plant species composition, plant<br />
nutrient content, soil pore water, soil processes and the community structure of sulphate reducing bacteria<br />
were monitored.After one year a distinct effect of brackish water on the vegetation was visible; standing<br />
biomass was reduced considerably, but no effect of tide on biomass was detected. In all treatments plantavailable<br />
nitrate in the soil decreased, and ammonium values increased. Denitrification rates decreased<br />
but remained higher in non-tidal treatments. In all treatments soil iron oxides were reduced, resulting in<br />
the mobilisation of iron and phosphates. In the non-tidal treatments mobilisation of iron was highest, indicating<br />
a lower redox potential in the non-tidal situation. A further analysis of the results of year one and a<br />
continuation of the experiment for another year should provide information necessary to elucidate the effects<br />
of increased salinity and tide on biogeochemical processes and terrestrial vegetation.<br />
Keywords: Estuary, restoration, soil processes, salinity, vegetation composition.<br />
The Phytochemistry of the Medicinal liverwort, Riccia nigerica Jones<br />
Ariyo A.O.<br />
ST Augustine’s Senior Secondary School Banjul<br />
The phytochemical composition of the African liverwort, Riccia nigerica Jones has been studied. Extracts<br />
were obtained from fresh plants of Riccia nigerica. Fractions were obtained through column chromatography.<br />
The absorbance spectra of the five fractions of the extracts varied from 0 to 1.18 at 400 to 950 wavelenght.<br />
The anti-microbial activities of the crude extracts were tested against some selected species of<br />
bacteria and fungi.The test extract was found to have significant inhibitory effect (>17mm zone of inhibition)<br />
on plated colonies of Bacillus substilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococus aureus, Shigella<br />
dysenterae, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus sp..The results of the phytochemical study outlined in this<br />
work has shown that the extract of Riccia nigerica exhibited a remarkable inhibitory effect on test organisms<br />
both bacteria and fungi.It can be infered that Riccia nigerica could be a cheap source of antibiotics.<br />
Expectations are high as regards the future development and the possible application of the extract as a<br />
source of medicinal drugs.<br />
Keywords: Riccia nigerica, inhibitory effect on test organisms.<br />
Reference systems and evaluation<br />
Aronson 1 J., D. Vallauri 2<br />
1 CEFE-CNRS, Montpellier, France<br />
2 WWF-France, Marseille, France<br />
While acknowledging the conceptual arguments brought by some ecologists against the use of reference<br />
systems, we argue that the exercise of constructing an explicit reference system is highly useful for the<br />
planning, orientation and evaluation of short-term restoration interventions and long-term, multidimensional<br />
conservation, management and restoration. We shall present arguments in favor of using reference<br />
systems, from one or many sources of information, illustrated with case studies from tropical and extratropical<br />
forests, and from Mediterranean woodlands and their derivatives embedded in cultural landscapes<br />
of venerable age. In light of the growing number of emerging ecosystems and the paradigm of<br />
managing socio-ecological ecosystems from the inside out, the notion of restoring to the past must, however,<br />
be definitively replaced with that of restoring to the future. Thus the use of historical references inevitably<br />
requires careful reflection and nuance.<br />
Keywords: Reference systems, restoring to the future.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 29<br />
Lanscape restoration of marginal olive groves in Andalusia<br />
Arriaza M.,O. Nekhay<br />
Dpt. of Agricultural Economics. IFAPA. Spain<br />
Due to the reform of the olive oil MCO some olive groves in mountain areas will become non-productive.<br />
The abandonment of these cultivated lands will have an effect on several landscape sustainability criteria:<br />
biodiversity, soil erosion, fire hazard and visual quality of the rural scene. The first phase of this<br />
three years research project has been to devise a marginality index for olive cultivation based on soil<br />
quality and slope. According to this index, we estimate an area over 200,000 hectares of marginal olive<br />
plantations in Andalusia. Some corrective measures in the area of study, the mountain areas of the<br />
province of Cordoba, are explored to minimize the negative impact of this abandonment, being the use of<br />
grass cover in the olive plantation, the connection of olive groves with natural protected areas via green<br />
corridors and the integration of buildings through vegetation the most positive.<br />
Keywords: land abandonment, olive groves, biodiversity, soil erosion, fire hazard and visual quality.<br />
Effects of restoring oak savannas on tree water uptake dynamics in the tallgrass<br />
prairie region of the Midwest, USA<br />
Asbjornsen H. 1 , M. Gómez-Cárdenas 1 , L. Brudvig 1<br />
1 Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, 234 Science II, Ames, IA, 50010, USA<br />
Conversion of native savanna and prairie ecosystems to annual cropping systems in the Midwestern U.S.<br />
has dramatically altered hydrologic functioning, leading to increased runoff, soil erosion and nutrient<br />
loss. One approach to reversing this trend is restoration of native ecosystems. However, little is known<br />
about the effects of restoration on plant-water dynamics. This study examined changes in individual tree<br />
and stand scale water uptake in encroached and restored savanna ecosystems. Sapflow was measured<br />
using thermal dissipation probes for 3 Quercus macrocarpa and 4 Ulmus americana trees in an encroached<br />
savanna and 3 Q. macrocarpa trees in a restored savanna. Mean total daily transpiration for<br />
trees was 3 - 4.8-fold lower for U. americana compared to Q. macrocarpa, while sapflow among oak trees<br />
did not differ significantly. In contrast, sapflow velocity was significantly greater for elm trees compared<br />
to oak trees, likely a result of their young age and vigorous growth. On an ecosystem scale, estimated<br />
total amounts of water transpired were more than 7-fold greater in the encroached savanna relative to<br />
the restored savanna. These results suggest that oak trees in these restored savanna ecosystems are not<br />
moisture limited. Since forests may sustain much greater total water uptake, savanna restorations may<br />
not be desirable if a central management goal is to reduce runoff. Further research is needed on water<br />
uptake capacities of the herbaceous understory and effects of tree-grass interactions on resource partitioning,<br />
runoff, and infiltration dynamics in restored savannas to better understand changes in hydrologic<br />
functioning following savanna restorations.<br />
Keywords: tallgrass oak savanna, restoration, sapflow, transpiration, plant-water cycling.<br />
Ecological diversity and productivity of the baobab (Adansonia digitata) in<br />
Benin<br />
Assogbadjo 1 A.E., B. Sinsin 1 , P. Van Damme 3<br />
1 Laboratory of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin<br />
2 Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany, University of Gent, Belgium<br />
This study was carried out in the Sudanian (9°45' - 12° N), Sudano-Guinean (7°30' - 9°45' N) and<br />
Guinean (6°25' - 7°30' N) zones of Benin. The objective of this study is to evaluate the ecological diversity<br />
in Benin of A. digitata populations across the climatic gradient, and to quantify the average productivity<br />
of its pulp, seeds, kernel. The distribution and relative abundance of the baobab was studied by means<br />
of megatransects and by surveying a number of selected sites. In each zone, an estimate was made of<br />
pulp, seeds and kernel production from 1200 fruits harvested from 30 individuals. In the Sudanian zone<br />
and in some regions of the Dahomey-Gap in the Guinean zone, a population density of 5 baobabs was<br />
recorded per km 2 . In the Guinean zone, a density of only 1 baobab per km 2 was recorded. The baobab<br />
population’s occurred on sandy soils in the Sudanian and Guinean zones and on sandy–clayey soils in<br />
the Sudano-Guinean zone. Flowering and fruiting of the baobab is seasonal. The morphology and productivity<br />
of the individuals’ baobabs varied significantly from one zone to another. The zones with high<br />
values of Potential Evaporation, rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, pHwater and percentage of fine<br />
silt are associated with a low seed and fruit pulp production. The higher the pH kcl<br />
, the percentage of total<br />
nitrogen, organic carbon and organic matter, the higher the number of seeds produced by an individual
30 Oral Presentations<br />
baobab. The higher the clay and crude silt content of the soil, the better the productivity. The high values<br />
of C/N ratio and rainfall, are negatively associated with biotic characteristic of baobab. Much more scientific<br />
work is needed to elucidate patterns of genetic diversity in relation to distribution, ecology and morphological<br />
variability found in the baobab tree.<br />
Keywords: Baobab tree, ecological diversity, organs production assessment, climatic zones, Benin.<br />
Urban stream restoration in the municipality of Madrid<br />
Azcárate 1 , J., M. González del Tánago 2<br />
1 Concejalía de Gobierno de Medio Ambiente y Servicios a la Ciudad, Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Spain<br />
2 E.T.S. Ingenieros de Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain<br />
The progressive dissapearence and degradation of the natural drainage network of Madrid municipality is<br />
revised, according to the intensive urbanization process carried out during the last decades. A siginificant<br />
number of urban and peri-urban streams still remain, constituing an important natural and historical<br />
heritage worthy to be preserved. The Madrid City Council has developed since 1996 a stream conservation<br />
policy that introduces innovative and more environmental friendly solutions than those adopted in<br />
the past. The implemented measures and the general criteria for management are presented, with field<br />
examples of restoration works carried out in the Meaques, Antequina, Valdebebas and Pozuelo streams,<br />
together with present projects for restoration and daylighting of other historic watercouses in Madrid municipality.<br />
Keywords: streams conservation policy, Madrid, field examples.<br />
Restoring large-scale functional lake-fringe and floodplain wetlands at the<br />
Williamson River Delta, Oregon, USA<br />
Bach L.B., M.A. Stern, J.D. Crandall, A.R. Aldous, C. Stevens, A.C. Elseroad<br />
The Nature Conservancy, 821 Southeast 14th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97214 USA<br />
The Williamson River Delta in south-central Oregon, USA, is a 3000-hectare wetland-floodplain system<br />
formed where the Williamson River enters Upper Klamath Lake. The delta is critical refugia for threatened<br />
and endangered fish, and provides important habitat for a large number of migratory water birds.<br />
Historically an extensive wetland, the entire delta was diked and drained for agriculture, eliminating<br />
much of the wetland, riparian and lake-fringe vegetation community. The Nature Conservancy, working<br />
with federal, tribal and private partners, is implementing a program to restore the naturally functioning<br />
delta-wetland system. With a lead grant from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, a design plan for<br />
the complete restoration of the delta has been developed using information on the distribution and habitat<br />
needs of larval and juvenile suckers, hydrologic requirements of native wetland vegetation, and nutrient<br />
processes in the lake and wetlands. A hydraulic model of the delta was developed to identify and design<br />
levee breaches and potential riverine restoration options, as well as to evaluate the geomorphic and<br />
hydraulic effects of proposed restoration alternatives. Restoration elements include: breaching lakeshore<br />
and river levees to reconnect the property to the surrounding water bodies; grading the remaining levees<br />
to create diverse habitat features; reconnecting an historic oxbow channel to the main river channel and<br />
recreating multiple channels at the river mouth. The Conservancy has completed three pilot restoration<br />
projects that include breaching levees to reestablish the historic hydrologic connection between the delta<br />
wetlands and the lake and river. Thousands of larval and juvenile suckers are now using these newly created<br />
wetlands.<br />
Keywords: wetlands, floodplain, fish habitat, restoration, riverine, modeling.<br />
In Our Own Hands: The Story of Wildlands Restoration volunteers<br />
Backus L.L., E. Self.<br />
Wildlands Restoration Volunteers, Colorado, USA<br />
Wildlands Restoration Volunteers (WRV), Colorado, USA, restores ecologically damaged areas by building<br />
community, fostering agency and business relationships, and teaching restoration skills. WRV accomplishes<br />
important restoration work that would not be possible within budget constraints of public land<br />
managers. Funding comes from grants and agency funding and from private donations of money, food,<br />
and equipment. Projects include: weed pulls, forest road obliteration, wetland and streambank restoration,<br />
salvage of tundra sod, fire restoration, wilderness trail reroutes, and native seed collection. WRV Partners
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 31<br />
include U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geologic Survey, Rocky Mountain National<br />
Park, local Open Space Departments, and recreation clubs. Restoration design professionals, graphic designer,<br />
backhoe operator, and tree thinning service offer discounted services. WRV seeks participation<br />
from diverse groups; four wheel drive clubs helped restore habitats extremely eroded by off road vehicle<br />
use. Not just for people who can move boulders, stake erosion control matting, and rake seeds – volunteers<br />
participate in fund raising, project design, web site maintenance (http://www.wlrv.org/), cooking for<br />
crews, and providing campfire music. Project duration ranges from an evening of seed gathering to a day<br />
on site to a camping weekend. WRV’s program of volunteer restoration projects works because the projects<br />
are fun and highly social, use a variety of skills, are located in beautiful settings, and build empowerment<br />
to care for the land. By the end of the 5 th season, volunteers had completed 65 projects and donated<br />
37,000 hours to improve ecosystems as WRV seeks to put restoration “In Our Own Hands.”<br />
Keywords: restoration, volunteers, public lands, empowerment.<br />
Ecological restoration of coral limestone quarries on the Kenian coast<br />
Baer S.<br />
Lafarge Eco Systems, P.O.Box 81995, Mombasa, Kenya<br />
The restoration of a cement factory’s coral limestone quarries on the Kenyan coast, started in 1971. Approx.100ha<br />
of former quarries has been restored to date into a mosaic of indigenous coastal forest<br />
ecosystems, lakes, wetlands and grasslands. Another 100ha are in various stages of restoration, with the<br />
area increasing as mining continues. Initially Casuarina equisetifolia is planted as pioneer species to colonize<br />
the open quarry, and over the years create humus from leaf litter and a suitable microclimate for<br />
other plant species to grow. Over the past 15 years more than 400 coastal plant species have been introduced<br />
into the mature Casuarina plantations. While the main aim is to create diversity, special emphasis<br />
is laid on timber trees and conservation of threatened species. To create grassland the original topsoil is<br />
brought back, and grass planted. Herds of domesticated eland and oryx antelopes speed up the grassland<br />
development as they deposit seeds and nutrients with their droppings when they come to drink<br />
from the quarry ponds. Lakes and wetlands are created by excavating into the ground water, and linked<br />
into a system of lakes, ponds and wetlands. A demonstration fish-farm has been established, and it’s<br />
pumping activity drives the water circulation. Hippopotamus and other wildlife have been introduced and<br />
are the main attraction for the visitors to the quarry nature trails - tourism is the main revenue generating<br />
activity in the rehabilitated quarries, besides forestry and aquaculture.<br />
Keywords: Restoration, diversity, former quarries, tourism.<br />
Soil organic matter accumulation in restored New York wetlands<br />
Ballantine, K.A., R.L. Schneider<br />
Department of Natural Resources. Cornell University. Ithaca. USA<br />
Wetland restoration is increasingly used as a strategy both to address historic wetland losses and to mitigate<br />
new wetland impacts. Limited research has examined the success of restored wetlands in the eastern<br />
U.S. for avifaunal habitat, plant biodiversity and cover; however, less is known about soil development<br />
in these systems. Soil processes are particularly important as soil organic matter, texture, and<br />
other properties are directly linked to wetland functions for water quality improvement. This research examined<br />
soil development processes in 30 restored wetlands in western New York. We compared soil properties<br />
and soil development processes of wetlands of three different ages, e.g. ~2, 10, and 30 years since<br />
restoration, but which were comparable in restoration methodology, soil type, landscape position, and<br />
hydrologic regime. Replicated soil cores from each site were analyzed for soil organic matter content, bulk<br />
density, texture, root abundance, and chemical properties. Aboveground plant biomass and litter were<br />
quantified as key soil contributors. Additionally, replicated litter bags were used to document and compare<br />
rates of litter decomposition. Results suggest that older restored wetlands had different rates of decomposition,<br />
amounts of soil organic matter content, and bulk density than did younger wetlands. All restored<br />
wetlands studied were low in organic matter content relative to natural counterparts. We conclude<br />
that thirty years after restoration, these wetlands do not provide the water quality functions of their natural<br />
counterparts.<br />
Keywords: Wetlands, soil organic matter, soil development, water quality.
32 Oral Presentations<br />
Direct seeding of native plants for revegetation of abandoned desert farmland<br />
Banerjee 1 M.B., V.J. Gerhart 1 , E.P. Glenn<br />
1 Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, Environmental Research Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson,<br />
Arizona, U.S.A.<br />
Direct seeding methods to revegetate abandoned farmland were tested at a desert site west of Phoenix,<br />
Arizona, U.S.A. A selection of native seeds was broadcast onto plots prepared by mulching, imprinting,<br />
chiseling, and fertilizing with phosphorous in a complete block design. Each main plot was split into subplots<br />
that were not irrigated, irrigated, or irrigated with Salsola iberica weed removal by hand. Native<br />
seeds germinated poorly on all treatments. On the other hand, annual, non-native weeds, primarily Brassica<br />
nigra, S. iberica, and Schismus spp., germinated and established in all plots. None of the soil treatments<br />
had a significant effect on seed germination or establishment. Near the end of the second growing<br />
season a seed bank study was conducted in the greenhouse. Undisturbed desert soil had relatively few<br />
weed seeds and more native plant seeds than the disturbed agricultural soil samples, which had few viable<br />
native seeds and were dominated by Schismus spp., B. nigra, and S. iberica. The results illustrate<br />
the difficulty of establishing native plants in abandoned desert farmland, due to the dominance of weedy<br />
species, the presence of salts in the soil, and the lack of adequate soil moisture in the treatments without<br />
supplemental irrigation.<br />
Keywords: revegetation, restoration, irrigation, desert agriculture, weeds.<br />
Restoring the forest: microenvironment, stomatal conductance and survival of<br />
mulched native tree saplings in a tropical dry deciduous forest<br />
Barajas-Guzmán M.G., V.L. Barradas<br />
Instituto de Ecología, UNAM. Mexico, D. F. Mexico<br />
A study to evaluate microenvironment parameters (net radiation, Rn; air temperature and humidity, Ta<br />
and VPD, respectively; and soil temperature and humidity, Ts and SH, respectively), physiological parameters<br />
(stomatal conductance, g s<br />
; height growth) and survival of three native mulched species (Caesalpinia<br />
eriostachys, Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis and Ipomea wolcottiana), were carried out in a highly perturbed<br />
area of a tropical dry deciduous forest in western Mexico. Soil was isolated with three mulch types: white<br />
plastic, straw and litter. Registered values of Rn, Ta, Ts were significantly lower in areas with mulch than<br />
those in bare soil, whilst humidity (air and soil) increased considerably with mulches. Additionally, it was<br />
found that the presence of plants also reduced Ta and increased the amount of water vapor, making VPD<br />
lower. Survival and height growth were higher after one year in I. wolcottiana plants followed by C.<br />
eriostachys both in plastic mulch. L. eriocarinalis showed the lowest values in survival and height growth<br />
in all treatments. Results leads to the conclusion that the use of mulches is recommendable in the<br />
restoration of perturbed areas of scarce rainfall since more water is retained in the soil. In general the extreme<br />
microclimate is mitigated, favoring conditions for an adequate stomatal function and plant survival.<br />
Keywords: microclimate mitigation, native plants, reforestation, scarce precipitation.<br />
Evaluation of plant damage by ungulate herbivores in reforestations<br />
Baraza E., J.A. Hódar, R. Zamora<br />
Dpto. Biología Animal y Ecología. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada. Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071-Granada,<br />
Spain<br />
More than a millennium of overexploitation in the Mediterranean basin has resulted in loss of most<br />
forested areas. In this situation, human intervention is needed to accelerate the recovery of woodlands,<br />
reforestation being the usual procedure. However, reforestation success is conditioned by several environmental<br />
and biotic conditions. For example, ungulate herbivory could decrease the growth rate of<br />
saplings, or even kill them. We determined ungulate damage in 18 reforestations carried out in three<br />
mountains of SE Spain, focusing on reforestations made with Quercus ilex, Q. pyrenaica, Pinus nigra, P.<br />
sylvestris, and/or Acer opalus subsp. granatense on different years. We quantified the proportion of<br />
plants damaged and estimated the percentage of buds eaten by ungulates. Herbivore damage varied between<br />
species, places and years. One-year-old reforestations showed little herbivory damage, whereas the<br />
older the reforestation was, the higher the herbivory damage. This increase in herbivore damage is directly<br />
related with plant height; however, the more palatable species had a higher damage probability even at<br />
small plant sizes, provoking a major delay in their growth. For pines, the least palatable species, ungulate<br />
damage probability was low the first years but dramatically rose when plants increased in height.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 33<br />
Herbivory tolerance of pines is small, so that herbivory damage a seriously affected their development despite<br />
the lower intensity. Our results reveal ungulate herbivory damage as an important factor to be<br />
taken into account as in reforestation planning.<br />
Keywords: Reforestation, ungulate, herbivory, palatability.<br />
Experience in Working out of a Program of Remediation and Development of<br />
Ural Old-Time Industrial Region<br />
Barysheva 1 N.M., E.N. Avrorin 1 , E.V. Polyakov 2 , G.P. Shveikin 2 , G.G. Mikhailov 3 , A.V. Novosyolov 4 ,<br />
B.N. Smirnov 5 , V.N. Udachin 6 , E.O. Shrumm 7<br />
1 FGUP Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNIITF, Snezhinsk, Russia.<br />
2 Institute of Solid State Chemistry UB RAS, Yekaterinburg, Russia.<br />
3 South-Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia.<br />
4 Administration of Chelyabinsk region, Russia.<br />
5 RF SRC “Ural Metal Institute”, Yekaterinburg, Russia.<br />
6 Institute for Mineralogy UB RAS, Miass, Russia.<br />
7 Administration of the city of Karabash, Russia<br />
A model of working out of a program for stable development of Ural areas of minerals mining and technological<br />
processing suffered real technogenic disasters is discussed. Approaches to this problem resolution<br />
were developed under two ISTC projects taking the city of Karabash, Chelyabinsk region, for example.<br />
The model orients on internal resources of the territory and includes the assessment of environmental,<br />
resource and technological priorities. Conclusion on first-priority measures for the population protection<br />
were made. Effect produced by the Karabash Industrial Area on the region environment was assessed.<br />
All wastes accumulated in Karabash (composition, properties and amounts) were fully investigated. Existing<br />
and innovative technologies for each type of waste treating were searched out and assessed. Some<br />
of them that can be used specifically for Karabash deposits were experimentally proved. A consistent set<br />
of technologies for waste handling and territory and public health remediation was defined.<br />
Keywords: program, remediation, stable development, assessment, environmental, resource, technology,<br />
priorities.<br />
How to preserve the biodiversity in agricultural landscapes?<br />
Batáry 1 P., A. Báldi 2 , S. Erdös 1 , T. Kisbenedek 3 , K.M. Orci 2 , A. Orosz 1 , T. Rédei 4 ,<br />
M. Sárospataki 5 , T. Szüts 6<br />
1 Hungarian Natural History Museum. Budapest. Hungary<br />
2 Animal Ecology Research Group of HAS and Hungarian Natural History Museum. Budapest. Hungary<br />
3 Department of Natural History. Baranya County Museums Directorate. Pécs. Hungary<br />
4 Institute of Ecology and Botany. Vácrátót, Hungary<br />
5 Department of Zoology and Ecology. Szent István University. Hungary<br />
6 Systematic Zoology Research Group of HAS. Budapest. Hungary<br />
The agriculture intensification in the second half of the 20th century resulted in a dramatic decline of<br />
biodiversity in western Europe. However there are also large agricultural landscapes in Central- and<br />
Eastern European countries (CEE), especially in Hungary. The recent joining to the EU of CEE countries<br />
will probably re-structure agriculture there and will threaten the still relatively high biodiversity by increasing<br />
intensification of farmland management. Can agri-environmental programs balance the expected<br />
decline in biodiversity of the CEE countries if farming will be intensified? We studied this question by<br />
comparing birds, arthropods (orthopterans, bees, spiders, beetles and bugs) and plants of 42 extensively<br />
and intensively cattle grazed paired fields in three regions of Hungary (alkali steppes and meadows in<br />
Central Hungary and alkali steppes in Eastern Hungary). The pastures were paired; an extensively and<br />
an intensively grazed site formed the pair. We found more bird species on intensive pastures, which had<br />
more heterogeneous landscapes with farm buildings and shelters, while the number of individuals were<br />
higher in the extensive sites. We generally found more grasshoppers on the extensive sites, however in<br />
the Eastern Hungarian region there was an opposite, but not significant trend. It seems that the abundance<br />
of grasshoppers is determined by the local factors (vegetation, ground, litter cover, etc.) and by the<br />
landscape factors as well. The preliminary results of the other arthropod taxa indicate that intensively<br />
and extensively grazed sites had different assemblages, but this largely depends on the local vegetation<br />
structure.<br />
Keywords: Agriculture intensification, cattle grazing, arthropods, birds, plants.
34 Oral Presentations<br />
Native-species seeding and chopped-wood mulching as post-fire rehabilitation<br />
treatments in Mediterranean forests in SE Spain<br />
Bautista 1 S., C. Bladé 2 , T. Gimeno 2 , H. Kribeche 1 , V.R. Vallejo 2<br />
1 Department of Ecology, U. Alicante. Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante. Spain<br />
2 Fundación CEAM, Charles Darwin 14, P. Tecnológico, E-46980 Paterna. Spain<br />
We assessed the effectiveness of new seeding and mulching rehabilitation treatments to mitigate soil<br />
degradation and enhance vegetation recovery. The treatments were designed to fit the principles of ecological<br />
restoration, using native species and forest materials, aimed not only at protecting the soil from<br />
erosion and degradation but also at enhancing ecosystem function and resilience. We tested seeding,<br />
mulch, seeding plus mulch, and control (untreated) treatments for field conditions under Mediterranean<br />
climate in southeastern Spain. The area was burned by a wildfire on November 2002. The experimental<br />
plots were set-up on three burned patches of young Pinus halepensis forest. Treatments were applied two<br />
weeks after fire on twelve 2.5 x 6 meters plots arranged following a randomized complete block design.<br />
Mulching material was chopped wood from nearby pine forests. The seeded mix included perennial<br />
grasses, herbs, sub-shrubs and tall shrub native species. Seeding plus mulch treatment significantly enhanced<br />
plant cover, and seeded species contributed to structural and functional recovery. However, neither<br />
seeding nor mulch alone influenced vegetation recovery. Mulch and seeding plus mulch treatments<br />
significantly reduced soil surface compaction and enhanced water infiltration. The mulch layer also<br />
greatly reduced post-fire soil loss. Seeding without mulching was not effective enough to protect the soil<br />
surface from degradation. At the very short-term, it can not be expected that either natural vegetation or<br />
seeded species provide enough soil protection. However a mulch layer, either with or without seeding,<br />
can effectively protect soil functions until vegetation regenerates or seeded species establish.<br />
Keywords: Emergency seeding, mulch, soil conservation, post-fire restoration, wildfire.<br />
A model-based approach to landscape design, meeting ecotoxicological and<br />
landscape-ecological criteria<br />
Baveco 1 J.M., N.W. van den Brink 1 , L. Kooistra 1 , W. de Coen 2 , A. Cormont 1<br />
1 Alterra, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands<br />
2 University of Antwerp, Belgium<br />
In the BERISP project (Breaking Ecotoxicological Restraints in Spatial Planning) we develop a decision<br />
support system (DSS) for use in an iterative and participative approach to ecological restoration of contaminated<br />
areas.Main steps in the process are spatially-explicit eco-toxicological risk assessment and<br />
landscape design. The DSS is expected to be useful by providing both an evaluation of risk for a specific<br />
area as well as simple guidelines (rules) to evolve the landscape towards a low-risk landscape, within<br />
constraints set by stakeholders and by the species’ ecology. Ecological constraints may relate to the<br />
amount or configuration of high quality habitat for a target species, while other constraints may relate to,<br />
e.g., landscape characteristics determining recreational attractiveness. Risk assessment focuses on the<br />
expected daily uptake of contaminants like PCBs and cadmium, for top-predators like Little owl (Athene<br />
noctua) and hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). The underlying models estimate contaminant uptake for all<br />
components of a food-web, taking into account the typical spatial scale of each species (group) involved,<br />
in particular focusing on the spatial pattern of resource exploitation. For the two top-predator species,<br />
landscape-dependent foraging models will be developed and validated within the BERISP project. We will<br />
present the underlying models and some general insights already obtained, and discuss the framework,<br />
within which these models are applied, taking both theoretical landscapes as well as a specific Dutch<br />
floodplain area as examples.<br />
Keywords: spatially-explicit risk assessment, landscape design, foraging models, food web, spatial<br />
scales.<br />
Old growth redwood forest restoration: growth, structure and interim yields<br />
under variable retention management<br />
Berrill J.Pl.<br />
Division of Ecosystem Sciences. Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management. University of California.<br />
Berkeley, California<br />
The potential of the variable retention silvicultural system as a tool for restoration of old growth coast<br />
redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests was examined. Field data were collected from Jackson Demonstration<br />
State Forest, Mendocino County, California and summarized to describe the growth and struc-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 35<br />
ture of 100-year old regenerating redwood stands managed under variable retention. Increment core data<br />
were used to reconstruct recent diameter growth rates, tree and stand volume growth. Tree height, live<br />
crown length, and branch-free trunk length data were used to describe vertical stand structure, and were<br />
depicted graphically, complemented by color slides of the regenerating stands. Leaf area index and stand<br />
density index were calculated and compared with data from old growth and regenerating stands. The<br />
growth and vigor of the new cohort initiated by the restorative harvest treatment was assessed in small<br />
subplots. The future growth of these trees, and other understory cohorts initiated by future harvest treatments<br />
was discussed with reference to estimates of future canopy tree growth, crown expansion, and<br />
growing space occupancy within the restored structure. Data collected within adjacent undisturbed redwood<br />
stands were used to derive indicative variable retention harvest yields. The average diameter, height<br />
and cubic volume of cut trees will inform managers interested in producing forest floor log debris or deriving<br />
returns from restorative variable retention harvest treatments. Once key structural elements and features<br />
of old-growth redwood stands have been defined, the data and results presented herein could guide<br />
future restoration efforts aimed at meeting defined structural goals for old-growth restoration.<br />
Keywords: Old-growth, redwood, Sequoia sempervirens, restoration, variable retention.<br />
Bio-geo-chemical Cycles and their practical implications in Management of<br />
Degraded Sites by Restoration Forestry<br />
Bhojvaid P.P.<br />
Conservator of Forests, South Circle, Gurgaon, Haryana, India<br />
One of the main objectives of ‘Restoration Forestry’ is to suggest the management options for improving<br />
degraded soil fertility through biological processes of trees. This aspect was formulated on the premise<br />
that the sustainable productivity of a natural ecosystem is derived to a great extent from the bio-geochemical<br />
processes of litter and soil. These processes include biomass and nutrient accumulation by carbon<br />
assimilation, nutrient recycling by litter fall, root turnover and their subsequent decomposition and<br />
decay resulting in humus synthesis. The soil fertility build up and its sustainability is dependent not<br />
only on the maintenance of these activities at certain critical levels but even more importantly on their<br />
functioning as an integrated system with regulatory mechanisms operating in a synchronized manner.<br />
Essentially it means making the acyclic processes more cyclic thereby leading to the improvement of<br />
structure and function of an ecosystem. Little, however, is known about the mechanism of these effects<br />
especially with respect to restoration of degraded sites by tree planting. The discussion in this paper is<br />
focused on these aspects of restoration forestry and their importance in field management based on biogeo-chemical<br />
cycles of plantations raised for restoration of various categories of degraded sites such as<br />
saline, sodic, sand dunes, waterlogged and mined spoils. It is envisaged that a judicious decision on<br />
management of a restored area would depend on such rotations that maintain and sustain the cyclic nature<br />
of ecosystems without jeopardizing the production from such areas.<br />
Keywords: Ecosystem degradation- Ecological rotation- Restoration forestry-Sustainability.<br />
Biomass and nutrient accumulation in restoration plantations of an age<br />
sequence of Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC grown on degraded sodic soils in<br />
Haryana, India<br />
Bhojvaid P.P.<br />
Conservator of Forests, South Circle, Gurgaon, Haryana. India<br />
The objective of this study is to address the issue of sustainbilty of management options for Prosopis<br />
juliflora plantations raised on sodic soils in Haryana, India set up primarily for the purpose of soil reclamation.<br />
Sustainability, in the context of this study, is defined as the maintenance and/or enhancement<br />
of organic matter and nutrient build up in the soils, which is driven by carbon assimilation and photosynthesis<br />
in the living biomass and the return of organic matter to soil via litterfall and root turnover.<br />
The approach taken was to monitor these indicators of sustainabilty along a gradient of increasing tree<br />
biomass, detritus biomass and under-storey development and corresponding changes in soil organic<br />
matter and nutrient build up in a 0-, 5-, 7- and 30 year old chronosequence. The intention was to examine<br />
the sustainability of management recommendations in relation to temporal patterns of biomass and<br />
nutrient accumulation in an age sequence of Prosopis juliflora. Specific objectives were to: (1) examine<br />
nutrient budgets, nutrient cycling and growth partitioning in the age sequence, (2) to study dynamics of<br />
nutrient storage in soil and vegetation biomass over time, and (3) to examine the changes in understorey<br />
community structure in the Prosopis chronosequence.<br />
Keywords: Sodic soils, Sustainability, Restoration, Chronosequence, Nutrient Budgets.
36 Oral Presentations<br />
Habitat improvements on intensively cultivated Swiss farmland<br />
Birrer, S., R. Graf, I. Hugentobler, O. Holzgang, M. Jenny, B. Lugrin<br />
Swiss Ornithological Institute<br />
Agricultural land in Swiss Lowland is exploited intensively. This has a negative impact on agro-biodiversity:<br />
half of the bird species typically breeding on farmland, for example, are threatened. In 1990 we<br />
started restoration projects in four regions in south-western, northern, central and eastern Switzerland,<br />
respectively. These regions have a high potential for successfully restoring biodiversity, although they are<br />
at present farmed intensively. Each project was adapted to local conditions, including target species, improvement<br />
measures, types of applied ecological compensation areas (ECA) like wildflower strips, low-intensity<br />
meadows or hedgerows. Much effort was put into a close collaboration with farmers; ecologists<br />
and farmers decided in close co-operation on the location, type and management of ECA. Since 1993 all<br />
Swiss farmers have to cultivate on their land ECA’s to get direct subsidies. However, the quality of these<br />
ECA’s is often lower than the quality on the four restoration test regions. The close partnership between<br />
ecologists and farmers could have resulted in a higher quality of the ECAs in our test regions. The data of<br />
our four restoration projects demonstrate that target farmland bird populations have been increasing on<br />
arable land with 5-10 % ECAs of high quality. Where grasslands predominate, however, we could find no<br />
effect of ECAs on breeding bird populations. Nevertheless, if natural habitat elements such as ponds<br />
were created on such areas, both biodiversity and populations of amphibians and dragonflies increased.<br />
Keywords: Arable farmland, ecological compensation areas, grassland, evaluation, birds, habitat improvements,<br />
biodiversity.<br />
Application of molecular genetic markers in conservation and restoration of<br />
genetic resources of Araucaria angustifolia (Brazil)<br />
Bittencourt 1 J.V.M., A.R. Higa 2 , G.H. Griffths 1<br />
1 The University of Reading, Department of Geography, Reading, RG6 7AB, UK.<br />
2 Federal University of Paraná, Forest School, Av. Lothario Meissner, 3400, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil<br />
The objective of this study is to assess population level genetic structure and dynamics of the Araucaria<br />
angustifolia in remnant patches, with different levels of human modification and distributed within a typical<br />
landscape of southern Brazil. Theses data are being used to improve our understanding of the impact<br />
of fragmentation and to guide policies for habitat conservation and restoration. The Araucaria forest<br />
is one of the most important biomes occurring naturally in southern Brazil. The extensive logging and<br />
agricultural expansion of recent decades have resulted in significant fragmentation of the forest cover.<br />
Temporal analysis of Landsat satellite imagery (1977 and 2003) has shown that the plots studied were<br />
originally connected and that the landscape was a matrix of forest interspersed with patches of agricultural<br />
land. By 2003 the opposite was evident, with small patches of forest within a matrix of agricultural<br />
land. The genetic diversity is being assessed by the use of microsatellite markers. The molecular marker<br />
results have shown that the fragmentation of the forest could have contributed to the differentiation of<br />
the allelic and genotypic richness of the studied population. The survival of remnants of Araucaria angustifolia<br />
patches and as well single clumps in the agricultural landscape is key factors for species conservation<br />
and potential restoration.<br />
Key words: Genetic diversity; microsatellites and conservation; conifers.<br />
Ecological processes and plant characteristics controlling vegetation<br />
establishment on road slopes in semiarid Mediterranean environments<br />
Bochet E.<br />
Centro de investigaciones sobre Desertificación-CIDE, Valencia, Spain<br />
This study aimed at determining the ecological processes or “filters” that limit vegetation colonisation on<br />
road slopes in a semiarid Mediterranean region and identifying plant functional traits or types that characterized<br />
the most successful colonising species. Different possible causes of low colonisation success<br />
were identified and analysed according to the type (roadfill vs roadcut) and aspect (North vs South) of the<br />
slopes. Vegetation surveys of the road slope vegetation and surrounding areas, sowing experiments on<br />
road slopes, germination experiments in water-stressed laboratory conditions and seed removal experiments<br />
under simulated rainfalls, were performed to determine the relative importance of seed dispersal,<br />
road slope conditions (environmental factors) and seed removal by runoff in road slope colonisation.<br />
Road slope conditions that control plant germination and development -especially soil water availability<br />
for plants- were more limiting for plant colonisation than the joined effect of seed dispersal and seed re-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 37<br />
moval by runoff. Several plant traits relative to seed, root and leaf characteristics were associated to<br />
plant colonisation success on road slopes. Knowledge about the filters controlling road slope colonisation<br />
and plant traits shared by successful species is a guarantee for road slope restoration.<br />
Keywords: colonisation, seed dispersal, environmental factors, erosion, plant functional types, road<br />
slopes.<br />
Public support for ecological restoration in Flanders (Belgium)<br />
Bogaert D.<br />
Arteveldehogeschool Gent, Belgium<br />
In 2002 an interdisciplinary social-legal research project was carried out in four ecological restoration<br />
projects in Flanders, all situated on former intensively used agricultural land. Different standardised interviews<br />
and questionnaires were used to estimate the internal capacity (i.e. responses of members and<br />
co-workers of a nature NGO and the Flanders nature agency) on the one hand and the (lack of) external<br />
support for conservation and restoration measures on the other (including responses from adjacent inhabitants,<br />
day-trippers and farmers). A multi-actor analysis was done. In all cases, a large public support<br />
for nature reserves amongst people living in the neighbourhood and people using the area for recreation<br />
could be observed. The so-called NIMBY-syndrome (Not In My Back-Yard) could not be confirmed.<br />
However, knowledge on the nature reserve and particularly on the accessibility thereof, is an important<br />
factor in obtaining public support. There also exists a large conditional public support amongst all the<br />
categories of respondents for the transformation of agricultural land into nature areas. The most important<br />
condition that was mentioned by all the groups was cooperation with local farmers. There is less<br />
public support from farmers towards ecological restoration than support for classical nature management<br />
measures. An important element in the arguments obtained from the farmers is the different view<br />
on nature between farmers and environmentalists. The lack of knowledge on nature policy and nature<br />
legislation amongst farmers also leads to a lack of public support.<br />
Keywords: ecological restoration, public support, multi-actor analysis, Flanders.<br />
The Price of Ambition<br />
Bond W.H. 1 , H. Bowell 2 , T. Hanks 3 . D. Price 4 , R. Southwood 5<br />
1 Alaska Environmental Contracting Ltd UK<br />
2 RSPB Northwest Region UK<br />
3 STEM, Norfolk, UK<br />
4 Habitat Management, Norfolk UK<br />
In 1999 substantial funding was obtained to undertake an extensive programme of scrub clearance from<br />
the Norfolk Broads in eastern England. Ground conditions are extremely soft and vulnerable, and the<br />
sites are often flooded. The project aimed not only to do the work, but also to develop new and effective<br />
ways of working in such difficult conditions and on a large scale. The chosen contractors spent a lot of<br />
time, money and effort trying to make ‘the ideal system’ work; but after four years the project was way<br />
behind schedule, and the contractors debts were huge. The standards and the costings were too ambitious.<br />
This talk looks at what went wrong, and the lessons to be learned; but has a warming finish, because<br />
at the eleventh hour a compromise on our ideals, permitting a change in systems, has allowed a<br />
dramatic acceleration of progress; a return to profitability for the contractor, and the project is now racing<br />
towards a dramatically successful conclusion.<br />
Keywords: scrub, fen, mechanisation, Broads.<br />
A Big Boy’s Toys – 2005<br />
Bond W.H.<br />
Alaska Environmental Contracting Ltd UK<br />
Ecological Restoration needs tools and equipment, and as the scale of restoration projects grows, so the<br />
equipment needs to keep pace. As standards of work improve, and targets for minimising collateral damage<br />
are raised, so better equipment must be developed. Alaska Environmental Contracting are well<br />
known at home in the UK and abroad for our innovation and adaption to meet these challenges. This<br />
presentation unashamedly relishes in the delights of the ‘big toys’ we are currently using for restoration.<br />
In 2001 it was the light railway extracting timber from wetland that excited people. This year we have,<br />
amongst other things, huge amphibious excavators, all-consuming air curtain incinerators, a paddle tug,
38 Oral Presentations<br />
and to cap it all a 70 tonne hovercraft! As well as fun pictures, we will put this equipment into it’s logistical<br />
context; examining options and approaches to the movement of materials, equipment and staff over<br />
sensitive terrain, and the ecological needs that spur on the development of such specialised solutions.<br />
Keywords: mechanisation, specialised equipment, amphibious excavator, incinerator, paddle.<br />
Ecological restoration of dry tropical forests in Mexico: a revision of the state of<br />
the art on propagation and reintroduction of native tree species in degraded lands<br />
Bonfil C., I. Trejo, R. García-Barrios<br />
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México<br />
Tropical deciduous forest (TDF) is the predominant tropical vegetation in Mexico. It once covered 14% of<br />
the territory, but high deforestation rates have caused forest loss, while the remaining forests are fragmented,<br />
altered (27%), or converted to degraded lands (23%). Therefore, restoration of vast areas is an<br />
urgent task. A review of the state of the art of knowledge on propagation methods and performance of<br />
species under different environmental conditions shows that it is still fragmentary and concentrated in a<br />
few species. Although throughout Mexican TDFs the more diverse and frequent plant families are Leguminosae,<br />
Euphorbiaceae, Burseraceae, Cactaceae and Compositae, propagation protocols show a large<br />
bias towards early succesional leguminous species. This is explained by their abundance, their frequent<br />
association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the fact that many species are natural colonizers of disturbed<br />
sites. However, research on a wider spectrum of species is urgently needed, particularly on genera<br />
comprising tree species dominating undisturbed forests, namely Bursera, Ceiba, Cordia, Lonchocarpus,<br />
Jatropha and many others. This should also include research on conditions conducive to high seedling<br />
establishment and growth, as existing evidence points to high mortality during the first years after<br />
seedling reintroduction, as a result of water stress and a sharp increase in predation from small mammals<br />
when other resources are unavailable. Restoration will also benefit from studies on succession in<br />
TDFs, a subject only recently addressed. It is expected that the establishment of the first Station for Environmental<br />
Restoration in the Morelos state will gather research on a variety of subjects that are crucial<br />
for restoration of TDFs.<br />
Keywords: Tropical Deciduous Forest, Mexico, plant propagation, reintroduction, succession.<br />
An industrial research chair or how peatland scientists and peat industry can<br />
benefit from each others<br />
Boudreau S., L. Rochefort<br />
Peatland Ecology Research Group (PERG), Département de phytologie and Centre d’études nordiques (CEN), Université Laval,<br />
Québec, Canada<br />
Research in peatland restoration began around 1992 in Canada through a partnership of scientific researchers<br />
from different universities (Peatland Ecology Research Group), the Canadian peat moss industry<br />
and governmental agencies. At that time, the common objective was the integrated sustainable management<br />
of Canadian peatlands. More than ten years later, research in peatland restoration has<br />
progressed immensely, both in the areas of applied and fundamental science. The vision of the peat industry<br />
has also evolved and regulations on peat mining have also been created in some provinces. Although<br />
no models for a Decision Support System (DSS) or other model have been specifically developed<br />
for peatland management, many tools have been used to transfer and communicate scientific results to<br />
peatland managers and land users. Scientific workshops are organised annually to present the latest results.<br />
Newsletters (Echo tourbières) are largely distributed to inform industrial partners and other collaborators<br />
of current research activities. Moreover, annual technological transfer workshops allow scientists<br />
to teach some useful information and restoration methods to peat industry employees, who in turn bring<br />
their practical expertise to the field of improving application of restoration methods. For example, the<br />
large-scale restoration of the Bois-des-Bel experimental field station (Quebec) has been successfully<br />
achieved by the combined efforts of scientists and peatland land users. Working in collaboration with<br />
many competing peat companies has represented a major challenge for the scientists. However, the opportunity<br />
to join various forces and expertises allows us to make more progress in resolving problems in<br />
the field and applying results of scientific projects.<br />
Keywords: peatland, restoration, technological transfer, communication.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 39<br />
Restoration and development of degraded lands in arid and semi-arid areas -<br />
examples and conclusions from Israel and Africa<br />
Brandeis A.<br />
Urban & Regional Planning Ltd., Israel<br />
Degradation of lands and natural resources in arid and semi-arid areas is a major global challenge. The<br />
main reasons for degradation are frequently similar. These can include population growth, nonsustainable<br />
use and overexploitation of natural resources (overgrazing, deforestation, use of salinated water,<br />
etc.), growing use of water, contamination of water or soil, impact of global changes, and human ambition<br />
either to survive (in low income areas) or to use more and more of the resources (in all areas). These<br />
problems are frequently the cause of social or economic crisis, or are related to them. Many differences<br />
can also be found between areas: natural resources, climate, social and economic situation, technological<br />
level, political atmosphere, culture, landscape, and more. Unfortunately there are no prescriptions, no<br />
miracles and no “one-dimensional” solutions. It is important to have a good understanding of the problems<br />
and processes and to prepare a comprehensive multidisciplinary plan based on site-specific analysis.<br />
The solutions will always reflect a delicate balance and combination of physical, economic, social, environmental,<br />
management, educational and other aspects. Public participation, capacity building,<br />
budget, belief and patience are also often essential for success. There are many examples of tools which<br />
can be used for the restoration and development of degraded lands in arid and semi-arid areas: a) develop<br />
new water resources, b) more efficient use of water, c) remove specific problems and restore degraded<br />
land, d) develop new types of agriculture and techniques, e) develop non-agricultural sources of income,<br />
f) develop new infrastructure and political leadership<br />
Keywords: Degradation, arid and semi-arid areas, tools for the restoration.<br />
Qualitative Reasoning Models for Building Understanding of Aquatic Ecosystem<br />
Ecological Restoration<br />
Bredeweg B. 1 , P.B. Salles 2 , E. Cioaca 3 , M. Neumann 4 , T. Nuttle 5 , Y. Uzunov 6 , I.G. Cowx 7 ,<br />
S. Schmutz 8<br />
1 University of Amsterdam, Human Computer Interactions Lab, Amsterdam, Netherlands<br />
2 University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Brasilia<br />
3 Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Romania<br />
4 Interdisciplinary Research Center for Environmental Protection, University of Giessen, Germany<br />
5 Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany<br />
6 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Central Laboratory of General Ecology<br />
7 University of Hull, Hull International Fisheries Institute, England<br />
8 Univ. Natural Resource & Applied Life Sciences, Dept. of Hydrobiology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Austria<br />
In the framework of a project funded by the European Commission, an innovative technique from artificial<br />
intelligence - Qualitative Reasoning- is used to investigate alternative ecological restoration scenarios<br />
in degraded aquatic ecosystems. Our approach involves developing qualitative reasoning models of five<br />
aquatic ecosystems that focus on a variety of environmental problems: 1) eutrophication and water pollution<br />
processes, indicated through aquatic community composition in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve,<br />
Romania; 2) effects of organic pollution and other urban and industrial pollution on abiotic and biotic<br />
structures, River Mesta, Bulgaria; 3) biological populations and communities, biodiversity, habitats,<br />
and ecosystem interactions within the Riacho Fundo, Brazil; 4) driving forces of underlying river restoration<br />
actions in Austria; 5) different degrees of water quality, flow regulation and habitat degradation<br />
problems in the River Trent and Yorkshire River Ouse, England. QR models developed by ecologists will<br />
describe each system both to learn about their specific restoration system, and to develop a deep understanding<br />
about cause and effect processes in the environment, to support practical decision-making.<br />
Keywords: Qualitative reasoning, aquatic ecosystem ecological restoration.<br />
Restoring coastal turf communities in Taranaki, New Zealand<br />
Bridge D. L., B.D. Clarkson<br />
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand<br />
Distinctive indigenous turfs, typically less than 15 millimetres in height, grow on the margins of coastal<br />
terraces in areas that are exposed to strong salt laden winds, such as, headlands and coastal indentations.<br />
These communities are dominated either by the endemic grass Zoysia minima (Poaceae) or the herb<br />
Selliera radicans (Goodeniaceae) and support nine species officially classified as rare or endangered. Removal<br />
of the adjacent natural sequence of vegetation has put these fragile communities under threat of
40 Oral Presentations<br />
displacement by introduced pasture species. A method for the translocating and establishing new coastal<br />
turf communities was trialed between April 2003 and June 2005. Three sizes of turf plugs (25, 50 and 80<br />
mm 2 ) were translocated from an intact community to a coastal margin bare of vegetation. Transplanted<br />
cores were randomly distributed at either 5 or 10 percent cover in 42 plots of 500 mm 2 , two distances<br />
parallel from the terrace margin. For each of the plug sizes average cover was either stable or declining in<br />
the first year following the translocation. In the second year there has been an increase in cover of the<br />
two larger plug sizes irrespective of initial percentage cover. Associated miniature herbs have maintained<br />
survival with Colobanthus muelleri (Caryophyllaceae) colonising up to 11 metres from the site of translocation.<br />
Bare terraces can be re-vegetated using translocation of short-stature turf communities which<br />
will have positive implications for the survival of these threatened plant communities and coastal terrace<br />
erosion.<br />
Keywords: Indigenous, Coastal, Turf, Translocation, Terrace.<br />
Using grazing exclusion, stones cover restoration and plant neighbour removal<br />
to restore two native perennial plants to degraded steppe in South-eastern<br />
France<br />
Buisson 1 E., E. Corcket 2 , T. Dutoit 3<br />
1 UMR-CNRS 6116 Institut Méditerranéen d’Ecologie et de Paléoécologie, FST Saint-Jérôme, case 461, 13397 Marseille Cedex<br />
20, France<br />
2 UMR INRA BIOECO, BIOdiversité, Gènes, ECOsystèmes, Université Bordeaux 1, avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence Cedex,<br />
France<br />
3 UMR INRA-UAPV 406 Ecologie des Invertébrés, Université d’Avignon, site Agroparc, Domaine Saint-Paul, 84914, Avignon,<br />
France<br />
La Crau (south-eastern France) is a steppe dominated by Brachypodium retusum and Thymus vulgaris,<br />
that has evolved with both edaphic and climatic aridity and centuries of itinerant sheep grazing. This site<br />
of a great biological value has been degraded by human activities (cultivation). The steppe vegetation resilience<br />
being extremely low, ecological restoration was attempted by improving environmental conditions<br />
and by re-introducing some perennial dominant steppe species (Thymus and Brachypodium). Germination<br />
being low on the abandoned fields, target species were transplanted in a factorial experiment to test<br />
three treatments: grazed/ungrazed, restored stone cover/disturbed stone cover, neighbor removal/neighbor<br />
intact. The effect of high nutrients, remaining in the soil as a result of fertiliser application during<br />
cultivation, was tested by carrying out the experiment on three plots with a fertility gradient. The ideal<br />
combination of treatments included: 1) the exclusion of sheep grazing the first year to optimize establishment;<br />
2) neighbor removal which increased seedling growth; 3) restored stone cover to protect seedlings<br />
from rabbit grazing and summer drought. The fields with higher fertility levels had lower plant survival<br />
but much greater growth. In order to re-introduce target species to degraded steppe patches, we recommend<br />
transplanting seedlings and applying the three treatments as described above.<br />
Keywords: abandoned field, competition, dry grassland, facilitation.<br />
Ecological restoration – offering nature our assistance<br />
Burke S.M., N.D. Mitchell<br />
University of Auckland, New Zealand<br />
Through ecological restoration, we offer nature our assistance to repair or recover degraded or destroyed<br />
ecosystems and environments. However, nature does not always respond to our assistance in a manner<br />
that we had hoped, ergo the number of so-called ‘failed’ restoration projects. Similarly, our celebrated<br />
‘successes’ show that the assistance we have provided is consistent with a response or pathway that nature<br />
may have intended to follow unassisted. Thus, nature filters our restoration actions and effectively<br />
‘decides’ those that are most suitable for restoring a given site. Restoration management often involves<br />
significant manipulation of abiotic and biotic variables and usually contributes a range of additional<br />
trophic interactions to a system. There has been little research undertaken to explore the extent to which<br />
our ‘assistance’ impacts upon or adds to the extant ecological processes operating within a restoration<br />
site. With extensive interference of all ecosystem variables, it is difficult to develop any general models to<br />
predict the outcomes of restoration action. The ad-hoc methods employed in restoration practice confound<br />
this problem further.Current restoration paradigms assume that an ecological model is appropriate<br />
to test in a restoration context. This presentation argues that pure ecological models are inappropriate<br />
as direct reference for the development of conceptual restoration theory and further, fall short of<br />
delivering adequate guidance for restoration management practice. Progression in restoration ecology will<br />
depend upon developing and testing conceptual models that incorporate the input of our ‘assistance’. Ini-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 41<br />
tially, we need to overcome the ideology that our interaction with nature is simply assisting or facilitating<br />
the recovery of natural processes. Our restoration management adds to extant natural processes and<br />
thus, we inadvertently become an additional player in the system structure. Restoration models need to<br />
recognise the trophic roles of our participation in the natural system and the ecological consequences of<br />
our management actions on the other biotic and abiotic components. To this end, we may develop more<br />
accurate conceptual models and gain insight for improved ecological restoration practice.<br />
Keywords: Ecological restoration, ecology, people, assistance, interaction.<br />
Challenges and prospects for sustainable development and restoration in arid<br />
and semiarid areas.<br />
Burmil 1 S., Z. Naveh 2<br />
1 Department of Planning and Landscape Architecture, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631<br />
2 Technion, Haifa, Israel<br />
More than half of the earth's land surface is defined as arid and semi-arid, yet, their share in the global<br />
population and political power and economics is much smaller. Arid and semi-arid landscapes pose particular<br />
challenges as well as prospects for sustainable development and restoration. These areas share<br />
some common characteristics such as limited resources (e.g., water and productive soil) and high spatial<br />
and temporal variability in resources and conditions. While many of the characteristics can be individually<br />
found in other areas, their co-occurrence in arid and semi-arid areas can be defined to be unique.<br />
The recognition of the differences between arid and semi-arid landscapes is important for sustainable development.<br />
Sustainable development and restoration means wise use of resources for the benefit of present<br />
and future generations. Wise use also implies making the best use of existing local resources rather<br />
than wasting resources in efforts for large scale landscape transformations. The survival of healthy<br />
human communities in these areas depends also on preventing the rise in global temperature. Knowledge<br />
and understanding of the specific characteristics in these areas and adapting appropriate policies to<br />
enhance prospects rather than expensive landscape transformation efforts are critical. The challenge for<br />
sustainable development should also include empowering local communities, respect and protect their<br />
traditional ways of life and ensure their participation in the development. The differences between arid<br />
and semi-arid landscapes, the need for careful adaptations of policies and technologies as well as economic<br />
and cultural processes to the ecological processes, will be the focus of this paper.<br />
Keywords: arid and semi-arid areas, sustainable development, policies.<br />
Multiple scale assessment for planning the ecological restoration of the Middle<br />
Ebro floodplains<br />
Cabezas 1 A., F.A. Comín 1 , E. González 1 , B. Gallardo 1 , M. García 1 , J. Guerrero 2<br />
1 Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología-CSIC. Avda. Montañana 1005. Apdo. 202. 50080 Zaragoza. Spain<br />
2 Servicio Provincial Medio Ambiente. Dpto. Medio Ambiente-DGA. Pza. San Pedro Nolasco. Zaragoza. Spain<br />
The ecological restoration of ecosystems can be planned at different spatial scales depending on objectives<br />
and facilities for implementation. Small scales can be useful for patch or reach approaches. Assessment<br />
at large scale is necessary for planning restoration at large scale. A multiple scale assessment can<br />
be useful for planning the ecological restoration at large scale while providing the ecological requirements<br />
for efficient restoration at smaller scales. A landscape scale assessment of land-use changes of the Middle<br />
Ebro floodplain was done from comparison of aerial photographs different decades during the second<br />
half of the XXth century. Lack of longitudinal and transversal continuity of natural ecosystems is a common<br />
fact in all the floodplain. Also, accelerated silting of ox-bow lakes and loss of connectivity are observed.<br />
These changes are related with intensive use of the flood plain for agricultural purposes, establishment<br />
of dikes at the river shores, decrease of average river water flow and disrupted water regime of<br />
the river. Disrupted patterns of spatial plant distribution were observed in spectral transects of plant diversity<br />
measured in three different parts (proximal, central and distal) of different groves of the floodplain,<br />
and were related to human intervention (poplar plantations for wood production, controlled grazing<br />
by farm animals, and gravel extractions). Light extinction through the air column in woods and soil organic<br />
matter show differences at patch scale related to the physical structure of the woods and to the use<br />
of the soil for different purposes, respectively. Results from this multiple scale approach can be assembled<br />
to plan restoration at different spatial and temporal scales. In order to set up plans and goals for<br />
ecological restoration at large floodplain scale, water river flow and regime are key factors to be considered<br />
as increasing water connectivity is an essential characteristic to be recovered for efficient restoration<br />
at large scale. At grove scale, increasing connectivity and/or controlled plating, together physical design
42 Oral Presentations<br />
could be efficient actions to recover processes driving to restore ecosystem heterogeneity and diversity,<br />
including ox-box lake turnover.<br />
Key words: floodplain, landscape, grove, patch, scales, assessment, restoration, planning.<br />
On the use of microbial bioremediation to reduce organic matter pollution in<br />
riverbed sediments of the Jucar River Basin (Spain)<br />
Camacho A. 1 , A. Picazo 1 , C. Rochera 1 , E. Vicente 1 , E. Andreu 2 , O. Andreu 2 , J. González 3 ,<br />
E. Correcher 4 , J.F. Martínez-Más 4<br />
1 Institute Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology. University of Valencia. Burjassot. Spain<br />
2 Department of Functional Biology. University of Valencia. Burjassot. Spain<br />
3 BioEnergy Systems. Valencia. Spain<br />
4 Confederación Hidrográfica del Júcar. Valencia. Spain<br />
Strong organic matter pollution of sediments of aquatic ecosystems difficults water quality recovery,<br />
which in turn is of paramount relevance in the restoration of polluted rivers. An experimental study was<br />
conducted in some Mediterranean streams from East Spain to evaluate the suitability of microbial bioremediation<br />
for the in situ reduction of organic content of sediments in polluted riverbeds. Lyophilised microorganisms<br />
and ectoenzymes were inoculated in summer in the sediments and the evolution of the organic<br />
matter content was monitored. Control areas of untreated sediments were also established.<br />
Satisfactory results in the reduction of organic matter (up to 60 % within two months) were found in sediments<br />
previously showing high organic content (around 30 %), especially those with higher biodegradability,<br />
such as those found in riverbeds that historically received domestic sewage inflows. On the opposite,<br />
in sediments with organic matter content lower than 8-10 %, variations were not substantially<br />
different that those observed in non-treated control areas. Similarly, sediments containing high amounts<br />
of C-rich N&P-poor organic matter (e.g. cellulose) were not substantially recovered by the bioremediation<br />
treatment. As a result of this study, microbial bioremediation techniques will be selectively considered for<br />
some future restoration activities in streams of the Júcar River Basin Authority.<br />
Keywords: microbial bioremediation, river sediments, organic matter reduction.<br />
Integrative restoration in the semi-arid Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, México:<br />
ecology and local community involvement<br />
Camargo-Ricalde 1 S.L., S.S. Dhillion 2,3 , M. Aguilar-Støen 2<br />
1 Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. Mexico<br />
2 Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Norway<br />
3 Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo. Norway<br />
Successful ecological restoration depends on negotiation and understanding of different stakeholders, including<br />
the daily users of the resources, government institutions that will regulate resource use and the<br />
research community working in the area. One of the options for restoration is to select species that have<br />
multiple functions in a system (“multipurpose species”). Plant species may impact the system in several<br />
unexplored ways and serve more purposes than just improving forage or soil fertility or acting as windbreak.<br />
Our aim was to identify plant species that could be used for the Valley restoration (part of it a<br />
biosphere reserve since 1998) in keeping with needs of natural resources management, biodiversity conservation<br />
and local culture. We propose that the genus Mimosa (Leguminosae) holds the best candidate<br />
multipurpose species due to the prevalence of the plants in the Valley, endemism, preferences of local<br />
people and large number of potential functions in the ecosystem. We found that four species (M. lacerate,<br />
M. luisana, M. polyantha and M. texana) had important environmental attributes: they play a nurse role,<br />
create symbiotic propagule-rich sites, and function as resource islands. Their physical structure provides<br />
shade and acts as a windbreak, counteracting erosion and improving micro-environmental conditions<br />
that can facilitate the establishment of other species and harboring insects, birds and rodents. Management<br />
of the biosphere reserve and Valley needs to be open, evolving and adaptive, requiring the integration<br />
of local communities and alternatives to foster economic and human development that are socio-culturally<br />
and ecologically sustainable.<br />
Keywords: Plant, multipurpose species, improving environmental conditions.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 43<br />
Heidegger and the Paradox of Ecological Restoration<br />
Cameron W.S.K.<br />
Dept of Philosophy, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA<br />
Among Heidegger’s most brilliant contributions to environmental philosophy is his devastating critique of<br />
modern science’s fundamental, technological mindset. The stinking rose that is the bloom of our epoch<br />
in the history of being, the experimental method projects and then confirms its view of the world as repeatably<br />
present-at-hand, thereby concealing both its own being and the temporality of Dasein. This theoretical<br />
distortion, moreover, has had powerful practical consequences. Driven by its fundamental orientation<br />
to control, science reveals the world and eventually humanity itself as standing reserve, i.e. as<br />
equipment made for consumption by the human will to power. Worse still, Heidegger’s frightening picture<br />
is undeniably compelling: the last two centuries offer many examples of our achieving tremendous power<br />
only to find that, like the sorcerer’s apprentice, we cannot constrain what we’ve unleashed. Our aspiration<br />
to power has rendered us progressively more powerless. Yet as compelling as this story appears—<br />
and indeed as tempting for environmentalists in the humanities who, denied the economic and political<br />
prestige of their scientist colleagues, can at least indulge in self-righteous condemnation—matters cannot<br />
be so simple. Any blanket condemnation of science generates intractable theoretical and practical problems—a<br />
difficulty not only in general, but for Heidegger in particular as one who sees Dasein’s knowing<br />
and acting as intimately connected. To sketch the general problem in a thumbnail: many environmentalists,<br />
e.g. Holmes Rolston III, praise science as offering essential insights into the beauty, complexity, and<br />
wonder of the natural world. For them, one could not appreciate the environment without any insight<br />
into its unseen depths. But the practical problem with Heidegger’s view is even more pressing for environmentalists,<br />
since by apparently rejecting science, Heidegger leaves little or no justification for developing<br />
the techniques by which environmental mitigation, revegetation, and (more broadly) restoration may<br />
become effective—an enormous problem, given both the environmental degradation that has already occurred<br />
and that which will yet occur under the momentum of current practices. Of the many questions<br />
that could be raised, I will focus on two interpretive ones. First, does Heidegger in fact reject science<br />
completely? And if not, what form could science take once we have conceded and rejected the devastating<br />
consequences of understanding science as Gestell? Addressing this question is difficult, since it is implicitly<br />
an ethical one, and Heidegger’s attitude towards ethics was famously astringent. Yet recent work<br />
clarifying Heidegger’s philosophy of science as well as other work drawing out the ethical implications of<br />
his position have suggested between them new possibilities for rendering his powerful critique of technology<br />
both performatively consistent and practically plausible.<br />
Keywords: Heidegger, restoration as technology and technique, restoration as listening and enabling.<br />
Evaluation of Agro-environment Schemes in England - A Three Pronged<br />
Approach<br />
Carey P.D.<br />
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Monks Wood, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, PE28 2LS, UK<br />
Since 1997 we have been evaluating two agro-environmental schemes in England, the Countryside Stewardship<br />
Scheme and the Environmentally Sensitive Areas. We have looked at a) targeting of the schemes,<br />
b) the way the scheme is being applied and c) delivery of ecological objectives. Results from each of a, b<br />
and c will be presented and a synthesis of the effectiveness of the schemes will be made. The schemes<br />
appear to have been well targeted, well run and for wet grassland and calcareous grassland have delivered<br />
objectives. However not everything is perfect!. Information on the two new schemes that started in<br />
England in April 2005 will also be presented.<br />
Keywords: Agro-environment, targeting, scheme management, delivery, success.<br />
Comparison of revegetation of roadside slopes using different sowing mixtures<br />
C˘arni A., P. Kos˘ir, U. S˘ilc, I. Zelnik<br />
Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, p. b. 306, SI-1001<br />
Ljubljana<br />
The research took place in the sub-Mediterranean part of Slovenia. Two plant species mixtures were<br />
sown, one with nursing grasses and the other without them, and tested to determine, which one is better<br />
for restoration of roadside slopes. Both sets of plots were sampled every year over a period of six years<br />
and analysed (indirect gradient analyses, species number, similarity, syntaxa). It was found that the mix-
44 Oral Presentations<br />
ture without nursing grasses with predominating stress tolerators is better, since it enables a smoother<br />
succession course.<br />
Keywords: roadside slopes, dry grassland, restoration, floristic composition, permanent plots, succession,<br />
Slovenia.<br />
A satellite-based approach to plan fluvial habitat restoration<br />
Carone M.T. 1,2 , S. Manfreda 1 , T. Simoniello 2 , V. Cuomo 2<br />
1 DIFA (Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Fisica dell'Ambiente)- Università di Basilicata, Potenza, Italy<br />
2 IMAA-CNR (Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy<br />
The usefulness of remote sensing techniques in analysing landscape structure has been widely demonstrated;<br />
whereas the application of these for planning ecological restoration interventions is not thoroughly<br />
explored yet. In this study we propose an approach based on satellite data as input for hydrological<br />
analyses to identify better sites for restoration ecology interventions in fluvial ecosystems. Among the<br />
several existing restoration techniques the construction of buffer strips along fluvial degraded banks is<br />
an accepted strategy of ecological restoration for improving water quality and habitat structure. The object<br />
of this research is to identify, along a fluvial habitat, critical segments because of the contribution of<br />
landscape superficial runoff. The latter is considered as a very important cause for pollutant transporting<br />
from fluvial surrounding areas. Such identification allows for precise localizing of buffer strips creation.<br />
The study area, the upper part of Agri River Basin, is located in Basilicata region (Southern Italy). This<br />
river shows very critical areas along its principal axis because of concrete embankments and widespread<br />
agricultural areas in its landscape. Remote sensing techniques were used to obtain a land use map of the<br />
territory from a summer LANDSAT-TM (Thematic Mapper) image. This map represented the basis for superficial<br />
runoff analyses related to different land use typologies by means of a hydrological distributed<br />
model; final data located the segments needing buffer strips creation. Results show that this methodology<br />
provides satisfactory information for an efficient intervention planning by evaluating landscape influences<br />
for the identification of critical areas in fluvial habitats.<br />
Keywords: Landsat-TM, ecological restoration, fluvial ecosystem, hydrological model.<br />
The assessment of a restored site in a reclamation area along the northern<br />
Adriatic coast<br />
Carrara F.<br />
Dept. Land and Agroforest Environments (TeSAF) - University of Padova, Italy<br />
The study was carried out to evaluate the different ecological values of a natural reserve (Valle Vecchia,<br />
Caorle-Venezia), S.I.C. and Z.P.S., and develop a management plan of the different zones. The area consists<br />
of two parts: a coastal area, charachterized by the dunal system and an anthropogenic pine woodland,<br />
and a more developed area, used for agroforestry practices, with two wetlands, some planted woodlands<br />
and many hedgerows planted to separate the cultivated fields. We developed and applied a set of<br />
indexes to describe the flora and the fauna of the site. The flora indexes include: species diversity (Margalef),<br />
biogeographic value, chromatic asset, number of rare and protected species, degree of naturalness<br />
of the community successions, sociological behaviour (Ellenberg). The wildlife indexes (birds and waterfowls)<br />
include: vulnerability level, biogeographic value, social value: contactableness level, amenity level,<br />
hunting value. We also assesed the different anthropic impacts related to the coastal part, which is the<br />
most frequented by visitors, and beach users. The diverse floristic composition and the percentage of<br />
surface occupied by paths were considered. The zone characterized by the highest ecological value for the<br />
flora and the fauna is the same in areas where the human impact is the lowest and in these areas there<br />
are very few synanthropic flora species. The indexes allowed us to establish a zoning criterion and distinguish<br />
three diverse zones with a different ecological value. The management plan will be based on three<br />
different protection levels for the site.<br />
Keywords: indexes, ecological value, restored site, natural reserve, management plan.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 45<br />
Restoration of desert abandoned agricultural fields<br />
Castellanos 1 A.E., J.L. Moreno 2 , R. Méndez 1<br />
1 DICTUS, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora. Mexico. 83000<br />
2 Colegio de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora. Mexico 83000<br />
Biodiversity, functionality and productivity are main goals for restoration and rehabilitation practices.<br />
When large areas are involved, scaling of restoration goals should consider socioeconomic and desertification<br />
amelioration issues. When those issues are not considered, arid lands restoration and rehabilitation<br />
are perceived as “wasted” efforts that consume large amounts of capital resources. Abandoned agricultural<br />
fields in La Costa de Hermosillo within Sonoran desert habitats, have increased in the last 20<br />
years to a patchy landscape close to 100 thousand hectares. Restoration have been initiated considering<br />
previous ecological information on historical accounts, plant secondary succession and resource use<br />
strategies of dominant plant species in native desert ecosystems. Rehabilitation considers a matrix of different<br />
economic potentialities for specific native and introduced plant species into these new habitats. We<br />
conclude this paper reviewing the ecological and environmental considerations for developing a restoration<br />
strategy that can be successfully applied to abandoned agricultural fields in desert habitats.<br />
Keywords: desert secondary succession, abandoned agricultural fields, desertification, environmental<br />
costs, desert restoration.<br />
Ecological restoration of the gypsum quarry “Rio de Aguas” in Almeria (SE<br />
Spain) based on soils and floristic analyses<br />
Castelló R., J.M. Castillejo, J.M. Martín, J.L. de la Horra, C. Vizcayno, J. Pastor<br />
Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC, Madrid<br />
This report describes a series of studies aimed at recovering a gypsum quarry area (Rio de Aguas, Sorbas,<br />
Almeria, Spain), which through years of mining has suffered intense degradation effects on landscape<br />
and geomorphology. The aim of the work was to minimize these effects. It was made a thorough<br />
evaluation of the flora and native vegetation of the quarry and its surroundings. The climate and soil of<br />
the area were defined and mapped in detail to establish a good time frame for installing a protective plant<br />
cover aimed at mitigating erosion-degradation and at integrating the landscape of the quarry within its<br />
natural setting. A physico-chemical and mineralogical analysis of the soil allowed to establish suitable<br />
amendments for the soil used to cover the area to be restored, mainly in terms of OM, total N and SO 4<br />
contents. Studies of flora and vegetation, specially in natural plant communities, have indicated the<br />
presence of numerous species (20% endemic) and their preference for the different landscape units.<br />
Thus, some taxa showed a preference for slopes, sunny or shady sites, gypsum substrates or basic nongypsum<br />
materials, and also different soil properties. In addition, based on endemism values and ecological<br />
preferences, we are presently creating a stock of seeds and have started greenhouse tests to evaluate<br />
the behavior of the different taxa.<br />
Keywords: landscape degradation, soils, flora, vegetation, ecological preferences.<br />
Problematic of hydrologic forest restoration in the semiarid/arid climate: the<br />
experiencein the mounts of the Vinalopó basin (Spain)<br />
Cavallé-Garrido A., M. Vigil<br />
TECNOMA S.A. Valencia. Spain<br />
Hydrologic-forest restoration in semiarid/ arid climate: the case of Vinalopó basin. Zone in semiarid climate<br />
gravely eroded as consequence of as anthropic as climatologic factors, due mainly to erroneous reforestations<br />
and adverse climatic conditions characterised for the scanty of precipitation and torrential<br />
rains episodes. The treated themes are the problematic of reforestation in these mounts and the necessary<br />
actions to get a satisfactory hydrologic-forest restoration in this environment. Application of new<br />
techniques for water utilisation. Importance of implantation irrigation. Physic and biologic techniques for<br />
erosion correction.<br />
Keybords: hydrologic-forest restoration, semiarid, erosion, water utilisation, irrigation, reforestation<br />
techniques.
46 Oral Presentations<br />
Varying limnology of the lagoons within the same wetland landscape. A case<br />
study from a Ramsar Wetland in Sri Lanka<br />
Chandana E.P.S. 1 , L.A. Samayawardhena 2 , N.J. de S. Amarasinghe 2<br />
1 Currently Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Japan<br />
2 Department of Zoology, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka<br />
Objectives of the present study are to identify the decisive limnological parameters that may be useful in<br />
the management of the major lagoons {Malala (650 ha), Embillakala (450 ha) and Bundala Lewaya (550<br />
ha)} in the Bundala National Park (first Ramsar wetland in Sri Lanka). Major limnological parameters were<br />
studied in temporal and spatial scale over two years (2001-2003). All the analyses were carried out according<br />
to the standard methods described elsewhere. Differences of water level and the drainage systems,<br />
magnitude of the forest cover and the varying degrees of human impact were identified as key factors affecting<br />
the ecological identity of each lagoon. Sediment loading and sediment retention, salinity, micronutrient<br />
levels, Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fishes and aquatic birds showed marked differences<br />
of their abundance and composition at temporal and spatial scales. Correlation analysis showed the<br />
complex relationship between physicochemical parameters and biological characters of each lagoon.<br />
Abundance and the composition of the aquatic macrophytes was a key determinant of the biological assemblages<br />
(e.g. phytoplankton, zooplankton and fishes). High nutrient levels indicated the danger of eutrophication.<br />
Poor drainage systems, uncontrolled human activities, devastated buffer zones and lack of<br />
long term monitoring programs were identified as key issues to be considered in future management<br />
plans. This study has noted the significant differences of the physico-chemical parameters and related<br />
biological parameters between the lagoons within the same landscape indicating the requirement of precisely<br />
planned management strategy for each lagoon.<br />
Keywords: Ramsar wetland, physicochemical parameters, Wetland management.<br />
Ecological types of natural lakes and wetlands in the Middle Atlas of Morocco for<br />
the restoration of their ecological values<br />
Chillasse L.<br />
University Moulay Ismail, Faculty of Sciences, Meknès, Morocco<br />
Research on the invertebrate and vertebrate (birds) populations have been carried out in 13 lakes and<br />
wetlands of the Middle Atlas in Morocco from 1990. The objective of these researches was to identify the<br />
most important types of aquatic habitats for birds and to remark their importance for the annual cycles<br />
of species identified in these types of habitats. Detailed cartographic maps have been elaborated using<br />
aerial photographs. Detailed cartographic maps have been elaborated using aerial photographs and extensive<br />
in situ validation of the plant communities. A typology of the lakes has been established through<br />
the factorial analysis of multiple correspondences (AFCM) of 14 variables related to physical, chemical,<br />
geomorphological and biological characteristics. This description is used for the classification of the<br />
lakes. The spatial distribution of the aquatic bird’s populations is in agreement with the lake typology.<br />
Most wetlands are disturbed by human activities and also under stress because of drought climatic conditions.<br />
Managers and scientists are in agreement for the urgent action to conserve and restore these<br />
habitats. The typology obtained after this analysis is proposed as a basic tool for the restoration and sustainable<br />
use of these ecosystems.<br />
Keywords: lakes, Mid Atlas, typology, birds, management, restoration.<br />
Restoration ecology to the future for its applicability, predictability, and<br />
sustainability<br />
Choi Y.D.<br />
Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, Indiana, USA<br />
Since its emergence as a new discipline in past century, ecological restoration has demonstrated an astounding<br />
growth and success not only as a proactive tool for conservation and management of biological<br />
resources, but also as a “testing-ground” of ecological theories. Particularly, the concepts of community<br />
succession have been a focal point for determining ‘desirable’ restoration trajectories. However, much of<br />
such trajectories are problematic under the ever-changing environment because they are often retrospective<br />
to the past, based on deterministic and static concepts of communities, limited to historic species<br />
composition, and sort of ‘ad-hoc gardening’ often with anecdotal and nostalgic visions. A simple re-composition<br />
of past floras or faunas is not a viable restoration for the future. A new paradigm is needed for<br />
sustainable restoration to the future. The new paradigm has to acknowledge (1) changing and unpre-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 47<br />
dictable environment of the future, (2) dynamic nature of ecological communities with multiple trajectories,<br />
and (3) interconnections of landscape elements for ecosystem functions and structures. Long-term<br />
and explicit goals, monitoring, and evaluation criteria are also essential for sustainability of restored<br />
ecosystems. This paper will present a theoretical framework for applications to this new paradigm.<br />
Keywords: restoration ecology, sustainability, paradigm.<br />
The water pollution prevention behaviors in Bangkok<br />
R. Choiejit 1 , R. Teungfung 2<br />
1 Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand.<br />
2 Department of Social Science, Faculty of General Education, Rajamangala University of Technology, Nonthaburi Campus.<br />
Thailand<br />
This paper intended to review and examine the participation behaviors in the water pollution prevention<br />
in Bangkok and its vicinity. The participation behavior concerning water pollution prevention among various<br />
stakeholders including personal and community levels were examined. The results showed that personal<br />
factors such as sex, age, level of education, occupation and other individual characteristics influenced<br />
the water pollution prevention for the residents of Bangkok and its vicinity who living nearby the<br />
Chao Phrya river and other major canals. Residents of Bangkok and its vicinity had very high levels of<br />
the knowledge, attitude and perception toward the water pollution problems due to the effective water<br />
quality concern campaigns distributed by the mass media, particularly the television and radio. However,<br />
the levels of the participation behaviors were low in action for both personal and community dimensions.<br />
This indicated that there was a quite difference between people’s thought and behavior in reality. Longer<br />
time spent on their own businesses, household tasks and less attention to the practice of local residents<br />
were main causes of low levels of personal participation behaviors on the water quality concerns. A lack<br />
of local community leadership and/or the ineffective existed local community leader coupled with the ineffective<br />
co-ordination and public relation among various agencies such as local community organization,<br />
government and non-government agencies were the main causes of the failure in practices regarding to<br />
the environment conservation under the basis of the sustainable development. To achieve the high levels<br />
of the participation behaviors in the water pollution prevention under the basis of the sustainable development,<br />
this paper suggests that local community leadership development and community organization<br />
development programs should be emphasized. Revising of laws and official regulations were done also to<br />
support the local community to cope with the environmental problems effectively and systematically.<br />
Keywords: Water pollution prevention behavior in Bangkok.<br />
Conservation of dolphins – a tool for sustainable development and management<br />
of protected wetland in bihar: a case study in vikramshila sanctuary<br />
Choudhary S.K., S. Dey and S. Dey<br />
VBREC, University Deptt. Of Botany, T.M.Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur-812007<br />
Conventional wisdom suggests that people living in one of the poorest and politically unstable regions of<br />
the Asian subcontinent should be more concerned with economic security than with conserving wildlife.<br />
But in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS) of Bihar, India, a local group of conservationists<br />
from Bhagalpur University together with the Whale & Dolphin Conservation Society, U.K. in association<br />
with local community has initiated a project to turn a 60km segment of middle Ganges from a<br />
Sanctuary that till recently existed only on paper into one that provides meaningful protection for river<br />
dolphins and other aquatic fauna. It has also helped in the restoration of the ecology of river Ganges and<br />
its fisheries, leading ultimately to sustainable development and management of the Sanctuary. The Sanctuary<br />
was designated in 1991 and is the only protected wetland in Asia established specifically for<br />
Ganges river dolphins or ‘Soans’ Platanista gangetica gangetica. Vikramshila sanctuary has a rich biodiversity.<br />
In addition of Ganges river dolphins, our survey team has recorded gharial crocodilians Gavialis<br />
gangeticus, Smooth coated otters Lutragale perspillata, a variety of hard shell turtles, 76 numbers of fish<br />
species, 2 species of crustaceans and 135 species of birds. Bird species include 32 species of migrants<br />
including Greater Adjutant Storks Leptoptilos dubius, species that had never before been recorded in the<br />
Ganga Basin. In May 2002, we found nesting sites of Small Indian Pratincoles (Glareola lacteal), Indian<br />
Skimmers (Rhynchops albicollis), Indian River terns (Sterna rantia), little terns (Sterna albifrons) and river<br />
lapwings (Vanellus indicus), on a sandy mid-channel island near Bhagalpur. We also documented rich angiospermic<br />
vegetation along the river bank and in the flood plains, including 36 species of dicots and 15<br />
species of monocots. Thousands of fishermen and farmers families live adjacent to the river and depend<br />
on the river-resources for their livelihood. The biodiversity in the Vikramshila Sanctuary is threatened<br />
today. The aquatic wildlife including dolphins are particularly vulnerable to the human activities because
48 Oral Presentations<br />
of their restricted habitat. In Vikramshila, threats generally include, - 1) accidental as well as deliberate<br />
killing of dolphins for dolphin products such as dolphin oil, 2) violations of fishery and other environmental<br />
regulations, 3) poaching and hunting of the wildlife, 4) excessive exploitation of river resources, 5)<br />
pollution of the river, 6) poor socio-economic condition of the local resource-user community, and 7) the<br />
threat of violence in the river, VBREC team has taken some conservation initiatives including awareness<br />
and environmental education programs, and that are showing encouraging results towards conserving<br />
the rich biodiversity of the river Ganges and The Holy! Mother Ganga itself.<br />
Keywords: dolphin, wetland, Vikramshila Sanctuary.<br />
Butterfly Communities on Restored Landfills in Hong Kong<br />
Chu L.M., M.H. Hui<br />
Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China<br />
Closed landfills are usually revegetated to mitigate visual impact and provide amenity land. In Hong<br />
Kong, there are 13 closed landfills with a total area of 270 ha, which are important source of land for<br />
conservation and recreation. Most ecological research on local closed landfills focuses on vegetation and<br />
soil development, and there is a paucity of information on the recruitment of animals during successional<br />
changes. The diversity status of butterflies which are good indicator of ecosystem development have<br />
been studied on landfills, but are mostly limited to temperate countries. An assessment of the butterfly<br />
communities was conducted on four restored landfills, viz. Gin Drinkers Bay (GDB), Siu Lang Shui (SLS),<br />
Tseung Kwan O Stage I (TKOI) and Tseung Kwan O Stage II/III (TKOII/III), in Hong Kong which is subtropical.<br />
Monthly censuses were carried out on each site by the transect method between June and November,<br />
2004; each site was visited five times. A total of 75 species from eight families were found. Major<br />
species included Ypthima lisandra, Euchrysops cnejus, Famegana alsulus, Lampides boeticus, Zizina otis,<br />
Eurema hecabe, and Euploea midamus. Most were common on non-landfill areas, but four uncommon<br />
species were found, viz. Pachliopta aristolochiae, Delias hyparete and Eurema brigitta, and the very rare<br />
Taractrocera ceramas. Mean butterfly density for each site ranged from 84/ha to 360/ha. SLS had the<br />
lowest diversity index (1.75), while TKOI had the highest (2.18). Local closed landfills provided a suitable<br />
habitat for butterflies and were potential refuges for some rare and uncommon species.<br />
Keywords: Butterfly, colonization, restored landfills, Hong Kong.<br />
An innovative approach of reservoirs habitat restoration, in the Guadiana river<br />
basin, Spain<br />
Cifuentes N., P. Giménez<br />
MIMAM. Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, Spain<br />
The aim of this project is to establish wetland ecosystems in the vicinity of restored reservoirs. With the<br />
use of innovative restoration techniques, like, creation of artificial islands, artificial reefs, dikes, nesting<br />
sites, revegetation of banks, Confederación Geográfica del Guadiana, has been creating new wetland<br />
ecosystems in a pair of reservoirs. These actions took into consideration the public aspect of the site for<br />
recreational use or as a scientific site. The wetlands have already developed a higher biodiversity.<br />
Keywords: reservoir restoration, wetland, biodiversity.<br />
Making priorities and selections in wetland restoration; experiences in the<br />
province of Friesland, The Netherlands<br />
Claassen T.H.L.<br />
Friesland Water Authority, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands<br />
General rules and measures from 1970 onwards resulted in a distinct improvement of surface water<br />
quality (mainly related to oxygen conditions), after a long period of severe water pollution in The Netherlands.<br />
However, because of intensification of uses of our environment, with often contradicting interests,<br />
severe environmental problems became more visible, like eutrophication, acidification, desiccation, fragmentation<br />
and recently effects of climate change. Related to functions of water systems restoration and<br />
rehabilitation measures started around 1990 in the province of Friesland. A limited number of projects in<br />
nature reserves have been realised triggered by governmental subsidies and from the principle first come,<br />
first served. Nowadays a more well-considered setting of priorities is needed. In this paper two examples<br />
will be presented of methods used by setting priorities (in time) between areas, and three by making
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 49<br />
choices between measures within a limited area. One of this is a costs-effectiveness study, showing the<br />
approach needed according to the EU Water Framework Directive. It’s concluded that there is not yet a<br />
clear policy is using decision support systems in regional water management, nor in a set of standardised<br />
instruments for preparing weighed decisions for wetland restoration.<br />
Keywords: Environmental degradation, functions of water systems, priorities and selections in measures,<br />
regional wetland restoration.<br />
Assessing the success of restoration planting in Hamilton City, New Zealand<br />
Clarkson B.D., B.D. Mackay<br />
Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Research. University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand<br />
Hamilton City (New Zealand) is the focus of a concerted public and private effort to retrofit the City by restoring<br />
and reconstructing indigenous ecosystems. To date some 187 ha of land or 2% of the City area is being actively<br />
restored comprising 142 ha on public land and 45 ha on private land. In order to determine how successful<br />
previous restoration plantings have been in achieving desired ecosystem states and to guide future<br />
projects, research was undertaken on a range of restoration plantings within the City. Some 62 variable area<br />
plots were measured to cover the range (chronosequence) of planting ages (0-30 years), maintenance treatments<br />
(low vs high), and initial states (bare vs existing canopy) on gully slopes, the landform on which most of<br />
the restoration planting in the City occurs. Data collected from 4 plots in natural regenerating forests within or<br />
near the City were used as baselines to assess progress towards establishment of natural functioning ecosystems.<br />
Results showed that it is comparatively easy to establish a low diversity indigenous forest canopy on<br />
bared sites within 20 years, and by this stage, some early maturing canopy species will be starting to regenerate.<br />
Indigenous ferns, including tree ferns, colonize the restored stands unaided. Although restored stand<br />
basal areas are comparable with natural regenerating forests, the excessive use of well known pioneer plants<br />
and the tendency for failure of early planted mid- and later successional species leads to stalling of forest development.<br />
From 20 years on, the indigenous restoration plantings decline in indigenous species richness and<br />
cover and there is an increase in exotic species colonization especially in canopy gaps. Amongst the colonizers<br />
are several troublesome weeds (e.g., Japanese honeysuckle) with the potential to out compete indigenous<br />
species. Because of isolation and lack of seed sources, the expected mid- and late-successional shrub and tree<br />
species need to be introduced to the restored stands via enrichment planting or seeding. Most management<br />
programmes fail to recognize this requirement and valuable progress is lost. The challenge now is to build the<br />
lessons learned from this research into new and existing restoration planting programmes in the City.<br />
Keywords: urban restoration, restoration planting, forest development.<br />
Restoration of a cut-over peat bog in northern New Zealand<br />
Clarkson B.R., C.H. Watts, L.A. Schipper<br />
Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton, New Zealand<br />
Torehape peat bog in northern North Island, New Zealand, is currently being mined for horticultural<br />
peat. The miners are required to restore the area to original bog vegetation once the permitted depth of<br />
peat has been removed. We established a restoration trial on the mined peat surface to determine the<br />
best practical approach to restore vegetation cover. The trial involved combinations of water table, peat<br />
cultivation techniques, nutrients (N and P), and seed additions (the heath shrub Leptospermum scoparium<br />
[Myrtaceae] and the restiad Sporadanthus ferrugineus [Restionaceae]), characteristic of both early and<br />
late successional stages of bog development. The most effective treatments were raised ‘islands’ of<br />
processed peat seeded with small branches of Leptospermum laden with ripe capsules, which reached<br />
100% vegetation cover within two years. The miners adapted this approach to restore a larger area (200<br />
ha) of mined peat. We assessed the effectiveness of this upscaled approach by monitoring vegetation and<br />
invertebrate recovery at intervals following island establishment, and comparing patterns and trends<br />
with peatland buffer baselines. Results showed key peat-forming species such as Sporadanthus, Empodisma<br />
minus (Restionaceae), and occasionally, Sphagnum, had established naturally within two years,<br />
indicating the developing Leptospermum shrubland acts as a nurse for other bog plant species. As vegetation<br />
cover and species richness increase, invertebrate composition and abundance become more similar<br />
to that of the buffer. This simple low-cost approach speeds up peatland recovery and gives significant<br />
biodiversity benefits.<br />
Keywords: restoration, cut-over bog, vegetation, invertebrates, monitoring.
50 Oral Presentations<br />
Ecophysiology of California and Mediterranean grass species: implications for<br />
restoration of xeric grasslands<br />
Clary 1,2 J., C. Biel 2 , R Savé 2<br />
1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, USA<br />
2 Departament de Tecnologia Horticola, IRTA – Cabrils (Barcelona), Spain<br />
California native perennial grasslands have been largely replaced by non-native annual grass species of<br />
Mediterranean Basin origin, and some areas are currently being invaded by Mediterranean perennial<br />
grasses, presenting a new barrier to restoration of California grasslands. Some ecophysiological characteristics<br />
of grass species may be directly correlated to their success in California grasslands, especially<br />
traits that relate to their tolerance of California’s intense summer drought. We measured a range physiological<br />
parameters, particularly traits correlated with plant water relations, of four dominant California<br />
perennial grasses, four dominant perennial grasses of Mediterranean Spain, and three invasive Mediterranean<br />
annual grasses, all grown in containers under controlled conditions. Though California and<br />
Mediterranean perennials were more similar to each other than to the annuals, California perennials displayed<br />
several traits that were intermediate between Mediterranean perennials and annuals. California<br />
perennials seedlings grew faster than Spanish perennials, had higher specific leaf area, and exhibited<br />
lower resistance to hydraulic flow in roots. In a greenhouse trial with watering regimes simulating central<br />
California average precipitation, California perennials produced earlier and more numerous seed spikes,<br />
and showed much higher survival over the summer drought cycle than corresponding Spanish perennials.<br />
These results suggest that Mediterranean perennial grasses may have a difficult time invading California<br />
grasslands, except where water-balance conditions are ameliorated by microsite effects or maritime<br />
weather influence. Additionally, the apparent presence of “annual-like” traits in California native<br />
perennials may be seen an effective adaptation to current California conditions, or as an intermediate<br />
strategy vulnerable to competition from vigorous annual competitors.<br />
Keywords: Grasses, ecophysiology, Mediterranean climate, competition.<br />
Legal opportunities and constraints for ecological restoration in Europe<br />
Cliquet A.<br />
Department of Public International Law, Ghent University, Belgium<br />
This study looks into international legal possibilities and difficulties for ecological restoration. It will give<br />
an overview of new environmental law principles such as the restoration principle and ecological compensation<br />
principle. It will analyse the provisions on ecological restoration worked out in the framework<br />
of international nature conservation treaties such as the Ramsar Convention and Biodiversity Convention.<br />
It will focus of the question whether these provisions have a direct applicability or need implementation<br />
in national legislation. Specific focus will be given to the EU Birds and Habitats Directive. International<br />
and national legislation will not only provide for possibilities for ecological restoration, but will<br />
sometimes render restoration plans more difficult. Replacing one type of ecosystem (such as a forest) by<br />
another type (such as heather) or reintroducing species will often be prohibited in nature conservation<br />
legislation or will require special permits. The question is whether legislation should provide exceptions<br />
to these prohibitions for the benefit of ecological restoration measures. Although this is certainly desirable,<br />
it must be done carefully. Creating exceptions might lead to abuse of law. Also, social requirements<br />
have to be taken into account: when exceptions are allowed to enable ecological restoration measures,<br />
this might be regarded as discriminatory by other user groups. The challenge for legislation will be to facilitate<br />
ecological restoration, without loss of quality of ecological restoration measures and loss of public<br />
support.<br />
Keywords: ecological restoration, Ramsar Convention, Biodiversity Convention, Birds Directive, Habitats<br />
Directive.<br />
Rivers 2 nd Nature: The River Dialogues<br />
Collins T., R. Goto<br />
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA. 412-268-3673<br />
The 3 Rivers 2 nd Nature project was directed by artists/researchers Tim Collins and Reiko Goto. The<br />
project addressed the meaning, form, and function of public space and nature in Allegheny County, PA,<br />
U.S.A. The intent of the project was to reframe the interest, discourse and planning for aquatic and terrestrial<br />
ecosystems. Focusing upon practical studies conducted with scientist the project developed a rigorous<br />
set of baseline data – which was then complimented by regional planning and policy studies to un-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 51<br />
derstand the effect of existing institutional actions, regulations and enforcement mechanisms had on<br />
long term ecological viability and/or recovery. I will present a powerpoint overview of two or three case<br />
studies, one the “Pittsburgh Hillsides” zoning study, two the “Clean Streams” initiative and three the<br />
“Rivertrails” project. I will show how this team of artists, scientists, planners and attorneys collaborated<br />
on creating visual, conceptual and social “tools” that aid and abet citizen involvement in the aesthetic recovery<br />
of the post industrial public realm.<br />
Keywords: art, terrestrial, aquatic, mapping, radical planning, policy.<br />
Rehabilitation os arsenical sulphidic gold mine. A case history at Stawell Gold<br />
mine, Victoria, Australia<br />
Comino 1 E., A.J.M. Baker 2 , A. Doronila 2 , L. Chibnall 3 , N. Casacuberta 4<br />
1 Dipartimento di Ingegneria del Territorio, dell’Ambiente e delle Geotecnologie, Politecnico di Torino. C.so Duca degli Abruzzi,<br />
24- 10129 Torino (Italy)<br />
2 School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia<br />
3 Stawell Gold Ltd,<br />
4 Departament Ciències Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain<br />
This project was designed to develop ecologically sustainable methods of revegetating areas impacted by<br />
gold mining, a common resource exploitation in the state of Victoria, Australia. As toxic soils are poor or<br />
even difficult substrates for plants to grow on, the creation of a self-sustaining vegetation community on<br />
contaminated land requires the substrate to be suitable for plant growth. Chemical and physical analyses<br />
of substrate samples are a fundamental part of the planning and implementation of any rehabilitation<br />
project, providing vital information on the nutrient status, toxicity and structure of the substrates.<br />
The aims of this research were: to evaluate the growth of plants in different concentrations of calcium<br />
sulphate and tailings. To identify and quantify toxic metal and metalloid uptake in plants grown in different<br />
concentrations of tailings. To define the optimum chemical and physical conditions of soil cover for<br />
plant to grow over tailings bed. To identify chemical and physical changes in tailings after three years of<br />
being covered with three different treatments. The data obtained from this study are used to develop a<br />
strategy that integrates soil treatments with the selection of plant species that are tolerant to toxins or<br />
rehabilitation of mine wastes (tailings) at Stawell Gold mine, at present the largest gold mine operating in<br />
Victoria, Australia. The concentration of gold in the rock mined for 1km depth is about 5 g per ton. To<br />
extract the gold, the sulphidic rocks are crushed and processed, resulting in the production of finegrained<br />
tailings. These are pumped as a slurry into tailings lagoons and slowly dewater. The tailings are<br />
sulphidic wastes enriched with arsenic (about 2,000 ppm) and heavy metal toxins. The results obtained<br />
in this study, also show that tailings contain other secondary minerals aside from gypsum, further limiting<br />
their potential as a medium for plants growth and survival.<br />
Keywords: ecologically sustainable, gold mining, plants growth and survival.<br />
Influence of landscape structure on the effectiveness of Spanish agrienvironment<br />
schemes<br />
Concepción E.D., M. Díaz, R.A. Baquero<br />
Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, E-45071 Toledo, Spain<br />
Recent work has suggested that the failure of some agri-environment (AG) schemes to restore biodiversity<br />
could be partially due to reduced recolonisation rates and/or source populations in simpler landscapes.<br />
We analyse whether the effectiveness of AG schemes (i.e., increase in species richness of birds, plants,<br />
bees, grasshoppers and spiders between paired fields with and without schemes) are influenced by landscape<br />
traits at the field scale and at the scale of the landscape surrounding fields. Selected landscape<br />
metrics were measured at the two scales: size and shape of focal fields and types of boundaries (field<br />
scale), and cover of land uses, length of three types of boundaries and measures of landscape structure<br />
in 500-m circular buffers around field centres (landscape scale). Landscape metrics were summarized by<br />
means of three Principal Component Analyses, one for field-scale metrics and two for landscape-scale<br />
metrics, one estimating landscape connectivity and the other the diversity and type of land uses. Species<br />
richness and landscape traits were measured in three study areas in Spain differing in landscape complexity<br />
(amount of natural vegetation interspersed within fields), following a sampling design developed in<br />
the V Framework project ‘Evaluating current European agri-environment schemes to quantify and improve<br />
nature conservation efforts in agricultural landscapes’ (EASY). Our results suggest that effects on<br />
landscape on effectiveness of AG schemes are non-linear, including threshold values of landscape complexity<br />
and saturation effects.<br />
Keywords: AG schemes, landscape structure, effectiveness, biodiversity.
52 Oral Presentations<br />
Life Corbones: project of ecological and social restoration of the average section<br />
of the Corbones river<br />
Conejero F.<br />
Proyecto Life Corbones. Diputación Provincial de Sevilla. Spain<br />
The Corbones, is a river that crosses the province of Seville of the Southeastern towards the northwest,<br />
ending finally at the Guadalquivir. The degradation state in which it is, must to the abuse of the resources<br />
of its river basin fundamentally, uses that they have relegated to the river to the total abandonment,<br />
transforming itself into a mere water channel in which still they persist in some sections, structural<br />
characteristics of the ripario ecosystem thanks to the plasticity of the own nature before the impacts<br />
generated by our out of proportion development. From this situation of natural degradation, the Life Corbones<br />
arises, like project that tries the integral restoration of the average section of the Corbones. Their<br />
objectives have been planned from the development of three basic pillars: Control of the quality of waters,<br />
by means of the establishment of a network of sampling stations. Approach of the population to the values<br />
of the river by means of an integral program of sensibilización and environmental awareness. And finally,<br />
the environmental restoration of the zones more degraded by means of the accomplishment of a<br />
project of restoration based on purely environmental criteria and by means of which it is tried to give<br />
back to the structure and operation to the fluvial ecosystem, environmental restoration that is going<br />
away to describe in presents communication.<br />
Keywords: ecological restoration, fluvial ecosystem, vegetation of shore, management of river basins,<br />
quality of water.<br />
Environmental plan of the Ebro river and the low section of the Cinca river: a<br />
new approach for rivers restoration<br />
Contreras A. 1 , J. Aladren 1 , V. Sanz 1 , N. García 2<br />
1 Dirección General de Medio Natural. Gobierno de Aragón. Spain<br />
2 Department of Enviromental Engineering. IBERINSA. Spain<br />
The environmental Plan of the Ebro River and the low section of the Cinca River, arises as a result of the<br />
floods produced by the Ebro river in February 2003. The main targets of this Plan are: first of all, the<br />
protection of the population and properties, secondly the protection and improvement of natural ecosystems<br />
associated to both rivers and thirdly, the promotion of the sustainable development of the river-side<br />
municipalities, through the encouragement of leisure activities linked to the rivers. Before approaching<br />
the performance of these proposals, it has been necessary to have a precise knowledge of the river and<br />
its surroundings, for which various aspects related to the physical, biotical and socioeconomic resources,<br />
have been analyzed. In addition, a proposal, of which should be the best stream-dynamics corridor (free<br />
area of water courses) that allows the river to recover part of its former river dynamics (now-a-days partially<br />
restricted by the numerous existing artificial defences), has been developed. At the same time, inundability<br />
and risk maps have been made. These drawings will be used to establish the most suitable<br />
proposal of uses in each section of the floodable area. Afterwards, this proposal of uses, will be materialized<br />
in an strategic Plan, in which in addition, the distribution of responsibilities will be determined, The<br />
project looks for, by means of the acceptance of all the implied administrations, the sustainable development<br />
of the shores of both rivers. For this purpose, the institutional frame of the plan will be established.<br />
Besides, possible sources to finance this Plan are being searched.<br />
Keywords: Ebro river, floodplains, stream-dynamics corridor, sustainable development.<br />
Ecosystem function and restoration success: are they related?<br />
Cortina J. 1 , F.T. 1,2 Maestre, V.R. 3 Vallejo<br />
1 Dept. of Ecology. Univ. of Alicante. Alicante (Spain)<br />
2 Dept. of Biology. Duke Univ., Durham, NC (USA)<br />
3 Fundación CEAM. Paterna, Valencia (Spain)<br />
Evaluation of restoration practices is needed to determine the degree of success of restoration programmes<br />
and improve restoration protocols. Environmental, biological and social constraints must be considered,<br />
together with restoration objectives, when evaluating restoration success. Thus, in stressful, unpredictable<br />
environments, evaluation should consider climatic conditions and disturbances occurring during and after<br />
the intervention. The degree of degradation may also affect restoration success. Assessment of current<br />
ecosystem state should be incorporated into procedures for evaluating restoration actions, and efficient diagnostic<br />
tools should be developed. However, information on the relationship between ecosystem state and
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 53<br />
the chances of restoration (for short ‘restorability’) is scarce. Restoration theories suggest that restorability<br />
may be inversely related to degradation state. But there is increasing evidence that alternate ecosystem<br />
states do not necessarily follow a trajectory of increasing ecosystem complexity (composition) and function,<br />
suggesting that restorability could be independent of ecosystem state. We have related degradation state<br />
and restorability in 17 alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima) steppes in SE Spain. We evaluated degradation state<br />
by using the Landscape Function Analysis method developed by D. Tongway and colleagues (LFA indices<br />
being positively related to ecosystem function). We estimated restorability by determining short-term survival<br />
and growth of seedlings of Pistacia lentiscus, a late successional keystone species in alfa grass<br />
steppes. LFA indexes were related to several aspects of community composition and structure, mainly the<br />
cover and spatial pattern of sprouting shrubs. The presence of sprouting shrubs was highly related to the<br />
number of perennial vascular plants. In contrast to our expectations, results suggested a negative relationship<br />
between ecosystem function and P. lentiscus performance. We will discuss the validity of these results<br />
in a general context, and we will emphasise the need to further explore the concept of ecosystem restorability<br />
within the framework of restoration appraisal.<br />
Keywords: restorability, restoration evaluation, ecosystem degradation, alfa grass steppe, LFA.<br />
Restoring the lowland agricultural landscape of the Severn Vyrnwy floodplain<br />
Cott A.M.<br />
RuralScapes, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK<br />
The Severn Vyrnwy Land Management Initiative piloted a process of integrated rural development that<br />
lead to opportunities to restore target habitats and address other aspects of sustainable land management.<br />
Implementation was undertaken by: 1. Developing components of a Sustainable Land Management<br />
Framework to guide change. 2. Offering a farm business development service ‘Farm Focus’ that integrated<br />
business and environmental support. A four year implementation period brought the following results: 1.<br />
Five ecoscapes were characterised: Flood Plain, River Terrace, Driftplain, Sandy Slopes and Peatland. Each<br />
ecospcape is conceived as a unique envelope of ecological processes operating at landscape scale whose<br />
spatial extent has been defined using geology, terrain and soils and related to land cover, landscape character<br />
and historic landscape character. A GIS-based environmental record and concensus building with<br />
key stakeholders to agree land management priorities were initiated as the first steps towards agreeing a<br />
sustainable land management framework. 2. 400 ha farm land were converted to semi natural habitat: including<br />
33ha wetland, 140 ha over-winter stubble, 180 ha low input grassland. Economic links between<br />
farming and local community were established to promote opportunities in the ‘green economy’ to provide<br />
economic incentives to improve environmental performance. Conclusions: Engaging in a process of pro-active<br />
rural development created many opportunities to restore the agricultural landscape. ‘Ecoscapes’ provide<br />
a rigorous scientific base on which to build a Sustainable Land Management Framework.<br />
Keywords: Agricultural landscape, ecoscapes, biodiversity targets, implementation.<br />
Integrated Restoration of Arid Lands and Farm Economies<br />
Cunningam S.<br />
Revitalization Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, USA<br />
“This session will discuss the importance of integrated strategies for the restoration of arid lands. Integration<br />
can take place along two axes, and of which can contribute significantly to the project's technical<br />
success, the funding available to it, and the public/political backing for it. The first axis integrates the<br />
ecological restoration of the arid land with the other “sectors” of restorable assets: watershed, agricultural<br />
lands, fisheries (if coastal, estuarine, or island), contaminated lands, infrastructure, heritage, and catastrophe<br />
damage. The other axis integrates the various types of individuals and organizations who can<br />
or should be involved: academic, governmental, NGO, and business. The audience will be introduced to<br />
the two rating systems recently developed by Revitalization Institute: one for Integrated Restoration Projects,<br />
and the other for Integrated Revitalization Programs. These rating systems are designed to be universally<br />
applicable to projects, communities, and regions of all sizes, whether in developed or less-developed<br />
countries.”<br />
Keywords: integrated restoration, integrated revitalization, rural revitalization, arid lands restoration,<br />
ecological restoration.
54 Oral Presentations<br />
Chicago´s first fish hotel – habitat creation in the urban core<br />
D’Alessandro D.<br />
D’Alessandro & Associates, Chicago, IL, USA<br />
This presentation addresses the theme of creating suitable habitats within an urban inner core. The project<br />
is a floating fish habitat located on the Chicago River. The Friends of the Chicago River, a citizen<br />
group working towards the ecological health of the river, commissioned the pilot project to be implemented<br />
in the summer of 2005. The challenge is to create a viable aquatic habitat within a set of urban constraints.<br />
A central channel must be maintained as navigable waters. The wall along the site of the fish<br />
habitat is weak and therefore much of it cannot be used for anchoring the habitat structures. No contact<br />
can be made with the river bottom. Special attention must be given to the wake created by the numerous<br />
vessels that use the channel. The water level fluctuates normally by two feet and up to seven feet on rare<br />
occasions. Because of these constraints the final design makes use of floating native wetland habitat and<br />
suspended underwater aquatic cells that attract the desired native fish species and keep the relative<br />
depth to surface ratio steady under any fluctuation event. The public can view the floating wetland from<br />
the river walk above the site and can witness the underwater activity of the aquatic life it attracts, via<br />
video and sonar, on monitor stations placed nearby. The project will be monitored throughout the summer<br />
and the information presented at this conference. The project is a prototype to be applied in similar<br />
urban settings anywhere, utilizing local flora.<br />
Keywords: urban settings, suitable habitats, fish.<br />
Soil invertebrates as bio-indicators of environmental change in a natural area<br />
converted from agricultural use. Vallevecchia - Lugugnana case, North-Eastern<br />
Italy.<br />
D’Incà 1 A., E. Tonin 1 , S. Tonon 1 , C. Migliorini 2 , M.G. Paoletti 1<br />
1 Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova. Padova, Italia<br />
2 Settore Ricerca e Sperimentazione VenetoAgricoltura. Legnaro (Padova), Italia<br />
When used as bio-indicators, invertebrates represent a valuable tool to scan environmental state and<br />
change over time and space. Peculiar natural and ecological features make Vallevecchia, a 700 hectares<br />
estate on the North Adriatic coast, a special regionally owned site for testing soil bio-indicators responses<br />
to change of use. In the early Sixties, reclamation of coastal marsh took place for agricultural purposes<br />
and a pine-wood planting converted the formerly wild area into intensive farming, with altered microclimate,<br />
soil and vegetation profile and a simplified environment. Since the Nineties, works were carried in<br />
order to thin out the pine-wood belts along the see, to plant hedgerows and bring back part of the area to<br />
the original state. In this area seven key sites have been chosen for soil invertebrates sampling, as bio-indicators<br />
of environmental conditions. The sites include: pine-wood belt along the cost, holm-oak paths<br />
inside the pine wood, two areas flooded by seawater and freshwater to form small shallow lakes, one field<br />
cultivated with traditional techniques and one under organic cultivation, and finally the deciduous<br />
hedgerow running along the latter. Sampling has been carried out in these sites according to three different<br />
methods: modified Tullgren, hand sorting and pitfall-traps in order to collect respectively micro-,<br />
meso- and macrofauna. From the first data collected, the importance of the deciduous hedgerows is<br />
demonstrated as bio-diversity reservoirs. Vallevecchia hosts important groups of the soil fauna as carabids<br />
(mainly concentrated in large open spaces, as cultivated fields, where they can easily search for their<br />
preys), lombricidae (frequently found in wet non too sandy sites), isopods and mites of different groups,<br />
whose distribution is heavily influenced by the variety of ecological features.<br />
Keywords: soil bio-indicators, deciduous hedgerows, Vallevecchia.<br />
Targets for restoration of old-growth redwood forests: quantifying horizontal and<br />
vertical structure<br />
Dagley C.M. 1,2 .<br />
1 Division of Ecosystem Sciences. Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management. University of California.<br />
Berkeley, California<br />
2 Southern Research Station. USDA Forest Service. Athens, Georgia<br />
The horizontal and vertical stand structure in three old-growth redwood forests located on alluvial flats<br />
in Northern California is currently being quantified. The objectives are to increase our understanding of<br />
what are old redwood forests and to guide future management decisions in restoration efforts. All tree<br />
stems within the sampling area are being mapped. Species, dbh, height, crown ratios, and canopy strata
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 55<br />
class are recorded and used to summarize individual stand and stand component characteristics (i.e.,<br />
density, BA, mean diameter and height along with their distributions and measures of variability). The<br />
horizontal spatial pattern of tree locations at each site will be characterized using Ripley’s K-function.<br />
The scale and pattern of variability in crown occupancy in 3-dimensional space will be examined using<br />
semivariance analysis. The amount and size of canopy gaps at each site will be determined in GIS by<br />
using crown radii data, mapped stem locations, and crown shape parameters. A principal component<br />
analysis (PCA) will be performed to reduce the dimensionality of the data and identify the relative importance<br />
of structural features and combinations of variables that contribute to structural heterogeneity.<br />
Methodology and preliminary results are discussed in the context of a starting point to quantitatively define<br />
the structural complexity of old-growth redwood forests. Structural features and spatial patterns<br />
common to study sites are discussed in the context of targets and reference conditions for providing better<br />
insight into how silvicultural treatments can be used to promote or accelerate old forest characteristics<br />
in young stands.<br />
Keywords: Restoration, redwood, Sequoia sempervirens, spatial pattern.<br />
Analysis of fluvial degradation in a humanized catchment (Henares River,<br />
Central Spain): Proposals for restoration and corrective measures<br />
De la Puente M., J.A. Camargo<br />
Department of Ecology. Universidad de Alcalá. Alcalá de Henares. Madrid. Spain<br />
Age-old alteration of catchment and intensive consumption of water resources are superposed in the<br />
Mediterranean Region, and the consequence is a strong river degradation. The present work links major<br />
alterations in a humanized catchment in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula (the Henares River<br />
Basin) with ecologial conditions of aquatic communities, and it proposes restoration an corrective measures.<br />
The benthic macroinvertebrate community was selected as the best indicator for assessing the ecological<br />
condition of aquatic community. This communiy was sampled in 27 fluvial reaches during the hydrological<br />
year 1999-2000. Assessment was linked using multivariant techniques with physiograpphy<br />
–geology, topography an climate– and humanization –agriculture, river regulation, human population<br />
and industrial activity– of subcatchments, and with enviromental characteristics of fluvial reaches:<br />
physico-chemistry, morphohydrology, benthic granulometry and riparian vegetation. The following alterations<br />
were obeserved, with restoration and corrective measures being proposed: 1) water pollution associated<br />
to urban wastes, that needs a better depuration; 2) flow reduction downstream reservoirs, that demands<br />
to establish and maintain ecological flows; 3) degradation or elimination of riparian vegetation,<br />
that promotes sandy bottoms, for which it is proposed restoration of both, riparian vegetation and river<br />
benthos; 4) straightness and channelization of many reaches, for which it is proposed restoration of the<br />
natural bending channel.<br />
Keywords: Henares River Basin, Anthropogenic degradation, Restoration, Corrective measures.<br />
Evolution analysis of local revegetation on mining waste material in Alloza´s<br />
coal mine final pit. Andorra (Teruel)<br />
De la Rosa 1 A., R. Escribano 1 , F. Molina 2<br />
1 Dpto. de Proyectos y Planificación Rural. E.T.S.I de Montes. UPM<br />
2 Centro Minero Andorra, ENDESA Generación S.A. Teruel<br />
The research is developed in a final open-coal pit characterized by its heterogeneous soil materials (unclassified<br />
mining waste, coal washed piritic wastes), the lack of topsoil and available nutrients and the<br />
climate contrast. The main achievement pursued is the creation of an ecosustainable wetland, by recovering<br />
the habitat through the water surface’s implementation (acid drainage correction and waterweed<br />
incrementation) and the revegetation of the furthest zones previous soil conditions correction; also, an<br />
environmental integration is pursued by using local vegetation and by recovering traditional uses. Thirty<br />
three plots with fifty individuals each are established using local vegetation, chosen for being the most<br />
representative and the best adapted species; there are also, sixty plots distributed around the two principal<br />
ponds with just one specie each: Juncus acutus o Scirpus holoschoenus. In plots, hazardously chosen,<br />
it is added, mixed with the soil material in every plantation hole, a product known as Terracottem. A follow<br />
through is done, every four months, to check the plant’s health, based on the leaves and shoots appearance.<br />
The oxidation of the iron sulphide (Fe 2<br />
S), existing in the piritic wastes, will generate surface<br />
acid drainage on the plantation holes provoquing the massive mortality of native vegetation. The mortality<br />
percentage has not distinguished between plots with or without Terracottem®. Improving soil conditions<br />
treatments are proposed, previous to any other practice, as well as passive drainage treatments to
56 Oral Presentations<br />
correct the low pH of the new drowned surfaces. Revegetation management recommendations are also<br />
suggested.<br />
Keywords: acid mine drainage, mining restoration, Terracottem®, ecosustainable wetland, piritic wastes,<br />
revegetation.<br />
Nature restoration in Flanders (Belgium): state-of-the-art and lessons for the<br />
future<br />
Decleer K., J. Van Uytvanck<br />
Institute of Nature Conservation, Belgium<br />
In the very densely populated region of Flanders natural ecosystems suffer from fragmentation and overall<br />
ecological degradation. Nature restoration is essential to develop functional ecological networks and to<br />
alter biodiversity loss. A database was compiled with 543 documented nature restoration projects in<br />
Flanders. This increases our insight on scale, former land use, measures, ecological targets, management<br />
and results of nature restoration efforts in Flanders. Some projects were studied in more detail and enable<br />
us to identify rules of thumb for successful cost-effective measures. Successes and failures are<br />
equally important in this respect. Data were also gathered on legal and social aspects. The database is a<br />
source and base line for future multidisciplinary research and reference projects can be identified to promote<br />
successful nature restoration. Our study clearly illustrates the need for solid, multidisciplinary coordination<br />
and scientific research in restoration planning and for monitoring or surveying afterwards.<br />
Both are essential to convince decision makers and the public that nature restoration is crucial in a sustainable<br />
development policy for the local communities.<br />
Keywords: review for Flanders, bottlenecks in planning and evaluation of nature restoration, need for<br />
multidisciplinary approach.<br />
Tree Cover and Grassland Diversity as an Indicator of the Restoration Status of<br />
the Espinal Agroecosystem in the Mediterranean Zone of Chile<br />
Del Pozo 1 A., C. Ovalle 2 , M.A. Casado 3 , B. Acosta 3 , J.M. de Miguel 3<br />
1 Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 595, Chillán, Chile<br />
2 CRI-Quilamapu, INIA, Casilla 426, Chillán, Chile<br />
3 Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain<br />
The anthropogenic savannas (Espinales) represent the most widespread agro-ecosystem of the Mediterranean<br />
area of central Chile. It presents a complex and heterogeneous, savanna-like structure, with herbaceous<br />
and woody strata. The current land use system of the Espinal has resulted in considerable heterogeneity<br />
at the landscape level, which is associated with different covers of the legume tree, Acacia caven. In<br />
this work, the relationships between woody cover and ecological and agronomic variables of herbaceous<br />
communities were studied in 29 plots of 1000 m 2 distributed along a 23,000 ha transect. A detrended correspondence<br />
analysis of the species x plots matrix explained 73% of the total variation and revealed the existence<br />
of two trends of variation in floristic composition: one associated with woody cover and the other related<br />
to physiographic position (hillsides and flatlands). Woody cover was correlated with above-ground<br />
biomass of herbaceous vegetation, and soil fertility (organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus concentration),<br />
both on hillsides and flatlands. The relationship between woody cover and herbaceous plant species<br />
richness was significant and unimodal in flat land areas, and linear, and marginally significant, on hillsides.<br />
These patterns of variation allow to predict the consequences of various scenarios of land use and to focus<br />
restoration practices. The restoration of the degraded Espinales in order to increase woody cover up to 50%<br />
or more, would increase the naturalistic values and the stocking rate capacity of the region.<br />
Keywords: species richness, grazing, geomorphology, land use, woody plant cover.<br />
Agricultural land use and interactions with biodiversity in Scottish river<br />
catchments<br />
Dennis P., K. Beaton, S. Langan<br />
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK<br />
There have been major changes to land management on fertile alluvial soils in floodplains, and this represents<br />
a legacy of alteration and degradation. Intensification of pastoral and arable agriculture has resulted<br />
in a loss of remnant biotopes, a steady decline in farmland wildlife and a deterioration of water
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 57<br />
quality. Alluvial soils and the riparian zone represent the interface between terrestrial and aquatic<br />
ecosystems, an ecotone of immense value to both terrestrial and aquatic ecology. This project represents<br />
the ecological component of a larger environmental project with the general aim of investigating the relationships<br />
between alluvial soils, agricultural management, riparian corridors and effects on water quality<br />
and riparian ecology. The ecological component aimed to determine the effectiveness of rural Best Management<br />
Practices, especially buffer strips, for achieving improvements in water quality and ecology. Watercourses<br />
with degraded riparian vegetation, on-going riparian habitat restoration (buffer strips) or longstanding<br />
semi-natural riparian habitat were selected within the Tarland and Ythan river catchments. The<br />
following questions were asked: Do riparian buffers result in semi-natural habitat or rank vegetation<br />
(trade-off in function)? What riparian wildlife associates with established, degraded and recently buffered<br />
watercourses? Particular emphasis was placed on the prevalence of flowering plants and associated insect<br />
pollinators, the presence of riparian versus terrestrial Coleoptera, and bird and bat populations. In<br />
summary, the remedial management of riparian zone had a favourable effect on the concentrations of diffuse<br />
pollutants in freshwater, and there are early indications of a recovery of freshwater invertebrates<br />
and improved fish stocks. However, buffer strips established in the context of intensive, neighbouring<br />
agriculture seem to develop rank vegetation of limited value to truly riparian wildlife species.<br />
Keywords: Floodplains, pollution, riparian biotopes, riparian wildlife.<br />
Conservation Ecology of Himalayan Wetlands and Glacial Lakes: Combating<br />
Climate Change through Community Participation<br />
Dey D., A. Chatterjee<br />
South Asian Forum for Environment Indian Chaapter<br />
Himalayan wetlands and Lakes being integral to a pristine ecosystem are hotspots of biodiversity. As<br />
sources of potable water, ethno-biological resources and as tenets of socio-cultural elements these are<br />
also important components of life supporting system for the highlanders.<br />
Recent trends in climate change have challenged these niches with threats of habitat destruction, biodiversity<br />
loss and ecological hazards. Potential catastrophes due to glacial lake outbursts floods, and drying<br />
up of perennial high altitude fresh water lakes are immediate consequences of global warming,<br />
whereas changes in wetland vegetation dynamics, aquatic biodiversity depreciation and habitat impairment<br />
are assessed long term impacts.<br />
Studies further reveal that resource constrains, geographical remoteness and lack of updated expertise<br />
further aggravate the situation with socioeconomic impacts like transmigration of the highlanders,<br />
changes in land use patterns and exploitation of natural resources.<br />
This paper analyses the ecological impacts of climate change in high altitude wetland ecosystems in<br />
South East Asia and its socio-economic implications with reference to glacial lakes of Bhutan and Nepal<br />
Himalayas. Recent devastating flood in the Indo Nepal border areas as a consequence of glacial lake outburst<br />
have triggered criticality in trans-border water woes between the countries. However, Royal government<br />
of Bhutan has installed integrated community forestry programme to combat the climate change<br />
that cognates with maintaining 72.5% of pristine forest cover in the country.<br />
Given the constraints common to South East Asian Socio-economy, community participation and locale<br />
efforts prove to be the only immediate solution to address the global problem. Awareness drive for natural<br />
resource management and critical ecological thresholds, training to run monitoring stations, develop<br />
early warning systems for GLOF through alternate communication structure, mitigation and disaster<br />
management plans involving the local stakeholders and preserving value added cultural rituals can<br />
atleast minimize the aftermath and reduce the pace of ecological deformation.<br />
Key words: global warming, lakes, wetlands, Himalaya.<br />
Self-decomposing laboratories to process PCB-contaminated soil through oystermushrooms<br />
as methology for ecological restoration<br />
Dietzler G.<br />
Artist/curator, Cologne/Germany<br />
Sculptural Experiments--Biotechnological Soil Redevelopment, Short-term Interventions in Public Peripheral<br />
Zones for Contaminated Industrial Sites--Experimental Methods Between Art and Science. In<br />
1993 when I became attracted by the idea that one gourmet mushroom, species of oyster-mushrooms<br />
which have a unique ability to decompose soil contaminated by PCB (PCB = Polychlorierte<br />
Biphenylen/polychlorinated biphenyl) without getting toxic itself. Oyster-mushrooms mycellium is split-
58 Oral Presentations<br />
ting off PCBs chemical structures into non-toxic substances which could be used to recultivate industrial<br />
ground contaminated by PCB and to decompose several waste. Could this knowledge be transfered to<br />
temporary site specific artworks designed for mostly industrial sites and former army bases as method of<br />
ecological restoration? Since 1999 I am researching such possibilities under various climatic conditons.<br />
A future vision is to create itemized systems of sewage plants for soil bioremediation by plants therefore I<br />
am researching and developing additional biological systems in colaboration with scientists. A final aspect<br />
would be that art is becoming open to visions of awarness and responsibillity for environmental, social<br />
and political issues related to independent, interdisciplinary international network: co-operation of<br />
artists, scientists, media and economy by using eachs' potential of creativity for the future.<br />
Keywords: soil remediation, cooperation arts and science, experimental approaches through the arts.<br />
Strategic partnerships of journalism and media for scientists, researchers,<br />
philosophers and artists to the developing knowledge aboutecological<br />
restoration to the public, to political and economical decisions makers<br />
Dietzler G.<br />
Artist/curator, Cologne/Germany<br />
To keep it very simple, it is about required changes in educational programs for public schools and universities<br />
through interdisciplinary teaching and the integration of journalism into all studies. bridging<br />
arts, science and journalism (connecting them how they can benefit from each other)<br />
Keywords: strategic partnerships, interdisciplinary education, restoration, eco-journalism.<br />
Complementary hydraulic technique for one-dimensional ecohydraulic modeling<br />
in fluvial habitat restoration studies<br />
Diez-Hernández J.M., A. Martínez de Azagra<br />
Grupo de Hidráulica e Hidrología Forestal. E.T.S. Ingenierías Agrarias. Universidad de Valladolid. Av. Madrid, 47. 34004<br />
Palencia, Spain<br />
During the last two decades, much research on various aspects of the ecohydraulic modelling of rivers<br />
has been conducted, including habitat suitability criteria, habitat computation methods, and interpretation<br />
of the habitat-discharge relationships. However, less investigative effort has been devoted to the<br />
analysis and improvement of the one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic methods for water surface level (WSL)<br />
modeling. This paper explores an enhancement of the simple 1D techniques for WSL simulation. The new<br />
model “WEISB” is presented and tested; WEISB is applicable in cross sections where the flow is steady,<br />
uniform, and turbulent over a hydraulically-rough channel. The model considers the hydraulic resistance<br />
by means of the Weisbach-Darcy´s equation, adapted to open channels. This method includes a particular<br />
variation of the effective roughness with discharge (Q) in each cross section, which can be either deduced<br />
from the observed values of WSL and Q or determined based on the channel features. This model<br />
has been tested with data sets representing three basic habitat types (riffle, run and pool) in three types<br />
of streams (high-gradient, medium-gradient and low-gradient), extracted from Instream flow studies carried<br />
out in California (USA). The results reveal that WEISB has a good ability to simulate WSLs and<br />
shows an interesting balance between the data acquisition cost and reliability. In spite of application to<br />
hydraulically complex situations, the simulation capability of the new model is comparable to traditional<br />
methods and more accurate in certain habitat types.<br />
Keywords: hydraulic modelling, aquatic habitat, habitat simulation.<br />
Optimization of the hydraulic modelling in the PHABSIM aquatic habitat<br />
analysis for ecological restoration of rivers<br />
Diez-Hernández 1 J.M., T.R. Payne 2<br />
1 Grupo de Hidráulica e Hidrología Forestal. E.T.S. Ingenierías Agrarias. Universidad de Valladolid. Av. Madrid, 47. 34004<br />
Palencia, Spain<br />
2 Thomas R. Payne & Associates. P.O. Box 4678, Arcata, CA. 95518 USA<br />
During the development of an aquatic habitat analysis, it should not be forgotten that hydraulic simulation<br />
is not an end result, but only serves to provide essential variables to calculate an index to physical<br />
habitat (“Weighted Usable Area”). Decision-making in physical habitat evaluation with PHABSIM model<br />
(“Physical Habitat Simulation System”) is based on this index, not on the predicted velocities, and what is
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 59<br />
perceived as acceptable error in the habitat simulation doesn't necessarily correspond to acceptable error<br />
in the hydraulic simulation. The scope of this work is to explore the way that errors in hydraulic modelling<br />
may become errors in habitat during the habitat modelling. Separately analyzed are the contribution<br />
of Water Surface Level (WSL) simulation errors and velocity simulation errors to the total modelling error,<br />
so that the convenience of a certain procedure for hydraulic simulation can be judged. The field data<br />
base consists of 60 cross sections that represents three basic habitats (riffle, run, and pool) in three typical<br />
streams (high/medium/low-gradient) of California (USA). The results indicate that the simulation of<br />
the aquatic habitat is sensitive to the hydraulic simulation procedure. The calculation of WUA is notably<br />
influenced by errors in WSL simulation. Conversely, WUA is not very sensitive to the errors in velocity<br />
simulation. The combined effect of these findings show that it is possible to achieve acceptable estimates<br />
of the PHABSIM aquatic habitat in projects of ecological restoration of rivers, using measurements of at<br />
least three WSLs and one velocity profile.<br />
Keywords: hydraulic modelling, aquatic habitat, PHABSIM, habitat simulation.<br />
Environmental flows setting in Mandeo River (La Coruña, Spain) using the<br />
instream flow incremental methodology (IFIM)<br />
Diez-Hernández J.M., S. Olmeda<br />
Grupo de Hidráulica e Hidrología Forestal. E.T.S. Ingenierías Agrarias. Universidad de Valladolid. Av. Madrid, 47. 34004<br />
Palencia, Spain<br />
This work aims to develop the guidelines to determine the environmental flow regime in the river Mandeo<br />
(La Coruña, Spain), in the bypassed reach from the diversion dam to the restitution point of the Mandeo-<br />
Zarzo Powerhouse. This initiative arises due to the necessity to harmonize the hydroelectric generation<br />
with the preservation of the aquatic ecosystem, and it is the result of the application of the well-known<br />
IFIM methodology (“Instream Incremental Flow Methodology”) to evaluate the effect of flow modifications<br />
on the fluvial habitat. Morphological and hydrological parameters have been analyzed jointly, as well as<br />
the biological ones included through the Habitat Suitability Criteria of the target species. Three representative<br />
reaches have been selected, containing a total of 14 cross sections, in which two Water Surface<br />
Level and one complete velocity distribution have been collected, in order to create the decisive relationship<br />
between the discharge and an index for habitat suitability using the software RHABSIM. The analysis<br />
of the time series of habitat created with different alternatives has allowed setting the Instream Flow<br />
recommendations with scientifically basis, with defined ranges of flows specified for the different periods<br />
of the year, including controlled ordinary floods to maintain an acceptable interaction with the riverine<br />
processes.<br />
Keywords: IFIM, PHABSIM, instream flow, habitat.<br />
Forest restoration in a trace elements-polluted area: the case of the Guadiamar<br />
River valley<br />
Domínguez 1 M.T., T. Marañón 1 , P. Madejón 2 , J.M. Murillo 1<br />
1 IRNAS, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain<br />
2 Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom<br />
After a huge mine spill happened in 1998, different programs were developed in the Guadiamar River valley<br />
in order to control pollution levels and restore the damaged ecosystems in the affected area. As part<br />
of the ecological restoration program, riparian and Mediterranean forest woody species were planted<br />
throughout the ca. 2700 ha in the Guadiamar flood plain. A monitoring assessment of these newly planted<br />
trees and shrubs has been carried out for this study. A total of 190 plants were selected and marked<br />
in 2003, they were distributed among eight stands within the Guadiamar floodplain (six spill-affected<br />
and two controls); survival and growth were periodically assessed. Leaf chlorophyll (estimated by a SPADmeter)<br />
and trace elements concentration were also measured. Riparian species, like Populus alba, had<br />
high survival and relative growth rate (RGR), while Mediterranean forest species, like Quercus ilex subsp.<br />
ballota and Ceratonia siliqua, showed the highest levels of mortality during the period of study. For some<br />
species, like Q. ilex, the RGR was positively correlated with leaf SPAD values. Trace elements concentrations<br />
in leaves of the different woody species were within the range of normal levels for plants, with exception<br />
of Salix atrocinerea and Populus alba, which accumulated relatively high amount of Cd and Zn. In<br />
addition, the response of tree and shrub seedlings to the residual pollution is been experimentally studied,<br />
both in field and controlled conditions.<br />
Keywords: Mediterranean forest, mine spill, Quercus ilex, Populus alba, cadmium, zinc.
60 Oral Presentations<br />
The ecological restoration of system of the water protection zones of the small<br />
rivers in city territory<br />
Dovbysheva T.<br />
Belarussian Polytechnic Academy, Str.Gudro, 23-20, Minsk 220121, Belarus<br />
The reduction of the natural areas of a feed, reduction of speeds and charges of a stream on channels of<br />
many small rivers have resulted to the muddying and to the bogging of the water-currents. The updating<br />
by underground waters of the river Svisloch' practically does not render positive influence on the small<br />
rivers of city. The pollution enter in the rivers with superficial and underground discharge. The existing<br />
system of dump of a storm discharge in the channels of the small rivers when impossibility of supply of<br />
sanitary - ecological requirements to its quality practically has transformed a river network into transport<br />
system of the storm water sewage system. However many of the kept small rivers with adjoining to<br />
them territories continue to remain unique natural objects, an ornament of city, its ecological skeleton<br />
and have unclaimed to the full recreational potential. The expediency of rehabilitation of river valleys is<br />
defined of a degree of safety of natural potential and transformation of water objects. If as a result of rehabilitation<br />
actions the discharge of the river will increase considerably it may be as argument at decision<br />
making about restoration not only valleys, but also the channel. The organization of water-protection<br />
zones of the rivers and the ponds and realization of a complex of nature protection actions in their<br />
territories should provide the following factors: the improvement of hydrological and hydrochemical<br />
modes of superficial waters; the improvement of qualitative structure of underground waters drained by<br />
river network; the reduction of water and wind erosion of the soil; the reduction of abrasion of a coastal<br />
zone. The asphalting of the significant areas in added on rivers zones, creation of networks of the storm<br />
water sewage system coherented (connected) with the rivers and in result, reduction of volumes infiltration<br />
of the atmospheric waters in the first from a surface water-holding horizon have. resulted in increase<br />
of a share of superficial waters in a feed of the small rivers in territory of city. It has essentially<br />
changed of the character of a seasonal mode of a discharge of the small rivers. For a discharge of the<br />
small rivers has become of the sharp short-term fluctuations of the level connected to loss of precipitation<br />
are characteristic. The increasing of a share of the superficial waters in a feedstock of the rivers has<br />
entailed receipt with them of significant volumes of the polluting substances which are washed off from a<br />
surface (mainly the means used for struggle against ice, and mineral oil). In a paper was submitted the<br />
results of research of speeds of migration unsorbed pollution (Cl-, NO3-) depending (from) of hydro-geological<br />
conditions in the city.<br />
Keywords: Minsk, small rivers, water-protection zones, discharge of<br />
Regeneration establishment 30 years after experimental thinning of Norway<br />
spruce plantation<br />
Dunajski 1 A., T. Szymura 1 , S. Whisenant 2<br />
1 Ecological Station, Institute of Plant Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland<br />
2 Department of Rangeland Ecology & Management, Texas A&M University<br />
Natural mixed beech-spruce stands in the lower forest belt of Karkonosze Mountain were replaced by<br />
conifer plantations with forest management. These man-created spruce monocultures had a low tolerance<br />
to air pollution stress, storms and insects outbreaks, which lead to large-scale diebacks in the<br />
1980’s. The resilience of remaining spruce plantations is very low, due to low regeneration, caused by<br />
shading by a dense tree canopy. The main management goals are to improve the resilience by supporting<br />
tree regeneration and to convert pure stands into mixed stands with broad-leaved trees. The main question<br />
is how to manage canopy density to optimise light condition for mixed regeneration. The experimental<br />
thinning was applied to the 50 year old pure spruce stand in the in the 1971. On the 3 adjacent plots,<br />
0.25 ha each, different tress density were obtained. Thirty years after experimental thinning the difference<br />
in stand structure and below canopy light condition was still evident. The dominant species taking<br />
part in the regeneration was Norway spruce, and birch. Only single individuals of other species, like<br />
beech were found. The thinning intensity has a significant effect on the regeneration density and seedling<br />
and sapling growth rate, but do not increase broad-leaved tree regeneration. The thinning could be used<br />
as a management method for resilience improvement of pure Norway spruce monoculture, but do not for<br />
creation of mixed stands.<br />
Keywords: Forest, resilience, regeneration, canopy density.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 61<br />
Optimising Tree Seedling Establishment in Riparian Areas in South Eastern<br />
Australia<br />
Ede 1,2 F.J., N. Ainsworth 1,2<br />
1 Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia<br />
2 Cooperative Research Centre For Australian Weed Management<br />
Riparian vegetation communities in Australia have been degraded by various activities including vegetation<br />
clearing, changes in hydrological regimes, and the introduction of exotic weed species. Restoration<br />
programs in riparian areas may involve either replanting of key species or enhancing natural regeneration<br />
processes, with weed management undertaken to aid seedling establishment. A survey of natural<br />
tree recruitment and weed cover at 35 riparian sites in south eastern Australia highlighted the importance<br />
of bare ground in providing recruitment niches for tree seedlings. To quantify the amount of bare<br />
ground required for successful tree seedling establishment, a trial was established in October 2004 at riparian<br />
sites with a continuous canopy of one of two key weed species: blue periwinkle (Vinca major) or<br />
blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg.). Circular plots of 0, 40, 80, and 120 cm diameter were cleared in the<br />
weed canopy and planted with small seedlings of the common native riparian tree species, manna gum<br />
(Eucalyptus viminalis) and blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon). Seedling survival and height growth were<br />
monitored. The weeds had a greater impact on survival of manna gum seedlings than blackwood<br />
seedlings, with no manna gum seedlings surviving in the uncleared (0 cm) plots five months after planting.<br />
Seedling height for both species was greater in the blue periwinkle plots than in the blackberry plots,<br />
and the height of blackwood seedlings increased with increasing plot size. Results of this project will assist<br />
in the development of appropriate weed management strategies to optimise tree seedling establishment<br />
in riparian restoration programs.<br />
Keywords: Riparian, weeds, native trees, seedling establishment.<br />
The potential of phytogenic mounds (nebkhas) for rehabilitation of degraded arid<br />
ecosystems<br />
El-Bana 1 M.I., I. Nijs 2<br />
1 Suez Canal University, Faculty of Education at El-Arish, Department of Biological Sciences, North Sinai, Egypt<br />
2 University of Antwerp (UA), Biology Department, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Universiteitsplein 1, B-<br />
2610 Wilrijk, Belgium<br />
Wind erosion is the principal mechanism of desertification in many arid and semi-arid regions of the<br />
world. In these regions, several native plant species naturally fix windblown materials in small, stable,<br />
phytogenic mounds or ‘nebkhas’, but none of them are currently used to combat desertification. In the<br />
Mediterranean-arid ecosystem of Sinai, we screen a variety of such species, not only for sand stabilisation,<br />
but also to promote biodiversity by creating habitats for other species, since nebkhas locally improve soil<br />
fertility and water status. We explore the potential of a new, natural rehabilitation technique to control the<br />
leakage of scarce resources from degraded arid landscapes. We also present evidence that, depending on<br />
human impact and landscape, nebkhas can trigger long-term changes in these ecosystems.<br />
Keywords: arid landscapes, biodiversity, native plant species.<br />
Assessment of water quality of the potable water treatment station and<br />
wastewater of Suez oil processing company<br />
Awad F.K. 1 , M.M. Emara 2 , I.A. EL Sabbagh 2 , E.A. Shaheen 2<br />
1 Chemistry department,Faculty of education,Suez - Egypt<br />
2 Science Center for Detection and Remediation of Environmental Hazards (SCDREH) Al-Azhar University, Naser city, Cairo,<br />
Egypt<br />
Samples used to determine nutrients were immediately treated with 0.5% chloroform as preservative<br />
agent, then samples were filtered and the dissolved inorganic nutrients were analyzed using ( Metertek<br />
SP- 830 UV spectrophotometer ). While,all the anions were measured using Ion chromatography(DX-120)<br />
using Dionex ion pac-AS14. The data obtained indicated that the level of chemical parameters measured<br />
In the effluents were higher than those reported in the inflow water of the Suez oil processing Company,<br />
which may be related to the discharge of the industrial wastewater of that company. Also, the drain<br />
water of that company was characterized with high level of organic contamination which represented by<br />
COD and BOD values 1825ppmAnd 261.8 ppm respectively.This in addition to high turbidity value of 92<br />
NTU recorded in the effluents of that company which is not suitable for the biota of Suez Bay. On the<br />
other hand, The seasonal variation of fluoride contents are changed from nil value to 0.39 ppm at loca-
62 Oral Presentations<br />
tions 4and 1 during autumn and spring respectively as given in table (1) This may be related to the decay<br />
of death organisms in raw water beside, the discharge of domestic sewage of villages into that source of<br />
water (dietary ) It was noticed that the concentration of turbidity, phosphate,nitrate,nitrite,total hardness,ammonia<br />
and acetate in the final treated water were lower than those recorded in the raw fresh<br />
water canal which considered as a good indicator for purification of drinking water. Maximum nitrate<br />
content was 7.8 ppm at location 1 in autumn and minimum one was 0.11 ppm which scored at location<br />
4 in spring this can probably due to the unexpected increase in the phytoplankton biomass during autumn<br />
at the inlet location as the result of the disposal of agricultural wastewater directly into the fresh<br />
water canal without treatment it. Which represents the serious problem for the water quality where it is<br />
changed during that period (odour and taste ).<br />
Keywords: potable water, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, total hardness, ammonia, acetate.<br />
Use of USLE for predicting soil loss and determining conservation precties in an<br />
agricultural wareshed latin capital letter codigo (0130)<br />
Erdogan H.E., G. Erpul, I. Bayramin<br />
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Turkey<br />
The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is an erosion model to estimate average soil loss that would<br />
generally result from splash, sheet, and rill erosion from agricultural plots. Recently use of USLE has<br />
been extended as a useful tool predicting soil losses and planning control practices in agricultural watersheds<br />
due to the effective integration of the GIS-based procedures to estimate the factor values in a grid<br />
cell basis. This study was performed in the Kazan Watershed located in the centre of Anatolia, Turkey to<br />
make conservation planning of the site. Rain Erosivity (R), Soil Erodibility (K), and cover management<br />
factor (C) values of the model were calculated from erosivity map, soil map, and land use map of Turkey,<br />
respectively R values were site specifically corrected using DEM and climatologically data. The topography<br />
and hydrology effects on the soil loss were characterized by LS factor evaluated by the flow accumulation<br />
tool using DEM and other watershed delineation techniques in ArcView 3.2. From resulting soil<br />
loss map of the watershed, erosion-prone areas were locate and restoration practices were recommended<br />
according to the particular requirements of each map units.<br />
Keywords: Soil Loss Equation (USLE), GIS.<br />
Collective identifications and civic participation as key factors for cultural and<br />
social resilience in processes of environmental restoration. The case of the<br />
Green Corridor in the basin of Guadiamar River<br />
Escalera J., A. Coca<br />
Department of Social Sciences. Pablo de Olavide University. Seville (Andalusia-Spain)<br />
Our paper comes from the experience of the process of participatory research that we are developing in<br />
the basin of the Guadiamar river, called “Participatory Research in the Green Corridor of Guadiamar”,<br />
first inside the Research Plan on the Green Corridor of the Guadiamar River (PICOVER) and at present<br />
time called “Monitoring Social Participation in the Green Corridor”, inside the Program of Monitoring of<br />
this new declared protected space (SECOVER), both they supported by the Department of Environment<br />
of the Junta of Andalusia. We will present the objectives, methodology, development and results to the<br />
present of our work, and we will reflect on the fundamental role that the active participation of the citizens<br />
has in the plans of recuperation and restoration of spaces, so as on the need to get it, not only of a<br />
sincere and generous political will on the part of the administrations and the technicians, but also of<br />
media, instruments and methodologies to do it adequately. In this sense we insist on the importance of<br />
the articulation and identification with the territory of the local population and their intangible cultural<br />
resources as factors of social resilience and for the effective people’s implication in the environmental<br />
restorations.<br />
Keywords: participation, collective identifications, cultural and social resilience, Participatory Action Research.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 63<br />
Restorating nature in coastal arid lands of Northwestn Mexico: a story of failure<br />
Espejel I., A. Castellanos, R. Sanchez, C. Leyva, Y. Cruz, G. Montaño, L. Ojeda<br />
Facultad de Ciencias, VABC, Ensenada, 22860, BC Mexico<br />
Restoration is a story of trial and error and learning restoration is more error than trial. We found that<br />
reading restoration journals can send the message that restoration is full of successes and easy tasks.<br />
Unfortunately, very little is published about failure so we cannot learn from errors. In developing countries<br />
is worst: volunteers are not available, permanent plots (scientific field stations or really protected<br />
areas) are inexistent and impossible to acquire and/or keep for long lasting experiments, patience to wait<br />
the results of natural recuperation or restoration techniques is threaten by smaller budgets and short<br />
scope of scientific research agencies aims. In this paper we present three examples, of different failure<br />
proportions, in the arid coastal area of Baja California, Mexico. 1) Coastal sand dunes restoration experiments:<br />
germination and establishment of the key species (Abronia maritima), 2) Coastal sage scrub recuperation<br />
of large patches after fire, cutting and/or grazing, and 3) Definition of the original “natural” state<br />
of a coastal site for restoration and educational purposes. We propose a website to publish failure in<br />
order to learn from it.<br />
Keywords: restoration, arid land, Abronia maritima.<br />
Dynamics of vegetation in restored slopes from mining activities in central<br />
Spain as conditioned by different levels of water erosion<br />
Espigares T., M. Moreno, J.M. Nicolau<br />
Department of Ecology. Universidad de Alcalá. Madrid. Spain<br />
In Mediterranean environments, the failure of restoration projects from mining activities is mainly provoked<br />
by water deficit, since it reduces the possibilities of colonisation and establishment of vegetation.<br />
The aim of this work is to analyse the dynamics of vegetation in three artificial slopes subjected to different<br />
levels of water erosion in a restored open cast mining area in Teruel, with a continental Mediterranean<br />
climate. Our hypothesis is that water erosion affects vegetation dynamics by reducing the low<br />
water availability of these environments. During 2003-2004 growing season, we studied the composition<br />
of the soil seed banks, seedling emergence and survival, leaf area index and seed production in the three<br />
slopes. All these parameters were negatively affected by water erosion, that, through the development of<br />
rill networks, also reduced soil moisture content. Besides, we have identified several key processes that<br />
condition the successful establishment of vegetation in these environments. We conclude that water erosion<br />
and vegetation development are two processes that are interconnected by a feedback mechanism<br />
which needs further experimentation in order to improve the success of restoration practices.<br />
Keywords: Mediterranean environment, open cast mining restoration, seedling emergence and survival,<br />
vegetation dynamics, water erosion.<br />
Restoration of degraded Mangrove by participatory approach: a pilot initiative<br />
Faisal A.M., J.K. Choudhury, S.R. Biswas<br />
IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Bangladesh Country Office<br />
Chokoria Sundarbans - one of the oldest mangrove forest in the Southeast Asia have been degraded and<br />
converted due to anthropogenic factor particularly for shrimp culture. Under the prevailing condition,<br />
IUCN Bangladesh has taken initiatives to motivate the local community particularly the shrimp farmer<br />
and to restore the degraded forest at a pilot scale. UNEP/GPA funded the pilot activity to initiate some sort<br />
of restoration activity of the critically degraded ecosystem at Chokoria Sundarban. The overall objective of<br />
this program was to restore and rehabilitate the degraded mangrove ecosystem of Chokoria Sundarban on<br />
a pilot scale with community initiatives and to initiate a sustainable management regime. Community<br />
based approach was followed in the implementation of the programme that integrates restoration of natural<br />
forest and restoration of human needs to strengthen the fundamental connection between economic<br />
prosperity and environmental well being of the people. This approach provides a framework drawing together<br />
all relevant stakeholders. Considering the experience of others success stories and failure in rehabilitation,<br />
it was tried to involve the community as much as possible, so that the community realize their<br />
ownership on the programme and the whole system become transparent to all. Area specific rehabilitation<br />
plan has been prepared with the involvement of local community considering the existing biophysical and<br />
socio-economic conditions of the site. The entire activity was planned and implemented on a participatory<br />
basis, and involve all local resource users and stakeholders through transparent community-based planning,<br />
implementation and monitoring. Through this pilot initiative, 21 hectares of degraded and newly ac-
64 Oral Presentations<br />
creted land have been restored with mangrove species. For sustainable management of the restored site a<br />
rehabilitation and advisory committee was formed with representatives from community, shrimp farmers,<br />
local govt. body, civil society, etc. Neighboring peoples within the Chokoria Sundarban are eager to replicate<br />
this in their respective localities. However, for sustainability of the efforts, continuous observation and<br />
some sorts of livelihood promotion package will be incorporated within the programme framework in next<br />
phase. It is expected that the success of these community-based interventions will lead to the replication<br />
of this approach in other areas across earlier Chokoria Sundarbans.<br />
Keywords: Chokoria Sundarban, Mangrove, Shrimp farming, Participatory approach, Community based<br />
restoration.<br />
Reference dynamics: using reconstruction of ecological processes to restore<br />
natural variability<br />
Falk D.A.<br />
Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA<br />
Restoration practice and research seek reference conditions in a variety of compositional, structural, and<br />
functional elements. We propose a “process-centered” framework that places central emphasis on ecological<br />
functions and ecosystem processes. What distinguishes a process-centered restoration (PCR) approach<br />
is not simply the inclusion of ecological processes in the restoration design but their centrality,<br />
and the resulting emphasis on spatial and temporal variability. In a PCR, ecological processes, structure<br />
and composition covary as they do in nature, beginning by defining the natural range of variability for<br />
the process of interest. For example, in many forests and woodlands, fire is a keystone ecological process<br />
that interacts dynamically with forest composition and structure. Fire also mediates the governing effect<br />
of climate on temporal variability in ecosystem function, as a number of studies in the region have documented.<br />
We illustrate this approach using a 450-yr reconstruction of the natural surface fire regime in a<br />
Ponderosa pine forest in the Jemez Mountains of southwestern North America. Fire occurrence varied<br />
over space and time during the period of record, with ecologically significant variation in fire intervals (yr<br />
fire -1 ). Temporal variation in fire occurrence appears to be entrained by fuel dynamics and high-frequency<br />
climate variation, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), as well as decadal variability governed<br />
by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Multiscale<br />
analysis indicates that the fire regime is a scale-dependent property, with mean fire intervals<br />
ranging from 18 yr for 4-ha sample windows to 3 yr for 250-ha composites. We propose that a “reference<br />
dynamics” paradigm replace the more static concept of “reference conditions” in defining restoration<br />
baselines and the governing factors such as climate that influence both natural and restored ecosystems.<br />
Keywords: fire regime, process-centered restoration, spatial and temporal variability, ecosystem processes,<br />
disturbance, fire-climate relationship.<br />
Restoration of Coral Reefs Using Transplantation of Cultured Corals<br />
Fan T.Y. 1 , H.J. Chen 1 , J.J. Li 1 , L.S. Fang 1,2<br />
1 National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan 944, ROC<br />
2 Institute of Marine Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804, ROC<br />
In most cases, coral reef restoration has used corals collected from the field. However, the degradation of<br />
coral reef has occurred world-wide and the collection of reef corals from the field puts a negative impact<br />
on coral reef. Mass coral culture by asexual propagation of corals provides an alternative source of promising<br />
and sustainable supply. Many coral species including branching corals (Acropora yongei, Montipora<br />
stellata, Montipora digitata, Stylophora pistillata, Pocillopora damicornis, Heliopora coerulea), massive<br />
corals (Porites lutea and Faviids), and foliaceous corals (Montipora aequituberculata, Montipora foliosa,<br />
Merulina ampliata) have successfully propagated asexually in National Museum of Marine Biology and<br />
Aquarium, Taiwan. They were cultured by tying 5 to 10 fragments (about 2 cm in length) in a nylon<br />
string and hanged in coral reef mesocosms. A total of 180 cultured corals (>5 cm in diameter) were attached<br />
to cement substratum, transported by car and boat to the artificial reef (piles of abandoned concrete<br />
rods) at Hsiaoliuchiu, Taiwan. Corals were cemented to concrete rods at the depth of 20 to 25 m<br />
using epoxy and nylon cable ties. This method of tying corals was effective and increased the working efficiency<br />
at deep water. The survival rate was 100% after 2 month transplantation that indicated initial<br />
success. The transplantation of cultured corals could replace the corals collected from the wild and<br />
greatly promote conservation and restoration of coral reef.<br />
Keywords: Artificial reef, restoration, coral reefs, transplantation, cultured corals.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 65<br />
The Brazilian coastline environment restoration - a case study at the northeast<br />
coast of Brazil<br />
Farias F.S. 1 , Gomes E.T.A. 2<br />
1 Department of Coastal and Shelf Geology. University of Kiel. Kiel. Germany<br />
2 Department of Geography. Federal University of Pernambuco. Recife.Brazil<br />
The coastal zone always concentrated diverse activities and uses. In this perspective the present study<br />
aims at analyzing the littoral environment, with emphasis on the beach zone, by an integrated analysis of<br />
its physical-natural and socio-economic elements. The study compares areas of human influence in the<br />
shoreline, where it causes the process of erosion of the shoreline, with places without any human influence.<br />
The study was carried out in behalf of the city of Tamandaré, State of Pernambuco, northeast of<br />
Brazil. The coast of Tamandaré is characterized by diverse ecosystems: coral reefs, mangroves, dunes<br />
and beaches. This was achieved through the analysis of data consisting of the number of summer houses<br />
and hotels and data of their location, as well as the analysis of the topographical and sedimentological<br />
profiles. Thus, it could be observed observe that at the places where the influence of human beings could<br />
be recognized, who increase the process of sea erosion, which characterizes the disequilibrium in the<br />
sedimentary zone, destroys also houses and streets, as well as generates various other problems. In the<br />
area where there are no houses or any other building it is observed that the beach is always in balance.<br />
In these areas there is no problem in the sedimentary balance, which is always well regulated, as well as<br />
does not exist any disturbance of the coastal vegetation and the dune fields. By this means it was possible<br />
to verify the importance preserve and protect the coastal environment including the beach zone.<br />
Keywords: Coastline, restoration, erosion, beach, shoreline.<br />
Salt-land ecology: leaf litter and recruitment<br />
Farrell C. 1 , T. Colmer 1 , R. Hobbs 2<br />
1 The University of Western Australia, School of Plant Biology, Perth, Australia<br />
2 Murdoch University, School of Environmental Science, Perth, Australia<br />
Agriculture in the low-rainfall (< 250 mm) region of Western Australia is threatened by secondary dryland<br />
salinity. Sustainable solutions must find balance between land use activities that halt salinisation, while<br />
also contributing to farm productivity. The present study examines the importance of leaf-litter driven recruitment<br />
to the sustainability of a salt-affected agricultural site. The site consists of two perennial vegetation<br />
components: Eucalyptus sargentii (tree) rows with Atriplex species (saltbush) interows. This alley planting<br />
provides shelter and fodder for stock; while removing excess water from the system. Arrangement of bare<br />
and vegetated rows in this system is similar to natural banding patterns observed in semi-arid areas. Therefore<br />
knowledge of recruitment processes in these natural systems can be applied. An experiment was conducted<br />
to test whether wind re-distributes litter from open areas to trapping microsites; and whether redistribution<br />
varies seasonally with prevailing wind direction. Spray-painted leaves were dropped in open<br />
microsites adjacent to the tree row in order to track redistribution. Distance from origin, direction of movement<br />
and trap characterisation were measured after one month. Approximately 80% of leaves were recovered<br />
in both summer and winter. All recovered leaves were trapped, with the majority in littered vegetation<br />
(tree and saltbush) traps. Distribution of leaves was significantly affected by prevailing wind direction. This<br />
study quantifies some mechanisms behind observed litter distribution patterns in bare and vegetated areas,<br />
where existing vegetation creates traps for leaf-litter. The ongoing process of litter trapping and redistribution<br />
creates potentially favourable niches for recruitment; thereby contributing to sustainability of the system.<br />
Keywords: Leaf-litter, salinity, sustainable agriculture and recruitment.<br />
Ecological restoration, carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation: the<br />
experience of SPVS in the Atlantic Forest of Southern Brazil<br />
Ferretti A.R., R.M. Britez<br />
SPVS - Sociedade de Pesquisa em Vida Selvagem e Educação Ambiental, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.<br />
Since 1999, SPVS has been involved in three projects that combine two fundamental goals over the<br />
course of 40 years: the conservation of one of Brazil's most important remnants of Atlantic Forest and<br />
the implementation of projects for carbon sequestration. In addition, there is an interest in replicating<br />
these projects in order to restore other degraded areas, protect the Brazilian biomes, and help to diminish<br />
deforestation and forest fire, therefore reducing carbon emissions. The acquisition of 19,000 hectares<br />
of degraded areas of high biological importance in Southern Brazil was the first step towards the implementation<br />
of the projects. These areas are owned by SPVS, a Brazilian NGO, and are being restored, con-
66 Oral Presentations<br />
served and transformed through Private Natural Reserves, in partnership with the NGO The Nature Conservancy,<br />
and financed by the companies American Electric Power, General Motors and ChevronTexaco.<br />
The process of forest restoration involves several stages: soil studies, surveying the region's native plants,<br />
planning for restoration by means of a Geografical Information System, production of seedlings, application<br />
of different techniques for planting (such as manual or mechanized planting with seedlings and<br />
stakes), and biomass and biodiversity monitoring. To guarantee the survival of the seedlings on the<br />
planted areas, there is a permanent maintenance program including weeding of undergrowth, crowing<br />
and organic fertilization. The projects are testing and developing methodologies to restore waterlogged<br />
areas. The three projects already planted around 450,000 seedlings of native species until December<br />
2004, and aims to plant more 1,000.000 until 2009.<br />
Keywords: Restoration, biodiversity, Atlantic Forest, carbon sequestration, Brazil.<br />
Participatory negotiated landuse change at floodplains with multifunctional use<br />
at Bodrogköz, Hungary<br />
Flachner Zs 1 , Sz. Farkas 2<br />
1 Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry. Budapest. Hungary<br />
2 Szent István University, Ph.D. program. Gödöllö. Hungary<br />
Multifunctional use of floodplains has a role in flood risk management, restoration of oxbows, old creeks,<br />
water storage and carbon sequestration. It improves the adaptation capacity of the landscape in the light<br />
of climate change effects, such as extreme weather events (draught, intensive precipitation, wind erosion)<br />
and would support a healthy and wealthy community based on wise resource management, too. Societies<br />
of small municipalities at the Tisza region in Hungary are endangered - high unemployment, economic<br />
and social problems occur. The society nearly lost the connection to river system: traditional floodplain<br />
management techniques (such as notch-management) almost disappeared. In order to solve these problems,<br />
the traditional structure of floodplain landscape and its management were analysed and adopted<br />
for the present challenges. The complex ecological, social and economic role of specific habitats, such as<br />
floodplain forests, traditional orchards were defined. Further on these ideas have been discussed at several<br />
local forums. Approval of the municipality councils has been achieved to develop a complex landuse<br />
change strategy, based on shallow water inundation for multifunctional purposes. Different partnerships<br />
were built with authorities (nature park, water bodies) and research institutes as well. Based on landscape<br />
assessment the present activities were visualised for general public as well. Special complex 1D-2D<br />
hydraulic, hydrodynamic model was developed to serve as a tool for iteration with the land users and<br />
landowners. At specific sites joint action of all relevant stakeholders lead to a harmonised, participatory<br />
negotiated landuse in the light of the national Vásárhelyi Flood risk program.<br />
Keywords: participatory negotiated landuse, multifunctional floodplain, 1D-2D modelling, landscape assessment<br />
based visualization, habitats role in landscape.<br />
Outline of the main themes of Road Ecology<br />
Forman 1 R.T.T., L. Balaguer 2<br />
1 Harvard University. Harvard Design School. Cambridge, MA 02138. USA<br />
2 Departamento de Biología Vegetal I. Facultad de Biología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. c/ José Antonio Novais, 2. E-<br />
28040. Madrid. Spain<br />
The coalescence of road-ecology science, when combined with engineering and planning, promises a future<br />
where safe and efficient human mobility is effectively combined with natural processes and biological<br />
diversity. Six research areas are of major direct policy importance. (1) Wildlife populations and biodiversity<br />
are significantly affected by landscape fragmentation related to roads. (2) Traffic<br />
noise/disturbance creates a wide zone avoided by sensitive birds and other species, which is of reduced<br />
value for nature conservation. (3) The huge total area devoted to roadsides contains invasive species and<br />
yet-to-be-surveyed rare species, an area for which an appropriate vegetation cover could serve many societal<br />
values. (4) A cornucopia of pollutants is swept by wind and washed by rainwater into streams, lakes<br />
and other water bodies, where aquatic ecosystems are degraded. (5) The road-effect zone over which ecological<br />
effects are significant, integrates the engineer's and ecologist's perspectives as a basis for transportation<br />
planning. (6) The form of the road network in a landscape is a keystone for overall ecological<br />
conditions, for planning road construction and removal, and for sustainable transportation for society.<br />
However, these latter expectations are still far from realization. Currently, actions are limited to site<br />
reclamation protocols based on agricultural principles. Roadside ecological singularity should frame, but<br />
not exclude, the ecological restoration approach. In this emergent scenario, connectivity with remnant<br />
cells, colonization, recruitment, interaction among organisms, and population dynamics should be revis-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 67<br />
ited. This reappraisal should not simply involve the revision of technical protocols, but mainly the redefinition<br />
of success in roadscape design.<br />
Keywords: roadside ecological restoration, engineering and planning, research areas, road-ecology science.<br />
ALTER-Net and the challenge of a European network for long-term ecological<br />
research<br />
Framstad E. 1 , T.W. Parr 2<br />
1 NINA, PO Box Sentrum, NO-0105 Oslo, Norway<br />
2 CEH Lancaster, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK<br />
ALTER-Net is a Network of Excellence project under the European Union’s 6 th Framework Programme for<br />
research. It has 24 partners under coordination of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK. ALTER-<br />
Net’s overall purpose is to develop lasting integration between key research institutions in Europe to address<br />
the research needed to understand how biodiversity changes under natural dynamics and human<br />
influences at the European level. A key component of ALTER-Net’s work programme is to develop a<br />
framework for a site-based European long-term ecological research network as a basic tool to address<br />
critical biodiversity research questions. ALTER-Net looks at biodiversity research within the DPSIR<br />
framework, in a comprehensive approach to the Drivers and Pressures affecting biodiversity, the States<br />
and Impacts on biodiversity components, and the human Responses to biodiversity change. A biodiversity<br />
research network should be able to cover all these components. This implies that such a network must<br />
have sites covering a range of spatial scales, ecosystems and human influences on biodiversity, including<br />
both environmental and socio-economic approaches. By representing a long-lasting research infrastructure<br />
and covering the range from pristine to heavily affected ecosystems, such a research network may<br />
provide an effective framework for research on restoration ecology. The properties of the various sites<br />
may reflect gradients in recovery useful in analyses of restoration processes (‘space for time’), pristine<br />
sites may function as models for baseline or reference states, and the long-term perspective may allow<br />
long-term, multi-site experiments of various models for adaptive restoration management.<br />
Keywords: Ecosystems, biodiversity, long-term research, network of sites.<br />
Soil formation and carbon sequestration in reclaimed and non reclaimed post<br />
mining sites the role of vegetation and soil biota<br />
Frouz J., V. Pižl, D. Elhottová, K. Tajovský, M. Šourková<br />
Institute of Soil Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na sádkách 7, CZ 37005, C˘eské Budĕjovice, Czech<br />
Republic<br />
Soil formation is important step in ecosystem reconstruction in heavy disturbed areas. Two chronosequences<br />
(spontaneous succession and forest reclamation), were studied in alkaline clay substrate after<br />
brow coal minnig near Sokolov (Czech Republic). The spontaneous plots develops towards woodlands<br />
(Salix caprea, Populus tremuloides and Betula spp.) Reclaimed sites were planted by alder (Alnus glutinosa<br />
and A. incana). Rate of C sequestration was similar in both chronosequences (92-102g m -2 year -1 ), in reclaimed<br />
sites soil C stock increased rapidly in younger plots and slow down latter opposite pattern was<br />
found in spontaneous sites. Field microcosms experiment, indicated that soil macrofauna did not increase<br />
C mineralization but enhance C accumulation in mineral soil, this effect was more pronounced in<br />
reclaimed sites. Laboratory microcosms colonized by various guild of soil biota show that fauna mediated<br />
litter removal in spontaneous sites correlated with the accumulation of C in mineral layer and with C<br />
mineralization in reclaimed sites. Soil macrofauna was more abundant in reclaimed sites which result in<br />
more intensive litter fragmentation and soil mixing in reclaimed sites. In spontaneous sites macrofauna<br />
activity was much less pronounced, however increase in earthworm density in the oldest spontaneous<br />
plots resulted in rapid formation of humus layer. Hardly decomposable litter in spontaneous sites may<br />
enhance C sequestration in latter succession stages. Study indicate that vegetation affect soil formation<br />
is complex and include also indirect effects mediated by soil biota.<br />
Keywords: restoration, coal mining, soil development, soil biota.
68 Oral Presentations<br />
Fire Regime in a Conservation Reserve, Chihuahua, México.<br />
Fulé Z. 1 , J. Villanueva-Díaz 2 , M. Ramos-Gómez 3<br />
1 Northern Arizona University, School of Forestry and Ecological Restoration Institute, P.O. Box 15018, Flagstaff AZ 86011<br />
USA<br />
2 INIFAP CENID-RASPA, km 6.5 Margen Derecha del Canal Sacramento, Parque Industrial Lagunero, Gómez Palacio, Durango<br />
35140 México<br />
3 Fuerza Ambiental, Emilio Carranza 910, Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31000 México<br />
Fire regime characteristics were reconstructed from fire-scarred trees in the Tutuaca reserve, a newly<br />
designated protected area in the Sierra Madre Occidental of western Chihuahua. The reserve was created<br />
to protect thick-billed parrot nesting habitat (large snags) and a relict forest of Chihuahua spruce (Picea<br />
chihuahuana). We collected fire-scarred samples from conifers (Pinus ayacahuite, P. durangensis, and<br />
Pseudotsuga menziesii) in three 25-ha sites arrayed at different watershed positions, from a low site adjacent<br />
to the spruce trees up to the watershed divide. Fire analysis periods began in 1702, 1704, or 1761<br />
and continued through the final fire in 1955 (two sites) or 1995. All sites had frequent fire regimes (Mean<br />
Fire Interval [MFI] 3.9-5.2 years; MFI for years in which 25% or more of the samples were scarred: 6.9-<br />
8.4 years). Almost all fires occurred before cambial growth began or early during the season of cambial<br />
growth. Fire years were significantly dry and the years immediately preceding fire were significantly wet.<br />
After 1955, no further fires occurred at two of the three study sites, a pattern similar to that observed<br />
elsewhere in northern Mexico. The third site had fires in 1987 and 1995. The extended fire-free period in<br />
portions of the Tutuaca landscape may result in fuel accumulation and eventually in severe wildfire. For<br />
effective conservation of fire-susceptible habitat features, managers should seek to incorporate surface<br />
fire as a tool for active restoration.<br />
Keywords: Pine-oak forest, Sierra Madre Occidental, Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, fire scars, dendrochronology.<br />
Metaphors of Restoration: Combining insights from the life and earth sciences<br />
with the humanities<br />
Furniss M.J.<br />
USDA-Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Corvallis, OR 97331<br />
The Andrews Forest ecosystem research group and the Spring Creek Project for Ideas, Nature, and the<br />
Written Word are collaborating in a program that brings creative writers, humanists, and ecosystem scientists<br />
together at the Andrews and in other natural venues in the Pacific Northwest. Our first event explored<br />
“Metaphors of Restoration” to discover how we think about our restoration efforts and how we can<br />
better communicate. Bringing scientists together with writers and musicians was fruitful and launched a<br />
program of Long-Term Ecological Reflections, to complement our Long Term Ecological Research program<br />
at the Andrews, supporting writers and humanists in their efforts to explore human/nature relationships<br />
as they evolve over time. The program and some of its best products to date will be presented.<br />
Keywords: Metaphors, creative writing, ecological reflections, long-term, communications.<br />
Stream simulation as an approach to the design of road-stream crossings to<br />
avoid lotic habitat fragmentation<br />
Furniss M.J.<br />
USDA-Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Corvallis, OR 97331<br />
Culverted road-steam crossings traditionally have been designed for hydraulic efficiency. Unfortunately,<br />
hydraulically efficient road crossings often create barriers to aquatic organism passage by interrupting<br />
the continuum of stream form and process. There are hundreds of thousands or millions of culverts installed<br />
on streams that impede access to habitat essential for the viability and survival of aquatic biota.<br />
The mechanisms for habitat fragmentation by culverts include excessive velocity of flow, inadequate<br />
depth, and perching of the outlet creating an insurmountable jump. The US Forest Service has developed<br />
systematic guidance for a new approach to designing bridges and culverts, called “stream simulation”<br />
that strives for minimum intervention in stream geomorphic process. The principles of this design approach<br />
and alternative approaches will be described.<br />
Keywords: Lotic systems, fragmentation, fish passage, culverts, stream simulation, aquatic organisms.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 69<br />
Integrated restoration and management of a cultural and natural heritage site :<br />
13 years of ecological studies in the Megalithic Site of Carnac (Brittany, Western<br />
France)<br />
Gallet S. 1 , F. Rozé 2 , S. Lemauviel 3<br />
1 Institut de Géoarchitecture. Université de Bretagne Occidentale. CS 93837. 29238 Brest cedex – France<br />
2 UMR EcoBio. Eq. Dynamique des Communauté. Université de Rennes 1. Campus de Beaulieu. 35042 Rennes cedex -<br />
France<br />
3 UMR INRA / UCBN EVA Eq. Interactions plantes-plantes. IRBA, Université de Caen. Esplanade de la Paix. 14032 Caen<br />
Cedex - France<br />
This paper aims at presenting how front of a dramatic situation of degradation and lack of management,<br />
an integrated approach of ecological restoration and management had been conducted in the<br />
Megalithic site of Carnac during the last 13 years. This classified historical monument site is known<br />
worldwide for its lines of more than 2500 standing stones Nevertheless, until 1991 the site was freely<br />
accessible to the public and mostly unmanaged. During the 1980s, tourist pressure increased rapidly<br />
and concentrated both in time (during summer) and in space (around larger stones). This led to very<br />
important degradations ( 4 ha of naked soil, uncontrolled thicket on other part). Faced with this situation,<br />
the decision was taken, in 1991 to close and to restore the site. The restoration consisted<br />
mainly in the restoration of a vegetation cover which would protect the soil from further erosion..<br />
Restoration was included in a larger process about this site master planning (access, reception of the<br />
public, etc). Between 1991 and 2001, vegetation monitoring, observations , mappings and experimentations<br />
were conducted within the site, financed by the Ministry of Culture (owner and manager of<br />
the site). All the acquired knowledge (scientifically validated by publications and PhD thesis) as well<br />
as an assessment of the past 10 years management were used to build management prescriptions<br />
which were redacted in 2002 as a management plan for the vegetation of the site. It integrates the<br />
preservation of restoration processes, vegetation development control and integrates possibilities of<br />
tourist frequentation. It is adapted to site characteristics and particularly takes into account vegetation<br />
heterogeneity by defining management unities within the site. It also take into account the available<br />
management means (men, herd and materials) and the local context. This management plan is a<br />
dynamic plan which gives bases for management decisions that have to be taken each year according<br />
notably to vegetation state.We can now consider that the main initial objectives are reached as most<br />
of the vegetation fit with the defined ecosystem of reference.The sustainability of the restoration will<br />
now depend on long term application of ecological management and on political decision concerning<br />
the global planning of the site.This management experiment with its difficulties and success is a<br />
strong illustration of the importance of an integrated (human, economical and natural) approach and<br />
analyse of a site for the realisation of an integrated management plan in a conservative view.<br />
Keywords: ecological restoration, reference ecosystem, integrate management plan.<br />
Restoration of Pinus pinea L. habitat in Strofilia forest, southern Greece (Life<br />
Project 2002/Nat/GR/8491)<br />
Ganatsas P.<br />
The Pinus pinea L. forest of Strofilia is located in the western Peleponnesos, southern Greece. The<br />
forest belongs to a wider system of costal dunes and wetlands that are included in the RAMSAR convention<br />
and the Natura 2000 European network. All the area is subjected to high touristic pressure;<br />
overgrazing also contributes to Pinus pinea habitat deterioration. The forest is characterized by the<br />
absence of natural regeneration for many decades (since 1954), and this seems to contribute to a forest<br />
succession and the gradual replacement of Pinus pinea by the species Pinus halepensis. However,<br />
this has been resulted in the restriction of Pinus pinea biotope in the area. Twenty permanent plots<br />
were established in the area where twelve treatments were applied in order to investigate the reasons<br />
for the regeneration absence of Pinus pinea and to restore the species habitat. The treatments were<br />
distinguished into two categories: I) treatments aiming at the seedling establishment, applied where<br />
natural regeneration of Pinus Pinea was absent, and II) treatments aiming at seedling growth, applied<br />
on some areas where seedling establishment had been already naturally started. The treatments of<br />
the first category were: 1) fencing, in order to exclude grazing effect, 2) seeding felling to canopy cover<br />
50%, 3) seeding felling to canopy cover 30-40%, 4) removal of Pinus halepensis trees, 5) shrubstory<br />
removal, 6) subsoiling, 7) seeding in patches, 8) planting of one year old seedlings of Pinus pinea and<br />
9) control plots. The treatments of the second category were: 1) fencing, 2) secondary (release) felling,<br />
3) understory (herb layer) removal, 4) cultivation of seedlings and 5) control plots. All the treatments<br />
were applied in subplots of 0.15 hectares that were systematically arranged within the plots. At least<br />
three replications in three different plots were applied for each treatment while a buffer zone of 15 m<br />
width was left between the treatments. Stand conditions were recorded in details before treatment
70 Oral Presentations<br />
application as well as the natural regeneration of Pinus pinea. Monitoring of the influence of treatments<br />
on stand and site conditions as well on natural regeneration of Pinus pinea will be carried out<br />
for the next two years. However, first results will be available during the spring of 2005.<br />
Keywords: Stone pine, natural regeneration, forest succession.<br />
Fish passage at road culverts: monitoring, analysis and design<br />
García Molinos J. 1 , A. Martínez de Azagra 1 , A. Llanos 2<br />
1 UDH&H, ETS Ingenierías Agrarias (UVA), Palencia, España<br />
2 Michael Love & Associates, Eureka, California, USA<br />
The actual concept of fish passage barrier is linked not only to the presence of dams, weirs and natural<br />
obstructions that block passage to upstream habitat but to those particular situations in which local hydraulic<br />
conditions (velocity, depth, turbulence…) are beyond the swim capability or the biological requirements<br />
of fish species. These are common situations in culverts and drainage structures frequently used<br />
as road crossings. Fish passage at road culverts is becoming an increasingly important challenge in<br />
aquatic habitat improvement and conservation schemes. Because of their characteristics, these drainage<br />
structures represent a very attractive low-cost structural solution for road crossings, and their rapid proliferation<br />
is a common phenomenon in both developed and underdeveloped countries. This paper review<br />
fish passage problems commonly found in culverts and explains the different methods outlining a crossing<br />
analysis and tools available for improving culvert design to accommodate fish passage, with an special<br />
insight into FishXing 3.0, the new released version of this freeware fish passage culvert analysis program<br />
that nowadays constitutes the most complete and reliable software available for fish passage<br />
analysis and design at culverts.<br />
Keywords: fish passage, program, culvert.<br />
Tidal salt marsh restoration in Guadalquivir River Estuary (SW Spain)<br />
García Novo F., J.B. Gallego-Fernández<br />
Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, The University of Seville, Spain<br />
The sediments from dredging a navigation channel in River Guadalquivir in 1985 were deposited in the<br />
Estuary banks over a band of tidal marsh about 200 m wide and 2 Km long. The Ministry of Environment<br />
started the restoration of a sector of 52 ha of Algaida Marsh that belongs to the Natural Park of<br />
Doñana. The ecological restoration project was designed by the Department of Plant Biology and Ecology<br />
of Seville University and has been implemented during 2000. The ultimate goal of Algaida Marshes<br />
restoration has been to reestablish the ecological processes, functions, and as a consequence to recover<br />
former diversity. To this objective the original habitats (water regime, sbstrates), were reconstructed; the<br />
dispersion vias to the habitats were provided and the tidal flow to the surface, was reinstalled. The<br />
restoration was accomplished in four steps: 1) removal of dredged material from the fill, 2) geomorphologic<br />
reconstruction, and 3) restoration of tidal flow; with two intervention levels. In N sector a high intervention<br />
level with an intense remodeling action to build a mosaic of diverse habitats. In the S sector a low<br />
intervention level just inducing the geomorphological processes that will reconstruct the tidal marsh in<br />
an example of self-design application. To evaluate design and intervention levels and to estimate integration<br />
of restored area with the surrounding Doñana Natural Park, a monitoring program has been incorporated,<br />
covering vegetation, fauna and geomorphology.<br />
Keywords: restoration, salt marsh, self-design.<br />
The restoration of El Partido stream watershed (Doñana Natural Park).<br />
A multiscale, interdisciplinary approach.<br />
García Novo F. 1 , J.C. Escudero 2 , L. Carotenutto 3 , D. García Sevilla 1 , R.F. Lofaso 2 ,<br />
P. Pichmanova 1<br />
1 Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla<br />
2 Departamento de Física y Ecología, Universidad de Extremadura<br />
3 Dipartimento de Botanica, Universitá degli Studi de Camerino<br />
Some 2300 ha of the watershed of El Partido stream belong to Doñana Natural Park. During heavy precipitations<br />
a sandy depositional delta is building on Doñana Marsh, now extending for 300 ha. Under<br />
Doñana 2005 Restoration Project, El Partido stream will be diverted to spread over some 1500 ha in<br />
order to prevent further sand transport.The ecological restoration of the spread surface, includes: build-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 71<br />
ing a hydraulic scheme favouring sand deposition avoiding its transfer to the Marsh; recovering menaced<br />
aquatic habitats and the former natural regime of surface waters; restoring some of the original ecosystems<br />
of the area; creating functional ecosystems where lynx and imperial eagle may find suitable hunting<br />
ground. A regional vegetation study provided the composition and structure of plant communities and<br />
the succession sequences. 850 vegetation patches 20 to 40 m across recreating existing natural patches<br />
will be planted. Also screens of tamarisks and poplars will be used along channels. Each patch combines<br />
a core of trees and scrub sectors of fruit bearing (sprouters) and flower bearing (seeders). This will help<br />
supporting animal populations that could enhance the expansion of the restored vegetation types in the<br />
future. Monitoring of water table, soils, vegetation, vertebrates, aquatic biota and water quality has been<br />
in progress. Some experimental patches have been planted and the performance of the species recorded<br />
for two years prior to restoration.<br />
Keywords: ecosystem function, hydrology, landscape, multiscale restoration.<br />
Effect of grass treatments on seedling recruitment in the vicinity of isolated<br />
trees in tropical pastures<br />
Garcia X., M. Martínez-Ramos<br />
Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México<br />
Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58195, Morelia, Michoacán, México<br />
Rainforest regeneration in tropical pastures is impeded by environmental and biological barriers. Such<br />
barriers can be result of exotic grass establishment and propagule scarcity. We studied the effect of four<br />
grass treatments on seedling recruitment around four isolated trees in abandoned tropical pastures in<br />
Chiapas, Mexico. Trees were separated by at least 3 km, with each tree representing one site. The grass<br />
treatments consisted of a) cutting superficial biomass, b) removing all superficial biomass, c) applying<br />
herbicide, and d) control. Each treatment intended to eliminate above- or under-ground competition, but<br />
with variations in resulting microclimatic conditions. Grass treatments were established randomly in<br />
four different distances from the focal tree (5, 10, 20, and 48 m from the trunk). Seedlings of native tree,<br />
bush, and liana species were registered every 3 months from October ‘04 to April ‘05. Each site showed<br />
particular results, indicating that there is a strong site effect. In three of four sites higher seedling proportions<br />
were observed 5 m from the focal tree’s trunk. Recruitment was up to 8 times lower outside of<br />
the canopy. No grass treatment enhanced recruitment considerably. Treatments that completely removed<br />
above-ground biomass considerably reduced soil humidity, which in turn impeded seedling establishment.<br />
The treatment that did not completely remove above-ground biomass had no significant differences<br />
with the control treatment, though it showed the highest overall recruitment. Our results suggest that<br />
previous land use (i.e. exotic grass density and fire use) strongly determine the site’s regeneration ability<br />
when abandoned.<br />
Keywords: rainforest regeneration, tropical pastures, seedling and grass competition, Mexico.<br />
Phosphate mobilization in fen wetlands: the roles of iron, chloride and sulphate<br />
Geurts J.J.M. 1 , H.W. Pijnappel 2 , L.P.M. Lamers 1,3 , A.J.P. Smolders 3 , J.G.M. Roelofs 1,3<br />
1 Institute for Water & Wetland Research, Section Environmental Biology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands<br />
2 Department of Geobiology, Section Landscape Ecology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands<br />
3 B-Ware Research Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands<br />
This study is part of a national research programme that aims to determine key factors for the restoration<br />
and management of Dutch fen wetlands, specifically with respect to internal mobilization of nutrients<br />
(internal eutrophication), a major problem in Dutch fens after the influx of nutrients has been reduced.<br />
First, surface and pore water samples were collected in a broad range of fen wetlands in the<br />
Netherlands and abroad. Most Dutch fens showed high concentrations of sulphate and chloride, while<br />
iron concentrations were low. Therefore, the roles of iron, chloride and sulphate were tested experimentally<br />
to study their effects on phosphate mobilization. Field data show that disturbed fens, with low biodiversity,<br />
are characterized by a low iron:phosphate ratio (< 1 mol mol -1 ) in the pore water, which strongly<br />
increases the risk of phosphate mobilization, increasing turbidity of the surface water and the deterioration<br />
of submerged vegetation. Only when sulphate concentrations in the surface water remain below 200<br />
µmol L -1 , target iron:phosphate ratios (> 10 mol mol -1 ) can be achieved, because sulphide production remains<br />
low. In contrast to other research, we did not find that chloride was able to mobilize phosphate<br />
from fen sediments. On the contrary, the supply of chloride to sediments of formerly brackish fen wetlands<br />
showed a clear negative effect on phosphate mobilization. We will discuss our results in relation to<br />
feasible restoration measures, both for freshwater fens and for formerly brackish fens.<br />
Keywords: phosphate mobilization, biogeochemical interactions, fen wetlands, restoration.
72 Oral Presentations<br />
Restoring Biodiversity to Pine Afforestations in Israel<br />
Ginsberg, P.<br />
Keren Kayemeth Leisrael - Land Development Authority. Northern Region Forest Dept. POB 45. Kiryat Haim 26103 Israel<br />
The management of Israel's planted forests for biological diversity values is a relatively new phenomenon.<br />
Globally, awareness of forest biodiversity issues originally centered around the loss of species, populations,<br />
their genetic materials and the habitats necessary for nurturing them in natural forest ecosystems<br />
threatened by excessive and insensitive human development. Recent research began addressing the<br />
question of how to convert simple, monocultural, plantation forestry systems into productive forests with<br />
a built-in ability to enhance their biological diversity potential. Israel's situation falls into the latter category.<br />
Most, if not all, of her high forests were planted and consist primarily of a small core group of native<br />
and exotic Mediterranean conifers and eucalypts, creations of a massive national program to reclaim<br />
and restore Israel’s degraded Mediterranean landscape. Over time, these simplified afforestations evolved<br />
into a complex set of forest stands resulting from three processes: 1) the recolonization of native tree and<br />
shrub species into the understory; 2) the diversification of simplified stand structures, due to natural<br />
mortality, destructive agents, natural regeneration and the development of patch dynamics; and, 3)<br />
mixed-species renewal plantings. A "near-native" type of forest ecosystem is currently evolving, embodying<br />
a sum total of natural and artificial processes – a forest which combines elements of pioneer afforestations<br />
plantings and a regenerating, native Mediterranean oak maquis. They serve as models to<br />
help visualize and understand how plantation-type forests can be converted into complex afforestations<br />
systems possessing a higher degree of structural functional, compositional and genetic diversity.<br />
Keywords: restoring biodiversity, oak, Israel.<br />
The role of geosciences and geomorphology in restoration ecology<br />
Godfrey A.E. 1 , J.F. Martín Duque 2<br />
1 5110 Burch Creek Drive, Ogden, Utah 84403, USA<br />
2 Department of Geodynamics, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain<br />
Geomorphology can play a key role in restoration ecology. This is due to: (1) the interactions of different<br />
rock types and processes will lead to different landforms, soil types, and hydrologic conditions; (2) active<br />
geomorphic processes, such as soil erosion, fluvial processes or mass movements affect the dynamics of<br />
ecosystems. The understanding of geomorphologic processes is essential in the ecological restoration of<br />
degraded areas caused by mining activities or public works such as road building or dam construction.<br />
In a Restoration Ecology framework, landform re-shaping considerations should include drainage and<br />
runoff control, slope stability, soil formation and visual requirements. It is also necessary to consider the<br />
history of landform development since process that built a landform may not be acting on it at present.<br />
For example beach and delta deposits of Lake Bonneville (Utah, USA) are now subject to fluvial erosion.<br />
In this presentation, we describe the geomorphological design of an ecological restoration of a silica sand<br />
strip-mine in Segovia Province of central Spain. The restoration project design was based on a comprehensive<br />
analysis of local geomorphic, hydrologic and edaphic conditions. A combination of a computeraided<br />
design from a digital elevation model (DEM), along with a reconstruction of the former geological<br />
architecture of the area including an understanding of parent material and surficial deposits, were the<br />
main contribution from the geosciences. Ten years of monitoring (1995-2005) of the high-wall and pitfloor<br />
has indicated that an ecological restoration design that considered information on local geomorphological<br />
parameters and functions, has resulted in self-sustaining hydrological, edaphic and vegetation<br />
conditions, which mimic the surrounding native ecosystems.<br />
Keywords: geomorphology, geomorphic processes, landform reconstruction, soil quality, self-sustaining<br />
ecosystems, Segovia (Spain).<br />
Ecological conditions of riparian areas in the Guadiana Basin (Upper and Middle<br />
Basin, Spain)<br />
González del Tánago 1 M., D. García de Jalón 1 , R. Moreno 1 , J.M. Varela 2<br />
1 E.T.S. Ingenieros de Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain<br />
2 CEDEX, Ministerio de Fomento, Madrid<br />
The riparian area conditions of 125 fluvial segments of 75 rivers belonging to the upper and middle parts<br />
of the Guadiana Basin have been evaluated, applying a new score system which takes into account the<br />
main characteristics of riparian structure and functioning. The absolute and relative values of the applied<br />
score system are presented, and the main degradation factors are revised, being all of them related
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 73<br />
to agricultural practices. Groundwater abstraction and river channelization in La Mancha area (upper<br />
part of Guadiana Basin), and intensive irrigation agriculture associated to flow regulation by dams and<br />
irrigation canals in the middle part of Guadiana basin have dramatically reduced the lateral dimensions<br />
of riparian areas, the access of floodplain, the regeneration capacity of woody riparian species and the<br />
riverbank habitat quality. Ecological restoration is hardly needed in the studied area, and should include<br />
the establishment of large riparian buffer strips along the agricultural fields, and the implementation of<br />
more sustainable and less water demanding agricultural practices.<br />
Keywords: riparian area, habitat quality, Guadiana Basin.<br />
Evaluating Ecological status of riparian areas: A new index to qualify riparian<br />
structure and functions<br />
González del Tánago 1 M., D. García de Jalón 1 , F. Lara 2 , R. Garilleti 3 , J.M. Varela 4<br />
1 E.T.S. Ingenieros de Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain<br />
2 Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid<br />
3 Departament de Botánica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia<br />
4 CEDEX, Ministerio de Fomento, Madrid<br />
The main characteristics of the structure and functioning of riparian areas are analyzed, and a new score<br />
index is proposed to qualify their ecological status. Longitudinal continuity of natural riparian woody vegetation;<br />
lateral dimensions of riparian area; species composition and structure of riparian vegetation;<br />
woody species regeneration; bank stability and habitat quality; access to floodplain; and permeability,<br />
substratum and topography of riparian soils are the attributes taken into account. Characteristics corresponding<br />
to “very good”, “good”, “moderate”. “poor” and “bad” conditions are defined for each attribute,<br />
being integrated in a relatively simple and hydrologically based score system, which allows not only to estimate<br />
averaged ecological conditions, but also to identify systematically common problems of riparian<br />
areas and formulate basic strategies for their ecological restoration.<br />
Keywords: riparian areas, index, permeability.<br />
Restoration and management of the Palo Verde ramsar wetland, Costa Rica<br />
González J.E., J.A. Jiménez<br />
Organization for Tropical Studies, P.O.Box 676-2050 San Pedro, Costa Rica<br />
During several decades, the Palo Verde seasonal wetland, located within the Palo Verde National Park,<br />
Costa Rica, was considered the most important wetland on the Pacific side of Central America due to its<br />
ecological role as refugee and feeding site for waterfowl, especially neotropical migrants. Unfortunately,<br />
during the last decade, this wetland has severely been threatened by massive invasion of aquatic plants,<br />
especially cattails (Typha dominguensis), which dominated almost completely the whole marsh, leaving<br />
no open spaces for waterfowl. Through this restoration project we look for the conservation of an International<br />
Ramsar site, which was included in the Montreaux protocol due to changes on its structure and biological<br />
function. The restoration project pretends to rehabilitate over 350 Ha to the condition observed<br />
in 1979, year when the maximum number of birds and species were reported. The main objectives of the<br />
project were to control and reduce the area dominated by invasive cattails through fangueo (tractors with<br />
paddling wheels to crush down cattails) and grazing, to restore the hydrology of the wetland, and to monitor<br />
the changes in the vegetation cover and habitat use by aquatic birds. In order to accomplish these<br />
objectives, the project team conducted detailed topographic surveys of the marsh, analyzed historical<br />
records using aerial photos and satellite images, and developed computer models of the restoration. Even<br />
though the project is still under execution, the results are really promising. According to the monitoring,<br />
during the dry season of 2003 and 2004, more than 50 species of aquatic birds, both resident and migratory,<br />
used the wetland as feeding and refugee site. Thus, near 15,000 individuals of Black-Bellied<br />
Whistling-Ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis), 8,500 Blue-Winged Teals (Anas discors) and near 200 Fulvous<br />
Whistling-Ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor) were easily spotted in the marsh, species and individuals reported<br />
back in the late seventies. The rehabilitation of the marsh has notably favored the diversity of<br />
plant species, substituting the dominance of cattails by a mosaic of plant species. Local changes in the<br />
water inflow caused by the deviation of an ephemeral stream seem to be the main cause on the changes<br />
observed on the plant dynamic and structure of the wetland.<br />
Keywords: wetland, Costa Rica, Typha dominguensis.
74 Oral Presentations<br />
Decision support for wetland management: two experiences from the<br />
Netherlands<br />
Goosen H., R. Janssen, J.A. Vermaat<br />
Institute for Environmental studies, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081HV Amsterdam<br />
Decision support systems (DSS) are increasingly popular tools in integrated water management. However,<br />
the achievements of DSS tools in water management projects have been modest. It is questioned<br />
whether (often technocratic) decision support tools are still equipped to support complex wetland management<br />
projects where different stakeholders and governmental agencies interact. In the Netherlands<br />
but also outside, there is a tendency towards decentralisation and various stakeholders as well as various<br />
governmental agencies are involved in the decision-making. Two relatively simple and flexible<br />
tools have been developed that aim at facilitating discussions and negotiation situations in wetland<br />
management and decision making. Based on experiences with both tools it is concluded that application<br />
of these relatively simple tools is promising. These tools can help to overcome unnecessary conflicts,<br />
stimulate collaborative planning, help to structure the problem and provide insight in values<br />
and preferences of stakeholders involved in the project. It is important for these tools to be simple and<br />
flexible so that the stakeholders can change data or incorporate their own views and preferences into<br />
the system. A second conclusion is that application of these tools should be limited to preparatory<br />
phases of decision-making. Focussing on preliminary phases prior to actual negotiations seems to increase<br />
the chance of successful use of the tool. Thirdly, it is concluded that the limited success of decision<br />
support tools is probably largely due to a) a mismatch between problem and tool, and b) the reluctance<br />
of decision makers to involve rationalizing tools in the final negotiation stages of decision<br />
making.<br />
Keywords: decision support, wetlands, multicriteria analysis, participatory planning.<br />
Riparian vegetation: a basic element of fluvial systems’ restoration<br />
Grau M., D.S. Eastman, R. Hebda<br />
Pacific Forestry Centre. Victoria, British Columbia. V8W3P4, Canada<br />
Rivers of the Iberian Peninsula reflect centuries of land-use changes to their watersheds. Historically,<br />
river modifications resulted from deforestation, land conversion to agriculture, and elimination of riparian<br />
vegetation. More recently, rivers have been dredged and straightened, flood defences and dams<br />
constructed, and gravel has been removed from beds and floodplains. This study examined relationships<br />
between riparian vegetation and fluvial attributes, and assessed the value of otter as an indicator<br />
of the physical integrity of fluvial systems in five rivers of Huesca, Spain. Riparian vegetation was<br />
assessed using systematic field surveys and air photo analysis. The relative abundance of otter signs<br />
and fluvial characteristics of selected reaches were determined in 600m transects along the main<br />
channels, with a total of 22 transects distributed among the five study rivers. In upland valley reaches,<br />
the proportion of forest within a 50m wide riparian strip is significantly and negatively correlated<br />
with the channel wetted-width to depth ratio. The percent of forest within the riparian strip is positively<br />
correlated with the amount of large woody debris. The density of spraints per 100m of bank surveyed<br />
is positively correlated with channel wetted width, and the density of otter spraints per square<br />
meter of wetted surface with the percent of residual pool habitat per channel length, and negatively<br />
correlated with sparsely vegetated areas within the riparian strip. These results confirm the important<br />
contribution of riparian trees in bank protection, resulting in narrower and deeper channels. However,<br />
in these rivers, trees in the riparian strip appear to be too small and scarce to supply enough large<br />
woody debris to significantly influence channel and aquatic habitat structure. Reclaiming of riparian<br />
corridors and floodplains by mature vegetation communities should stabilize streambanks. The development<br />
of riparian forest communities will likely increase the amount of woody debris, which will enhance<br />
sediment deposition, vegetation re-colonization in river margins, and formation of vegetated islands.<br />
Notwithstanding the fact that river otter is an important component of fluvial ecosystems, this<br />
species is likely not a good indicator of ecological integrity because its density may not vary with such<br />
important factors as changes in the composition of fish communities. However, in rivers unimpaired<br />
by drastic changes in habitat or water quality, otter density would indicate abundance of fish and the<br />
physical condition of the riparian-fluvial system.<br />
Keywords: riparian vegetation, integrity, streambank.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 75<br />
Three Species Models for Interacting Populations<br />
Greeff, J.C., T.H. Fay<br />
Department of Mathematical Technology. Tshwane University of Technology. South Africa<br />
There are real world concerns that make the study of population dynamics important, not the least of<br />
which conservation management of wildlife. In this field, the interaction between species is highly complex<br />
and it is generally accepted that these relationships should be disturbed as little as possible. However,<br />
this interaction often results in the necessary control of populations and thus population models are<br />
important tools for the prediction of such controls. A case study of such a situation is discussed: In the<br />
Ndumo Game Reserve in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, the over-crowded nyala and impala populations<br />
have a detrimental effect on other species and vegetation structures. Officials have been trying to control<br />
the nyala and impala numbers with culling over the last two decades, without success. A mathematical<br />
model for competing species is used to investigate reasons for failure, and seek an effective culling program<br />
to control their numbers and prevent extinction of smaller species, such as bushbuck and red<br />
duiker. Mathematical solutions to wildlife management problems, in general, are sought on the platform<br />
of computer-interpreted models for three interacting species. A cropping term of varying order is introduced<br />
to the systems of nonlinear differential equations to determine possible long-term solutions. Phase<br />
plane analyses suggest expected outcomes of the different cropping strategies over time. This allows the<br />
wildlife manager to evaluate the options suggested without actually killing the animals, or investigate the<br />
effect of deviations from a chosen program. The models are extremely simple and conservative, considering<br />
all the variables that can have an effect on the dynamics of populations, but nevertheless suggest directions<br />
for action.<br />
Keywords: Wildlife management, mathematical models, population dynamics, culling.<br />
Predictability of restoration outcome under a changing climate; examples from a<br />
lowland country<br />
Grootjans A.P., R. Van Diggelen<br />
Community and Conservation Ecology Group. University of Groningen. P.O. Box 14. 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands<br />
Increased summer rains is only one effects of global warming in Western Europe. In lowland countries<br />
this has consequences for water management and coastal defence. Global warming and landscape planning<br />
are, therefore, different sides of the same coin. Restoration measures in most European countries<br />
have been aimed at restoring old cultural landscapes. We may expect, therefore, that the outcome of<br />
many restoration projects will not always lead to the goals that have been set. We have monitored several<br />
restoration projects in the Netherlands for more than 10 years and will present evidence that in several<br />
cases global warming has frustrated the gaols of restoration. We studied a chronosequence of dune slack<br />
succession in the Wadden Sea island of Terschelling covering a time scale of 80 years and found that increased<br />
summer precipitation during the last decade prevent the restoration of calcareous pioneer communities.<br />
Coastal defence structures (large sand dunes) set limits to restoration since they prevent the<br />
natural discharge of excess surface water. Under such conditions restoration of natural pioneer stages is<br />
no longer possible. In a similar way the restoration of mesotrophic fen meadows in various polder areas<br />
has become almost impossible, due to long-term drainage in the surrounding of the reserves and increased<br />
summer floods. Under such conditions it is necessary to chose restoration goals that can be sustained<br />
by the present landscape under the influence of global warming and a changing water management<br />
regime.<br />
Keywords: dune slacks, fen meadows, hydrology, succession, water management.<br />
Experience and Expertise: Robust Restoration Strategies in a Real World<br />
Context<br />
Gross M.<br />
UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle. Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology. Permoserstrasse<br />
15. 04318 Leipzig, Germany<br />
Institute for Science and Technology Studies (IWT). Bielefeld University.PO Box 100131.33501 Bielefeld, Germany<br />
Many ecological restoration projects are taking place in areas populated by humans, so negotiations between<br />
heterogeneous actors involved and reactions to developments in different ecosystems become part<br />
of restoration work. However, this does not necessarily mean that scientific rationality is being undermined<br />
or even being superseded by a new type of socially robust knowledge production where the epistemological<br />
core has being emptied – as is recently proposed by some science studies scholars. Based on a
76 Oral Presentations<br />
set of studies of ecological restoration projects in North America and Europe this presentation will illustrate<br />
how the wider public’s experience-based expertise can become part of scientific work. This, it is further<br />
contended, does not substitute for scientific reliability in the form of “socially robust knowledge”<br />
a.k.a. an empty epistemological core of science. Instead, new knowledge – “lay” as well as “expert” – can<br />
be fed into each new step of restoration implementation to expose it to further observation so that the<br />
production of ecological knowledge and its application are recursively linked to each other.<br />
Keywords: restoration as public science, recursive learning, socially robust implementation, new knowledge<br />
production.<br />
Landscape design as a tool for strategic planning for land forest landscape<br />
restoration<br />
Guerrero Borges V. 1 , S. Holz 2 , L.G. Placci 3<br />
1 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad de La Plata, Argentina<br />
2 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina<br />
3 Independent Consultant, Argentina<br />
Landscape restoration in human-dominated forest lands must account for the complexitiesy and needs<br />
of integrating the needs of wildlife and people use, restoration and maintenance of key habitats and protection<br />
withinacross a mosaic of different land uses. This paper presents the landscape design as a<br />
strategic tool for forest landscape restoration planning based on the suitability of land use allocation. In<br />
this approach we include the concept of ecological integrity of the ecosystem, which that implies biodiversity<br />
conservation, sustainable forest rescourcses and management of others non-timber forest products<br />
managements, ecosystem services and functions such as like erosion control, maintenance of water supplies,<br />
recourses and wildlife habitat protection. Relating to theseis multiple proposes we consider different<br />
ecosystem attributes and an active participatory design planning process. The varying interests of<br />
different stakeholders interested ion land use (conservation, cultural, economics, etc) are an important<br />
issue to be considered in negotiating an agreed set of actionslandscape planning process for successful<br />
actions. The multi-criteria and multi-objective decision making approach appears to provide a useful as a<br />
good tools for evaluating the multipurpose nature of land allocation in a complex system in which human<br />
and natural processes interacts at different spatial and temporal scales. This planning tool provides a<br />
comprehensive, but also increases the accountableility and, efficiencyt and more compressive approaches<br />
to forest land design at the landscape scale. This approach can be applied through a series of steps<br />
from broader scalehas different step of action: eco-regional planning down to a finer scale at theand local<br />
level planning, where participation of different local social groups is essential to achieve a planning consensus.<br />
Keywords: forest, design, landscape, scales.<br />
Restoration of natural cover in olive old-fields: from landscape to site scale<br />
Guzmán-Álvarez J.R., R.M. Navarro-Cerrillo<br />
Department of Forestry, University of Córdoba, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Córdoba, Spain<br />
In the Iberian Peninsula there are more than 2.500.000 ha of olive crops, with more than two third of<br />
this surface concentrated in Andalucia, a region in the south of Spain. Part of this surface is marginal<br />
from an agronomic and ecological point of view, being potentially affected by a future abandonment. As a<br />
consequence of the high heterogeneity of mediterranean ecosystems, it is difficult to establish the endpoints<br />
of the plant succesion; nevertheless, it is a matter of need to develop tools in order to support<br />
managing decisions affecting these areas. After abandonment, natural processes lead to restoration of<br />
natural vegetation cover. As a consequence of the high heterogeneity of mediterranean ecosystems, it is<br />
difficult to predict the future trajectory of succession. Natural reforestation occurred in many areas, resulting<br />
in complex mosaics of land uses that characterize the region today. In this work, a tool for modelling<br />
the restoration of natural cover in marginal olive groves areas at a landscape level is exposed. A<br />
qualitative index of marginality for the olive cultivation in Andalusia has been dessigned using the following<br />
source of data: digital geographic information of the land use obtained from aerial photographs<br />
1:60,000, digital soil map of Andalusia (1:400,000); and a vector map of slopes with cell of 20x20 m over<br />
topographic map (1:50,000). According to this model, 16% of Andalusian olive plantations can be considered<br />
as marginal and have a clear risk of abandonment.<br />
The extent and spatial pattern of the potential recovery in each landscape were evaluated by an index of<br />
colonisation potential defined for each natural vegetation type according to the capacity for establishing<br />
wood or shrubland communities in adjacent marginal olive polygons. A distance of 500 m was considered
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 77<br />
to be the maximum effective dispersal distance, considering the variability of the reproductive strategies<br />
of mediterranean plant species and the scale of work. Next, we separately overlaid the olive grove cover<br />
map and the forest cover maps to produce new maps of the potential forest recovery on each landscape<br />
type. Through the intersect module of ArcView, marginal olives polygons situated less than 500 m from<br />
natural vegetation, with the potential to be colonised by forest or shrub communities, were distinguished<br />
from marginal olive groves with no such opportunities. We then compare the metrics of the patches<br />
among the different olive areas, including in the analysis the plant cover data obtained from an field survey<br />
in olive-fields with different age of abandonment.<br />
Keywords: modelling, olive, index of colonisation.<br />
Predictability of restoration outcome based on responses of vegetation and<br />
arthropod communities in a dry grassland experiment<br />
Halassy M. 1 , K. Török 1 , V. Markó 2<br />
1 Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Vácrátót. Hungary<br />
2 Department of Entomology, Corvinus University of Budapest. Hungary<br />
Although there is much literature on studies combining vegetation and arthropod diversity in relation to successional<br />
stages or land use type and intensity, similar investigations in relation to restoration have become<br />
important only recently. In the present paper we compare the indicator value of vegetation and grounddwelling<br />
arthropods in predicting the outcome of a dry grassland restoration experiment in a low productive<br />
area of the Hungarian lowland. The aim of the experiment was to develop methodologies for the eradication of<br />
an invasive species, black locust and to restore clear-cut sites to a semi-natural grassland ecosystem. Clearcutting<br />
was carried out in early spring of 1995. Re-sprouting was repressed by herbicide application. Mowing<br />
was applied to remove the nutrient surplus accumulated by Robinia pseudoacacia and for weed control. After<br />
the first five years of treatments, vegetation development had two different pathways depending on the presence<br />
or lack of mowing. After the removal of the tree canopy we experienced shrub encroachment and an increasing<br />
abundance of species characteristic to closed grasslands and Robinia plantations. Mowing controlled<br />
the expansion of shrubs and prevented the grassland from closing, but the continuous disturbance<br />
resulted in the dominance of annual species. Early vegetation development did not show approaching trend<br />
towards the target grassland, but eight years after the initial treatment phase, the succession seemed to<br />
move in the desired direction. The two pathways of succession were confirmed also by the arthropod data, as<br />
generalist arthropod species reflect the structure of vegetation rather than its composition.<br />
Keywords: Grassland, arthropods, black locust, invasive species.<br />
Art and ecology for extreme environments<br />
Haley D.<br />
Manchester, Metropolitan University, UK<br />
Since the 1970s N.A.S.S.A. has worked with the Rhode Island School of Design to analyse and design for<br />
the needs of humans living in weightless and other ‘extreme environments’. The focus of this research programme<br />
and its applications have actually been quite narrow and largely constrained by a problem based<br />
learning culture. This paper will, therefore, consider the use of ecological art forms as a means of adapting<br />
to climate change through inquiry based learning. With occasional distractions, Western Culture has maintained<br />
a course of action to increase the gap between human life and ‘nature’. However, this interdisciplinary<br />
arts approach extends the notion of restoration beyond the remediation of damaged ecosystems to<br />
consider creative approaches for inventing dynamic processes in response to dynamic, living situations. All<br />
species find themselves increasingly under stress, facing extinction or evolution. It’s time to think the unthinkable<br />
and change unsustainable lifestyles and move to an embodied ecology. Using case studies that<br />
integrate the natural sciences, social sciences and the creative arts, this paper will offer some practical examples<br />
of projects engaged in creating ecologies to meet extreme environments.<br />
Keywords: Art, Embodied Ecology, Extreme Environments, Climate Change.
78 Oral Presentations<br />
Community Involvement in river restoration in south-west Western Australia<br />
Hardcastle K. 1 , A. Torre 2 , K. Meney 3<br />
1 Syrinx Environmental PL, 12 Monger Street, Perth, WA, 6000<br />
2 Department of Environment, PO Box 6740 Hay Street, East Perth, Western Australia, 6892<br />
3 Syrinx Environmental PL, 12 Monger Street, Perth, WA, 6000<br />
The rivers of WA’s south-west present unique challenges as they are highly variable, predominantly seasonal<br />
and often sandy and therefore unstable. Providing stable habitat and protecting and restoring river pools<br />
for summer refuge are important river management objectives in these river systems. This paper outlines a<br />
number of river restoration case studies in south-west Western Australia detailing the techniques applied,<br />
the results and the key learnings. The projects have mostly been low cost, and successfully undertaken<br />
with land holders and local community groups. The restoration sites have become demonstrations of best<br />
management practices and have been used for community education and training purposes to encourage<br />
broader adoption of the techniques. The case studies outlined in this paper include works to: enhance habitat<br />
with rock riffles and large woody debris, provide fish passage over weirs, establish livestock crossings<br />
and off-stream watering points, and stabilise the bed and banks of waterways using a variety of techniques.<br />
Keywords: river restoration, fishways, stabilisation, community involvement.<br />
Before, during, & after road construction (Practice and Policy Opportunities)<br />
Harper-Lore B.L.<br />
Restoration Ecologist,FHWA/USDOT – HEPN-30,400 Seventh, St. SW,Washington D.C. 20590, 651-291-6104,<br />
fax -6000<br />
Weeds or invasive plants get in the way of restoration success. - Highway revegetation is not restoration,<br />
you say. Restoration is defined in many ways.I chose to use“repair of a highly disturbed landscape to reflect<br />
its original natural heritage to the extent practicable” as the definition used by more and more State<br />
Departments of Transportation (DOT) in the United States. As their corridors crisscross the nation<br />
through both private and public sector lands; what DOTs plant and the success they have makes a difference<br />
to all land managers. It is widely believed, however that highway corridors are considered pathways<br />
of unwanted plant invasion. I chose to regard corridors as potential conservation byways that can serve as<br />
buffers to agricultural and natural lands. By restoring roadsides and medians to native plantings, many<br />
States like Iowa contend that their efforts resist further movement of weeds through or off their corridors.<br />
So how do we get the weeds out of our way to restore native grasses and forbs before and during construction<br />
efforts? Anyone in the restoration world have the same project problem; prevention and control are<br />
essential. Best practices to prevent the spread of weeds is evolving. Reporting about roadside restoration,<br />
the author will explain the policy obstacles associated with highway construction projects in the United<br />
States. An important piece is the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process in highway construction<br />
projects, which requires both public and public agency input. Connecting such pieces through<br />
restoration is an opportunity that should not be missed. However, the idea needs to be a part of policy and<br />
plan before an alignment is chosen. And there in lie obstacles. Ecological restoration of damaged sites<br />
after highway construction might not be completely compatible with the goals of restoration, but it is a repair<br />
opportunity. Not planting invasive plants, designing alignments around remnant vegetation, and saving<br />
existing pieces is a good start. What precedents now exist in the United States to accomplish this stewardship<br />
goal? How can NEPA help prevent the spread of invasive plants?. What partnerships are now<br />
possible?. That and related questions will be answered in this report.<br />
Keywords: invasive plants, weeds, policy, NEPA, highway construction.<br />
Saving the redwoods: new strategies for redwood forest conservation<br />
Hartley R.K., D. Porter<br />
Save-the-Redwoods League. San Francisco, USA<br />
Since 1918, Save-the-Redwoods League has led the movement to protect the ancient redwood forest. Current<br />
forest restoration projects in the northern redwood region will be placed in context of a broader redwood<br />
conservation strategy. Historically, the League focused on protection of the most inspirational stands<br />
of ancient redwood forest within a series of representative parks and reserves. As our understanding of the<br />
forces affecting the forest has developed, the League’s conservation work has evolved to consider protection<br />
of the redwood forest ecosystem within a network of parks, reserves, and managed forest land. With more<br />
than 95% of the ancient redwood forest logged – including forestland now protected in parks and reserves -<br />
a key challenge faced across the redwood region is restoration of degraded forestland towards old-forest<br />
conditions. The paper will describe the League’s current science-based conservation strategy, discuss the
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 79<br />
use of GIS technology and conservation planning methods to better identify priority protection and restoration<br />
opportunities, and describe how the League has worked with the scientific community to build the base<br />
of information to support its conservation work. The Mill Creek ecological restoration project will be presented<br />
as a case-study of collaborative forest restoration across a 25,000-acre watershed.<br />
Keywords: redwoods, conservation, forests, restoration.<br />
The Prestige Wreck Fuel Recovery Project<br />
R. Hernán, A. del Corral, C. Berenguer, R. Páez, J. Sparrowe, J. Moro<br />
Repsol YPF. Madrid, Spain<br />
This article is intended to provide a detailed overview of the recovery project devised to extract the hydrocarbons<br />
remaining in the wreck of the “Prestige” tanker. The ship, carrying some 77,000 Tm of heavy fuel<br />
oil broke up and sunk in 3850 meters water depth in November 2002, 150 miles off the north western<br />
coast of Spain. During the sinking, and for a period of several months afterward, a large amount of fuel<br />
was spilt ending up mainly on the shores of Galicia.<br />
Repsol YPF, though in no way connected to the vessel or its cargo, was appointed by the Spanish government<br />
to recover the fuel remaining inside the wreck. Later Repsol YPF selected Sonsub as the main contractor.<br />
The initial campaign, carried out in 2003, involved the design and construction of the tools required to<br />
operate a those depths, sealing off all remaining leaks in the wreck, conducting a comprehensive data acquisition<br />
and research campaign that included measuring the fuel remaining inside the wreck’s tanks<br />
and carrying out a pilot test of a novel batch extraction method which involved the development of a safe<br />
system to perforate the wreck’s deck and control the extraction of fuel.<br />
The extraction of the remaining fuel was carried out in 2004 using large volume aluminium shuttles. An<br />
innovative core-flow technique was used to extract this extremely viscous fuel (some 500,000 centipoises<br />
at the shuttle offloading conditions) from the shuttles and offload it into a Floating Storage and Offload<br />
(FSO) vessel. Finally, a bio-remediation procedure to accelerate the biodegradation of the immobile fuel<br />
was implemented.<br />
Details of the different aspects of the project are described in separate papers, see References.<br />
The Repsol YPF Prestige Recovery Project has won the prestigious Energy Engineering Project of the Year<br />
award at the Platts Global Energy Awards for 2004.<br />
Keywords: fuel recover, core-flow technique, Prestige.<br />
2D water quality modelling in a eutrophicated shallow coastal lakes - application<br />
for “l'Albufera de Valencia” restoration plan (Spain)<br />
Hernández J.M. 1 , J. Icke 2 , M. Mondria 3 , S. Bort 1<br />
1 TECNOMA S.A. Valencia. Spain<br />
2 WL | DELFT Hydraulics. Delft. The Netherlands<br />
3 Técnica y Proyectos S.A. Valencia. Spain<br />
Albufera of Valencia is one of the most important shallow Mediterranean lakes in the Spanish coastal<br />
region. It has been suffering from eutrophication and sediment pollution with heavy metals since the<br />
1960's. The sources of pollution are agriculture, urban waste waters and industry. A 2D water quality<br />
model has been set up in the simulation package Sobek, as a tool for the long term development of the<br />
water quality in the lake and to enhance the insight in the aquatic ecosystem. With this tool, various<br />
measures are investigated, concerning improved treatment of urban waste waters and sustainable<br />
agriculture. The water quality model reproduces the spatial and temporal variation in the growth of<br />
algae, the nutrient cycles, dissolved oxygen and heavy metals in the sediment. The model turned out<br />
to be a useful tool for the study of the sustainable development of the Albufera of Valencia.<br />
Keywords: water quality modelling, shallow lakes, eutrophication, sediment, environmental flows,<br />
Sobek.
80 Oral Presentations<br />
Hydrological restoration programs and natural regeneration in mangrove areas<br />
at the northern coast of Yucatan Península, Mexico<br />
Herrera-Silveira J.A., A. Zaldivar, C. Teutli, M. Alonso<br />
CINVESTAV-IPN, Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México<br />
Land use changes and modifications of the hydrological regime are major factors causing of decreased<br />
mangrove forest coverage. In the northern coast of Yucatan Peninsula, SE Mexico, mangrove coverage decreased<br />
about 40% for the last 30 years, promoted by deforestation, urbanization, road construction, and<br />
artificial coastal openings which modified the hydrological regime. In order to restore the functional<br />
processes in the impacted zones, two actions were implemented: one without scientific information,<br />
which consisted on building culverts in coastal roads o facilitate water flow, and another, an experimental<br />
research to know the processes leading to natural regeneration of mangrove in karstic sediments and<br />
to define the specific environmental variables determining these processes in order to identify potential<br />
areas of successful mangrove regeneration. Results from the first approach, indicated that the objectives<br />
were not achieved because no changes in the mangrove structural development and hydrological conditions<br />
were observed. High water salinity was probably a major environmental stressor for mangrove<br />
growth in this area. Opening culverts was not only inefficient for mangrove regeneration but also favored<br />
increasing the salinization process. The second approach showed that a mixture of biological (structural<br />
conditions of the forest) and environmental (water flow, hydroperiod, salinity and temperature) factors<br />
were important factors for natural regeneration of mangroves.<br />
Keywords: mangrove, forest, water flow, salinity, hydroperiod.<br />
ECOPEY, a Mexican Long Term Ecological Research site: toward understand key<br />
ecological processes and application to restoration programs<br />
Herrera-Silveira, J.A 1 ., V. Vidal 1 , L. Aquirre 1 , P. Ardisson 1 , J. Euan 1 , M a .A. Liceaga 1 ,<br />
S. Salas 1 , D. Valdes 1 , F. Dickinson 1 , V. Rivera-Monroy 2 , C. Coronado 3 , F. Comin 4<br />
1 CINVESTAV-IPN, Unidad Mérida, Mexico<br />
2 Wetland Biogeochemistry Institute, Louisiana State University, USA<br />
3 South Florida Water Management District, USA<br />
4 Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC. Zaragoza. Spain<br />
Ecosystem characteristics as primary production, nutrient and water dynamics, biodiversity, response to<br />
disturbances, climate change effects and management and conservation criteria, are thematic areas of<br />
the Mexican Long Term Ecological Research Network (Mex-LTER), which has as a major objective improving<br />
the understanding of ecosystem processes that have long-term actions or effects. ECOPEY is a group<br />
of the Mex-LTER conducting long-term monitoring program in the coastal lagoon of Celestun (Yucatan<br />
Peninsula). Long-term perspective and research is required for defining restoration plans for coastal<br />
ecosystems because they are regulated by processes changing at long-term scale. Also long-term studies<br />
are important to know the links between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in coastal zones. Long-term<br />
monitoring is applied to know changes of Celestun lagoon ecosystem in order to identify spatial and seasonal<br />
patterns of ecological processes and to understand its stability and resilience as ecosystem in front<br />
of local and global changes, and how this information can be incorporated to restoration programs.<br />
Keywords: ecosystem processes, long-term analysis, restoration, Mex-LTER, coastal lagoons.<br />
Monitoring Ecological Processes in Restoration Projects<br />
Herrick J.E. 1 , S.L. Tartowski 1 , A. Rango 1 , A.S. Laliberte 1 , G.E. Schuman 2<br />
1 USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA<br />
2 USDA-ARS High Pl” ains Grasslands Research Station, Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA<br />
Restoration of ecological processes is key to restoration project sustainability, yet most restoration monitoring<br />
is limited to plant community composition. Our research has shown that short-term plant composition<br />
monitoring is a necessary but insufficient predictor of long-term restoration success. Longterm<br />
(up to 75 years) studies in the western United States show that short-term monitoring of plant<br />
community composition alone incorrectly predicted the failure of treatments that were ultimately successful,<br />
and the success of treatments that ultimately failed. We propose that vegetation composition<br />
monitoring be combined with one or more ecological process indicators. These simple, rapid, plot-level<br />
indicators reflect changes in resource redistribution and vegetation structure. Several of these indicators<br />
can be quantified using new remote sensing imagery analysis tools. New indicators reflecting landscape-scale<br />
processes are also being developed and can be adapted to monitor restoration project suc-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 81<br />
cess. Landscape-scale indicators are necessary for both restoration project design and monitoring, especially<br />
in arid and semi-arid ecosystems where there is often a high level of resource redistribution<br />
among landscape units due to high rates of runoff, wind and water erosion. Animal activity and restoration<br />
treatments themselves can lead to further modifications in resource redistribution processes.<br />
Keywords: Indicators, runoff, erosion, landscape, spatial variability, resource redistribution.<br />
Before and After Restoration: A Preliminary Case Study on the Role of Social<br />
and Cultural Factors in Ecological Restoration<br />
Heyd T. 1 , M. Grau 2<br />
1 Department of Philosophy, University of Victoria,P.O. Box 3045,Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3P4, Canada.Tel. 250 - 721<br />
7521/7512; Fax 250 - 721 7511<br />
2 Pacific Forestry Centre. Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3P4, Canada.Tel. 250 – 363 0648<br />
Ecological restoration usually becomes necessary due to careless human interventions in natural environments.<br />
Once ecological restoration has been accomplished, the successful continuation of restorative<br />
processes generally depends on the cooperation and good will of local resident populations. Consequently,<br />
it is of the first priority to determine the social and cultural factors that, respectively,<br />
generate a) careless and b) careful behaviours toward natural environments under risk. Rivers are key<br />
to ecological functioning at the landscape level, and so our preliminary case study appropriately explores<br />
common attitudes and behaviours of local populations toward riparian-fluvial systems. Our<br />
presentation will begin with the introduction of examples of attitudes and behaviours, both of care and<br />
of carelessness toward riparian-fluvial systems, in the region of Aragón, Spain. Next, we consider values,<br />
which promote sustainability and care for proximate environments, and bring those values into<br />
relation with those observed in Aragón. Finally, we make recommendations for an integrated, interdisciplinary<br />
research project that can further clarify the social and cultural conditions necessary for the<br />
active engagement of local resident populations with, and their cooperation in, the maintenance of<br />
such environments.<br />
Keywords: restoration, social, interdisciplinary research, landscape.<br />
The Rockies Through the Lens of Time: Repeat Photography and the Challenge<br />
of Ecological Restoration<br />
Higgs E., L., Levesque, T., Smith, G. Watt-Gremm<br />
School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada<br />
Working with perhaps the largest systematic collection of historical mountain photographs--more than<br />
70,000 survey images used to map the mountainous regions of western Canada in the late 19 th and<br />
early 20 th centuries—our team has undertaken repeat photography with a portion of the collection to<br />
interpret and analyze the qualities and extent of change in Waterton Lakes National Park. Waterton,<br />
one of Canada’s most celebrated and vulnerable protected mountain areas, is part of the Waterton-<br />
Glacier International Peace Park and is a World Heritage Site. Our goal is providing finely resolved historical<br />
information for effective ecological restoration of vulnerable landscapes. This presentation provides<br />
an overview of the historical and repeat photographic surveys, the challenge presented to<br />
restoration planning by snapshots of historical information, and three specific research projects based<br />
in part on the photography: disturbance regimes in subalpine forest communities; the dynamics of<br />
aspen (Populus tremuloides)-grassland communities in areas of heavy human use; and, tracking the<br />
content and use of the imagery in the development of Canadian attitudes toward nature.<br />
Keywords: restoration, history, parks, subalpine, repeat photography, Populus tremuloides, cultural<br />
change.<br />
Guidelines for the Ecological Restoration of the Andean Basins in Colombia<br />
Hilera-Lanzos R., J.M. Diez-Hernández<br />
Grupo de Hidráulica e Hidrología Forestal<br />
E.T.S. Ingenierías Agrarias. Universidad de Valladolid. Av. Madrid, 47. 34004 Palencia, Spain<br />
The Oriental Hills of Bogota D.C. (Oriental mountains of the Andes) have been enduring during the last<br />
decades some intensive human alterations, such as deforestation, forest and agricultural cultivation, urbanizations,<br />
etc, that have broken the natural balance of the native ecosystems. The basin “La Floresta-
82 Oral Presentations<br />
Novita” is a relevant Forest Reservation Area since 1976 and contains some areas with geotechnical stability<br />
problems, hydrological and mesoclimatic alterations, and invasion of species, as consequence of the<br />
inadequate human activities. Based on a detailed analysis of the current conditions including the evaluation<br />
of soil losses, our diagnosis define four biophysic areas, with an integral approach that considers the<br />
applicable restoration techniques in each case: 1) Preservation (P), 2) Total Rehabilitation (TR), 3) Environmental<br />
Recovery (ER) and 4) Limited Rehabilitation (LR). With the premise of prioritize the restoration<br />
of the most degraded areas using a basic serial scheme, the following measures have been designed: 1)<br />
the induction of bushes and stubbles coupled with the restoration of forest gaps (TR); 2) the gradual conversion<br />
of the plantations of eucalyptus to native forest (ER); 3) the utilization of organic nets, protective<br />
plantations forming blocks, vegetal wind-shields and “friendly” gardening (LR). These technologies are<br />
based on the increase of the water availability and the recovery of the native vegetation, and aim to minimize<br />
the actual social and ecological degradation of the basin. Their objective is to promote a sustainable<br />
development of each of the constituent elements and also to define the guidelines for the ecological<br />
restoration of the Oriental Hills of Bogota D.C.<br />
Keywords: Andean basin, ecological restoration, Colombia.<br />
Long-term studies of California grassland: lessons for restoration<br />
Hobbs R.J.<br />
School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia<br />
A 20 year study of annual grassland on serpentine soils in northern California elucidated the roles of rainfall<br />
variation and disturbance in determining grassland composition and dynamics. The abundance of individual<br />
species was found to vary markedly over the study period, in part tracking changes in annual rainfall<br />
amounts and distribution, but also varying in relation to animal disturbance and grazing. This led to large<br />
variations in species composition both through time and spatially. Of particular importance were the findings<br />
that invasion by non-native grasses was episodic and related to above-normal rainfall amounts and<br />
that some species which were relatively uncommon in the grassland became dominant under some conditions.<br />
These dynamics would not have been elucidated without long-term study. The relevance of the dynamic<br />
nature of the grassland, the spatial heterogeneity and the functional roles of individual species are<br />
considered within the context of restoration. In particular, the question of setting restoration goals in relation<br />
to a reference system is explored. Clearly, the objectives of restoration need to take into account both<br />
the dynamic nature of ecosystems and the need to build functional resilience in the system. Similarly, the<br />
definition of a reference state needs to recognize the possibility that species which are not abundant at one<br />
particular time may nevertheless be important components of the system under changed conditions.<br />
Keywords: serpentine grassland; gopher disturbance, rainfall variation; resilience; restoration goals.<br />
Setting restoration goals: mixing ecological theory with social values<br />
Hobbs R.J.<br />
1 School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia<br />
Worldwide, restoration of degraded ecosystems is becoming a priority activity, and large amounts of time<br />
and money are being invested in restoration projects. Our understanding of ecosystem dynamics has<br />
changed dramatically in recent decades, and ecosystems are seen as more complex and less predictable<br />
than previously. Setting achievable and realistic goals for restoration projects depends on understanding<br />
ecosystem and landscape dynamics within a changing global environment, and translating this into conceptual<br />
and practical frameworks for restoration. In addition, however, restoration goals are frequently<br />
set within the context of a set of social, ethical and other values which may or may not be congruent with<br />
the ecological constraints to be overcome. Reconciling the potential mismatch between ecological constraints<br />
and social expectations and decisions based on disparate value sets is an important challenge<br />
for ecological restoration. Clearer understanding of ecosystem dynamics and better articulation of realistic<br />
restoration goals can lead to much improved restoration success and better investment of government<br />
and private funds.<br />
Keywords: serpentine grassland; gopher disturbance, rainfall variation; resilience; restoration goals.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 83<br />
Restoring freshwater wetlands in Denmark<br />
Hoffmann C.C., A. Baattrup-Pedersen<br />
National Environmental Research Institute, Dep. of Freshwater Ecology<br />
A national programme for the restoration of freshwater wetlands in Denmark was initiated in 1998. The<br />
purpose was to reduce nitrogen load to down-stream recipients and to enhance nature values in restored<br />
areas. The government issued a circular as a tool for the Danish counties to point out areas, which had<br />
the potential for being restored as wetlands. Criteria for pointing out the areas implied that: 1. Project<br />
areas should be situated in catchment areas discharging to vulnerable fjords, waters, and lakes, where<br />
an improvement in the environmental condition could be expected as a consequence of a reduction of the<br />
nitrogen load, 2. Project areas should lie in agricultural catchments, where streams and rivers receive<br />
high nitrogen loads or in areas where groundwater is influenced by agricultural activity, 3. Project areas<br />
should lie in areas where the natural hydrological and topographical conditions would lead to formation<br />
of wetlands with a watertable fluctuating around the soil surface, 4. Nature values should be enhanced,<br />
5. Leaching of phosphorous to down stream recipients was not allowed. At present, i.e. March 2005,<br />
2900 ha of land have been restored and 4700 ha of land have been approved for restoration. A monitoring<br />
programme for surveying the effects of the restoration of the wetlands has been set up. The programme<br />
includes both surveys of environmental effects such as nutrients, and natural values such as<br />
vegetation, birds and otter. Nutrients have been surveyed in 15 wetlands, vegetation in 8 and birds in 10<br />
wetlands.<br />
Keywords: legislation, implementation, natural values, nitrate removal, monitoring programme.<br />
Reconstruction of temporal habitat dynamics (1817–1991): a basis for the<br />
rehabilitation of Austrian Danube river landscapes<br />
Jungwirth S.M., G. Haidvogl, S. Muhar, S. Preis and S. Schmutz<br />
Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management. Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment<br />
University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna. Austria<br />
Modern river/floodplain rehabilitation concepts focus on the original, natural functions and processes<br />
typical for the particular river ecosystem. Rehabilitation measures are currently being discussed or implemented<br />
for various channelized Austrian Danube river sections, calling for profound analyses of the<br />
pristine riverine habitat conditions. A research project on the alluvial Danube river landscape in the<br />
Machland (Upper/Lower Austria) aims to reconstruct former temporal habitat dynamics based on the<br />
analyses of historical sources between 1715 and 1991. The main issues are: (1) the typical habitat age<br />
distributions prior to channelization, (2) whether certain habitat types experienced long-lasting aging<br />
processes rather than short life spans effected by intensive fluvial dynamics and (3) the overall age development<br />
of the system following river channelization. The vector/raster GIS analyses indicate a dynamic<br />
equilibrium of both habitat aging and rejuvenation, yielding a high diversity of differently developed habitats<br />
and a balanced age distribution of the total ecosystem. This supports the hypothesis of a former natural<br />
age structure typical for the alluvial sections of the Austrian Danube River over the long term. The<br />
age analysis also reveals that certain aquatic and terrestrial types of habitats showed very short life<br />
spans. River channelization and hydropower plant construction considerably affected the natural habitat<br />
age diversities: the initial channelization measures (1829 – 1838) led to artificially enforced habitat rejuvenation.<br />
The period after channelization (1859 – 1991) was characterized by significantly altered age distributions<br />
and substantially increased aging of the total system.<br />
Keywords: Danube River, habitat age, habitat dynamics, age distribution, historical change, river rehabilitation.<br />
Forest and MIre Restoration in Finland in METSO-programme<br />
Hokkanen M.<br />
Metsähallitus, Nature Heritage Services<br />
The Forest Biodiversity Programme for Southern Finland (METSO) started in 2003. One goal of the programme<br />
is to restore 33 000 ha of mires drained for forestry and forests used earlier for forestry during<br />
the period 2003-2012. These areas are situated in the protected areas in Southern and Western Finland<br />
and are governed by Metsähallitus. The main restoration measures in forests increase the amount of<br />
dead and decaying wood, and create small openings and burning. The amount of dead and decaying<br />
wood is increased primarily in areas, where the natural continuum of decaying wood is in danger of<br />
being severed, and in areas lacking decaying wood. Burning and small openings are usually done in
84 Oral Presentations<br />
young, monotonous conifer forests. In mires ditches are filled, or if there is not enough peat left to fill the<br />
ditches, they can be dammed. In some areas trees are also removed to prevent the evopo-transpiration.<br />
The main reason for the restoration is to protect threatened species and their habitats. Saplings and<br />
trees are monitored in some forest restoration areas. In mires the movements of water and the amount of<br />
saplings are monitored. In some areas species inventories will also be done. Restoration costs are estimated<br />
to be 17 million euros. Most of the restoration work is done in winter by forest workers, which has<br />
a positive effect on winter employment of forest workers.<br />
Keywords: Forests, peatlands, restoration.<br />
“CarbonTender” - Low Cost Restoration and Biosequestration<br />
Holden J.H. 1 , R. Anderson 1 , A.M. Muir 2<br />
1 Greenhouse Policy Unit, Dept. of Sustainability & Environment, Vic., Australia<br />
2 Native Vegetation Unit, Dept. of Sustainability & Environment, Vic., Australia<br />
CarbonTender was designed to develop and assess mechanisms for purchasing low-cost, carbon sequestration<br />
rights that also provide measurable and genuine biodiversity outcomes. The Victorian State Government<br />
sought to purchase up to $2.3 million of carbon rights generated from restoring forests and<br />
woodlands to specific biodiversity standards. The State has acted as an investor using a ““market-like<br />
mechanism”. Restoration sites were designed to optimise adaptations to a changing climate. New vegetation<br />
must reach minimum area thresholds and be located to link and buffer existing patches. Additionally<br />
a large range of lifeforms and species are used to provide resilience to a changing climate. The potential<br />
carbon value of each site was calculated. Bids (or tenders) were then received for eligible sites. Contracts<br />
were then allocated to best value sites to maximise biodiversity and carbon benefits from these funds.<br />
Landholders and the State then entered long term agreements that provide effective permanent protection<br />
for the site. Contracts were offered for 26 restoration sites at a median price of $AUS 16.20 per tonne of<br />
CO 2<br />
. CarbonTender demonstrates that significant measurable biodiversity benefits can be obtained from<br />
low cost carbon investments. A tender process can reveal low cost suppliers, provided the required outputs<br />
are well described. Improved legal, technical and accounting mechanisms can now inform private investors<br />
seeking both biodiversity and carbon gains. This approach also rewards innovative landholders.<br />
Keywords: Climate change adaptation, carbon sequestration, tender, auction, biodiversity, carbon sinks.<br />
Up scaling restoration in highly populated environments<br />
Holz S. 1 and G. Placci 2<br />
1 Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires,<br />
Argentina<br />
2 Freelance Consultant, Argentina<br />
In many areas of Latin America forest remnants are both structurally and spatially fragmented. Their<br />
ecological dynamic and environmental services are highly threatened. Forest restoration to rebuild<br />
biological corridors, mitigate fragmentation impacts and rehabilitate degraded patches will be a must in<br />
the near future. Most of this areas are also highly populated by either indigenous or rural communities.<br />
The challenge in this areas is to develop forest restoration strategies that effectively articulates<br />
biodiversity conservation and rural development goals. These strategies should be based on a thorough<br />
conceptualization of the ecological and socioeconomic factors that are influencing the current situation<br />
and the proposed long term goals. The status of each factor and its relative influence varies with the<br />
recurrent changes in Latin America’s sociopolitical context; consequently, an adaptive management<br />
approach is recommended. In this study case, a strategy based on the production of “non-timber forest<br />
products” to increase production capacity of mid size land owners is test as a mechanism to upscale<br />
forest restoration in the Upper Parana Atlantic Forest.<br />
Keywords: Landscape restoration, Latin America restorations, forest restorations, adaptive management,<br />
NTFP.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 85<br />
Natural regeneration in abandoned farming fields: site and landscape scale<br />
integrated analysis in the Atlantic Forest<br />
Holz S. 1 , V. Guerrero 2 , G. Placci 3<br />
1 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina<br />
2 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad de La Plata, Argentina<br />
3 Independent Consultant, Argentina<br />
The Atlantic Forest has become greatly reduced on account of the advance of the farming frontier. In the<br />
Province of Misiones (Argentina) many farming fields have been abandoned, giving way to a patchwork<br />
mosaic of secondary forest of different ages. The objective of this study is to analyze the secondary forest<br />
structure, its successional tendency and regeneration in relation to the land-use history and abandonment<br />
periods, on a local and landscape scale. Vegetation censuses were carried out in Misiones forests<br />
with abandonment ages ranging from 3 to 70 years old. Landscape changes were evaluated by analyzing<br />
the surrounding cover on different spatial and temporal scales making use of satellite images. Censuses<br />
data were studied through ordering methods. In some sites, species replacement followed a pioneer –<br />
early – late trajectory, whereas in others the replacement pattern was not so clear. We have concluded<br />
that as regards structural parameters, 20 to 30 year-old forests are similar to mature forests; however,<br />
these differ with the latter in their floristic composition. The discussion of the present study focuses on<br />
the relationship between successional trajectories, species’ ecological features, land-use and changes on<br />
a landscape scale.<br />
Keywords: Secondary forest, natural regeneration, successional trajectories.<br />
Flood-meadow restoration along the northern Upper Rhine<br />
Hölzel N., S. Bissels, T. Donath , A. Otte<br />
Department of Landscape Ecology and Resources Management. Justus-Liebig-University Giessen. Germany<br />
Regularly flooded meadows along large lowland rivers in subcontinental climates belong to the most endangered<br />
plant communities in Europe. Previous efforts to restore these highly endangered communities<br />
from ex-arable fields proved to be frustratingly unsuccessful: Even after the opening of dykes and the<br />
successful lowering of productivity by hay-making most of the desired target species did not re-establish.<br />
This was obviously caused by seed and probably also microsite-limitation. To overcome seed dispersal<br />
limitation we transferred mown plant material from species-rich target communities to restoration sites.<br />
This method was first tested at relatively small (1.3 ha) scale in combination with topsoil removal, which<br />
should provide particularly favourable conditions for seedling recruitment. In a second, larger scaled<br />
project (46 ha) we applied the transfer of seed containing plant material to restoration sites on ex-arable<br />
fields and improved grasslands without topsoil removal and consequently higher levels of productivity<br />
and interference by the established vegetation. Generally, diaspore transfer with mown plant material<br />
proved to be an extremely successful method to overcome dispersal limitation of target species in habitat<br />
restoration. However, recruitment success was strongly controlled by the degree of competition through<br />
the established vegetation as well as by seasonal fluctuations in moisture conditions induced by flooding<br />
events and summer drought.<br />
Keywords: Restoration, floodplain, grassland, diaspore transfer, seed limitation.<br />
REC<strong>ON</strong>DES: Use of vegetation in landscape configurations to combat<br />
desertification<br />
Hooke, J.M.<br />
Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth, UK<br />
REC<strong>ON</strong>DES is an EU funded research project on ‘Conditions for Restoration and Mitigation in Desertified<br />
Areas Using Vegetation’. Its focus is to identify how vegetation may be used to reduce erosion in specific<br />
landscape configurations prone to severe degradation processes. Its major objective is to produce practical<br />
guidelines on the conditions for use of vegetation in areas vulnerable to desertification, taking into account<br />
spatial variability in geomorphological and human-driven processes related to degradation and desertification.<br />
REC<strong>ON</strong>DES is being applied to the marginal lands of the north Mediterranean which are<br />
vulnerable to or have suffered desertification. Field measurements of vegetation and process interactions<br />
are being made in Murcia, Spain and Tuscany, Italy. The research is based on six land units, combined<br />
in a hierarchy of scales: Reforested land, Rainfed cropland, Semi-natural and abandoned land (Scale 1);<br />
Hillslopes, River valleys (Scale 2); Small Catchments (Scale 3). The project aims to identify the conditions<br />
necessary for growth and survival of various kinds of vegetation and examine where those conditions are
86 Oral Presentations<br />
found. This is the present phase of research. This knowledge will then be used to match those conditions<br />
against the processes of degradation to identify where treatments or restoration will be most effective.<br />
Crucially, it will examine linkages within the landscape at different scales to determine the key points for<br />
intervention. This paper will discuss the approach and underlying conceptual models, the methods used<br />
for measuring conditions and for identifying limits and thresholds, and the preliminary results.<br />
Keywords: Desertification, land degradation, soil erosion, pattern, vegetation.<br />
Landscape-scale indicators of Laurentian Great Lakes ecosystem health<br />
Horvatin P., K. Rodriguez<br />
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois, USA<br />
The State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conferences (SOLEC) were held beginning in 1994 in response to reporting<br />
requirements of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the U.S. and Canada. The biennial<br />
conferences provide landscape-scale, independent, science-based reporting on the health of the<br />
Great Lakes ecosystem based on the success of ecological restoration and remediation projects. A suite of<br />
indicators necessary and sufficient to assess Great Lakes ecosystem status was introduced in 1998, and<br />
assessments based on a subset of the indicators were presented in 2000. Because SOLEC is a multiagency,<br />
multi-jurisdictional reporting venue, the SOLEC indicators require acceptance by a broad spectrum<br />
of stakeholders. Indicator reports provide the basis for government agencies and other organizations<br />
to collaborate more effectively and to allocate resources to data collection, evaluation and reporting<br />
on the state of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem. This paper will detail how Great Lakes partners approach<br />
ecological restoration at the landscape-scale using a suite of indicators to help guide the management<br />
of a diversity of habitats and populations.<br />
Keywords: Laurentian Great Lakes, State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference (SOLEC), Great Lakes<br />
Water Quality Agreement, indicators, ecological restoration.<br />
Environmental risk management: controlling the subsoil contamination<br />
Hurtado F.J. 1 , C. de Ibarra 1 , F. Abollado 1 , R. Martínez 1 , C. Luna 2 , J.L. Pascual 2<br />
1 Ingeniería Medioambiental. REPSOL YPF. Madrid.Spain<br />
2 Asistencia Técnica Ventas Directas. REPSOL YPF. Madrid.Spain<br />
The “ventas directas y aviación” area of repsol ypf group, has developed a management procedure based<br />
on the risk control at potential polluted sites. The project began with the systematic review of the environmental<br />
state of soils and groundwater and with the analysis of potential risk derived from pollution.<br />
This review allowed the discrimination of contaminated sites and the establishment of the priorities for<br />
performance. Further on, remediation labours started in places with high risk level. In many cases remediation<br />
had been coordinated with remodelling works destined to prevent new contaminant impacts. Remodelling<br />
works are an important support in risk control. The sites with no significant impact on the<br />
subsoil but a high level of potential risk due to their geographical-geological setting, have been included<br />
in a prevention program directed to protect the soil taking into account the particular characteristics of<br />
every installation.<br />
Keywords: risk, remediation, groundwater, prevention program.<br />
Fire as a Tool in Restoring Beetle (Coleoptera) Assemblages in Boreal Forests<br />
Hyvärinen E., J. Kouki, P. Martikainen<br />
Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Joensuu, Finland<br />
Possibilities to restore beetle assemblages in boreal forests were studied in a large-scale field experiment<br />
in eastern Finland with particular focus on dead-wood dependent and red-listed species. The factorial<br />
study design included 24 Scots pine dominated sites with four tree retention levels, 0, 10, 50 m 3 /ha and<br />
uncut controls. Twelve of the 24 sites were burned in 2001. Thus each treatment was replicated three<br />
times. Beetles were sampled by ten flight-intercept traps per study site during the years 2000-2002, one<br />
pre-treatment year and two post-treatment years. Results of this study show the effects of different management<br />
methods on the most species rich taxa of forest dwelling species - Coleoptera. The number of<br />
red-listed and dead-wood dependent beetle species was higher on burned than on unburned sites, particularly<br />
in the second year after the treatments. Also the tree retention level affected the species assemblages.<br />
For justification of restoration of habitats it is notable, that many red-listed species were able to
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 87<br />
find the new resources produced even in managed forests, a condition that the relevant species must<br />
meet before populations can start recovering. Although the study was conducted with logging treatments<br />
the results are widely applicable to restoration of boreal forests. Burning clearly creates resources for a<br />
number of rare and red-listed species rapidly. This is essential for continuously declining populations of<br />
many dead-wood dependent species in Finland.<br />
Keywords: Boreal forest, Coleoptera, fire, restoration, saproxylic.<br />
Basis of ecosystem restoration in deltas: the Ebro and Mississippi cases<br />
Ibáñez C. 1 , J. W. Day 2 , N. Prat 3<br />
1 Aquatic Ecosystems Research Centre, IRTA. Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Catalonia, Spain<br />
2 Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences and Coastal Ecology Institute, Louisiana State University. Baton Rouge,<br />
Louisiana, USA<br />
3 Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain<br />
Deltas are river-dominated estuarine systems which are frequent in microtidal seas like the Mediterranean<br />
and the Gulf of Mexico. Pulsing events like river floods and marine storms strongly determine its<br />
geomorphic and ecological structure and functionning. Deltas are suffering a rapid deterioration due to<br />
human alterations of river basins (reservoirs, water abstraction and pollution, etc.) and relative sea level<br />
rise caused by global warming and subsidence. A comprehensive approach incorporating the principles<br />
of Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Integrated River Basin Management is needed to a successful<br />
and long-lasting restoration of deltaic ecosystems. Habitat restoration in deltas is strongly dependent<br />
on salinity and elevation gradients, which are determined by water and sediment pulses and fluxes from<br />
the river and sea. In the Ebro and Mississippi deltas, integrated approaches including the restoration<br />
and management of sediment fluxes in the river, the controlled distribution of freshwater and sediment<br />
pulses into the deltaic wetlands, and the use of natural and constructed wetlands to improve water quality<br />
and vertical accretion, are being developed and partially implemented. Results show that restored<br />
wetlands are only sustainable if enough vertical acretion to compensate relative sea level rise is achieved,<br />
and this is only possible when the habitats are not isolated from riverine and marine processes.<br />
Keywords: deltas, restoration, river pulses, relative sea level rise.<br />
A hierarchy of mitigation measures to reduce road effects on animal populations<br />
Jaeger J., A.G. Jochen<br />
Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, ETH Zentrum HG F 27.6, CH-<br />
8092 Zurich, Switzerland<br />
The construction of roads and other transportation infrastructure is a major driving force of landscape<br />
change in Europe. Animal populations are adversely affected in four ways: Roads reduce the amount and<br />
quality of habitat; act as barriers to movement, preventing animals from accessing resources on the other<br />
side of the barriers; enhance mortality due to collisions with vehicles; and break up the remaining habitat<br />
into smaller pieces. These mechanisms exhibit thresholds where populations become prone to high<br />
risk of extinction. Various mitigation measures at different scales have been suggested to reduce the effects<br />
of roads on animal populations, such as road fencing, crossing structures, reduction of traffic volumes,<br />
bundling of traffic, protection of large roadless areas, designation of areas with a high priority for<br />
road removal. This presentation suggests a hierarchy of such measures to reduce detrimental road effects<br />
based on the results of a spatially explicit individual-based model of population dynamics. Despite<br />
the German Federal Government’s declared goal to “reverse the trend in land consumption and landscape<br />
fragmentation” published already in 1985, the fragmentation of landscapes in Germany has increased<br />
considerably over the last 20 years. As the critical thresholds in road density are unknown for<br />
most species and most landscape types, quantitative limits to the degree of landscape fragmentation<br />
should be established as environmental standards to curtail landscape fragmentation. A wide discussion<br />
of how to determine such limits should be started among traffic planners, ecologists, and landscape<br />
planners.<br />
Keywords: barrier effect, ecological modelling, extinction threshold, fences, landscape fragmentation,<br />
traffic mortality.
88 Oral Presentations<br />
Ecological succession and restoration of pine-oak and mixed hardwood forests in<br />
Las Joyas Research Station, Sierra de Manantlán, México<br />
Jardel E.J., A.L. Santiago, C. Cortés, F. Castillo, M. Ramírez, O.E. Balcázar.<br />
Instituto Manantlán de Ecología y Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Universidad de Guadalajara-CUCSUR<br />
Las Joyas Research Station (LJRS) is covered by a mosaic of mixed harwood forest, pine-oak forest and<br />
secondary shrublands. The area has a long history of anthropogenic disturbance. Studies on landscape<br />
patterns of association between vegetation and soil-land form units, disturbance history, vegetation cover<br />
change, and ecological succession were implemented to support management decisions to restore disturbed<br />
areas. Geoecological and vegetation analysis showed a positive association between hardwood<br />
forests and sites with concave soil-landform units and low disturbance; while pine-oak forests were associated<br />
with convex landforms and high disturbance. A significant increase in forest cover (from 76% to<br />
91%) was observed between 1972 and 2000 in the 3600 ha study area; this change is related to protection<br />
of LJRS since 1986. Pine forests increased at the expense of open areas. The presence of pine-oak<br />
forests with a dense understory of hardwood tree species, in sites on concave soil-landform units, support<br />
the hypothesis that, in the absence of recurrent disturbances like wildfires, broad-leafed species will<br />
eventually replace second-growth pine stands. This hypothesis is also supported by results obtained in<br />
12 years monitoring of permanent plots. To maintain the landscape mosaic of pine-oak and mixed hardwood<br />
forests, management of LJRS is based on a combined strategy: mixed hardwood forests, pine-oak<br />
stands with hardwoods understory and young pine-oak stands are protected from wildfire, grazing and<br />
logging to promote vegetation recovery, and prescribed burning is applied to maintain mature pine-oak<br />
stands. The landscape-based approach used to analyze vegetation relationships with soil-landform and<br />
disturbance, combined with stand dynamics studies, provide a method to make baseline and monitoring<br />
studies in protected areas management and ecological restoration projects, in many situations in which<br />
the definition of “natural” communities and human-induced conditions may be a matter of debate.<br />
Keywords: landscape ecology, fire management, Sierra de Manantlán, soil-land form, stand dynamics.<br />
Ecological restoration of Pulicat Lake after Tsunami, Southeast Coast of India: A<br />
Multidisciplinary approach<br />
Jayaraju N.<br />
Dept. of Geology, S.V. University, TIRUPATI-517 502, INDIA<br />
On the fine morning after Christmas day the massive Tsunami ravaged the Bay of Bengal and dashed the<br />
hopes of more than 2,00,000 lives, destroying billions of dollars worth of property and rocked the fragile<br />
coastal geomorphological setting. Pulicat lake, one of the largest salt water lakes in India, is situated between<br />
13 0 22 I 04 II – 13 0 45 I 00 II N and 80 0 02 I 00 II – 80 0 20 I 00 II E. The lake has a spread of 400 sq<br />
km with an average depth of 3 m and connected to the Bay of Bengal at the Southern tip by a small inlet<br />
of width of about 300 m. The inundation caused by the Tsunami waves have, however affected the Pulicat<br />
lake by depositing huge quantities of black clay and silt. The thickness of the clay cover may be up to<br />
3 m. Since, the lake provides habitat, sanctuary, and food for many species of fish and wildlife and are<br />
also source of uses for humankind. Nevertheless, Tsunami brought material has threatened the existing<br />
fragile ecosystem of the lake. It is believed that more life was lost due to ingestion of this mud during the<br />
Tsunami, rather than by plain drowning. This has drastically marred the scenic ecosystem of the lake. As<br />
to why some areas suffered more than others in the lake and why some areas spread, the answer may be<br />
like in the combination of lake configuration, slope of the lake, presence of vegetation / mangroves, creation<br />
of ‘shadow zone’ etc. A cursory examination shows that the effects were maximum in the area<br />
where the lake cuts out in to the sea and minimum vice-versa. Presence of estuaries also lessened the<br />
impact around them since a large volume of water was taken in to the estuary by river channels. It was<br />
observed that even at 3 PM on December 26, 2004, Kalangi and Araniar estuaries which were almost<br />
stagnant with effluents were flowing into the lake as in floods. One of the most vital challenges is the<br />
restoration of complex, multi system lake representing the potential natural life. Lake Pulicat is one such<br />
ecosystem and warrants immediate restoration. Like reconciliation ecology, a matrix restoration approach<br />
recognizes the ecological value of disbursed habitats within the matrix lands between larger, preserved<br />
patches. With proper restoration management, restoration measures will be more effective than<br />
simply preserving larger, lake ecosystem settings. The insights provided by restoration ecology and matrix<br />
management suggest that restoration in Pulicat lake may be aided by creating suitable multidisciplinary<br />
shelters for habitat, ecology, and settled rural areas of the lake proper setting. This paper attempts<br />
for immediate ecosystem restoration using multi-disciplinary matrix to reverse the degradation of this<br />
important lake setup. The paper argues that institutional process should be developed to implement holistic,<br />
ecosystem based, watershed-wide, bio-sphere driven, stake-driven strategies in order to restore the
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 89<br />
ecosystem of the lake. It is evident that whatever man has altered the natural lake setup, he has paid<br />
dearly.<br />
Keywords: Tsunami, inundation, restoration, multi-disciplinary matrix.<br />
The Swiss agri-environmental programme and its effects on selected biodiversity<br />
indicators<br />
Jeanneret, P. 1 , S. Aviron 1 , S. Birrer 2 , F. Herzog 1 , L. Pfiffner 3 , B. Schüpbach 1 , T.Walter 1<br />
1 Agroscope FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Zurich, Switzerland<br />
2 Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland<br />
3 Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland<br />
In Switzerland, parallel to agri-environmental measures which apply directly to the field management,<br />
farmers had to convert at least 7 % of their land to ecological compensation areas – ECA. Major ECA are<br />
extensified grassland, traditional orchards, hedges, wild flower strips. In 2003, farmers practised the<br />
agri-environmental scheme all over Switzerland with a total of 119'000 hectares of different types of ECA<br />
(11% of the utilised agricultural area). The introduction of ECA throughout the agricultural area can be<br />
seen as a large scale landscape restoration experiment. This paper aims to analyse the role of ECA in<br />
promoting biodiversity at habitat and landscape scale. In three case study areas of about 6 km 2 , biodiversity<br />
indicators (plants, birds, spiders, carabid beetles, grasshoppers and butterflies) were recorded in<br />
ECA and intensively managed fields between 1997 and 2004. Results showed that indicators had different<br />
reactions to ECA and scales but ECA had generally more species or different assemblages than the<br />
intensively managed fields. The most successful ECA types were the hedges and the wild flower strips.<br />
Over the period of investigation, a light positive trend of biodiversity development could be demonstrated.<br />
The impact of the ECA programme on biodiversity can globally be considered as moderate but positive<br />
because ECA contribute significantly to the regional biodiversity.<br />
Keywords: agri-environment scheme, biodiversity, restoration, ecological compensation areas.<br />
Effect of grazing on restoration of endangered dwarf pine (Pinus culminicola) in<br />
northeastern Mexico<br />
Jiménez J., O. Aguirre, E. Jurado, A. Martínez<br />
Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México.<br />
Fragmentation and habitat loss are the main threats to the survival of most endangered species; hence<br />
the inclusion of dynamic processes of plant communities in restoration plans would result in lower habitat<br />
loss and fragmentation. Endangered species recovery is always difficult, and we need to use the best<br />
tools, skills, and experience. The protected area “Cerro El Potosí“ is located in the Sierra Madre Oriental,<br />
northeastern of Mexico; it has an elevation of 3670 m above sea level. Due to its geographical isolation,<br />
and geological strata, it has many rare, endemic and endangered plant species. An experiment designed<br />
to test the effect of cattle, small mammals and elevation on the success of restoration of an endemic<br />
dwarf pine species was implemented. Pinus culminicola grows only in four high peaks in the Sierra Madre<br />
Oriental and is under pressure from grazing, wildfires and human activities such as mining, road development<br />
for timber extraction. We planted and monitored 2-year-old seedlings at three elevations within<br />
the natural distribution range of this species. At each elevation three treatments were established: (1)<br />
seedlings protected from cattle plus small mammals, (2) seedlings protected from cattle, and (3) seedlings<br />
with free access. Seedling survival was ca. 50% in (1) after four years, but there were no surviving<br />
seedlings with free access to cattle. Elevation in general did not account for variation in survival. Seedling<br />
growth was poor during the four years, which implies that seedlings remain susceptible to grazing and<br />
trampling by cattle and small mammals. The implications for a large scale restoration program are discussed.<br />
Keywords: Pinus culminicola, endangered species, grazing, cattle exclosure.
90 Oral Presentations<br />
Art as a Catalyst for Public Acceptance of Ecologically Designed Landscapes<br />
Johnson L.M., M. Mahoney<br />
School of Landscape Architecture. College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture The University of Arizona. P.O. Box<br />
210444. Tucson, AZ 85721-0444<br />
During the past decades a new landscape design aesthetic has been evolving—one that is centered on<br />
ecological health and sustainable design. Catherine Howett’s (1987) essay was a call to discard romantic<br />
views of nature as manifested in picturesque landscapes and develop iconic examples for ecological interventions.<br />
Since then several researchers have discussed the aesthetic of ecological design as one that<br />
must gain public acceptance in order to have meaningful global impacts. Art has been suggested as a<br />
valuable means to help the public expand their understanding of and appreciation for ecological design<br />
approaches. This paper examines a variety of art prototypes and offers a classification of art within this<br />
genre (art/land/ecology) for the purpose of evaluating future applications. Examples of the following art<br />
types will be presented: 1) installation—often temporary, perhaps satirical commentaries on ecological<br />
conditions as a way to promote ecological awareness, 2) artifact—inclusion of design features within a<br />
landscape such as signs, benches, or sculptures that attempt to educate the public about nature and<br />
ecological issues, 3) natural processes—art that showcases nature’s processes in attempts to sensitize<br />
viewers towards understanding temporal qualities of natural systems, 4) community involvement—art<br />
that directly involves the public in ecological design decision making, 5) place making—the artist, usually<br />
through collaboration, creates a functioning landscape with restoration or site ecology components, 6)<br />
ecological restoration—art and ecological restoration are one—the art is a restored landscape.<br />
Keywords: art, eco-art, land-art, site-art, landscape ecology, ecological aesthetics.<br />
Assemblages of wood-inhabiting fungi along the gradients of succession and<br />
naturalness in boreal pine-dominated forests in Fennoscandia<br />
Junninen, K. 1 , M. Similä 2 , J. Kouki 1 , H. Kotiranta 3<br />
1 Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland<br />
2 Metsähallitus, Natural Heritage Services, Urheilukatu 3 A, FI-81700 Lieksa, Finland<br />
3 Research Department, Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland<br />
In boreal forests, the level of naturalness and the stage of succession explain most of the variation in forest<br />
structure within a particular forest type. Thus, these two factors should also have a major effect on<br />
species assemblages in forests, at least on species groups associated with wood. The present study is the<br />
first attempt to analyze empirically the simultaneous effects of forest succession and naturalness on<br />
wood-inhabiting fungi, a taxonomic group of special ecological importance. The study area was situated<br />
in eastern Finland, middle boreal zone. A total of 41 study plots were established in Pinus sylvestris<br />
forests representing three levels of forest naturalness: natural, seminatural and intensively managed<br />
forests. Five stages of succession were separated according to the age of the dominating tree layer (150 years old), except in managed forests where only four stages were available. A<br />
total of 5,328 records of 195 species of fungi were made. The first, open stage of succession was clearly<br />
the most species-rich period of succession in all levels of forest naturalness. In natural and seminatural<br />
forests, the first stage of succession was also very distinctive in its fungal composition, and thus of special<br />
value in protecting biodiversity in boreal forests. In the succession following the first stage, the level<br />
of naturalness had more effect on assemblages of fungi than did the stage of succession. Intensive forest<br />
management affects threatened species particularly. In conclusion, natural young stages of succession<br />
should also be included and restored in the network of boreal forest reserves.<br />
Keywords: Corticiaceae; Dead wood; Forest management; Polypores; Threatened species.<br />
Applying Sustainable Development Principles to River Restoration in Israel<br />
Kadmon A.<br />
Keren Kayemeth Leisrael - Land Development Authority. Land Development Dept. – GIS. POB 45. Kiryat Haim 26103 Israel<br />
Israel’s perennial and intermittent river systems are characterized by small and highly fluctuating levels of<br />
seasonal flow carrying large amounts of pollutants. The majority originates in rural mountain regions and<br />
flow seaward through a highly urbanized landscape matrix. For years they suffered the role of neglected,<br />
abused, open sewers in the public’s backyard. Since1993, the Keren Kayemeth Leisrael’s Land Development<br />
Authority (KKL-LDA) has been an active partner in Israel’s River Restoration Authority, playing key funding<br />
and implementation roles in numerous undertakings. River restoration projects have been found to succeed<br />
on the condition that four principles of sustainable development are fully integrated at the watershed level of
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 91<br />
planning, execution and management: 1] the ecological principle (removal of pollution sources and treatment<br />
of pollutants; ecosystem restoration through strengthening of natural processes; and rehabilitation based on<br />
the river’s relative strengths]; 2) the socio-cultural principle (encourage and strengthen stakeholder involvement;<br />
transform a public nuisance into an asset; exploit educational aspects of the project; develop heritage<br />
sites within the corridor); 3] the economic principle (create a climate for public demand of river corridors as an<br />
economic asset, and create investor incentives to preserve these positive features); and 4] the intergenerational<br />
equity principle (to provide the citizenry with continuity of access and opportunity over time). Successful<br />
projects have transformed ecological disaster areas into vital, urban, linear parkland supporting natural<br />
systems, a strong component of community identification and involvement, and economic development.<br />
Keywords: river restoration, sustainable development, planning.<br />
Restoration methodology of degraded areas with high species diversity and<br />
ecological succession in Brazil<br />
Kageyama P.<br />
Ministry of the Evironment. Brazil<br />
Mata Atlântica Forest – Brazil from 1,2 millions of original hectares has today only around 7% of remnant<br />
forest. Although being the most developed region in the country it is also the most degraded one. In<br />
these areas the highest priority is restoration, mainly in riparian areas, protected by our legislation, and<br />
that act as corridors of gene flow. The University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba city, São Paulo state, Brazil,<br />
established a partnership with the State Electricity Company – CESP, for the development of a programme<br />
for scientific investigation from 1988 to 2000. The basic concepts involved in the forest restoration<br />
methodology were the species diversity and the ecological succession. Budowski (1966) was used as<br />
reference to separate the tropical forest species in 4 groups, or ecological/functional groups. For restoration<br />
it was established the minimum of 100 native trees species per hectare, to represent the biodiversity.<br />
In the experiment for testing the response of the groups, it was considered that the response of plants<br />
from a group was always the same, which was confirmed later. The association of plants from different<br />
ecological groups presented very surprising results, once the nearby plants from an other group could, in<br />
many times, not compete with an individual from a specific one, and could even help in the development<br />
of this individual. During this 12 years it were developed 3 methodologies of restoration, since the most<br />
basic one, using the separation of species in the ecological groups with favorable combination among<br />
them. In the second one, it was included in the model the plant density of the species in the natural<br />
forests. In the third one, the restoration took into consideration their shape and function. During these<br />
12 years, 500 hectares/year were planted by CESP and the cost of implementation went down from US$<br />
4,000 in 1988, to US$ 1,000 per hectare in 2000. In the programme of seed collection, it was used the<br />
concept of effective size (Ne) of populations and for this operation, at least 13 trees were considered, corresponding<br />
to a Ne around 50. The genetic breeding of pioneer trees species was developed for some of<br />
the most important ones, with the establishment of Seed Orchards.<br />
Keywords: Forest restoration, tropical forest.<br />
Adaptive Management of Wetlands in KTWR through Ecological and<br />
Participatory Approaches<br />
Kandel R.C.<br />
Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal<br />
Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR) is the only area of an endangered Wild Buffalo/Arna (Bubalus<br />
bubalis Linnn.) in Nepal, located at Koshi River floodplain-habitat in the eastern part. Recently, His<br />
Majesty's Government of Nepal/Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation declared the peripheral area<br />
(173 km 2 ) of KTWR as its Buffer Zone (BZ). Traditional practice of raising excessive number of cattle<br />
(>15000) and buffalo (>5000) by certain community members around the Reserve is the other major<br />
problem of the Reserve. Sustainable alternatives that act as long term incentives are required to reduce<br />
overall domestic animal population in the area and whilst improving livelihood security for poor communities<br />
around the Reserve. Proper way of conservation and management of wetlands lying around the reserve<br />
could be the most important source of income generation through fishery. Similarly, development<br />
of community forests in the potential fallow lands of BZ, skill development training for the poorest and<br />
landless people, special packages for productive livestock and agriculture, developing fishery ponds in<br />
private and public lands, providing alternative energy, awareness program, institutional development of<br />
local User Groups/User Committees/cooperatives, special packages for women of backward communities,<br />
creating opportunities for self employment. To make the habitat trouble-free to the wildlife and
92 Oral Presentations<br />
birds, ecology based management of habitat in compatible to the community development activities viz.<br />
participatory approach are the crucial tools that have been adopted by the KTWR side by side. Communities'<br />
participation has also been acquired for the better and effective management of wetlands and grasslands<br />
with respect to ecological approach. In this presentation, how these have delicate balanced in order<br />
to benefit either way will be shared and highlighted.<br />
Keywords: wetland, floodplain, Bubalus bubalis<br />
Ecological restoration or ecological rehabilitation? Towards a double vision<br />
Keulartz J.<br />
Applied Philosophy, Wageningen University, Building 127, Mansholtlaan 10 -12, 6708 PA Wageningen the Netherlands and<br />
ISIS Radboud, University Nijmegen<br />
In literature there is a growing attention for the role of metaphor in nature conservation. Metaphors<br />
structure how we perceive, think, and act. The metaphor of nature as a book provokes a different attitude<br />
and kind of nature management than the metaphor of nature as a machine, an organism, a network,<br />
and so on. Metaphors enable the organisation of a practice and the formation of an profession. I<br />
will explore the use of metaphors of art and medicine within the field of restoration ecology. Robert Elliot<br />
compares e.g. ecological restoration with art reproduction of art forgery whereas Andrew Light claims<br />
that it is more akin to art of restoration. Other authors however apply the metaphor of rehabilitation<br />
rather than ecological restoration. The metaphor of rehabilitation refers stronger to the domain of medicine<br />
in stead of art. While the restoration metaphor highlights structure and composition, the rehabilitation<br />
metaphor stresses process and function. Thus different metaphors express different opinions on the<br />
meaning and practise of restoration. Metaphors are important since they function as communicative devices<br />
within and between social groups or disciplines. However they are also restricted in range and in<br />
relevance. In line with the pragmatist Donald Schön I argue that we should adopt a so-called ‘double vision’:<br />
‘the ability to act from a frame while cultivating awareness of alternative frames’. More in particular<br />
I will argue that the adoption of such a double vision will facilitate the communication and cooperation<br />
across the boundaries that separate different kinds of nature management and groups of experts and lay<br />
people.<br />
Keywords: metaphors, art, health, restoration, rehabilitation, communicative devices.<br />
Applying Silvicultural Principles to Redwood Forest Restoration: A Case Study<br />
and Experiment at Redwood National Park, USA<br />
Keyes C.R. 1 , A.J. Chittick 1 , L. A. Arguello 2 , J. Teraoka 2<br />
1 Department of Forestry and Watershed Management, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Phone 707-826-<br />
5484<br />
2 Redwood National Park, South Operations Center, Orick, CA 95555 USA<br />
An abundance of young second-growth forests throughout the range of coast Sequoia sempervirens has<br />
encouraged a growing interest in restorative silvicultural techniques such as thinning that advance the<br />
development of old-growth forest characteristics. One of the best existing demonstrations of redwood forest<br />
restoration potential is at Redwood National Park, a World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve in<br />
northern California. Today these 50-year old stands typically contain more than 2,500 trees per hectare<br />
of steadily diminishing growth, and are characterized by relatively minor redwood composition, absence<br />
of understory plant diversity, and heavy fuel loads due to widespread competition-induced mortality. To<br />
remediate this condition, an ambitious forest restoration plan based on an aggressive strategy of thinning<br />
is being readied for implementation. To help guide these efforts, data from a thinning study initiated<br />
immediately after the park expansion in an even-aged upland stand of mixed redwood, Pseudotsuga menziesii,<br />
and Lithocarpus densiflorus were analyzed to determine 25-year ecosystem responses at varying<br />
thinning intensities. In the overstory, quadratic mean diameter, average conifer diameter growth, and average<br />
conifer crown ratios were all negatively related to stand densities. The proportional compositions of<br />
redwood and Douglas-fir declined substantially in the control, but were retained at constant levels by the<br />
thinning treatments. Overall, the thinned plots, while still far from old-growth, exhibit many more of the<br />
structural and compositional attributes old-growth forests than do their unthinned anlogues. Guided by<br />
these results, Redwood National Park’s thinning-based restoration strategy is expected to redirect the<br />
current development trajectory of its second-growth stands from one of stagnation and degradation to<br />
one in which the acquisition of old forest features is accelerated and more certain.<br />
Keywords: redwood, thinning, silviculture, restoration, old-growth, stand structure.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 93<br />
Re-creation of calcareous grasslands on ex-arable fields as habitats for<br />
endangered species in southern Germany<br />
Kiehl K., M. Jeschke, C. Wagner<br />
Vegetation Ecology, Technische Universitaet Muenchen<br />
Am Hochanger 6, D-85350 Freising, Germany<br />
Re-creation of calcareous grasslands on ex-arable fields was studied from 1993 to 2004 north of Munich,<br />
Germany. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of top-soil removal and hay transfer on establishment<br />
of higher plants, mosses, lichens and grasshoppers in comparison to reference sites in an adjacent<br />
nature reserve. Species-area curves showed that phanerogam and cryptogam species richness hardly<br />
differed between ancient and newly established grasslands without topsoil removal. The proportion of<br />
target species (typical plant species of dry nutrient-poor grasslands), however, was still lower on haytransfer<br />
fields than on ancient grasslands. On newly created topsoil removal sites the number of moss<br />
species For grasshoppers, species richness was also similar to the nature reserve.<br />
Keywords: grasslands, reference site, species richness<br />
Developing a Grassland Rehabilitation Strategy for a Semi-Arid, Communally<br />
Owned Pastoralist Area in Kenya<br />
King E.G., M. Roberts, E. Meyerhoff<br />
Rehabilitation of Arid Environments (RAE) Charitable Trust, Nakuru, Kenya<br />
In many of the world’s drylands, environmental degradation is a major ecological crisis. Particularly in<br />
developing countries, dryland degradation can lead to hardship for traditional pastoralist societies, which<br />
depend directly on these ecosystems for their livelihoods. Restoration or rehabilitation of heavily degraded<br />
drylands is often needed for pastoralist land use to be sustainable. But implementing restoration projects<br />
in communally utilized rangelands is a complex endeavor. In this paper, we present a case study of<br />
the challenges and strategies developed for grassland rehabilitation in a semi-arid region of Kenya. First,<br />
we explain some of the ecological, social, and economic problems facing Koija Group Ranch, which is<br />
owned communally by about 1,000 Laikipia Maasai people and covers about 10,000 ha of semi-arid<br />
grassland. Next, we describe our efforts to develop a community-based strategy to rehabilitate grasslands<br />
and modify land use patterns. The strategy not only stresses the value of grass for ecological benefits and<br />
grazing, but also incorporates income generation through the sale of hay bales, grass seed, and fattened<br />
stock. The project is starting at a small demonstration scale with a limited number of active participants,<br />
with the aim of gradually expanding into the rest of the Group Ranch’s heavily degraded areas. While this<br />
gradual expansion strategy offers many advantages, it also raises the challenge of sharing the benefits of<br />
an initially small-scale restoration project among a large number of communal land owners. We explain<br />
the community’s response to this challenge and discuss the progress of the project to date.<br />
Keywords: rangelands, restoration, drylands, pastoralism, Kenya.<br />
A study on the local timber distribution system in order to sustain local forest<br />
in Japan-Evaluating environmental contribution from wooden building projects<br />
Kitao Y.<br />
Department of Architecture and Design,Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan<br />
The aim of this paper is to discuss the distribution system of local timber that can make links local<br />
building industry and forestry. In particular we focus on environmental contribution in reducing CO 2<br />
in<br />
the air by sustaining the woods. Japan is a country in which both forestry and wood industry have long<br />
history, but Japanese forestry is not strong enough to survive in free trading circumstance of the world.<br />
The world agreement, called the Kyoto Protocol, on the other hand, does not estimates the roles of sustaining<br />
forest on absorbing CO 2<br />
. In order to enhance local forestry, environmental contribution should be<br />
estimated. Therefore we tried to evaluate the effect of sustaining the local forest, absorbing CO 2<br />
by analyzing<br />
the local timber distribution system. To evaluate the distribution system in terms of environmental<br />
contribution, we decided to analyze an example of a private house project in which the architect decided<br />
to apply the local timbers for the project. We discuss: 1) local and global issue of wood industry and cultural<br />
aspects in Japan, 2) the local timber distribution system, 3) the case study of building process to<br />
built the wooden house, using the local timber, 4) estimating the cost balance between to sustain the<br />
local forest and to build the house in terms of the carbon amount, and 5) to estimate the possibility of<br />
wooden building projects in order to sustain local forest. Finally we discuss sustainable development by<br />
considering locality relating to the global issue.
94 Oral Presentations<br />
Keywords: Sustainable Forestry, wooden building, Sustainable development, Local timber distribution<br />
system<br />
Setting targets for restoration of degraded fen sites: is recovery of sedge-moss<br />
communities a feasible objective?<br />
Kotowski W., W. Dembek, Z. Oświecimska-Piasko, H. Piórkowski, M. Rycharski, M. Szewczyk<br />
Dept. Nature Protection in Rural Areas, IMUZ Falenty, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland. Tel: +48.22.7200537 ex.233,<br />
Fax: +48.22.6283763<br />
Mesotrophic sedge-moss fens belong to the most difficult targets of the ecological restoration. The main<br />
obstacles are hydrological transformation, nutrient enrichment, problematical establishment of target<br />
plants, and unsecured future management. We develop a simple set of site-evaluation criteria, which<br />
should help assessing the feasibility of setting-up sedge-moss fens as restoration targets. It is aimed at<br />
the application of possible easy-to-measure criteria, which are suitable for rapid evaluation studies. The<br />
approach is applied to six case areas, which differ with respect to fen type and the degree of degradation.<br />
It is concluded that restoration of sedge-moss fens is undertaken only in those sites, which give best<br />
chances of success and whose restoration may contribute to a better protection of threatened species.<br />
Expensive measures, such as topsoil removal, can be realised in some areas, whose restoration is specifically<br />
important for biodiversity conservation. The sites where there are chances to apply management to<br />
restored fens should be given priority. It is likely that restoration of fen habitats will cause a withdrawal<br />
of agriculture, because of bad quality of sedge hay and difficulties to use mowing machinery and collect<br />
hay in mire conditions. In more degraded sites, restoration of wet meadows is still feasible if the aim is to<br />
contribute, in one way or another, to an increase in species richness.<br />
Keywords: feasibility assessment, fens, Poland, restoration.<br />
Rapid genetic identification of local provenance seed collection zones for<br />
restoration<br />
Krauss S.L., Zawko G., Bussell J.D.<br />
Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Perth, Australia<br />
Use of local provenance seed for restoration is generally accepted as best practise, but guidelines on appropriate<br />
seed collection zones are lacking. We are using a DNA fingerprinting technique (AFLP), minimal<br />
sampling, and multivariate approaches to the analysis of spatial genetic variation to help delineate local<br />
genetic provenance for key species in urban bushland remnant restoration and minesite revegetation in<br />
south-west Australia. Our focus has been on Bold Park, the largest urban bushland remnant in Perth,<br />
which is the focus of a major rehabilitation program. Results for nearly 30 species to date indicate<br />
marked population genetic differentiation is typical, suggesting where possible seed should be collected<br />
from the local population to maintain genetic integrity and maximise restoration success assuming a<br />
home-site advantage. We also consider the utility of a spatial autocorrelation analysis approach to a more<br />
rapid genetic delineation of local provenance, and highlight a method for the rapid and simple communication<br />
of results to managers and restoration practitioners.<br />
Keywords: Provenance, seed collection zones, AFLP.<br />
Restoration of degraded forest in Tamil Nadu, India<br />
Krishnakumar N.<br />
Conservator of Forests (Research), Chennai, India<br />
India occupies only 2.4% of the world's land, but its contribution to world bio diversity is approximately<br />
8% of the total number of species. Tamil Nadu is one of the biologically rich state in India. The states total<br />
forest area including tree cover is 27,536 sq. km, which constitutes 3.6% of the country Forest and Tree<br />
cover. There are many forest types in Tamil Nadu spread within the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and<br />
Coastal plains. The Research wing of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department was established in 1918. The research<br />
wing conducts research in many thrust areas like Bio diversity conservation, Medicinal plant conservation,<br />
Post harvest technology, Agro forestry, Silviculture, Seed Biology, Soil nutrient management,<br />
Organic Tree husbandry and Restoration ecology. Restoration ecology is an important thrust area in which<br />
the research wing has been concentrating effectively. The restoration efforts of sand dune areas, coastal<br />
areas, mangrove forest and degraded forest types namely Dry deciduous, Tropical dry evergreen forest are
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 95<br />
success stories. Restoration has been possible with convergent research technology applications and effective<br />
conservation strategies. The strategies for restoration differ from forest type to forest type. Restoration<br />
of degraded hillock areas has been a long time effort of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. However,<br />
restoration is not complete if all the original floristic elements available in the tract are not reintroduced.<br />
Reintroduction with native species has always witnessed difficulties due to the growing biotic pressures.<br />
Restoration of degraded hills calls for combination of strategies, which involves studies on Flora, Fauna,<br />
Organic soil matter, Biotic pressures, appropriate water conservation models and detailed study on ecological<br />
succession. This paper will in particular discuss on strategies adopted for Restoration of degraded<br />
Hillocks in Tamil Nadu both in Eastern and Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India.<br />
Keywords: dry, biodiversity, restoration, native species, India.<br />
Restoration of West Coast of Renosterveld: is the restoration of a highly<br />
fragmented vegetation worth the effort?<br />
Krug C. B., R. M. Krug, S.J. Milton<br />
Conservation Ecology Department, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa<br />
The lowland vegetation of the Western Cape, South Africa, has been extensively transformed by human<br />
intervention over centuries, ranging from agricultural conversion, urbanisation to mining, and leaving<br />
less than 10% of the extent of the original vegetation. In the case of coastal renosterveld, a Mediterranean<br />
shrubland associated with fertile soils, and a rainfall regime suitable for agriculture, less than three percent<br />
of the original extent remains. The remaining natural habitat fragments are isolated, situated within<br />
a matrix of agricultural and urban areas, and the vegetation within the remnants is often severely degraded<br />
and threatened by the invasion of alien species. Many of these vegetation remnants are situated<br />
on private lands still used for agriculture, and are not sufficiently protected. However, in a shift of priorities,<br />
many farmers and landowners show an interest in conservation, and are investigating ways to protect<br />
the vegetation, and to restore renosterveld in abandoned agricultural areas. This provides an opportunity<br />
to incorporate these previously transformed and unprotected areas in the existing conservation<br />
network where they can fulfil an important role as corridors or additional habitat. Research has shown<br />
that the natural return of the indigenous vegetation to abandoned fields is limited, and even after<br />
decades of abandonment, and close proximity to natural vegetation, indigenous species seem to be unable<br />
to establish in these areas. Re-colonisation seems to be limited by a number of factors, like changes<br />
in soil chemistry, seed dispersal properties of indigenous species, and competition from alien species. In<br />
addition, due to transformation and the high degree of fragmentation, many ecological processes are severely<br />
interrupted, and it is questionable whether these can be re-instated without active management.<br />
Management options for renosterveld range from burning over brush cutting to grazing by indigenous<br />
large herbivores or even domesticated animals, and the initial application of herbicides to “kick-start” the<br />
natural re-colonisation process. Next to actual restoration and management processes and procedures, I<br />
will discuss possible usages and their economic value of the restored areas of renosterveld.<br />
Keywords: Mediterranean shrubland, restoration, management strategies, economic valuation.<br />
Restoring degraded landscapes or building resilience? Two case studies from<br />
inland Australia<br />
Lamb D.<br />
School of Integrated Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia<br />
It is always difficult to overcome degradation in dryland areas because of the limitation on plant growth<br />
imposed by water shortages. This difficulty is accentuated in most parts of inland Australia by the large<br />
year-to-year variability in rainfall. I shall describe attempts to undertake restoration at two contrasting<br />
field situations. One is at a site where degradation was caused by overgrazing and the other is at minesite.<br />
The two cases differ in the degree of degradation and in the resources available to undertake<br />
restoration. Restoration efforts have been underway at both sites for around 10 years and I will describe<br />
the approaches used over that period. In both cases only limited amounts of the original biodiversity<br />
have been restored by the treatments applied. On the other hand, there is evidence at one site that some<br />
of the key ecosystem processes are being re-established and that resilience has been enhanced. Where<br />
this occurs, some biodiversity restoration may be eventually possible in the longer term. I will explore<br />
some of these potential longer-term outcomes and review some of the implications these findings may<br />
have for developing ways of overcoming degradation in these arid and semi-arid areas.<br />
Keywords: dryland areas, Australia, restoration.
96 Oral Presentations<br />
Modelling progressive sediment check-dam removal to restore a damaged<br />
ecosystem without brutal disruption of sediment balance – Adaptation of the<br />
resulting structure to flood mitigation.<br />
Lapuszek M. 1 , J. Szczesny 1 , C. Poulard 2<br />
1 Cracow University of Technology, Poland<br />
2 Hydrology-Hydraulics Research Unit, Cemagref, France.<br />
The 8 km 2 mountainous Isepnica cachment in Poland is a study-site where the efficiency of small structures<br />
to mitigate floods with limited side-impacts on the ecosystem are tested. However, two previously<br />
existing 8 and 7 meter-high sediment checkdams are dangerously damaged and should be dismantled.<br />
Besides, they prevent migrations and are now inefficient because sediments have totally filled them up.<br />
Because of this enormous volume of compacted sediment, destroying the dams in one operation would<br />
be unrealistic, costly, and would suddenly release sediment into the stream. We therefore propose a<br />
gradual removal, by lowering the overspill by stages. Moreover, the main structure can be kept and<br />
adapted afterwards for flood mitigation purposes. Numerical simulation were carried out to forecast sediment<br />
removal for different scenarios of overspill lowering. The effect of several floods, from moderate to<br />
rare, is tested at each stage. Modelling also established the influence of the overspill level on the intensity<br />
of riverbed erosion downstream. The one–dimensional sediment transport model RubarBe, developed by<br />
Cemagref, was used to estimate the quantity of sediments transported by balancing inputs, outputs and<br />
exchanges with the bottom. Particularly in mountain rivers, one flood may significantly change the morphology<br />
of the river bed. It implies that the model had to integrate unsteady flow and cross sections<br />
changes with time. A gradual decommissioning strategy is subsequently proposed to ensure a safe transition<br />
towards a final state improving the stream status. Our recommendations include river corridor<br />
restoration measures, and transformation of the structures into dry reservoirs blending with the mountainous<br />
landscape.<br />
Keywords: Sediment check-dams, Dam decommissioning, Flood mitigation, Stream restoration.<br />
Progress and Challenges in the Restoration of Fitzroya cupressoides in Southern<br />
Chile<br />
Lara A. 1 , C. Zamorano 1 , C. Echeverría1, Altamirano A. 1 , Huss E. 2<br />
1 Instituto de Silvicultura. Universidad Austral de Chile<br />
2 Corporación Nacional Forestal, Sede Valdivia, Chile<br />
Fitzroya cupressoides is a long-lived threatened conifer endemic to Chile and adjacent Argentina. Since<br />
1998 about 12 second growth populations 75% after 7 years. Monitoring of these plantations indicate mean annual growth rates of 10.3 cm and<br />
4.4 cm in the two sites, respectively. This restoration experience has provided valuable scientific information,<br />
as well as education and outreach opportunities for other small land owners with other threatened<br />
endemic species in Chile. It has also inspired new restoration efforts with Fitzroya involving larger areas.<br />
Future challenges involve the improvement of restoration techniques for Fitzroya (e.g. follow up cone induction<br />
experiments), the development of techniques for the restoration of other species, involvement of a<br />
larger number of owners, and the use of afforestation subsidies for these activities. A final challenge is<br />
the need of integration of technical, economic, social and cultural aspects in our restoration efforts.<br />
Keywords: Fitzroya, peatbog, restoration, small land-owners.<br />
An evaluation on the effects of rehabilitation practiced in the coal mining spoils<br />
in Korea<br />
Lee C. S., Y. C. Cho, H. C. Shin, S. M. Lee<br />
Faculty of Environment and Life Sciences, Seoul Women’s University, Korea<br />
The effects of rehabilitation carried out in several sites, which are different in elevation and kinds of<br />
plants introduced, were evaluated in viewpoints of species composition, species diversity and physicochemical<br />
properties of soil. Black locust, pitch pine, birch etc. were introduced for rehabilitation. Species
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 97<br />
composition of the rehabilitated sites showed somewhat difference from that of the natural forests without<br />
any relationship to elevation of sites and kinds of plants introduced. But species composition of the<br />
sites, which were restored naturally, was very similar to that of the natural site. Korean red pine and<br />
birch were usually immigrated naturally in the coal mining spoils of lowland and upland, respectively.<br />
Species diversity of the rehabilitated sites usually increased. Degree of diversity depended on history of<br />
rehabilitation. Physico-chemical properties of substrate showed big differences compared with those of<br />
the natural sites. For example, substrate of the coal mining spoils showed strong acidic property and nutrient<br />
deficiency. Those physico-chemical properties of substrate hardly changed depending on the period<br />
after rehabilitation. Therefore, above mentioned results were hard to be interpreted as the successional<br />
changes and the practices did not realize an ecological restoration. New method based on the ecological<br />
information obtained from the natural environment equipped with similar condition is under experimental<br />
study in order to solve the problems.<br />
Keywords: ecological restoration, rehabilitation, species composition, species diversity, successional<br />
change.<br />
Effects of different planting techniques to the structural diversity of restored<br />
forests in urban area<br />
Lee J.Y. 1 , E.Fujii 2<br />
1 Graduate School of Science and Technology. Chiba University. Japan<br />
2 Faculty of Horticulture. Chiba University. Japan<br />
We surveyed the differences of forest development process on two 0.5 ha forest stands restored by different<br />
planting techniques. Floristic composition, structural attributes, light condition, soil characteristics, and<br />
bird distribution were investigated on 23-year-old forests, located on newly reclaimed seaside land in central<br />
Japan. Two forest stands under the almost same geographical conditions had significant differences in<br />
the parameters of floristic diversity and structure after 23-year of plantation. One forest stand with diverse<br />
planting species and higher planting density showed markedly higher tree species diversity, tree density,<br />
and litter layer depth and the other with high planting density of tall tree species and low density of small<br />
tree species presented greater mean tree size and simpler undercanopy structure. In additions, big differences<br />
of dominant seedling species and successional patterns were also detected. Structurally well developed<br />
stand showed higher dominance of native forest species and self sustainability and structurally simple<br />
stand presented higher dominance of exotic and early-seral-stage species and declination of<br />
undercanopy vegetation. These differences may be the results of the different planting techniques including<br />
the selection of planting species and density. Structural diversity of planted forest appears to influence<br />
not only the composition of floor vegetation but also the successional pattern. In particular, undercanopy<br />
vegetation plays a key role in maintaining both floristic diversity and self-sustainability of restored forests<br />
in urban areas. Therefore, the planting techniques focusing on the structural diversity of undercanopy<br />
vegetation would be desirable for the restoration of native forests in urban areas.<br />
Keywords: Forest restoration, reclaimed seaside land, planting techniques, structural diversity.<br />
Monitoring of the evolution of Spartina maritima marshes created through<br />
transplant in tidal mudflats of the Odiel estuary (Huelva, SW Spain)<br />
Leira-Doce P., E. Mateos, J.M. Castillo, S. Redondo, M.E. Figueroa<br />
Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla<br />
The cordgrass Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald is a primary colonizer of low intertidal mudflats in salt<br />
marshes of the European Atlantic coast. Its high tolerance to long daily flooding periods and low oxygen<br />
levels in the sediment allow it to facilitate the succession process. Two major concerns for the conservation<br />
of its populations are competition with the invader Spartina densiflora Brong. and habitat loss as a<br />
consequence of accelerated erosion. Since 1997 our group has carried out 9 transplant experiments (m 2 ),<br />
using plants from natural populations of the Odiel estuary to create new marshes in previously unvegetated<br />
tidal mudflats. Our work aimed to assess the evolution of Spartina maritima created marshes<br />
through the monitoring of abiotic and biotic environmental factors: topography, conductivity, redox potential,<br />
pH, organic matter content and density and height of tillers, below- and above-ground biomass of<br />
S. maritima and presence of other species. Sampling on populations growing from transplants carried out<br />
in different years provided a diachronic approach to their evolution. These results from marshes created<br />
by transplants were compared to those obtained form natural S. maritima populations and unvegetated<br />
low-marsh areas.<br />
Keywords: marsh creation, Spartina maritima, transplants, erosion, Odiel estuary.
98 Oral Presentations<br />
Evaluating different forest restoration techniques in Southern Finland<br />
Lindberg, H. 1 , I.Vanha-Majamaa 2<br />
1 Häme polytechnic/Evo forestry program, Lammi, Finland<br />
2 Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Centre, Vantaa, Finland<br />
As a result of intensive silvicultural policies during last 50 years the structure of Finnish forests has<br />
changed dramatically leading to even-structured stands with a low amount of coarse woody debris<br />
(CWD). Also the proportion of economically less valuable trees like most of the deciduous trees. Even<br />
conservation areas in Southern Finland consist mainly of old commercial forests and thus mainly have<br />
this unnatural forest structure. These structural changes have effected the forest biodiversity and are the<br />
main cause of endangerment of several threatened species dependant e.g of CWD and/or old deciduous<br />
trees as aspen. In recent years several restoration techniques are introduced in order to improve the biodiversity<br />
characteristics by starting the natural succession mainly by restoration burnings, improving the<br />
characteristics favoring deciduous trees e.g by creating small gaps and increasing the amount of CWD by<br />
felling and girdling. In order to compare the effectivity and suitability of different methods research is<br />
needed. In Evo experimental area in Southern Finland ecological responses of e.g restoration burnings<br />
with different retention are monitored with several organism groups (vascular plants, bryophytes,<br />
coleoptera, polypores). Also the population structure of key tree species as aspen is estimated and the<br />
techniques attempting to increase aspen are monitored. Preliminary results show that with restoration<br />
burnings biodiversity can be promoted by increasing charred wood and CWD in general which are limiting<br />
factors for several species. The current demographic structure of aspen combined to browsing effect<br />
of moose lead to scenarios where aspen populations in conservation areas are gradually decreasing. The<br />
browsing can be at least partly prevented by fencing and thus ensure the surviving of saplings.<br />
Keywords: forest restoration, prescribed burning, aspen, CWD.<br />
Species diversity of reforested communities after the removal of invasive weed,<br />
Crofton (Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.) in middle Yunnan, SW China<br />
Liu W. 1,2 , C. Wang, L. Liu<br />
1 Kunming Division, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, P. R.<br />
China<br />
2. Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987 Perth, WA 6845, Australia<br />
Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng) is a harmful noxious weed in southwestern China. In this<br />
paper, the structure, species composition and plant diversity of reforested communities after removal invasive<br />
crofton that occurred at the beginning of the 1980s, and the local old growth forest of Pinus yunnanensis<br />
as well as uncontrolled crofton invasive land were surveyed in middle Yunnan, southwestern China<br />
in 2003. The results showed that the values of Richness index (R), Shannon-Wiener index (H), Simpson<br />
index (D) and Pielou evenness index (J) of the woody species in the reforested communities were 25-28,<br />
1.06-2.34, 0.36-0.86 and 0.32-0.73, the herb species were 6-8, 1.51-1.97, 0.74-0.84, 0.84-0.90, respectively.<br />
The corresponding indices of woody species in the crofton community were only 3£¨0.14£¨0.10,<br />
0.13, and the herb species were 3, 0.09, 0.03, 0.08, which were obvious lower than the restored forest<br />
communities. It indicated that the restored communities dominated by fast growing tree species had well<br />
developed through a rehabilitation period of 20 years. There were clear understory layer dominated by native<br />
species under the restored forest communities. The density and growth rate of the crofton have been<br />
inhibited and plant diversity has greatly increased in restored communities in comparison with the crofton<br />
community. Pinus yunnanensis + Schima wallichii + Eucalyptus globules community had the greatest plant<br />
diversity among the restored forest communities. However, at present the reforested communities was<br />
lower than that of the old growth forest of P. yunnanensis, having the values R, H, D and J of 42, 2.88,<br />
0.92 and 0.77 of woody species, and 8, 2.08, 0.86 and 0.90 of herb species, respectively. It was suggested<br />
that more attention should be paid to conservation of the restored communities, especially for the P. yunnanensis<br />
plantation built on the degraded lands invaded by the crofton. In addition, introduction of local<br />
broad-leaved species and some shade-loving herb plants into these reforested communities and follow-up<br />
management are also important for the sustainable development of the revegetation.<br />
Keywords: Species diversity, invasive species, vegetation restoration, SW China.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 99<br />
Evaluating roadside restoration practices and plant composition in urban zones<br />
Livingston, M. 1 , R. Campos, 2 , S.E. Smith 3<br />
1 School of Landscape Architecture, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA<br />
2 TMHS Associates Inc., 196 W. Simpson St., Tucson, AZ. USA<br />
3 School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA<br />
The practice of revegetation can play a vital role in restoring native vegetation to disturbed ecosystems<br />
such as roadsides. This study evaluated success of vegetation establishment on revegetated roadsides in<br />
Tucson, AZ. Species richness, origin, cover, density and structural diversity were measured for 25 distinct<br />
revegetation sites located along various roadways in Tucson, AZ. Comparisons were done between<br />
existing vegetation and specifications of the revegetation plan for the site. Results indicated that the majority<br />
of species established were not specified in the original revegetation plan. The presentation will<br />
focus on discussion of species composition for the sites and effective revegetation practices for establishment<br />
of native vegetation in this region. Recommendations related to appropriate practices and plant<br />
species for future urban development and remediation in Tucson will also be emphasized.<br />
Keywords: revegetation, roadsides, native vegetation.<br />
Differential effects of increased sulphate concentrations on the restoration of<br />
riverine wetlands; the role of sediment type<br />
Loeb R., E. Van Daalen, L.P.M. Lamers, J.G.M. Roelofs<br />
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University<br />
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands<br />
Restoration of riverine wetlands is one of the targets going well together with river safety policies. However,<br />
both river water quality and sediment quality determine the possibilities for nature development, as<br />
related to biogeochemical processes, such as the formation of floating peat fens. We tested the effects of<br />
river water pollution with sulphate in a laboratory study with three types of sediment from floodplains of<br />
the river Meuse: an iron-poor floating peat fen, an iron-rich organic soil from an alder carr and an ironrich<br />
clay soil poor in organic matter. Sediments were flooded in aquaria with or without sulphate pollution,<br />
and potential methane and carbon dioxide production were measured. Sulphate pollution caused<br />
production of sulphide to phytotoxic levels only in the iron-poor organic sediment. It also hampered<br />
methane production, necessary for buoyancy of floating fens. The presence of high concentrations of iron<br />
serving as a more favourable electron acceptor had the same effect on methane production. In the clay<br />
sediment the production of both gasses was limited by the availability of organic matter. Sulphate pollution<br />
decreased the iron concentration in soil pore water in the iron rich organic sediment and caused a<br />
slightly higher P concentration in the soil pore water in this sediment, showing the risks for eutrophication.<br />
The observed differential responses will be discussed in relation to restoration prospects for different<br />
sediment types in riverine wetlands.<br />
Keywords: riverine wetlands, sulphate pollution, methane production, eutrophication.<br />
Ecological singularity of roadscapes: Do plants perceive the difference between<br />
natural and man-made slopes?<br />
López N. 1 , A. López 2 ; I. Redondo 2 , L. Balaguer 1 , I. Mola 1 .<br />
1 Departamento de Biología Vegetal I. Facultad de Biología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. c/ José Antonio Novais, 2. E-<br />
28040. Madrid. Spain<br />
2 Dirección de Innovación y Desarrollo, Obrascón Huarte Lain (OHL), c/ Gobelas 35-37, El Plantío, E-28 023 Madrid, Spain<br />
According to the Ministry of Civil Works, the road density in Spain is 0.33 Km/Km 2 . Therefore, the total surface<br />
in road slopes nearly reaches 5.000 Km 2 . That is, ten times the size of Doñana, the most emblematic<br />
Spanish National Park. Despite its relevance, this man-made environment lacks of a reference ecological<br />
model. We hypothesize that ecosystem structure and functioning in roadsides significantly differ not only<br />
from those in the surrounding environment, but even from the paradigm of natural slopes. At the population<br />
level, the response of Dactylis glomerata L. to light environment, characterized by hemi-spherical photograph<br />
analysis, significantly differed between natural and roadside slopes. Differences were also found between<br />
plants from roadfills and roadcuts, in photoprotective pigment content (VAZ and ß-carotene) and particularly<br />
in SPAD units, likely indicating a lower nitrogen availability in roadcuts. At the community level, the roadside<br />
flora of Madrid (Central Spain) comprises some 385 species and is characterized by the dominance of annual,<br />
wind-dispersed, entomophilous or autogamous, ruderals of Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae and Brassicaceae.<br />
Mediterranean taxa prevailed over cosmopolite species. Roadscape distinctiveness seems to persist over<br />
decades, although current restoration protocols aim landscape integration. In a collaborative effort between a
100 Oral Presentations<br />
building company and a research institution, we have equipped an 8.300 m 2 experimental field across roadcuts<br />
and roadfills to monitor environmental dynamics. The interaction between hydroseeding with different<br />
mixtures and spontaneous plant colonization and recruitment is tracked in plots where climatic and edaphic<br />
conditions are monitored by stations, microestations, erosion pins and periodic soil sampling.<br />
Keywords: Emerging ecosystems, roadfills, roadcuts, hydroseeding.<br />
Genetic variation of Quercus suber: a tool for regeneration of cork oak woodlands<br />
Lourenço1 M. J., M. H. Almeida1, M.R. Chambel2, M.C.Varela3, R.J. Petit4, J.S. Pereira1.<br />
1 Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Tapada da Ajuda 1349 –017, Lisboa, Portugal<br />
2 Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). Apto 8111. 28080 Madrid, Spain<br />
3 Estação Florestal Nacional (INIAP) Quinta do Marquês, 2780 – 159 Oeiras, Portugal<br />
4 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Recherches Forestières , BP 45, 33611 Gazinet Cedex, France<br />
Cork oak trees are an essential element in the agro-ecosystems of the Iberian Peninsula, supporting rich<br />
wildlife populations and simultaneously producing 80% of mean annual cork world production. Nowadays<br />
these forest ecosystems are threatened by climatic changes that may enhance water deficits, and by regional<br />
land use changes resulting in a continuous degradation of the soil, the aggression of pathogenic<br />
agents and an increased frequency of forest fires. Despite their ecological and socio-economic importance,<br />
cork oak adaptability to environmental conditions is poorly understood. Not only established stands may<br />
be prone to tree mortality, but the current reforestation effort may be jeopardized by the use of unsuitable<br />
genetic material leading to low survival rates. In order to evaluate the genetic resources of cork oak, we established,<br />
in 1998, in Portugal a multi-locality provenance trial in three sites, as part of an Euforgen network.<br />
35 populations from the natural cork oak (Quercus suber sp.) distribution area are represented.<br />
Population’s adaptability was evaluated in two sites through survival, growth, water use efficiency and<br />
timing of bud burst. Genetic diversity was also assessed, using nuclear and chloroplast DNA. As in similar<br />
studies with this species, we observed low level of differentiation among populations. However, significant<br />
differences between populations were observed for survival, growth and bud burst. French populations revealed<br />
the lowest survival in both sites. Moroccan populations are generally higher than the others. Eastern<br />
populations were the earliest to reach bud burst whereas the western were the latest ones.<br />
Keywords: cork oak, genetic variability, adaptability, Quercus suber.<br />
What are the alternatives to restoration of thicket vegetation at development<br />
sites along the eastern cape (South African) coast?<br />
Lubke R. A.<br />
Department of Botany. Rhodes University. Grahamstown. Eastern Cape. South Africa<br />
Development for resorts, industry and townships in the Eastern Cape has resulted in the loss of many of<br />
the species-rich dune and valley thicket. Many of the plant species of thicket are bulbous and succulent<br />
species, which can be rescued (salvaged) from planned development sites and used in restoration. This<br />
study shows that, although there is good success in the survival of rescued species, there are a number<br />
of problems in restoration. When compared with the original thicket species composition, only a limited<br />
number of species can be rescued. Many species of trees, shrubs, lianas and herbs would have to be regrown<br />
from seeds or cuttings with limited success in establishing a sufficient plant base for the rehabilitation.<br />
It is difficult to reconstitute the exact species composition and complex physiognomic structure of<br />
thicket. Rehabilitated areas will therefore always appear to be artificial. This paper considers alternatives<br />
to restoration so as to limit the amount of destruction of thicket vegetation during development. These<br />
include design and construction of resorts and townships with least destruction to the sites and the<br />
restoration of thicket in the disturbed areas around houses or along roads, sewerage and pipelines, etc.<br />
Finally, important alternative types of development design are discussed, which are in harmony with the<br />
environment and will preserve thicket sites of great conservation importance.<br />
Keywords: species-rich, restoration, thicket vegetation.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 101<br />
Biogeochemical constraints for restoration of sulphate-rich freshwater wetlands<br />
Lucassen E.C.H.E.T., A.J.P. Smolders, L.P.M. Lamers, J.G.M. Roelofs<br />
Environmental Biology, Radboud University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.<br />
In Europe, sulphate concentrations in groundwater have generally increased as a consequence of increased<br />
drought and leaching of nitrate from agricultural lands, both favouring the oxidation of geological<br />
pyrite in the subsoil. Under certain conditions, this can lead to phosphate mobilisation in the sediment<br />
of groundwater fed wetlands, as produced sulphide interacts with the iron cycle due to formation of<br />
FeS x<br />
. The aim of this study is to describe the biogeochemical processes in sulphate-rich wetlands and the<br />
problems and constraints involved in restoration of desiccated wetlands. Monitoring data on restoration<br />
projects show that simple retention of surface water, via permanent damming of drainage ditches, leads<br />
to further decline of the endangered vegetation and to vigorous growth of lemnids and fast growing wetland<br />
grasses. Permanent high water tables alter the hydrology of wetlands by blocking groundwater input<br />
and by preventing periodic drought during summer. Laboratory and field experiments indicate that high<br />
stagnating water tables lower the redox potential in the sediment stimulating sulphate reduction. In addition,<br />
the absence of periodic drought in summer prevents regeneration of phosphate-binding iron, as<br />
no FeS x<br />
is oxidised in the sediment top layer any longer. These processes, together with the blocked discharge<br />
of iron- and calcium-rich groundwater, lead to iron depletion and concomitant mobilisation of<br />
phosphate in the sediment and overlying water layer, a process called internal eutrophication. These<br />
processes must be taken into account in wetland restoration projcets as also appears from successful<br />
projects that also will be discussed.<br />
Keywords: eutrophication, hydrology, restoration, sulphate, wetlands.<br />
Naturalness, a feasible target in ecological restoration. How to measure it<br />
Machado A.<br />
Associate Professor of Ecology. University of La Laguna<br />
The concept of naturalness both as a conservation value and as a descriptor of ecosystem state is presented.<br />
The latter can be used in many conservation activity fields, and particularly in restoration ecology,<br />
which should aim to push systems from a less natural to a more natural state. Therefore, there is a<br />
need to somehow “measure” naturalness. The index of naturalness developed by the author in 2004 will<br />
be shortly presented. It is strongly focused on its practical application. The index ranks from a maximum<br />
of naturalness [10] to a minimum of [0] (artificial systems). By fixing the present state index of a given<br />
system, a higher index can be set as a target for restoration (for instance: from 5 to 7). Its ecological<br />
foundation (system analysis), diagnostic criteria and application procedures (mapping included) is summarized,<br />
and some mapping examples and naturalness profiles taken from different working scales are<br />
presented.<br />
Keywords: ecological restoration, naturalness, index, scale.<br />
The Human Ecosystem as an Organizing Concept in Ecosystem Restoration<br />
Machlis G.E., J.E. McKendry<br />
Department of Forest Resources. University of Idaho. Moscow. USA.<br />
The restoration of severely disturbed ecosystems represents one of conservation’s grand challenges in the<br />
21st century. Restoration is particularly complex when ecosystems have been significantly disturbed and<br />
the related social, political, and economic systems have likewise been substantively (and negatively)<br />
transformed. Examples include landscapes impacted by industrial plunder (such as selected mining/timbering<br />
regions), military control (such as large-scale bombing ranges), rampant land speculation (leading<br />
to sprawl), urban decline, and more. In such cases, interdisciplinary models for restoration and conservation<br />
practice become critically important. The human ecosystem is proposed as an organizing concept<br />
in ecosystem restoration, and a specific human ecosystem model is presented that describes the critical<br />
linkages between biophysical and sociocultural variables. The model includes a set of essential variables,<br />
including base conditions, critical resources, social institutions, timing cycles, and key flows. The model<br />
is primarily useful for predicting and evaluating cascading and non-linear first-, second-, and third-order<br />
effects, and is capable of synthesizing a large range of theory, method, and evidence. Application of the<br />
model to complex restoration challenges is potentially useful. One such challenge is “swords to plowshares”<br />
restoration of sites formerly used for military training, storage, and operations. An example is the<br />
restoration of Vieques, Puerto Rico—an island used by the US Navy since WWII for extensive military<br />
training, and recently returned to civilian use and conservation. The model also has potential application
102 Oral Presentations<br />
in other kinds of restoration efforts underway in such places as post-war Kosovo, South Florida, the Iraqi<br />
marshlands, and elsewhere.<br />
Keywords: human ecosystem, model, restoration, social systems<br />
The peoples of traditional cultures as indicators and keepers of the natural<br />
ecosystems<br />
Maklakov K.V., F.V. Kryazhimsky.<br />
Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology. Ekaterinburg. Russia<br />
The peoples of traditional cultures, or persistent peoples, demonstrate their “harmony” with nature. In<br />
Russia about 20 nationalities of North, Siberia and Far East belong to this category. The whole size of<br />
their population is somewhere about 200000 of persons. They populate enormous areas of tundra, boreal<br />
forests, river- and seacoasts. In comparison with others their population density is very low. During long<br />
time persistent peoples keep “perfect” natural self-supporting economy, constant population size and<br />
have “not been developing”. They “blend” with biocoenoses of “inhabited landscapes” and preserve “feeding<br />
ecosystems”. Keeping semi-nomadic mode of life they consume the products of fishing, hunting, reindeer<br />
breeding and timber in restricted quantities. They utilize the natural products completely and almost<br />
do not make wastes. The division of labour is just within bounds of a family. Such nationalities<br />
have simple social structure and no excess of free energy (exergy) for the growth of population, landscape<br />
transformation, the increase in well-being or self-development, for all that they had in their historical<br />
past. The applying of widespread social standards (social aid, the increase in material well-being, lifetime<br />
prolongation, usage of technical achievements) to persistent ethnoses as well as their involvement in<br />
trade exchange bring about the damage and destabilisation of “feeding ecosystems” as the result of overgrazing,<br />
overhunting, overfishing and the loss of nature usage skills. Ethno-cultural (national) parks creation<br />
would be reasonable for the maintenance of economy, technologies and methods of managing of<br />
persistent peoples as the top elements of natural ecosistems, their indicators and keepers.<br />
Keywords: feeding ecosystems, fishing, hunting, reindeer breeding, natural self-supporting economy, social<br />
structure, national parks.<br />
Contribution of genetic tools to an integrated approach for ecological<br />
restoration in the French Pyrenees: from science to seed production<br />
Malaval-Cassan S. 1 , B. Lauga 2 , C. Regnault-Roger 2 , G. Largier 1<br />
1 Conservatoire botanique pyrénéen/ Conservatoire Botanique National de Midi-Pyrénées, Vallon de Salut, BP 315, F- 65203<br />
Bagnères de Bigorre Cedex, France<br />
2 Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Moléculaire, IBEAS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, BP1155,<br />
F- 64013 Pau Cedex, France<br />
In the context of the conservation of the native flora, the Pyrenean Botanic Conservatory was interested<br />
in developing a multidisciplinary approach of ecological restoration of damaged sites in the French Pyrenees.<br />
The project began as a clear necessity for Pyrenees National Park in the early 80’s, in the laying out<br />
of touristic sites in its area of influence. This kind of action was then extend to the whole Pyrenean<br />
chain, with a concrete project of seed production, and a technical, scientific and legislative organization<br />
to support seed utilization. During seven years, we have been exploring socio-economical aspects, biological<br />
and ecological data, agronomic parameters and genetic structuration to go towards the organization<br />
of seed production. Our goal was to give land managers the tools to perform ecological restoration of<br />
damaged sites at sub-alpine and alpine level. We present, as an example, the approach linking technical,<br />
ecological, biological, agronomic and genetic results of one species (Rumex scutatus), to ensure seed production<br />
and seed utilization in the respect of precaution principle. The synthesis of all these studies lead<br />
us to the definition of zones of “collect and use”, that have to be maintained as different geographic origins<br />
for the use of this native species in land reclamation in the French Pyrenees.<br />
Keywords: Mountain damaged sites, land reclamation, geographic origins, phylogeography, Rumex scutatus.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 103<br />
The use of GIS in the Restoration of Woodlands’ecosystems in the Semi-arid<br />
region of Iran (A case study in Tehran)<br />
Malekghasemi A.* & I. Adeli **<br />
* Islamic Azad University- Science & Research Campus . No.4/ Homayon Alley ,North Golshan st., Jomhori Eslami Ave. P.O.<br />
Box:1313793611, Tehran-Iran<br />
** at Islamic Azad University – Science & Research Campus. Hesarak St., Ashrafi Esfehani Blvd., Ponak Sq. P.O. Box :<br />
14135/4933, Tehran-Iran<br />
The lack of afforestation and green areas in the semi-arid region of Iran most important environmental<br />
problems nowadays .Regarding to the lack of suitable spaces for afforesting and green areas’ development<br />
especially inside the semi-arid region, the managers have been developed the green areas in the<br />
form of green belts at the outskirts of Tehran which in addition to the environmental benefits in restoring<br />
the ecosystem of forest park and woodlands, they will prevent the cities from being horizontally extended.<br />
Another important subject in the restoration of woodlands’ ecosystem apart from the type of land, is the<br />
types of suitable resistant plant species which will be selected on the basis of land capability. For assigning<br />
the land capability on the basis of using land-use planning principles and the use of a variety of information<br />
that relates to the land ,it is necessary to use the best and suitable land-use models. Regarding<br />
to the variety and the huge amount of information and the necessity of data analyzing, the use of GIS<br />
is inevitable. The Khojeer woodland is located in the east of Tehran with Semi-arid climate.To classify the<br />
khojeer woodland region from the intensity of needed restoration treatments,firstly, all the regions’ base<br />
maps such as Soil, Geomorphology, Geology, Lithology,Soil erodibility, Plantation, Hight ,Slope and Aspect<br />
were produced and according to the land –use Planning Principles, They were overlayed in the GIS<br />
environment for producing the region’s map of ecological units .On the other hand. The region’s model of<br />
ecological capabilities for restoration was suggested. Finally, this model was coded in GIS environment<br />
and applied on the map of ecological units and at last the map of region’s ecological capabilities for needed<br />
restoration treatments’ intensity was produced. At the second part of our research, some resistant<br />
tree species were suggested for restoring the woodland’s ecosystem through reforestation and afforestation<br />
techniques.<br />
Keywords: Afforestation,restoration,woodlands,Land-use planning,GIS.<br />
Restoration of endemic and threatened freshwater fishes and their habitats in<br />
the western ghats, India<br />
Manimekalan A.<br />
The Rainforest Initiative,199, First Street, Nalvar Nagar, Bharathiar University PO, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, INDIA<br />
A study was conducted to evaluate the information on the diversity, distribution and current conservation<br />
status of freshwater fishes in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), Western ghats, southern India. A<br />
total of 117 species belonging to 7 orders, 20 families and 50 genera from 75 sites in the east flowing and<br />
west flowing river systems were collected; of which, 30 species are endemic to the Western Ghats and 19<br />
species are endemic to the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The maximum species richness, diversity and dominance<br />
were observed in the Kabini river basin followed by the Moyar, Bhavani, Chaliyar and Bharathapuzha<br />
river basins. The current conservation status was assessed based on the species richness, abundance,<br />
threats to the species and habitat quality. Out of the 117 species recorded, 12 species are<br />
Critically Endangered, 22 species are Endangered, 33 species are Vulnerable, 27 species are Low risk -<br />
near threatened and 17 species as Low risk - least concern. In situ conservation, captive breeding programmes,<br />
habitat protection and restoration, fish sanctuary, protecting and developing riparian vegetation,<br />
banning of sand collection from the river and river banks, completely banning fish capture during<br />
the breeding season, and creating awareness among the local tribal people about the importance and<br />
sustainable uses of these fishes are suggested as conservation measures. Based on the earlier study, the<br />
endemic and threatened freshwater fishes and their habitats will be identified for restoration. The proposed<br />
restoration study will help to conserve the endemic and critically endangered fish species and their<br />
habitat from extinction as well as help the socio economic status of the local fishing community. Most of<br />
the Tor group species of fishes grow to a weight of more than 50 kg within 3-4 years time. This wild population<br />
will maintain the germplasm resource for conservation. The purpose of the study is to collect and<br />
stock endemic and threatened fishes in the wild for breeding programmes. Habitat assessments will form<br />
a major part of the initial programme, followed by a comprehensive breeding programme.<br />
Keywords: Conservation, endemic and threatened fishes, restoration.
104 Oral Presentations<br />
Ecological restoration of oak species in southern Spain: climatic distribution<br />
and ecological responses<br />
Marañón, T. 1 , I.R. Urbieta 1,2 , I. Mendoza 3 , I.M. Pérez-Ramos 1 , J.L. Quero 3 , R. Villar 4 ,<br />
R. Zamora 3 , M.A. Zavala 2<br />
1 IRNAS, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain<br />
2 Department of Ecology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain<br />
3 Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain<br />
4 Department of Ecology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain<br />
Many afforestation programs of degraded or burned forest areas, and abandoned croplands, are currently<br />
taking place in southern Spain. A common question is: What species are suitable and where should be<br />
planted, in order to restore Mediterranean forests? In this paper we present some results of the integrated<br />
research project Heteromed. Firstly, we analyse the distribution of oak species in southern Spain,<br />
based on the Second National Forest Inventory, and examine their relationships with climatic and edaphic<br />
variables. Secondly, we compile the available information about seed production, predation rate, emergence<br />
and establishment of seedlings for several oak species in different types of habitats, and evaluate<br />
their connection with environmental variables at different spatial scales. Thirdly, we compile ecophysiological<br />
information about leaf features (SLA, chemical composition), photosynthesis and respiration rates,<br />
and relative growth rates of the different oak species, responding to contrasted conditions of light and<br />
water, both in field and glasshouse experiments. We propose that the selection of oak species should follow<br />
an integrated criterion, including not only their actual climatic and edaphic conditions, but also the<br />
local heterogeneity of microhabitats, the conditional outcomes of plant-plant (competition vs. facilitation)<br />
and plant-animal ( mutualism vs. antagonism) interactions, and the ecological and ecophysiological responses<br />
of the different species. In addition, historical evidences about their past distribution before the<br />
strong human disturbance by fire and overgrazing, and foreseen scenarios of global change should be incorporated<br />
to the restoration program.<br />
Keywords: Quercus spp., Mediterranean forest, regeneration ecology, ecophysiology.<br />
IGF: A tool for evaluating geomorphologic integrity in river restoration projects<br />
Marchamalo, M., P. Vizcaíno, A. Seves, D. García de Jalón<br />
ECOHIDRAULICA. Laboratorio de Hidrobiología. ETSI Montes. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid<br />
The IGF has been developed as an index to evaluate geomorphologic condition and impacts on fluvial<br />
systems. This tool can be applied in rapid ecological assessment, environmental impact assessment and<br />
river restoration monitoring. IGF has been designed for a hierarchical and objectives-oriented evaluation<br />
procedure. Its application is based on the definition of objectives and scale of evaluation. It includes deep<br />
characterization and diagnosis to allow a proper evaluation. Geomorphologic condition is evaluated in<br />
four axes: vertical profile, degree of freedom, cross section and sedimentary dynamic using different metrics<br />
depending on river type. There are two available scales of evaluation that comprise most used working<br />
scales in river restoration: fluvial segment and fluvial reach. Features for IGF evaluation at fluvial<br />
segment scale are based mainly on aerial photographs and DEM analysis, while at reach scale, IGF evaluation<br />
is based on fieldwork. IGF has been applied to analyze geomorphologic status for pre and post<br />
restoration scenarios on a fluvial reach in Jarama River Basin. The studied reach is located in an alluvial<br />
segment of Jarama River, affected by agriculture and gravel mining. Pre-restoration scenarios showed<br />
impacts due to restrictions of lateral movement, banks instability and the alteration of natural sedimentary<br />
dynamics. Results have shown that IGF is sensitive to changes in fluvial geomorphology related to<br />
restoration activities. IGF has proved to be a good indicator of the degree of success in restoration projects.<br />
We propose the extent of IGF application in different ecotypes and watersheds, to check its performance<br />
under different conditions.<br />
Keywords: fluvial geomorphology, ecological status, rivers, restoration.<br />
Wetland restoration: Techniques that work<br />
Marcus M.J.<br />
New England Environmental, Inc. 9 Research Drive, Amherst, MA USA<br />
This paper provides examples from the United States of America on successful wetland restoration projects<br />
I have designed and constructed over the past 20 years. These projects range in size from 500<br />
square meters, to over 15 hectares in area. Examples include project sites where contaminated soils have<br />
been removed and the wetlands re-built in the same location; highway and infrastructure projects; river
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 105<br />
and streambank restoration; hydro-electric projects; and mitigation for industrial and commercial development.<br />
Smaller wetland restoration areas are often more difficult to create than larger areas. Proper hydrology<br />
is the principal factor dictating the success or failure of a wetland restoration area; however soil<br />
composition, soil fertility, construction techniques, time of the year, plant materials and sources, and<br />
post construction monitoring are all critical factors which influence the final success of the wetland<br />
restoration. Post construction monitoring of wetland restoration sites has demonstrated that the longterm<br />
control of invasive species is an important factor in contributing to the ultimate success of wetland<br />
restoration with native species. This paper provides practical information on how to insure the success of<br />
wetland restoration projects.<br />
Keywords: Wetland, Restoration, River.<br />
Efficiency of sludge application as an amendment for the restoration of shrubgrassland<br />
ecosystems on mine soils polluted by heavy metals.<br />
Martín-Aparicio, A. 1 , A.J. Hernández 1 , J. Pastor 2<br />
1 Dpto. Interuniversitario de Ecología, Sección de la Universidad de Alcalá<br />
2 Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC, Madrid<br />
In order to evaluate the interest of the application of sewage sludge as an amendment for the remediation<br />
of mine soils with scarce organic matter content and polluted mainly by Pb, Zn and Cd, a microcosm<br />
bioassay was carried out (30 weeks). Three different cases were compared: (i) mine soil without sludge<br />
addition, (ii) soil plus 100 Tn/ha sludge and (iii) soil plus 200 Tn/ha of sludge. Plant biodiversity, biomass<br />
and soil coverage were measured, as well as Ca, Na, Mg, K, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Al, Cd, Ni and Pb contents<br />
in soils and plants, and pH and organic matter in the soils. Both doses of sludge improved significantly<br />
soil´s fertility, as well as the vigour of the plants, which presented a higher soil coverage in<br />
sludge-treated soils, and a trend to increase their biomass. The mobility of some elements (Fe, Mn, Mg) in<br />
the soil increased at the end of the assay in the treatments where sludge was applied (which was likely<br />
due to a decrease in pH caused by the sludge) but, on the other hand, more toxic elements were stabilised<br />
by adsorption to the sludge organic matter (Zn) or by accumulation in the subterranean parts of<br />
the vegetation (Pb). These results lead us to think that this sludge used could be useful for the ecological<br />
restoration of land ecosystems with this kind of pollution. Moreover, the use of sludge for ecosystem rehabilitation<br />
could also be a good alternative for the management of these wastes. Acknowledgements:<br />
Project REN2002-02501/TECNO of MCyT.<br />
Keywords: sludge, heavy metal pollution, fertility improvement, remediation, phytostabilization.<br />
Using Ecological Theory to Plan Restorations of Endangered Species in<br />
Fragmented Habitats<br />
Maschinski, J. and S.J. Wright<br />
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Center for Tropical Plant Conservation, 11935 Old Cutler Rd., Miami, FL 33156 USA.<br />
Population viability and metapopulation models are heuristic tools that can be used to plan restorations<br />
and assess their success. Generalizations from theory can guide decisions about experimental designs<br />
used for restorations. Using examples from South Florida, U.S.A., I review ongoing restoration experiments<br />
with the federally endangered coastal perennial vine, beach jacquemontia, Jacquemontia reclinata.<br />
Nine wild populations are declining in isolated habitat fragments varying in size, occupied area, and degree<br />
of isolation. Eleven reintroduction sites ranging in size from 422 m 2 to 4800 m 2 within the extant<br />
range of the species have been identified that have characteristics suitable for J. reclinata introductions<br />
and have land managers amenable to restoration efforts. Previous RAPD analysis by H. Thornton indicated<br />
that genetic diversity of natural populations was positively correlated with population size; the two<br />
largest populations had the highest genetic diversity and the smallest populations had relatively low genetic<br />
diversity. Despite habitat fragmentation and large distances between some populations, migration<br />
rates were very high between populations (m = 4.05). Within the past four years, we have introduced 935<br />
J. reclinata into five locations. These have varying founding population size, patch size, and connectivity<br />
to extant populations. Survival of transplants has ranged from 8% - 98% depending upon experimental<br />
protocol. We are collecting demographic data that will ultimately build a metapopulation model involving<br />
wild and reintroduced populations and will serve as a model for other systems.<br />
Keywords: endangered species, metapopulation, reintroductions
106 Oral Presentations<br />
Is hydroseeding always needed in the revegetation of motorway slopes?<br />
Matesanz, S. 1 , F. Valladares 1 , D. Tena 1 , M. Costa-Tenorio 2 , D. Bote 1<br />
1 Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, C.S.I.C, Madrid. Spain<br />
2 Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain<br />
Increasing rate of road construction is leading to a parallel increase of areas of poor soil and steep slopes<br />
that need revegetation. Hydroseeding with commercial seeds of fast-growing and competitive plant<br />
species is a widespread practice for the revegetation of motorway slopes. We have carried out a three-year<br />
monitoring of the evolution of 48 hydroseeded and non-hydroseeded motorway slopes in a mild and relatively<br />
humid Mediterranean zone in Málaga (southern Spain). Main objectives were to test whether hydroseeding<br />
significantly increases species richness and plant cover, and whether hydroseeded species facilitate<br />
the establishment of the vegetation and quickly disappear once the communities are established.<br />
The herbaceous communities found in the slopes were rich and with high cover (50-80 species per slope,<br />
85-95% cover). Cover of hydroseeded species was very low throughout the study, indicating a relatively<br />
poor performance of hydroseeded species. Besides, either their presence or abundance did not significantly<br />
vary over time. Both hydroseeded and non-hydroseeded communities exhibited a significant decrease<br />
in species richness, a significant increase in plant cover and a highly dynamic species composition<br />
throughout the study. There were no significant differences in plant cover, species richness and<br />
aboveground biomass between hydroseeded and non-hydroseeded plots over time. Our results demonstrate<br />
that there are situations in which the use of hydroseeding for revegetation is not needed. However,<br />
more studies are required to facilitate the establishment of autochthonous species and to identify environmental<br />
conditions under which the addition of commercial seeds may not be needed.<br />
Keywords: hydroseeding, motorway slopes, plant cover, restoration, species richness.<br />
Ecological Restoration, a theoretical and practical vision of its application in Cuba<br />
Matos J.<br />
Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna. Villa Clara. Cuba<br />
Natural resources conservation, which comprises actions like protection and sustainable use, is the main<br />
way to keep big nucleus of ecologically valuable wild life for the future, However, there are fewer places to<br />
conserve each day; we just have to take a look around us to see how vast areas are used by man to build<br />
all kinds of structures, and how areas, that seem to be conserved at first sight, when analyzed in detail<br />
show the result of anthropic actions. What should we do so that these damaged ecosystems do not look<br />
like foreign landscapes, or to recover part of their typical features and functions? Should we reforest, rehabilitate,<br />
use another technique? Or should we restore?. Ecological restoration is the most effective way<br />
to achieve this recovery; however, in Cuba, reforestation have been the most common technique used for<br />
the recovery of damaged habitats because of the need to recover damaged wood territories in the shortest<br />
time. Therefore, in order to ensure success, exotics fast growing species were introduced. During the last<br />
few years, other conservation techniques for the management of damaged ecosystems have been introduced,<br />
among them, rehabilitation and environmental sanitation, which have been applied with good results<br />
in the recovery of mined areas, watersheds and sources of polluted waters. However, ecological<br />
restoration was not used in Cuba until 1998, when such kind of projects were consolidated in Villa<br />
Clara, a province located in the central part of the country. The development of these projects promoted<br />
the creation of the Cuban Group of Ecological Restoration, having as a main objective to encourage ecological<br />
restoration for the recovery of damaged ecosystems in the country. This paper analyzes the theoretical<br />
and methodological basis on which the Cuban Group of Ecological Restoration labor is supported<br />
and shows different activities carried out by the group to achieve its objectives. Besides, it brings to light<br />
the main results obtained through ecological restoration projects, as well as future prospects regarding<br />
the Group’s work and the application of this technique in Cuba.<br />
Aspects of historical resource management of a highly valued weaving plant in<br />
New Zealand<br />
McAllum P M.<br />
School of Mãori and Pacific Development, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105<br />
Hamilton, New Zealand<br />
Historical resource management of harakeke (Phormium tenax: Phormiaceae) by Mãori, the indigenous people<br />
of New Zealand, was investigated. Harakeke is a weaving plant traditionally used to produce clothing,<br />
baskets, mats, fishing nets and other essential items, and it remains highly valued. I hypothesized that<br />
harakeke has historically been actively managed by Mãori, with resulting modification of the New Zealand
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 107<br />
landscape. Research methods included analysing historical documents, interviews with elders, and examination<br />
of herbarium specimens. Evidence from these sources supports my hypothesis. Mãori identified<br />
around 60 specific harakeke varieties for their high quality fibre, and many of these were dispersed around<br />
the country. Many varieties were extensively cultivated using an array of management techniques, some of<br />
which are no longer evident because of loss of traditional ecological knowledge. Although there appear to be<br />
regional differences in practice, the evidence suggests that sough after varieties of harakeke were managed<br />
in relation to environmental factors, and using specialised propagation and harvesting methods. Historical<br />
projects such as this illuminate our understanding of past processes of modification to natural areas, and<br />
the relationship between communities and plants, particularly where these have high cultural values. Traditional<br />
Mãori practices and knowledge can be incorporated into restoration management plans.<br />
Keywords: harakeke, Phormium, Phormiaceae, indigenous, Mãori.<br />
Does Ecosystem Rehabilitation Promote Ecosystem Health? A Testa With<br />
Applies Disturbandes<br />
Mendelssohn, I.A., M.G. Slocum<br />
Wetland Biogeochemistry Institute, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Lousiana State University, Baton<br />
Rouge, Louisiana, USA<br />
An implied assumption of ecosystem restoration is that the “health” of the ecosystem is improved by its<br />
restoration. We studied how applied disturbances could assess ecosystem health, in terms of resilience and<br />
stability, of a deteriorating salt marsh in the southern United Sates that was rehabilitated with different<br />
amounts of sediment-slurry enrichment. For the vegetation, we found that resilience and stability were<br />
strongly and positively affected by elevation, which matched a priori estimates of health. Lethal disturbande<br />
(herbicide application) in the lowest elevation sites (+0 cm) lead to no vegetation recovery, indicating<br />
a lack of statility, and the marsh switched to a new steady stata (a mudflat). In stark contrast, the highest<br />
elevation plots recovered completely from lethal disturbance and somewhat more quickly than the mid-elevation<br />
plots (11% versus 8% recovery mo-1, respectively). Non-lethal disturbande (trimming at the soil surface)<br />
also showed that recovery to control values was directly associated with elevation, but this not indicate<br />
any lack of stability. For soils, we found that disturbance head no effect, and thus soils at this site<br />
appeared to be resistant to disturbance, possibly because other factors (e.g., water level fluctuations, sediment<br />
addition) were more powerful in affecting soil chemistry than vegetation and its removal. We conclude<br />
that underlying stressors in the system and accurate assessments of the resulting system health, and that<br />
this method could be used in other marshes or herbaceous ecosystems to probe ecosystem health.<br />
Keywords: disturbance, resilience, stability, ecosystem, health, wetland.<br />
Point fraser development: Environment and the city<br />
Meney K., D. Kuh<br />
Syrinx Environmental PL, 12 Monger St, Perth, WA, 6000<br />
Earmarked as an iconic project utilising best practice environmental and urban design principles, the<br />
Point Fraser Development is an important spatial link within the city; connecting it to the water’s edge,<br />
providing dynamic spatial experiences [public, private, active and passive] and offering opportunities for<br />
human interaction with the natural environment. This multi-objective project involves receival and treatment<br />
of urban stormwater, habitat creation, educational and interpretative opportunities. The success of<br />
the project is connected to the sound integration of science, engineering, landscape and architectural<br />
disciplines, which culminated in a contemporary landscape design built on a sound understanding of the<br />
local and regional environment.<br />
Keywords: landscape, masterplanning, recreation, ecological restoration, end-use options.<br />
Designing landscapes to achieve completion criteria on the Scott River Plain,<br />
Western Australia<br />
Meney K., S. Santich<br />
Syrinx Environmental PL, 12 Monger St Perth WA, 6000. www syrinx.net.au<br />
The rehabilitation of the BHP Beenup site South- WA provided unique challenges due to the requirement<br />
for re-establishment of rare and endemic vegetation communities each with particular soil, hydrological<br />
and topographical requirements. The landscape design was critical to the restoration of thirteen vegeta-
108 Oral Presentations<br />
tion communities and to the reintegration of the site with the surrounding natural ecosystems. Syrinx<br />
Environmental PL designed the restoration of this site and this paper will describe the process with particular<br />
reference to: the use of site specific investigations in the design of revegetation planning; techniques<br />
for the restoration of complex communities; matching restoration design to landscape constraints,<br />
and; the use of baseline density data of adjacent natural vegetation, soils and hydrology to generate<br />
restoration protocols and develop final completion criteria.<br />
Keywords: Restoration, completion criteria, vegetation monitoring<br />
Case Study of Point Fraser Demonstration Stormwater Treatment Wetland,<br />
Perth, Western Australia (for inclusion in the ecological restoration in urban<br />
zones stream)<br />
Meney K.<br />
Syrinx Environmental PL, 12 Monger St, Perth, WA, 6000<br />
By committing to best practice river and stormwater management and policy development, the City of<br />
Perth has established a benchmark through the Point Fraser project in protecting the Swan River, restoring<br />
habitat, attracting wider community ownership and promoting human use and appreciation. The site<br />
is located close to the central business district and features interpretation, landscape design, innovative<br />
bioengineering technologies and the re-introduction of endemic plant communities and species previously<br />
alienated from the area by development. This paper provides an overview of the design and implementation<br />
of the Point Fraser Demonstration Wetland from masterplanning to staged construction works and<br />
evaluation, and focuses on the idea of scientific process in the design and restoration of constructed<br />
landscapes.<br />
Keywords:Stormwater treatment, best management practice, wildlife habitat, recreation, aesthetics.<br />
Proposal for the environmental assessment of degraded areas associated with<br />
old hydropower facilities in the aragonese pyrenees<br />
Meseguer A. 1 , A. Palau 2 , R. Casas 2 , C. Ontañón 3<br />
1 Endesa Generación. UPH Ebro-Pirineos<br />
2 Endesa. Dirección de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible<br />
3 Instituto Aragonés de Gestión Ambiental<br />
Many rivers in the Spanish Pyrenees have a history of regulation for hydropower. Currently, a number of<br />
hydropower facilities are obsolete. The restoration of degraded areas associated with such obsolete facilities<br />
must include an analysis of all components of the environment and an assessment of the conservation<br />
status of this environment. In addition, it is necessary for this type of work to establish priorities<br />
and levels of intervention that can be applied in the restoration process. This paper illustrates a simple<br />
but efficient process for quantifying the environmental value and conservation status of 10 areas occupied<br />
by obsolete hydropower facilities in the Aragonese Pyrenees, Spain. The areas are all associated with<br />
natural Ibones systems. In each case, hydropower regulation has left a legacy of dams, buildings, cable<br />
cars, gravel processing facilities and associated infrastructure. The restoration of a particular Ibone system<br />
considers the specific characteristics of that location, including species and habitats of special interest<br />
and the nature of the hydropower facility that has been responsible for the degradation. These characteristics<br />
represent the basis upon which an appropriately prioritised restoration plan can be developed.<br />
The paper describes work that is ongoing.<br />
Keywords: rivers, conservation status, restoration.<br />
Spatial ecology of natural shrublands versus vegetation restored following sand<br />
mining in SW Australia<br />
Miller B.P. 1 , N.J. Enright 1 , B.B. Lamont 2 , G.L.W. Perry 3<br />
1 School of Anthropology, Geography & Environmental Studies, The University of Melbourne, Australia 3010<br />
2 School of Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia 6102<br />
3 School of Geography & Environmental Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand<br />
It is now generally accepted that most species in natural ecosystems show strongly aggregated patterns<br />
of distribution at the local scale. This aggregation may be a result of several natural processes, but ultimately<br />
may mediate competitive interactions among species. Despite this, there has been little considera-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 109<br />
tion of the spatial ecology of reconstructed ecosystems where revegetation processes (e.g. topsoil stockpiling<br />
and redistribution, broadacre seeding, nursery stock planting) might lead to different species patterns<br />
(random to regular), which consequently may effect competitive interactions and ecosystem recovery.<br />
We tested this hypothesis by analysing spatial pattern for plant species in two restored shrubland<br />
sites on heavy mineral sands at Eneabba, Western Australia, and compared these patterns with those for<br />
four adjacent, undisturbed sites. We further hypothesized that the reintroduction of fire (a key natural<br />
process) to the restored sites would drive the system towards greater species aggregation, and so, greater<br />
similarity to natural analogues. Preliminary results show strong differences in levels of species aggregation<br />
between reconstructed and natural shrubland sites and suggest a role for fire in driving spatial pattern<br />
in these reconstructed ecosystems.<br />
Keywords: spatial pattern, aggregation, fire, shrublands, reconstructed ecosystem.<br />
A methodology for assessing the potential for riparian forest restoration using<br />
remote sensing, GIS and multivariate florisitic analyses at multiple spatial<br />
scales<br />
Mollot L.A.<br />
Cedar River Watershed. City of Seattle, SPU. Washington. USA<br />
College of Forest Resources, University of Washington. Washington. USA<br />
Timber management has reduced the diversity of forest seral age classes at the Cedar River Watershed in<br />
the Pacific Northwest, USA. The harvest of conifer in riparian areas has resulted in a disproportionate<br />
share of red alder (Alnus rubra) and shrub dominated stands. This loss of late seral conifer is associated<br />
with a decline in salmon habitat. Under what conditions should we restore conifer to invasive deciduous<br />
communities to promote fish habitat? This research provides an analytical framework for addressing this<br />
question at multiple spatial scales by incorporating three interdisciplinary tools: remote sensing, GIS,<br />
and multivariate statistics. Remote sensing is used to characterize the current range of riparian conditions<br />
at the watershed scale and create a streamside forest layer. This is a cost effective means of mapping<br />
the distribution of riparian habitat types at an accuracy of > 80% when compared with field observations.<br />
Using this map layer, a habitat suitability model is developed with GIS to identify a suite of<br />
suitable conifer restoration sites based on the geomorphic context and streamside vegetation. Once these<br />
potential sites were identified, a multivariate statistical approach is used to examine the spatial distribution<br />
of riparian species assemblages as they vary across alluvial landforms. The floristic analysis identifies<br />
plant communities and micro-scale landforms that have the greatest probability of sustaining conifer<br />
restoration long term given the fluvial disturbance regime. This collective research can be used as a<br />
methodology for addressing the question of riparian forest restoration over large spatial scales.<br />
Keywords: Riparian forest ecology, site selection, riparian restoration, hardwood conversion, plant community,<br />
alluvial landform, remote sensing, GIS, habitat suitability model, multivariate statistics.<br />
The study of quantitative and qualitative characterastics of Avicennia marina<br />
trees seeds for seedling production in protected zone Malgonzeh, Iran<br />
Monazami M.<br />
Student Ms forest.university of Iran.Gorgun<br />
This research has been done in order to consider particulars quantitative and qualitative characterastics<br />
of Avicennia marina seeds for seedling production. Propagules of Avicennia marina collected in early september<br />
of mother trees. Propagules classified by diameter to three qualitative classes: class 1(d>20 mm),<br />
class 2 (d : 15-20 mm), class 3 (d
110 Oral Presentations<br />
Ecological restoration and stabilization of slopes: speeding up system selforganization<br />
and functional enhancement<br />
Montalvo J. 1,2 , P. Casal 1,2 , B. Casaleiro 2 , J. Navarro 3 , L. López-Sangil 4 , H.Wallander 4<br />
1 Applied Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Animal Biology. University of Vigo. Spain<br />
2 Center for Technological Development and Innovation in Ecological Restoration. Vigo (Pontevedra). Spain<br />
3 Hidrology Laboratory, Department of Forest and Agricultural Engineering. University of Valladolid. Spain<br />
4 Section of Microbial Biology, Department of Ecology. Lund University. Sweden<br />
Ecological restoration promotes the design of sustainable and effective ecological systems for stabilization of<br />
natural and man-made slopes by combining living and non-living materials. Self-organization must be part<br />
of the design, but the performance of these systems need to be field-tested beyond describing a successful<br />
ground cover or native vegetation establishment. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate experimentally the<br />
advantages of ecological engineering for creation of self-assemblying systems using a steep, fine-textured<br />
and bare fillslope. The study site was located in Galicia (NW Spain), within an area where annual precipitation<br />
exceeds 2,000 mm. A new biodegradable erosion control mat (ECM), live-staking and native grass hydroseeding<br />
were used as engineering techniques for slope restoration. The experimental design consisted of<br />
three replicated treatments, i.e. combinations of the previous techniques. The ECM was made of interlocked<br />
fibers of native shrubs, and presents a relatively high water holding capacity. ECM and vegetation biomass<br />
may provide soil reinforcement and protection and also control water cycle by the aboveground structures<br />
and by the root system. Most plant species form symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that improve<br />
plant growth by taking up mineral nutrients from the soil and enhance soil structure by stimulating<br />
the formation of water stable soil aggregates. A successful establishment of AM fungi is probably critical for<br />
a successful whole system creation on man-made bare slopes, either by seeding or by spontaneous vegetation<br />
establishment. We investigated experimentally the influence of engineering after five and 13-14 months.<br />
Establishment of willow from stakes was successful and compatible with other vegetation development; its<br />
aboveground canopy cover and height suggested a complementary stabilizing root anchoring. Treatments<br />
with ECM showed almost two times less water runoff rate and three times less soil erosion rate after intense<br />
rainfalls. ECM also promoted the increase of the amount of soil AM fungi; the establishment of shrubs and<br />
perennial grasses; the development of a more complex aboveground system structure; and the long-term<br />
stabilization of water and soil matter outputs of the system. It can be concluded that using engineering<br />
techniques on a fillslope for restoration purpose can improve the self-organizing ability of living components<br />
of an ecological system and its functional enhancement.<br />
Keywords: ecological engineering, mycorrhiza, runoff, slope, soil erosion.<br />
Creating wetlands for the restoration of salinized soils and degraded habitats in<br />
semi-arid environments<br />
Moreno Mateos D. 1 , C. Pedrocchi1, F.A. Comín 1 , R. Rodríguez 2 , A. Cabezas 1 , M. García 1<br />
1 Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología-CSIC. Avda. Regimiento Galicia. Apdo. 64. 22700. Jaca (Huesca), Spain<br />
2 Soil Sciences Department. University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain<br />
Agricultural activities in the semi-arid Monegros region, Ebro River Valley, NE. Spain, impacted negatively<br />
the soils and habitats of extensively irrigated soils. Ecosystems lost most of their original features leading<br />
to a decline of landscape diversity and an increase of water pollution from fertilizers. In addition,<br />
large areas were submitted to a process of salinization preventing their agricultural use. Created wetlands<br />
have been established in one of these impacted zones. The goals of the experimental program are:<br />
removing nutrients from contaminated wastewater from irrigated fields, decrease soil salinization, and<br />
increasing habitat diversity and connectivity. The comparison of this created system with naturally established<br />
habitats of this type will allow defining the efficiency of the restoration activity.<br />
Keywords: Soil, saline, habitat, wetlands, water quality, diversity.<br />
Defining Riparian Restoration Goals in a Pueblo Indian Community<br />
Morgan D.R. 1 , C. W. Lujan 2<br />
1 La Calandria Associates, Inc. Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA<br />
2 Office of Environmental Affairs, San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico, USA<br />
Much of the floodplain forest and wetland along the middle Rio Grande in New Mexico, USA has been occupied<br />
by Indian tribes for centuries. Their participation is now crucial in restoring the river after severe alteration<br />
by channelization, cessation of flooding, geomorphological disruption, lowered water tables, invasion<br />
by non-native trees, and wildfires. Floodplain forest/wetland restoration at San Juan Pueblo, one such tribal<br />
community, began in 1999 with limited funding and poorly defined reference conditions. As the project ex-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 111<br />
panded to plan for restoring over 700 hectares of floodplain ecosystem along 16 kilometers of river, it became<br />
urgent to articulate both cultural and ecological restoration goals beyond “returning to natural conditions”.<br />
This paper explains how restoration ecologists and Pueblo residents collaborated to integrate eco-historical<br />
research with Pueblo cultural values to define restoration goals. There are no undisturbed reference sites<br />
and no quantitative historical sampling data, so other approaches were used: information from historical research,<br />
geomorphological analysis, air photos, and literature review was combined with interviews of elders,<br />
Pueblo landscape memories and desires, and sampling previously unrecognized micro-sites found by Pueblo<br />
residents. Results of this work are discussed, along with a composite vision of reference conditions, and rationale<br />
for selection of a reference time period, applicable to an ecosystem that has included human residents<br />
for centuries. Goals now include detailed plans for restoring the degraded river channel itself, and the<br />
process is transferable to neighboring communities managing over 50 kilometers of the Rio Grande.<br />
Keywords: riparian restoration, restoration goals, reference conditions, Pueblo Indians, indigenous communities.<br />
Can we predict the development of plant communities on restored saltmarsh?<br />
Mossman H.L., A. Grant, A. Davy<br />
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ<br />
Saltmarsh restoration and creation projects are increasingly included in flood defence schemes and as<br />
mitigation for coastal developments. In the UK, about 140 ha must be created each year to compensate<br />
for current and historical losses. The EU Habitats Directives requires created habitat to be within “equivalent<br />
biological limits”. Seventeen schemes totalling 500 ha have been created to date, with 50% of this<br />
area flooded within the last three years. Despite the widespread and large-scale implementation of such<br />
projects, we know little about the long term development of plant or animal communities on these sites.<br />
Some of the UK sites have been monitored, but few of these results have been published in the peer-reviewed<br />
literature. Large scale studies in the USA have found that created or restored marshes often remain<br />
different to natural sites, even after decadal timescales. We surveyed fifteen natural and ten restored<br />
marshes, including both managed retreats and older sites created during the past century by<br />
accidental storm-surge breaching of seawalls. There are clear differences between the vegetation communities<br />
found on managed retreats and natural marshes. Managed retreats are characterised by the dominance<br />
of low marsh vegetation. Older marshes still show significant differences to nearby natural marshes.<br />
Regenerated vegetation on marshes of all ages is more homogeneous than natural marshes. The<br />
possible reasons for these differences, including elevation, drainage and soil properties will be discussed.<br />
Keywords: marshes, restoration, vegetation communities.<br />
Long-term development of restored calcareous grassland<br />
Moy I.L., L.K. Ward, W.E. Rispin, J.M. Bullock<br />
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Dorset, UK<br />
Much lowland calcareous habitat, identified as of interest in Annex 1 of the EC Habitats Directive, has<br />
already disappeared in the UK. It is an important habitat for many declining plant, invertebrate and bird<br />
species. Restoration of calcareous grasslands is used to reverse these declines, but little is known about<br />
how well populations of key species develop and persist over time in restored habitats. A controversial<br />
motorway construction in southern England, at the start of the 1990s, allowed a comprehensive, longterm<br />
investigation of downland restoration. Preliminary studies collated existing information and surveyed<br />
existing communities before restoration. The site had been under arable cultivation, so nutrients<br />
were stripped by soil removal. Translocation of grassland turf from the route of the motorway covered<br />
less than 4% of the restoration area, so most of the area was restored using seed mixes. An exceptional<br />
pledge to follow-up by the Highways Agency funded detailed monitoring for ten years. Data collection<br />
identified all plants and measured cover values for each species in fixed quadrats. Our data illustrates<br />
the dynamics of colonisation and species turnover. Additional systematic presence/absence records have<br />
demonstrated the pivotal role of the innovative methods used for the layout of the translocated turf. An<br />
original checkerboard design maximised the restoration area that benefited from this limited resource. A<br />
novel quantitative method was derived to assess the development of plant communities compared to typical<br />
southern chalk downland vegetation. Systematic invertebrate sampling has shown species associated<br />
with downland habitat colonising as the vegetation has established.<br />
Keywords: calcareous grassland, translocation, monitoring, colonisation.
112 Oral Presentations<br />
Approaches to the restoration of floodplain forests in Europe: a way of providing<br />
guidance for policy makers and river managers<br />
Muller E 1 ., F.M.R. Hughes 2 , K.S.R. Richards 3 , J. Girel1, T. Moss 4 , C. Nilsson 5 ,S.B. Rood 6<br />
1 CNRS Toulouse and Grenoble. France<br />
2 Anglia Polytechnic University Cambridge. UK<br />
3 University of Cambridge. UK<br />
4 Leibnitz IRS. Germany<br />
5 Umeå University. Sweden<br />
6 University of Lethbridge. Canada<br />
One objective of the European project FLOBAR 2 (FLOodplain Biodiversity And Restoration: integrated<br />
natural science and socio-economic approaches to catchment flow management) was to produce a document<br />
for policy makers and river managers in Europe. The document's aim was to promote the restoration<br />
of floodplain forests by providing, in an accessible way, information on the key biological and physical<br />
processes that underpin functional floodplain forests and the institutional and policy contexts within<br />
which their restoration could proceed. The 90-page-document was published in 2004 and gives, in five<br />
sections, answers to simple questions such as: How do floodplain forests work? What are the key hydrological,<br />
geomorphological and biological processes? How can floodplain forests be restored? It recommends<br />
managing hydrological processes at a catchment scale with a long-term vision and returning a<br />
great variety of inter- and intra-annual flows to rivers. The idea of giving rivers more space is also advocated.<br />
Numerous examples are used to demonstrate a variety of approaches to floodplain forest restoration.<br />
The document can be downloaded on www-flobar.geog.cam.ac.uk. and has had excellent take-up in<br />
some European countries and in north America.<br />
Keywords: guidance, restoration, floodplain forest, policy makers, managers.<br />
Abandoned Agricultural Land in Sonora, Mexico<br />
Murrieta-Saldivar 1 J., W.L. Halvorson 2 , A.E. Castellanos 3<br />
1 Sonoran Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA<br />
2 USGS Sonoran Desert Field Station, 125 Biological Sciences East, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, 520/670-6885,<br />
FAX 520/670-5001.USA<br />
3 Departamento de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, MEXICO<br />
This case study details the difficulties of landscape management; highlighting the challenges inherent in<br />
managing natural resources when multiple agencies are involved, when the land users have no incentive<br />
for conservation, and when government agencies have too few resources for effective management.<br />
Pumping of ground water from the aquifer of La Costa de Hermosillo in the state of Sonora, Mexico began<br />
in 1945 and developed so quickly that by the 1950s salinity intrusion from the Gulf of California was occurring<br />
in the wells. In the 1970s, the irrigatable land in La Costa peaked at 132,516 hectares and the<br />
extracted volume of water from the aquifer peaked at around 1.14 billion cubic meters annually. By the<br />
1980s, 105 wells out the total of 498 were contaminated with seawater and identified for closure. At<br />
present La Costa de Hermosillo still represents 15% of the total harvested land, 16% of the total annual<br />
production, and 23% of the gross agricultural production of the state of Sonora. However, there are approximately<br />
80,000 ha of abandoned fields due to salt-water intrusion, lack of water, and/or lack of credit<br />
available to individual farmers. This unstable situation resulted from the interplay of water management<br />
policies and practices, and farm-land policies and practices. While government agencies have been<br />
able to enforce better water use for agricultural production, there remains a significant area that requires<br />
revitalization to a productive state. For this piece of the ecosystem management puzzle, government<br />
agencies have thus far been unable to affect a solution.<br />
Keywords: Sustainable Agricultural, Salinization, Irrigation, Ground Water, Water Management, Restoration,<br />
Sonora, Mexico.<br />
Plant Community Development in Disturbed Ecosystems: Factors Affecting<br />
Community Direction<br />
Naeth, M.A.<br />
Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta<br />
Restoration research has been conducted on diverse anthropogenically disturbed sites in a variety of<br />
ecosystems in western Canada. Sites include mines in subarctic tundra and boreal forest, pipelines<br />
through mixed grass and fescue prairie, and waste sites / landfills in national parks representing aspen
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 113<br />
parkland, montane and fescue prairie habitat. This research has identified common factors that impact<br />
plant community development. The effect can be negative or positive depending on the type of disturbance,<br />
ecosystem and stage of community development. The key factors include precipitation, species<br />
richness and composition of adjacent plant communities, land use on-site and adjacent, soil physical<br />
and chemical properties which affect plant growth, in particular organic matter, nutrient and moisture<br />
content, and the presence or absence of a relict soil propagule bank and its composition. Data will be<br />
presented to demonstrate the magnitude and direction of impact each factor can have on plant community<br />
development in western Canada. Other factors, which are just beginning to be investigated, will be<br />
briefly discussed, including more intricate soil-plant relationships involving soil microbial and fungal<br />
communities and their effect on seed germination and plant establishment. An understanding of the science<br />
behind these factors clarifies the array of possible restoration pathways and outcomes and allows<br />
for effective and realistic goal setting and management in restoration projects.<br />
Keywords: plant community development, soil-plant relationships, alternative states, anthropogenic disturbances.<br />
Restoration and Management of the Wetlands of Kerala<br />
Nair, K.<br />
Centre for Earth Research & Environment Management<br />
Important of wetlands as natural water purifiers and life-supporting system is significant today, especially<br />
in the developing world where demands of increasing population together with pollution, encroachment<br />
and inefficient management pose serious threat to the wetlands environment. The State of Kerala<br />
with heavy rainfall and one third of the designated wetlands of India faces seasonal water shortage, as a<br />
result of the destruction of wetlands. The wetlands act as natural recharging mechanism of groundwater<br />
for most parts of the State. All rivers in Kerala are highly polluted and they carry tremendous pollution<br />
load into the wetlands. Projects to multiply rice production in the wetlands area resulted in the deterioration<br />
of surface and groundwater in central Kerala, making water unusable in the once freshwater rich region.<br />
The large number of ponds, wells and canals in the wetlands region on which majority of population<br />
depended for all domestic uses till few decades back are now highly contaminated. Water in the only<br />
freshwater wetland in central Kerala is no more potable. Wetlands restoration is vital for the millions who<br />
depend on their resources for livelihood. The present study is an assessment of the human interference<br />
on the three wetlands of Kerala and its impact on the society. With the current rate of human impact,<br />
weak government policy and drawbacks in policy implementation, loss of wetlands will be irreparable in<br />
near future. Considering the present situation and future trends, some suggestions for the restoration<br />
and efficient management of the wetlands have been presented.<br />
Keywords: Wetlands, Kerala, destruction, restoration, management.<br />
Monitoring forest restored areas in Southern Spain<br />
Navarro, R.M.<br />
Dpt. Ingeniería Forestal, ETSIA. University of Córdoba.<br />
Assessing the response of ecosystems to restoration relies on comparisons of ecosystem attributes between<br />
restored and reference areas. Although this approach provides an objective basis for judging project success,<br />
inferences can be constrained for the high variability of attributes between restored and reference sites. Furthermore,<br />
such assessments have been usually conducted for restoration projects but there is a lack of<br />
monitoring studies in forest restored areas. It is important, therefore, to conduct monitoring studies of reforestation<br />
activities conducted many decades ago. As part of REACTI<strong>ON</strong> project a monitoring program of pine<br />
forests restoration projects in Andalusia (Southern Spain) has been established. The following four elements<br />
of monitoring have been considered: (1) pre-restoration monitoring, (2) standard monitoring protocols, (3)<br />
functional assessment, (4) long-term monitoring. A monitoring framework of previous forestation projects<br />
can help to ensure the main components necessary for an effective restoration of Mediterranean areas. Prerestoration<br />
monitoring is important to establish baseline conditions and to identify sensible areas. Standard<br />
monitoring protocols help to ensure that consistent monitoring methods will be used. Functional assessments<br />
could be applied to determine whether restoration projects are providing the intended function. As a<br />
result, adaptive management of reforested areas provides a framework for addressing uncertainty, improving<br />
decision-making, and continually evaluating of current restoration project success. Devoting sufficient project<br />
resources to the design and implementation of these important restoration components will help ensure<br />
that project goals and objectives of forests restoration projects will be met in the future.<br />
Keywords: forest restoration, monitoring protocols, long-term
114 Oral Presentations<br />
Evaluation of the restoration of a grassy woodland in Australia<br />
Nichols P.W.B. 1 , E.C. Morris 1 , D. Keith 2<br />
1 Ecology Research Group, Hawkesbury Campus, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Building K12, Penrith<br />
South DC 1797, Australia<br />
2 NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, PO Box 1967, Hurstville, NSW, 2220, Australia<br />
By planting trees and shrubs, restoration practitioners aim to initiate a succession of vegetation change,<br />
involving re-colonisation of native species, reduction of weed species, and increasing compositional and<br />
structural resemblance to remnant woodland. To assess these processes, I carried out a comparative<br />
analysis of remnant woodland (reference), revegetated agricultural land (treatment) and pasture (control)<br />
using space for time substitution sampling. Results indicated that the species composition of the three<br />
vegetation communities remained distinct after 11 years. Although species composition of treatment sites<br />
changed, there was no evidence of convergencet towards reference conditions. Native species richness<br />
was lowest in pasture, and was significantly higher at restored sites, which were not different to remnants.<br />
An experiment to compare germination and establishment of native seedlings between remnant<br />
woodland, revegetated agricultural land and pasture after autumn fire and slash/herbicide treatments<br />
was also undertaken. Germination of native species was found to be low in restored vegetation. The autumn<br />
slash treatment was found to encourage germination of annual exotic species. When the autumn<br />
slash treatment was combined with the fire treatment, germination of annual exotic species was reduced<br />
in conjunction with an increase in the germination of perennial native species. Combinations of autumn<br />
burning and slashing may therefore result in increased in native species richness in restored vegetation<br />
and provide land managers with a viable broad scale option to accelerate restoration. Although some<br />
restoration processes may be underway, convergence of restored agricultural land with remnant woodland<br />
may take many years to achieve.<br />
Keywords: evaluation, restoration, revegetation, agricultural land, succession.<br />
Designing slopes topography for erosion and water deficit control by applying<br />
RUSLE, in a surface coal mining reclamation project (Utrillas coalfield, Spain).<br />
Nicolau J.M., L. Merino, M. Moreno, T. Espigares<br />
Departamento de Ecología. Universidad de Alcalá. 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain<br />
Erosion is an abiotic exploitation mechanism that delays ecological succession and limits the success of<br />
revegetation. One of its main effects on the slopes of reclaimed opencast mining areas subject to Mediterranean-continental<br />
conditions is the intensification of the water deficit owed to reduced soil infiltration<br />
and water storage capacities. Improving of water availability for plants and soil erosion control must be<br />
based on an adequate topographic design. Using an experimental design involving 9 plots and artificial<br />
rainfall experiments, the hydrological response of the vegetation on two types of soil was investigated. On<br />
20º slopes with a Xerochrept-type topsoil which had been worked transversally with 7-10 cm furrows, the<br />
vegetation grew well (37-86% plant cover, biomass 380-516 g m -2 ) and the soil showed good hydrological<br />
behaviour (infiltration of 94% of yearly rainfall, final infiltration rate 10-25 mm h -1 and annual erosion<br />
rate 50-300 g m -2 ). On overburden soils, however, the development of vegetation was scarce (1-13% plant<br />
cover, biomass 5-169 g m -2 ) and the soil erosion very intense (1100-7300 g m -2 ). A three-step protocol<br />
using RUSLE 1.06 was applied in order to design macro and micro-topography: 1) adaptation of the model<br />
to local conditions (though the method overestimates sheet erosion and underestimates rill erosion, the<br />
adjustment was satisfactory); 2) establishment of the maximum erosion rate that guarantees plant growth<br />
viability (10t/ha/year for topsoil and 3 t/ha/year for overburden); and 3) use of RUSLE 1.06 to determine<br />
the topography (LS) and microtopography (ridge height) compatible with the development of vegetation on<br />
each type of soil. It is concluded that this approximation has been of clear practical use.<br />
Keywords: RUSLE, Reclamation, Opencast mining, Soil erosion, Water deficit.<br />
Relation between channel cross-section shape and sediment transport<br />
Nidal A.H.<br />
Department of Civil Engineering. The Hashemite University, P.O.Box:150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan<br />
Much research has been conducted to predict sediment transport, and many empirical and semi-empirical<br />
equations have been developed, none gives us a complete detail about the effect of cross section<br />
geometry on sediment transport. The effect of many variables on sediment transport has been understood;<br />
however, the influence of other variables still required additional research. The objective of this research<br />
is to study the effect of the cross section shape on the sediment transport. The uncertainties as-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 115<br />
sociated with the variation of the physical characteristic of natural rivers, limited sample data, and inherent<br />
measurement errors will cause uncertainty in the parameters that describe the channel. To deal with<br />
those uncertainties that relate to the cross section the statistical characterization of channel cross-section<br />
geometry were used in this study. One way to describe irregular cross section geometry is by modeling<br />
flow depth as power function of the channel geometry proprieties (top width, flow area and hydraulic<br />
radius). Another way to deal with irregular cross section is by modeling the cross section as a function of<br />
effective width and effective width then width/depth ratio was found. In this study, the effect of cross<br />
section geometry on sediment transport was demonstrated theoretically by inserting the shape factor in<br />
sediment continuity equation and analytically by utilizing the field data sets (natural channel) for<br />
Yalobusha River, Mississippi. Geometry of the river is represented by cross sections that are specified by<br />
coordinate points (stations and elevations) and the distances between cross sections. Twenty cross sections<br />
for Yalobusha River were used in the HEC-RAS model, flow data and boundary conditions were also<br />
entered to perform the calculations. When the hydraulic parameters for every cross section are obtained,<br />
the sediment transport was computed by using selected sediment transport equations. The possible relationship<br />
between shape factor and sediment transport can then be assessed. The shape factor is inserted<br />
in the sediment continuity equation the result show that the shape factor and scale factor for successive<br />
cross sections can be used to predict the sediment concentration. This can be achieved by knowing the<br />
sediment concentration at the first cross section in addition to other hydraulic parameters that appear in<br />
derived equation. There is strong relationship between sediment transport and the ratio between effective<br />
width to effective depth. It was found as a width depth ratio increases the sediment transport decreases.<br />
Keywords: sediment transport, channel, cross section geometry, shape factor, width depth ratio.<br />
Improving restoration management of coastal dunes: Scarabid beetles show the<br />
way<br />
Nijssen M.N., G.A. Van Duinen, P.B.F. Beusink, H. Esselink<br />
Bargerveen Foundation/Department of Animal Ecology, Radboud University Nijmegen. The Netherlands<br />
Active dune stabilisation by planting of trees and marram grass, atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur<br />
loads, and desiccation changed a main part of European coastal dune landscapes from dynamic systems<br />
with sand-spray to a grass-encroached stabilized system. Lack of freshly deposited sand limits vital<br />
growth of roots and shoots of marram grass. These changes affect the above and below-ground fauna.<br />
The Scarabid beetle Anomala dubia is abundant in pristine fore-dunes. Their larvae feed on roots of marram<br />
grass. To study whether the development and density of A. dubia larvae are affected by sand-spray<br />
and root biomass, a comparative field study was performed in pristine Danish dunes and degraded and<br />
reactivated Dutch dunes. Densities of A. dubia larvae were highest if sand is deposited, marram grass is<br />
vital and forms fresh root biomass. In part of the Dutch dunes where restoration measures resulted in<br />
renewed sand-spray, larval densities were comparable to densities in pristine dunes. In several reactivated<br />
dunes the density of larvae was comparable to those in pristine dunes. Other herbivores on roots and<br />
shoots are probably affected by plant biomass production and quality in a similar way as A. dubia. Thus,<br />
reactivation of sand-spray is a promising restoration measure in coastal dunes.<br />
Keywords: invertebrates, coastal dunes, lifecycle, root biomass, sand-spray<br />
Testing management procedures in a revegetaded Mediterranean limestone<br />
quarry<br />
Nunes A., G. Oliveira, O. Correia<br />
CEBV – Centro de Ecologia e Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, 1749-<br />
016 Lisboa, Portugal<br />
This work aimed at evaluating the effect of Pinus halepensis thinning on the development of vegetation in<br />
limestone quarry platforms which were revegetated more than ten years ago. Aleppo pine is frequently<br />
used as a pioneer species for restoration of highly degraded areas. Despite its important role in the first<br />
years, its success may hinder plant community development. This may be particularly unsuitable for degraded<br />
areas within natural reserves, if the restoration goal is to attain a plant community structure and<br />
composition similar to the surrounding ones. It may therefore be necessary to implement management<br />
procedures some years after revegetation, in order to redirect the restoration course. In this study, we<br />
tested two levels of pine thinning (10% and 40%) in two quarry platforms of different ages since revegetation<br />
(19 and 13 years). Plant characteristics such as density, diversity, seedling establishment and shrub<br />
growth were evaluated in 12 plots (4.5m 2 each) per treatment. Data from the first two years after thinning<br />
indicate that species richness was favoured by thinning, with more herb species being found. Plant
116 Oral Presentations<br />
density increment was only relevant for herbs, particularly in the older platform. Seedling density of<br />
spontaneous woody species increased with pine thinning at the younger platform. Woody species growth<br />
was not significantly affected by treatment. The results suggest that, on the short-term, there are some<br />
positive effects of pine thinning on the studied plant community. Continued monotorization will allow to<br />
determine whether these effects are permanent or not, and if further consequences of pine thinning will<br />
emerge, e.g. in the development of the other woody species.<br />
Keywords: limestone quarry, Mediterranean vegetation, pine thinning, management<br />
Landscape restoration after elimination of eucalypt plantations in Monfragüe<br />
Natural Park (southwestern Spain)<br />
Núñez J.J., F. Pulido, G. Moreno<br />
Departamento de Biología y Producción de los Vegetales, EUIT Forestal, Universidad de Extremadura<br />
An 852 ha area of Monfragüe Natural Park suffered in 2001 an afforestation to recover the native<br />
Mediterranean shrubland with emerging oak trees. Two soil treatments based on the ground alteration<br />
were used: moderate (pre-existing terraces were conserved) and intense (terraces were eliminated). Two<br />
main research objectives were addressed: long term monitoring of the soil properties and performance of<br />
shrubs and oak seedlings. We used two levels of approach: (1) Intensive study of shrub-oak seedling interactions,<br />
in which three cohorts of 1000 seedlings were monitored under four experimental treatments<br />
(control, shade, shrub cut down and ploughed). We analyzed growth and survival of seedlings as well as<br />
aboveground and belowground microclimatic conditions for three years. (2) Extensive study of soil properties<br />
and vegetation (shrubs and oak seedlings) recover: we monitored soil properties, growth and survival<br />
of 200 seedlings in 20 permanent plots in each soil treatment. In the intensive level significant differences<br />
were observed in seedling survival, growth, and water soil availability, seedling survival being<br />
higher in ploughed and lower under shrubs, denoting the existence of a competitive effect. No effect of<br />
year, cohort and source plant was detected. At the extensive level we detected differences between treatments,<br />
seedlings survival being higher in the intense one (59.7% vs 37.4%). In addition, our data showed<br />
higher natural shrub cover in the moderate treatment (41.17% vs 26.17 %), and improved soil parameters<br />
under shrubs. These results suggest that in oak-shrubs interactions competition for soil water outweighted<br />
facilitation via shade in the semi-arid environment.<br />
Keywords: afforestation, shrub-oak interaction, seedling survival, soil resources.<br />
Planning sustainable cities in Africa<br />
Nwaka G.I.<br />
Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria<br />
The Millennium Development Goals underline the need to urgently improve the lives of millions of slum<br />
dwellers around the world, and to reduce the number of people without sustainable access to drinking<br />
water and sanitation. As cities grow and slums expand in Africa, the quest for urban sustainability ought<br />
to give priority to the 'brown agenda' that addresses the health and development concerns of the poor.<br />
This way, we can build cities that are inclusive, socially equitable and environmentally sound. This paper<br />
considers how best to support and regulate the urban informal sector and irregular settlements in Nigeria<br />
in a way that promotes employment, income and shelter for the poor, and at the same time ensures a<br />
safe, healthy and socially acceptable environment; how informal settlements and enterprises can be upgraded<br />
and progressively integrated into the urban mainstream. It examines the essential elements of a<br />
strategy to improve urban public health and the conditions of the poor, paying particular attention to the<br />
roles which state and local authorities, the international development community, and the urban poor<br />
themselves could play in a collaborative effort to build safe, healthy, just and inclusive cities. In this regard<br />
the paper draws insights from the global action agendas of the last decade or so, which embody the<br />
principles of urban health and sustainability. These include the Local Agenda 21 of the Rio Earth Summit,<br />
the Habitat Agenda of the Istanbul City Summit, WHO's Healthy Cities Programme, the World<br />
Bank's Cities Alliance for Cities Without Slums, UN-Habitat's Campaigns for Urban Governance and Secure<br />
Tenure, all of which provide helpful ideas on how to improve urban public health, and ensure adequate<br />
shelter for all.<br />
Keywords: Africa, sustainable development, urban sustainability.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 117<br />
Wetlands restoration – a river basin perspective<br />
Okruszko T.<br />
Department of Hydraulic Structure and Environmental Restoration. Warsaw Agricultural University. Poland<br />
Restoration of wetlands in the river basin except “in-situ” environmental engineering measures means<br />
also bringing hydrological regime of surface and/or groundwater suitable for wetland ecosystem development.<br />
From this perspective, wetlands become one of many water users of the hydrological system. The<br />
river basin management plans are derived in top – bottom approach; water balances are performed on<br />
the basin scale (10 3 to 10 4 km2 in area) where water needs of particular water users are analyzed and<br />
compared with others. In general, there are two main tools used for establishing the water management<br />
plans on the catchment scale, namely surface water balance models and/or regional groundwater models.<br />
Running these models and comparing different alternatives derives water policy. Each alternative<br />
contains a combination of the system parameters (e.g. volume of the projected reservoirs), decision rules<br />
parameters (e.g. for irrigation scheme operation) and hierarchy of the water users. Water management alternative<br />
is chosen with help of different decisions criteria, describing the consequences of water deficit.<br />
In order to perform necessary calculations for the catchments where wetlands are present or restoration<br />
measures are planned, water demand of different type of wetlands, and their water supply system as well<br />
as decision criteria has to be established. In the proposed approach hydrological characteristics of particular<br />
ecosystems should be employed for this purpose. Their type of hydrological feeding describes, in<br />
general, the sources of water, yearly average water hydrograph describes the water demands and specific<br />
hydrological parameters for different habitats (e.g. flooding frequency, maximum depth of groundwater,<br />
average waterlogging period, etc.) might be used as decision criteria.<br />
Keywords: wetlands, river basin management plans, modeling.<br />
Management Support System for Biebrza National Park – experience with<br />
implementation<br />
Okruszko T. 1 , M. Wassen 2 , J. Chormański1, I. Kardel 1<br />
1 Department of Hydraulic Structure and Environmental Restoration. Warsaw Agricultural University. Poland<br />
2 COPERNICUS Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation. Environmental Sciences. Utrecht University. The<br />
Netherlands<br />
The presented project has envisaged a supporting tool for governmental and non-profit nature organizations<br />
in the Biebrza region in their efforts for sustainable management of the Biebrza National Park. It<br />
was done in the frame of the PIN-MATRA project by several Polish and Dutch institutions including universities,<br />
research institutions, park administration and NGO’s. Management Support System (MSS) was<br />
aiming at several functions: streamlining and formalizations of various knowledge sources; identifying<br />
gaps in knowledge; focusing monitoring programmes and adding to transparency in decision making.<br />
MSS consist of three parts, namely: data catalogue and GIS, hydrological module and ecological module.<br />
Implementation of the MSS in the Park showed a few limitations in the use of such tool including: gaps of<br />
knowledge in formalization of the ecological processes, institutional constrains on sharing data between<br />
administration and NGO’s, individual approach of parks staff in using numerical based information. On<br />
the other hand MSS implementation was important step in the capacity building of the park administration,<br />
in structuring existing ecological and management data sets as well as introducing new approach in<br />
the decision making.<br />
Keywords: wetlands, management, Decision Support System.<br />
Restoration of the terrestrial habitat of Selvagem Grande<br />
Oliveira P. 1 , D. Menezes 1 , P. Geraldes, R. Trout 2 , A. Buckle 3<br />
1 Serviço do Parque Natural da Madeira, Quinta do Bom Sucesso, Caminho do meio - 9000 Funchal<br />
2 Forest Research, Woodland Ecology Branch, Alice Holt Lodge, Surrey GU10 4LH<br />
3 Alan Buckle consulting<br />
The Selvagens Islands (30º 01´ 35” N and 30º 09’ 10” N and 15º 52’ 15” W and 16º 03’ 15” W) represent<br />
an example that is representative of the ecological and biological processes occurring during the development<br />
of land and marine ecosystems and communities. Due to a rare combination of factors – namely location,<br />
isolation and difficult colonization conditions – they contain habitats that are representative and<br />
important for the conservation of species that are unique and/or vulnerable worldwide. In the past Selvagem<br />
Grande was subject to some introductions (namely goats, rabbits, mice and a one invasive plant)<br />
which were a source of habitat loss and deterioration, putting its natural heritage at risk. This was the
118 Oral Presentations<br />
reason why the project “Restoration of the terrestrial habitat of Selvagem Grande” was carried out between<br />
2001 and 2005. The project was based on three eradication programs: eradication of the tobacco<br />
plant Nicotiana glauca; eradication of rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus; and eradication of mice Mus musculus<br />
(goats have naturally became extinct in the beginning of last century). This paper will deal with the<br />
successful eradication of the vertebrates species mentioned above, namely: (i) the techniques used; (ii)<br />
the mitigation actions to prevent the loss of non – target species, namely of important endemic bird and<br />
reptile species; and (iii) the monitoring techniques. One of the most important aspects of this project is<br />
the successful eradication of mice; Selvagem Grande is one of the largest islands in the world where this<br />
was achieved. Recommendations for similar projects to be carried out elsewhere in the world will be presented.<br />
Keywords: Island ecosystems, endemism, vertebrate introduction, mice eradication.<br />
Geomorphologic criteria to characterise the good ecological state of rivers.<br />
Application to restoration and preservation according to the European Water<br />
Framework<br />
Ortega, J.A. 1 , G. Garzón 2 , I. Rodríguez 1<br />
1 Dept. de Química y Medio Ambiente. Universidad Europea de Madrid. Spain<br />
2 Dept. Geodinámica. Fac. Geología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain<br />
The main objective of the EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60/CE) is to reach an optimal ecological<br />
“status” for European rivers. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the present state of each river reach<br />
on the base of physicochemical, biological and morphodynamical indicators. The system needs to be<br />
build up on a previous rivers typification which needs to be supported on geomorphological criteria. Our<br />
aim is to establish geomophological classification criteria and which are the indicators from a morphodynamic<br />
point of view. Several case studies of the Iberian Peninsula are studied in the search of determinant<br />
variables and parameters. River functionality is the main factor to determine conditions and thresholds<br />
between simple conservation or restoration, as well as to show up needed actions in order to<br />
guaranty a good ecological result. Semi-independent external variables as discharge, load and slope will<br />
be conditioning the stable morphology and pattern of a river reach as well as stream power, shear stress<br />
and velocity affecting stream stability or degradation. The ordinary channel needs to be considered also<br />
in relation to the floodplain, its extraordinary channel, as another necessary unit for shifting and self-adjusting<br />
capability of the river.<br />
Keywords: European Water Framework Directive, fluvial morphology, geomorphic efficiency, floodplain<br />
activity.<br />
Integrating ecological and social elements for riparian restoration activities.<br />
Experiences from western Mexico<br />
Ortiz-Arrona C. 1 , P.R.W. Gerritsen 1 , L.M. Martínez R. 1 , M. Snoep 2 , A. Allen 3 , T. Rodríguez 1<br />
1 Department of Ecology and Natural Resources. University of Guadalajara, Mexico<br />
2 University of Wageningen. The Netherlands<br />
3 Gaylord Nelson Institute of Environmental Studies. University of Wisconsin. USA<br />
The riparian vegetation of the Ayuquila watershed in west Mexico is highly degraded especially in the<br />
agricultural floodplains valleys. In some cases these riparian buffers have been eliminated entirely, due<br />
to farming, industrial and urban activities which have indicated the need for restoration activities. In this<br />
context, our project was driven by the following goals: (1) Ecological characterization of riparian areas, to<br />
determine the status of vegetation and to identify priority riparian restoration sites for reforestation efforts.<br />
(2) Antropogenic use and management of riparian areas. (3) Support the development of a participatory<br />
riparian restoration program within the watershed. Until now, we identified 118 species of woody<br />
plants in 37 riparian buffer sites (600 m 2 each) along 90-km of the river. The total count ranged from 1 to<br />
24 woody plants species per site. Salix humboldtiana, Astianthus viminalis, Acacia farnesiana and Pithecellobium<br />
dulce were the most abundant and frequent species. Three important aspects that influence the<br />
use and management of riparian areas are: width of the riverbed and riverbank, slope and the mode of<br />
agricultural production. Since 2003, small reforestation efforts within the El Grullo- Autlan floodplain in<br />
the Ayuquila watershed has been implemented and can be considered as first experiences for developing<br />
a participatory restoration program.<br />
Keywords: riparian vegetation, socio-ecological components, participatory restoration.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 119<br />
Impact of the rocky bottom structural complexity due to hard harvesting of date<br />
shell (Lithophaga lithophaga L.) and disturbance of their population structure<br />
B. Ozretić, M. Devescovi, Lj. Iveša<br />
Institute Ruǰer Bošković, Centre for marine research, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia<br />
European date mussels (Lithophaga lithophaga L.) are endolithic, active boring bivalves, living in calcareous<br />
limestone alongside the Mediterranean and east Atlantic shallow coasts. Due to their overestimated<br />
flavor and price, date shells are illegally but constantly harvested, leading to the permanent demolition of<br />
the macro and micro structures of the limestone substrate. The resulting, immediate physical destruction<br />
of the associated epi-, endo- and mesolithion species radically degrades the originally wealthy rocky<br />
bottom communities, but in middle and long-term scale destabilizes their stable and luxuriant biodiversity.<br />
A survey of 41 stations/profiles along the West Istrian coast (North Adriatic, Croatia) showed that up<br />
to 10 m depth, nearly 28% of the total length of the soft calcareous limestone structures has been bared.<br />
The micro topography of intact and harvested limestone surfaces was measured by means of five metric<br />
and angular variables as indicators of structural complexity. The comparative analyze of variance and<br />
the PCAnalysis relative to single stations allows distinguishing not only the intact from damaged profiles<br />
but also permits to differentiate the rank of the demolition impact. Besides, the biometry and specific<br />
density and the relative size/age frequency of date shell sampled from different substrates, demonstrated<br />
that as consequence of heavy harvesting their population structure is also significantly weakened. To<br />
conclude: date shell harvesting radically distress the rocky bottom communities, following by a general<br />
degradation of the original biodiversity, but in particular perturbs the population structure of the same<br />
date shell as well.<br />
Keywords: Lithophaga lithophaga, Croatia, indicators<br />
Restoration of boreal forests and forest-covered mires<br />
Päivinen J. 1 ,M. Similä 2<br />
1 Natural Heritage Services of Metsähallitus. Jyväskylä. Finland<br />
2 Natural Heritage Services of Metsähallitus. Lieksa. Finland<br />
The aim of the EU LIFE-Nature project is to safeguard the favourable conservation status in 33 Natura<br />
2000 areas in Finland. The favourable conservation status is safeguarded by restorating 5 000 hectares<br />
former commercial forests, by restorating 350 hectares drained forest-covered mires and 300 hectares<br />
eskers with closing canopy and by maintaining 170 hectares deciduous forests for white-backed woodpeckers.<br />
Forests will be restorated by burning, by making small openings and by adding the volume of<br />
decaying wood. The aim of restoration actions is to add missing features of natural forests to formerly<br />
managed forests. Such features are deciduous trees, decaying and burnt wood. Light conditions will be<br />
optimised and the volume of decaying wood will be increased in forests with white-backed woodpeckers<br />
by doing small openings and by felling or damaging standing trees. Ditches in mires will be filled or<br />
dammed; thus, the mire will return to waterlogged state, the peatlayer will start to grow again and the<br />
plant and animal species of the mires will return as well. Evaporating trees, appeared after ditching, will<br />
be felled or cleared, if necessary. Esker forests will be restorated by small-scale prescribed burning or<br />
openings and by increasing volume of decaying wood. Thus, the exposure to sun and the features of natural<br />
forests will be increased. At the same time, the restoration methods for esker forests will be developed.<br />
Duration of the project is 61 months: 1.12.2003-31.12.2007. The project is financed by EU LIFE-<br />
Nature, Metsähallitus, Karelia Brigade, University of Joensuu, UPM-Kymmene and WWF.<br />
Keywords: Burnt wood, decaying wood, ecological restoration, LIFE-Nature, small openings.<br />
Ecofeminism Applied to the Resolution of the Wolf Reintroduction Conflict<br />
Palamar C.R.<br />
Antioch College, 407 South Hall, Yellow Springs, OH 45387<br />
Environmental ethics has much to share with our exploration of contemporary environmental issues.<br />
While theories of environmental ethics may not give us a specific solution to the issue we face, they do<br />
provide a framework through which issues can be more carefully and thoroughly investigated. Ecological<br />
feminism is one such environmental ethic. Considering the wolf reintroductions that occurred over a<br />
decade ago in the western US, I will show how the theory of ecological feminsim helps clarify points of<br />
dispute, affected viewpoints, and potential resolutions to challenging conflicts.<br />
Keywords: Reintroduction, wolf, ethic.
120 Oral Presentations<br />
Macrofungi proposed to be protected by law in Hungary<br />
Pál-Fám F. 1 , I. Siller 2 , G. Vasas 3<br />
1 Department of Botany, University of Kaposvár, Hungary<br />
2 Department of Botany, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary<br />
3 Mycological Collection, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary<br />
Macrofungi conservation raise a lot of problems in practice which does not appear in case of plant and<br />
animal conservation: establishing their habitat and area, periodicity and fluctuation of fruitbody development,<br />
lack of mycological investigations in several parts of the country etc. Red Data List of Hungarian<br />
Macrofungi was published in 1999, after several preliminaries. The number of endangered species with<br />
IUCN 0., 1. and 2. values is 456, out of these 16 “extinct”, 103 “critically endangered” and 337 “endangered”.<br />
Based on this list a material concerning 30 macrofungi species proposed to be protected by law<br />
was submitted to the Authority for Nature Conservation by the Hungarian Mycological Society. There<br />
were two main points of view of selection: 1/these species must be endangered, and 2/must be easily<br />
manageable by nature conservation specialists. The main reasons of endangerment were 1/habitat<br />
degradation and destruction and 2/conspicuous habit. In the case of successful protection of these<br />
species (based on management plans) the number of protected macrofungi can be increased in the future.<br />
Keywords: macrofungi, endangerment, protection<br />
Protecting invisible streams: ecological values at the land-water interface<br />
Parkyn S.M. 1 , T. Wilding 1 , J. Maxted 2 , J. M. Quinn 1 , G. Croker 1<br />
1 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 11-115, Hillcrest, Hamilton, New Zealand<br />
2 Auckland Regional Council, Private Bag 92-012, Auckland, New Zealand<br />
Rivers and streams originate from a myriad of small streams and wetlands that are so small that most do<br />
not appear as blue lines on topographic maps. While these small headwater streams remain invisible<br />
they are often considered insignificant and are highly vulnerable to modification from land-use and management<br />
changes (e.g., urbanisation), and re-engineering (e.g., channelisation, piping, and damming). We<br />
require knowledge of the extent, biodiversity values, and function of these small streams that dry up for<br />
part of the year to assess the relative importance of ephemeral streams compared to perennial streams<br />
and to develop management strategies to protect them. In the Auckland Region, New Zealand, we surveyed<br />
165 sites in 32 catchments to determine the spatial extent of ephemeral streams, and sampled the<br />
aquatic fauna at 12 streams. The study sites were in three land-use classes: pasture, native forest, and<br />
pasture with riparian restoration planting. Samples were taken in winter and summer at perennial or<br />
“blue-line mapped” streams and upstream within the ephemeral area. Taxa richness in ephemeral<br />
streams was generally similar to the perennial stream. Sensitive taxa (EPT taxa) were found even in mud<br />
samples, where the stream had dried up, in native forest or restored pasture streams, but not in open<br />
pasture streams. Ephemeral forest streams were also habitat for large terrestrial dragonflies, and pools<br />
harboured native fish and crayfish. Early indications suggest that small streams have ecological values<br />
at least as important as those of perennial streams and hence warrant increased management for biodiversity<br />
protection.<br />
Keywords: land-water interface, ephemeral headwater streams, riparian restoration.<br />
The management of ectomycorrhizal symbioses: a key factor for the success of<br />
ecological restoration of mine sites in New Caledonia.<br />
Perrier N. 1,2,3,4 , M. Ducousso 1 , F. Colin 2 , T. Jaffré 5 , F. Rigault 5 , B. Dreyfus 1 , Y. Prin 1<br />
1 Lab. des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, UMR113 (CIRAD / Agro-M / INRA / IRD / UM2),Campus de Baillarguet<br />
TA10/J, 34398 Montpellier cedex 05 France<br />
2 UMR161, Biogéodynamique Supergène et Géomorphologie Tropicale, IRD Nouméa, BP A5, 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia<br />
3 UNC, BP 4477, 98847 Noumea, New Caledonia<br />
4 Falconbridge, 9 Rue d’Austerlitz, BP MGA 8, 98802 Noumea, New Caledonia<br />
5 US001, Laboratoire de Botanique et d'Ecologie Appliquée, IRD Nouméa, BP A5, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia<br />
The common occurrence of large nickel ore deposits within the lateritic regolith, makes New Caledonia<br />
the fourth largest producer of nickel ore worldwide. In these nickel-rich environments, quite unique metallophyte<br />
ecosystems have developed with a very specific and rich flora (endemic at more than 80%). In<br />
the framework of a mining project, the Koniambo Massif (Northern Province), we studied the role of the<br />
plant and associated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities within these metallophyte ecosystems. Surveys<br />
conducted since 2001 have shown the importance of ectomycorrhizal plant species in these natural
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 121<br />
ecosystems. They have also highlighted the exceptional diversity of some fungal ectomycorrhizal taxa,<br />
particularly within the genus Cortinarius considered scarce in the tropics, though already known from<br />
temperate and arctic ecosystems for its abundance and diversity. Fungal diversity was confirmed<br />
through molecular methods analysing the 5.8S rRNA genes, showing the occurrence of these fungal taxa<br />
in the host plants root system, as well as directly in the soil. These ectomycorrhizal symbioses are essential<br />
to insure soil particle’s cohesion, thus preventing water erosion. The use of ectomycorrhizal symbioses<br />
has to be considered as a key factor in the success of ecological restoration of mine sites.<br />
Keywords: Ecological restoration, Ectomycorrhizal fungus diversity, Metallophyte, Nickel<br />
Spatial flood management in river basins and opportunities for ecological<br />
restoration of floodplains in a European context<br />
Platteeuw M. 1 , M.S.A. Blackwell 2 , W. Kotowski 3 , N. Pieterse 4<br />
1 Rijkswaterstaat RIZA. Lelystad. The Netherlands<br />
2 Royal Holloway Institute for Environmental Research. Virginia Water, Surrey, UK<br />
3 IMUZ. Department of Nature Protection in Rural Areas. Raszyn. Poland<br />
4 Netherlands Institute for Spatial Research. The Hague. The Netherlands<br />
This project considers and investigates the concept of combining a more spatial and natural way of coping<br />
with flooding incidents in and along European river systems with possibilities for restoring conservation<br />
values. The restoration of original floodplain functions could enhance flood control and thereby alleviate<br />
unwanted inundations of other areas within the same catchment basin. Restoration of biodiversity values<br />
lost over centuries of ever-increasing human land use and river control would seem an evident by-product.<br />
However, since man restricted river dynamics to narrow, embanked winter beds, land use and landscape<br />
design have been intensified so much, that simple reversion of river access to former floodplains<br />
may not always be a key to successful ecological restoration, even when international EU laws are actually<br />
supporting such actions. Moreover, the presence of source populations of rare and relatively immobile<br />
species of plant and animal has often become so restricted that re-colonisation will be difficult or even impossible.<br />
In fact, it is argued that a sound restoration of original natural riverine processes and corresponding<br />
biodiversity on local, regional (catchment) and continental scale levels is only likely to be achieved<br />
through careful studies of the local particularities of each case and taking into account existing conservation<br />
values as well as potentials. Some case studies are presented as examples of what can be learnt.<br />
Keywords: river flooding, risk reduction, floodplain restoration, EU policies, conservation benefits<br />
Transfer of Microelements Within the Chain “Soil – Water - Grass - Cow” at the<br />
Territory of Intensive Industrial Pollution and a Possibility to Produce<br />
Ecologically Safety Product<br />
Polyakov E.V. 1 , N.M. Barysheva 2 , L.N. Aristarkhova 3 , A.A. Malygina 3 , V.P. Remez 4 , V.T. Surikov 1<br />
1 Institute of Solid State Chemistry UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia<br />
2 FGUP Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNIITF, Snezhinsk, Russia<br />
3 Sverdlovsk Science - Research Veterinary Station, Ekaterinburg, Russia<br />
4 UNIHIM&EP, Ekaterinburg, Russia<br />
In the presentation we discuss the measures that allow to reduce or prevent the everyday impact of inorganic<br />
contaminants on the animals on the contaminated aria (considering town Karabash, Chelyabinsk<br />
region of Russia as an example). Analyzed are flows of microelements in the chains “water-soil-grasscow”<br />
and role of enterosorbent Bifezh® as an effectively protector against penetration of such microelements<br />
as Ni, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Co in internal of the cows. It is discovered that the elemental composition<br />
of cows’ milk at the contaminated territory doesn’t contain increased levels of all controllable<br />
microelements (above background level) even in the case the internal contain extremely elevated levels of<br />
the same chemical elements. The results of experiments on the prevention of microelements penetration<br />
the animals with forage and water are discussed in details. Estimated distribution coefficients for more<br />
the 25 microelements between enterosorbent and different organs of cows are considered and discussed<br />
on the background of the model of mass-transfer in the system “water-soil-grass-cow”.<br />
Keywords: non-ferrous metals, contamination, cow, food chain, enterosorbent, protection.
122 Oral Presentations<br />
Vegetation Succession in Ecosystem Restoration: Relative Importance of<br />
Environmental Factors<br />
Prach, K.<br />
Department of Botany, Faculty of Biol. Sci., University of Ceske Budejovice, Na Zlate stoce 1, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice,<br />
Czech Republic<br />
The role of site environmental factors driving succession, both abiotic and biotic including human interference,<br />
has been many times discussed in ecological literature. From the point of view of restoration<br />
practice it is often a crucial question how do the factors influence establishment and growth of species,<br />
and to answer it properly, may substantially increase effectiveness of restoration activities. It can help to<br />
decide if it is possible to rely upon spontaneous succession, how and when to manipulate it, or when<br />
technical reclamation is better to adopt. In our analysis of the higher number of successional seres, we<br />
found substratum pH and climate to have significant influence on the course of succession. In an experimental<br />
study, when various substrata were transported to one site, substratum character was responsible<br />
by ca. 80% for the rate of formation of vegetation cover in initial successional stages. Moisture of the<br />
surface layer of the substrata was obviously the most important factor. In several other our studies, participation<br />
of target species in a disturbed site was significantly dependent on the sources of diaspores in<br />
the close (up to 50m) neighborhood of the site. Comparing own data with literature, it can be concluded<br />
that site moisture, substratum pH, nutrients, macroclimate, and sources of diaspores can be considered<br />
as the most important environmental factors driving spontaneous succession.<br />
Keywords: Climate, species pool, spontaneous succession, substratum, technical reclamation.<br />
Ecological Restoration of the lower Ebro river<br />
Prat N. 1 , C. Ibañez 2<br />
1 Departament d’Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain<br />
2 Unitat de Recerca d’Ecosistemes Aquàtics, IRTA, S. Carles Ràpita, Spain<br />
The last 50 Km of river Ebro still maintain conditions close to the good ecological status with the presence<br />
in the river of endangered species like Margaritifera auricularia. After the abolition of the Ebro river<br />
transfer from National Hydrological Plan (NHP), alternative measures have been proposed for the preservation<br />
and restoration of the river health. These include the restoration of one meander with low flow due<br />
to hydroelectric derivation of the waters, the construction of a fish laden in two small dams, and the<br />
restoration of the riparian corridor. But these “in situ” measures may be insufficient because the actual<br />
river regime (regulated for hydro electrical purposes and with low flows due to agricultural abstractions),<br />
the poor water quality originated from agricultural and urban discharges in the basin (high nutrient content<br />
and risk of chemical pollution) and the abundance of invasive species (Silurus glanis, Dreissena polymorpha)<br />
are the real cause of the degradation of the ecological status of the river. According to the NHP<br />
these disturbances will be increased in the future and therefore “in situ” restoration measures may insufficient<br />
to maintain or increase the river ecological status.<br />
Keywords: River restoration, Riparian forests, Basin management, Ecological status.<br />
Nature is neither a thing nor an accumulation of things. It is neither external<br />
nor internal, it does not surround us, it is not, it cannot be destroyed nor can it<br />
be loved<br />
Prigann H.<br />
Birkhäuser – Publishers for Architecture. Basel.Berlin.Boston<br />
Ecological aesthetics is creating a basis for a shift in perspective. Current problems in the world around us<br />
are seen as creative issues of artistic environmental design. Art and landscape architecture are aiming their<br />
concepts and work at finding productive viewpoints that go beyond prettification or formalistic design.<br />
Based on a vigorous intellectual exchange with research in the humanities and natural sciences, they engage<br />
in a processual dialogue with the laws, materials and forms of nature. This book describes the diverse<br />
aspects of ecological aesthetics from the point of view of artists, landscape architects, scientists, philosophers<br />
and politicians. A special place among the work presented, by over fifty international artists and landscape<br />
architects, takes the landscape art of Herman Prigann, who also initiated this survey. Environmentally<br />
aware landscape design is faced with new problems today. These include the recultivation of derelict<br />
industrial land, redesigning urban areas and restoring river regions, but also dealing with former open-cast<br />
mining areas and devising viable concepts for agriculture and forestry at a time of radical change in these<br />
fields. Current design efforts reach beyond the surface to recreate our cultural landscape fully and effective-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 123<br />
ly. Numerous tendencies in landscape architecture, science and theory have driven research and landscape<br />
transformation for over thirty years. Approaches as different as Art in Nature, Reclamation Art, relational<br />
aesthetics, syntactic landscape design and advanced concepts about art and science working together are<br />
united by a search for dialogue with natural processes. It is their aim to recall the interaction of nature and<br />
culture and to gradually continue this process. The Spanish based German landscape artist Herman Prigann<br />
has developed central categories of ecological aesthetics in his works and concepts: his path, which the<br />
book also follows, leads from metamorphic objects via sculptural places and landscape transformations, in<br />
the Degussa-Hülst chemical park, for example, or the Rheinelbe Sculpture Park, to an integrative landscape<br />
art. Over a hundred projects by artists and landscape architects from the USA, Japan, Germany, Denmark,<br />
France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain and Italy present the broad conceptual repertoire<br />
of an ecological aesthetic whose designs focus on natural processes of growth, destruction and renewal.<br />
They are responding to man's longing for the untouched, his need for identity, orientation and presence,<br />
but also to the necessity for a paradigm shift in art, landscape architecture and environmental design.<br />
Restoring degraded spawning habitats<br />
Pulg U.<br />
Department of Animal Science, section Fish Biology.Technical University of Munich, Germany<br />
There is nearly no river in Central Europe without forms of regulation and habitat degradation. Additionally<br />
land use in these watersheds has changed dramatically within the last centuries causing consequences<br />
like erosion, mobilisation of nutrients and pollutants. Coevally most of the rheophilic and<br />
lithophilic fishes (fishes of streaming waters, gravel bed spawners) are seriously threatened. Degraded<br />
spawning habitats rank among the main reasons for the decline of fish stocks especially in the rivers’<br />
upper parts. This degradation is mainly caused by fine sediments clogging gravel beds and by a lack of<br />
dynamic gravel due to regulations. This study describes how spawning habitats for gravel bed spawning<br />
fishes can be restored. It introduces methods to manage already suspended matter allowing sufficient<br />
spawning grounds to develop. To find the base for these methods the watershed of a regulated river with<br />
degraded and non degraded spawning grounds was mapped and examined. Geologic formations, erosion,<br />
sediment transport, sedimentation, and land use were compared with the river’s sediments andmorphology<br />
via GIS analyses. Sufficient spawning grounds were examined in consideration of sediment quality,<br />
interstice-oxygen, sedimentation, morphology, hydrology and reproduction success. The thus found information<br />
was used to construct artificial spawning grounds mainly by arranging hydraulic conditions<br />
and by gravel management. Then these spawning sites were monitored regarding acceptance by fishes,<br />
spawning success and sediment quality.<br />
Keywords: restoring rivers, gravel bed spawners, land use, river morphology, sediment dynamics<br />
Restoring Wild Landscapes in Cornwall (UK): Cultural Heathland and Wild Forest<br />
landscapes are Sustainable Elements<br />
Putwain P.D 1 , I. Davies 2<br />
1 School of Biological Sciences, Ness Botanic Gardens, Ness, Neston, South Wirral CH64 4AY, UK<br />
2 Imerys Group, Tehidy Centre, St Austell, Cornwall, PL26 7TQ, UK<br />
Wild open expanses of heathland were typical of the historic cultural landscape that once covered over<br />
80,000 hectares of Mid–west and North Cornwall (UK). Pan–European economic changes during the 19th<br />
and 20th centuries devalued the social and economic worth of heathland causing a 90% loss so that only<br />
about 7,000 hectares remains in Cornwall currently. In the Mid-Cornwall region the China Clay industry<br />
involves extraction of kaolin from open-cast pits with consequent surface tipping of waste. The mining industry<br />
was historically a major contributor to the loss and disruption of heathland landscapes. The tipping<br />
remains active in 2005 so that there is an overriding need to re-create a wild open landscape encompassing<br />
the character and biodiversity that previously existed. The China Clay industry, and in particular<br />
Imerys Minerals, have been working with public sector partners since 1997, to restore and re-create a<br />
landscape that has at its core cultural relevance, economic sustainability and ecological viability. The<br />
starting point for the landscape restoration were field experiments, first established in 1976, which tested<br />
a range of heathland restoration techniques and provided protocols for reliable and successful heathland<br />
re-creation. In 1995 the first large scale (50ha) re-creation of heathland on china clay mineral waste was<br />
commenced. A dislocated rural landscape is being progressively restored to heathland (750ha) and wild<br />
wood underpinned by small fields bounded by Cornish hedges at lower elevations. Ultimately the restored<br />
landscape will only be sustainable if it is intrinsically linked to economic activities that support the development<br />
of human recreation, tourism, agricultural niche markets and small-scale forestry products.<br />
Keywords: Heathland, integrated landscape, China clay wastes, social and economic sustainability.
124 Oral Presentations<br />
Small-scale environmental heterogeneity and spatial patterns of seedling<br />
emergence and survival in a mountain environment (Sierra Nevada National<br />
Park, Spain)<br />
Quero J.L. 1 *, R. Zamora 1 , F.T. Maestre 2<br />
1 Dpto. Biología Animal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada.<br />
Spain<br />
2 Department of Biology, Duke University, Phytotron Building, Science Drive, Box 90340, Durham, North Carolina. USA.<br />
Environmental heterogeneity is critical for ecosystem structure and functioning, yet it has barely been<br />
considered when restoring degraded ecosystems in Mediterranean areas. We evaluated the spatial patterns<br />
of emergence and survival of two woody species, Quercus ilex and Sorbus aria, as well as those of<br />
environmental variables, in three landscape units: pioneer shrubland, pine plantations and autochthonous<br />
forest. We quantified spatial patterns using the spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE)<br />
methodology, and used a variation partitioning method to identify environmental variables associated<br />
with seedling survival patterns. Emergence and survival, as well as most environmental variables evaluated,<br />
showed an aggregated pattern in the three landscape units evaluated. Patterns of seedling emergence<br />
and survival were significantly explained by some of the environmental variables evaluated (soil<br />
compaction, light availability and soil moisture). Our findings contribute to the understanding of the<br />
linkages between the spatial heterogeneity of environmental factors and the response of plant populations<br />
in mountain Mediterranean areas, and can be used to optimize their restoration.<br />
Keywords: seedling survival, spatial pattern, environmental variables, mediterranean forest.<br />
“Cities and Oceans of If”<br />
Rahmani A.<br />
24 Roberts Habor Drive, vinalhaven, Maine 04863 USA<br />
Objectives: 1. Using art as a primary restoration science investigative tool. 2. Designing more efficient<br />
overlays with built infrastructure that could revivify former biological hot spots, 3. Creating overlapping<br />
circular wildlife habitat linkages in relation to water, 4. Investigating areas where small linkages and peripheral<br />
edges might be re-established to reinforce pockets of wildlife refuge. 4. Methods: In my ecological<br />
art work, “Cities and Oceans of If", 2000- present, I have studied over a dozen international sites in various<br />
stages of urban decay for their geomorphic relationships to large water bodies and traditional patterns<br />
of indigenous animal and plant migrations. This research and design evolved from studying the<br />
large landscape effects and parameters of a small wetlands restoration on a fishing island in the Gulf of<br />
Maine: “Ghost Nets” 1990-2000. This paper will present theoretical results of this extended work, including<br />
at Bergen Belsen, Germany, Liverpool, England, St. Louis, Missouri; reviewing them as case studies<br />
and discerning rehabilitative relationships between sites. Tools have included historical maps, GIS,<br />
sound art, painting, photography and conventional biological monitoring. Results: Strategies were developed<br />
for long term sustainability even when implementation was delayed. The overarching products of<br />
application of these tools resulted in concrete addresses, from zoning for city planning to experimental<br />
modeling. Conclusion: Speculative science can be driven by the tools of art as art may be driven by environmental<br />
intuition. Art and science parity result in strengthened vision. Provocative questions at the<br />
heart of restoration can be revealed and answered by imaginative teamwork.<br />
Keywords: Art, restoration, urban, wildlife<br />
Mangrove Forest Restoration in Godavari mangroves of Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
Ramasubramanian R., T. Ravishankar<br />
M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, 7-5a-2/1, Gopalakrishna Street, Ramaraopet, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, 533 004<br />
Restoration of degraded mangroves is being carried out in the tropical and subtropical estuaries throughout<br />
the World. M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) and Andhra Pradesh Forest department<br />
have restored the degraded mangroves in the Godavari and Krishna wetlands in Andhra Pradesh, India.<br />
The causes of degradation of mangroves are both anthropogenic and natural. The change in the topography<br />
is an important cause of degradation and the mangroves of this estuary has been restored by digging<br />
shallow canal in the degraded areas and mangrove saplings were planted. This paper deals with the<br />
causes of degradation and the strategy followed in the mangrove restoration.<br />
Keywords: restoration, mangrove, India
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 125<br />
Forest corridors linking species, habitats and people from Atlantic Forest, Brazil<br />
Rambaldi D.M. 1 , R.V. Fernandes 2 , M.A.R. Schmidt 2<br />
1 Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado and Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve, Brazil<br />
2 Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Brazil<br />
Fragmentation is among the major threats to the Atlantic Forest hotspot. In the distribution area of endangered<br />
golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) - the lowland forests of the Rio de Janeiro State -<br />
loss of habitat from 1986 to 2002 reaches an average rate of 1,2% per year. As a result, tamarins are<br />
being isolated in small and unsustainable subpopulations. To avoid the effects from fragmentation and<br />
to establish a minimum viable population of 2.000 wild tamarins, the Golden Lion Tamarin Association is<br />
working on forest restoration and protection. Besides that, the involvement of local governments and<br />
communities are crucial to ensure the long term results. Using an integrated approach of landscape ecology<br />
and flagship species, the habitat connectivity has been restored through the establishment of forest<br />
corridors among isolated fragments. Using native species of trees (n=66), the first corridors were planted<br />
within private lands in 1997 and its use has been documented for tamarins and birds. The corridor currently<br />
being implemented will connect Poço das Antas Reserve - the biggest protected subpopulation of<br />
tamarins (n=260), to the Rio Vermelho Ranch, a private farm that shelters reintroduced tamarins. This<br />
corridor will link 21 patches of forest crossing over 26 cattle ranches, covering a distance of 30 Km, making<br />
available around 3.000 ha of habitat. Forest corridors has been effective linking fragments, providing<br />
dispersion routes and restoring genetic flow, enlarging the effective size of available habitat, involving the<br />
local governments and private landowners in the restoration of the landscape and its biodiversity.<br />
Keywords: Atlantic Forest, golden lion tamarin, landscape ecology, habitat restoration, forest corridors.<br />
Considerations to restore Avicennia germinans stands in the subtropical<br />
semiarid coast of Puerto Rico<br />
Ramírez L.F., E. Otero<br />
Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico. Mayagüez Campus. Puerto Rico. USA<br />
This study examines key factors that modulate the establishment and development of Avicennia germinans<br />
in hypersaline soils to pursue management strategies for its restoration and conservation. The<br />
study was carried out in two sites, a disturbed site called Mar Negro and a control site, Aguirre. Physical,<br />
chemical and biological factors were measured during a year. An estimation of seed production and retention<br />
in different inundation levels were done. A. germinans seedlings were cultivated in three salinity<br />
concentrations to evaluate their tolerance. Plants that survived these treatments were planted in the<br />
study sites and monitored for six months. Salinity in sediments was significantly different between sites<br />
except during the driest and wettest month. Salinity changed from 30 to 165 PSU (particles salinity<br />
units) in Mar Negro and from 16 to 33 PSU in Aguirre. At the control site 0.4 seed/m 2 /year were established<br />
meanwhile, the establishment in Mar Negro was zero. The saplings survivorship was 96% in Mar<br />
Negro and 54% in Aguirre during the wet season. After two months of dry season it diminished to 75%<br />
and 13%, respectively. Factors as inundation and salinity must be controlled and seed production and<br />
recruitment must be improved to guarantee seedlings establishment and plants development. Intensity<br />
and duration of wet and dry seasons have a main role in A. germinans survivorship and growth. A report<br />
of Junonia evarete larvae feeding on A. germinans was made for first time to this location. Larvae herbivory<br />
make plants susceptible to high salinities and inundation levels.<br />
Keywords: Avicennia germinans, herbivory, disturbed mangroves, subtropical semiarid mangrove, Junonia<br />
evarete.<br />
Forest restoration experiences in tropical mountains: a Metanalysis in Mayan<br />
indigenous territories of Chiapas, Mexico<br />
Ramírez-Marcial N. 1 , A. Camacho-Cruz 2 , M. González-Espinosa 1 , J.M. Rey-Benayas 3<br />
1 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chiapas, México<br />
2 Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España<br />
3 Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, España<br />
The highly divese tropical mountain forests of southern Mexico (>500 tree species in areas >1500 m elevation)<br />
have been severely fragmented and floristically impoverished due to landuse changes caused by<br />
Mayan peasants over the last 40 years (coffee plantations, shifting agriculture, new human settlements).<br />
Natural regeneration processes from the remaining stands may be limited because of scarcity of reproductive<br />
trees, fruits, and seeds of most species, along with drastic changes of the regeneration habitats.
126 Oral Presentations<br />
We propose a development strategy aimed to maintain (even increasing) the extent of forest fragments<br />
within a matrix of deforested habitats. We have learned how to propagate 135 native tree species in nurseries<br />
operated under rustic and low-cost conditions, and have monitored over the last decade the performance<br />
of 16,484 young individuals of 60 species planted in more than 70 plots. Autoecological studies<br />
allowed us to propose four functional groups: conifers (eight species), oak species (11), shade-intolerant<br />
broad-leaved trees (20), and shade-tolerant broad-leaved trees (21). Tolerance to shade conditions, which<br />
interacts with soil water availiability and other factors, appears as the main driver of plant survival and<br />
growth along evapotranspiration gradients. Our results reflect the widespread operation of local ecological<br />
processes such as facilitation and tolerance. We propose that a model of the regional dynamics of the<br />
landscape matrix may attempt, drawing on establishing diversified local plantations that could enhance<br />
natural regeneration processes, the reconciliation of forest conservation with traditional and commercial<br />
use of forests by the indigenous communities.<br />
Keywords: Native trees, plant functional groups, shade tolerance, Tropical Montane Forest.<br />
Comparison of selected exampled of dry reservoirs in France and Poland.<br />
Influence of design choices on mitigation efficiency, river ecosystem and<br />
landscape<br />
Ratomski J. 1 , A. Lenar-Matyas 1 , C. Poulard 2 , J.F Perrin 2<br />
1 Cracow University of Technology, Poland<br />
2 Hydrology-Hydraulics Research Unit, Cemagref, Lyon, France<br />
Engineer activity in a river bed should be a part of a general management project of the whole catchment.<br />
Technical solutions have been designed to re-create natural functions in artificial reaches, such as irregular<br />
cross-sections with pools and rifles, varied bank slopes and roughness. The topic of this paper is to transfer<br />
this experience to dry reservoir design: we characterized effects of existing dry reservoirs on aquatic habitats<br />
and propose means to alleviate them. In the first part, we describe examples of dry reservoirs in France and<br />
in Poland. They range from 5000 m3 to several million m3, and were built from a few years to one century<br />
ago. These mitigation structures, with an open culvert through the dam, are expected to maintain the ecological<br />
river corridor and flow pattern. Their effectiveness and the possible impacts on the habitats are presented.<br />
In particular, the culvert is an artificial stretch, and depending on its shape and the water depth it<br />
can hinder or not animal migrations. In a second part, means to alleviate the negative effects are discussed.<br />
In particular, the influence of the inlet geometry and resulting velocity in the culvert are discussed for both<br />
floods and normal flows. The visual impact must not be forgotten, and some suggestions are proposed. The<br />
possible adaptation of dry reservoirs to maintain a permanent small water body seems a good idea but is not<br />
easy to achieve. Dry reservoirs have proven their efficiency for flood mitigation, and a few precautions could<br />
make them almost harmless to the river ecosystem – which is not always the case in the examples studied.<br />
Keywords: Dry reservoirs, main channel continuity, flood mitigation, catchment integrated management<br />
Forest Landscape Restoration in Mediterranean forests: Case studies from<br />
biodiversity valuable forest landscapes in Western Mediterranean<br />
Regato P. 1 , L. Silva 1 , A. Aghnaj 1 , A. Dia 1 , N. Berrahmouni 1 , J. Reves 2 , M. Cortegano 2<br />
1 Foret Unit. WWF Mediterranean Programme Office. Rome<br />
2 Environmental Department. Association for Mértola Heritage Protection (ADPM). Portugal.<br />
The joint WWF/IUCN Forest landscape restoration (FLR) concept aims to restore forests within functional<br />
conservation landscapes, in order to secure the environmental stability and viability of the natural systems<br />
and the socio-economic benefits they produce under a sustainable rural development scheme. WWF, in<br />
partnership with governmental institutions, land owners, land users (local community groups), NGOs, research<br />
groups and intergovernmental organisations, is developing pilot FLR initiatives to prevent and reverse<br />
the current trend of biodiversity loss and degradation in priority forest landscapes of south-western<br />
Mediterranean countries (Southern Portugal mountains; The Rif and the Middle Atlas mountains in Morocco).<br />
WWF is embarked in a multi-stakeholder process to get endorsement from governments for adopting<br />
FLR as a policy and operational instrument to support forest protection and sustainable management, and<br />
to create appropriate mechanisms for allowing effective participation of all concerned parties in decisionmaking,<br />
planning and implementing FLR. A network of pilot restoration initiatives and actors to share<br />
know-how and strengthen north-south collaboration is being created.<br />
Keywords: Forest landscape, Mediterranean region, ecological restoration, spatial planning, public participation,<br />
policy instruments, trade-off mechanisms.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 127<br />
Sustainable Approach to Environmental Sanitation: Dry Ecological Toilets in<br />
Nepal<br />
Regmi M.R.<br />
Department of Water Supply and Sewerage. Postal address: Post Office Box: 4836. Kathmandu, Nepal<br />
Justifiable and reasonable use of water resources is the call of the day. Drinking water is a serious concern<br />
for the people. While many countries in the world are facing chronic shortage of water, waterborne sanitation<br />
has become an unrealistic option. Use of water for flushing excreta is not only a senseless matter but<br />
also a crime, because 40% of the World's population is deprived of the drinking water facility whereas the<br />
urban population use excessive quantity of water to flush the excreta. Existing inadequate sewerage system<br />
and direct disposal of household waste into the watercourses has tremendously multiplied the water pollution.<br />
This will continue further if the needful is not done immediately. Eco-Toilets are feasible in the rural<br />
and peri- urban areas to reduce the consumption of costlier water that is required for flushing. As the conventional<br />
treatment technologies require high investment and operation and maintenance cost, the Eco- toilets<br />
that can be dealt with limited financial resources are the only suitable option left for sanitation for the<br />
21 st century.Our preference should be sustainable, ecological on site systems based on local materials and<br />
appropriate technology. To reduce the environmental degradation and overcome this problem, Eco toilet is<br />
only the realistic option in the context of Nepal. This work has used appropriate technology and studied<br />
their performances in the context of Nepal with full involvement of local people. Two Lab scale reactors, one<br />
exposed to sunrays and the other without sunrays were constructed to replicate the vault to collect the faeces.<br />
In sunrays model, it was found that in 48 days of observation the faecal coliform presence depleted to<br />
610 cells per gm from the initial value of 7×10E10 and the volatile organic matter came down to 70.18%<br />
from 98.09 %. Similarly, in the other model the destruction of faecal coliform in 65 days was found to be<br />
920 cells /gm while the destruction of organic matter took 75 days. The faeces got decomposed in one and a<br />
half month's period compared to the general case of 3 to 4 months. Also from the observation on 313 people<br />
of a cluster of the pilot project; annually recovered value of N, P and K was found to be 1565 kg, 125 Kg,<br />
344 Kg, respectively. The research work, thus found the dry Ecological toilet to have a clear advantage over<br />
the traditional water borne sanitation. This paper presents an in-depth review of present scenario of efficient<br />
water demand management of Kathmandu, the performance evaluation of the Waste Water Treatment<br />
Plants as Stabilization ponds, and Oxidation Ditch of the Kathmandu valley of Nepal; similarly this paper<br />
deals with the different types of Dry ecological toilets, their performances and feasibility study in the context<br />
of Nepal, based on complete laboratory analysis and the regular monitoring. The result advocates the implementation<br />
of ecological toilets to save the valuable water wasted in flushing as well as the resources used to<br />
treat the waste.<br />
Keywords Ecological Sanitation; Ecological Toilet, Excreta Reuse, Sustainable Sanitation.<br />
Is biomanipulation an alternative for restoring the eutrophic Laguna Alalay?<br />
Rejas D., R. Ayala, F. Acosta, H. Muñoz, M. Maldonado<br />
Unidad de Limnología y Recursos Acuáticos, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, P.O. box 471, Cochabamba, Bolivia<br />
Laguna Alalay is an urban shallow lake in the city of Cochabamba (Bolivia). Despite actions taken in<br />
order to improve lake water quality (sediment dredging and construction of a sewage system) Laguna<br />
Alalay is still eutrophic and shows a turbid-water state. Our study aimed at determining i) the factors<br />
controlling phytoplankton densities and ii) whether biomanipulation may potentially cause a shift to a<br />
clear-water state. We carried out nutrient-deletion and fractionation experiments (monthly during one<br />
year) to test for nutrient limitation and zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton, respectively; and one enclosure<br />
experiment to test for the effect of zooplanktonic fish on the planktonic community. Our results<br />
show that N is the main limiting nutrient for phytoplanktonic growth all year round, with P being often<br />
co-limiting. Zooplankton grazing had no effect on phytoplankton densities except in one case, when<br />
cladocerans were more abundant. The zooplankton community structured in the absence of zooplanktivorous<br />
fish reduced significantly phytoplankton suggesting that the trophic cascade effects of fish exclusion<br />
may result in higher lake water transparency and a shift to the clear-water state.<br />
Keywords: Urban lake, eutrophic, biomanipulation, zooplankton, phytoplankton.
128 Oral Presentations<br />
Natural restoration of degraded hillyland ecosystem in Southern China<br />
Ren H.<br />
South China Institute of Botany, CAS, Guangzhou, China<br />
We examined 20-year trend of natural restoration of a degraded hillyland ecosystem in Southern China.<br />
The results showed hillyland community was in low-grade level dominated by herbaceous and arbuscular<br />
plants, although some trees had invaded in 1997. The available phosphorus in the degraded hillyland<br />
had reached the available phosphorus content of zonal vegetation, the monsoon evergreen broad leaved<br />
forest, and the organic matter and available potassium was near to the level of zonal vegetation, but the<br />
hydrolysable nitrogen yet need a long time to restore. Compared with climax, only available phosphorus<br />
was near to the level of monsoon evergreen broad leaf forest in Dinghushan in 1995; Some ecologic function<br />
had been restored, among which earliest function restored was water and soil conservation in 1993-<br />
1996, and other functions still need more time; For the normal regressive system, such as the Heshan<br />
degraded hillyland, water and soil erosion could rapidly reached the level of dominant community, the<br />
other functions of ecosystem were difficult to restore in short time by natural restoration, furthermore,<br />
soil fertility could be restored 20 years later by natural restoration, and the restoration of degraded hillyland<br />
ecosystem could be accelerated by constructing suitable artificial forest ecosystems.<br />
Keywords: degraded hillyland, natural restoration, heat balance, surface runoff, water and soil erosion,<br />
soil fertility<br />
Reforestation of Mediterranean abandoned cropland with contrasting Quercus<br />
species<br />
Rey Benayas J.M., J. Navarro<br />
Dpto. de Ecología. Universidad de Alcalá. Spain<br />
In abandoned Mediterranean croplands, establishment and growth of woody plants are limited by high<br />
radiation and low water availability during summer, and weeds are strong competitors for resources. We<br />
conducted a 3-year experiment in central Spain to study the response of three Quercus species (Q. coccifera,<br />
Q. ilex and Q. faginea) that differ in their habitat requirements under four treatment field conditions<br />
resulting from the combination of full-light vs artificial shading and weed presence vs weed mowing.<br />
We measured seedling survival, resprouting capability and growth, weed production, microclimate<br />
(PAR, air temperature, soil water evaporation, and effective precipitation), and soil moisture. Shading and<br />
weeds reduced PAR reaching the seedlings and soil water evaporation. Shading and mowing increased<br />
soil moisture. We found a clear positive synergic effect of shading and mowing on seedling performance.<br />
Weed competition limited seedling survival in all species more than high radiation, whereas the relative<br />
importance of these factors in limiting growth depended on the growth measure and species. As hypothesised,<br />
the effects of stress release on plot cover were most noticeable in Q. faginea –the most mesic<br />
species- and least in Q. coccifera –the most xerophytic species. The release of weed competition allowed<br />
Q. ilex seedlings to invest resources in above-ground and, apparently, in below- ground growth. Shading<br />
increased simultaneous growth in diameter and volume only for Q. faginea. It is important that planted<br />
Quercus seedlings in abandoned Mediterranean cropland take advantage of a low competitive environment<br />
from weeds during the period before the first dry season.<br />
Keywords: Evaporation; relative growth rate; soil moisture; weed competition.<br />
Constraints on the Colonization of Limestone Quarry Floors by Alvar Vegetation<br />
Richardson P.J., D.W. Larson<br />
Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA N1G 2W1<br />
A seed-addition experiment was conducted at four abandoned limestone quarries in Ontario, Canada, to<br />
better understand forces controlling the colonization of quarry floors by vegetation from rare, species-rich<br />
limestone pavement ecosystems called alvars. Natural succession on abandoned quarry floors can sometimes<br />
follow an alvar trajectory, and alvars may therefore serve as useful reference systems in quarry<br />
restoration. Preliminary comparisons of biophysical features on alvars and quarry floors suggest that establishment<br />
of alvar species at quarries may be limited by immigration barriers, substrate deficiencies,<br />
and competition with quarry residents. To investigate the effects of these potential constraints, 216 quarry<br />
plots were seeded with grass and forb species under six treatments, and the richness and abundance<br />
of established alvar species were measured to estimate colonization success. After one growing season it<br />
was found that untreated plots performed similarly when seeded with either common quarry weeds or<br />
alvar natives, indicating that seed limitation does constrain quarry colonization by alvar species. Alvar-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 129<br />
seeded plots performed better when pre-treated with either herbicide or sand and peat moss than when<br />
left untreated, indicating that both competition with quarry residents and substrate composition limit<br />
colonization success. Alvar species establishment was neither improved by nitrogen addition nor diminished<br />
by seed-addition of potential competitors, indicating that the quarry substrate is not nitrogen deficient,<br />
and competition with within-cohort quarry weeds is less important than competition with established<br />
quarry residents. The observed establishment of alvar species following minimal site alteration<br />
supports that alvars may be valuable reference systems for quarry restoration.<br />
Keywords: Quarry rehabilitation, limestone pavement, seed limitation, substrate limitation, competition<br />
Combining water storage and nature development Sediment dynamics and<br />
–quality in the Beerze brook valley, The Netherlands<br />
Riksen M. 1 , F. Sival 2<br />
1 Erosion Soil and Water conservation Group, Building 500, de Nieuwlanden, Nieuwe Kanaal 11, 6709 PA Wageningen,<br />
P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands<br />
2 Alterra, Dept. Water and Climate, The Netherland<br />
Surface water storage is seen as an important measure to deal with peak discharge problems in streams<br />
and drought stress. However space is limited in the densely populated Netherlands. Therefore emphasis<br />
is laid on combining water storage with other land use functions such as nature. This paper focuses on<br />
the influence of controlled flooding on soil properties in a recently developed water storage and nature<br />
development area along the brook ‘De Beerze’ in the Netherlands. During the winter season parts of the<br />
area are flooded for 100 to 130 days. In the winter season of 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 sedimentation<br />
was measured using sediment traps along transects straight on the stream. To compare the composition<br />
of the sediment with the soil, soil samples were taken of the rooting zone (15 cm) under each sediment<br />
trap. The sediment and soil samples were analyzed on grain size, nutrients and heavy metals. The first<br />
results showed, relatively high sedimentation rates compared to natural flooding systems, varying from<br />
0.18 kg/m 2 far from the stream to 45.44 kg/m 2 close to the stream. Organic matter and nutrient content<br />
in the sediment close to the stream (OM 0.6%, N-tot 0.25 g kg -1 and P-tot 0.23 g kg -1 ) was in all cases<br />
lower than found in the soil (OM 3.5%, N-tot 0.74 g kg -1 and P-tot 0.31 g kg -1 ). After a few meter from the<br />
stream the organic matter and nutrient content in the sediment (at 10 m from the stream: OM 12.9%, N-<br />
tot 6.81 g kg -1 and P-tot 2.49 g kg -1 ) exceeded the content in the soil (at 10 m from the stream: OM %, N-<br />
tot 1.75 g kg -1 and P-tot 0.43 g kg -1 ). The heavy metals showed the same trend. At this moment the sediment<br />
measurement of the flooding season 2004/2005 still need to be processed. We expect to find a<br />
same pattern for the sedimentation rate and composition as shown in the first year. For the long term<br />
this means that the conditions within the first few meters of the stream turn into a more nutrient poor<br />
environment and eutrophication in the rest of the flood plain.<br />
Keywords: Water storage, Sedimentation, Nature development<br />
Twenty Acres Down and Two Hundred Thousand Acres To Go: Large-scale<br />
Restoration of Degraded Agricultural Lands in the San Joaquin Valley<br />
(California)<br />
Ritter N.P. 1 , A.J. Howard 1 , K.D. Lair 2 , C.E. Uptain 1<br />
1 C.S.U. Stanislaus, Endangered Species Recovery Program, Fresno, CA<br />
2 USDI Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO<br />
California’s San Joaquin Valley represents the region with the greatest number of threatened and endangered<br />
species in the United States (excluding Hawaii). This condition is due, at least in part, to the widespread<br />
conversion of the original habitats to agriculture and urban development. The western San<br />
Joaquin Valley is generally ill-suited for agriculture, as the lands are characterized by high groundwater,<br />
poor drainage, and high concentrations of heavy metals and salts. Hence, a significant portion of the<br />
area’s agricultural land has been targeted for retirement. Currently, approximately 70,000 acres have<br />
been retired, with an additional 130,000 acres targeted for future retirement. Since 1998, we have been<br />
conducting a pilot project (ca. 2000 acres) in which we have been monitoring the impacts of land retirement<br />
on the biota. Increasingly, our research has focused on developing approaches to effectuate the<br />
large-scale re-conversion of these lands to native-dominated communities. Restoration in the study area<br />
has been problematic, as the site is characterized by poor soil conditions (e.g., high salinity, elevated nutrient<br />
levels from long-term agriculture), limited rainfall (ca. 25 cm./year), and a depauperate native seed<br />
bank. Additional challenges have come from the surrounding retired lands, which have proven to be an<br />
overwhelming source of plant and insect pests. Nevertheless, some areas have been successfully restored
130 Oral Presentations<br />
to native habitat, although not yet in a manner that would approximate historical conditions. Ongoing<br />
research is particularly focused on seed-delivery methods and various forms of weed control. Initial results<br />
from trials using pre-emergent herbicides in conjunction with mechanisms designed to minimize<br />
the impacts of these herbicides on native species have been particularly promising.<br />
Keywords: arid lands, agriculture, restoration, endangered species<br />
“Defining spatial and temporal sampling strategies for river depth”<br />
Rivas-Casado M. 1 , S. White 1 , I. Maddock 2 , M. Dunbar 3<br />
1 Institute of Water and Environment. Cranfield University at Silsoe, Silsoe, UK<br />
2 Department of Applied Sciences, Geography and Archeology. University College Worcester. Worcester, UK<br />
3 Centre for Ecology and hydrology at Wallingford. Wallingford. UK<br />
Detailed hydromorphological surveys are often carried out to describe physical habitat characteristics for<br />
hydro-ecological investigations and to appraise river restoration projects. Fieldwork for these surveys is<br />
time consuming and expensive, yet little work has examined the most suitable sampling strategy for field<br />
data collection, or evaluated which parts of the stream are the most sensitive to changes in flow. This<br />
study aimed to assess the accuracy of three different sampling strategies (i.e. regular transects, random<br />
grids and stratified grids) for predicting depth at non-measured points, and to identify which mesohabitats<br />
and flow types better characterise depth changes due to variations in flow. Depth, mesohabitat and<br />
surface flow type measurements were collected at 2583 points for two different flows (Q=0.517m 3 /s and<br />
Q=0.344 m 3 /s) on the Leigh Brook, Worcestershire, UK. Geostatistical techniques were applied to predict<br />
depth values at non-measured points for each flow and for each sampling strategy. Eight different indicators<br />
(variogram, mean squared error, mean error, R-squared, residual plots, frequency distributions,<br />
cross-sections, mapping resolution, standard error maps) have been analysed to identify the differences<br />
between sampling strategies. The results show that depth changes due to flow changes are mainly located<br />
at shallow and deep glides habitat types. The analysis for the comparison of sampling strategies indicates<br />
that grid sampling strategies, either random or stratified, give better results than regular transects.<br />
Since the results also show that higher errors in predictions are obtained in deepest areas (pools-deep<br />
glides), higher sampling densities should be applied in these locations.<br />
Keywords: depth, hydromorphological sampling strategy, geostatistics.<br />
The consideration of environmental and ecological criteria in planning and<br />
design of land restoration in mining projects. The case of Las Cruces Mining<br />
Project<br />
Rodríguez J.J. 1 , O. Marchena 2 , P. Cosmen 3<br />
1 AIAconsult. Análisis e Información Ambiental, S.L. Madrid. Spain<br />
2 EGMASA. Sevilla. Spain<br />
3 Cobre Las Cruces S.A. Sevilla. Spain<br />
The Las Cruces Mining Project consists on a high-grade copper deposit, located in the municipalities of<br />
Gerena, Guillena and Salteras (Seville, Spain), that will be mined as an open pit mine and copper cathode<br />
will be produced on site using an hydrometallurgical process. Environmental concerns have been integrated<br />
from the beginning into the planning and decision process on mining project. The Restoration<br />
Plan has been prepared taking into account environmental and landscape planning concerns and limitations,<br />
and ecological criteria have been incorporated, whenever possible, into restoration design of mining<br />
areas. The Mining Project has included some design measures to help progressive rehabilitation (zoning<br />
and land-surfaces configuration with landscape criteria, natural topography recreation, topsoil management).<br />
Rehabilitation approach has been adapted to the future mining areas and the conservation and<br />
protection values of the natural environment. The weight of ecological criteria considered in restoration<br />
design is variable depending on the ecosystems to be reconstructed or rehabilitated (streams, mediterranean<br />
forest, agro-steppe). The Restoration Project of fluvial-stream and forest ecosystems is focused on<br />
hydrological correction, topsoil restoration and afforestation by means of natural vegetation, which is almost<br />
extinct because of traditional and intensive agricultural land uses.<br />
Keywords: restoration planning, mining projects, habitat reconstruction
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 131<br />
Restoring 42 urban areas of concern in the Laurentian Great Lakes<br />
Rodriguez K.<br />
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois, USA<br />
Laurentian Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs) are defined by the U.S.-Canada Great Lakes Water<br />
Quality Agreement as “geographic areas that fail to meet the general or specific objectives of the agreement<br />
where such failure has caused or is likely to cause impairment of beneficial use of the area's ability<br />
to support aquatic life.” The U.S. and Canadian governments have identified 43 such areas (one has been<br />
restored) primarily in the urban centers. These are locations where significant environmental degradation<br />
is likely to cause continuing impacts to the Great Lakes, twenty percent of the world’s fresh surface<br />
water. The Agreement directs the two federal governments to cooperate with state and provincial governments<br />
to restore each AOC. Three beneficial use impairments—degraded fish and wildlife populations,<br />
loss of fish and wildlife habitat, and degradation of benthos—pose problems for restorationists because<br />
the chemical, physical and biological impairments have accumulated over more than a century in heavily<br />
populated and industrialized areas. In order to carry out restoration consistently across all AOCs, we<br />
used the Society for Ecological Restoration International’s Primer to lay out a pathway to develop goals,<br />
site specific targets and project designs. This paper will describe AOC restoration-related problems, outline<br />
the restoration pathway, and give examples of how that pathway is being implemented at specific<br />
AOCs.<br />
Keywords: Laurentian Great Lakes, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, International Joint Commission,<br />
Areas of Concern, urban restoration, beneficial use impairments.<br />
Native legumes and Bradyrhizobium species – essential partners in revegetation<br />
programs<br />
Rodríguez-Echeverría S. 1,2 , M.A. Pérez-Fernández<br />
1 Ecology Area. Faculty of Science. University of Extremadura. 06071. Badajoz. Spain<br />
2 IMAR. Department of Botany. University of Coimbra. 3000. Coimbra. Portugal<br />
Mutualistic associations between plants and soil microorganisms are essential for plant survival and<br />
growth in most terrestrial ecosystems. In particular, the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia is one<br />
of the most ubiquitous interactions and the most important natural route to introduce reduced nitrogen<br />
into the biosphere. The restoration of heavily disturbed habitats will be facilitated and accelerated by the<br />
re-introduction of both plants and their mutualists. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation<br />
with native Bradyrhizobium strains on the growth of six Iberian shrubby legumes in natural<br />
soils from central western Spain. Shrubby legumes were selected because they are key components of<br />
natural Mediterranean ecosystems and good candidates for revegetation programs. They exhibit a relatively<br />
high growth rate, high drought tolerance and ability to perform in soils with extreme values of pH.<br />
Plants were grown in non-treated soils and in soils from which soil microorganisms were removed, and<br />
with or without rhizobia inoculation. Plant growth was hindered by the lack of soil microorganims, and<br />
inoculation with native rhizobia significantly enhanced plant growth. We conclude that the inoculation of<br />
seedlings before transplanting into the field provides a good way to re-introduce native rhizobial strains<br />
in the disturbed soils and to enhance plant survival. The results highlight the importance of positive interactions<br />
with soil microorganisms for plant growth and advise the use of native organisms as inoculants<br />
in revegetation strategies.<br />
Keywords: Cytisus, Genista, Retama, Mediterranean ecosystems, biological nitrogen fixation.<br />
Methodology for the Rehabilitation of areas degraded in the location Fat Tip<br />
Rodríguez X.S.<br />
Ernesto Che Guevara. Moa. Holguín. Cuba<br />
The present work titled Methodology for the Rehabilitation of areas degraded in the location Fat Tip has<br />
as main objective to rehabilitate the areas affected by the mining activity, leaving of the analysis of the<br />
influence of the actions that affect the natural means. During the development she/he is carried out the<br />
description of the environment and of the project of Exploitation, identifying the actions that produce impacts<br />
on the environment, as well as the measures of prevention and mitigation of the same ones; the<br />
basic approaches of the recovery works settle down in the affected areas, describing the technical preparation<br />
of the land and their biological rehabilitation, including among other the selection of the species;<br />
the environmental impact is determined that will produce the methodology of proposed rehabilitation, as<br />
well as the evaluation of the environmental impacts that you/they take place and the socioeconomic
132 Oral Presentations<br />
evaluation of these works, also settling down the pursuit measures and environmental control in the<br />
closing stage and abandonment.<br />
Keywords: rehabilitation, mining, evaluation.<br />
The re-creation of species-rich wetlands on former arable land: the roles of long<br />
term phosphorus fertilisation and phosphorus species<br />
Roelofs J.G.M. 1,2 , E.C.H.E.T. Lucassen 1 , A.J.P. Smolders 2<br />
1 Department of Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology. Radboud University Nijmegen. Nijmegen. The Netherlands<br />
2 B-WARE Research Centre. Radboud University Nijmegen. Nijmegen. The Netherlands<br />
The re-creation of wetlands in former agricultural areas in Western Europe often results in strong eutrophication<br />
and development of an explosively growing, species-poor vegetation type (mainly Juncus effusus,<br />
Glyceria fluitans and lemnids). In some cases, however, a species-rich vegetation type establishes<br />
within a few years. Field investigations indicated that soils of the first type appeared to be non-calcareous<br />
with phosphorus mainly bound to iron(hydroxide)-complexes. As a result, the drop in the redox potential<br />
following rewetting leads to iron reduction and concomitant mobilisation of high amounts of phosphate<br />
in the soil. For the second type, the soils were more or less calcareous and phosphorus was mainly<br />
bound as calcium-phosphates (probably as apatite). As calcium-phosphates are not influenced by a low<br />
redox potential, phosphate remained immobilised following rewetting. Field and laboratory experiments<br />
indicated that on phosphorus saturated, non-calcareous soils, biodiverse wetlands can only be succesfully<br />
restored after the removal of the phosphorus saturated topsoil and/or by the addition of lime.<br />
Keywords: arable land, eutrophication, phosphorus species, restoration, wetlands.<br />
An adaptive management approach to restoration of urban vegetation<br />
Rokich D.P., K.W. Dixon<br />
Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Perth, WA, Australia<br />
Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority (BGPA) in Western Australia has custodianship of significant urban<br />
vegetation in the Perth metropolitan area: Kings Park (267ha) and Bold Park (437ha). These remnants<br />
have been subjected to land-use pressures and disturbance phenomena that have led to their severe<br />
degradation: frequent fires, recreational activities and weed invasion. Consequently, they are undergoing<br />
restoration via a number of research programs encompassed in a larger project examining restoration protocols<br />
for urban vegetation in Western Australia. To devise appropriate prescriptions for restoration, and to<br />
enable timely application of practical research outcomes, the BGPA has adopted an “integrated research”<br />
and “adaptive management” approach involving intimate links between BGPA science disciplines (weed<br />
ecology, seed/propagation science, conservation genetics, germplasm storage, restoration ecology), and operations<br />
staff; as well as industry, community groups, and government agencies. To highlight an example,<br />
BGPA’s science team is now guiding management to enable ‘good practice’ restoration of Bold Park. The<br />
Bold Park ‘Environmental Management Plan’ commits BGPA to restoration of this degraded Park - currently<br />
representing one of the most significant and challenging urban restoration projects being undertaken<br />
in Australia. To facilitate the project, several areas of intensive research were highlighted as pivotal to<br />
restoration success. As such, the Bold Park restoration research program involves integration of BGPA’s<br />
science disciplines and strong links between science, managers, operations, community groups and stakeholders,<br />
with the expected outcome being restoration of Bold Park to a more diverse and healthy ecosystem.<br />
This presentation will provide an overview of project results to date.<br />
Keywords: Urban remnant vegetation, restoration, adaptive management, integrated research.<br />
Restoring ecological connectivity after the impact of transportation<br />
infrastructures<br />
Rosell C. 1,2<br />
1 Minuartia, Estudis Ambientals. Ptge. Domènech, 3. 08470 Sant Celoni (Barcelona)<br />
2 Facultat de Biología Animal. Universitat de Barcelona. Avda Diagnonal, 645. 08028 Barcelona<br />
Habitat fragmentation is one of the most outstanding impacts of transport networks in the landscapes<br />
and it has been identified as the main cause of biodiversity loss in Europe. Loss, disturbance and pollution<br />
of wildlife habitats, fauna casualties and dispersal of exotic species are some of the ecological effects<br />
of roads and railways, but their barrier effect, that difficult the wildlife movements across the landscape,
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 133<br />
is a major threat for the long term conservation of wildlife populations. First step for minimising these<br />
impacts, and the basis for the restoration of ecological connectivity, is the identification of the habitats<br />
which concentrate a high biodiversity, and the ecological corridors which allow the dispersal of individuals,<br />
the exchange between different nucleus of metapopulations and the accessibility to all resources<br />
(food, refuge, etc.) needed for the long term conservation of healthy populations. Between the measures<br />
that must be considered we highlight the importance of the route design, that must avoid the fragmentation<br />
of key habitats and ecological corridors. A second step is the construction of wildlife crossing structures<br />
such as big landscape bridges and fauna passages. Monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness<br />
of these structures have provided a good knowledge of the requirements of different species and the information<br />
collected all around Europe have been compiled in the handbook COST 341.Wildlife and Traffic.<br />
A European Handbook for identifying conflicts and designing solutions. Location, dimensions, and conditioning<br />
of the entrances of wildlife crossings are key points for guarantying their effectiveness. At<br />
present, the challenge is to achieve the awareness of decision makers and professionals involved in the<br />
design and construction of transport infrastructures and promoting the best practices for the avoidance<br />
of habitat fragmentation and the restoration of ecological connectivity.<br />
Keywords: Habitat fragmentation, transport infrastructures, restoration, ecological connectivity.<br />
Restoration trial with Austrocedrus chilensis (Cupressaceae) in Patagonia,<br />
Argentina<br />
Rovere A.R.<br />
Laboratorio Ecotono, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina<br />
The aim of this study was to carry out a restoration trial on approximately 5 hectares of hillside originally<br />
covered in pure A. chilensis forest, located near the Nahuel Huapi National Park. The entire area had been<br />
burnt and then illegally felled. Its recovery is important, particularly due to its location, in order to halt<br />
soil erosion and protect the basins. Various sectors are taking part in the study: (a) the private sector, represented<br />
by a company providing the study area; (b) the government, represented by Servicio Forestal de<br />
la Provincia de Río Negro (Río Negro Province Forest Service) supplying plants and logistic support; and (c)<br />
Universidad Nacional del Comahue, designing and monitoring the trial and organizing activities for environmental<br />
education in the local community. Firstly, vegetation cover, natural regeneration of A. chilensis<br />
and percentage of bare soil were assessed. During winter 2004, 3000 trees were planted. Results show<br />
that 4 years after the fire, shrub cover is high (54%) and the site has 50% bare soil. Although natural regeneration<br />
of A. chilensis has been low (< 1 sapling / hectare), preliminary results indicate that survival is<br />
related to the presence of shrubs and herbs, which facilitate its re-establishment.<br />
Keywords: Temperate Patagonian-Andes forests, Restoration, Fire / felling.<br />
Long term studies in restoration ecology of heathlands and sand dunes in<br />
Brittany<br />
Rozé F.<br />
UMR. Ecobio. Université de Rennes<br />
The managers (<strong>ON</strong>F, CG, DRAC) ask us about restoration after trampling or introduction of exogen<br />
species on heathlands and littoral sand dunes. The monitoring studies from 15 years show the ecological<br />
conditions of restoration in the two cases but the actual challenge is to propose a durable way of management<br />
including the perturbations like trampling or grazing. The evaluation of ecosystem resistance<br />
and resilience of the vegetation in front of perturbation is an important stage. The landscape role is very<br />
important, in terms of transfer of species, of seed bank, and other functioning elements. We transfer to<br />
the manager an evaluation of the tolerance for each perturbation and indicators for their own evaluation.<br />
The long term monitoring is necessary because the restoration could be long and after we must survey<br />
the changes, only fluctuations are allowed. The difficulty in terms of immediate scientific “rentability”<br />
of long term studies must be confront to restoration ecology goals.<br />
I think it is easy to find supports for this research from managers of habitats, but it is difficult to have<br />
scientific people, our scientific instancy (CNRS) do not integrate our difficulties.
134 Oral Presentations<br />
Impact of flooding on the productivity of the vegetation<br />
Runhaar J., P.C. Jansen, F.P. Sival<br />
Dept. Water and Climate, Alterra, Wageningen (the Netherlands)<br />
Changes in climate and increased problems with flooding of downstream (often urban) areas have led to<br />
the perception that retention of water in upstream areas is needed in the Netherlands. Restoration of the<br />
natural flooding regime in upstream areas might be useful to increase both the water retention capacity<br />
and the nature value. However, it is uncertain what the effects of increased flooding will be on nature<br />
conservation areas, because the surface-water quality is often very poor. To investigate the impact of<br />
flooding on the productivity and species composition of nature conservation areas five sites along small<br />
rivers in the Netherlands were studied that are regularly flooded with surface water and have a similar<br />
vegetation management (they are used as hay meadows). Soil and vegetation were sampled and analysed<br />
in a transect perpendicular to the river. The results show that flooding intensity and surface water quality<br />
have little influence on the productivity and species richness of the vegetation. Species-rich hay-meadows<br />
(Molinion-vegetations) and sedge-vegetations (Magno-Caricion) can exist in places that are regularly<br />
flooded with nutrient-rich water. The results suggest that sedimentation and the input of nutrients with<br />
sediment are the decisive factor in regulating the productivity of the vegetation. The most productive vegetations<br />
are found in places closest to the river, with a high amount of clay and a high amount of heavy<br />
metals, indicative for recent sedimentation. Probably because of the high input with sediment phosphorous<br />
is not limiting in the floodplain areas investigated.<br />
Keywords: flooding, productivity, vegetation, small rivers.<br />
Mangrove Abundance, Diversity and Restoration in Dege Ecosystem<br />
Sallema A.E. 1<br />
1 Department of Zoology and Marine Biology. UDSM. Dar es Salaam.Tanzania.<br />
A study to restore and diversify mangrove species was carried out in Dege mangrove ecosystem, south of<br />
Dar es Salaam. Three sites 1, 2 and 3 with different levels of degradation were selected. Ten seedlings<br />
each of three species of mangrove were transplanted in eight rows in each of the three sites. The survival,<br />
health status and growth rates of all seedlings were assessed over a period of fifteen weeks. Mangrove diversity<br />
and abundance of all tree, saplings and seedlings of each mangrove species were determined in<br />
eight plots in each site. As an indication of degradation, all stumps in each plot were counted and measured.<br />
Abiotic factors were also measured in each plot. Results indicate that, mangrove species diversity<br />
and basal area were higher in site 2 compared to site 1 attributed to variations in cutting pressure and<br />
substrate organic matter. One of the three mangrove seedlings showed faster growth rate than others in<br />
all sites. Survival and health status of transplanted seedlings were higher in site 2 compared to site 1<br />
due to variations in substrate organic matter and canopy cover, influencing changing in substrate temperature<br />
and salinity. With increasing population, the paper recommends raising public awareness about<br />
mangrove ecosystem and introducing alternative income generating activities to reduce overexploitation<br />
of mangrove resources. It also emphasizes on community mangrove restoration monitoring programs.<br />
Keywords: Mangrove, diversity, restoration, Dege.<br />
Land-use effect on the C0 2<br />
flux over a woodland-savanna continuum across the<br />
Orinoco llanos<br />
San Jose J.J. 1 , R. Montes 2 , N. Nikonova 1 , J. Grace' 1 C. Buendia 1 , M. Heredia 1 , S. Castaldi 4 ,<br />
R. De Pascale 4<br />
1 Centro de Ecologia, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, A.P. 21827, Caracas 1020 A, Venezuela<br />
2 Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simon Bolivar, A.P. 89000, Caracas 1080-A, Venezuela<br />
3 lnstitute of Ecology & Resource Management, University ofEdinburgh, EH9 3JU UK<br />
4 Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali - Seconda Universita di Napoli Via Arena, 22 - 80110 Caserta, Italy<br />
This work analyses the effects of land-use on the CO 2<br />
transfer across a woodland savanna continuum<br />
in the Orinoco lowlands. Thus, the carbon aggregation capacity of various stages of savanna re-growth<br />
(i.e. a cultivated field of Andropogon gayanus, a herbaceous savanna, a tree savanna and a woodland)<br />
following disturbance were evaluated by using eddy covariance and mass balance techniques. The conversion<br />
of a native woodland biome to pasture resulted in carbon efflux to the atmosphere an equivalent<br />
to 63 percent of the carbon storaged in the system (4514 g cm -2 ). Particularly land-use extended a<br />
major impact on the soil organic carbon stored in the woodland soil (2764 g cm -2 ), which was reduced<br />
to 1538 g cm -2 . Results on the diurnal patterns of canopy CO 2<br />
flux densities for the increasing stages
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 135<br />
of carbon aggregation show that during the wet season, the stands incorporated carbon from 7:30 to<br />
18:00 hours. However, the course and magnitude of the canopy C0 2<br />
flux differed over the stands. During<br />
the sunlit hours, the measured C0 2<br />
flux density was in phase with the daily trend of net radiation.<br />
Greater CO 2<br />
flux densities were observed over the woodland canopy, even though trees use apparently<br />
less efficient C3 photosynthetic pathway. As mid-afternoon proceeded and evening approaches, CO 2<br />
flux over all stands converged and become null. During the night-time, the CO 2<br />
efflux densities from<br />
the stands were slightly invariant with time, and the herbaceous savannas lost CO 2<br />
at a slightly<br />
greater rate than that in the other stands. Maximum rate of CO 2<br />
uptake approached -18 µmol m -2 s -1<br />
over the woodland. For all stands, nocturnal CO 2<br />
efflux ranged from - 3 to - 7 µmol m -2 s -1 . These densities<br />
were circa 56 - 72 percent of peak day-time C0 2<br />
uptake rates. Daily integration of the measured<br />
flux generated seasonal averaged daily values over the pasture-field, herbaceous savanna, tree savanna<br />
and woodland savanna of - 0.034, - 0.025, 0.042 and - 0.050 MJ m -2 day -1 , respectively. The time<br />
courses of canopy C0 2<br />
flux density were parabolic on sunny days. The woodland assimilated C0 2<br />
at a<br />
higher rate than the other stands. LAI and biodiversity were major communities variables that affect<br />
the CO 2<br />
flux. Increase in LAI during the wet season enhanced the stand's sink strength for C0 2<br />
. However,<br />
seasonal changes in LAI explained partially the temporal variation in CO 2<br />
flux densities.<br />
Keywords: Andropogon gayanus, Orinoco, woodland.<br />
Natural flow variability to preserve fish species critically at risk: a Spanish case<br />
study<br />
Sánchez Navarro R. 1<br />
1 Department of Ecology. University of Barcelona. Avda Diagonal 645. 08028 Barcelona<br />
It has become increasingly evident that we are living in a period of unprecedented biodiversity lost. The<br />
Jucar river watershed (Spain) harbors a high number of endemic mussel and fish species that are declining<br />
or going extinct at an alarming rate. Factors affecting Chondrostoma arrigonis (a fish specie critically<br />
at risk) were analysed to explain the decline of his populations. Despite upper parts of rivers are less affected<br />
by diffuse and point source pollution and land use, flow modification that includes significant<br />
water abstraction, regulation works and others hydromorphological alterations, was selected as the<br />
major factor governing the threat processes.To understand the local extinctions across their range, physical<br />
habitat degradation was assessed using the computer-based Physical Habitat Simulation System<br />
(PHABSIM) by comparing river reaches with different flow modification histories. To reverse the negative<br />
impact on biological diversity, critical flows of the natural regime were identified to reestablish proper<br />
habitat conditions and the whole ecosystem functionality. Our findings indicate that heavily flow modification<br />
activities may result in long term decline and reduction in aquatic diversity, regardless of setting<br />
minimum flows for the river. From the perspective of the ecological restoration principles, environmental<br />
flows to maintain natural diversity and functionality of ecosystems may require conservation of key hydrological<br />
components of the natural flow regime.<br />
Keywords: endemic fish, risk of extinction, habitat management, natural flow regime.<br />
Some factors influencing natural plant colonization as a part of coastal sand<br />
dune restorations in Northern Spain<br />
Sanchez I.A. 1 , J.B. Gallego 2 , C. Ley 3<br />
1 Area de Ecología, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain<br />
2 Department of Ecology, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain<br />
3 Ecología litoral s.l. Madrid, Spain<br />
In 1984 the Spanish government started restoring sand dunes in the northern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.<br />
The techniques employed were a combination of biodegradable sand fences and Ammophila arenaria<br />
and Elymus farctus plantations with a random distribution. Following the processes of restoration, further<br />
plant colonization naturally occurs and this is an important part of the overall process that<br />
influence the build up of the dune resilience. Colonization can be influenced by three main factors, that<br />
is: the human influence, the restoration processes and the natural conditions of the site. In this work we<br />
have analysed the process of plant colonization following the restoration and some environmental conditions<br />
of restored dune systems. We have monitored several dunes during four years and found that the<br />
colonization process is not a steady one and that it is specially influenced by the fluctuations in the rate<br />
of sand accumulation.<br />
Keywords: sand dunes, restoration, Ammophila, plant colonization.
136 Oral Presentations<br />
Adaptive restoration and the assemblage of wetland communities: The<br />
importance of long-term approaches<br />
Santamaría L. 1 , R. Díaz-Delgado 2 , A.J. Green 2 , E. Castellanos 3 , P. Grillas 4<br />
1 Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC-UIB), Mallorca, Spain<br />
2 Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain<br />
3 Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain<br />
4 E.B. Tour de Valat, Arles, France<br />
The Doñana marshes are an iconic example of the problems posed to conservation areas by development<br />
activities in their close neighborhood. Simultaneous to its declaration as a National Park and MAB Reserve,<br />
agricultural development resulted in the drainage of two-thirds of the marsh surface and the loss<br />
of three out of four water inlets. The Park managers have struggled since them to deal with chronically<br />
insufficient water inflows, poor water quality and overgrazing by feral cattle. As a consequence, the<br />
Doñana marshes are severely degraded, with rampant problems of sediment deposition, wetland eutrophication<br />
and an accelerating process of invasional meltdown. In an ambitious effort to correct this<br />
situation, the Doñana 2005 project aims at restoring the quantity and quality of the water inflow, and recovering<br />
formerly-drained marsh areas. Although the project has adopted an adaptive approach in which<br />
the interaction between engineers, managers and scientist is actively sought, it is faced by the inadequacy<br />
of baseline data. Doñana is one of the best studied natural areas of Europe, but the multitude and<br />
varied nature of pressures and stressors that have influenced the marsh ecosystems complicates the<br />
identification a “baseline” state, free of severe human influence. Moreover, historical effects and<br />
time*treatment interactions hamper the interpretation of temporal series in both restored and reference<br />
ecosystems. This case study will be used to discuss the necessity of long-term data that take into account<br />
the influence of man-mediated disturbance; the potential strategies to disentangle time*treatment<br />
effects following restoration; and the potential choice of large restoration areas as valuable sites for Long-<br />
Term Ecological programs.<br />
Keywords: wetland restoration, adaptive management, reference sites, time*treatment interactions, longterm<br />
ecological research.<br />
Ecological Restoration of Over Exploited Lobster Populations of Gulf of Mannar,<br />
India<br />
Santhanam R., V.K. Venkataramani, A. Srinivasan<br />
Fisheries College and Research Institute. Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. Thoothukudi – 628 008,<br />
India<br />
Among the crustacean resources of Indian seas, lobsters are known for their delicacy and high price both<br />
in domestic and export markets. Among 6 species of lobsters distributed both in the east and west coasts<br />
of India, 4 species viz. Panulirus homarus, P. ornatus, P. versicolor and P. longiceps are common in the<br />
Gulf of Mannar which is located in the south-east coast of India and is the only marine biosphere reserve<br />
in this region due to its diversified and unique fisheries resources including coral reefs, pearl oysters, sacred<br />
chanks, sea horse, sea cucumbers, sea cow, etc. The lobster populations are under great threat in<br />
recent years due to over exploitation and the catch has dwindled from 998 tonnes in 1998 to 142 tonnes<br />
in 2000. In order to restore the population, the following ameliorative measures need to be undertaken.<br />
Strict enforcement of fishing holidays which is in vogue for 45 days from 15 th April to 31 st May for mechanized<br />
fishing vessels; avoidance of capture of baby lobsters; use of traps with mouth adjustment; ban<br />
on the use of entangled nets and fishing in and around coral reefs. Apart from these, population enhancement<br />
measures such as popularization of fattening techniques in baby lobsters among entrepreneurs<br />
and production of lobster larvae in laboratories and their sea ranching. Further, installation Fish<br />
Aggregating Devices in rocky zone to serve as lobster sanctuaries and ban of lobster fishing in such areas<br />
would help the matured lobsters to breed and enhance their population in the vicinity. Presently the lobster<br />
catch is restricted to 80m. As the deep sea lobster potentials have not hitherto been trapped, crafts<br />
and gears have to be modernized to undertake fishing of deep sea lobsters.<br />
Keywords: Gulf of Mannar, lobsters, over exploitation, enhancement measures.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 137<br />
Strategies of Ecological Restoration through Puerto Rico Forest Stewardship<br />
Program<br />
Santiago-Irizarry E.<br />
Forest Services Bureau. Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources<br />
The Puerto Rico Forest Stewardship Program provides technical assistance to landowners in the development<br />
of management plans and integral conservation of the natural resources (private forests) on their<br />
land. These management plans provide the documentation and direction which are necessary to identify,<br />
describe and plan specific actions for the protection, management, improvement and restoration of soil<br />
and water resources, aquatic and terrestrial wildlife, natural forests and/or plantation, esthetic value<br />
and recreational potential. The method to carry out our objective is implementing a several strategies of<br />
ecological restoration to achieve the short, middle and long term environmental benefits. Despite its<br />
small area (2,199,238 acres) Puerto Rico has a high level of biodiversity, which contributes significantly<br />
to biological richness of the Caribbean area. Actually, these strategies are in function by one hundred<br />
four (104) final management master plans which representatives around 4,500 acres into the five (5) high<br />
priority watersheds in the Puerto Rico Island. Our expectative for the next five (5) years is to impact<br />
1,000 acres into the water sheds each year. The establishment of these ecological restoration strategies<br />
will contribute to protect and conservation of natural resources by incorporating the affected communities<br />
in planning, management and improvement the quality forests resources of Puerto Rico.<br />
Keywords: landowners (private forest), ecological restoration strategies, management plans, watersheds.<br />
Efficacy of a Nature-like Bypass Channel in a Portuguese Lowland River<br />
Santos J.M. 1 , M.T. Ferreira 1 , F.N. Godinho 2 , J. Bochechas 3<br />
1 Departamento de Engenharia Florestal. Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Lisboa. Portugal<br />
2 Conselho Nacional da Água. Lisboa. Portugal<br />
3 Divisão de Pesca em Águas Interiores. Direcção Geral das Florestas. Lisboa. Portugal<br />
Throughout Europe, in the last decade, there has been a steady shift away from more technical fish pass<br />
designs to more nature-like passes, such as nature-like bypass channels. Upstream fish passage in a nature-like<br />
bypass channel was investigated in a lowland river, the Lima River, at 117 days, from March<br />
2000 to May 2002. Fish passage was recorded using an automatic video recording system. Electrofishing<br />
samples within the bypass and below the weir were compared with species abundance found in the tape<br />
recordings. More than 7500 individuals of 8 species passed the bypass channel. Species composition was<br />
dominated by striped mullet (65.3%) and potamodromous species (34.3%), which used the bypass mainly<br />
at night. Of the environmental variables considered, bypass discharge explained most of the variation in<br />
cyprinid numbers, whereas water temperature was more important for diadromous species. Comparing<br />
species composition below the weir, with passage recordings, provided a useful tool to assess species efficacy<br />
of the bypass, although biological requirements, should also be taken into account. This study<br />
proved the efficacy of the bypass in passing almost all occurring species and life stages and also in providing<br />
suitable habitat for fish fauna, highlighting the use of these facilities for river restoration schemes.<br />
Keywords: Nature-like bypass channel, weir, upstream migration, cyprinids, habitat, efficacy.<br />
Armenia: a lot to do for conservation and restoration of landscapes<br />
Sayadyan A.<br />
NGO “Pharmagen”, Yerevan, Armenia<br />
Armenia is a new independent country, a small part of the former Soviet Union. It shares all problems<br />
specific for developing countries, both economic and social. At the same time Armenia is a land of ancient<br />
culture, its population is highly educated and has a rich background, particularly in the science.<br />
Now our country is on the difficult way of renewing its potentialities. Armenia joins three geologicalbotanical<br />
regions (Caucasian, Iranian and Eastern Mediterranean); the biodiversity within this modest<br />
geographical region is impressive and includes a number of endemic species. The country territory presents<br />
a variety of landscapes and habitats and is a crossroad of species migration and matching. During<br />
transition period mentioned Armenian landscapes were endured serious perturbations. Now it is the high<br />
time to restore and enrich our habitats. This problem involves legislative, scientific and other ends, implies<br />
the population ecological awareness and joining efforts of Armenian and international ecologists.<br />
Our review will include brief notes on legislative ecological activity in Armenia and some other aspects of<br />
landscape preservation. The main discussion will be paid to scientific problems and will summarize Ar-
138 Oral Presentations<br />
menian scientists’ achievements, especially in the field of the protection and restoration of animal biodiversity<br />
and habitats.<br />
Keywords: Armenia, conservation, restoration, landscapes<br />
A System to Evaluate the Quality of Biological and Ecosystem Restoration<br />
Objectives: Using National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plans as<br />
a Case Study<br />
Schroeder R.L.<br />
Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA<br />
It is widely accepted that plans for restoration projects should contain specific, measurable, and sciencebased<br />
objectives to guide restoration efforts. The National Wildlife Refuge System of the U.S. Fish and<br />
Wildlife Service (FWS) is in the process of developing Comprehensive Conservation Plans (CCP) for the more<br />
than 500 units in the System. These plans contain objectives for biological and ecosystem restoration efforts<br />
on the refuges. Based on FWS policy, a system was developed to evaluate three critical factors for these objectives.<br />
1) Is the objective specific, measurable, achievable, results-oriented, and time-fixed? 2) What is the<br />
extent of the rationale that explains the assumptions, logic, and reasoning for the objective? 3) How well was<br />
available science used in the development of the objective? The evaluation system scores each factor on a<br />
scale of 1 (poor) to 4 (excellent) according to detailed criteria. The biological and restoration objectives from<br />
CCPs published as of September 2004 (60 total) were evaluated. The overall average score for all biological<br />
and restoration objectives was 1.73. Average scores for each factor were: Factor 1 - 1.97; Factor 2 – 1.86;<br />
Factor 3 – 1.38. The overall scores and the scores for each factor increased over the period of analysis (1997-<br />
2004). Future restoration efforts may benefit by using this evaluation system during the process of plan development,<br />
to ensure that biological and restoration objectives are of the highest quality possible prior to the<br />
implementation of restoration plans, and to allow for improved monitoring and adaptive management.<br />
Keywords: Ecosystem, habitat, objectives, restoration, wildlife refuge.<br />
Naturalization of sown meadow communities and biological diversity restoration<br />
in Lithuania<br />
Sendžikaitė J., R. Pakalnis<br />
Laboratory of Landscape Ecology. Institute of Botany. Vilnius. Lithuania<br />
Under temperate climate conditions natural and sown meadows are unstable ecosystems ascribed to intermediate<br />
stages of succession of plant communities. According to the data on land use of the Republic<br />
of Lithuania, meadows and natural pastures cover 7.5 % of the country’s territory. In order to solve the<br />
problems of landscape formation and protection of vegetation it is necessary to consider the preservation<br />
of the optimal areas of natural or semi-natural vegetation (including meadows) and their restoration. The<br />
long-term scientific research data on sown meadow communities in Lithuania were analyzed, trends on<br />
the increase of meadow communities’ diversity and the decline of economic profit under insufficient management<br />
conditions were revealed. A positive correlation between the diversity of plant species and the<br />
age of sown meadows (r=0.84) indicates, that species diversity in communities increases with the age of<br />
grassland. The number of vascular plant species in sown meadow communities approximates to that of<br />
natural meadow communities during 30–35 years. However, the species included into the Red Data Book<br />
of Lithuania are rarely found there. The cessation of pasturage and mowing in meadows enables gradual<br />
overgrowth with shrubs and trees that is the case in Lithuania. This process became evident after the<br />
change of land use and decreased agricultural activities in recent decade. However, it is expected that the<br />
EU structural fund support facilitate the restoration and conservation of meadow communities.<br />
Keywords: sown meadow, community succession, naturalization, restoration, biological diversity.<br />
Agri-environmental measures for restoration of agricultural landscapes -<br />
Estonian approach<br />
Sepp K., A. Leito, A. Kaasik, A. Peepson<br />
Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian Agricultural University<br />
In Estonia the development of the Agri-Environmental Program (AEP) began in 1997 and the implementation<br />
of the AEP in pilot areas was launched in 2001. In 2004 several measures were launched in full<br />
scale. Some measures (establishment, restoration and maintenance of landscape elements; feeding areas
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 139<br />
for migrant birds; management of semi-natural habitats) are directly linked to landscape restoration. The<br />
intensive farming and extensive land improvement of the Soviet period resulted in a simplification of the<br />
traditional mosaic-like landscape structure: large masses of fields were established from which<br />
stonewalls, which used to be valuable habitats, were removed; coppices and other valuable landscape elements<br />
were also removed from fields. As a result, habitats suitable for many species of agricultural<br />
lands were destroyed and the aesthetic value of landscapes suffered. By 2004, evaluation and monitoring<br />
methodologies of AEP had been elaborated and tested. This paper summarises the Estonian AEP applied<br />
in 2001-2004 and presents selected indicators of biodiversity and landscape. The main focus is on the<br />
analysis of selected indicators of landscapes. 12 pilot areas of the AEP were investigated.<br />
Keywords: Agri-environmental measures, landscape restoration, landscape monitoring.<br />
Senna occidentalis L.: A native plant to restore the natural vegetation of<br />
islamabad.<br />
Shabbir A., R. Bajwa<br />
Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology University of the Punjab Quaid -e-Azam Campus Lahore Pakistan<br />
Biological invasion by alien species is now recognized as one of the major threats to native species and<br />
ecosystems, yet awareness of the problem is alarmingly low. Parthenium hysterophorus L., an alien invasive<br />
species, is spreading through out Pakistan. Worldwide it has been designated as one of the most<br />
troublesome weed. Ever since this weed had become a menace in different parts of the world, several<br />
methods have been recommended in containing the growth of P. hysterophorus. However, none of these<br />
appear to be satisfactory, as each method suffered with one or the other limitations such as inefficiency,<br />
high cost, impracticability, polluting the environment, temporary relief etc. It was noticed in the field that<br />
Senna occidentalis is replacing P. hysterophorus gradually in patches. Aqueous extract of S. occidentalis<br />
in different ratios were applied to check the germination and early growth of P. hysterophorus. C. occidentalis<br />
at different concentrations showed least germination of P. hysterophorus and a significant gradual<br />
depression in fresh biomass accumulation was noted. Senna. occidentalis and P. hysterophorus both are<br />
competitive weeds of wastelands. In view of health hazards and likely threats to biodiversity due to P.<br />
hysterophorus, it is probably advisable to promote S. occidentalis growth, which is harmless medicinal<br />
plant in Parthenium infested areas.<br />
Keywords: Alleopathy, Senna occidentalis, parthenium weed, phytochemical control<br />
Ecological Restoration and Protection of Degraded Mangrove Wetlands<br />
Ecosystems in the Sundarbans<br />
Shafi. N.I., A. Gnauck<br />
Department of Ecosystems and Invironmental Informatics, Brandenburg University of Technology at Cottbus,<br />
P.O. Box. 101344, D-03013 Cottbus, Germany<br />
Sundarbans, a delta of rivers Ganges and Brahmaputra is the world’s largest coastal wetland shared between<br />
Bangladesh 62 percent and India 38 percent. Enormous amount of sediments (2.3 billion tons )<br />
carried by the two rivers contribute to it’s expansion and dynamics. Representing the interface between<br />
land and water systems, they are among the most biologically rich ecosystems in the coastal area of<br />
Bangladesh and also the most endangered. When water contaminated with high salinity and other particles,<br />
the ecological diversity of the wetlands can seriously threatened. Sundarbans mangrove wetlands<br />
are fragile ecosystems, vulnerable even to small changes in their composition of biotic and abiotic factors.<br />
The Sundarbans landscapes was affected by different community groups and human actions, some of<br />
which are now abandoned. The degraded water and soil are used for mangrove afforestation and biological<br />
fencing. Construction of some polder, coastal mangrove afforestation programme and Sundarbans<br />
biodiversity conservation project (SBCP) are created wetlands habitat which is turn is reviving fauna and<br />
flora slowly. Admittedly certain species net extinction while some other exit are still as red listed species.<br />
Sundarban reserve forest coupled with tourists influx has influenced it’s biodiversity and ecology. GIS<br />
using in surface saline water model simulations would be the appropriate tools for decision making to<br />
prepare a long term plan for restore the threatened mangrove wetlands in Sundarbans. The model simulations<br />
will also be used to evaluate the effects of possible restoration measures for sweet water development<br />
ecosystems. Mangrove wetlands conservation is increasingly becoming significant in the Sundarbans<br />
region in Bangladesh as more coastal community particularly the rural dwellers derive their lively<br />
support from wetland resources. Successful restoration may require setting realistic restoration goals<br />
and understanding constraints imposed by the surrounding landscapes.The paper also highlights the<br />
processes of integrating wetland watershed in the management plan gained in mangrove vegetation de-
140 Oral Presentations<br />
velopment and shrimp farming and towards protect the wetland ecosystems, and restore the Sundarbans<br />
mangrove ecology.<br />
Keywords: Mangrove, Wetlands, Ecosystems, Ecology, Saline Water, Management, Habitat and Restoration.<br />
The importance of genetic considerations for planning translocations in the rare<br />
heathland species Boronia rivularis (Rutaceae)<br />
Shapcott A.1, R. Lamont 1, M. Olsen2<br />
1 University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC 4558, Queensland, Australia<br />
2 Landscape Assessment, Management and Rehabilitation Pty. Ltd<br />
Boronia rivularis is a rare heathland shrub restricted the Sunshine Coast of Australia, an area undergoing<br />
rapid urbanisation. A development proposal is planning to translocate a population of this species<br />
from the southern end of its range. A previous study of genetic diversity in B. rivularis found a nearby<br />
population to be highly inbred and genetically depauperate compared with other populations. The study<br />
also found that, inbreeding was significantly positively correlated with population density. The population<br />
on the development site was mapped using a differential GPS and identified dense and sparser subpopulations<br />
and was used for initial translocation planning. We sampled the development site B rivularis<br />
within four sub populations using the same methods and markers as the previous genetic analysis. This<br />
study revealed genetic diversity was high in some subpopulations but progressively decreased as plant<br />
population density and fixation indices increased across the site in the direction of the neighbouring depauperate<br />
population. The large population size and the genetic structuring suggest the nearby population<br />
may have arisen from this one and highlights the benefits of retaining some of the existing population<br />
on the site. The results also indicate that any compensatory translocation program needs to mimic<br />
this the genetic substructuring. Largely due to its lower density, the subpopulation with the highest diversity<br />
and lowest inbreeding had not been previously valued as highly for translocation as the more conspicuous<br />
denser subpopulations. This study has highlighted that high population density does not necessarily<br />
indicate genetically fitter or more diverse subpopulations.<br />
Keywords: population translocation, compensatory habitat, plant density, genetic diversity, inbreeding.<br />
Malls, Mosquitos and Muck: Historical Ecology and Urban Wetland Restoration<br />
Shapiro T.F. 1 , J. Hartman 2<br />
1 Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, Utah State University, USA<br />
2 Department of Landscape Architecture, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA<br />
This paper examines the spatial structure of human, natural and physical patches in the jurisdictional<br />
area of the New Jersey Meadowland District (NJMD) and analyzes how they interact and change through<br />
time to identify appropriate restoration targets. As a case study, this estuarine wetland complex provides<br />
a dramatic example of landscape change within a large, urban, regulatory unit. Located within one of the<br />
busiest and most intensely developed transportation corridors on the continent, this 30 square-mile<br />
management area contains 8,400 acres of wetlands and open space. Since early European settlement in<br />
the 17 th century, this landscape has changed dramatically from ecologic mosaic consisting of freshwater<br />
cedar swamp, fresh and salt marshes to a largely brackish marsh system dominated by Phragmites australis.<br />
Our study correlates and analyzes historic data through a GIS, compiled from secondary archival<br />
sources including botanic holdings, government documents, colonial diaries, land deeds, maps and photographs.<br />
Preliminary results indicate this dramatic change relates to general physical landscape<br />
changes such as land subsidence, sea-level rise and climate variability; as well as more direct anthropogenic<br />
change such as wetland drainage for agriculture and mosquito abatement, real estate development<br />
and large-scale landfill. Because the landscape has changed so dramatically, reference ecosystems<br />
are not obvious. For example, some restoration regimes seek to eliminate Phragmites australis in restored<br />
systems. Our work indicates the existence of the species within the historic ecosystem, suggesting the<br />
species may have a place -in appropriate proportion-within restored plant communities.<br />
Keywords: urban wetlands, restoration, historical ecology, Phragmites australis.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 141<br />
Restoration of Degraded Lands of Central Aravallis of Rajasthan Through<br />
Integrated Ecological Management Plan (IEMP)<br />
Sharma K.C., J. Hussain, S. Chalka, S.Verma<br />
Department of Environmental Studies, MDS University, Ajmer 305009. India<br />
Central Aravallis, an ecotone between North-West arid and South-East agroclimatic zones of Rajasthan in<br />
India has been damaged due to disturbances of mining, deforestation, soil erosion and plant invasions<br />
and resulted in loss of biodiversity, soil and nutrients. Long-term studies (1992-2003) on degraded lands<br />
of 25 sq km area, fenced by the Forest Department, was conducted for applicability of Integrated Ecological<br />
Management Plan (IEMP) based on species response, soils and operative factors. IEPM consists of<br />
four elements:1. Revegetation of pioneer species (Rev-P), 2. Regeneration of dominant trees (Reg-T), 3. Retention<br />
of dry matter (Ret-D) and, 4. Redundancy of invasive plants (Red-S). Results demonstrate that for<br />
Rev-P, Cenchrus setigerus and Panicum antidotale are most suitable pioneers on excavated Ca+ rich and<br />
Fe++ rich soils with NPMg amendments. This increases phytomass of two grasses up to >10 and >6 times<br />
respectively. This follows with colonization of legumes (Indigofera quadrifolia and Tephrosia purpurea) and<br />
herbs. Anogeissus pendula is an appropriate tree for regeneration and its protected stands showed high<br />
phytodiversity (Reg-T). Dry matter (litter + partially decomposed OM ) is retained within the system<br />
through bowl trenches on slopes (Ret-D). This could check flushing of soil and nutrients. Invasive plants<br />
like Prosopis chilensis, Lantana camara, Eucaluptus sp and Parthenium hysterophorus were discouraged<br />
in the protected stands (Red-S). Thus heterogeneity in vegetation is developed to reduce competition for<br />
resources. It is concluded that the process of restoration could be speeded with IEMP along with other<br />
parameters discussed in the paper.<br />
Keywords: Restoration, degraded lands, Central Aravallis, Ecological Management.<br />
The influence or organic matter addition on growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal<br />
fungi in plantations of eroded slopes in Nepal<br />
Shrestha Vaidya G. 1 , H. Wallander 2 , K. Shrestha 3 , B.R. Khadgi 4<br />
1 Royal Nepal Academy of Science & Technology (R<strong>ON</strong>AST), Biotechnology Dept. Khumaltar, Nepal, GPO.Box : 3323<br />
Kathmandu<br />
2 Section of Microbial Ecology, Dept. of Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden<br />
3 Natural History Museum, Swambhu, Nepal<br />
4 National Agriculture Research Council, Plant pathology Dept., Khumaltar, Nepal<br />
Nepal is very prone to soil erosion but rapid restoration of vegetation of eroded sites can help control the<br />
surface erosion. Many plants form symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and these fungi are<br />
important for the uptake of mineral nutrients from the soil and they enhance the amount of water stable<br />
soil aggregates in the soil producing glomalin (a glycoprotein that glues soil particles together). We investigated<br />
the role of organic matter or P amendments on development of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi<br />
in eroded slopes in Nepal. Different types of organic matter was mixed with eroded soil and the mixture<br />
was placed in mesh bags (50 µm mesh) that allowed fungal colonisation but not root colonization. The<br />
mesh bags were buried in the eroded site either between June and December (Wet season) or between<br />
December and June (dry season). The amount of the AM specific fatty acid 16:1ω5, the amount of AM<br />
spores and the amount of glomalin in the mesh bags was quantified. The organic materials had a strong<br />
positive influence on the amount of AM biomass and the number of AM spores during the wet season<br />
(June to December) while very low AM growth was detected during the dry season. The AM specific fatty<br />
acid 16:1 ω5 was positively correlated to the amount of glomalin indicating the positive role of AM fungi<br />
on stabilizing the soil which will reduce its proneness to erosion.<br />
Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza, glomalin, eroded site, Nepal.<br />
Post-fire restoration: Design of the building phase and projection of post-fire<br />
dynamics using matrix models of species substitution<br />
Siles G., J. Alcántara, P.J. Rey<br />
Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología. Universidad de Jaén<br />
The project of restoration of native plant communities after a forest fire occurred in “Puerto de Las Palomas”<br />
(Natural Park of Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas, Jaén province, August 2001) intends to develop and<br />
apply procedures based on the natural dynamics of Mediterranean vegetation. Specifically, we seek to<br />
hasten the secondary succession using facilitation processes. Recent studies revealed that such processes<br />
sustain the natural regeneration of woody species typical of intermediate successional stages (building
142 Oral Presentations<br />
phase). To identify such species, and characterise plant-plant interactions in the study area, we surveyed<br />
vegetation recovery in a nearby area burned 17 years ago. We surveyed the vegetation in 110 plots of<br />
25m 2 , noting the presence of woody species’ recruits beneath ‘nurse plants’. We considered that a recruit<br />
could eventually replace its nurse when the recruited species had a larger adult size, and/or when it occurs<br />
in later successional stages. Thus, we characterized plant-plant interactions as: facilitation (recruit<br />
can replace the nurse), indifferent (recruit and nurse of similar size and successional status; we assumed<br />
that each plant had a 50% chance of taking the space), or no-interaction (recruit growing in open interspaces).<br />
We built a species substitution matrix with the frequency of plots where each interaction occurred.<br />
The state vector was the current frequency of woody species. This allows us to: estimate the frequency<br />
of interactions taking place during secondary succession; identify conditions prompt to collapse<br />
succession; and project the natural regeneration dynamics after fire. Results will inform the design of the<br />
building phase to implement in future restoration works.<br />
Keywords: Secondary succession; facilitation; building phase.<br />
Phoshate as a key factor for nature restoration on former arable land<br />
Sival F.P., W.J. Chardon<br />
Alterra, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands<br />
Recent nature policy in the Netherlands has as goal to transfer more than 150.000 ha of arable land into<br />
nature. The main problem is achieving nature adapted to nutrient poor conditions. Due to fertilisation<br />
the arable land mostly contains a large amount of nutrients. We evaluated four management practices<br />
that are used for reducing nutrient availability on sandy soils in order to facilitate the establishment of<br />
low-productive plant communities: 1) sod cutting in combination with grazing, 2) sod cutting in combination<br />
with mowing, 3) grazing and 4) mowing. For each management practice we selected three locations<br />
where it was considered successful and three locations where it failed, according to the managers of the<br />
nature reserve, as judged by the failure establishment of target species that are typical of low soil fertility<br />
and undesirable high fertility and ruderal species. Comparison of the actual vegetation with target communities<br />
revealed few species typical of nutrient poor conditions were present on most of the locations.<br />
Sod cutting in combination with mowing resulted in most target species. Grazing was least successful<br />
and resulted in the most undesirable species. On most sites biomass production was N limited. High values<br />
of N/P (>10) typical for low productive species rich grasslands were only found on soils with P(water)<br />
< 4 mg P 2<br />
O 5<br />
/l soil or P-Al < 3 mg P 2<br />
O 5<br />
/100 g soil. N, P and K biomass concentrations revealed a strong<br />
relationship between phosphorus availability and the success or failure of restoration management. This<br />
indicates the need for effective management practices for reducing phosphorus availability in the soil.<br />
Keywords: Low-productive vegetation, sandy soil, sod cutting, grazing, mowing, former agricultural use<br />
Floodplain sedimentation regulating vegetation productivity on small rivers?<br />
Sival F.P. 1 , B. Makaske 2 , G. J. Maas 2 , J. Runhaar 1<br />
Alterra, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands<br />
1 Dept. Water and Climate<br />
2 Dept. Landscape and Spatial Planning<br />
Sediment input and associated nutrients were quantified along a vegetation gradient from the small river<br />
channel to the floodplain margin in five nature reserves along four small rivers; the Dommel, the<br />
Drentsche Aa, The Reest and the Overijsselse Vecht in The Netherlands. The amount of sedimentation<br />
during the flood season of 2003-2004 was measured using sediment traps. Grain size and nutrient<br />
analysis were carried out of the trapped sediment samples. To characterize the soil and vegetation, an inventory<br />
of both was included in the research. The biomass of the vegetation is different for all investigated<br />
areas and varies between 900 g/m 2 and 200 g/m 2 . With distance from the river the biomass decreases<br />
and this effect is most pronounced in the Kappersbult on the Drentsche Aa. Low productive vegetation<br />
(
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 143<br />
The importance of plant provenance in restoration schemes<br />
Smith B.M. 1 , A. Diaz 2 , L. Winder 3 , H. Oaten 1<br />
1 The Game Conservancy Trust, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, SP6 1EF, UK<br />
2 Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB<br />
3 Department of Biology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Laucala Campus.P.O. Box 1168, University of the South Pacific,<br />
Suva, Fiji<br />
A study investigated the effect of provenance on the establishment of Lotus corniculatus at a limestone<br />
quarry re-creation site in England. Cuttings were collected from 30 locations in the UK and planted into<br />
untreated (bare clay substrate) and treated plots (with topsoil). Comparing all populations, a greater proportion<br />
of local plants survived on the treated plots although this was not the case on the untreated plots<br />
where other provenances also performed well. There was a relationship between survival and geographical<br />
distance on the treated plots and plant size and fecundity on the untreated plots. The effect of ecological<br />
distance was only significant for plant size on the untreated plot where plants from more ecologically<br />
distant populations were larger and more fecund. A further pilot study investigated the hypothesis that<br />
inherent differences between populations of L. corniculatus is sufficient to affect the growth rate and fecundity<br />
of Polyommatus icarus (the common blue butterfly). There were significant differences in larval<br />
weight between P. icarus reared on L. corniculatus from six different locations but no differences in pupal<br />
weight or length. Together these studies suggest that plant provenance affects plant establishment and<br />
potentially associated herbivores, however, there was no evidence to support the consistent home-site advantage<br />
of local genotypes. Keywords: local provenance, quarry, restoration, home-site advantage.<br />
Ethical Issues Dividing the Mining Industry and Its Environmentalist Critics:<br />
Environmental Ethics Applied to Value Framing in Environmental Conflict<br />
Resolution<br />
Smith D.<br />
Industrial Minerals Association – North America & George Mason University (Ph.D. Student), 219 South Payne Street,<br />
#302, Alexandria, VA 22314<br />
There is perhaps no better stage to witness the conflict between environmental concerns and industrial<br />
endeavor than that provided by the activities of the mining industry. Environmental disputes relative to<br />
mining activities and associated restoration often remain intractable while each side articulates and rearticulates<br />
surface issues without an understanding of the moral thinking (values) of each party. The<br />
field of environmental ethics can contribute to a better understanding of these opposing values. Frame<br />
analysis can be used to extract the values that seed these conflicts. Can this understanding offer improved<br />
tools for environmental conflict resolution?<br />
Keywords: restoration, environmental conflict, industry.<br />
Integrated Approach for Ecological Restoration of Water Resources in Ambon<br />
City, Eastern Indonesia: Opportunities and Challenges<br />
Sopacua J.<br />
Phd Candidate, Graduate Program in Environmental Science, CESF State University of New York, Syracuse, NY USA<br />
This study provide overview on the conflict and its effects on deterioration of water resources and water<br />
resources management and evaluate challenges and opportunities in adopting integrated approach in the<br />
effort of ecological restoration of water resources of Ambon City, a small island city in Eastern Indonesia,<br />
after a 3 years sectarian conflict. Factors examined including; 1) current and historical physical condition<br />
of water resources and infrastructure (i.e., water quality, water quantity, forest cover and land use,<br />
precipitation and temperature, drinking water infrastructures), 2) changes is socio cultural condition of<br />
the communities, and 3) current water management framework in the island. Results of the study shows<br />
that physical and ecological condition of water resources is decreasing in all respect, except for water<br />
quality. There has been great change within socio cultural of the community as the result of the sectarian<br />
conflict, and management of water resources need a reform from sectoral approach, to multisectoral<br />
integrated approach. Integrated Water Resources Management to local context was recognized as potential<br />
opportunities in restoring water resources in Ambon. An alternative water resources management<br />
framework that includes community participation as a main factor was developed. Potential challenges<br />
for the future was identified along with potential solutions.<br />
Keywords: Integrated Water Resources Management, water resources restoration, water and conflict, Indonesia.
144 Oral Presentations<br />
Compensatory measures of Madrid Airport Enlargement<br />
Soriano M. 1 , J.L. Paquin, G. Prieto 2<br />
1 TALHER<br />
2 PROINTEC<br />
Due to the enlargement of Madrid Airport with two new runways, it has been necessary to alter the<br />
course of the Jarama river in a section of approximately 1,800 m, affecting to the place of communitarian<br />
importance (L.I.C.) of Jarama’s and Henares basin. The Environment Assesment related to the amplification<br />
of Madrid Airport system, dated 13 th December 2001, makes it obligatory for AENA to carry out<br />
some compensatory measures. This organism entrusted the TALHER & GEOCISA & DDRAGADOS &<br />
PROINTEC joint venture the project design and the fulfilment of the correspondent measures which fundamental<br />
aim is the restoration and improvement for the recovery of the local natural conditions, as to<br />
compensate the ecological impacts produced which affect directly to approximately 1250 ha, and particularly<br />
to compensate the damages produced to the L.I.C. These actuations are developed in places that<br />
shelter particularly important habitats for the fauna (wetlands, catalogued species breeding areas) included<br />
in the Natura 200 Network and particularly in zones C of “degradated areas to regenerate” in the<br />
regional park surrounding the low course of the rivers Jarama and Manzanares, as well as reforestation<br />
projects included in the Madrid Community Forest Program as erosion ZES 1 and 2 risky zones.<br />
Keywords: basin, erosion, reforestation.<br />
What is soil organic matter recovery worth?<br />
Sparling G.P. 1 , D. Wheeler 2 , É-T Vesely 3 , L.A. Schipper 1<br />
1 Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton, New Zealand<br />
2 AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand<br />
3 Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand<br />
The conservation and restoration of soil organic matter are often advocated because of the generally beneficial<br />
effects on soil attributes for plant growth and crop production. More recently, organic matter has<br />
become important as a terrestrial sink and store for C and N to modify greenhouse gas emissions. We<br />
have attempted to derive a monetary value of soil organic matter for crop production and storage functions<br />
in three contrasting New Zealand soil orders Recent, Melanic and Granular Soils). Soil chemical<br />
and physical characteristics of real-life examples of three pairs of matched soils with low and high organic<br />
matter contents were used as input data for a pasture production model. The differences in pasture<br />
dry matter yields were calculated for three climate scenarios and the yields converted to an equivalent<br />
weight and financial value of milk solids. We also estimated the hypothetical value of the C and N sequestrated<br />
during the recovery phase of the low organic matter content soils assuming trading with C and N<br />
credits. For all three soil orders, and for the three climate scenarios, pasture dry matter yields were decreased<br />
in the soils with lower organic matter contents. The decreased yields from the cropped soils were<br />
predicted to persist for 36–125 yr, but with declining effect as organic matter gradually recovered, giving<br />
an accumulated loss in production worth around NZ$518–1239 ha -1 . This was 42 to 73 times lower than<br />
the hypothetical value of the organic matter as a sequestering agent for C and N, which varied between<br />
NZ$22,963– NZ$80,526 depending on the soil, region, discount rates and values used for carbon and nitrogen<br />
credits.<br />
Keywords: soil organic matter, restoration, valuation.<br />
Environmental and biodiversity aspects in seismic and drilling activities in<br />
Reggane (Algeria)<br />
Sparrowe J., N. Giancáspero, G. J. Steensma<br />
Repsol YPF. Madrid, Spain<br />
Repsol YPF conducted an environmental impact study (EIS) in the Touat region of the Wilaya of Adrar in<br />
Algeria prior to the onset of an exploration program in 2004. A detailed environmental baseline study of<br />
the area was followed by an examination, analysis and assessment of the potential impacts of the<br />
planned exploration activities. During the baseline study a thorough qualitative ecological survey was<br />
conducted to assess the presence of protected or endangered species, known to exist regionally from literature<br />
reviews conducted for this purpose. The region is also characterized by a series of communities<br />
that have thrived for centuries on artesanal agriculture supported by a fouggara irrigation system, an<br />
ecosystem classified as a Ramsar site. A combination of safety and environmental concerns for minimizing<br />
negative socioeconomic impacts led to early engagement of the local communities within the seismic
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 145<br />
survey area, and discussions with community leaders. Mitigation measures were put in place to minimize<br />
the impact on flora and fauna and the environment including soils and groundwater. Of particular interest<br />
were: the limitation of vehicle tracks during seismic operations (when risk to habitat is greatest due<br />
to the extensive travel along profile lines); the implementation of wastewater treatment protocols; and<br />
restoration of campsites after the seismic activities were completed.<br />
Keywords: restoration, environmental impact study, Ramsar.<br />
The use of “ecological standard” for assessing the degree of river deterioration<br />
in restoration project<br />
Stepanova N.Y. 1 , L.B. Nazarova 1 , H.W. Riss 2 , T.A. Kondratjeva 3 , V.Z. Latypova 1<br />
1 Departament of Ecology, Kazan Satate University, Russian Federation<br />
2 Departament of Limnology, University of Muenster, Germany<br />
3 Institute of Natural Ecosystems Ecology, Kazan, Russian Federation<br />
Three sandy lowland river of similar physiografphic and structural characteristics were invetigated. The<br />
kazanka (the Middle Volga Region) and the Ems (Northern Germany) manifest morphological degradation<br />
and a considerable degree of water contamination. On the contrary, the Jushut (the Middle Volga Region)<br />
is an unaltered, a natural river unaffected by man. The indices of water pollution and saprobity characterize<br />
the Jushut as oligosaprobic. Biotic diversity is rather high in all the three rivers, and the taxonomical<br />
similarity of the rivers´ benthic fauna differs in the range of ten to thirty percent. As a criteria of the<br />
ecosystem integrity we tested the metabolic indicators on the meso-sacale: the respiratory activity of the<br />
sediment community. We use the Jushut river as a “standard” undisturbed ecosystem. Such a so-called<br />
“standard” river would enable us to take into account the modern global anthropogeneic influence. This<br />
differs from the common approach with the use or “monitoring” or the past” when the loss of natural biodiversity<br />
is evaluated on the basis of historical data. Such a “standard” could be used in restoration projects<br />
for rivers with similar climate, geographic and hydrological characteristics.<br />
Keywords: lowland rivers, natural coditions, benthic metabolim, community respiration.<br />
Land Surface Water Cycle Indexes in Semi-Arid Regions of Bulgaria<br />
Stoyanova J. S., R. Peneva, S. Balabanova, C.G. Georgiev<br />
National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology. Sofia. Bulgaria<br />
The land surface water cycle is critical for natural resources sustainability especially in regions of anomalous<br />
water supply. Such a region is the semi arid mountain area in the southern part of Bulgaria located<br />
close to the Mediterranean sea. Its climate exhibits long-lasting periods of dry and hot weather conditions<br />
influenced by north-African intrusions in summer and sometimes heavy precipitations and flash floods<br />
even in winter. Forestry practice attempts for artificial establishment of coniferous in the lower forest belt of<br />
this region put some questions about the ecological restoration process. In this paper some water balance<br />
indexes are calculated, assuming natural forest environment, both at coniferous and broadleaved altitudinal<br />
belts. They are compared with the indexes derived for artificially established coniferous in the oak forest<br />
belt. Using the energy balance approach of Budyko, the canopy net radiation and potential evapotranspiration<br />
(PET) fluxes, as well as the Budyko’s aridity index (AI) are derived on a climatic scale (using a long-term<br />
data set for 1961-1990). The results show an average increase in PET of about 123 mm/year and in environmental<br />
dryness as revealed by AI growing of about 40%; together these increase the potential for desertification<br />
related to land cover change. This implies water shortage strengthening, which is analysed in terms<br />
of the responsible functional chain: meteorological environment, growing season, canopy biophysiccs.<br />
Knowledge of these changes might have regional environmental and socio-economics consequences by introduction<br />
of proper reforestation techniques to combat drought and ecosystems fragility.<br />
Keywords: Land cover, artificial forest, potential evapotranspiration, aridity index, sustainability.
146 Oral Presentations<br />
Forest Conservation, Restoration and Rehabilitation in parts of Gudem-Saparla<br />
Hilly Tracts of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh- A RS & GIS Approach<br />
Sudhakar S., C.H.S Reddy, A. Giriraj, S. Babar, K. Sudha<br />
Forest and Ecology Division, National Remote Sensing Agency, Balanagar, Hyderabad- 500 037 India<br />
Forest ecosystem is a complex system having interactions with biotic and abiotic components which includes<br />
plant and animal communities along with micro organisms, climate, sunlight water and soil.<br />
Slight difference in any of these makes subtle difference in each habitat within an ecosystem. Therefore<br />
each parcel of landscape has characteristic soil, moisture and temperature/rainfall regimes which meet<br />
the requirement of a given assemblage of plants. Such units are affected because of constant anthropogenic<br />
influences leading to severe fragmentation. Hence, these areas need to be prioritized for conservation<br />
and restoration in terms of unique habitats and areas of threat. Keeping in view of this, an attempt<br />
has been made to prioritize areas of conservation, locate areas to be restored, identify species<br />
composition to be rehabilitated in Gudem-Saparla hilly tract covering an area of 325 sq.km in Visakhapatnam<br />
district, Andhra Pradesh (India) through satellite RS and GIS techniques. Satellite data of Landsat<br />
MSS 1973 and IRS-1D LISS III of 2003 were assessed for forest cover changes in 1 sq.km grid to generate<br />
a Sensitive Index (SI) map. Further the road and settlement buffer of 1000m was generated to derive<br />
Threat Index (TI) map. The phytosociological data collected at different elevation, slope and aspects in the<br />
study area were assessed for stand density, basal area per hectare and biodiversity index based on<br />
species richness and Shannon & Weiner index. Through GIS analysis, the areas of higher values of these<br />
three parameters, considered to be the best suitable conditions for prioritizing the conservation area representing<br />
as Conservation Measure Index (CMI), were delineated. Besides, the distribution of RET species<br />
over the study areas to find out the areas to be restored and type of species to be rehabilitated. By integrating<br />
SI, TI and RET Index with CMI, the study area was prioritized into conservation areas, also identified<br />
areas to be restored and finally the type of species and their composition to be rehabilitated in similar<br />
environmental and ecological areas. The study highlighted the usefulness of satellite remote sensing<br />
and GIS for decision making and implementation of conservation of high biodiversity areas, restoration<br />
and rehabilitation programmes in critical areas of Andhra Pradesh, India.<br />
Keywords: Forest cover change, species richness, threat index, conservation measure index, restoration.<br />
Multi-focal dimensions of Urban Domestic Solid Waste Management<br />
Sundaresh G.<br />
S.N.D.T. College of Home Science (Pune), a constituent college of S.N.D.T. Women’s University (Mumbai)<br />
The economic, social, health and environmental benefits of organizing waste pickers, resulting from the<br />
involvement of Pune’s citizens and NGOs in domestic solid waste management (SWM) has been studied.<br />
The Industrial city of Pune generates over 1200 metric tons of garbage daily, with 25% salvaged by waste<br />
pickers. The G R A S P program, initiated by Pune’s SNDT Women’s University, Continuing & Adult Education<br />
Department, redresses various issues -affording dignity of work and enhancing life quality for<br />
women of extreme poverty from the marginalized section of the society by adopting a humanitarian approach<br />
that also strives to solve their problems as conservationists by formalizing their activity – with the<br />
right to access waste as a source of sustainable livelihood, freedom from social exploitation and increased<br />
social awareness. This commitment to decentralized, community oriented, labour intensive, sustainable<br />
approach to SWM has yet a long way to go, since stakeholders are many; the interests of Nature<br />
and waste pickers on one hand, conflicts with that of the vested interest of politicians and municipal<br />
workers on the other. However, the study shows that SWM can be made effective by integrating municipal<br />
collection of non-recyclables, legitimizing waste pickers’ access to recyclables and localizing the composting<br />
of biodegrades. This would lead to the restoration of ecology, combined with sustainable development<br />
and upward mobility, socially and economically, of waste pickers.<br />
Keywords: Waste pickers, solid waste management, segregation, recycle, biodegrade.<br />
The application of advanced phytoremediation at contaminated soils<br />
Sung 1 K., S. Lee 1 , Y.H. Chung 1 , D. Kang 1 , S. Park 2 , Y.Y. Chang 3<br />
1 Major of Ecological Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea<br />
2 OIKOS Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea<br />
2 Dept. Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea<br />
Potential of advanced phytoremediation for restoration of diesel contaminated soils was investigated<br />
using pilot scale experiments. Plant-based remediation can have great attractions for remediation and<br />
successive restoration of damaged land for future soft ends. Phytoremediation, however, might have some
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 147<br />
restrictions because it uses solely naturally driven energy and mechanisms. Therefore, the combination<br />
of other techniques can be introduced to overcome these disadvantages and increase the remediation efficiency.<br />
In this study, phytoremediation with air injection was applied at artificially diesel contaminated<br />
soil. First, to select the appropriate plant species, plant-screening test was conducted by comparing<br />
growth rates that were affected by four levels of diesel addition. Second, column and box type studies<br />
were conducted using diesel contaminated soil with air injection and alfalfa that showed the strongest resistance<br />
against the contaminant and its growth rate was not inhibited by diesel additions. Both the removal<br />
efficiency of diesel and the microbial activity were the highest in air-injected alfalfa-planted column<br />
soils. It is suggested from the results that air injected phytoremediation system can be used as a<br />
supplementary technique at conventional phytoremediation sites. It can also be applied at the sites<br />
where bioventing or soil vapor extraction methods had been applied as a final or a complementary treatment<br />
for further ecological restoration.<br />
Keywords: Diesel contaminated soils, phytoremediation, air injection, final treatment, ecological restoration.<br />
A New Method on determining bulk hydraulic conductivity of mangrove forest<br />
sediment<br />
Susilo A.<br />
Geophysics laboratory, Physics Department, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia<br />
Flow of groundwater from mangrove swamp sediment to mangrove creeks is likely to be an important<br />
pathway in mangrove swamps, particularly for the removal of salt excluded at the mangrove root. The<br />
swamps are generally saturated with water, and are perforated with animal burrows, allowing significant<br />
groundwater flow to mangrove creeks to occur. The hydraulic conductivity of the sediment is thus an important<br />
physical parameter but is very difficult to measure in-situ. In this work it will describe a simple<br />
method for determining the hydraulic conductivity of mangrove sediment, including the effect of macropores<br />
such as crab burrows, that uses the existing animal burrows as piezometers. Experiments to measure<br />
the hydraulic conductivity of the sediment were carried out in a variety of mangrove forests. It was<br />
found that hydraulic conductivity varied from around 1 m/day to 10 m/day, which is at least10 times<br />
greater than would be expected if there were no burrows.In order to check the validity of the method,<br />
conventional piezometers were used to determine the free water table level in an area of mangroves fringing<br />
a creek. From these measurements, hydraulic conductivity was determined independently and found<br />
to be consistent with the new methodology.<br />
Keywords: hydraulic conductivity, mangroves, burrow, piezometer.<br />
From revegetation to restoration practices: an example from Iceland<br />
Svavarsdóttir K.<br />
Soil Conservation Service, Reykjavík, Iceland<br />
Iceland, a volcanic island located on the mid Atlantic ridge has experienced serious degradation and desertification<br />
during its 1100 years of human settlement. There has been an organised reclamation work in Iceland<br />
since 1907 when the Soil Conservation Service was established. Initially, the focus was on halting erosion.<br />
With improved techniques in agronomy mid last century the focus shifted towards revegetation<br />
practices, i.e. the emphasis was on creating vegetation cover as fast as possible without much concern for<br />
what kind of vegetation developed. Sown grasses and fertilisation became the main method, mostly using<br />
introduced species. In the 1990s, the general approach changed with more emphasis on ecological processes<br />
and restoring functional ecosystems. At present reclamation is mainly viewed as a manipulation of succession.<br />
Given the extensive badly degraded areas in Iceland the work often deals with primary succession.<br />
This paper summarises the change from agronomic to ecological approach in reclamation and presents<br />
studies of succession using different approaches. They include a study of primary succession in an area<br />
with no reclamation work, an extensive experiment with different reclamation inputs comparing impacts of<br />
different treatments on processes and functions of an ecosystem, and chronosequence studies with comparisons<br />
of old reclamation sites with different history. The results show that reclamation methods may determine<br />
the trajectories of succession, and that poorly functional ecosystem can be restored to a well functional<br />
ecosystem although compositional different to what was likely to be originally.<br />
Keywords: Iceland, reclamation, succession, volcanic soil.
148 Oral Presentations<br />
The struggle for cockles. Boundary work and contextualisation in the<br />
controversy on cockle fishing in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Lessons for restoration<br />
Swart J.A.A., J. van Ande l<br />
Science & Society Group.Department of Biology. Groningen University. Kerklaan 30. 9750 AA Haren. The Netherlands<br />
Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of ecosystems that have been degraded,<br />
damaged, or destroyed. Because of this objective restoration may be characterised as a value and interest<br />
laden activity in which scientific and societal purposes are interwoven. The mélange of practical, scientific<br />
and societal aspects as a general phenomenon in nowadays society is called mode 2 science can be<br />
distinguished from mode 1 science. The latter is related to the classical view of 'pure', curiosity-driven,<br />
fundamental, or autonomous science, detached from society, and often disciplinary organised, whereas<br />
mode 2 knowledge production is much stronger societal contextualised. Contextualisation implies application-oriented<br />
research, trans-disciplinary cooperation, multiple accountabilities, and extended (society<br />
related) quality assessment procedures. Contextualisation requires boundary work, i.e. the process of determining<br />
of what counts as scientific and non-scientific is constructed and negotiated. We studied the<br />
process of contextualisation and boundary work in the long controversy on the effects of cockle fishing in<br />
the Dutch Wadden Sea in which ecologists, nature protection organisations, and fishermen organisations<br />
were strongly involved. We conclude that boundary work requires an open platform of science and that<br />
so-called ’boundary rules’ are required to facilitate a social robust form of knowledge production. In our<br />
view, the responsibility of the scientist is not only to provide data and ecological arguments, but also to<br />
evaluate, deliberate and to communicate the use of the scientific results an insights in the decision-making<br />
process to the wider audience. We will apply these insights to the role of expertise in restoration projects.<br />
Keywords: mode 2 science, boundary work, contextualisation, controversy, cockle fishing.<br />
Botanical and faunistic research in Dutch road verges as a support for ecological<br />
restoration<br />
Sykora K.V, A. Schaffers, J. Noordijk<br />
Wageningen University, nature Conservation, Ecological Construction and Management of Infrastructure, Bornsesteeg 69,<br />
6708 PD Wageningen, E-mail Karle<br />
About 68% of the Netherlands is used for agriculture. Only a small part consists of nature reserves. Consequently<br />
many plant communities and species are endangered. The agricultural landscape is crisscrossed<br />
by a network of linear elements like road verges. Here species from semi-natural plant communities<br />
can find refuges. In Dutch road verges 69 plant communities were distinguished comprising 50% of<br />
the Dutch flora. Besides 123 mosses and lichens have been registered. Of the higher plant species found<br />
in road verges about 17% is rare to rather rare in the Netherlands, 59% is less common to common,<br />
while 24 % is very or extremely common. In different landscapes some species are more frequent or occur<br />
exclusively in road verges. The importance of road verges for invertebrates could be demonstrated. The<br />
relation between plant communities and the occurrence of invertebrates is apparent. Plant communities<br />
prove to better indicate the presence of the animal groups studied than a combination of the environmental<br />
variables and vegetation structure. Different plant communities have a different importance for<br />
different groups of animals.<br />
For most, common Ground Beetles, Spiders and Weevils road verges are suitable hibernation sites. In<br />
general it can be concluded that in the agro-industrial landscape, the extra contribution of verges to the<br />
conservation of the floristic and faunistic diversity is considerable and that the ecological importance can<br />
strongly increase when properly constructed and managed. Plant communities can very well be used as a<br />
tool for directing the ecological management of invertebrates.<br />
Keywords: invertebrates, diversity, vegetation, management, construction.<br />
Explaining poor health of rehabilitated eucalypt forests following bauxite mining<br />
in south-western Australia<br />
Szota C. 1 , E.J. Veneklaas 1 , J.M. Koch 2 , H. Lambers 1<br />
1School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia<br />
2Alcoa World Alumina Australia, Perth, Australia<br />
Rehabilitation of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forests following bauxite mining is largely successful at rapidly<br />
re-establishing vegetation in the high rainfall region (>1200 mm) of south-western Australia. However,<br />
in some areas, growth rates decline and mortality increases several years after establishment. Study sites
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 149<br />
classified as unhealthy have approximately half the number of trees per hectare; and their trees are 40%<br />
shorter and have 30% less girth than trees on adjacent healthy sites. This study aims to diagnose causes of<br />
poor health by examining seasonal changes in above-ground physiology and below-ground morphology of<br />
13-year-old rehabilitated jarrah and marri (Corymbia calophylla) trees. Jarrah physiology data from<br />
2003/04 and 2004/05 summers show trees on unhealthy sites reached more negative midday leaf water<br />
potentials (-3.5 MPa) than trees on healthy sites (-2.7 MPa). Trees on unhealthy sites also had lower midday<br />
stomatal conductance (55 mmol m -2 s -1 ) compared to trees on healthy sites (176 mmol m -2 s -1 ). Following<br />
break-of-season autumn rain, midday leaf water potentials on unhealthy sites increased to -1.5 MPa, while<br />
remaining relatively low on healthy sites (-2.1 MPa). Midday stomatal conductance rates responded similarly.<br />
These seasonal trends along with recent root and soil studies indicate that unhealthy sites have shallow<br />
and compacted soil profiles that restrict roots to upper horizons. Trees growing on healthy sites with deeper<br />
soils have access to more stored soil moisture over summer, however, once depleted this larger soil volume<br />
re-wets slower than shallower soils of unhealthy sites. Studying the response of vegetation to the new soil<br />
conditions of the post-mining landscape is essential to improving the sustainability of rehabilitated forests.<br />
Keywords: Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah), rehabilitated bauxite mines, tree physiology, water stress, root<br />
distribution.<br />
Creation of suitable birds habitats in a project of environmental restoration of<br />
miner industry<br />
Tapia del Rio L., L. Fontan, F. Macías, C. Nieto, A. García, F. Macías<br />
Laboratorio de Tecnología Ambiental. Instituto de Investigaciones Tecnológicas. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela<br />
The mining restoration of the lignite deposit in Northwestern Spain demands the filling of the excavation<br />
hole with water in order to create an artificial lake which flows into the basin of Eume river. Among the<br />
restoration actions of the lake ecosystem, the creation of suitable habitats for vertebrates, specially destined<br />
to birds is proposed. The E.I.A. includes an environmental monitoring plan. As special measures we<br />
plan the implementation of an ornithological island in the west of the lake of 8.5 ha with suitable relief<br />
and vegetation. This would facilitate the internal pool formation and the diversification of wet lands environments.<br />
The final section of Illade river will have a restricted access area in order to limit the anthropic<br />
disturbances for nesting birds. Lake’s drainage channel will be adapted for fish fauna development.<br />
Other infrastructures of the mine such as the water derivation tunnels, will be transformed in bats<br />
refuges. The management actions contemplates the selection and installation of birds observatories, increasing<br />
the educative and scientific value of the lake ecosystem.<br />
Keywords: mines, restoration, birds, ornithological island.<br />
Restoration of urban streams, application of a Stochastic-dynamic methodology<br />
(SDM)<br />
Teiga P.M. 1 , J. Cabral 2 , F. Veloso-Gomes 3<br />
1 Research Assistant, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal<br />
2 Associate Professor, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal<br />
3 Full Professor, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal<br />
The main environmental problems of river and stream degradation are found around urban areas, namely<br />
due to domestic and industrial effluent discharges, dump deposition, uncontrolled constructions within<br />
the flood riverbed and riparian gallery destruction, with immediate consequences on the riverine<br />
ecosystem. This study is a characterisation of five streams (two in “Macedo de Cavaleiros”, one in “Maia”<br />
and other two in “Gaia” municipalities). The latter research was based on physicochemical and microbiological<br />
parameters, as well as on vegetation biovariability studies, soil occupation, hydrologic and cartographic<br />
data. A stochastic-dynamic model was then developed as a decision supporting tool, directed<br />
mainly to water resource managers, enabling the assessment of water quality based on benthic community<br />
biovariability measurements. According to our results the best solutions, to attain stabilisation of<br />
the riverine banks and improve water quality, should use vegetation followed by rock in order of relevance.<br />
Rehabilitation solutions using concrete should only be used as a last resource. Moreover, for several<br />
tested scenarios, the studies on benthic community biovariability reflected the importance of effluent<br />
treatment and also responded well as indicators of environmental changes.<br />
Keywords: Forest, urban streams, restoration, ecosystems.
150 Oral Presentations<br />
Making the link between restoration ecology, biodiversity experiments and<br />
assembly models<br />
Temperton V.M.<br />
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Germany<br />
In restoration projects practitioners strive to restore a whole range of different ecosystems, from locally<br />
highly disturbed sites after mining to the improvement of degraded agricultural land. These different<br />
sites do have some things in common, however. In all systems there is a flow of energy and matter, a constant<br />
transformation from inorganic into organic matter and vice versa. The effect of the biota on geochemical<br />
cycling, known as biogeochemistry, is an important issue investigated in biodiversity and<br />
ecosystem functioning (BD-EF) experiments. Applying this perspective to restoration activities, means<br />
that all ecosystems in a modern landscape are seen as biogeochemical systems anywhere along a continuum:<br />
from a balanced relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning to a misfunctioning<br />
relationship. One main goal of restoration could therefore be to restore the system back to a functioning<br />
relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In future we need to compare results of<br />
grassland biodiversity experiments with data from natural grasslands, and test how robust any relationships<br />
found are under different environmental conditions. In particular the high productivity found in<br />
biodiversity experiments is attributed to certain plant species mixtures, and in nature such mixtures<br />
may never occur in such constellations due to assembly trajectories affacting which species can establish<br />
themselves. We need to test how useful specific ideal mixtures of species could be in restoring ecosystem<br />
functioning in restoration projects.<br />
Keywords: restoration, ecosystem functioning, ecological theory, biodiversity experiments, functional diversity.<br />
Non-market valuation of best management practices for stream corridor<br />
restoration<br />
Templeton J.<br />
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Risk Management Research Laboratory<br />
Excess storm-water runoff from an impervious surface results in stream degradation, habitat alteration,<br />
low base flows and increased toxic loading from non-point sources. An important component of stream<br />
restoration is the implementation of best management practices (BMPs) that reduce effective impervious<br />
area. BMPs include structural options such as bioretention facilities (e.g. rain gardens) and non-structural<br />
options such as urban forestry, i.e. the preservation and planting of urban trees. BMPs affect the<br />
landscape in both positive and negative ways that should be accounted for when evaluating the net benefits<br />
of a stormwater management plan. This paper will compare the total net benefits of achieving a given<br />
stormwater runoff reduction through two alternative strategies, residential bioretention auctions and<br />
urban forestry. Non-market economic valuation techniques will be used to measure costs and benefits<br />
that go beyond construction costs. The effect of residential bioretention facilities on homeowners will be<br />
measured through an auction being conduced as a U.S. EPA pilot project. Homeowners will reveal their<br />
“willingness to accept” by bidding on compensation to be received in exchange for allowing the installation<br />
of bioretention facilities in their yards. Additional benefits of urban forestry will be measured with a<br />
hedonic model that measures the differing value of houses based on proximity to street-side trees.<br />
Keywords: Stormwater management, Pollution control, Urban stream restoration, Urban forestry, Nonmarket<br />
valuation.<br />
Ecological processes leading to community assemblage in roadside plants: filling<br />
the gaps in the restoration of motorway slopes in Mediterranean climates<br />
Tena D 1 ., F. Valladares 1 , E. Bochet 2 , S. Matesanz 1 , M. Costa-Tenorio 3 , J. Tormo 2 ,<br />
P. García-Fayos 2 and L. Balaguer 3<br />
1 Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, C.S.I.C. Madrid. Spain<br />
2 Centro de Investigaciones sobre desertificación, CSIC. Valencia. Spain<br />
3 Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain<br />
Roadside plant communities are the core of an emergent ecosystem rapidly expanding over the planet. In<br />
these roadsides, native and introduced species lead to communities of poorly known structure and function.<br />
Competitive exclusion and environmental structuring processes have different relative importance<br />
under different environmental conditions and the phylogenetic structure of the community is crucial to<br />
disentangle the contribution of these processes in the assemblage of the community. We wanted to unveil
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 151<br />
the dominant ecological processes leading to plant community assemblage under different environmental<br />
conditions, which is a requisite for the effective restoration of roadside ecosystems. Twenty nine morphological,<br />
architectural and reproductive traits were determined together with the phylogeny of the 386<br />
species recorded in 41 motorway slopes. The slopes were distributed in two categories –embankments<br />
(favourable soil and inclination) and roadcuts (poor, rocky and steep surfaces)- and in two contrasting localities<br />
in Mediterranean Spain -Málaga (mild and humid) and Valencia (dry and continental)-. By the exploration<br />
of the phylogenetic signal in each functional trait, the number of traits with positive and negative<br />
phylogenetic signal and the importance of syndromes or correlated traits in each locality and type of<br />
slope, we concluded that there is not a common ecological process structuring roadside plant communities.<br />
While habitat filtering, evidenced by phenotypic attraction, predominated under adverse conditions<br />
(Valencia), competitive exclusion, evidenced by phenotypic repulsion, predominated in more favourable<br />
environments (Malaga). Thus, phenotypically diverse taxa should be used in revegetation under<br />
favourable conditions, while the reverse is true under adverse conditions.<br />
Keywords: environmental conditions, functional trait, phylogenetic signal roadside plant communities.<br />
Use of Millennium Seed Bank Project Collections in Restoration<br />
Tenner C., P.P Smith, T. Ulian, M. Way<br />
Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.<br />
The International Programme of the Millennium Seed Bank Project, which runs from 2001 to 2010, aims<br />
to develop a worldwide seed conservation network, capable of safeguarding targeted wild plant species<br />
and contributing to global conservation goals. A key conservation objective is the use of ex situ collections<br />
for recovery and restoration programmes, as required under Target 8 of the Global Strategy for<br />
Plant Conservation. An emphasis on large, high viability seed collections with comprehensive field and<br />
germination data, together with accurately identified herbarium vouchers is providing a secure foundation<br />
for such future uses. The MSB Project expects to collect and conserve seed from 24,200 wild plant<br />
species. It is currently working with partner organisations in 17 different countries. Seed collections are<br />
stored in the country of origin, with duplicate collections stored at the Millennium Seed Bank itself, in<br />
the UK. The aims of individual partnership projects vary, but several have established links to restoration<br />
and re-introduction activities. These often involve further partnerships with organisations including<br />
mining companies, botanic gardens, and local voluntary and statutory conservation groups. Examples<br />
are presented from MSBP partnerships in Australia, USA, Chile, South Africa and Madagascar. Consideration<br />
is given to the respective skills, knowledge and other strengths and roles of the Millennium Seed<br />
Bank, partner seed banks and other partners.<br />
Keywords Seed bank, partnerships, international.<br />
The Priolo project: the last chance to save the species?<br />
Teodósio J. 1 , J. Farragolo 1 , A. Gil 1 , M. Arosa 1 , M. Barreira 1 , S. Geraldo 1 , J. Ramos 2<br />
1 Portuguesse Society for Bird´s Study, SPEA/BirdLife, Apartado 14, 9630 Nordeast, Azores. Portugal<br />
2 IMAR-Coimbra University, Science and Technology Faculty,3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal<br />
The Azores Bullfinch (Pyrrhula murina), or Priolo, is a globally threatened species, with about 200 individuals<br />
surviving strictly in an area of 6,000 hectares in the island of São Miguel, Azores. A LIFE project is<br />
under way in order to save the Priolo from extinction by restoring 300 ha of natural laurel forest in the<br />
main distribution area. The main objectives are: to secure a stable population through the implementation<br />
of long-term habitat management actions; to secure the legal protection of the species; to secure the<br />
continuity and sustainability of the measures through a management plan involving all the local stakeholders.<br />
Concrete habitat management actions are being carried out to improve the habitat for the Priolo,<br />
involving the clearance of exotic invasive plant species and the planting of native species that provide<br />
food to the birds, as well as creating fruit tree orchards to improve food availability in the end of the winter<br />
(one of the limiting factors). Most of the actions consist in recurring habitat management actions .We<br />
also tested and implemented chemical methods to control the exotic plants. This ambitious and complex<br />
project is, probably, our last chance to save this highly threatened bird species.<br />
Keywords: Priolo, Laurel forest, habitat management, chemical control.
152 Oral Presentations<br />
Wetland Resources and Livelihood of Local Ethnic Communities (A Case Study<br />
from Beesh Hazar Tal, Chitwan, Ramsar Site of Nepal)<br />
Thapa S.K. 1 , R.B. Chhetri 2 , and ChandraKanta Pandey 3<br />
1 Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Science, Kathmandu University, Nepal<br />
2 Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Science, Kathmandu University, Nepal<br />
3 Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Patan Multiple Campus, Tribhuwan University, Nepal<br />
The study was designed to document the wetland resources, their intensity of utilization, and identify<br />
management responsibilities of stakeholders. Household questionnaire survey, focused group discussions,<br />
and wetland resources sampling techniques were performed. Four clusters of ethnic communities<br />
(Two clusters of Tharu community, Darai and Musahar community) were identified as actual stakeholders<br />
on the basis of proximity, accessibility and frequency of visit to the lake. 75 wetland plant species<br />
were documented. 37 plant species were used as vegetables; 4 species used as spices and pickle; 26<br />
species used for medicinal purposes; 13 species used to make mats, fibers, etc. 13 species of fishes and<br />
one species of snails, preferred resources by Tharu and Darai people were also available. Wetland resources<br />
were easy option to fulfill the household demand mainly in off farm season. It was concluded<br />
that restriction on human activities was detrimental to natural system of the lake and to local people. If<br />
managed through local initiatives, the lake possesses high potentiality of wise use to enhance socioeconomic<br />
status of local ethnic communities.<br />
Keywords: Ethnic communities, livelihood, stakeholders, wetland, wetland resources.<br />
Studies on Soil Degradation and Its Restoration in Hilly Area of Lancang River<br />
Upstream, Yunnan China<br />
Tian K., J.F. Mo, F.L. Chang, M. Lu, N.Y. Li<br />
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry College, Yunnan Kunming, China<br />
Eight normal soil utilization types in hilly area of Lancang River upstream, Yunnan China were selected<br />
to study the soil deterioration and restoration with in-situ method. There were significantly differences<br />
among soil utilization types within SOM, TN, available N, P, K, and NH 4<br />
£´–N and NO £≠ 3<br />
–N but no much<br />
differences in vertical spatial variation within 0~40cm soil layers for each type. The soil nutrients of all<br />
soil utilization types for secondary forests and planted economic forests, and cropland even abandoned<br />
land were declined. Comparison with nature broadleaved forest, SOM reduced 70.89% in slop cropland,<br />
76.8% in eucalyptus forest and 73.14% in pine coniferous forest, and TN reduced 76.4%, 88.76% and<br />
85.39% for slop cropland, eucalyptus forest and pine coniferous forest respectively. Soil available nutrients<br />
have same declining trends, especially available P and N declined to 2~10 times. The deterioration<br />
index of slop cropland, pine coniferous forest and abandoned land was higher than –0.6% indicating<br />
their soils are degrading seriously. The deterioration index of mixed forest was highest among all soil utilization<br />
types, which indicated the type might be as a model for restoration degraded soil ecosystem in<br />
mountainous area of Lancang River upstream.<br />
Keywords: Soil utilization types, Lancang River upstream, soil nutrients declining, deterioration index,<br />
model of restoration.<br />
Reducing available soil nitrogen by amendment with organic carbon sources to<br />
promote restoration of natural grassland on abandoned agricultural fields<br />
Tilston, E.L. 1 , D.W. Hopkins 1 , T. Szili-Kovács 1,2<br />
1 School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling,Scotland UK<br />
2 Research Institute of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Hungarian Academy Sciences, Budapest, Hungary<br />
Re-establishment of native grassland on abandoned agricultural fields is sometimes retarded by the legacy<br />
of high nutrient concentrations, the reduction of which facilitates the succession towards the native<br />
grassland. In these studies we have added different amounts of simple and complex organic carbon<br />
sources (sucrose and sawdust, respectively) to soils from abandoned fields on sandy soils from the Great<br />
Hungarian Plain (Kiskunság National Park). Using laboratory investigations we have established the optimum<br />
C addition to immobilise the maximum about of available soil N. We have monitored the soil microbial<br />
response to C addition by respiration and the assimilation of soil N by both inorganic N and microbial<br />
biomass measurements. From these experiments we have also been able to determine the rate of<br />
response. These laboratory experiments complement field-based studies conducted by Szili-Kovács et al.<br />
Keywords: Soil N availability, N immobilisation, microbial biomass, C addition, restoration.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 153<br />
Defining restoration targets and strategies for peatlands in NE-Germany<br />
Timmermann, T.<br />
Institute of Botany, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany<br />
In Germany around 95% of the peatland area (ca. 13.500 km 2 ) have been drained for agriculture, peat<br />
mining, or forestry. Due to increasing drainage costs, land use changes, and growing environmental<br />
awareness these use forms cease and peatland restoration is becoming increasingly important. Most<br />
restoration projects aim to restore a plenty of „functions“ as high biodiversity, target species, a pure environment,<br />
wilderness, beauty, peat formation, or traditional cultural landscapes. As demonstrated with<br />
exemplary projects from NE-Germany it is evident after a decade of large scale peatland restoration that<br />
some restoration targets are incompatible, unrealistic or difficult to proof. The reasons are (1) lack of<br />
knowledge on natural potentials and risks, (2) loose or inconsistent concepts of conservation targets and<br />
priorities (e. g. wilderness, target species, beauty), (3) resistance of local people and (4) missing or inadequate<br />
monitoring. To minimize these shortcomings and to improve future restoration success it is proposed:<br />
(1, 4) to elaborate national as well as regional peatland inventories and decision support systems,<br />
to analyse the ecohydrology of each peatland ecosystem designed for restoration and to intensify monitoring<br />
as well as research on ecosystem processes following restoration measures, (2) to advance the conceptional<br />
coherence and local adjustment of targets, and (3) to achieve acceptance due to sufficient involvement<br />
of the public at all stages of planning. Finally three basic strategies of peatland restoration are<br />
presented each combining a specific priority of restoration targets and sets of restoration measures.<br />
Keywords: peatland restoration, restoration planning, restoration strategy.<br />
The effect of prescribed burning and decaying wood on the diversity of beetles<br />
Toivanen T., J. S. Kotiaho<br />
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 35, FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland<br />
Forest fires are one of the most important disturbances of boreal coniferous forests. Today, natural fires<br />
have become rare due to effective fire suppression and the diversity of species associated with burnt forests<br />
has decreased. Another limiting resource for forest species is the availability of decaying wood. In Finland,<br />
at least 4 000 species are classified saproxylic (dependent on dead wood). The aim of our research is to<br />
study the effects of prescribed burning and the importance of the quality and quantity of decaying wood on<br />
the diversity of beetle fauna. We conducted a burning experiment at Evo, Southern Finland, where we selected<br />
24 spruce-dominated forest plots. 18 of these plots were harvested and different quantities of decaying<br />
wood were formed. Half of the study plots were burnt in summer 2002. We monitored the beetle diversity<br />
during the subsequent years by sampling beetles with window traps. In addition, we studied the beetle<br />
fauna of old silvicultural burnings and clearcut areas of the corresponding age. Our results show that beetle<br />
diversity is higher at burnt plots than at unburnt study areas. Burning has also a positive effect on the<br />
abundance of saproxylic beetles and on the occurrence of rare beetle species. Harvested study plots with<br />
increased amount of decaying wood had higher diversity than unharvested control plots. Also the old silvicultural<br />
burnings harbour more diverse beetle fauna than the corresponding clearcuts. We conclude that<br />
prescribed burning can be used as an effective tool in restoring species diversity in boreal forests.<br />
Keywords: saproxylic beetles, wood, diversity.<br />
Restoration of boreal forests and mires in the EU LIFE-Nature project<br />
‘GreenBelt’ in northeastern Finland<br />
Tolvanen A.<br />
Finnish Forest Research Intitute. Muhos Research Station. Kirkkosaarentie 7. FI-91500 Muhos. Finland<br />
Fennoscandian Green Belt is an extensive area of unspoilt natural forests, mires and arctic fells at the<br />
border between Finland, Russia and Norway. At the proteced areas of the Finnish side, however, the<br />
forests are partially affected by former commercial forestry and mires have been partially drained. The<br />
EU LIFE-Nature project ‘Natural forests and mires in the Green Belt of Koillismaa and Kainuu’ (Green-<br />
Belt) aims to improve the state of 13 protected areas at the Finnish side of the Fennoscandian Green<br />
Belt. The restoration work will begin in summer 2005. Natural succession will be generated in the forests<br />
by controlled burnings, simulations of storm damage, damaging and felling trees and by reforesting disused<br />
forest roads. Mires will be restored by damming or blocking ditches and by removing trees. Monitoring<br />
and research will involve the comparison of various restoration methods in terms of their ecological<br />
success and cost-efficiency. The scale of impacts of restoration will be investigated by using e.g. spatial<br />
modelling methods. Information obtained from the network will be used for the development towards
154 Oral Presentations<br />
more practicable and cost efficient restoration methods. Since established populations of species associated<br />
with decaying wood and burnt forests live just over the Russian border, it can be assumed that<br />
these species will spread into Finland when suitable habitats have been restored. The first summer of<br />
restoration work and research will be presented.<br />
Keywords: Boreal forests, Burning, Forest restoration, Mire restoration, Succession.<br />
Restoration of raised bogs: biogeochemical processes involved in the<br />
re-establishment of Sphagnum-dominated vegetation<br />
Tomassen H.B.M. 1 , A.J.P. Smolders 1 , L.P.M. Lamers 2 , J.G.M. Roelofs 2<br />
1 B-ware Research Centre. Nijmegen. The Netherlands<br />
2 Environmental Biology, Institute for Wetland and Water Research. Radboud University Nijmegen. Nijmegen. The Netherlands<br />
Restoration of bog remnants by hydrological measures generally leads to inundation and rapid development<br />
of Sphagnum vegetation when poorly humified peat is still present. The peat either swells up or becomes<br />
buoyant, creating a favourable substratum for Sphagnum. In many cases, however, only strongly<br />
humified peat is remaining and Sphagnum redevelopment is usually not observed. Waterlogging of peat<br />
remnants is therefore preferred in this case. Bulk density, peat structure and methane production all<br />
play an important role in the buoyancy of floating peat and newly formed Sphagnum carpets. Methane<br />
appears to provide peat buoyancy. Peat characteristics such as C/P and lignin/P ratios, and pH, determine<br />
decomposition rates and hence methane and carbon dioxide production. On locations where only<br />
strongly humified peat is present, floating raft formation can be stimulated by the introduction of peat<br />
with suitable characteristics. Methane production rates in acidic substrates can be enhanced by mixing<br />
the peat with small amounts of lime. Substrate derived carbon dioxide and methane both appear to serve<br />
as an important carbon source for Sphagnum. High carbon dioxide concentrations in the acrotelm<br />
strongly stimulate hummock formation by Sphagnum magellanicum. Typical hummock species are, however,<br />
usually very slow colonisers. Introduction of these species in carpets dominated by Sphagnum cuspidatum<br />
or Sphagnum fallax, or on bare peat, appears to be very promising. The results show that biogeochemical<br />
and ecophysiological knowledge is vital for the choice of sound bog restoration strategies.<br />
Keywords: Bog restoration, carbon dioxide, methane, peat buoyancy, Sphagnum.<br />
A comparative analysis of the vegetation, seed bank and environmental<br />
conditions of abandoned limestone quarry floors and alvars in Southern Ontario,<br />
Canada<br />
Tomlinson, S.D., D.W. Larson<br />
Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Canada<br />
Quarrying can alter or remove communities of native plants, but restoration ecology offers tools to repair<br />
this damage. Very little rehabilitation has been carried out in abandoned quarries in Ontario, Canada,<br />
despite legislation that requires extraction companies to restore the land. The goal of this research is to<br />
explore alvars as a possible restoration target for abandoned limestone quarry floors. Alvars are natural<br />
limestone pavements with patches of thin, alkaline soils and vegetation that is adapted to extreme environmental<br />
conditions such as flooding and drought. In order to determine the ecological differences between<br />
alvars and quarry floors, we conducted vascular and non-vascular vegetation surveys in twentyfive<br />
quadrats at each of thirteen quarry sites across southern Ontario. We also conducted seed bank<br />
analyses and measured soil cover, soil depth, soil nutrient concentrations, and ground-surface temperatures.<br />
These data were compared with those previously collected on southern Ontario alvars. We found a<br />
high similarity of environmental conditions and a high proportion of overlap in the vegetation communities<br />
of the two ecosystems, including the discovery of alvar endemics growing on quarry floors. The quarry<br />
seed bank was highly representative of the above-ground vegetation, suggesting that alvar species on<br />
quarry floors may have seed input as a limiting factor. These results indicate that an alvar could be a<br />
possible reference system for the restoration of abandoned limestone quarry floors, and rehabilitation<br />
guidelines could be developed for extraction companies.<br />
Keywords: alvar, quarry floor, restoration, community composition, seed bank.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 155<br />
Using succession as teacher: Species selection for road embankments<br />
revegetation<br />
Tormo J., E. Bochet, P. García-Fayos<br />
Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CSIC, Universidad de Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana) Camí de la Marjal s/n.<br />
Apdo. Oficial. 46470 Albal. Valencia<br />
The objective of this study is to develop a protocol of species selection for revegetation of road embankments<br />
in semiarid environments. Protocol consists of three successive stages: (1) survey of spontaneous<br />
colonizing flora to determine what species colonize successfully road embankments, (2) manual sowing<br />
experiments to test the suitability of selected species in point 1, (3) hydroseeding experiments with public<br />
works methods to compare revegetation success of selected species in relation to widespread commercial<br />
species and to test top soil addition. Vegetation surveys proved to be a useful tool to identify spontaneous<br />
colonizing species to be used in revegetation. The results obtained after manual and hydroseeding sowing<br />
experiments confirmed the success of the selected species in road slope revegetation. Three months after<br />
hydroseeding, when erosion risk are high, total vegetation cover was significantly higher for selected<br />
species treatment (38%) than commercial species treatment (23%). One year after sowing the same<br />
trends remained and results indicated that species selected in surveys performed better than commercial<br />
ones. Moreover, experiments indicate that adding properly managed topsoil may be an alternative to expensive<br />
hydroseeding treatments.<br />
Keywords: hydroseeding, revegetation, road embankment, semiarid, species selection.<br />
Regeneration of vegetation after tourism impacts in protected areas in northern<br />
Finland<br />
Törn A. 1 , P. Siikamäki 2 , A. Tolvanen 3<br />
1 Department of Biology, University of Oulu. Finland<br />
2 Oulanka Research station, University of Oulu. Finland<br />
3 Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station. Finland<br />
Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries globally, and within tourism, nature-based tourism is considered<br />
to be the greatest growing form. Tourism is mainly concentrated to conservation areas. The effects<br />
of tourism are diverse: ecologically tourism causes pressure on natural communities, socially it affects to<br />
local residents’ life and economically it has effects to areas welfare. We have monitoring and experimental<br />
studies to investigate the effects of recreation activities to nature. Our results of ecological studies show<br />
that plant responses to trampling varies in terms of life form and morphology. Reduction in density and<br />
cover of vascular plants occur quickly at relatively low trampling intensities, but as either the intensity or<br />
the frequency of trampling rises the rate of deteoration becomes much slower. The influence of contrasting<br />
recreation activities may differ considerably due to e.g. the differences in the mechanical impacts on soil<br />
and vegetation. An risk for the biodiversity of protected areas is caused by invasive species, which, once<br />
introduced, may spread along trails and occupy space from local species. Our results show influence by<br />
horses on the species composition: seedlings of fast-growing grasses and forbs emerge along trails and<br />
horse resting areas. Our research provided information on the ecological sustainability of nature tourism<br />
can be used in developing ecological principles for the management of protected areas, for trail network<br />
planning, and for the restoration of severely damaged habitats in northern Finland.<br />
Keywords: Regeneration, vegetation, tourism, protected areas.<br />
LTER plant population studies at reference habitats help to improve restoration<br />
tools: a case study from Hungary<br />
Török K., B. Lhotsky, R. Szabó, Gy. Kröel-Dulay, E. Kovács-Láng and M. Halassy<br />
Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Vácrátót. Hungary.<br />
The study of ecosystem dynamics and the impact of environmental variability in space and time has been<br />
a common aim in the goal setting of LTER research topics. The dynamics of community constituent plant<br />
species that provide the structure of the community is of major importance for restoration planning. As<br />
such, the dominant species of the endemic sandy grassland community (Festucetum vaginatae) have<br />
been studied at the Kiskun LTER site, Hungary. This community is adapted to drought conditions, however,<br />
extreme dry years may cause a major dieback of grass species. Therefore, regeneration from seeds<br />
is crucial for the long-term persistance of this community. Seedling dynamics has been studied for the<br />
two dominant grass species, Festuca vaginata and Stipa borysthenica, by field survey and manipulations<br />
at natural sites over 6 years. Field experiments on seed burial have revealed that Stipa emerges predomi-
156 Oral Presentations<br />
nantly from the lower soil layer (2-10 cm), while Festuca from the upper 0-2 cm. Seedling emergence and<br />
survival rates varied greatly among years, with both species showing complete seedling mortality in extreme<br />
drought years. This sensitivity greatly influences, sometimes threatens the result of restoration efforts.<br />
This was the case for the sandy grassland restoration experiment at abandoned arable fields in the<br />
Kiskunság. Seeding design followed the results of LTER research, but the extreme drought of 2003 killed<br />
all Stipa seedlings. This way, Stipa had to be reseeded. For Festuca the dieback was not complete, and<br />
the remaining seedlings have reached regenerative stage already by 2004.<br />
Keywords: drought, regeneration, sandy grassland, seedling survival.<br />
New water management strategies for lake Volkerak-Zoommeer<br />
Tosserams M.<br />
Department of water management and spatial planning. Institute for inland water management and waste water treatment<br />
(RIZA). Lelystad. The Netherlands<br />
Lake Volkerak-Zoommeer was created in 1987 as part of the Deltaworks. Although the Deltaworks increased<br />
safety against flooding, the endikements have had marked effects on the development of the<br />
ecosystem. Lake Volkerak-Zoommeer was transformed from an estuarine area into a freshwater lake. The<br />
most important problem for the sustainable development of lake Volkerak-Zoommeer is eutrophication<br />
resulting in persistent large-scale blooms of toxic blue green algae.<br />
In 2000 a study was started to identify sustainable solutions for the existing problems, anticipating on future<br />
developments resulting from climatic change. The challenge was to design ‘tailor-made’ solutions on the level<br />
of the catchment area. For this purpose an integrated planning approach was adopted, involving all relevant<br />
actors in the design process. Several water management strategies were identified and confronted with the<br />
most important user functions and spatial relationships within the study area. Ultimately eight possible final<br />
states for lake Volkerak-Zoommeer were described. To translate the complex problem, a roadmap for the<br />
long-term development of the Volkerak-Zoommeer was created. This roadmap presents the possible ‘pathways’<br />
and necessary measures to reach the final states, in a transparent and relatively simple manner. Eventually,<br />
by using the roadmap two water management strategies were selected for further evaluation in an environmental<br />
impact assessment. Thus by using an integrated spatial approach and participative design<br />
methods, several objectives could be achieved simultaneously. As amongst other aspects, water quality, safety<br />
and ecological restoration are all integrated in the water management strategies that were developed.<br />
Keywords: eutrophication, integrated planning, public participation, restoration, water management.<br />
Beyond the Growth Illusion: Successful Irrigation Communities as Sustainable<br />
Ecosystems Built around the Scarcity of Real Wealth and Acceptance of<br />
Thermodynamic Reality<br />
Trawick P.<br />
Institute of Water and Environment, Cranfield University, United Kingdom<br />
The concept of restoring ecosystems and their vital functions encompasses the restoration of sustainable<br />
man-made production systems, which are now known to exist widely throughout the world rather than<br />
being extremely rare as they were once thought to be. This paper argues, based on extensive comparative<br />
research on successful farmer-operated irrigation systems, that such cases of effective local governance<br />
of a common-property resource have a great deal more in common than has generally been recognized.<br />
They form a single well-defined type of community based on the principles of equity and transparency in<br />
water use. The systems reveal that people are quite capable working out enforceable agreements for mutual<br />
self-restraint and for cutting back on their consumption of vital resources, provided that the challenge<br />
is framed in the proper way. These self-organized and self-operated human ecosystems are predicated<br />
on the reality of scarcity and the necessity of having to make the best of a bad situation and share<br />
one of the most basic forms of natural capital or ‘wealth’. At the most basic level, the axiom around<br />
which the systems are constructed is that such ‘wealth’ is not created by humans but finite, unpredictable,<br />
and subject to degradation through its use or transfer from one person to another. The author<br />
argues that these local economies are successful, sustainable, and of great theoretical importance precisely<br />
because they are “beyond growth”, being based on thermodynamic reality rather than on the prevailing<br />
capitalist illusion that “wealth” is potentially infinite and somehow created by humans.<br />
Keywords: man-made or cultural ecosystems, water, irrigation, sustainability, thermodynamics.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 157<br />
Evaluation of the implementation of a goal-oriented peatland restoration plan<br />
Trepel M.<br />
State Agency for Nature and Environment. Flintbek. Germany<br />
Ecological restoration is a problem driven scientific discipline. Thus from time to time an evaluation of<br />
the restoration strategies is needed to further improve the concepts. In Northern Germany, a peatland<br />
restoration plan was adopted by the Environmental Ministry in 2002 with the goal to (I) rehabilitate the<br />
water quality improvement potential of degraded peatlands and to (II) create suitable habitat conditions<br />
for endangered wetland species. The implementation of this plan follows a staged concept. The goals are<br />
clearly stated in the plan. For state-wide site selection, a GIS-based peatland information system was developed.<br />
For each peatland, information about land use, hydrology, conservation status, species occurrence<br />
and soil data are stored in the database. Most effective peatland sites are identified by calculating a<br />
land use intensity index. A flow path-oriented decision support system was developed to calculate the effect<br />
of land use and water management changes on nitrogen outflow and nitrogen transformation. The<br />
model result – reduction of nitrogen outflow – is transformed into a cost-effectiveness value, which is<br />
used to rank the funding proposals. The DSS is developed as a user-friendly, web-based software; it’s<br />
handling requires basic knowledge of landscape hydrology. However, local authorities does not use both<br />
tools intensively. For them, the most important factor for site selection is the possibility of land acquisition.<br />
To improve goal-oriented site selection and planing, local authorities need more training and a better<br />
hydrological understanding. To improve the effectiveness of ecological restoration projects, training<br />
and capacity building are equally important as tool development and research.<br />
Keywords: Decision support systems, Germany, planing, site selection, wetland.<br />
Native vs Exotic: cultural discourses about flora, fauna and belonging in<br />
Australia<br />
Trigger D., J. Mulcock<br />
Anthropology & Sociology, The University of Western Australia<br />
Environmental debates about which plant and animal species ‘belong’ in particular locations have a growing<br />
significance around the world. We argue that ideas about which species constitute weeds or pests and<br />
how those species should be managed can be strongly grounded in cultural values and beliefs. Such beliefs<br />
are often linked, directly and indirectly, to everyday assumptions about national, regional, local and<br />
personal identities. Strong emotional attachments to particular species or landscapes can shape individual<br />
and community responses to flora and fauna with implications for issues of sustainable development and<br />
planning. This paper focuses on beliefs and practices that are thereby of relevance to urban environmental<br />
management. The study setting is the city of Perth, Western Australia. We aim to better understand the<br />
connections between nature and culture in a settler-descendant society, focusing on contesting views<br />
about ‘indigeneity’ and ‘belonging’, in both social and environmental contexts. Sense of place, the notion of<br />
a hybrid cultural and environmental heritage, scientifically informed beliefs about environmentally appropriate<br />
practices, and contesting aesthetic preferences are key themes in this discussion.<br />
Keywords: cultural landscapes, feelings of attachment, nature & belonging, native & exotic species, culture<br />
& identity.<br />
Scientific and social expertise required for extensive restoration of lower<br />
Danube river wetlands (Romania)<br />
Vadineanu A.<br />
Department of Systems Ecology and Sustainability. University of Bucharest. Spl. Independentei 91-95/ sector<br />
5/050095/Bucharest/Romania<br />
The paper is intended to discuss on major arguments for extensive ecological restoration in the former floodplain<br />
which was converted into intensive agricultural land (more than 80 percent from the total surface of<br />
over half million of hectares) between 1970-1990 and on major related social and economic impact. The need<br />
for combining the scientific background with accurate information, effective tools and skills derived from holistic<br />
social and economic analysis, proved to be the most critical step in the implementation of so called<br />
“Green Corridor of Danube River” international project. The content of the paper will be focused on some constraints,<br />
procedures and achievements regarding decision making and implementation in this particular case.<br />
Keywords: ecological restoration, floodplain, Danube River.
158 Oral Presentations<br />
Restoring vegetation resilience in fire-prone Mediterranean shrublands<br />
Valdecantos A. 1,2 , M.J. Baeza 1 , V.R. Vallejo 1<br />
1 Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), C/ Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico Paterna, 46980<br />
Paterna, Spain<br />
2 Dep. Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Gandía, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ctra. Nazaret-<br />
Oliva s/n, Gandía, 46730 Valencia, Spain<br />
The lost of keystones species is critical to ecosystem structure and functioning. In large areas of the<br />
Mediterranean Basin, land use and disturbances have changed landscape to early succesional stages of<br />
the vegetation, dominated by seeder species with high fuel accumulation and a reduced response after<br />
disturbances. One aim of the restoration of these areas is to increase formations with resprouter species<br />
to improve the ecosystem resilience. The reforestation of Mediterranean degraded lands with broadleaved<br />
and late-successional species usually releases low survival rates. Clearing the vegetation generates a<br />
slash layer that protects the soil from erosion, while preserving desired species. We aimed to assess the<br />
effectiveness of vegetation clearing and mulching on the reintroduction of Quercus ilex, Rhamnus alaternus<br />
and Pistacia lentiscus in fire-prone Mediterranean shrublands. The clearing treatment a priori improved<br />
environmental conditions of the planting holes in comparison to those within the shrubland.<br />
Species responded in a different way to site preparation: mastic tree showed higher survival in the<br />
cleared plots and after mulch application. Seedlings of the three species grew more after clearing than<br />
within the shrubland. A significant site preparation-time interaction was observed due to the improved<br />
growth within the shrubland in the first months while clearing resulted in a higher final size. Unexpectedly,<br />
the application of mulch had a negative effect on seedling growth of Quercus and Rhamnus. We conclude<br />
that combining clearing with planting for the appropriate species for the sites is recommended to<br />
reduce fire hazard, to slow fuel load buildup, and to increase ecosystem resilience.<br />
Keywords: resilience, reforestation, Pistacia lentiscus.<br />
Paleolimnology and Long-Term Series: how can we use them in Restoration?<br />
Valero-Garcés B.L. 1 , A. Moreno-Caballud 1 , P. González-Sampériz 1 , A. Navas 2 , R. Bao 3 ,<br />
P. Mata 4 , C. Martín 4 , M. Morellón 1 , Antonio Delgado-Huertas 5 , A. González-Barrios 6<br />
1 Pyrenean Institute of Ecology - CSIC. Zaragoza, Spain<br />
2 Aula Dei Experimental Station - CSIC. Zaragoza, Spain<br />
3 University of A Coruña. A Coruña, Spain<br />
4 University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain<br />
5 El Zaidin Experimental Station - CSIC. Granada, Spain<br />
6 University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain<br />
During the last decades, government agencies have tried to implement plans for lake and watershed<br />
management and restoration efforts in numerous Spanish sites. In most cases, little was known of the<br />
lake dynamics and the previous history of the system, and consequently neither the “pristine” stage to be<br />
preserved nor the results of the conservation efforts can be easily evaluated. Even in the very few sites<br />
where long-term series of ecological data are available, they only span a few decades, making difficult to<br />
discern between changes due to human influences from those within the natural variability of aquatic<br />
ecosystems. Successful restoration efforts need longer records of the natural variability and the response<br />
of the lake system to past global changes. We describe two case studies of management policies in two<br />
Spanish lakes: Zoñar (Guadalquivir River Basin) and Chiprana (Ebro River Basin) with a long history of<br />
human impact in the watersheds. The study of the sedimentary record using paleolimnological techniques,<br />
and the available monitoring data provides an efficient strategy to: i) understand the hydrological,<br />
limnological and ecological dynamics of the lake systems, ii) identify the main drivers and pressures<br />
over the sites to be restored, and iii) establish targets to be achieved in management plans to restore<br />
those natural conditions. Paleolimnological studies provide an opportunity to better understand the interaction<br />
between humans and the environment against a background of climate variability, and help to<br />
define conservation policies in Mediterranean wetlands and lakes.<br />
Keywords: paleolimnology, lakes, restoration, long-term ecological research sites, Mediterranean.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 159<br />
Long-term evaluation of restoration projects in the Mediterranean.<br />
The REACTI<strong>ON</strong> approach<br />
Vallejo V.R. 1 , S. Bautista 2 , J.A. Alloza 1 , the REACTI<strong>ON</strong> partnership 3<br />
1 CEAM Foundation. Valencia. Spain<br />
2 Department of Ecology. University of Alicante. Spain<br />
3 www.gva.es/ceam/reaction<br />
A wide range of restoration efforts has been conducted in the Mediterranean, from the promotion of autogenic<br />
restoration to a variety of reforestation activities. However, rigurous evaluation of the degree of success<br />
of restoration actions is rarely carried out. REACTI<strong>ON</strong> project aimed to define an analytical framework,<br />
criteria, and methodology for the evaluation of restoration efforts in the Mediterranean, and to<br />
establish a database on evaluated restoration projects. REACTI<strong>ON</strong> approach lies on three main elements:<br />
(1) degree of achievement of specific project objectives, (2) comparative analysis between pre-restored, degraded<br />
conditions and current conditions, and (3) land quality assessment. The approach results from<br />
the trade-off between the need for fitting to specific characteristics of any particular restoration effort and<br />
for providing a common methodology for baseline evaluation of restoration projects. The evaluation protocol<br />
tests the achievement of initial objectives but also the current quality of the restored system -in<br />
terms of structure, function, socio-economic and cultural values- according to current perspectives and<br />
social demands. It has been designed as a broad framework, with a wide variety of indicators, both qualitative<br />
and quantitative, requiring minimum field assessment and optimizing the use of existing and available<br />
information. Scales for evaluation include stand, ecosystem and landscape levels. Since the achievement<br />
of most restoration goals needs an ecologically meaningful time period, the protocol is mainly<br />
designed for a posteriori long-term evaluation of restoration projects. The REACTI<strong>ON</strong> protocol has been<br />
successfully applied to evaluate and compile information on more than forty long-term restoration projects<br />
in the Northern Mediterranean countries.<br />
Keywords: Evaluation methodology, forest quality, long-term assessment reforestation, restoration success.<br />
A set of principles of ecological engineering<br />
van Bohemen H.<br />
Civil Engineering Department of the Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.<br />
During the last years a set of ten principles of ecological engineering has been developed. The principles<br />
are based on research which has led to a dissertation in 2004 and are fully described in a recent publishe<br />
book (March 2005) with the title: Ecological Engineering; Bridging between Ecology and Civil Engineering.<br />
During the presentation the usefulness of the proposed set of principles of ecological engineering<br />
will be illustrated by concrete examples within the different fields of civil engineering in urban and suburban<br />
environments, including roads and motorways. It will show the wide range of possibilities to integrate<br />
social, ecological and economical (people, planet, profit) aspects towards an optimal form of ecological<br />
sustainability. The examples will be in the field of fauna provisions to decrease the negative effects of<br />
roads and motorways, the use of vegetated roofs and the usefulness of growing and using renewable materials<br />
in the building, and the hydraulic engineering sector. It shows the positive effects of (eco)system<br />
thinking for reducing negative effects of human interventions as well as the possibilities of promoting<br />
ecological values in roaddesign and roadconstruction and other civil engineering projects.<br />
Keywords: ecological engineering, ecological sustainability, civil engineering.<br />
Quantifying and Mitigating The Effect of Roads and Traffic on Australian<br />
Wildlife<br />
van der Ree R. 1 , Sunnucks P. 2 ., Taylor A. 2 ., Simmons J. 2 ., Cesarini S. 2 ., Harper M.J 1 .<br />
1 Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010<br />
2 School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3160<br />
The network of major roads in Australia and around the world continues to expand as new roads are<br />
built and existing roads widened. The effects of roads and traffic on wildlife are potentially numerous<br />
and profound. The ecological effects of roads and traffic are compounded by other causes of habitat<br />
loss, which has been so extensive across much of Australia that many landscapes currently support<br />
less than 5 – 10 % tree cover. Ironically, much of the remaining habitat occurs adjacent to formed<br />
roads or in unused road reserves. Consequently, new roads dissect these vegetation remnants, potentially<br />
disrupting the movement of animals. Similarly, the widening of existing roads will typically result
160 Oral Presentations<br />
in the removal of habitat. Numerous projects across Australia have recently been initiated to mitigate<br />
the negative effects of roads and traffic. We will present a number of case studies from eastern Australia<br />
where attempts to restore habitat and connectivity have been implemented. We will discuss the<br />
effectiveness of these measures and will highlight a bold research initiative to quantify and mitigate effectiveness<br />
by focusing on the population-level effects. This research is a collaborative project between<br />
University and a road construction agency and is sponsored by the Australian Government. It will<br />
combine three techniques (empirical observations of animal movement, genetic analyses and metapopulation<br />
modeling) to specifically address questions related to the barrier effect of roads on a diverse<br />
range of taxa, including mammals, reptiles and invertebrates. The effectiveness of mitigation measures<br />
will then be assessed by quantifying changes to population viability.<br />
Keywords: Road ecology, Road mitigation, Restoration ecology, Australia.<br />
Biogeochemical regulation of metal availability in wetland sediments by sulphur<br />
and nitrogen<br />
van der Welle M.E.W. 1 , S.C.M. Haaijer 2 , L.P.M. Lamers 1 , J.G.M. Roelofs 1<br />
1 Dept of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen<br />
2 Dept of Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands<br />
As a result of intensive agriculture in the Netherlands, high concentrations of nitrate are found in surface<br />
water and groundwater of many freshwater wetlands. In waterlogged (sub)soils, sulphide containing<br />
deposits (mainly iron sulphides) are oxidized by the chemolithotrophic microbial reduction of NO 3<br />
, thereby<br />
increasing sulphate concentrations in the groundwater. Depending on the actual pH, pyrite-associated<br />
metals may simultaneously be released into the groundwater. In field experiments it has been found that<br />
increased NO 3<br />
pollution can indeed lead to oxidation of iron-sulphides and decreased sulphate reduction.<br />
This could also be demonstrated in controlled mesocosms.<br />
High NO 3<br />
concentrations can, however, also act as a redox buffer, thereby decreasing the mobility of metals<br />
in the sediment. Although this may be beneficial for toxic metals, it may also lead to deficiency symptoms<br />
in plants with respect to essential metals like iron. Based on field observations and microcosm experiments,<br />
the present paper will discuss the mechanisms by which S and N pollution may interfere with<br />
metal biogeochemistry and indicate the implications for metal toxicity assessment.<br />
Keywords: pyrite, nitrate, metals, pollution, biogeochemistry.<br />
Dealing with societal support in ecological restoration. The case of the Green<br />
River Plan in the Netherlands<br />
van der Windt H. J., J. A.A. Swart<br />
Science & Society Group. Department of Biology. Groningen University. Kerklaan 30. 9750. AA Haren. The Netherlands<br />
It is generally accepted that support from stakeholders and citizens is essential for successful ecological<br />
restoration. However, it is less clear what this means for the process of decision-making and the role of<br />
ecological expertise. We studied the decision-making of the so-called Green River Plan in the Netherlands.<br />
This plan aims to restore a brook valley system in the Netherlands and was proposed by nature<br />
protection organizations. Beside conservationists other interest groups as farmers, water managers, city<br />
planners, landscape protectionists, and industries are involved. Top-down decision-making is thought<br />
not to be successful since some stakeholders are able to block the process. The main actor, the provincial<br />
government, has therefore chosen for an interactive procedure to require participation of all stakeholders.<br />
So far, this approach seems to be successful. All stakeholders, including local authorities, support<br />
the plan to restore the brook valley. However, it appears that it is very difficult to get an agreement on issues<br />
like the location of the restored brooks and the size of the brook banks. It can be questioned<br />
whether ecological knowledge is adequate to solve these disputes. Beside interests, ecological expertise is<br />
not considered as sufficiently reliable and transparent to all actors. Moreover, science and technology<br />
studies have learned that it is important that knowledge is socially robust. This means that it can be<br />
linked to other types of knowledge and approaches. In other words, ecological expertise should be robust<br />
in different social contexts, and modifiable to some extent. We conclude that this requirement of ecological<br />
expertise may easy be underestimated in restoration projects.<br />
Keywords: social robustness, ecological expertise, stakeholders’ view, decision-making.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 161<br />
How important is water dispersal in Restored temperate floodplains?<br />
van Diggelen R. 1 , K. Jensen 2 , B. Middleton 3 , K.Vegelin 1,4 , K. Fessel 3<br />
1 Community & Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, The Netherlands<br />
2 Population and vegetation ecology, University of Hamburg, Germany<br />
3 USGS National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette, LA 70506, USA<br />
4 Botanical Institute, University of Greifswald, Germany<br />
Little disturbed floodplains have sharply decreased in temperate Europe and N-America and are now<br />
among the more threatened ecosystems. In order to reverse this trend, restoration is applied at an everincreasing<br />
scale. A major goal in wetland restoration is the attempt to increase biodiversity by recreating<br />
a previous situation. This target can only be reached when abiotic conditions (e.g., water regime, nutrient<br />
availability) have been adjusted and disappeared species can re-establish themselves. Whereas abiotic<br />
conditions are mostly changed by active human intervention this is much less the case with biotic elements.<br />
Generally restorationalists rely upon spontaneous dispersal of organisms. In the case of flooded<br />
wetlands propagule dispersal by water is expected to contribute much to a fast biodiversity increase in<br />
restored sites. In the present contribution we will explore the importance of water dispersal for the conservation<br />
and restoration of biodiversity in flooded wetlands, both in more natural and in more regulated<br />
settings. We will also investigate which traits favour water dispersal and how important this phenomenon<br />
is for restoration.<br />
Keywords: restoration, floodplain, biodiversity.<br />
Nutrient-enrichment, habitat homogeneity, and fragmentation limit the<br />
recovery of the aquatic invertebrate fauna of raised bogs<br />
van Duinen G.A., W.C.E.P. Verberk, H. Esselink<br />
Bargerveen Foundation & Departments of Environmental Science and Animal Ecology, Radboud University Nijmegen, The<br />
Netherlands<br />
To study whether bog restoration rehabilitate fauna diversity, we compared the aquatic invertebrate assemblages<br />
between pristine Estonian bogs and rewetted and non-rewetted bog remnants in The Netherlands.<br />
The microinvertebrate fauna (Rotifera, Copepoda, Cladocera) recovers quickly after rewetting.<br />
However, this is not the case for macroinvertebrates, like dragonflies and beetles. This difference in response<br />
is probably due to the less complex lifecycle of microinvertebrates and their easy dispersal by<br />
wind. Until now rewetting resulted in fairly similar macroinvertebrate assemblages, including only part of<br />
the species spectrum of pristine bogs. Water bodies in bog remnants that are not influenced by rewetting<br />
measures are inhabited by higher numbers of characteristic macroinvertebrates than rewetted sites.<br />
Therefore, we recommend to take care of present populations of rare and characteristic species, as these<br />
may become the sources for colonisation of rewetted sites. Sudden changes induced by large-scale rewetting<br />
should be avoided. Increased nitrogen deposition hampers restoration of the species assemblages of<br />
nutrient-poor bog pools. Species preferring water bodies with a higher nutrient availability within pristine<br />
bogs are dominant in The Netherlands. Furthermore, the heterogeneity in (a)biotic conditions and transitions<br />
to minerotrophic parts of the bog system, required by species to complete their lifecycles, are not<br />
yet restored in bog remnants.<br />
Keywords: bogs, invertebrates, nutrients, heterogeneity, fragmentation.<br />
Biological traits succesfully predict the effects of restoration management on<br />
macroinvertebrates in shallow softwater lakes<br />
van Kleef H. 1 , W. Verberk 2 , H. Esselink 2<br />
1 Department of Environmental Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen<br />
2 Department of Animal Ecology, Radboud University Nijmegen<br />
Many shallow softwater lakes are being affected by eutrophication and acidification. In these small<br />
lakes a sapropelium layer develops and characteristic plant and animal species are disappearing. In<br />
many degraded lakes organic matter and macrophytes are being removed in order to restore the lakes<br />
in their original state. To assess the effects of restoration management in softwater lakes on aquatic<br />
macroinvertebrates, changes in the species assemblages were studied in four degraded lakes undergoing<br />
restoration measures. The degraded lakes still harboured species characteristic for pristine softwaters.<br />
However, most of these species were not recovered after restoration measures were taken.<br />
Species’ densities declined dramatically during the execution of restoration measures. Swimming and<br />
abundant species were more likely to survive the restoration measures than other species. The first<br />
years after restoration measures were carried out, the lakes did not meet the habitat requirements for
162 Oral Presentations<br />
a number of species. Species requiring vegetation for ovipositioning, animal food sources and swards<br />
of vegetation as habitat, declined or disappeared. Because recolonization is expected to be restricted, it<br />
is recommended to ensure the survival of relict populations when taking measures to restore degraded<br />
softwater lakes. This may be achieved by phasing restoration measures in space and time, hereby minimizing<br />
mortality during the execution of restoration measures and by preserving habitat conditions<br />
required by characteristic species.<br />
Keywords: restoration ecology, acidification, eutrophication, degradation, life cycle, bottleneck.<br />
Effects of the current management regime on the entomofauna of calcareous<br />
grasslands<br />
van Noordwijk C.G.E., H. Esselink<br />
Bargerveen Foundation. Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology. Radboud University Nijmegen<br />
Calcareous grasslands are semi-natural habitats that harbor a very rich flora and fauna. The number,<br />
size and quality of calcareous grasslands in the Netherlands have decreased sharply over the past century,<br />
due to marked changes in agricultural land use. Currently around 20 calcareous grasslands remain<br />
in this country with a total surface area of only 0.25 km 2 . In these areas historical land use has been replaced<br />
by mowing or grazing. This management regime does enable many typical plant species to persist,<br />
but available data on butterflies and grasshoppers indicate that many entomofauna species may have<br />
been lost. To establish the current status of a number of species from different taxonomic groups in<br />
these grasslands a survey has been started in 2005. This survey includes some larger and less disturbed<br />
calcareous grasslands in Belgium and Germany as a reference, since historical reference data on the distribution<br />
of the entomofauna in Dutch calcareous grasslands before degradation is lacking. Next we will<br />
have a closer look at biological traits of some functional groups of species that are no longer present<br />
under the current management regime, in order to identify bottlenecks in their lifecycle. This knowledge<br />
can be used to improve current management.<br />
Keywords: calcareous grasslands, entomofauna, bottlenecks, management, restoration.<br />
Effects of restoration on landscape heterogeneity: a step in the right direction,<br />
or further into the swamp?<br />
Verberk W.C.E.P., G.A. van Duinen, H. Esselink<br />
Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology. Institute for Water and Wetland Research. Radboud University Nijmegen.<br />
The Netherlands<br />
Heterogeneous landscapes are hotspots for biodiversity. Degradation decreases local habitat quality, but<br />
on a larger scale also causes a decline of heterogeneity. Restoration measures aim at restoring the habitat<br />
quality. This inevitably causes a disturbance. If this disturbance is large scaled, intensive or unpredictable<br />
it can cause a direct loss of animal species. In addition, measures can cause a further decline of<br />
heterogeneity, by suppressing the underlying diversification processes (e.g. the influence of groundwater<br />
by rewetting). To investigate the effects of restoration measures on heterogeneity and the concomitant<br />
animal diversity, we collected aquatic invertebrates in the Korenburgerveen, a heterogeneous landscape<br />
under hydrological restoration. The situation before the measures took effect was compared with the situation<br />
afterwards. The species response is contrasted with their life history in order to expose bottlenecks<br />
in the lifecycle arising due to measures. This allows the extrapolation of the results to other<br />
species and landscape types. Guidelines for restoration, improving habitat quality without causing heterogeneity<br />
to decline are presented.<br />
Keywords: landscape heterogeneity, degradation, fauna, life history, bog remnant.<br />
Economic Implications of Eco-innovative Stormwater Management<br />
Vesely É-T.<br />
Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Auckland, New Zealand<br />
Restoring the pre-development characteristics of urban waterways involves the management of<br />
stormwater runoff that has been identified as a major transport mechanism of land-derived contaminants.<br />
The views that rainwater falling on cities should be diverted to streams and rivers as quickly as<br />
possible and that clean water is a limitless resource are questioned at present and a new approach to<br />
stormwater management is emerging. Low impact urban design and development is an eco-innovative
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 163<br />
approach that manages stormwater by working with nature. Emphasis is placed on avoiding or minimising<br />
impervious surfaces to facilitate infiltration and utilising vegetation to assist in evapo-transpiration<br />
and pollutant and sediment trapping. The paper reviews the economic implications of applying<br />
such an eco-innovative approach using the Glencourt Place project in North Shore City, New Zealand<br />
as a case study. At Glencourt Place rainwater tanks are retrofitted to existing properties, gravel<br />
trenches are built and minimal piping installed instead of reticulating the area with stormwater pipes<br />
and increasing the capacity of downstream pipes. This pilot project is assessed based on life cycle<br />
costing using cost minimisation as a key selection criterion. The cost entries from the life cycle costing<br />
are then used to identify aspects of the project and its selection framework that either favour or inhibit<br />
the up-take of the low impact approach. Both the selection criteria and the performance of the low impact<br />
approach are evolving. Consequently, experimentation leading to experience through both success<br />
and failure becomes critical in shaping this evolutionary process that is going to influence the<br />
state of urban waterways in the future.<br />
Keywords: eco-innovation, low impact stormwater management, life cycle costing, selection framework.<br />
Monitoring Peatland Restoration using Testate Amoebae as Bioindicators<br />
Vickery E., Charman, D.J.<br />
School of Geography, University of Plymouth, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK<br />
Three UK peatlands were monitored with the objectives of assessing the potential for using testate amoebae<br />
as biological indicators of restoration and observing seasonal changes within testate amoebae communities.<br />
The sites were selected to represent recovery from the three major causes of damage affecting<br />
ombrotrophic peatland sites in the UK; drainage, forestry and peat cutting. They are all National Nature<br />
Reserves (NNRs) and are at various stages of restoration. 1) At Coom Rigg Moss, restoration has focussed<br />
on blocking drainage ditches to improve hydrological conditions. Testate amoebae communities were<br />
monitored before and after ditch blocking activity to provide a comparison of pre- and post-restoration<br />
conditions. 2) At Flanders Moss, an area is being restored following afforestation with non-native trees.<br />
Testate amoebae assemblages were monitored under different tree felling and hydrological management.<br />
3) Fenn’s and Whixall Moss was severely damaged by peat extraction, and monitoring has examined testate<br />
amoebae response to different water levels and structural elements in the cutover area. Sampling<br />
was repeated at various times of year at all sites to study seasonality of testate amoebae populations, and<br />
to minimise the impact of seasonal fluctuations on the results. Preliminary results indicate that there are<br />
several factors affecting testate amoebae populations within restored sites. Testate amoebae appear to be<br />
sensitive to surface humidity levels rather than variables measured in hydrological monitoring. They may<br />
thus be more representative of the progress of ecological restoration than conventional physical measurements<br />
such as water table depth.<br />
Keywords: Peatlands, restoration, testate amoebae, monitoring.<br />
Unveiling the ethical challenges behind restoration research<br />
Vidra R.L.<br />
University Writing Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA<br />
Members of the ecological restoration community continue to engage in compelling conversations about<br />
ethics. The majority of the published conversation revolves around the ethical obligations and value of<br />
restoration. Yet, we have also identified subtler aspects of working in restoration that ethically challenge<br />
us. Previous studies and symposia have yielded a range of challenges, from reporting on restoration failures<br />
to using appropriate statistical tests to compare ecosystems. At the 2003 SERI meeting in Austin,<br />
TX, Dr. Ted Shear and I convened a symposium to discuss these issues. The discussion was lively, with<br />
many members expressing concern about how a code of ethics will impact or feed into the professional<br />
certification process. I aim to turn the conversation in a new direction by questioning whether a code of<br />
ethics can help researchers conduct good science with relevant results for restoration. Using my research<br />
of exotic plant invasion in urban forests, I will outline several places in the restoration process where ethical<br />
dilemmas may surface. I will also report on a current survey of restoration ecologists to further highlight<br />
these dilemmas. The goal of my current work and of this presentation is to engage the restoration<br />
community in a dialogue about how a code of ethics might move our field forward.<br />
Keywords: ethics, exotic plants, code, survey.
164 Oral Presentations<br />
Rufea wetlands restoration, Lleida, Spain<br />
Viguera R. 1 , E. Moreno 1 , E. Fanlo 2<br />
1 TALHER Territorial Delegate in Lleida<br />
2 Lleida’s Council<br />
Rufea wetlands, knowledge as ‘aiguamolls”, near Lleida city and emplaced in the first river Segre terrace,<br />
own an important ecological value, having been debased by activities as arid’s extraction or uncontrolled<br />
residues flowing. These ‘aiguamolls’ are a humid area conformed by a grand natural meadow<br />
that serves as grass and is conformed by two rafts colonized in their borders by vegetation as<br />
stalks, sticks or rushes. They have their origin in the holes that were made for the extraction of construction<br />
materials. Due to the proximity to river Segre, the phreatic level is to little depth, and this<br />
caused that that the extraction zones were filled with water and therefore the rafts that we can observe<br />
at present were created. Apart from the shore vegetation, different communities of wetland bird<br />
species can be watched in this area. The exploitation of the resources of this area finished during the<br />
80’s ,because of the increase of the control in arid’s extraction, but another of the problems that have<br />
caused the deterioration of the wetlands has been the illegal flown of construction debris. Due to the<br />
high debasement that all this area has suffered and also because of the natural interest it has thanks<br />
to vegetation species and birds, the Lleida’s Council proposed the landscape restoration of this<br />
zone,with the aim of recovering and promoting all the environmental values of Rufea wetlands, and beginning<br />
the formation of a corridor, which axis would be the river Segre and which extremes would be<br />
“La Mitjana”, natural protected area, in one side, and Rufea wetland in the other, inside Lleida’s municipality.<br />
The main aim of the restoration works in this zone of Rufea that the council of Lleida proposed<br />
has been to recover an area that, because of its natural value, has a high social interest for Lleida’s<br />
city, because of the possibility it offers to carry out some birds observation and environmental<br />
education activities and to promote the respect to the environment. That’s why it has been proceed to<br />
retire construction residues, to clean the borders of the river, to create a new raft as to promote birds<br />
arrival, as well as to endow some environmental equipments and to forest in the perimeter and the<br />
surroundings of the zone with different plants related to the phreatic level of the river.<br />
Keywords: restoration, river Segre, meadow.<br />
Urban Parks and Environmental Sustainability: Design Strategies<br />
Vilea J.<br />
Centro de Estudios Ambientales, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain<br />
Urban parks provide many benefits that improve the quality of life of the citizens. This research project<br />
focuses on the contribution of parks to environmental sustainability. The condition of the three biggest<br />
urban parks was analyzed and compared in two cities (Fuenlabrada, Spain; and Porto Alegre, Brazil) in<br />
terms biodiversity, accessibility, connectivity, and water and soil resources protection; using sustainability<br />
indicators from Agenda 21 and the Montreal Process. Green structure vitality, carbon storage and air<br />
quality improvement were also addressed by applying the UFORE Model from the USDA Forest Service.<br />
Primary data was collected in 15 random plots in each park, and later translated into a rating scale for<br />
comparison purposes. As a result of the study, accessibility to parks was found to be superior in the city<br />
of Porto Alegre, while universal access within parks was greater in Fuenlabrada. Biodiversity rated higher<br />
in parks containing remnant or protected ecosystems. Regarding vitality, parks with a larger percentage<br />
of native species were in better condition. Green structure connectivity and carbon storage were superior<br />
for the oldest parks. While in Porto Alegre urban parks protect water bodies, in Fuenlabrada soil protection<br />
from erosion and compaction was greater. On air quality improvement, urban parks’ removal rates<br />
were higher for ozone and nitrogen dioxide in Fuenlabrada, while in Porto Alegre rates were higher for removal<br />
of carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. Specific recommendations were made to influence city<br />
planners and decision-makers to support actions that maximize the environmental benefits of urban<br />
parks.<br />
Keywords: urban parks, environmental sustainability, sustainability indicators, air pollution, air quality.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 165<br />
Response of Eucalyptus saligna plantations infested by exotic Paspalum after<br />
restoration treatments to enhance native biodiversity<br />
Villa-Castillo B. 1 , N. Reid 1 , J. Cummings 1 , J.J. Corral-Rivas 2 , M. Smith 3 , G. Storrie 3<br />
1 Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia<br />
2 Institute of Forest Management, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany<br />
3 Coffs Coastal Area, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia<br />
Sixty hectares of 30-year old Eucalyptus saligna plantations with exotic pasture (Paspalum) understorey<br />
were included in recent expansion of Bongil Bongil National Park on the New South Wales North Coast,<br />
Australia. These plantations are dissimilar to nearby native forests and require restoration to improve<br />
biodiversity values. We identified potential biotic barriers to the natural succession of these plantations<br />
to more natural forest: (1) competition and suppression by the dense paspalum sward and litter, (2) competition<br />
from the unthinned eucalypts, (3) the absence of a native seed bank, (4) lack of germination cues<br />
for any in situ or persistent native plant seed bank, (5) wallaby browsing of woody seedlings in the event<br />
of any regeneration. We therefore implemented restoration treatments to overcome these biotic barriers.<br />
The treatments included canopy reduction of plantation trees and understorey manipulations (i.e. burning,<br />
rotary hoeing, weed control, wallaby-exclusion fencing, and planting native woody species). Results<br />
of initial post-treatment measurements of top soil chemistry, biomass, ground cover, canopy density,<br />
composition and structure of trees and shrubs, seed bank, light intensity, and survival and growth of<br />
seedlings, will be presented.<br />
Keywords: Restoration, Biodiversity conservation, Eucalyptus saligna, E. pilularis, Plantation, Exotic Paspalum.<br />
Restoring Wetlands For Recreational Activities and Public Use. The case of<br />
Benicàssim Marsh<br />
Viñals M.J. 1 , Morant M. 2 , Cabrelles G. 3 , Alonso P. 2<br />
1 Departamento de Ingeniería Cartográfica, Geodesia Y Fotogrametría. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Spain<br />
2 SEHUMED, Departamento de Biología Funcional y Antropología Física. Universidad de Valencia. Spain<br />
3 Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Spain<br />
The aims of the restoration work planned for the marsh known as Marjal del Quadro de Santiago (Benicassim,<br />
Castellón) focus on recovering its ecological character and using it for social ends. One of the<br />
main issues to be reconciled has been ensuring that the ecosystem coexists as naturally as possible<br />
with existing urban conditions and those planned for the near future. One important aspect of the project<br />
has been to involve local stakeholders in decision-making. The public use actions planned in this<br />
restoration project involve developing environmental education and recreation programmes. The target<br />
population of the actions comprises the residents of Benicassim and tourists who holiday on the adjacent<br />
beach given the wetland’s proximity to the town and the tourist area and to the way the wetland<br />
land is classified. The results of the study focus on 1) drawing up an inventory and evaluating natural<br />
and cultural resources and developing educational and recreational potential; 2) studying real and potential<br />
demand (visitor profile, frequentation study, etc.); 3) determining the wetland’s recreational carrying<br />
capacity and; 4) the proposed activities to be introduced. The conclusions point to an interdisciplinary<br />
project. Although more time-consuming because of the need to reconcile proposals from the<br />
different groups involved (from technical experts to politicians and NGOs), it offers the advantage that<br />
the results are agreed upon by all local stakeholders, thereby avoiding conflict and ensuring the conservation<br />
of the area.<br />
Keywords: urban wetland, environmental education, recreational activities, social participation.<br />
Recovering the ecological character of a mediterranean wetland through<br />
topographical and hydrological interventions<br />
Viñals M.J. 1 , J. Barba-Romero 2 , M.P Donat 1 , P. Alonso-Monasterio 3 , J.A Domínguez 2 ,<br />
J. Lozano 1 , D. Adel 1 , A. Giraldo 1 , K. Naïmi 1 , M. Morant 3<br />
1 Universidad Politécnica de Valencia<br />
2 TEYGE Consultores<br />
3 SEHUMED (Sede para el Estudio de los Humedales del Mediterráneo)<br />
This paper analyzes the possibilities to restore the Quadro de Santiago Marsh, in Castelló (Spain). This<br />
Mediterranean wetland is a palustrine ecosystem supplied by groundwater. Its geomorphological origin<br />
is linked to a barrier-lagoon model, in which a sand barrier is closing the pond and isolating it from<br />
the sea. Nowadays, this wetland is highly altered by human actions. First reclamations in the area are
166 Oral Presentations<br />
linked to agricultural practices; relevant town-planning interventions with tourist purposes are the<br />
more recent ones. In fact, the hydrological dynamic is regulated by hydraulic pumps and the wetland<br />
natural resources are degraded. Nevertheless these difficulties, a inter-disciplinary restoration project<br />
was designed for recovering the ecological character of the site. This project is based on interventions<br />
in the hydrological system, topographical remodelling and forestation actions, all of them focused to<br />
create ponds. These interventions have taken into account the salinization risk coming from the sea<br />
waters and the safeguard of the existent buildings. Moreover, it is considered the public use, according<br />
with the needs of green areas of the local people. All this work has been supported by GIS tools.<br />
Keywords: wetland restoration, urbanization pressure, public use, GIS.<br />
Watershed Development Practices for the Ecorestoration in Tribal Area - A Case<br />
Study in Attapady Hills in South India<br />
Vishnudas S. 1 , H.H.G. Savenije 2 , P. Van Der Zaag 3<br />
1 Researcher, Water Resources Se{ction, TUDelft, The Netherlands<br />
2 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Resources Section, TU Delft, The Netherlands<br />
3 UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands<br />
Attapady is located in the northeastern part of Palakkad district in Kerala, in South India. The Attapady<br />
valley differs from the rest of the humid tropic area in Kerala State, mainly because of the rainfall characteristic<br />
caused due to its peculiar geographical location and physiography. This in turn considerably<br />
affects the water availability, soil characteristics and vegetation. The annual rainfall decreases from West<br />
to East of the valley. Average rainfall of western area is 2500mm/year where as eastern region gets rainfall<br />
less than 600mm/year. Factors such as degraded wasteland and general backwardness of the area<br />
with large tribal population make Attapady hydrologically and socially unique. There has been drastic<br />
change in the Attapady ecosystem during the recent past, due to deforestation and migration. The hills of<br />
Attapady were once the forest land of Kerala. At present it is on the verge of extreme degradation. Studies<br />
shows that the forest area in the Attapady region has reduced from 406 (km) 2 to 164(km) 2 . No area was<br />
shown under barren in 1971, but at present 233.8 (km) 2 is identified under this classification. The main<br />
inhabitants of this area are tribals, who forms the most socially and economically weaker section of the<br />
society. These tribals earn their livelihood from agriculture and forest produce.<br />
This paper explains how ecorestoration project is being implemented with people’s participation and its<br />
impact on natural resource management and livelihood of the watershed inhabitants.<br />
Keywords: Ecorestoration, people’s participation, Attapady.<br />
IAGF index application to asses hydromorphological status in colluvial rivers.<br />
Case study: morphological changes on Tormes river<br />
Vizcaíno P. 1 , C. Alonso 2 , M. Marchamalo 1 , D. García de Jalón 1<br />
1 ECOHIDRAULICA. Laboratorio de Hidrobiología. ETSI Montes. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid<br />
2 ECOHIDRAULICA. Universidad Católica de Ávila<br />
We have tested feasibility IAGF index to asses hydromorphological status in colluvial rivers, where flow<br />
regimes and rates of hillside sediment condition river morphology. This reach is located on Tormes river,<br />
a siliceous river in Gredos range (Central Spain). This reach was altered in 2001, when channel planform<br />
was changed and coarsest sediments from the channel were removed to build structures on the left riverside<br />
in order to prevent hillsides erosion damages. This disturbance made the reach wider and provided<br />
an artificial substrate composed mainly of fine sediments. Since then, and specially due to 2001 high<br />
flows, channel has almost returned to its previous morphological condition.<br />
We have used IAGF index to determine hydromorphological status before and after the disturbance. Morphological<br />
features as channel width and depth, flow velocities and sediment size were measured in field<br />
surveys developed from 2000 to the present time. In these sampling campaigns electro-fishing surveys<br />
were also made so as to determine fish community and brown trout population parameters. Results obtained<br />
from both methods along this period were compared and we found that highest values in IAGF<br />
index (corresponding to natural conditions) agreed with the best quality values of brown trout population<br />
parameters. These results seem to indicate positive correlations between morphological and biological<br />
status recovering. We conclude that IAGF is a useful tool not only to assess current hydromorphological<br />
status on colluvial river reaches but also to evaluate its potential capacities and to predict its morphological<br />
evolution after disturbances.<br />
Keywords: IAGF, fluvial geomorphology, Hydromorfological status, biological status, evaluation.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 167<br />
Impact of water-level fluctuation and herbivorous water birds on the expansion<br />
of emergent vegetation along lake shores<br />
Vulink J.T.<br />
Department of water management and spatial planning. Institute for inland water management and waste water treatment<br />
(RIZA). Lelystad. The Netherlands<br />
Water-level regime may be used to promote the expansion of emergent vegetation along lakeshores. However<br />
herbivorous water birds can have an important impact on this expansion. We present the case of<br />
Volkerak-Zoommeer in the Netherlands, a fresh water lake created in 1987 after the enclosure of an estuary.<br />
It was demonstrated that a rigid water level prevents the re-establishment of emergent vegetation.<br />
Using an enclosure of 3 ha in which the water level could be manipulated it was shown that partial summer<br />
drawdown of the water level created suitable conditions for germination and growth of tall emergent<br />
species, in particular Phragmites australis. Plant survival and expansion depended on subsequent waterlevel<br />
fluctuation and grubbing by wintering Greylag goose (Anser anser). Results from exclosure experiments<br />
indicate that wild population of winter greylag goose could suppress the development and expansion<br />
of tall helophytes completely. Grubbing by Greylag geese also proved to be related to water level.<br />
They only foraged on rhizomes from inundated helophyte species. It was shown that rigid water level and<br />
grubbing by herbivorous water birds can be important inhibiting factors in the re-establishment of tall<br />
emergent vegetation along lakeshores.<br />
Keywords: Helophytes, lakeshores, Phragmites australis, Greylag goose (Anser anser), water-level fluctuations,<br />
herbivory.<br />
Ecohydrology – system approach to sustainable development of water resources<br />
Wagner-Lotkowska I. 1 , M. Zalewski 2<br />
1 Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Str., 90-237 Lodz, Poland<br />
2 International Centre for Ecology, Polish Acaedmy of Sciences, 3 Tylna Str., 90-354 Lodz, Poland<br />
Sustainable functioning of freshwater ecosystems depends on maintenance of homeostatic equilibrium<br />
which is determined by its natural characteristics achieved during biogeochemical evolution. This may<br />
be seriously diminished by uncontrolled human activities, leading often to degradation of energy flow<br />
and water and biogeochemical cycles in catchments. Therefore, one of the fundamental aspects in integrated<br />
approach to freshwater management is understanding of interplay between abiotic - hydrological<br />
template and biological processes in the catchment. The system approach to water resources management<br />
has been expressed in the framework of Ecohydrology Concept as three principles: 1) Integration<br />
of hydrological cycle and biota dynamics in a catchment scale; 2) Enhancement of absorbing capacity of<br />
ecosystems against human impact; 3) The use of ecosystem properties as management tool. The application<br />
of the concept is based on a 2-way regulation: Shaping biota structure, which can be applied towards<br />
optimizing the system retentiveness against nutrients and pollutants, stabilizing ecological resilience<br />
and resistance of the system against stress, and mitigation hydrological extremes. The vice<br />
versa regulation based on control of hydrological processes for regulation of biota dynamics. Based on<br />
the results of long-term studies, the paper presents also an example of scientific background for application<br />
of Ecohydrology toward protection of the Sulejow Reservoir (Pilica River, Poland) against eutrophication.<br />
Analysis of the variability of the chemical composition of the reservoir tributaries on the background<br />
of their hydrological pattern enabled the identification of episodes of the highest nutrients<br />
transports. This was a basis for elaboration of control of floodplain processes, in order to optimize sedimentation<br />
and assimilation of phosphorus by primary productivity of valley vegetation and enhance purification<br />
processes. The proposed system provides also socio-economic benefits for local communities<br />
and is concordant with Poland's obligations to comply with European Directives. The project has been<br />
developed in the framework of the Demonstration Project under the auspices of UNESCO and UNEP<br />
“Application of Ecohydrology and Phytotechnologies for Water Resources Management and Sustainable<br />
Development”.<br />
Keywords: catchment, eutrophication, Poland.
168 Oral Presentations<br />
The International Long Term Ecological Research Network: Lessons Learnt and<br />
Potential for Guiding Restoration Ecology<br />
Waide R.B.<br />
Department of Biology and the U.S. Long Term Ecological Research Network Office. University of New Mexico. Albuquerque.<br />
New Mexico. USA.<br />
A key issue in restoration ecology is determining the goal of restoration. Ecosystems change over time<br />
as a result of both natural and anthropogenic processes. Determining desirable ecosystem characteristics<br />
and the acceptable parameters of those characteristics requires a thorough understanding of the<br />
previous and possible future dynamics of the ecosystem being manipulated. Unfortunately, processes<br />
affecting the long-term dynamics of ecosystems have too frequently been studied only through shortterm<br />
observations and experiments. Hence, the potential impacts of processes that are transient, intermittent,<br />
infrequent, and/or slow to produce an effect are often poorly known. Inadequate knowledge<br />
of these impacts makes it difficult to design a restoration program that maintains or enhances a sustainable<br />
ecosystem. The International Long Term Ecological Research Network, now encompassing 30<br />
countries, focuses on an improved understanding of ecosystem processes that have long-term actions<br />
or effects. An overview of the goals of this network will indicate how long-term studies are important to<br />
restoration ecology and will be supported by specific examples of restoration projects from the ILTER<br />
Network.<br />
Keywords: long-term, ecosystems dynamics, ecosystem processes, international, LTER, restoration.<br />
Challenges of ecosystem restoration in a changing environment<br />
Wali M.K.<br />
Environmental Science Graduate Program, and School of Natural Resources,<br />
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1085, USA. Tristram O. West, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge<br />
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA<br />
The ease and permanence of the restoration/rehabilitation of ecosystems depends upon how well the<br />
ecology of a given area is understood. This knowledge forms the basis for assessing the physical stability<br />
of land areas, the amelioration of the substrate, potential of biomass production, consumer food supply,<br />
and as a consequence, the ecosystem services for humans, their support systems, and other biota. On all<br />
of these, the knowledge gained in the last three or so decades has been both substantial and substantive.<br />
Our present knowledge is based on climatic conditions that we assume/hope will be within a known<br />
range of variability; hence the implicit expectation that ecological amplitudes of species used in restoration<br />
will, to a large degree, be well within the range of extant conditions and predictability. Now, however,<br />
an enormous body of literature clearly points to a change in climate that may well thwart the successional<br />
patterns of species populations that we have documented thus far. This presentation will review the<br />
evidence of climate change based on direct observations, the so-called proxy data, and meta-analyses of<br />
organismal responses that have a direct bearing on ecosystem restoration. These challenges will be enormous<br />
and some strategies to cope with them will be presented.<br />
Keywords: restoration, rehabilitation, climate change.<br />
Restoration as Succession in Terrestrial Systems<br />
Walker L.R. 1 ., J. Walker 2 , R. del Moral 3<br />
1 Department of Biological Sciences. University of Nevada. Las Vegas. USA<br />
2 CSIRO Land and Water. Canberra. Australia<br />
3 Department of Biology. University of Washington. Seattle. USA<br />
Ecological succession is a central concept in ecology yet the linkage between ecological succession and<br />
restoration concepts has been rarely exploited in practice. Restoration from a successional approach is essentially<br />
the manipulation and sometimes the acceleration of succession to a desired endpoint. Patterns of<br />
successional development can offer reference systems for the assessment of restoration actions. We will identify<br />
a range of restoration types on the basis of different spatial scales, ecological drivers and restoration<br />
goals. Data will be presented from restoration activities around the world that come from habitats representing<br />
gradients of precipitation, temperature, soil age, soil stability, soil fertility and soil toxicity. These contrasting<br />
environments provide the challenge in developing a new, broadly based paradigm to link succession<br />
with restoration. Our central question will be: What is the minimum amount of ecological information needed<br />
to restore a specific landscape or area? We will define what part of that information comes from successional<br />
theory and which key environmental drivers can be used to improve and measure restoration success. Using<br />
threshold values, we can establish the relative success of particular restoration strategies. New approaches
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 169<br />
are needed that benefit both the theoretical basis of succession and the practice of restoration. The urgency<br />
to repair damaged landscapes makes it critical to search for generalizations about the process of restoration.<br />
We suggest that re-examining restoration in the light of succession will aid in this search.<br />
Keywords: Reference systems, restoration, succession, thresholds.<br />
Maungatautari: scaling up restoration approaches to recover a lost ecosystem<br />
Wallace D. 1 and B.R. Burns 2<br />
1 Maungatautari Ecological Island Trust, P.O. Box 476, Cambridge, New Zealand<br />
2 Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton, New Zealand<br />
Despite protection, the biodiversity of New Zealand forests is gradually declining through the persistent<br />
pressure of introduced pests. Over time, local communities note evidence for this degradation in the ongoing<br />
decline and/or local extinction of wildlife species, and attribute lower values to reserves as a result.<br />
At Maungatautari, we are attempting to reverse this degradation by scaling-up and adapting restoration<br />
approaches, that are still recent advances in smaller areas, to this strategically located but previously<br />
neglected 3400 ha old-growth forest reserve. These approaches are: (a) construction of a pest-proof fence<br />
to prevent reinvasion; (b) eradication of a suite of introduced mammals inside the fence; (c) translocation<br />
and re-establishment of lost wildlife; and (d) deep-rooted involvement of the local community in the<br />
restoration. None of these approaches has been applied at this scale before in New Zealand, or to a forest<br />
so accessible to people. Currently we have achieved pest eradication over pilot areas totalling 100 ha,<br />
and have fenced almost half the 47 km perimeter fence. Plans are also well advanced to re-establish kiwi<br />
at the reserve this year. As a result of renewed interest in the reserve, 10 uncommon species have been<br />
either rediscovered or newly discovered, increasing the perceived value of the reserve. The conservation<br />
gains so far are, however, modest compared to the huge swell of public interest and enthusiasm generated<br />
for the project. This project’s success is an important step in applying intensive restoration to increasingly<br />
large areas, and in restoring links between biodiversity and people.<br />
Keywords: forests, pest proof fence, restoration, New Zealand, biodiversity awareness.<br />
The effects of grazing and management measures on the vegetation of the<br />
“Dehesa”- an agro-ecosystem formed during centuries by agro-silvo-pastoral<br />
exploitation<br />
Walther, D., P. Poschlod<br />
Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany<br />
The decline of open biotopes as well as their adapted flora and fauna caused by abandonment or intensification<br />
of cultivation represents a global problem. Above all, the ecosystems, which are characterized by natural<br />
(e.g. riversides) or human created disturbances, (e.g. extensively used fields) are threatened. The dehesas<br />
in Spain and Portugal, as an example of an agroecosystem with a very high biodiversity, are the result<br />
of multifactorial use by different livestock, firewood and cork production as well as extensive agriculture exploitation<br />
over several centuries.Due to the changing production conditions(mainly in the 20 th century),<br />
many dehesas were abandoned or their management system were simplified through specialization of the<br />
production. With the abandonment of the multifactorial use, and within mainly the abandonment of the<br />
pig-breeding due to their feeding and rooting behaviour, the disturbance factors vanish. As a consequence<br />
of this, the effect of grazing and cultivation on the mediterranean vegetation was examined in a well-preserved<br />
dehesa (open woodland with Quercus ilex and Quercus suber) in Andalusia (Spain) with the help of<br />
vegetation samples of permanent plots. The grazing contained mixed herds of pigs and cattle as well as the<br />
separate keeping of both and also fallows as reference areas. The cultivation activities which were included<br />
were ploughing, mulching and burning. For the evaluation, functional plant traits were also used. With detrended<br />
correspondence analysis of the vegetation samples both, the effect of the different grazing regimes<br />
and the cultivation activities are shown.<br />
Keywords: grazing, pigs, cultivation, dehesa.
170 Oral Presentations<br />
From sea to source: Handbook on fish migration issues<br />
Wanningen H. 1 , J. Matthijs 2 , M. Ordeix 3<br />
1 Water board Hunze en Aa’s, the Netherlands<br />
2 student Environmental Sciences, the Netherlands<br />
3 Centre d'Estudis dels Rius Mediterranis (Center for the Study of Mediterranean Rivers), Museu Industrial del Ter (Ter<br />
Industrial Museum), Manlleu, Catalonia (Spain).<br />
The fish stock in rivers is one of the parameters for improve the ecological status according to the Water<br />
Framework Directive; related to this fish stock is the possibility for fish to migrate. In many rivers and<br />
waterways there are serious barriers so the possibilities for fish to migrate are poor. Well-designed fish<br />
passages have proven to be effective ways to solve this problem. Besides the positive influence on fish<br />
populations, fish migration measures also have a positive influence on all other organisms in the water<br />
systems. Water managers have a lot of knowledge of the water bodies they are responsible for. However,<br />
in many water management organizations there is a lack of knowledge how to tackle the fish migration<br />
problems. The project group “Community Rivers” (INTERREG IIIC program of the EU; 2004-2006) agreed<br />
to create a handbook “fish migration”. Besides the creation of the handbook there will be research and<br />
monitoring of different types of fish passes. An other target is the development of a fish pass suitable for<br />
the conditions in Mediterranean rivers. Throughout Europe fish migration measures are executed. Every<br />
solution for fish migration problems is welcome for the fish community, but it is better to solve the problems<br />
in an organised and structured way.<br />
Keywords: fish migration, fish passages, handbook, problems, solutions, design.<br />
Restoration Planning in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia, Canada<br />
Warttig, W.R.<br />
International Forest Products Ltd.. Forestry and Land Use Division. #311-1180 Ironwood Street. Campbell River, BC, Canada.<br />
V9W 5P7<br />
Clayoquot Sound is a 350,000 ha area located on the West Coast of Vancouver Island - British Columbia.<br />
It was well known internationally (during the early 1990’s) for having the largest scene on civil disobedience<br />
in Canadian history, for the protection of coastal temperate rainforest. As a result of changing public<br />
opinion about forestry practices, government brought in the more stringent Forest Practices Code for<br />
all of British Columbia. In Clayoquot Sound, further changes came with the development of the Clayoquot<br />
Sound Scientific Panel Recommendations (CSSP), which set out forestry practice requirements that<br />
followed ecosystem based management practices (EBM). 87,600 ha of parks were created, comprising approximately<br />
33% of the total area of Clayoquot. The annual volume of timber extracted from this area<br />
dropped dramatically from a peak of 1.2 million cubic metres, to approximately 200,000. While any timber<br />
extraction after 1995 followed the CSSP recommendations, much of the area of Clayoquot that had<br />
been harvested required extensive restoration. As funding levels for restoration were not sufficient to address<br />
the entire past ecological damage, a Landscape Level approach for ecosystem restoration was required<br />
to prioritize the type, intensity and location of restoration. From the Landscape level, sub-regional<br />
planning followed, then to watershed, and finally site level.<br />
Keywords: Clayoquot, rainforest, planning, watershed, restoration.<br />
Evaluating restoration success in subtropical dune forests in South Africa<br />
Wassenaar T.D., R.J. van Aarde<br />
Department of zoology and entomology. University of Pretoria, South Africa<br />
How do you know when restoration is successful? This vexing question has kept many minds occupied<br />
for the last twenty years or so. The problem can be approached from many angles, amongst which the<br />
most important ones are probably economic, social, and ecological. Here we present part of our ecological<br />
assessment of the dune forest restoration program of a mining company in South Africa. We used data<br />
from both temporal surveys (up to seven successive surveys on the same sites) and space-for-time surveys<br />
of assemblages from several trophic groups to evaluate ecological trajectories in community structure<br />
and composition on rehabilitating sites. In the past we have done this on a broad scale, assuming<br />
that variability in values across sites of the same age (but sampled at different times) represents statistical<br />
error alone. Here we present a more site-specific analysis, where we effectively use a test of the<br />
chronosequence assumption to point out sites that are changing differently over time to what a spacefor-time<br />
pattern predicts. The chronosequence assumption predicts that the rate of change in a variable<br />
between sites of successive age (dspace), and the rate of change of the younger site over time (dtime)<br />
should be the same. The slope of the relationship should thus not be different from 1. This allows man-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 171<br />
agement to be adapted to focus on potential problem areas in rehabilitation. We found that 1) surprisingly<br />
many (two thirds) of the slopes across all variables and groups were not significantly different from<br />
one, 2) in half of the cases changes over time were in the same direction as changes across space, and 3)<br />
in two thirds of the cases changes were in the “correct” direction. Our results show that the chronosequence<br />
assumption is a relatively robust basis for analysing patterns in community development in rehabilitation.<br />
It further identified several sites that needed more investigation or management actions.<br />
Keywords: evaluating restoration success, dune, South Africa.<br />
Will Urban Estuaries “Survive” the 21st Century? Society Induced Criteria for<br />
Preservation, Conservation and Restoration Success<br />
Weinstein M.P.<br />
New Jersey Marine Sciences Consortium. Sandy Hook Field Station, Building #22. Fort Hancock, NJ 07732<br />
Urban estuaries are dominated by human presence and extractive uses. Concomitantly, management decisions<br />
are generally weighted toward anthropocentric versus ecocentric criteria along the dual mandate<br />
continuum. This is not to say that ecocentrism is unimportant, rather the baselines have shifted and<br />
ecological considerations reflect “cross-cutting” criteria that benefit both people and other biota such as<br />
clean water and sediments, and preservation and conservation of remaining “natural” habitats. The latter<br />
often serve as source habitats for propagules, increase biodiversity, and can serve as places where<br />
growth and survival of young is enhanced. We do not know whether the relatively small remaining wetlands,<br />
oyster reefs, sea grass meadows, flats and other habitats continue to play a significant role in<br />
donor-control; i.e., whether secondary production in open waters of the estuary would be significantly increased<br />
beyond the capacity of those waters to support in situ production. In a restoration context, the<br />
“hard decisions”, and the ultimate compromises and sacrifices that will be required to sustain urban systems<br />
and their remaining functional habitats are the subjects of this paper.<br />
Keywords: urban systems, donor-control, restoration.<br />
Creating Substrates from Wastes for Habitat Re-Creation<br />
Williamson J. 1 , M. Nason 1 , P. Roberts 2 , M. Farrell 2 , R. Furniss 2 , J. Healey 2 , D. Jones 2<br />
1 Institute of Environmental Science, University of Wales, Bangor, U.K.<br />
2 School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, U.K.<br />
Utilising wastes for ecological restoration requires the resulting substrate to be fit-for-purpose and safe.<br />
In a preliminary study we compared the establishment of native broadleaf woodland species in mineral<br />
quarry waste amended with either controlled-release mineral fertiliser (MinF) or an organic mix of<br />
biosolids and papermill fibre (OrgF). The OrgF was better suited to habitat re-creation because it stimulated<br />
both plant biomass and soil microbial biomass whereas MinF had no effect on microbial biomass<br />
after three growing seasons, although plant biomass was comparable in both treatments. Wastes diverted<br />
from landfill (papermill fibre, biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste, green and catering wastes)<br />
were co-composted in various combinations in-vessel and then tested for human pathogens to assess the<br />
suitability of the end-product for restoration purposes. Temperature maxima during composting and duration<br />
of the maturation phase appeared important to the reduction of pathogen colony-forming units.<br />
We are currently developing approaches that demonstrate the use of compost to establish oligotrophic,<br />
acidic habitats by incorporating inert mineral waste (secondary aggregate processing fines) for nutrient<br />
dilution, and either chemical (S) or natural (conifer wood recyclate) agents for acidification. In conclusion,<br />
substrates created by rapid, in-vessel composting of organic waste streams can be used safely for the<br />
ecological restoration of a range of habitat-types of high conservation value.<br />
Keywords: ecological restoration, in-vessel composting, microbial biomass, mineral waste, pathogens.<br />
Networks in Restoration: An Ecology of Network Interaction<br />
Wilson V.R. 1 , G.V. Wilkes 2<br />
1 Science, Technology and Environment Division. Royal Roads University. British Columbia. Canada<br />
2 Applied Communications Division. Royal Roads University. British Columbia. Canada<br />
Much of the continuity of restoration activity is generated by the energy of peer-to-peer networks,<br />
whether they are networks of practitioners generating experience and solutions, or communities invested<br />
in the historical and future health of restored systems. Peer-to-peer networks can outperform organiza-
172 Oral Presentations<br />
tions because of their flexibility, agility, and because they are self-correcting and self-organizing. This is a<br />
well-known phenomenon in social and ecological systems, but that peer-to-peer networks require subsidy<br />
and infrastructure to persist through time has not been considered in the literature to date. Networks<br />
require a resource base, a substrate, an energy source - either through arbitrage or direct subsidy,<br />
and the quality of the resource or resources inform the character of the network. We propose a correction<br />
of network theory based on Tainter et. al. (2003); on the notion that the richness, density, and performance<br />
of networks is a function of resource quality, whether energy gain in natural or material networks<br />
or value transfer in human networks. Our corrected network theory then becomes a link to understanding<br />
the relations between social networks that process symbols and natural systems that disperse energy.<br />
We believe that understanding this link is a critical part of assessing successful restoration, and planning<br />
for future success.<br />
Keywords: networks, community, social, restoration success, energy.<br />
An Integrated Approach to Forest Restoration<br />
Winn K.O. 1 , K. Van Niel 1 , I. Eliot 1 , R.J. Hobbs 2<br />
1 School of Earth & Geographical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia<br />
2 School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia<br />
The impacts of several major fires and subsequent biotic grazing on post-fire regeneration have resulted<br />
in the loss and fragmentation of two forest species on Rottnest Island, Western Australia. The Rottnest<br />
Island Authority, agency responsible for environmental management on the Island, seeks to restore a relative<br />
abundance of Melaleuca lanceolata and Callitris preissii forest species by 2020, to provide wildlife<br />
habitats and to enhance the recreational amenity of the Island. Restoration efforts on the Island have<br />
had varied success due to the ad-hoc application of restoration measures and a limited understanding of<br />
the habitat requirements for the restoration of woodland species. This lack of baseline information is in<br />
part due to limited communication between researchers and management to tailor research to management<br />
objectives. A study was undertaken to examine the spatial and temporal dynamics of forest restoration<br />
sites on Rottnest Island, Western Australia, to develop a model to target suitable restoration sites.<br />
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology was used to study the environmental and biotic factors<br />
influencing the growth of forest species within restoration plots and suitable site conditions for individual<br />
plant growth were identified. In turn, a model to target future restoration sites was developed<br />
using restoration scenarios designed in conjunction with management. The development of restoration<br />
scenarios with the Rottnest Island Authority and relevant wildlife organizations was instrumental for the<br />
integration of scientific research findings into landscape management practices and policies.<br />
Keywords: forests, habitat restoration, integration, GIS.<br />
The broad adult niche and artificial range extensions in restoration<br />
Young T.P.<br />
Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA USA<br />
For many species, the recruitment niche is narrower than the dispersal niche (only individuals in “safe<br />
sites” establish), and natural species distributions may be reflections of this bottleneck. Conversely, in<br />
many species adults can flourish in habitats where they cannot successfully reproduce. This is an example<br />
of “ontogenetic niche shifts”. A broad “adult niche” may only be revealed when we artificially put<br />
adults in such environments. The existence of adult niches that are broader than recruitment niches can<br />
provide conservation opportunities (time to recognize and correct habitat changes that would otherwise<br />
doom populations), management techniques (i.e., nest boxes), restoration pitfalls (artificial range extensions),<br />
and horticultural safeguards (plantings guaranteed not to be invasive). We examine the existence<br />
of the broad adult niche, how it is revealed, and its implications for our manipulations of species, particularly<br />
in the context of ecological restoration. Assisting plantings through the early stages of recruitment<br />
is commonplace in restoration, because it is these stages are the most vulnerable to loss. However, if<br />
such assisted individuals are inadvertently established in sites or microsites where natural recruitment<br />
is not possible, then (local) artificial range extensions are possible, which can produce “relict populations”<br />
or “living dead”. On the other hand, if recruitment opportunities are simply rare, or episodic,<br />
restoration assistance might be appropriate. These situations may not be easily distinguishable. We urge<br />
restoration researchers to address these issues.<br />
Keywords: Ontogenetic niche shifts, range extension, recruitment niche.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 173<br />
Restoration experiences of threatened forest Chilean species: the case of<br />
Araucaria araucana (Mol) Kock<br />
Zamorano C. 1 , A. Lara 1 , M. Cortés 2 , C. Echeverría 1 , P. Hechenleitner 1<br />
1 Instituto de Silvicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile<br />
2 Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile<br />
Continental Chile presents the highest percentage of endemic plant species for any South American<br />
country (51.7%) with 61% of endemism concentrated in Central Chile (34º-39º S). This area is recognized<br />
as one of the 25 global Biodiversity Hotspots due to it having the highest levels of natural vegetation substitution<br />
for artificial monoculture and ironically the lowest percentage of natural vegetation protected by<br />
the State. Because of this, the Universidad Austral de Chile together with other Institutions implemented<br />
different conservation initiatives with threatened endemic species in this region. Outstanding is the experience<br />
developed with the conifer Araucaria araucana (Mol) Kock for one of its coastal range population.<br />
Recent molecular studies suggest that this highly threatened unprotected population is genetically distinct<br />
from all other Chilean and Argentinean populations. It has been historically damaged due to<br />
antropic activities such as burning, cattle grazing, inadequate fruit collection and in the last three<br />
decades by the conversion to exotics plantations. Since six years ago, restoration activities have been<br />
carried out in two small properties the in situ conservation of this population. Among these are the direct<br />
seed sow and plantation, with 75 and 85% of survival. It was determined that the establishment of A.<br />
araucana in the area was better under well-drained soils and under remnant tree protection conditions.<br />
Among other activities was the construction of a rustic greenhouse for plant production activities and<br />
local people training. The information gathered from these experiences will allow to continue the restoration<br />
plans for the safeguard of this unique population.<br />
Keywords: Threatened endemic species, Araucaria araucana, ecological restoration, small landowners.<br />
30-yr study shows need for wetland restoration to be more strategic<br />
Zedler J.B.<br />
University of Wisconsin-Madison<br />
Research spanning 30 years shows that Southern California’s tidal marshes are filling in due to frequent<br />
flooding and sedimentation rates that exceed sea level rise. Once a diverse salt marsh, Tijuana Estuary<br />
has experienced major sedimentation in recent decades. The marsh plain has become too high and saline<br />
for native halophytes to recover from declines that occurred in 1984. Restoration efforts involve excavation<br />
of sediments, but revegetation occurs slowly, even with plantings. Adaptive approaches are the most<br />
promising. In a 0.7-ha excavation, species-rich plantings produced canopies with multiple layers, moderate<br />
standing crop and measurable N-accumulation. A subsequent 8-ha excavation re-exposed former<br />
tidal marsh plain, but species-rich plantings did not overcome problems with salt crust formation, high<br />
transplant mortality, limited seed dispersal and dynamic geomorphology. Our ability to compare experimental<br />
treatments, including 1-ha areas with and without tidal creek networks, has produced new tools<br />
for accelerating salt marsh restoration. However, restoration of diverse marshes will be slow and in need<br />
of continual monitoring and corrective measures. Along with adaptive restoration approaches at the site<br />
scale, restoration will require better watershed management and long-term land stewardship.<br />
Keywords: Salt marsh, Sedge meadow, Sedimentation, Vegetation, Wetland.<br />
Vegetation dynamics and rehabilitation strategy in the Upper Minjiang River<br />
Watershed, China<br />
Zhou P. 1 , O. Luukkanen 1 , T. Tokola 2<br />
1 Viikki Tropical Resources Institute. Department of Forest Ecology. University of Helsinki. Finland<br />
2 Department of Forest Resources Management. University of Helsinki. Finland<br />
The Upper Minjing River Watershed (UMRW), which is one of the six most important tributaries of an<br />
Upper Yangtze River, is an ecologically and environmentally fragile area, due to the frequent natural catastrophes<br />
such as landslides and earthquake, and increasing anthropogenic disturbance. The forest cover<br />
decreased from 50% in the 1960s to 10% in the 1970s, even to 5%-7% along the main stream. To combat<br />
the spreading of degraded lands and to rehabilitate the vegetation along the river, the vegetation distribution<br />
and ecological succession must be taken into consideration, particularly in the hilly terrain, where the<br />
vegetation plays an important role in soil and water conservation and erosion control in the watershed. In<br />
the UMRW, 631 sample plots were randomly placed to study the soil types, current vegetation distribution,<br />
vegetation dynamics under disturbance, and potential vegetation zones before intensive anthro-
174 Oral Presentations<br />
pogenic influence. The classification of different vegetation types of the UMRW was based on forest inventory<br />
and Landsat ETM satellite images. The results show that vegetation types in the landscape scale are<br />
strongly correlated to the soil types in the research area. The available vegetation information on a certain<br />
soil type can be used to deduce the potential vegetation in the degraded secondary forest, if the original<br />
vegetation information is absent. The priority areas are buffered for quick rehabilitation; the most difficult<br />
areas for vegetation rehabilitation are specified on a map. Suitable trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants<br />
were suggested for rehabilitation of the vegetation on different soil types at different elevations.<br />
Keywords: Upper Minjiang River Watershed, vegetation dynamics, vegetation rehabilitation.<br />
Ecological Restoration needed at a heavily degraded ecosystem, a case study<br />
from Pakistan<br />
Zulfiqar A., M. Akhtar<br />
Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore,54600, Pakistan<br />
This study was undertaken to identify and analyze the qualitative and quantitative impact of human use<br />
and drought on the ecology of wetlands and migratory birds. Various physico-chemical and biological parameters<br />
were analyzed and a socio-economic survey was done in Uchalli Wetlands Complex (UWC) lakes to<br />
find out the human level of dependency on these lakes. In addition, waterfowl are at the apex of the food<br />
chain and are useful indicators of the overall health of the wetland ecosystems that are highly sensitive to<br />
pollution, disturbance and drought. The Complex is a combination of three independent wetlands: Uchalli,<br />
Khabbaki and Jahlar. This site is located in the Salt Range of north central Punjab, Pakistan. In UWC the<br />
environmental pressure of drought and growing demand of agriculture has taken its toll of wetlands. The<br />
study revealed about 73% decline in the water surface area and 90 % in birds population and loss in the interconnectivity<br />
among wetlands disrupting the drainage network and the hydrological regime leading to irreversible<br />
changes in wetland quality. Several ecological factors, such as habitat loss related to siltation,<br />
pollution, expanding agricultural activities and drastic hydrological fluctuations, have induced considerable<br />
changes in the dynamics and distribution pattern of sustained biota. The shrinkage of the wetland areas is<br />
a cause for environmental concern. This highlights the rapidly deteriorating environmental status of the<br />
UWC, and stresses the need for its urgent ecological restoration. I hope the sustainable use and management<br />
options of this study for UWC will be gainfully used for management and conservation of wetlands<br />
and migratory birds in Pakistan, as well as, open the door for scientists to join conservation efforts.<br />
Keywords: Ecological restoration, Wetlands, Pakistan.<br />
Recovery of a protected open space, after a great forest fire<br />
Guinart D. 1 , A. Lobo 2<br />
1 Diputació de Barcelona, Barcelon, Spain<br />
2 Instituto Jaime Almera, Barcelona, Sapain<br />
In August 2003, the western sector of the natural reserve in Sant Llorenç del Munt i l’Obac suffered a serious<br />
fire which affected several habitats of great interest (riverside forests, holm oak woods, pine groves and<br />
rocky places). Aiming to accelerate the ecosystem’s natural succession and to foster the socioeconomic recovery<br />
of the affected area, there is a series of cross-disciplinary projects being executed and coordinated by<br />
the reserve’s managing body (Oficina Tècnica de Parcs Naturals de la Diputació de Barcelona), which comprise<br />
three great lines of work. The first one has to do with the recovery of the natural habitats which were<br />
affected: Minimization of the loss of fertile soil with sediment traps, reforestation of the riverside forest by<br />
planting 4,000 stems of autochthonous trees, installation of nest boxes for birds and forest chiropters, overseeing<br />
of the recovery of the aquatic fauna of the affected basin, reintroduction of the autochthonous fishes,<br />
overseeing and improvement of the aquatic environment, recovery of prey species (rabbit and partridge) and<br />
replanning of their hunting exploitation, controlling the invasion of exotic species, and overseeing the natural<br />
recovery of the plant layers in forest plots. The second line of work focuses on strengthening the socioeconomic<br />
and cultural resources of the area, with the creation of a society of forest owners to execute joint<br />
projects, the activation of a centre for cultural and traditional activities, and for applied research activities,<br />
the starting of a centre for educational activities, civic participation, recovery of historical heritage, and the<br />
reopening of areas for traditional cultivation. Finally, the aim of the third line of work is the territorial planning<br />
through teledetection techniques and geographical information systems, which centralize all the generated<br />
information and act as a basic tool for planning all the other lines, future actions and the overseeing of<br />
the natural evolution of the environment and the consequences of the measures taken. For that purpose,<br />
we use images at different scales taken from satellites, planes and aerostatic balloons.<br />
Keywords: reforestation, sediment traps, fire, teledetection.
POSTER PRESENTATI<strong>ON</strong>S
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 177<br />
Pollen rain analysis, a tool for restoration: The cloud forest of El Rincon,<br />
Oaxaca, Mexico<br />
Acosta S. 1 , A. Blanco-Macias 2<br />
1 Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas<br />
2 Instituto de Ecología, U.N.A.M.<br />
The aim of present study is to know the elements of recent and past pollen rain along a chronosequence<br />
in cloud forest of El Rincon, Oaxaca to propose ecological restoration of a highly endangered plant community.<br />
There were analyzed pollen rain samples of different seral stages of cloud forests (proximately<br />
15, 45, 75 and 100 years after abandonment) and one sample of sediments (0.4 m depth) from Tanetze<br />
lagoon. There were identified 58 pollen types, included fern spores. Most important pollen types were:<br />
Pinus, Quercus, Alnus, Hedyosmum, Compositae, Clethra, Liquidambar, Piperaceae, Pteridophyta. Alnus<br />
and Malastomataceae varied along seral stages. Pollen of Hedyosmum, Clethra, Compositae decreased<br />
with forest maturity. Borreria, Lopezia and Heliocarpus were present in 45 yr forest. Ilex was abundant in<br />
45 yr forest. Quercus increased with forest development. Oreopanax and Ticodendron were recorded in<br />
one old growth forest. Arboreal pollen predominated in the modern pollen rains but it was less in the fossil<br />
record. Non arboreal pollen was high in 45 yr forest and old forest of Tanetze lagoon. Typha, and<br />
Nymphaeaceae existed in the fossil sample but they are not present anymore. The fossil record suggests<br />
that a humid Engelhardtia cloud forest with Pteridophyta was replaced by a less humid forest. Pinus<br />
abundance is now increased perhaps due to anthropogenic activities. Quercus, Alnus and Melastomataceae<br />
could be used to restore actual forests. Due to climatic change may be Engelhardtia forest could<br />
not be restored. The fossil record allows us to understand complete ecosystem dynamics and succession.<br />
Keywords: pollen analysis, cloud forest, Oaxaca, restoration.<br />
Desertification, drought and rehabilitation by Cactus and Argan tree in the arid<br />
area (Jbilet of Marrakech in the South of Morocco)<br />
Adil S., T. Mandouri<br />
Water, Forest and Desertification Department, Forestry Research (DRExF) Rabat Morocco<br />
The present communication aims to show the role of Opuntia ficus indica and Argania spinosa, by firts,<br />
it ’s great adaptation to drought, to reconstitute in a record time, a living and dynamic soil horizon on<br />
witch it lives; then to build up an aerial and below ground biomass permitting him to proliferate, and to<br />
other plants to settle; to enrich soil by addition of organic matter, and to allow to other links of the food<br />
chain to develop, notably the micro fauna, meso fauna same as macro fauna. This reconstitution can be<br />
seen under three angles: 1) First as successful experiment serving as a demonstration for the reconstitution<br />
of nature in arid environment, particularly in fighting desertification by using species highly adapted<br />
to drought and to hydraulic stress. 2) Then, within climate change, as a sink for greenhouse gas sequestration,<br />
particularly CO2 by roots and aerial biomass and the soil organic matter and CH4 from enteric<br />
fermentation due to lipid richess of Argan pulps used for livestock feeding. 3) And last, as a reconstitution<br />
and reserve of biodiversity particularly for micro, meso and macro fauna. Indeed, Jbilet Cactus and<br />
Argan tree, attracted many observers and researchers, particularly biodiversity conservationists. Jbilet<br />
Cactus has been considered as a Site of Biological an Ecological Interest (SIBE) where introduced dorcas<br />
Gazelle which seems to find its biotope and shows a progressive dynamism.<br />
Keywords: Opuntia Ficus indica, Argania spinosa, rehabilitation, Arid zone and South of Morocco.<br />
Selection of woody species for wastewater enhancement and restoration of<br />
riparian woodlands<br />
Adrover M., A. Forss, G. Ramon, J. Vadell, G. Moyà, A. Martínez-Taberner<br />
Department of Biology. University of Balearic Islands. Spain<br />
The growth and nutrient incorporation uptake capacity of ten tree species was evaluated with the end<br />
purpose of selecting species for restoring riparian woodlands by dendrodepuration or green tree filtering,<br />
for the recuperation/reutilization of treated wastewater. Trees used for the experiment were grown in<br />
pots containing a perlite and vermiculite mixture for an inert substrate and were irrigated with either a<br />
fertirrigation control or with treated wastewater. No significant differences in growth or nutrient uptake<br />
were observed, yet clear, significant differences in root and shoot biomass, with the wastewater irrigated<br />
plants having the higher ratio of this value. Elemental analysis showed high concentrations of phosphorus<br />
in Pistacea terebinthus, potassium in Nerium oleander and Vitex agnus castus, and sodium captation<br />
capacity in Tamarix africana. Taken together, of the ten species screened: P. terebinthus, N. oleander, T.
178 Poster Presentations<br />
africana and V. agnus-castus showed the best capacity for nutrient uptake and sequestration and purification<br />
of residual treated wastewater.<br />
Keywords: Treated wastewater, woody plants, nutrient content, hydroponic culture.<br />
Lake Smir restoration in the NW of Morocco<br />
Aksissou M., W. Benhardouze<br />
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, PO Box 2121, Tetouan 93002, Morocco<br />
Lake Smir is a small coastal wetland in the NW of Morocco. Equipement ministry carried out a management<br />
in the eighties by the construction of the Smir dam. This involved modifications of dimensions, the<br />
physicochemical characteristics and biodiversity of the lake. In the nineties, the restoration of the lake<br />
was carried out by the construction of the Marina Kabila even if water became salt. Dimensions and biodiversity<br />
of the lake were restored. The lake currently fully plays its part of wetland of the area and has a<br />
qualification of ecological and biological importance wetland.<br />
Keywords: Lake Smir, restoration, Morocco.<br />
Plant species richness and composition in rehabilitated zones of a Bauxite Mine<br />
(Los Pijiguaos, Bolívar State, Venezuela)<br />
Alessi F. 1 , E. Gordon 2<br />
1 Escuela de Biología<br />
2 Instituto de Zoología Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado Postal 47058, Caracas,<br />
Venezuela.<br />
CVG-Bauxilum carries out a vegetation rehabilitation program in affected areas of bauxite explotation in<br />
Los Pijiguaos' mountain (Bolívar State). Composition and richness of plant species were evaluated in the<br />
natural forest and three zones with different rehabilitation times: 12, 7, and 5 years; sampling was done<br />
from May to September 2002. Six 50-m 2 plots were located in each zone to estimate species importance<br />
in arboreus-arbustive and herbaceous layers; other variables were also taken, such as leaf type and<br />
shape, canopy height, litter depth, and growth form. The Shannon diversity and Sorensen similarity indexes<br />
were calculated. Species richness was 60, 30, 27, and 26 in the arboreus-arbustive layer, and 39,<br />
23, 20, and 21 in the herbaceus layer for natural forest, rehabilitation years 12, 7, and 5, respectively.<br />
Diversity index values were 3.14, 2.41, 2.16 and 2.60 in the arboreus-arbustive layer, and 2.98, 2.07,<br />
1.98, 2.54, and in the herbaceus layer for natural forest, rehabilitation years 12, 7, and 5, respectively.<br />
Similarity between rehabilited zones was 63-72%. Similarity of natural forest sites was 47%, 44%, and<br />
51% with rehabilitation years 12, 7, and 5, respectively. Data analysis suggests the rehabilitation process<br />
shows no revelant effect, and time and proximity to the natural forest are the most important influences<br />
in these areas.<br />
Keywords: vegetation, tropical forest, rehabilitation, bauxite mine, Venezuela.<br />
Resilience and the restoration potential of natural ecosystems degraded by fire<br />
-case study from Morocco-<br />
Allam K., A. Benabid<br />
Department of Soil, Water and Biodiversity. Ecole Nationale Forestière d’Ingénieurs. BP. 511 Tabriquet, Salé. Morocco<br />
The study has for objectives: 1) to study the structures and architectures of the forest ecosystems devastated<br />
by wild fires in the Chefchaouen area, Morocco, in order to determine the most resistant and resilient<br />
ones 2) To suggest an action plan for restoring the burnt zones and aiming their sustainable management.<br />
The methodology followed to carry out this study is the establishment of architectural and<br />
structural profiles. For the floristic composition, we applied the phyto-sociological method Zuricho-montpellieraine<br />
of BRAUN-BLANQUET. It was observed that the manmade pines forest and the ecosystems<br />
dominated by Cistes and by Erica arborea are the most sensitive to fires. The balanced ecosystems, in<br />
floristic composition, structure and architecture, are the most resistant and resilient to fires. In conclusion,<br />
the restoration of t he burnt clump can be done only by supporting the installation of the various<br />
layers (herbaceous, shrubby and raised) and by respecting the natural distribution of the endemic forest<br />
species.<br />
Keywords: forest ecosystems, fires, restoration, Morocco.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 179<br />
A knowledge-based factor model to prioritize areas for post-fire restoration<br />
Alloza J.A 1 , V.R. Vallejo 1 , S. Bautista 2<br />
1 CEAM Foundation. Spain<br />
2 Department of Ecology. University of Alicante. Spain<br />
Large areas of Mediterranean drylands are subject to land degradation due to anthropogenic and climate<br />
synergies and also to high fire occurrence due to climatic and land use conditions. The most vulnerable<br />
areas are at risk of suffering degradation feedbacks. We aimed at developing an operational framework<br />
for the identification of the areas most vulnerable to wildfires so that they can be prioritized in prevention<br />
and/or restoration activities. We elaborated a synthetic indicator and a GIS-based application to assess<br />
wildland vulnerability to wildfires in Mediterranean landscapes by combining community-level intrinsic<br />
factors, related to vegetation resilience (potential regeneration capacity), and site-level abiotic factors related<br />
to soil degradation potential. We estimated the potential regeneration capacity according to the forest<br />
stand age and the relative abundance of resprouter species. To derive soil degradation potential we<br />
considered factors limiting spontaneous plant recovery after wildfires, such as the intensity of the dry period,<br />
and erosion potential. Using the available cartography, we applied this methodology at the regional<br />
scale to evaluate the susceptibility to post-fire deterioration of the wildland surface in the Valencia Region,<br />
eastern Spain, and to establish areas for priority actions.<br />
Keywords: Forest planning, GIS application, land degradation, plant recovery, post-fire management.<br />
Use of the macroinvertebrate community to assess habitat degradation in the<br />
upper watershed of the Henares River (Central Spain): proposals for habitat<br />
restoration<br />
Alonso A., J.A. Camargo<br />
Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain<br />
Channel incision is an important cause of habitat degradation in fluvial ecosystems. It produces modifications<br />
in channel morphology, water quality, and substrate composition. These changes may cause alterations<br />
in the in-stream communities. Part of the upper watershed of the Henares River is affected by<br />
habitat degradation. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of channel incision in the habitat and<br />
in the structure of the macroinvertebrate community. Two study sites were selected: site 1 was located in<br />
a relatively well-preserved reach, and site 2 was in a reach affected by channel incision. In each site several<br />
physico-chemical parameters were measured from May 02 to July 02, habitat properties were assessed<br />
in May 02, and five samples of benthic macroinvertebrates were collected with a Hess sampler in<br />
June 02. Macroinvertebrate community was assessed using several density, richness, diversity and biological<br />
quality metrics. The comparison of physico-chemical properties between sites showed higher dissolved<br />
oxygen concentration, conductivity, pH and chloride concentrations, and a lower thermal stability<br />
at site 2 than at site 1. Additionally, this site showed a high frequency of benthic fine mineral sediment<br />
(98%) and macrophytes (60.4%). The total density of macroinvertebrates and some specific groups<br />
(Oligochaeta, Chironomidae and Ephemerella sp.) were higher at site 2, whereas Planariidae density, Plecoptera<br />
richness and biological quality were lower at that site. Total and EPT richness tended to be higher<br />
at site 1. It is concluded that channel incision caused modifications in physico-chemical, habitat and<br />
macroinvertebrate community properties. In order to improve the macroinvertebrate habitat, several proposals<br />
are put forward for stream restoration.<br />
Keywords: stream macroinvertebrates, habitat degradation, channel incision, stream restoration.
180 Poster Presentations<br />
REDOTE, the Spanish Long Term Ecological Research Network, as a tool for the<br />
assessment of the success of restoration activities<br />
Alonso 1 B., F. Valladares 1 , R. Lázaro 2 , A. Solé 2 , T. Marañón 3 , F. Gallart 4 , B. Valero 5 , J.L. Pérez-<br />
LLorens 6 , R. Prego, A.F. Ríos 7 , J. Ruiz 8 , L. Valdés 9<br />
1 Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC. Madrid. Spain<br />
2 Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC. Almería. Spain<br />
3 Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC. Sevilla. Spain<br />
4 Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra Jaime Almera, CSIC. Almería. Spain<br />
5 Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC. Zaragoza. Spain<br />
6 Universidad de Cádiz. Spain<br />
7 Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC. Vigo. Spain<br />
8 Instituto de Ciencias Marina de Andalucía, CSIC. Cádiz. Spain<br />
9 Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, IEO. Gijón. Spain<br />
The main objective of ecological restoration is to return degraded ecosystems to their original natural<br />
conditions. The International Long Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) was based on the assumption<br />
that long-term studies are necessary for a broader understanding of ecological phenomena. Longterm<br />
studies can play a very important role in restoration as i) they provide reference information to define<br />
the goals of the restoration projects and ii) they allow to assess the success of restoration activities.<br />
Unfortunately, long-term monitoring of restoration projects is rare. REDOTE (www.redote.org) is an initiative<br />
to organise a Spanish LTER Network based on monitoring stations in selected terrestrial, fluvial,<br />
coastal and marine ecosystems. REDOTE is aimed at optimising existing human and economic resources<br />
to create a reliable infrastructure of research, and is coordinated with the European ALTERnet network<br />
of excellence, which shares these aims., Although the information centralized in REDOTE’s database is<br />
expected to help in the detection of trends and effects of global change in a number of pristine ecosystems,<br />
it can also be used as a reference for restoration projects.<br />
Keywords: Restoration activities, monitoring, Spanish LTER Network, global change.<br />
Ecophysiological monitoring of seaweeds used in a seabottom restoration<br />
project in the Seto Inland Sea (Japan)<br />
Altamirano M. 1,2 , H. Kawai 2 , N. Sugino 3<br />
1 Dpto. Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29080 Málaga, Spain<br />
2 Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Nadaku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan<br />
3 Kansai Environmental Engineering Center Co., LTD., 1-3-5, Azuchicho, Chuoku, Osaka 541-0052, Japan<br />
During the past 100 years natural coastal habitats of the Seto Inland Sea have been reduced to nearly<br />
the half due to land reclamation and the reconstruction of the seashore. Artificial vertical structures with<br />
uniform surface textures, as man-made walls observed in harbours, provide poor habitats for marine organisms,<br />
and due to this in order to achieve sustainable coastal development, macroalgal beds restoration<br />
is essential for the conservation of the coastal environment. The importance of macroalgal beds is<br />
relevant, specially in enclosed seawater areas, as they serve as nurseries for many fish species, food for<br />
many herbivores, and function as purifyers of polluted seawater. Seaweed beds restoration projects<br />
should require scientific monitoring programs, in order to assess the successful acclimation of the<br />
macroalgae to the new conditions under an ecophysiological point of view. A monitoring program has<br />
been followed on Ecklonia cava, a kelp used for the restoration of man-made walls at Saigasaki Coast,<br />
Wakayama Prefecture (Japan). Besides the restoration techniques (transplantation of adult sporophytes,<br />
release of spores and in lab fertilized substrates) used to settle E. cava beds at the study site, we present<br />
data of the ecophysiological monitoring, including in situ photosynthetic measurements performed with<br />
an underwater pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer and growth rates.<br />
Keywords: coastal degradation, ecophysiological monitoring, macroalgal beds, seabottom restoration.<br />
Bases for the correction of tensions in the interaction natural connectivityhuman<br />
infrastructures<br />
Álvarez M.C.<br />
Department of Ecology. Complutense University. Madrid. Spain<br />
Vectorial phenomena supporting spatially relevant ecological processes of the landscape are decisive.<br />
This is the case of energy flows, movement of water and materials and biological migrations. The importance<br />
of those processes affects the functionality of the territory. In order to protect the connections<br />
maintaining the functionality of the ‘territorial meshes’, it is necessary to consider the relationship ‘plan-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 181<br />
ning and ecology’. Thus for instance, the infrastructures must avoid to generate interferences in the ecological<br />
connection. The projected enlargement of the Iberian roads network invites us to systematically<br />
analyze these circumstances. The objective of a project currently developing is avoid the overlapping the<br />
planned network of infrastructures with the natural ecological network and cultural rural network. Then<br />
we define and characterize the ‘tension points’ between the ecological and roads networks. Hence, we establish<br />
objective indices that measure the degree of compatibility between infrastructures with the ecological<br />
processes. Also, we classified environmental techniques of infrastructures and developed criteria<br />
to improve the planning, design and execution of projects, adding criteria of integration in the landscape.<br />
Our study concluded that its application could increases in price the cost of infrastructures, although<br />
the maintenance of the natural networks is an important key for the human economy.<br />
Keywords: Territorial meshes, natural ecological network, cultural rural network, tension points, objective<br />
indices.<br />
Salt-marsh restoration in Deba river estuary (Gipuzkoa, Basque Country)<br />
Amezaga I. 1 , M. Onaindia 1 , S. Mendarte 1,2 , C. Garbisu 2 , A. Ibarra 2 , I. Albizu 2<br />
1 Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Faculty of Scinece and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O.Box 644,<br />
48080 Bilbao<br />
2 NEIKER, A.B., Berreaga, 1. 48160 Derio. Bizkaia<br />
In the Basque Country 80% of the salt-marshes were transformed by different anpropic land uses (agriculture,<br />
urban sites, infraestructures etc). Nowadays, after the approval of the “Sectorial Territorial Plan of<br />
wetlands”, by the Basque Government, these sites are starting to be restored to the original situation. The<br />
current study is located in the Deba river estuary (Gipuzkoa) and was started in October 2003 when the<br />
first channels were opened. In October 2004, after doing the soil characterisation, halophytic plants were<br />
introduced. This study shows the results of the first year soil edaphic condition and plant monitoring.<br />
Keywords: soil edaphic, halophytic plants, Deba river estuary, land uses.<br />
Reconverting a riverbank from agricultural area to Natural Habitat: I. Soil<br />
classification and salinity mapping for determining the riparian restoration<br />
potential<br />
Amezketa E. 1 , J. Del Valle de Lersundi 1<br />
1 Sección de Evaluación de Recursos Agrarios, Dpto. de Agricultura, Ganadería y Alimentación, Gobierno de Navarra, Pamplona<br />
(Navarra) Spain<br />
In the past, irrigated agriculture has occupied areas of ecological values such as the riverbanks. Improper<br />
soil and irrigation management of those areas resulted in soil compaction and salinization, reducing soil<br />
quality, conditioning the agricultural productivity, degrading the quality of water resources and decreasing<br />
the diversity of wildlife. “Soto de los Tetones” (Riverbank of Tetones) is an example of a riverbank that underwent<br />
irrigated agricultural development with significant soil degradation. It occupies an area of 110.4 ha<br />
in the flooding plain of the right bank of the Ebro River in Tudela (Navarre, Spain). It has been under cultivation<br />
since the 1970s mainly with rice because of its saline condition. In 1998 the Government of Navarre<br />
declared it as “Enclave Natural”, a local legal form of environmental protection developed to preserve and<br />
improve the ecological values of any area while allowing properly-managed human activities. Planning<br />
restoration of this area requires knowing the soils’ characteristics and limitations. The objective of this<br />
paper is to characterize the soils and salinity conditions of this area for determining its restoration potential.<br />
Nineteen profiles were described across the entire area and 95 soil samples were collected for chemical<br />
and physical characterization in laboratory. Soil salinity was estimated using an electromagnetic-induction<br />
sensor (EM38) calibrated with classical sampling techniques for specific soil type and water-conditions. The<br />
salinity of the 35-ha presumably-salt-affected area was analyzed by reading the bulk soil electrical conductivity<br />
(ECa) with the EM38 sensor at 558 locations and by measuring the electrical conductivity of the saturation<br />
extract (ECe) of soil samples taken at 30 of those locations. The regression of ECe on EM readings<br />
predicted ECe with R 2 > 0.92 for the 0-100 cm soil-depth. The delineated soil classification map and soil<br />
salinity map identified the major soil limiting factors of the study area and provided valuable information<br />
for determining the potential of the site to support particular species and plant communities.<br />
Keywords: riverbank reclamation, riparian ecosystem, natural habitat, soil salinity, electromagnetic sensor,<br />
soil limiting factors.
182 Poster Presentations<br />
Habitat restoration strategies for the endangered population of Lesser Grey<br />
Shrike (Lanius minor) in Aragón (NE Spain)<br />
Antor 1 R.J., J.C. Albero 1 , J.L. Rivas 1 , M. Alcantara 2<br />
1 Sodemasa-Gobierno Aragón, César Augusto 14, 8ª planta, 50004 Zaragoza, España<br />
2 Servicio de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Diputación General de Aragón, Paseo María Agustín 36, 50071 Zaragoza,<br />
España<br />
Iberian pseudosteppe habitats have undergone drastic declines in the last decades due to agriculture intensification,<br />
with concomitant declines in populations of steppe-land birds. A case of special concern are<br />
the two last Iberian populations of lesser grey shrike (Lanius minor), which are considered on the brink of<br />
extinction. We studied the habitat selection of the critically endangered population of Aragón (with only 6<br />
breeding pairs), where traditional fallow systems for cereals and field margins have been recently replaced<br />
by irrigated and biocide treated crops. Breeding lesser grey shrikes preferred to forage on fallow<br />
land, grassy field margins, and crops after sheep grazing, while rejected irrigated cereal and fruit tree<br />
crops. This selectivity seemed to be due mostly to prey availability. In addition, behavioural constraints<br />
seem to restrict the use of some of the new habitats created by man through agricultural intensification.<br />
This work confirms the need to restore the species habitat, recovering the traditional low intensity farming,<br />
especially by promoting fallowing and increasing the field margins. Extensive sheep grazing and low<br />
biocide treatments are both recommended. Restoration of critical pseudosteppe habitats will require substantial<br />
future effort to ensure the recovery and long term viability of the Iberian lesser grey shrike populations<br />
as well as of other steppe bird species.<br />
Keywords: Pseudosteppe bird populations, habitat selection, restoration, lesser grey shrike.<br />
A large scale outdoor laboratory in restoration ecology<br />
Aradottir A.L. 1 , G. Halldorsson 2 , O. Arnalds 3 , K. Svavarsdottir 1<br />
1 Soil Conservation Service, Reykjavik, Iceland<br />
2 Iceland Forest Research, Mogilsa, Reykjavik, Iceland<br />
3 The Agricultural University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland<br />
Reclamation of severely degraded land aims to overcome factors that restrict ecosystem development, encourage<br />
vegetation succession and restore ecosystem functions. A large-scale, long-term experiment was established<br />
in 1999-2000 on a barren, desertified area in Iceland to test the effectiveness of different methods<br />
for restoring ecosystem structure and function. The experiment consists of forty plots or experimental units,<br />
each being 100 x 100 m (1 ha), with > 50 m wide buffer zones between plots. Nine different reclamation-afforestation<br />
treatments and untreated control are compared in this experiment and these replicated four<br />
times. The reclamation treatments have resulted in a steady increase in vegetation cover and after five years<br />
it was over 70% in some treatments compared with 5% in untreated controls. In 2003, treated plots had<br />
slightly lower pH and higher soil carbon than control plots, and new plant and arthropod species were<br />
found in the reclamation plots, especially those plots that were only treated with mineral fertilizer without<br />
artificial seeding. This indicates that the reclamation treatments are affecting ecosystem properties and effectively<br />
overcoming factors that limit succession. The rigorous experimental setup in this study gives an<br />
opportunity to answer some fundamental questions regarding the effects of different reclamation treatments<br />
on ecosystem development. The experiment can thus serve as an outdoor laboratory in restoration<br />
ecology. A new phase of the project begins in 2005, with increased emphasis on factors such as nutrient cycling,<br />
hydrology, surface stability, soil development and colonization dynamics of individual plant species.<br />
Keywords: Desertified area, Iceland, reclamation, succession.<br />
Uncertainty of wetland restoration in La Mancha húmeda (Central Spain)<br />
Aragón J.R. 1 , M. Álvarez-Cobelas 2<br />
1 Guadiana Water Authority, Ministry of Environment, Spain<br />
2 Center for Environmental Sciences (CSIC), Spain<br />
La Mancha Húmeda [wet La Mancha] was declared Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1980. Wetlands<br />
covered 25,000 ha in the area around 1970, which were essential for birds migrating between Europe<br />
and Africa. Since 1970 approx. many man-made processes have been taking place in La Mancha Húmeda,<br />
such as 1 st ) channelisation of flooding streams in alluvial plains, 2 nd ) wetland dessication, 3 rd ) heavy<br />
overexploitation of aquifers on which wetland ecological performance was dependent, and 4 th ) heavy impairing<br />
of water quality. All these threats have seriously degraded wetlands, thereby reducing their numbers<br />
to one fourth by the early XXI century. On the other hand, some measures have been carried out to<br />
tackle that degradation, such as many scientific studies and several public efforts with limited success to
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 183<br />
attempt wetland restoration. Public opinion in La Mancha Húmeda values wetlands much more as emotional<br />
landscapes than by their ecological services, without keeping in mind that wetlands depend upon<br />
water resources that are strongly demanded by irrigation. Current state of La Mancha Húmeda wetlands<br />
is hence at a cross-road between the maintenance of irrigation as a publicly-funded economic activity<br />
that arrests wetland restoration and some Objectives of the European Water Framework Directive, which<br />
are aimed at preventing environmental degradation and preserving and even improving the ecological<br />
state of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, there is a remarkable uncertainty of achieving those goals, which<br />
obviously must be included in a sustainable management plan of the natural resources of the territory in<br />
which aquatic ecosystems of La Mancha Húmeda are located.<br />
Keywords: Environmental degradation, international wetlands, public opinion, Water Framework Directive.<br />
Restoration Project of a Wetland of Community Importance (SCI) in NW Spain<br />
Arcos F. 1 , R. Díaz 2 , A. Delgado 3 , J. Mouriño 1 , A. Esteban 2 , X.L. Otero 4 , J. Azcargorta 3 ,<br />
S. Arcos 5 , R. Salvadores 1<br />
1 Arcea Xestión de Recursos Naturais S.L., Velázquez Moreno 9, pl.3 oficina 05, 36201 Vigo (Pontevedra). Spain<br />
2 Confederación Hidrográfica del Norte, Av. Buenos Aires 23, 36400 O Porriño (Pontevedra). Spain<br />
3 Fulcrum S.A., Aldapa kalea 9, Apartado 89, 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia). Spain<br />
4 Dept. Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de<br />
Compostela (A Coruña). Spain<br />
5 Travesía de María Juana nº 5, 2º; 28039 Madrid. Spain<br />
The studies which have led to the writing of the restoration project of the Site of Community Importance<br />
“Gándaras de Budiño” (NW Spain), a wetland of 727 hectares, are exposed. The evolution of the site has<br />
been analysed through aerial photographs, and hydrogeologic surveys have been carried out to interpret<br />
its present-day behaviour. The composition and size of the sediments has been analysed. Hydrological alterations<br />
and processes of accelerated sedimentation because of erosion have been documented. These<br />
alterations are caused by 1) the quarrying of granite and kaolin around the wetland, 2) construction of<br />
draining channels for cultivation, 3) the construction of two industrial estates and a motorway on the<br />
wetland and over the areas of recharge of the aquifer that feeds it, and 4) the dredging of the Louro river.<br />
These alterations have brought about radical changes which have affected its surface area and appeareance,<br />
its habitats and the composition of the vegetal communities it holds. These alterations have reduced<br />
significantly the conservation value of the area. The high degree of transformation of the wetland<br />
and surrounding areas make it impossible to undertake a complete ecological restoration. Unless urgent<br />
conservation measures are taken, the wetland will continue to loose the natural values for which it has<br />
been protected. The restoration project will be undertaken by the Confederación Hidrográfica del Norte<br />
(Spanish Ministry for the Environment).<br />
Keywords: wetland, hydrological alterations, accelerated sedimentation processes, restoration.<br />
Seedling growth and physiological responses to edge gradients as a basis for<br />
guiding restoration approaches in fragmented landscapes<br />
Asbjornsen H.<br />
Iowa State University. Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management<br />
In fragmented landscapes, successful forest regeneration depends largely on the capacity of seedlings to<br />
establish across edge gradients. Despite diminishing land use pressures in many fragmented landscapes,<br />
severe alteration of habitat and microclimate conditions may create barriers to successful regeneration<br />
and necessitate active restoration. This study examined establishment potential of plant species with<br />
contrasting life history traits (Quercus acutifolia, Q. castanea, Pinus oaxacana, Dodonea viscosa, and<br />
Rhus virens) across edge gradients in fragmented montane oak forests in southern Mexico. Seedlings<br />
transplanted into edge microsites were assessed for growth (height, leaf area, above- and below-ground<br />
biomass, rooting depth, mortality) and physiological (pre-dawn moisture potential, nutrient uptake and<br />
resorption efficiency, leaf phenology) responses. Additionally, microclimate (temperature, PAR, soil moisture)<br />
across edge gradients was measured. Species’ adaptations to moisture stress and associated tradeoffs<br />
between water and nutrient acquisition, were primary factors explaining performance differences.<br />
Edge environments favored establishment of D. viscosa, with its rapid growth and leaf turnover rates,<br />
high nutrient uptake and resorption efficiency, and high pre-dawn water potentials. Conversely, oak<br />
seedlings, with their more conservative growth strategies, exhibited high moisture stress and mortality,<br />
especially during severe drought. Pine and R. virens showed intermediate growth performance, attributed<br />
to their adaptive strategies to drought and relatively fast growth rates. Oak regeneration appears to be<br />
constrained by extreme microclimate conditions, especially with increasing frequency and duration of
184 Poster Presentations<br />
drought. Restoration efforts in fragmented landscapes may facilitate forest reestablishment by protecting<br />
or actively establishing species associations having ecophysiological characteristics that enhance microsite<br />
conditions for natural regeneration.<br />
Keywords: edge gradients, forest regeneration, southern Mexico.<br />
Analysis of woody species used in the restoration of semiarid mine slopes of Val<br />
de Ariño (Teruel)<br />
Badía D. 1 , R. Valero 1 , C. Marti 1 , F. Molina 2 , J.A. Blasco 2<br />
1 Escuela Politécnica Superior. 22071- Huesca<br />
2 ENDESA. Generación. 44500-Andorra (Teruel)<br />
In the restoration of surface mining slopes of Val de Ariño (Teruel) a set of shrub and tree authoctonus<br />
species were selected (Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex ssp bellota, Quercus coccifera, Pistacea lentiscus,<br />
Juniperus phoenicea). One-year-old seedlings were planted in holes (40 x 40 x 40 cm) in the minesoil of<br />
south-facing slopes during 1995. 10-years afterwards, its growth is analyzed measuring height, diameter,<br />
survival and soil recovery in 90 plants per specie.<br />
Keywords: authoctonus species, restoration, Teruel.<br />
Proposal and verification of an enviromental flow regime in the Trevelez river<br />
(Granada)<br />
Baeza D., C. Alonso, M. Marchamalo, D. Sanjurjo, G. Gortazar, P. Vizcaino, D. García de Jalón.<br />
ECOHIDRÁULICA - Laboratorio de Hidrobiología ETSI Montes. UPM Madrid<br />
The river Trevélez is one of the main fluvial arteries that drains trough the natural park of Sierra Nevada<br />
in Granada (South Spain), now it is affected by several disturbances, including a hydroelectric station<br />
project. Therefore an investigation project has been developed to design an enviromental flow regime with<br />
the purpose of diminishing the alterations that will be produced in the system when regulating their flow.<br />
Previous works of our group in several sections of this river show the importance of the populations of<br />
trouts, from the biological point of view and by its recreational interest like fishing resource; due to this it<br />
was decided to choose between the wide range of methodologies that can be applied to the calculation of<br />
enviromental flow, the one focused to optimize the habitat of trouts populations. We used IFIM methodology<br />
and trout preference curves for the calculation of the flow, A topographical survey was made along<br />
six cross sections because of the geomorphological complexity that presents the channel from almost the<br />
head of the basin to as lowest as 900 m. of altitude, in each section topographical surveys were made to<br />
be able to use the model in 2 dimensions (River 2D) developed in the University of Alberta (Steffler et al.,<br />
2.000), in Canada. In addition a hydrologic study was made that served to characterize the natural<br />
regime and imitating it, in the proposed environmental regime. Several minimum environmental flow for<br />
different stages of trout were obtained and, several environmental regimes for years dry, normal and<br />
humid have been set out and proposed to maintain intranual variability characteristic of the river, hoping<br />
that the maintenance of these flows in the river is able to maintain the structural complexity and the<br />
feasibility of the system, after the system was altered by the proposed regulation.<br />
Keywords: Enviromental flow, preference curves, hydrological regime.<br />
Restoration in the Mojave Desert, California USA: a retrospective look at largescale<br />
natural and facilitated restoration along the Los Angeles Aqueducts<br />
Berry K.H. 1 , J.F. Weigand 2 , B.L. Kay 3<br />
1 US Geological Survey, Moreno Valley, CA, USA<br />
2 USDI Bureau of Land Management, Sacramento, CA, USA<br />
3 University of California, Department of Range Science emeritus, Davis, CA, USA<br />
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is undertaking landscape-level restoration projects to reduce<br />
fragmentation and improve upland habitat quality in the western Mojave Desert for federally and State of<br />
California listed threatened and endangered species such as desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizi) and Mohave<br />
ground squirrel (Spermophilus mohavensis). Current projects at this scale are unprecedented. Existing<br />
information about human intervention n ecological processes that efficiently facilitate restoration are<br />
poorly understood and not described with an ecological model. To address gaps in knowledge about<br />
restoring Mojave Desert vegetation, scientists at the US Geological Survey and the BLM are studying the
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 185<br />
phenomena of 223-mile long and 137-mile long construction projects for the two Los Angeles Aqueducts<br />
across BLM lands in Kern County, CA. Contemporary photographs of the first aqueduct, completed in<br />
1913, set a baseline for vegetation cover and ground disturbance. Facilitated restoration of disturbed<br />
land along the 137-mile Second Los Angeles Aqueduct, completed in 1970, was the first large linear<br />
restoration project ever documented for the Mojave Desert bioregion. Ground-based and aerial re-photography<br />
taken in the intervening years from identical sites provides models of transition states of vegetation<br />
development. Focal species are Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia) and creosotebush (Larrea tridentata),<br />
major species for providing wildlife habitat and so-called “fertility islands”. From these diverse sources<br />
and focal species, a conceptual model and a stochastic mathematical model for Mojave Desert vegetation<br />
growth, development, and replacement are evolving.<br />
Keywords: Mojave Desert, landscape restoration, linear disturbance.<br />
Integrated environmental recuperation plan of the Lafarge-Asland quarry located<br />
in the municipality of Yepes (Spain)<br />
Blanco 1 M., B. Ceballos 1 , S. Sardinero 2<br />
1 Plegadis Consultores Medio Ambiente y Turismo SL. Sevilla (Spain)<br />
2 Dpto. Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Castilla la Mancha. Toledo (Spain)<br />
The integral restoration project of the quarry that the Lafarge-Asland group owns in the municipality of<br />
Yepes, located in the geological limestone formation called Mesa de Ocaña, was elaborated in year 2004<br />
by the Environment Consultancy firm Plegadis S.L. after the previous research work on plant formations<br />
in the quarry done by the University of Castilla-La Mancha, and its execution is planned to begin soon<br />
this year. Lafarge-Asland’s objective, when developing a project with these characteristics, is to create an<br />
integrated restoration model where, not only ecological restoration actions on a deteriorated environment<br />
after anthropic aggression are included, but also where, through the participation of all the local agents<br />
involved, a new use of the territory is considered – one that will endow it with assets supplementary to<br />
the existence of mineral resources to be exploited. Public use, environmental education and hunting activities<br />
with a social vocation are other variables that have been worked on in order to develop this integrated<br />
model. But the Lafarge-Asland group knows very well how important the participation of specialists<br />
and researchers is in the design of the processes of plant recuperation, when restoration is focused<br />
on the regeneration of biodiversity. This is the reason why, in the framework of an on-going collaboration<br />
programme with the Environmental Sciences Faculty of the University of Castilla-La Mancha, in particular<br />
with its Botany Department, scientific research works have been incorporated into this integrated<br />
restoration model, thus creating a series of rates that will allow the monitoring of the environmental evolution<br />
process in the quarry, on one side, and, on the other, that will become a reference when the time<br />
comes to design the environmental restoration of the quarry taking as a basis the reinforcement of these<br />
evolution processes. The implementation of the results from academic research will allow establishing an<br />
ecological restoration model on which biodiversity and the recuperation of altered spaces to recreate the<br />
original natural environment will be given priority. The implementation and contagion of this mining<br />
restoration model on to other promoters will help revert to public use and research and environmental<br />
sensitizing activities a great part of our national territory presently altered because of the mining activity<br />
Keywords: geological limestone formation, Yepes (Spain), environmental evolution.<br />
Restoration of degraded forests and its benefits for sustainable rural<br />
development: a case in the Chaco region (Argentina)<br />
Blasco C.A. 1 , E.N. Astrada 1 , S. Carenzo 1 , A.J. Rescia Perazzo 2<br />
1 Grupo de Estudios sobre Ecología Regional (GESER), Argentina<br />
2 Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España<br />
The vinal (Prosopis ruscifolia), an extremely aggressive woody invader, affects grazing land and abandoned<br />
farm lands, but it also presents great potential as a wood producer, and has a fruit with a high nutritional<br />
value. The traditional methods for eradicating it are expensive and inefficient. A model for the restoration<br />
and the integral management of degraded forests, and its benefits to local development, was analyzed in<br />
Ibarreta, Formosa. The model has 10 yearly modules (3 hectares per plot), with interventions in the forests<br />
every 5 years, and a projection over 20 years. Silvicultural tasks are performed, including pruning, selective<br />
thinning, and enrichment and protection of native woody saplings. One hundred percent of the wood<br />
is used (carbon- coal, firewood, posts, beehives, and lumber milling), progressively improving its quality,<br />
and the health of the forest, obtaining approximately 75 tons/year. The closures allow for the manipulation<br />
of cattle, and the restoration of the herbaceous stratus (growing from 0.12 UG/ha to 1.2 UG/ha). The
186 Poster Presentations<br />
fruit production of the vinal and other Prosopis is used for human and animal alimentation (1,200<br />
Kg./ha). Moreover, apiculture is practiced in the forest, taking advantage of the extended flowering, and<br />
natural thermal regulation. The economic balance for all the products obtained by the differentiated management<br />
is analyzed over a 20 year period, to determine the impact on the productive domestic economies.<br />
The model is being implemented by 60 families, which indicates that the technical aspects and the economic<br />
and financial viability are fitted for the local environmental and socio cultural conditions.<br />
Keywords: Chaco region, economy, local development, restoration, secondary forest.<br />
Restoration of sub-surface and surface water through fish farming in wetlands of<br />
East Africa<br />
Boera P. N. 1 , J.K. Okechi 1 , J. Rutaisire 2 , C.C. Mahika 3 , A. Getabu 1<br />
1 Kenya Marine & Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 1881, Kisumu, Kenya<br />
2 Makere University, WARM Dept., P. Box Kamapala<br />
3 TAFIRI, P. O Box. Dar es Salaam<br />
Major towns and cities in East Africa are surrounded by extensive wetlands, which are a source of water for<br />
domestic use for the urban poor and those without access to established water supply systems. There is a<br />
lot of sand harvesting, clay mining as well as human settlement as a result of high population in these<br />
peri-urban areas resulting in serious degradation. There are huge pits left behind that become a breeding<br />
area for vermin. Planting of eucalyptus trees has aggravated the situation, as these trees have succeeded in<br />
decimating many streams and springs thus people are forced to travel much longer distances to source<br />
water. This paper reports on studies carried out in 2004/2005 under IUCEA/ SIDA (Victoria Research Initiative)<br />
in Wakiso and Kampala in Uganda, Gucha, Nyamira and Kisii in Kenya and Kayenze, Luchelele and<br />
Tarime in Tanzania. The study underscores fish farming and integrated agriculture- aquaculture as options<br />
in restoring these wetlands, ensuring a clean source of water for domestic use, providing the much<br />
needed protein in diet, as well as income and employment. Aquaculture also sustains ground and underground<br />
water sources. Current experiments indicate that farmers in the region have embraced integrated<br />
aquaculture as a means of intensifying food production. The paper reports their challenges, success and<br />
the positive impact on water availability. Results from two show aquaculture (90%) to be the best economic<br />
activity to practice in wetlands, 9% thought horticulture could offer better opportunities while 1% was contemplating<br />
engaging in tree planting. Respondents expressed what they thought were threats/problems of<br />
wetlands. These included; seasonal flooding, habitats for predators to their fish and other farm produce.<br />
Inaccessibility to some wetlands in Kisii Nyamira and Gucha districts were cited as problems in utilizing<br />
the wetlands, while planting of eucalyptus trees in catchments has led to the death of some wetlands.<br />
Keywords: Sustainable water use, wetland restoration, integrated aquaculture-agriculture, East Africa.<br />
Restoration of broad-leaved forest vegetation of Middle Volga: an ecological aspect<br />
Boryakov I.V., V.P. Vorotnikov, E.E. Boryakova<br />
Department of Botany. Nizhny Novgorod State University. Nizhny Novgorod. Russia<br />
A vegetation survey was initiated for the aims of upland forest restoration in the Volga basin of Nizhny<br />
Novgorod region, Russia. Potential nature vegetation varies there from lime-oak forests (Quercus robur<br />
and Tilia cordata) to meadow steppes depending on a soil type. Described area was highly wooded in the<br />
past, but oak decline and total vegetation fragmentation are significant at present. Nevertheless, oak<br />
often prevails in the periphery of forest tracts. Investigation of vegetation correlation structure was made<br />
to describe regional sociological-ecological species groups and to elucidate a role of rare and endangered<br />
species in plant communities. A presence of solid nemoral group with Pulmonaria obscura as a central<br />
species using correlation and cluster analysis was discovered. Nature habitats of endangered species<br />
were surveyed and described in terms of Ellenberg indicator values. The obtained data were used to assess<br />
reintroduction possibility for the restored area. The species under consideration include eastern European<br />
floristic elements such as Laser trilobium, Bupleurum aureum and Pulmonaria angustifolia, as well<br />
as Mediterranean and middle-European ones (Genista germanica). These species are endangered due to<br />
easy distinction by human impact and habitat loss. Many of floristically distinctive species, used in vegetation<br />
zoning of the region are also under threat. Ex-situ conservation measures have been attempted for<br />
some species for later restoration of floristically depauperate vegetation.<br />
Keywords: Broad-leaved forest, restoration, vegetation structure, Ellenberg indicator values.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 187<br />
Reclamation of degraded soils from a gravel pit using organic amendment<br />
Cabezas J.G. 1 , L. Serrano 2 , P. Delgado 2 , M.C. Lobo 1<br />
1 Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario. IMIDRA. Finca "El Encín" Apdo. 127. 28800.<br />
Alcalá de Henares (Madrid). Telf: 918879472. Fax: 918879474<br />
2 PROCOSANZ ÁRIDOS, S.L.. Finca "El Castillo" Arroyo Galga. 28160. Talamanca de Jarama (Madrid).. Telf: 918414046. Fax:<br />
918414063<br />
Industrial development creates degraded sites -like landfills, gravel pits, quarries, etc.- with uncovered soils<br />
that must be reclaimed to minimize the environmental impacts of these activities. Leaving soil restoration<br />
to ecological succession takes a lot of time to recover native plants and dynamics of the original ecosystem,<br />
so it is necessary the development of tools to help natural restoration processes of degraded lands. Organic<br />
amendments (sewage sludges) can be used to improve physical and chemical properties of these degraded<br />
soils supplying organic matter and nutrients. The application must be carried out in controlled conditions<br />
according to the EU legislation in order to avoid the potential risk of soil pollution. The aim of this paper is<br />
focused in the evaluation of organic amendments application to improve the edaphic properties of degraded<br />
soils from a gravel pit in order to speed up the establishment of surrounding native vegetation. A field experiment<br />
was carried out with a randomized complete blocks design in a degraded soil located in a gravel<br />
pit in Talamanca de Jarama (Central Spain). Two different treated sewage sludge (composted with prunning<br />
wastes and treated by thermal drying) and one sludge from gravel processing (washing of geologic material<br />
extracted) have been applied as soil amendment. Spanish climate conditions are especially suitable<br />
for the rapid mineralization of organic residues, so their application to degraded soils constitutes a<br />
favourable sewage sludge recycling system, improving the establishment of herbaceous native cover, which<br />
plays an important role as starter in natural processes of ecological succession.<br />
Keywords: reclamation, organic amendments, degraded soils, native plants.<br />
Research about the present conditions and improvement of pineforest that is<br />
fixing the sand dunes in Guardamar del Segura (Alicante, Spain)<br />
Calleja Sánchez–Taíz, R. 1 , J. Navarro Hevia 1 , M. Aldeguer Sánchez 2 , J. Pérez Pérez 2<br />
1 E.T.S.I.I.A.A. University of Valladolid. Palencia, Spain<br />
2 Council of Guardamar del Segura (Alicante, Spain)<br />
This work seeks to confirm and evaluate the problems that are spoiling the pineforest that is fixing the<br />
sand dunes on Guardamar del Segura (Alicante). This pineforest is essential and must stay on the dunes<br />
for the protection of the town and the ecosystem installed there 100 years ago. Earlier research points<br />
out that the pineforest has no auto-regeneration capacity of itself, and its worst problem is sea spray<br />
damage to the pine needles. To analyse the health of the pineforest, five line transects were sectioned-off<br />
perpendicular to the coastline and eleven sample plots sized 25 x 25 m were also created. Stand density,<br />
tree height, trunk and crown diameters, crown height, pathogens and percentage of spray damage to<br />
pine crowns, were measured within the sample plots and line transects. We discovered that the sea spray<br />
has a bigger effect on the stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) (38’29%) than the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis<br />
Mill.) (30’05%). The mean of arithmetical diameters (17’14 cm), mean of height (4’43 m) and stand basal<br />
area (7’93 m 2 /ha) values, suggest that pines are surviving on the dunes, but with a lot of trouble (low<br />
levels of nutrients and water, etc.). Many solutions to avoid or reduce the spray damage were considered<br />
and analysed. So, we advise to establish forest windbreaks composed of 50% Spanish broom (Spartium<br />
junceum L.) and 50% bridal broom (Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss.). Looking forward, this work could be<br />
combined with many other studies about the natural pineforest regeneration.<br />
Keywords: Desertification, sand dunes, sand dunes fixation, acid rain, windbreaks.<br />
The role of natural wetlands and plant-covered channels in reducing wastewater<br />
impact on saline lakes from “La Mancha” (Central Spain). The case of Laguna de<br />
Manjavacas<br />
Camacho A., I. García-Ferrer, C. Camps, A. Picazo, E. Vicente<br />
Institute Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology. University of Valencia. Burjassot. Spain<br />
Wetlands from specific areas of La Mancha plateau, a very flat region located in Central Spain, are protected<br />
by several international treaties and national or regional laws. Many of these are associated to saline<br />
lakes from endorheic origin, such as Laguna de Manjavacas (Cuenca, Castilla – La Mancha, Spain). In<br />
spite of these legal protections some lakes received or still receive wastewater inputs from nearby towns,<br />
although implementation of treatment plants is nowadays planned. After flowing for 8 Km through a
188 Poster Presentations<br />
plant-covered channel, wastewaters from the village of Mota del Cuervo (5500 inhabitants) flow into the<br />
saline Laguna de Manjavacas through a very shallow wetland totally covered by a helophytic community<br />
dominated by Phragmites australis. Although the lake shows a high trophic level, strong organic and inorganic<br />
nutrient retention and transformation within the mentioned channel and wetland prevents the collapse<br />
of the system that otherwise would occur due to the very low water exchange and the extraordinarily<br />
high organic and nutrient loads that the lake would receive without this purification effect. Up to 98% of<br />
the particulate organic load, 81% of N-NH + 4<br />
and 80% of total P from sewage is retained or transformed<br />
within the 8 Km channel path and the Phragmites wetland, reducing the eutrophication impact. Results<br />
from previous studies are compared with those obtained from a monitoring program nowadays under<br />
progress sponsored by the Consejeria de Medio Ambiente from Castilla – La Mancha.<br />
Keywords: Water purification in wetlands, saline lake.<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) influence plant growth and establishment in two<br />
semi-arid ecosystems in central Mexico<br />
Camargo-Ricalde S.L. 1 , R. García Sánchez 2<br />
1 Departmento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. México<br />
2 Unidad de Investigación en Ecología Vegetal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de<br />
México<br />
Semi-arid ecosystems are characterized by low fertility soils and scarce precipitation, limiting plant<br />
growth and establishment; consequently, the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) could be advantageous<br />
for xeric plants. This study focused on the mycorrhizal status of xeric plants and the effect of AM<br />
on seedling performance in two high degraded semi-arid regions in central Mexico: the Mezquital and the<br />
Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valleys. Field and greenhouse assays were assessed. Of 60 plant species sampled in<br />
the field, 55 were found to be mycorrhizal; we report AM for the first time in 37 species, of which 30 are<br />
endemic to Mexico. In a “field simulated” greenhouse experiment, we analyzed the effect of AM colonization<br />
and phosphorus fertilization on the growth (length and dry biomasse) of seedlings of nine woody<br />
legume species and one cactus: Acacia shaffneri, Mimosa spp. and Prosopis laevigata, and Opuntia streptacantha.<br />
Although our results showed a wide range of responses, general trends were determined: mycorrhizal<br />
seedlings grew more, and had significantly higher shoot phosphorus content than non-mycorrhizal<br />
seedlings; non-mycorrhizal seedlings had a lower shoot dry weight ratio and a higher root weight<br />
ratio than mycorrhizal seedlings. Unexpectedly, benomyl significantly reduced the number of root nitrogen-fixing<br />
nodules in all legume species. AM fungal morpho-species reported belong to genera Acaulospora,<br />
Gigaspora, Glomus, Sclerocystis and Scutellospora. This study point out the relevance of AM for xeric<br />
plant establishment and for seedling growth. Therefore, there is no doubt that mycorrhizae are important<br />
in both plant establishment and ecological restoration in semi-arid ecosystems.<br />
Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizae, restoration, seedling growth, semi-arid ecosystem.<br />
Alternatives to the post-mining landscape in La Rioja (Spain)<br />
Campos Burgui A. 1 , R. Escribano Bombín 2 , A. Padró Simarro 3<br />
1,3 Dirección de Política Territorial: Área de Minas. La Rioja<br />
2 Dpto. de Proyectos y Planificación Rural. E.T.S.I de Montes. UPM<br />
The long tradition of the mining working in La Rioja (we found abundant important archaeological remains<br />
and some coal mining working opened at the end of the 19 th century), the limited planning view of<br />
the mining working and the shortage collective conscience made that we have 533 remains of mining activities.<br />
Now, the Autonomous Community of La Rioja is elaborating the Mining Director Plan that contains<br />
a program about the restoration of these post-mining landscapes. This paper tries to offer a first<br />
analysis and approximation to the global problem, and we try to identify in which cases the restoration is<br />
necessary and what type of restoration need: reparation a damage ecosystems, creation of a new ecosystem<br />
of the same kind to replace one that was entirely removed, creation of another kind of regional<br />
ecosystems to replace one which was removed from a landscape that became irreversibly altered, creation<br />
of a replacement ecosystem where an altered environment can no longer support any previously occurring<br />
type of a regional ecosystems and creation of a replacement ecosystem, change the land use to<br />
urban development use, or industrial use, or cultural use or use some these post-mining to ordinate<br />
waste’s management. We start from a description of the regional landscape and the inventory of the<br />
abandoned mining working.<br />
Keywords: Post-mining landscape; land use changes; reparation; rehabilitation; restoration; La Rioja;<br />
Spain.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 189<br />
Restoration process assessment of the Guadiamar Green Corridor, analyzing<br />
ground beetles fauna (Coleoptera: Carabidae)<br />
Cárdenas A., J.M. Hidalgo<br />
Dpto. de Zoología. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba. 14071- Córdoba. Spain<br />
In 1998, a breach in the Aznalcóllar Mines retaining wall led to toxic sludge pouring out into the Guadiamar<br />
river basin. After the disaster, a series of emergency measures were taken in order to clean up and<br />
remove the sludge and a Restoration Plan (PICOVER) was instigated for the integral management of the<br />
river basin. We worked on the aforementioned Plan assessing the ecological impact of the accident on<br />
populations of edaphic Coleoptera because soil macrofauna tends to be highly affected by environmental<br />
disturbances. This faunistic poverty became increasingly evident closer to the accident site. Results also<br />
suggested that the affected areas could undergo a process of rehabilitation because several potential recolonizing<br />
species have been identified. After six years, in 2004, we tried to establish if the faunistic recolonization<br />
observed in the Green Corridor involved a regeneration process, which would be shown not<br />
only as an increasing diversity but also as the presence of stenotopic - no generalist- species. In order to<br />
answer these questions, we decided to concentrate upon the Carabidae family, widely considered as an<br />
effective biological indicador. Results revealed a clear recolonization process. The presence of C. lusitanicus<br />
and C. melancholicus is particularly noticeable, whose MIB values are close to the highest estimated<br />
values for carabids that inhabit the south of the Iberian Peninsula. Regarding the extent of wing-development<br />
of Calathus granatensis, a polymorphic species, we observed that about the 75% of the specimens<br />
collected were apterous. This percentage reaches 98% in a non-disturbed oak-meadow adjacent to the research<br />
area and, yet, the only two specimens founded in the PICOVER sampling were to be macropterous.<br />
In summary, changes in Carabid fauna enable us to conclude an incipient restoration process that,<br />
with a high probability, will become more evident in the future.<br />
Keywords: Aznalcóllar Mines, toxic sludge, Guadiamar River, Coleoptera<br />
Methods for the study of vegetation in the adaptive restoration of an<br />
agricultural estate in Doñana National Park (SW Spain)<br />
Castellanos E.M. 1 , C.J. Luque 1 , R. Díaz-Delgado 2 , L. Santamaría 3 , A.J. Green 2 , P. Grillas 4 , S.<br />
Redondo 5 , J. Castillo 5 , M.E. Figueroa 5<br />
1 Área de Ecología. Departamento de Biología Ambiental y Salud Pública. Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales. Universidad<br />
de Huelva. Spain<br />
2 Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC). Sevilla. Spain<br />
3 IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB). Mallorca. Spain<br />
4 Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat. Arles. France<br />
5 Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología. Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Sevilla. Spain<br />
The «Doñana 2005» project to restore the marshes of Doñana National Park is subjected to an extensive<br />
scientific evaluation, in order to assess the success of the restoration in terms of the ecological objectives.<br />
In restoration action number 6 (Caracoles Estate-Travieso Channel) more than 2,600 ha of marshes,<br />
transformed decades ago into arable farmland, is being restored by removal of dykes and drainage<br />
ditches. The restoration is being carried out with an adaptive approach, placing great emphasis on the<br />
methodology used to monitor its success. The steps followed to design the methodology for monitoring<br />
vegetation changes have been 1) study of the vegetation and seedbank present before the restoration begins;<br />
2) selection of reference sites nearby and unaffected by agriculture; 3) prediction analysis of flooding<br />
regime following restoration; 4) study of time-series of geo-referenced images and analysis of the vegetation<br />
index (NDVI) of the cultivated fields (historical reconstruction). The results obtained allowed us to<br />
identify the need to design a one-dimensional mesh of nested sampling points (3 levels, with distances of<br />
1000, 250 and 62.5 m between points), with 270 long-term sampling points in the estate and 82 points<br />
in the reference sites. In each point, different environmental parameters will be measured, as well as<br />
sampling vegetation and the seed bank. The results will help to design modifications of the restoration<br />
actions, as well as management of the area restored.<br />
Keywords: adaptive restoration, vegetation changes, marshes, Doñana National Park.
190 Poster Presentations<br />
Importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the ecological restoration of<br />
gypsum quarry areas in a semiarid region of Spain (Sorbas, Almeria)<br />
Castelló R. 1 , J. Pastor 1 , A.J. Hernández 2 , J.M. Martín 1 , J.L. De la Horra 1 , C. Vizcayno 1 ,<br />
M. Álvarez-Cobelas 1 , C. Galarza 1 , L. Alcalá del Olmo 1 , A. Polo 1<br />
1 CCMA, CSIC, Serrano 115, Madrid<br />
2 Dpto. Interuniversitario de Ecología, Sección de la Universidad de Alcalá (Madrid)<br />
The gypsum quarry “Los Yesares” in Sorbas (Almeria, Spain) (Iberplaco, S.A.) is the largest of its kind in<br />
Europe with an affected area of 1 Km 2 . Besides a negative impact on the landscape, its exploitation generates<br />
“steriles” which suffer the intense effects of erosion, in a region whose semiarid climate complicates<br />
any restoration strategy. We have evaluated several ways of approaching the restoration of the degraded<br />
ecosystems of this area. The complexity of the task at hand and the challenge it poses, especially<br />
since the area to be restored is next to a “protected landscape” as defined by European legislation, requires<br />
that the problem be tackled on several fronts. Herein, we report the three main approaches (geological,<br />
edaphic and ecological) explored over a 4-year period. The main actions so far have been: 1) controlling<br />
erosion using systems designed especially for N-facing landfills and for landfills emptying their<br />
deposits onto the only wetland and lagoon created in this landscape; 2) amending residual steriles and<br />
fines by mixing with MSW composts; 3) using soil from the exploitation front to cover the landfills; 4)<br />
managing the landfill vegetation by promoting the growth of several endemic plants using the available<br />
seed bank; and 5) revegetating slopes with native species to minimise negative aesthetic impacts. These<br />
actions involve trials in both field and controlled conditions, as well as their detailed monitoring.<br />
Keywords: gypsum soils, erosion, quarry restoration, revegetation, endemisms, organic amendments.<br />
Restoration of Quercus pyrenaica Willd. forests using pioneer shrubs as nurse<br />
plants<br />
Castro J., R. Zamora, J.A. Hódar<br />
Grupo de Ecología Terrestre, Departamento de Biología Animal y Ecología, University of Granada<br />
Quercus pyrenaica Willd. is an abundant deciduous oak species of the western Mediterranean basin. Its<br />
natural regeneration is seriously constrained by several factors, mostly low and scattered acorn production<br />
and extremely high rates of acorn predation by vertebrates, which makes regeneration of these<br />
forests particularly dependent on human intervention. Here, we test the hypothesis that the use of<br />
shrubs as nurse plants is an efficient technique of reforestation of Quercus pyrenaica forests. The survival<br />
and growth of seedlings planted under the canopy of a pioneer shrub, Salvia lavandulifolia, was<br />
compared with values for seedlings planted in areas of bare soil. The rationale for the study was that in<br />
environments with a dry season, pre-existing vegetation buffers summer drought stress, ameliorates the<br />
water status of seedlings, and thus usually increases seedling recruitment. Six years after reforestation,<br />
oak survival was 6.3 times higher when planted under individuals of the pioneer shrub as compared to<br />
open areas. Oaks under shrubs also had shoots 1.8 times longer, while the number of shoots per plant<br />
did not differ among treatments. The first summer was the period with the highest mortality (49.1% of<br />
seedlings), and summer drought was the main cause of mortality. We conclude that the use of shrubs as<br />
nurse plants for Q. pyrenaica reforestation is a viable technique to increase establishment success, and<br />
might be similarly useful in other environments and for other oak species. In addition, this technique offers<br />
the advantage of following natural succession, thus minimizing the impact in the community.<br />
Keywords: facilitation, Mediterranean ecosystems, nurse plants, Quercus, silviculture.<br />
Autochthonous species sowings in an evergreen oak stand, Quercus ilex L. subsp.<br />
ballota (L.) Samp:<br />
Cavero R.Y. 1 , B. Zugasti 1<br />
1 Department of Botany. Sciences Faculty. University of Navarra. Irunlarrea s/n street. 31080 Pamplona (Navarra) Spain<br />
The vegetation restauration using autochthonous seeds blends was studied in a burnt oak stand. Moreover,<br />
autochthonous seeds were sown in a nursery to study the germination percentage and the seedlings<br />
establishment. The aims of this study is to investigate the seeds response in field conditions. The study<br />
area is an homogeneous evergreen oak stand belonging to the Spiraeo obovatae- Quercetum rotundifoliae<br />
association Rivas Goday ex Loidi & F. Prieto 1986, located in the Perdon Mountains’ SE hillside which<br />
has an average slope. In november 2003, an area of 30 m 2 was cleared and divided in 181 20 cm x 20 cm<br />
plots, where 59 seeds species collected in different years (1999, 2000 and 2003) and in different evergreen<br />
oak stands beloging to the same association were sown. Each plot contains 20 seeds of species col-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 191<br />
lected from the same stand and year. Most of the plots have been replicated. The seeds germination and<br />
seedling stablisment were controlled during 8 months every 7 or 15 days depending on their evolution.<br />
Species germination rate and seedling stablisment and development data are presented and compared<br />
according to the different origins and different years of collection.<br />
Keywords: Germination, seedling establisment, field conditions, different years, different stands.<br />
Preliminary data in order to restore the bank of the Flumen river through the<br />
region of Los Monegros (Huesca. Spain)<br />
Cervantes J. 1 , F. Comín 1 , G. Martínez 1 , C. Pedrocchi 1 , G. Sanz 1<br />
1 Departamento de Ecología Funcional y Biodiversidad. Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC). (Jaca –Zaragoza. Spain)<br />
This preliminary study intends to evaluate water quality and ecological status of the Flumen when it<br />
flows through the Monegros as its natural hydrologic system has changed lately due to the arrival of excess<br />
water from irrigation. Three years ago the WWTS (Waste Water Treatment Station) in Huesca was<br />
put into effect and that must be considered as the starting point for the restoration or ecological rehabilitation<br />
of its banks. In order to fulfil this aim, ten sampling stations have been established along the river<br />
bed where data about physical and chemical characteristics, benthic macroinvertebrates (IBMWP) bank<br />
forest (QBR) and river habitats (IHF) are taken. Preliminary results up to the present date show that the<br />
ecological status of the river when crossing the Monegros area is defficient. Thus, the global study will try<br />
to state if the present river status is due to the insufficient period of time from the starting of the water<br />
treatment plant or to other indeterminate causes and propose and assess restoration actions.<br />
Keywords: Physical-chemical caracteristics, water quality, ecological status, QBR, IHF, IBMWP.<br />
Experimentation of combined physical and biological methods for the erosion<br />
control in Los Arnales gully (Monegros, Huesca, NE Spain)<br />
Cervantes J., G. Martínez, C. Pedrocchi, G. Sanz<br />
Pyrenean Institute of Ecology-CSIC. Avda. Regimiento Galicia s/n. Apdo. 64. 22700. Jaca (Huesca), Spain<br />
The efficiency of different erosion physical control methods, already used more or less successfully is tested<br />
combined with other biological methods, mainly recolonization with original species which are adapted to<br />
climatic conditions of the study area. The objective of the test experiment is to integrate a self-sustaining<br />
system into the gully dynamics. The study area is located in a tributary watershed of the Flumen River, in<br />
the local region of Poleñino (Los Monegros County, Huesca, Aragon, NE Spain). It is a torrential gully which<br />
gets the rain water coming from a large area, into a morphoclimatic system with continental influence, and<br />
semiarid according to Dantic climatic index. Within these conditions the first erosion factor is the diffuse<br />
flooding due to the poor rainfall which removes the soil in a zone characterized by a low plant cover which<br />
is strongly decreased due to hard cattle grazing pressure. Data about soil retention obtained from erosion<br />
plots established in experimental basins let comparison of different methods of erosion control. The Program<br />
Against Erosion of Monegros (PAEM), which uses these experimental tests will be presented.<br />
Keywords: Erosion control, soil conservation, plant regrowth.<br />
Ecological effects of Piskory Lake restoration in Poland<br />
Chmielewski T.J., S. Radwan, M. Tarkowska-Kukuryk, M. Kolejko, T. Mieczan, J. Sender<br />
Department of Hydrobiology and Ichthyobiology, Laboratory of Nature Protection and Landscape Ecology, University of<br />
Agriculture, Lublin, Poland<br />
The Piskory Lake (situated near the Wieprz River mouth to the Vistula River, SE Poland) constituted a shallow,<br />
medium-size lake surrounded by forested sand dunes. At the beginning of 70ties it was nominated to<br />
the range of nature reserve as a very valuable bird site. Agricultural drainage system and the groundwater<br />
cone of depression from the Pulawy city (located 8 km north from the lake) caused a gradual degradation of<br />
this object up to its total disappearance in 1990. In 1993 the project of restoration of Piskory Lake and ecological<br />
enrichment of surrounding area has been undertaken. Hydrotechnical activity relayed on the charge<br />
of the water supply and the outflow reduction led to restoration of the previous lake area (126 ha, mean<br />
depth 1,5-2,5 m). Over next 3 years biological diversity visible increased; water plant communities intensively<br />
developed, especially emergent vegetation and characeans underwater meadows and many valuable<br />
invertebrate and waterfowl species appeared. In 1996-98 was successfully realized the project of restitution<br />
and introduction of some rare plant species (particularly Marsilia quadrifolia, extinct species in all natural
192 Poster Presentations<br />
habitats in Poland). The ecological effects of the project were so high, that in 2000 this area received the<br />
status of nature reserve. In May 2005, 10 years after successful finish of the project are planned comparative<br />
studies of water biocenosis actual state. Obtained results will be presented on the Conference.<br />
Keywords: Lake, restoration, Marsilia quadrifolia, nature reserve, Piskory Lake.<br />
Ecological vs. conventional urban planning and development of Zaragoza urban<br />
zone, NE Spain<br />
Ciancarelli C. 1 , F.A. Comín 1<br />
1 Pyrenean Institute of Ecology-CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005. Apdo. 202. Zaragoza, Spain<br />
Urban zones develop following different models of use of the territory and natural resources. Many cities<br />
followed a model of progressive enlargement occupying areas surrounding a central core zone while natural<br />
habitats and resources were eliminated, transformed as land use and land cover were changing.<br />
Zaragoza urban zone followed this typical model from historic times, beginning in a core zone at the<br />
shores of the Ebro River, close to the mouths of its affluents Gállego and Huerva. During the XXth century<br />
the model of growth continued with major axis of preferential enlargement along the river banks. At<br />
the turn of the new century, this model of amoeboid growth continues but enlargement includes now<br />
steppe areas between river valleys which set up a critical challenge for the sustainability of the city. A<br />
landscape design approach shows that connectivity between zones of the same habitat (e.g., along a river)<br />
is continuously reduced as it is taking place among different habitats surrounding the urban zone because<br />
of industrial development, road and train constructions, and new urban developments. Approaches<br />
at landscape and habitat scales show where decreased environmental quality is observed with respect<br />
to reference sites. An alternative proposal of urban zone design is presented which integrates urban development<br />
into values and functions played by natural ecosystems and resources.<br />
Keywords: urban zone, natural resources, spatial model, sustainable development.<br />
Functionality and construction of cyprinid passage facilities along the Guadiana<br />
river basin, (SW Spain). An overview of construction designs and improvement of<br />
cyprinid migrations<br />
Cifuentes y de la Cerra N. 1 , F. Aranda Gutiérrez 2<br />
1 Ingeniero de montes. MIMAM. Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, Spain<br />
2 Ingeniero de Caminos, canales y puertos. MIMAM. Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, Spain<br />
In order to minimise the negative effects of transversal constructions, dams and weirs, on migratory<br />
cyprinid populations. Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana has developed a project to design and<br />
build fish passage facilities. The right design and location, as well as maintenance, of different fish pass<br />
partially reduced the negative effects of transversal constructions. Functionality of fish passage facilities<br />
was previously studied in respect of few constructive parameter of hydraulic and biological nature. Criteria,<br />
such as flow velocity, and composition and ecology of the ichtyofauna directed the different designs<br />
of cyprinid passes. With obtained results, pool fishways, vertical slot fishways, fish locks have been the<br />
fish passage facilities build for each case.<br />
Keywords: Cyprinid passage facilities, upstream migration, Guadiana river basin.<br />
Germination biology of arid zone vegetation in the Shark Bay World Heritage Area<br />
Commander L.E., D.P. Rokich, K.W. Dixon<br />
Kings Park and Botanic Gardens, Perth, Western Australia<br />
Shark Bay Resources (SBR) operates a solar salt facility within a unique World Heritage Area at Shark Bay in<br />
Western Australia. Little is known of the natural processes driving plant recruitment, and SBR is committed<br />
to undertaking rehabilitation of 140 ha of borrow pits. To successfully broadcast seed and produce greenstock<br />
for revegetation it is essential to understand the germination ecology of Shark Bay’s indigenous species. The<br />
Shark Bay area has an arid climate with winter rainfall, and occasional summer cyclonic systems. This study,<br />
observed the effect of fluctuating temperature simulating summer and winter (33/18 o C and 26/13 o C), gibberellic<br />
acid, smoke water, and the newly discovered chemical in smoke (3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one),<br />
a butenolide, on the germination of several dominant species at SBR. Initial results show that some species<br />
are able to germinate under summer or winter conditions. Other species exhibited after-ripening (seed germination<br />
required 4 months storage), physiological dormancy (seed germination required winter temperatures
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 193<br />
following 5 weeks incubation at summer temperatures), physical dormancy (seed germination required treatment<br />
with hot water) or a requirement for butenolide (seed germination was promoted 16-fold). Implications of<br />
the findings for rehabilitation are discussed. The study is of regional significance to land managers and conservation<br />
agencies with an interest in restoration of other arid zones around the world.<br />
Keywords: seed germination, dormancy, restoration, 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one, arid zone, World<br />
Heritage Area.<br />
Restoration of high mountain ecosystems after the removal of a ski resort<br />
(Peñalara, Central Spain)<br />
De Francisco S., I. Granados 1<br />
1 Parque Natural de Peñalara. Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio. Comunidad de Madrid. Spain<br />
In 1969 a ski resort was constructed in the Massif of Peñalara, one of the areas with major ecological<br />
value of Central Spain. The construction and functioning of the ski resort provoked the elimination of<br />
rocky places and vegetation, the formation of esplanades and terraces, the transformation of the hydrological<br />
net, the drainage of peat bogs, the triggering of erosive process and a strong landscape impact. In<br />
1999 it was initiated an ambitious project of restoration with the objective of complete dismantlement of<br />
the ski resort and the restoration of the ecosystems altered during its construction and functioning. The<br />
restored area occupies more than 24 hectares, including 6 ski runs, 8 ski lifts, a hundred of metal posts,<br />
and more than 20 buildings and constructions. The restoration project has 3 phases: 1) dismantlement<br />
of all the infrastructures; 2) restitution of the original relief and regeneration of the drainage net; and 3)<br />
restoration of the plant cover. The first two phases are already finished and the third one is very advanced,<br />
with very satisfactory results. In this work all the restoration task are described, with some recommendations<br />
applicable to similar projects of restoration in high mountain areas.<br />
Keywords: Ski resort, restoration, alpine ecosystems, high mountain, landscape.<br />
Environmental flows setting in Mandeo River (La Coruña, Spain) using the<br />
Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM)<br />
Díez-Hernández J.M., S. Olmeda Sanz<br />
Grupo de Hidráulica e Hidrología Forestal. E.T.S. Ingenierías Agrarias. Universidad de Valladolid. Av. Madrid, 47. 34004 Palencia,<br />
Spain<br />
This work aims to develop the guidelines to determine the environmental flow regime in the river Mandeo<br />
(La Coruña, Spain), in the bypassed reach from the diversion dam to the restitution point of the Mandeo-<br />
Zarzo Powerhouse. This initiative arises due to the necessity to harmonize the hydroelectric generation<br />
with the preservation of the aquatic ecosystem, and it is the result of the application of the well-known<br />
IFIM methodology (“Instream Incremental Flow Methodology”) to evaluate the effect of flow modifications<br />
on the fluvial habitat. Morphological and hydrological parameters have been analyzed jointly, as well as<br />
the biological ones included through the Habitat Suitability Criteria of the target species. Three representative<br />
reaches have been selected, containing a total of 14 cross sections, in which two water surface level<br />
and one complete velocity distribution have been collected, in order to create the decisive relationship between<br />
the discharge and an index for habitat suitability using the software RHABSIM. The analysis of the<br />
time series of habitat created with different alternatives has allowed setting the Instream Flow recommendations<br />
with scientifically basis, with defined ranges of flows specified for the different periods of the year,<br />
including controlled ordinary floods to maintain an acceptable interaction with the riverine processes.<br />
Keywords: IFIM, PHABSIM, instream flow, habitat.<br />
Restoration of floodplain forests, from diagnosis to action: The case of the Arve<br />
River (French Alps)<br />
Dufour S. 1 , H. Piégay 1 , J.L. Mabboux 2<br />
1 CNRS UMR 5600, Université Lyon 3, Lyon, France<br />
2 Office National des Forêts, Bonneville-sur-Arve, France<br />
The Arve River is a tributary of the Rhône River, flowing as a braided river system from the Mont Blanc<br />
Mountain. In the aftermath of the Second World War, substantial gravel mining was undertaken both<br />
within the main channel of this river and on the adjacent floodplain (10 millions of m 3 ). The intensive<br />
gravel abstraction activities resulted in important modifications of the alluvial corridor. These include: (i)
194 Poster Presentations<br />
active channel degradation and narrowing due to vegetation encroachment onto the riverbed and (ii) fragmentation<br />
and structural modification of the floodplain forest (notably, the gradual replacement of softwood<br />
tree species by hardwood tree species as groundwater levels dropped and the frequency of flooding<br />
and bank erosion declined). A river restoration project, supported by the European community LIFE programme,<br />
has been initiated to manage and restore ecological, landscape and recreation elements of the remaining<br />
alluvial forest patches within the river valley (1000 ha of forest at 3 different sites). A preliminary<br />
diagnosis has been undertaken to describe these forest units, their associated habitats (inter-annual field<br />
survey of permanent plots, assessment of tree growth) and their temporal evolution (historical mapping<br />
using GIS and a sequence of aerial photos: 1945-2005). This information has been used to produce a<br />
range of restoration scenarios for this corridor in 2004 (identification of sites and actions to be taken).<br />
Restoration measures that have been proposed to local districts and river managers include the promotion<br />
of greater flooding incidence by lowering artificial banks and through the removal of groins. Also, the reconnection<br />
of former river channels to the main river and re-vegetation of areas abandoned by gravel miners…<br />
Following a presentation of the framework for diagnosis and results, we analyse the compromises<br />
that must be made between the technical feasibility of restoration proposals and chosen scenarios.<br />
Keywords: floodplain forest, riparian restoration, pioneer units, LIFE programme, monitoring, alluvial corridor.<br />
Mathematical modelling of ecological characteristics of Chernobyl Cooling Pond<br />
Dvorzhak A.I. 1 , M.I. Zheleznyak 2 , O.I. Nasvit 3 , S.A. Yuschenko 2<br />
1 CIEMAT, Madrid<br />
2 Institute of Mathematical Machines and System Problems, Kiev<br />
3 Institute of National Security Problems, Kiev<br />
Chernobyl Cooling Pond (Ukraine, surface area about 23 km2) was created on the river Prypyat floodplane<br />
by construction of surrounding dyke and used as a source of cooling water for Chernobyl NPP<br />
units. The pumping of water from the river Prypyat into Cooling pond (CP) for compensation water losses<br />
for evaporation and filtration is fulfilled. NPP was shut down in 2000, thus the CP has lost it’s main function<br />
as the source of cooling water for reactor cooling systems. Chernobyl Cooling Pond is contaminated<br />
with radionuclides and heavy metals and need ecological restoration. The remediation options being considered<br />
include a controlled draw down of water level and stabilisation of exposed sediments. Such<br />
changes would have a major impact on the Cooling Pond ecology and on the transfers of radionuclides.<br />
For the estimation of ecological impact of application of these restoration options the ecological modelling<br />
is used. The annual dynamics of N Ammonia, Nitrate N, Inorganic Phosphorus, Dissolved Oxygen, Phytoplankton,<br />
Organic P, Organic N was modelled and verified using measurements data for 2002-2003. The<br />
WASP model of EPA USA was used. Special emphasis was placed on the modelling of concentration of N<br />
ammonia as this parameter has been proved to influence radiocesium behaviour. The results revealed<br />
that pumping of water from river Prypyat into CP may have significant influence on it ecological characteristics.<br />
Observations revealed high biomass of winter phytoplankton in the CP, which was not taken<br />
into account for this stage of modelling. The both facts need additional investigations.<br />
Keywords: ecological modelling, nutrients, phytoplankton, WASP, radionuclides, Chernobyl cooling pond.<br />
Environmental improvement of an artificial oxbow<br />
Elso J., M. Goikoetxea, F. Mendoza, A. Zaldua<br />
Environmental Management, Nurseries and Afforestation of Navarra, PLC. Pamplona (Spain)<br />
The Grove of La Muga is an oxbow severed from river Arga after the canalization works carried out in the<br />
past. This project sought to naturalize the oxbow solving some of the identified problems (deterioration of<br />
the riverside vegetation, deposition in the oxbow, homogenization of the environment, excessive human<br />
pressure) with the purpose of improving the carrying capacity of species and habitats included in the Directives<br />
79/409 and 92/43 and present in the site, as habitat 92A0 (Mediterranean willow and poplar<br />
groves), European mink (Mustela lutreola), otter (Lutra lutra), night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) or french<br />
nase (Chondrostoma toxostoma). This space is included in the Nature 2000 Network in Navarra and it includes<br />
two Natural Protected Sites. In order to reactivate the water flow along the oxbow and diminish<br />
the deposition speed, the floodgates that allow the entrance of water to the system were repaired; to increase<br />
the habitats diversity, bioengineering techniques and plantations were carried out and the flooded<br />
surface was increased through the excavation of 25.000 m 3 of old fillings (covered during the canalization),<br />
creating new channels and islands; finally an area of public use was created where visitors can<br />
enjoy the natural environment, liberating from human pressure the most sensitive areas in the oxbow.<br />
The follow up plan will allow to evaluate the validity of the works in next years.<br />
Keywords: Oxbow, environmental improvement, bioingeneering, public use.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 195<br />
Multi-criteria evaluation for restoration of forest ecosystem in Alcañiz, Spain<br />
Erdogan H.E. 1 , R.O.P. Vinagre 2 , D.G.Ventura 3 , S.M. Martínez 4<br />
1 Department of Soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Turkey<br />
2 ProSistemas, Consultores de Engenharia, S.A. Algés, Portugal<br />
3 Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain<br />
4 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza, Spain<br />
Ecosystem management is a key strategy for sustainable development of natural resources. A workable<br />
definition of ecosystem is necessary to manage ecosystems successfully. Overall Alcaniz landscape is divided<br />
6 ecological regions with 14 sub-ecological districts. The study area is located in the center of Alcaniz<br />
where two ecological zones in the north and south of town are described. Mollisols, Inceptisols and<br />
Entisols are the dominant soils in the study area. Almond, olive, vine, and barley are the essential agricultural<br />
products. Natural pines and restocking are the major species in the uncultivated areas where steep slopes are<br />
found. Deforestation of the natural pines ((Pinus halepensis) over the hilly landscape with steep slopes is accelerated<br />
soil erosion. In this research, reforestation and increasing biodiversity of the study by multi-criteria<br />
analysis, area were evaluated using GIS tools. Soil depth, slope, geomorphology, parent material, land cover<br />
and land use properties were chosen as multi-criteria approach parameters. Results showed suitable areas to<br />
Pinus halepnsis, Quercus coccifera, Rosmarinus officialias and Rhamnus Lycioides that were the most suitable<br />
species to prevent soil erosion and rebuild biodiversity in this area.<br />
Keywords: sustainable development; soils; Alcañiz.<br />
Mycorrhizal herbaceous plants in the land use types of an agro-forest landscape<br />
in Northeastern Thailand<br />
Eriksen M. 1,2 , P. Larpkern 1,3 , S.S. Dhillion 1 , L. Ampornpan 3<br />
1 Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, P.O Box 5003, NO-1432<br />
Ås, Norway<br />
2 Ostfold University College, Department of Teacher Education, Remmen, NO-1783 Halden, Norway<br />
3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumwit 23 Road, Bangkok 10110, Thailand<br />
We assessed mycorrhizal colonization in plants from different agricultural fields, fallows in different<br />
stages and from a forest at Na Haeo Forest Reserve (NHFR), Tambon Na Haeo, Loei Province in Thailand.<br />
Mycorrhizal colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was found in the roots of 48 out of 49 investigated<br />
plant species. This study points out that arbuscular mycorrhiza may play an important role in this<br />
low-input agroforestry system, in food production, in restoring fields through fallow periods and in forest<br />
succession. The mycorrrhizal nature of many weedy species points to their potential role in maintaining<br />
mycorrhizal inoculum and network in low input systems.<br />
Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza, crops, weeds, fallow, slash and burn, low-input agriculture.<br />
Ecological restoration of cleared easements in high voltage transmission lines: a<br />
practical application in the region of El Bierzo (León, Spain)<br />
Escolar Haro I. 1 , R. Escribano Bombín 1 , F. Gómez Manzaneque 2<br />
1 Department of Rural Planning. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Madrid. Spain<br />
2 Department of Silvopasciculture. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Madrid. Spain<br />
The crossing of a high voltage transmission line through a woodland entails, in most cases, the fragmentation<br />
of the landscape and has a permanent effect on the crossed ecosystems (affecting flora, fauna,<br />
soil…). This fragmentation derives from conventional management practices, which include periodical<br />
clear-cuts under the cables to ensure long-term upkeep of security distances. In this study different<br />
techniques are put into practice to take on the ecological restoration of a 5.5 km section of cleared easements<br />
of the Spanish transmission grid. The section, located in the region of El Bierzo (NW of Spain), was<br />
divided into four parts according to the different vegetation formations crossed and the land uses. In<br />
each of them, the restoration was undertake in an independent way seeking for the reduction of environmental<br />
impacts and economic loss of land owners, as well as long-term upkeep of security distances and<br />
reduction of costs for the transmission grid managers. Restoration techniques included: modifying the<br />
clearing area design (from fixed to variable width), selecting the species to clear-cut, modifying the manteinance<br />
techniques or the vegetation formation under the cables. The methodology developed for the<br />
analysis, diagnosis and selection of restoration techniques, allows the extrapolation of the results to the<br />
ecological restoration of other sections of cleared easements of transmission grids.<br />
Keywords: high voltage transmission lines, cleared easements, restoration.
196 Poster Presentations<br />
A survey of calcareous grassland restored from arable land in southern England<br />
Fagan K.C. 1 , J.M. Bullock 2 , R.H. Marrs 3 , R.F. Pywell 1<br />
1 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Monks Wood, U.K.<br />
2 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Dorset, U.K.<br />
3 Applied Vegetation Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, U.K.<br />
Calcareous grassland restoration sites should be investigated to see how they resemble the target ecosystem.<br />
By carrying out a wide scale survey it should be possible to obtain better knowledge of how long the<br />
restoration process takes, whether different aspects of the ecosystem are restored at different rates, and<br />
whether management techniques make a difference. 40 sites, each having undergone between 2 and 60<br />
years of restoration management, were selected by stratified random sampling. Each was compared with<br />
a control, an area of nearby ancient calcareous grassland. Vegetation surveys were carried out at all<br />
sites, together with estimates of decomposition rates, and information on management activities. Soil collected<br />
at each site was used in a productivity bioassay and for nutrient analyses. Standard deviational ellipses<br />
for each site were produced from the results of a multivariate CCA of plant species cover data. Regression<br />
analysis of the distance between the control and restoration ellipses showed that both<br />
restoration treatment (natural regeneration, simple seed mix, complex seed mix) and the age of restoration<br />
explained a significant amount of the variation. CCA also showed that soil characteristics (particularly<br />
soil phosphorus and soil productivity) can constrain restoration success. We conclude that restored<br />
sites in general become closer to the target ecosystem over time, but that the timescale studied here was<br />
not sufficient for the process to reach completion, and that certain seeding strategies and a high residual<br />
fertility may have a negative effect.<br />
Keywords: Calcareous grassland, multivariate statistics, restoration, management, soil productivity.<br />
Monitoring and restoration of coral reefs damaged by the ship grounding of the<br />
bulk carrier Amorgos in Kenting National Park, Taiwan<br />
Fan T.Y. 1 , P.J. Liu 2 , L.S. Fang 1,3<br />
1 National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan 944, ROC<br />
2 Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 250, ROC<br />
3 Institute of Marine Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804, ROC<br />
The bulk carrier Amorgos grounded on coral reefs of Lungken Nature Reserve, Kenting National Park in<br />
southern Taiwan on 14 January 2001. Coral coverage of the area has been denuded as a result of the<br />
mechanical abrasion of broken wrecks during typhoon period. The recovery process of coral community<br />
at the damaged spur-and-groove site was monitored by 3 permanent 1×1 m quadrates on denuded natural<br />
substrata at a depth of 6 to 12 m. The total number of recruited corals was 5, 93 and 62 and the<br />
mean coral coverage was 0.23, 0.95 and 1.20% in October 2002, August 2003 and September 2004, respectively.<br />
In addition, the mean coral coverage estimated using belt transect survey (1 to 3 30×0.2 m)<br />
was 63.6, 44.4 and 28.0% in October 2002, August 2003 and March 2004, respectively. This suggests<br />
that natural recovery was very slow and coral growth was still inhibited. The family Faviidae was the<br />
most abundant recruited colonies (55.8%), followed by the family Poritidae, Alcyoniidae and the blue octocoral<br />
Heliopora coerulea. The family Faviidae and H. coerulea were common at nearby site. The recruitment<br />
pattern of Lungken was different from other sites in Taiwan where recruitment usually was dominated<br />
by pocilliporids and acroporids. It suggests that recruitment at Lungken might be influenced by<br />
nearby coral communities. A restoration study will be conducted to assess the feasibility of transplanting<br />
cultured corals and settling larvae to enhance recovery.<br />
Keywords: Coral reefs, monitoring, recruitment, restoration, ship grounding.<br />
The use of the rivers between urban and rural areas- the example of the Ipojuca<br />
River in the state of Pernambuco northeast of Brazil<br />
Farias F.S. 1 , E.T.A. Gomes 2<br />
1 Department of Coastal and Shelf Geology. University of Kiel. Kiel. Germany<br />
2 Department of Geography. Federal University of Pernambuco. Recife. Brazil<br />
The use of rivers, and their waters and banks is problematic for the environment in the whole world. The<br />
scarcity of this resource and its heavy pollution and economic activities already cause problems in countries<br />
like Brazil. This study aims to analyze the Basin of the River Ipojuca that represents the main link<br />
between the Sertão, a semi-arid region in the interior where important and traditional cities can be<br />
found, and the coast in the State of Pernambuco, northeast of Brazil. The purpose is to identify elements<br />
that compose the river zone, to monitor the quality of the water in the Basin of the Ipojuca by combining
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 197<br />
the main natural and socio-economic factors of the last years. The river Ipojuca has a length of 250 Km<br />
and gives material to support the existence of 600.000 inhabitants directly and indirectly more than<br />
1.500.000 inhabitants, being today the corridor of the Ipojuca, an area of a great economic dynamics.<br />
Through the evaluation of landuse, hydrologic resources and data on sources of pollution and use of the<br />
water, it was possible to elaborate maps of use and landuse and monitor of the quality of the water. The<br />
result characterizes the types of use and occupation of the land in the region: environmental relevant,<br />
agribusiness, fat stock, dairy cattle, urban and industrial. Thus, it was possible to know exactly where<br />
each economic activity takes place and to establish plans for the control of sources of pollution and for<br />
the restoration of the river.<br />
Keywords: River, landuse, restoration, hydrologic resources, urban and rural.<br />
Phytoindication of the surface waters of the Canyon of the River Smotrych (NNP<br />
“Podilsky Tovtry”)<br />
Fedorchuk I.<br />
Department of Biology, Geography and Ecology, State University of Kamianets-Podilskiy, 60 Ogienka str., 32300, Kamianets-<br />
Podilskiy, Ukraine<br />
The research was held on the territory of National Nature Park (NNP) “Podilsky Tovtry”, the biggest in<br />
Ukraine and the second big as for the territory in Europe. The aim of an work was to define nature and anthropogenic<br />
changes of ecosystem of the river Smotrych in the measures of its canyon, using phytoindication<br />
characteristics of macrophytes. During conducting phytoindication researches a landscape-geobotany<br />
analysis of ecosystem of the river with different level of economic development was made. To check phytoindication<br />
laws the data of chemical composition of water were used. Ecological valuation was held according<br />
to same sensitive species of macrophytes and their associations and with the usage of methodics of<br />
Dubyna, Heine and Katanska. In course of the research the spreading and ecological peculiarities of the<br />
growth of macrophytes-indicators according to hydrological and hydrochemical conditions were established.<br />
The index of phytoidication (I f<br />
) was indicated, which characterizes the condition of waters of the<br />
canyon of the river Smotrych as unsatisfactory. The valuations of condition of water ecosystem under influence<br />
of anthropogenic press was given in the comparison of data of phytoindication researches with hydrophysical<br />
and hydrochemical parameters. On the whole phytoindication researches are rather actual especially<br />
on the nature protected territories. They give the opportunity to define integral level of pollution as<br />
well as general state of water ecosystems. At the same time we have an opportunity to make the discreet<br />
control with the help of hydrochemical methods and only in the definite periods of time. And some changes<br />
between observations. This approach to the decision of this problem gives us an opportunity to rationalize<br />
the research process and later it can serve as a basis prolonged monitoring on the larger territories.<br />
Keywords: macrophytes, index of phytoidication, anthropogenic changes.<br />
Eco-sourcing plants for restoration: does it matter?: A test of the inter- and<br />
infra-population variation in the New Zealand species Metrosideros umbellata<br />
Fergus A.J. 1 , J.B. Wilson 2<br />
1 Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland<br />
2 Botany Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand<br />
The importance of plant provenance for restoration efforts is currently at the forefront of conservation policy.<br />
Conservation authorities advocate the use of “eco-sourced” or nearest-provenance-sourced plant material<br />
to avoid the risk of genetic pollution. However, little is known of the degree of risk, and there is a complementary<br />
concern that isolated plant communities are at risk of inbreeding depression. The need for<br />
eco-sourcing depends on the degree of genetic variation in the geographic range of a species. Here we investigate<br />
the geographic variation in morphology, isozymes and DNA in populations of Southern Rata (Metrosideros<br />
umbellata). Populations were sampled randomly to identify five trees within each; providing some<br />
understanding of the geographic variation within and between the selected populations. Populations were<br />
sampled throughout the South, Stewart, and Auckland Islands of New Zealand. Morphological variation<br />
was analysed by various leaf measurements, isozyme variation through a number of enzymes, and molecular<br />
variation using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). In addition to the sampled populations, specimens<br />
from restoration sites (provenance unknown), commercial cultivars and local garden specimens were<br />
analysed to ascertain their potential genetic threat. There was little variation in morphology, but the molecular<br />
results revealed considerable variation within and especially between populations. We conclude<br />
that genetic depression is unlikely, but that the use of eco-sourcing is important for this species.<br />
Keywords: Restoration, population variation, provenance, DNA, ISSR.
198 Poster Presentations<br />
Potential use of multiple values of vegetation optical depth on land surface<br />
parameter retrieval from microwave emission on heterogeneous regions<br />
Fernández-Gálvez J. 1 , I.J. Davenport 1 , R.J. Gurney 1 , C. Oyonarte 2<br />
1 Environmental Systems Science Centre, The University of Reading, Reading, UK<br />
2 Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain<br />
Microwave emission from the land surface can be used to predict land surface parameters for monitoring ecological<br />
restoration at large scale. Among these are soil water content, soil temperature and vegetation optical<br />
depth.Using multiple microwave vegetation optical depth values (an indicator of vegetation density) when retrieving<br />
land surface properties from microwave emission increases accuracy when retrieving other parameters.<br />
Vegetation density, particularly at the spatial scale of a satellite instrument, shows significant variation but is<br />
normally assumed for retrieval purposes to have a constant value within the radiometer footprint. To simulate<br />
areas with a range of vegetation optical depths, using the Tau-Omega model, brightness temperature curves as<br />
a function of look angle (six angles from 0 to 50 degrees off-nadir) were generated for ideal vegetated scenarios<br />
based on soil water content values of 0.1 and 0.4 m 3 m -3 , and vegetation optical depths ranging from 0.0 to 0.6<br />
in randomly-selected proportions. Algorithms then attempted to retrieve the soil moisture, vegetation optical<br />
depth and surface temperature from the simulated observations, assuming a single vegetation optical depth.<br />
Soil moisture retrieval error for a six-angle sensor induced by vegetation optical depth variability when a single<br />
optical depth is assumed are larger for wet soils, and are on average 0.026 m 3 m -3 , rising in the worst cases to<br />
0.047 m 3 m -3 . This effect can be substantially reduced by modifying the Tau-Omega model to retrieve variables<br />
assuming that the vegetation is a mixture of two optical depths, when the RMS error drops to 0.007 m 3 m -3 .<br />
Keywords: microwave emission, vegetation density, land surface parameter.<br />
Landscape rehabilitation based on water inundation and landuse change - new<br />
challenges for the Tisza region in Hungary<br />
Flachner Zs. 1 , Cs. Farkas 2 , Sz. Farkas 3 , G. Molnár 4<br />
1 Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry. Budapest. Hungary<br />
2 Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry. Budapest. Hungary<br />
3 Szent István University, Ph.D. program. Gödöll_. Hungary<br />
4 Bokartisz KHT (PMU). Karcsa. Hungary<br />
To protect the high biodiversity of the Tisza valley (Hungary), where Ramsar sites have been introduced already<br />
is important. The Great Hungarian Plain is a typical evaporative basin with unsustainable landuse<br />
and water management, and bad drainage conditions. A few hundred years ago natural forests, grasslands<br />
and wetlands were typical for this region, which has been destroyed due to massive canalisation, deforestation,<br />
drainage and agricultural utilisation. Climate and land use changes caused increasing frequency<br />
of the extreme flood and drought events and loss of biodiversity. Initiatives at local and national levels<br />
were started to analyse the multifunctional rehabilitation possibilities at landscape level and to define<br />
proper measures. Water management is based on periodical floodwater reservoirs and furthering down<br />
water steering (sallow water inundation) based landscape management to store the water of flood periods<br />
and lead back to the Tisza River with 30-40 days delay. A monitoring system was set up in the Bodrogköz<br />
pilot area to follow changes in soil formation, surface and groundwater regimes, land use and vegetation<br />
at 4 different elevation categories. A spatial soil database is being constructed, based on profile and soil<br />
pattern information. Changes in soil water regime will be linked to changes in natural vegetation, habitats<br />
and agricultural landuse. Comparison of the effect of present and proposed optimal landuse systems on<br />
soil water regime is to be performed. First results of the scenario analyses (modelling) to support the regulation<br />
of water flow in accordance with the ecological water demand are going to be presented.<br />
Keywords: anthropogenic effects, water management, land use changes, integrated monitoring system,<br />
soil moisture modelling.<br />
Influence of soil changes on natural regeneration in abandoned oil and gas fields<br />
of Northern Patagonia (Argentina)<br />
Fuchs J.S. 1,2 , M.A. Gainza 1,3 , N.A. Fraunhoffer 1 , G.A. Zuleta 1,3<br />
1 Environmental Studies Unit, CEBBAD, Maimónides University. Buenos Aires, Argentina<br />
2 C<strong>ON</strong>ICET and Dept. of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires. Argentina<br />
3 C<strong>ON</strong>ICET and Dept. of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires. Argentina<br />
Oil and gas exploitation constitutes a widespread and highly severe disturbance in arid shrub steppes of<br />
Patagonia. Natural regeneration of abandoned locations takes at least 45-60 years to reach 75% similarity<br />
in vegetation and burrowing wildlife composition and diversity with control areas. In order to reveal
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 199<br />
how changes in soil properties influence ecosystem rehabilitation, we investigated temporal trends in pH,<br />
electrical conductivity, gravel content and organic matter content in soil cores of 13 abandoned locations<br />
representing a 35 years chronosequence. We used a paired sample design, in which each oil/gas abandoned<br />
location was compared to a nearby reference site (control). Differences in the values of each of the<br />
four variables between the abandoned location and the control site were calculated for two habitat types:<br />
open (bare soil) and vegetation (mounds) patches. Temporal changes in these differences were examined<br />
by linear regression analysis with post-disturbance time as the independent variable. Our results indicate<br />
that only gravel content varied significantly with post-disturbance time in both habitat types: r= -<br />
0.70 (p< 0.001) and r= -0.58 (p< 0.001) for open and vegetation patches, respectively. These results suggest<br />
that, in general, plant establishment is not primarily related to changes in soil properties; however,<br />
the considerable decrease in gravel content might play a role in the development of microsites suitable<br />
for germination, at least of some species.<br />
Keywords: Temporal soil changes, oil fields, Patagonia, soil physical properties, restoration.<br />
Response of Pinus halepensis Mill. seedlings to sewage sludge and trace<br />
elements in three Mediterranean forest soils<br />
Fuentes, D. 1 , K. Disante 2 , A. Valdecantos 1 , J. Cortina 2 , V.R. Vallejo 1<br />
1 Fundación CEAM, C/ Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain<br />
2 Dept. d’Ecologia, Universitat d’Alacant, Ap 99, 03080 Alacant, Spain<br />
The success of restoration actions in the Mediterranean Basin may be hampered by soil impoverishment.<br />
Sewage sludge currently represents an easily accessible source of organic matter and nutrients that could<br />
be used to restore degraded ecosystems. However, sewage sludge containing trace elements could compromise<br />
seedling performance. The aim of this work is to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of sewage sludge enriched<br />
in Cu, Ni and Zn on Pinus halepensis seedlings under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. We selected<br />
three soil types frequently found in the forest areas of the Mediterranean basin. We filled 40 x 40 x<br />
70 cm lysimeters with unamended soil, a mixture of soil and dried sewage sludge, or a mixture of soil with<br />
sludge enriched in Cu, Ni and Zn. Sewage sludge application rate was equivalent to 60 mg ha-1. Gas exchange<br />
rates and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured once in spring and twice in summer, before and<br />
after an artificial watering. After 8 months, biomass accumulation and concentration of trace elements in<br />
current's year shoots and roots were evaluated. Biosolid application resulted in a weak reduction in Cu<br />
and Zn concentration in needles, negatively affecting physiological status during drought. This effect was<br />
alleviated by the application of enriched sludge, as this treatment resulted in a significant increase in trace<br />
element concentration in roots and needles. Concentrations were still below phytotoxic levels. Sewage<br />
sludge with relatively high levels of Cu, Zn and Ni had minor effects on plant performance under semiarid<br />
Mediterranean conditions and carbonated soils. On the contrary, results suggest that nutritional limitations<br />
may be alleviated by the application of sewage sludge enriched in trace elements.<br />
Keywords: Pinus halepensis, trace elements, sewage sludge, reforestation.<br />
FishXing 3.0. Software modeling environment and learning systems for<br />
assessing fish passage through culverts<br />
Furniss M.J.<br />
USDA-Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Corvallis, OR 97331<br />
The Forest Service has produced a software model –called FishXing– that facilitates assessing and designing<br />
stream crossings. Pronounced "Fish Crossing", this software is designed to assist engineers, hydrologists<br />
and fish biologists in the evaluation and design of culverts for fish passage. It is free and available<br />
for download at the FishXing website. FishXing models the complexities of culvert hydraulics and<br />
fish performance for a variety of species and crossing configurations. The model has proven useful in<br />
identifying culverts that impede fish passage, leading to the removal of numerous barriers. As a design<br />
tool, FishXing accommodates the iterative process of designing a new culvert to provide passage for fish<br />
and other aquatic species. Version 3 is a complete rewrite of previous versions based on user feedback<br />
and our own experience in the field of fish passage and engineering, and is expected to be available in the<br />
Fall of 2005.<br />
Keywords: Fish Crossing, stream, culvert.
200 Poster Presentations<br />
Analysis of vegetation and fish response to restoration of a tidal marsh in<br />
Guadalquivir River Estuary<br />
Gallego-Fernández J.B., F. García Novo, I. Vela de Pablos<br />
Department of Plant Biology and Ecology. The University of Seville<br />
Dredging filling late in the 1980’s destroyed the Algaida Marshes of Guadalquivir River Estuary. The<br />
restoration of Algaida Marshes was carried out during 2000 Summer by removal of dredged material, geomorphologic<br />
reconstruction of surfaces and substrates and restoration of tidal flow. The colonization of<br />
the area was achieved by natural mechanisms (water flow). In this study the development of vegetation<br />
and the use of restored marsh channels by fish over the last five years is presented 18 permanent plots<br />
(5 x 5 m) were marked along 9 transects, covering main topographic gradients. The composition and biomass<br />
of vegetation within each plot was recorded in July 2001 and 2005. Fish sampling was carried out<br />
in 2002-3 (monthly) and 2004-5 (seasonally). Using fish traps, fourteen sites including channels, mudflats<br />
and vegetated areas were sampled. Results show a rapid development of vegetation succession.<br />
Within 3 years large areas of mudflats were covered with marsh vegetation dominated by Spartina densiflora,<br />
turning denser with time. Restored marshes were immediately colonized by fish. 9620 fishes belonging<br />
to 22 species were collected. One introduced species, killfish (Fundulus heteroclitus) composed<br />
76% of all collections. Native Liza saliens (11,5%) and Pomatoschistus microps (7,7%) followed in abundance,<br />
all other species contributing less than 2%.<br />
Keywords: marsh vegetation, restoration, tidal influence, fish, monitoring.<br />
General strategy in the environmental impact assessment of the As Pontes<br />
lignite open pit lake (Galicia)<br />
García Arrese A.M. 1 , F. Macías Vázquez 3 , F. Macías García 1 , C. Nieto Olano 1 , L. Tapia del Río 2 ,<br />
L. Fontán Guiao 1<br />
1 Laboratorio de Tecnología Ambiental. Instituto de Investigaciones Tecnológicas. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela<br />
2 Departamento de Biología Animal. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela<br />
3 Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela<br />
When the As Pontes lignite mining is finished, in 2006, the open pit will became a lake, observing the<br />
“Restoration Plan of Puentes Mine”, formulated in November 1983. Lake area will be 8 km 2 , divided in two<br />
parts, West Field and East Field with maximum depths of 200 and 60 m, respectively. The general strategy<br />
underlying the open pit restoration project has been considered at real scale. Its principal objective consists<br />
on changing a 540 Hm 3 mass of water in an ecosystem in the best chemical and biological conditions as<br />
possible, so it could be sustainable. Improvement of the lake productivity, as an integral part of this strategy,<br />
seems the very first, short term objective to promote the lake sustainable functioning: It’ll improve the<br />
final water quality, increasing the diversity of uses of the future lake, as compared with an acid mine lake.<br />
All the project development alternatives indicate that hipolimnium will be always anoxic. So, impelling<br />
some processes of great environmental interest mediated by microorganisms (for example, sulphate reduction),<br />
will transform the open pit in a biological reactor, where we can favour the culture of those microbial<br />
species that can help us to solve the problems or limitations inherent to the physical environment.<br />
Keywords: Acidic mine lake, environmental impact assessment, sustainability, sulphate reducing bacteria.<br />
Establishment of shrub species in a semiarid ecosystem after inoculation with<br />
native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the Mesquital Valley, Hidalgo, Mexico<br />
García-Sánchez R., A. Monroy Ata<br />
Unidad de Investigación en Ecología Vegetal. Carrera de Biología. FES Zaragoza, UNAM. J.C. Bonilla # 66, Col. Ejército de<br />
Oriente. C. P. 09230 México, D.F. Mexico<br />
Shrubland ecosystems are dominants in the Mesquital Valley, at the Hidalgo State, Mexico; there, biological<br />
resources abundance are usually triggered by rainfall events and typically go trough wet and dry periods.<br />
In this environment, the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi supports establishment, favors growth<br />
and increases the drought tolerance of plants. In this work, the AM fungal association was analyzed in<br />
twenty native plants species, moreover several AM native inoculums were produced. For this, the source of<br />
AM spores was taken in a native soil of the Mesquital Valley. The native AM fungi spores were successfully<br />
multiplied in pot cultures. Lolium multiflorum was used as host plant. Once germinated, emerging<br />
seedlings of Prosopis laevigata, Acacia farnesiana, Mimosa biuncifera and Opuntia strepthacanta were<br />
transplanted into growing substrate consisting of sterilized soil with AM fungal inoculum (5% v/v). Inoculated<br />
and non-inoculated seedlings were grown for 6 months under greenhouse conditions; plants were
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 201<br />
watered when necessary and fertilized with Long-Ashtong solution. The next plant variables were evaluated:<br />
AM root colonization, shoot weight and root/shoot ratio. After this, inoculated and non-inoculated<br />
plants were planted in natural field conditions of the Mesquital Valley. One year after planting, survival<br />
and growth were evaluated Inoculated plants were significantly greater than non-mycorrhizal plants; also,<br />
AM treatment increases shoot biomass and survival percent. Therefore, the use of native AM spores as a<br />
source of biofertilizer inoculum may be considered as a emergent strategy for the successful re-establishment<br />
of natural plant populations, in order to restore mesquital communities in shrubland ecosystems.<br />
Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, establishment, semiarid ecosystem, shrub species.<br />
A scaling of contaminated ecosystem: Ecological risk and optimization of<br />
environmental management<br />
Georgievsky V.B.<br />
Russian Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia<br />
It is developed the criterion “Ecological Risk” R for contaminated ecosystem in terms of ecosystem indices,<br />
which are reflected contamination of several ecological chains by several pollutions including radionuclides. It<br />
is developed the one-dimensional ecological scale where experts in terms of the relative ecological conditions<br />
assign the scaling factors. The R of the contaminated ecosystem is reflected by ecological scale location; change<br />
of the R is reflected by evolution of the ecosystem location along the scale. This tool is based on the following<br />
procedures: reduction of the monitoring data dimensionality, discrimination, clusterization, classification, multiple<br />
regression analysis and expert analysis for assigning of the relative ecological conditions. This method is<br />
intended for analysis of environmental information having chaotic and intricate structure. The evolution of R<br />
along the ecological scale may be used for Cost-Benefit Analysis of environmental management including tasks<br />
of restoration. Here criterion of ecological condition R is linear combination of several ecological characteristics.<br />
The coefficients of weighting for R are determinated by internal structure of ecosystem contamination. This<br />
tool is demonstrated using two contrast examples (Rovenskaia Area of Ukraine): i) contamination of several<br />
ecological chains by single pollutant and ii) contamination of single chain by several pollutants.<br />
Keywords: contaminated ecosystems, scaling factors, ecological chains, Ukraine.<br />
Habitat creation on agricultural land using topsoil inversion<br />
Glen E. 1 , J. Barker 1 , L. Thompson 1 , E.A.C. Price 1 , S.J.M. Caporn 1 , J. Carroll 1 , R. Scott 2<br />
1 Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD UK<br />
2 Landlife, National Wildflower Centre, Court Hey Park, Liverpool, L16 3NA UK<br />
This study assesses the effectiveness of topsoil inversion in promoting recovery from surface eutrophication<br />
in UK agricultural soils, a major barrier in creating new habitats of greater biodiversity. Topsoil inversion<br />
is undertaken by a deep plough, which buries 30 cm of topsoil under approximately 40 cm of<br />
subsoil. The study site includes: 1) a newly inverted area, with conventionally ploughed control to compare<br />
two habitat end-points across the two ploughing types: wildflower meadow, and wildflowers with<br />
trees, and 2) 2-year-old inverted and conventionally ploughed areas planted with trees and either wildflowers<br />
or grass. Measurements were of soil properties and soil seed bank down to 1 m depth, and of tree<br />
growth. Topsoil inversion significantly changed the profile of soil nutrients, water and organic matter<br />
content. The seed bank, found in surface layers of control soils, was buried to a depth of 30 – 60 cm by<br />
inversion. Tree growth was dramatically increased in inverted soil. Topsoil inversion therefore results in a<br />
decrease in surface fertility, and the burial of competitive weed seeds. These factors may favour the establishment<br />
of wildflower meadows due to the reduction of competition with undesired species, and a<br />
change to lower fertility surface conditions favoured by many wildflowers. Topsoil inversion also greatly<br />
benefits the establishment of planted trees. However, this benefit is partly negated by undersowing with<br />
grasses, currently the favoured forestry practice in the UK. These findings suggest that topsoil inversion<br />
has the potential to facilitate habitat creation on eutrophic substrates.<br />
Keywords: Eutrophication, habitat creation, seed bank, soil nutrients, topsoil inversion.
202 Poster Presentations<br />
Facilitation of tree saplings by nurse shrubs: microhabitat amelioration or<br />
protection from herbivores?<br />
Gómez-Aparicio L. 1,2 , R. Zamora 1 , J. Castro 1 , J.A. Hódar 1 and J.M. Gómez 1<br />
1 Terrestrial Ecology Group, Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Granada. Granada. Spain<br />
2 Institute of Ecosystem Studies. Millbrook, New York. USA<br />
In Mediterranean environments, spatial patterns of regeneration of many tree species are associated to<br />
shrubs. Protection against summer drought and herbivory, two main disturbance agents in Mediterranean<br />
systems, have been proposed to underlie such patterns. However, their relative importance is<br />
poorly understood. In this study, we experimentally analyze during 5 years the effects of shrubs, ungulates<br />
(mainly Capra pyrenaica), and their interaction in survival and growth of saplings of four Mediterranean<br />
tree species: maple Acer opalus subsp. granatense, holm oak Quercus ilex, black pine Pinus nigra<br />
subsp. salzmanii, and Scots pine Pinus sylvestris var. nevadensis. Shrubs had a similar positive effect on<br />
sapling survival both inside and outside experimental exclosures. Thereby, facilitation was independent<br />
of the presence of ungulates, microhabitat amelioration appearing as the main facilitation mechanism of<br />
survival during the 5 years of study. Moreover, facilitation intensity varied between species, being only<br />
significant for maple and holm oak. Herbivory damages also varied widely between species, being much<br />
higher for maple than for any other species. Shrubs did not protect maple saplings against ungulates, all<br />
maple saplings suffering herbivory outside the exclosures. Consequently, accumulated height growth of<br />
maples after 5 years was more than twice higher when ungulates were excluded. Our results show microclimatic<br />
amelioration to be a more important facilitation mechanism than herbivory protection in our<br />
study sites. However, we stress that the final balance between the two mechanisms is highly dependent<br />
on the site characteristics.<br />
Early revegetation after hydroseeding on coal-mining spoils<br />
González-Alday J. 1 , C. Martínez-Ruiz 1 , S. García-Muñoz 1<br />
1 Department of Agro-Forestry Sciences. University of Valladolid. Palencia, Spain<br />
The aim of this study is to monitor bimonthly the changes in plant cover on mining slag-heaps (North<br />
Spain) along the first year after hydroseeding. Three sampling sites were selected, two at 20º incline (north,<br />
south) and one flat. Cover of all species presents within three 16 m 2 plots were sampled in each site. Total<br />
plant cover increased with time reaching the highest values in Spring (80% on the north slope; 70% on the<br />
south one and, 60% on the flat site), when the contribution of native species was around 10%. During the<br />
first nine months of revegetation, the cover of grasses was higher on the north slope, whereas the cover of<br />
legumes was higher on the south one. The multivariate analysis showed that only 11 species were responsible<br />
of differences in floristic composition between sites, among which three non-introduced species were<br />
included. In the flat site no differences between these species groups were found. It can be concluded that,<br />
in the study area, the contribution of native species to total plant cover is not valueless for the period analyzed,<br />
and that there was a different development of grasses and legumes according to the aspect.<br />
Keywords: Aspect, native and introduced species, plant cover, slope inclination.<br />
Ecological and landscape restoration of the ancient fountains in “Tierra de<br />
Campos” Region (Valladolid-Palencia, Spain)<br />
González Pascual J. 1 , R. Blanco Esteban 2 , J. Navarro Hevia 1<br />
1 E.T.S. I. A., University of Valladolid. Av. Madrid, 47. 34004 Palencia, Spain<br />
2 Environment Council of the Junta de Castilla y León. Valladolid. Spain<br />
“Tierra de Campos” is a semi-arid plain inside Duero’s river basin. The historical and intense agricultural use<br />
has caused disappearance of natural forest and degradation of rivers, riparian and humid zones. In this<br />
landscape they highlight a singular joint of old fountains that nourished with their excellent waters, even<br />
considered as medicinal, to the villagers. In addition these locations constitute a wildlife shelter and a greenness<br />
oasis in this steppe zone. This project deals with 31 fountains restoration distributed in four townships.<br />
It aims a natural heritage recovering of great scenic and ecological value of the landscape, also causing positive<br />
socio-economic impacts to villages. In order to obtain an integrated landscape restoration, following sections<br />
have been contemplated: traditional architectonic fountains reconstruction, creation of new pathes and<br />
improvement of the old ones, native reforestation, ecological restoration of the stream banks and recovery of<br />
associated wetlands, garbage cleaning, installation of furniture and information panels. Project general budget<br />
raises to 501.903 € (≈ 16,000 €/fountain), allowing a planned and periodic execution during the next<br />
years by the Autonomous Government (Junta de Castilla y León). In addition to the ecological and landscape
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 203<br />
restoration and historical heritage, this project will attract rural tourism and will help to avoid the continuous<br />
depopulation of the area in a compatible way with the current agricultural activity of their lands.<br />
Keywords: Springs, water conservation, reforestation, Duero’s river basin, steppe zones.<br />
Matching conservation and valorisation goals to delimit local provenance for<br />
native plant species used in ecological restoration<br />
Gonzalo-Turpin H. 1 , L. Hazard-Mirassou 1 , N. Couix 2<br />
1 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Arche, BP 27, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France<br />
2 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité SICOMOR, BP 27, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France<br />
Turning revegetation process into a real ecological restoration implies native plant species to be used. However,<br />
the use of native plant species in large scale revegetation program requires a sustainable source of seeds of<br />
native plant species that meet the technical request of the revegetation process. Since seed collection from the<br />
wild is likely insufficient to support the demand, native species must undergo a ex situ seed multiplication.<br />
The purpose of the present work is to develop a method to delimit local provenance and seed collection zones<br />
matching conservation and agronomic goals. This method relies on an analysis of the relationships between<br />
phylogenetic structure and local adaptation, their impact on phenotypic traits related to fitness, seed production<br />
and colonisation ability. The hypothesis is that if the environmental constraints are strong enough to<br />
shape the genetic structure of the plant species and to induce an ecological convergence between species,<br />
there are simple environmental indicators to be used to design seed zones. The final delimitation of such zones<br />
would be the result of a collective work between all the actors of the ecological restoration process. This work<br />
takes place in the Ecovars 2 project for ecological restoration of damaged mountain sites in French Pyrenees.<br />
Keywords: revegetation; native plant species; Pyrenees; local adaptation; phylogenetic structure; seed zones.<br />
Non-native fish eradication from a high mountain lake (Laguna Grande de<br />
Peñalara, Central Spain): quick recovery of aquatic populations<br />
Granados I.<br />
Parque Natural de Peñalara. Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio. Comunidad de Madrid. Spain<br />
Around the 1970s, Salvelinus fontinalis (Salmonid) was introduced in Laguna de Peñalara, a small high<br />
mountain lake in Central Spain. Before this introduction no other fish species were found in the lake.<br />
The presence of S. fontinalis changed the aquatic populations: It eliminated from the lake certain species<br />
of amphibians and big-size invertebrates. On the other side, some small-size species of macroinvertebrates<br />
were more abundant after the fish introduction. In 1999 we start the eradication by means of gillnet<br />
fishing. During the eradication more than 550 individuals, up to 4 years old, were eliminated. Since<br />
then, we have observed a quick recovery of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community. The number of<br />
taxonomic families of aquatic macroinvertebrates has risen from 9-13 families previously to the impact to<br />
23 families after the eradication. Practically all the species that inhabited the lake still persist in it, but<br />
an important number of other species have colonized the lake since the eradication. Among them we<br />
have found big-size aquatic insects (heteroptera, coleoptera, odonata) and 3 species of amphibians.<br />
Keywords: Fish eradication, restoration, aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, high mountain lake.<br />
Riparian restoration in Ebro river floodplains (Galachos Nature Reserve, Spain)<br />
Guerrero Campo 1 J., C. Pedrol Solanes 1 , M.A. Muñoz Yanguas 1 , P. Castro Díez 2 , J.M. Sánchez<br />
Sanz 1 , J. González Esteban 1<br />
1 Gobierno de Aragón. Servicio Provincial de Medio Ambiente. Pza. San Pedro Nolasco, 7. 50071. Zaragoza. Spain<br />
2 Departamento de Ecología. Universidad de Alcalá. Ctra. Madrid, km 33,6. 28800 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid). Spain<br />
From 1996 to present Aragon Government is making ecological restoration activities in the riparian habitats<br />
of the Ebro River floodplains (Los Galachos Nature Reserve Zaragoza, Spain). The main goal is the<br />
restoration of the riparian habitats, also aiming to improve bird population in this protected natural<br />
area. The restoration project have achieved here an important change on the land uses. Some cultivated<br />
areas and black poplar plantations were changed into 42 ha of new riparian natural habitats, and a 2.3<br />
ha artificial lagoon was created. After a previous study on the next natural riparian forest, plantations<br />
were performed simulating structured distribution of trees and shrubs present in old river forests by the<br />
surroundings. Some works removing grounds were made in order to ease rooting and colonization of<br />
plants with major water necessities. Restoration has accelerated the process of vegetal colonization. After
204 Poster Presentations<br />
3 year since plantation a spontaneous regeneration of some species has been observed, though different<br />
results depending on fields. 5 bird species are present by the lagoon all year long up to 20 additional<br />
species use it as both shelter and feeding place and some of them even as breeding place. After restoration,<br />
it’s notable in the Reserve, a general increasing trend on number of aquatic bird species seen, and<br />
on number of birds as well. This has widened offer in bird observation points inside the protected area<br />
which has also permitted to relief visitor’s pressure on other bird breeding places.<br />
Keywords: Restoration, riparian forest, aquatic birds, protected area.<br />
Landscape change in a agrosylvopastoral area of Spain, 1956–1998. Evolution of<br />
Dehesa, shrublands and forests area in the Natural Park of Cardeña and<br />
Montoro, Córdoba<br />
Guzmán Álvarez J.R., V. Rivero-Domínguez, M. Rubio-Pérez, V. Roldán Becerra, M.P. Plaza<br />
García, M.A. Lora-Lozano, M.C. González-López, V.M. Caparrós-Martínez, B. Caño-Vergara<br />
Department of Forestry, University of Córdoba, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Córdoba, Spain<br />
Changes in human activities have produced changes in spatial lanscape heterogeneity through the creation<br />
of new uses and boundaries. In many areas of Europe, the intensification of agriculture during the past<br />
decades has led to the replacement of traditional agro-silvo-pastoral practices by more intensive exploitation,<br />
involving structural simplification and changes in spatial diversity in the landscape. However, in mountainous<br />
and marginal areas, the changes in the past two decades followed the opposite direction due to the rural<br />
depopulation and extensification and abandonment of traditional activities. We have studied changes at<br />
landscape level in the Natural Park of Cardeña and Montoro, with a total protected area of 38.449 ha, on a<br />
mostly granite plain landform, located in the south of Spain in the Sierra Morena. In order to assess landscape<br />
level change, we have used aerial photographs at two different dates: 1956 and 1999. The main land<br />
use types in each year were identified from the photographs; in order to summarize the changes, the land<br />
uses were rearranged in large groups. The area of each individual patch and other landscape metrics were<br />
measured by digital scanning. The main land use in 1956, was the sparse – tree covered pasture lands,<br />
which can be iddentified with the most productive dehesas. This land use type is reduced in 1998 by 10%,<br />
from 42% to 32% of the area, transformed mostly in shrubby and dense forest areas. The changes have been<br />
relevant mainly in the dehesas with a less density of trees. A significant percentage or shrublands in 1956<br />
have evolved to more dense forest patches, including a 5% of new conifer woodlands in the area.<br />
Keywords: landscape, Cardeña (Spain), land uses, agrosilvopastoral practices.<br />
The way back from 80 years of military use to restored mountain wilderness –<br />
Hjerkinn firing range, Dovre, Norway<br />
Hagen D.<br />
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway<br />
The Norwegian Parliament has decided to close down a large military firing range (165 km 2 ) situated in<br />
the wilderness area Dovrefjell Mountain in Central Norway. Very ambiguous instructions concerning future<br />
management is given, including an enlargement of the neighbouring National Park and restoration<br />
of the firing range area. This work is put in specific terms through a joint comprehensive Development<br />
Plan that combines the interests of The Norwegian Defence Estate Agency, the two involved local counties,<br />
and environmental authorities. Several more or less consistent goals for restoration are indicated in<br />
this plan. The main focus is to restore the area in a way that entails considerable profit for the nature. A<br />
long time-scale for restoration is stressed and the main goal is to bring at least a part of the area back to<br />
an “original” state, but the need for some immediate results is also stated. Introduced species will be totally<br />
prohibited in the restoration. One important challenge is to put in use experiences from scientific<br />
restoration experiments during the last decade. The project deserves special attention for three reasons:<br />
its size (both geographically and economically), the level of ambition (bringing the area “back to wilderness”),<br />
and the type of nature involved (an intact mountain ecosystem hosting wild reindeer and wolverine).<br />
The integration of biological knowledge, technological experience and people’s expectations and preferences<br />
is a challenge to the implementation of this unique nature restoration project.<br />
Keywords: alpine, military training area, National Park, restoration, wilderness.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 205<br />
The beaver’s reconquest of Europe–current status, patterns of spread, and<br />
implications for management<br />
Halley D.J.<br />
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tungasletta 2, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway<br />
Formerly widespread throughout much of the Palaearctic region, Eurasian beaver Castor fiber populations<br />
were reduced through overhunting to c. 1200 animals, in eight isolated populations, by around the end of<br />
the 19th Century. Effective protection of these remnants, the resultant natural spread, and widespread<br />
reintroductions have led to a powerful recovery in both range and population. The minimum population<br />
estimate in 2005 is 640 000 individuals. Populations are now established in all natural range countries in<br />
Europe except for Britain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Albania and Macedonia. Habitat occupied ranges from<br />
wilderness areas to intensively managed landscapes with dense human populations, and from warm temperate<br />
to subarctic climates. Reintroductions are continuing. Considerable further expansion of both<br />
range and population, especially in western Europe and the lower Danube basin, can be expected. If current<br />
trends continue, C. fiber will within a few decades be a fairly common mammal throughout much of<br />
Europe. This has important implications for ecological restoration of wetlands and riparian habitats, and<br />
their subsequent management. Beavers both create, and strongly modify, wetland and riparian habitat in<br />
the course of their activities in ways which can be difficult to predict or control in detail.<br />
Keywords: beavers, population, management, wetlands.<br />
Some aspects of restoration and management of mountainous reservoirs<br />
Hambaryan L. 1 , K. Badalyan 2 , V. Grigoryan 2<br />
1 Department of Biology and Environmental protection, Yerevan State University<br />
2 Institute of Hydroecology and Ichthyology of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia<br />
Major aspects of using ecological monitoring of reservoirs are based on the research of hydrobionts. The<br />
general biological state of the river is based on the research of biocenosis and the appearance of indicated<br />
species. An autotrophic section, especially phytoplankton, is known to serve as an index of water<br />
quality. Separate kinds are known as species-indicators of euthrophication of reservoirs. The state of hydroecosystem<br />
is impartially characterized by the totality of hydrobiological and hydrochemical data. Settler<br />
method of exploring phytoplankton and hydrochemical analysis of freshwater reservoris by the methods<br />
accepted in modern hydroecology were used. The results obtained above illustrate succession of<br />
phytoplankton and specific structure of algae in different parts of the river, give allowance to pick out<br />
species, characteristic for pure and polluted waters, carry out comparative analysis with hydrochemical<br />
indices. The dependences of the development and successions on the degree of pollution and quantity of<br />
biogens in water are shown. A comparative analysis of floristic structure is carried out, species and indicators<br />
of water quality in surface water are revealed. On the basis of the data obtained above some recommendations<br />
on restoration and effective usage of water resources can be given.<br />
Keywords: hydroecosystem, monitoring, phytoplankton, water resources.<br />
Restoring native vegetation on ungulate winter range in and near Yellowstone<br />
National Park<br />
Hektner M.M. 1 , A.L. Burton 2 , M.L. Pokorny 3 , R.A. Renkin 1 , P.J. White 1<br />
1 Yellowstone Center for Resources, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190, USA<br />
2 USDA, Gallatin National Forest, 3710 Fallon St, Bozeman, MT, USA<br />
3 Montana State University, Center for Invasive Plant Management, P.O. Box 173120, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA<br />
The area immediately north of the Yellowstone National Park, known as the Gardiner Basin, was deemed<br />
essential for elk and pronghorn winter range and acquired by the Park in the 1920s. The United States<br />
Forest Service (Gallatin National Forest) acquired adjacent lands in the Gardiner Basin during the 1990s.<br />
Due to previous agricultural land use, semi-arid conditions, altered hydrologic regimes and soil conditions,<br />
and increased exotic weeds, these acquired lands support relatively low amounts and quality of<br />
forage for wildlife. Recent unsuccessful attempts at restoration demonstrated that additional expertise<br />
representing diverse disciplines was needed to effectively restore 2,500 acres of atypical ecosystem to native<br />
vegetation and provide higher quality habitat for wintering ungulates. We convened a workshop in<br />
April 2005 with 12 state, federal, academic, and practicing restoration and reclamation specialists to develop<br />
feasible, ecologically-based restoration and management strategies for these old agricultural lands.<br />
The goals of the workshop were to: 1) formulate a directional, coordinated plan for the restoration and<br />
long- term management of the federally-owned portions of the Gardiner Basin; and 2) develop an action
206 Poster Presentations<br />
plan to implement ecologically-based and sustainable practices for restoration of disturbed lands in a<br />
multi-use, semi-desert ecosystem with high levels of use by native ungulates. With the assistance of<br />
restoration experts, we developed methods for restoring landscape-scale, degraded lands to native vegetation<br />
by addressing ecosystem processes.<br />
Keywords: native vegetation, Yellowstone National Park, ecosystem processes, wildlife.<br />
Phytostabilisation of heavy metals for the ecological restoration of old mining<br />
regions<br />
Hernández A.J. 1 , J. Pastor 2<br />
1 Dpto. Interuniversitario de Ecología, Sección de la Universidad de Alcalá (Madrid), Edificio Ciencias, Campus<br />
2 CCMA, CSIC, Dpto. Ecología de Sistemas, Serrano 115, Madrid 28006<br />
Several regions of central Spain polluted with heavy metals have been given over to pasture, meadow and<br />
shrub ecosystems, established on the soils of old urban-waste landfills and abandoned mines. The present<br />
study is a continuation of previous work aimed at designing phytoremediation measures. Over the past<br />
few years, we have been evaluating autochthonous plant species that are able to extract heavy metals from<br />
soil by accumulating these pollutants. Results so far have generated an increasing interest in phytostabilizing<br />
plants, that is, plants growing in soils polluted with mine tailings whose root and rhizome systems<br />
are capable of accumulating and stabilising metals. Herein, we describe the protocol we are currently evaluating,<br />
and the results of our initial field- and experimental work. The latter includes glasshouse microcosm<br />
experiments performed on grass communities from different pasture and meadow Mediterranean<br />
continental or mountainous settings growing in soils polluted mainly with Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Al. Our<br />
findings indicate that the root and rhizome systems of perennials in these communities, particularly<br />
those of the genera Agrostis and Juncus and species such as Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. bulbosum,<br />
Corrigiola telephiifolia, Sanguisorba minor, Plantago lanceolata and Scirpoides holoschoenus, seem to be<br />
suitable both for phytostabilising some of these metals and for fixing the soils of slopes and landfills.<br />
Keywords: pastures, shrub lands, polluted soils, Cu, Zn, Cd.<br />
The effect of bracken on chemical and biological soil properties in a neotropical<br />
montane habitat<br />
Herrera F.F., C. Alceste, A. Armenise, S. Flores<br />
Ecology Centre. Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Venezuela<br />
Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) is considered a serious weed in agriculture, forestry and land<br />
restoration. Its competitive success has been attributed to genetic variability, allelopathy and soil chemical<br />
transformation. The effect of bracken on soil biological processes related to microbial activity and nutrient<br />
cycling has not yet been established. In Central and northern South America bracken grows mainly in<br />
mountain areas affected by excessive grazing and fires. We assessed the influence of bracken on soil chemical<br />
and microbial properties in recently burnt communities. Soil samples were obtained from three sites<br />
with increasing age from last fire event (
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 207<br />
over the slope were also observed along a transect from the upper to the lower part of the slopes. The<br />
number of spontaneous species and its biomass were much higher in fillslopes (with a seed bank) than<br />
cutbanks (without a seed bank). Its abundance were also significantly higher in the upper part of slopes<br />
with vegetation above it. Colonisation were also more constrained in eroded slopes under submediterranean<br />
climate. Floristic composition and the structure of vegetation varied strongly along the studied period<br />
under temperate climate, observing a decrease in biomass of herbaceous species. It can be concluded<br />
that seed availability, provided both by the soil seed bank or the seed rain, plays a major role in spontaneous<br />
plant colonisation, being the soil seed bank a more effective mechanism than seed rain. On the<br />
other hand, microsite availability constraints plant colonisation as abiotic conditions become more severe<br />
whereas competition cause rapid changes in floristic composition mainly below mild abiotic conditions.<br />
Keywords: colonisation, hydroseeding, seed availability, microsite availability, competition.<br />
Maintaining semi-natural grasslands: what is the role of below-ground food<br />
webs?<br />
Ilmarinen K. 1 , J. Mikola 1 , M. Vestberg 2<br />
1 Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä. Finland<br />
2 MTT Laukaa Research and Elite Plant Station. Finland<br />
Interactions between plants and soil organisms are important regulators of plant community composition.<br />
Despite this, restoration of species-rich grasslands often only addresses changes in plant community<br />
whereas changes in soil receive little attention. We established a three-year study to investigate how<br />
mowing (no mowing vs. mowing once vs. mowing twice in a summer) as a restoration tool affects plants,<br />
in particular threatened species, but also the abundance of soil organisms and soil nutrient availability,<br />
in two different species-rich grassland plant communities. Our aims were 1) to get basic knowledge of the<br />
effects of mowing on plants and soil organisms that largely determine nutrient availability in soil, and 2)<br />
to understand how the above and below ground systems of grasslands are coupled. In addition to the<br />
field trial, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to study the effects of mowing-induced changes in soil<br />
on subsequent plant growth (i.e. the soil feedback). We collected soil from treatment plots at the end of<br />
the last summer of the field trial and followed the growth of seedlings of “wanted” and “unwanted” plant<br />
species in these soils. These results will tell whether mowing can create soil feedbacks that favour different<br />
plant species than the direct effects of shoot mass removal.<br />
Keywords: Plant–soil feedback, soil food web, plant functional groups, species-rich grassland, restoration.<br />
The ecological restoration of island wetland in Sanjiang Plain<br />
Ji-Ping L.<br />
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, CAS, Changchun 130012, China<br />
Sanjiang Plain is the largest marsh in China, which is formed by the Helong River, Shonghua River and<br />
Wushuli River. The nature wetland area reduced fast for human disturbance in the last decades. The island<br />
wetland was the main landscape type in Sanjiang Plain, which situated on high floodplain, low terrace<br />
and watershed of marshy river. The island’s area was small(≤ 1km 2 ), biodiversity was rich, environment<br />
gradient was big, and sensitivity to environment change. The wetland was large-scale reclaimed for<br />
farmland. The farmland that reclaimed from island wetland was abandoned for its low yield, low topography,<br />
much water, low temperature. If the farmland was restored to island wetland, it would offered the<br />
habitat and “Stepping stones”for wetland wildlife. We chose the typical island wetlands (1km 2 ) of Sanjiang<br />
Plain as research sits, which was beside the Sanjiang Plain Marsh Ecological Experiment Station.<br />
After natural restoration for about 5 years, despite the severity disturbance around the island wetland,<br />
there were 30 birds nested here, such as Phasianus colchicus, Anas platyrhynchos, Emberiza aureda, Circus<br />
melanoleucus et al., 37 beast, 8 amphibians, 5 reptiles,34 soil animals. So it is necessary to restoration<br />
of island wetland in farmland in Sanjiang Plain.<br />
Keywords: ecological restoration; island wetland; Sanjiang Plain.
208 Poster Presentations<br />
Wetland variation and restoration strategies in Sanjiang plain<br />
Jiang M., X. Lu, S. Tong<br />
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China<br />
Sanjiang Plain is located in the eastern area of Heilongjiang province, an alluvial plain formed by Wusuli<br />
River, Heilong River and Songhua River, scattered the largest marsh wetland area in china. There are<br />
many perturbation factors which act on the Sanjiang Plain wetlands, including climate, fire, irrigation<br />
and drainage ditch, inning, grazing et al. Climate revealed a trend of less rain and a little high temperature<br />
by the analysis of fifty data, which resulted in the lack of water resource in the Sanjiang Plain. Fire<br />
is an important factor, it can burn up reed and even destroy the reed root, further destroy the habitat of<br />
rare water fowl and lead to the land salinization where fire touched. Farming and grazing activities were<br />
very common in the Sanjiang Plain, more and more hydraulic works and roads were constructed, so fragmentation<br />
of wetland landscape was obvious. Habitat of wetland flora and fauna was threatened, the loss<br />
of biodiversity was obvious. According to the actuality of Sanjiang Plain, a few measures must be taken<br />
to prevent the inning of wetland from happening further; flood resources should be utilized to the full, at<br />
the same time, based on watershed as a unit, resource exploitation, flood-control works and wetland protection<br />
should be managed as a whole; the management of natural reserve should be enhanced, fire<br />
should be put an end. wetland scientific research should be strengthened, wetland ecosystem monitoring<br />
and assessment should be developed greatly.<br />
Keywords: Sanjiang Plain, wetland area.<br />
Soil nematodes as focal species in restoration processes of the Guadiamar River<br />
(Southwestern Spain)<br />
Jiménez-Guirado D. 1 , R. Peña-Santiago 2 , R. Murillo 1 , G. Liébanas 2 , J. Abolafia 2 , P. Guerrero 2<br />
1 Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Darwin, 14071 Córdoba, Spain<br />
2 Departamento de Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain<br />
After the mining accident occurred in April 1998 in the Guadiamar River (SW Iberian Peninsula), soil nematodes<br />
collected from selected experimental plots were studied along five years (2000-2004). The plots<br />
were located in the affected area, which became later the Green Corridor Protected Landscape. Throughout<br />
this period, the occurrence of mononchid (order Mononchida) and dorylaimid (order Dorylaimida)<br />
species was monitorized, paying special attention to variation of species richness and turnover ratio. An<br />
incipient restoration process was detected in most plots since 2001, but it was very distinct in 2003, with<br />
significant increase of species richness and turnover values. In local areas this process was observed<br />
even before these dates because of early experimental reforestation labours. The plots close to origin of<br />
toxic spill are characterized by their very low species richness values: some very frequent cosmopolitan<br />
species such as Aporcelaimellus obtusicaudatus were absent during the first year of this study, but present<br />
after 2001 when the first stages of restoration process took place. A similar pattern was observed for<br />
Ecumenicus monohystera and Mesodorylaimus ibericus, whereas M. bastiani, M. litoralis and M. baeticus<br />
appeared only in earliest restoration stage, when turnover occurs. Other species, for instance Mononchus<br />
aquaticus and Mylonchulus sigmaturus, were also found after 2001, but their presence was more fragmented<br />
spatial and temporally, almost always in association to riparian wetlands; on the contrary,<br />
Clarkus papillatus, Coomansus parvus and Prionchulus muscorum settled later.<br />
Keywords: Soil nematodes, focal species, restoration, Green Corridor, Guadiamar River, Spain.<br />
Restoring riparian biodiversity on agricultural land in South Eastern Australia<br />
Jones-Lennon M. 1 , F.J. Ede 1,2 , L.B. Fensham 1 , P.J. Papas 3 , G. Sutter 3 , S.R. Aarons 1<br />
1 Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia<br />
2 Cooperative Research Centre For Australian Weed Management<br />
3 Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria, Australia<br />
In Australia, the relatively recent arrival of intensive agriculture has resulted in extensive land clearing<br />
which has had serious impacts on native biodiversity. Degradation of riparian areas on agricultural land<br />
has been particularly significant, but recognition of the importance of healthy riparian areas for both biodiversity<br />
conservation and water quality outcomes has led to widespread acknowledgment of the need to<br />
restore riparian communities. As the first stage of the restoration process, many land management agencies<br />
are advocating the fencing of riparian areas to prevent stock accessing waterways and damaging riparian<br />
vegetation. However, land holders are seeking verification that riparian fencing has a positive impact<br />
on biodiversity. A project has been undertaken in Victoria, south eastern Australia, to quantify
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 209<br />
aspects of both the riparian and in-stream biodiversity on dairy and beef farms, comparing fenced sites<br />
with unfenced (actively grazed) sites. Standard survey techniques were used to assess riparian vegetation,<br />
small mammals, frogs, birds and aquatic invertebrates at each site. Fenced riparian sites were<br />
found to have greater native biodiversity than unfenced sites, with fencing having significant positive impacts<br />
on abundance, richness and diversity of many flora and fauna groups, including small mammals<br />
and birds. Relationships between habitat quality, trophic responses and faunal abundances were also<br />
found. This project has improved the understanding of the impact of fencing on riparian biodiversity on<br />
dairy and beef farms, providing evidence for improved biodiversity outcomes. It has demonstrated that<br />
fencing is an important component of the restoration process of riparian areas on agricultural land.<br />
Keywords: Riparian, biodiversity, fencing, agricultural land.<br />
Do floodplain meadows require restoration following a change of the<br />
hydrological regime? Preliminary study<br />
Jung V., F. Grévilliot, S. Muller<br />
Laboratoire Biodiversité et Fonctionnement des Ecosystèmes / Equipe de Phytoécologie; Université de Metz, 2 av du Gal<br />
Delestraint, F-57070 Metz, France<br />
Within the river-floodplain ecosystems, many important projects (dishes, dams, river renaturation…) may<br />
permanently change the hydrological conditions. Experimental studies are needed to estimate the impact of<br />
such modification on meadow vegetation. For that purpose, 8 square samples (top soil layer with plant<br />
cover) of 2 meadow communities (mesophilic and hygrophilic) were collected in the field (NE France) and<br />
submitted in lab to unusual hygrometry levels: 5-months of water saturation for the mesophilic community<br />
/ 5-months of draining for the hygrophilic community. A decrease of plant diversity was observed for each<br />
treatment, resulting from different patterns of species response (decline, stagnation or increase). In addition,<br />
the soil seed bank of the 2 plant communities was analysed in order to detect species likely to appear<br />
after an important change of moisture conditions. In fact, the soil seed bank of the mesophilic community<br />
did not contain any hygrophilic species. In the same way, no mesophilic species were present in the seed<br />
bank of the hygrophilic community. This preliminary study suggests that following a modification of the hydrological<br />
regime: 1) meadow plant communities would be affected by a change in competitive balance between<br />
species, leading to a decrease in plant diversity, 2) the soil seed bank could not contribute to restore<br />
optimal plant diversity in the context of new hydrological features. The implementation of restoration measures<br />
could therefore be suitable. However, further research must be carried out in situ to better understand<br />
the impact of hydrological modifications on the long-term dynamics of meadow plant communities.<br />
Keywords: floodplain medows, hydrological change, plant diversity, plant dynamics, restoration.<br />
Effect of cyanobacterial inoculation on nutrient status and structural stability<br />
of a semi-arid saline sodic soil<br />
Kaushik A., N. Rani, C.P. Kaushik<br />
Deptt. of Environmental Science & Engg., G.J.University,Hisar-125001, India<br />
Two heterocystous cyanobacteria Nostoc spongiaeforme and Nostoc linckia isolated from salt-affected semiarid<br />
soils of Hisar, Haryana, India, were mix batch cultured and inoculated into saline sodic soil (Exchangeable<br />
sodium percentage, ESP 28%, pH 9.0, Electrical conductivity, EC 9.0 dSm -1 ) in greenhouse experiment.<br />
In the 240 day experiment with low soil water (15-20%) there was a significant increase in total<br />
organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus. Exchangeable sodium as well as electrical conductivity<br />
of the soil declined by 90 days due to algalisation. Algal proliferation was slow due to limited soil<br />
moisture but gradually algal growth decreased bulk density and increased hydraulic conductivity of the<br />
soil.. Water stable aggregates increased in percentage with a significantly higher (P < 0.05) mean weight diameter<br />
(MWD) in algalized soil after 240 days. The two mixed cyanobacterial species produce exopolysaccharides<br />
(EPS) in increased quantities in the presence of salts which play an important role in binding soil<br />
particles as well as improve soil porosity. Soil microbial activities increased as a consequence of cyanobacterial<br />
inoculation as evidenced by enhanced soil dehydrogenase, invertase and phosphatase activity. Plant<br />
growth and yield of pearl millet-wheat sequence in the soil improved in response to algal treatment. The<br />
study shows that indigenous cyanobacteria can be used successfully for ameliorating saline sodic soils<br />
even in water deficient conditions for sustainable agriculture in semi-arid tropics.<br />
Keywords: cyanobacteria, Haryana (India), saline sodic soil.
210 Poster Presentations<br />
Pesticide degradation potential of Pseudomonas isolated from contaminated<br />
semi arid tropical soils for their eco-restoration<br />
Kaushik C.P., G. Archna, A. Kaushik<br />
Deptt. of Environmental Science & Engineering. Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar, India<br />
Extensive and indiscriminate use of organochlorine pesticides like Hexachloro cyclohexane (HCH) in tropical<br />
and subtropical countries for effective control of insect pests has resulted in widespread environmental<br />
pollution. The use of such pesticides has been banned or severely curtailed in many countries. Even<br />
after discontinuation of its use, the problem of residues of all isomers of HCH remains because of high<br />
persistence and inter-conversion of these isomers in soil. Insecticides in soil have far- reaching consequences<br />
as they disturb the delicate equilibrium between microorganisms and their environment. Bioremediation<br />
is a promising area which holds potential for eco-restoration of pesticide contaminated soils.<br />
In the present study the HCH degradation potential of Pseudomonas morsprunorum and P.alcaligenes was<br />
investigated. These bacterial species were isolated from HCH contaminated soils and were acclimatized to<br />
different concentrations of HCH in the laboratory for more than 2 years. Degradation occurred at a significantly<br />
high rate under aerobic condition in culture medium with acclimatized bacteria even at low<br />
HCH concentration of 1 µg/ml. The most recalcitrant ß isomer of HCH was also degraded effectively by<br />
both the species after acclimatization, more so by P.morsprunorum. Considerable attention should be directed<br />
towards exploitation of various bacterial isolates from contaminated soils especially to identify the<br />
induced changes at the molecular level. Such strategies can be usefully employed for eco-restoration of<br />
contaminated tropical and subtropical soils which harbour a large variety of microbial populations.<br />
Keywords: pesticides, contaminated soils, eco-restoration.<br />
Important factors for local ecotype selection in active re-seeding restoration<br />
applications<br />
Kellner K., L. van den Berg<br />
School of Environmental Sciences and Development. North West University (Potchefstroom Campus). Private Bag x 6001.<br />
Potchefstroom, 2520.South Africa<br />
The type of restoration application in degraded natural rangelands, will depend on the degree of degradation,<br />
mainly with regard to soil and vegetation condition. Degraded areas that are beyond the threshold<br />
of natural recovery due to a decrease in soil physical properties and vegetation deterioration, normally<br />
need active restoration interventions. This includes the disturbance of the soil surface or removal of undesired<br />
species to reduce the competitive effect of the existing vegetation. The type and degree of intervention<br />
will depend on the aim of restoration. One of the main aims of restoration in degraded arid and<br />
semi-arid rangelands is, to increase the grazing capacity for livestock production which includes the reseeding<br />
or re-vegetation with local ecotype selected species. To facilitate seed germination and seedling<br />
establishment in extreme environments, the restoration practice should also include protection measures<br />
such as brush packing or any cover by other organic matter. The timing of re-seeding is dependant on<br />
the seasonality and mainly precipitation, especially in areas where rainfall events are erratic and unpredictable.<br />
Re-seeding of large degraded areas with specific ecotype selected species greatly depends on the<br />
availability of seed. This is a major limiting factor and contributes to the fact that seed, which are more<br />
available in large quantities for the establishment of cultivated pastures and can be purchased from<br />
commercial seed merchants, are usually used. These species may not necessarily be adapted for the specific<br />
restoration aim in the selected area and the quality, viability and purity of local ecotypes are often<br />
not very good. Restoration applications have to be implemented according to a predetermined plan and<br />
should include sound long-term management principles.<br />
Keywords: Semi-arid rangelands, live-stock production, seed quality.<br />
Seed dormancy and germination ecology of 14 Carex spp.–implications for<br />
prairie wetland restoration<br />
Kettenring K.M., S.M. Galatowitsch<br />
Department of Horticultural Science. University of Minnesota. St. Paul. MN. USA<br />
In the prairie region of the U.S., thousands of wetlands have been restored since the mid-1980s but the<br />
Carex spp., dominant in natural wetlands, are not readily returning. To restore the Carex diversity and<br />
limit invasion by exotics, native species will need to be sown. We studied the basic requirements for Carex<br />
seed dormancy break and germination for 14 species. We tested for germination in fresh seeds under a<br />
static temperature treatment – 35/30 o C, 27/15 o C, 22/8 o C, 14/1 o C, or 5/1 o C – or a move-along treatment
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 211<br />
where seeds moved among seasonal temperature regimes. We also stratified seeds for 2 weeks or 1 to 6<br />
months and then tested for germination. We found varied responses among the 14 species with respect to<br />
their dormancy state at maturity, the amount of stratification required for dormancy break, and their temperature<br />
requirements for germination when conditionally or non-dormant. Many species were able to germinate<br />
at 27/15 o C and 22/8 o C without stratification and gained the ability to germinate at 35/30 o C and<br />
14/1 o C with minimal stratification but the germination percentages and rates varied. In general, the speed<br />
at which germination occurred could be improved greatly with stratification across all temperature<br />
regimes. Our results indicate that there are quite varied life history strategies even for species of the same<br />
genus common to prairie wetlands. Given the often extremely limited seed supply of native species available<br />
for restorations, restorationists must consider that some species will achieve greater germination percentages<br />
and faster germination when stratified while other species will show little effect.<br />
Keywords: Carex, prairie wetland restoration, sedge revegetation strategies, seed dormancy and germination.<br />
Fragmentation effects on species occurrences in semi-natural grasslands in<br />
Sweden<br />
Kiviniemi K., O. Eriksson<br />
Department of Botany, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden<br />
Using a set of remnant semi-natural grasslands, chosen to be as similar as possible, but differing in size,<br />
patterns of species richness and composition were examined. Edge-to-interior relationships in species occurrences<br />
were of interest. Relationships between population sizes of four short-lived species, under demographic<br />
study, and the size and isolation of these remnant habitats were also investigated. The colonisation<br />
ability of the species was examined by seed sowing. There was no relationship between size of grassland<br />
fragments and overall species richness, species richness at different spatial scales, and abundance of some<br />
typical invader species or species characteristic of semi-natural grasslands. However, the results indicated<br />
that larger grasslands have a comparatively larger number of species in the edges, whereas the opposite<br />
pattern was found in smaller grasslands. The similarity in species composition between the edge and the<br />
interior of the pastures also increased with grassland size. These kinds of effects may be early signs of fragmentation<br />
effects, that in the future will result in species loss even if the present distribution of semi-natural<br />
grasslands is maintained. It is generally assumed that population size is related with fragment size,<br />
which is largely untested and may not be relevant for all species. Preliminary results show that population<br />
sizes of the two short-lived species, defined as habitat specialists, were positively related to fragment size.<br />
Population size increases were also positively related to fragment size for these two species. Results from<br />
seed sowing indicate that the species may be dispersal limited in the study area.<br />
Keywords: Habitat fragmentation, semi-natural grasslands, species richness, fragment size, short-lived<br />
species.<br />
The role of the seed bank in fen meadow restoration on reclaimed peatlands of<br />
Poland<br />
Klimkowska A. 1,2,3 , W. Kotowski 1,2<br />
1 Institute for Land Reclamation and Grassland Farming, Al. Hrabska 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland<br />
2 Save Wetlands Association, Raszynska 32/44 m140, 02-026 Warsaw, Poland<br />
3 Community and Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen<br />
A lack of viable seeds in the soil and limited dispersal abilities of target species are identified as the main<br />
constraints in the restoration of species-rich meadows. In Poland, during reclamation, many peatlands,<br />
originally mesotrophic and permanently wet, were drained and transformed into grasslands. Those sites<br />
are classified as disturbed systems, due to often unpredictable water regimes and a large degree of soil<br />
degradation. We examined if seeds of fen meadow species, are still present in the soil seed bank after 50<br />
years of drainage and if they can, potentially, support the restoration after top soil removal. We performed<br />
seed bank analysis with the seedlings emergence method. During degradation, the seed bank of<br />
the target vegetation is depleting and it is important to estimate how long it can support the restoration.<br />
We compared those results it also with the seed bank of a well preserved fen. In order to evaluate seed<br />
persistence, we calculated a longevity index, using databases records. We found hardly any viable seeds<br />
at 40 cm depth (10,5 seed per m 2 ), and 693 seeds per m 2 at 20 cm depth. We found in total 33 and 6<br />
species at depth of 20 and 40 cm. In both cases only few species were dominating the seed bank and the<br />
target species were absent. The seed bank in the top soil layer was dominated (60%) by ruderal species
212 Poster Presentations<br />
and Juncus articulatus. We concluded that the seed bank can not facilitate the re-establishment of the<br />
fen vegetation after top soil removal and other measures should be applied.<br />
Keywords: fen, seed bank, top-soil removal.<br />
Effects of the Swiss agri-environment scheme on biodiversity<br />
Knop E. 1 , F. Herzog 1 , B. Schmid 2<br />
1 Agroscope FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstr.191, CH-8046<br />
Zurich, Switzerland<br />
2 Insitute of Environmental Sciences, Zurich University, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland<br />
As in other European countries, agri-environment schemes were introduced as a response to the ongoing<br />
loss of biodiversity in agricultural landscape. In Switzerland, hay meadows under the agri-environment<br />
scheme (ECA hay meadows) are the most widely adopted political measure to conserve biodiversity. This<br />
study assessed its effect on biodiversity. In total, biodiversity was sampled in 42 hay meadows in three<br />
different regions, using a pair-wise comparison of ECA hay meadows with conventionally managed hay<br />
meadows. Biodiversity was estimated by assessing species richness of four taxonomic groups representing<br />
different trophic levels: vascular plants, grasshoppers, wild bees and spiders. ECA hay meadows had<br />
more species of vascular plants, grasshoppers, and wild bees than conventionally managed hay meadows<br />
but the number of spider species did not differ significantly. Furthermore the species richness of vascular<br />
plants and spiders was larger at the edge than in the center of a meadow and this was independent of<br />
management. The positive effects of the agri-environment scheme on species richness of our indicator<br />
groups did not vary between the study sites, except for the grasshoppers. We therefore conclude that the<br />
Swiss agri-environment scheme applied to hay meadows positively affects biodiversity. Therefore, the<br />
scheme should be maintained and farmers should be encouraged to engage in long-term extensive management.<br />
For spiders the current management restrictions are not sufficient, most likely due to inappropriate<br />
vegetation structure. Therefore, organisms which particularly depend on vegetation structure may<br />
be targeted with additional restrictions.<br />
Keywords: agri-environment scheme, grassland, species richness, arthropods, vascular plants.<br />
An experimental study using the soil seed bank for revegetation in a<br />
constructed area<br />
Koh J.H., Y. Morimoto<br />
Graduate school of Global Environmental Studies. Kyoto University. Kyoto. Japan<br />
A comparative study to assess effects of soil seed banks as a seed input for revegetation was conducted,<br />
where mitigations is called for in conjunction with the power plant extension. Forest topsoil of seven plots,<br />
where extant vegetation differs in conditions and locations, was collected from the surface soil (A0 layer)<br />
after measurements were taken on the ground vegetation in each plot. A greenhouse experiment was conducted<br />
and monitored for two years to analyse the germination potential of soil seed banks. The forest topsoil<br />
was spread on plastic trays (0.7m 2 X 7trays) filled with a 5 cm layer of sterilized potting mix. Also,<br />
comparative experiments using forest topsoil and commercially obtained seeds on cut slope were conducted<br />
for evaluating effects of soil seed banks for revegetation including species diversity. A geo-textile method<br />
was constructed to reinforce the lower layer of slopes and a revegetation method including soil seed banks<br />
was attached on the upper layer by a hydro-spray machine. The results indicate as follows (1) 51% of the<br />
flora species were germinated from soil seed banks in a greenhouse experiment and (2) in cut slope, the<br />
ratio of revegetation was determined to be up to 49% of the extant vegetation, moreover invasion of ten<br />
tree species from adjacent places was found. It can be concluded that the use of soil seed banks would be<br />
effective to promote establishment of diverse vegetation. However, it behooves to continue monitoring on<br />
succession of vegetation and pursue revegetation with another method for ecological restoration.<br />
Keywords: Soil seed bank, forest topsoil, ecological restoration, revegetation, species diversity.<br />
Harvested peatlands in the Czech Republic: possibilities for restoration<br />
Konvalinkova P.<br />
Faculty of Biological Sciences. University of South Bohemia. Ceske Budejovice. Czech Republic<br />
In the Czech Republic, peat has been harvested since the 18 th century. The peat was, and partly still is,<br />
extracted in bogs dominated by Pinus rotundata Link., the endemic species to Central Europe. Two main<br />
kinds of peat extraction can be distinguished with different impact on the ecosystem: 1. block-cut min-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 213<br />
ing, practiced in the past, and 2. industrial harvesting, having been practiced in the past 50 years. The<br />
block-cut peatlands were mainly left to spontaneous succession and they regenerated well to stages close<br />
to the original ones. The majority of today harvested peatlands were deeply drained and reclaimed by afforestation.<br />
Some limited drained parts, which were left to spontaneous revegetation, have developed towards<br />
common birch-pine woodland without regenerating peat-forming process. Only rarely peatlands<br />
are recently managed to restore their hydrology and respective vegetation. Differences in plant composition<br />
and stand characteristics between spontaneously revegetated and technically reclaimed sites are described.<br />
It was concluded, if the respective hydrological regime is preserved or restored, a peatland has a<br />
chance to recover by spontaneous or assisted succession.<br />
Keywords: spontaneous succession, peatland, bog pine, Czech Republic.<br />
Management of wetlands along the Gulf of Finland migratory flyway<br />
Korkeamaki E.<br />
Palolankuja II. Kuusankoski. Filand<br />
The main objective of this project is to manage and restore altogether twelve Natura 2000 wetland areas<br />
and thereby secure favourable conservation status for specialized wetlands wetland-dependent species<br />
mentioned in the Birds and Habitats directives. These wetland areas are situated along the Northern<br />
Coastal Gulf of Finland flyway. Along this flyway, waterfowl and waders wintering in the southern part of<br />
the Baltic Sea and the coasts of the North Sea migrate in the spring to their breeding areas and in the<br />
autumn back to their wintering areas. The project areas along the flyway are internationally valuable<br />
bird-rich wetlands in which 35 species mentioned in the Annex I of the Birds Directive either rest or<br />
breed. Important species such as Cygnus cygnus, C. columbianus and Mergus albellus use them for resting.<br />
Among the breeding species there are Crex crex and Botaurus stellaris; in Finland, 10% of the population<br />
of the latter breed here. These areas are also important habitats for many plant and insect species.<br />
A major part of the Leucorrhinia pectoralis population in Finland and of the entire Natura 2000 network<br />
lives within the project areas. The favourable conservation status for wetland-dependent species of the<br />
Birds and Habitats directives, will be reached by the following measures: 1) Planning of the future management<br />
and use of the areas in wide cooperation between experts, local inhabitants and land owners. 2)<br />
Enhancing the openness of plant-invaded bird-rich bay areas and the diversity of habitats by various<br />
restoration and management measures, such as mowing and clearing. 3) Reduction of the numbers of<br />
small predators infesting the bird communities. 4) Monitoring the effects of these measures on the natural<br />
habitat types and the species of the Habitats Directive as well as those of Annex I in the Birds Directive<br />
and other regularly occurring migratory bird species.<br />
Keywords: wetland areas, Finland, flyway, Birds and Habitats directives.<br />
Evaluation of ecological consequences of Vistula Valley renaturalization<br />
Kowalczyk K. 1 , J. Romanowski 1 , J. Matuszkiewicz 2<br />
1 Centre for Ecological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences; Dziekanów Leśny, Poland<br />
2 Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation, Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw, Poland<br />
The VEDI (Vistula Econet Development And Implementation) project entails a pilot approach, by using the<br />
LARCH computer model filled with local ecological data as an example of DSS modeling, in assessing the<br />
ecological impact of various (hypothetical) land use scenario’s in the Middle Valley of the Vistula River in<br />
Poland. The Vistula River is the last large river in Europe, which has retained much of its natural characteristics<br />
in its middle stretch through the Mid-Polish lowlands. The objectives of VEDI project: 1) demonstrate<br />
the use and potential of computer modeling in assessing ecological impacts 2) introduce senior government<br />
officials and representatives of concerned NGOs and other organizations to scenario development<br />
as a vehicle for broad public discussion. Several scenarios of infrastructure and agriculture development<br />
were analyzed and compared to the scenario of Renaturalization the restoration of natural river with minimal<br />
anthropogenic impact and regaining water retention in the valley of Vistula. The “brave” vision of nature<br />
protection included several elements: 1) removal of dikes along the river, 2) removal of Wloclawek<br />
dam, 3) removal of some settlements in the flood valley, 4) extensive agriculture on meadows and pastures.<br />
The main effects of renaturalized scenario are: increased viability of typical forest and semi aquatic<br />
species, improved cohesion of habitat patches and eco connectivity in the valley.<br />
Keywords: ecological modeling, landscape, eco connectivity, renaturalization.
214 Poster Presentations<br />
Restoring native trees in the Cofee Estates of the Western Ghats, Southeern<br />
India<br />
Krishnamani R. 1<br />
1 The Rainforest Initiative, 199, First Street, Nalvar Nagar, Bharathiar University PO, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India<br />
Coffee farming is the primary source of income for millions of farmers across the tropical world and the<br />
mainstay in many national economies. Coffee serves as a prime source of foreign exchange earning. Coffee<br />
production also overlaps with many of the biologically richest regions of the world and can contribute<br />
both to their endangerment as well as to their protection. Given the right conditions, coffee production<br />
can be both economically and ecologically beneficial. Coffee estates can maintain and enhance biological<br />
diversity and ecosystem functions on farms and surrounding areas. Coffee is traditionally grown in areas<br />
originally covered by forest. Ideally, a canopy cover of diverse native tree species that conserves local and<br />
endemic biodiversity is incorporated into coffee production systems. In recent times, these native trees<br />
have been replaced by monocultural stands of silver oak (Grewillea robusta) that are being planted for<br />
their fast growth and high timber value. Coffee estates with native trees create a diverse landscape mosaic<br />
that serve as wildlife habitats and migration corridors between protected areas. Coffee estates with native<br />
shade-trees, also provide essential habitats for diverse communities of other tropical forest species.<br />
Recent research shows that local species diversity of beetles, ants, wasps and spiders on a single tree<br />
species (Erythrina poeppigiana) in shade coffee plantations approximates the arthropod diversity levels on<br />
single tree species sampled in undisturbed tropical forest. Traditional shade coffee systems typically rely<br />
on much lower chemical inputs than industrial plantations. This is because planting coffee among natural<br />
vegetation, or among trees planted for shade, fruit or timber, can reduce susceptibility to pests. Elimination<br />
of shade cover can cause significant impacts on various soil quality parameters. Research in<br />
Nicaragua in the late 1980s documented that, relative to traditional systems, significantly higher erosion<br />
rates occurred on renovated coffee plantations where shade had been reduced. This study also showed<br />
that shade coffee systems demonstrated higher levels of soil moisture and organic material. Nutrient cycling<br />
also reacts to changes in the shade cover in coffee. In Costa Rica's Central Valley, where rainfall can<br />
reach up to 2.5 meters annually, the leaching of soil nutrients into the groundwater can be significant.<br />
Within these high-rainfall areas, unshaded coffee loses nearly three times more soil nitrogen than shaded<br />
plantations. In general, shade coffee systems with native trees have been shown to be more conservative<br />
recyclers of nitrogen than unshaded plantations.<br />
Keywords: coffee estates, native tree cover, biodiversity, restoration of native trees.<br />
Conservation & Management of Bhoj Wetland in India<br />
Kumar P.D.<br />
Lake Conservation authority of Madhya Pradesh. Paryavaran Parisar, E-5, Arera Colony, Bhopal-462016, India.<br />
Tel.: 91-755-2460141<br />
Upper & Lower lakes, designated, as Bhoj Wetland are the wetlands of international importance. Upper<br />
lake basin comprises of a submergence area of about 31.0 sq.km. and a catchment area of 361 sq.km.,<br />
whereas Lower lake basin comprises of submergence area of 0.9 sq.km. and catchment area of 9.6<br />
sq.km. While Lower lake is surrounded on all sides by dense urban settlements, only about 40% of the<br />
fringe area of Upper lake has dense human settlement and the rest is sparsely populated having cropping<br />
as the major land use. Increase in anthropogenic activities in the catchment had resulted in environmental<br />
degradation of the lakes. An integrated management plan comprising of both preventive and<br />
curative measures were conceived and implemented during 1995-2004 for the ecological restoration of<br />
the lakes. The major action programmes include diversion of domestic sewage, improvement in solid<br />
waste management, fringe area protection, catchment area treatment involving creation of silt control<br />
structures across the feeding channels and creation of buffer zone of plantation, removal of silt accumulated<br />
near the confluence of feeding channels, removal of invasive aquatic weeds, installation of aeration<br />
units, etc. These action programmes involved the application of locally suited design solutions, low energy<br />
and low cost technologies for sewage treatment, application of ozone to improve water quality of the<br />
lake water which have become eutrophic. Environmental education cum awareness programmes and<br />
participation of stakeholders remained an integral part of the conservation programme. A Lake Conservation<br />
Authority was created to ensure post project management of the lakes based on wise use concept.<br />
The paper discusses in detail the action programme and the experience gained during project implementation.<br />
Keywords: environmental degradation, lake basin, Bhoj Wetland, urbans settlements.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 215<br />
Creation of 3D geomigration model for unloading section of contaminated<br />
groundwaters from the Karachay lake to the open hydrographic network<br />
Kuzmin S.Y. 1 , E.G. Drozko 2 , M.L. Glinsky 3<br />
1 FGUP Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNIITF, Snezhinsk, Russia<br />
2 FGUP MAYAK Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia<br />
3 FGUP Special Hydrogeology Institute GIDROSPETSGEOLOGIYA, Moscow, Russia<br />
Karachay Lake is the biggest open storage of medium-level liquid radioactive waste in the world. Use of<br />
this reservoir as a waste storage leads industrial solutions to filter into the underground hydrosphere<br />
that resulted in appearance of contaminated groundwater halo around the lake stretching from north to<br />
south for 10 km. To carry out work on rehabilitation of the Karachay region and maintenance of healthy<br />
men’s vital functions it is important to be able to give correct contamination value, to forecast its propagation<br />
and influence on the hydrographic environment. The main processes causing contaminants migration<br />
and diffusion in groundwater in the unloading section are: 1) convective mass transfer in the<br />
flow; 2) density convection; 3) diffusion transfer because of concentration gradient; 4) hydrodynamic dispersion;<br />
5) physicochemical interaction with water-containing rocks; 6) radioactive decay of radionuclides.<br />
This paper presents a 3D Geomigration Model to Simulate the Discharge of Contaminated<br />
Groundwater from Karachay Lake to the Open Hydrographic Network and some prediction computations.<br />
Keywords: program, hydrodynamic dispersion; convective mass transfer in the flow, radioactive decay of<br />
radionuclides.<br />
Ecological restoration in the biosphere Reserve Ciénaga de Zapata, Cuba<br />
Labrada Pons M.<br />
Instituto de Geografía Tropical, Calle F # 309 esq. 13, Vedado. Ciudad de La Habana. Cuba. CP 10400<br />
The Ciénaga de Zapata Biosphere Reserve covers 628,171 hectares. It is one of the largest and most important<br />
wetland in the West Indies region. This reserve shows a great diversity of ecosystems. The forest<br />
fires and the tropical storms appear to be the most important natural causes of destruction of the<br />
ecosystems of the Ciénaga de Zapata in the last decade. Another affectation are mangrove diseases, presence<br />
of invasives species of the flora and fauna, illegal hunting, cutting and fishering, as well as the over<br />
explotation of some resources. This reasearch carry out the evaluation of the enviroment problem througt<br />
inventories, remote sensing and GIS techniques, participatory approach of the local population and decisors<br />
and socio-economic studies of local communities. The list of flora and fauna was actualized, the<br />
enviromental perturbation and the conservation areas were identified and mapped, and a management<br />
plan for the ecological restoration have been implemented. The control of some invasive species, forest<br />
plantation and management in the affected areas, control measurement for erradication of illegal hunting,<br />
fishering and over explotation of natural resource, environmental education of local people and decisors<br />
are in progress. Step for reach a major link between decisors making, local people and natural resources<br />
is a target for the sustainable development and conservation.<br />
Keywords: ecological restoration, Ciénaga de Zapata, invasive species, conservation, management plan,<br />
wetlands.<br />
Quality assessment of the head-water stream network of an agricultural<br />
watershed. Proposals for its rehabilitation to limit nutrient exportation<br />
Lassaletta L., E. Martínez-Conde, J.V. Rovira<br />
Department of Ecology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain<br />
Head-water streams control nutrient exportation downstream. Riparian and in-stream processes (channel<br />
and hyporheic) govern nutrient retention in such ecosystems. Farming and agricultural practices represent<br />
the greatest non-point source of nutrients to rivers and frequently degrade and even eliminate the<br />
ephemeral drainage network. Therefore, related ecological processes are perturbed. In 2002-2003 we performed<br />
a nutrient export study on the Galbarra Stream (3 rd order), a small watershed with intensive cereal<br />
use in the Ebro River Basin (Spain). We appreciate a remarkable N and P exportation to the River<br />
Ega related to crop over-fertilization. Our study deals with an assessment of the streams of that watershed<br />
to define the measures needed for their rehabilitation, especially those related with the improvement<br />
of nutrient retention. In 28 reaches of the network we characterize channel and riparian cross-sections,<br />
riparian vegetation, bed structure, stream velocity and flow, and performed an evaluation of<br />
habitat quality. The larger part of the first order network (ephemeral creeks) has disappeared for cultivation.<br />
Remanent streams present habitats with a moderate degradation (suboptimal-marginal quality con-
216 Poster Presentations<br />
ditions). Channels are straight and deep; frequently they present eroded steep banks (α > 75°) without<br />
vegetative protection; riparian zones are very narrow. To limit the exportation of nutrients we propose the<br />
restitution of part of the missing network (an enormous earth-water surface of interaction) and the rehabilitation<br />
of the remanent streams. Such actions would favour the recovery of landscapes and habitats<br />
with a high ecological value. Initially rehabilitation will focus on network geomorphology and physical<br />
structure of channels.<br />
Keywords: Head-water streams, nutrient exportation, agricultural watershed, rehabilitation, stream<br />
habitat assessment.<br />
An evaluation on the effects of rehabilitation practiced in the coal mining spoils<br />
in Korea<br />
Lee C.S., Y.C. Cho, H.C. Shin, S.M. Lee<br />
Faculty of Environment and Life Sciences, Seoul Women’s University, Korea<br />
The effects of rehabilitation carried out in several sites, which are different in elevation and kinds of<br />
plants introduced, were evaluated in viewpoints of species composition, species diversity and physicochemical<br />
properties of soil. Black locust, pitch pine, birch etc. were introduced for rehabilitation. Species<br />
composition of the rehabilitated sites showed somewhat difference from that of the natural forests without<br />
any relationship to elevation of sites and kinds of plants introduced. But species composition of the<br />
sites, which were restored naturally, was very similar to that of the natural site. Korean red pine and<br />
birch were usually immigrated naturally in the coal mining spoils of lowland and upland, respectively.<br />
Species diversity of the rehabilitated sites usually increased. Degree of diversity depended on history of<br />
rehabilitation. Physico-chemical properties of substrate showed big differences compared with those of<br />
the natural sites. For example, substrate of the coal mining spoils showed strong acidic property and nutrient<br />
deficiency. Those physico-chemical properties of substrate hardly changed depending on the period<br />
after rehabilitation. Therefore, above mentioned results were hard to be interpreted as the successional<br />
changes and the practices did not realize an ecological restoration. New method based on the ecological<br />
information obtained from the natural environment equipped with similar condition is under experimental<br />
study in order to solve the problems.<br />
Keywords: ecological restoration, rehabilitation, species composition, species diversity, successional change.<br />
Identification of management targets after habitat change: the valuable role of<br />
comparative demography<br />
Lehtilä K. 1 , K. Syrjänen 2 , R. Leimu 3 , M.B. García 4 , J. Ehrlén 5<br />
1 Department of Natural Sciences, Södertörn University College, SE-14189 Huddinge, Sweden<br />
2 Finnish Environment Institute, Division of Nature and Land Use, Species Protection Unit, FIN-00251, Helsinki, Finland<br />
3 Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland<br />
4 Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC), Apdo. 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain<br />
5 Department of Botany, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden<br />
The spatial variability in the population dynamics of Primula veris, a perennial herb of Central and Eastern<br />
Europe, was studied in order to find out key processes for population trends associated to specific<br />
successional stages and management. Replicate populations in five different habitat types representing<br />
different degrees of closure (from totally open areas to forests) were monitored over two to four growing<br />
seasons in the Northern limit of its distribution range (Finland and Sweden). Matrix population models<br />
were used after assembling survival and fecundity rates. Analyses of proportional sensititivity (elasticitiy)<br />
of population growth rate to relative changes in vital rates suggested that the best method to manage decreasing<br />
late successional populations would be to increase survival of the largest individuals. However,<br />
this is really difficult because survival is already very high, so that these populations would not attain<br />
positive population growth even if they had no mortality at all. Comparative analysis on the actual variation<br />
in demography of the species over the different habitats (Life table response experiment analysis,<br />
LTRE) suggested, on the other hand, that survival of large plants contributed little to differences in population<br />
growth rates of different habitats. Restoration of recruitment through active management seems to<br />
be the best way to enhance population growth rate in late-successional populations, despite that recruitment<br />
was predicted as a process of low impact according to analysis based on individual populations. We<br />
conclude that both prospective methods, such as elasticities, and retrospective methods, such as LTRE,<br />
give valuable information in identifying management targets.<br />
Keywords: Primula veris, successional gradient, matrix model, population growth rate, elasticity, LTRE,<br />
restoration.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 217<br />
Wood to Water: Short-term effects of the re-introduction of wood to streams in<br />
agricultural environments<br />
Lester R. 1,2 , M. Jones-Lennon 1 , W. Wright 2<br />
1 Department of Primary Industries, Ellinbank, Victoria, Australia<br />
2 School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Monash University, Victoria, Australia<br />
Rehabilitation of streams on agricultural properties has become a priority for landholders and managers<br />
in recent years in Australia. Fencing and re-vegetation of riparian zones are first priorities to improve riparian<br />
habitat values and biodiversity, however changes to in-stream habitat complexity are unlikely to<br />
result in the short term. Little evidence exists to guide subsequent rehabilitation actions to address this<br />
issue. Artificially re-introducing wood to such streams may be a useful strategy to increase habitat complexity<br />
more rapidly, thereby improving in-stream biodiversity values. To test this hypothesis, as a part of<br />
the larger Productive Grazing, Healthy Rivers project, small pieces of wood were introduced to eight sites<br />
on beef and dairy properties across southern Victoria, monitoring aquatic macroinvertebrates, water<br />
quality, hydrology and habitat quality. Comparing macroinvertebrate communities before and after treatment,<br />
and between experimental and control sites, changes in community composition and colonisation<br />
are explored.<br />
Keywords: macroinvertebrate, wood, rehabilitation.<br />
Using a polyacrylamide gel in a soil-forming matrix to re-vegetate a waste rock<br />
tip in Wales, UK<br />
Ling M.A. 1 , C.M. Cahalan 1<br />
1 School of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, UK<br />
Restoration and re-vegetation of waste rock tips can be problematic due to the inherently low organic<br />
matter, water holding capacity and nutrient content of the material, and associated high rates of weathering.<br />
The potential of polyacrylamide (PAM) water-absorbing gel for overcoming problems encountered<br />
when carrying out tree planting for restoration purposes on slate waste tips, will be tested at a quarry on<br />
the edge of the Snowdonia National Park, Wales, UK. It is proposed that a soil-forming matrix will be created<br />
using the PAM gel, processed slate fines, composted green waste, and pre-treated tree seeds. It is<br />
hoped that this combination of materials will provide sufficient water holding capacity, organic matter,<br />
and nutrients to allow relatively rapid and successful development of tree seedlings in a very harsh environment.<br />
An estimated 83% void volume exists in the surface 30 cm of a typical waste rock tip. The soilforming<br />
matrix will be applied to the rock waste using hydro-seeding technology to fill the substantial interstitial<br />
spaces. This will allow easy, rapid and cheap application of a large number of tree seeds to a<br />
wide area. This will be one of a number of experiments carried out as part of a PhD project looking at the<br />
indicators of restoration success and the potential of novel restoration techniques on waste mineral tips<br />
in the UK.<br />
Keywords: Restoration, rock tips, polyacrylamide, hydro-seeding.<br />
Evaluating roadside restoration practices and plant composition in urban zones<br />
Livingston M. 1 , R. Campos 2 , S.E. Smith 3<br />
1 School of Landscape Architecture, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA<br />
2 TMHS Associates Inc., 196 W. Simpson St., Tucson, AZ. USA<br />
3 School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA<br />
The practice of revegetation can play a vital role in restoring native vegetation to disturbed ecosystems<br />
such as roadsides. This study evaluated success of vegetation establishment on revegetated roadsides in<br />
Tucson, AZ. Species richness, origin, cover, density and structural diversity were measured for 25 distinct<br />
revegetation sites located along various roadways in Tucson, AZ. Comparisons were done between<br />
existing vegetation and specifications of the revegetation plan for the site. Results indicated that the majority<br />
of species established were not specified in the original revegetation plan. The presentation will<br />
focus on discussion of species composition for the sites and effective revegetation practices for establishment<br />
of native vegetation in this region. Recommendations related to appropriate practices and plant<br />
species for future urban development and remediation in Tucson will also be emphasized.<br />
Keywords: revegetation, roadsides, native vegetation.
218 Poster Presentations<br />
Removing human disturbance in the vegetated shingle habitat-Does it promote<br />
vegetation restoration?<br />
Low E.J., R. Williams, C.M. Moses<br />
Dept. of Physical Geography, University of Sussex<br />
The vegetated shingle habitat is a rare resource subject to great recreational pressure in southeast England.<br />
This research examines the impact of trampling on the habitat and investigates whether protecting<br />
an area from human access is a useful way of promoting vegetation restoration on a shingle beach. At<br />
Cuckmere Haven East (Seven Sisters Country Park, East Sussex) a central region of the shingle beach<br />
was fenced off to human access in early summer 2004. The roped off region and the western adjacent<br />
unprotected area were divided into top beach, back slope and back flat regions. In July 2004, six randomly<br />
selected 1 m 2 quadrats were located in each region in both untrampled and trampled areas<br />
(n tot = 36). In each quadrat the number of species occurring, percentage cover and frequency, and maximum<br />
height were recorded. Six further quadrats, in both untrampled and trampled areas (n tot = 12),<br />
containing a high number of Glaucium flavum plantlings were also selected to look at young plant survival.<br />
A high resolution digital photo was taken of each quadrat and for each quadrat the area of every<br />
Crambe maritima and G. flavum plant was calculated using ArcView GIS 3.2. Identical measurements will<br />
be taken in July 2005. Initial data show that vegetation cover is sparse and consists mostly of C. maritima,<br />
however, many ruderals are also present. This presentation will examine and compare initial and<br />
final diversity and abundance data to identify any differences in vegetation cover after restricting access.<br />
Keywords: Crambe maritima, Glaucium flavum, shingle vegetation, vegetation restoration, trampling.<br />
Abiotic limits of two Sarcocornia perennis subspecies in Mediterranean Salt<br />
Marshes–Implications for restoration<br />
Luque C.J 1 , S. Redondo 2 , C. Wharmby 2 , J. Castillo 2 , E.M. Castellanos 1 , M.E. Figueroa 2<br />
1 Departamento de Biología Ambiental y Salud Pública. Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales. Universidad de Huelva. Huelva. Spain<br />
2 Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología. Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla. Spain<br />
When undertaking the restoration of coastal marshes, either by transplanting or by facilitating the natural<br />
colonisation of certain species, it is essential to understand the relationship between environmental<br />
variables e.g. inundation period, pH, conductivity and redox potential, and species distribution, along a<br />
topographical gradient. Two subspecies, Sarcocornia perennis subsp perennis and S. perennis subsp alpini,<br />
occur in the salt marshes of the southwest Iberian Peninsula. These subspecies occupy contrasting<br />
habitats and play important roles in the marsh structure. To characterise the fundamental niches, in relation<br />
to the aforementioned variables, a transplant experiment was conducted at four points situated<br />
along the tidal gradient. After 5 months clumps of S. perennis subsp perennis survived at levels between<br />
2.26-2.84 m SHZ with soil redox potential between -160 and 110 mV at the surface, 7.6 and 7.9 at<br />
depth; and conductivities between 13.4 and 15.8 mS cm -1 at the surface, and 12.1 to 14 at depth. S.<br />
perennis subsp alpini only survived at levels higher than 2.84 m SHZ, where soil redox potential was between<br />
114 and 170 mV at the surface, and -26 to 206 mV at depth, soil pH was between 6.7 and 7.1 at<br />
the surface and 6.7 to 7.6 at depth and conductivity was between 11.1 and 15.8 mS cm -1 at the surface,<br />
and 10.4 to 14 at depth. The lower ranges of S. perennis subsp alpini and the lower and upper ranges of<br />
Sarcocornia perennis subsp perennis appear to be limited by abiotic factors but it is unclear what limits<br />
S. perennis subsp alpini at its upper range.<br />
Keywords: Coastal salt marshes, fundamental niches, transplant, abiotic factors, Sarcocornia perennis.<br />
Systematic analysis of the morphological evolution of central reach of river Ebro<br />
in the last 100 years. Lessons and recommendations for its ecological<br />
restoration<br />
Magdaleno Mas F. 1 , J.A. Fernández Yuste 2<br />
1 Department of Environmental Engineering. CEDEX (Ministry of Public Works). Madrid. Spain<br />
2 Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology. Forest Technical Engineering School. Technical University of Madrid. Spain<br />
Central reach of river Ebro has suffered, throughout the last century, an important morphological evolution.<br />
Increase in its hydrological regulation and changes in land use have accelerated and modified largely<br />
the natural evolution of the river, as it is possible to extract from the analysis of its main hydromorphological<br />
variables. Good ecological status of river ecosystems is essential, both from a socioeconomic focus,<br />
given its importance for different communities, and from a merely environmental approach. Analysis of<br />
this morphological evolution, decade after decade, since 1890 to this date, allow us to establish a range of
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 219<br />
recommendations for its restoration, including all different sides which turn this river into one of the most<br />
important in the national and European level. Conclusions of this work are, at the same time, of interest<br />
for the accomplishment of standards imposed by Water Framework Directive. This fact is specially clear<br />
when taking in hand that a very long reach was used for the analysis (ca. 103 km), in order to obtain data<br />
and recommendations in accordance with the core of the new legal framework, which holds tightly a holistic<br />
management of basins. Final results are also very important for the planning of necessary advances in<br />
the analysis of a number of strategic subjects related to the different variables involved in the fluvial environment,<br />
that may be the key for the successful management of these systems.<br />
Keywords: river restoration, fluvial morphology, morphological evolution, Ebro river.<br />
Ecovars 2: an interdisciplinary project for ecological restoration in French<br />
Pyrenees<br />
Malaval-Cassan S. 1 , C. Dutrillaux 1 , L. Hazard 2 , H. Gonzalo-Turpin 2 , N. Couix 3 , M. Roucolle 4<br />
1 Conservatoire botanique pyrénéen/ Conservatoire Botanique National de Midi-Pyrénées, Vallon de Salut, BP 315, F- 65203<br />
Bagnères de Bigorre Cedex, France<br />
2 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Agrosystèmes cultivés et herbagers, BP 27, F- 31326 Castanet-Tolosan<br />
Cedex, France<br />
3 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité SICOMOR, BP 27, F- 31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France<br />
4 Service d’Utilité Agricole Inter-chambres d’Agriculture des Pyrénées, 32, avenue du Général de Gaulle, F- 09000 Foix,<br />
France<br />
Ecovars 2 has been elaborated to extend and enhance the project developed by the Pyrenean Botanic<br />
Conservatory during 7 years about restoration of damaged sites in the Pyrenean mountains. The aim of<br />
this project is to promote the use of native species in land reclamation. This project gathers different<br />
types of structures in order to carry out simultaneously: 1) The centralization of information and the organization<br />
of a collective work about ecological restoration in the alpine and sub-alpine Pyrenees; 2) The<br />
development of agricultural aspects of native seed production with farm experimental multiplication;<br />
3) The finalization of genetic studies, with a work on adaptation of plants to local environment; 4) A collective<br />
reflection in a scientific workshop in order to define “collect and use” zones for the species produced<br />
and used in land reclamation; 5) The monitoring of a seed production and of the certification<br />
process by a sociological analysis. Ecovars 2 (2005-2007) is a French inter-regional project which concerns<br />
mountain damaged sites all along the Pyrenees. It is financially sustained by Europe, French State<br />
(inter-regional massif convention), Languedoc-Roussillon, Aquitaine and Midi-Pyrenees Regions and winter<br />
sports resorts (N’Py). This poster presentation aims at binding contacts between different structures,<br />
especially in Spain, to establish a trans-Pyrenean dynamics and network.<br />
Keywords: Mountain damaged sites, land reclamation, interdisciplinary project.<br />
Functional and structural diversity of soil microbial communities on Colliery<br />
Spoils Heaps<br />
Malý S. 1 , D. Elhottová 2 , J. Frouz 2 , A. Chron˘áková 2,3 , V. Krištu° fek 2 , J. Kalc˘ík 2 , T. Picek 3<br />
1 Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznová 2, 656 06 Brno, Czech Republic,<br />
2 Institute of Soil Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 C˘eské Budĕjovice, Czech<br />
Republic<br />
3 University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Branis˘ovská 23, C˘eské Budĕjovice, Czech Republic<br />
The aim of this study was to determine important environmental factors influencing functional (Biolog<br />
System) and structural diversity (PLFA, ARDRA) of the soil microbial community during primary succession<br />
on non-reclaimed post-mining sites, near Sokolov, Czech Republic. Four successional stages were<br />
observed: The initial stage (0-1 year) was represented by freshly heaped spoil substrate with compact<br />
non-weathered clay stone. The herbs appeared in early stage (10-11 years). The mid stage (19-20 years)<br />
was characteristic with rapid development of herbal as well as shrubs vegetation and accumulation of litter<br />
and millipedes excrements in the massive fermentation layer. The late stage (42-43 years) was covered<br />
by well developed vegetation with tree species with a thinner fermentation and well developed humus<br />
layer. The microbial community of the initial stage was influenced by pH and the clay content. The herbs<br />
cover was the main controlling factor of the early-stage-community. The woods were found as the most<br />
important factor influencing the mid- and late-community. The zooedafon significantly influenced the<br />
structural but not functional diversity during primary succession. The laboratory microcosms experiments<br />
with plants and with various types of litter and zooedafon-decomposers confirmed above mentioned<br />
hypotheses. Soil animals affect more structural than functional diversity and on the contrary the<br />
plants were more important for functional than for structural diversity.<br />
Keywords: soil microbial community, Czech Republic, environmental factors.
220 Poster Presentations<br />
The Mechanical removal of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes); Is it a good<br />
politic of restoration? The case of a Mexican reservoir<br />
Mangas Ramírez E. 1 , M. Elías-Gutiérrez 2 , M. Sánchez Martínez 3 , R. Macnaugth Barbizani 1 ,<br />
L.A. Ruiz Sandoval-Castillo 1<br />
1 Escuela de Biología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Av. San Claudio y 14 sur C.U. edif. 76. Col. San Manuel,<br />
Puebla, CP.72560 Puebla, México<br />
2 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad Chetumal Km 2, Carretera Chetumal-Bacalar, Zona Ind. # 2, Chetumal, 77000<br />
Quintana Roo, México<br />
3 Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México<br />
The Valsequillo reservoir, located near the city of Puebla, Mexico, has been infested with water hyacinth<br />
for over three decades. A government management program involving the use of triturating machines was<br />
applied in tree different times from December 1996 to January 2004. After each trituration, remains<br />
were allowed to settle in the bottom. The purpose of this research was to monitor the changes in the<br />
water quality and the biological communities before and after physical control of weeds. A monthly sampling<br />
of surface water was performed at four stations one year before the treatment. After trituration,<br />
some years sampling were also carried out. Weed control affected changes in all variables measured, as a<br />
result of residual decomposition of triturated matter. Secchi transparency and oxygen levels decreased<br />
and pH became slightly more alkaline. More important changes occurred for nutrients. Orthophosphate<br />
concentration increased, for nitrate and nitrite increase was about 320% and 450% respectively. Ammonia<br />
reached lethal values for at least four months after trituration. As a result, phytoplankton decreased<br />
initially, and when it flourished again, the Bacillariophyta was replaced by Cyanophyta. Chlorophyta was<br />
important in all years. Of zooplankton, calanoids decreased, but cyclopoids and cladocerans maintained<br />
similar numbers, however the latter group changed in composition so that Ceriodaphnia was replaced by<br />
Moina. Fish disappeared from the system after weed trituration. In the second year a small recovery of<br />
water quality occurred, but water hyacinth also started to develop again. Nowadays, Valsequillo is again<br />
covered by water hyacinth.<br />
Keywords: weed control, plankton, nekton, freshwater.<br />
Evaluation of seed bank composition as a tool to assess the restoration potential<br />
of Acacia longifolia invaded ecosystems<br />
Marchante H. 1 , C. Santos 2 , H. Freitas 2<br />
1 Department of Pure and Environmental Sciences, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal<br />
2 IMAR – Department of Botany, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal<br />
Many natural and semi-natural habitats are presently being invaded by exotic plants, resulting in increased<br />
degradation of indigenous ecosystems all over the world. Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd. became<br />
invasive in Portuguese dune ecosystems, developing into an environmental threat of alarming proportions.<br />
Successful restoration of invaded habitats, including the re-establishment of indigenous species, depends<br />
not only on abiotic conditions but also on seed availability. The emergency method assesses the<br />
amount of viable seeds but may not reveal seeds whose dormancy breaking requirements are not met.<br />
These may be disclosed by the flotation method, which in turn renders difficult the determination of seed<br />
viability. Our study combines both methods allowing more precise seed-bank quantification, which in<br />
turn is paramount to accurately determine the system’s ability to restore after the removal of invasive<br />
species. For this study, A. longifolia long invaded and recently invaded areas were selected. The invasive<br />
species were removed and different treatments applied. Control plots were installed in areas without A.<br />
longifolia. Soil samples were collected in order to evaluate the impact of A. longifolia on the native seed<br />
bank. Results indicate that seed abundance and species richness are higher in recently invaded areas. A.<br />
longifolia seedlings are more frequent in long invaded areas. The later are so depleted that artificial seed<br />
supply of indigenous plants may be needed. Seeds of A. longifolia are present even in the control plots.<br />
The use of only one method would have lead to incomplete information about the real species diversity<br />
and abundance status. Hence, coherent restoration planning would benefit from the coupled use of these<br />
two methods.<br />
Keywords: seed-bank, emergence/flotation methods, invasive species, restoration.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 221<br />
Planning the restoration of biancane cultural landscape with object-oriented<br />
image techniques<br />
Marignani M. 1 , S. Maccherini 1 , D. Rocchini 1,2 , A. Chiarucci 1 , D. Torri 3<br />
1 Department of Environmetal Science “G. Sarfatti”, Università di Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy<br />
2 Vector - Citec Group, GIS Based Solutions for TLC, via di Saponara 650 00125 Roma, italy<br />
3 CNR-IRPI Applied Pedology c/o DSSNP, Piazzale Cascine 15, 50144 Firenze, Italy<br />
The Natural Reserve of Lucciola Bella, located in the Orcia valley (southern Tuscany, Italy) safeguards<br />
the peculiar cultural landscape of biancana badland, i.e. erosion forms generated on Plio-Pleistocene sea<br />
clays outcrops. Human intervention (e.g. fire, grazing practices) in historic times is responsible for the intense<br />
runoff that created those forms. In more recent times, abandonment of traditional activities and<br />
mechanical innovation altered the balance achieved in those territories. As a consequence, following the<br />
natural process of re-vegetation, shrubs are occupying the last biancane, threatening the conservation of<br />
the cultural landscape and the biodiversity within. Although measures need to be taken to maintain this<br />
vanishing landscape (e.g. shrubs cutting, grazing and the use of fire), a proper planning is necessary to<br />
pursue the equilibrium between erosion and shrub encroachment. We present a methodology, based on<br />
an object-oriented image classification of multi-temporal aerial photos (1954-2002), to obtain an objective<br />
and repeatable procedure to identify meaningful planning units to restore and rejuvenate the biancane<br />
landscape and arrange long term conservation activities in an environment highly exposed to erosion.<br />
Keywords: restoration planning, cultural landscape, biancana badlands, erosion, object-oriented image<br />
classification.<br />
Restoration of Atlantic rain forest in Southern Brazil: the role of the natural<br />
regeneration<br />
Marques M.C.M., B.O. Bruel, F. Cardoso, K.C. Cheung, D. Liebsch, F. M. Leitão, V. Zwiener<br />
Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil<br />
The Atlantic Rain Forest in the Brazilian Coast is one of most diverse biomes around the world and one<br />
of hotspots for conservation. In the last century, the expansion of cities and agriculture have strongly reduced<br />
this forest in the Southern Brazil. This impact caused a fragmentation and efforts to connect forest<br />
fragments are important to restore the ecosystem. We compared seed rain, seed bank, seedling establishment,<br />
plant phenology and plant community structure in young (~4, 10 and 24 months) and old (~8,<br />
25, 45 years) vegetation to verify if natural regeneration is sufficient to recover the structure and diversity<br />
of the disturbed areas. This is a long term study carried out since 1998 and consist of several experiments<br />
to test a variety of effects. Our general results show that 1) seeds arriving from close forest fragments<br />
are essentials to improve plant diversity and abundance; 2) seedling and sapling establishment<br />
depends on intensity and type of soil management; 3) successional process recover the main functions<br />
(e.g. diversity, structure and dynamics) of plant communities.<br />
Keywords: seed rain, seedling, sprouting, succession.<br />
Life-form succession in plant communities on uranium-mining wastes: insights<br />
for ecological restoration<br />
Martínez-Ruiz C. 1 , J. González-Alday 1 , B. Fernández-Santos 2 , A. Puerto 2 , J.A. García-<br />
Rodríguez 2<br />
1 Department of Agro-Forestry Sciences. University of Valladolid. Palencia, Spain<br />
2 Area of Ecology. University of Salamanca. Salamanca, Spain<br />
We analysed changes in plant cover and species richness along a 16-year chronosequence in a semi-arid<br />
Mediterranean uranium mine of centre-western Spain. The objective was to test whether Raunkiaer’s life<br />
form showed different patterns along the abandonment gradient. During spring of three consecutive<br />
years we sampled 34 slopes (37º incline), in which mining waste was covered with finer textured sediments,<br />
and that underwent a natural revegetation process. On each slope, eight quadrats of 50 x 50 cm<br />
were randomly sampled taking up all the vegetation heterogeneity. The species cover (%) was visually estimated<br />
in each quadrat. The results suggest that cover and richness of different functional groups show<br />
significant differences between mining-waste age groups. Therophytes were the most abundant for all<br />
ages, but their cover decreased significantly from the 12 years. Hemicryptophytes were the second group<br />
in importance which increased from the sixth year. Geophytes were the lowest represented group, being<br />
more important for the period 3-5 years. The presence of phanerophytes and camephytes seemed not to<br />
be related with time but to other site characteristics such as plantations. It can be concluded that spon-
222 Poster Presentations<br />
taneous succession promotes establishment of diverse vegetation, being higher the contribution of therophytes<br />
in the study area, and existing a negative correlation between those and hemicryptophytes.<br />
Keywords: ordination, functional groups, semi-arid Mediterranean climate, spontaneous succession.<br />
Restoring tropical forest in pastures under natural succession: Growth rates of<br />
late-successional tree species under different light microhabitats<br />
Martínez-Garza C. 1 , M. Ricker 2 , H.F. Howe 1<br />
1 Department of Biological Sciences (M/C 066), University of Illinois at Chicago, USA<br />
2 Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico<br />
In tropical sites where dispersal of forest seeds is low or nil, abandoned lands may remain with no forest<br />
cover for a long time. In such cases, erosion degrades land quickly, making future restoration efforts difficult.<br />
In such cases, plantation of forest species is needed to assist the process of natural succession.<br />
However, little is know about the performance of late-successional species in those places. Here we show<br />
growth rates of 12 late-successional species in sites close to Los Tuxtlas Biological Station in Veracruz,<br />
Southeast Mexico. Incoming vegetation was cut once a month to simulate arrested succession for 17<br />
months after planting. For the next 15 months, individuals growing under secondary forest, gaps or pastures<br />
experienced a decrease, increase or a similar light level as the plantation was left to undergo natural<br />
succession. Individuals had indistinguishable growth rates in diameter and height irrespective of the<br />
previous light level they experienced (F(2,91)= 1.19, P < 0.5 and F(2,94)=0.85, P < 0.5 for diameter and<br />
height respectively). Individuals showed significantly higher growth rates in diameter (0.05 ± 0.02 mm<br />
mo -1 ) and height (3.6 ± 0.5 cm mo -1 ) in pastures conditions than in secondary forest (0.02 ± 0.002 mm<br />
mo -1 , F (2,91)<br />
= 8.23, P < 0.0005 and 1.8 ± 0.2 cm mo -1 , F (2,94)<br />
=9.22, P < 0.0002 for diameter and height respectively).<br />
Late-successional species growing in pastures for long time showed higher growth rates than<br />
in secondary forest. Late-successional species can be planted in pastures to bypass the species-poor<br />
early stages of natural succession.<br />
Keywords: arrested succession, late-successional species, Los Tuxtlas, tropical forest.<br />
Preliminary appraisal of the re-vegetation potential of a proposed mine in the<br />
Northwest Territories, Canada<br />
Mayhew M. 1 , M. Horsburgh 1 , K. Neale 2 , M. Rougier 1<br />
1 Golder Associates Ltd., 2390 Argentia Road, Mississauga, <strong>ON</strong>, L5N 5Z7, Canada<br />
2 Fortune Minerals, Suite 2004, 148 Fullarton Street, London, <strong>ON</strong>, N6A 5P3, Canada<br />
A preliminary trial to determine the effectiveness of vegetation transplantation activities commenced at<br />
the NICO property in September 2004. NICO is a near-surface gold deposit with by-product cobalt, bismuth<br />
and copper located approximately 160 km north-west of Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories of<br />
Canada. The trial was undertaken to transfer technical skills from Golder biologists to Fortune Minerals<br />
staff and to provide site-specific scientific data for restoration activities associated with preliminary decommissioning<br />
plans of the proposed project. The methodology for the preliminary trial involved selecting<br />
a species (Antennaria rosea Greene) that was considered likely to be negatively impacted by the proposed<br />
development. A. rosea does not possess any official designation (e.g., rare or endangered); however, the<br />
species was not encountered at any other location during baseline studies. Genets were divided from the<br />
grouping and transferred to a site outside the footprint of the proposed development but within 2.5 kilometres<br />
of the origin site. Both sites will be subjected to similar environmental factors and should provide<br />
data over time relating to the effect climate change may have on the success of potential restoration activities<br />
involving transplantation. If trials prove successful, the transplantation site has the potential to<br />
act as a temporary “holding site” for progeny of the transferred genets, which may ultimately be utilized<br />
for restoration on the property. This poster will present the results for the first year of growth and survivorship<br />
monitoring, and will detail the upcoming efforts to develop proven scientific knowledge for<br />
restoration in disturbed northern environments.<br />
Keywords: Antennaria rosea Greene, vegetation restoration, Northwest Territories, mining.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 223<br />
Combating storm water impacts on restored ecological communities nested in<br />
an urban landscape<br />
McSweeney K. 1 , D.S. Liebl 2<br />
1 University of Wisconsin Arboretum, Madison, USA<br />
2 College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA<br />
1800 million liters per year of urban storm water runoff passes through the University of Wisconsin-Arboretum.<br />
The Arboretum is a 510 hectare collection of restored ecological communities completely surrounded<br />
by an urbanized landscape. Impacts upon the communities include high levels of phosphorus in<br />
surface water, sedimentation of wetlands and mesic prairies, erosion of upland terrain, and the establishment<br />
and spread of invasive species. Comprehensive watershed-based storm water management<br />
planning, combined with innovative storm water management practices and outreach education, have<br />
provide valuable tools for restoration of damaged landscapes, and the prevention of future degradation.<br />
The approach engages the scientific and educational expertise of the university in partnership with community<br />
groups, municipalities and the business community.<br />
Keywords: storm water, phosphorous, urban ecology, invasive species.<br />
Effects of a CO 2<br />
enriched atmosphere and an increased temperature on the<br />
nursery production of Mediterranean tree species for restoration projects<br />
Meghelli N. 1 , J.M. Espelta 1 , C. Biel 2 , R. Savé 2<br />
1 CREAF (Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals). Facultat de Ciències. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.<br />
08193-Bellaterra-Barcelona<br />
2 Departament de Tecnologia Hortícola. IRTA-Centre de Cabrils. Carretera de Cabrils. s/n. 08348 Cabrils<br />
Plants needed for restoration projects in Mediterranean-type environments must be plants pre-adapted<br />
to harsh environmental conditions. This resistance can be previously conditioned in the nursery by certain<br />
cultural practices (“hardening”). However, these treatments may also reduce the productivity of the<br />
nursery by reducing the growth of seedlings. Therefore, new nursery treatments should be designed to<br />
improve both targets: higher plant quality and nursery productivity. In this study we have evaluated the<br />
combined effects of different treatments of a nursery C0 2<br />
enriched atmosphere and an increased temperature<br />
in the growth, morphology and root growth potential (RGP) of seedlings of four Mediterranean tree<br />
species (P. nigra, P. pinaster, Q. ilex and Q. humilis), extensively used in restoration projects in the<br />
Mediterranean Basin. The use of a C0 2<br />
enriched atmosphere and an increased temperature enhanced the<br />
productivity of the nursery by speeding up the growth of seedlings. Moreover, seedlings grown under this<br />
treatment showed a higher concentration of N and carbohydrates in the roots, and a higher capacity to<br />
produce new roots (RGP) when transplanted. Nevertheless, this treatment had contrasting effects in the<br />
biomass allocation model of the species studied: root-shoot increased in the two pine species (P. nigra, P.<br />
pinaster) while decreased in the oak species (Q. ilex, Q. humilis). Therefore, the use of a C0 2<br />
enriched atmosphere<br />
and an increased temperature during the nursery stage may be viewed as a promising technique<br />
to increase both the productivity and seedling quality of Mediterranean pines, but it might be not<br />
so appropriate for growing Mediterranean oaks.<br />
Keywords: hardening, nursery productivity, root-shoot, root growth potential.<br />
Encouraging the regeneration of the biodiversity through zoochory in Sierra<br />
Nevada (SE Spain)<br />
Mendoza I., R. Zamora, J.A. Hódar<br />
Terrestrial Ecology Group. Department of Animal Biology and Ecology. University of Granada. Granada. Spain<br />
The traditional restoration of many degraded Mediterranean forests has been based on the direct management<br />
such as clearing and planting trees and shrubs, with little attention to plant-animal interactions.<br />
Within such interactions, seed dispersal by animals is a limiting factor in recovering the biodiversity<br />
of woody species. Ecological restoration may seek to create a habitat structure attractive to dispersers<br />
in order to encourage natural forest regeneration. Our aim is to quantify seed dispersal as well as frugivorous-bird<br />
abundance and diversity in response to habitat attractiveness of different landscape units.<br />
The ecosystem under study is the autochthonous Pinus sylvestris forest of Sierra Nevada National Park<br />
(SE Spain), fragmented by human activity and partially replaced by two different degraded landscape<br />
units: 1) post-fire successional shrublands and 2) reforested pine stands with three degrees of management<br />
(control, fencing, and clear-cutting). The methods used were bird census, seed traps, and monitoring<br />
of seedling emergence. The results show the autochthonous forest is the landscape unit with largest
224 Poster Presentations<br />
diversity and abundance of seed-disperser birds, and for the degraded landscape units, bird diversity<br />
and abundance increases with clear-cutting. The presence of bird-dispersal seed rain in the reforestation<br />
stands points out the importance of frugivory in the input of woody-species seeds, as shown by the successful<br />
establishment of the seedlings of these species. We can conclude that the ecological restoration<br />
based on the plant-animal habitat attractiveness is an effective way of improving the recovery of the biodiversity.<br />
Keywords: plant-animal interactions, seed dispersal, woody-species biodiversity, regeneration.<br />
Functional strategies of grassland species for grazing persistence: a new model<br />
de Miguel J.M 1 ., M.A. Casado 1 , B. Acosta 1 , A. Del Pozo 2 , C. Ovalle 3<br />
1 Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain<br />
2 Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 595, Chillán, Chile<br />
3 CRI-Quilamapu, INIA, Casilla 426, Chillán, Chile<br />
Species characterization related to functional-morphological traits allows the reduction of taxonomic<br />
variability. In this study we present a model to classify grassland species in plant functional types according<br />
to their response to three different strategies of persistence: reproductive, vegetative or defensive.<br />
These strategies are characterized considering the morphological and functional traits of the<br />
species. The model is based on the following axiom: in grazed grasslands, the recovery and persistence of<br />
a particular species is only possible if increases its reproductive ability (reproductive strategy), its growth<br />
ability (vegetative strategy), or its ability to avoid predation (defensive strategy). This model can be described<br />
by: Rb = Pr + Pv – Pd, where Rb is the capacity of persistence, Pr the reproductive potential, Pv is<br />
the growth potential and Pd the defensive potential. Plant functional types result from the species classification<br />
by these three types of potentials. The underlying hypothesis is that as frequency and intensity<br />
of grazing increase, at least one of these plant persistence strategies should be high. To verify this hypothesis<br />
we test the response of plant functional types to a stocking rate gradient in grassland communities<br />
of the Espinal agroecosystem, in the Mediterranean zone of Chile. Plant responses to an intensification<br />
gradient provide a critical feedback to adequate restoration practices in abandon or overgrazed<br />
land use scenarios.<br />
Keywords: plant traits, functional groups, ecosystem function, grazing, land use.<br />
Coastal dune regeneration in the Urdaibai Reserve of the Biosphere (Southern<br />
Bay of Biscay)<br />
Monge-Ganuzas M. 1 , A.Cearreta 2 , E. Iriarte 2<br />
1 Urdaibaiko Biosfera Erreserbako Patronatua<br />
2 Universidad del País Vasco/EHU<br />
As a consequence of the erosional character of the Cantabrian coastline with extensive cliffs, coastal<br />
dunes represent a very scarce ecosystem on the southern Bay of Biscay. The dominant wind direction<br />
and, therefore, the wave attack are from the northwest, and these cause sand to be transported onto the<br />
eastern margin of the estuary mouths where it forms small beaches and dunes. This process has operated<br />
for at least 6000 years. Following destruction and intense transformation of these sandy areas during<br />
the last 200 years and due to their important role in coastal protection and biodiversity conservation,<br />
preservation and regeneration of these unique ecosystems has become of great social interest. The Governing<br />
Board of the Urdaibai Reserve of the Biosphere decided to regenerate the coastal dune field that<br />
existed until 1950s on the lower estuarine area. In order to achieve this goal, a three-year geological<br />
study has been implemented to identify and evaluate the different physical processes operating in the<br />
area. An integrated sedimentological, metereological and biological monitoring study has been carried<br />
out. Sandy accumulation takes place only from October to March every year due to the seasonal wind<br />
regime. Total volume of sand accumulated during the study period was 12,200 m 3 . The obtained results<br />
have contributed to the success of the regeneration programme, to a correct management of the sandy<br />
lower estuarine environment (e.g. periodical dredgings), and to the support of this initiative through a<br />
Life-Nature project from the European Union.<br />
Keywords: coastal dune regeneration, geological study, Urdaibai Reserve of the Biosphere, Bay of Biscay.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 225<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizal hot spots for the ecological restoration, one case study<br />
in a semiarid scrub in Mexico<br />
Montaño N.M. 1 , R. García-Sánchez 2<br />
1 Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Morelia Michoacán, México<br />
2 Laboratorio de Zonas Áridas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional. Autónoma de México<br />
Distrito Federal, México<br />
The arbuscular mycorrhizae play an important role to achieve establishment of plants in disturbed areas,<br />
for it to detect sites with high mycorrhizal diversity and nutrients (hot spot) is key tool for restoration<br />
programs. This work detected the hot spots of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in a semiarid scrub at<br />
the Mesquital Valley, Mexico. To study the AMF, 10 composite soil samples were collected under and outside<br />
of the Mesquite (Prosopis laevigata) canopy in two sites (disturbed and undisturbed) of a semiarid<br />
scrub. Composite soil samples were used to make AMF quantifications, analyses soil chemical and a<br />
greenhouse experiment. We found that, in both sites, the Mesquite fertility islands were a hot spot important<br />
of AMF, with 4400 spores, 18 morphotypes and 6 species present only in fertility islands. In disturbed<br />
conditions these Mesquite hot spots are who mainly favor the diversity and number of AMF, and<br />
increases in soil the carbon and nutrients concentrations in comparison with soil without the mesquite<br />
effect. Also, results of an experiment in greenhouse suggest that the AMF inoculums coming form<br />
Mesquite hot spot benefit the morphology and phosphorous nutrition of a pioneer plant: Bouteloua curtipendula,<br />
until obtaining resistant individuals (shorter stature, more underground biomass, less tillers<br />
of more diameter and less leaves number of more area and mass) for revegetation programs. In conclusion,<br />
the fertility islands are hot spots with significant ecological importance as nutrients and mycorrhizal<br />
propagules dipersion centers, therefore they should be considered in the restoration of the semiarid<br />
scrub disturbed.<br />
Keywords: Semiarid scrub, ecological restoration, hot spot, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, soils.<br />
Vegetation succession on reclaimed opencast coal mine slopes in a<br />
Mediterranean – Continental environment: the Teruel coalfield, Spain<br />
Moreno M., J.M. Nicolau, T. Espigares<br />
Departamento de Ecología. Universidad de Alcalá. Edificio de Ciencias. Campus universitario de Alcalá de Henares. Ctra.<br />
Madrid-Barcelona, km 33,600. 28871. Alcalá de Henares (Madrid). Spain<br />
The opencast mining of coal (mineral that feeds the 40% of world energy production) represents an activity<br />
with a very high capacity of landscape transformation. The restoration of areas affected by this activity<br />
implies serious difficulties because of the intensity of its impacts. In order to improve the ecological<br />
restoration operations, this study, carried out in the Teruel coalfield, analyzes the trajectories of ecological<br />
succession and its control factors on reclaimed artificial slopes from the opencast coal mining, taking<br />
into account the conceptual basis of the new paradigm of ecology. A series of 87 slopes of different ages<br />
and applied treatments were classified (by means of TWINSPAN analysis of vegetation) and characterized.<br />
Successional tendencies are inferred from indirect gradient analysis (DCA) as well as the factors, mechanisms<br />
and processes involved. The divergent successional pattern found in the investigation is described<br />
within. A set of deterministic and contingent and/or eventual factors are involved in this pattern. Some<br />
different processes and mechanisms are related to the different trajectories: physical and chemical restrictions<br />
and soil cover toxicity, distance from the propagules sources, inhibition from initial non-native<br />
seeded herbaceous vegetation, the effect of disturbances (grazing and fungical diseases on vegetation) as<br />
well as erosion. The soil erosion is one of the main processes related to the failures of mine restoration;<br />
in Mediterranean-continental environments it could affect the vegetation development and succession<br />
through the increase of natural water deficit for plants. Finally, a conceptual adaptative strategy for<br />
restoration works is proposed, which includes not only initial conditions and environmental restrictions,<br />
but also surrounding ecosystems, human activities, disturbances and other contingencies.<br />
Keywords: Acidity, contingency, DCA, disturbance, ecohydrology of artificial slopes, ecological restoration,<br />
ecological succession, erosion, inhibition, Mediterranean-Continental climate, new paradigm of ecology,<br />
opencast coal mining, propagules availability, Teruel, TWINSPAN, water deficit.
226 Poster Presentations<br />
Hydrologic and social factors limiting the restoration of Monreal Springs (NE<br />
Spain)<br />
Moreno Martínez S. 1 , R. Sorando 2 , M. García 1 , F.A. Comín 1<br />
1 Pyrenean Institute of Ecology-CSIC. Avda. Montañana 1005. Apdo. 202. 50080 Zaragoza. Spain<br />
2 Asociación de Guías de la Laguna de Gallocanta. Pza. Mayor s/n. 50373 Las Cuerlas (Zaragoza), Spain<br />
Ecosystem restoration uses to be limited by a range of factors which range from physical characteristics<br />
to management issues. Hydrologic constraint is the most common limitation for wetland restoration. The<br />
restoration of Monreal Springs (a groundwater fed wetland in the Jiloca riverside, NE Spain) is taking<br />
place based mainly in recovering water level and natural water flows which were disturbed because of<br />
sediment accumulation and water diversion for irrigation purposes. Recovering water level took place in<br />
small experimental areas of the wetland through lowering soil surface in small areas and increasing the<br />
water stored in the wetland during short periods of time. These restoration practices resulted in an increased<br />
plant biodiversity and decreased detritus accumulation in these areas compared with non-restored<br />
zones. However, implementation of these restoration practices at whole wetland scale requires<br />
agreement with wetland users, water authorities and users. A survey was used to know people’s preferences<br />
and availability for the restoration. Wetlands users showed clearly preferences for natural restoration<br />
of the whole wetland. A working agenda was developed to integrate water users in the restoration<br />
process, which concluded with agreements for recovering water flows for the restoration of Monreal<br />
Springs and establishing an on purpose water regime. Social availability has arisen as a major limiting<br />
factor for wetland restoration which requires to be fulfilled before other physical factors.<br />
Keywords: social, economy, hydrology, springs, rural, restoration.<br />
Defining riparian restoration goals in a Pueblo Indian community<br />
Morgan D.R. 1 , C.W. Lujan 2<br />
1 La Calandria Associates, Inc. Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA<br />
2 Office of Environmental Affairs, San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico, USA<br />
Much of the floodplain forest and wetland along the middle Rio Grande in New Mexico, USA has been occupied<br />
by Indian tribes for centuries. Their participation is now crucial in restoring the river after severe<br />
alteration by channelization, cessation of flooding, geomorphological disruption, lowered water tables, invasion<br />
by non-native trees, and wildfires. Floodplain forest/wetland restoration at San Juan Pueblo, one<br />
such tribal community, began in 1999 with limited funding and poorly defined reference conditions. As<br />
the project expanded to plan for restoring over 700 hectares of floodplain ecosystem along 16 kilometers<br />
of river, it became urgent to articulate both cultural and ecological restoration goals beyond “returning to<br />
natural conditions”. This paper explains how restoration ecologists and Pueblo residents collaborated to<br />
integrate eco-historical research with Pueblo cultural values to define restoration goals. There are no<br />
undisturbed reference sites and no quantitative historical sampling data, so other approaches were used:<br />
information from historical research, geomorphological analysis, air photos, and literature review was<br />
combined with interviews of elders, Pueblo landscape memories and desires, and sampling previously<br />
unrecognized micro-sites found by Pueblo residents. Results of this work are discussed, along with a<br />
composite vision of reference conditions, and rationale for selection of a reference time period, applicable<br />
to an ecosystem that has included human residents for centuries. Goals now include detailed plans for<br />
restoring the degraded river channel itself, and the process is transferable to neighboring communities<br />
managing over 50 kilometers of the Rio Grande.<br />
Keywords: riparian restoration, restoration goals, reference conditions, Pueblo Indians, indigenous communities.<br />
Frontiers of dilemma: The environmental Impacts of land reform and their<br />
implications on sustainability of forest and woodland resources and rural<br />
livelihoods: the case of Mufurudzi Resettlement Scheme (Zimbabwe)<br />
Mukwada G.<br />
University of Witwatersrand, P. Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa<br />
The survival strategies of resource-poor rural communities in transitional environments hinge on the assets<br />
that such communities have. These assets include the human and physical capital, as well as the<br />
social networks, financial resources and natural resources that are available to them. In transitional environments<br />
where large-scale commercial farming areas have been transformed into resettlement<br />
schemes livelihood strategies largely revolve around low input and low cost agricultural production.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 227<br />
These strategies have social and economic implications because they determine levels of both livelihood<br />
vulnerability and environmental sustainability. This research focuses on Zimbabwean resettlement areas<br />
which in recent years have emerged as fast shifting frontiers along which smallholder agriculture is not<br />
only displacing large-scale commercial farming, but also leaving in their wake a trail of even more enduring<br />
but subtle “frontiers of dilemma”, epitomized by debates regarding alternative decisions and policies<br />
that have to be pursued in order to balance resource destruction with conservation. Unfortunately, the<br />
balance is presently tipping in favour of the former, with imprints of deforestation everywhere. Under<br />
such circumstances livelihood sustainability is under siege since, rural communities, forest and woodland<br />
resources are the cornerstone of survival, notwithstanding the role these resources play in supplying<br />
daily livelihood requirements such as food, shelter, energy, medicines and other needs, in a harsh<br />
macro-economic environment. Evidence emerging from this research suggests that resource destruction<br />
and conservation can only be balanced through an integrated approach to rural development.<br />
Keywords: Conservation, environmental sustainability, livelihood sustainability, livelihood vulnerability,<br />
macro-economic environment, rresource-poor, transitional environments.<br />
Changes in soil organic matter in the Espinal Agroecosytem of Central Chile<br />
with different covers of the Legume Tree Acacia caven (Mol)<br />
Muñoz C.V. 1 , E. Zagal 2 , C. Ovalle 3<br />
1 Universidad de La Frontera. Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias y Recursos Naturales. Temuco. Chile<br />
2 Universidad de Concepción. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Suelos. Chillán. Chile<br />
3 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias CRI Quilamapu, Chillán, Chile<br />
The Espinal agroecosystem is conformed by an anthropogenic formation that presents a complex and<br />
heterogeneous, savanna-like structure, with herbaceous and woody strata, the latter consisting mainly of<br />
Acacia caven (Mol). This agroecosytem is in diverse degree of degradation due to man’s activities and its<br />
sustainability is in risk. The objective of our study was: i) to determine the effect of the canopy cover of A.<br />
caven on both total soil organic C (SOC) and labile component of the soil organic matter (microbial biomass,<br />
respiration and light fraction) and ii) to determine the effect of degradation of ecosystems on the<br />
content of both total SOC and labile C. Our results show that the microbial biomass, respiration rate,<br />
light fraction and organic carbon of soil are influenced by the presence of the A. caven tree, being greater<br />
under than outside its canopy. With the degradation of the Espinales the cover of A. caven decreases and<br />
as a consequence diminishes the microbial biomass at ecosystem level. In this study, microbial biomass<br />
size, as biological indicator, was better than respiration of microbial communities in distinguishing between<br />
the quality of ecosystems in the soils studied. However, microbial respiration is correlated linearly<br />
with light fraction content indicating that the light fraction is an important carbon and energy source for<br />
soil microorganisms. The light fraction is a sensitive parameter for determining soil quality, allowing the<br />
distinction between the studied ecosystems.<br />
Keywords: Biological indicators, labile organic carbon, light fraction, microbial biomass, microbial respiration,<br />
soil organic carbon.<br />
Forest’s restoration management plan in Georgia<br />
Nadirasze K. 1 , L. Topuridze 2<br />
AFRD Georgia<br />
The Regional Government of Georgia should lead the development of a strategic plan in cooperation with<br />
local governments to improve fire prevention in the interface through fuel management. The plan should:<br />
1) Focus on identification of those areas of the province where communities, infrastructure, and watersheds<br />
have the greatest potential to be impacted by large-scale fires. 2) Identify and assign fuel management<br />
priorities based on threats to human life, property and resource values. 3) Require a community<br />
protection plan in those communities with a high probability and consequence of fire in the interface<br />
zone. 4) Be cost shared with local governments. 5) Give priority for funding, fire management planning,<br />
fuels mitigation, and protection to these areas. It is not just the responsibility of senior governments to<br />
manage these risks. Local governments and individuals must also do their part. Elaborating of Integrated<br />
Water Resources Management Plan for Georgia is complicated for this time, because firstly new water legislation<br />
should be elaborated, based on the basin approach. Currently we only have prepared the national<br />
programme of harmonisation of Georgian legislation (including water legislation) to EU legislation. Restructuring<br />
of the forest sector institutions needs to address the following key issues: An appropriate role<br />
for the State. We need to set an optimum balance between state and private sector functions and we need<br />
to foresee the possibility of roles changing over time as the forest economy and forest governance improve.<br />
Decentralisation of power and responsibility. Over-centralisation is a barrier to institutional and
228 Poster Presentations<br />
sectoral development. The design of the future institutional structure and allocation of functions needs to<br />
provide for de-centralisation at a pace appropriate to the capacity of organisations and people to accept<br />
and respond positively to greater power and responsibility. Transparent, participatory decision-making.<br />
Macro-level processes of policy development, monitoring and review and micro-level forest management<br />
planning processes need to provide for far greater involvement of a wider range of stakeholders, sharing<br />
responsibility with the decision makers in government. Restructuring needs to place all of the functions<br />
associated with the sustainable management of forests in an effective and efficient institutional framework.<br />
Some new functions may need to be adopted, in particular in relation to the ownership of state<br />
forests and the management of state forests by new entities. The structure of the framework must be<br />
suited to the political, social and economic circumstances of the country. No two countries have identical<br />
frameworks; they may have many elements in common but there are nuances that reflect the differences<br />
between them. The differences may be due as much or more to political or economic practicality than to<br />
real differences of need or purpose. The future institutional structure should be designed around the<br />
functions that need to be carried out to support the sustainable management of Georgia’s forests and the<br />
sustainable development of the sector. Some existing functions may not be appropriate in the future.<br />
Functions can be grouped under nine headings.<br />
Keywords: Forest restoration, Georgia, state and private sector, Georgian legislation.<br />
Restoration of Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793) habitat. Implications<br />
in its conservation<br />
Nakamura K. 1 , Y. Bernat 2<br />
1 SODEMASA - Gobierno de Aragón<br />
2 Departamento de Medio ambiente - Gobierno de Aragón<br />
Unionids are among the most seriously endangered animals in fresh water worldwide. Margaritifera auricularia,<br />
nowadays, is one of the most threatened species. Actually the biggest population knowledge is located<br />
in the Canal Imperial de Aragón (Spain). One of the main objectives, involved in a general Margaritifera<br />
auricularia Conservation and Recovery Plan being carried out by the regional government, is the<br />
habitat characterization of the species. This will serve to determine the ecological requirements of the<br />
naiad in order to implement its captive breeding and design the habitat restoration management needed<br />
to ensure its further survival. The Canal Imperial has been sampled taking advantage of the conservation<br />
works that need to lower its water level. The results show a clear preference of this specie for the “centre<br />
of the river bed” microhabitat, characterized by high values of current velocity and depth. The associated<br />
substrate with M. auricularia is in most of the cases predominantly gravel and in a smaller percentage<br />
sand and slime. In general, it appears in association with another species: Potomida littoralis. It has not<br />
been demonstrated still but it is believed that there is a strong link between riparian vegetation and the<br />
naiad’s presence. These results suggest that the main aspects to consider in the M. auricularia habitat<br />
restoration in order to its reintroduction are: river bed conservation, with special attention at “centre microhabitat”;<br />
maintain or/and improve the water quality; substrate management avoiding the deposition<br />
of slime; riparian vegetation conservation and trials with other species with similar requests.<br />
Keywords: Margaritifera auricularia, restoration, habitat, conservation, Aragón.<br />
Degradation of meadow community and it’s natural restoration in Mongolia<br />
Narantuya N.<br />
Institute of Botany, Mongolian Academy of Sciences<br />
Mongolia has been divided into six broad vegetation zones: desert, desert-steppe, steppe, forest-steppe,<br />
taiga and alpine. Our study objective is a grass-herb meadow community distributed in the forest-steppe<br />
zone of Mongolia. Study purpose is to study grazing effect on above named community and natural<br />
restoration of degraded by heavy grazing stages of this community. Result of monitoring study. With virtually<br />
without grazing effect or weak grazing grass-herb meadow community, when irregular and continously<br />
used for grazing in all seasons of year, transformed to the herb-wormwood (Artemisia) degraded<br />
(heavy grazing stage) community. Heavy pressure leads to the degradation of vegetation: all parameters of<br />
the grass stand and floristic richness decline. Compared with weak stages there biomass of fooder, palatable<br />
plant species were decreased to 2.5 times and unpalatable plant species as weeds were dominated,<br />
biomass of these more increased. It leads to deterioration of pastureland. For natural restoration of herbwormwood<br />
degraded stages of grass-herb meadow community we have isolated it of grazing pressure on<br />
9 years. After cessation, during the this time herb-wormwood degraded community recovered to the<br />
herb-grass community, in improved all parameters of grass stand, it’s cover percentage and it’s duality.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 229<br />
Cessation of grazing pressure is one of methods to renew the state of degraded community, to increase<br />
main biomass and improve quality of pastureland.<br />
Keywords: Mongolia, grazing, meadow, natural restoration.<br />
Revegetation in motorway slopes in SW of Andalusia (Spain): testing the effect<br />
of tree types of soil materials in some herbaceous native species<br />
Narbona E., J. González, M.L. Buide<br />
Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain<br />
The protective effects of plant biomass in slopes are well known. However, the generalised use of non-native<br />
plants in roads increases the risk of plant invasions. In addition, species should be selected depending<br />
on the type of substrates. The area object of this study (N-340 Cádiz-Gibraltar motorway) has three<br />
types of substrates: bioclastic sandstones, blue marls, and soil cover. The main aim of this study was to<br />
evaluate the responses of five native species: Bituminaria bituminosa, Brachypodium phoenicoides, Calendula<br />
arvensis, Malva sylvestris, and Plantago coronopus. Specifically, mixed seeds of these species were<br />
sown in a slope with the three types of substrates. Cover and abundance of plants were measured, and<br />
similar values were found in soil cover and bioclastic sandstones. These values were significantly higher<br />
than those found in blue marls. On the other hand, ten plants per species and substrate were sown in a<br />
greenhouse. At the end of three months we weighted aerial and underground biomass. The aerial and<br />
underground biomass of Plantago coronopus and Calendula arvensis were in general more than three<br />
times higher than the other species. However, there was an important variation in the different substrates.<br />
In conclusion, to assure the success of a revegetation, we should use different seeds mixtures<br />
depending on the kind of substrate.<br />
Keywords: reclamation, aerial biomass, underground biomass, soil cover.<br />
Monitoring and reinforcement of the last remnant population of the critically<br />
endangered Cistus heterophyllus Desf. in Spain<br />
Navarro-Cano J.A.<br />
Soil and Water Conservation Department, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, PO box 164, 30100, Murcia, Spain<br />
Cistus heterophyllus Desf. is an Iberian-north African endemic rock rose with only 20 wild individuals left<br />
in Spain: a single old individual in Valencia Province and a population of 19 young individuals in Murcia<br />
Province which are descendants of nine mature individuals that disappeared after a fire in 1998. We have<br />
monitored the wild Murcia population since its origin, assessing growth, flowering and seed production<br />
annually. On the other hand, four new clumps were planted in 1999 and 2000 using C. heterophyllus<br />
saplings grown in the nursery from seeds gathered from the remnant population before the fire. These<br />
experimental reinforcement populations are located in the surrounding area in different ecological conditions<br />
and have been subjected to the same monitoring as the wild population. Results show that the wild<br />
population suffered a dramatic decrease during the first summer but became stable over the following<br />
years. Wild plants began to flower during the second year. Population seed production increased threefold<br />
between 2002 (10415 seeds) and 2003 (31032 seeds). Growth and seed production data showed significant<br />
differences among reinforcement populations, as only two of them displayed similar growth as<br />
the wild population and only one showed comparable seed production. We argue soil analysis can help<br />
explain these differences.<br />
Keywords: Cistus heterophyllus, endangered, plant restoration, reinforcement population, Southeastern Spain.<br />
Direct sowing of shrubs using facilitation by Stipa tenacissima tussocks in a<br />
semiarid steppe<br />
Navarro-Cano J.A., G.G. Barberá, V. Castillo<br />
Soil and Water Conservation Department, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, PO box 164, 30100, Murcia,<br />
Spain<br />
A study to evaluate shrubs seedling establishment from seeds using facilitation by Stipa tenacissima, a<br />
perennial grass dominant in semi-arid steppes from SE Spain is presented. We sowed two late-succesional<br />
shrub species (Quercus coccifera and Rhamnus lycioides), three early-succesional shrub species (Cistus<br />
clusii, Helianthemum violaceum and Anthyllis terniflora) as well as Stipa tenacissima. We tested two sowing<br />
microsites in the grassland: microsites adjacent to S. tenacissima tussocks or inter-tussocks mi-
230 Poster Presentations<br />
crosites (bareground areas). Soil moisture was significantly higher in tussock than in intertussock microsites<br />
during much of the experimental period. Results show a direct facilitative effect of Stipa tussocks<br />
on germination of most of sowed species. Seedling recruitment was over threefold higher in tussock than<br />
in inter-tussock microsites for the late-succesional species. Nevertheless, seed predation and interannual<br />
climatic variability may condition survival rates of recruited seedlings. We discuss methods to improve<br />
seedling survival. We conclude that direct sowing may be a useful tool for restoration projects of sensitive<br />
areas in which minimizing land preparation impact is a priority.<br />
Keywords: Facilitation, plant restoration, seedling establishment, semiarid, Stipa tenacissima.<br />
Restoration of lake-shore vegetation from sediment seed bank<br />
Nishihiro J., M. Nishihiro, I. Washitani<br />
Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo<br />
The construction of vertical concrete shore protection as well as intense water level control for water development<br />
have deprived most Japanese lakes of their eco-tone vegetation zones embracing high biological<br />
diversity. In 2002, a pilot restoration for the lakeshore vegetation was launched in Lake Kasumigaura,<br />
the second-largest lake in Japan. By the mid 1990s, the lake has completely lost submerged<br />
vegetation, which once covered 7.5 km 2 , together with 67% of the area of emergent vegetation and at<br />
least 26 aquatic plant species. Aims of the pilot restoration are to ascertain the potential and to develop<br />
appropriate techniques for the restoration of lakeshore vegetation at sites where the vegetation had been<br />
completely lost. The following hypotheses concerning vegetation restoration were tested in the project: (1)<br />
Soil seed banks in lake sediments from the littoral zone 21 can be used to restore species-rich lakeshore<br />
vegetation. (2) Species-rich lakeshore vegetation can be restored from donor seed banks within a short<br />
period of time if the soil is thinly spread over the ground surface of artificially constructed shores with<br />
considerable topographic variation. Lake sediment of ~0.5 m soil depth was dredged from around fishing<br />
ports and stored for 2 to 4 months to allow drainage of the water, before spread thinly (~10 cm) on the<br />
surface of an artificial littoral zone with micro-topographic variations which had made with sand at the<br />
front of the concrete levees. The artificial littoral zones ranging from 5300 to 27 800 m 2 were constructed<br />
at 5 locations along the lakeshore. To reduce wave action and to stabilize the shores, several types of protective<br />
structure were placed at the lakeward side of each site. Floristic surveys of the restored<br />
lakeshores were conducted in June and October 2002 by exploring the entire areas. To analyse the relationship<br />
between ground height relative to the water level and the distribution of each species, we established<br />
286 quadrats (each 1 × 1 m, 30–44 quadrats/site) at 2-m intervals on lines set at right angles to<br />
the levees at 10-m intervals to cover the whole range in ground height. The species occurring in each<br />
quadrat and the ground height at the centre of the quadrat were recorded. We demonstrated that vegetations<br />
with a great variety of aquatic and wetland plants, totally accounting 181 species including some<br />
that are extinct in the aboveground vegetation, were restoed from the lake sediment.<br />
Keywords: eco-tone, vegetation, lakeshore, seed bank, aquatic plants.<br />
Can artificial sowing of target species speed up succession in disused basalt<br />
quarries?<br />
Novák J.<br />
Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branis˘ovská 31, CZ-37005 C˘eské<br />
Budĕjovice, Czech Republic<br />
Steppe-like dry (semi-natural) grasslands are among most valuable and very rare habitats in central Europe.<br />
In the study area (the C˘eské str˘edohor˘í Hills, western part of the Czech Republic) they occur in small<br />
fragments on southern slopes of vulcanic hills. Because the area is largely affected by quarrying, they<br />
often occur in a vicinity to the quarries. The main question was: are species typical of the dry grasslands<br />
able to grow in the disused quarries and, if limited by dispersal, can they be sown artificially to speed up<br />
succession? Because many of those grasslands were destroyed by quarring, their restoration should be an<br />
ultimate goal of reclamation activities. I performed a sowing experiment and followed seedlings recruitment<br />
of five species, typical for the dry graslands, in 10 bazalt quarries located in 3 different climatic regions<br />
during 4 years. The sowing experiment was established in initial stages of comparable quarry etages,<br />
shortly after quarring was stopped. The objectives of this study were i) to evaluate seedlings recruitment in<br />
initial successional stages in basalt quarries; ii) to show importance of climatic conditions on surviving<br />
seedlings in tree distinct climatic regions; and iii) to demonstrate influence of weather fluctuations among<br />
years on seedlings survival. Seedlings of all study species are able to survive in initial successional stages<br />
in quarries. All species, except one, showed significant differences in abundance of survived seedlings
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 231<br />
among climatic regions. Seedlings recruitment was best in the driest and warmest region. Seedlings of two<br />
species did not recruit in the wettest and coldest region. Different weather conditions in the studied years<br />
significantly infleunced seedling establishment of two species. Obviously, artificial sowing can be considered<br />
in restoration programs as a way how to restore dry grasslands.<br />
Keywords: Recruitment, dispersal, sowing, bazalt quarry, succession, restoration.<br />
The role of integrated water resources management in the restoration of<br />
Mediterranean temporary streams in the Costa Brava, Catalonia, NE Spain<br />
Ordeix M. 1 , J. Sala 2 , D. Boix 3 , J. Couso 4 , L. Sala 5<br />
1 Center for the Study of Mediterranean Rivers, Passeig del Ter, E-08560 Manlleu, Catalonia, Spain<br />
2 Environmental consultant, Francesc Artau 14, 2 A, E-17005 Girona, Catalonia, Spain<br />
3 Ecology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain<br />
4 Municipality of Tossa de Mar, Església, 4, E-17320 Tossa de Mar, Catalonia, Spain<br />
5 Consorci de la Costa Brava, Plaça Josep Pla 4, 3rd floor, E-17001 Girona, Catalonia, Spain<br />
Biological wastewater treatment has been progressively implemented in the Costa Brava (resident population,<br />
150,000 inhabitants; maximum estimated occupation, 1,100,000 inhabitants) since the mid 70’s,<br />
after the creation of the Consorci de la Costa Brava (CCB, Costa Brava Water Agency). Paralelly, local<br />
overdrafted aquifers have been relieved from the pressure imposed by seasonal drinking water needs, because<br />
of imported resources and demand reduction through water reuse. Riera de Tossa and Ridaura,<br />
both located in the Costa Brava area, are two mediterranean temporary streams that have been ecologically<br />
benefited from an improved water resources management based on: i) adequate management of<br />
drinking water sources, combining the use of local aquifers and external resources; ii) groundwater conservation<br />
through reuse; iii) reduction of discharge of pollutants through an improved operation of<br />
WWTPs; and iv) active reuse, after advanced wastewater treatment, for environmental enhancement.<br />
Multidisciplinary team work and monitoring of physical, chemical and biological parameters has allowed<br />
to gather a set of data to illustrate how integrated resources management has improved the ecological<br />
status of these two streams.<br />
Keywords: integrated water resources management, mediterranean streams, temporary ecosystems.<br />
Effects of herbivory of goat cattle in three plant associations in the Tehuacán<br />
Valley, Puebla. A study diagnose for restoration<br />
Osorno-Sánchez T.G. 1 , A. Valiente-Banuet 1<br />
1 Laboratorio de ecología de comunidades de Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México<br />
In this work, we evaluated the direct and indirect effects of goats grazing on three plant associations in<br />
the Tehuacán Valley: Tetechera of Neobuxbaumia mezcalaensis, Izotal of Yuca periculosa and Candelillar<br />
of Euphorbia antisiphilitica. Based in the characterization and analysis of the management and the diet of<br />
the goats, we establish a natural experiment with different intensity of foraging, in order to determinate if<br />
there were relation between this factor and the diversity and facilitation on three plants associations. We<br />
expected to found a that the diversity of the associations chosen with similar environmental conditions<br />
changed in zones with different intensity of foraging and the goat mainly selected shrubs of the family of<br />
the Fabaceae. The results indicated that goats preferred the plants of the following families Fabaceae,<br />
Turneraceae and Verbenaceae. Data of experiments of nurse indicate that species of these families can be<br />
considered like key species that Lippia graveolens. The frequency of visits to the Tetechera was the highest<br />
compared with other plants associations. In this association the diversity diminishes and indirectly<br />
the cacti regeneration associated to nurse plants is also affected compared with sites with less intensity<br />
of foraging. Whereas in the Candelillar and Izotal the pressure of herbivory by goats was minor that in<br />
the previous case. In these associations the plant diversity was greater in the sites of high intensity of<br />
foraging. The present information allows to a better understanding of the system, in order to develop better<br />
strategies of suitable develop, conservation and restauration.<br />
Keywords: goats, plants association, Tehuacán Valley (Puebla, Mexico).
232 Poster Presentations<br />
Rehabilitation of degraded espinales in the Mediterranean Zone of Chile using<br />
annual legumes and multipurpose trees<br />
Ovalle C. 1 , J. Avendaño 2 , E. Zagal 3 , J. Bugueño, A. Del Pozo 3<br />
1 CRI-Quilamapu, INIA, Casilla 426, Chillán, Chile<br />
2 Centro Experimental Cauquenes, INIA, Casilla 165, Cauquenes, Chile<br />
3 Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 595, Chillán, Chile<br />
The vegetation of Central Chile has been profoundly transformed from highly diversify woodland and<br />
shrubland communities to an anthropogenic savannas dominated by the legume tree, Acacia caven (“espino”)<br />
with an herbaceous strata. Unfortunately, a large fraction (69%) of this agro-ecosystem, called “Espinal”,<br />
is in advanced state of degradation with less than 25% tree cover. Several revegetation treatments<br />
of the degraded Espinal (control) were evaluated: a) natural pasture and phosphorus (P) fertilization, b)<br />
mixture 1 of self-seeding annual legumes (Trifolium subterraneum, Medicago polymorpha and Trifolium<br />
micheliamun) plus P, c) mixture 2 of self-seeding annual legumes (Ornithopus compressus, Ornithopus<br />
sativus and Biserrula pelecinus) plus P, d) planting of a fodder legume tree (Chamaecytisus proliferus<br />
subsp. palmensis) with mixture 1, and e) planting a multipurpose tree Cork oak (Quercus suber) with<br />
mixture 1. After two years, P fertilization did not increase dry matter production (DM) of the natural pastures.<br />
The specific contribution of annual legumes to the pasture ranged 71-92% and 40-57%, in the first<br />
and second year, respectively. Cumulative DM (2003 and 2004) ranged 4.4–5.4 ton ha -1 in mixtures, with<br />
no differences among treatments, compared to 2.7 ton ha -1 of the natural pasture. In 2003, seed yield of<br />
annual legumes was on average 400 kg ha -1 in mixture 1 (with or without trees) and 700 kg ha -1 in mixture<br />
2, which ensure good re-seeding in the following years. Survival rates of C. proliferus and Q. suber<br />
after two years was greater than 90%, and plant height reached 105 and 69 cm, respectively.<br />
Keywords: annual legumes, dry matter, tree planting, Tagasaste, Cork oak.<br />
Networking of local Marine Protected Area (MPA) managers in Lingayen Gulf: A<br />
potent tool in sustaining management<br />
Pacifico K.P., S.G. Salmo III<br />
The Marine Science Institute, College of Science. University of the Philippines. 1101 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. Telefax:<br />
+63-75-5542755 to 56<br />
Networking of local Marine Protected Area (MPA) managers within a defined geographical location of<br />
shared management units promotes cost-effectivity, consolidates management efforts and helps ensure<br />
management sustainability. Series of community consultations and focus group discussions complemented<br />
with reviews of various documents (e.g. local ordinances and management plans) were conducted in<br />
five (5) adjoining municipalities in Lingayen Gulf (northwestern Philippines). Three management schemes<br />
were noted: (1) localized management at the village-level with a municipal-wide federation of local MPA<br />
managers; (2) village-level, but without a federation; and (3) municipal-level, where more than one village<br />
is managing an MPA. At the village-level, management is localized and does not entail critical participation<br />
of other resource users within the same village. Such constraint was addressed through federation building<br />
wherein advocacies were up-scaled resulting to mobilization of communities to participate in MPA<br />
management. On the other hand, municipal-level management actively involves local government officials<br />
and resource users in relatively more villages. Issues and problems in all management schemes were similar<br />
but extend beyond the management unit of each MPA and municipality/city. Resolving management<br />
issues at individual MPA level have difficulty in addressing trans-MPA and trans-municipal conflicts.<br />
Thus, integration of management plans through networking of all MPAs in the area could therefore provide<br />
an opportunity for inter-municipal/city collaboration that is critical in sustaining MPA management.<br />
Keywords: Marine Protected Areas, MPA networking, inter-municipality collaboration, sustainable management.<br />
Using legumes and mid-successional shrubs for ecological restoration of<br />
shrublands and degraded sites in arid zones<br />
Padilla F.M., F.I. Pugnaire<br />
Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC. Almería. Spain<br />
Restoration is playing an increasingly important role as natural habitats become scarcer and chances to<br />
restore ecosystems damaged by human activities are more common. Restoration of plant communities in<br />
degraded ecosystems is especially hard in Mediterranean semi-arid environments mainly due to the lack<br />
of rains and their variability. Many restoration projects carried out in these severe environments using
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 233<br />
native late-successional species (mainly Pinus halepensis and Olea europaea var. sylvestris) have failed<br />
because of high plant mortality. In the last few years new techniques have been developed to increase the<br />
establishment of these species, although the use of other native species would be preferable as they are<br />
able to successfully establish even in dry years. The results of field essays carried out with traditional<br />
techniques in several semi-arid sites in Almería showed that shrub species such as Ephedra fragilis and<br />
Salsola oppositifolia, or leguminous shrubs like Coronilla juncea, Genista umbellata and Retama sphaerocarpa,<br />
showed survival rates ranging 66-85%, while species of Tetraclinis, Ceratonia, Pinus, Olea and Pistacea,<br />
frequently used in regular restoration projects, did not reach 40%. Thus using shrubs and<br />
legumes may be advantageous, they not only reduce mortality rate, but also contribute to a proper<br />
ecosystem restoration because of their ability to increase soil fertility, eventually facilitating establishment<br />
of other species, and constituting a source of propagules due to their capacity to flowering early.<br />
Such species should be included in restoration programmes of degrades sites.<br />
Keywords: degraded sites, ecosystem restoration, legumes, arid zones, shrubs.<br />
Indicative role of macrofungi in forest regeneration and development<br />
Pál-Fám F. 1 , I. Siller 2 , L. Fodor 3<br />
1 Department of Botany, University of Kaposvár, Hungary<br />
2 Department of Botany, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary<br />
3 Authority for Nature Conservation, Ministry of Environment, Budapest, Hungary<br />
Mycological monitoring, after several years of preliminary surveys, started in 2001 parallel in forest reserves<br />
of two mountains in Hungary. The long-term purpose was planned to be the control of the impacts<br />
of forest management onto the species composition, species richness and functional distribution of<br />
macrofungi. As result, richness in dead wood of the forest reserves is very important for the maintenance<br />
of fungi as a source of nutrition, and thus significantly increases diversity. Dead wood of different dimensions<br />
as well as states of decomposition, namely, serves with variable habitats for lignicole macrofungi.<br />
The conditions of forest stands are well characterized by the functional spectra of their macrofungal assemblages,<br />
suggesting, that these spectra are good mycological indicators of the state of forests. Some<br />
species were identified which are indicators of some characteristics of the forests, such as naturalness,<br />
the age of the forest, the amount of dead wood and the completeness of the decomposition cycle. The investigations<br />
pointed to the importance of forest reserves, which serve as refuge for rare species and make<br />
possible for these species in the course of time to return into managed forests.<br />
Keywords: forest management, macrofungi, functional distribution, indicative role, diversity.<br />
A long-term influence of nursery culture techniques in field performance of<br />
kermes oak (Q. coccifera) in a Mediterranean semi-arid region<br />
Pascual G. 1 , Q. Vilagran 1 , A. Vilagrosa 2 , V.R. Vallejo 2 , I. Fleck 3 , D. Verdaguer 1<br />
1 Àrea de Fisiologia Vegetal. Departament de Ciències Ambientals. Universitat de Girona. Campus de Montilivi s/n 17071.<br />
Girona. Spain<br />
2 CEAM-Departament de Ecologia, Universitat d'Alacant, POB 99, E-03080 Alacant, Spain<br />
3 Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645,<br />
E08028 Barcelona, Spain<br />
Nursery culture techniques in forest species have suffered intense changes, i.e. containers and fertilization<br />
have evolved from small and rustic plastic bags and low fertilization rates to sophisticated containers and improved<br />
fertilization regimes. However, the effect of changes in culture techniques have not been much tested<br />
in the field. The main goal of this study was to elucidate, after eight years of plantation in the same experimental<br />
field in Alicante (Spain), the biomass allocation patterns in kermes oak previously cultivated in small<br />
containers (150 cm 3 /cell) with low fertilization rates, or in bigger containers (300 cm 3 /cell) with higher fertilization.<br />
Seedlings cultivated in large containers had three times more biomass than plants cultivated in small<br />
containers, being variation mainly for leaf and shoot biomass. Moreover, large plants had 1.6 times higher<br />
shoot: root ratio than small plants. After 8 years, no significant differences were observed between both<br />
groups neither for total (aerial and root) biomass, foliar and shoot biomass, nor for shoot: root ratio. Nevertheless,<br />
plants from large containers showed a bigger shoot, double fine and structural root biomass and 3<br />
times more length of roots. Thus, in the field, differences in biomass parameters, but not in structural parameters,<br />
tended to vanish during growth. Plants from both treatments presented 84,14% of roots in the uppermost<br />
30 cm, and most structural roots in NE orientation. However, large plants showed slightly greater<br />
radial soil colonization (46,1 dm 3 ) and 6 times higher root density. Large plants may, therefore, exhibit a<br />
higher water absorption capacity as a consequence of a more intense soil exploration and, even if it was not<br />
reflected in plant’s biomass increase, they could present a higher capacity to survive under harsh conditions.<br />
Keywords: ecosystems restoration, nursery management techniques, seedling morphology, root colonization.
234 Poster Presentations<br />
Evaluating the revegetation of gypsum quarries in the semiarid region of<br />
Almeria (SE Spain) in terms of the substrate and added compost<br />
Pastor J. 1 , J.M. Martín 1 , R. Castelló 1 , L. Alcalá del Olmo 1 , J.M. Castillejo 1 , A.J. Hernández 2<br />
1 CCMA, CSIC, Serrano 115, Madrid<br />
2 Dpto. Interuniversitario de Ecología, Sección de la Universidad de Alcalá (Madrid)<br />
This study forms part of the restoration policies adopted in 2001 in landfills of “fines” and “steriles” produced<br />
during the exploitation of the largest gypsum quarry in Europe “Los Yesares”, in Sorbas, Almería<br />
(Spain). Part of this quarry is also the gypsum outcrop that constitutes the “Paraje Natural del Karst de<br />
Yesos” (a “protected landscape” according to European legislation), which boasts a high density of local endemisms<br />
(Helianthemum alypoides and Teucrium turredanum), some with a distribution restricted to the<br />
Iberian SE (Chaenorrhinum grandiflorum, Narcissus tortifolius, Coris hispanica and Santolina viscosa), Iberia<br />
(Gypsophila struthium and Ononis tridentata) or Iberian North Africa (Helianthemum squamatum). Over the<br />
years, mining activities have directly affected gypsophyte shrublands, threatening the preservation of biodiversity.<br />
One of the restoration measures underway in both landfills involves trying to accelerate the ecological<br />
succession process proper to the natural plant communities of the quarry’s surroundings. The present<br />
study focuses on two successional series, in which a layer of soil from the current exploitation front of the<br />
quarry was added to the landfills along with organic matter, in the form of an MSW compost. Over a 3-year<br />
period, we have been monitoring the growth of plants in fixed plots amended with different doses of compost.<br />
Using geostatistical tools, changes produced in the overall plant cover (woody and herbaceous<br />
species) and the cover achieved by G.struthium have been assessed in both landfills.<br />
Keywords: gypsum soils, endemic plants, organic amendments, geostatistics.<br />
The effect of the morphotype constraints and the provenance of Quercus<br />
coccifera L. acorns on the germination<br />
Pastor E., A. Bonet<br />
Departamento de Ecología. Universidad de Alicante. España<br />
The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of the morphotype constraints and the provenance of<br />
Quercus coccifera L. acorns on the germination. The two areas of provenance that have been analysed in<br />
this study differ in their environmental conditions: a semiarid area with an average precipitation of 271<br />
mm. and a subhumid area with an average precipitation of 833 mm. The morphotypes analysed in this<br />
research have been selected according to the size of the leaves of individuals of populations growing in a<br />
semiarid area, for this morphological trait may well be an adaptive response to a particular environment.<br />
Our hypothesis is that the adaptive response of plants to different environments can result in significantly<br />
different morphological and physiological behaviours, which will in turn have an effect on the germination<br />
process. The results suggest that the germination of seeds origined the different morphotypes vary<br />
from one population to another, whereas the effect of the provenance factor depends on the morphotype.<br />
Altogether, the evidence of this study can help identify the populations or individuals whose seeds are<br />
more likely to germinate successfully, this being an essential preliminary step to the restoration of degraded<br />
areas.<br />
Keywords: Provenance, morphotype constraints, germination, Quercus coccifera L.<br />
Evaluation of woody regeneration under tree mixed plantations in a Mexican<br />
Cloud Forest<br />
Pedraza R.A. 1<br />
1 Genetic Forest Institute. University of Veracruz, Mexico<br />
The establishment of plantations has been proposed as a tool for forest restoration because the overstory<br />
of plantations influences the recruitment of new species. The study evaluated the spontaneous woody<br />
vegetation growing under three mixed plantations established 5.5 year ago in two old-field with ten years<br />
-old abandoned: site 1 with remnants trees, and site 2 covered by Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus pringlei<br />
as dominant herbs; and a two weeks of abandoned pasture (site 3). The objectives were to calculate and<br />
compare the abundances of spontaneous tree species (> 5cm, dap) growing there and compare tree richness<br />
with previous secondary vegetation, using the Importance Value Index (IVI) which is sums of relative<br />
abundance measured as density, frequency and dominance. Site 1 and site 2 had more than 600<br />
trees/ha, and 12 and 6 tree species respectively, where ten and two species respectively belongs to cloud<br />
forest climax. Meanwhile the recently abandoned pasture (site 3) had 58.3 trees/ha, all were five secondary<br />
woody species. Before planting, 380 trees/ha were counted in site 1 where mostly were seedlings of
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 235<br />
10 species of old remnant trees. The IVI was higher for the spontaneous woody plants in site 2 (Alnus<br />
acuminata and Clethra mexicana had 70%) and site 1 (Quercus xalapensis and Lippia myriocephala had<br />
67%), than site 3, where the planted Liquidambar styraciflua had 38.6% and spontaneous Lippia myryocephala<br />
had 21.7%. In conclusion, the plantations promoted the natural trees regeneration, and number<br />
and quality of woody species depended on the presence of tree source seeds.<br />
Keywords: Cloud Forest, native tree plantation, spontaneous tree regeneration.<br />
Effect of planted tree species on formation of herbaceous vegetation on<br />
reclaimed oil shale opencast mines in Estonia<br />
Pensa M.P. 1,2 , H. Karu 1 , A. Luud 1 , E. Rull 1 , R. Vaht 1<br />
1 Institute of Ecology. Tallinn Pedagogical University. Jõhvi. Estonia<br />
2 Rovaniemi Research Station. Finnish Forest Research Institute. Rovaniemi. Finland<br />
Our goal of was to study whether the formation of the herbaceous layer was dependent on tree species<br />
planted on the spoil of an oil shale opencast mine reclaimed in the 1960s in Estonia. Species richness<br />
and biomass of herbaceous plant species was surveyed in 0.2 m 2 quadrates in four different stand types.<br />
The stand types were: monospecific plantations of (1) Alnus glutinosa (European black alder), (2) Betula<br />
pendula (silver birch), (3) Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), and (4) mixed plantations dominated by Larix sibirica<br />
(Siberian larch) and L. decidua (European larch). Variation in species richness and biomass was higher<br />
within a stand type than among stand types. However, stand type affected significantly the response of<br />
herbaceous layer to the stand and soil attributes. According to the results of detrended correspondence<br />
analysis, the herbaceous layer of alder stands had the most distinctive species composition. In terms of<br />
plant strategy type, alder stands tended to promote the growth of competitors, whereas stress-tolerant<br />
species were the most abundant in the herb layers of other stand types. Pine stands differed from the<br />
others in having the lowest abundance of competitors. We can conclude that the development of vegetation<br />
in reclaimed opencast mines may be constrained to one strict direction determined by the planted<br />
tree species. The herbaceous layer may remain sparse in coniferous stands, whereas broadleaved trees<br />
may enhance its biomass. Broadleaved tree species may favor competitors, while some conifers may create<br />
suitable conditions for stress-tolerant species.<br />
Keywords: Herbaceous vegetation, plantations, oil shale mines, restoration.<br />
Implications of the interactions between shrubby legumes and rhizobia in land<br />
restoration<br />
Pérez-Fernández M.A. 1,2 , E.Calvo-Magro 1 , B. Lamont 2 , M. López-Martín 1<br />
1 Ecology Area. Faculty of Science. University of Extremadura. 06071. Badajoz. Spain<br />
2 Department of Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia<br />
Re-establishment of vegetation in nitrogen-deficient soils can be hazardous, especially when climatic conditions<br />
are characterized by extreme temperatures and long summer droughts. Due to their wide environmental<br />
tolerances, including poor soils, leguminous plant species can trigger plant community recovery<br />
by facilitating the establishment of less tolerant species. For successful restoration of native<br />
vegetation on poor and disturbed soils it is essential to understand the nitrogen-fixing relationships between<br />
plant host species and their bacterial symbionts. It is also paramount to know the growth responses<br />
of legumes in response to the available soil nutrients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect<br />
of inoculation with native Australian and Spanish rhizobial strains on the growth of six Australian and<br />
six Spanish shrubby legumes in natural soils from central-western Spain. The Australian species are<br />
candidates for use in land rehabilitation in Spain. We also studied the growth of the same species treated<br />
at five levels of fertilization. A comparison of inoculated, non-inoculated and fertilized seedlings was performed.<br />
Plants were grown in a glasshouse for six months. Host species grew larger in the presence of<br />
rhizobial inoculants and this growth was in some cases comparable with the effect of fertilization. Significant<br />
differences in plant performance were detected between rhizobial strains obtained from different<br />
host species. In many cases, strains that were highly effective at promoting growth of one host legume<br />
species were ineffective on other species. These findings indicate that choosing appropriate rhizobial<br />
strains for inoculation prior to revegetation programs is critical and should be made on a species-byspecies<br />
basis.<br />
Keywords: Australian and Spanish shrubby legumes, Mediterranean ecosystems, biological nitrogen fixation,<br />
fertilization.
236 Poster Presentations<br />
Methodological design of restoration In The Forest Reserve “Carpatos”<br />
Pinzon J. 1 , A. Lozada 1 , E. Cantillo 1,2<br />
1 Department of Forestry Engineering. University “Distrital, Francisco Jose de Caldas” Bogotá. Colombia<br />
2 Investigations & Scientific Development Center. Bogotá. Colombia<br />
The Forest Reservation "Cárpatos" is part of one ecologic area affected by cultural practices. At the moment,<br />
185 hectares of the total 558 are covered with Pennisetum clandestinum and Olcus lanatus grasses,<br />
which slow the natural regeneration and hinder the advance process succession and the stabilization of the<br />
ecosystem. The methods are synchronous models in 8 lots of land (100 m 2 ) in different states of succession,<br />
taking the climatic, environmental, and soil data, and the floristic characterization of the mature forest.<br />
The experimental design consists of blocks at random with the arrangement factorial 3 3 with the treatments<br />
of fire, cutting and observation of the bank of seeds, as well as the use of installation hangers and<br />
seed traps. The results indicate the presence of beginning & middle succession process species, opposing<br />
conditions that mark the current stagnation of the restoration, such as the decrease of the CIC & potassium<br />
level in the soil, which are in high levels in the forest climax. Likewise, outstanding communities are<br />
identified to be present and determined particulars as a vector of succession of the association Ocoteo callophyllae-<br />
Weinmannietum pinnatae, with the similarity of species to patches (2 and 3). Other results are in<br />
progress to obtain the process of analysis of variables for experimental design. The conclusion consists of<br />
the succession tendency of the presence of the communities under the mature forest and the topographical<br />
conditions. The use of fire is the best treatment to reactivate the dynamic succession in soils degraded by<br />
atrophic practice, since it can break the stay state of the seeds. The bank of seeds of the reservation remains<br />
in good condition and it can be a good starting point to reactivate the dynamic succession.<br />
Keywords: Forest, restoration, succession, biodiversity, seeds bank.<br />
Soil seed bank viability from an evergreen oak stand in Navarra (Spain)<br />
Piudo M.J. 1 , R.Y. Cavero 1<br />
1 Department of Botany. University of Navarra. Pamplona. Spain<br />
The vegetation and its restoration were studied in an evergreen oak stand in Nazar, northwestern of<br />
Navarra (Spain), which got fired in 1994. Soil seed bank is essential to study and evaluate natural<br />
restoration of the vegetation and plant species conservation. Moreover, a soil seed bank analysis is necessary<br />
to give the whole description of the vegetation, so its composition, density and viability are being<br />
studied in Nazar since November 2002. Soil samples are taken from three different areas (control, fired<br />
and fired and cleared area) using a corex cylinder. The 5 upper centimetres of the soil are extracted and<br />
two depths are distinguished in each sample: the top 2 cm and the bottom 3 cm. The methods of seed<br />
bank analysis are: the physical separation of seeds with a stereo microscope or direct method and the<br />
seedling emergence or indirect method. The seeds viability is tested by the seedling emergence in a greenhouse<br />
(indirect method), by colorimetric techniques using a solution of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride<br />
(0,1%) and by direct observation of the endosperm after cutting open the testa. The current research<br />
aims to analyse and compare the viability of the seed bank using the indirect method and the colorimetric<br />
and observation techniques.<br />
Keywords: endosperm, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, greenhouse, embryo, testa.<br />
Restrictions in the restoration of the pluvial forest of Chile. A case of study:<br />
Forest of Chiloe’s Island (42º - 44º South)<br />
Quintanilla V.<br />
Departamento Ingenierìa Geogràfica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile<br />
The Chilean pluvial forest (valdivian forest) is extent from 40º to 44º south latitude, being one of the larger<br />
biodiversity ecosystems in South America, with development of great trees such as Nothofagus,<br />
Mirtáceas, and conifers, but also rich in bushes, epiphytes, lianas, convolvulus, tree ferns, lichens and<br />
big herbals. In Chiloe lives one of the world’s longeval conifer: Fitzroya cupressoides (Mol) Jhonst. This<br />
dense forest was burnt many times since the beginning of the XX Century, in order to open up areas for<br />
habitats, lands for animals and agriculture. In our days, the forest is still under exploitation as a wood<br />
and energy resource. The domestic energy consumption still depends on forest exploitation. For other<br />
hand, looking for high quality wood such as Pilegrodendron uvifera conifer (D, Don) Florin in the south of<br />
the island, incentives the burning of the forest. We analysed the possibility of natural restoration of these<br />
forests in areas where the native vegetation, in regards to other latitudes, has not evolved with the fire<br />
and for this reason, they do not have the defense’s mechanism against that. In our days, the restoration
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 237<br />
of these fragmented forest ecosystems, presents many difficulties such as: the cutting of the best tress<br />
for wood and fire-wood, impacts for the open up of roads, substitutions of the native trees for exotics<br />
populations in degraded areas, and burning for new prairies. It is not noticed a regeneration with native<br />
forest because they have to contend with bushes of fast growing and also for the invasion of exotic<br />
species which make the restoration of the conifer a very difficult task.<br />
Keywords: Ombrophilous forest, burnt, fragmentation, biodiversity, Nothofagus.<br />
Heavy metal removal from “Chinampa” System soils by Cynodon dactylon,<br />
Suaeda torreyana and Beta vulgaris var. cycla under greenhouse conditions<br />
Ramírez-Palacios J.A. 1 , E.M. García Amador 2 , M.S. Orozco-Almanza 2 , A. Monroy Ata 2<br />
1 Laboratorio de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México, D.F.<br />
C.P. 04510 Mexico<br />
2 Laboratorio de Fitorremediación de Suelos, Unidad de Investigación en Ecología Vegetal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores<br />
Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apartado Postal 9-020 México, D.F. C.P. 15 000 Mexico<br />
“Chinampa” system (artificial islets built on shallow lake), is an highly productive pre-hispanic agricultural<br />
method that yet nowadays is commonly employed at Xochimilco zone, in the South of México City. Nevertheless,<br />
actually there are soil pollution by heavy metals and salinity in “chinampas” due to low water<br />
quality used for channel re-filling and for culture irrigation purposes. For this, the objective of this work<br />
was to evaluate the removal capacity of nickel, zinc, lead, cadmium and copper from soil samples, by the<br />
plant species: Cynodon dactylon, Suaeda torreyana and Beta vulgaris var. cycla, in greenhouse conditions.<br />
The experimental design was made for comparing two sampled populations of data: a) soil parameters before<br />
and after plant culture, b) plant development on pots with polluted soil and on pots with clean substrate<br />
and c) heavy metals concentration in roots, stems and foliage of plants grown on polluted soil versus<br />
plants cultured on clean sustrate. The results show that polluted soil is highly saline (electric<br />
conductivity is 12.72 dS/m), with pH of 8.14, 16.6% of organic matter and loamy sand texture; the soil<br />
heavy metals concentrations means were (in mg/kg): Ni: 135, Zn: 397, Pb: 323, Cd: 18 and Cu: 193. After<br />
plant culture, the heavy metals concentration in soil of C. dactylon were: Ni: 133, Zn: 129, Pb: 343, Cd: 17<br />
and Cu: 19; for S. torreyana the soil results were: Ni: 147, Zm: 135, Pb: 196, Cd 17 and Cu: 21; finally, for<br />
B. vulgaris var. cycla soil concentration were Ni: 114, Zn: 145, Pb: 341, Cd: 17 and Cu: 18. It was concluded<br />
that phytoremediation has an higly potential for heavy metal removal in polluted soils of “chinampas”.<br />
Keywords: Phytoremediation, heavy metals, Xochimilco, soil salinity.<br />
Extinction risk of threatened wood-living species in forest landscapes in relation<br />
with different histories and restoration strategies<br />
Ranius T. 1 , O. Kindvall 2<br />
1 Department of Entomology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden<br />
2 Swedish Species Information Centre, Uppsala, Sweden<br />
Dead wood is a critical resource for biodiversity in boreal forests. We analysed the persistence of hypothetical<br />
species inhabiting dead wood with characteristics that may be similar to species on national redlists,<br />
by combining a metapopulation model with models of dead wood dynamics of Norway spruce in<br />
central Sweden. Dead wood generated by altered management over the entire landscape was found to be<br />
less efficient in reducing extinction risks in comparison to the same amount of dead wood generated by<br />
protecting reserves. Because generation of dead wood by altered management is often less expensive<br />
than generation by setting aside reserves, it is difficult to determine which conservation measure that is<br />
most cost-efficient. The species’ colonisation ability was a critical factor for the efficiency of altered forest<br />
management, but empirical data are scarce. In a landscape that is used for forestry for the first time, it<br />
was better to preserve a few large reserves than many small. However, in a managed, highly fragmented<br />
forest landscape, it was better to set aside many small reserves, because it was possible to select small<br />
plots with high habitat quality, while the latter originally contained habitats both of high and low quality,<br />
and the rate of habitat quality increase was low. A strategy for biodiversity conservation in a managed<br />
forest landscape should include information about the history of the landscape, the current amount and<br />
spatial distribution of forest habitats, and the potential for rapid restoration of forest habitats, both on<br />
managed and unmanaged forest land.<br />
Keywords: population viability analysis, restoration, saproxylic, SLOSS.
238 Poster Presentations<br />
Cost efficiency of measures to increase coarse woody debris to preserve<br />
biodiversity<br />
Ranius T. 1 , H. Ekvall 2 , M. Jonsson 1 , G. Bostedt 2<br />
1 Dept of Entomology, P.O. Box 7044, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden<br />
2 Dept of Forest Economics. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden<br />
Changing silvicultural methods to improve habitat quality for forest organisms has become one of the main<br />
means to preserve forest biodiversity in Fennoscandia. In boreal forests, coarse woody debris (CWD) is an<br />
important substrate for red-listed species. Several modelling and field studies aim at evalutaing the efficiency<br />
of measures to improve habitat availability for species dependent on CWD. Here we present a modelling<br />
study in which we analysed cost efficiency of five management measures taken in Swedish forestry, which<br />
aim at increasing CWD in managed forests: retention of living trees at harvest, artificial creation of high<br />
stumps, manual scarification at clearcuts to avoid destruction of CWD, prolongation of the rotation period,<br />
and retention of naturally dying trees. For Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in different parts of Sweden,<br />
we calculated the present value and predicted the amount of CWD that will be present if the same management<br />
method is used over a long time. To retain reasonable amounts of naturally dying trees was always inexpensive,<br />
and in central and northern Sweden it was more economical to retain them than to harvest<br />
them. Creation of high stumps was a cost efficient method to increase the amount of CWD. Prolonging the<br />
rotation period was the most expensive way to increase CWD. We conclude that adopting several different<br />
measures to increase CWD in managed forests, as prescribed by certification standards today, is a good<br />
concept, but to be cost efficient the focus should be on different measures in different parts of Sweden.<br />
Keywords: Dead wood, forestry, FSC, Green tree retention.<br />
Restoration and management of mangrove forests through people’s<br />
participation: experiences from India<br />
Ratna N.<br />
Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India<br />
Mangrove forests are one of the most productive and biodiverse wetlands on earth. They are multiple use<br />
ecosystems that provide protective, productive and economic benefits to coastal communities in the form<br />
of wood products, non-wood products and aquatic products. Environmentally, mangrove forests act as a<br />
barrier against cyclones and prevent entry of saline water during storm surges, act as a buffer against<br />
floods and prevent coastal erosion, provide nursery grounds for a number of commercially important<br />
fish, enhance the fishery production of nearby coastal waters and provide habitats for wildlife. Today,<br />
coastal bio-diversity including the mangrove forests are under severe threat due to urban expansion, industrialization,<br />
pollution, human habitats, tourism and other associated human activities resulting into<br />
decline of marine life, degradation of clean water supplies, salinization of coastal soils, erosion, and land<br />
subsidence, and the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Another reason for such large-scale<br />
destruction is that until recently, the mangrove management plans gave importance only to the forest<br />
component of the mangrove wetlands and very limited or no attention was paid to the hydrological<br />
processes which are responsible for the stability of the mangrove. At the same time, insufficient attention<br />
is given to the inter-relationship between the health of the mangrove wetlands and the land and water<br />
use practices that are followed in the regions adjacent to mangroves. In addition, most of the mangrove<br />
management plans have failed to involve the local community as participants. In order to find viable,<br />
long-term, equitable solutions to mangrove deforestation, it is necessary to support and initiate smallscale<br />
mangrove restoration projects and promote hydrological rehabilitation of mangroves through active<br />
participation of the local community in the restoration and management process. Besides this, public<br />
awareness about the importance of mangrove forests should be promoted among the various stakeholders<br />
including local youths and grass root NGOs, who later must take the responsibility to conserve and<br />
sustainably manage their coastal forest areas. There is a need to support innovations in appropriate<br />
technologies and sustainable livelihood alternatives that help coastal communities to supplement their<br />
incomes in time of crises. Thus, we need to implement a pro-active five-pronged approach comprising of<br />
education, advocacy, collaboration, conservation and rehabilitation and sustainable community based<br />
development, for effective restoration and long term of preservation of mangroves.<br />
Keywords: mangrove forest, restoration, biodiversity.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 239<br />
The effect of fertilizers and hand planting on restoration of coastal zones,<br />
Caspian Area-Iran<br />
Razavi M. 1 , P. Azizi 2 , R. Rashidi 3 , F.K. Behjou 4<br />
1 Ph.D. student of Islamic Azad University-Science& Research Branch<br />
2 Scientific Board Member of Guilan University<br />
3 Scientific Board Member of Islamic Azad University-Lahijan Branch<br />
4 M.Sc. Student of Tehran University<br />
Some years ago Plantation of Pinus pinea in the coastal zone of Caspian Sea(Jafroud) as an Exotic<br />
species afforestation have been done. Now the most important matter is how to survive these hand plantations<br />
through treatments to restore vegetation cover of the coast. Early experiment of soil characteristics<br />
showed that Pinus pinea face with high lacking of "N", "P" and "K" elements. So a factorial fertilizer<br />
plan in the form of randomized complete design with four replications was carried out in this region<br />
throughout fertilizer sprying.Factor 1 was consisted of 3 levels of area fert. (a1=112, a2=224 and a3=336<br />
kgN/ha), factors 2 was consisted of 3 levels of super phosphate fert. (b1=56, b2= 112 and b3=168<br />
kgP2O5/ha) and factor 3 was consisted of 3 levels of potassium chloral fert. (c1= 22.8, c2=45.6 and<br />
c3=68.2 kgK2O/ha). Fertilizing had been carried out in two times, one in August 1999 and the other in<br />
March 2000.The purpose was identifying of the effects of fertilizers on height, diameter, tree needles and<br />
also on the concentration of "N", "P" and "K" elements on those trees. So we have measured and derived<br />
the effects on these parameters. At last results showed that the mixture of "N.P.K" fertilizers on the<br />
growth of height and tree needles has an agreeable effect on them. The highest growth needles and<br />
height was in a3b2c2 treatment. There was a high and significant correlation between growth of tree needles<br />
and growth of tree height. Also the main element limiting growth was N.<br />
Keywords: Soil characteristics, Pinus pinea, limiting-growth, macro element, critical nutrient level, factorial<br />
fertilizer plan.<br />
From fruit to frond in four short years–plant rescue & site rehabilitation, Coega,<br />
Eastern Cape, South Africa<br />
Redfern L.<br />
East Cape Consulting, Landscape & Environmental Services (ECCLES), 19 Amsterdam Hoek, Port Elizabeth 6210, Eastern<br />
Cape Province, South Africa<br />
On one hand, the inception of a massive, and controversial, industrial development project based around<br />
the construction of a deep-water port and surrounding industrial development zone (IDZ) in 2001 promised<br />
a much-needed economic boost into one of the poorest provinces of South Africa. On the other hand,<br />
the development site, some twelve-and-a-half thousand hectares in extent (31,000 acres), threatens a<br />
unique natural environment that has been the cause of much contention by environmental groups<br />
across the globe. The SA government acknowledges these concerns but claims that the social and economic<br />
returns will outweigh the environmental loss. Construction of infrastructures is now well under<br />
way and these adhere to far reaching environmental guidelines recommended by national conservation<br />
bodies and scientists. In the light of the need for environmental agencies to implement these guidelines<br />
in a holistic and sensitive manner, the company, ECCLES, was registered in 2001. ECCLES focuses on<br />
plant identification, translocation of IUCN Red Data species, rare species, local endemics, and; the rehabilitation<br />
of disturbed and degraded areas within this threatened environment with the aim of long-term<br />
conservation and integrity of the system, coupled with socio-economic consciousness in a marginalized<br />
community.<br />
Keywords: site rehabilitation, South Africa, industrial development, socio-economic, conservation.<br />
Restoration potential of spontaneous vegetation succession in gravel-sand pits:<br />
a landscape context<br />
Rehounková K.<br />
Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, C˘eské Budĕjovice, the Czech Republic<br />
A spatio-temporal variation of vegetation during spontaneous vegetation succession was studied in 36<br />
abandoned gravel-sand pits in the Czech Republic. The following habitat types were distinguished in the<br />
pits: dry, wet and shallow water. They ranged in the age of 1 to 75 yr since abandonment. In particular<br />
sites, 224 phytosociological reléves were recorded and surrounding vegetation was characterized. Participation<br />
of target species typical of grassland in relatively dry and warm regions, of woodland in relatively<br />
cold and wet regions and wetlands significantly depended on the occurrence of the respective communi-
240 Poster Presentations<br />
ties in the vicinity of 100 m. Abandoned gravel-sand pits might provide refugia for some rare plant<br />
species, especially those typical of nutrient poor substrates and wetlands. Landscape type (forest, agrarian,<br />
urban) significantly influenced the course of succession. Intensive agrarian or urban land-use of the<br />
landscape up to 1 km around a mining site can led to a greater occurence of ruderal and invasive species<br />
in abandoned pits. It can be concluded that semi-natural vegetation can be successfully restored by<br />
processes of spontaneous succession. Spontaneous succession reaches, in app. 25 yr, a desirable stage<br />
especially if semi-natural habitats still exist in the vicinity of a pit. Nevertheless, expansion of invasive<br />
species must be taken into consideration if they occur in the surrouding landscape.<br />
Keywords: gravel-sand pits, land-use, restoration, spontaneous sucession, vegetation.<br />
Restoration technique assessment and investigation: a multi-experiment<br />
investigation of Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canary grass) control in wet<br />
meadows<br />
Reinhardt C.H. 1,2 , S.M. Galatowitsch 1<br />
1 Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA<br />
2 Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA<br />
Even cursory post-restoration assessments are rare, leaving little opportunity to evaluate or improve<br />
methods from case studies. Here, a coordinated multi-experiment approach investigates effectiveness of<br />
restoration practices and suggests avenues for increased success. Effective control is needed for Phalaris<br />
arundinacea, a rhizomatous perennial grass that preempts native vegetation in northern US wet meadow<br />
restorations. Current methods involve spring burning and glyphosate herbicide application, but do not<br />
consistently result in Phalaris removal and native establishment. A multi-year, multi-site field experiment<br />
was the basis for investigating perceived failure of burning and herbicide to control Phalaris and promote<br />
natives. This experiment demonstrated that 1) late season herbicide applications were more effective, 2)<br />
burning did not reduce Phalaris or increase herbicide efficacy, and 3) Phalaris recolonization limited native<br />
establishment. Three follow-up experiments correspond with these results: 1) tissue analysis determined<br />
seasonal carbohydrate movement explains herbicide efficacy timing, 2) seed bank assays showed<br />
that burning reduced Phalaris seedbank, and 3) mesocosm studies revealed that minimal Phalaris seed<br />
densities limited native establishment, even when native seed density was high. Together, the field experiment<br />
and follow-up studies demonstrate that even with effective use of burning and herbicide, additional<br />
management (multiple seasons of site preparation control and post-restoration aftercare control) will<br />
be necessary to limit Phalaris reinvasion sufficiently to establish natives. Determining the mechanism behind<br />
failure of restoration techniques is complex enough that multi-experiment investigations are required.<br />
Such coordinated research is further justified by the increase in overall restoration efficiency<br />
gained from improving techniques based on new understanding.<br />
Keywords: controlled burning, glyphosate, invasive species control, restoration efficiency.<br />
Cultivated nopaleras (Opuntia spp.) as a mechanism for the recovery of<br />
ecological structure in the “Llanuras de Ojuelos,” México<br />
Riojas-López M.E. 1 , E. Mellink<br />
1 Departamento de Ecología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara,<br />
Guadalajara, Jalisco, México<br />
2 Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, División de Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Centro de Investigación<br />
Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, México<br />
Natural nopaleras (complex communities dominated by flat-stemmed Opuntia cacti) were historically one<br />
of the most notorious habitat features of the Llanuras de Ojuelos, central Mexico. During the last several<br />
decades large areas of them have been reduced or fragmented through their conversion to dry-land agriculture,<br />
their use as rangeland, and through human settlement, causing negative impacts on the native<br />
flora and fauna that used them. Re-establishment of natural nopaleras for conservation purposes does<br />
not seem viable. Conversely, over the last two decades there has been a widespread establishment of<br />
fruit-oriented cultivated nopaleras. These perennial agroecosystems of domesticated varieties of native<br />
Opuntia spp. are subject to only sporadic agricultural practices. Cultivated nopaleras provide habitat for<br />
several of the species that use natural ones. Of 8 rodent species that we have found in natural nopaleras,<br />
five occur in cultivated ones; the other depend on rocky soils that are typical of the remaining natural<br />
nopaleras but not of cultivated ones. We have not compared yet the bird and reptile communities of both<br />
types of nopalera, but our preliminary observations indicate that, at least, many of the species of both<br />
taxa that occur in natural nopaleras occur also in cultivated ones. Much remains to be learned on the<br />
ecology of both natural and cultivated nopaleras to assess how much of the loss and degradation of the
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 241<br />
prior can be compensated by the latter. Nevertheless, our observations evidence that cultivated nopaleras<br />
can play an important role in biological conservation of the region.<br />
Keywords: conservation, nopaleras, México, agroecosystems.<br />
Habilitation of lagoons formed by sand and gravel mining activities in river<br />
meadows as natural reserves: The case of the river Jarama (Madrid, Spain)<br />
Roblas N., C. Rozas, J. García-Avilés<br />
Centro de Investigaciones Ambientales de la Comunidad de Madrid (Environmental Research Center of Madrid). C/ San<br />
Sebastián, 71. 28791 Soto del Real - Madrid (Spain)<br />
The main objective of this study was to determine the key parameters controlling the naturalization<br />
process of artificial lagoons formed by sand and gravel mining activities in river meadows. Six restored<br />
and three un-restored lagoons and lagoon complexes in the Jarama river valley (Madrid, Spain) were<br />
studied. We analysed their evolution since mining was terminated. For this purpose, development of<br />
helophytic and riparian vegetation as indicators of the naturalization process in wetlands was determined<br />
by aerial photography digital processing (with the use of Idrisi32 software). We also gathered qualitative<br />
field information on some important parameters for lagoon evolution relating to morphometry, substratum,<br />
land uses and vegetation of the surrounding areas, human impact, etc. The results obtained<br />
showed that the key factors in naturalization processes of lagoons were shore slope, type of substratum<br />
and water level variation. Colonisation by vegetation therefore requires a gentle shore slope, a stable<br />
water level and a suitable substratum (granulometry, organic matter, permeability, etc.). In most of the<br />
“restored” lagoons the restoration methods carried out had no significant effects on naturalization due to<br />
the fact that they did not affect these key parameters. On the contrary, both in the un-restored lagoons,<br />
but in favourable environmental conditions, and in those in which the key parameters were corrected, a<br />
high level of naturalization was reached in just one decade.<br />
Keywords: Gravel-pit lake, sand and gravel mining, river meadow, Jarama river, Madrid.<br />
Restoration of wetlands invaded by exotic crayfish<br />
Rodríguez C.F. 1 , E. Bécares 2<br />
1 Instituto de Medio Ambiente. Universidad de León. La Serna 56, 24007, León Spain<br />
2 Area de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain<br />
For some decades, exotic species of freshwater crayfish were deliberately introduced in freshwater environments<br />
in Europe. The effect of these introductions was not only restricted to the displacement of the<br />
autochtonous species but also related to vegetation destruction and strong changes in the whole foodweb<br />
of the aquatic ecosystems. Restoration of wetlands in which exotic crayfishes have depleted their<br />
aquatic vegetation is extremely difficult due to their biological adaptations and the difficulty for reducing<br />
the turbid conditions created after plant destruction. An analysis of methods used for crayfish control<br />
and clear water phase restoration in shallow lakes are reviewed in the present work. The potential control<br />
of crayfish by natural enemies like eels (Anguilla anguilla) is analysed after discussing data form<br />
Menorca (Balearic Islands). Non-overlapped distribution of eels and red crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in<br />
the studied wetlands and the evidences of crayfish predation by eels supports this predator as a reasonable<br />
method for exotic crayfish control in Mediterranean wetlands.<br />
Keywords: wetlands restoration, exotic crayfish, biological control, eels.<br />
Differential effect of commercial AMF inocula and native AMF inocula on the<br />
growth of Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link<br />
Rodríguez-Echeverría S., H. Freitas<br />
IMAR. Department of Botany. University of Coimbra. 3000. Coimbra. Portugal<br />
Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link is a perennial, rhizomatous grass that naturally occurs in coastal foredunes<br />
of Europe and North Africa. This is the dominant species at the seaward slope and top of foredunes where<br />
sand accretion is intense. It is one of the most important species for dune stabilisation and land reclamation<br />
projects worldwide. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) also play an important role in sand dune stabilisation.<br />
They enhance plant growth by improving nutrient uptake and sand aggregation and some studies<br />
have shown a positive correlation between the density of Ammophila plants and the density of AMF<br />
spores in soil. Available commercial AMF inoculants are commonly used for agriculture and management
242 Poster Presentations<br />
projects. However, several studies have shown that the effect of AMF depends on the identity of both the<br />
fungi and plant involved in the mutualism. We design an experiment to compare the effect of a commercial<br />
inocula vs. an inocula prepared using soil from the rhizosphere of A. arenaria on the growth of this plant<br />
species. Plant biomass was measured after 15 weeks of growth under controlled conditions. Significant<br />
differences were found between all treatments. Plant biomass was higher in plants colonised by native<br />
AMF and lower in plants colonised by the commercial G. mosseae. These results highlight the differences<br />
in terms of plant benefit between different isolates of AMF. Since the effect of AMF can range from mutualism<br />
to parasitism, it is essential a careful evaluation of the inocula to be used for revegetation strategies.<br />
Keywords: sand, dune, ammophila arenaria (L.) Link.<br />
Restoration of a species-rich ecosystem from the semi-arid zone of Western<br />
Australia following sand extraction<br />
Rokich D.P. 1 , K.W. Dixon 2<br />
1 Senior Restoration Ecologist<br />
2 Science Director Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Perth, WA, Australia<br />
The south-west of Western Australia is one of the mega diverse regions of the world. The state is also resource<br />
rich, producing over one third of the Australian GDP. The ability to restore sites following mining<br />
or extraction in these semi-arid lands is of utmost practical importance, but presents major problems in<br />
terms of the areas involved, paucity of knowledge on the restoration ecology of native plants and the<br />
strong seasonal aridity associated with a Mediterranean-type ecosystem. Further, while the focus of previous<br />
mine reclamations elsewhere has been on the restoration of biological components, the soil and hydrologic<br />
components generally have been neglected. Studies undertaken by the restoration research<br />
group at Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Perth, Western Australia, have enabled research of a wide<br />
spectrum of new and innovative methods for tackling post-mining restoration of bio-diverse ecosystems.<br />
By analysing soil seed-banks for optimisation of soil-borne seed recoveries, understanding ecological<br />
processes influencing plant establishment, and using innovative restoration methods, a highly successful<br />
species replacement and rehabilitation program has been established for some ecosystems. Coupled with<br />
the use of smoke-mediated germination, which in some systems produces a 42-fold increase in total germinants<br />
and a 3-fold increase in number of species, near total species replacement is a very real possibility<br />
for some systems. This presentation will review current restoration practises and data on the soil<br />
seed bank, soil handling, soil and plant pre-treatments and restoration research being utilised to restore<br />
semi-arid vegetation after sand extraction.<br />
Keywords: post-sand extraction, restoration, soil seedbanks, smoke germination, soil pre-treatments,<br />
plant pre-treatments.<br />
Tree regeneration in artificial canopy gaps in a protected forest in Finland<br />
Rouvinen S., J. Kouki<br />
University of Joensuu, Faculty of Forestry, Joensuu, Finland<br />
In Finland, many protected forest areas have a long history of utilization, and consequently, they lack<br />
several naturally occurring stand characteristics. By creating small canopy gaps, that mimic small-scale<br />
disturbances typical for natural boreal forests, it is possible to diversify forest structure and tree species<br />
composition and to produce more dead wood while still maintaining the typical microclimatic conditions.<br />
The aims of this study are to examine the effects of artificial gap formation on post-disturbance tree regeneration<br />
and development. In particular, the effects of size and composition of a gap is experimentally<br />
examined. A total of 60 small canopy gaps have been done in young pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) -dominated<br />
forest in eastern Finland in spring 2003. The diameter of the gap varies from 0.5 to 2 times of the height<br />
of the trees in the surrounding forest. The number of girdled trees in the gaps varies from 0 to 100% of<br />
all treated trees (cut+girdled) (a measure of the composition). Birches (Betula pendula Roth.) were seeded<br />
on the gaps, both on the undisturbed soil patches and the disturbed, scarified soil patches. The shortterm<br />
results show that (1) artificial regeneration of birch succeed poorly, even on the disturbed soil<br />
patches, (2) natural regeneration of pine has been plentiful on the disturbed soil, and (3) birch did not regenerate<br />
on very small-sized gaps. In conclusion, diversifying of young pine-dominated forests by tree<br />
species mixture seems to be difficult when small artificial gaps are used.<br />
Keywords: boreal forest, forest protection, forest restoration, gap dynamics, tree regeneration.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 243<br />
Effects of restoration on species richness and floristic composition of a<br />
protected coastal shrubland (Canary Islands)<br />
Rüdiger O. 1 , G.M. Morales 1 , J.D. Delgado 1,2 , C.G. Escudero 1 , J. Méndez 1 , J.M. Fernández-<br />
Palacios 1<br />
1 Group of Research in Island Ecology, Dept. Of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, E-38206 University of La Laguna, Tenerife,<br />
Canary Islands, Spain<br />
2 Dept. of Basic Physics, Faculty of Physics, E-38206 University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain<br />
Secondary succession of vegetation in arid regions is recognized to be very slow. Few studies document<br />
recovery of arid ecosystems after severe disturbances which can be altered by the spread of exotic<br />
species. The coastal scrub of Tenerife, rich in native and endemic shrubs, has been dramatically disturbed<br />
in the last decades by intensification of land use. Local authorities have developed programmes to<br />
restore some coastal areas through landscape ameliorations and restitution of substratum. We evaluated<br />
the results of a restoration programme in the Montaña Amarilla Natural Monument (South of Tenerife,<br />
Canary Islands). Results of the restoration monitoring including 11 permanent plots showed a steep increase<br />
in annual species the first year after restoration, which can be attributed to the addition of soil.<br />
Many of these annuals are exotic and some of them reached high cover values. The decline in species<br />
richness in the second year after restoration was probably due to climatic fluctuations. The seeding of<br />
native perennial species had not the expected success, although ruderal native perennials were more frequent<br />
after the restoration. The lack of exotic perennials is mostly due to the eradication programme.<br />
Multivariate analysis showed temporal changes in floristic composition but could not yet reveal successional<br />
trends. Since propagules of target species are still available in the nearer surroundings, secondary<br />
succession towards natural coastal scrub with a substitution of exotic annuals by native and endemic<br />
shrubs is expected in the future.<br />
Keywords: Restoration, coastal scrub, richness, exotics, life form, ordination analysis, Canary Islands,<br />
secondary succession, arid environment.<br />
Environmental measures on a landscape road in Almonte (Huelva)<br />
Ruiz J. 1 , L. Ramajo 2<br />
1 TECNOMA. Spain<br />
2 Department of Publics Works. GIASA. Junta de Andalucía<br />
During 2002 the Andalusia Department of Public Works began the upgrading of an existing road located in<br />
the surrounding of Doñana National Park crossing one of the main habitats of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus).<br />
Attending to some prescriptions coming from different environmental authorities such as Doñana<br />
National Park, the Andalusia Environmental Department and ADENA-WWF a complete set of environmental<br />
measures were designed by the Public Works Department and implemented during road works in order<br />
to reach the following main objectives: Avoid the wildlife barrier effect; reduction of the number of roadkills,<br />
(specially for the Iberian Lynx) and environmental-responsible driving behaviour promotion. The road<br />
crosses a thick Mediterranean stone pine forest with single cork oak trees accompanied with scrub vegetation<br />
and natural prairies giving support to an important wildlife community. Young lynxes born in Doñana<br />
use these pine forest for dispersion and it is well known that the traffic of Doñana`s adjacent roads is one<br />
of the main causes of their mortality. In this way the following measures were effectively executed: i)<br />
drainage works (culverts) redimentioning and fauna underpasses and new bridge at the “Gato” stream<br />
used by dispersive lynx as a natural corridor, equipped with lateral high-water paths ii) installation of specific<br />
drift fences designed for lynx diversion, extra high and thick in order to guide the animals to the underpasses,<br />
iii) escape ramps, iv) deforestation of the roadside stripe, that would dissuaded animals from<br />
crossing the road when forced to open field; v) Installation of light-reflexive posts along the road line, vi)<br />
construction of underpasses designed for amphibians. Some other measures were also implemented such:<br />
i) green colour bitumen along 8 kilometres (green road) that would show the distinctive nature of the road<br />
to the drivers, ii) speed traffic limitation, iii) speed control measures such 2 metres long humb section,<br />
rumble strips and new round-abouts located in four roadkill high risk sectors identified, and iv) a new<br />
rest-area to provide relevant information about the natural values of the site to the visitors.<br />
Keywords: Roadkill, barrier effect, Iberian lynx, public use.
244 Poster Presentations<br />
Restoration and environmental compensation measures in the dam of Andévalo<br />
(Huelva)<br />
Ruiz J. 1 , N. Cifuentes 2 , D. Delgado 1 , N Navarro 1<br />
1 TECNOMA. Spain<br />
2 Hydrographic confederation of the Guadiana river. Ministry of Environment. Spain<br />
Presentation relative to the restoration and environmental compensation works in the surroundings of a<br />
big dam located in the west of Andalusia (Mountains of Huelva). The Andévalo dam (1830 meters long<br />
and 77 meters high) regulated 600 Hm 3 with an overall water surface of 3630 Ha. A number of restoration<br />
and environmental compensation actions have been established. Specific emphasis shall be given to<br />
the “Quemadillos” island. (360 Ha), which supports a reforestation of eucalyptus in a terraces pattern<br />
plantation, showing low indices of flora and fauna diversity and clear problems of soil conservation. The<br />
objectives of the works are centred in: i) increasing the biodiversity, ii) protecting the soil and restraining<br />
the erosive phenomena and iii) establishing the long term monitoring infrastructures and promoting the<br />
public use and information facilities. The most relevant performances are the following: i) eucalyptus<br />
plantation eradication and reforestation by using oaks and Mediterranean bush, ii) construction of a<br />
fauna permanent overpass over the reservoir to limit the barrier effect, oriented towards the Iberian lynx,<br />
iii) creation of pasturelands and natural prairies with local soil improvement, iv) rabbit restock and creation<br />
of burrows, v) creation of micro-reservoirs to increase the availability of water for the fauna during<br />
the summer, vi) construction of controlled garbage dump for vultures and other necrophagous birds, vii)<br />
installation of nests and artificial alights for storks and herons, viii) construction of a half-buried building<br />
for monitoring, investigation and public information, complemented with footpaths, signalling and information<br />
systems for the visitors. The set of measures has been designed in a synergic form, and lean<br />
on the present conditions and aptitude of the zone to undertake the recovery and restoration.<br />
Keywords: Mediterranean bush, restoration, dam, rabbit restock, public use.<br />
Total dissolved and total particulate zinc in the Nozha Hydrodrome, south of<br />
Alexandria, Egypt<br />
Saad M.A.H., A.M. Safty<br />
Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Moharem Bey, Alexandria, Egypt<br />
The Hydrodrome, covering area of 5.04 km 2 and average depth of 2.11 m, became polluted in recent years<br />
from the feeding contaminated Nile water. Surface water samples were collected monthly from this lake for<br />
studying seasonal distribution of total dissolved zinc (TDZn), total suspended matter (TSM) and total particulate<br />
zinc (TPZn). The high amounts of TSM affected the distribution of TDZn. The behavior of Zn was<br />
generally governed with pH variations, influencing adsorption/desorption processes. The relative increase<br />
in TDZn in the lake compared with earlier data illustrates the effects of heavy metal pollution in recent<br />
years. The maximum average TDZn value at the location of breeding ducks coincided possibly with the<br />
erosion factors working on the large over floating metallic constructions built for this activity. The large<br />
amounts of organic matter derived from duck wastes containing TDZn participate in the increase in TDZn<br />
through phytoplankton recycling. The zonal distribution of TSM in the lake was limited. The feeding canal<br />
seemed to be not the main source of TSM, confirming existence of another source of TSM for the lake. The<br />
TSM peaks in spring and summer prove the biogenic TSM origin. It seemed that most of Zn in the lake, especially<br />
the inorganic forms, reached its water via anthropogenic sources and TPZn dominated the TDZn.<br />
A positive regression equation existed between TSM and TPZn; TSM = 24.483 ± 4.27 + 0.04 ± 0.02 TPZn (r<br />
= 0.354, p < 0.013). This illustrates that the bulk of TSM was composed of TPZn plus other contributors.<br />
The seasonal TPZn peak in April in the lake and its feeding waters increased the annual mean concentration<br />
for the lake. The very high TPZn scored in April in front of the feeding canal reflected these spring<br />
peaks and mostly resulted from garbage wastes and letter dumped into the uncovered feeding canal.<br />
Keywords: lake, suspended matter, dissolved zinc, particulate zinc, Egypt.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 245<br />
Social constrains for restoration of arid shrub steppes in Northern Patagonia<br />
(Argentina)<br />
Sade V. 1,2 , G.A. Zuleta 1,2<br />
1 Environmental Studies Unit, CEBBAD, Maimónides University. Buenos Aires, Argentina<br />
2 Dept. of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina<br />
Cattle raising and oil/gas exploitation are the two major degradation factors of arid ecosystems in Patagonia.<br />
Scientific and technological solutions seem to be not enough to restore them due to the people’s acceptance<br />
risk to perform sustainable management and rehabilitation techniques. In order to explore<br />
these constrains, we investigated the social framework and awareness to nature degradation/restoration<br />
of the Monte Austral ecoregion (Neuquén and Río Negro provinces), by means of deep interviews and<br />
legal/social analyses. We determined four major interest groups (stakeholders) responsible for the problems<br />
and their solutions: public agencies (G1), research & management institutions (G2), livestock farmers<br />
(G3), and private companies (G4). According to the influence of the decision making on environmental<br />
management and policies, the relative importance of each group was: G1 >> G2 > G4 (G3 has almost no<br />
participation), whereas the ranking according to the degradation effects on socioeconomic benefits was:<br />
G3 >> G4 > G2 = G1. As a result, the higher the restoration needs a social group has, the lower is its decision-making<br />
capability to promote changes. Three major causes explain these results: the precarious<br />
land tenure status of most farms (circa 90%), the confusing legislation for environmental management<br />
(lack of specific standards, confusing concepts), and the low general public awareness. Solutions to overcome<br />
social constrains strongly depend on changes in policy mechanisms and in public’s perception of<br />
ecosystem degradation. We propose four basic measures: immediate reduction on land tenure complexity,<br />
inclusion of public’s direct participation in the decision making process, development of educational<br />
campaigns, and enhancing the application of legal and technical regulation.<br />
Keywords: cattle raising, oil companies, stakeholders, ecosistem degradation, social risk.<br />
Some aspects of phytophilic faunas formation and its production in reservoirscoolers<br />
Sadyrin V.M.<br />
Institute of Biology Komi Science Centre Ural Division of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia<br />
We have studied phitophilic fauna of 2 reservoirs of coolers thermoelectric power station with turnaround<br />
system of water supply, the oldest in Russia, constructed in 1924-1925. The reservoirs settle down In the<br />
Moscow and Nizhniy Novgorod region (57º N). Both reservoirs - coolers are created on the basis of small<br />
lakes and small rivers closed in a ring form uniform reservoir. In it excavations on increase in capacity of a<br />
reservoir have been carried out. Thermal water of thermoelectric power station is dumped In reservoirs. In<br />
reservoirs warmed-up (3,0-32,0 o C) water heat-electric generating station is dumped. For 80 years period of<br />
the existence there was a restoration broken by the person water ecosystem, consisted of a circuit lakes and<br />
small rivers. Ecological succession in the given reservoirs has got specific features:1) Process of overgrown<br />
with macrovegetation went faster, than in natural reservoirs, associations of southern water plants have appeared,<br />
2) Indigene northern fauna has been began influence of high temperatures for it. However it has not<br />
disappeared. In reservoirs the southern species unusual for the given northern latitude of exploration were<br />
installed. It is revealed seven northern and five southern coexistenced phytophilic invertebrates species<br />
formed steady populations, 3)Highly productive phytophilic community with a high species variety is created,<br />
4) Reservoirs-coolers have quickly passed serial stages and now are close to a condition of "climax"<br />
Keywords: phytophilic community,thermal water, fauna, reservoirs-coolers.<br />
Experiences in ecological restoration of pyrite mining areas of southern Spain<br />
Saiz J.L. 1 , F. Macías 2 , C.J. Ceacero 1 , A.J. López 3<br />
1 Egmasa. Johan G. Gutenberg, s/n. Isla de la Cartuja. 41092. Sevilla<br />
2 Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola. Universidad Santiago de Compostela. Campus Universitario Sur. 15782<br />
Santiago de Compostela<br />
3 Consejería de Medio Ambiente. Junta de Andalucía. Avda. Manuel Siurot, s/n. Casa Sudheim. 41013. Sevilla<br />
In 1993, the Environment Agency initiated a series of projects with the joint funding of the European<br />
Union –through FEDER funds- and the Government of Andalusia in order to mitigate the contamination<br />
resulting from the abandoned mining activity that occurred in the geological formation known as the<br />
“Pyrite Belt”. The different restoration actions that were implemented in 20 mining areas included the<br />
mining waste withdrawal and sealing, mining wells sealing, perimeter drainage control channels and calcareous<br />
traps for water pH control purposes. In order to complete the mining impacts correction, a sec-
246 Poster Presentations<br />
ond phase consisting of landscape integration and soil restoration activities was initiated. According to<br />
this, a series of experimental plots were established in 1998 in order to study the revegetation ability of<br />
soils affected by acidification processes derived from the mining activity, applying different claiming<br />
treatments for soil restoration and different plant species for revegetation. Later, in order to determine<br />
the most adequate plant species and soil treatments, the causes of plant mortality, the efficiency of the<br />
corrective treatments on soil conditions and the effects of heavy metals accumulation on plants, soil and<br />
vegetation samplings were conducted. As a result, a series of threshold levels for vegetation establishment<br />
in these extreme environments were defined. Additionaly the obtained results show satisfactory<br />
adaptation of some of the species that were considered (Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster, Cistus ladanifer) to<br />
acidic systems. Likewise, the incidence of soil parameters, pH and iron on the availability of heavy metals<br />
and arsenic and its absorption by plants are shown.<br />
Keywords: Phytotoxicity, pH, vegetation response, soil response.<br />
Water availability and morpho-functional traits in Mediterranean grasslands<br />
Sánchez-Jardón L., M.D. Martín Agudo, B. Acosta, E. García-Ibañez, M.A. Casado, F. Díaz<br />
Pineda<br />
Departamento Interuniversitario de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain<br />
In mediterranean grasslands, soil water availability varies regionally (with altitude) and locally (according to<br />
geomorphology). Environmental conditions determine well known patterns in floristic composition and associated<br />
morpho-functional traits (MFTs). The aim of the present study is to analyse the relationship between<br />
water availability and relative abundance of MFTs. Five locations along an altitudinal gradient of<br />
1200 m were sampled in Central Spain. In each location, two 160 m 2 plots were set up on the upper and<br />
lower part of a south-facing slope. Relative abundance of 53 MFTs in each plot was evaluated as the number<br />
of species that presented a given trait. The first axis of a Detrended Correspondence Analysis explained<br />
64% of the total variance. The axis was related to the altitudinal gradient and revealed an ecological persistence<br />
trend: gradual change from ecological strategies r (lower altitude) to K (higher altitude). A pattern in<br />
water availability is investigated experimentally in two extreme temperature conditions as a function of<br />
water evaporation process, and was related to the ecological persistence trend. Results showed that parameters<br />
of the evaporation process that affect the ecological trend depended on temperature setting: when it<br />
was high, water stress in soil led to r strategies, whereas when it was low, total duration of the evaporation<br />
process determined strategies type K. These patterns of variation allow to adequate restoration practices in<br />
Mediterranean grasslands and to predict the consequences of various scenarios of climatic change.<br />
Keywords: altitudinal gradient, ecosystem function, water stress, geomorphological influence, land use.<br />
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on leaf growth, senescence and<br />
nutrient content of Juncus maritimus in a brackish marsh<br />
Sanmartí N. 1 , M. Menéndez, 1 , F.A. Comín 2<br />
1 Departament d’Ecologia. Facultat de Biología. Universitat de Barcelona. Avgda. Diagonal, 645. 08028 Barcelona. Spain<br />
2 Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología. Campus Aula Dei. Avda. Montaña 1005. Apdo 202. 50080 Zaragoza. Spain<br />
Eutrophication decreases diversity of ecosystems. Natural systems of the Ebro Delta are strongly affected<br />
by nutrient rich freshwater discharges from rice fields and the river. In Garxal marsh (Ebro Delta, NE<br />
Spain) a displacement of Juncus maritimus by Phragmites australis was observed during the last ten<br />
years. In order to understand the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth cycle of J. maritimus<br />
and its potential use for brackish marsh restoration, nutrients were added experimentally to plant tussocks<br />
to determine their effects on leaf growth, senescence and nutrient contents. A positive effect of N, P<br />
and N plus P was observed on leaf growth. The effect was higher in leaves budding at the beginning of<br />
summer than in leaves budding at the beginning of spring. Both N and P contents in the leaves increased<br />
in fertilised treatments. Senescence and death of J. maritimus leaves proceeds from the leaf tip to the<br />
base following an exponential model. Senescence rate was higher in leaves tagged in April than in leaves<br />
tagged in June. Significant effect of fertilization was observed in the leaves tagged in April increasing<br />
senescence rate under P and N plus P treatment. In the leaves from the June cohort only significant effect<br />
of P addition on mortality was observed. Seasonal differences were observed on leaf fall under different<br />
nutrient additions. Addition of N and P increased leaf fall, an 80% of tagged leaves became detached<br />
at the end of the senescence, whereas only a 45% were fallen in the unfertilised plots. These results indicate<br />
that brackish marsh restoration can not rely on re-establishment of hydrologic connectivity only but<br />
also on nutrient reduction because increasing landscape diversity by establishing an environmental gradient<br />
from fresh to salt water may be counteracted by the diversity decrease effect associated to increas-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 247<br />
ing nutrient rich flows into marshes. Knowing the effects of nutrient fertilization on population dynamics<br />
is a key tool for habitat restoration of marshes submitted to fresh and marine discharges.<br />
Keywords: brackish marsh, restoration, nutrients, emergent macrophytes, growth, senescence.<br />
Potential utilization of Cistus ladanifer L. in mining revegetation<br />
Santos E.S. 1 , M.M. Abreu 2 , C. Nabais 3 , L. Cancela 1<br />
1 Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal<br />
2 Departamento de Ciências do Ambiente, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda,<br />
Portugal<br />
3 Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal<br />
Mining and smelting can produce large quantities of volatile and dust particles, which contain high concentrations<br />
of trace metals, and may contaminate soils, waters and vegetation. These levels of trace metals<br />
are found in and around the mines due to the discharge and dispersion of mine waste materials into<br />
the ecosystem. Establishment of vegetation cover is essential to stabilize the area and to minimize both<br />
physical and chemical environmental impacts. The use of resistant flora can be a strategy for the recovery<br />
of areas with high content of trace metals and with economic interest. Cistus ladanifer L. is found in<br />
a wide range of latitudes, altitudes, climate, and soil types, and it has a large capacity of adaptation to<br />
sites with different levels of degradation. This investigation focuses on the possibilities of revegetation of<br />
waste materials in mining areas using C. ladanifer to minimise the impacts of the mining activities. Cistus<br />
ladanifer seeds and leaves with different development stages (young, mature and old), growing on<br />
waste materials from an abandoned copper mine of São Domingos, SE Portugal were collected. For comparison,<br />
the same parts of the same species were also collected in a non-contaminated site, Serra do<br />
Caldeirão, South of Portugal. Total As, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn were analysed in leaves and seeds of C. ladanifer.<br />
Total chemical analyses, as well as the available fractions of As, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn were carried out<br />
on waste materials and soils. The obtained results for plants, soils and waste materials were correlated.<br />
Keywords: Cistus ladanifer, revegetation, phytoremediation, mine spoil.<br />
Effects of watering and fertilization on the quality of nursery-grown Quercus<br />
seedlings<br />
Sanz-Pérez V. 1 , P. Castro-Díez 1 , F. Valladares 2 , I. Santos 3<br />
1 Departamento de Ecología, Unversidad de Alcalá. Madrid. Spain<br />
2 Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales. CSIC. Serrano 115. 28006 Madrid. Spain<br />
3 TRAGSA, División de I+D e Innovación. C/ Julián Camarillo 6b, 4ª Planta Sector A, 28037 Madrid<br />
We look for the fertilization and watering level that optimise plant seedling growth and starch storage in<br />
three Mediterranean oaks (Quercus): Q. coccifera (QC), Q. ilex (QI) and Q. faginea (QF). The experiment<br />
consisted in three levels of fertilization (5, 50 and 200 mg of N per plant and growing period) and three of<br />
watering (36, 58 and 67% of soil field capacity). Treatments were applied to current-year seedlings between<br />
May and October. 4-10 seedlings per species and treatment were harvested in May and in October<br />
to calculate biomass and relative growth rate. Plant starch content was assessed in 5 seedlings in October.<br />
Moderate fertilization increased the total amount of starch per plant in QI and QF, although its effect<br />
on starch concentration was positive in QI and negative in QF. QC showed no response. The highest fertilization<br />
decreased both the total amount and the concentration of starch in the three species, probably<br />
due to toxicity. QF increased both the amount and the concentration of starch to increasing levels of watering,<br />
QI was negatively affected by high watering, probably due to root anoxia, and QC showed no response.<br />
Moderate levels of both resources maximised simultaneously growth rate and starch storage in<br />
all cases, except in QF, which exhibited highest growth and starch storage in high watering. We conclude<br />
that the optimum nursery treatment should be assessed for each species, and that large plant size may<br />
be accompanied by low starch reserves, which makes them more vulnerable to transplant shock and<br />
habitat-induced stresses.<br />
Keywords: seedling quality, starch reserves, RGR, fertilization, irrigation.
248 Poster Presentations<br />
Integrating ecological restoration with biodiversity conservation in a high<br />
diversity region: The Transvolcanic Belt of Central Mexico<br />
Sarkar S. 1 , T. Fuller 1 , M. Munguía 2 , M. Mayfield 1 , V. Sánchez-Cordero 2<br />
1 Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C0390, Austin, TX 78712 –1180, USA;<br />
2 Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Aptdo. Postal 70-153, México<br />
D.F. 04510, México.<br />
Existing methods for the design of conservation area networks (CANs) are extended to: (i) augment<br />
connectivity in networks using techniques from graph theory; and (ii) incorporate multiple design and<br />
socio-economic criteria. This approach is illustrated by developing a plan for the conservation of biodiversity<br />
and potential ecological restoration in the Transvolcanic Belt of central Mexico. An iterative<br />
place prioritization algorithm based on rarity and complementarity was used to select sites with untransformed<br />
vegetation that include 10 % of the habitat of each of 99 non-volant mammal species<br />
which are used here as biodiversity surrogates. External sites were then identified to link conservation<br />
areas to facilitate migration or egress of biota in the event of local environmental catastrophes. These<br />
external sites were those that would be selected to represent biodiversity surrogates at higher percentage<br />
targets. Thus, these are sites for potential ecological restoration. The most economical sets of contiguity<br />
areas needed to link all conservation areas were identified using graph-theoretic protocols. The<br />
network constructed ab initio required 6.02 % of the regional area whereas the network initialized with<br />
existing protected areas required 9.13 %. In both cases, an additional area of only about 1.5 % of the<br />
region would be required to establish minimal connectivity. Finally, a multiple criterion synchronization<br />
technique was used to select those connected networks which best simultaneously optimized: (i)<br />
uniform connectivity; (ii) low total area; and (iii) low human population impact<br />
Keywords: connectivity; ecological restoration; graph theory; Mexico; reserve selection; Transvolcanic Belt.<br />
The Leaning Tower of Pisa, Modern Art, and the accidental rainforest: lessons in<br />
creative conservation and environmental justice<br />
Scott R.<br />
Landlife. The National Wildflower Centre, Court Hey Park, Liverpool L16 3NA<br />
It is the business of nature conservation to respect past events and assemblages of species, and yet nature<br />
itself is about opportunity and responding to change. In a changing world we need to be able to<br />
react positively and practically to circumstance in order to deliver landscapes that have ecological worth,<br />
scale, and sustainability. This poster features two simple tales from the real world, and highlights practical<br />
examples of how to turn the tide of relentless environmental degradation, by innovative approaches<br />
and inspirational project work. Sometimes it is about stepping outside of conventional wisdom, and trying<br />
new approaches to old problems. It can be about turning things on their head, more often it is about<br />
trying different solutions, building upon past good practice and inspiring others to follow. It is also about<br />
addressing the problem of the ecological poverty of the land outside nature reserves and biodiversity<br />
hotspots, in places where the majority of people actually live; delivering environmental justice and raising<br />
people’s aspirations about what is possible. Above all it represents a creative pathway that relies as<br />
much on cultural wisdom, artistic thought and common sense as good applied ecology.<br />
Keywords: Leaning Tower of Pisa, nature conservation, past events, artistic thought, landscape.<br />
Restoration of lake ecosytems–A Case study<br />
Sekhar M.Ch.<br />
Lecturer in Civil Engineering, Water & Environment Division. National Institute of Technology, Warangal - 506 004, India<br />
Increasing population and human activity pressures are wreaking greater degradation of natural resources,<br />
and damage to the environment and ecological system around the world. Increasing intensities<br />
of industrial, agricultural and recreational activities have contaminated lake waters, thereby jeopardizing<br />
the health of the ecosystem and threatening its sustainability. In the recent decades, greater<br />
public awareness of environment degradation has prompted demands for conservation and restoration<br />
measures and pollution abatement practices. That these have not been forthcoming to a sufficient degree<br />
on a voluntary basis has been the catalyst for rising number of calls for public interaction and<br />
participation. Surveillance of water quality parameters of lakes, especially with urban catchment is<br />
very essential to have a clear idea of the state of eutrophication and to restore the lake ecosystem from<br />
further deterioration. The present paper presents the results of such study carried out on Bhadri tank,<br />
which acts as the summer storage tank for the augmentation of Warangal Water Supply from the
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 249<br />
Kakatiya Canal. Some of the restoration techniques applicable for the Bhadri Lake ecosystem are discussed<br />
in the present study.<br />
Keywords: Ecosystem, lake restoration, water quality management, urban landuse, source control.<br />
Effect of buffer strip on species diversity in the immediate surroundings boreal<br />
brook habitats<br />
Selonen V.A.O., J.S. Kotiaho<br />
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland<br />
In Finland, ensuring biological diversity in the forests is taken into account in both Forest Act and in the<br />
Nature Conservation Act. In the Forest Act, certain key biotopes have been defined as habitats of special<br />
importance, where rare and demanding species are expected to occur. These habitats will be left out of aggressive<br />
forestry operations. In our studies, the main focus is on the width and age of the buffer strip<br />
around brooks. Studies are conducted in the boreal coniferous forests in Finland by studying vascular<br />
plants and mosses (Bryopsida). We found that the plant species community in the vicinity of brook was affected<br />
by the interaction of time since harvest and the width of the buffer strip. Number of species declines<br />
with time since harvest and the decline is most drastic in the most narrow buffer strips. Moss species in<br />
the vicinity of brook were also affected by the width of the buffer strip. In the vicinity of the brook there occurred<br />
more rare moss species than further from the brook. In the wider buffer strips, both moss and<br />
plant species communities in the vicinity of the brook remained rather constant trough the time. We conclude<br />
that wide buffer strips can prevent the effects that harvesting has on species communities on the<br />
immediate surrounding of the brook as well as ensure and restore habitats of special importance.<br />
Keywords: Boreal forest, buffer strip, diversity.<br />
Germination of seeds of some shrubby plants used in the revegetation of ski<br />
slopes of Sierra Nevada (S Spain)<br />
Serrano-Bernardo F. 1 , J.L. Rosúa 1 , M. Díaz-Miguel 2<br />
1 Departamento de Botánica. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Granada. Spain<br />
2 Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Granada. Spain<br />
The works of conditioning and opening of new facilities in the ski station of Sierra Nevada (S Spain) has<br />
seriously altered the landscape, an area of great floristic importance and very rich in endemic species.<br />
Therefore, restoration work is indispensable in this zone. Previous laboratory studies on the germination<br />
of seeds from plants growing in the surroundings of the ski station indicated that certain growth regulators<br />
substantially increased the degree of germination in the species studied. According to the data compiled,<br />
an experiment was performed under controlled conditions with seeds of the following endemic<br />
species of the Betic Sierras: Genista versicolor, Hormathophylla spinosa, Reseda complicata, and Thymus<br />
serpylloides subsp. serpylloides. Seeds were pretreated for 12-24 h with different regulators, according to<br />
the cases, and afterwards sown in three types of different soils of the ski zone. The conditions were 15°C<br />
day/4°C night temperatures and a photoperiod of 12 h. For 60 days, the evolution of the germination<br />
was followed. Although the results were not very satisfactory, fundamentally with relation to the untreated<br />
seeds, in general, the pretreatments tested provided results that substantially exceeded the degree of<br />
germination reached by the respective controls. In this sense, it bears highlighting the increases that resulted<br />
from applying Ethrel 10 ppm, 12 h in Genista (33% against 9% control); Benzyladenine 10 ppm,<br />
12 h in Hormathophylla (30% against 9% control; Benzyladenine 10 ppm, 24 h in Reseda (44% against<br />
23% control; and Inabarplant IV 10 ppm, 24 h in Thymus (36% against 6% control).<br />
Keywords: Endemic species, germination, plant growth regulators, revegetation, ski slopes.<br />
Is allelopathy a driving force in forest succession?<br />
Shaolin P., Z. Chen<br />
South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, China<br />
Allelopathy is a major research subject in chemecology, it studies the relationships between the biology<br />
and abiotic environment. Since 1960s, several scientists have studied the allelopathy in relation to plant<br />
ecology. Now most researches are being done on herbaceous plants and few on woody plants, because of<br />
their long lifecycle and slow response to allelopathic substances. Hence, we studied the dynamics and<br />
role of allelopathy in forest ecosystem. The traditional ecological theory states that the main driving
250 Poster Presentations<br />
forces in forest succession are light and water. However, our results of more than 20 years of fieldwork<br />
on six major tree species (Cryptocarya chinensis, Cryptocarya concinna, Schima superba, Castanopsis chinesis,<br />
Caryota ochlandra and Castanopsis fissa) of Dinghu mountain showed that a) all these test species<br />
contain allelochemicals, b) allelopathy affects the succession among these species and c) allelopathy play<br />
important role in forest succession. Thus we put forward a hypothesis that allelopathy, light and water,<br />
may be considered as the major driving forces in tropical and sub-tropical forest succession.<br />
Keywords: Allelopathy, cabbage Castanopsis chinesis, Castanopsis fissa, Caryota ochlandra, Cryptocarya<br />
chinensis, Cryptocarya concinna, cucumber, forest, Pinus massoniana, radish, Schima superba, succession.<br />
The Sunshine Coast compensatory habitat project<br />
Shapcott A. 1 , B. McDonald 2 , C. Deane 3 , A. Nankervis 4 , M. Olsen 5 , J. Warren 6 , N. Tindale 1 ,<br />
P. McDonald 4<br />
1 University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia<br />
2 Maroochy Shire Council, Nambour, Queensland, Australia<br />
3 Australian Farm Forestry, Pty Ltd. Queensland Australia<br />
4 Bundilla Estate, Stockland Kawana Waters, Qld Australia<br />
5 LAMR<br />
6 James Warren and Associates<br />
Australia’s coastal heath contains many endangered, vulnerable or rare (EVR) plant species but is rapidly<br />
being lost due to coastal urban expansion and human population growth. Developers are now being required<br />
to compensate for this loss. An innovative collaboration between local council, property developer<br />
and University attempted to take a comprehensive and scientific approach to minimise the loss and ensure<br />
the best compensatory habitat created. The development site contained heath and wetland habitat for several<br />
rare animals and populations of five EVR plant species. Thus species assemblages present on the site<br />
that were known to provide habitat for the rare animals were required to be compensated for as well as the<br />
habitat and populations of the EVR plant species. A rehabilitation code was developed which specified<br />
measurable performance objectives, a compensatory habitat plan was developed to outline the methodology<br />
and on site works and additional studies are being undertaken on the population genetics and ecology of<br />
the EVR plant species that were poorly known. The project will translocate entire intact turf’s (soil plus vegetation)<br />
from the development site to a nearby previously cleared site located on the USC campus and will<br />
be oriented to capture the EVR species and reflect the original proximity and landscape/topographic position<br />
and thus translocating whole populations including soil stored seed banks. Supplementary seed and<br />
cutting collections were made from the EVR populations to enable the translocated populations to be supplemented<br />
if required. The approach taken ensured success would be measurable and ecologically based.<br />
Keywords: Compensatory Habitat, habitat fragmentation, threatened species, performance objectives,<br />
coastal heath.<br />
The influence of different barrier constructions of tailings impoundments on<br />
infiltration rate and water balance - experimental studies from Kristineberg,<br />
Northern Sweden<br />
Shcherbakova E. 1 , A. Lunberg, B. Öhlander<br />
Division of Applied Geology, Luleå University of Technology<br />
The application of soil covers, most often consisting of a low permeability barrier, has become an established<br />
reclamation method for decommissioned mine waste deposits in Sweden. However, there are alternative<br />
cover systems that have been suggested to be more efficient. In order to test the performance of different covers<br />
a field-scale study has been carrying out within the Georange Project. Six 5*5*3 m 3 concrete cells constructed<br />
at the Kristineberg mine site, Northern Sweden, have been filled with sulphide rich mine tailings.<br />
Clayey till, sewage sludge, Trisoplast (a mixture between a polymer, bentonite and tailings sand) and finegrained<br />
apatite are used as sealing layers and on that a protective cover of unspecified till has been applied.<br />
In one reference cell, uncovered tailings have been left open. The experimental soil covers have been monitored<br />
for 2 years for percolation and water-infiltration data. Besides observation of water flow through different<br />
barriers, soil temperature profiles are measured. To be able to evaluate the behaviour of the multilayer<br />
cover the climate conditions (precipitation, snow accumulation, air temperature and humidity) are monitored<br />
as well. For an accurate prediction, on tailings impoundment scale, how the different barrier constructions<br />
influence infiltration rate and water balance, is important to determine the water balance in each cell (water<br />
in, water out, storage in the cell) and explain the different infiltration rates in different cells (explain how the<br />
different barriers influence the infiltration rate). The preliminary results will be presented and discussed.<br />
Keywords: reclamation, mine tailings, cover.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 251<br />
Assay of native shrub recovery in the burned area of Puerto de Las Palomas<br />
(Cazorla Segura y Las Villas Natural Park)<br />
Siles G. 1 , J.L. Herreros 2 , J. Alcántara 1 , P.J. Rey 1<br />
1 Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología. Universidad de Jaén<br />
2 Centro de Capacitación Forestal, Vadillo-Castril. Cazorla<br />
In an ongoing research project, we are designing the restoration of natural vegetation in the burned area<br />
of “Puerto de Las Palomas, Cazorla (August, 2001). The history of human management in the territory,<br />
together with severity of fire led to the loss of native vegetation. Based on processes naturally occurring<br />
in Mediterranean vegetation dynamics, we are implementing management practices aimed to accelerate<br />
the successional process. As a part of the design of an intermediate, ‘building phase’, in the succession,<br />
we are assaying planting techniques optimizing establishment of serial shrub species of native vegetation.<br />
Assays are being conducted in areas with four potential mature vegetation types: holm oak, pine<br />
and gall oak forests and ravine vegetation. We set four 10 x 10 m large-mammal exclosures at each vegetation<br />
type and planted four shrub species within each exclosure. The experimental design considers the<br />
effects of irrigation during summer (irrigation versus not irrigation), seedling mycorrhization (mycorrhization<br />
versus no mycorrhization), and propagule type (seedling versus seeds). Generalized linear mixed<br />
models were fitted to the data using seedling survival probability as a binomial response. We found an<br />
additive increase in establishment of seedlings with irrigation and mycorrhization.<br />
Keywords: Restoration; seedlings; successional process.<br />
Ecological restoration priorities in an ecological network framework<br />
Sitzia T., F. Carrara<br />
Dept. Land and Agroforest Environments (TeSAF) - University of Padova, Italy<br />
The purpose deals with the implementation and first application of a model aiming to recognize ecological<br />
restoration priorities in an ecological network framework. The geodatabase sources used were: Master<br />
Plan and information provided by Land Reclamation Consortiums; floristic surveys; real and historical<br />
aerialphotographs and field surveys. First, we grouped the data sources to make only one grid theme<br />
concerning land use, then we selected, from the floristic geodatabase, two functional groups that we supposed<br />
to form metapopulations and to be subjected to isolation and rarefaction: forest and wet area plant<br />
species. We mapped all the meadows and we considered them as potential sources of meadow plant<br />
species. We assigned to every land use types, for every functional group, a roughness value (their power<br />
to limit plants dispersal and colonization, ranging 1-10). We calculated, adopting ten classes, Euclidean<br />
distance from the population of the selected plant species, identified from the floristic geodatabase. Finally,<br />
we calculated the impermeability (the product between roughness and distance, weighting the first<br />
0.7, the second 0.3). We extracted the priority cells (2 m x 2 m) from cells whose impermeability was less<br />
than 8, those that were within public accessible properties and within 500 m from cultural rural anthropic<br />
elements (old farmhouses, pumping stations, capitals). The results were the precise mapping of<br />
the areas where is most probable a colonization of the three functional groups of plant species, together<br />
with effective possibility to access and with rural cultural interest. Further researches could deal with<br />
the addition of other variables to the model.<br />
Keywords: ecological networks, restoration ecology, flora, geodatabases sources, decisional models.<br />
Internal metal distribution in sediment pore water, water system of some bights<br />
at Nasser Lake, Egypt<br />
Soltan M.E., S.M.N. Moalla, M.N., Rashed, E.M. Fawzy<br />
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan, SouthValley University, Egypt<br />
A fate and bioavailability of pollutant metals is important to the long – term health of freshwater. The<br />
main objective of this study aimed to follow up the distribution of some heavy and major metals (Fe, Mn,<br />
Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu, Ca, Mg, Na and K) between sediment – pore water – water system of some<br />
bights of Nasser Lake. Sediment and water (surface and bottom) samples were collected from the beginning<br />
and the end of three bights at Nasser Lake, Egypt. All studies metals were measured using atomic<br />
absorption technique except Na & K were analyzed by atomic emission spectrophotometry. Water quality<br />
variables were monitored at surface and bottom water. Chemical partitioning patterns of metal show decrease<br />
in concentrations of measured metals in sediment (in exchangeable fraction), reflect the decrease<br />
of pore water contents, wherefore the water body characterize by low metal concentrations. The alkaline<br />
pH-values of water bights minimize the reflux of metal ions from lake sediment and increase of metals
252 Poster Presentations<br />
sedimentation rate. The application of Pearson correlation approaches for the interpretation of large data<br />
matrix obtained was performed using SPPS statistical package program. Positive correlations were arise<br />
between different metals in pore waters and lake water suggesting that, sediment upper layer served as a<br />
metals reservoir from water, but not as an ultimate mechanism to control metal concentrations in the adjacent<br />
water. Also these correlations between components give chance to follow the distribution of measured<br />
metals between sediment – pore water – water lake system.<br />
Keywords: Sediment, pore water, water system, Internal metal distribution, heavy metal, bioavailability,<br />
Nasser Lake.<br />
The ecological restoration of salt meadows in the shores of Gallocanta Lake<br />
(Aragon, NE Spain)<br />
Sorando 1 , R., F.A. Comín 2<br />
1 Asociación de Guías de la Laguna de Gallocanta. Proyecto Life ReCoGeSAL. Pza. Mayor s/n. 50373. Las Cuerlas, Zaragoza,<br />
Spain<br />
2 Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología-CSIC. Avda. Montañana 1005. 50192 Zaragoza, Spain<br />
Salt meadows mostly dominated by the endemic species Puccinellia pungens (Pau) Paunero (Poaceae,<br />
Gramineae) cover the shores of the saline Lake Gallocanta (Teruel-Zaragoza) at 950-105 m. altitude. These<br />
meadows have been degraded (soil drained, plants removed) historically by extensive agricultural works<br />
developed to extend agricultural fields. A number of actions were developed as part of the Life Project<br />
ReCoGeSAL to restore Puccinellia salt meadows during 2000-2003. They included: Purchase of land, technical<br />
experimentation to check techniques for the restoration of Puccinellia pungens meadows, assessment<br />
of the techniques experimented, information and dissemination of results. Land was purchased in the<br />
shores of Gallocanta Lake based on availability for purchasing, representative characteristics and requirements<br />
for restoration. The experiment to test restoration techniques performed in 3m*3m experimental<br />
areas showed that spontaneous colonization and growth of P. pungens is more efficient that more complex<br />
techniques used including soil reposition and soil fertilization. After 3 years of treatment, the coverage and<br />
density of Puccinellia pungens plants were higher in treatments with spontaneous colonization than in the<br />
other treatments, where other invasive species developed better. This is most probably due to the high<br />
competitiveness of P. pungens in extreme environmental conditions (hard and poorly developed soils, salt<br />
zones with water level fluctuating conditions). Results have been disseminated in different ways (newsletter,<br />
Internet) but lack of programs of interest prevented integration of results at local scale.<br />
Keywords: Puccinellia pungens, saline, meadows<br />
Assessing the functional development of ecosystems associated with restored<br />
minesoils at the Alcan Gove minesite, Nhulunbuy, Northern Territory, Australi<br />
Spain, A.V. 1 , Hinz, D. 2 , Ludwig, J. 3 , Tibbett, M. 4 , Tongway, D. 5<br />
1 School of Earth Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville<br />
2 Matrixplus Consulting, Brisbane<br />
3 CRC for Tropical Savannas, Atherton, Queensland<br />
4 Centre for Land Rehabilitation, University of Western Australia, Perth<br />
5 CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Crace, ACT<br />
This study evaluated ecosystem restoration success in native forests established after bauxite mining in<br />
tropical Australia. Study sites were selected within a 26-year chronosequence of ecosystems and the developmental<br />
trajectory evaluated in relationship to reference native forest ecosystems. Fire was excluded from<br />
the rehabilitated forests. Developing ecosystems progressed through phases of grass-dominance (1-6 y), increasing<br />
shrub dominance (6-12 y), canopy closure (ca 12y) and a continuing period of maturation and<br />
thinning associated with increasing canopy dominance by Eucalyptus species, largely E. tetrodonta. The<br />
herbaceous and litter layers developed rapidly with near-complete closure by ca 3 years. Dominantly grassy<br />
litters gave way to broad-leaved litters at ca 10 years. Litters were thick and layered; maximum mass was<br />
ca 3 kg m-2, three times that of adjacent regularly-burned native forests. Soil C concentrations increased<br />
sigmoidally and surpassed concentrations in a native forest reference site after 14 years. The CEC, pH and<br />
exchange properties were all closely correlated with C concentration. The restored ecosystems are developing<br />
many of the attributes of the local native forest ecosystems but their reaction to fire is little known.<br />
Keywords: bauxite mining, restored ecosystems, ecosystem development, Eucalyptus tetrodonta.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 253<br />
Study of reproductive biology of Fraxinus ornus through artificial pollinations<br />
and its impacts on population genetic evolution<br />
Spanos K.A., D. Gaitanis<br />
N.AG.RE.F. - Forest Research Institute. 57006 - Vassilika, Thessaloniki. Greece<br />
Reproductive biology of forest tree species is a fundamental research upon which genetic variation studies<br />
and sustainable utilization of genetic resources are based. The present study refers to pollinations applied<br />
to the tree species Fraxinus ornus and includes the following treatments: a) selfing (S), b) cross of<br />
hermaphrodite (functionally female) with male (HM x M), c) cross of hermaphrodite with hermaphrodite<br />
(HM x HM), and d) open pollination (OP). Totally, 210 artificial crosses were carried out on F. ornus trees<br />
of Chortiatis population (Thessaloniki) using special pollination bags. Parameters recorded were the following:<br />
mean number of seeds/infrutescence, mean seed weight and germination percentage of each<br />
treatment. The results of pollinations demonstrated that selfing (S) produced much less seeds/infrutescence<br />
(e.g. tree 9, mean 5.0 seeds/infrut.) in comparison to the other treatments (mean 150.0 - 125.6 -<br />
167.2 seeds/infrut., for HM x M, HM x M and OP, respectively). On the opposite, treatments HM x M and<br />
OP gave the highest number of seeds/infrutescence in most trees. Results showed no significant differences<br />
in seed weight (g/seed) among treatments across all trees, and in cases for the same tree (e.g. tree<br />
8, mean 0,024 - 0,023 - 0,024 - 0,025 gr/seed, for S, HM x M, HM x M and OP, respectively). However,<br />
significant differences were found for the seed germination percentages (%) with lower values for selfing<br />
(e.g. tree 8, 10.0%) compared to other treatments (78.7% - 80.3% - 85.0%, for HM x M, HM x M and OP,<br />
respectively). This study demonstrated that selfing has a smaller role in species reproduction and may<br />
results in inbreeding, but it can be important in colonizing new lands and species evolution.<br />
Keywords: Fraxinus ornus, reproductive biology, pollinations, selfing, inbreeding, evolution.<br />
Defining priority areas for enhancing species richness by modelling “hotspotsuitability”<br />
Steck, C.E. 1,2 , E. Knop 3 , M. Bürgi 1,2<br />
1 Chair of Nature and Landscape Protection, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), CH-8092 Zurich,<br />
Switzerland<br />
2 Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Department Landscape, Section Nature Protection and Historical Ecology,<br />
Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland<br />
3 Agroscope FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstr.191, CH-8046<br />
Zurich, Switzerland<br />
Agri-environmental schemes, as they have been developed in many European countries, are a possible<br />
way to enhance agro-biodiversity. In Switzerland, farmers therefore have to convert 7% of their farmland<br />
into low-input habitats, so-called ecological compensation areas (ECA). In order to optimize the efficiency<br />
of the scheme, the ECAs should be situated in the most appropriate areas, and there on the most suitable<br />
sites. In this study we developed a management-independent method for selecting communities with<br />
high responsibility for the species richness of a selected indicator-taxon, and for identifying the sites with<br />
the highest potential species richness. Within a biogeographic unit in Switzerland, we modeled “hotspotsuitability”<br />
at a resolution of 1 ha by a presence-only model. Hotspots are defined here as the plots with<br />
highest numbers of grasshopper species. Based on this model we were able to identify those municipalities<br />
that have the highest responsibility for grasshopper species richness. Within these municipalities,<br />
the most suitable sites for conserving or enhancing species richness, i.e. by fostering the establishment<br />
of ECAs, were defined. The selection-procedure as well as chances and limitations of this approach are<br />
presented and discussed.<br />
Keywords: Priority areas, ecological compensation areas, habitat suitability model, grasshoppers.<br />
Re-meandering of an agricultural stream, Southern Sweden<br />
Strand, J.A., P. Feuerbach<br />
The Rural Economy and Agricultural Society (REAS) of Halland, Sweden<br />
During the last 150 years a large number of agricultural streams in Sweden have been excavated and<br />
ditched. The river Smedjeån is such a river, and the municipality of Laholm and REAS have restored a 4-<br />
km stretch of the stream. One obstacle to overcome in restoration projects involving streams is conflicting<br />
landowner interests. In order to decrease this foreseen problem, large efforts were spent on individual<br />
information to every landowner along the stream. The planning of the project was done in close co-operation<br />
with landowners and they had a considerable influence on the final design of the re-meandering. The<br />
project was constructed in different parts, where we started with the construction of 40 hectares of ox-
254 Poster Presentations<br />
bow lakes, wetlands and ponds along the stream. The ox-bow lakes where placed and constructed so<br />
that they could become the new riverbed in the final steps of re-meandering the stream. The rationale for<br />
doing this was that the project would not be a failure if the actual re-meandering was inhibited by legal<br />
factors or landowner disagreement. In that case the areas would still function as a “wetland landscape”<br />
with a large potential for attracting both the wildlife and the public. Viewpoints, tracks and information<br />
signs for the public have been constructed. So far the project is a success according to landowners, anglers,<br />
birdwatcher and the general public.<br />
Keywords: Re-meandering, landowner influence, biodiversity, public use.<br />
Applicability of species groups as indicators of restoration efficiency in sandy<br />
old-fields<br />
Szabó R. 1 , M. Halassy 2 , A. Csecserits 2 , K. Szitar 2 , K. Török 2<br />
1 University of Eötvös Loránd, Dept. of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology<br />
2 Institute for Ecology and Botany of HAS<br />
Species number or diversity indices are usually inappropriate measures for detecting the efficiency of<br />
restoration treatments in species poor ecosystems, as these values might increase with degradation<br />
processes. Recently a species-group system was developed based on field experience, that reflects the<br />
ecological demand and traits of vascular plant species typical for the Kiskunság region of Hungary. We<br />
used three plant traits of this category system to evaluate the success of various methods applied at oldfields<br />
in order to direct secondary succession towards the open sand grassland. The selected traits include<br />
habitat preference, disturbance tolerance, and species origin, with reference to conservation values<br />
and functions of species in the sandy grassland ecosystem. Our hypothesis was that species groups are<br />
more sensitive indicators of naturalness than the simple species number aspect of biodiversity. We<br />
analysed vegetation data from two restoration experiments. First carbon amendment was applied between<br />
1998-2003 at three sites on the same old-field. The second one started in 2002 at three old-fields<br />
of different ages which were ploughed again and afterwards the effect of carbon amendment, mowing and<br />
seeding was tested in microplots. In accordance with our hypothesis, species groups made by combining<br />
the three plant traits revealed minor vegetation responses that were not detectable by species number,<br />
like the supression of indigenous weed species in the first, and that of non-indigenous weeds and invasive<br />
species in the second experiment. It is concluded that the use of multiple methods for data analysis<br />
is required for detecting restoration efficiency.<br />
Keywords: Species groups, biodiversity, secondary succession, sandy grassland.<br />
Consequences of organic C addition on soil microbial biomass and activity in<br />
abandoned sandy fields<br />
Szili-Kovács T. 1 , D.W. Hopkins 2 , E.L. Tilston 2 , M. Halassy 3 , K. Török 3<br />
1 Res. Inst. Soil Sci. and Agric. Chem., Hungarian Acad. Sci., Budapest, Hungary<br />
2 School of Biol. and Environm. Sci., Stirling Univ., Stirling, Scotland UK<br />
3 Res. Inst. Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Acad. Sci., Vácrátót, Hungary<br />
We have applied different carbon sources to enhance immobilisation of soil nitrogen into microbial biomass<br />
in order to accelerate the re-establishment of the native grasslands on abandoned fields in the<br />
sand dune area of the Kiskunság National Park (Great Plain, Hungary). The rationale is that large soil inorganic<br />
N concentrations, arising from previous land use, have limited re-establishment of the native<br />
grassland. Sucrose and sawdust were used at three sites in various relief in the growing seasons for six<br />
years. Nitrogen availability, especially nitrate-N concentrations, have been significantly reduced due to<br />
the C amendments. Soil microbial biomass C contents were estimated by chloroform fumigation incubation<br />
(CFI), chloroform fumigation extraction (CFE) and substrate induced respiration (SIR). The C treatments<br />
led to increased SIR in all sites, increased CFI, CFE and soil respiration at least in two sites in<br />
many cases. These results show that the combined and repeated C treatments in the field can increase<br />
the soil microbial biomass in a short time and the elevated biomass can be maintained for a long period<br />
indicating N immobilisation indirectly.<br />
Keywords: N immobilisation, microbial biomass, sucrose, sawdust, Kiskunság, restoration.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 255<br />
Restoring protected wetlands affected by lead shot pellets accumulation in<br />
Alicante, Spain<br />
Terrones B. 1 , A. Bonet 1 , J. Peña 1 , J.L. Echevarrías<br />
1 Departamento de Ecología. Universidad de Alicante<br />
2 Conselleria de Territorio y Vivienda. Generalitat Valenciana<br />
Lead poisoning as a result of ingestion of lead pellets in wetlands has been a major cause of waterfowl<br />
mortality. The purpose of this study was to develop a diagnosis of overall lead accumulation in the sediment<br />
and soil and to calculate the density and distribution of available lead shot pellets for waterfowl in<br />
selected lagoons and ponds of the most relevant protected wetlands of Alicante (SE Spain): El Hondo Natural<br />
Park and Salinas de Santa Pola Natural Park. Core samples of 10 cm of depth were collected with a<br />
PVC tube (N H<br />
=2.030; N SP<br />
=303). We used Inverse Distance Weighted, a deterministic interpolation technique,<br />
in order to map lead shot densities. Mean shot density in the 10cm column was about 57,3<br />
shot/m 2 in El Hondo and about 45,4 shot/m 2 in Santa Pola, but the highest densities found were about<br />
891 shot/m 2 in El Hondo and 1.145 shot/m 2 in Santa Pola. These densities were higher than those described<br />
in other Spanish wetlands such as the Natural Parks of the Ebro Delta and L’Albufera de València,<br />
where there are as many as 266 and 287 shot/m 2 respectively. Total lead accumulated in the 10 cm<br />
column in the studied ponds was about 53 t in El Hondo and 5 t in Santa Pola. Lead shot should be extracted<br />
by mechanical methods to reduce lead poisoning. As a result of this study a restoration project<br />
has been carried out in a Natural Reserve area in El Hondo, where it has been extracted the surface of<br />
sludge in the lead shot polluted areas.<br />
Keywords: Lead poisoning, lead, pellets, wetland, Natural Park.<br />
The University Regional Consortium (Moldavia) for environment monitoring and<br />
protection - as a premise for the optimization of living conditions and life and<br />
for student service improvement<br />
Toma O.<br />
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Romania<br />
At “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iaşi, Romania, a project has been implemented in 2004 by creating<br />
an organizational structure named Regional Research Consortium (Moldavia) for Environment Monitoring<br />
and Protection (“Consorţiul de Cercetare Regional de Monitorizareşi Protecţie a Mediului” –<br />
C.C.R.M.P.M.). As an initiator, promoter and coordinator of CCRMPM, I have succeeded to attract in this<br />
consortium 14 education and research institutions (i.e. 6 faculties from 3 universities and 2 research institutes,<br />
4 research units, a museum and a botanical garden) both from our city and from other parts of<br />
Moldavia, as well as students from our Faculty of Biology - specialized in Biology, Ecology and Biochemistry<br />
- and from our Faculty of Geography and Geology - members of the Romanian Students’ Association<br />
of Young Ecologists (Asociaţia “Tinerii Ecologi Români din Iaşi” – T.E.R.IS.). This has become a beneficial<br />
partnership from the points of view of the research cooperation concerning the ecological restoration and<br />
environment monitoring and protection and of the social services put at the students’ disposal due to<br />
their affiliation to a higher university structure. For the future, my intention is to widen the cooperation<br />
of our University Consortium with the Romanian branch of the Balkan Environmental Association (RO –<br />
B.EN.A.) and, together with other international bodies, find further financial support with a view to offer<br />
more and more students better motivation and opportunities to involve in our joint projects on ecological<br />
restoration.<br />
Keywords: regional consortium, environment, ecological restoration.<br />
Base factor on Home Ranges<br />
Torki F.<br />
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Razi (Kermanshah)<br />
Home Ranges (HR) was defined by Burt as the area transverd during the natural activity of food gathering,<br />
mating and caring for young and this definition is still widely used. But this definition is not factor<br />
on HR. I found Base Factor on HR, when the smallest changing on BF changing widely in other factors<br />
on HR, thermal condition, mates, body size, and so on are not BF. Three, biome in Iran Plateau was<br />
studied ecological, climatically and geographical in varying selected station. Then, for the testing of survey<br />
on the station and conditions, used the Correlation Regression and Cluster Analysis, in the results<br />
was obtained decrease of station and Varity of sauria in this plateau. Then survey of changing in food on<br />
the sauria and Population condense*eggs numeral and relationship these factors with the source of nu-
256 Poster Presentations<br />
trients along with condense and variety of floristic was caused that, HR of sauria divide in two groups. In<br />
according to the results of static analysis diversity in the dispersal is limited by characters of each<br />
ecosystem. First group widely area (dispersed on variety biome) and second group dispersed on only<br />
biome. The most important factor in the area of HR is Variety*Condense of floristic in the area. Because<br />
of the smallest change in this factor change HR of sauria widely.<br />
Keywords: Home Range, base Factor, lizards.<br />
Establihment of mesquite plants (Prosopis laevigata) inoculated with arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizal fungi under water stress in greenhouse conditions<br />
Torres-Álvarez A.E. 1 , A. Monroy-Ata 1 , M.S. Orozco-Almanza 1 , R. García-Sánchez 1<br />
1 Unidad de Investigación en Ecología Vegetal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de<br />
México. Apartado Postal 9-020 México, D.F. C.P. 15000 Mexico<br />
Mesquite (Prosopis laevigata) is a “nurse plant” that form “resource islands” in semiarid ecosystems in Central<br />
México; the adult plant (shrub or tree) favors plant succession in natural communities, nevertheless,<br />
mesquite establishment is a critical period in restoration programs. For this, the objective of this work was<br />
to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on establishment of mesquite plants under<br />
water stress conditions. The experimental design was an analysis of variance of two factors: soil irrigation<br />
and mycorrhizal treatment, with two levels each one: wet and dry watering (W, D) X AMF inoculated and<br />
non-inoculated pots (M+, M-). We used 20 repetitions in each treatment. The source of AMF spores, P. laevigata<br />
seeds and soil was a semiarid ecosystem at the “Valle del Mezquital”, in the Hidalgo State. Mesquite<br />
seedlings were grown on stelirized soil for 6 months under greenhouse conditions.The results show that<br />
Reproductive Growth Rate and Water Use Efficiency (dry biomass/irrigated water) of AMF treatments was<br />
significantly higher than non-mycorrhizal plants. Also, the caulinar water potential of mycorrhizal plants<br />
was lower than their controls; moreover, establishment and survival of mycorrhizal plants were higher than<br />
their witness. Therefore, it was concluded that AMF inoculation of mesquite seedlings is a useful tool for increase<br />
the plant establishment in restoration programs for degrated semiarid ecosystems.<br />
Keywords: Plant establishment, Prosopis laevigata, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, semiarid ecosystem.<br />
Nursery inoculation of native woody seedlings with simple pot-cultures of relict<br />
populations of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can aid re-vegetation of<br />
desertified land<br />
Tuffen F. 1 , Pease A., A. Wilmot, D. Lunan, J. Chidawali, D. Poda<br />
Sunseed Desert Technology, Apdo. 9, 04270 Sorbas, Almería, Espagne<br />
Symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance nutrient and water uptake by plants and increase<br />
their ability to withstand environmental stresses. Vegetation loss, soil degradation and desertification<br />
impoverish the soil’s AMF population. Indigenous AMF populations, adapted to local soil and edaphic conditions,<br />
can be multiplied by simple trap culture. and used to inoculate seedlings. We are outplanting AMF inoculated<br />
seedlings as part of a revegetation project in Almería province, SE Spain, using the native legumes<br />
Retama sphaerocarpa and Anthyllis cytisoides. We have parallel community-based trials in the arid central<br />
zone of Tanzania and in the Sahel region of Burkina Faso using AMF to enhance establishment and growth<br />
of trees of ecological and economic value. The Tanzanian pilot trial with Tamarindus indica and Annona muricata<br />
showed improvements in both growth and survival with AMF inoculation. In our first Almería trial R.<br />
sphaerocarpa and A. cytisoides were grown in a nursery for 6 months spanning a harsh winter. A. cytisoides<br />
seedlings only survived if inoculated with AMF; both inoculated and uninoculated R. sphaerocarpa seedlings<br />
survived, and were then outplanted in May 2004. At 16 months old, inoculated and uninoculated R. sphaerocarpa<br />
grown in unsterilised soil are larger than uninoculated plants grown in sterilised soil. Our current trials<br />
involve the Moroccan tree Argania spinosa, a rapid taprooter suitable for reforestation in Spain, and A.<br />
cytisoides grown together with a grass species believed to be symbiotic with it in natural ecosystems.<br />
Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhiza, revegetation, semi-arid, inoculation.
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 257<br />
Understanding seedling mortality in reforestation with Mediterranean oaks:<br />
environmental heterogeneity vs. plant morphology and physiology<br />
Valladares F. 1 , I. Santos 2 , D. Brites 1<br />
1 Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales. CSIC. Serrano 115 dpdo. E-28006 Madrid, Spain<br />
2 TRAGSA, División I+D+i C/ Julián Camarillo 6b, E-28037 Madrid, Spain<br />
Despite extensive reforestation activities in degraded Mediterranean lands, our knowledge of the processes<br />
affecting their success is still limited. We have carried out a reforestation with phenotypically contrasting<br />
seedlings of two evergreen oaks (Quercus ilex and Q. coccifera) in a severely burnt shrubland patch in Enguera<br />
(38 o 58’ N, 0 o 40’ W, Valencia, Spain). The phenotypic variability was experimentally maximised by<br />
growing plants under different water and nutrient regimes (three levels of each factor: low, intermediate and<br />
high) in a nursery (Viveros San Fernando, Madrid, Spain). Two thousand plants were transplanted in the<br />
winter 2002/03 and their performance was followed during the spring 2003, winter 2004 and winter 2005,<br />
to determine transplant shock, which caused 9% mortality, and mid and long term survival. Seedling mortality<br />
after 2.5 years was high (78%) and it was primarily induced by the first summer in the field, which was<br />
one of the hottest and driest summer over the last one hundred years. While the spatial pattern of the planted<br />
seedlings was random, the pattern of mortality was significantly clustered, indicating an important influence<br />
of local habitat heterogeneity on survival. However, the morphological and physiological features of the<br />
plants at the time of leaving the nursery had also a significant influence on the probability of survival. Initial<br />
survival was significantly influenced by plant size, while long term survival was not affected by morphological<br />
characteristics but by physiological features (i.e. chlorophyll content and photochemical efficiency).<br />
Keywords: reforestation, Mediterranean oaks, seedling survival, phenotypic variability, environmental<br />
heterogeneity.<br />
The evaluation of veld condition after the eradication of Rhigozum trichotomum<br />
in the southern Kalahari, South Africa<br />
van den Berg L., K. Kellner<br />
School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001,<br />
Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa<br />
Extreme cases of rangeland degradation are clearly visible in the southern Kalahari region, South Africa.<br />
Dunes become completely bare with mobile sand, while the interdune areas are invaded by the shrub<br />
Rhigozum trichotomum (Three Thorn). These plants increase to very high densities where the grass layer is<br />
removed by grazing, and are capable of suppressing the grass layer once established. R. trichotomum productivity<br />
is low and the shrub contributes very little to the grazing capacity. In this study four different R.<br />
trichotomum encroached sites in the southern Kalahari were treated with herbicide over a period of ten<br />
years (Molopo 200 GG). After treatment the areas were not totally excluded from grazing, but grazing was<br />
controlled through a rotational grazing system. Linepoint surveys were conducted in each of the treated<br />
areas to determine the species composition of the different sites. Results from the linepoint surveys show<br />
that the degraded area is visibly recovering following only one year after the control of R. trichotomum<br />
shrubs. Two years after the application of the herbicide the annual grass species, Schmidtia kalihariensis<br />
(Sour Grass), shows a high abundance in the treated area, while the climax perennials, Stipagrostis ciliate<br />
(Tall Bushman Grass), S. obtusa (Short Bushman Grass) and Centropodia glauca (Gha Grass) occurs in<br />
the five years and ten years after treatment sites. The occurrence as well as the distribution of these climax<br />
species in the five and ten year sites increases the grazing capacity in the study area from 257<br />
ha/LSU to 32 ha/LSU. From the results of this study it is clear that after the eradication of the invasive R.<br />
trichotomum shrubs and with good management strategies natural grazing areas in the Kalahari can be restored<br />
to such an extent that it can be utilized by the land user within a period of five years.<br />
Keywords: Kalahari Desert, Rhigozum trichotomum, Bush encroachment, Grazing capacity.<br />
Survival plan for woodland & nature in the Netherlands<br />
van der Zee F., D. Bal, R.J.J. Hendriks<br />
Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. The Netherlands<br />
In 1989 in the Netherlands a Survival Plan for Woodland and Nature was drawn up to bridge the timelaps<br />
needed for the Dutch environmental policy to become fully effective. The survival plan was designed<br />
as a temporal solution until 2010. Subsidy (currently 10 million euro annually) is granted to the owners<br />
of woodland and natural sites for the execution of restorative measures aiming at the reduction of the effects<br />
of acidification, eutrophication and desiccation. Part of the budget is used for research and monitor-
258 Poster Presentations<br />
ing of results. Groups of experts including representatives of management, research and policy making<br />
are active per ecosystem type. This form of co-operation has proven to be very effective. It enables researchers<br />
to recognise actual field problems more quickly and provides field staff with easy access to the<br />
most recent data and good contacts for advice. This ensures constant innovation of knowledge and leads<br />
to optimisation of restoration practice. In the past 15 years the Survival Plan has proven its worth.<br />
Dozens of natural sites have been restored and over one hundred rare and sometimes even long-lost<br />
species have returned to the treated sites. In this communication to the congress an overview of the results<br />
will be presented. Furthermore advantages and limitations of the network approach towards knowledge<br />
development will be indicated.<br />
Keywords: survival plan, woodland, natural sites, Netherlands.<br />
Biosolids compost effects on restoration of a burned Nothofagus pumilio forest<br />
in Patagonia, Argentina<br />
Varela S.A., M.E. Gobbi, F. Laos<br />
CRUB. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Bariloche, Argentina<br />
Wildfires constitute the most important disturbance in Patagonian forests leading to severe losses of soil<br />
fertility and native species. The aim was to study biosolids compost application to recover a burned<br />
Nothofagus pumilio forest, by promoting the establishment of "fertility islands" which would facilitate regeneration.<br />
The essay was carried out in a N. pumilio forest burned in 1996, (Nahuel Huapi National<br />
Park). In microsites with or without litter accumulation, we studied: (i) soil characteristics, seed bank<br />
and post-fire vegetation and ii) effects of biosolids compost applications on soil and vegetation. Results<br />
showed that: I) soil recovered poorly, ii) litter improved soil fertility, constituted an important reservoir of<br />
permanent seed bank but, it favoured neither plant diversity nor regeneration at field conditions, iii) seed<br />
bank and vegetation cover was dominated by exotic species and iv) compost application improved soil fertility,<br />
but did not contribute to vegetation recovery. We concluded that burned N. pumilio forest had low<br />
post-disturbance resilience. The low post-fire regeneration was probably due to a poor seed bank and<br />
high fire intensity, which affected native species sprouting more than soil fertility. Colonization by exotic<br />
species may be a solution to avoid further deterioration. These results confirm the need to apply restoration<br />
strategies that promote the revegetation in burned N. pumilio forests.<br />
Keywords: post-fire, soil fertility, seed bank, vegetation forest, biosolids compost.<br />
Study of radium and radon distrution in a tail deposit of Kara-Balty industrial<br />
complex (the Kyrgyz Republic)<br />
Vasiliev I.A. 1 , V.A. Simonenko 2 , A.A. Shestakov 2<br />
1 Institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic<br />
2 FGUP Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNIITF, Snezhinsk, Russia<br />
In institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic and in Russian Federal Nuclear<br />
Center – All Russia Research Institute of Technical Physics of academician E.I. Zababakhin (RFNC –<br />
VNIITF) the ISTC project # Kr-715 “Study of main ecological indicators of the territories adjacent to uranium<br />
production in conditions of its partial conversion” is carried out. Project objectives: 1) Obtaining mathematical<br />
models of wind erosion physical processes in territory of the tail deposit and transport of pollutions<br />
with underground waters taking into account the uranium sorption migration in multi-components solutions<br />
through the tail deposit’s foundation. 2) WEB-node development in INTERNET with provision of information<br />
on ecological situation in a district of Kara-Balty industrial complex. 3) Development of recommendations<br />
package of KBMC territories utilization under enterprises not connected with weapon industries.<br />
This information is devoted to the following project tasks: (1) Investigation of main toxic ingredients concentration<br />
in the matter of the tail deposit depending on depth of its location. (2) Mathematical modeling of<br />
wind erosion physical processes on tail deposit’s surface. (3) Creation of geo-migration model of a process<br />
of contamination transport with underground waters taking into account sorption model of uranium migration<br />
in multi-component solutions through the tail deposit foundation. (4) Investigation of uranium content<br />
in surface layer of troposphere over the tail deposit, sanitary-protective and inhabited territories. To<br />
study main toxic ingredients variation in tail deposit’s matter depending on depth of its location, the boreholes<br />
were drilled trough all tailings’ depth (up to 27 m). Interval sampling was every 1.5 m. The concentrations<br />
of heavy metals were defined on spectral installations; radium and other radioactive elements were<br />
measured on scintillation gamma-spectrometer. The outcomes obtained at implementation of the ISTC<br />
projects Kr-072 and Kr-715 were taken for mathematical modelling. During investigation of radon distribution<br />
in surface layer of troposphere both industrial equipment and a field instrument developed by us, al-
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 259<br />
lowing defining directly a radon concentration in air, were used. The sensitivity of the developed instrument<br />
is 20 Bq/m 3 . Radon admissible concentration in air is 200 Bq/m 3 , i.e. it exceeds the instrument’s sensitivity<br />
in 10 times and can be measured with inaccuracy of around 3%. Ecological situation of investigated territories<br />
as well as the project progressing can be found on the site: www.vniitf.ru/Karabalta.<br />
Keywords: program, mathematical modeling, erosion physical processes.<br />
Importance of hHydrochory as an important factor for species composition in<br />
the restoration of plant diversity in alluvial meadows<br />
Vécrin, M.P. 1,2 , R. Van Diggelen 2,3 , S. Muller 1<br />
1 Lab. BFE, Univ. of Metz, 2 av du Gal Delestraint, 57070 Metz, France<br />
2 Bureau d’études ESOPE, 52-54 rue de Metz, 57 300 Hagondange France<br />
3 Community and conservation ecology group, Univ. of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands<br />
Floods could play an important role in seed dispersal. Seed movement by floods in the Meuse valley in<br />
France was analysed in three grassland communities arranged along a wetness gradient from moist to wet.<br />
We measured dispersal both in the laboratory and in situ. In the laboratory we measured seed buoyancy for<br />
24 characteristic species of flood meadows. In the field we measured seed transport during the flood events<br />
in floating traps. We also measured the amount of seeds deposited by floods by traps at the surface. Measurements<br />
of seed buoyancy showed that all 24 species could be considered as long-floating species although<br />
differences appeared between standing and moving water. Trapped seeds originated from meadow,<br />
arable land, river bank and woodland communities. The number of meadow species that were found in the<br />
floating traps was large but the number of seeds per species was low. In the case of the ground traps more<br />
species were found and the number of seeds per species was larger Both species richness and the number<br />
of trapped seeds did not differ among the three communities. These experiments confirmed the ability of<br />
meadow species to be dispersed by floods and to colonise meadows. Nevertheless, meadow species were<br />
scarcely present in the traps and this dispersal vector therefore seems to be hazardous.<br />
Keywords: alluvial meadows, floodplain, hydrochory, wetness gradient, seed buoyancy, seed dispersal.<br />
Early sucessional trajectories and regeneration rate in a large dry tropic landslide<br />
Velázquez E., A. Gómez-Sal<br />
Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Autovía Madrid-Barcelona km.33,600, s/n, 28871 – Madrid (España)<br />
Natural recovery was studied in a large dry tropic landslide during the first four years after disturbance. We<br />
aimed to verify the existence of clearly differentiated early successional trajectories resulting from the effects<br />
of abiotic heterogeneity and small human disturbances. Data consisting on number, cover, density and<br />
mean height of species, and several abiotic and biotic characteristics were obtained from 28 permanent<br />
plots that reflect most of the environmental variation on the landslide. Changes in specific composition,<br />
richness and biomass were studied using DCA analyses, time series, and three complementary indices of<br />
succession rate. Results revealed marked early successional trajectories differing between the specific parts<br />
of the landslide. Stable and high productivity zones recover fast. In only two years they were occupied by a<br />
high-biomass community dominated by Muntingia calabura, a fast-growing pioneer tree. After the third<br />
year, individuals of shade tolerant species as Heliocarpus appendiculatus, Maclura tinctorea and Enterolobium<br />
cyclocarpum appeared in some near-to-landslide-edge areas, suggesting convergence towards adjacent<br />
forests. Fire intensely deflected successional trajectories in stable and medium productivity zones at during<br />
the third year by encouraging the dominance of two species of the genus Desmodium. Low productivity<br />
areas showed a later and slower recovery. Due to the initial paucity of vegetation, turnover rates were high<br />
when the first colonizers appeared. Richness was still increasing at the fourth year with the expansion of<br />
Verbesina turbacensis and Wigandia urens. Our results strongly support current ideas about the importance<br />
of abiotic site factors and stochastic events in determining natural recovery of disturbed areas and<br />
could provide a basis for further discussion about early successional trends in dry tropic landslides.<br />
Keywords: Landslide, early succession, trajectories, succession rate, convergence, disturbances.
260 Poster Presentations<br />
Restoration of an old pit in Aguilar de Campoo (Palencia, Spain)<br />
Vélez M. 1 , J. Navarro 1 , R. Blanco 2<br />
1 Unity of Hydraulics and Hydrology. E.T.S.I.A. University of Valladolid<br />
2 Environmental Impact Service of Castilla-León<br />
Restoration of this inactive exploitation aims at integrating the pit in landscape, controlling erosion and<br />
runoff, and stabilizing soil. The latter is very important because of the nearness of Madrid-Santander<br />
railway. So that, partial filling with a stable slope, drainage structures to runoff control and revegetation<br />
to erosion protection and landscape restoration are established in this project. A very exhaustive analysis<br />
of landscape has been studied: visible area, visual quality and landscape fragility. Design for topographic<br />
remodelling stability has been made by Morgenstern & Bishop and Hoek & Bray methods. Top soil (vegetable<br />
earth) stability also has been studied by Infinite Slope Method. Design for erosion control is made<br />
using Universal Soil Loss Equation; and drainage structures are designed by Modified Rational Method<br />
proposed by Temez for Spain. Hydroseeding in two phases is defined for better revegetation with Festuca,<br />
Medicago, Trifolium, Genista, Thymus, Lavandula, etc. Plantation of several native trees (Quercus faginea,<br />
Pinus sylvestris) and shrubs (Crataegus monogyna, Rosa canina, Prunus spinosa) is projected. Landscaping<br />
effects will not happen immediately; but projected activities are of benefit to the area, especially with<br />
terrain remodelation and established vegetation. Both actions will improve landscape and will integrate<br />
the old exploitation hole around. This project is promoted by Castilla-León Government for soon execution,<br />
and budget raises to 392 911,51.<br />
Keywords: Mines, pit restoration, landscaping.<br />
The N/P ratio in wetland vegetations: a seasonal and functional relationship<br />
Verhagen B., M. El-Kahloun, D. Boeye, P. Meire<br />
Ecosystem Management Research Group, University of Antwerp<br />
Recognizing the nature of nutrient limitation can help restoring and managing valuable plant communities.<br />
The ‘N/P ratio ss’ , measured at the height of the growing season, is compared with a ‘seasonal N/P<br />
ratio’ assessed by correlations between phosphorus and nitrogen of aboveground living biomass. A ‘functional<br />
N/P ratio’ is determined as the correlation between N and P for both above and below ground vegetation<br />
compartments. Data were collected in 15 wetland vegetations across the Flanders (Belgium) on 4<br />
occasions during 1 year with 4 replicas per site. The N/P ratio ss was for 11 sites significant different with<br />
the seasonal N/P ratio of aboveground green biomass. This result suggests that a singular assessment of<br />
the N/P ratio may not be sufficient to assess the nature of nutrient limitation on a vegetation level. The<br />
functional N/P ratio showed significant correlations for all sites except 1 (R 2 : 0.10), suggesting that incorporation<br />
of root N and P content is useful. R 2 parameters varied between 0.29 and 0.95, indicating<br />
that some sites do have a homogeneous and strong interrelation between nitrogen and phosphorus. We<br />
conclude that the seasonal and functional N/P ratio can differ with the N/P ratio ss and that this may<br />
have consequences for evaluating nutrient flows in the landscape.<br />
Keywords: N/P ratio, wetland vegetation, seasonal N/P ratio, functional N/P ratio.<br />
Restoration actions to combat desertification. A demonstration project in<br />
Albatera (Alicante, Spain)<br />
Vilagrosa A. 1 , S. Bautista 2 , E. Chirino 1 , M.J. Lledó 2 , J.A. Alloza 1 , V.R. Vallejo 1<br />
1 Fundación CEAM, Charles Darwin 14, P. Tecnológico, E-46980 Paterna. Spain<br />
2 Department of Ecology, U. Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante. Spain<br />
The Albatera pilot area is a 25 ha catchment located in Alicante province, Southeast Spain, one of the<br />
most desertification affected areas in Europe. Land degradation has been driven by the combined effect<br />
of past exploitation and management and harsh environmental conditions such as scarce and highly<br />
variable precipitation and soils prone to erosion. The demonstration project implemented in Albatera was<br />
designed as a set of ecologically sound, multi-purpose measures adapted to the complex problem addressed.<br />
The main objectives of the restoration program were: 1) to repair ecosystem functioning by creating<br />
fully functional vegetation patches that contribute to the conservation of resources, 2) to increase<br />
ecosystem diversity and resilience, and 3) to prevent further landscape degradation and off-site damage.<br />
The restoration strategy included a wide set of specific actions and species choices to match the diversity<br />
of habitats, landscape functional units, and natural patterns in the target area; the plantation of evergreen<br />
trees and shrubs that can recover quickly after disturbances; the improvement of seedling quality<br />
and plantation success by exploiting recent research results; the enhancement of spontaneous plant<br />
growth by applying organic amendments; and site preparation techniques aimed at maximizing water
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 261<br />
harvesting. Despite the extreme drought occurred during the first post-plantation year, the monitoring of<br />
the restored area showed promising results, with average survival rates in the various land units ranging<br />
from 45% to 70%. Under the limiting conditions prevailing in very degraded lands such as the target pilot<br />
area, the best-technology actions applied are expected to yield a positive cost-benefit balance.<br />
Keywords: Demonstration project, ecological restoration, landscape functional units, restoration monitoring,<br />
semiarid.<br />
Influence of fertilization and Rhizobium inoculation in the nursery on the<br />
transplanting performance in different provenances of the Mediterranean<br />
legume shrub Retama sphaerocarpa<br />
Villar-Salvador P. 1,3 , S. Domínguez 1 , F. Valladares 2 , M. Fernández-Pascual 2 , J.L. Peñuelas<br />
Rubira 1<br />
1 Centro Nacional de Mejora Forestal “El Serranillo”, Dirección General para la Biodiversidad, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente,<br />
Apdo. 249, 19004 Guadalajara (Spain)<br />
2 Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo. E-28006 Madrid (Spain)<br />
3 Present address: Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid (Spain).<br />
Tel. +34 918856401, Fax +34 918854929<br />
We analysed the outplanting survival and growth of several provenances of Retama sphaerocarpa that<br />
were raised in the nursery under contrasted fertilisation rates. Similarly, we addressed if nodulation with<br />
Rhizobium in the nursery enhances transplanting performance. Seeds were recollected from five localities<br />
of the centre, northeast and southeast of Spain and sown in containers filled with peat. Plants were<br />
raised with two amounts of fertiliser: high (each plant received 100, 30 and 2 mg of N, P y K) and low<br />
(each plant received 10, 5 and 2 mg of N, P y K). Half of the low-fertilised plants in one of the provenances<br />
were inoculated with a strain of Rhizobium. After nursery cultivation, seedlings were transplanted<br />
at the beginning of the winter in an abandoned crop field in the centre of Spain. Provenances did not differ<br />
in transplanting performance. Fertilisation increased seedling survival and growth two years after<br />
transplanting. Survival of high- and low-fertilised plants was 83% and 59%, respectively, and high-fertilised<br />
seedlings had a 3.4 fold higher growth than low-fertilised plants. No significant difference in performance<br />
was observed between nodulated and non-nodulated plants. High-fertilised non-nodulated<br />
plants had higher survival and growth than low-fertilised nodulated plants.<br />
Keywords: afforestation, plant quality, survival, inoculation.<br />
Influence of nursery cultivation method on the transplanting performance of a<br />
Mediterranean mountain juniper (Juniperus thurifera)<br />
Villar-Salvador P. 1,2 , J.L. Peñuelas Rubira 2 , I. Carrasco 2 , L.F. Benito 2<br />
1 Centro Nacional de Mejora Forestal “El Serranillo”, Dirección General para la Biodiversidad, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente,<br />
Apdo. 249, 19004 Guadalajara (Spain). Tel. 949-212651<br />
2 Present address: Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid (Spain).<br />
Tel. +34 918856401, Fax +34 918854929<br />
The objective of this study was to identify the fertilization regime and container type that maximizes the<br />
transplanting performance of Juniperus thurifera, a Mediterranean mountain- juniper. Plants were grown<br />
in containers of 200 and 300 ml and with three amounts of N: 30 (low), 75 (moderate) and 150 (high) mg<br />
N plant -1 year -1 . Plant density in both container was 418 plants m -2 . Amount of P and K for each N fertilisation<br />
level were 40 and 74 mg plant -1 year -1 . Juniperus thurifera seedlings have to be grown for two<br />
years to achieve a minimum size for their use in forestation, even if seedlings are raised with high<br />
amount of N. N fertilisation affected positively plant size and new root growth capacity. Container size<br />
had a marginal effect on plant morphology. One year after field transplanting, plant growth was affected<br />
positively by fertilisation in the nursery. High and moderate fertilised plants had 360 and 340% higher<br />
stem volume increase than low fertilised seedlings. Growth differences among high and moderate fertilised<br />
plants were not significant. During the first summer after transplanting, high fertilised seedlings<br />
also had higher water potential than moderate and low fertilised seedlings. Container size did not influence<br />
transplanting performance. Mortality was very low and no differences existed among nursery treatments.<br />
We recommend to cultivate Juniperus thurifera with at least 75 mg N year -1 and in containers of<br />
200 ml.<br />
Keywords: plant quality, afforestation, fertilisation, container, water potential.
262 Poster Presentations<br />
A theoretical historical reference for Dutch heathland fauna: a tool for the<br />
identification of important bottle-necks<br />
Vogels J.J., M. Nijssen, H. Siepel, H. Esselink<br />
Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology. Radboud University Nijmegen<br />
Heathlands are semi-natural landscapes of dwarf shrub vegetation (Calluneta). These have been created<br />
through small scaled, but intensive anthropogenic use (wood cutting, sheep grazing, sod cutting, burning).<br />
Being most intensive near settlements and getting more extensive further away, this use gave rise to<br />
a heterogeneous mosaic of different habitat patches and provided a home to many characteristic species.<br />
Habitat destruction, years of neglect, increased N-deposition and soil-acidification have all contributed to<br />
the degradation of Dutch heathlands. Nowadays, several management practices are being used in order<br />
to restore and preserve the Dutch heathlands. Although this management intends to restore the whole<br />
ecosystem and many plant species have returned (especially Calluna and Erica), characteristic fauna<br />
species often do not benefit. To improve heathland restoration management, we need to know how and<br />
why these species could occur in the historic situation and what has changed in the present situation,<br />
causing bottlenecks within their life cycle nowadays. Therefore we made an analysis of the historical land<br />
use of heathlands. From this analysis we derived the biotic and abiotic characteristics along (theoretical)<br />
gradients in management intensity and management practices. For characteristic Lepidoptera and Orthoptera<br />
species we determined the life-history strategies in order to identify suitable habitats on this<br />
theoretical heath gradient. By contrasting this theoretical historical gradient with the present situation<br />
we could identify existing bottle-necks for characteristic fauna species. Additionally, this tool identifies<br />
important knowledge gaps in species- and/or landscape-ecology that need to be filled in order to successfully<br />
design sound management of heathlands.<br />
Keywords: Heathland management, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, life-history, historical land use.<br />
Differences in centipede (Chilopoda) assemblages on reclaimed and nonreclaimed<br />
spoil heaps<br />
Voz˘enílková K.<br />
Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, C˘eské Budĕjovice, Czech Republic<br />
Institute of Soil Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, C˘eské Budĕjovice, Czech Republic<br />
Changes of community structure epigeic activity, and density of centipedes were studied in afforested reclaimed<br />
spoil heaps (1993-1998) and in non-reclaimed colliery spoil heaps with spontaneous plant succession<br />
(1999-2005), all located in the Sokolov coal mining district (Czech Republic). Long-term pitfall<br />
trapping and soil sampling were used on four reclaimed and four non-reclaimed plots differing in age of<br />
succession. The pioneer species Lamyctes emarginatus occured in both reclaimed and non-reclaimed<br />
young plots, whereas Lithobius melanops was found in non-reclaimed plots only. During the succession<br />
epigeic activity of these species decreased because of increasing activity of Lithobius Forficatus and Lithobius<br />
microps. In young successional stages the centipedes occurred in high numbers of individuals but<br />
with very poor species spectrum (usually 1-2 species), while in later successional stages the number of<br />
individuals decreased and the species spectrum increased up to 3-5 and 6-8 species in reclaimed and in<br />
non-reclaimed plots, respectively. Poor species spectrum of centipedes in reclaimed plots supports the<br />
importance of plots with spontaneous succession for restoration practices used in the extended areas of<br />
colliery spoil heaps.<br />
Keywords: centipedes, spoil heaps, succession, restoration.<br />
Effects of shading on germination and early growth of Cyclobalanopsis glauca<br />
(Fagaceae) in subtropical abandoned fields: Implications for vegetation<br />
restoration<br />
Xiaojun D. 1 , X. Yu, Keping, C. Liu<br />
1 Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China<br />
The restoration of abandoned agricultural lands back to their native vegetation is urgent and challenging<br />
work. In response to a new initiative in China started in 2002, the National Engineering Program on Converting<br />
Abandoned Agriculture Land to Forest Stands, this study was undertaken to seek novel approaches<br />
for accelerating forest restoration efforts. We tested the hypotheses that the climax species, Cyclobalanopsis<br />
glauca, is not able to establish and grow on abandoned lands but that shading can<br />
accelerate the early growth of C. glauca seedlings in abandoned fields. We carried out a 2-year field experiment<br />
on the germination and early growth of C. glauca in subtropical abandoned fields under three
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 263<br />
different shade treatments (100%, 40% and 22% PAR) and compared their growth and biomass to 2-year<br />
old C. glauca seedlings growing in a natural forest environment. Our results showed that: 1) both shade<br />
treatments enhanced the establishment and early growth of C. glauca seedlings as compared to full sunlight,<br />
and that growth and survivorship was greatest in the 22% PAR treatment; and 2) the growth and<br />
biomass of C. glauca seedlings on abandoned fields were equal to or greater than the growth and biomass<br />
of seedlings growing in nearby forests. This study supported the viewpoint that consideration of a species<br />
shade tolerance is a critical factor when developing restoration management strategies. The restoration<br />
or succession of abandoned fields in Dujiangyan, a subtropical region in SW China, can be accelerated<br />
by shading C. glauca seedlings at levels of 22% PAR.<br />
Keywords: early establishment, evergreen broad-leaved forest, native species, restoration ecology, shade<br />
tolerance, Southwest China.<br />
Root of pioneer trees in the lower sub-tropical area at Dinghu Mountain,<br />
Guangdong, China<br />
Yanru H. 1 , P. Shaolin 1,2 , M. Jiangming 1 , L. Xinwei 1 , Ch. Zhuoquan 1 , Z. Kai 1 , Wu. Jinrong 1<br />
1 South China of Botany Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510650, P.R. China<br />
2 School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China<br />
In the subtropical area, South China, representative pioneer tree root systems were examined with regard<br />
to their structure, underground stratification and biomass distribution, also the maximum rooting<br />
depths, maximum lateral root spreads were measured. Excavation of skeleton roots and observation of<br />
fine roots included seven species belong to the Euphorbiaceae, Theaceae, Melastomataceae, Lauraceae,<br />
Fagaceae. The results showed: 1 the pioneer tree roots in the first stage in natural succession had two<br />
type, one is characterized by the taproot with bulky plagiotropic branches, such as Schima superba,<br />
which root skeleton is situated radially in the upper layer of the soil profile, also with one or two deep tap<br />
root. The other is characterized by the flat root system with several tabular roots, such as Castanopsis<br />
chinensis, a few plagiotropic skeleton roots dominate the system. Root of the late pioneer mesophilous<br />
tree species is characterized by one obvious taproot and tactic braches roots up and down, such as Cryptocarya<br />
concinna; Cryptocarya chinensis and Aporosa Yunnanensis. The pioneer species of shrub root<br />
system is characterized by the heart root type featured by both horizontally and transversally growing<br />
braches, such as Blastus cochinchensis, Psychotria rubra, with the general fine root concentration in the<br />
upper soil horizon. So different root shapes varied in different species in succession. Coarse skeleton<br />
roots differed in the shape and position of the plagiotropic branches and positively geotropic taproots. 2<br />
Root of particular species varied in the external features of their color and periderm and structure of<br />
freshly cut slash. 3 In a set of successional stages the amount of tree roots linearly increased with the<br />
age of growth. In monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, the total tree root biomass amounted to 115.70<br />
ton/ha, Needle and broad-leaved mixed forest dominated by coniferous 50.61 ton/ hm 2 , Broad-and needle-leaved<br />
mixed forest dominated by broad-leaved heliophytes 64.20 ton/hm 2 , thus being comparable to<br />
the underground biomass observed in similar tropical forests. However, fine roots below 2 mm in diameter<br />
shared 60-88% of all roots in the upper 20 cm layer of all sample plots.<br />
Keywords: pioneer tree, tree roots, lower subtropical forest, Dinghu Mountain, China.<br />
Dead trees effects on biodiversity of Caspian Beech Forests North of Iran,<br />
Nooshahr<br />
Zolfeghari I., I. Adeli<br />
Science & Research Branch-Isalmic Azad University of Tehran, Iran<br />
Just because a tree stop living doesn’t mean it stops giving to environment around it. On the contrary a<br />
dead tree has a long and productive after life a standing dead tree, known as a Snag is a miniature<br />
ecosystem bustling with the activities of thousands of living things. Tree mortality (Snag & Downed log<br />
creation) naturally occurs in forests Dead trees make alive habitat and in addition Biodiversity in forest,<br />
and help to settlement of regeneration. This study was carried out in Northern Iran, in 50 hectares of virgin<br />
forest of Kheiroudkenar with measurement of all dead and alive trees. The results indicated that from<br />
the volume of 349.22 m 3 /hac formed by stand, 16.52 m 3 /hac was belong to dead trees. alive stand volume<br />
is consisted of 49% Fagus orientalis, 21% Carpinus betulus, 15% Alnus sp, 11% Acer sp, 3% Quercus<br />
castaneifolia and 1% other species and dead trees volume include 42% Fagus orientalis, 39% Carpinus<br />
betulus, 6% Alnus sp, 11% Acer sp, 11% Quercus castaneifolia and 1% other species, 26.93% of total<br />
volume of dead trees was Snags and 73.07% was Downed logs. Comparing of these percents of alive and<br />
dead trees volume, shows that Fagus orientalis is in balance position in this stand, Carpinus betulus is
264 Poster Presentations<br />
decrease, Ulmus carpinus and Quercus castaneifolia are in extinction from this stand, but Acer sp and<br />
Alnus sp are increasing. Dead trees open gap in crown of stand and reserve moisture and give nutrition<br />
materials to soil, so influence by have several effects to regeneration. k-square test shows that there is no<br />
significant differences (at 5% confidence limits) among snags and downed logs to settle regeneration, and<br />
there is a significant difference between the dead trees with various degrees of decay. Number population<br />
of insects indicated that the family of insects is known as Cerambycidae had the highest population in<br />
compare to other families, and Q. castaneifolia and F. orientalis had high activity of insects and funguses<br />
respectively on their dead trees. Managing of dead trees can help to improve biodiversity in forests, and<br />
we should keep them in future forest programs.<br />
Keywords: Northern Iran, Fagus orientales, carpinus betulus, quercus casteneifolia.
AUTHOR INDEX
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 267<br />
Aarons S.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Abd-Allah S.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
Abolafia J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Abollado F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86<br />
Abreu M.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247<br />
Acosta B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 224, 246<br />
Acosta F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127<br />
Acosta S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br />
Adel D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Adeli I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103, 263<br />
Adil S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br />
Adjoud-Sadadou D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
Adrover M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br />
Aggenbach C.J.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
Aghnaj A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126<br />
Aguilar-Støen M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />
Aguirre O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 89<br />
Ahn T.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />
Aide T.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />
Ainsworth N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61<br />
Akhtar M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174<br />
Aksissou M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178<br />
Aladren J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<br />
Albero J.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br />
Albizu I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181<br />
Alcalá del Olmo L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190, 234<br />
Alcántara J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 251<br />
Alcantara M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br />
Alceste C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206<br />
Aldeguer Sánchez M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187<br />
Aldous A.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />
Aldrich M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24<br />
Alessi F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178<br />
Allam K., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178<br />
Allen A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118<br />
Allen C.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24<br />
Allen E.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />
Alloza J.A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159. 179, 260<br />
Almeida M.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100<br />
Alonso A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179<br />
Alonso B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Alonso C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166, 184<br />
Alonso M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Alonso P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Alonso-González C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />
Alonso-Monasterio P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Al-rashidi R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />
Altamirano A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96<br />
Altamirano M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Álvarez M.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Álvarez-Bernal D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />
Álvarez-Cobelas M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182, 190<br />
Amezaga I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181<br />
Amezketa E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181<br />
Ampornpan L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195<br />
Anand M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26<br />
Andersen J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26<br />
Anderson R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84<br />
Andre M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />
Andreu E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />
Andreu O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />
Anglister N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />
Annema M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
Antheunisse A.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />
Antor R.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br />
Aquirre L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Aradottir A.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br />
Aragón J.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br />
Aranda Gutiérrez F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192<br />
Archna G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210<br />
Arcos F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183<br />
Arcos S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183<br />
Ardisson P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Arguello L.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92<br />
Aristarkhova L.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121<br />
Ariyo A.O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />
Armenise A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206<br />
Arnalds O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br />
Aronson J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />
Arosa M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />
Arriaza M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />
Asbjornsen H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29, 183<br />
Assogbadjo A.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />
Astrada E.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185<br />
Avendaño J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232<br />
Aviron S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<br />
Avrorin E.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Awad F.K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61<br />
Ayala R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127<br />
Azcárate J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />
Azcargorta J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183<br />
Azizi P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239<br />
Baattrup-Pedersen A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83<br />
Babar S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />
Bach L.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />
Backus L.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />
Badalyan K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205<br />
Badía D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184<br />
Baer S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />
Baeza D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184<br />
Baeza M.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br />
Baeza Sanz D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />
Bajwa R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139<br />
Baker A.J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />
Bal D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257<br />
Balabanova S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145<br />
Balaguer L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 99, 150<br />
Balcázar O.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88<br />
Báldi A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Ballantine K.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />
Banerjee M.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />
Bao R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br />
Baquero R.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />
Barajas-Guzmán M.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />
Baraza E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />
Barba-Romero J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Barberá G.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229<br />
Barker J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201<br />
Barradas V.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />
Barreira M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />
Barysheva N.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 121<br />
Batáry P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Bautista S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 159, 179, 260<br />
Baveco J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
Bayramin I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62<br />
Beaton K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56<br />
Bécares E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241<br />
Beeley K.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
268 Author Index<br />
Behjou F.K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239<br />
Benabid A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178<br />
Benhardouze W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178<br />
Benito L.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261<br />
Berenguer C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br />
Bernat Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228<br />
Berrahmouni N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126<br />
Berrill J.Pl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
Berry K.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184<br />
Beusink P.B.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115<br />
Bhojvaid P.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35<br />
Biel C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 223<br />
Birrer S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 89<br />
Bissels S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85<br />
Biswas S.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />
Bittencourt J.V.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br />
Blackwell M.S.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121<br />
Bladé C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
Blanco Esteban R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202<br />
Blanco M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185<br />
Blanco R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260<br />
Blanco-Macias A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br />
Blasco C.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185<br />
Blasco J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184<br />
Bochechas J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137<br />
Bochet E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 150, 155<br />
Boera P.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186<br />
Boeye D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260<br />
Bogaert D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />
Boix D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231<br />
Bond W.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />
Bonet A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 255<br />
Bonfil C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br />
Bort S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br />
Boryakov I.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186<br />
Boryakova E.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186<br />
Bostedt G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238<br />
Bote D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106<br />
Boudreau S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br />
Bowell H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />
Brandeis A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 39<br />
Bredeweg B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />
Bridge D.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />
Brites D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257<br />
Britez R.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65<br />
Brudvig L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />
Bruel B.O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
Buckle A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />
Buendia C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />
Bugueño J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232<br />
Buide M.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229<br />
Buisson E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40<br />
Bullock J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 196<br />
Bürgi M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253<br />
Burke S.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40<br />
Burmil S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41<br />
Burns B.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169<br />
Burton A.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205<br />
Bussell J.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
C˘arni A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<br />
Cabezas A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41, 110<br />
Cabezas J.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187<br />
Cabral J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149<br />
Cabrelles G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Cahalan C.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217<br />
Calleja Sánchez–Taíz, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187<br />
Calvo-Magro E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235<br />
Camacho A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 187<br />
Camacho-Cruz A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
Camargo J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 179<br />
Camargo-Ricalde S.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 188<br />
Cameron W.S.K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<br />
Campos Burgui A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188<br />
Campos R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 217<br />
Camps C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187<br />
Cancela L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247<br />
Cantillo E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236<br />
Caño-Vergara B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204<br />
Caparrós-Martínez V.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204<br />
Caporn S.J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201<br />
Cárdenas A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189<br />
Cardoso F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
Carenzo S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185<br />
Carey P.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<br />
Carone M.T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<br />
Carotenutto L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />
Carrara F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 251<br />
Carrasco I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261<br />
Carroll J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201<br />
Casacuberta N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />
Casado M.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 224, 246<br />
Casal P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110<br />
Casaleiro B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110<br />
Casas R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108<br />
Castaldi S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />
Castellanos A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />
Castellanos A.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 112<br />
Castellanos E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136<br />
Castellanos E.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 218<br />
Castelló R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 190, 234<br />
Castillejo J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 234<br />
Castillo F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88<br />
Castillo J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 218<br />
Castillo J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97<br />
Castillo V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229<br />
Castro J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190, 202<br />
Castro Díez P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203, 247<br />
Cavallé-Garrido A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45<br />
Cavero R.Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190, 236<br />
Ceacero C.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245<br />
Cearreta A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224<br />
Ceballos B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185<br />
Cervantes J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191<br />
Cesarini S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159<br />
Chalka S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141<br />
Chambel M.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100<br />
Chandana E.P.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46<br />
ChandraKanta Pandey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152<br />
Chang F.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152<br />
Chang Y.Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />
Chardon W.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142<br />
Charman D.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163<br />
Chatterjee A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<br />
Chen H.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64<br />
Chen Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249<br />
Cheung K.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
Chhetri R.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152<br />
Chiarucci A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 269<br />
Chibnall L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />
Chidawali J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256<br />
Chillasse L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46<br />
Chirino E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260<br />
Chittick A.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92<br />
Chmielewski T.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191<br />
Cho Y.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 216<br />
Choi S.I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />
Choi Y.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46<br />
Choiejit R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br />
Chormański J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />
Choudhary S. K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br />
Choudhury J.K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />
Chron˘áková A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219<br />
Chu L.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48<br />
Chung Y.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />
Ciancarelli C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192<br />
Cifuentes N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 244<br />
Cifuentes y de la Cerra N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192<br />
Cioaca E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />
Claassen T.H.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48<br />
Clarkson B.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 49<br />
Clary J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50<br />
Cliquet A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50<br />
Coca A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62<br />
Colin F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Collins T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50<br />
Colmer T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65<br />
Comin F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 191<br />
Comín F.A. . . . . . 41, 110, 192, 226, 246, 252<br />
Comino E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />
Commander L.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192<br />
Concepción E.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />
Conejero F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<br />
Contreras A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<br />
Contreras-Ramos S.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />
Corcket E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40<br />
Cormont A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
Coronado C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Corral-Rivas J.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Correcher E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />
Correia O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115<br />
Cortegano M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126<br />
Cortés C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88<br />
Cortés M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />
Cortina J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 199<br />
Cosmen P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br />
Costanza R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<br />
Costa-Tenorio M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 150<br />
Cott A.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53<br />
Couix N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203, 219<br />
Couso J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231<br />
Cowx I.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />
Crandall J.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />
Croker G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Cruz Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />
Csecserits A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254<br />
Cummings J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Cunningam S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53<br />
Cuomo V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<br />
Dagley C.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54<br />
D’Alessandro D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54<br />
Davenport I.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198<br />
Davies I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123<br />
Davy A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111<br />
Day J.W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<br />
De Coen W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
De Francisco S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193<br />
De Haan M.W.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
De Ibarra C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86<br />
De la Horra J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 190<br />
De la Puente M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55<br />
De la Rosa A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55<br />
De Miguel J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 224<br />
De Pascale R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />
De S. Amarasinghe N.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46<br />
Deane C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250<br />
Decleer K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56<br />
del Corral A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br />
del Moral R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168<br />
Del Pozo A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 224, 232<br />
Del Valle de Lersundi J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181<br />
Delgado A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183<br />
Delgado D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244<br />
Delgado J.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243<br />
Delgado P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187<br />
Delgado-Huertas A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br />
Dembek W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
Dendooven L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />
Dennis P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56<br />
Devescovi M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119<br />
Dey D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<br />
Dey S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br />
Dhillion S.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42, 195<br />
Dia A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126<br />
Diaz A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143<br />
Díaz M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />
Díaz R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183<br />
Díaz Pineda F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246<br />
Díaz-Delgado R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 189<br />
Díaz-Miguel M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249<br />
Dickinson F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Dietzler G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58<br />
Diez-Hernández J.M. . . . . . . . . 58, 59, 81, 193<br />
D’Incà A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54<br />
Disante K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199<br />
Dixon K.W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132, 192, 242<br />
Domínguez J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Domínguez M.T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59<br />
Domínguez S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261<br />
Donat M.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Donath T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85<br />
Doronila A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />
Dovbysheva T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60<br />
Dreyfus B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Drozko E.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215<br />
Ducousso M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Dufour S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193<br />
Dunajski A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60<br />
Dunbar M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br />
Dutoit T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40<br />
Dutrillaux C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219<br />
Dvorzhak A.I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194<br />
Eastman D.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74<br />
Echevarrías J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255<br />
Echeverría C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />
Echeverría C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96<br />
Ede F.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 208
270 Author Index<br />
Ehrlén J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216<br />
Ekvall H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238<br />
El-Bana M.I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61<br />
El Hussaini O.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
EL Sabbagh I.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61<br />
Elhottová D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67, 219<br />
Elías-Gutiérrez M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220<br />
Eliot I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172<br />
El-Kahloun M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260<br />
Elseroad A.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />
Elso J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194<br />
Emara M.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61<br />
Enright N.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108<br />
Erdogan H.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 195<br />
Erdös S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Eriksen M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195<br />
Eriksson O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211<br />
Erpul G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62<br />
Escalera J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62<br />
Escolar Haro I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195<br />
Escribano Bombín R. . . . . . . . . . . . . 188, 195<br />
Escribano R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55<br />
Escudero C.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243<br />
Escudero J.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />
Espejel I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />
Espelta J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223<br />
Espigares T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 114, 225<br />
Esselink H. . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 161, 162, 262<br />
Esteban A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183<br />
Euan J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Fagan K.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196<br />
Faisal A.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />
Falk D.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64<br />
Fan T.Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,196<br />
Fang L.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196<br />
Fang L.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64<br />
Fanlo E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164<br />
Farias F.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 196<br />
Farkas Cs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198<br />
Farkas Sz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 198<br />
Farragolo J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />
Farrell C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65<br />
Farrell M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />
Fawzy E.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251<br />
Fay T.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75<br />
Fedorchuk I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197<br />
Fensham L.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Fergus A.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197<br />
Fernandes R.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
Fernández Yuste J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218<br />
Fernández-Gálvez J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198<br />
Fernández-Palacios J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243<br />
Fernández-Pascual M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261<br />
Fernández-Santos B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
Ferreira M.T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137<br />
Ferretti A.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65<br />
Fessel K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161<br />
Feuerbach P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253<br />
Figueroa M.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 189, 218<br />
Flachner Zs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 198<br />
Fleck I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233<br />
Flores S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206<br />
Fodor L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233<br />
Fontán Guiao L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200<br />
Fontan L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149<br />
Forman R.T.T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 66<br />
Forss A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br />
Framstad E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67<br />
Fraunhoffer N.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198<br />
Freitas H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220, 241<br />
Frouz J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67, 219<br />
Fu B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />
Fuchs J.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198<br />
Fuentes, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199<br />
Fujii E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97<br />
Fulé Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68<br />
Fuller T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248<br />
Furniss M.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 199<br />
Furniss R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />
Gainza M.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198<br />
Gaitanis D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253<br />
Galarza C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190<br />
Galatowitsch S.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210, 240<br />
Gallardo B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41<br />
Gallart F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Gallego J.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135<br />
Gallego-Fernández J.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 200<br />
Gallet S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69<br />
Ganatsas P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69<br />
Garbisu C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181<br />
García A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149<br />
García Amador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237<br />
García Arrese A.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200<br />
García de Jalón D. . . 25, 72, 73, 104, 166, 184<br />
García M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41, 110, 226<br />
García M.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216<br />
García Molinos J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />
García N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<br />
García Novo F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 200<br />
García Rodríguez J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
García Sánchez R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188<br />
García Sevilla D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />
Garcia X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71<br />
García-Avilés J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241<br />
García-Barrios R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br />
García-Díaz E.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />
García-Fayos P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 155<br />
García-Ferrer I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187<br />
García-Ibañez E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246<br />
García-Muñoz S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202<br />
García-Sánchez R. . . . . . . . . . . . 200, 225, 256<br />
Garilleti R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73<br />
Garzón G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118<br />
Georgiev C.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145<br />
Georgievsky V.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201<br />
Geraldes P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />
Geraldo S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />
Gerhart V.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />
Gerritsen P.R.W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118<br />
Getabu A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186<br />
Geurts J.J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71<br />
Giancáspero N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144<br />
Gil A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />
Giménez P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48<br />
Gimeno T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
Ginsberg P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72<br />
Giraldo A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Girel J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 271<br />
Giriraj A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />
Glen E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201<br />
Glenn E.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />
Glinsky M.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215<br />
Gnauck A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139<br />
Gobbi M.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258<br />
Godfrey A.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72<br />
Godinho F.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137<br />
Goikoetxea M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194<br />
Gomes E.T.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 196<br />
Gómez J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202<br />
Gómez Manzaneque F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195<br />
Gómez-Aparicio L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202<br />
Gómez-Cárdenas M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />
Gómez-Sal A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259<br />
González del Tánago M. . . . . . . . . . . 30, 72, 73<br />
González E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41<br />
González Esteban J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203<br />
González J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 229<br />
González J.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73<br />
González Pascual J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202<br />
González-Alday J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202, 221<br />
González-Barrios A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br />
González-Espinosa M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
González-López M.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204<br />
González-Sampériz P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br />
Gonzalo-Turpin H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203, 219<br />
Goosen H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74<br />
Gordon E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178<br />
Gortazar G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184<br />
Gortázar J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />
Goto R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50<br />
Grace' J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />
Graf R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br />
Granados I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193, 203<br />
Grant A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111<br />
Grau H.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />
Grau M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 81<br />
Greeff J.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75<br />
Green A.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 189<br />
Grévilliot F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209<br />
Griffths G.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br />
Grigoryan V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205<br />
Grillas P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 189<br />
Grootjans A.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75<br />
Gross M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75<br />
Guerrero Borges V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76<br />
Guerrero Campo J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203<br />
Guerrero J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41<br />
Guerrero P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Guerrero V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85<br />
Guinart D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174<br />
Gurney R.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198<br />
Guzmán Álvarez J.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204<br />
Guzmán-Álvarez J.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76<br />
Haaijer S.C.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160<br />
Hagen D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204<br />
Haidvogl G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83<br />
Halassy M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77, 155, 254<br />
Haley D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77<br />
Halvorson W.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112<br />
Halldorsson G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br />
Halley D.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205<br />
Halli-Hargas R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
Hamad R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />
Hambaryan L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205<br />
Hanks T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />
Hardcastle K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78<br />
Harper M.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159<br />
Harper-Lore B.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78<br />
Hartley R.K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78<br />
Hartman J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140<br />
Hazard L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219<br />
Hazard-Mirassou L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203<br />
Healey J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />
Hebda R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74<br />
Hechenleitner P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />
Hektner M.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205<br />
Hendriks R.J.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257<br />
Heredia M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />
Hernán R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br />
Hernández A.J. . . . . . . . . . 105, 190, 206, 234<br />
Hernández J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br />
Herrera F.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206<br />
Herrera-Silveira J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Herreros J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251<br />
Herrick J.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Herzog F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 212<br />
Heyd T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<br />
Hidalgo J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189<br />
Higa A.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br />
Higgs E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<br />
Hilera-Lanzos R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<br />
Hinz, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252<br />
Hobbs R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65<br />
Hobbs R.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 172<br />
Hódar J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 190, 202, 223<br />
Hoffmann C.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83<br />
Hokkanen M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83<br />
Holden J.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84<br />
Holz S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 84, 85<br />
Hölzel N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85<br />
Holzgang O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br />
Hooke, J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85<br />
Hopkins D.W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 254<br />
Horsburgh M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222<br />
Horvatin P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86<br />
Howard A.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129<br />
Howe H.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222<br />
Hugentobler I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br />
Hughes F.M.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112<br />
Hui M.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48<br />
Hurtado F.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86<br />
Huss E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96<br />
Hussain J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141<br />
Hyvärinen E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86<br />
Ibañez C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 122<br />
Ibáñez R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206<br />
Ibarra A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181<br />
Icke J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br />
Ilmarinen K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207<br />
Iriarte E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224<br />
Ivesˇa Lj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119<br />
Jacobs B.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24<br />
Jaeger J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<br />
Jaffré T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Jansen P.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />
Janssen R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
272 Author Index<br />
Jardel E.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88<br />
Jayaraju N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88<br />
Jeanneret P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<br />
Jenny M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br />
Jensen K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161<br />
Jeschke M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />
Jiang M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Jiangming M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263<br />
Jiménez J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 89<br />
Jiménez J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73<br />
Jiménez-Guirado D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Jinrong W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263<br />
Ji-Ping L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207<br />
Jochen A.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<br />
Johnson L.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90<br />
Jones D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />
Jones-Lennon M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208, 217<br />
Jonsson M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238<br />
Jung V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209<br />
Jungwirth S.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83<br />
Junninen, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90<br />
Jurado E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<br />
Kaasik A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138<br />
Kadmon A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90<br />
Kageyama P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91<br />
Kai Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263<br />
Kalc˘ík J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219<br />
Kandel R.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91<br />
Kang D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />
Kardel I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />
Karu H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235<br />
Kaushik A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209, 210<br />
Kaushik C.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209, 210<br />
Kay B.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184<br />
Kawai H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Keith D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114<br />
Kellner K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210, 257<br />
Keping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262<br />
Kettenring K.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210<br />
Keulartz J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92<br />
Keyes C.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92<br />
Khadgi B.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141<br />
Kiehl K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />
Kim J.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />
Kindvall O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237<br />
King E.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />
Kisbenedek T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Kitao Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />
Kiviniemi K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211<br />
Klimkowska A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211<br />
Knop E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212, 253<br />
Koch J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br />
Koh J.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212<br />
Kolejko M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191<br />
Kondratjeva T.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145<br />
Konvalinkova P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212<br />
Kooistra L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
Korkeamaki E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213<br />
Kos˘ir P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<br />
Kotiaho J.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153, 249<br />
Kotiranta H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90<br />
Kotowski W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 121, 211<br />
Kouki J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 90, 242<br />
Kovács-Láng E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155<br />
Kowalczyk K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213<br />
Krauss S.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
Kribeche H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
Kris°tu°fek V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219<br />
Krishnakumar N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
Krishnamani R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214<br />
Kröel-Dulay Gy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155<br />
Krug C.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95<br />
Krug R.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95<br />
Kryazhimsky F.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102<br />
Kuh D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107<br />
Kumar P.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214<br />
Kuzmin S.Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215<br />
Kwon O.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />
Labrada Pons M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215<br />
Lair K.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129<br />
Laliberte A.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Lamb D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 95<br />
Lambers H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br />
Lamers L.P.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101<br />
Lamers L.P.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 99, 154, 160<br />
Lamont B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235<br />
Lamont B.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108<br />
Lamont R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140<br />
Langan S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56<br />
Laos F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258<br />
Lapuszek M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96<br />
Lara A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 173<br />
Lara F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73<br />
Largier G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102<br />
Larpkern P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195<br />
Larson D.W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 154<br />
Lassaletta L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215<br />
Latypova V.Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145<br />
Lauga B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102<br />
Lázaro R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Lee C.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 216<br />
Lee J.Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97<br />
Lee S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />
Lee S.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 216<br />
Lehtilä K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216<br />
Leimu R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216<br />
Leira-Doce P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97<br />
Leitão F.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
Leito A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138<br />
Lemauviel S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69<br />
Lenar-Matyas A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126<br />
Lester R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217<br />
Levesque L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<br />
Ley C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135<br />
Leyva C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />
Lhotsky B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155<br />
Li J.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64<br />
Li N.Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152<br />
Liceaga Mª.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Liébanas G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Liebl D.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223<br />
Liebsch D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
Lindberg H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98<br />
Ling M.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217<br />
Liu C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262<br />
Liu G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />
Liu L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98<br />
Liu P.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 273<br />
Liu W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98<br />
Livingston M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 217<br />
Lobo A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174<br />
Lobo M.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187<br />
Loeb R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 99<br />
Lofaso R.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />
López A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99<br />
López A.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245<br />
López N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99<br />
López-Martín M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235<br />
López-Sangil L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110<br />
Lora-Lozano M.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204<br />
Lourenço M.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100<br />
Low E.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218<br />
Lozada A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236<br />
Lozano J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Lu M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152<br />
Lu X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Lu Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />
Lubke R.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100<br />
Lucassen E.C.H.E.T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101, 132<br />
Ludwig J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252<br />
Lugrin B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br />
Lujan C.W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 226<br />
Luna C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86<br />
Lunan D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256<br />
Lunberg A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250<br />
Luque C.J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189, 218<br />
Luud A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235<br />
Luukkanen O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />
Llanos A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />
Lledó M.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260<br />
Maas G.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142<br />
Mabboux J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193<br />
Maccherini S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
Macías F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 245<br />
Macías García F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200<br />
Macías Vázquez F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200<br />
Mackay B.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />
Macnaugth Barbizani R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220<br />
Machado A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101<br />
Machlis G.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101<br />
Maddock I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br />
Madejón P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59<br />
Maestre F.T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124<br />
Maestre F.T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<br />
Magdaleno Mas F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218<br />
Mahdy R.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
Mahika C.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186<br />
Mahoney M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90<br />
Makaske B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142<br />
Maklakov K.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102<br />
Malaval-Cassan S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 219<br />
Maldonado M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127<br />
Malekghasemi A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103<br />
Malý S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219<br />
Malygina A.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121<br />
Mandouri T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br />
Manfreda S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<br />
Mangas Ramírez E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220<br />
Manimekalan A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103<br />
Marañón T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 104, 180<br />
Marcus M.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104<br />
Marchamalo M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 166, 184<br />
Marchante H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220<br />
Marchena O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br />
Marignani M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
Markó V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77<br />
Marques M.C.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
Marrs R.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196<br />
Marti C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184<br />
Martikainen P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86<br />
Martín Agudo M.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246<br />
Martín C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br />
Martín Duque J.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72<br />
Martín J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 190, 234<br />
Martín-Aparicio, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105<br />
Martínez A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<br />
Martínez de Azagra A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 70<br />
Martínez G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191<br />
Martínez R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86<br />
Martínez R., L.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118<br />
Martínez S.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195<br />
Martínez-Conde E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215<br />
Martínez-Garza C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222<br />
Martínez-Más J.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />
Martínez-Ramos M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71<br />
Martínez-Ruiz C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202, 221<br />
Martínez-Taberner A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br />
Maschinski J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105<br />
Mata P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br />
Mateos E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97<br />
Matesanz S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 150<br />
Matos J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106<br />
Matthijs J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170<br />
Matuszkiewicz J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213<br />
Maxted J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Mayfield M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248<br />
Mayhew M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222<br />
McAllum P M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106<br />
McDonald B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250<br />
McDonald P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250<br />
McKendry J.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101<br />
McSweeney K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223<br />
Meghelli N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223<br />
Meire P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260<br />
Mellink E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240<br />
Mendarte S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181<br />
Mendelssohn I.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107<br />
Méndez J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243<br />
Méndez R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45<br />
Mendoza F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194<br />
Mendoza I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 223<br />
Menéndez M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246<br />
Meney K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 107, 108<br />
Menezes D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />
Merino L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114<br />
Meseguer A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108<br />
Meyerhoff E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />
Middleton B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161<br />
Mieczan T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191<br />
Migliorini C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54<br />
Mikhailov G.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Mikola J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207<br />
Miletto M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />
Milton S.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95<br />
Miller B.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108<br />
Mitchell N.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
274 Author Index<br />
Mitsch W.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16<br />
Mo J.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152<br />
Moalla S.M.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251<br />
Mola I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99<br />
Molina F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 184<br />
Molnár G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198<br />
Mollot L.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109<br />
Monazami M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109<br />
Mondria M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br />
Monge-Ganuzas M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224<br />
Monroy Ata A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200, 237, 256<br />
Montalvo J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110<br />
Montaño G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />
Montaño N.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225<br />
Montes R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />
Morales G.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243<br />
Morant M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Morellón M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br />
Moreno Mateos D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110<br />
Moreno E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164<br />
Moreno G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116<br />
Moreno J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45<br />
Moreno M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 114, 225<br />
Moreno Martínez S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226<br />
Moreno R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72<br />
Moreno-Caballud A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br />
Morgan D.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 226<br />
Morimoto Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212<br />
Moro J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br />
Morris E.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114<br />
Moses C.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218<br />
Moss T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112<br />
Mossman H.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111<br />
Motro U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />
Mouriño J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183<br />
Moy I.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111<br />
Moyà G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br />
Muhar S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83<br />
Muir A.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84<br />
Mukwada G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226<br />
Mulcock J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157<br />
Muller E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112<br />
Muller S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209, 259<br />
Munguía M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248<br />
Muñoz C.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227<br />
Muñoz H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127<br />
Muñoz Yanguas M.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203<br />
Murillo J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59<br />
Murillo R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Murrieta-Saldivar J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112<br />
Nabais C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247<br />
Nadirasze K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227<br />
Naeth, M.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112<br />
Naïmi K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Nair K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113<br />
Nakamura K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228<br />
Nankervis A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250<br />
Narantuya N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228<br />
Narbona E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229<br />
Nason M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />
Nasvit O.I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194<br />
Navarro Hevia J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187, 202<br />
Navarro J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 128, 260<br />
Navarro N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244<br />
Navarro R.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113<br />
Navarro-Cano J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229<br />
Navarro-Cerrillo R.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76<br />
Navas A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br />
Naveh Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41<br />
Nazarova L.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145<br />
Neale K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222<br />
Nekhay O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />
Neumann M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />
Nicolau J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 114, 225<br />
Nichols P.W.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114<br />
Nidal A.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114<br />
Nieto C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149<br />
Nieto Olano C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200<br />
Nijs I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61<br />
Nijssen M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262<br />
Nijssen M.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115<br />
Nikonova N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />
Nilsson C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112<br />
Nishihiro J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230<br />
Nishihiro M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230<br />
Noordijk J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br />
Novák J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230<br />
Novosyolov A.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Nunes A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115<br />
Núñez J.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116<br />
Nuttle T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />
Nwaka G.I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116<br />
Oaten H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143<br />
Öhlander B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250<br />
Ojeda L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />
Okechi J.K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186<br />
Okruszko T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />
Oliveira G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115<br />
Oliveira P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />
Olmeda S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59<br />
Olmeda Sanz S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193<br />
Olsen M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 250<br />
Onaindia M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181<br />
Ontañón C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108<br />
Orci K.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Ordeix M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170, 231<br />
Orosz A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Orozco-Almanza M.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . 237, 256<br />
Ortega, J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118<br />
Ortiz-Arrona C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118<br />
Oświecimska-Piasko Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
Osorno-Sánchez T.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231<br />
Otero E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
Otero X.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183<br />
Otte A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85<br />
Ovalle C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 224, 227, 232<br />
Oyonarte C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198<br />
Ozretić B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119<br />
Pacifico K.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232<br />
Padilla F.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232<br />
Padró Simarro A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188<br />
Páez R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br />
Päivinen J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119<br />
Pakalnis R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138<br />
Palamar C.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119<br />
Palau A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108<br />
Pál-Fám F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120, 233<br />
Paoletti M.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 275<br />
Papale D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18<br />
Papas P.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Paquin J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144<br />
Park J.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />
Park S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />
Parkyn S.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Parr T.W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67<br />
Pascual G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233<br />
Pascual J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86<br />
Pastor E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234<br />
Pastor J. . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 105, 190, 206, 234<br />
Payne T.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58<br />
Pease A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256<br />
Pedraza R.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234<br />
Pedrocchi C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 191<br />
Pedrol Solanes C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203<br />
Peepson A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138<br />
Peneva R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145<br />
Pensa M.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235<br />
Peña J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255<br />
Peña-Santiago R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Peñuelas Rubira J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261<br />
Pereira J.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100<br />
Pérez Pérez J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187<br />
Pérez-Fernández M.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . 131, 235<br />
Pérez-LLorens J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Pérez-Ramos I.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104<br />
Perrier N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Perrin J.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126<br />
Perry G.L.W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108<br />
Petit R.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100<br />
Pfiffner L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<br />
Picazo A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 187<br />
Picek T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219<br />
Pichmanova P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />
Piěl V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67<br />
Piégay H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193<br />
Pieterse N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121<br />
Pijnappel H.W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71<br />
Pinzon J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236<br />
Piórkowski H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
Piudo M.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236<br />
Placci G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 85<br />
Placci L.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76<br />
Platteeuw M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121<br />
Plaza García M.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204<br />
Poda D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256<br />
Pokorny M.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205<br />
Polo A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190<br />
Polyakov E.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 121<br />
Porter D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78<br />
Poschlod P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169<br />
Poulard C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 126<br />
Prach K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122<br />
Prat N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 122<br />
Prego R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Preis S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83<br />
Price D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />
Price E.A.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201<br />
Prieto G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144<br />
Prigann H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122<br />
Prin Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Puerto A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
Pugnaire F.I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232<br />
Pulg U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123<br />
Pulido F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116<br />
Putwain P.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123<br />
Pywell R.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196<br />
Quero J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 124<br />
Quinn J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Quintanilla V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236<br />
Radwan S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191<br />
Rahmani A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124<br />
Ramajo L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243<br />
Ramasubramanian R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124<br />
Rambaldi D.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
Ramírez L.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
Ramírez M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88<br />
Ramírez-Marcial N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
Ramírez-Palacios J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237<br />
Ramon G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br />
Ramos J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />
Ramos-Gómez M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68<br />
Rango A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Rani N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209<br />
Ranius T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237, 238<br />
Rashed M.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251<br />
Rashidi R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239<br />
Ratna N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238<br />
Ratomski J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126<br />
Ravishankar T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124<br />
Razavi M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239<br />
Reddy C.H.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />
Rédei T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Redfern L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239<br />
Redondo I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99<br />
Redondo S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 189, 218<br />
Regato P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126<br />
Regmi M.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127<br />
Regnault-Roger C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102<br />
Rehounková K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239<br />
Reid N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Reinhardt C.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240<br />
Rejas D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127<br />
Remez V.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121<br />
Ren H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128<br />
Renkin R.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205<br />
Rescia Perazzo A.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185<br />
Reves J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126<br />
Rey Benayas J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128<br />
Rey P.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 251<br />
Rey-Benayas J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
Ricker M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222<br />
Richards K.S.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112<br />
Richardson P.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128<br />
Rigault F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Riksen M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129<br />
Riojas-López M.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240<br />
Ríos A.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Rispin W.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111<br />
Riss H.W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145<br />
Ritter N.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129<br />
Rivas J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br />
Rivas-Casado M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br />
Rivera-Monroy V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Rivero-Domínguez V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204<br />
Roberts M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />
Roberts P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
276 Author Index<br />
Roblas N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241<br />
Rocchini D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
Rochefort L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br />
Rochera C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />
Rodríguez C.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241<br />
Rodríguez I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118<br />
Rodríguez J.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br />
Rodriguez K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 131<br />
Rodríguez R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110<br />
Rodríguez T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118<br />
Rodríguez X.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131<br />
Rodríguez-Echeverría S. . . . . . . . . . . 131, 241<br />
Roelofs J.G.M. . . . . 71, 99, 101, 132, 154, 160<br />
Rokich D.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132, 192, 242<br />
Roldán Becerra V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204<br />
Romanowski J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213<br />
Rood S.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112<br />
Rosell C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132<br />
Rosúa J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249<br />
Roucolle M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219<br />
Rougier M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222<br />
Rouvinen S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242<br />
Rovere A.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133<br />
Rovira J.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215<br />
Rozas C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241<br />
Rozé F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 133<br />
Rubio-Pérez M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204<br />
Rüdiger O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243<br />
Ruiz J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180, 243, 244<br />
Ruiz Sandoval-Castillo L.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . 220<br />
Rull E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235<br />
Runhaar J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134, 142<br />
Rusan M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />
Rutaisire J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186<br />
Rycharski M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
S˘ilc U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<br />
S˘ourková M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67<br />
Saad M.A.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244<br />
Sade V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245<br />
Sadyrin V.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245<br />
Safty A.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244<br />
Saiz J.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245<br />
Sala J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231<br />
Sala L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231<br />
Salas S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Salmo III S.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232<br />
Salvadores R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183<br />
Sallema A.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />
Salles P.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />
Samayawardhena L.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46<br />
San Jose J.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />
Sanchez I.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135<br />
Sánchez-Cordero V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248<br />
Sánchez Martínez M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220<br />
Sánchez Navarro R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135<br />
Sanchez R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63<br />
Sánchez Sanz J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203<br />
Sánchez-Jardón L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246<br />
Sanjurjo D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184<br />
Sanmartí N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246<br />
Santamaría L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 189<br />
Santhanam R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136<br />
Santiago A.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88<br />
Santiago-Irizarry E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137<br />
Santich S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107<br />
Santos C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220<br />
Santos E.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247<br />
Santos I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247, 257<br />
Santos J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137<br />
Sanz G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191<br />
Sanz V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<br />
Sanz-Pérez V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247<br />
Sarkar S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248<br />
Sardinero S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185<br />
Sárospataki M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Savé R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 223<br />
Savenije H.H.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166<br />
Sayadyan A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137<br />
Scott R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201, 248<br />
Schaffers A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br />
Schipper L.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 144<br />
Schlamadinger B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<br />
Schmid B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212<br />
Schmidt M.A.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
Schmutz S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 83<br />
Schneider R.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 138<br />
Schuman G.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Schüpbach B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<br />
Sekhar M.Ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248<br />
Self E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />
Selonen V.A.O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249<br />
Sender J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191<br />
Sendžikaitė J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138<br />
Seo E.Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />
Sepp K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138<br />
Serrano L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187<br />
Serrano-Bernardo F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249<br />
Seves A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104<br />
Shabbir A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139<br />
Shafi. N.I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139<br />
Shaheen E.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61<br />
Shaolin P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249, 263<br />
Shapcott A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140<br />
Shapcott A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250<br />
Shapiro T.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140<br />
Sharma K.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141<br />
Shcherbakova E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250<br />
Shestakov A.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258<br />
Shin H.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 216<br />
Shrestha K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141<br />
Shrestha Vaidya G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141<br />
Shrumm E.O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Shveikin G.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Siepel H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262<br />
Siikamäki P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155<br />
Siles G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 251<br />
Silva L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126<br />
Siller I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120, 233<br />
Similä M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 119<br />
Simmons J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159<br />
Simonenko V.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258<br />
Simoniello T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<br />
Sinsin B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />
Sitzia T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251<br />
Sival F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129<br />
Sival F.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134, 142<br />
Slocum M.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107<br />
Smirnov B.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2005 The World Conference on Ecological Restoration 277<br />
Smith B.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143<br />
Smith D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143<br />
Smith M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Smith P.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />
Smith S.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 217<br />
Smith T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<br />
Smolders A.J.P. . . . . . . . . . . 71, 101, 132, 154<br />
Snoep M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118<br />
Solé A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Soltan M.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251<br />
Sopacua J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143<br />
Sorando R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226, 252<br />
Soriano M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144<br />
Southwood R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />
Spain, A.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252<br />
Spanos K.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253<br />
Sparling G.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144<br />
Sparrowe J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 144<br />
Srinivasan A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136<br />
Steck C.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253<br />
Steensma G.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144<br />
Stepanova N.Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145<br />
Stern M.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />
Stevens C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />
Storrie G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Stoyanova J.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145<br />
Strand J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253<br />
Stuyfzand P.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
Sudha K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />
Sudhakar S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />
Sugino N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Sundaresh G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />
Sung K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />
Sunnucks P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159<br />
Surikov V.T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121<br />
Susilo A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147<br />
Sutter G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Svavarsdóttir K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147, 182<br />
Swart J.A.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148, 160<br />
Sykora K.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br />
Syrjänen K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216<br />
Szabó R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 254<br />
Szczesny J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96<br />
Szewczyk M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
Szili-Kovács T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 254<br />
Szitar K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254<br />
Szota C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br />
Szüts T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Szymura T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60<br />
Tajovský K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67<br />
Tapia del Río L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 200<br />
Tarkowska-Kukuryk M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191<br />
Tartowski S.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Taylor A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159<br />
Teiga P.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149<br />
Temperton V.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150<br />
Templeton J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150<br />
Tena D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 150<br />
Tenner C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />
Teodósio J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />
Teraoka J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92<br />
Terrones B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255<br />
Teungfung R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br />
Teutli C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Thapa S.K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152<br />
the REACTI<strong>ON</strong> partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . 159<br />
Thompson L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201<br />
Tian K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152<br />
Tibbett M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252<br />
Tilston E.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 254<br />
Timmermann, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153<br />
Tindale N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250<br />
Toivanen T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153<br />
Tokola T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />
Tolvanen A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153, 155<br />
Toma O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255<br />
Tomassen H.B.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154<br />
Tomlinson S.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154<br />
Tong S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208<br />
Tongway D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252<br />
Tonin E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54<br />
Tonon S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54<br />
Topuridze L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227<br />
Torki F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255<br />
Tormo J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 155<br />
Törn A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155<br />
Török K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77, 155, 254<br />
Torre A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78<br />
Torres-Álvarez A.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256<br />
Torri D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221<br />
Tosserams M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156<br />
Trawick P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156<br />
Trejo I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br />
Trepel M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157<br />
Treviño E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />
Trigger D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157<br />
Trout R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />
Tuffen F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256<br />
Udachin V.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />
Ulian T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />
Uptain C.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129<br />
Urbieta I.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104<br />
Uzunov Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />
Vadell J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br />
Vadineanu A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157<br />
Vaht R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235<br />
Valdecantos A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158, 199<br />
Valdes D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Valdés L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Valentini R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18<br />
Valero B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />
Valero R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184<br />
Valero-Garcés B.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br />
Valiente-Banuet A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231<br />
Valladares F. . . . 106, 150, 180, 247, 257, 261<br />
Vallauri D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />
Vallejo V.R. 34, 52, 158, 159, 179, 199, 233, 260<br />
van Aarde R.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170<br />
van Andel J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br />
van Bohemen H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159<br />
Van Daalen E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99<br />
Van Damme P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />
van den Berg L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210, 257<br />
van den Brink N.W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
van der Ree R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159<br />
van der Welle M.E.W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160<br />
van der Windt H.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160<br />
Van Der Zaag P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
278 Author Index<br />
van der Zee F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257<br />
Van Diggelen R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 161, 259<br />
Van Duinen G.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 161, 162<br />
van Kleef H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161<br />
Van Niel K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172<br />
van Noordwijk C.G.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162<br />
Van Uytvanck J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56<br />
Vanha-Majamaa I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98<br />
Varela J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 73<br />
Varela M.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100<br />
Varela S.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258<br />
Vasas G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Vasiliev I.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258<br />
Vécrin, M.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259<br />
Vegelin K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161<br />
Vela de Pablos I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200<br />
Velázquez E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259<br />
Vélez M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260<br />
Veloso-Gomes F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149<br />
Veneklaas E.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br />
Venkataramani V.K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136<br />
Ventura D.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195<br />
Verberk W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161<br />
Verberk W.C.E.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161, 162<br />
Verdaguer D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233<br />
Verhagen B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260<br />
Verma S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141<br />
Vermaat J.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74<br />
Vesely É-T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 162<br />
Vestberg M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207<br />
Vicente E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 187<br />
Vickery E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163<br />
Vidal V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Vidra R.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163<br />
Vigil M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45<br />
Viguera R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164<br />
Vilagran Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233<br />
Vilagrosa A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233, 260<br />
Vilea J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164<br />
Villa-Castillo B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Villanueva-Díaz J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68<br />
Villar R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104<br />
Villar-Salvador P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261<br />
Vinagre R.O.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195<br />
Viñals M.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
Vishnudas S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166<br />
Vizcaíno P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 166, 184<br />
Vizcayno C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 190<br />
Vogels J.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262<br />
Vorotnikov V.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186<br />
Voz˘enílková K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262<br />
Vulink J.T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167<br />
Wagner C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />
Wagner-Lotkowska I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167<br />
Waide R.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168<br />
Wali M.K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168<br />
Walker J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168<br />
Walker L.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168<br />
Walter T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<br />
Walther D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169<br />
Wallander H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 141<br />
Wang C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98<br />
Wanningen H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170<br />
Ward L.K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111<br />
Warren J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250<br />
Warttig W.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170<br />
Washitani I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230<br />
Wassen M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />
Wassenaar T.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170<br />
Watt-Gremm G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<br />
Watts C.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />
Way M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />
Weigand J.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184<br />
Weinstein M.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />
Wharmby C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218<br />
Wheeler D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144<br />
Whisenant S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60<br />
White P.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205<br />
White S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br />
Wilding T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />
Wilkes G.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />
Wilmot A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256<br />
Wilson J.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197<br />
Wilson V.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />
Williams R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218<br />
Williamson J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />
Winder L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143<br />
Winn K.O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172<br />
Wright S.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105<br />
Wright W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217<br />
Xiaojun D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262<br />
Xinwei L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263<br />
Yanru H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263<br />
Yom-Tov Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />
Young T.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172<br />
Yu X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262<br />
Yuschenko S.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194<br />
Zagal E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227, 232<br />
Zaldivar A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80<br />
Zaldua A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194<br />
Zalewski M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167<br />
Zamora R. . . . . . . 32, 104, 124, 190, 202, 223<br />
Zamorano C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 173<br />
Zavala M.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104<br />
Zawko G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
Zedler J.B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />
Zelnik I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<br />
Zheleznyak M.I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194<br />
Zhou P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />
Zhuoquan Ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263<br />
Zolfeghari I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263<br />
Zugasti B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190<br />
Zuleta G.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198, 245<br />
Zulfiqar A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174<br />
Zwiener V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221