Amazon Alive: A Decade of Discoveries 1999-2009 - WWF

Amazon Alive! 

A decade of discovery 1999-2009

The Amazon is the planet’s largest 

rainforest and river basin. It supports countless thousands 

of species, as well as 30 million people. 

© Brent Stirton / Getty Images / WWF-UK

The Amazon is the largest rainforest on Earth. It’s famed for its 

unrivalled biological diversity, with wildlife that includes jaguars, river 

dolphins, manatees, giant otters, capybaras, harpy eagles, 

anacondas and piranhas. 

The many unique habitats in this globally significant region conceal 

a wealth of hidden species, which scientists continue to discover at 

an incredible rate. 

Between 1999 and 2009, at least 1,200 new species of plants and 

vertebrates have been discovered in the Amazon biome (see page 6 

for a map showing the extent of the region that this spans). The new 

species include 637 plants, 257 fish, 216 amphibians, 55 reptiles, 16 

birds and 39 mammals. In addition, thousands of new invertebrate 

species have been uncovered. Owing to the sheer number of the 

latter, these are not covered in detail by this report. 

This report has tried to be comprehensive in its listing of new plants and vertebrates described 

from the Amazon biome in the last decade. But for the largest groups of life on Earth, such as 

invertebrates, such lists do not exist – so the number of new species presented here is no doubt 

an underestimate. 

Cover image: Ranitomeya benedicta, new poison frog species © Evan Twomey 

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 1

Foreword 

Ahmed Djoghlaf, 

Executive Secretary, 

Convention on Biological Diversity 

The vital importance of the Amazon rainforest is 

well known. As the largest tract of tropical 

rainforest in the world, the region has unparalleled 

biodiversity. It harbours one in 10 known species in 

the world and one in five of all birds. The Amazon 

rainforest supports the highest diversity of plant 

species on Earth: depending where you are, you 

can find from 150 to 900 individual trees per 

hectare. The Amazon is also home to a diverse 

array of indigenous communities, and its rich 

natural resources base provides a source of 

livelihoods for many both within and outside the 

region. 

However, this treasure trove of our planet has not 

escaped the gigantic appetite of unsustainable 

development. At least 17% of the Amazon forest 

has been destroyed, and much more is severely 

threatened as the destruction continues. In the 

words of the respected Amazon ecologist Dan 

Nepstad, “The Amazon is a canary in a coalmine 

for the Earth.” 

The loss of tropical rainforest has a profound and 

devastating impact on the world because 

rainforests are so biologically diverse. The 1,220 

new species in this report illustrate the richness of 

biodiversity found in this the world’s largest 

rainforest and river basin, and also how much there 

is still to learn about this incredible biome. 

Many scientific explorers have ventured deep 

into the unknown and spectacular reaches of the 

Amazon and have made significant contributions to 

increasing our knowledge of Amazonia. However, 

2 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 

very basic work on the natural history of the 

Amazon is still being conducted due to the current 

lack of knowledge. The surface of the Amazon 

has only been scratched and there is much that 

remains unknown to scientists. The scientific world 

is only just realising what indigenous people in 

the Amazon have known for centuries: that many 

ancestral cultures still alive in the Amazon have a 

deep knowledge of the riches of the region; and 

that this knowledge may prove to be essential for 

the success of future efforts to preserve it. 

In the face of increasing human pressure on the 

planet’s resources, an effective protected area 

system is vital for conserving ecosystems, 

habitats and species. The Convention on 

Biological Diversity (CBD)’s programme of work on 

protected areas (www.cbd.int/protected) provides a 

blueprint on how to establish protected areas, how 

to manage them, how to govern them, and what 

tools can be used to achieve the planned work. 

It charts the way forward in detail and with clear 

targets. The end result will be protected areas that 

fulfil their key role of conserving in situ biodiversity 

of the world. It is a framework for cooperation 

between governments, donors, NGOs and local 

people – without such collaboration projects cannot 

be sustainable over the long term. 

On this note, the Secretariat of the CBD would 

like to congratulate WWF for supporting the Latin 

American Network of Protected Areas 

(REDPARQUES) by promoting a regional dialogue 

and vision for the Amazon to implement the CBD 

programme of work on protected areas. 

The need for conserving the Amazon cannot 

be better expressed than in the words of Chico 

Mendes, the Brazilian rubber tapper and 

environmental activist: “At first, I thought I was 

fighting to save rubber trees. Then, I thought I was 

fighting to save the Amazon rainforests. Now, I 

realise I am fighting for humanity.” 

Today, when the world is reeling under the threat 

of climate change, conserving large intact tracts of 

tropical rainforests assumes paramount 

importance, not only for the people of the Amazon 

countries, but for all the individuals of the world. In 

this the International Year for Biodiversity, a shift 

in the paradigm of development must begin, with 

utmost urgency, to safeguard the Amazon biome’s 

functionality and its incredible biodiversity.

Preface 

Francisco José Ruiz Marmolejo, 

Leader, 

Living Amazon Initiative, WWF 

Nowhere else on Earth is the web of life as 

tangled and lush as in the Amazon region. Here, 

the planet’s largest river basin is a massive, 

life-giving system for the world’s most extensive 

and diverse tropical rainforest. For millennia, 

indigenous people have relied on the region’s 

environmental services and natural resources 

which, as this report shows, we’re still striving to 

fully comprehend. 

The Amazon’s natural wealth is beyond 

superlatives. And the significant volume of recent 

findings we present here shows that we’re still 

learning about the full extent of its diversity. 

Between 1999 and 2009, more than 1,200 new 

species of plants and vertebrates were discovered 

in the Amazon region. That’s a rate of one new 

discovery every three days – before we even 

consider invertebrates. 

This report introduces new species from eight 

countries plus one overseas territory. Fabulous 

findings include a surrealistic blind red fish; a coinsized, 

pink-ringed dart frog; a 4m-long new species 

of anaconda; a floor-dwelling, blue-fanged 

tarantula; and a bald parrot. The discoveries add 

to our appreciation of the immense value of the 

Amazon. 

Unfortunately, research is revealing that many 

Amazon species are under grave threat, even as 

we unearth them. For instance, the discovery of 

one of the smallest species of tree porcupine ever 

recorded was made during wildlife rescue efforts at 

a hydropower dam site in the Amazon. 

People have inhabited the Amazon for over 11,000 

years. Yet it’s in just the last 50 years that 

humankind has caused the destruction of at least 

17% of the Amazon rainforest. Most of the region 

remains fairly undisturbed, but the threats to it are 

considerable. Inappropriate development 

models, rapid regional economical growth, 

increasing energy demands, and unsustainable 

agribusiness market trends are all impacting on the 

Amazon at an exponential rate. Climate change, 

too, is compounding the problems. 

For over 40 years, WWF has been instrumental in 

safeguarding the Amazon. We’ve supported the 

establishment of iconic protected areas such as 

Manu National Park, Guiana Amazonian Park, Jaú 

National Park, Mamirauá Sustainable Development 

Reserve and Montanhas do Tumucumaque 

National Park. These have been the starting point 

for some of the most important conservation efforts 

in the region, including initiatives such as the 

Amazon Region Protected Areas programme. 

Other examples of WWF conservation efforts in the 

Amazon include our work with local communities to 

establish sustainable fisheries management in the 

Brazilian Varzeas. We’ve assisted indigenous 

communities in their battle against oil exploitation 

contamination in the Amazonian wetlands of 

northern Peru. And we’ve promoted certified timber 

production in Peru, Bolivia and Guyana . 

However, despite this progress, the degradation 

continues. So, the approach that WWF and our 

partners take to conservation continues to evolve to 

face increasing threats, and to ensure ever-larger 

areas are protected. 

Today, we’re bringing to bear our experience of 

more than 40 years of conservation work, under 

our Living Amazon initiative. We’re promoting 

sustainable development across all countries in 

the Amazon. We’re building alliances among local 

people, national and regional authorities and the 

private sector. And we’re seeking to ensure that 

the vital environmental and cultural contributions 

the Amazon makes locally, regionally and globally 

are maintained sustainably, in a way that’s fair to 

people who live there. 

The Amazon helps to support life as we know it. 

Now it is in our hands to safeguard the Amazon, its 

amazing diversity of species, and the 

immeasurable services it provides to us all. 


Executive summary 

The Amazon is one of the most diverse regions on Earth. This fact has been 

supported not least by the extraordinary wealth of new species discovered 

there between 1999 and 2009. Many of the discoveries have been made in the 

growing network of protected areas being established in the region. 

Some 1,200 new species of plants and vertebrates were discovered in the 

Amazon biome in this period. This is a greater number than the combined total 

of new species discovered over a similar 10-year period in other areas of high 

biological diversity – including Borneo, the Congo Basin and the Eastern 

Himalayas. The new discoveries illustrate the extent of the amazing 

biodiversity found in the world’s largest rainforest and river basin. They also 

show how much there is still to learn about this incredible place. And of course, 

this report would not be possible without the professionalism and dedication of 

dozens of local and international scientists and research supporters. 

This report celebrates the unique and fascinating species that can be found 

in the Amazon – a region that spans eight South American countries and one 

overseas territory, and is home to 30 million people. The report also highlights 

many vital habitats that face growing pressures as a consequence of 

unsustainable development. The Amazon still contains around 83% of its 

original habitat, but a disastrous combination of threats is increasingly eroding 

the Amazon’s connectivity. And numerous endemic species are subjected to 

waves of resource exploitation. After centuries of limited human disturbance, at 

least 17% of the forests of the Amazon have been destroyed in just 50 years. 

The main cause of this transformation is rapid expansion in regional and global 

markets for meat, soy and biofuels. These have increased demand for land. 

Large-scale transportation and energy infrastructure projects, coupled with 

poor planning, weak governance and the lack of an integrated vision of 

sustainable development for the Amazon are also contributing to deforestation 

and degradation of forest and freshwater habitats. They’re also increasing 

pressure on the Amazon’s natural resources and environmental services, on 

which millions of people depend. 

Increased temperatures and decreased precipitation caused by climate change 

will exacerbate these trends. They could lead to a ‘tipping point’ where the 

tropical moist forest ecosystem collapses. The implications of this massive 

ecosystem shift for biodiversity, global climate and human livelihoods would be 

profound. The Amazon’s forests store 90-140 billion tonnes of carbon. 

Releasing even a portion of this would accelerate global warming significantly. 

In addition to 30 million people, one in 10 known species on Earth live here. 

They all depend on the Amazon’s resources and services. So do many millions 

more, in North America and Europe, who are still within the Amazon’s 

far-reaching climatologic influence 1 . 

The Amazon provides life-giving natural resources and services, and is a 

source of livelihood for many within and outside the region. But the fate of the 

region depends on a significant shift in the current way development is 

embraced by Amazon countries. It’s vital that the Amazon is sustainably 

managed as one functioning whole. A desire to safeguard the biome’s 

functionality for the common good must become the core business of the 

Amazon nations. 

Responsible stewardship of the Amazon is critical, not least because of the 

role the region plays in the fight against global climate change. In this sense, 

it is in the long-term self interest of individuals and societies across the globe 

to keep an ecologically healthy Amazon that maintains its environmental and 

cultural contribution to local peoples, the countries of the region, and the world, 

within a framework of social equity, inclusive economic development and 

global responsibility. 

Through our Living Amazon initiative, WWF works with national and regional 

stakeholders from all nine Amazon countries to create the high-level conditions 

that will enable the conservation and sustainable development of the Amazon. 

4 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

As part of our initiative, WWF together with the IUCN, Amazon Cooperation 

Treaty Organisation and the Secretariat for the Convention of Biological 

Diversity and others are supporting the Latin American Technical Cooperation 

Network on National Parks, other Protected Areas and Wildlife 

(REDPARQUES) in building a conservation vision for the Amazon. This vision 

will build on the conservation strategies and protected area systems in each of 

the Amazon countries. It will help to meet commitments under the UN’s 

Convention on Biological Diversity – in particular, its work on protected areas. 

In the Amazon, the whole is more than the sum of its parts, and the 

development of a vision for conservation will help maintain the integrity and 

functionality of the Amazon region – and its resilience to growing threats, 

particularly climate change. 

Bluefang spider (Ephebopus cyanognathus) 

© Peter Conheim 


The Amazon Biome 

The largest rainforest and river basin in the world, and home to 

one in 10 known species on Earth.

Geography 

The Amazon contains the planet’s largest remaining rainforest, which has an 

unparalleled diversity of species and habitats. It is unrivalled in scale and 

complexity, and its importance is world renowned. 

The region spans 6.7 million sq km across Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, 

French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. It is dominated by 

moist dense tropical forest, but also encompasses several other unique habitat 

types – such as montane forests, lowland forests, floodplain forests, 

grasslands, swamps, bamboos and palm forests. 

This rainforest brings rain showers and freshwater to cities and farms across 

South America. Spreading over an area 50% larger than the European Union´s 

27 countries, the Amazon rainforest is so large that it helps to keep the global 

climate in balance. 

Not only does the Amazon contain almost half the world’s remaining 

rainforest but also the largest river basin on Earth. The Amazon river flows 

east, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. This river basin is contained by the 

Guiana shield or highlands to the north, the central Brazilian shield or plateau 

to the south, and the Andes to the west. The Amazon is by far the world’s 

largest river in terms of the volume of water it discharges into the sea. At an 

average of approximately 219,000 cubic metres per second, it represents 

15-16% of the world’s total river discharge into the oceans. Just two hours of 

its flow could meet the freshwater needs of New York City’s 7.5 million 

residents for a whole year 2 . 

The river system is the lifeline of the rainforest, and it has played an important 

part in the development of its people. More than 30 million people live across 

the region, and over 280 different languages are spoken here. About 9% 

(2.7 million people) of the Amazon’s population is made up of more than 320 

indigenous groups, 60 of which still remain largely uncontacted or are living 

in voluntary isolation 3 . The identities and traditions of people, their customs, 

lifestyles and livelihoods have been shaped by their environment, and they 

remain deeply dependent on the Amazon in spite of becoming increasingly 

integrated into the national and world economies. 

Biodiversity 

The Amazon’s unparalleled wealth of terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity 

conjures some of the most powerful images of what nature can offer. The 

Amazon houses a staggering 10% of the world’s known biodiversity, including 

endemic i and endangered flora and fauna. 

The Amazon sustains the world’s richest diversity of birds, freshwater fish and 

butterflies. It is the world’s last refuge for threatened species such as harpy 

eagles and pink river dolphins. Here, too, there are jaguars, giant otters, 

scarlet macaws, southern two-toed sloths, pygmy marmosets, saddleback and 

emperor tamarins, Goeldi’s monkeys and howler monkeys. More species of 

primates can be found here than anywhere else. 

Such is the Amazon’s immense biological wealth that it incorporates elements 

of 56 Global 200 Ecoregions, landscapes of international importance, either 

completely or partially 4 . In addition, six natural UNESCO World Heritage Sites 5 

and over 10 Endemic Bird Areas 6 can be found here. The region consists of 

over 600 different types of terrestrial and freshwater habitats. 

A considerable number of the world’s plants and animals live in the Amazon. 

To date, at least 40,000 plant species have been found here 7 , with 75% of its 

plants being endemic to the region. In addition, by 2005, 427 mammals, 1,300 

birds, 378 reptiles, more than 400 amphibians, and at least 3,000 species of 

fish had been scientifically classified in the region 8 . This is the largest number 

of freshwater fish species in the world. The same can almost certainly be said 

for invertebrates. In approximately five hectares of Amazon rainforest, 365 

species from 68 genera of ants were found 9 . 

The extent of many of the unique habitats, and the inaccessibility of much of 

the vast Amazon region has also hidden many species from scientific 

discovery. 

i 

Endemic refers to a species that is exclusively native to a specific place and found nowhere else. 

For example, the kiwi is a bird endemic to New Zealand. 


1,200 New species discoveries 

Introduction 

Humans have lived in the Amazon region for over 11,000 years 10 . But it was 

not until the 16th century that the Amazon river was first navigated by a 

Spanish explorer and conquistador, Don Francisco de Orellana (1511-1546). In 

search of vast forests of cinnamon and the fabled city of gold, El Dorado, 

Orellana left Quito, Ecuador in February 1541. The expedition found neither 

cinnamon nor gold, but rather the greatest river on Earth – arriving at the 

junction of the Napo and the Amazon on 11 February 1542. Orellana named 

the ‘newly-discovered’ river the Rio de Orellana, a name that would later be 

abandoned in favour of the more familiar Rio Amazonas, named after the 

mythical tribe of warrior women. 

It was a great many years before another Amazon expedition – the first to 

travel all the way upriver. In 1637-38, the first detailed information about the 

Amazon and its natural history and people was recorded by Father Cristobal 

de Acuña, who travelled as part of a large expedition led by the Portuguese 

general Pedro Teixeira. He noted amazingly precise data on the length and 

size of the Amazon, and the topography of its course, with detailed 

descriptions of the flooded forest areas along the river, the farming systems 

and crops of the indigenous people, and aquatic fauna. 

The first ‘modern’ scientific exploration of the Amazon region was by Alexander 

von Humboldt and Aimé Jacques Goujaud Bonpland, who would prove the 

existence of a water connection between the Amazon and Orinoco river 

systems. After von Humboldt, a number of scientific explorers and 

adventurers came – including von Spix and von Martius, who made huge 

botanical and zoological collections in the Brazilian Amazon in 1817-1820. 

Henry William Bates, who spent 11 years in the interior of Amazonia, amassed 

the single largest collection of insects ever made by one individual in the 

region, collecting nearly 15,000 species, about 8,000 of which were new to 

science. 

Protected areas 

Increases in the coverage of the Amazon protected area network, and with it 

the securing of important habitats, ecosystems, and biological diversity, have 

certainly aided scientists in their discoveries of new species. 

One of the most high-profile protected areas is Tumucumaque Mountains 

National Park, established in 2002. The park’s borders were strategically 

designed to protect its high biodiversity and were conceived by WWF and 

IBAMA (the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural 

Resources), under the guidance of Brazil’s Ministry of the Environment. At 

38,800 sq km, the park is the world’s largest tropical forest national park – 

equivalent in size to Switzerland. Threatened species there include jaguars 

and harpy eagles, animals that require large areas of rainforest for their 

survival. 

With support from the Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) programme, by 

the end of 2009 a total of 25 million hectares of new protected areas had been 

created in the Brazilian Amazon, more than doubling the area under protection 

prior to the programme’s initiation. 

The park’s designation was the first success of the ARPA programme, which is 

securing long-term protection for some of the Amazon’s most important 

biological and ecological features in a system of well-managed parks and 

reserves. In protecting key portions of the Amazon forest, ARPA is also 

providing security to numerous local communities that depend on the forest, 

while protecting an amazing range of bird, mammal, fish, reptile and 

amphibian species. It is expected that ARPA will eventually support the 

establishment and effective management of 60 million hectares (600,000 sq 

km) of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. 


1a. 

© Fernando Rivadavia 

1b. 1c. 

© Evan Twomey 

1a. Drosera amazonica (Amazon sundew) 

1b. Ameerega pepperi 

1c. Cyriocosmus nogueiranetoi 

© Rogerio Bertani 

The Tumucumaque Mountains National Park in Brazil 

is equivalent in size to Switzerland. It borders the 

Guiana Amazonian Park in French Guiana, 

providing ample room for species that require large 

territories, such as the jaguar and harpy eagle. 

© Kitt Nascimento 


© Philippe J. R. Kok 

Atractus tamessari (male)

Ecuador’s Yasuni National Park has possibly the highest biological diversity 

in the world. Manu National Park in Peru, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 

is home to 850 species of birds, and protects 10% of plant species on Earth. 

A single hectare of rainforest in Manu can shelter more than 220 species of 

trees, whereas in Europe and North America a hectare of temperate woodland 

might have only 20 species of trees. 

It is in parks such as these that scientists have been able to further explore 

the wild and beautiful rainforest and the real extent of the biodiversity found in 

Amazon. This has led to some remarkable species being discovered by 

dedicated scientists in the last decade. Recent surveys have yielded 

extraordinary results, such as the rufous twistwing (Cnipodectes superrufus), 

discovered in Manu National Park; the Amazon sundew (Drosera amazonica) 

discovered in the Parque Estadual do Rio Negro Setor Sul in Brazil; a new 

snake species (Atractus tamessari) discovered in the Kaieteur National Park, 

Guyana; and a stunning poison dart frog (Ranitomeya amazonica) from the 

Reserva Nacional Alpahuayo Mishana, Peru. 

Such is the phenomenal rate of discovery in the Amazon that between 1999 

and 2009 at least 1,222 new species of plants and vertebrates have been 

discovered in the region. The new species include 637 plants, 257 fish, 216 

amphibians, 55 reptiles, 16 birds and 39 mammals, in addition to thousands of 

new invertebrate species not covered in detail by this report. 

Many of the new species are highly endemic or rare, further highlighting the 

importance of protected areas in the conservation of species. 

Scientific expedition traverses unstudied areas in Brazil 

In June 2009, WWF supported a scientific expedition to the Altamira 

National Forest, a 689,012ha protected area in the heart of Pará State, 

Brazil. This part of the Amazon still holds secrets unknown even to the 

most experienced researchers. 

The expedition discovered 11 species with no known scientific description 

in the depths of the national forest: eight fish species, a possibly new 

genus of crab and two species of birds. 

The new species of fish include catfishes from the Trichomycteridae family 

(catfishes), two species of ray-finned fishes from the Anostomidae family, 

two characids (Characidae) and one armoured catfish (Loricariidae). Two 

unfamiliar bird species discovered in the area, including a kind of scythebill 

(Campylorhamphus sp.), are expected to be confirmed as a new species 

this year. 

WWF supports scientific expeditions as part of our efforts in promoting the 

creation of protected areas in the Amazon region. In Brazil, we’ve 

organised 10 expeditions in the last five years to raise information and 

scientific data about the flora and the fauna of the region. This information 

is used to create new protected areas or to strengthen existing ones. 

But this represents just scratching the surface of the Amazon. Much remains 

unknown to scientists. The scientific world is only just realising what 

indigenous people in the Amazon have known for centuries: the many 

ancestral cultures still alive in the Amazon have a deep knowledge of the 

riches of the region. This knowledge may prove essential for the success of 

future efforts to preserve them. 

Right: Brazilian ornithologist Alexandre Aleixo from the 

Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi with a scythebill. 

It is one of 11 species with no known 

scientific description discovered during a scientific 

expedition, supported by WWF, to the Altamira 

National Forest in 2009. 

© Zig Koch / WWF 


Plants 

637 637 

new plant species 

Already home to around 40,000 species of plants, the world’s largest 

rainforest revealed 637 new plant discoveries in the last 10 years. 

Bromelia araujoi 

To say that the Amazon possesses a high number of plant species is a 

considerable understatement. The scale of plant diversity uncovered by 

scientists in some areas of the Amazon is mindboggling. For example, 473 tree 

species and a total of 1,000 vascular plant species have been documented in 

one hectare of lowland rainforest in Amazonian Ecuador 11 , and 3,000 species 

have been found in 24ha in the Chribiquete-Araracuara-Cahuinarí region of the 

Colombian Amazon 12 . What’s more, the level of scientific knowledge regarding 

plant diversity in the region is far from its peak. 

Within the last decade, hundreds of new plants, with a staggering diversity, 

have been recorded. The plants are from an eclectic mix of plant families 

and include herbaceous, perennials and bulbous flowering plants, trees and 

shrubs, vines, ferns and lilies. 

Among the huge number of new species are members of the custard apple 

family (Annonaceae), dogbane family (Apocynaceae), ivy family (Araliaceae), 

palm family (Arecaceae), daisy or sunflower family (Asteraceae), and forgetme-not 

family (Boraginaceae). There have also been additions to the 

bromeliad family (Bromeliaceae – known for the pineapple), heath or heather 

family (Ericaceae), torchwood or incense family (Burseraceae), caper family 

(Capparaceae), spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), laurel family (Lauraceae), 

mallow family (Malvaceae – which includes hibiscus), and myrtle family 

(Myrtaceae – known for clove, guava and eucalyptus). 

Numbers in the cabbage family (Brassicaceae), melon family (Cucurbitaceae) 

and the Solanaceae family have also swelled. The latter is famous for 

agriculturally-important plants like the potato, pepper, tobacco and tomato, but 

also toxic plants like the deadly nightshade. 

An expedition revealed the existence of a new, undescribed endemic sundew 

in the Pakaraima mountains south-east of the famous Mt Roraima, which is 

© E. Esteves Pereira 


at the border of Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil 13 . The species Drosera solaris 

was officially described in 2007 and recorded only from swamps on a small 

plateau at 2,065m, just below the summit of Mt Yakontipu. It was discovered 

in an isolated population within a small clearing in the cloud forest. The name 

‘solaris’ (Greek for ‘sunny’ or ‘sunloving’) was chosen to illustrate the bright and 

shiny appearance of this sundew, with its bright yellowish-green petioles, which 

contrast with its bright red leaf blades. These bicoloured rosettes are unique 

among all known South American species of Drosera 14 . 

One of the more bizarre finds is a tree that grows ‘noodles’. Officially described 

in 2004, Syagrus vermicularis 15 is a medium-sized, solitary, attractive palm that 

grows to about 10m tall, with a smooth, green trunk thinly covered by a 

whitish velvety layer. It has a dense crown of dark green fronds made up of 

soft, glossy, pinnate leaves which form a graceful, arching canopy. The tight 

squiggling tangle of bright yellow ‘noodles’ form the palm’s newly-emerging 

flowering shoots. After considering a fun name, like Syagrus ramennoodlensis, 

Dr Larry Noblick opted for something that sounded a bit more sophisticated: 

Syagrus vermicularis (Latin for ‘resembling a worm’). The species was 

originally described from Maranhão, Brazil, but has since also been discovered 

in Carajás, Pará, Tocantins, Rondônia and possibly in Mato Grosso 16 . 

Among other new discoveries are an incredible 78 new orchid species. 

“Pleased hardly 

describes how ecstatic 

I felt when I finally 

discovered this plant 

after 10 years of 

searching for it”. 

Dr Fernando Rivadavia, 

discoverer of the Amazon sundew 

(Drosera amazonica) 

2a, 2b. Drosera amazonica 

2c. Syagrus vermicularis 

2c. 

© Larry Noblick 

2a. 2b. 

2a. 

© Andreas Fleischmann 

The Amazon sundew, a discovery 10 years in the making 

Particularly significant, owing to its unusual location and its sheer 

abundance, was the discovery of the Amazon sundew (Drosera 

amazonica) officially described by scientists in 2009 17 . This plant species is 

red and yellow, and grows to just 10cm tall. Because the species is found 

on white quartz sand savannas, which are seasonally flooded, the soil is 

highly acidic and extremely poor in nutrients. To supplement the poor 

mineral nutrition that these species can derive from the soil, they lure, 

capture and digest insects using glandular tentacles topped with sticky 

secretions, and exude a sweet perfume. 

After 10 years of searching for the elusive plant, in 2006 Dr Fernando 

Rivadavia found two extensive populations roughly 500m apart in the 

Parque Estadual do Rio Negro Setor Sul, a protected area relatively safe 

from deforestation. The two populations were located on opposite sides of 

a small tributary of the Cuieiras river, which empties into the Rio Negro in 

Amazonas state. Here, in natural clearings in the rainforest consisting of 

savannah vegetation and wet-sandy habitats, the new Drosera was 

encountered growing by the “millions”. Another population of the species 

was discovered around 450km north of this area in the Viruá National Park, 

in the central part of Roraima state 18 . 

This find is particularly significant as very few Drosera species are found 

in the lowlands of Brazil. Those that have been recorded occur in sandy 

coastal habitats. Very few have been discovered inland, as Drosera 

amazonica was. 

© Fernando Rivadavia 


Fish 

257new fish species 

More species of freshwater fish can be found in the Amazon than anywhere 

else. The mightiest river basin in the world has been the location of some 

remarkable new species discoveries over the past decade. At least 257 new 

fish species have been found in the Amazon’s rivers and tributaries, including 

three new species of piranha, a goliath catfish and a bright red subterranean 

blindfish. 

A new giant catfish was discovered here in 2005. The so-called ‘goliath 

catfish’, Brachyplatystoma capapretum, was found in the Amazon river. A 

migratory species, the fish has been recorded from Belém, Brazil, upriver to 

at least Iquitos, Peru, and in several large tributary rivers and lakes 19 . A record 

specimen of this fish, measuring nearly 1.5m and weighing 32kg, was later 

caught in 2007 in the Rio Pasimoni, Amazonas, Venezuela. The 

Brachyplatystoma genus includes some of the largest Amazonian catfish 

species, including the piraíba (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum), which reaches 

about 3.6m and can weigh 200kg. Although normally having a diet of fish, the 

stomach contents of larger members of the genus have occasionally included 

parts of monkeys 20 . 

One of the most colourful discoveries has been a green and red variety of the 

bloodfin tetra family. The species identified in 2003 21 has been given the Latin 

name Aphyocharax yekwanae in honour of the Ye’Kwana Indians who live in 

the area, which consists of pristine tropical forest and waterways tucked away 

in the highlands. Experts fear that the 5cm-long new species, as well as the 

Ye’Kwana who depend on the water, could eventually fall prey to encroaching 

human settlements as well as the adverse effects of increased farming and 

fishing. The region could also be threatened by future hydroelectricity plans. 

A number of strikingly coloured species from the genus Apistogramma have 

been discovered from areas of the Amazon in Peru and Bolivia. These include 

the species Apistogramma barlowi, officially recorded as new to science in 

2008 22 . Discovered in the region of Loreto in the Peruvian Amazon, it is quite 

different from all other Apistogramma species in that the species has an 

enlarged head and mouth, with massive jaws. Females take their larvae into 

their mouths and keep them inside during development, right up to the freeswimming 

stage. The larvae are usually put down only to allow the females to 

feed. 

A rather unusual fish was discovered in 2009 in the Amazon river in Peru and 

Brazil 23 . The electric knifefish (Compsaraia samueli) is strange in that the 

males exhibit an extremely elongated and smooth snout and jaws. The species 

is semi-translucent white, fading to semi-translucent pink, giving the species its 

specific name of ‘pelican knifefish’. Few specimens of Compsaraia samueli 

are known, and the ecology of this species is poorly understood. Males are 

highly aggressive and prone to fighting each other. This can escalate from noncontact 

aggressive posturing to biting and jaw-locking within minutes. Such 

sparring is used by sexually mature males to assess dominance in competing 

for nest sites and/or females. Electric knifefish are so called because they emit 

a high frequency wave to communicate. 

New species are sometimes discovered in the unlikeliest places. The new 

catfish Phreatobius dracunculus, described in 2007 from Rondônia State, 

Brazil, is one of the most peculiar members of neotropical freshwater fish 

fauna. It lives mainly in subterranean waters, and most specimens so far have 

been secured from hand-dug wells 24 . The bright red species is blind and tiny, 

measuring only 3.5cm long. According to locals in Rio Pardo, a village 90km 

south of the city of Porto Velho, in the state of Rondônia, the fish began to 

appear after a well was dug, and were accidentally trapped in buckets used to 

extract water. The species has since been found in another 12 of 20 wells in 

the region. Because of its appearance, and perhaps due also to its 

underground nature, scientists named the species dracunculus – the Latin 

draco meaning dragon. The discovery also extended the known range of the 

Phreatobius by an extraordinary 1,900km. 

There are certainly many more fish species to be discovered in the Amazon. 

For example, a recent expedition to the Serra do Cachimbo Xingu and Tapajos 

rivers in Pará State, Brazil, to sample a very species-rich and poorly known 

ichthyofaunal region in the neotropics, recorded nearly 250 species of fishes, 


© Uwe Romer 

Apistogramma barlowi

3a. 3b. 

3c. 

3d. 

3f. 

3e. 

3h. 

3g. 

3i. 

3a. Otocinclus cocama © Ingo Siedel 3b. Apistogramma baenschi © Kris Weinhold 

3c. Apistogramma baenschi © Nicholas Poey 3d. Compsaraia samueli © William Crampton 

3e. Hypancistrus contradens © M.H. Sabaj 3f. Brachyplatystoma capapretum © John G Lundberg 

3g. Aphyocharax yekwanae © Barry Chernoff 3h. Phreatobius dracunculus © Janice Muriel Cunha 

3i. Compsaraia samueli © Mark Sabaj-Pérez 


including at least 86 species of catfish. Of this number, approximately 35 

(40%) are considered to be new to science 25 and are currently in the 

necessary, but laborious, process of official description, which can frequently 

take years. Scientists say that with so many threats facing fish in the region, it 

really is a case of too many fish and too little time. 

Serrasalmus altispinis 

New piranha species 

The Amazon contains 20 freshwater ecoregions 26 , rich areas of 

diversity that are globally significant. Among these flows the Uatumã river, 

a tributary of the Amazon in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. In 2000, among 

dense rainforest, a new species of piranha was discovered here 27 . The 

species Serrasalmus altispinis can grow to 19cm in length and is 

predatory. Species in the Serrasalmus genus feed themselves mainly 

on the fins and scales of other fish, and do not need the same musclepacked 

lower jaw to rip through muscle and bone. With the exception of 

a few species, piranhas from this genus are solitary and do not feed in 

shoals. In general, they will not tolerate other fish, and are very aggressive 

and territorial. Due to lack of research, their behaviour in the wild is largely 

unknown. Piranhas are split into 11 separate genera, with some fish in the 

Serrasalmus genus certainly among the largest, and some species 

capable of exceeding 50cm. 

Described in 2002, the species Tometes lebaili 28 and Tometes makue 29 are 

different from others in the genus because both are herbivorous, feeding 

mainly on the Podostemaceae river weed family of aquatic herbs. They 

are also unusual in that they are both giants, capable of reaching over 

50cm in length. Both species were found in the northern Guiana shield 

region. According to Dr Michel Jegu, one of the scientists who discovered 

the species, both piranhas are endemic to the area in which they were 

found, and are directly and highly dependent on the persistence of the 

Podostemaceae aquatic herbs on which they feed. The Podostemaceae 

in the region is fragile, with the health of the weed depending on the 

frequency of the rising water, the water quality and the clearness of water 

for photosynthesis. Threats including hydroelectric dams, the effluents of 

mining, and the gathering of the weed for drug companies are increasing 

the pressures on this unique food source 30 . 

Two new species of Tometes 

© Jerry Plakyda 

© Michel Jegu 


Amphibians 

Beneath the canopy of the largest rainforest in the world, 216 new amphibian 

species have been discovered in the last decade. 

Between 1999 and 2009, 24 new poison dart frogs spanning four different 

genera were discovered by scientists. The overwhelming majority have been 

found in the Peruvian Amazon. Poison dart frogs are small – between 1.5cm 

and 6cm – vibrantly coloured and toxic. In the wild, the frogs use their toxicity 

to defend themselves against would-be predators. 

The species Ranitomeya benedicta, officially described in 2008 31 , has a 

striking appearance: a black body and limbs, with blue markings that 

resemble a water pattern. Its head is bright red, with black markings over the 

eyes. Some populations have a greater amount of blue on their bodies, 

causing the legs and back of the body to seem uniform blue. The species is 

widely distributed in the lowlands of the Loreto and San Martin regions of Peru. 

Equally stunning is the species Ranitomeya summersi, also discovered in 

2008 32 . Although from the same genus, the species is remarkably different from 

Ranitomeya benedicta in that the frog is jet black with orange cross-bands 

that almost seem to be painted on to the frog. The frog’s face is orange, with a 

black mask over the eyes. The species is known from the San Martin region of 

the Peruvian Amazon. 

216 

new amphibian species 

It is not just Peru that can showcase some extraordinary-looking new frogs. In 

Amazonian Ecuador, Nymphargus wileyi is known only from the cloud forests 

in the vicinity of the Yanayacu Biological Station, Napo Province 35 . The species 

was described in 2006 and is known only from six specimens collected during 

three years of inventory work at Yanayacu. This suggests that Nymphargus 

wileyi is a rare species 36 . The species is a so-called glass frog. While glass 

frogs have a general background colour of vivid lime green, the abdominal skin 

of some members of this family is transparent. The heart, liver and 

gastrointestinal tract are visible through this translucent skin, hence the 

common name. 

If transparent frogs were not amazing enough, imagine the surprise of the 

scientist who discovered a black frog with psychedelic shocking pink rings. 

Although currently awaiting formal description, the new species from 

Suriname, believed by scientists to belong to the Atelopus genus 37 , is 

otherworldly. While science is still unable to ascertain the status of the pink 

frog, the species deserves a mention as a further example of the bewildering 

array of life still being uncovered in the Amazon. 

There has also been a host of stunning poison dart frogs from the Ameerega 

genus. These include the formal description in 2009 of the species Ameerega 

yoshina, Ameerega ignipedis and Ameerega pepperi, from Ucayali and 

Huallaga in Peru 33 . 

The common name, poison dart frogs, is derived from the practice of 

indigenous people in the Chocó forests of western Colombia, who rub their 

blowgun darts onto the backs of the frogs (historically the species Phyllobates 

terribilis or the golden poison frog) to load the darts with poison when hunting 

animals 34 . Despite their name, only three frogs in Colombia are documented as 

being used for this purpose. Poisonous plants are more commonly used. 

Atelopus sp. 

© Paul Ouboter 


4a. 4b. 

4c. 

4a. Ameerega pongoensis 

4b. Ranitomeya summersi 

4c Scinax iquitorum (male) 

4d. Hypsiboas liliae (male) 

4e. Nymphargus wileyi 

© Devin Edmonds 

© Jiri Moravec 

4d. 

4e. 

© Philippe J. R. Kok © Evan Twomey 

© Chris Funk 

Ranitomeya amazonica 

Perhaps presenting the best of Amazon diversity, 

uniqueness and wonderment, Ranitomeya amazonica is 

certainly one of the most extraordinary new species. 

Described in 1999, from north-eastern Amazonian Peru 38 , 

the pattern displayed by the species is simply stunning. 

The frog has an incredible burst of flames on its head, and 

starkly contrasting water-patterned legs. The main habitat 

of this species, near the Iquitos area in the region of 

Loreto, is primary lowland moist forest. The frog has also 

been encountered in the Alpahuayo Mishana National 

Reserve. Although the park affords the species some 

protection, this frog is currently threatened by increasing 

habitat loss occurring in the south of the protected area 

due to agricultural activities. In addition, because of the 

species’ attractive appearance, it is currently threatened 

by wildlife trade 39 . 

© Lars K 


Reptiles 

55new reptile species 

A turtle, 28 snakes and 26 lizards have been discovered in the Amazon in the 

last 10 years. The 55 new reptile species discoveries dot the landscape, with 

species steadily emerging over the years in all the states that comprise the 


Two of the new discoveries are members of the Elapidae family. This is the 

most venomous snake family in the world and includes among its number the 

taipans, black mamba, cobras, fierce snake, and sea snakes. The coral snake, 

Micrurus pacaraimae, was discovered in 2002 in Brazil’s border with 

Venezuela, in the state of Roraima 40 . The 30cm, red and black-ringed 

species is one of over 65 known species, and many are among the most 

venomous snakes in the Amazon. A further species, Leptomicrurus renjifoi, 

was found in the tropical semi-deciduous forest of the eastern Colombian 

llanos, a grassland in the Amazon 41 . Officially described in 2004, this 40cm 

species, a so-called short-tailed coral snake, is unique in that it is the 

smallest of its genus and differs from other coral snakes by possessing a 

pattern of black rings separated by equally long (or longer) pale orange rings. 

The eastern llanos of Colombia is a complex of savannahs and a dozen types 

of forests. It is also home to the endemic Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus 

intermedius), a species that reaches 7m, and is one of the most 

critically-endangered reptiles on Earth. 

Another vibrantly-coloured snake species, Pseudoboa martinsi, was described 

in 2008 from the Amazon States of Pará, Amazonas, Roraima and Rondônia, 

Brazil 42 . The new metre-long species has a black head cap, a large black 

vertebral stripe, bright red flanks, and a uniformly white belly. One of the most 

notable characteristics of pseudoboine snakes is the developmental colour 

change that individuals undergo. Scientists suggest this is likely to be related 

to their reaching sexual maturity. The new species, however, is unique among 

its contemporaries as it retains its pale collar and bright colour pattern 

throughout its life. 

Individuals of this new species were found in both primary and disturbed 

forested areas. The species seems to be predominantly nocturnal and 

secretive, and was found foraging at night among the leaf litter of a primary 

forest, near streams. According to scientists, despite its bright colouration and 

the fact that it is known to eat other snakes, when handled the species was 

harmless, and did not attempt to constrict or bite. The species is a member of 

the Colubridae family, a predominately harmless and non-venomous family, 

which accounts for roughly two thirds of all snake species on Earth, including a 

vast majority of the new Amazon snake discoveries. 

Thirteen new species of colubrid snakes from the Atractus genus, or ground 

snakes, were also discovered over the past decade. Most of the nearly 100 

species comprising the genus have restricted distributions. In Guyana, where 

knowledge of the herpetofaunal diversity is still very limited, a new species, 

Atractus tamessari, was discovered in Kaieteur National Park. The snake is 

medium brown to brownish-black, with dark brown mottling and rust-coloured 

spots 43 . A further species, the tiger-striped Atractus davidhardi was described a 

year later from the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon 44,45 . 

Snake discoveries in the Brazilian Amazon have been particularly prevalent 

but, despite this, up to 30% of the Brazilian fauna of snakes is still unknown, 

according to the Brazilian Society of Herpetology. This means more than 100 

species could yet be discovered, with the total number of snakes exceeding 

350. 

Other significant reptile finds include a new turtle, found in an array of 

Amazonian habitats in the upper Amazon basin, including southern Venezuela, 

western Brazil, north-eastern Peru, eastern Ecuador and south-eastern 

Colombia. The new Amazon toadhead turtle (Batrachemys heliostemma), 

discovered in 2001 46 , is a medium to large-sized toadhead turtle and has a 

large, wide, round head. The name given to the species is a combination of 

Greek: helios, ‘sun’, and stemma ‘wreath’, in reference to the bright yelloworange 

horseshoe-shaped facial bands the species displays on its head. Little 

is known of the behaviour or feeding preferences of this species in the wild, 


5a. 5b. 

© Steven Poe 

© Steven Poe 

© Vinicius Carvalho 

© Jairo H Maldonado 

5c. 5d. 

5a. Pseudoboa martinsi 

5b. Atractus davidhardi 

5c. Anolis cuscoensis 

5d. Anolis williamsmittermeierorum 


Bolivian anaconda (Eunectes beniensis) 

© José María Fernández Díaz-Formentí

ut it seems to prefer shallow and clear waters, and has been observed only 

in high, non-flooded forests near permanent water bodies and slow-moving 

streams. 

Bolivian anaconda (Eunectes beniensis) 

A new anaconda for the Amazon 

Among the incredible new species finds is a new species of perhaps one 

of the most well-known and feared reptiles of the Amazon: the 

anaconda 47 . Described in 2002 from treeless-savannas of Bolivia’s 

north-eastern Amazon province, the new species was initially believed 

to be the result of hybridisation between green and yellow anacondas. 

However, after further morphological and molecular genetic studies, the 

snake was determined to be a distinct species and subsequently named 

the beni, or Bolivian anaconda (Eunectes beniensis) 48 . The species was 

subsequently found also in the floodplains of Bolivia’s Pando province. 

The new anaconda is particularly significant, as the snake is the first 

valid anaconda species to be described since 1936, and joins only three 

other known anaconda species. 

The Bolivian anaconda can grow up to a lengthy four metres, but 

possibly even longer according to scientists. Its basic colour is brown to 

dark olive green, possessing five stripes on its head, and is patterned 

with fewer than 100 large, dark, solid blotches – fewer and larger than 

other species. According to experts, the Bolivian anaconda is more 

closely related to the yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) and the 

dark-spotted anaconda (Eunectes deschauenseei) than to the green 

anaconda (Eunectes murinus). 

All anacondas are primarily aquatic boas, with small, dorsally-positioned 

eyes and relatively narrow heads. They predominantly rely on ambush – 

catching, suffocating and eating a wide variety of prey, almost certainly 

anything they can manage to overpower, including amphibious and 

aquatic reptiles, mammals and birds as well as fish. Large individuals 

have even been known to eat large caiman, and mammals as big as 

capybaras, tapirs and jaguars. 

© José María Fernández Díaz-Formentí 


Birds 

16new bird species 

A total of 16 new bird species have been discovered in the Amazon in the past 

10 years. The new avian additions to the region span a diverse range of bird 

families and include the discovery of a raptor from southern Amazonia. The 

cryptic forest-falcon (Micrastur mintoni) was discovered in 2002 49 . This 

Brazilian species has bright orange skin around its eyes. The overall 

population of the falcon is presumed to be large, given its wide range. But little 

is generally known about this new species. 

In 2007, a new bird was described from the Peruvian Amazon 50 . The rufous 

twistwing (Cnipodectes superrufus) displays a multitude of red-brown 

variations. Despite extensive ornithological research in the south-eastern 

region of Madre de Dios, this species had escaped notice, largely because of 

its inaccessible natural habitat: it is restricted to thickets of thorny 5m-tall 

bamboo (Guadua weberbaueri), a habitat poorly surveyed in Amazonia. 

Originally only known from a few sites in Madre de Dios and a neighbouring 

region, the known distribution of the bird was later extended from 3,400 

to 89,000 sq km of Guadua-dominated forest across Madre de Dios (Peru), 

Pando (Bolivia) and Acre (Brazil). The former includes Manu National Park 51 . 

According to scientists, the rufous twistwing is probably the least abundant of 

all bamboo specialists in Amazonia. The risk of extinction in the short term is 

low, but recent development projects, including the paving of the Interoceanic 

highway, will increase human settlement and habitat destruction in the 

region 52,53 . In addition, the socioeconomic value of large bamboos and the 

increasing tendency to harvest them 54 suggest the extent of suitable habitat for 

the species may decline in the future. 

Already considered critically endangered is the Iquitos gnatcatcher (Polioptila 

clementsi), discovered in 2005 55 . Also from the Peruvian Amazon, this new 

bird was discovered in the Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana, just west of 

Iquitos, in the Loreto region of Peru. It is a rare sight in the white-sand forest it 

inhabits. Surveys of available habitat within the reserve have only located 15 

pairs. And since its discovery, the species has apparently become more difficult 

to locate year on year. Today the species is at real risk of extinction, owing to 

an extremely small range and population, and deforestation in the zone. 

Available habitat continues to be threatened by clearance for agriculture, 

facilitated by government incentives to encourage colonisation of land 

surrounding Iquitos; and logging of forest within a national reserve, for 

construction, fuelwood and charcoal 56 . The ancient and slow-growing varillal 

forests, prime habitat of Polioptila clementsi, occur on especially nutrient-poor, 

quartzitic soils, and may never be able to regenerate if destroyed 57 . 

Amazonian forests growing on white sand and other nutrient-poor soils hold 

many ornithological surprises. A few years earlier, in 2001, another new 

species, the mishana tyrannulet (Zimmerius villarejoi) was described, again 

from the white-sand varillal forest near Iquitos, in the Loreto region of Peru 58 . 

Among the many birds of the Amazon, parrots are often the most spectacular 

in colour. The bald parrot (Pyrilia aurantiocephala, originally known as 

Pionopsitta aurantiocephala), a member of the true parrot family, caused a 

sensation when it was described in 2002 59 , mainly because it is hard to believe 

that such a large and colourful bird could have escaped the notice of the world. 

As its name suggests, the species has an extraordinary bald head, devoid of 

plumage, but is otherwise a strikingly colourful bird. It displays an extraordinary 

spectrum of colour, from an “intensely orange-coloured head” 60 , to yellowgreen 

nape, parrot green body with wings of green, suffused with ultramarine 

blue, cyan, orange-yellow, emerald green and scarlet, and feet of orangeyellow. 

The parrot is known only from a few localities in the Lower Madeira and Upper 

Tapajós rivers in Amazonian Brazil. It is currently known only from two habitat 

types and from a relatively small area. This population of birds is currently 

under threat from logging; scientists point out that although the region in which 

they collected specimens of Pionopsitta aurantiocephala is currently 

economically managed through environmental tourism, nearby regions around 

the headwaters of the Tapajós river and the entire southern fringe of Amazonia 

are constantly threatened by the destructive activities of logging companies 61 . 


7a. 7b. 

© Arthur Grosset 

7c. 

7a. Bald parrot (Pionopsitta 

aurantiocephala) 

7b. Cryptic forest-falcon 

(Micrastur mintoni) 

7c. Rufous twistwing 

(Cnipodectes superrufus) 

© Joseph Tobias 

© Andrew Whittaker 


© Brent Stirton / Getty Images 

Unbroken forest canopy in the Peruvian 

Amazon. In the last decade, several new bird 

species were discovered here.

The species has been listed as ‘near threatened’, due to its moderately small 

population, which is declining owing to habitat loss 62 . 

Rufous Twistwing (Cnipodectes superrufus) 

A further new species of parrot, Aratinga pintoi, was found in the Amazon river 

basin in 2005 63 . The sulphur-breasted parakeet, as the species is commonly 

known, was found only in open areas with sandy soils in Monte Alegre, on the 

northern bank of the lower Amazon river, in the State of Pará, Brazil. The 

species has a splendidly-coloured body, adorned with a green crown, orange 

forehead, a yellow back mottled with flecks of green, a sulphur-coloured 

breast, and bright blue wing tips. It was originally believed to be a juvenile of 

another species or a hybrid of two species and, remarkably, scientists had 

been collecting, examining and misidentifying the species since the beginning 

of the 20th century. Today, Aratinga pintoi is a fairly common bird at Monte 

Alegre, easily located along the main roads in groups of up to 10 individuals, 

and flying over the city. However, as is usual with new species of parrots, 

scientists now fear that breeders will soon begin to obtain and trade these 

birds through the illegal market 64 . 

Some scientists are concerned not just about the conservation of the 

threatened, endangered and newly-described Amazonian avifauna, but 

foremost about the “forgotten taxa” out there 65 . Many species are desperately 

waiting on dedicated ornithologists and often poorly-funded South American 

museum staff to dedicate their own time and finances to officially describe 

the birds, while there is also a huge demand for ecological studies to better 

understand and define the threat status of a large number of ‘data deficient’ 

species. Like a race against time, ornithological research to describe properly 

this planet’s richest and most complicated avifauna is lagging behind the pace 

of development in the region, and many species are already endangered 66 . 

© Joseph Tobias 


Mammals 

39new mammal species 

In the last decade, 39 new species have joined the large list of mammals found 

in the Amazon. The new mammal species found in the Amazon include a pink 

river dolphin, seven monkeys, two porcupines, eight mice, nine bats, six 

opossums, five rats and a guinea pig. 

In 2001, two new species of porcupines were discovered in the Amazon 67 . The 

new species are unique in that they provide the first documented records of 

small porcupines from western Amazonia, where only large porcupines 

(Coendou prehensilis and Coendou bicolor) were previously known. 

Coendou ichillus was encountered in dense rainforest in the Amazonian 

lowlands of eastern Ecuador. This species is distinguished from others by its 

long tail, a lack of visible fur in the adult pelage, quills with more extensive 

black tips, and pale-tipped tricolored bristle-quills. It has many 8cm-long quills, 

and has a dark-brown or blackish middle band. The particular name given to 

this species, ichilla, means ‘small’ in the dialect of the lowland Quichua, within 

whose tribal territory the new species occurs. 

The second porcupine, Coendou roosmalenorum, is from both banks of the 

middle Rio Madeira, Brazil, a major Amazonian tributary and one of the largest 

rivers in the world. Remarkably, this species was captured during the course 

of faunal rescue efforts at the Samuel hydrolectric dam site. At 600g, scientists 

believe that Coendou roosmalenorum may be one of the smallest living 

erethizontids (large arboreal rodents). 

Seven new monkey species were also discovered during the period. An 

inhabitant of the lowland Amazon rainforest, the Rio Acari marmoset (Mico 

acariensi), discovered in 2000, is a marmoset species endemic to Brazil 68 . It 

was originally being kept as a pet by inhabitants of a small settlement near 

the Rio Acari, in central Amazonia, Brazil. The species weighs 420g, is 24cm 

tall, with a total length of 35cm, and it has a striking bright orange coloration 

of its lower back, body underparts, legs and tail base. This species occurs in a 

relatively remote region of the Amazon, away from major human disturbance. 

It has not been studied in the wild, and there is currently no reliable information 

on its population status or major threats. 

Rio Acari marmoset (Mico acariensis) 

© Georges Néron 


8a. 

The Bolivian river dolphin 

© Fernando Trujillo, Fundacion Omacha 

The Amazon river dolphin, or pink river dolphin, was recorded by science in 

the 1830s and given the scientific name of Inia geoffrensis. In 1977, it was first 

suggested that the Bolivian river dolphin could be a distinct species. In the last 

decade, genetical science has provided further evidence that it is indeed a 

separate species – Inia boliviensis – although some still consider it a 

subspecies of Inia geoffrensis. Known locally as the bufeo, the Bolivian river 

dolphin is separated from its closest neighbours in Brazil by a series of 18 

rapids along a 400km stretch of the Madeira River between Bolivia and Brazil, 

which would account for its evolutionary distinctiveness. When the Bolivian 

river dolphin was identified as a separate species in 2006, it was immediately 

adopted by the Beni departmental government as a symbol of the region’s 

conservation efforts. 

8b. 

In contrast to Amazon river dolphins, their Bolivian relatives have more teeth, 

smaller heads, and smaller bodies. Scientists also consider the species to be 

wider and rounder. 

8a. 8b. Bolivian river 

dolphin (Inia boliviensis) 

© Fernando Trujillo, Fundacion Omacha 

The declaration of the new species happened during the first-ever South 

American river dolphin census, which was led by Fundación Omacha, Wildlife 

Conservation Society, Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, Faunagua, 

WWF and other partners. Over 15 months, from 2006 to 2007, scientists 

navigated over 2,000 miles between the Amazon and Orinoco rivers and 

their tributaries. They surveyed 13 rivers in five countries – Bolivia, Colombia, 

Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela – and counted more than 3,000 river dolphins. 

Scientific studies of the dolphin helps to measure and evaluate threats to these 

freshwater systems, including pollution from hydrocarbons and mercury, and 

the impact of infrastructure projects such as dams and waterways. 

As a unique and endemic species for Bolivia, this river dolphin is considered 

an important indicator of the quality of the freshwater ecosystems it inhabits. 

During the expedition along the Iténez river in Beni, a total of 1,008 Bolivian 

river dolphins were sighted in good conservation state. 


Invertebrates 

503 

new invertebrate species 

Ants from Mars, and purple tarantulas... 

In Brazil alone, which encompasses 60% of the Amazon region, between 

96,660 and 128,840 species of invertebrates have been described by 

scientists to date 69 . Dominating the Amazon, insects make up over 90% of the 

animal species found here. About 50,000 species of insects can be found in 

any 2.5 sq km of the forest. Many thousands of new invertebrates have been 

discovered in this region since the beginning of the new millennium. These 

have not been included in the appendix, but a selection of the new finds is 

presented here. 

At least 503 new spiders have been discovered in the last 10 years across the 

Amazon, spanning a diverse number of arachnid families 70 . 

The genus Pamphobeteus comprises some of the largest spiders in the world. 

Two new species in the genus were recently discovered in the Brazilian 

Amazon: Pamphobeteus crassifemur, a striking black species from the states 

of Rondônia and western Mato Grosso; and Pamphobeteus grandis, from 

Amazonas and western Acre 71 . The latter is particular interesting as this 

tarantula has a striking purple colouration. Found deep in the Amazon forest, 

the name of this species means ‘huge’ – the spider’s body measures over 6cm 

long. 

9a. 

9c. 


9b. 

© Karl Csaba 

Further new tarantula species include Cyriocosmus nogueiranetoi from Rio 

Branco, Acre 72 . This reddish-brown species, officially described in 2005, has 

an unusual pattern on its back: five pairs of clear ‘tiger-stripes’. Species in the 

Avicularia genus, or pinktoes, have very distinguishable pink feet pads. The 

bluegreen pinktoe (Avicularia geroldi), so named because it is blue with a 

metallic sheen, was found in the Amazon regions of Venezuela and Brazil 73,74 . 

According to experts, this spider is quick, but not aggressive. A key 

characteristic of species in the Avicularia genus is their preference for jumping 

and fleeing as quickly as possible when threatened. Occasionally, though, they 

will launch a jet of excrement at the perceived threat, which can accurately hit 

a target up to a metre away. 


9a. Pamphobeteus crassifemur (female) 

9b. Avicularia braunshauseni 

9c. Cyriocosmus nogueiranetoi (female) 

(male) 


Pamphobeteus grandis 

© Rick C. West

10a. 

The bluefang (Ephebopus cyanognathus) is a remarkable-looking spider. 

Discovered in French Guiana in 2000, the species is entirely brown except for 

two vivid blue fangs 75 . Both Avicularia and Ephebopus spiders are considered 

to be bird eaters. 

© Keegan Rowlinson 

© Christian Rabeling 

10b. 

The Amazon rainforest is also famous for its many ant species. Some 

scientists estimate that 15% of the animal biomass of the Amazon is made 

up of ants 76 . A single Amazonian tree was found to have 43 species of ants, 

roughly the same number of ant species as all of Germany 77 . 

A new species of blind, subterranean, predatory ant was described from the 

Brazilian Amazon in 2008. It belongs to the first new genus of living ants 

discovered since 1923, and is likely to be a direct descendant of one of the 

very first ants to evolve on Earth, over 120 million years ago 78 . 

Dr Christian Rabeling, a scientist from the University of Texas at Austin, 

collected the only known specimen of the new ant species in 2003 from leaf 

litter at the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária area in Manaus, 

Brazil. An account of the discovery is given in primatologist Jane Goodall’s 

latest book: 

He found the pale, eyeless ant by pure chance. One evening, when it was nearly dark, 

he was sitting in the forest getting ready to go home. He saw a strange white ant 

walking over the leaf litter and, not recognising it, popped it into preservative in one 

of the small vials that he always carried and put it into his pocket. When he got back 

home, he was tired and had quite forgotten about it. Three days later, he found the 

specimen in the pocket of his pants. It was then that he realised he had found 

something extraordinary 79 . 

The new ant was named Martialis heureka, which translates roughly as ‘ant 

from Mars’, because it has a combination of characteristics never before 

recorded. It is adapted for dwelling in the soil, is two to three millimetres long, 

pale, has no eyes, and has large mandibles, which Dr Rabeling and his 

colleagues suspect it uses to capture prey. 

According to scientists, this discovery hints at a wealth of species, possibly of 

great evolutionary importance, still hidden in the soils of the remaining Amazon 

rainforest. Rabeling says his discovery will help biologists better understand 

the biodiversity and evolution of ants, which are abundant and ecologically 

important insects 80 . 


Although not a new species discovery, it is nonetheless fascinating that in 2009 

scientists found that the leaf-cutter ant species Mycocepurus smithii is all 

female 81 . Surviving in a world without males, the ants have evolved to 

reproduce only when the queens clone themselves. No male of the species 

has ever been found. According to experts, the unique asexual reproduction 

and cloning behaviour also renders the species vulnerable to extinction. 

10d. 

10c. 

© Mathieu Lapointe 

© Karl Csaba 

10a. Ephebopus cyanognathus 

10b. Martialis heureka 

10c. Cyriocosmus perezmilesi 

10d. Avicularia braunshauseni 


Amazon under threat 

© Nigel Dickinson / WWF-Canon 

Despite its magnitude, the Amazon is an increasingly fragile place. The world’s 

biggest tropical forest is being cleared for cattle and crops. 

By all accounts, compared to other tropical forests around the world, the 

Amazon is in relatively good shape. However, while the Amazon still has 83% 

of its natural ecosystems standing 82 , the picture is shifting rapidly. A disastrous 

combination of threats is increasingly eroding the Amazon’s connectivity. And 

numerous endemic species are being subjected to waves of resource 

exploitation. After centuries of limited human disturbance, at least 17% – some 

930,000 sq km – of the seemingly boundless forests of the Amazon have been 

destroyed in just 50 years 83 . This is an area greater than the size of 

Venezuela, or twice the size of Spain. 

The primary cause of this transformation is the rapid expansion in regional and 

global markets for meat, soy and biofuels. These have increased the demand 

for land. 

In almost every Amazon country, extensive cattle ranching is the number one 

cause of deforestation 84 . Of the 930,000 sq km of forest cleared in the Amazon 

by 2000, 80% was replaced with pasture. Amid rising overseas and domestic 

demand for beef, cattle numbers in the Amazon have more than doubled to 57 

million since 1990. 

Brazil is a giant for both cattle ranching and agriculture. In the case of livestock 

production, Brazil has 84% of the pasture land area and 88% of the Amazon 

herd. The next biggest producers are Peru and Bolivia 85 . In 2003, Brazil 

surpassed Australia as the world’s largest exporter of beef. The area of the 

cattle industry where most of this growth is occurring is the Amazon, where 

Brazilian herds are expanding at an annual rate of 9% compared to the growth 

rate of 6% of the national herd 86,87 . The result has been an astonishing growth 

of the cattle industry in the Brazilian Amazon. Between 2004 and 2008, the 

supply of beef slaughtered from the Amazon States of Mato Grosso, Pará, 

Rondônia and Tocantins increased rapidly from 107 tonnes, with a value of 

US$155 million, to 494 tonnes, with a value of US$1.1 billion 88 . 

In addition to forest conversion, cattle ranching is the main cause of conversion 

of floodplains in the Amazon 89 . Together with agricultural practices, it causes 

significant soil erosion and river siltation, as well as aquatic contamination 

through fecal matter from cattle and the use of agrochemicals 90,91 . 

The second biggest driver of forest conversion is agriculture. In contrast to 

cattle ranching, agriculture in the Amazon is extremely diverse. At one end of 

the spectrum, there is small-scale agriculture for subsistence, producing crops 

such as manioc, beans, rice, corn, coffee, bananas and other fruit for 

subsistence. At the other end of the spectrum, and arguably of greatest impact, 

are the agro-industrial sectors, with trends of rapid expansion in the Amazon – 

particularly in Brazil and Bolivia. 

Brazil is the world’s number one exporter of orange juice, ethanol, sugar, 

coffee and soy 92 . Brazil’s significant investment in the agro-industrial sector has 

rippled throughout the country and in the Amazon in particular. Soy production 

in the Brazilian Amazon has tripled, increasing from two million to over six 

million hectares from 1990 to 2006. Other crops such as sugar cane and palm 

oil for biofuels, as well as cotton and rice, are also expanding in the Amazon. 

The cultivation of coca for cocaine production has been an important 

contributor to the conversion of forests found on the upper watersheds of the 

Amazon basin, and in the eastern slopes of the Andes in Colombia, Peru and 

Bolivia. The cultivation of illicit crops was responsible for half the area 

deforested in Colombia in 1998 93 . 

Cattle ranching and agriculture are the two gravest threats facing the Amazon 

today, and they are interlinked. Logging is the first activity in a new area, and 

roads are created to access remote stands of timber. Then, in some areas, 

small-scale farmers gradually clear the forest alongside the logging roads 

using slash-and-burn methods. Ranchers then come in, buy smaller 

landholdings and consolidate them into larger ranches, pushing smaller 

farmers deeper into the forest. Once pastures become degraded, if land is 

suitable for large-scale agriculture, it is bought by larger farmers. Otherwise, 


Fire and deforestation go hand in hand in the 

Amazon. Land is burned as a way of clearing it 

for pasture and crops. At least 17% of the Amazon 

forest has already been destroyed. 

© Brent Stirton / Getty Images / WWF-UK

degraded pastures are often rotated or abandoned as idle land. In other areas, 

it is the expansion of large-scale agriculture that is consolidating lands 

previously owned for pasture. This is a cycle that is being fuelled particularly 

by soy producers, who buy these degraded lands from ranchers. This enables 

the soy producers to expand their lands without having to resort to expensive 

loans. Land speculation and unclear land tenure are also underlying drivers. 

The impact of cattle-ranching and agriculture on the Amazon are compounded 

by a series of other ever-growing threats, such as intensive logging, climate 

change, and large-scale transportation and energy infrastructure projects – 

primarily large-scale water infrastructure – and to a lesser degree by mining to 

tap important reserves of industrial minerals. In 2000, 90% of Brazil’s energy 

was supplied by hydroelectric power, and its dam network is now being 

expanded to meet Brazil’s growing energy needs. Dams can cause biodiversity 

and habitat loss, and can impact on fisheries and cause riverine and coastal 

erosion. They can also disrupt several stages in the life cycle of fish – 

spawning, growth and breeding. Many Amazon fish are migratory, requiring 

unobstructed journeys across large stretches of river to critical spawning 

grounds. 

Aside from causing deforestation in their construction, transportation 

infrastructure projects push deeper into the Amazon, thus enabling other 

unsustainable activities to expand further into former wilderness areas. 

The Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America 

(IIRSA) is a bold effort by the governments of South America to construct a 

new infrastructure network for the continent, including roads, waterways, ports, 

and energy and communications interconnections. 

The economic transformation of the Amazon is gaining momentum and yet, 

as those forces grow in strength, we’re also finding that the Amazon plays 

a critical role in maintaining climate functions regionally and globally. It’s a 

contribution that everyone – rich or poor, in Manaus or London – depends on. 

The Amazon’s canopy cover helps to regulate temperature and humidity, and 

is intricately linked to regional climate patterns through hydrological cycles that 

depend on the forests. 

Given the enormous amount of carbon stored in the forests of the Amazon, 

there is tremendous potential to alter global climate if the forests are not 

properly stewarded. Currently, land conversion and deforestation in the 

Cattle graze among the stumps of 

burnt trees in the Brazilian Amazon. 

Cattle ranching is the number one cause of 

deforestation in the Amazon. 

© Mauri Rautkari / WWF-Canon 


Amazon release up to 0.5 billion tonnes of carbon per year, not including 

emissions from forest fires. This makes the Amazon an important factor in 

regulating the global climate 94 . 

Like a vicious circle, changes in the global and regional climate are likely to 

exacerbate desiccation or extreme drying of habitats, as well as fires and 

drought throughout the Amazon. Rainfall patterns and climate will change, 

which underscores the Amazon’s importance locally, regionally and globally 95 . 

In 2009, the Brazilian government announced that the rate of deforestation in 

the Amazon had dropped by 45%, and was the lowest on record since 

monitoring began 21 years ago. According to the latest annual figures, just 

over 7,000 sq km was destroyed between July 2008 and August 2009, 

compared with the previous year’s 12,911 sq km. Furthermore, the Brazilian 

government’s climate change policy includes a commitment to reduce 

deforestation in the Amazon by 80% between 2006 and 2020. 

Increased temperatures and decreased precipitation caused by climate change 

will exacerbate these trends. They could lead to a ‘tipping point’, where the 

tropical moist forest ecosystem collapses and is replaced over large areas by a 

mixture of savannah and semi-arid landscapes 96 . The implications of this 

massive ecosystem shift for biodiversity, global climate and human 

livelihoods would be profound. The Amazon’s forests contain 90-140 billion 

tonnes of carbon. Releasing even a portion of this would accelerate global 

warming significantly. 

In addition to 30 million people, one in 10 known species on Earth live here. 

They all depend on the Amazon’s resources and services. So do many millions 

more, in North America and Europe, who are still within the Amazon’s 

far-reaching climatologic influence. 

For the many diverse species in the region, the combination of these pressures 

is pushing many populations to the brink of extinction. The impact that 

continued human activity has wrought on the unique diversity of the region is 

devastating. Across the Amazon range states, this means that today an 

alarming 4,800 species are now considered globally threatened according to 

the IUCN Red List 97ii . 

The future of the Amazon depends on ecosystems and the services they 

provide being managed sustainably. The governments of the region recognize 

the importance of sustainable development in the Amazon for biodiversity, 

livelihoods and fresh water, and are actively engaged with the work of 

conserving ecosystems. They have prepared national sustainable development 

strategies, established environmental protection agencies, legislated to protect 

the environment, and signed up to numerous environmental agreements and 

treaties at the international and regional levels. 

A Peruvian brazil nut harvester shows off his 

harvest. Brazil nuts are one of many forest 

products that can be harvested sustainably, 

providing an income for local people. 

ii 

The number of species considered Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable in each country 

according to the IUCN Red List (2009) is: Bolivia 159, Brazil 769, Colombia 658, Ecuador 2,211, French 

Guiana 56, Guyana 69, Peru 545, Suriname 65 and Venezuela 268. Figures represent total number of 

threatened species in the Amazon range states, not just in the Amazon biome. 

© Brent Stirton / Getty Images / WWF-UK 


Conclusions 

Conservation of the Amazon is central to the future of humankind 

The many threats facing the Amazon are increasing pressure on the natural 

resources and environmental services that millions of people depend on. Such 

major threats are ultimately linked to global market forces as well as the 

everyday practices of those who rely on the Amazon for its goods and 

services. 

The Amazon influences global weather patterns and helps to stabilise the 

planet’s climate. So it’s vital to conserve the Amazon forests if we’re to tackle 

global climate change. 

Any development in the Amazon must be managed in an integrated and 

sustainable manner, so that the region’s main ecological attributes and 

functions are maintained. Historically, each country in the region has only 

considered the part of the Amazon that lies within its national borders – 

concerning itself with the benefits that it provides to its citizens. 

This has resulted in fragmented policy-making as well as unchecked 

overexploitation of the goods and services of the Amazon. It has also 

overlooked the viability of the region as a whole. 

The negative effects of this approach are exacerbated by the growth of key 

sectors such as agriculture, cattle-ranching and energy. These economic 

sectors are expanding in response to global demand. They depend on 

infrastructure development investments, such as those contained in the IIRSA. 

These are the forces currently forming the basis for the ‘integration’ of the 

Amazon into the national and global economies. They are generating 

short-term income and improving national macro-economic indicators. But 

consideration of the environmental and social costs of such developments still 

needs to be incorporated into to the mainstream of development planning. 

Around the world, the environmental and social impacts of unsustainable 

development are frequently borne by marginalised or minority groups within 

society, particularly indigenous people and rural communities. The Amazon is 

no exception. Conservation of the Amazon, first of all, is crucial for the survival 

of the 2.7 million people from more than 320 indigenous groups who have 

depended on its riches for centuries. 

Given this context, the fate of the Amazon ultimately depends on a significant 

shift in the way development is currently embraced by Amazon countries. It 

is vital for the Amazon to be sustainably managed as one functioning whole. 

A desire to safeguard the region’s functionality for the common good must 

become the core business of the Amazon nations. 

Responsible stewardship of the Amazon is critical to help the world tackle 

climate change. In this sense, it is also in the long-term self interest of 

individuals and societies across the globe to keep the Amazon healthy. 

WWF’s vision for a living Amazon 

For centuries, the Amazon has been regarded as an exotic region that needed 

to be dominated, and as an infinite source of resources to be exploited. Today, 

the Amazon and its many vital ecological functions are critical to the survival 

of humankind, at a moment when people’s enormous demands on the Earth 

exceed its capacity to provide for them. 

So, protecting the planet’s most extensive tropical rainforest is not only a 

priority task for the nine Amazon countries, but a global duty. 

Through our Living Amazon Initiative, WWF works with national and regional 

stakeholders from the eight countries plus one overseas territory to create the 

high-level enabling conditions for the conservation and sustainable 

development of the Amazon. 

WWF’s vision for a living Amazon is “an ecologically healthy Amazon biome 

that maintains its environmental and cultural contributions to local peoples, 

the countries of the region, and the world, within a framework of social equity, 

inclusive economic development and global responsibility”. 


For more information on WWF’s 

Living Amazon Initiative, visit 

panda.org/amazon 

We’re supporting this vision by developing far-reaching and powerful 

partnerships with governments, civil society and the private sector to achieve 

the following: 

• Governments, local people and civil society in the region share an 

integrated vision of conservation and development that is environmentally, 

economically and socially sustainable; 

• Natural ecosystems are valued appropriately for the environmental goods 

and services they provide and the livelihoods they sustain; 

• Tenure and rights to land and resources are planned, defined and enforced 

to help achieve this conservation and development vision; 

• Agriculture and ranching are carried out following best management 

practices on lands that are appropriate and legal; 

• Transportation and energy infrastructure development is planned, designed 

and implemented to minimise the impact on natural ecosystems, 

hydrological disruption and impoverishment of biological and cultural 

diversity. 

As part of our initiative, WWF together with the IUCN, Amazon Cooperation 

Treaty Organisation and the Secretariat for the Convention of Biological 

Diversity and others are supporting The Latin American Technical 

Cooperation Network on National Parks, other Protected Areas and Wildlife 

(REDPARQUES) in building a protected areas conservation vision for the 


This vision will build on the existing conservation strategies and protected area 

systems in each of the Amazon countries. It will help to meet commitments 

under the Convention on Biological Diversity and, in particular, its programme 

of work on protected areas. 

In the Amazon, the whole is more than the sum of its parts, and the 

development of a vision for conservation will help maintain the integrity, 

functionality and resilience of the Amazon, now faced with growing threats, 

particularly climate change. 

A Yanomami Indian weaves a traditional 

basket. The Amazon is home to more 

than 320 indigenous groups. 

© Nigel Dickinson / WWF-Canon 


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47 

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52 

Nepstad, D. Carvalho, G. Barros, A. Alencar, A. Capobianca, J. Bishop, J. Moutinho, 

P, Lefebvre, P. Lopes, SU. and Prins, E. 2001. Road paving, fire regime feedbacks, and 

the future of Amazon forests. Forest Ecology and Management 154:395-407. 

53 

Conover, T. 2003. Peru’s long haul: highway to riches or ruin. National Geographic 

June: 80-111; Tobias, JA and Brightsmith, DJ, 2007. Distribution, ecology and 

conservation status of the Blueheaded Macaw Primolius couloni. Biological 

Conservation 139:126-138. 

54 

Bystriakova, N. Kapos, V. and Lysenko, I. 2004. Bamboo biodiversity. UNEP-WCMC/ 

INBAR, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 

55 

Whitney, BM. and Alvarez, J. 2005. A New Species of Gnatcatcher from White-Sand 

Forests of Northern Amazonian Peru with Revision of the Polioptila guianensis 

Complex. The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 117, No. 2 (Jun., 2005), pp. 113-127. 

56 

BirdLife International 2008. Polioptila clementsi. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of 

Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. Downloaded on 27 October 2009. 

57 

Whitney, BM. and Alvarez, J. 2005. A New Species of Gnatcatcher from White-Sand 

Forests of Northern Amazonian Peru with Revision of the Polioptila guianensis 

Complex. The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 117, No. 2 (Jun., 2005), pp. 113-127. 

58 

Alonso, JA. Whitney, BM. 2001. A new Zimmerius tyrannulet (Aves: Tyrannidae) from 

white sand forests of northern Amazonian Peru. The Wilson Bulletin 2001, vol. 113, 

no1, pp. 1-9. 

59 

Gaban-Lima, R. Raposo, MA. and Hofling, E. 2002. Description of a New Species of 

Pionopsitta (Aves: Psittacidae) Endemic to Brazil. The Auk 119(3):815-819, 2002. 

60 

Ibid. 

61 

Ibid. 

62 

BirdLife International 2008. Gypopsitta aurantiocephala. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red 

List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. Downloaded on 27 October 2009. 

63 

Silviera, LF. de Lima, FCT. and Höfling, E. 2005. A new species of Aratinga parakeet 

(Psittaciformes:Psittacidae) from Brazil, with taxonomic remarks on the Aratinga 

solstitialis complex. The Auk 122:292-305. 

64 

Ibid. 

65 

Whittaker, A. Pers comm. 21 October 2009. 

66 

Ibid. 

67 

Voss, RS. and Da Silva, MNF. 2001. Revisionary Notes on Neotropical Porcupines 

(Rodentia: Erethizontidae). 2. A Review of the Coendou vestitus Group with 


Descriptions of Two New Species from Amazonia. American Museum Novitates, 

Number 3351, 36 pp. 

68 

Van Roosmalen, MGM. van Roosmalen, T. Mittermeier, RA. and Rylands, AB. 2000. 

Two new species of marmoset, genus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777 (Callitrichidae, 

Primates), from the Tapajos/ Madeira interfluvium, south central Amazonia, Brazil. 

Neotropical Primates. Vol. 8(1), 2-18. 

69 

Lewinsohn, TM. and Prado, PI. 2005. How Many Species Are There in Brazil? 

Conservation Biology. Volume 19 (3), 619. 

70 

Platnick, NI. 2009. The World Spider Catalog. Version 10.0. American Museum of 

Natural History. 

71 

Bertani, R. Fukushima, CS. and da Silva Jr, PI. 2008. Two new species of 

Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from Brazil, 

with a new type of stridulatory organ. Zootaxa 1826: 45-58. 

72 

Fukushima, CS. Bertani, R. and da Silva, Jr, PI. 2005. Revision of Cyriocosmus 

Simon, 1903, with notes on the genus Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: 

Theraphosidae). Zootaxa 846: 1-31. 

73 

Tesmoingt, M. 1999. Description de Avicularia geroldi n. sp (Ile de Santana-Bresil) 

(Araneae: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae). Arachnides 43: 17-20. 

74 

Van Overdijk, S. 2002. Geslaagd kweek Avicularia geroldi met. Tijdschrift van 

Vogelspinnen Vereniging Nederland 10 (34). 20 (3): 73-77. 2/2 2002. 

75 

West, RC. and Marshall, SD. 2000. Description of two new species of Ephebopus 

Simon, 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Arthropoda 8(2): 6-14. 

76 

Fittkau, EJ. and Klinge, H. 1973. On biomass and trophic structure of the Central 

Amazonian rain forest ecosystem. Biotropica 5:2-14. 

77 

Wilson, EO. 1987. Causes of ecological success: The case of the ants. Journal of 

Animal Ecology, 56: 1-9. 

78 

Rabeling, C. Brown, JM. Verhaagh, M. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds 

light on early ant evolution. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 105: 14913-14917. 

79 

Goodall, J. with Maynard, T. and Hudson, G. 2009. Hope for Animals and Their World: 

How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink. Grand Central 

Publishing. 

80 

Rabeling, C. Brown, JM. Verhaagh, M. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds 

light on early ant evolution. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 105: 14913-14917. 

81 

Himler AG. Caldera, EJ. Baer, BC. Fernández-Marín, H. Mueller, UG. 2009. No sex in 

fungus-farming ants or their crops. Proc Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 22;276 (1667):2611-6. 

82 

Nepstad, D. Olmeida, O. Rivero, S. Soares-Filho, B. and Nilo, Jr, J. 2008. 

Assessment of the Agriculture and Livestock Sectors in the Amazon and 

Recommendations for Action (Penultimate draft). 

83 

Ibid. 

84 

Ibid. 

85 

Ibid. 

86 

Nepstad, D. Stickler, C. and Almeida, O. 2006. Globalization of the Amazon soy and 

beef industries: opportunities for conservation. Conservation Biology Vol. 20:1595-1603. 

87 

Smeraldi, R. and May, PH. 2008. O Reino do Gado: uma nova fase da pecuarização 

da Amazônia. Amigos da Terra-Amazônia Brasileira, São Paulo, Brazil. 

88 

Ibid. 

89 

McGrath, T. and Olmeida, A. 2007. Amazon Fisheries: Status, Threats, and 

Conservation priorities. 

90 

Ibid. 

91 

Nepstad, D. Olmeida, O. Rivero, S. Soares-Filho, B. and Nilo Jr, J. 2008. 

Assessment of the Agriculture and Livestock Sectors in the Amazon and 

Recommendations for Action (Penultimate draft). 

92 

Ibid. 

93 

Alvarez, MD. 2005. Colombia, the Many Faces of War. European Tropical Forest 

Research Network News, 43-44, no. 05: 63-65. 

94 

Nepstad, D. 2007. Climate Change and the Forest. The American Prospect, 18:A6. 

95 

Nepstad, D. 2007. The Amazon’s Vicious Cycles. Drought and Fire in the 

Greenhouse. A report for the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Gland, Switzerland. 

96 

Ibid. 

97 

IUCN, 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. www.iucnredlist. 

org. Downloaded on 2 December 2009. 


Appendix. New species discoveries 

Methodology 

Plants 

We’ve only included new discoveries that have been described in 

peer-reviewed scientific journals in this report. The new species were identified 

by scientists from a number of institutions around the world, including 

museums, universities, government departments and non-governmental 

organisations. 

WWF was involved in the discovery of some of the new finds. In addition, 

we’ve assisted scientists from other institutions by organising research 

permits, helping with logistics, and identifying research locations. 

This report presents a list of new species. The list was informed by a variety of 

expeditions and data retrieved from scientific databases, appendices, reports 

and scientific journals. It was then further informed and refined through 

correspondence and advice received from scientists. The list is not an 

exhaustive record of new species found in the Amazon biome between 1999 

and 2009. 

In addition, many other species that may eventually turn out to be new to 

science will have been encountered and collected in the Amazon biome over 

the past 10 years. These species are currently awaiting official scientific 

recognition. For scientific credibility, these species have not been included in 

the list. 

Species 

Acalypha simplicistyla 

Adiantum krameri 

Adiantum windischii J 

Ageratina feuereri 

Alatiglossum culuenense 

Alchornea websteri 

Aldina amazonica 

Aldina diplogyne 

Aldina microphylla 

Aldina stergiosii 

Alstroemeria paraensis 

Anthurium ancuashii 

Anthurium apanui 

Anthurium atamainii 

Anthurium baguense 

Anthurium ceronii 

Anthurium chinimense 

Anthurium constrictum 

Anthurium curicuriariense 

Anthurium diazii 

Anthurium galileanum 

Anthurium huampamiense 

Anthurium huashikatii 

Anthurium kayapii 

Anthurium kugkumasii 

Anthurium kusuense 

Anthurium leveaui 

Anthurium ligulare 

Anthurium mariae 

Anthurium moonenii 

Anthurium moronense 

Anthurium mostaceroi 

Anthurium palacioanum 

Anthurium penae 

Anthurium pinkleyi 

Anthurium quipuscoae 

Anthurium rojasiae 

Anthurium shinumas 

Anthurium sidneyi 

Anthurium ternifolium 

Anthurium tsamajainii 

Anthurium tunquii 

Anthurium yamayakatense 

Arachis gregoryi 

Arachis linearifolia 

Arachis submarginata 

Aristolochia kanukuensis 

Arthrostylidium berryi 

Asplenium palaciosii 

Asplenium sessilipinnum 

Aulonemia nitida 

Bactris nancibaensis 

Banisteriopsis macedae 

Scientist(s) 

Cardiel 

Zimmer 

Prado 

H.Rob. 

Docha Neto & Benelli 

Secco 

M.Yu.Gontsch. & Yakovlev 

Stergios & Aymard 



Assis 

Croat & Carlsen 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 


Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat & Lingán 

Croat & E.G.Gonç. 


Croat 

Croat 

Croat 


Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat & Lingán 


Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Simpson, Krapov. & Valls 

Valls, Krapov. &Simpson 

Valls, Krapov. & Simpson 

Feuillet 

Judziewicz & Davidse 

A.Rojas 

A.Rojas 

Judz. 

J.J. de Granville 

W.R.Anderson 

Date 

2003 

2007 

2005 

2006 

2006 

2004 

2006 

2008 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2004 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2005 

2007 

2005 

2004 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2007 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2005 

2007 

2007 

Location 

San Martin Region, Peru 

French Guiana 

States of Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Para, Brazil 

La Paz, Bolivia 

Mato Grosso State, Brazil 

Zamora Chinchipe Province, Ecuador 

Amazon 

Bolivar, Venezeula 



State of Para, Brazil 





Napo Province, Ecuador 


Zamora Chinchipe Province, Ecuador 






Loreto Region, Peru 






French Guiana 

Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador 









Pastaza Department, Ecuador 







Guyana 


Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador 


Guyana 

French Guiana 

Madre de Dios Region, Peru 


Plants 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Bauhinia arborea 

Besleria neblinae 

Besleria yatuana 

Blechnum bicolor 

Blechnum bolivianum 

Blechnum bruneum 

Blechnum guayanense 

Blechnum pazense 

Blechnum repens 

Blechnum smilodon 

Bocoa ratteri 

Bomarea amazonica 

Borreria amapaensis 

Borreria guimaraesensis 

Borreria pazensis 

Borreria tocantinsiana 

Brachionidium condorense 

Brachionidium deflexum 

Bromelia araujoi 

Bromelia braunii 

Bulbostylis medusae 

Butia exospadix 

Byrsonima homeieri 

Calathea hopkinsii 

Caluera tavaresii 

Calycolpus aequatorialis 

Calycolpus andersonii 

Calyptranthes ishoaquinicca 

Calyptranthes manuensis 

Campyloneurum amazonense 

Capparidastrum frondosum 

Capparidastrum osmanthum 

Castelnavia noveloi 

Catasetum apolloi 

Catasetum dejeaniorum 

Catasetum hopkinsonianum 

Catasetum rionegrense 

Catasetum teixeiranum 

Catostemma lemense 

Cayaponia ferruginea 

Ceiba lupuna 

Ceratostema oyacachiensis 

Ceratostema pendens 

Cereus yungasensis 

Chrysophyllum wilsonii 

Cissus flavens 

Cissus kawensis 

Cnidoscolus adenochlamys 

Cnidoscolus aurelii 

Cnidoscolus graminifolius 

Cnidoscolus mitis 

Cochlidium acrosorum 

Cochlidium nervatum 

Cordia cremersii 

Cordia fanchoniae 

Cordia marioniae 

Coryanthes pacaraimensis 

Coussarea longilaciniata 

Coussarea spicata 

Cremastosperma bullatum 

Wunderlin 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

M.Kessler & A.R.Sm. 



A.Rojas 



M.Kessler & Lehnert 

H.E.Ireland 

Hofreiter & E.Rodr. 

E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo 




L.Jost 

L.Jost 

P.J.Braun, Esteves & Scharf 

Leme & Esteves 

Prata, Reynders & Goetgh. 

Noblick 

W.R.Anderson 

Forzza 

Campacci & J.B.F.Silva 

Landrum 

Landrum 

M.L.Kawas. & B.Holst 

B.Holst & M.L.Kawas. 

B.León 

X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis 


C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove 

Benelli & Grade 

Chiron 

G.F.Carr & V.P.Castro 

Campacci & G.F.Carr 


Sanoja 

Gomes-Klein 

P.E.Gibbs & Semir 

Luteyn 

Luteyn 

Fuentes & Quispe 

T.D.Penn. 

Desc. 

Desc. 

Fern.Casas 

Fern.Casas 

Fern.Casas 

Fern.Casas 

A.Rojas 

A.Rojas 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 


Delprete 

Delprete 

Pirie 

2006 

2008 

2008 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2008 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2006 

2004 

2004 

2005 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2008 

2003 

2007 

2006 

2007 

2007 

2008 

2005 

2008 

2005 

2006 

2004 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2006 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2005 

2005 

2003 

2005 

2005 

2009 

2006 



2004 

2004 

2006 

2005 

2007 

2007 

2003 

2008 

2003 

2007 

2006 

2006 

2004 







Guyana 




Maranhao State, Brazil 


Amapa State, Brazil 



Tocantins State, Brazil 






Para State, Brazil 




Sucumbios Province, Ecuador 


Sucumbios, Ecuador 

Madre de Dios Region, Peru 


French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; 

States of Amazonas, Bolivar, Venezeula 

Bolivar, Delta Amacuro, Venezeula, 



French Guiana 

Rondonia State, Brazil 



Bolivar State, Venzuela 







French Guiana 

French Guiana 







French Guiana 

French Guiana 

Guyana 

State of Roraima, Brazil 

Guyana 

French Guiana 


Cremastosperma cenepense 

Cremastosperma yamayakatense 

Cremersia platula 

Croton faroensis 

Croton subasperrimum 

Cuphea alatosperma 

Cuphea exilis 

Curtia ayangannae 

Cyathea bettinae 

Cyathea obnoxia 

Cyathea plicata 

Cybianthus tayoensis 

Dacryodes edilsonii 

Danaea ushana 

Daphnopsis granitica 

Daphnopsis granvillei 

Davilla neei 

Dieffenbachia wurdackii 

Dilkea lecta 

Dilkea vanessae 

Diospyros gallo 

Diospyros ottohuberi 

Diospyros paraensis 

Diospyros tepu 

Diospyros xavantina 

Diplusodon cryptanthus 

Doliocarpus schultesianus 

Doryopteris surinamensis 

Dracontium guianense 

Dracontium iquitense 

Dracula mendozae 

Drosera amazonica 

Drosera grantsaui 

Drosera solaris 

Elaphoglossum arachnidoideum 

Elaphoglossum boudriei 

Elaphoglossum choquetangae 

Elaphoglossum cotapatense 

Elaphoglossum cremersii 

Elaphoglossum crispipalea 

Elaphoglossum elkeae 

Elaphoglossum ellenbergianum 

Elaphoglossum gonzalesiae 

Elaphoglossum inquisitivum 

Elaphoglossum madidiense 

Elaphoglossum murinum 

Elaphoglossum neei 

Elaphoglossum paucinervium 

Elaphoglossum paxense 

Elaphoglossum puberulentum 

Elaphoglossum rosettum 

Elaphoglossum semisubulatum 

Elaphoglossum solomonii 

Elaphoglossum sunduei 

Encyclia chironii 

Encyclia clovesiana 

Endlicheria arachnocome 

Endlicheria arenosa 

Endlicheria argentea 

Endlicheria aurea 

Endlicheria chrysovelutina 

Pirie & Zapata 

Pirie 

Feuillet & Skog 

Secco 

Secco, Berry & Rosário 

T.B.Cavalc. & S.A.Graham 

T.B.Cavalc. & S.A.Graham 

L. Cobb & Jans.-Jac. 

Lehnert 

Lehnert 

Lehnert 

Pipoly & Ricketson 

Daly 

Christenh. 

Pruski & Barringer 

Barringer 

Aymard 

Croat 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Wallnöfer 

Wallnöfer 

Sothers 

Wallnöfer 

Sothers 

T.B.Cavalc. 

Aymard 

Yesilyurt 

G.H.Zhu & Croat 

E.C.Morgan & J.A.Sperling 

Luer & V.N.M.Rao 

Rivadavia, Fleischm. & Vicent. 

Rivadavia 

A.Fleischm., Wistuba & S.McPherson 

Mickel 

Mickel 

M.Kessler & Mickel 


Mickel 










A.Rojas 


R.C.Moran & Mickel 

R.C.Moran & Mickel 

A.Rojas 


V.P.Castro & J.B.F.Silva 

L.C.Menezes & V.P.Castro 

Chanderb. 

Chanderb. 

Chanderb. 

Chanderb. 

Chanderb. 

2004 

2004 

2003 

2004 

2005 

2008 

2008 

2007 

2004 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2005 

2006 

2005 

2005 

2007 

2005 



2000 

2000 

2003 

2000 

2003 

2004 

2007 

2008 

2004 

2007 

2004 


2003 

2007 

2008 

2008 

2006 

2006 

2008 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2003 

2006 

2004 

2004 

2003 

2006 

2004 

2007 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2004 



French Guiana 





Guyana 





Acre State, Brazil 

French Guiana 

French Guiana 

French Guiana 



Suriname, French Guiana 

French Guiana 

Bolivar State, Venezeula 

Bolivar State, Venezeula 


Bolivar, Venezeula 



Vaupes Department, Colombia 

Suriname 

French Guiana 



States of Amazonas, Roraima, Brazil 

States of Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Para, Brazil 

Guyana 

Guyana 

Guyana 



French Guiana 
























Plants 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Endlicheria coriacea 

Endlicheria ferruginosa 

Endlicheria griseosericea 

Endlicheria lorastemon 

Endlicheria rubra 

Endlicheria ruforamula 

Ephedranthus boliviensis 

Epidendrum dejeaniae 

Epidendrum foulquieri 

Epidendrum paruimense 

Epidendrum reclinatum 

Epidendrum strobilicaule 

Episcia duidae 

Episcia rubra 

Erythroxylum timothei 

Eugenia breviracemosa 

Eugenia caducibracteata 

Eugenia galbaoensis 

Eugenia pallidopunctata 

Eugenia tenuiflora 

Festuca sumapana 

Ficus duartei 

Ficus duckeana 

Fosterella batistana 

Galactophora angustifolia 

Galeandra santarena 

Galianthe boliviana 

Galianthe sudyungensis 

Galipea congestiflora 

Galipea maxima 

Gongora jauariensis 

Grosvenoria zamorensis 

Guadua incana 

Guatteria alticola 

Guatteria anteridifera 

Guatteria anthracina 

Guatteria arenicola 

Guatteria ayangannae 

Guatteria duodecima 

Guatteria elegans 

Guatteria flabellata 

Guatteria intermedia 

Guatteria japurensis 

Guatteria leucotricha 

Guatteria minutiflora 

Guatteria montis-trinitatis 

Guatteria pakaraimae 

Guatteria pannosa 

Guatteria partangensis 

Guatteria wokomungensis 

Guzmania pseudodissitiflora 

Guzmania vinacea 

Habenaria ludibundiciliata 

Habranthus minor 

Hekkingia bordenavei 

Heteropsis croatii 

Heteropsis duckeana 

Heterotaxis schultesii 

Hibiscus andersonii 

Chanderb. 

Chanderb. 

Chanderb. 

Chanderb. 

Chanderb. 

Chanderb. 

Chatrou & Pirie 

Chiron, Hágsater & L.Sánchez 

Chiron 

G.A. Romero & Carnevali 

Carnevali & I.Ramírez 

Hágsater & Benelli 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Loiola & Sales 

Mazine 

Mazine 

Mattos 

Mazine 

Mazine 

Stančík 

C.C. Berg & Carauta 

C.C. Berg & Ribeiro 

Ibisch, Leme & J.Peters 

J.F.Morales 

S.H.N.Monteiro & J.B.F.Silva 

E.L.Cabral 

E.L.Cabral 

Pirani 

Pirani & Kallunki 


H.Rob. 

Londoño 

Scharf & Maas 

Scharf & Maas 

Scharf & Maas 

Maas & Erkens 

Scharf & Maas 

Maas & Westra 

Scharf 

Erkens & Maas 

Scharf 

Maas & Westra 

Scharf & Maas 

Scharf & Maas 

Scharf 

Scharf & Maas 

Scharf & Maas 

Scharf & Maas 

Scharf & Maas 

H.Luther & K.F.Norton 

H.Luther & K.F.Norton 

J.A.N.Bat. & Bianch. 

Ravenna 

H.E. Ballard & Munzinger 

M.L.Soares 

M.L.Soares 

Ojeda & G.A.Romero 

Krapov. & Fryxell 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2003 

2006 

2005 

2004 

2003 

2008 

2008 

2008 




2005 



2003 

2003 

2003 


2005 

2003 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2007 


2006 

2008 

2005 

2008 

2006 

2008 

2005 

2008 

2006 

2008 

2006 

2008 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2005 

2006 

2005 

2005 

2008 

2008 

2006 

2003 

2003 



2005 

2004 








French Guiana 

French Guiana 

Guyana 

Guyana 






States of Amazonas, Maranhao, Para, Brazil 

French Guiana 



Meta Department, Colombia 

French Guiana 

French Guiana 


Caqueta Department, Colombia 




States of Maranhão, Para, Tocantins, Brazil 





Guyana 

French Guiana; Amapa, Brazil 

French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname 


Guyana 


French Guiana 

States of Amazonas, Rondonia, Brazil 

States of Amazonas, Amapa, Brazil; French Guiana; 

Suriname 


French Guiana 

Guyana; Suriname 

French Guiana 

Guyana 

French Guiana; Amapa State, Brazil 

Guyana 

Guyana 



States of Mato Grosso, Maranhao, Para, Roraima, Brazil 


French Guiana 

States of Amazonas, Acre, Brazil 

States of Amazonas, Para, Brazil 



Hibiscus chancoae 

Hibiscus ferreirae 

Hibiscus manuripiensis 

Hibiscus paludicola 

Hibiscus saddii 

Hibiscus windischii 

Hiraea glabrata 

Hypolytrum leptocalamum 

Inga loubryana 

Ixora araguaiensis 

Ixora irwinii 

Justicia mcdowellii 

Justicia mesetarum 

Justicia obovata 

Justicia rhomboidea 

kanukuensis Feuillet 

Kreodanthus rotundifolius 

Lampadaria rupestris 

Larnax bongaraensis 

Larnax maculatifolia 

Larnax pomacochaensis 

Lecointea guianensis 

Lepanthes neillii 

Lepanthes rigidigitata 

Lepidagathis callistachys 

Lepidagathis paraensis 

Lepidagathis wasshausenii 

Lessingianthus longicuspis 

Licaria aureosericea 

Licaria rufotomentosa 

Ligeophila chinimensis 

Ligeophila unicornis 

Lindmania vinotincta 

Lindsaea digitata 

Lissocarpa kating 

Lissocarpa ronliesneri 

Lissocarpa uyat 

Lycopodiella krameriana 

Macrocarpaea ayangannae 

Macrocarpaea berryi 

Macrocarpaea chthonotropa 

Macrocarpaea claireae 

Macrocarpaea dies-viridis 

Macrocarpaea dillonii 

Macrocarpaea gran-pajatena 

Macrocarpaea hilarula 

Macrocarpaea innarrabilis 

Macrocarpaea jactans 

Macrocarpaea kuelap 

Macrocarpaea laudabilis 

Macrocarpaea luctans 

Macrocarpaea luya 

Macrocarpaea neillii 

Macrocarpaea opulenta 

Macrocarpaea pringleana 

Macrocarpaea quechua 

Macrocarpaea quizhpei 

Macrocarpaea weigendiorum 

Macrocarpaea ypsilocaule 

Macroclinium paraense 


Fryxell & Krapov. 

Krapov. 

Fryxell & Krapov. 



W.R.Anderson & C.Davis 

M. Alves & W.W. Thomas 

Poncy 

Delprete 

Delprete 

Wassh. 

Wassh. & J.R.I.Wood 



Feuillet 

Ormerod 

Feuillet & L.E. Skog 

S.Leiva 

E.Rodr. & S.Leiva 

S.Leiva 

Gontsch. & Yakovlev 

L.Jost 

Luer & Hirtz 

Kameyama 

Kameyama 

Kameyama 

Dematt. 

van der Werff 

van der Werff 

Ormerod 

Ormerod 

B.Holst & Vivas 

Lehtonen & Tuomisto 

B.Walln. 

B.Walln. 

B.Walln. 

B.Øllg. 

J.R. Grant, Struwe & J.K. Boggan 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

Grant 

J.R.Grant 

Grant 


2004 

2004 

2008 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2005 

2002 

2007 

2008 

2008 

2003 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2007 

2005 

2003 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2004 

2004 




2008 

2000 

2003 

2005 

2008 


2008 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2001 

2005 

2005 

2008 

2007 

2004 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2005 

2004 

2005 

2007 

2004 

2005 

2007 

2004 

2005 

2008 

2004 

2005 




Pando, Bolivia 





Guyana 

Guyana, French Guiana 



Guyana 


States of Acre, Amazonas, Brazil 

States of Amazonas, Rondonia, Brazil 

Guyana 


Guyana 




French Guiana 



States of Mato Grosso, Rondonia, Brazil 




Guyana 

French Guiana 



Bolivar, Venzuela 





Suriname 

Guyana 
















Pastaza Province, Ecuador 



Ucayali Region, Peru 

Putumayo Department, Colombia 



Plants 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Malouetia gentryi 

Mandevilla amazonica 

Mandevilla columbiana 

Mandevilla matogrossana 

Mandevilla megabracteata 

Mandevilla similaris 

Manihot baccata 

Maranta coriacea 

Maranta longiflora 

Maranta pulchra 

Maranta purpurea 

Marcgraviastrum grandiflorum 

Margaritopsis inconspicua 

Markea vasquezii 

Mascagnia aequatorialis 

Mascagnia affinis 

Mascagnia arenicola 

Mascagnia conformis 

Mascagnia glabrata 

Masdevallia aptera 

Masdevallia frilehmannii 

Masdevallia lynniana 

Matelea quindecimlobata 

Maxillaria kelloffiana 

Megalastrum alticola 

Megalastrum ciliatum 

Megalastrum marginatum 6] 

Megalastrum rupicola 

Melpomene caput-gorgonis 

Melpomene flagellata 

Melpomene huancabambensis 

Melpomene jimenezii 

Melpomene occidentalis 

Melpomene paradoxa 

Melpomene personata 

Melpomene vulcanica 

Mezilaurus manausensis 

Microchilus borjaquijosae 

Microchilus brunnescens 

Microchilus campanulatus 

Microchilus constrictus 

Microchilus guianensis 

Microchilus microcaprinus 

Microchilus pedrojuanensis 

Microchilus pseudobrunnescens 

Microchilus putumayoensis 

Microchilus rioesmeraldae 

Microchilus rioitayanus 

Mikania urcuensis 

Monstera aureopinnata 

Monstera barrieri 

Monstera cenepensis 

Monstera vasquezii 

Mormodes gurupiensis 

Mostuea muricata 

Napeanthus rupicola 

Nasa victorii 

Nautilocalyx coccineus 

Nautilocalyx crenatus 

Nautilocalyx orinocensis 

M.E.Endress 

J.F.Morales 

J.F.Morales 

J.F.Morales 

J.F.Morales 

J.F.Morales 

Allem 

S.Vieira & V.C.Souza 




de Roon & Bedell 

C.M.Taylor 

E.Rodr. 



C. Anderson 

W.R.Anderson 


Luer & L.O’Shaughn. 

Luer & Vasquez 

Luer 

Farinaccio & W.D.Stevens 

Christenson 

Kessler & Sm. 

Kessler & Sm. 

Kessler & Sm. 

Kessler & Sm. 

Lehnert 

Lehnert 

Lehnert 

Lehnert 

Lehnert 

Lehnert 

Lehnert 

Lehnert 

van der Werff 

Ormerod 

Ormerod 

Ormerod 

Ormerod 

Ormerod 

Ormerod 

Ormerod 

Ormerod 

Ormerod 

Ormerod 

Ormerod 

H.Rob. & W.C.Holmes 

Croat 

Croat, Moonen & Poncy 

Croat 

Croat 


Sobral & Lucia Rossi 


Weigend 


Feuillet 

Feuillet 

2004 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2007 

2007 


2008 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2006 

2005 

2006 

2005 

2005 

2001 

2007 

2005 

2004 

2001 

2004 



2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 









2003 

2007 

2005 

2008 

2005 

2008 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2006 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 


2003 

2003 

2004 

2003 

2008 

2008 





Guyana 


French Guiana 

States of Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Brazil 









Guyana 

French Guiana 



Madidi National Park, La Paz, Bolivia 



Guyana; Roraima State, Brazil 
















Guyana; States of Amazonas, Bolivar, Venezeula 


Guyana 









French Guiana 



States of Maranhao, Para, Brazil 


Guyana 


Guyana 



Nautilocalyx paujiensis 

Nautilocalyx pusillus 

Nautilocalyx roseus 

Nautilocalyx ruber 

Nautilocalyx vestitus 

Neocalyptrocalyx morii 

Neosprucea paterna 

Ocotea badia 

Ocotea hirtandra 

Ocotea imazensis 

Ocotea laevifolia 

Ocotea lenitae 

Ocotea leptophylla 

Ocotea vasquezii 

Octomeria portillae 

Ophiocaryon barnebyanum 

Ornithidium elianae 

Oryctanthus minor 

Oryctina atrolineata 

Ouratea acicularis 

Ouratea candelabra 

Ouratea claudei 

Ouratea jansen-jacobsiae 

Ouratea javariensis 

Ouratea miniguianensis 

Ouratea pseudogigantophylla 

Ouratea retrorsa 

Ouratea sipaliwiniensis 

Ouratea superimpressa 

Ouratea takutuensis 

Palicourea gelsemiiflora 

Palicourea gemmiflora 

Palicourea lemoniana 

Palicourea loxensis 

Palmorchis caxiuanensis 

Paloue sandwithii 

Paradrymonia barbata 

Paradrymonia glandulosa 

Paradrymonia hamata 

Paradrymonia lutea 

Paradrymonia maguirei 

Paradrymonia tepui 

Paradrymonia yatua 

Paspalum veredense 

Passiflora angusta 

Passiflora arta 

Passiflora ascidia 

Passiflora balbis 

Passiflora compar 

Passiflora curva 

Passiflora davidii 

Passiflora gabrielliana 

Passiflora longicuspis 

Passiflora pardifolia 

Passiflora rufa 

Passiflora tecta 

Passiflora venusta 

Passiflora vescoi 

Pepinia martinellii 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 


M.H.Alford 

van der Werff 

van der Werff 

van der Werff 

van der Werff 

van der Werff 

van der Werff 

van der Werff 

Luer & Hirtz 

Aymard & Daly 

Carnevali & M.A. Blanco 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

R.G.Chacon & K.Yamam. 

Sastre 

Salvador, E.P.Santos & Cervi 

Sastre 

Sastre 

Sastre 

Sastre 

Sastre 

Sastre 

Sastre 

Sastre 

C.M.Taylor 

C.M.Taylor 

C.M. Taylor 

C.M.Taylor 

Rocha, S.S.Almeida & Freitas 

Redden 


Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

G.H.Rua, R.C.Oliveira, Valls & 

Graciano-Ribeiro 

Feuillet & J.M. MacDougal 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Feuillet 

Vanderpl. 

Vanderpl. & S.E.Vanderpl. 

Vanderpl. 

Feuillet & J.M. MacDougal 

Feuillet 

R.Vásquez & M.Delanoy 

D.Rignon & L.Rignon 

H.Luther 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2006 

2008 


2003 

2008 

2006 

2006 

2007 

2005 

2007 

2006 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2008 

2003 







2008 

2008 

2007 

2002 

2002 

2007 


2007 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2008 

2008 

2007 

2003 







French Guiana 

Guyana 











French Guiana 

Guyana 


Guyana 


Guyana; Suriname 


French Guiana 

Suriname 

French Guiana 

Suriname 

Guyana 

Guyana 






Guyana 

Guyana 








Bolivar State, Venezeula; Guyana 

Guyana 

Guyana 

Guyana 

Guyana, French Guiana 

French Guiana 

French Guiana 

French Guiana 

French Guiana 



Guyana; Suriname; Bolivar, Venezeula 


French Guiana 



Plants 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Peritassa manaoara 

Phainantha shuariorum 

Philodendron ampamii 

Philodendron ancuashii 

Philodendron aureimarginatum 

Philodendron avenium 

Philodendron barbourii 

Philodendron brent-berlinii 

Philodendron campii 

Philodendron cardosoi 

Philodendron carinatum 

Philodendron condorcanquense 

Philodendron huashikatii 

Philodendron lupinum 

Philodendron moonenii 

Philodendron palaciosii 

Philodendron paucinervium 

Philodendron reticulatum 

Philodendron scottmorianum 

Philodendron swartiae 

Philodendron ushanum 

Philodendron wadedavisii 

Phoradendron acuminatum 

Phoradendron bicarinatum 

Phoradendron granvillei 

Phoradendron juruanum 

Phoradendron krameri 

Phoradendron krukovii 

Phoradendron lindemanii 

Phoradendron oliveirae 

Phoradendron singulare 

Phyllanthus puntii 

Pilocarpus trifoliolatus 

Piper aulacospermum 

Piper ciliomarginatum 

Piper remotinervium 

Pitcairnia amboroensis 

Pitcairnia buscalionii 

Pitcairnia cremersii 

Pitcairnia heydlaufii 

Pitcairnia rojasii 

Pitcairnia saxosa 

Pitcairnia semijuncta 

Pitcairnia vargasii 

Platystele paraensis 

Pleurothallis feuilletii 

Pleurothallis tiarata 

Pleurothallis ximenae 

Polylychnis ovata 

Polypsecadium apolobamba 

Polystichum albomarginatum 

Polystichum congestum 

Polystichum giganteum 

Polystichum lepidotum 

Polystichum rufum 

Polystichum solomonii 

Potalia coronata 

Pourouma cordata 

Pouteria ericoides 

Pouteria erythrochrysa 

Lombardi 

C.Ulloa & D.A.Neill 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Grayum & Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

E.G.Gonç. 

E.G.Gonç. 

Croat 

Croat 

E.G.Gonç. & J.B.Carvalho 

Croat 

Croat & Grayum 

Croat 

Grayum 

Croat & Moonen 

Croat 

Croat & Moonen 

Croat 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Webster 

Skorupa & Pirani 

Callejas 

Görts & Christenh. 

Görts 

Ibisch, Vásquez,Gross & Kessler 

W.Till 

Gouda 

Vásquez & Ibisch 

H.Luther 

Gouda 

Baker 

Vásquez & Ibisch 


Luer 

Luer & Hirtz 

Luer & Hirtz 

Wassh. 

Al-Shehbaz & A.Fuentes 

Kessler & Sm. 

Kessler & Sm. 

Kessler & Sm. 

Kessler & Sm. 

Kessler & Sm. 

Kessler & Sm. 

Struwe & V.A.Albert 

C.C.Berg 

T.D.Penn. 

T.D.Penn. 

2007 

2006 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2004 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2008 

2004 

2005 

2004 

2005 

2007 

2005 

2006 

2006 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2004 

2004 

2005 

2005 

2005 


2003 


2000 

2007 





2004 

2004 

2004 

2006 

2008 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2004 

2006 

2006 















French Guiana 




French Guiana 


French Guiana 


Suriname 


French Guiana 


Suriname; Guyana 







French Guiana 

Guyana 

French Guiana 

Amboró National Park, Santa Cruz, Bolivia 


Suriname; French Guiana 

Cochabamba Department, Bolivia 


French Guiana 




French Guiana 



Amapa State, Brazil; Suriname 












Pouteria flavilatex 

Pouteria freitasii 

Pouteria maxima 

Pouteria pentamera 

Pouteria resinosa 

Pouteria stipulifera 

Pouteria stylifera 

Prestonia acrensis 

Prestonia amabilis 

Prosthechea regentii 

Prosthechea roraimensis 

Protium aidanianum 

Protium calendulinum 

Protium gallosum 

Protium retusum 

Protium urophyllidium 

Pseudoxandra acreana 

Pseudoxandra borbensis 

Pseudoxandra cauliflora 

Pseudoxandra duckei 

Pseudoxandra obscurinervis 

Pseudoxandra papillosa 

Pseudoxandra pilosa 

Psittacanthus acevedoi 

Psittacanthus atrolineatus 

Psittacanthus baguensis 

Psittacanthus bergii 

Psittacanthus brachypodus 

Psittacanthus carnosus 

Psittacanthus crassipes 

Psittacanthus dentatus 

Psittacanthus elegans 

Psittacanthus geniculatus 

Psittacanthus ovatus 

Psittacanthus rugostylus 

Psychotria ceronii 

Psychotria cutucuana 

Psychotria montivaga 

Psychotria poyoana 

Qualea johannabakkerae 

Qualea marioniae 

Quiina berryi 

Quiina cidiana 

Quiina piresii 

Raddiella vanessiae 

Raputia praetermissa 

Rauvolfia gracilis 

Remijia hubbardiorum 

Rhodospatha acosta-solisii 

Rhodospatha brent-berlinii 

Rhodospatha katipas 

Rhodospatha piushaduka 

Rhodostemonodaphne crenaticupula 

Rhodostemonodaphne curicuriariensis 

Rhodostemonodaphne longipetiolata 

Rhodostemonodaphne napoensis 

Rhodostemonodaphne negrensis 

Rhodostemonodaphne parvifolia 

Rhodostemonodaphne peneia 

Rhodostemonodaphne sordida 

T.D.Penn. 

T.D.Penn. 

T.D.Penn. 

T.D.Penn. 

T.D.Penn. 

T.D.Penn. 

T.D.Penn. 

J.F.Morales 

J.F.Morales 

V.P.Castro & Chiron 

V.P.Castro & Campacci 

Daly 

Daly 

Daly 

Daly 

Daly 

Maas 

Maas 

Maas 

Maas 

Maas 

Maas 

Maas 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

Kuijt 

C.M.Taylor 

C.M.Taylor 

C.M.Taylor 

C.M.Taylor 

Marc.-Berti 

Marcano-Berti 

J.V.Schneid. & Zizka 



Judziewicz & Sepsenwol 

Pirani & Kallunki 

Koch & Kin. 

B.M.Boom 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Madriñán 

Madriñán 

Madriñán 

Madriñán 

Madriñán 

Madriñán 

Madriñán 

Madriñán 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2004 

2004 

2005 

2004 

2005 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2006 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2003 













2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2002 

2002 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2007 

2005 

2007 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2004 










Roraima State, Brazil 



French Guiana 


Guyana 


























Guyana 




French Guiana 

















Plants 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Rhodostemonodaphne 

tumucumaquensis 

Rhynchospora acanthoma 

Rhynchospora 

angustipaniculata 

Rhynchospora bracteovillosa 

Rhynchospora cordatachenia 

Rhynchospora eurycarpa 

Rhynchospora leucoloma 

Rhynchospora rupestris 

Rhynchospora rupicola 

Rhynchospora saxisavannicola 

Ribes amazonica 

Roraimaea aurantiaca 

Roupala nonscripta 

Roupala psilocarpa 

Ruellia exserta 

Ruyschia andina 

Salacia negrensis 

Scaphispatha robusta 

Scelochilus newyorkorum 

Schefflera ciliatifolia 

Schefflera dichotoma 

Schefflera plurifolia 

Schefflera umbrosa 

Schwenckia alvaroana 

Selaginella gynostachya 

Selaginella karowtipuensis 

Senna biglandularis 

Serjania souzana 

Sida castanocarpa 

Sida simpsonii 

Sida teresinensis 

Siparuna lewisiana 

Sobralia cardosoi 

Solanum eitenii 

Solanum megaspermum 

Solanum pedemontanum 

Spathiphyllum barbourii 

Spathiphyllum brent-berlinii 

Spathiphyllum buntingianum 

Spathiphyllum diazii 

Specklinia feuilletii 

Spigelia amazonica 

Spigelia megapotamica 

Spigelia rondoniensis 

Staelia tocantinsiana 

Stelis abbreviata 

Stelis adinostachya 

Stelis aliquantula 

Stelis bricenorum 

Stelis bucculenta 

Stelis encephalota 

Stelis lapoi 

Stelis laudabilis 

Stelis mnemonica 

Stelis nigrescens 

Stelis orecta 

Stelis picea 

Stelis sparsiflora 

Madriñán 

Araújo & Longhi-Wagner 

M.T. Strong 

Araújo & Thomas 

M.T.Strong 



Araújo & Thomas 

M.T. Strong 

Strong 

Weigend & E.Rodr. 

Struwe, Nilsson & Albert 

K.S.Edwards & Prance 

K.S.Edwards & Prance 

Wassh. & Wood 

de Roon 

Lombardi 

E.G.Gonç. 

Vásquez, Ibisch & Vargas 

Fiaschi & Frodin 




Benítez 

Valdespino 

Valdespino 

Araujo & Souza 

Ferrucci & Acev.-Rodr. 

Krapov. 

Krapov. 

Krapov. 

S.S.Renner & Hausner 


Agra 

Agra 

M.Nee 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Croat 

Luer 

Fern.Casas 

Fern.Casas 

Fern.Casas 

R.M.Salas & E.L.Cabral 

Luer & Hirtz 

Luer & Hirtz 

Luer & Hirtz 

G.A.Romero & Luer 

Luer & Hirtz 

Luer & Hirtz 

Luer & Hirtz 

Luer & Hirtz 

Luer & Hirtz 

Luer & Hirtz 

Luer & Hirtz 

Luer & Hirtz 

Luer & Hirtz 

2004 

2008 

2001 

2003 

2005 

2004 

2003 

2008 

2001 

2005 

2005 

2008 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2005 

2007 

2005 

2003 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2006 

2008 

2008 

2007 

2005 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2005 


2008 

2008 

2006 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2008 

2006 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2006 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 



Guyana 


French Guiana 


States of Mato Grosso, Para, Brazil 

States of Mato Grosso, Para, Brazil 

Guyana 

French Guiana 




States of Amapa, Amazonas, Brazil 





Río Cotacajes, La Paz, Bolivia 



States of Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Rondonia, Brazil 



Guyana; French Guiana 

Guyana 



States of Maranhao, Tocantins, Brazil 












French Guiana 


















Stelis strobilacea 

Stelis uncifera 

Stenospermation ancuashii 

Stenospermation parvum 

Struthanthus prancei 

Styrax griseus 

Swartzia canescens 

Swartzia coriaceifolia 

Swartzia juruana 

Swartzia manausensis 

Swartzia ramiflora 

Swartzia trimorphica 

Syagrus vermicularis 

Tachia lancisepala 

Tachia siwertii 

Tachigali barnebyi 

Tachigali candelabrum 

Tachigali chrysaloides 

Tachigali fusca 

Talisia croatii 

Talisia douradensis 

Talisia ghilleana 

Talisia granulosa 

Talisia parviflora 

Tetracera maguirei 

Tetrapterys anomala 

Tococa costoides 

Tococa leticiana 

Tocoyena arenicola 

Tovomita calophyllophylla 

Tovomita gazelii 

Trichocentrum loyolicum 

Triplophyllum boliviense 

Triplophyllum glabrum 

Turnera amazonica 

Turnera discors 

Turnera kuhlmanniana 

Turnera laciniata 

Turnera occidentalis 

Turnera reginae 

Unonopsis heterotricha 

Weinmannia davidsonii 

Weinmannia yungasensis 

Xanthosoma baguense 

Yanomamua araca 

Zollernia surinamensis 

Luer 

Luer & Hirtz 

Croat 

Croat & A.Gomez 

Kuijt 

P.W.Fritsch 

Torke 

Torke 

Torke 

Torke 

Torke 

Mansano & A.L.Souza 

Noblick 

Struwe, Kinkade & Maas 

Struwe, Kinkade & Maas 

van der Werff 

van der Werff 

van der Werff 

van der Werff 

Acev.-Rodr. 

Acev.-Rodr. 

Acev.-Rodr. 

Acev.-Rodr. 

Acev.-Rodr. 

Aymard & B.M. Boom 

W.R.Anderson 

Michelang. 

Michelang. 

Delprete 

García-Villacorta & Hammel 

Poncy & Offroy 

Pupulin, Karremans & G.Merino 

Prado & Moran 

Prado & Moran 

Arbo 

Arbo 

Arbo 

Arbo 

Arbo & Shore 

Arbo 

Maas & Westra 

Fuentes & Rogers 

Fuentes & Rogers 

Croat 

Grant, Maas & Struwe 

Mansano, A.M.G.Azevedo & G.P.Lewis 

2007 

2007 

2005 

2005 

2003 

2004 

2007 

2004 

2004 

2007 

2007 

2005 

2004 

2005 

2005 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2003 

2005 

2006 

2006 

2008 

2004 

2006 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2005 

2006 

2005 







States of Amapa, Para, Brazil; French Guiana; 

Suriname 








States of Para, Amazonas, Brazil 



States of Acre, Mato Grosso, Rondonia, Brazil 







Guyana 

Guyana 





French Guiana 


States of Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Brazil; 

French Guiana; Guyana 

States of Para, Amazonas, Para, Rondonia, Brazil; 

Guyana 












Suriname; French Guiana 

SUBTOTAL: 637 


Fish 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Acestridium colombiense 

Acestridium gymnogaster 

Acestridium scutatum 

Acestridium triplax 

Acestrocephalus acutus 

Acestrocephalus pallidus 

Adontosternarchus nebulosus 

Amazonspinther dalmata 

Ammoglanis amapaensis 

Ancistrus parecis 

Ancistrus tombador 

Anostomoides passionis 

Apareiodon agmatos 

Aphyocharax yekwanae 

Aphyolebias boticarioi 

Apistogramma baenschi 

Apistogramma barlowi 

Apistogramma eremnopyge 

Apistogramma erythrura 

Apteronotus galvisi 

Astyanax ajuricaba 

Astyanax clavitaeniatus 

Astyanax dnophos 

Astyanax siapae 

Astyanax utiariti 

Astyanax villwocki 

Attonitus bounites 

Attonitus ephimeros 

Attonitus irisae 

Baryancistrus beggini 

Baryancistrus demantoides 

Brachyplatystoma capapretum 

Bryconadenos weitzmani 

Bryconamericus carlosi 

Caenotropus schizodon 

Caiapobrycon tucurui 

Callichthys serralabium 

Centromochlus macracanthus 

Cetopsidium ferreirai 

Cetopsidium pemon 

Cetopsidium soniae 

Cetopsis arcana 

Cetopsis caiapo 

Cetopsis montana 

Cetopsis parma 

Cetopsis pearsoni 

Cetopsis sandrae 

Cetopsis sarcodes 

Cetopsis starnesi 

Chaetostoma changae 

Chaetostoma daidalmatos 

Chaetostoma stroumpoulos 

Characidium xavante 

Compsaraia samueli 

Corumbataia veadeiros 

Corydoras albolineatus 

Corydoras isbrueckeri 

Corydoras negro 

Retzer 

Reis & Lehmann 

Reis & Lehmann 

Rodriquez & Reis 

Menezes 

Menezes 

Lundberg & Cox Fernandes 

Bührnheim, Carvalho, Malabarba & Weitzman 

Mattos, Costa & Gama 

Ancistrus parecis Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, 

da Silva & Bertaco 

Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco 

Dos Santos & Zuanon 

Taphorn B., D.C., H. López-Fernández & 

C.R. Bernard 

Willink, Chernoff & Machado-Allison 

Costa 

Römer, Hahn, Römer, Soares & Wöhler 

Römer & Hahn 

Ready & Kullander 

Staeck & Schindler 

de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo & Crampton 

Marinho and Lima 

Garutti 

Lima & Zuanon 

Garutti 

Bertaco & Garutti 

Zarske & Géry 

Vari & Ortega 

Vari & Ortega 

Vari & Ortega 

Lujan, Arce & Armbruster 

Werneke, Sabaj, Lujan and Armbruster 

Lundberg & Akama 

Menezes, Netto-Ferreira & Ferreira 

Román-Valencia 

Scharcansky & Lucena 

Malabarba & Vari 

Lehmann A. & Reis 

Soares-Porto 

Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna 


Vari & Ferraris Jr. 




de Oliveira, Vari, Ferraris, 





Salcedo 

Salcedo 

Salcedo 

de Garca et al 

Albert & Crampton 

Carvalho 

Knaack 

Knaack 

Knaack 

2005 



2007 

2006 

2006 

2007 

2008 

2008 

2005 

2005 

2006 

2008 

2003 

2004 

2004 

2008 

2004 

2008 

2007 


2003 

2004 

2003 

2007 


2000 

2000 

2000 


2005 

2005 


2003 

2007 

2000 

2004 

2000 

2005 

2005 


2005 

2005 

2005 

2001 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2008 


2008 

2004 

2004 

2004 

Colombia 

Rio Madeira, Brazil 

Rio Madeira, Brazil 

Eastern Amazon Basin, Brazil 


Amazonas State, Brazil 

Amazon Basin 


Brazil 


Tapajós and Tocantins Rivers, Brazil 

Rio Xingu, Brazil 

Mazaruni River, Guyana 

Guyana Shield of Venezuela 

Rio Purus Basin, Brazil 

Peru 

Northern Peru 

Peru 

Rio Mamoré, Bolivia 

Rio Meta Basin, Colombia 

State of Amazonas, Brazil 

Rio Surumu, Roraima State, Brazil 


Rio Siapa, Amazonas State, Venezuela 

Rio Tapajós, Brazil drainage, Central Brazil 

Amazon Basin of Peru and Bolivia 

Western Amazon 



Venezuela: Amazonas, Rio Orinoco drainage, Rio Ventuari 

Venezuela, Amazonas, Rio Orinoco drainage, Rio Ventuari 


Rio Curuá, Rio Xingu, Brazil drainage, Brazil 


Rio Tapajós, Brazil drainage, Brazil 

Rio Tocantins, Brazil Basin, Brazil 

Upper Orinoco and Negro Rivers 

Rio Negro drainage, Amazon Basin, Brazil 

Rio Trombetas, Brazil 

Rio Branco, Brazil 


Rio Tocantins, Brazil 



Western Amazon Basin 


Rio Tapajos 


Southwestern Amazon Basin 

Central Peru 

Huallaga River in central Peru 

Huallaga River in central Peru 


Amazon River 


Bolivia 

Bolivia 

Bolivia 

Corydoras noelkempffi 

Corydoras ortegai 

Corydoras paragua 

Corydoras paucerna 

Corydoras tukano 

Creagrutus barrigai 

Creagrutus britskii 

Creagrutus changae 

Creagrutus cracentis 

Creagrutus ephippiatus 

Creagrutus figuiredoi 

Creagrutus flavescens 

Creagrutus gracilis 

Creagrutus holmi 

Creagrutus ignotus 

Creagrutus manu 

Creagrutus menezesi 

Creagrutus molinus 

Creagrutus mucipu 

Creagrutus occidaneus 

Creagrutus ortegai 

Creagrutus ouranaster 

Creagrutus petilus 

Creagrutus pila 

Creagrutus runa 

Creagrutus saxatalis 

Creagrutus seductus 

Creagrutus ungulus 

Creagrutus zephyrus 

Crenicichla zebrine 

Crossoloricaria bahuaja 

Cynopotomas xiagunao 

Cyphocharax derhami 

Denticetopsis epa 

Denticetopsis seducta 

Derhamia hoffmannorum 

Dicrossus gladicauda 

Entomocorus melaphareus 

Gelanoglanis nanonocticolus 

Gelanoglanis travieso 

Geophagus gottwaldi 

Gladioglanis anacanthus 

Guianacara cuyunii 

Guianacara stergiosi 

Gymnotus arapaima 

Gymnotus curupira 

Gymnotus jonasi 

Gymnotus mamiraua 

Gymnotus melanopleura 

Gymnotus obscurus 

Gymnotus onca 

Gymnotus ucamara 

Gymnotus varzea 

Harttia depressa 

Harttia dissidens 

Harttia duriventris 

Harttia guianensis 

Knaack 

Britto, Lima & Hidalgo 

Knaack 

Knaack 

Britto & Lima 

Vari and Harold 
























Montaña, López-Fernández & Taphorn 

Chang & Castro 

Menezes 

Vari & Chang 



Géry & Zarske 

Schindler & Staeck 

Akama & Ferraris 

Soares-Porto, Walsh, Nico & Netto 

Rengifo, Lujan, Taphorn & Petry 

Schindler & Staeck 

Rocha, de Oliveira & Rapp Py-Daniel 

López-Fernández, Taphorn Baechle 

& Kullander 

López-Fernández, Taphorn Baechle 

& Kullander 


Crampton, Thorsen & Albert 






Crampton, Lovejoy & Albert 


Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 




2004 

2007 

2004 

2004 

2003 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2008 


2008 

2006 

2005 

2005 

2002 

2008 

2003 


2008 

2006 

2008 

2006 

2006 

2001 

2005 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2005 

2001 

2003 

2005 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2001 

Bolivia 

Rio Putumayo in Peru 

Bolivia 

Bolivia 

Rio Tiquié, upper Rio Negro Basin, Brazil 

Northern and west central portions of Amazon Basin 



Rio Tapajos 

Rio Negro 





Rio Tapajos 


Rio Negro and Rio Tocantins, Brazil 






Southwestern Amazon 


Rio Negro 




Rio Negro 

Ventuari River, Upper Orinoco River Basin, Amazonas State, 

Venezuela 

Madre de Dios, southeastern Peru 


northeastern Peru 



Mazaruni River in Guyana 

Colombia 

Rio Amazonas 

Orinoco and Amazon River Basins 

Marañon River (Amazon Basin), northeastern Perú 

Rio Orinoco in Venezuela 

Rio Aripuaña, Amazonas, Brazil 

Guiana Shield of Eastern Venezuela 

Guiana Shield of Eastern Venezuela 

Amazon floodplain 







Peruvian Amazon 


Guyana 

Guyana 

Guyana 

Guyana 


Fish 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Harttia merevari 

Harttia punctata 

Harttia trombetensis 

Harttia uatumensis 

Hasemania nambiquara 

Hemiancistrus guahiborum 

Hemiancistrus pankimpuju 

Hemiancistrus subviridis 

Hemibrycon divisorensis 

Hemigrammus arua 

Hemigrammus geisleri 

Hemigrammus neptunus 

Hemigrammus ora 

Hemigrammus silimoni 

Hemiodus jatuarana 

Hemiodus tocantinensis 

Hisonotus chromodontus 

Hisonotus luteofrenatus 

Hoplias curupiru 

Hypancistrus contradens 

Hypancistrus debilittera 

Hypancistrus furunculus 

Hypancistrus lunaorum 

Hyphessobrycon borealis 

Hyphessobrycon heliacus 

Hyphessobrycon hexastichos 

Hyphessobrycon melanostichos 

Hyphessobrycon nigricinctus 

Hyphessobrycon notidanos 

Hyphessobrycon oritoensis 

Hyphessobrycon pando 

Hyphessobrycon scutulatus 

Hypostomus ericae 

Hypostomus ericius 

Hypostomus faveolus 

Hypostomus hemicochliodon 

Hypostomus macushi 

Hypostomus paucipunctatus 

Hypostomus simios 

Hypostomus soniae 

Hypostomus waiampi 

Ituglanis mambai 

Jupiaba isasy 

Jupiaba kurua 

Jupiaba paranatinga 

Jupiaba poekotero 

Knodus borki 

Knodus shinahota 

Knodus tiquiensis 

Laetacara fulvipinnis 

Lasiancistrus saetiger 

Leporinus amazonicus 

Leporinus bleheri 

Leporinus geminis 

Leporinus guttatus 

Leporinus unitaeniatus 

Leptodoras cataniai 

Provenzano 




Bertaco & Malabarba 

Werneke, Armbruster, Lujan 

& Taphorn 

Lujan & Chamon 

Werneke, Sabaj, Lujan 

& Armbruster 

Bertaco, Malabarba, Hidalgo 

& Ortega 

Lima, Wosiacki and Ramos 




Britski & Lima 

Langeani 

Langeani 

Britski & Garavello 

Britski & Garavello 

Oyakawa & Mattox 

Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn 




Zarske, Le Bail & Géry 

Moreira, Landim & Costa 

Bertaco & Carvalho 

Carvalho & Bertaco 


Carvalho & Bertaco 

García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 

Hein 

Lucena 

Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 

Armbruster 

Zawadzki, Birindelli & Lima 

Armbruster 

Armbruster, J.W. and L.S. de Souza 





Bichutte & Trajano 

Netto-Ferreira et al 

Birindelli, Zanata, Sousa & Netto-Ferreira 

Netto-Ferreira et al 

Zanata & Lima 

Zarske 

Ferreira & Carvajal 

Ferreira & Lima 


Armbruster 

Dos Santos & Zuanon 

Géry 

Garavello & Santos 

Birindelli & Britski 

Garavello & Santos 

Sabaj 

2005 

2001 

2001 

2001 

2007 

2005 

2008 

2005 

2007 


2007 

2002 

2006 

2008 

2004 


2007 

2007 


2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2006 

2002 

2005 

2006 

2004 

2006 

2008 

2008 

2003 

2005 

2003 

2008 

2003 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2008 




2005 

2008 

2007 

2006 

2007 

2005 

2008 





2005 

Venezuela, Bolívar State, Caura River 

Guyana 

Guyana 

Guyana 

Upper Rio Tapajós, Brazil drainage, Brazil 

Venezuela, Amazonas, Rio Ventuari 


Venezuela, Amazonas, Rio Orinoco 

Rio Ucayali drainage, Sierra del Divisor, Peru 

Brazil, Pará State 

Central Amazonas 

Rio Manuripi in Bolivien (Departamento Pando) 

French Guiana 

Rio Tapajós, Brazil Basin in Brazil 

Rio Trombetas, Brazil, Amazon Basin, Brazil 

Rio Tocantins, Brazil, Brazil 

Rio Tapajós, Brazil, Mato Grosso State, Brazil 

Rio Tapajós, Brazil, Mato Grosso State, Brazil 


Amazonas, Venezuela 

Amazonas, Venezuela 

Amazonas, Veneuzela 

Amazonas, Veneuzela 

French Guiana 

Rio Tapajós, Brazil Basin, Central Brazil 

Mato Grosso, Brazil 

Rio Tapajós, Brazil Basin on Chapada dos Parecis, central Brazil 

Rio Madre de Dios in Peru 

Rio Tapajós, Brazil Basin on Chapada dos Parecis, central Brazil 

Putumayo River drainage, Colombian Amazon 

Departamento Pando, Bolivia 

Rio Tapajós, Brazil system 

Middle and lower Amazon System 

Rio Amazonas drainage in Peru 

Rio Tocantins, Brazil and Rio Xingu, Brazil Basins in central Brazil 

Rio Amazonas drainage in Peru 

Guyana 






Rio Tapajos 

Rio Curuá, Rio Xingu, Brazil Basin, Brazil 

Rio Tapajos 

Rio Tiquié, Upper Rio Negro Basin, Brazil 

Iquitos, Peru 

Rio Shinahota, Rio Chapare Basin (Mamoré system), Bolivia 

Rio Tiquié, upper Rio Negro System, Brazil 

Rio Orinoco and Rio Negro in Venezuela 

Brazil, Pará 

Amazon lowlands, Brazil 

Rio Guaporé-Iténez Basin 

Araguaia-Tocantins system, Amazon Basin, Brazil 

Rio Curuá, Rio Xingu, Brazil Basin, Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil 

Araguaia-Tocantins system, Amazon Basin, Brazil 

Venezuela, Amazonas 

Leptodoras oyakawai 

Lithoxus jantjae 

Lithoxus jantjae 

Loricaria lundbergi 

Loricaria pumila 

Loricaria spinulifera 

Megadontognathus kaitukaensis 

Megalonema amaxanthum 

Megalonema orixanthum 

Moema apurinan 

Moenkhausia cosmops 

Moenkhausia diktyota 

Moenkhausia dorsinuda 

Moenkhausia levidorsa 

Moenkhausia margitae 

Moenkhausia petymbuaba 

Myloplus planquettei 

Myoglanis koepckei 

Nannacara quadrispinae 

Nannostomus rubrocaudatus 

Odontostilbe ecuadorensis 

Odontostilbe nareuda 

Odontostilbe parecis 

Otocinclus batmani 

Otocinclus cocama 

Otocinclus cocama 

Pachyurus stewarti 

Panaqolus changae 

Panaque bathyphilus 

Parancistrus nudiventris 

Pariosternarchus amazonensis 

Peckoltia cavatica 

Peckoltia sabaji 

Phallobrycon adenacanthus 

Phenocogaster apletostigma 

Phreatobius dracunculus 

Phreatobius sanguijuela 

Physopyxis ananas 

Physopyxis cristata 

Pimelodus haisodus 

Pimelodus joannis 

Pimelodus stewarti 

Pimelodus tetramerus 

Platyurosternarchus crypticus 

Potamotrygon boesemani 

Propimelodus caesius 

Pseudancistrus corantijniensis 

Pseudobunocephalus lundbergi 

Pterygoplichthys weberi 

Pyrrhulina elongata 

Rhabdolichops lundbergi 

Rhabdolichops navalha 

Rhabdolichops nigrimans 

Rhinodoras armbrusteri 

Rineloricaria daraha 

Rivulus amanan 

Rivulus amanapira 

Birindelli, Sousa & Sabaj Pérez 

Lujan 

Lujan 

Thomas & Rapp Py-Daniel 



Campos-da-paz 

Lundberg and Dahdul 

Lundberg and Dahdul 

Costa 

Lima, Britski & Machado 

Lima & Toledo-Piza 


Benine 


Lima & Birindelli 

Jégu, M., P. Keith and P.-Y. Le Bail 

Chang 


Zarske 

Bührnheim & Malabarba 



Lehmann A. 

Reis 

Reis 

Casatti & Chao 

Chockley & Armbruster 

Lujan & Chamon 

Rapp Py-Daniel & Zuanon 


Armbruster, J.W. and D.C. Werneke 

Armbruster, J.W. 

Menezes, Ferreira & Netto-Ferreira 

de Lucena, Z.M.S. and C. de S. Gama 

Shibatta, Muriel-Cunha & De Pinna 

Fernández, Saucedo, Carvajal-Vallejos 

& Schaefer 

Sousa and Rapp 

Sousa and Rapp 

Ribeiro et al 

Ribeiro et al 

Ribeiro et al 

Ribeiro & Lucena 

de Santana & Vari 

Rosa, Carvalho, and Wanderley 

Parisi, Lundberg & DoNascimiento 

De Chambrier, S. and J.I. Montoya- 

Burgos 

Friel 

Armbruster and Page 


Correa, Crampton & Albert 



Sabaj et al 

Rapp Py-Daniel & Fichberg 

Costa & Lazzarotto 

Costa 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2008 


2008 

2008 

2004 

2007 

2001 

2002 

2002 

2001 

2006 

2003 


2004 


2006 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2004 

2004 

2002 

2002 

2008 

2005 

2006 

2005 

2003 


2007 

2007 

2007 

2005 

2005 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2006 

2008 

2008 

2006 

2008 

2008 

2006 

2001 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2008 

2008 

2008 

2004 

Tapajós and Xingu Basins, Brazil 

Guayana Highlands 

Venezuela, Amazonas 

River channels of the Amazon Basin 




Bolivia, Pando State 

Orinoco Basin, Venezuela Amazonas State 

Rio Purus Basin, Brazil 

Rio Tapajôs 

Rio Negro of Brazil 

Rio Iténez in Bolivia 

Rio Aripuanã, Amazon Basin, Brazil 

Rio Ucayali in Peru 

Serra do Cachimbo, Rio Xingu, Brazil 

Guiana Shield 

Rio Amazonas, Peru 

Orinoco Delta in Venezuela 

Loreto, Peru 




Rio Puré in Colombia, and two creeks emptying 

into the Rio Amazonas near Iquitos, Peru 

Departamento Loreto, Peru 

Rio Ucayali, Peru 

Rio Napo Basin, Eastern Ecuador 

Eastern Peru 

Itaya and Momon River Basins in Peru 

Rio Xingu, Brazil, Brazil 

Amazon River 

Guyana 

Guyana Shield 

Rio Xingu, Brazil Basin 

State of Amapá, Brasil 


Iténez River, Bolivia 

Rio Jutaí, Rio Solimões Basin, Amazonas State, Brazil 

Rio Negro, Amazonas State, Brazil 




Rios Tapajós, Tocantins, Brasil 


Suriname 


Guyana Shield 

Venezuela, Bolivar 

Colombia, Amazonas, Amazon River 

Rio Tapajos in Brazil 

Central Amazon 




Rio Daraá, Rio Negro Basin, Amazon, Brazil 

Japurá River drainage, Amazonas River Basin, Brazil 

Rio Negro, Brazil 


Fish 

Amphibians 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Rivulus caurae 

Rivulus gaucheri 

Rivulus kayabi 

Rivulus kirovskyi 

Rivulus mahdiaensis 

Rivulus sape 

Rivulus uakti 

Rivulus uatuman 

Roeboides oligistos 

Scoloplax baskini 

Serrasalmus altispinis 

Simpsonichthys inaequipinnatus 

Simpsonichthys reticulatus 

Skiotocharax meizon 

Sorubim maniradii 

Steatogenys ocellatus 

Steindachnerina notograptos 

Sternarchorhynchus caboclo 

Sternarchorhynchus curumim 

Sternarchorhynchus severii 

Sternopygus branco 

Synbranchus lampreia 

Teleocichla centisquama 

Tetragonopterus lemniscatus 

Tetranematichthys wallacei 

Tometes lebaili 

Tometes makue 

Trichomycterus therma 

Radda 

Keith, P., L. Nandrin & P.-Y. Le Bail 

Costa 

Costa 

Suijker, W.H. and G.E. Collier 

Lasso-Alcalá, O.M., D.C. Taphorn, 

C.A. Lasso & O. León-Mata 

Costa 

Costa 

Lucena 

Rocha, de Oliveira & Rapp Py-Daniel 

Merckx, Jégu & Santos 

Costa 

Costa & Nielsen 

Presswell, Weitzman & Bergquist 

Littmann, Burr & Buitrago-Suarez 


Lucinda & Vari 

de Santana & Nogueira 

de Santana & Crampton 

de Santana & Nogueira 

Crampton, Hulen & Albert 

Favorito, Zanata & Assumpção 

Zuanon & Sazima 

Benine, R.C., G.Z. Pelição & R.P. Vari 

Vari & Ferraris 

Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu 

Jégu, Santos & Belmont-Jégu 

Fernandez & Miranda 

2004 

2006 

2007 

2004 

2006 

2006 

2004 

2004 

2000 

2008 

2000 

2008 

2003 

2000 

2001 

2004 


2006 

2006 

2006 

2004 

2005 

2002 

2004 

2006 

2002 

2002 

2007 

Rio Caura, Bolivar State, Venezuela 

French Guiana 

Tapajós River Basin, southern Brazil 

Central Amazon, Brazil 

Guyana 

Guyana Shield, Venezuela 

Rio Negro, Brazil 

Central Brazil 

Rios Orinoco and Amazonas 

Rio Aripuanã, Amazonas, Brazil 

Rio uatumã, Amazonas, Brazil 


Rio Xingu, Brazil floodplains, Brazil 

Guyana 

Upper and middle Amazon Basin 

Lowland Amazon Basin 


Amazon Basin, Brazil 

lowland Amazon Basin, Brazil 

Amazon Basin, Brazil 

Lowland Amazon Basin 

Brazil, Pará 

Xingu River, Amazon 

Corantijn River Basin in Suriname 

Rio Negro 

Mana River and Maroni Basins in French Guiana, 

and Commewine River in Suriname 

Rio Negro (Brazil) and Orinoco(Venezuela) 

Bolivia 

SUBTOTAL: 257 

Adelophryne patamona 

Allobates caeruleodactylus 

Allobates cepedai 

Allobates conspicuus 

Allobates craspedoceps 

Allobates crombiei 

Allobates fratisenescus 

Allobates fuscellus 

Allobates gasconi 

Allobates granti 

Allobates insperatus 

Allobates masniger 

Allobates melanolaemus 

Allobates nidicola 

Allobates ornatus 

Allobates picachos 

Allobates spumaponens 

Allobates subfolionidificans 

Allobates sumtuosus 

Allobates undulatus 

Allobates vanzolinius 

Ameerega altamazonica 

Ameerega ignipedis 

Ameerega pepperi 

Ameerega pongoensis 

Ameerega yoshina 

Ameerega yungicola 

Anomaloglossus baeobatrachus 

Anomaloglossus breweri 

Anomaloglossus kaiei 

Anomaloglossus moffetti 

Anomaloglossus triunfo 

Anomaloglossus wothuja 

Atelopus dimorphus 

Atelopus epikeisthos 

Atelopus mittermeieri 

Atelopus monohernandezii 

Atelopus oxapampae 

Atelopus petersi 

Atelopus petriruizi 

Atelopus pyrodactylus 

Atelopus reticulatus 

Brasilotyphlus guarantanus 

Centrolene condor 

Centrolene durrellorum 

MacCulloch, Lathrop, Kok, Minter, 

Khan, and Barrio-Amoros 

Lima and Caldwell 

Morales 

Morales 

Duellman 

Morales 

Morales 

Morales 

Morales 

Kok, MacCulloch, Gaucher, Poelman, 

Bourne, Lathrop, and Lenglet 

Morales 

Morales 

Grant and Rodriguez 

Caldwell and Lima 

Morales 

Ardila-Robayo, Acosta-Galvis, 

& Coloma 

Kok and Ernst 

Lima, Sanchez, and Souza 

Morales 

Myers and Donnelly 

Morales 

Twomey and Brown 

Brown and Twomey 


Schulte 


Lötters, Schmitz, and Reichle 

Boistel and Massary 

Barrio-Amorós 

Kok, Sambhu, Roopsind, Lenglet 

& Bourne 

Barrio-Amorós and Brewer-Carias 

Barrio-Amorós, Fuentes-Ramos & 

Rivas-Fuenmayor 

Barrio-Amorós, Fuentes-Ramos & 

Rivas-Fuenmayor 

Lötters 

Lötters, Schulte, and Duellman 

Acosta-Galvis, Rueda-Almonacid, 

Velásquez-Álvarez, Sánchez-Pacheco, 

and Peña-Prieto 

Ardila-Robayo, Osorno-Muñoz & 

Ruiz-Carranza 

Lehr, Lötters, and Mikael 

Coloma, Lötters, Duellman, & 

Miranda-Leiva 

Ardila-Robayo 

Venegas and Barrio 

Lötters, Haas, Schick, and Böhme 

Maciel, Mott and Hoogmoed 

Cisneros-Heredia and Morales-Mite 

Cisneros-Heredia 

2008 

2001 

2002 

2002 

2004 

2002 

2002 

2002 

2002 

2006 

2002 

2002 

2001 

2003 

2002 

2000 

2007 

2007 

2002 

2001 

2002 

2008 





2005 


2006 

2006 

2008 

2004 

2004 

2003 

2005 

2006 

2002 

2008 

2007 


2006 

2002 


2008 

2007 

Guyana 

State of Amazonas, Brazil 


Manu, Madre de Dios Region, Perú; Acre State, Brazil 

San Martín Region, Peru 

Río Xingú, Para State, Brazil 

Pastaza River, Ecuador 

Amazonas and Rondonia States, Brazil 

Río Juruá in Acre State and Amazonas State, Brazil 

French Guiana 

Santa Cecilia, Napo Province, Ecuador 




San Martín Region, Perú 

Western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental Boyacá and 

Santander and eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central Caldas 

and Antioquia, Colombia 

Mabura Hill Forest Reserve, Guyana 


Para State, Brazil; Loreto Region, Peru 

State of Amazonas, Venezuela 


San Martin and Loreto Regions, Peru 


Upper Huallaga valley, Peru 

Pongo de Aguirre, Amazonas Region, Peru 


La Paz Department, Bolivia 

French Guiana, Suriname, Brazil 

Bolívar State, Venezuela 

Kaieteur National Park, Guyana 

Brazil, Venezuela 


Amazonas State, Venezuela 

Cordillera Azul, Huánuco Region, Peru 

Amazonas Region, Peru 

El Encino Municipal, Santander Department, Colombia 

Santander Department, Colombia 

Chontabamba District, Pasco Province, 

Pasco Region, Peru 

Napo Province and (provisionally) Chimborazo, Ecuador 

Caquetá Department, Colombia 

Mariscal Cáceres Province, San Martín Region, Peru 


North of Mato Grosso State, city of Guarantã do Norte 

Western slope of the Cordillera del Cóndor, Zamora-Chinchipe 

Province, Ecuador 

Zamora-Chinchipe Province and Napo Province, Ecuador 


Amphibians 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Centrolene mariaelenae 

Chiasmocleis avilapiresae 

Chiasmocleis devriesi 

Chiasmocleis jimi 

Chiasmocleis magnova 

Cochranella amelie 

Cochranella erminea 

Cochranella mcdiarmidi 

Cochranella phryxa 

Dendrobates nubeculosus 

Dendropsophus coffeus 

Dendropsophus delarivai 

Dendropsophus gaucheri 

Dendropsophus joannae 

Dendropsophus juliani 

Dendropsophus reichlei 

Gastrotheca atympana 

Gastrotheca carinaceps 

Gastrotheca ossilaginis 

Gastrotheca phalarosa 

Gastrotheca piperata 

Gastrotheca zeugocystis 

Hemiphractus helioi 

Hyalinobatrachium carlesvilai 

Hyalinobatrachium eccentricum 

Hyalinobatrachium ignioculus 

Hyalinobatrachium mesai 

Hyalinobatrachium mondolfii 

Hyalinobatrachium nouraguense 

Hyloscirtus tapichalaca 

Hyloxalus aeruginosus 

Hyloxalus chlorocraspedus 

Hyloxalus eleutherodactylus 

Hyloxalus insulatus 

Hyloxalus leucophaeus 

Hyloxalus patitae 

Hyloxalus saltuarius 

Hyloxalus sordidatus 

Hyloxalus spilotogaster 

Hypodactylus araiodactylus 

Hypodactylus fallaciosus 

Hypodactylus lundbergi 

Hypsiboas angelicus 

Cisneros-Heredia and McDiarmid 

Peloso and Sturaro 

W. Chris Funk & David C. Cannatella 

Caramaschi and Cruz 

Moravec and Köhler 

Cisneros-Heredia and Meza-Ramos 

Torres-Gastello, Suárez-Segovia & 

Cisneros-Heredia 

Cisneros-Heredia, Venegas, Rada 

& Schulte 

Aguayo-Vedia and Harvey 

Jungfer and Böhme 

Köhler, Jungfer, and Reichle 

Köhler and Lötters 

Lescure and Marty 

Köhler and Lötters 

Moravec, Aparicio, and Köhler 

Moravec, Aparicio, Guerrero-Reinhard, 

Calderon, & Köhler 

Duellman, Lehr, Rodríguez, and von May 

Duellman, Trueb, and Lehr 

Duellman and Venegas 

Duellman and Venegas 

Duellman and Köhler 

Duellman, Lehr, Rodríguez, and von May 

Sheil and Mendelson 

Castroviejo-Fisher, Padial, Chaparro, 

Aguayo & De la Riva 


Noonan and Bonett 


Señaris and Ayarzagüena 


Kizirian, D., Coloma, L.A. & 

Paredes-Recalde, A. 

Duellman 

Caldwell 

Duellman 

Duellman 

Duellman 

Lotters et al 

Grant and Ardila-Robayo 

Duellman 

Duellman 

Duellman and Pramuk 

Duellman 

Lehr 


2006 

2008 


2001 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2008 

2006 

2004 

2005 

2001 

2000 

2001 

2006 

2008 

2004 

2006 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2001 


2001 

2003 

2008 

2001 

2000 

2003 

2004 

2005 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2003 

2002 

2004 

2004 


2000 

2005 

2008 

Napo Province, Tungurahua, Morona-Santiago 

Province and Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador 

Known from south of the Amazon river, but within its 

drainage from central Amazonas State and eastern 

Rondonia State, northwestern Mato Grosso State, to 

south-central Para State to near the mouth of the Amazon 

Amazonian Peru 

Amazonas State and Para State, Brazil 

Iquitos, Amazonas Region, Peru 

Pastaza Province, Ecuador 

Tambo River Basin, Satipo Province, Junín Region, 

Peru 

Peru, Ecuador 


Mazruni Potaro District, Guyana 

Peru; La Paz Department, Bolivia 

Yungas of Cochabamba, Bolivia 

French Guiana, Suriname 

Pando Department, Bolivia 

Madre de Dios Region, Peru; Pando Department, 

Bolivia and possibly also from the Santa Cruz 

Department, suggesting its likely occurrence in 

adjacent Brazil. 

Pando Department, Bolivia 

Pampa Hermosa, Tarma Province, Junín Region, Peru 

Province of Oxapampa, from the vicinity of San Alberto, 

Peru 




Cordillera de Carpish, Huánuco Province, Huánuco 

Region, Peru 

Brazil, Peru, Bolivia 

Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia 


Venezuela, Guyana 

Brazil, Venezuela 

Delta Amacura and Monagas, Venezuela 

Nouragues Reserve, French Guiana; President 

Figueiredo, Amazonas State, Brazil 



West of Porto Walter, Acre State, Brazil and from the 





Upper Amazonian Basin, Peru 





State of Amazonas, Peru 

Paucartambo District, Pasco Province, Pasco Region, 

Peru 


Hypsiboas jimenezi 

Hypsiboas liliae 

Hypsiboas nympha 

Hypsiboas rhythmicus 

Hypsiboas tepuianus 

Leptodactylus heyeri 

Leptodactylus paraensis 

Nannophryne apolobambica 

Nobella ritarasquinae 

Noblella duellmani 

Noblella pygmaea 

Nymphargus laurae 

Nymphargus mixomaculatus 

Nymphargus wileyi 

Oreobates choristolemma 

Oreobates lehri 

Oreobates madidi 

Oreobates sanderi 

Oreophrynella dendronastes 

Oreophrynella seegobini 

Oreophrynella weiassipuensis 

Osornophryne puruanta 

Osteocephalus castaneicola 

Osteocephalus deridens 

Osteocephalus exophthalmus 

Osteocephalus fuscifacies 

Osteocephalus heyeri 

Osteocephalus leoniae 

Osteocephalus mutabor 

Osteocephalus phasmatus 

Osteocephalus yasuni 

Phyllomedusa camba 

Pristimantis achuar 

Pristimantis adiastolus 

Pristimantis albertus 

Pristimantis altamnis 

Pristimantis andinognomus 

Pristimantis aniptopalmatus 

Pristimantis aquilonaris 

Pristimantis aracamuni 

Pristimantis ardalonychus 

Pristimantis atrabracus 

Pristimantis aureolineatus 

Pristimantis auricarens 

Pristimantis avicuporum 

Pristimantis bellator 

Pristimantis bicantus 


Kok 

Faivovich, Moravec, Cisneros-Heredia 

& Köhler 



Boistel, Massary, and Angulo 

Heyer 

De la Riva, Ríos, and Aparicio 

Kolher 

Lehr, Aguilar, and Lundberg 

Lehr and Catenazzi 

Cisneros-Heredia and McDiarmid 

Guayasamin, Lehr, Rodríguez & Aguilar 

Guayasamin, Bustamante, Almeida- 

Reinoso & Funk 

Harvey and Sheehy 

Padial, Chaparro, and De la Riva 

Padial, Gonzáles, and De la Riva 

Padial, Reichle, and De la Riva 

Lathrop and MacCulloch 

Kok 

Señaris, Nascimento, and Villarreal 

Gluesenkamp and Guayasamin 

Moravec et al 

Jungfer, Ron, Seipp, and Almendáriz 

Smith and Noonan 

Jungfer, Ron, Seipp, and Almendáriz 

Lynch 

Jungfer and Lehr 

Jungfer and Hödl 

MacCulloch and Lathrop 

Ron and Pramuk 

De la Riva 

Elmer and Cannatella 

Duellman and Hedges 



Lehr and Coloma 


Lehr, Aguilar, Siu-Ting, and Jordán 

Barrio-Amorós and Molina 



Guayasamin, Ron, Cisneros-Heredia, 

Lamar & McCracken 



Lehr, Aguilar, Siu-Ting & Jordán 

Guayasamin & Funk 

2006 

2006 

2006 

2002 

2008 

2006 

2005 

2005 

2000 

2004 


2007 

2006 

2006 

2005 

2007 

2005 

2005 

2007 


2005 

2008 


2000 

2001 

2000 

2002 

2001 

2002 

2005 



2008 

2007 

2007 

2008 

2008 

2005 

2007 

2006 



2006 

2008 


2007 



Potaro-Siparuni District, Guyana 

Upper Amazon Basin of eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru 

and vicinity of Leticia, Colombia 

Parque Nacional Jaua-Sarisariñama, Bolívar State, Venezuela 

Southern slope of Sarisariñama-tepui, Locality VI, Bolívar State, 

Venezuela 

French Guiana 


Franz Tamayo Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia 

Bolivian Amazon 

Paucartambo District, Pasco Province, Pasco Region, Peru 

Upper Cosnipata Valley in southern Peru Cusco Region 

Orellana Province, Ecuador 

Cordillera de Carpish, Huánuco Province, Huánuco Region, Peru 


Caranavi Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia 

Cloud forests of the Apurimac and Kosñipata valleys, southern Peru 



Mount Ayanganna, Guyana 

Pakaraima Mountains, Guyana 

Wei-Assipu Tepui on the Guyana-Brazil border 

Cordillera de Pimampiro, Imbabura Province, Ecuador 

Amazonian Bolivia 

Napo Province, Francisco de Orellana Province and Sucumbíos 

Province, Ecuador 

Tepui south of Imbaimadai, Guyana 

Napo Province, Orellana Province and Sucumbíos Province, Ecuador 

Amazonas Department, Colombia and adjacent Loreto Region, Peru 

Oxapampa Province, Pasco Region, Peru 


Mount Ayanganna, Guyana 

Upper Amazon Basin in Ecuador; Loreto Region, Peru; 

Amazonas Department, Colombia 

Southwestern Amazon Basin from southeastern Peru (Regions of 

Madre de Dios and Ycayali ), western Brazil (States of Acre, 

Amazonas and Rondonia) to eastern Bolivia (Departments of Beni, 

Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando and Santa Cruz) 

Pastaza Province and Napo Province, Ecuador 

Lower humid montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera 

Yanachaga in Pasco Region, Peru 

Río San Alberto, Oxapampa, Pasco Region, Peru 


Cordillera Oriental of the southern Ecuadorian Andes 

Western slopes of the Cordillera Yanachaga, Oxapampa Province, 


In montane forests, northern Piura Region, Peru 

Known only from the summit of Cerro Aracamuni, a granitic 

mountain associated with the Neblina massif, southern Amazonas 

State, Venezuela 

Rioja Province, San Martín Region, Peru 

Bagua Province, Amazonas Region, Peru 

Amazon Basin of eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru 

Summit of Auyantepui, Bolívar, Venezuela 


Northern Piura Region and adjacent Cajamarca Region, Peru 

Amazonian slopes of the Andes of Ecuador 


Amphibians 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Pristimantis bipunctatus 

Pristimantis caeruleonotus 

Pristimantis coronatus 

Pristimantis corrugatus 

Pristimantis cuneirostris 

Pristimantis dendrobatoides 

Pristimantis exoristus 

Pristimantis flavobracatus 

Pristimantis guaiquinimensis 

Pristimantis huicundo 

Pristimantis infraguttatus 

Pristimantis jester 

Pristimantis kichwarum 

Pristimantis koehleri 

Pristimantis leucorrhinus 

Pristimantis lucasi 

Pristimantis marahuaka 

Pristimantis melanogaster 

Pristimantis metabates 

Pristimantis minutulus 

Pristimantis muscosus 

Pristimantis nephophilus 

Pristimantis ornatus 

Pristimantis pataikos 

Pristimantis reichlei 

Pristimantis rhabdocnemus 

Pristimantis rhodostichus 

Pristimantis royi 

Pristimantis rufioculis 

Pristimantis sagittulus 

Pristimantis saltissimus 

Pristimantis sarisarinama 

Pristimantis seorsus 

Pristimantis serendipitus 

Pristimantis spectabilis 

Pristimantis stegolepis 

Pristimantis stictoboubonus 

Pristimantis stictogaster 

Pristimantis tantanti 

Pristimantis tanyrhynchus 

Pristimantis tepuiensis 

Pristimantis wagteri 

Pristimantis waoranii 

Pristimantis yuruaniensis 

Pristimantis zoilae 

Proceratophrys concavitympanum 

Psychrophrynella ankohuma 

Psychrophrynella chacaltaya 

Psychrophrynella condoriri 

Psychrophrynella guillei 

Psychrophrynella iani 

Psychrophrynella illampu 


Lehr, Aguilar, Siu-Ting, and Jordán 

Lehr and Duellman 

Duellman, Lehr, and Venegas 


Means and Savage 


Lehr, Lundberg, Aguilar, and 

von May 

Schlüter and Rödder 

Guayasamin, Almeida-Reinoso, and 

Nogales-Sornosa 




Padial and De la Riva 

Boano, Mazzotti, and Sindaco 

Duellman and Chaparro 

Fuentes-Ramos and Barrio-Amorós 






Lehr, Lundberg, Aguilar, and 

von May 


Padial and De la Riva 



Morales 


Lehr, Aguilar, and Duellman 



Lehr 


Duellman and Chaparro 


Duellman, Lehr, and Venegas 


Lehr, Torres-Gastello & Suárez 

-Segovia 

Lehr 


Venegas 

McCracken, Forstner, and Dixon 

Rödder and Jungfer 

Mueses-Cisneros 

Giaretta, Bernarde & Kokubum 

Padial & De la Riva 

De la Riva, Padial & Cortéz 

De la Riva, Aguayo & Padial 

De la Riva 

De la Riva, Reichle & Cortéz 

De la Riva, Reichle & Padial 

2005 

2007 

2007 

2006 


2007 


2006 

2007 

2004 


2007 

2008 


2008 

2008 

2004 



2007 



2006 



2005 


2007 


2004 

2007 

2008 

2007 


2008 

2007 

2006 

2005 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2008 

2007 

2000 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

Distributed in lowland and cloud forests of Ucayali, Peru 

Huancabamba Province, Piura Region, Peru 

Huancabamba Province, Piura Region, Peru 

Northern part of the Cordillera Central in northern Peru 


Wokomung Massif in west-central Guyana in cloud forest habitat 


Chontabamba District, Oxapampa Province, Pasco Region, Peru 

Guaiquinima Tepui, Bolivar State, Venezuela 

Provinci Sucumbíos, Cordillera Oriental in northern Ecuador 


Wokomung Massif of west-central Guyana 


Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia 

Chontabamba District, Oxapampa Province, Pasco Region, Peru 

Humid elfin montane forest, Oxapampa District, Pasco Region, Peru 




Oxapampa, Pasco Region, Peru 




Bagua Province, Amazonas Region, Peru; Zamora-Chinchipe Province, 

Ecuador 

Huánuco Region, Peru 

Western slopes of the Cordillera Yanachaga, Oxapampa Province, Pasco 

Region, Peru 

Amazonas Region, Peru; Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador 

Huancabamba Province, Pasco Region, Peru 


Cordillera Oriental in the yungas formation, Oxapampa Province, Pasco 

Region, Peru 

Wokomung Massif, west-central Guyana 

Sarisariñama-tepui, Bolívar, Venezuela 

Cordillera de Vilcabamba, Satipo Province, Junín Region, Peru 

Amazonas Region, Peru; Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador 

Santa Bárbara, Huancabamba District, Oxapampa Province, Pasco Region, 

Peru 

Guaiquinima Tepui, Bolívar, Venezuela 

Northern part of the Cordillera Central, Mariscal Cáceres Province, San Martín 

Region, Peru 

Western slope of the Cordillera Yanachaga, Pasco Province, Pasco Region, Peru 

Amazonian lowlands of the northern Cusco Region, Peru 

Cordillera de Vilcabamba, Satipo Province, Junín Region, Peru 

Guaiquinima Tepui, Bolívar, Venezuela 

Vicinity of the Lake Los Cóndores, San Martín Region, Peru 

Yasuni National Park, Orellana Province, Ecuador 

Yuruaní-tepui, Bolívar State, Venezuela 




Nor Yungas Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia 





Psychrophrynella illimani 

Psychrophrynella kallawaya 

Psychrophrynella katantika 

Psychrophrynella quimsacruzis 

Psychrophrynella saltator 

Ranitomeya amazonica 

Ranitomeya benedicta 

Ranitomeya defleri 

Ranitomeya duellmani 

Ranitomeya flavovittata 

Ranitomeya intermedia 

Ranitomeya summersi 

Ranitomeya uakarii 

Rhinella cristinae 

Rhinella lescurei 

Rhinella magnussoni 

Rhinella manu 

Rhinella martyi 

Rhinella stanlaii 

Rhinella tacana 

Scinax iquitorum 

Scinax jolyi 

Stefania ackawaio 

Stefania ayangannae 

Stefania breweri 

Stefania coxi 

Telmatobius espadai 

Telmatobius sibiricus 

Telmatobius timens 

Reptiles 

Species 

Adercosaurus vixadnexus 

Anolis cuscoensis 

Anolis soinii 

Anolis 

williamsmittermeierorum 

Apostolepis striata 

Arthrosaura guianensis 

Arthrosaura hoogmoedi 

Arthrosaura montigena 

Arthrosaura testigensis 

Atractus altagratiae 

Atractus caxiuana 

Atractus charitoae 

Atractus davidhardi 

De la Riva & Padial 

De la Riva & Martínez-Solano 

De la Riva & Martínez-Solano 

De la Riva, Reichle & Bosch 

De la Riva, Reichle & Bosch 

Schulte 

Brown, Twomey, Pepper 

& Sanchez-Rodriguez 

Twomey and Brown 

Schulte 

Schulte 

Schulte 

Brown, Twomey, Pepper 

& Sanchez-Rodriguez 

Brown, Schulte & Summers 

Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza 

Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc 

& Vélez-Rodriguez 

Lima, Menin, and Araújo 

Chaparro, Pramuk, and 

Gluesenkamp 

Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc & Vélez- 

Rodriguez 

Lötters and Köhler 

Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, and 

De la Riva 

Moravec, Tuanama, Pérez & Lehr 




Barrio-Amorós and Fuentes-Ramos 


De la Riva 

De la Riva and Harvey 

De la Riva, Aparicio, and Ríos 

Scientist(s) 

Myers & Donnelly 

Poe and Miranda. 

Poe, Miranda & Lehr 

Poe & Yanez-Miranda 

De Lema 


Kok 


Gorzula & Senaris 

Passos and Fernandes 

Prudente & Santos-Costa 

Silva Haad 

Silva Haad 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 


2008 





2008 

2006 

2002 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2007 

2000 

2006 


2000 

2002 

2002 

2003 

2002 

2005 

2003 

2005 

Date 

2001 

2008 

2008 

2007 

2004 

2001 

2008 

2008 


2008 

2006 

2004 

2004 

Sud Yungas Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia 





Northeastern Amazonian Peru 

Loreto Region and eastern San Martin Region, Peru 

Río Apaporis region in southeastern Colombia 

Northeastern Amazonian Peru, possibly into eastern 

Ecuador and adjacent Colombia 

Northeastern Amazonian Peru 

Huallaga Canyon, San Martin Region, Peru 


Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Reserve, Loreto Region, Peru 


French Guiana 

State of Para, Brazil 

Manu National Park in southeastern Peru 

French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname 



Area of Iquitos, Loreto Region, Peru 

French Guiana 








SUBTOTAL: 216 

Location 

Yutajé-Corocoro Massif, Venezuela 

Andean Amazonia, Peru 

Andean Amazonia, Peru 

Rioja, San Martin Region, Peruvian Amazon 

Rondônia State, Brazil 

Northeast plateau of Mount Ayanganna, 


Summit plateau of Mount Maringma, 

Cuyuni-Mazruni District, Guyana 

Auyantepui, Venezuela 


Pará State, Brazil 

Pará State, Brasil 

Vaupés Department, Colombia 

Letícia Department, Colombia 


Reptiles 

Birds 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Atractus emersoni 

Atractus franciscopaivai 

Atractus guerreroi 

Atractus heliobelluomini 

Atractus janethae 

Atractus lucilae 

Atractus natans 

Atractus surucucu 

Atractus tamessari 

Batrachemys heliostemma 

Cercosaura nigroventris 

Dipsas baliomelas 

Dipsas pakaraima 

Echinosaura sulcarostrum 

Eunectes beniensis 

Gonatodes alexandermendesi 

Gonatodes infernalis 

Gonatodes superciliaris 

Gymnophthalmus vanzoi 

Helicops tapajonicus 

Kaieteurosaurus hindsi 

Leposoma ferreirai 

Leptomicrurus renjifoi 

Liophis janaleeae 

Liotyphlops haadi 

Mabuya altamazonica 

Micrurus pacaraimae 

Morunasaurus peruvianus 

Pantepuisaurus rodriguesi 

Phalotris labiomaculatus 

Phyllodactylus delsolari 

Phyllodactylus thompsoni 

Phyllopezus maranjonensis 

Pseudoboa martinsi 

Pseudogonatodes gasconi 

Riolama luridiventris 

Riolama uzzelli 

Stenocercus prionotus 

Taeniophallus quadriocellatus 

Thamnodynastes ramonriveroi 

Thecadactylus solimoensis 

Tropidurus panstictus 

Silva Haad 

Silva Haad 


Silva Haad 

Silva Haad 

Silva Haad 

Hoogmoed & Prudente 

Prudente & Passos 

Kok 

McCord et al 

Gorzula & Senaris 

Harvey 


Donnelly 

Dirksen 

Cole & Kok 

Rivas & Schargel 

Barrio-Amoros & Brewer-Carias 

Carvalho 

Da Frota 

Kok 

Rodrigues & Avila-Pires 

Lamar 

Dixon 

Silva-Haad, Franco 

& Maldonado 

Miralles et al 

Carvalho 

Kohler 

Kok 

De Lema 

Venegas et al 

Venegas, Townsend, Koch and Böhme 

Koch et al 

Zaher et al 

Avila-Pires & Hoogmoed 

Esqueda et al 

Molina & Senaris 

Cadle 

Santos, Di-Bernardo & Lema 

Manzanilla & Sanchez 

Bergmann & Russell 


2004 

2004 

2008 

2004 

2004 

2004 

2003 

2008 

2006 

2001 


2008 

2004 

2006 

2002 

2006 

2008 

2008 


2005 

2005 

2005 

2003 

2000 

2008 

2006 

2002 

2003 


2002 

2008 

2008 

2006 

2008 

2000 

2004 

2003 

2001 

2008 

2005 

2007 

2001 

Colombia 

La Pedrera, Colombia 

Auyantepui, Venezuela 

La Chorrera, Colombia 

Colombia 

La Pedreira, Colombia 



Kaieteur National Park, Potaro-Siparuni district, 

Guyana 

Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezeula 

Cerro Guanay, alto Río Paraguaza, Bolívar State, 

Venezuela 

Meta, Colombia 

Northeast plateau of Mount Ayanganna, Pakaraima 

Mountains, Guyana 

Guyana, Baramita 

Beni and Pando, Bolivia 

Kaieteur National Park, on the Potaro River, Guyana 




Pará State, Brasil 

Kaieteur National Park, Potaro-Siparuni district, 

Guyana 

Rio Negro, Amazonas State, Brazil 

Eastern Colombian llanos 

Moyombamba, Peru 

Colombia 

Peru 


Río Cenepa, Amazonas Region, Peru 

Maringma tepui, western Guyana 

Brazil 

Peru 



Brazil 




Huánuco Region, Perú 

Pará State, Brazil 

Border of Brazil, Guyana, Suriname and 

Venezeula 

Bolivia; Rondonia State, Brazil; 

S Columbia; Ecuador; S Peru 

Yutajé-Corocoro Massif, Venezuela 

SUBTOTAL: 55 

Amaurospiza carrizalensis 

Aratinga pintoi 

Atlapetes melanopsis 

Capito wallacei 

Cnipodectes superrufus 

Grallaria ridgelyi 

Micrastur mintoni 

Myiopagis olallai 

Percnostola arenarum 

Pionopsitta aurantiocephala 

Poecilotriccus luluae 

Polioptila clementsi 

Scytalopus stilesi 

Thamnophilus divisorius 

Xiphocolaptes carajaensis 

Zimmerius villarejoi 

Mammals 

Species 

Cacajao ayresi 

Cacajao hosomi 

Callicebus aureipalatii 

Callicebus bernhardi 

Callicebus stephennashi 

Carollia benkeithi 

Carollia manu 

Coendou ichillus 

Coendou roosmalenorum 

Cuscomys ashaninka 

Echimys vieirai 

Galea monasteriensis 

Hyladelphys kalinowskii 

Inia boliviensis 

Isothrix barbarabrownae 

Lonchophylla orcesi 

Lonchophylla pattoni 

Lophostoma yasuni 

Mesomys occultus 

Mico acariensis 

Mico manicorensis 

Micronycteris matses 

Monodelphis handleyi 

Monodelphis ronaldi 

Neacomys dubosti 

Lentino & Restall 

Silviera, de Lima & Höfling 

Valqui & Fjeldså 

O’Neill, Lane, Kratter, Capparella et al 

Lane, Servat, Valqui & Lambert 

Krabbe, Agro, Rice, Jacome, 

Navarrete & Sornoza 

Whittaker 

Coopmans and Krabbe 

M.L. Isler, J.A. Alonso, P.R. Isler 

& B.M. Whitney 

Gaban-Lima, Raposo & Höfling 

Johnson & Jones 

Whitney & Alonso 

Cuervo, Cadena, Krabbe & Renjifo 

Whitney, Oren & Brumfield 

da Silva, Novaes & Oren 

Alonso & Whitney 

Scientist(s) 

Boubli et al 

Boubli et al 

Wallace et al 

Van Roosmalen et al 


Solari & Baker 

Pacheco, Solari and Velazco 

Voss, Silva 

Voss, Silva 

Emmons 

De Vivo & Percequillo 

Solmsdorff et al 

Voss, Lunde, and Simmons 

Martínez-Agüero, Flores-Ramírez 

& Ruiz-García 

Patterson and Velazco 

Albuja & Gardner 

Woodman & Timm 

Fonseca and Pinto 

Patton et al 



Simmons, Voss, Fleck 

Solari 

Solari 

Voss, Lunde & Simmons 

2003 

2005 


2000 

2007 


2003 

2000 

2001 

2002 

2001 

2005 

2005 

2004 

2002 

2001 

Date 

2008 

2008 

2006 

2002 

2002 

2006 

2004 

2001 

2001 


2005 

2004 

2001 

2006 

2006 

2005 

2006 

2004 

2000 

2000 

2000 

2002 

2007 

2004 

2001 

Isla Carrizal in the Caura River, in northern 

Venezuela 


Peru 

Cordillera Azul, Ucayali Region, Peru 

Madre de Dios Region, Peru; Pando Department, Bolivia; 


Ecuador and Peru 


Napo Province, Zamora-Chinchipe Province and above 

Bermejo in Sucumbíos Province, Ecuador; Apurímac in 

southern Peru 

Peru 

Brazil 

Peru 

Iquitos, Loreto Region, Peru 

Cordillera Central, Colombia 

State of Acre, Brazil 

Rio Xingu and Rio Tocantins, Brazil 

Peru 

SUBTOTAL: 16 

Location 

Aracá River, a left bank tributary of the Negro River, 


Brazil 

Boliva, Peru 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Bolivia, Brazil, Peru 

Cuzco Region, Peru 

Ecuador 

Brazil 


Amazon River between the lower Madeira River to the 

right bank of the Tapajós, respectively in the states of 

Amazonas and Pará, Brazil 

Cordillera Oriental 

French Guiana, Guyana and Peru. 

Bolivia 


Ecuador 

Peru 

Equador 

Rio Jurua (type locality) and upper Rio Urucu, State of 

Amazonas, Brazil 

Brazil 

Manaus, near the Madeira River, Brazil 

Loreto Region, Peru; Brazil 

Lowland forests of Loreto Region, Peru 

Manu National Park, Peru 

Amapá State, Brazil; French Guiana;Suriname 


Mammals 

Species 

Scientist(s) 

Date 

Location 

Neacomys minutus 

Neacomys musseri 

Neacomys paracou 

Neusticomys ferreirai 

Philander deltae 

Philander mondolfii 

Philander olroji 

Platyrrhinus albericoi 

Platyrrhinus ismaeli 

Platyrrhinus masu 

Rhagomys longilingua 

Rhipidomys gardneri 

Thomasomys onkiro 

Thomasomys ucucha 

Patton et al 

Patton et al 

Voss, Lunde & Simmons 

Percequillo et al 

Lew et al 

Lew et al 

Flores, Barquez & Díaz 

Velazco 

Velazco 

Velazco 

Luna, Patterson 

Patton et al 

Luna & Pacheco 

Voss 

2000 

2000 

2001 

2005 

2006 

2006 

2008 

2005 

2005 

2005 

2003 

2000 

2002 

2003 

Central and lower drainage of the Rio Juruá, Brazil 

Headwaters of the Rio Juruá, Peru; Brazil 

States of Amapa, Amazonas, Para, Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana, Suriname; Venezuela 


Flooded swamp forests, Orinoco River delta region and nearby rivers of Venezuela 

Eastern side of Cordillera Oriental in Colombia and Venezuela 

Peru, Bolivia 

Eastern slope of the Andes in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru 

Both slopes of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru 

Province of Paucartambo, Cuzco Region, Peru 

Manu National Park, Peru 

State of Acre, Brazil; lowlands of southeast Peru, perhaps including the valley of the Río Ucayali 

Single locality (which includes Otishi National Park) in the Cordillera Oriental, Peru 

Cordillera Oriental of the Andes of north central Ecuador. 

SUBTOTAL: 39 

TOTAL: 1,220 


Acknowledgements 

WWF is sincerely grateful to the following individuals for the kind assistance they 

provided in support of this publication: 

James Albert PhD, University of Louisiana at Lafayette (USA) 

Dr Jonathan W Armbruster, Auburn University, Alabama (USA) 

Teresa Cristina Sauer de Avila Pires, Museu Paraense Emílio 

Goeldi/CZO, Pará (Brasil) 

Philip J Bergmann, University of Arizona (USA) 

Rogerio Bertani, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (Brazil) 

José Luís Birindelli, Museu de Zoologia da USP, São Paulo (Brazil) 

Jonathan I Bloch, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville 

(USA) 

Alex Borisenko PhD, University of Guelph, Ontario (Canada) 

Janalee P Caldwell, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 

(USA) 

Jonathan A Coddington, National Museum of Natural History, 

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (USA) 

Luis A Coloma PhD, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, 

Quito (Ecuador) 

Gabriel Costa, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) 

Dr Janice Muriel Cunha, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 

(Brazil) 

Ignacio J De la Riva PhD, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, 

Madrid (Spain) 

Ahmed Djoghlaf, UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal 

(Canada) 

Bruce Dunstan, Stockade Nursery, Brisbane (Australia) 

Kathryn R Elmer PhD, University of Konstanz (Germany) 

Dr Raffael Ernst, Technischen Universität Berlin (Germany) 

Terry Erwin, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian 

Institution, Washington, DC (USA) 

Dr Marcelo Felgueiras Napoli, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 

Salvador, Bahia (Brazil) 

Dr Andreas Fleischmann, University of Munich (Germany) 

Dr Francisco Luís Franco, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (Brazil) 

Jossehan Galúcio da Frota, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e 

Tecnologia, Pará (Brazil) 

Vicki A Funk PhD, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC (USA) 

W Chris Funk, Colorado State University (USA) 

Ariovaldo A Giaretta, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas 

Gerais (Brazil) 

Dr Steve Gorzula, Consultant Biologist (Venezuela) 

Kristofer M Helgen PhD, National Museum of Natural History, 


Ron Heyer, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian 


Dr Elizabeth Hofling, Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil) 

Dr Marinus S Hoogmoed, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Pará 

(Brazil) 

Dr Gil Iack-Ximenes, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 

56 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 

Bahia (Brazil) 

Dr Michel Jegu, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), 

Paris (France) 

Gunther Koehler, Naturmuseum Senckenberg (Germany) 

Philippe Kok, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Belgium) 

Burton K Lim PhD, Royal Ontario Museum (Canada) 

Albertina Lima, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Amazônicas, 

Amazonas (Brazil) 

Daniel Loebmann, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo 

(Brazil) 

Dr Stefan Lötters, Trier University (Germany) 

John G Lundberg, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (USA) 

Ross MacCulloch, Royal Ontario Museum (Canada) 

Bill McCord, Arkive (UK) 

Marcelo Menin, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, 

Amazonas (Brazil) 

Dr Jiri Moravec, National Museum, Prague (Czech Republic) 

Larry Noblick, Montgomery Botanical Center, Florida (USA) 

Dr Erme Oliveria, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Amazonas 

(Brazil) 

Dr Paul Ouboter, University of Suriname (Suriname) 

Steven Poe, University of New Mexico (USA) 

Jennifer B Pramuk PhD, Wildlife Conservation Society/Bronx Zoo, 

New York (USA) 

Dr Christian Rabeling, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (Brazil) 

Roberto E Reis, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do 

Sul, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) 

Dr Fernando Rivadavia, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California 

(USA) 

Dennis Rödder, Trier University (Germany) 

Dr Uwe Römer, Trier University (Germany) 

Dr Tony Russell, University of Calgary (Canada) 

Cristian Samper, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (USA) 

Dr Andreas Schlüter, Naturkunde Museum, Stuttgart (Germany) 

Prof Dr Luís Fábio Silveira, Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil) 

F Christian Thompson, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 

(USA) 

Dr Joseph Tobias, University of Oxford (UK) 

Josiah Townsend, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville 

(USA) 

Evan Twomey, East Carolina University (USA) 

Richard P Vari, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian 


Dr Andrew Whittaker, Birding Brazil, Manaus, Amazonas (Brazil) 

Philip Willink PhD, The Field Museum, Chicago (USA) 

Don E Wilson, Chairman, National Museum of Natural History, 


WWF 

Maria Ximena Barrera, WWF Living Amazon Initiative 

Ligia Barros, WWF-Brazil 

Sandra Charity, WWF-UK 

Carmen Ana Dereix, WWF-Colombia 

Monica Echeverria, WWF-US 

Marie Louise Felix, WWF-Guianas 

Julio Mario Fernandez, WWF-Colombia 

Mariana Ferreira, WWF-Brazil 

Marco Flores, WWF Living Amazon Initiative 

Sarah Hutchison, WWF-UK 

Guy Jowett, WWF-UK 

Amanda Larsson, WWF-UK 

Claudio Maretti, WWF-Brazil 

Luis German Naranjo, WWF-Colombia 

Kjeld Nielsen, WWF Living Amazon Initiative 

Denise Oliveira, WWF-Brazil 

Viviane von Oven, WWF-Bolivia 

Juan Carlos Riveros, WWF Living Amazon Initiative 

Manlio Roca, WWF-Bolivia 

Francisco José Ruiz Marmolejo, WWF Living Amazon 

Initiative 

Lila Sainz, WWF-Bolivia 

Meg Symington, WWF-US 

Jose Saulo Usma, WWF-Colombia 

Aiesha Williams, WWF-Guianas 

Hannah Williams, WWF-UK 

Additional images were kindly provided by: 

Michael Andreas; Jason Bourque; Matt Brady; Paul Bratescu; Peter 

Conheim; Karl Csaba; José María Fernández Díaz-Formentí; Devin 

Edmonds; Lothar Frenz; Arthur Grosset; Lars K; Mathieu Lapointe; 

Robert Lewis; Jairo H Maldonado; Georges Néron; Scott Olmstead 

Carlos García Perez; Nicholas Poey; Carlos Rohrbacher; Mauro 

Sergio Rosim; Forrest Rowland; Keegan Rowlinson; Marc Shandro; 

Vincent Toh; Fernando Trujillo; Luiz Filipe Klein Varella; Kris 

Weinhold; Brad Wilson

Bolivia 

WWF-Bolivia 

Santa Cruz 

Av. Beni Calle Los Pitones No. 2070 Santa Cruz 

Bolivia 

Tel. +591 3 31150 41 

Fax +591 3 31150 42 

bolivia.panda.org 

Colombia 

WWF-Colombia 

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Cali Colombia 

Tel. +57 2 558 2577 

Fax +57 2 558 2588 

wwf.org.co 

Suriname, French Guiana and Guyana 

WWF-Guianas 

Paramaribo 

H.A.E. Arronstraat 63 

Suite D, 

E Paramaribo Suriname 

Tel. +597 42 2357 

Fax +597 42 2349 

wwfguianas.org 

United States 

WWF-US 

1250 Twenty-Fourth Street, N.W. 

Washington, DC 20090-7180 

Tel. +1 202 495 4800 

Fax +1 202 495 4211 

worldwildlife.org 

Brazil 

WWF-Brasil 

Brasilia 

SHIS EQ QL 6/8 Conjunto E - 2° andar 

71620-430 Brasilia 

Tel. +55 61 3364 7400 

Fax +55 61 3364 7474 

wwf.org.br 

Peru 

WWF-Peru 

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Peru 

Tel. +51 1 440 5550 

Fax +51 1 440 2133 

peru.panda.org 

United Kingdom 

WWF-UK 

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Surrey GU7 1XR 

Tel. +44 1483 426 444 

Fax +44 1483 426 409 

wwf.org.uk 

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WWF is one of the world’s largest and most experienced independent 

conservation organisations, with almost 5 million supporters and a global network active 

in more than 100 countries. 

WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural 

environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by: 

- conserving the world’s biological diversity 

- ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable 

- promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. 

Written and researched by Christian Thompson, the green room, with advisory from WWF Living Amazon Initiative. 

Designed by Torva Thompson, the green room. 

WWF Living Amazon Initiative 

WWF-Brazil, 

SHIS EQ QL 6/8 Conjunto “E” 

71620-430 - Brasília, DF 

Tel. +55 61 3364 7400 

Fax +55 61 3364 7474 

panda.org/amazon 

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Amazon Alive: A Decade of Discoveries 1999-2009 - WWF

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