An Absolute Review on Oxalis corniculata Linn. - International ...

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701 

____________________________________________<strong>Review</strong> Article 

<strong>An</strong> <strong>Absolute</strong> <strong>Review</strong> on Oxalis corniculata Linn. 

Ashwani Kumar*, Niketa, Sapna Rani and Somiya Sagwal 

Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram College, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

ABSTRACT 

Oxalis corniculata Linn. is a medicinally important plant indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of the world. 

Its medicinal usage is reported in Indian pharmaceutical codex, the Chinese, British and the American 

pharmacopoeias different traditional system of medicines such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. The review reveals 

that wide ranges of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from the plant like flavanoids, tannins, 

phytosterols, phenol, glycoseides, fatty acids, galacto-glycerolipid and volatile oil. The leaves contain flavonoids, 

iso vitexine and vitexine-2”- O- beta – D- glucopyrunoside. It is rich source of essential fatty acids like palmitic acid, 

oleic, linoleic, linolenic and stearic acids and it possesses important activities like <strong>An</strong>tioxidant, <strong>An</strong>ticancer, 

anthelmintic, <strong>An</strong>ti-inflammatory, <strong>An</strong>algesic, Steroidogenic, <strong>An</strong>timicrobial, <strong>An</strong>tiamoebic, <strong>An</strong>tifungal, Astringent, 

Depurative, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Febrifuge, Cardio relaxan, stomachic and Styptic have also been reported. 

These reports are very encouraging and indicate that herb should be studied more expensively for its therapeutic 

benefits. This article briefly reviews the botany, pharmacology, biochemistry and therapeutic application of the 

plant. This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspects of Oxalis corniculata and 

highlight the need for research and development. 

Key Words: Oxalis corniculata, Galacto-glycerolipid, Pharmacological activities, <strong>An</strong>tioxidant, <strong>An</strong>ticancer. 

INTRODUCTION 

Since the beginning of human civilization, man has 

been using many herbs and herbal extracts as 

medicine. Records of pre-historic civilization in 

different parts of the world revealed considerable 

range of medicinal plants to cure human ailments . 

<strong>An</strong>cient manuscripts like the Bible, The Iliad, The rig 

Vedas, History, of Herodotous, etc confirm this. The 

ea rly Egyptian, Babylonians, Summarians, Greeks, 

Romans, Indians, Chinese all developed their 

Respective system of medicines on plants.Oxalis 

corniculata is an important plant of family 

Oxalidaceae. Oxalis corniculata, the Creeping wood 

sorrel, also called Procumbent Yellow- sorrel or 

sleeping beauty resembles the common yellow 

woodsorrel. The bright-yellow flowers and soft-green 

foliage of common yellow oxalis adds a shade of 

tranquility to any space. Oxalis stricta, or yellow 

woodsorrel, is found throughout North America from 

British Columbia to Florida. Often considered an 

invasive weed, this species is identifiable by its 

narrow, yellow-green stems and its rounded leaves. 

The leaves of this species of oxalis grow in clusters 

of three and have an appearance similar to clover 1 . 

Common yellow oxalis produces bright-yellow 

flowers with five petals in a tight cluster near the top 

of the plant. Prior to opening, the flowers resemble a 

small, yellow vase. Underneath its flowers, common 

oxalis sports rounded clusters of bright-green leaves 

with a rim of slender, white fur. Its flowers, leaves 

and fruit are supported by slender stalks that range 

between pale green and light pink. The fruit of 

common oxalis is typified by narrow ridges and an 

elongated form that terminates in a point. Oxalis 

stricta is a perennial plant that grows in a variety of 

locations across North America. It spreads through 

seeds and rhizomes, giving gardeners several choices 

when introducing this plant. Common oxalis 

develops deep taproots that are often difficult to 

remove from containers, making transplanting 

difficult with well-established plants. The primary 

method for spreading common oxalis is through its 

seeds. The seed pods of common oxalis contain a 

dispersal mechanism that causes its seed pods to open 

at the slightest touch once the pod has dried. Upon 

opening, its seeds are carried for several feet by the 

wind. However, common oxalis can also spread using 

its root system, allowing it to spread colonially 2 . 

Common oxalis is a very adaptable plant that grows 

year-round in warm climates but acts as an annual in 

cooler regions. It can thrive in soils that are poor or 

rich in nutrients, but it prefers relatively moist soil. In 

spite of this preference, common oxalis is capable of 

growing in environments that sustain periods of 

drought as well. Oxalis typically grows in grasslands, 

woodlands and disturbed sites and does well in both 

direct sunlight and shade.Although it is commonly 

found in gardens, common oxalis is considered an 

Vol. 3 (3) Jul – Sep2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1173


invasive species of weed in many places. The most 

effective method of controlling common oxalis is 

hand removal. Since it can regrow from its roots, 

mechanical removal through tilling or mulching will 

not kill the plant. Most types of herbicide are largely 

ineffective against common oxalis, requiring 

multiple treatments to kill the plant. Herbicidal 

treatments are generally more effective if they are 

used early in the plant's development cycle. Burning 

is also an ineffective method of treatment due to the 

species' ability to re grow from its roots. Oxalis 

corniculata is a naturally occurring weed that has 

been used in traditional medicine for the cure of 

dysentery and diarrhea in India 3 . 

<strong>An</strong>tioxidant activity 

<strong>An</strong>ticancer activity 

Biochemical & 

Phytochemical 

<strong>An</strong>alysis 

<strong>An</strong>timicrobial activity 

Oxalis corniculata 

Genetics & 

Molecular Biology 

Pharmacological 

activity 

Plant Physiology & 

Plant Biotechnology 

Fig. 1: Sequential study chart of oxalis corniculata 

BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES 

A cinnamic acid ester, two dihydrocinnamic acid 

esters, a noroxyneolignan, a dibenzyl ether 

derivative, along with common aromatic compounds 

and flavonoids were isolated from the extracts of 

fresh leaves and twigs of Oxalis pes-caprae.The 

structures of these aromatic compounds were 

elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, 

especially 2D-NMR techniques 

4 . CCl 4 induces 

oxidative stress in various tissues by altering 

antioxidant enzymes defense system. In this study we 

investigated the chemical composition and protective 

role of Oxalis corniculata methanol extract (OCME) 

on CCl 4 -induced nephrotoxicity in rat..Intraperitoneal 

injection of CCl 4 (1ml/kg b.w., 20% in olive oil) once 

a day for seven days caused nephrotoxicity as evident 

by elevated levels of urinary specific gravity, RBCs, 

WBCs, creatinine, protein, urobilinogen and nitrite 5 . 

PHYTOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES 

The main fluorescent compounds were characterized 

as harmine (7-methoxy-1-methyl-beta-carboline) and 

harmaline (3, 4-dihydroharmine). Detected 

endogenous root fluorescence in other plant species, 

including Arabidopsis thaliana and Phytolacca 

americana, a possible indication that this 

phenomenon is widespread within the plant kingdom 

6 . The benzoquinone embelin and four alkyl phenols 

were isolated from an Argentinean collection of 

Oxalis erythrorhiza. 3-Heptadecyl-5-methoxy-phenol 

is reported for the first time. Embelin presented 

inhibitory effect on methicillin-resistant 

Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and the 

dermatophytic fungi Epidermophyton floccosum, 

Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, 

Trichophyton mentagrophytes and on human being. 

Trichophyton rubrum with MICs ranging between 50 

and 100 microg/ml. Furthermore, embelin was active 

against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes with 



100% lysis at 100 microg/ml and cytotoxicity below 

the trypanocidal concentration. The new alkyl phenol 

3-heptadecyl-5-methoxy-phenol was active towards 

Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania donovani 

promastigotes with 100% lysis at100 microg/ml. The 

cytotoxicity of embelin and the new alkyl phenol 7 . 

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)- 

diode array detection (DAD)-mass spectrometry 

(MS) techniques have been successfully employed in 

the identification of the anthocyanins of the coloured 

tubers of isla oca (Oxalis tuberosa), the second most 

cultivated tuber in the <strong>An</strong>dean region. Tubers 

underwent a pre-treatment step in order to inhibit 

enzymatic reactions and to obtain a stable powder or 

"concentrate". This concentrate was dissolved, 

purified and then analysed. Eight different 

compounds were found. The major peaks were 

malvidin glucosides (malvidin 3-O-glucoside and 3, 

5-O-diglucoside). The rest of the peaks were 3,5-Odiglucosides 

of petunidin and peonidin, and 3-Oglucosidesof 

delphinidin, petunidin and peonidin. 

Only malvidin 3-O-acetylglucoside-5-O-glucoside 

was found as an acylated anthocyanin 8 . 

Seven new cinnamic ester derivatives (1- 7) were 

isolated from a methanol extract of the fresh leaves 

and twigs of Oxalis pes-caprae (Bermuda buttercup). 

The effects of compounds 1- 7 on the germination 

and growth of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) were studied 9 . 

Three C-glycosylflavones in the leaves of Oxalis 

corniculata, the host plant of the lycaenid butterfly 

pale grass blue (Pseudozizeeria maha), were 

identified as 6-C-glucosylluteolin (isoorientin), 6-Cglucosylapigenin 

(isovitexin) and isovitexin 7-methyl 

ether (swertisin) 10 . The fresh leaves and twigs of the 

plant were crumbled and extracted with AcOEt. The 

solution was concentrated, and separated into acidic 

and neutral fractions. The crude neutral residue was 

fractionated by chromatographic procedures, 

followed by structure elucidation on the basis of 1Hand 

13C-NMR, and MS data analysis, and six new 

phenyl cinnamate derivatives were identified. The 

phytotoxic effects of the isolated compounds on the 

germination and growth of the dicotyledon Lactuca 

sativa L. (lettuce) were studied in the concentration 

range from 10(-4) to 10(-7) M. Lactuca sativa 

(lettuce) were studied 11 . The fresh leaves and twigs 

of Oxalis pes-caprae were crumbled and extracted 

with ethyl acetate and methanol. The extracts were 

fractionated by Chromatographic procedure , 

followed by structure elucidation using mass 

spectrophotometry and (1) h- and (13) c- NMR 

spectroscopy and a new phenyl cinnamate 

derivatives was identified , along with some known 

compound 12 . 

Ten fatty acid alkyl esters isolated from Oxalis 

triangularis, were evaluated for the effects on 

melanogenesis using mouse B16 melanoma cells. 

Treatment of methyl linoleate, methyl 

linolenate,ethyl linoleate and ethyl linolenate 

significantly blocked forskolin-induced 

melanogenesis and inhibited tyrosinase activity. In 

addition, we found that they inhibited cAMP 

production, suggesting that their anti-melanogenic 

effect is mediated by the inhibition of cAMP 

production. We concluded that methyl/ethyl linoleate 

and linolenate isolated from Oxalis triangularis have 

pigment inhibition activity. These compounds may be 

useful as the cosmetic agent to stimulate skin 

whitening 13 . 

The present study evaluated the protective potential 

of aqueous extract of Oxalis corniculata (OCE) 

against isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial 

infarction in rats. Myocardial infarction in rats was 

induced by isoproterenol (200 mg/kg) at an interval 

of 24 h for 2 days. OCE was given to rats as 

pretreatment for 30 days orally using an intragastric 

tube. Isoproterenol caused a significant increase in 

the activity of cardiac injury marker enzymes like 

creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate 

dehydrogenase (LDH) and increased the 

concentration of serum lipids. OCE pretreatment 

significantly reduced the concentration of CPK, 

LDH, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and 

triglycerides. OCE also reduced the activity of 

lipogenic enzyme; glucose-6-phosphate 

dehydrogenase in ISO administered rats. Oxidative 

stress produced by isoproterenol was significantly 

lowered by the administration of OCE which was 

evident from increased activities of antioxidant 

enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and 

reduced concentration of lipid peroxidation products 

(TBARS and conjugated dienes). Concentration of 

vitamin C, protein sulfhydryl groups and reduced 

glutathione (GSH) was also high in OCE pretreated 

rats. Histopathology of heart of ISO administered rat 

pretreated with OCE showed normal myocardium 

with very little evidence of inflammatory infiltration. 

Results of our in vitro findings also confirmed that 

OCE exhibits significant antioxidant and radical 

scavenging activity against DPPH, superoxide and 

nitric oxide radicals. These findings provided 

evidence that Oxalis Corniculata was found to be 

protecting the myocardium against ischemic insult 

and the protective effect could attribute to its 

antioxidative and antihyperlipidemic activities 14 . 

GENETICS 

Frequencies of floral morphs in progenies obtained 

from a complete set of diallelic crosses among three 

accessions of tristylous, octoploid oca (Oxalis 

tuberosa) were used for a Mendelian analysis of 

floral morph inheritance. The frequencies observed 



had the best fit to a model of tetrasomic inheritance 

with two diallelic factors, S, s and M, m, with S being 

epistatic over M. No explanation could be found for 

the unexpected formation of a small percentage of 

short-styled individuals in crosses between the midstyled 

and the long-styled parent Only a small 

frequency (36%) of the cross progenies flowered, in 

contrast to the greater propensity for flowering of 

Oxalis tuberosa accessions held at gene banks 15 . 

In continuing study of the origins of the octoploid 

tuber crop oca, Oxalis tuberosa Molina, we used 

phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of the 

chloroplast-active (nuclear encoded) isozyme of 

glutamine synthetase (ncpGS) from cultivated oca, its 

allies in the "Oxalis tuberosa alliance," and other 

<strong>An</strong>dean Oxalis. Multiple ncpGS sequences found 

within individuals of both the cultigens and a yet 

unnamed wild tuber-bearing taxon of Bolivia were 

separated by molecular cloning, but some cloned 

sequences appeared to be artifacts of polymerase 

chain reaction (PCR) recombination and/or Taq error. 

Nonetheless, three classes of nonrecombinant 

sequences each joined a different part of the Oxalis 

tuberosa alliance clade on the ncpGS gene tree. 

Octoploid oca shares two sequence classes with the 

Bolivian tuber-bearing taxon (of unknown ploidy 

level). Fixed heterozygosity of these two sequence 

classes in all ocas sampled suggests that they 

represent homeologous loci and that oca is 

allopolyploid. A third sequence class, found in eight 

of nine oca plants sampled, might represent a third 

homeologous locus, suggesting that oca may be 

autoallopolyploid, and is shared with another wild 

tuber-bearing species, tetraploid Oxalis picchensis of 

southern Peru. Thus, ncpGS data identify these two 

taxa as the best candidates as progenitors of 

cultivated oca 16 . 

As part of a larger project studying the origins of 

polyploidy and domestication of cultivated oca, flow 

cytometry was used to survey DNA ploidy levels .In 

addition, this study provided a first assessment of C- 

values in the alliance by estimating nuclear DNA 

contents of these accessions using chicken 

erythrocytes as internal standard. Ten Bolivian 

accessions of cultivated Oxalis tuberosa were 

confirmed to be octoploid, with a mean nuclear DNA 

content of approx.3.6 pg/2C. Two Peruvian wild 

Oxalis species, Oxalis phaeotricha and Oxalis 

picchensis, were inferred to be tetraploid (both with 

approx. 1.67 pg/2C), the latter being one of the 

putative progenitors of Oxalis tuberosa identified by 

chloroplast-expressed glutamine synthetase data in 

prior work. The remaining accessions (from 78 

populations provisionally identified as 35 species) 

were DNA diploid, with nuclear DNA contents 

varying from 0.79 to 1.34 g/2C 17 . 

A germplasm collection is maintained ex situ by CIP, 

which has developed a morphological markers 

system to classify the accessions into morphotypes. 

In the experience, 44 accessions representing five 

morphotypes, clearly distinct from each other, were 

analyzed. At the molecular level, the accessions 

exactly clustered according to their morphotypes. A 

genetic variability was observed inside each 

morphotype. In another experiment, 34 accessions 

gradually differing from each other on morphological 

base were analyzed 18 . Although the 6 magnitude and 

pattern of correlation among floral traits (phenotypic 

integration) is usually conceived as an adaptation for 

successful pollination and reproduction, studies on 

the evolution of plant reproductive systems have 

generally focused on one or a few characters. If 

evolutionar transitions between reproductive systems 

involve morphological floral adjustments, changes in 

the magnitude and pattern of phenotypic integration 

of floral traits may be expected. In this study, we 

focused on the evolutionary dynamics of a complex 

adaptive trait, the extent of reciprocity (reciprocal 

lacement) among sexual organs in a heterostylous 

species, and explored the associated changes in 

phenotypic floral integration during the transition 

from tristyly to distyly. The extent of reciprocity and 

both the magnitude and pattern of floral integration 

were characterized in 12 populations of Oxalis alpine 

representing the tristyly-distyly gradient. Although 

the extent of reciprocity increased along the tristylydistyly 

transition, the flower size diminished. These 

adjustments did not affect the magnitude, but did 

affect the pattern, of floral integration. Changes in the 

pattern of floral integration suggested that allometric, 

functional and pleiotropic relationships among floral 

traits were affected during this evolutionary 

transition 19 . 

Pleistocene climatic oscillations are known to 

influence the patterns of genetic diversity and the 

distribution of traits that are the target of selection. 

Historical factors (Pleistocene climatic shifts) and 

natural selection on the evolution of distally (two 

floral morphs) from trustily (three floral morphs) of 

Oxalis. Molecular data and ENM indicate that 

historical factors have had a strong influence on the 

genetic structure and the geographical distribution of 

reproductive systems of Oxalis alpina. Moreover, 

genetic results suggest the possibility that distylous 

populations do not represent a monophyletic group. 

Scientists proposed that the combined effects of 

natural selection and genetic drift have influenced the 

tristyly-distyly transition 20 . 



PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENTAL 

BIOLOGY 

Ascorbic acid-1-(14)C and its oxidation product, 

dehydro-l-ascorbic acid, produced labeled oxalic acid 

in oxalate-accumulating plants such as spinach 

seedlings (Spinacia oleracea) and the detached leaves 

of woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta and O. oregana), 

shamrock (Oxalis adenopylla), and begonia (Begonia 

evansiana). In O. oregana, conversion occurred 

equally well in the presence or absence of light. This 

relationship between l-ascorbic acid metabolism and 

oxalic acid formation must be given careful 

consideration in attempts to explain oxalic 

accumulation in plant 21 . 

Meloidogyne camellia (Camellia japonica) from 

Japan and M. querciana pin oak (Quercus palustris) 

from Virginia, USA, are described and illustrated. M. 

camelliae is distingnishable from other species of the 

genus especially by its striking perineal pattern 

having heavy rope like striate forming a squarish to 

rectangular outline with shoulders or projections, 

appearing sometimes ahnost starlike. M. querciana 

differs from other species by its characteristic 

perineal pattern round to oval in outline, sometimes 

with a low arch, and sunken vulva surrounded by a 

prominent obovate area devoid of striae. M. 

querciana shows some relationship to M. ovalis, but 

differs further fxom the latter by longer larvae, 

absence of annules on head of larvae, and rarity of 

males.Examination of specimens of M. camelliae 

n.sp.and M. querciana n.sp.with the scanning 

electron microscope confirmed observations made by 

optical microscopy and revealed diagnostic and other 

structures in greater detail. In greenhouse host tests, 

M. camelliae infected camellia heavily, showed 

moderate infection on oxalis, only a trace infection 

on tomato, and no infection on five other plants 

tested; and M. querciana attacked pin oak, red oak, 

and American chestnut heavily, but did not infect 

nine other test plants. In another test, pin oak 

seedlings did not become infected when heavily 

inoculated with and grown in the presence of two 

populations of M. incognita incognita and one of M 

incognita acrita. The common names "camellia rootknot 

nematode" and "oak root-knot nematode" are 

respectively proposed for M. camelliae and M. 

Querciana 22 . 

(Oxalis tuberosa Mol) or New Zealand yam, in 

common with other members of this genus, contains 

oxalate, an antinutritive factor. Twelve South 

American and two New Zealand cultivars of oca 

were analyzed for total and soluble oxalate contents 

of the tubers. The range of total oxalate levels was 

92-221 mg/100 g of fresh weight. Levels of soluble 

and total oxalate extracted from the tubers were not 

significantly different, suggesting that no calcium 

oxalate is formed in the tubers. The oxalate 

concentrations obtained in this study for oca suggest 

that previously reported values are too low and that 

oca is a moderately high oxalate-containing food. 

This is the first report of a tuber crop containing 

moderate to high levels of soluble oxalates in the 

tubers and no insoluble oxalates 23 . 

Loss of nutrients following pulses of nutrient input in 

northern hardwood forests and the general effects of 

atmospheric deposition on forest communities are of 

concern. Researchers grew them under controlled 

environment conditions at two nutrient input levels to 

determine responses of Oxalis acetosella and Acer 

saccharum to increased nutrient input and tree 

wildling density. Both species doubled their P 

concentration when P input doubled. Biomass of 

Oxalis was unaffected by both nutrient input level 

and Acer wildling density. Acer showed a similar 

response to increased nutrient input and its density 

did not affect the response of Oxalis to increased 

nutrient input. Results indicate that both species may 

be important to nutrient retention in northern 

hardwood forests 24 . 

Ocatin from Oxalis Tuberose, accounts for 40% to 

60% of the total soluble oca tuber proteins, has an 

apparent molecular mass of 18 Kd and an isoelectric 

point of 4.8. This protein appears to be found only in 

tubers and is accumulated only within the cells of the 

pith and peridermis layers (peel) of the tuber as it 

develops. Ocatin inhibits the growth of several 

phytopathogenic bacteria (Agrobacterium 

tumefaciens and sp.) and fungi (Phytophthora 

cinnamomi and other sp.). Ocatin function. Results 

showed that ocatin serves as a storage protein, has 

antimicrobial properties, and belongs to the Betv 

1/PR-10/MLP protein family. Researchers findings 

suggest that an ancient scaffolding protein was 

recruited in the oca tuber to serve a storage function 

and that protein from the Betv 1/PR-10/MLP family 

might play a role in natural resistance to pat 25 . 

Oxalis keeps a set of leaves for one full year, 

replacing them with a new set during spring. To 

assess the leaf habit of Oxalis acetosella and place it 

into a classification scheme of leaf habits, leaves of 

four populations of Oxalis Acetosella were repeatedly 

censused for two years in a northern hardwood forest. 

New leaves developed and old leaves senesced 

throughout the year, yielding a continual replacement 

of leaves and a summer peak in leaf number. Leaves 

that developed in the fall and winter had longer 

maximum life spans than leaves that developed 

during the summer. The name "seasonalgreen" is 

suggested to describe the continual development, 

senescence, and presence of leaves and annual peak 

in leaf number within Oxalis acetosella. The 

functional significance of this leaf habit in this 



species and the possibility of its presence in other 

species deserve further study 26 . 

The correlation between the ontogeny of Ubisch 

bodies and pollen development in Oxalis articulata 

was studied with Transmission Electron Microscopy 

(TEM). The ultrastructural changes observed during 

the different stages of development in the tapetal 

cells are related to Ubisch bodies, sporopollenin and 

pollen-kitt formation. The pro-orbicules have the 

appearance of lipid globuli and their formation is 

related to the endoplasmic reticulum of rough type 

(ERr). The lipid globules or pro-orbicules disappear 

in the mature Ubisch bodies, and the places that they 

occupied remain free of contents or with pollen-kit 27 . 

Based on field observations and herbarium data a 

report is made on its pollination, morph frequencies, 

pollen viability, seed set and chromosome number. In 

addition, a new chromosome counting and flower 

visitors were recorded and nectar sugar was measured 

with a refractometer. The species' compatibility 

system was determined by carrying out experimental 

self- and cross-pollinations on bagged inflorescences. 

Stigma receptivity and pollen viability was 

determined using the MTT test. Pollination is by 

nectar- and pollen foraging bees; pollen viability is 

low; and seed set in natural and experimentally selfor 

cross-pollinated flowers is extremely low. 

Chromosome counts indicate that Oxalis debilis 

contains diploid and tetraploid forms in its native as 

well as introduced range, which does not support a 

previous hypothesis that the predominant vegetative 

reproduction in this species is an escape from 

pentaploidy 28 . 

Oxalis pes-caprae is a widespread invasive weed in 

regions with a Mediterranean climate. In its native 

habitat (southern Africa) this species has been 

reported as heterostylous with trimorphic flowers and 

a self- and morph-incompatible reproductive system. 

In most of the areas invaded, only a pentaploid shortstyled 

morphotype that reproduces mainly asexually 

by bulbils is reported, but this has only been 

confirmed empirically. This study aims to analyse the 

floral morph proportions in a wide distribution area, 

test the sexual female success, and explain the causes 

of low sexual reproduction of this species in the 

western area of the Mediterranean Basin. Fifty-five 

populations of Oxalis pes-caprae were sampled in the 

Iberian Peninsula and Morocco to evaluate the floral 

morph ratio and individual fruit set. In plants from a 

dimorphic population, hand-pollination experiments 

were performed to evaluate the effect of the pollen 

source on pollen tube growth through the style. The 

ploidy level and genome size of individuals of each 

floral morph were analysed using flow cytometry: 

From the populations studied 89.1 % were 

monomorphic, with most of them containing the 

short styled (SS) floral morph, and 10.9 % were 

dimorphic containing long-styled (LS) and SS 

morphs.Isoplethy was verified but no fruit production 

was observed in any population. Hand-pollination 

experiments revealed that pollen grains germinated 

over recipient stigmas. In intermorph crossings, 

pollen tubes were able to develop and fruit initiation 

was observed in some cases, while in intramorph 

pollinations, pollen tube development was sporadic 

and no fruit initiation was observed. All individuals 

within each floral form presented the same DNA 

ploidy level: SS plants were pentaploid and LS and 

the sterile form were tetraploid 29 . 

Pollen morphology and the degree of pollen 

variability within nine species and two varieties of 

Oxalis species from Buenos Aires Province 

(Argentina) were studied using light microscopy 

(LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 

transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Oxalis 

pollen grain is generally 3-colpate and the shape is 

prolate spheroidal, oblate spheroidal or spheroidal. 

The exine is microreticulate. The brochi are circular 

to polygonal; brochi sizes decrease near the colpi. 

The colpus membrane observed in unacetolysed 

material, is crustate or granular. The colpus length 

varies within a species; the largest grains are 

produced in stamens with long filaments and the 

smallest ones in stamens with short filaments. Four 

pollen types are distinguished by means of LM, SEM 

and TEM. They are recognized mostly on the basis of 

their colpus membrane structure. In conclusion, the 

morphological similarity among Oxalis species is 

also reflected in their pollen morphology 30 . 

Comparisons between invasive and native species 

may not characterize the traits of invasive species, as 

native species might be invasive elsewhere if they 

were introduced. In this study, invasive Oxalis 

corymbosa and Peperomia pellucida were compared 

with their respective noninvasive alien congeners. 

Researchers hypothesized that the invasive species 

have higher specific leaf (SLA) than their respective 

noninvasive alien congeners, and analyzed the 

physiological and ecological consequences of the 

higher SLA. Higher nitrogen (N) allocation to 

photosynthesis and photosynthetic N use efficiency 

(PNUE).The higher N allocation to photosynthesis of 

the invaders in turn increased their PNUE, N content 

in photosynthesis, biochemical capacity for 

photosynthesis, and therefore light-saturated 

photosynthetic rate 31 . 

Floral trait distributions of co-flowering species that 

share pollinators may reflect the impact of pollinator 

preference and constancy on their assembly within 

local communities. While pollinator sharing may lead 

to increased visitation rates for species with similar 

flowers, the receipt of foreign pollen via interspecific 



pollinator movements can decrease seed set. 

Scientists investigated the pattern of community 

flower colour assembly as perceived by native 

honeybee pollinators within 24 local assemblages of 

co-flowering Oxalis species. Researchers show that 

flower colour is significantly clustered within Oxalis 

communities as flower colour is evolutionarily labile 

within Oxalis and communities are randomly 

structured with respect to phylogeny. Likelihood of 

pollinators switching between co-flowering species is 

low and increases with flower colour similarity. 

Interspecific hand pollination significantly reduced 

seed set in the four Oxalis species scientists 

investigated, and all were dependant on pollinators 

for reproduction were highly flower constant, and 

remained so despite the extreme similarity of flower 

colour as perceived by honeybees. This suggests that 

other floral traits facilitate discrimination between 

similarlycoloured species, thereby likely resulting in 

a low incidence of interspecific pollen transfer 

(IPT) 32 . 

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 

The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1 and 

ITS2) of the 18S-25S nuclear ribosomal DNA 

sequence and the intervening 5.8S region from five 

species of the genus Oxalis was amplified by 

polymerase chain reaction and subjected to direct 

DNA sequencing.. Sequence homologies in the ITS1, 

5.8S and ITS2 among species are in good agreement 

with previous relationships established on the basis of 

chromosome numbers. Rerearchers also identified a 

highly conserved sequence of six bp in the ITS1, 

reported to be present in a wide range of flowering 

plants, but not in the Oxalidaceae family to which the 

genus Oxalis belongs to 33 . 

Chloroplast-expressed glutamine synthetase (ncpGS), 

a nuclear-encoded gene containing several introns, is 

introduced as a tool for phylogenetic studies at lower 

taxonomic levels. This gene is a member of a 

multigene family, but it diverged long ago from the 

cytosolic-expressed members of the family and 

appears to be single copy in the majority of taxa 

examined to date. The conservation of both coding 

sequence and position of introns has allowed the 

design of primers for use in a broad range of dicot 

taxa to amplify and sequence a region of ncpGS that 

contains four introns. The utility of this region in 

phylogenetic studies of congeneric species is 

illustrated by an example using eight Oxalis species. 

The four introns in these taxa are typical in size (76 

to 136 bp), base composition (high T content), and 

structure (e.g., sequence of splice sites and putative 

branch points) for plant internal introns. Levels of 

variation among these ncpGS sequences compare 

favorably with those of the internal ranscribed spacer 

of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) from the same taxa, 

and results of phylogenetic analysis of ncpGS data 

are generally congruent with previous results using 

ITS 34 . 

DNA flow cytometry requires preparation of 

suspensions of intact nuclei, which are stained using 

a DNA-specific fluorochrome prior to analysis. 

Various buffer formulas were developed to preserve 

nuclear integrity, protect DNA from degradation and 

facilitate its stoichiometric staining. Although nuclear 

isolation buffers differ considerably in chemical 

composition, no systematic comparison of their 

performance has been made until now. This 

knowledge is required to select the appropriate buffer 

for a given species and tissue. The species were 

selected to cover a wide range of genome sizes (1.30- 

26.90 pg per 2C DNA) and a variety of leaf tissue 

types. The following parameters were assessed: 

forward (FS) and side (SS) light scatters, 

fluorescence of propidium iodide-stained nuclei, 

coefficient of variation of DNA peaks, presence of 

debris background and the number of nuclei 

operators and repeated on three different days. LB01 

and Otto's were generally the best buffers, with Otto's 

buffer providing better results in species with low 

DNA content A combined analysis of FS and SS 

provided a 'fingerprint' for each buffer. These results 

expand knowledge on nuclear isolation buffers and 

will facilitate selection of the most appropriate buffer 

depending on species, tissue type and the presence of 

cytosolic compounds interfering with DNA 

staining 35 . 

The spiroplasma morphology was examined by darkfield 

microscope and transmission electron 

microscopy. The biological characteristics of the 

spiroplasmas were investigated by using conventional 

culture-dependent method and phylogenetic analysis 

based on 16S rRNA gene and ITS (16-23S rDNA 

intergenic space) sequence comparisons. 

Phylogenetic analysss was performed using the 

software package MEGA4.0 after multiple 

alignments of sequence data by CLUSTAL X.: Four 

spiroplasma isolates were obtained from three kinds 

of flower surface. Isolates CNR-1 and CNR-2 were 

from Brassica napus; CNA-land CRW-1 from 

Rhododendron simsii and Oxalis corymbosa 

respectively. All isolates grew well in R-2 liquid 

medium and exhibited contractive movements. The 

colonies of all isolates were circinal and grain-like in 

solid medium. Through electron microscopy, all 

isolates exhibited helicity during their growth phase. 

All isolates could pass through a 0.22 microm filtrate 

membrane and resist to penicillin (2000 U/mL). They 

must grow in medium with serum. Glucose could be 

used as their carbon source instead of sucrose. The 

ability to hydrolyze arginine varied from different 



spiroplasmas but urea could not be hydrolyzed. The 

phylogenetic relationships based on 16S rDNA 

supported CRW-1 was close to S. clarkii, and others 

were close to S. melliferum. The phylogenetic 

relationship based on ITS sequence supported CRW- 

1 formed a separate clade, and others were also close 

to Spiroplasma melliferum. The result indicated that 

spiroplasma isolate CRW-1 might be a new species 

and other three isolates were S. melliferum, but this 

need further support of serological test 36 . 

The origins and monophyly of the bulbous habit in 

the eudicot genus Oxalis are uncertain, but key 

character state transitions in the evolution of true 

bulbs are currently thought to be reflected in extant 

pseudobulbous and other geophytic taxa. A team of 

researchers test the relationships between the two 

major groups of bulbous Oxalis taxa and the New 

World section Ion oxalis, by including the 

rhizomatous geophyte Oxalis acetosella, the 

caudiciform stem succulent Oxalis articulata, and the 

rhizomiform pseudobulbous Oxalis triangularis, in 

combined phylogenetic analyses of nrITS and trnL-F 

sequence data. Scientists optimize several key 

bulbous characters in ancestral state reconstructions 

on produced phylogenies are homologous, the 

rhizomiform pseudobulbous habit arises from within 

true bulbs, and in most reconstructions the 

caudiciform stem succulent Oxalis articulate is 

inferred to have secondarily lost several distinctive 

bulbous characters. Oxalis acetosella is not as closely 

related to the bulbous lineage as previously thought 37 . 

A pink-pigmented, facultatively methylotrophic 

bacterium, strain 35a (T), was isolated from the 

leaves of Oxalis corniculata. The cells of strain 35a 

(T) are Gram-reaction-negative, motile, non-sporeforming 

rods. The highest 16S rRNA gene pairwise 

sequence similarities for strain 35a(T) were found 

with the type strains of Methylobacterium iners 

(96.7%), M. soli (96.6%) and M. jeotgali (96.3%). 

16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with the type 

strains of all other Methylobacterium species were 

below 96%. Major cellular fatty acids were C (18:1) 

ω7c, and C (18:0). The results of DNA-DNA 

hybridization, cpn60 gene sequences, fatty acid 

profiles, whole-cell MALDI-TOF/MS spectral 

pattern analysis, physiological and biochemical tests 

allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of 

strain 35a(T) from nearest phylogenetic neighbors. 

Scientists propose that strain 35a (T) represents a 

novel species within the genus Methylobacterium for 

which the name Methylobacterium oxalidis sp. is 

proposed. Type strain is 35a (T) (=DSM 24028(T) 

=NBRC 107715(T) 38 . 

PHARMACOLOICAL ACTIVITIES 

Eighteen extracts from Acaena magellanica, 

Baccharis grisebachii, Ephedra breana, Oxalis 

erythrorhiza, Pachylaena atriplicifolia and Satureja 

parvifolia were assessed for antimicrobial activity 

against bacteria and fungi with the agar dilution 

method. The hexane (H) and dichloromethane 

(DCM) extracts of B. grisebachii and O. erythrorhiza 

showed the broadest spectrum of action against 

fungi, inhibiting all of the tested dermatophytes with 

MICs ranging from < or =25 to < or =1000 

microg/ml. Trichophyton rubrum was the most 

susceptible species and Cryptococcus neoformans 

was inhibited only by the DCM extract of B. 

Grisebachii with MIC of 600 microg/ml. Regarding 

the antibacterial activity, H and DCM extracts of B. 

grisebachii as well as the DCM of O. erythrorhiza, 

were active on methicillin-resistant and methicillinsensitive 

Staphylococcus aureus with MIC from < or 

=125 to < or =500 microg/ml. The DCM extract of 

B.grisebacchii was more active against methicillinresistant 

than methicillin-sensitive strains 39 . 

ANTIAMOEBIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY 

ACTIVITIES 

One of the common causes of dysentery is due to 

infection by the protist pathogen Entamoeba 

histolytica. Bioactivity profiling of extracts from 

Oxalis corniculata identified several compounds that 

showed antiamoebic activity in axenic cultures of E 

histolytica. These were characterized by nuclear 

magnetic resonance, infrared, and mass spectrometry 

as (i) Oc-1, a mixture of saturated fatty acids (ii) Oc- 

2, a mixture of long-chain alcohols and (iii) Oc-3, a 

single compound that was a galacto-glycerolipid 

(GGL). Of the different compounds that were 

obtained, the strongest antiamoebic activity was 

found in GGL. The addition of GGL to E. histolytica 

xenic cultures containing other microbial flora from 

the large intestine did not affect its antiamoebic 

activity. Amoebicidal concentrations of GGL had no 

effect on intestinal microbial flora or on the 

mammalian cell line HEK-293 40 . 

The selected stands were 75-80(85)-yr-old parts (0.05 

ha) of Oxalis-Myrtillus site type forest of 0.7-0.8 

density. To ascertain the effect of power plants on 

the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), the 

length growth of the needles and shoots formed in 

1997-2000, dry weight of 100 needles, and density of 

needles on the shoots were measured. As compared 

to the control, the strongest inhibition of growth was 

revealed in the sample plots situated 22 km north-east 

and 17 km south-west from the Estonian Power Plant. 

As compared to control, the needles of trees growing 

on sample plots closer to the power plant showed 

higher contents of Ca, S and Zn. The content of Mg 



in needles increased with distance from the pollution 

source. Current year needles had higher contents of 

Cu and Zn than older needles 41 . 

No external reaction to the treatment was detected. 

Small groups of bees were fed 60% sugarsyrup, 60% 

sugar syrup and ethanol (19%), ethanol (19%), water, 

Apedin and a 1:2 solution of Apedin. The 60% syrup 

uptake was 81.5 mg/bee over a period of 28 h. The 

presence of ethanol seemed to considerably decrease 

the syrup palatability (the uptake was only 19.4 mg). 

2.3 mg, 2.9 mg, 2.7 mg and 2.7 mg of water, ethanol, 

pure and diluted Apedin were removed, respectively 

and 84.6%, 80.0%, 71.4%, 74.5% of the bees were 

found dead or showed clear symptoms of starvation 

Furthermore, respectively 0% and 37.5% of the bees 

in the groups fed plain syrup and syrup to which 

ethanol had added were dead or nonreactively lying 

on the bottom of the cages because of the insufficient 

feeding. The possible side effects of lactose as an 

Apedin Vapor(R) component are discussed 42 . It was 

revealed that Oxalis corniculata being used to treat 

different types of oral ailments like toothache, plaque 

and caries, pyorrhea and aphthae. Sixteen of these 

plants were new claims for the treatment of oral 

ailments not previously reported in the 

ethnomedicinal literature of India 43 . 

To study the on effects of anti-bacteria, antiinflammatory 

and pyretolysis of Oxalis griffithii, it is 

possible safety. The mice model was established by 

xylene (auricle smear method) and carrageenin 

(injection under the aponeuroses) respectively, rat 

febrile model wasbuilded by 2,4-dintrophenol 

injection, and observe the effects of anti-bacteria in 

vitro that contracted by Staph aureus, Escherichia, 

Shigella, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. The mice model 

of experiment study on urgent poison effects 

(injection under the aponeuroses). It was found that 

the mouse ear edema induced by xylene, the 

increased vascular permeability caused by xylene 

was all significantly suppressed by Oxalis griffithii. 

At the same time, it could depressed the rat 

fervescence by 2,4-dinitrophenol. In addition, it has 

effect on fighting against Escherichia coli in cavum 

abdominis of mice. Oxalis griffithii hasn't canker 

affect. These results suggested that Oxalis griffithii 

had the effects of antinflammatory, pyretolysis, and 

safety 44 . 

The main tendency for the control of West Nile virus 

vectors, without the presence of disease, is to perform 

integrated programs minimizing chemicals by using 

environmentally friendly substances which act as 

oviposition attractants such as oviposition 

pheromones and infusions. This is the first time that 

an aged infusion is combined with aged pheromone 

(microencapsulated). Initially, three common plants 

in Greece were evaluated as a potential oviposition 

medium: Oxalis pes-carpae, Jasminum polyanthum, 

and Avena barbata. All revealed an excellent 

oviposition attractancy which was more than 80%. O. 

pes-carpae was used for further investigation and 

attractancy over time was also studied. Finally, the 

combination of the synthetic pheromone (6-acetoxy- 

5-hexadecanolide) with the Oxalis pes-carpae 

infusion revealed a synergistic effect only for the first 

day. This project was a first detection for the 

potential use of microencapsulated synthetic 

pheromone with infusion and results are discussed 45 . 

The present study evaluated the protective potential 

of aqueous extract of Oxalis corniculata (OCE) 

against isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial 

infarction in rats. Myocardial infarction in rats was 

induced by isoproterenol (200 mg/kg) at an interval 

of 24 h for 2 days. OCE was given to rats as 

pretreatment for 30 days orally using an intragastric 

tube. Isoproterenol caused a significant increase in 

the activity of cardiac injury marker enzymes like 

creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate 

dehydrogenase (LDH) and increased the 

concentration of serum lipids. OCE pretreatment 

significantly reduced the concentration of CPK, 

LDH, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and 

triglycerides. OCE also reduced the activity of 

lipogenic enzyme; glucose-6-phosphate 

dehydrogenase in ISO administered rats. Oxidative 

stress produced by isoproterenol was significantly 

lowered by the administration of OCE which was 

evident from increased activities of antioxidant 

enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and 

reduced concentration of lipid peroxidation products 

(TBARS and conjugated dienes). Concentration of 

vitamin C, protein sulfhydryl groups and reduced 

glutathione (GSH) was also high in OCE pretreated 

rats. Histopathology of heart of ISO administered rat 

pretreated with OCE showed normal myocardium 

with very little evidence of inflammatory infiltration. 

Results of our in vitro findings also confirmed that 

OCE exhibits significant antioxidant and radical 

scavenging activity against DPPH, superoxide and 

nitric oxide radicals. These findings provided 

evidence that Oxalis corniculata was found to be 

protecting the myocardium against ischemic insult 

and the protective effect could attribute to its 

antioxidative and antihyperlipidemic activities 46 . 

PLANT BIOTECH 

The objective of the present research was to evaluate 

effects of different strip weed control associated with 

nitrogen fertilizer on corn applied after planting. A 

completely randomized block design with four 

replications was used. Experimental plots were 

disposed as a factorial scheme 2 x 2 x 4, constituted 

by two types of weeding on row (with or without 



manual hoeing), two types of weeding on inter-row 

(with or without manual hoeing), and four nitrogen 

levels applied after planting (00, 60, 90, and 120 kg 

yield at harvesting. Plants and first ear insertion 

height were affected when nitrogen fertilizer was not 

applied. Treatments without weed control showed 

that weed interfered negatively with plants height. 

There were no correlation between weeds and 

nitrogen fertilizer for all parameters evaluated. 

Parcels without weed howed the highest ear weights 

and final grain production. Treatments that received 

nitrogen fertilizer, independently of studied 

arrangement, provided higher yields 47 . 

Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Mol.) is an under-utilized tuber 

crop from the <strong>An</strong>dean region. A protocol for the 

cryopreservation of in vitro grown shoots has been 

developed using the vitrification solution PVS2. Two 

genotypes were studied (G1 and G27). Nodal 

segments were cultured on MS medium and 

incubated at 10 degree C with 16 h photoperiod and 

10 mol per square meter per second irradiance, for 

two weeks. Apices were then excised and cultured on 

MS+0.15 M sucrose for 3 days at 5 degree C in 

darkness. Subsequently, apices were immersed in a 

loading solution (liquid MS medium+2 M 

glycerol+0.4 M sucrose), and then treated with the 

vitrification solution PVS2 for 0 to 40 minutes. 

Cryovials were then immersed in liquid nitrogen. 

Four weeks after rewarming and culture on recovery 

medium, genotype G1 showed approximately 60 

percent recoveries (normal growth) with 20 min 

PVS2 treatment. Genotype G27 showed lower 

recovery (30 percent). Differential scanning 

calorimetry yielded a TG midpoint for PSV2 solution 

of ca. -120 degree C. Calorimetric studies on apices 

at different stages of the cryopreservation protocol 

showed a change in calorimetric parameters 

consistent with a decrease in the amount of frozen 

water as the protocol advanced 48 . 

ECOLOGY 

Changes in plant affinity to communities of different 

types are viewed by the example of the North- 

European forest studied in 1993-2001. Species 

occurring near their range limits prefer habitats with 

smoothed amplitudes of minimum factors ("the law 

of preference for non-varying environments"). That's 

why Oxalis acetosella and other boreal-nemoral 

species demonstrate affinity to riparian forests of the 

middle-boreal. Plant dispersal could be rather fast in 

the course of the corresponding primary succession 

following the glacier retreat or the marine 

retrogression (the "impulse" hypothesis). Since the 

climax pattern is established running waters and 

disturbed lands serve as "migration channels" for 

plant 49 . 

The reproductive components of plant invaders have 

mostly been studied in species reproducing sexually 

but little is known about invaders that depend 

exclusively on vegetative reproduction. In this paper, 

the importance of the different recruitment stages on 

population growth is quantified and, thus, the 

invasion potential of the South African annual 

geophytes Oxalis pes-caprae invading Mediterranean 

ecosystems is assessed .Oxalis pes-caprae has a 

transient bulb bank that remains dormant in the soil 

during summer. High levels of bulb predation after 

dispersal, followed by bulb mortality during summer 

or a failure to germinate in autumn were the most 

critical factors limiting plant establishment. Bulb 

germination was high. However, plant establishment 

and bulb production is constrained by intraspecific 

competition, but is not affected by soil disturbance. 

No symptoms of spatial discordance could be found 

between recruitment stages because the spatial 

variability of the life cycle was extremely low at all 

the scales examined (i.e. among populations, habitats 

and microsites). It was estimated that, on average, 4 

% of bulbs can become plants the following year and 

the field rate of population increase (lambda) to be 

0.08. The results suggest that invasion is constrained 

by post-dispersal bulb predation, loss of viability of 

the propagule bank due to summer drought and high 

intraspecific competition. However, a high spatial 

concordance between recruitment stages and 

probably a high propagule pressure due to human and 

livestock bulb dispersal determine the success of this 

invader across Menorca Island 50 . 

There are two large oil shale fueled power plants, 

Baltic PP and Estonian PP. On burning oil shale the 

main atmospheric pollutants are fly ash, sulphur 

oxides and nitrogen oxides. The radial increment was 

measured and concentrations of Ca and Cu were 

estimated in the stemwood of Scots pine (Pinus 

sylvestris L.) from four sites in the influence area of 

the Narva power plants. Increment cores were taken 

also from two sites in an unpolluted area located 112 

and 120 km northwest from the Estonian PP. The 

stands selected for investigation were similar as to 

their edaphic conditions and forest survey indicators 

(75- to 80-year-old (Oxalis-) Myrtillus-type pine 

stands of 0.7-0.8 density and of quality class II). The 

strongest effect of air pollution on radial increment 

was observed on the sampling site in the direction of 

dominating winds at a distance of 22 km to northeast 

from the Estonian PP. Using the annual rings, the 

core samples were divided into five-year sections 

(1945-1949; 1950-1954 etc.). The concentration of 

Ca increased and that of Cu decreased from the 

youngest, outermost annual rings towards the centre 

of the stem 51 . The cavermiculatus andinus n.sp.is 

described and illustrated from Oxalis tuberose 



originally collected in the vicinity of Lake Titicaca 

high in the <strong>An</strong>des mountains of southern Peru. This 

new species differs markedly front the other two 

species in the genus, especially in having a much 

greater female vulval-anal distance and annules with 

lined punctation on most of the female body with a 

lacelike pattern restricted to the posterior portion, 

particularly at the vulva and anus which do not 

protrude. Females are essentially spherical with 

protruding neck, white to yellowish in color, and can 

easily be mistaken for potato cyst nematodes 52 . 

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES 

A new type of nitrogen-fixing, oxalate-oxidizing 

Azospirillum sp. was isolated from the roots of 

Oxalis pes-caprae. Polyphasic taxonomy was 

performed, including auxanography using API 

galleries, physiological tests and 16S rRNA sequence 

comparison. Optimum growth occurred at 30 degrees 

C, pH 7.5. Growth was observed at 37 and 42 degrees 

C with oxalate and in the presence of 3-4% NaCl and 

2% potassium oxalate. In liquid culture, the doubling 

time (t(d)) with oxalate was 9 h. Its closest 

phylogenetic neighbors, as deduced by 16S rDNAbased 

analysis, were Azospirillum brasilense, 

Azospirillum doebereinerae and Azospirillum 

lipoferum, with 99.5, 98.4 and 96.7% sequence 

similarity, respectively. The strain differed from A. 

brasilense by its ability to use N-acetylglucosamine, 

D-glucose and D-mannitol. It may be a variant strain 

of A. brasilense. Oxalotrophic, N2-fixing species of 

the genus Azospirillum may be important 

contributors to soil formation, soil fertility, and 

retention and/or cycling of elements necessary for 

plant growth 53 . 

GENETICS & BIODIVERSITY 

The <strong>An</strong>dean tuber-bearing species, Oxalis tuberosa 

Mol., is a vegetatively propagated crop cultivated in 

the uplands of the <strong>An</strong>des. Its genetic diversity was 

investigated in the present study using the intersimple 

sequence repeat (ISSR) technique. Thirty-two 

accessions originating from South America 

(Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru) and maintained 

in vitro were chosen to represent the ogeographic 

diversity of its cultivation area. Twenty-two primers 

were tested and 9 were selected according to 

fingerprinting quality and reproducibility. Genetic 

diversity analysis was performed with 90 markers. 

Jaccard's genetic distance between accessions ranged 

from 0 to 0.49 with an average of 0.28 +/- 0.08 (mean 

+/- SD). Dendrogram (UPGMA (unweighted pairgroup 

method with arithmetic averaging)) and 

factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) showed that 

the genetic structure was influenced by the collection 

site. The two most distant clusters contained all of the 

Peruvian accessions, one from Bolivia, and none 

from Argentina or Chile. <strong>An</strong>alysis by country 

revealed that Peru presented the greatest genetic 

distances from the other countries and possessed the 

highest intra-country genetic distance (0.30 +/- 0.08). 

This suggests that the Peruvian oca accessions form a 

distinct genetic group. The relatively low level of 

genetic diversity in the oca species may be related to 

its predominating reproduction strategy, i.e., 

vegetative propagation. The extent and structure of 

the genetic diversity of the species detailed here 

should help the establishment of conservation 

strategies 54 . 

Thirty-four Glomeromycota taxa (small-subunit 

ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequence groups) 

were detected from 90 root samples (911 clones), 

including eight new taxa. Sequence groups related to 

Glomus intraradices were most common (MO-G3 

and MO-G13). Samples of H. nobilis were colonized 

by more AM fungal taxa (3.68 +/- 0.31) than those of 

O. acetosella (2.69 +/- 0.34), but did not differ 

significantly in this respect from those of F. vesca 

(3.15 +/- 0.38). Effects of forest management, host 

plant species (except above) or season on the number 

or composition of fungal taxa in root samples were 

not detected, and neither were they explained by 

environmental variables (vegetation, soil and light 

conditions). * This is the most taxon-rich habitat 

described to date in terms of root-colonizing 

Glomeromycota. The data demonstrate the 

importance of temperate coniferous forests as 

habitats for AM fungi and plants. Lack of obvious 

fungal community patterns suggests more complex 

effects of biotic and abiotic factors, and possibly no 

adverse effect of common forest management 

practices on AM fungal diversity 55 . 

Eleven Oxalis L. species from the province of Buenos 

Aires (Argentina) were investigated with scanning 

and transmission electron microscopes. Researchers 

identified four different types and two subtypes of 

orbicules and conclude that the close morphological 

similarity between these species is also reflected in 

their orbicules, and also suggest that the orbicules 

morphology may be a useful character in systematic 

studies 56 . 

Assessments of mycorrhizal colonization (percent 

root length, intraradical structures) were made by 

washing and staining the roots. Soil samples of each 

plant species were pooled and subsamples were 

obtained to determine AM spore numbers. The 

herbaceous species formed both Arum- and Paristype 

morphologies, whereas the tree and the shrub 

species formed respectively single structural types of 

Arum- and Paris-type. AM colonization, intraradical 

fungi structures and AMF spore numbers displayed 

variation in species, seasons and sites. D. indica 



showed the highest AM colonization, whereas the 

highest spore numbers was observed in the 

rhizosphere of A. acuminata. No correlation was 

observed between spore numbers and root length 

percentage colonized by AM fungi. Results of this 

study showed that Alnus acuminata is facultatively 

AM. The AM colonization, intraradical fungi 

structures and AMF spore numbers varied in species 

depending on phenological, climatic and edaphic 

conditions 57 . 

The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) 

communities from the Yungas forests of Argentina 

were studied. The AMF species present in the 

rhizosphere of some dominant native plants (one tree: 

Alnus acuminata; three herbaceous species: 

Duchesnea indica, Oxalis conorrhiza, Trifolium aff. 

repens; and one shrub: Sambucus peruviana) from 

two sites (Quebrada del Portugués and Narváez 

Range) of the Yungas forests were isolated, identified 

and quantified during the four seasons of the year. 

Twenty-two AMF morphotaxa were found. Spore 

density of some AMF species at each site varied 

among seasons. The genera that most contributed to 

the biodiversity index were Acaulospora for 

Quebrada Del Portugués and Glomus for Narváez 

Range.High diversity values were observed in the 

Yungas forests, particularly in the spring (rainy 

season). We concluded AMF differed in species 

composition and seasonal sporulation dynamics in 

the Yungas forests 58 . 

In each inventory, scientists analyzed its floristic 

composition and ecological parameters, as altitude, 

soil and geomorphology. All relives were synthesized 

in a table to deduce the different associations, higher 

phytosociological units, and the distribution of its 

flora along the Peruvian coast and the <strong>An</strong>dean 

Cordillera. Using the Shannon-Wiener diversity 

index, the diversity of this flora is discussed making a 

comparison with historical data about the use of the 

territory with livestock during pre-Inca and Inca 

cultures, and Spanish invasion. The Tetragonio 

crystallinae-Plantaginetalia limensis order presents 

characteristic plants don't linked with eutrophic soils, 

as Calandrinia alba, Cryptantha limensis, Dyschoriste 

repens, Monnina macrostachya, Oxalis lomana, 

Palaua malvifolia, Pectocarya lateriflora, Plantago 

limensis or Tetragonia crystallina, with a distribution 

that claps the geographical area of the new alliances. 

On the other hand, the vegetation of the desert 

ravines is discussed in the context of the coastal river 

plant communities and its disturbance by the dunes. 

After the application of the Shannon-Wiener 

diversity index on the synthetic table columns, we 

can deduce that an increase in <strong>An</strong>dean and European 

ruderal species is linked to an intensive livestock 

activity. The transhumance between the <strong>An</strong>des and 

the coast from pre-Inca times until now produces the 

plant dispersion of high <strong>An</strong>dean plants toward the 

coast; the Spanish colonization was the origin of the 

presence of European plants in the "lomas" 

vegetation of Peru 59 . 

Combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences 

for 112 species of Oxalidales (4900 aligned 

nucleotides) were used for a fossil-calibrated 

phylogeny that includes 43 of the 54 species of 

Chilean Oxalis, and species distribution models 

(SDMs) incorporating precipitation, temperature, and 

fog, and the phylogeny were used to reconstruct 

ancestral habitat preferences, relying on likelihood 

and Bayesian techniques. Since uneven collecting can 

reduce the power of SDMs, we compared three 

strategies to correct for collecting effort. 

Unexpectedly, the Oxalis flora of Chile consists of 

seven distant lineages that originated at different 

times prior to the last <strong>An</strong>dean uplift pulse; some had 

features pre-adapting them to seasonally arid or xeric 

conditions. Models that incorporated fog and a 

'collecting activity surface' performed best and 

identified the Mediterranean zone as a hotspot of 

Oxalis species as well as lineage diversity, because it 

harbors a mix of ancient and young groups, including 

insufficiently arid-adapted species. There is no 

evidence of rapid adaptive radiation 60 . 

OTHER IMPACTS 

Several plants causing poisoning in herbivores in 

Israel have an association with human health. Ferula 

communis (giant fennel) contains a potent 

anticoagulant and induces severe haemorrhagic 

diathesis in grazing ewes, or similar changes in utero 

in lambs. These and other teratogenic changes have 

been seen in babies from mothers receiving the 

anticoagulant warfarin during pregnancy. The 

photoactive principle is currently used in the 

treatment of psoriasis in man, and such patients 

should be examined for possible ocular toxicity. 

Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) caused 

myopathy in ruminants and is ingested by certain 

ethnic groups. Oxalis pes-caprae (Bermuda 

buttercup) causes large-scale oxalate poisoning in 

sheep and is avidly eaten by children 61 . Invasion by 

alien plants may be partially related to disturbancerelated 

increases in nutrient availability and decreases 

of competition with native species, and to superior 

competitive ability of the invader. High nutrient 

availability increased Oxalis and some vegetative 

biomass and reproductive output to a similar degree. 

Competition with some vegetative had a much 

stronger negative effect on Oxalis bulb production 

than reduced nutrients. Vegetative was a superior 

competitor than Oxalis; the latter did not affect 

Lolium maximum biomass and spike production. 



Significantly greater soil-P availability in Oxalisinvaded 

field soils relative to paired non-invaded 

soils suggests that Oxalis influences soil P cycling. 

Oxalis is a poor competitor. This is consistent with 

the preferential distribution of Oxalis in disturbed 

areas such as ruderal habitats, and might explain its 

low influence on the cover of native species in 

invaded sites. The results also suggest that certain 

disturbances (e.g. autumn ploughing) may greatly 

enhance Oxalis invasion 63 . 

CONCLUSION 

Oxalis corniculata is a wonderful plant having 

enormous range of different activities. In this article 

have assembled almost all information related to 

different research activity of plant. Same type of 

review paper has been published on Tribulus 

terrestris, a traditionally important wild medicinal 

herb of waste lands, which became a popular article 

for further investigations on particular medicinal 

herbs 57 . This review will help to researchers & 

scholars to go deep in this area as plant indicate vast 

range of phytochemical related to origin so it can be 

suggested the further work can be done on Oxalis 

corniculata which is collected from different season 

and agro climatic zone .Definitely it is assume that 

research will be able to find out more suitable and 

specific drug plant having particular activity in 

specific season. Some scientist needs this data and 

concepts to re-research on the present scientific plant. 

It can really contribute to medical and pharmaceutical 

practices. There are still many more activities waiting 

for screening the drug from oxalis corniculata. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

The authors are thankful to the Executive Director of 

Shri Ram College Muzaffarnagar (UP), India for 

providing the necessary facilities and tools to carry 

out the project work. 

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