A Feasibility Study for the Establishment of Xuan Lien Nature ...
A Feasibility Study for the Establishment of Xuan Lien Nature ...
A Feasibility Study for the Establishment of Xuan Lien Nature ...
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BirdLife International Vietnam Programme<br />
in collaboration with <strong>the</strong><br />
Forest Inventory and Planning Institute<br />
A <strong>Feasibility</strong> <strong>Study</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Establishment</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve,<br />
Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam.<br />
Conservation Report<br />
Number 7<br />
BirdLife International Danida FIPI
A <strong>Feasibility</strong> <strong>Study</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Establishment</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve,<br />
Thanh Hoa Province,Vietnam<br />
by<br />
Le Trong Trai<br />
Forest Inventory and Planning Institute<br />
with contributions from<br />
Le Van Cham,<br />
Bui Dac Tuyen,<br />
Tran Hieu Minh<br />
and<br />
Tran Quang Ngoc<br />
Forest Inventory and Planning Institute<br />
and<br />
Nguyen Van Sang,<br />
Alexander L. Monastyrskii<br />
and<br />
Jonathan C. Eames<br />
BirdLife International Vietnam Programme<br />
This is a technical report <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> project entitled:<br />
Expanding <strong>the</strong> Protected Areas Network in Vietnam <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21 st Century.<br />
Hanoi<br />
June 1999
Project Coordinators: Nguyen Huy Phon<br />
Vu Van Dung<br />
Jonathan C. Eames<br />
Field Survey Team: Le Trong Trai (FIPI)<br />
Le Van Cham (FIPI)<br />
Bui Dac Tuyen (FIPI)<br />
Tran Hieu Minh (FIPI)<br />
Tran Quang Ngoc (FIPI)<br />
Nguyen Van Sang (BirdLife International Vietnam Programme)<br />
Alexander Monastyrskii (BirdLife International Vietnam Programme)<br />
Jonathan C. Eames (BirdLife International Vietnam Programme)<br />
Maps: Mai Ky Vinh (FIPI)<br />
Project Funding: European Union and BirdLife International<br />
Cover Illustration: Thai woman harvesting rice in <strong>the</strong> buffer zone <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature<br />
reserve. Photo: J. C. Eames<br />
Citation: Le Trong Trai, Le Van Cham, Bui Dac Tuyen, Tran Hieu Minh, Tran Quang<br />
Ngoc, Nguyen Van Sang, Monastyrskii, A. L. and Eames, J. C. (1999) A <strong>Feasibility</strong><br />
<strong>Study</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Establishment</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve, Thanh Hoa<br />
Province, Vietnam. BirdLife International Vietnam Programme, Hanoi<br />
Copies available from: BirdLife International Vietnam Programme<br />
11 Lane 167, Tay Son, Dong Da<br />
Hanoi, Vietnam<br />
Tel/Fax: + (84) 4 851 7217<br />
E-mail: birdlife@netnam.org.vn
Table <strong>of</strong> Contents<br />
Executive Summary vii<br />
Executive Summary in Vietnamese ix<br />
1. Introduction 1<br />
1.1 Geography, Demographics, Economics and Environment 1<br />
1.2 Conservation 1<br />
1.3 Forest in Thanh Hoa Province 2<br />
1.4 <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve 3<br />
2. Site Features 4<br />
2.1 Biogeography 4<br />
2.2 Location 4<br />
2.3 Topography 4<br />
2.4 Meteorology 4<br />
2.5 Hydrology 5<br />
2.6 Geomorphology 6<br />
2.7 Soil 7<br />
2.8 Flora Overview 7<br />
2.9 Vegetation Types 8<br />
Medium to High Montane Mixed Coniferous and Broadleaf Evergreen Forest 10<br />
Low Montane Broadleaf Evergreen Forest 11<br />
Secondary Forest Types 12<br />
2.10 Mammals 13<br />
Mammal Records 13<br />
2.11 Birds 15<br />
Bird Records 15<br />
Habitat Distribution <strong>of</strong> Bird and Mammal Species 15<br />
Exploitation <strong>of</strong> Mammals and Birds 16<br />
2.12 Herpetiles 16<br />
2.13 Butterflies 17<br />
2.14 Socio-Cultural Features 18<br />
Demographics 18<br />
Economic Activities 19<br />
Infrastructure 20<br />
3. Evaluation 21<br />
3.1 Criteria <strong>for</strong> Evaluating <strong>the</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 21<br />
3.2 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Biological Factors 22<br />
Biodiversity 22<br />
Habitat 24<br />
Endangered Species 24<br />
Endemism 25<br />
3.3 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Economic Factors 25<br />
Watershed Protection 25<br />
Soil Conservation 25<br />
Forestry Resources 25<br />
Medicinal and Ornamental Plants 25<br />
Tourism 26<br />
i
ii<br />
3.4 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Socio-economic Factors 26<br />
Population and Social Conditions 26<br />
Infrastructure 26<br />
4. Management Considerations 27<br />
4.1 Physical Factors 27<br />
4.2 Biological Factors 27<br />
4.3 Socio-cultural Factors 27<br />
5. Management Recommendations 29<br />
5.1 Management Objectives 29<br />
5.2 Management Authority 29<br />
5.3 Proposed Boundary <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 29<br />
Option One 29<br />
Option Two 31<br />
5.4 Management Areas 32<br />
Strict Protection Area 32<br />
Forest Rehabilitation Area 32<br />
5.5 Buffer Zone 33<br />
5.6 Development <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 34<br />
Investment Plan 34<br />
Capital Construction Programme 34<br />
5.7 Future Plan <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Establishment</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 34<br />
5.8 Priority Actions 35<br />
References 36<br />
Appendix 1: Flora Recorded in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 38<br />
Appendix 2: Mammals Recorded in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 39<br />
Appendix 3: Birds Recorded in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 41<br />
Appendix 4: Herpetiles Recorded in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 45<br />
Appendix 5: Butterflies Recorded in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 47<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Tables<br />
Table 1: Metereological Data from Three Wea<strong>the</strong>r Stations near <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> 5<br />
Reserve<br />
Table 2: Hydrological Features <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chu River at Bai Thuong Dam 6<br />
Table 3: Floral Diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area 7<br />
Table 4: Globally Threatened Plants Recorded in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area 8<br />
Table 5: Existing Vegetation Types in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area 8<br />
Table 6: Composition <strong>of</strong> Mature Trees in Medium to High Montane Mixed Coniferous and 10<br />
Broadleaf Evergreen Forest at 1,200 m<br />
Table 7: Composition <strong>of</strong> Mature Trees in Medium to High Montane Mixed Coniferous and 10<br />
Broadleaf Evergreen Forest at 1,000 m<br />
Table 8: Globally Threatened Mammals Recorded in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area 14<br />
Table 9: Endemic and Globally Threatened Bird Species Recorded in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area 15<br />
Table 10: Endemic and Globally Threatened Herpetiles Recorded in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area 16<br />
Table 11: Herpetile Species with Restricted Habitat Distributions 17<br />
Table 12: Distribution <strong>of</strong> Butterfly Species with respect to Habitat Type 17<br />
Table 13: Conservation Criteria and Evaluation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 21<br />
Table 14: Comparison <strong>of</strong> Plant Diversity in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve with o<strong>the</strong>r 22<br />
Protected Areas in Central Vietnam (Ranked)
Table 15: Comparison <strong>of</strong> Vertebrate Diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 22<br />
with o<strong>the</strong>r Protected Areas in Central Vietnam (Ranked)<br />
Table 16: Comparison <strong>of</strong> Herpetile Diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 23<br />
with o<strong>the</strong>r Areas in Nor<strong>the</strong>rn and Central Vietnam (Ranked)<br />
Table 17: Sorenson’s Similarity Index (C S ) comparing Butterfly Species Composition in 23<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve with those in o<strong>the</strong>r Protected Areas in Nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
and Central Vietnam<br />
Table 18: Number <strong>of</strong> Nationally and Globally Threatened Species in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area 24<br />
Table 19: Distribution <strong>of</strong> Threatened and Near-threatened Bird Species in Protected Areas in 24<br />
Thanh Hoa and Nghe An Provinces<br />
Table 20: Management Regime <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Strict Protection Area 32<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Maps<br />
Map 1: Location <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve vi<br />
Map 2: Land-use in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 9<br />
Map 3: Proposed Boundary <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 30<br />
iii
iv<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
The authors would like to gratefully thank <strong>the</strong> European Union and BirdLife International <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
financial assistance that made this study possible.<br />
During <strong>the</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> project, <strong>the</strong> authors have enjoyed <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong>, and <strong>the</strong> opportunity<br />
to collaborate with, many agencies and individuals. We would like to take this opportunity to express<br />
our sincerest thanks to <strong>the</strong>se agencies and individuals.<br />
We particularly wish to convey our gratitude to <strong>the</strong> Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Rural Development<br />
(MARD), especially Pr<strong>of</strong> Dr Nguyen Quang Ha, Vice Minister <strong>of</strong> MARD, Mr Nguyen Cat Giao,<br />
<strong>for</strong>mer Director, and Mr Nguyen Khac Huong, Deputy Director <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> International Cooperation<br />
Department, and Mr Nguyen Ba Thu, Director <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Forest Protection Department (FPD). Special<br />
thanks are also due to Mr Nguyen Mong Giao and Mr Tran Quoc Bao, <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Protection<br />
Forests and <strong>Nature</strong> Conservation Section <strong>of</strong> FPD.<br />
We are also grateful to Dr Le Sau, Director <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI) and<br />
Mr Nguyen Huu Dong, Director <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Forest Resources and Environment Centre (FREC) <strong>of</strong> FIPI.<br />
Sincere thanks are also expressed to Associated Dr Nguyen Huy Phon, Deputy Director <strong>of</strong> FIPI, and<br />
Mr Vu Van Dung, Deputy Director <strong>of</strong> FREC, who have directly guided <strong>the</strong> project activities, stipulated<br />
<strong>the</strong> implementation process and made comments on <strong>the</strong> project report.<br />
In Thanh Hoa province, we sincerely thank <strong>the</strong> leaders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> provincial people’s committee. Particular<br />
thanks are also conveyed to Mr Hoang Cao Trai, Deputy Director <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> provincial FPD, and Mr Le<br />
The Long, Head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Forest Protection and Management Section <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> provincial FPD. We are also<br />
grateful to Mr Nguyen Van Mia and all staff <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> FPD <strong>of</strong> Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> district who participated in<br />
<strong>the</strong> collection <strong>of</strong> data. Sincere thanks are also due to Mr Vi Mai Ke, Chairman <strong>of</strong> Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> district<br />
who created favourable conditions <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> mission during <strong>the</strong> survey and <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> collection <strong>of</strong> socioeconomic<br />
data <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> district and communes in <strong>the</strong> area.<br />
We also would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers and soldiers at<br />
border army station 505, Bat Mot commune, Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> district, who assisted <strong>the</strong> team in <strong>the</strong><br />
survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est areas managed by <strong>the</strong> post.<br />
We would finally like to thank Paul Lloyd and David Wege <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir assistance in editing earlier drafts<br />
<strong>of</strong> this report.
Conventions Used<br />
Plant names, sequence and species limits follow Pham Hoang Ho (1991). Mammal names (common<br />
and scientific), sequence and species limits follow Corbet and Hill (1992), with scientific names given<br />
at first mention and in Appendix 2. Bird names (common and scientific), sequence and species limits<br />
follow Inskipp et al. (1996), with scientific names given at first mention and in Appendix 3. Herpetile<br />
names, sequence and species limits follow Nguyen Van Sang and Ho Thu Cuc (1996). Butterfly names,<br />
sequence and species limits follow Corbet et al. (1992), Pinratana (1977-1988) and o<strong>the</strong>r, more recently<br />
published, literature.<br />
Diacritical marks are omitted from Vietnamese names due to typographical limitations and <strong>the</strong> restricted<br />
understanding <strong>of</strong> international readers.<br />
Locality names follow <strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> Cartography 1:50,000 series maps (1978).<br />
A globally threatened species is any species assigned a category <strong>of</strong> threat in <strong>the</strong> IUCN Red Lists <strong>of</strong><br />
Threatened Animals and Plants (IUCN 1996 and 1997); <strong>the</strong> term excludes species listed as Nearthreatened,<br />
Data Deficient or Insufficiently Known.<br />
Indochina refers to <strong>the</strong> biogeographic region <strong>of</strong> Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.<br />
The study area refers to <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve, Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> district, Thanh Hoa province.<br />
Abbreviations and Acronyms Used<br />
EU - European Union<br />
FIPI - Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Hanoi<br />
FPD - Forest Protection Department<br />
FREC - Forest Resources and Environment Centre <strong>of</strong> FIPI<br />
GNP - Gross National Product<br />
IUCN - World Conservation Union<br />
MARD - Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Rural Development<br />
MPI - Ministry <strong>of</strong> Planning and Investment<br />
Disclaimer<br />
This report does not contain any endorsement by <strong>the</strong> authors, BirdLife International, FIPI or <strong>the</strong><br />
European Union, ei<strong>the</strong>r implied or o<strong>the</strong>rwise, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proposal to establish <strong>the</strong> Cua Dat hydroelectric<br />
dam and reservoir.<br />
v
vi<br />
Map 1: Location <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
Map based on field survey in 1998<br />
Grid: UTM, zone 48; units: metric<br />
SCALE: 1:2,000,000<br />
LEGEND<br />
Vietnam / Lao Border<br />
Provincial Border<br />
Road<br />
River<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
Protected Area<br />
Produced by <strong>the</strong> Forest Resources<br />
and Environment Centre <strong>of</strong> FIPI
Executive Summary<br />
This report is an expanded translation <strong>of</strong> a feasibility study <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> establishment <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed<br />
nature reserve, Thanh Hoa province, originally published in Vietnamese in December 1998 by <strong>the</strong><br />
Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI) in collaboration with BirdLife International. The objectives<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> original report were to assess <strong>the</strong> biological and economic value <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong>, and <strong>the</strong> feasibility<br />
<strong>of</strong> establishing a nature reserve in <strong>the</strong> area. The objective <strong>of</strong> this report is to provide a higher level <strong>of</strong><br />
detail <strong>for</strong> an international audience interested in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve.<br />
Within <strong>the</strong> framework <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> European Union funded project entitled “Expanding <strong>the</strong> protected areas<br />
network in Vietnam <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> 21 st Century”, a biodiversity and socio-economic survey <strong>of</strong> south-western<br />
Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> district, Thanh Hoa Province was carried out in October and November 1998 by FIPI<br />
and BirdLife International. The results <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> survey were used to produce a feasibility study <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
The survey revealed moderate levels <strong>of</strong> biodiversity relative to o<strong>the</strong>r protected areas in nor<strong>the</strong>rn and<br />
central Vietnam. In total, 560 plant species, 38 species <strong>of</strong> mammals, 134 species <strong>of</strong> birds, 53 species <strong>of</strong><br />
herpetiles and 143 species <strong>of</strong> butterflies were found. Several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se species are globally threatened,<br />
including six species <strong>of</strong> plant, 10 species <strong>of</strong> mammal, two species <strong>of</strong> bird and one species <strong>of</strong> herpetile.<br />
The survey was undertaken during <strong>the</strong> autumn when activity levels amongst birds and butterflies are<br />
depressed. This may have resulted in <strong>the</strong> species richness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se groups being under-recorded. Future<br />
surveys should be undertaken during <strong>the</strong> spring, which is <strong>the</strong> peak season <strong>for</strong> bird and butterfly activity.<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve supports four plant species endemic to Vietnam (Cinnamomum<br />
balansae, Colona poilanei, Croton bonianus and Macaranga balansae), two bird species endemic to<br />
Vietnam and Laos (Red-vented Barbet Megalaima lagrandieri and Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler<br />
Jabouilleia danjoui) and one amphibian species endemic to Vietnam (Rana microlineata). Ten endemic<br />
species <strong>of</strong> butterflies were recorded, concentrated in two families: <strong>the</strong> Satyridae and Amathusiidae.<br />
Large mammals recorded in <strong>the</strong> area included Tiger Pan<strong>the</strong>ra tigris, Gaur Bos gaurus, Asiatic Black<br />
Bear Ursus thibetanus and Sun Bear U. malayanus, although populations <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se species are<br />
small and fragmented as a result <strong>of</strong> high hunting pressure. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, it is unlikely that <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong><br />
proposed nature reserve is large enough, by itself, to maintain viable populations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se species.<br />
However, <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> is contiguous with Pu Hoat proposed nature reserve in Nghe An province, with a<br />
shared boundary <strong>of</strong> 20 km and a combined protected area coverage <strong>of</strong> 90,841 ha.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most significant results <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> survey was <strong>the</strong> rediscovery <strong>of</strong> Roosevelt’s Muntjac Muntiacus<br />
rooseveltorum. This was <strong>the</strong> first time this species has been recorded since its discovery in Laos 69 years<br />
previously, and also <strong>the</strong> first time that this species has been recorded in Vietnam. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong><br />
survey revealed one recently discovered butterfly species (Ypthima sp. nov.), along with six new species<br />
<strong>for</strong> Vietnam.<br />
As a result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> survey, two boundary options <strong>for</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve were discussed at a<br />
workshop held in Thanh Hoa province in February 1999. Under option one, 16,500 ha would be<br />
included within <strong>the</strong> boundary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve, whilst, under option two, 23,610 ha would be<br />
included, <strong>of</strong> which 18,522 ha would comprise <strong>for</strong>est <strong>of</strong> various types. Under nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> options<br />
would <strong>the</strong> nature reserve contain any human settlement or permanent agricultural land. At <strong>the</strong> workshop,<br />
option two was decided upon.<br />
The survey results indicate that, apart from <strong>the</strong> occurance <strong>of</strong> Roosevelt’s Muntjac at this site, <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong><br />
vii
proposed nature reserve has low conservation importance relative to o<strong>the</strong>r sites in Thanh Hoa province<br />
and elsewhere in central Vietnam. Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee should allocate <strong>the</strong> limited<br />
resources available to <strong>the</strong>m <strong>for</strong> protected area establishment and management on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> global<br />
conservation importance <strong>of</strong> each site. Areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est supporting potentially viable populations <strong>of</strong> globally<br />
threatened primates, particularly areas supporting <strong>the</strong> Critically Endangered Delacour’s Langur<br />
(Semnopi<strong>the</strong>cus francoisi delacouri), such as Pu Luong proposed nature reserve and an area to <strong>the</strong> west<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cuc Phuong National Park, are higher priorities <strong>for</strong> conservation (F. Momberg verbally).<br />
If <strong>the</strong> project to construct a hydroelectric dam at Cua Dat goes ahead, <strong>the</strong> resulting reservoir will<br />
inundate 1,716 ha within <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve. The decision on whe<strong>the</strong>r or not to proceed with<br />
<strong>the</strong> Cua Dat dam should only be taken after a thorough and pr<strong>of</strong>essionally conducted Environmental<br />
Impact Assessment has been undertaken.<br />
viii
Toùm taét döï aùn<br />
Baœn baùo caùo nghieân cöùu tính khaœ thi thaønh laäp Khu baœo toàn Thieân nhieân Xuaân Lieân, tænh<br />
Thanh Hoùa ñöôïc Vieän Ñieàu tra quy hoaïch röøng (FIPI) phoái hôïp vôùi toå chöùc BirdLife<br />
International taïi Vieät Nam cuøng bieân soaïn baèng tieáng Vieät vaøo thaùng 12 naêm 1998. Mucï ñích<br />
cuœa baœn baùo caùo goác nhaèm ñaùnh giaù giaù trò sinh hoïc, kinh teá cuœa khu vöïc Xuaân Lieân vaø tính<br />
khaœ thi thaønh laäp khu Baœo toàn Thieân nhieân trong vuøng. Muïc ñích cuœa baœn baùo caùo naøy<br />
nhaèm cung caáp nhöõng thoâng tin chi tieát cho caùc ñoäc giaœ Quoác teá quan taâm ñeán khu Baœo toán<br />
Thieân nhieân döï kieán Xuaân Lieân.<br />
Trong khuoân khoå döï aùn ñöôïc taøi trôï cuœa Coäng ñoàng chaâu AÂu mang teân “Môœ roäng heä thoáng<br />
röøng ñaëc duïng ôœ Vieät Nam cho <strong>the</strong>á kyœ 21”, moät ñôït khaœo saùt ña daïng sinh hoïc vaø daân sinhkinh<br />
teá ôœ phía taây baéc huyeän Tröôøng Xuaân, tænh Thanh Hoùa ñaõ ñöôïc FIPI vaø toå chöùc BirdLife<br />
International tieán haønh vaøo thaùng 10 vaø thaùng 11 naêm 1998. Keát quaœ cuœa ñôït khaœo saùt ñöôïc<br />
söœ duïng xaây döïng baùo caùo nghieân cöùu khaœ thi khu Baœo toàn Thieân nhieân Xuaân Lieân.<br />
Keát quaœ khaœo saùt naøy cho thaáy möùc trung bình cuœa tính ña daïng sinh hoïc cuœa khu vöïc so<br />
saùnh vôùi caùc khu baœo veä khaùc ôœ mieàn Baéc vaø mieàn Trung Vieät Nam. Toång soá coù 560 loaøi<br />
thöïc vaät, 39 loaøi ñoäng vaät, 134 loaøi chim, 53 loaøi eách, nhaùi, boø saùt, 143 loaøi böôùm ñaõ ghi<br />
nhaän ñöôïc.<br />
Ñaõ ghi nhaän moät soá loaøi ñang bò ñe doïa mang tính toaøn caàu, bao goàm coù 6 loaøi thöïc vaät, 10<br />
loaøi thuù, 2 loaøi chim vaø 1 loaøi boø saùt. Tuy vaäy ñôït khaœo saùt ñöôïc tieán haønh trong muøa thu<br />
neân möùc ñoä hoaït ñoäng cuœa caùc loaøi chim vaø caùc loaøi böôùm giaœm xuoáng . Ñieàu naøy daãn ñeán<br />
soá lieäu veà söï phong phuù bò thieáu huït .Caùc cuoäc khaœo saùt trong töông lai caàn ñöôïc tieán haønh<br />
giöõa muøa xuaân khi hoaït ñoäng cuœa caùc loaøi böôùm vaø chim ñaït ñænh ñieååm.<br />
Tính ñaëc höõu cuœa khu Baœo toàn Thieân nhieân Xuaân Lieân ôœ möùc ñoä trung bình: 4 loaøi thöïc vaät<br />
ñaëc höõu ( Cinnamomum balansae, Colona poilanei, Croton bonianus, Macaranga balansae),<br />
hai loaøi chim ñaëc höõu ( Megalaima lagrandieri, Jabouilleia danjoui ) vaø moät loaøi eách nhaùi ñaëc<br />
höõu ( Rana microlineata) ñaõ ñöôïc phaùt hieän.Möôøi loaøi böôùm ñaëc höõu ñaõ ñöôïc ghi nhaän, taäp<br />
trung vaøo hai hoï: Satyridae, Amthsiidae.<br />
Caùc loaøi thuù lôùn ñöôïc ghi nhaän trong khu bao goàm Hoå Pan<strong>the</strong>ra tigris, loaøi boø Toùt Bos<br />
gaurus, loaøi Gaáu ngöïa Ursus thibetanus vaø loaøi Gaáu Choù U. malayanus, maëc duø quaàn <strong>the</strong>å cuœa<br />
caùc loaøi naøy raát nhoœ vaø chia caét do aùp löïc cuœa saên baét. Hôn nöõa, khu Xuaân Lieân gaàn vôùi khu<br />
Baœo toàn Thieân nhieân döï kieán Puø Hoaït thuoäc tænh Ngheä An, coù chung 20 km ñöôøng ranh giôùi<br />
vaø toång dieän tích cuœa hai khu laø 90,841 ha.<br />
Moät trong nhöõng keát quaœ quan troïng thu ñöôïc töø ñôït khaœo saùt laø phaùt hieän loaøi Mang<br />
Roosevelt Muntiacus rooseveltorum. Loaøi naøy laàn ñaàu tieân ñöôïc phaùt hieän taïi Laøo caùch ñaây<br />
69 naêm, nhö vaäy ñaây laø laàn ñaàu tieân chuùng ñöôïc phaùt hieän ôœ Vieät Nam. Phaùt hieän naøy coù<br />
yù nghóa to lôùn ñoái vôùi khoa hoïc hôn nöõa, keát quaœ khaœo saùt cuõng ñaõ ghi nhaän moät loaøi böôùm<br />
vöøa môùi ñöôïc phaùt hieän ôœ Vieät Nam (Ypthima sp.nova), cuøng vôùi 6 loaøi ghi nhaän môùi cho<br />
Vieät Nam.<br />
Vôùi keát quaœ khaœo saùt ñaõ ñeà xuaát hai phöông aùn löïa choïn ranh giôùi cho khu Baœo toàn Thieân<br />
nhieân Xuaân Lieân. Hai phöông aùn naøy ñaõ ñöôïc thaœo luaän taïi cuoäc hoäi thaœo thaùng 2 naêm 1999<br />
taïi tænh Thanh Hoùa. Dieän tích ranh giôùi khu Baœo toàn Thieân nhieân <strong>the</strong>o löïa choïn 1 laø 16.500<br />
ha, <strong>the</strong>o löïa choïn 2 laø 23.610 ha, bao goàm 18.522 ha röøng caùc loaïi. Caœ hai giaœi phaùp trong<br />
khu baœo toàn khoâng coù khu daân cö vaø ñaát noâng nghieäp. Löïa choïn 2 ñaõ ñöôïc öu tieân, löïa<br />
choïn vaø thoâng qua taïi hoäi thaœo naøy.<br />
Keát quaœ khaœo saùt chæ ra raèng, beân caïnh vieäc phaùt hieän loaøi Mang Roosevelt coù yù nghóa lôùn<br />
ix
lao, khu Baœo toàn Thieân nhieân döï kieán Xuaân Lieân coù giaù trò baœo toàn ôœ caáp trung bình so vôùi<br />
caùc khu vöïc khaùc cuœa Thanh Hoùa cuõng nhö mieàn Trung Vieät Nam. UŒy ban nhaân daân tænh<br />
Thanh Hoaù neân caân ñoái nguoàn kinh phí haïn heïp moät caùch hôïp lyù cho vieäc thaønh laäp vaø<br />
quaœn lyù caùc khu Baœo toàn treân cô sôœ öu tieân cho nhöõng khu coù taàm quan troïng baœo toàn toaøn<br />
caàu. Chaúng haïn khu Baœo toàn Thieân nhieân döï kieán Puø Luoâng vaø vuøng ôœ phiaù Taây cuœa vöôøn<br />
quoác gia Cuùc Phöông laø nôi cö truù cuœa quaàn <strong>the</strong>å linh tröôœng bò ñe doïa toaøn caàu, cuï <strong>the</strong>å ñoái<br />
vôùi loaøi Vooïc quaàn ñuøi bò ñe doïa nghieäm troïng (Semnopi<strong>the</strong>cus francoisi delacouri). Ñaây laø<br />
nhöõng nôi giöõ vò trí öu tieân haøng ñaàu cho coâng taùc baœo toàn (<strong>the</strong>o lôøi cuœa OÂng F. Momberg).<br />
Neáu döï aùn xaây döïng ñaäp thuœy ñieän Cöœa Ñaït ñöôïc thöïc hieän, keát quaœ hoà chöùa seõ laøm ngaäp<br />
1717 ha thuoäc khu Baœo toàn Thieân nhieân döï kieán. Vieäc quyeát ñònh thi coâng ñaäp Cöœa Ñaït hay<br />
khoâng caàn phaœi döïa treân cô sôœ quaù trình Ñaùnh giaù Taùc ñoäng Moâi tröôøng.<br />
x
1. Introduction<br />
1.1 Geography, Demographics, Economics and Environment<br />
Geography. The Socialist Republic <strong>of</strong> Vietnam is a relatively narrow strip running north-south along<br />
<strong>the</strong> eastern coast <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Indochinese Peninsula. With a 3,000 km coastline, Vietnam extends from<br />
23°37.5' to 8°00.5’N. It is approximately 525 km across at its widest point and 47 km across at its<br />
narrowest point. Vietnam’s total land area is 331,689 km 2 . Mountain ranges extend along Vietnam’s<br />
border with <strong>the</strong> People’s Republic <strong>of</strong> China in <strong>the</strong> north, and along <strong>the</strong> borders with <strong>the</strong> Lao People’s<br />
Democratic Republic and <strong>the</strong> Kingdom <strong>of</strong> Cambodia in <strong>the</strong> west. The highest point is Mount Fan Si<br />
Pan in <strong>the</strong> far north at 3,143 m, although average mountain altitudes are around 1,000 m. Vietnam is<br />
topographically complex with <strong>the</strong> exception <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> narrow, coastal lowlands <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> central region and<br />
<strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mekong Delta region.<br />
Demographics. The population <strong>of</strong> Vietnam is approximately 77 million people (1998) with a growth<br />
rate <strong>of</strong> 2.3% (at this rate, <strong>the</strong> population will double in 32 years time). The country is comprised <strong>of</strong> 61<br />
provinces with 570 urban centres. Eighty percent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> population live in rural areas. Two cities have<br />
over 1 million inhabitants: Ho Chi Minh City (<strong>for</strong>merly Saigon) and Hanoi, <strong>the</strong> capital. Literacy rates<br />
are high: 93% <strong>for</strong> males and 83% <strong>for</strong> females. Life expectancy is 62 years <strong>for</strong> males and 67 years <strong>for</strong><br />
females (Pham Ngoc Dang 1998).<br />
Economics. Vietnam is currently undergoing an economic transition towards a more open economy.<br />
Vietnam’s annual per capita gross national product (GNP) is about US$250 (World Bank 1997). GNP<br />
has been growing rapidly <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> past decade. Vietnam’s leading exports in order <strong>of</strong> contribution to<br />
GNP are crude oil, coal, rice, c<strong>of</strong>fee, textiles, marine products, shoes, tea, cashew nuts and rubber. It is<br />
<strong>the</strong> world’s third largest rice exporter and <strong>the</strong> fifth largest c<strong>of</strong>fee exporter.<br />
Environment. Economic growth, infrastructure development, population growth, protracted wars,<br />
and <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> agriculture, <strong>for</strong>estry and fishing industries have resulted in over-exploitation <strong>of</strong><br />
Vietnam’s natural resources. The environment in Vietnam has largely been compromised; <strong>for</strong>est cover<br />
is estimated at less than 20% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country’s total land area (less than 10% primary <strong>for</strong>est) (Vo Quy<br />
1998). Over <strong>the</strong> last two decades, <strong>the</strong>re has been an average reduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est by 350,000 ha per year<br />
(Vo Quy 1998). Gross de<strong>for</strong>estation has been accompanied by degradation <strong>of</strong> arable land, soil erosion,<br />
destruction <strong>of</strong> water catchments, diminished groundwater sources, siltation and ecological degradation<br />
<strong>of</strong> coastal and submerged areas, and a loss <strong>of</strong> overall biodiversity within Vietnam.<br />
1.2 Conservation<br />
The Government <strong>of</strong> Vietnam recognised <strong>the</strong> necessity <strong>for</strong> conserving and rehabilitating <strong>the</strong> natural<br />
environment at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1970s. Its first priority was to provide areas <strong>for</strong> settling war veterans. The<br />
second priority was chemical detoxification and remediation <strong>for</strong> human resettlement <strong>of</strong> areas affected<br />
by chemical defoliants. The third priority was given to re<strong>for</strong>estation, establishing reserves and <strong>the</strong><br />
conversion <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>ests into cultivated land (MOF 1991a). Only in <strong>the</strong> 1990s has <strong>the</strong> conservation emphasis<br />
moved towards protecting endangered habitats and species.<br />
Vietnam’s <strong>for</strong>ests are divided into three categories (MOF 1991a,b):<br />
(a) Production Forests. These are <strong>for</strong>ested areas which can be allocated to any organisation or<br />
individual (with management requirements and harvesting regulations) <strong>for</strong> domestic<br />
commercial timber needs as stipulated in Vietnam’s Forestry Law, Articles 28-34;<br />
1
Section 1 - Introduction<br />
2<br />
(b) Watershed Protection Forests. These <strong>for</strong>ested areas can be allocated to <strong>for</strong>estry agencies,<br />
people’s committees, or to <strong>the</strong> people directly, with <strong>the</strong> main purposes <strong>of</strong> watershed<br />
protection, soil erosion control and <strong>for</strong>eshore protection with special provisions as per<br />
Articles 35-37; and<br />
(c) Special-use Forests. These are <strong>for</strong>ested lands allocated <strong>for</strong> environment conservation, tourism,<br />
educational purposes, national defence, and o<strong>the</strong>r special uses. These lands can be allocated<br />
to organisations and agencies in <strong>the</strong> state <strong>for</strong>estry sector which are expected to generate<br />
revenues outside <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> strict preservation areas and follow management procedures as per<br />
Articles 39-41. Special-use Forests are fur<strong>the</strong>r subdivided into:<br />
(i) Cultural and Historical Sites to preserve and maintain areas <strong>of</strong> national and cultural<br />
interest and importance;<br />
(ii) <strong>Nature</strong> Reserves intended to preserve all representative <strong>for</strong>est types and to conserve<br />
biodiversity; and<br />
(iii) National Parks to protect and conserve all major types <strong>of</strong> wildlife and habitat types<br />
found within <strong>of</strong> Vietnam.<br />
Vietnam currently has proposals <strong>for</strong> 105 protected areas, comprising 976,000 ha or 3% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total<br />
land area. Under Special-use Forest classification <strong>the</strong>re are 10 national parks, 61 nature reserves, and 34<br />
cultural <strong>of</strong> historical sites (Dang Huy Huynh 1998). Vietnam is actively gazetting new sites as part <strong>of</strong> its<br />
treaty obligations under <strong>the</strong> Convention on Biological Diversity. Under this treaty, Vietnam has agreed<br />
to increase its protected area system to 2,000,000 ha by <strong>the</strong> year 2000, <strong>the</strong>reby doubling its network <strong>of</strong><br />
Special-use Forests.<br />
Vietnam supports approximately 275 mammal species, 826 bird species, 260 reptile species, 82 amphibian<br />
species, 500 freshwater fish species, 2,000 marine fish species and 12,000 plant species (Dang Huy<br />
Huynh 1998, MacKinnon 1996).<br />
1.3 Forest in Thanh Hoa Province<br />
The natural vegetation <strong>of</strong> Thanh Hoa province is semi-evergreen rain<strong>for</strong>est in <strong>the</strong> lowlands in <strong>the</strong> east<br />
and centre <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> province, with sub-montane dry evergreen <strong>for</strong>est in <strong>the</strong> mountains in <strong>the</strong> west<br />
(MacKinnon 1996). A thin belt <strong>of</strong> limestone <strong>for</strong>est runs across <strong>the</strong> north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> province, along <strong>the</strong><br />
borders with Ninh Binh and Hoa Binh provinces.<br />
In Thanh Hoa province, <strong>for</strong>est cover originally stretched from <strong>the</strong> coastal plains to <strong>the</strong> border with<br />
Laos. However, <strong>the</strong> coastal plains were almost entirely de<strong>for</strong>ested prior to 1945 to make way <strong>for</strong> wet rice<br />
cultivation. Since <strong>the</strong>n, <strong>the</strong>re has been a gradual erosion <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est in <strong>the</strong> foothills and mountains in <strong>the</strong><br />
centre and west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> province, as a result <strong>of</strong> shifting cultivation, commercial logging activities and<br />
resettlement <strong>of</strong> people from <strong>the</strong> lowlands. Between 1983 and 1995, 95,000 ha <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est was lost, at a<br />
rate <strong>of</strong> 8,000 ha per year (unpublished data from <strong>the</strong> Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI)).<br />
In <strong>the</strong> foothills, remaining <strong>for</strong>est areas are fragmented. However, large areas <strong>of</strong> continuous <strong>for</strong>est cover<br />
remain in <strong>the</strong> mountains close to <strong>the</strong> border with Laos.<br />
The current and proposed system <strong>of</strong> Special-use Forests in Thanh Hoa province includes Ben En National<br />
Park, in <strong>the</strong> south-east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> province, which covers 16,634 ha. Three proposed nature reserves in <strong>the</strong><br />
west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> province, Pu Luong, Pu Hu and <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong>, cover a fur<strong>the</strong>r 56,857 ha. Additionally, limestone
Section 1 - Introduction<br />
<strong>for</strong>est areas in <strong>the</strong> north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> province are protected by Cuc Phuong National Park, which extends<br />
across three provinces: Thanh Hoa, Ninh Binh and Hoa Binh (Map 1).<br />
1.4 <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve<br />
Forests in <strong>the</strong> west <strong>of</strong> Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces protect <strong>the</strong> watershed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chu River, <strong>the</strong><br />
second largest river in Thanh Hoa province. These <strong>for</strong>ests include Pu Hoat proposed nature reserve in<br />
Que Phong district, Nghe An province, and areas in south-west Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> district, Thanh Hoa<br />
province. In 1996, <strong>the</strong> Asian Development Bank provided assistance to plan <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
western catchment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chu River. In 1997, Thanh Hoa Provincial Forest Protection Department<br />
(FPD) submitted a proposal to <strong>the</strong> Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) to include<br />
<strong>the</strong> upstream area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chu River catchment in Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> district, Thanh Hoa province in Vietnam’s<br />
system <strong>of</strong> Special-use Forests as <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve.<br />
In October and November 1998, FIPI and <strong>the</strong> BirdLife International Vietnam Programme, in<br />
coordination with Thanh Hoa Provincial FPD, carried out a field survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature<br />
reserve as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> EU-funded project “Expanding <strong>the</strong> Protected Areas Network in Vietnam <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
21 st Century”. Data on <strong>the</strong> biodiversity, population and economic conditions in <strong>the</strong> area were collected,<br />
and two potential boundaries <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve were identified. The data was used to<br />
prepare this feasibility study.<br />
This feasibility study is <strong>the</strong> initial step in <strong>the</strong> process to <strong>for</strong>mally establish <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve,<br />
Thanh Hoa province. This report is an English translation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> original feasibility study, which was<br />
published in Vietnamese in December 1998.<br />
3
4<br />
2. Site Features<br />
2.1 Biogeography<br />
According to <strong>the</strong> classification <strong>of</strong> MacKinnon (1996), <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve is located in<br />
sub-unit 10b (North Indochina) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Indo-Chinese sub-region; and, according to <strong>the</strong> classification <strong>of</strong><br />
Wikramanayake et al. (1997), <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve is situated within <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Indochina<br />
Subtropical Forests Ecoregion.<br />
2.2 Location<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve is located in Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> district, Thanh Hoa province, and is<br />
bounded by <strong>the</strong> coordinates 19°52' to 20°02'N and 104°58' to 105°15'E (Map 1). The proposed<br />
nature reserve includes all or part <strong>of</strong> six communes: Bat Mot, Yen Nhan, <strong>Xuan</strong> Khao, <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong>, <strong>Xuan</strong> My<br />
and Van <strong>Xuan</strong>.<br />
The proposed nature reserve is bordered by <strong>the</strong> Cao River to <strong>the</strong> north, <strong>the</strong> provincial border with<br />
Nghe An to <strong>the</strong> south and west, and <strong>the</strong> Ta Leo and Bu Khong mountains and <strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Cao and Chu Rivers to <strong>the</strong> east.<br />
2.3 Topography<br />
The proposed nature reserve is situated in a belt <strong>of</strong> mountains running from Sam Neua in Laos to<br />
Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> and Nhu <strong>Xuan</strong> districts in Thanh Hoa province. These mountains contain many high<br />
peaks, such as Ta Leo (1,400 m), Bu Cho (1,563 m), Bu Hon Han (1,208 m), and an unnamed<br />
1,605 m peak. The topography <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve is characterised by low mountains, dissected by<br />
deep, narrow valleys.<br />
Two main topographic <strong>for</strong>ms dominate <strong>the</strong> area:<br />
(a) Medium High Mountains. Located at elevations <strong>of</strong> 800 to 1,600 m in <strong>the</strong> Cao and<br />
Nam Boo River basins, <strong>the</strong>se mountains are dissected by deep, narrow valleys, sloping<br />
from west to east. Slopes are steep, averaging 35°. These areas cover a total <strong>of</strong> 4,289 ha or<br />
18% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area.<br />
(b) Low Mountains and Foothills These areas are located at elevations below 800 m and lie<br />
mainly in <strong>the</strong> east, in <strong>the</strong> Cao River basin, and in <strong>the</strong> south, near <strong>the</strong> border with Nghe<br />
An province. Slopes in <strong>the</strong>se areas are generally shallower: on average 20 to 25° <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
low mountain areas and 15 to 20° <strong>for</strong> foothill areas. The topography is less complex<br />
than in <strong>the</strong> higher areas. These areas cover a total <strong>of</strong> 19,321 ha, representing 82% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
study area.<br />
Several o<strong>the</strong>r topographic types also occur in <strong>the</strong> study area, though <strong>the</strong>y cover only small, scattered<br />
areas. Karsts occur at elevations below 800 m and may have extremely steep slopes (60 to 70°) with<br />
vertical cliffs in places. Access to <strong>the</strong>se areas is <strong>of</strong>ten difficult. The topography <strong>of</strong> valleys in <strong>the</strong> study<br />
area varies: valley floors are narrow in upstream areas, becoming wider in <strong>the</strong> lower sections <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cao,<br />
Kue and Chu Rivers. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se lower sections have relatively flat, fertile valleys.
2.4 Meteorology<br />
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
The topography and geomorphology <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area has affinities with <strong>the</strong> north-western regions <strong>of</strong><br />
Vietnam. However, <strong>the</strong> climate is more similar to that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lowlands and foothills <strong>of</strong> Thanh Hoa<br />
province.<br />
Data from nearby meteorological stations in Bai Thuong, Nhu <strong>Xuan</strong> and Quy Chau districts are indicative<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> climatic conditions in <strong>the</strong> study area (Table 1).<br />
Table 1: Metereological Data from Three Wea<strong>the</strong>r Stations near <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong><br />
Reserve<br />
Meteorological Data Bai Thuong Nhu <strong>Xuan</strong> Quy Chau<br />
Latitude 19°54'N 19°38'N 19°33'N<br />
Longitude 105°23'E 105°34'E 105°07'E<br />
Altitude (m) 21 10 87<br />
Period <strong>of</strong> measurements 1961 to 1995 1964 to 1995 1962 to 1995<br />
Annual mean temperature (°C) 23.3 23.3 23.1<br />
Absolute minimum temperature (°C) 2.6 3.1 0.6<br />
Absolute maximum temperature (°C) 41.5 41.7 41.3<br />
Total annual rainfall (mm) 1937.3 1790.4 1734.5<br />
Maximum daily rainfall (mm) 314.8 376.7 290.1<br />
Annual no. <strong>of</strong> rainy days 149 124 150<br />
Annual humidity (% RH) 85 85 86<br />
Evaporation (mm) 783 926 704<br />
The coldest month is January and <strong>the</strong> hottest months are June and July. The highest rainfall occurs<br />
during <strong>the</strong> six months from May to October. Rainfall is heaviest in August and September, with occasional<br />
high intensity rain events <strong>of</strong> greater than 350 mm per day. Rainfall during <strong>the</strong> rainy season accounts <strong>for</strong><br />
90% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total yearly rainfall. Heavy floods and erosion <strong>of</strong>ten occur in this period. The dry season<br />
occurs between November and April, with December to March being particularly dry. Annual mean<br />
humidity is 85% but may be as low as 16% in <strong>the</strong> dry season. Evaporation is highest during <strong>the</strong> dry<br />
season.<br />
Frosts <strong>of</strong>ten occur in winter, particularly during January and February, and most <strong>of</strong>ten in valleys, high<br />
hills and mountains. They usually last <strong>for</strong> one or two days but may be as prolonged as 10 days.<br />
Wind directions are generally, though not solely, seasonal: north-easterly in <strong>the</strong> dry season and sou<strong>the</strong>asterly<br />
in rainy season. South-westerly and south-easterly winds may also occur in <strong>the</strong> dry season. In<br />
addition, hot, dry westerly winds, blowing from Laos to <strong>the</strong> centre <strong>of</strong> Vietnam <strong>of</strong>ten occur from May to<br />
August, affecting <strong>the</strong> valleys and low areas. Wind speeds can be strong, occasionally reaching <strong>for</strong>ce eight<br />
or nine.<br />
The combination <strong>of</strong> heavy rainfall over a short period <strong>of</strong> time and strong winds can cause sudden<br />
flooding <strong>of</strong> rivers and streams, and necessitates <strong>the</strong> adoption <strong>of</strong> precautionary measures in <strong>the</strong> planning<br />
<strong>of</strong> conservation and development projects.<br />
Climate is strongly influenced by topography and geomorphology. The average temperature in <strong>the</strong> foothills<br />
is 23°C, and in <strong>the</strong> mountains is 21°C. The minimum temperature in <strong>the</strong> mountains is 0.4°C. Rainfall<br />
averages between 1,700 and 2,000 mm. However, rainfall in <strong>the</strong> wetter areas averages between 2,000 and<br />
2,500 mm and may be up to 3,000 mm in some years. Rainfall in drier areas averages 1,400 mm, but may<br />
5
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
be as low as 1,060 mm in some years. The foothills have between 120 and 130 rainy days per year, while<br />
<strong>the</strong> mountains have 149 or 150. Evaporation is higher in <strong>the</strong> foothills (900 to 1,000 mm/year) than in <strong>the</strong><br />
mountains (700 to 800 mm/year).<br />
6<br />
2.5 Hydrology<br />
There are three main river systems in <strong>the</strong> nature reserve:<br />
(a) Chu River Basin. The Chu River is <strong>the</strong> second largest river in Thanh Hoa province. The<br />
Chu River originates in Laos and flows through Nghe An province be<strong>for</strong>e passing through<br />
<strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve. The Chu River is important <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> transportation <strong>of</strong> goods<br />
and produce, water resources, hydro-electricity, irrigation, and drainage. The area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Chu River watershed is 81,594 ha, excluding a section in Laos. The river bed is narrow,<br />
running through areas <strong>of</strong> high, sloping topography and has rapid currents. Table 2<br />
summarises <strong>the</strong> hydrological features <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chu River, measured at Bai Thuong Dam.<br />
Table 2: Hydrological Features <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chu River at Bai Thuong Dam<br />
Hydrological Feature Measurement<br />
Average annual flow volume (m 3 /yr) 4.57 x 10 9<br />
Average flow rate (m 3 /s) 145<br />
Dry season flow rate (m 3 /s) 23<br />
Rainy season flow rate (m 3 /s) 6,700<br />
Maximum (rainy season) water level (m) 21.41<br />
Minimum (dry season) water level (m) 15.80<br />
(b) Cao River Basin. The Cao River (also known as <strong>the</strong> Khao River) is <strong>the</strong> largest tributary <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Chu River and has a catchment <strong>of</strong> 30,587 ha. The river originates in <strong>the</strong> mountains in<br />
Bat Mot commune, runs through Yen Nhan and <strong>Xuan</strong> Khao communes and meets <strong>the</strong><br />
Chu River at Lang Thon village. The upstream reaches <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cao River are very narrow<br />
and steep, with many waterfalls; Tieu waterfall in Bat Mot commune, <strong>for</strong> example, is more<br />
than 60 m high.<br />
(c) Kue River Basin. The Kue River (also known as <strong>the</strong> Nam Bung) is also a large tributary <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Chu River. It drains <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn section <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area. The river originates on <strong>the</strong><br />
south-facing slopes <strong>of</strong> Ban Mua and Bu Hon Han mountains and flows through Bat Mot,<br />
and <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> communes be<strong>for</strong>e meeting <strong>the</strong> Chu River at <strong>the</strong> border between Thanh<br />
Hoa and Nghe An provinces.<br />
In addition to <strong>the</strong> Cao and Kue Rivers, numerous smaller tributaries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chu River originate in <strong>the</strong><br />
study area. These include <strong>the</strong> Hon Yen stream originating on <strong>the</strong> north-east-facing slopes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bu<br />
Cho and Ta Leo mountains in <strong>the</strong> east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area. In general, water courses in <strong>the</strong> study area are<br />
permanent and fringed by intact <strong>for</strong>est cover.<br />
Surveys were undertaken at several sites to assess <strong>the</strong> hydrogeology <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> region. Water was found at 1<br />
to 2 m below <strong>the</strong> surface at most sites located in valleys. The lowest water-table was found to be 7 to 8<br />
m below <strong>the</strong> surface. These results indicate that groundwater is abundant in <strong>the</strong> area. However, this is<br />
only a preliminary assessment <strong>of</strong> underground water resources due to <strong>the</strong> dearth <strong>of</strong> data on <strong>the</strong><br />
groundwater characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> region
2.6 Geomorphology<br />
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
The geology <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area is varied and includes sedimentary material (flagstone, limestone, precipitated<br />
sand and pebbles, and clay flagstone), schist, spilite, aldezite, and o<strong>the</strong>r metamorphic rocks such as<br />
marble and mica. These deposits are ei<strong>the</strong>r separated evenly or closely intertwined.<br />
Generally, <strong>the</strong> mountains in central Vietnam, adjacent to <strong>the</strong> Laos border are <strong>for</strong>med from igneous<br />
material such as riolite and granite. They have sharp peaks and steep slopes compared to <strong>the</strong> surrounding<br />
mountains and hills, and were <strong>for</strong>med during <strong>the</strong> late Cretaceous period.<br />
The central low hills and mountain areas are less than 800 m high, averaging 400 to 500 m. They are<br />
<strong>for</strong>med from a variety <strong>of</strong> undivided red sedimentary rocks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jurassic period, including clay schist,<br />
aerolites, pebbles and some limestone. In western Thanh Hoa province, and in this area in particular,<br />
mining <strong>of</strong> minerals has taken place in <strong>the</strong> past, including tin, gold, pyrite and antimony.<br />
2.7 Soil<br />
The main soil types found in <strong>the</strong> study area are:<br />
(a) Feralite Humus Soil in Medium High Mountains (FH). This soil type covers 4,289 ha or<br />
18% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area. It is <strong>for</strong>med in hot, humid conditions, on steep slopes, without<br />
stagnant water or agglomeration but with a high proportion <strong>of</strong> humus (<strong>the</strong> humus ratio in<br />
<strong>the</strong> surface layer is over 8 to 10%). The soil layer is thin, red-yellow in colour and contains<br />
a high proportion <strong>of</strong> stones. This soil type is distributed between 800 and 1,700 m on Bu<br />
Hon Han and Ban Mua mountains, and in mountains on <strong>the</strong> borders with Nghe An<br />
province and Laos.<br />
(b) Feralite Soil in Lowlands (F): This soil type covers 19,321 ha or 82% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area.<br />
The colour <strong>of</strong> this typical feralite soil depends on <strong>the</strong> tectonic rock upon which it is based.<br />
It is found at elevations below 800 m and typically includes:<br />
(i) Yellow and Red Feralite Soil on Metamorphic Rock and Clay Schist in Lowlands (Fs).<br />
The mechanical composition is heavy, and <strong>the</strong> soil layer is thick and contains few<br />
stones. It is distributed in Bat Mot, <strong>Xuan</strong> Le and <strong>Xuan</strong> My communes;<br />
(ii) Light Yellow Feralite Soil on Sandstone in Lowlands (F9). The mechanical composition<br />
is light, and <strong>the</strong> soil layer is from thin to average and mixed with stones. It has a<br />
scattered distribution in Bat Mot, Yen Nhan, <strong>Xuan</strong> My, Van <strong>Xuan</strong> and <strong>Xuan</strong> Le<br />
communes; and<br />
(iii) Yellow and Red Feralite Soil on Magmatic Acidic Rock in Lowlands (Fa). The mechanical<br />
composition has an incohesive structure. The soil layer is thin and mixed with stones.<br />
It is mainly distributed in Yen Nhan, <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong>, <strong>Xuan</strong> Khao, <strong>Xuan</strong> My, Van <strong>Xuan</strong><br />
and <strong>Xuan</strong> Le communes.<br />
(c) River and Stream Alluvial Soil (P). This is a fertile soil, brown in colour, deeply layered,<br />
medium to light textured and porous. It is distributed along rivers and streams in <strong>the</strong> study<br />
area, most commonly in <strong>the</strong> lower basins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cao and Khue Rivers. This soil type covers<br />
less than 1% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area.<br />
7
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
8<br />
2.8 Flora Overview<br />
The field survey recorded 560 species <strong>of</strong> vascular<br />
plants in 381 genera and 124 families (Table 3).<br />
These species include 222 timber species, 31<br />
ornamental species and 116 species with known<br />
medicinal uses (Appendix 1).<br />
The flora <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve is<br />
characterised by taxa indigenous to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Vietnam and sou<strong>the</strong>rn China, such as members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Fagaceae and Lauraceae. In addition, <strong>the</strong>re are two o<strong>the</strong>r major elements to <strong>the</strong> flora. The first is an<br />
Indo-Malayan element which includes members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dipterocarpaceae and Combretaceae toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with a number <strong>of</strong> deciduous species such as Lagerstroemia tomentosa and Tetrameles nudiflora. The<br />
second is a temperate Sino-Himalayan element, characteristic <strong>of</strong> Yunnan and <strong>the</strong> Himalayan foothills;<br />
included in this element are several conifers and a number <strong>of</strong> broadleaf deciduous tree species.<br />
Of <strong>the</strong> 124 plant families represented, 12 families contain 10 or more species. These are <strong>the</strong> Euphorbiaceae<br />
(with 33 species), Lauraceae (25), Poaceae (22), Rubiaceae (20), Orchidaceae (20), Moraceae (18), Fagaceae<br />
(14), Fabaceae (14), Caesalpiniaceae (11), Asteraceae (11), Meliaceae (11) and Arecaceae (10). However, <strong>the</strong><br />
most abundant species in <strong>the</strong> study area belong to <strong>the</strong> Dipterocarpaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae,<br />
Sapotaceae, Sapindaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Cupressaceae and Poaceae. Stands<br />
<strong>of</strong> bamboo, comprising species such as Neohouzeana dulloa and Dendrocalamus patellaris, are found in<br />
areas where <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est has been very heavily disturbed. The tree flora <strong>of</strong> medium to high montane mixed<br />
coniferous and broadleaf evergreen <strong>for</strong>est is dominated by Hopea mollissima (Dipterocarpaceae); although<br />
conifers, including Fokienia hodginsii, are also present in smaller numbers. Conifers and broadleaf trees<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>for</strong>m significant stands <strong>of</strong> mixed <strong>for</strong>est, at elevations above 1,200 m.<br />
The conservation importance <strong>of</strong> several<br />
species is notable. Of <strong>the</strong> 560 species<br />
recorded during <strong>the</strong> field survey, four are<br />
endemic to Vietnam (Cinnamomum<br />
balansae, Colona poilanei, Croton boniana<br />
and Macaranga balansae) and six are<br />
listed as threatened in <strong>the</strong> IUCN Red List<br />
<strong>of</strong> Threatened Plants (IUCN 1997)<br />
(Table 4).<br />
2.9 Vegetation Types<br />
The results from <strong>the</strong> field<br />
survey show that <strong>for</strong>est covers<br />
78.5% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total area,<br />
although a large proportion <strong>of</strong><br />
this is bamboo <strong>for</strong>est with<br />
varying degrees <strong>of</strong> disturbance<br />
(Table 5 and Map 2).<br />
The classification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> main<br />
<strong>for</strong>est types in <strong>the</strong> study area<br />
Table 3: Floral Diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area<br />
Taxon Families Genera Species<br />
Lycopodiophyta 2 2 3<br />
Polypodiophyta 13 22 31<br />
Pinophyta 5 6 6<br />
Magnoliopsida 88 284 430<br />
Liliopsida 16 67 90<br />
Total 124 381 560<br />
Table 4: Globally Threatened Plants Recorded in <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Study</strong> Area<br />
Species Current Status<br />
as per IUCN 1997<br />
Annamocarya sinensis R<br />
Calamus tonkinensis R<br />
Dalbergia tonkinensis V<br />
Fokienia hodginsii R<br />
Madhuca pasquieri R<br />
Parashorea chinensis R<br />
Notes: V = Vulnerable; R = Rare as per IUCN (1997).<br />
Table 5: Existing Vegetation Types in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area<br />
Vegetation Type Area (ha) Percent<br />
Primary Forest 1,762 7.5<br />
Elfin Forest 481 2.0<br />
Mixed Bamboo and Broadleaf Forest 2,245 9.5<br />
Pure Bamboo Forest 8,691 36.8<br />
Regenerating Forest 5,343 22.6<br />
Scrub and Grassland 4,690 19.9<br />
Agricultural Land 398 1.7<br />
Total 23,610 100.0
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
follows Thai Van Trung (1978). Based on this classification, <strong>the</strong> following <strong>for</strong>est types are found in<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve:<br />
(a) medium to high montane mixed coniferous and broadleaf evergreen <strong>for</strong>est;<br />
(b) low montane broadleaf evergreen <strong>for</strong>est; and<br />
(c) secondary <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
Forest type (a) broadly equates to sub-montane dry evergreen <strong>for</strong>est in <strong>the</strong> classification developed by<br />
MacKinnon and MacKinnon (1986) (and refined by MacKinnon in 1996); whilst <strong>for</strong>est type (b)<br />
broadly equates to tropical semi-evergreen rain<strong>for</strong>est.<br />
9
10<br />
LEGEND<br />
Vietnam / Lao Border<br />
Provincial Border<br />
District Border<br />
Commune Border<br />
Proposed Boundary <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
800 m Contour Line<br />
Stream or River<br />
LAND USE<br />
Elfin Forest<br />
Rich Forest<br />
Medium Forest<br />
Poor Forest<br />
Pure Bamboo Forest (Dendrocalamus)<br />
Pure Bamboo Forest ( Neohouzeana)<br />
Mixed Broadleaf and Neohouzeana Forest<br />
Mixed Broadleaf and Dendrocalamus Forest<br />
Regenerating Forest<br />
Grassland and Scrub<br />
Agricultural Land<br />
Map based on field survey in 1998<br />
Grid: UTM, zone 48; units: metric<br />
Map 2: Land-use in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
SCALE: 1:120,000<br />
Produced by <strong>the</strong> Forest Resources<br />
and Environment Centre <strong>of</strong> FIPI<br />
Section 2 - Site Features
Medium to High Montane Mixed Coniferous and Broadleaf Evergreen Forest<br />
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
This <strong>for</strong>est type is distributed between elevations <strong>of</strong> 800 and 1,605 m on Bu Cho, Ta Leo, Bu Hon Han<br />
and Ban Mua mountains. It occurs in areas with feralite soils, annual mean temperature <strong>of</strong> 20 to 22 0 C,<br />
average humidity <strong>of</strong> 86% and annual rainfall <strong>of</strong> greater than 2,000 mm. The dry season in <strong>the</strong>se areas<br />
lasts <strong>for</strong> less than three months, and <strong>the</strong>y experience more than 150 rainy days each year.<br />
This type <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est is generally undisturbed,<br />
although some small patches were cleared <strong>for</strong><br />
hill rice cultivation in <strong>the</strong> past. Forest has since<br />
begun to regenerate in <strong>the</strong>se areas. This <strong>for</strong>est<br />
type is dominated by tall broadleaf tree species.<br />
Many members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fagaceae are present,<br />
including Castanopsis spp., Lithocarpus spp. and<br />
Quercus fleuryi. Numerous species in <strong>the</strong><br />
Lauraceae occur, many <strong>of</strong> which are widely<br />
distributed. The Dipterocarpaceae is represented<br />
by fewer species but <strong>the</strong>se species are abundant<br />
in many areas. Coniferous species such as Fokienia hodginsii, Podocarpus imbricatus and Cunninghamia<br />
konishii are scattered throughout this <strong>for</strong>est type. Tables 6 and 7 show <strong>the</strong> tree composition <strong>of</strong> this <strong>for</strong>est<br />
type at two sample plots at different elevations.<br />
Many large trees in <strong>the</strong> Magnoliaceae occur in this <strong>for</strong>est type: Michelia spp., Manglietia spp. and<br />
Tsoongiodendron odorum. Specimens <strong>of</strong> Madhuca pasquieri can be found with diameters <strong>of</strong> 60 to 80 cm.<br />
In addition, <strong>the</strong> following families are also represented: Meliaceae (Aglaia spp.), Sapindaceae (Mischocarpus<br />
spp. and Pometia pinnata) and Ebenaceae (Diospyros spp).<br />
In undisturbed <strong>for</strong>est areas, trees with a mean<br />
diameter <strong>of</strong> 25 cm are interspersed with larger<br />
trees with diameters <strong>of</strong> over 50 cm. These larger<br />
trees include Madhuca pasquieri, Pometia<br />
pinnata, Michelia spp., Aglaia spp. and members<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fagaceae. These trees have a mean timber<br />
volume <strong>of</strong> 150 to 200 m 3 /ha.<br />
This <strong>for</strong>est type is stratified into four layers:<br />
Table 6: Composition <strong>of</strong> Mature Trees in Medium<br />
to High Montane Mixed Coniferous and<br />
Broadleaf Evergreen Forest at 1,200 m<br />
Taxon Density (%) Basal Area (%)<br />
Fagaceae 53 60<br />
Lauraceae 11 10<br />
Syzygium spp. 9 8<br />
Fokienia hodginsii 9 12<br />
Madhuca pasquieri 2 3<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r species 16 7<br />
Table 7: Composition <strong>of</strong> Mature Trees in Medium<br />
to High Montane Mixed Coniferous and<br />
Broadleaf Evergreen Forest at 1,000 m<br />
Taxon Density (%) Basal Area (%)<br />
Hopea mollissima 69 80<br />
Fagaceae 31 16<br />
Eberhardia tonkinensis 2 1<br />
Lauraceae 3 1<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r species 5 2<br />
(a) Emergent Layer. This includes two valuable coniferous species (Fokienia hodginsii and<br />
Cunninghamia konishii). The trees have an average diameter <strong>of</strong> 70 to 80 cm and a height <strong>of</strong><br />
30 to 35 m, significantly higher than <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est canopy layer.<br />
(b) Forest Canopy Layer. This is <strong>the</strong> dominant <strong>for</strong>est layer. A relatively even canopy, at a<br />
height <strong>of</strong> 20 to 22 m, is comprised predominantly <strong>of</strong> broadleaf tree species, such as Quercus<br />
spp., Lithocarpus spp., Hopea mollissima, Diospyros spp., Michelia spp. and Madhuca pasquieri.<br />
(c) Understorey. The understorey comprises many members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae,<br />
Theaceae and Rubiaceae.<br />
(d) Ground Layer. In addition to ferns, this layer includes species from <strong>the</strong> Araceae, Arecaceae<br />
and Marantaceae: Alocasia macrorrhiza, Homalonema occulta, Calamus platyacanthus, Rhapis<br />
macrantha and Phrynium spp.<br />
11
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
Regeneration <strong>of</strong> this <strong>for</strong>est type is good with a seedling density <strong>of</strong> 6,000 to 7,000 stems/ha. The density<br />
<strong>of</strong> mature trees and saplings with a height <strong>of</strong> more than 3 m is 2,500 to 3,000 stems/ha. In addition, <strong>the</strong><br />
composition <strong>of</strong> immature trees is very similar to that <strong>of</strong> mature trees, indicating that this is a climax<br />
community. Regeneration in <strong>for</strong>est gaps created by natural tree-fall usually involves Ficus auriculata,<br />
Ormosia spp., Albizia chinensis, Sapium spp. and Trema orientalis.<br />
This <strong>for</strong>est type covers 4,289 hectares or 18% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total area. Because this <strong>for</strong>est type has been<br />
subjected to minimal disturbance and is in a natural condition, it represents a good habitat <strong>for</strong> many<br />
animal species.<br />
Subtype: a) Mixed Coniferous and Broadleaf Forest Containing Fokienia hodginsii<br />
Two <strong>for</strong>est transects undertaken during <strong>the</strong> field survey identified areas <strong>of</strong> mixed <strong>for</strong>est <strong>of</strong> broadleaf and<br />
coniferous trees including Fokienia hodginsii. This <strong>for</strong>est subtype occurs at elevations above 1,000 m,<br />
on mountains such as Ta Leo, Bu Cho, Bu Hon Han and Ban Mua. F. hodginsii <strong>of</strong>ten grows on yellow,<br />
and yellow and red feralite soils with a thick humus layer, developed on igneous rocks such as riolite<br />
and granite.<br />
F. hodginsii occurs as emergent trees above <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est canopy with o<strong>the</strong>r coniferous species such as<br />
Cunninghamia konishii, Dacrycarpus imbricatus and species in <strong>the</strong> Fagaceae, Ericaceae, Lauraceae families.<br />
The average density <strong>of</strong> regenerating F. hodginsii seedlings is about 50 to 60 stems/ha.<br />
F. hodginsii generally occurs as mature trees with few immature specimens present, indicating a<br />
regeneration rate too low to maintain <strong>the</strong> species’ current distribution. The density <strong>of</strong> mature trees is<br />
only 5 to 6 trees/ha. Due to <strong>the</strong> extremely high economic value <strong>of</strong> this species, illegal exploitation has<br />
occurred in <strong>the</strong> past and continues at present. Consequently, <strong>the</strong> protection and regeneration <strong>of</strong> F.<br />
hodginsii is urgently required to restore and conserve this <strong>for</strong>est subtype, and, beyond <strong>the</strong> nature reserve,<br />
to ensure <strong>the</strong> supply <strong>of</strong> highly valuable trees in <strong>the</strong> future.<br />
Subtype: b) Elfin Forest<br />
Elfin <strong>for</strong>est occurs at elevations greater than 1,400 m on exposed mountain ridges and summits, such as<br />
on Ta Leo, Bu Cho, Bu Hon Han and Ban Mua mountains. These areas are characterised by frequent<br />
cloud cover at high elevations, high humidity and strong winds. Soils are light yellow, thin, with few<br />
stones and with little humus. Trees are overgrown with epiphytes, including mosses, ferns and orchids.<br />
Tree size varies with slope angle, elevation and thickness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> soil layer but trees generally have a<br />
twisted <strong>for</strong>m, a diameter <strong>of</strong> under 10 cm and a height <strong>of</strong> 5 to 6 m. Common tree species include<br />
Rhododendron spp., Lithocarpus fissa, Rhodoleia championii, and Schefflera spp.<br />
Low Montane Broadleaf Evergreen Forest<br />
This <strong>for</strong>est type covers 697 hectares and accounts <strong>for</strong> 3% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total area. It occurs at elevations <strong>of</strong> less<br />
than 800 m, on yellow and red feralite soil, developed on granite, sandstone and clay schist. The soil<br />
layer is <strong>of</strong> average to high thickness, although erosion has occurred in several areas as a result <strong>of</strong> shifting<br />
cultivation practised by local people.<br />
The vegetation in this <strong>for</strong>est type is generally complex and uneven due to <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> many fastgrowing,<br />
light-demanding trees from <strong>the</strong> Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Mimosaceae,<br />
Ebenaceae, Lauraceae, Fagaceae and Elaeocarpaceae.<br />
This <strong>for</strong>est type is stratified into three layers:<br />
12<br />
(a) Forest Canopy Layer. This is <strong>the</strong> ecologically dominant layer. It typically includes species<br />
from <strong>the</strong> following genera: Engelhardtia, Garcinia, Endospermum, Peltophorum, Adenan<strong>the</strong>ra,<br />
Gironniera, Elaeocarpus, Litsea and Beilschmiedia. Mean tree diameter is 26 cm and tree
height varies from 20 to 25 m.<br />
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
(b) Understorey. The understorey is shaded by <strong>the</strong> upper layer. It includes many species from<br />
<strong>the</strong> Euphorbiaceae, Tiliaceae, Rutaceae and Rubiaceae. Mean tree diameter is less than 20<br />
cm and average tree height is 15 to 16 m.<br />
(c) Ground Layer. The ground layer comprises ferns, Calamus spp., Livistona chinensis,<br />
Plectocomia elongata and Alocasia macrorrhiza.<br />
In some stands <strong>of</strong> this <strong>for</strong>est type, larger trees are present, with diameters <strong>of</strong> around 80 cm and heights<br />
<strong>of</strong> 25 to 30 m. These species include Ficus spp. and Dracontomelon duperreanum; whilst Shorea chinensis<br />
also occurs in upstream areas.<br />
Regeneration <strong>of</strong> this <strong>for</strong>est type is generally good, with <strong>the</strong> density <strong>of</strong> seedlings reaching up to 8,000<br />
stems/ha, and <strong>the</strong> density <strong>of</strong> mature trees and saplings with a height <strong>of</strong> more than 3 m being about<br />
2,200 stems/ha.<br />
Secondary Forest Types<br />
Subtype: a) Pure Bamboo Forest<br />
Pure bamboo <strong>for</strong>est is concentrated at elevations below 800 m and is <strong>of</strong>ten distributed along <strong>the</strong> banks<br />
<strong>of</strong> rivers and streams or near villages. Pure bamboo <strong>for</strong>est develops on fallow agricultural land that has<br />
been left uncultivated <strong>for</strong> a period <strong>of</strong> time. The dominant species <strong>of</strong> bamboo are Neohouzeana dulloa,<br />
Dendrocalamus patellaris and Bambusa sp. Pure bamboo <strong>for</strong>est can be divided into two categories:<br />
• Pure Dendrocalamus <strong>for</strong>est 1,565 ha (6.6%)<br />
• Pure Neohouzeana <strong>for</strong>est 7,126 ha (30.2%)<br />
N. dulloa has a diameter <strong>of</strong> about 5 cm, a height <strong>of</strong> 11 m, a mature stem density <strong>of</strong> 400 stems/ha and a<br />
density <strong>of</strong> young regenerating plants <strong>of</strong> 12,000 to 13,000 stems/ha. D. patellaris has a diameter <strong>of</strong><br />
about 4 cm, a height <strong>of</strong> 12 to 18 m. Bambusa has a diameter 5 to 6 cm, a height <strong>of</strong> 12m. Bambusa is<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten dispersed on <strong>the</strong> fringes <strong>of</strong> pure bamboo <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
Subtype: b) Mixed Bamboo and Broadleaf Evergreen Forest<br />
In this <strong>for</strong>est subtype, <strong>the</strong> bamboos D. patellaris and N. dulloa are mixed with broadleaf trees, such as<br />
Ormosia spp., Peltophorum dasyrrachis, Litsea spp., Michelia spp., Endospermum chinense, Grewia spp.,<br />
Trema orientalis and Allospondias lakonensis. In some areas <strong>of</strong> this <strong>for</strong>est subtype, broadleaf tree species<br />
with significant timber value occur, including Chukrasia tabularis Mischocarpus spp. and Michelia spp.<br />
Mixed bamboo and broadleaf evergreen <strong>for</strong>est can be divided into two categories:<br />
• Mixed broadleaf and Dendrocalamus <strong>for</strong>est 720 ha (3.05%)<br />
• Mixed broadleaf and Neohouzeana <strong>for</strong>est 1,525 ha (6.46%)<br />
Due to <strong>the</strong> high density <strong>of</strong> bamboo, light penetration to <strong>the</strong> ground layer is low. There<strong>for</strong>e, regeneration<br />
<strong>of</strong> tree species is generally poor: seedling density is usually less than 1,500 stems/ha. The ground layer<br />
is almost entirely devoid <strong>of</strong> grasses, lianas, palms and shrubs. Among <strong>the</strong> few species <strong>of</strong> herbaceous<br />
plants present are Phrynium spp., Alocasia macrorrhiza and Zingiber zerumbet, which are distributed<br />
along rivers and streams.<br />
Subtype: c) Secondary Broadleaf Evergreen Forest<br />
This <strong>for</strong>est subtype develops on abandoned agricultural land. The tree flora is comprised <strong>of</strong> fast-growing,<br />
light-demanding trees such as Symplocos spp., Syzygium spp., Litsea spp., Cinnamomum spp., Macaranga<br />
13
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
spp., Sapium spp. and Trema orientalis.<br />
This <strong>for</strong>est subtype <strong>of</strong>ten has only a single layer, with a canopy cover <strong>of</strong> around 80%. Both average tree<br />
diameter and tree height vary according to <strong>the</strong> stage <strong>of</strong> regeneration. In general, average tree diameter is<br />
below 10 cm and tree height is 6 to 7 m, although, in some places, tree height is only 3 m. No regeneration<br />
is occurring under <strong>the</strong> canopy layer. If left undisturbed, areas <strong>of</strong> secondary <strong>for</strong>est will eventually regenerate<br />
into low montane broadleaf evergreen <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
Subtype: d) Grassland and Scrub<br />
As a result <strong>of</strong> repeated clearance and cultivation <strong>of</strong> hill fields, many areas <strong>of</strong> grassland and scrub have<br />
developed. In general, <strong>the</strong> vegetation in <strong>the</strong>se areas comprises grass and herbaceous plants, interspersed with<br />
shrubs. Common grass species include Erianthus arundinaceus, Thysanolaena maxima and Imperata cylindrica;<br />
herbaceous plants include Cassia tora and Eupatorium odoratum; whilst common shrubs include Triumfetta<br />
pseudocana and Helicteres angustifolia. There is no regeneration <strong>of</strong> trees in <strong>the</strong>se areas. This vegetation subtype<br />
occurs around rivers, streams and villages with a total area <strong>of</strong> 4,690 ha (19.9% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area).<br />
14<br />
2.10 Mammals<br />
Various methods were used to identify mammal species in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est. These included direct observation,<br />
observation <strong>of</strong> tracks and interviews with local hunters. Thirty eight mammal species belonging to six<br />
orders and 16 families were recorded in <strong>the</strong> study area. Bats and small mammals were not studied<br />
during <strong>the</strong> field survey, however, studies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se groups would reveal a large number <strong>of</strong> additional<br />
species <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> area.<br />
Of <strong>the</strong> 38 mammal species recorded, 10 (26% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total) are globally threatened (IUCN 1996) (Table<br />
8). Of <strong>the</strong>se species, nine are listed as Vulnerable and only one, Tiger Pan<strong>the</strong>ra tigris, is listed as<br />
Endangered. A fur<strong>the</strong>r three species, Phayre’s Leaf Monkey Semnopi<strong>the</strong>cus phayrei, White-cheeked Gibbon<br />
Hylobates leucogenys and Sun Bear Ursus malayanus, are listed as Data Deficient but <strong>the</strong> continued<br />
survival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se species is almost certainly threatened.<br />
Mammal Records<br />
Roosevelt’s Muntjac Muntiacus rooseveltorum. A skull <strong>of</strong> a male muntjak was collected from a specimen<br />
which had been burned. The specimen was caught by Mr Lang Van Hoa, on 8 November 1998, in<br />
<strong>for</strong>est in <strong>the</strong> upstream area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ken River (19 0 59 ‘ N 104 0 59 ’ E). The maximum weight <strong>of</strong> this species<br />
is reported to be about 15 kg and <strong>the</strong> fur is dark brown. In<strong>for</strong>mation from local people suggests that<br />
this animal lives in closed evergreen <strong>for</strong>est and has a diet <strong>of</strong> leaves and fruits. During <strong>the</strong> study period,<br />
several more animals were trapped at elevations between 900 and 1,400 m. Preliminary analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
skull by Rob Timmins and Le Trong Trai identified <strong>the</strong> specimen as Roosevelt’s Muntjac; however,<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r analysis is required to confirm this determination. This species was first collected at Muong Yo,<br />
Laos, in 1929, and is known only from <strong>the</strong> holotype which is kept at <strong>the</strong> Field Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural<br />
History (Osgood 1932). If confirmed, <strong>the</strong> record from <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve would be<br />
<strong>the</strong> first <strong>for</strong> 69 years and <strong>the</strong> first record <strong>of</strong> this species in Vietnam.<br />
Gaur Bos gaurus. In<strong>for</strong>mation from local people indicates that <strong>the</strong>re are 15 to 20 Gaur in an area <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>for</strong>est near <strong>the</strong> old Ban Liem hamlet, close to <strong>the</strong> border with Nghe An province, <strong>of</strong> which three were<br />
reported to have been killed by hunters in 1997. During <strong>the</strong> field survey, many old footprints were<br />
observed but only one new footprint was noted: in <strong>the</strong> high mountains between Bat Mot and <strong>Xuan</strong><br />
<strong>Lien</strong> communes. In 1998, a number <strong>of</strong> local people observed a group <strong>of</strong> five Gaur in <strong>the</strong> upstream area<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nam Pong River. It seems that <strong>the</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong> Gaur in <strong>the</strong> study area includes <strong>for</strong>est areas<br />
near Ban Vin, Luc and Duc villages, although <strong>the</strong> population is fragmented into small groups due to<br />
hunting.
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
Table 8: Globally Threatened Mammals Recorded in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area<br />
Species Scientific Name Current Status<br />
as per IUCN 1996<br />
Primates: Primates:<br />
Lorises Loridae<br />
1. Lesser Slow Loris N. pygmaeus VU<br />
Old-world monkeys Cercopi<strong>the</strong>cidae<br />
2. Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis VU<br />
3. Bear Macaque M. arctoides VU<br />
Carnivores: Carnivora:<br />
Dogs and Foxes Canidae<br />
4. Indian Wild Dog or Dhole Cuon alpinus VU<br />
Bears Ursidae<br />
5. Asiatic Black Bear Ursus thibetanus VU<br />
Cats Felidae<br />
6. Clouded Leopard Pard<strong>of</strong>elis nebulosa VU<br />
7. Tiger Pan<strong>the</strong>ra tigris EN<br />
Even-toed Ungulates: Artiodactyla:<br />
Cattle, Antelopes, Goats Bovidae<br />
8. Gaur Bos gaurus VU<br />
9. Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Serow Naemorhedus sumatraensis VU<br />
Rodents: Rodentia:<br />
Old-world Porcupines Hystricidae<br />
10. Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyura VU<br />
Follows Corbet and Hill (1992). Notes: EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable as per IUCN (1996).<br />
Tiger. During <strong>the</strong> field survey, no traces <strong>of</strong> Tiger were found. However, hunters reported two Tigers<br />
being shot in <strong>the</strong> Hon Yen and Hon Lech stream areas two years ago. During September and October<br />
1998, a group <strong>of</strong> hunters observed Tiger footprints around traps set <strong>for</strong> smaller mammals.<br />
Asiatic Black Bear Ursus thibetanus. Skins <strong>of</strong> Asiatic Black Bear and a captive animal were observed at<br />
Liem village in <strong>the</strong> upstream area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ken River. In<strong>for</strong>mation from local people indicates that a<br />
population is present in <strong>the</strong> study area. On 3 November 1998, a member <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> survey team observed<br />
an Asiatic Black Bear on Bu Cho mountain (19°53’34"N 105°10’52"E, 1,563 m).<br />
Sun Bear. Although no Sun Bear skins were observed, <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> this species in <strong>the</strong> area was<br />
confirmed in interviews with hunters. Reportedly, Sun Bears account <strong>for</strong> only about 10% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total<br />
number <strong>of</strong> bears trapped each year.<br />
White-cheeked Gibbon. The call <strong>of</strong> White-cheeked Gibbon was heard in medium to high montane<br />
mixed coniferous and broadleaf evergreen <strong>for</strong>est in <strong>the</strong> Hon Lech stream and Ken River areas.<br />
Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis. Two Assamese Macaques were observed at border army station<br />
505 and one at Ban Vin village. Macaque calls were heard many times during <strong>the</strong> field survey but <strong>the</strong><br />
species could not be identified and could have been M. mulatta, M. assamensis or M. arctoides.<br />
Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta. A specimen <strong>of</strong> a male Rhesus Macaque was obtained by hunters in<br />
<strong>the</strong> upstream area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ken River. According to local people, this species is widespread and common.<br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Serow Naemorhedus sumatraensis. Tracks and droppings were observed during <strong>the</strong> field survey,<br />
15
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
although only one specimen was obtained from local hunters. The species requires rocky, montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est habitat, which is widespread in <strong>the</strong> area.<br />
2.11 Birds<br />
The field survey recorded 134 bird species belonging to 12 orders and 30 families in <strong>the</strong> study area. Of<br />
<strong>the</strong> 134 bird species recorded, two are listed as globally threatened (Collar et al. 1994) (Table 9).<br />
Two endemic bird species were recorded during <strong>the</strong> field survey: Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler Jabouilleia<br />
danjoui and Red-vented Barbet Megalaima lagrandieri, which are endemic to Vietnam and Laos.<br />
Table 9: Endemic and Globally Threatened Bird Species Recorded in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area<br />
Species Scientific Name Endemic Current Status as per<br />
Species Collar et al. 1994<br />
Megalaimidae<br />
1. Red-vented Barbet Megalaima lagrandieri EL<br />
Sylviidae<br />
2. Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler Jabouilleia danjoui EL VU<br />
3. Short-tailed Parrotbill Paradoxornis davidianus VU<br />
Follows Inskipp et al. (1996).<br />
Notes: VU = Vulnerable as per Collar et al. (1994). EL = Endemic to Vietnam and Laos.<br />
Bird Records<br />
Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis. A group <strong>of</strong> three Great Hornbills was observed along <strong>the</strong> Ken River.<br />
The bill <strong>of</strong> a female Great Hornbill, caught in <strong>the</strong> upstream area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ken River, was seen in a hunter’s<br />
house.<br />
Brown Hornbill Anorrhinus tickelli. Foraging birds <strong>of</strong> this species were seen and heard at <strong>the</strong> foot <strong>of</strong> Ta<br />
Leo mountain (19 o 51’53"N 105 o 11’32'’E). Many specimens <strong>of</strong> tail and wings were found in hunters’<br />
houses in Ban Vin village.<br />
Habitat Distribution <strong>of</strong> Bird and Mammal Species<br />
The composition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bird and mammal communities varies according to habitat type:<br />
16<br />
(a) Pure Bamboo Forest. The diversity <strong>of</strong> both mammal and bird species in this habitat is low.<br />
The only common mammals are squirrels and o<strong>the</strong>r rodents. Common birds include<br />
White-headed Babbler Gampsorhynchus rufulus, Short-tailed Parrotbill Paradoxornis<br />
davidianus, Striped Tit-babbler Macronous gularis and several species <strong>of</strong> woodpecker<br />
(Picidae). Pale-headed Woodpecker Gecinulus grantia is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> few bird species restricted<br />
to this habitat type.<br />
(b) Mixed Bamboo and Broadleaf Evergreen Forest. Several civet species are found in this<br />
habitat, including Binturong Arctictis binturong, Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata and<br />
Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermapharoditus. Common bird species include Brown<br />
Hornbill, Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus, Black-throated Laughingthrush<br />
Garrulax chinensis, Blue-winged Leafbird Chloropsis cochinchinensis and several species <strong>of</strong><br />
woodpecker and drongo (Dicrurus spp.).<br />
(c) Primary Forest. This habitat supports <strong>the</strong> greatest diversity <strong>of</strong> mammals and birds. Mammals<br />
found in this habitat type include Gaur, Asiatic Black Bear, Sun Bear, White-cheeked
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
Gibbon, Bear Macaque Macaca arctoides, Assamese Macaque, Tiger, Clouded Leopard<br />
Pard<strong>of</strong>elis nebulosa, Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Serow and several species <strong>of</strong> muntjac. Bird species <strong>of</strong><br />
conservation significance include Great Hornbill, Brown Hornbill and Blue-rumped Pitta<br />
Pitta soror. Several species <strong>of</strong> babbler (Garrulacinae and Timaliini) are restricted to <strong>for</strong>est<br />
at high elevations, including Grey Laughingthrush Garrulax maesi. This habitat supports<br />
approximately 80% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bird and mammal species in <strong>the</strong> study area.<br />
Exploitation <strong>of</strong> Mammals and Birds<br />
Hunting and trapping <strong>of</strong> wildlife is common in <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> Ban Vin village, Bat Mot commune. Most<br />
families have guns <strong>for</strong> hunting. These are usually ei<strong>the</strong>r 12 or 20 mm calibre, or occasionally homemade<br />
guns with one barrel <strong>of</strong> different diameters used to shoot large game or birds. Trapping <strong>of</strong> animals<br />
was very common in Ban Vin village until five years ago. Presently, <strong>the</strong>re are eight groups involved in<br />
trapping. Each group consists <strong>of</strong> five to eight people and lays about 200 traps. Results <strong>of</strong> trapping by<br />
hunters <strong>of</strong> Ban Vin village between September and early November provided <strong>the</strong> following data: 14<br />
Asiatic Black Bear, three Sun Bear, five Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Serow and 11 Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak. All<br />
trapped animal species, except bears, are used <strong>for</strong> food. Bears are sold to traders at a price <strong>of</strong> VND2 to<br />
5 million per animal.<br />
Illegal hunting threatens populations <strong>of</strong> large mammals and birds in <strong>the</strong> area. Unless effective management<br />
and protection measures are taken by <strong>the</strong> relevant authorities, <strong>the</strong> bird and mammal resources <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
area will be depleted in <strong>the</strong> near future.<br />
2.12 Herpetiles<br />
Species Composition Fifty three species <strong>of</strong> reptiles and amphibians were recorded in <strong>the</strong> study area<br />
during <strong>the</strong> field survey. These include 34 species <strong>of</strong> reptile, in three orders and 14 families, and 19<br />
species <strong>of</strong> amphibian, in one order and five families.<br />
Recent research has shown <strong>the</strong> range <strong>of</strong> several species present in <strong>the</strong> nature reserve area is larger than<br />
previously thought. Lygosoma quadrupes, <strong>for</strong> example, was <strong>for</strong>merly considered to be restricted to Hanoi<br />
and Ca Mau but has now been observed at an elevation <strong>of</strong> 1,000 m on Bu Cho mountain, <strong>Xuan</strong> My<br />
commune.<br />
The species composition <strong>of</strong> reptile and amphibian populations in <strong>the</strong> study area is similar to that in<br />
western areas <strong>of</strong> Nghe An province, Vu Quang <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve, and Cuc Phuong, Ben En and Ba Vi<br />
National Parks. In comparison to Tam Dao National Park, <strong>the</strong> reptile and amphibian communities in<br />
<strong>the</strong> study area are less diverse, with fewer orders, families and species.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> national level, <strong>the</strong> herpet<strong>of</strong>auna <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area includes 57.6% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> families known from<br />
Vietnam and 15.6% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species. However, more detailed surveys covering a broader range <strong>of</strong> habitat<br />
types are likely to identify additional species in <strong>the</strong> area.<br />
Threatened Species. The field survey<br />
recorded a single herpetile species,<br />
Manouria impressa, listed as globally<br />
threatened (IUCN 1996).<br />
Endemism. During <strong>the</strong> field survey,<br />
one species <strong>of</strong> herpetile endemic to<br />
Table 10: Endemic and Globally Threatened Herpetiles<br />
Recorded in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area<br />
Species Endemic Species Current Status as per<br />
IUCN 1996<br />
Manouria impressa VU<br />
Rana microlineata EV<br />
Follows Nguyen Van Sang and Ho Thu Cuc (1996).<br />
Notes: VU = Vulnerable as per IUCN (1996); EV = Endemic to Vietnam.<br />
17
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
Vietnam was recorded: Rana microlineata.<br />
Distribution <strong>of</strong> Herpetiles. Herpetile<br />
species are distributed unevenly within <strong>the</strong><br />
study area. Thirty six species (68% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
total) occur in medium to high montane<br />
mixed coniferous and broadleaf evergreen<br />
<strong>for</strong>est. These areas are less affected by<br />
human habitation. Twenty species were<br />
restricted to <strong>the</strong>se areas and not found<br />
elsewhere (Table 11). At high elevations,<br />
close to mountain peaks, <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong><br />
species is noticeably lower. The number <strong>of</strong><br />
species is also lower in inhabited areas,<br />
where 22 species were recorded (42% <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> total); including 12 that were restricted<br />
to <strong>the</strong>se areas (Table 11). Amphibians were<br />
concentrated near water, with 14 out <strong>of</strong> a<br />
total <strong>of</strong> 19 species being collected in or<br />
alongside <strong>for</strong>est streams.<br />
18<br />
2.13 Butterflies<br />
Table 11: Herpetile Species with Restricted Habitat<br />
Distributions<br />
Restricted to Montane Restricted to Inhabited<br />
Forest Areas<br />
Gekko gecko Hemidactylus frenatus<br />
Physignathus cocincinus Mabuya multifasciata<br />
Takydromus wolteri Amphiesma stolata<br />
Varanus salvator Ptyas korros<br />
Python molutus Elaphe radiata<br />
Ampiesma parallela Xenochrophis piscator<br />
Trimeresurus albolabris Enhydris plumbea<br />
Platysternum megacephalum Bufo melanostictus<br />
Cistoclemmys galbinifons Ooeidozyga lima<br />
Geoemyda spengleri Rana guen<strong>the</strong>ri<br />
Manouria impressa R. rugulosa<br />
Palea steindachneri Rhacophorus leucomystax<br />
Leptobrachium hasselti<br />
Bufo galeatus<br />
Phynoglossus laevis<br />
Rana andersoni<br />
R. kuhlii<br />
R. microlineata<br />
R. ricketti<br />
R. sauteri<br />
Species Composition. A total <strong>of</strong> 143<br />
butterfly species in nine families were<br />
recorded during <strong>the</strong> field survey (Appendix 5). Table 12 summarises <strong>the</strong> distribution and composition<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> butterfly species recorded in <strong>the</strong> study area. Of <strong>the</strong> 143 species recorded, 68 were observed in<br />
grassland and scrub at elevations between 150 and 300 m; <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se, species in <strong>the</strong> Hesperiidae were <strong>the</strong><br />
most abundant, accounting <strong>for</strong> 34% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total number. Fifty species were found in secondary <strong>for</strong>est<br />
habitats and 40 species were found along rivers and streams. Only 22 species were recorded in bamboo<br />
<strong>for</strong>est (at elevations <strong>of</strong> 300 to 400 m). Of <strong>the</strong>se species, members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Satyridae accounted <strong>for</strong> 36%<br />
and included Le<strong>the</strong> syrcis, L. mekara, Ethope noirei and Mycalesis zonata. Sixteen species were found in<br />
undisturbed primary <strong>for</strong>est at an elevation <strong>of</strong> 1,200 m.<br />
Most butterfly species recorded in <strong>the</strong> study area occur at low elevations. Many species found at moderate<br />
Table 12: Distribution <strong>of</strong> Butterfly Species with respect to Habitat Type<br />
Family Number <strong>of</strong> Species Habitat Type<br />
H1 H2 H3 H4 H5<br />
Papilionidae 15 9 0 7 7 0<br />
Pieridae 9 4 0 3 7 1<br />
Danaidae 8 6 2 1 4 2<br />
Satyridae 22 6 8 16 0 2<br />
Amathusiidae 6 1 1 3 1 2<br />
Nymphalidae 28 12 3 7 15 2<br />
Riodinidae 4 1 0 3 0 2<br />
Lycaenidae 19 6 2 7 6 2<br />
Hesperiidae 32 23 6 3 5 3<br />
Total 143 68 22 50 45 16<br />
Habitat Types: H1 = Grassland and scrub (150 to 300 m); H2 = Bamboo <strong>for</strong>est (300 to 400 m); H3 = Secondary<br />
<strong>for</strong>est (400 to 900 m); H4 = Streams and rivers (300 to 400 m); H5 = Primary <strong>for</strong>est (1,200 to 1,500 m)
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
elevations were also present in lower areas. These species included Euploea mulciber, Faunis eumeus,<br />
Notocrypta feistamelii, Paralaxita dora, Yasoda tripunctata and Abisara neophron. Some species were found<br />
only above 1,200 m: Ragadia crisilda, Thaumantis diores, Bassarona iva and Parantica sita. The distributions<br />
<strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species recorded are restricted to <strong>the</strong> Indochinese peninsular and East Asia (Appendix 5).<br />
Eighty five species (59% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total) have a distribution restricted to East Asia. Twenty eight species<br />
(20%) have a distribution restricted to <strong>the</strong> Indochina sub-region and <strong>the</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong> 14 species<br />
(10%) is restricted to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Indochina. Eleven species have a distribution restricted to <strong>the</strong> tropical<br />
region <strong>of</strong> Indo-Australia.<br />
Endemic Species. Ten species found in <strong>the</strong> study area are endemic to Vietnam. These species belong<br />
mainly to <strong>the</strong> Satyridae and Amathusiidae and include Neorina patria, Le<strong>the</strong> syrcis, L. naga, Mycalesis<br />
misenus and Enispe euthymius sychaeus. Celaenorrinhus vietnamicus is a recently described species<br />
(Devyatkin 1997) endemic to Vietnam, which is also known from Pu Mat <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve and Cuc<br />
Phuong National Park<br />
New Species. The field survey recorded a new species in <strong>the</strong> Satyridae, Ypthima sp. nov. (Monastyrskii<br />
in prep.). The first specimen <strong>of</strong> this species was collected at Pu Mat <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve with a later specimen<br />
collected at Ben En National Park. During <strong>the</strong> field survey, three specimens were observed, one <strong>of</strong><br />
which was collected. This species occurs in bamboo <strong>for</strong>est or secondary <strong>for</strong>est habitats at low elevations<br />
(300 to 400 m).<br />
New Distribution Records. The survey found six species which had not previously been recorded in<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r central Vietnam or Vietnam as a whole. Jamides virgulatus and Celaenorrhinus inaequalis represent<br />
new records <strong>for</strong> Vietnam. Four species in <strong>the</strong> Hesperiidae (Iton semamora, Scobura phiditia, Matapa<br />
cresta and Halpe frontieri) had not been recorded in central Vietnam previously, only in nor<strong>the</strong>rn Vietnam<br />
(Evans 1949, Devyatkin and Monastyrskii in press).<br />
In addition to <strong>the</strong>se new records, Unkana ambassa was recorded during <strong>the</strong> field survey. This species<br />
was first recorded in Vietnam in 1998, and <strong>the</strong> specimen from <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve is<br />
only <strong>the</strong> second record. The species is yet to be described and is not included in inventories <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
butterfly fauna <strong>of</strong> Vietnam.<br />
Endangered Species. During <strong>the</strong> field survey, no nationally or globally threatened species <strong>of</strong> butterfly<br />
were recorded. However, Rhinopalpa polynice is a relatively rare species in Vietnam, with recent records<br />
from Ben En National Park and Pu Mat <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve. In Laos, Thailand and <strong>the</strong> Malay peninsular,<br />
this species is also considered rare.<br />
2.14 Socio-Cultural Features<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve includes all or part <strong>of</strong> six communes in Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> district; an<br />
additional three communes are included in <strong>the</strong> buffer zone. The total population <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proposed<br />
nature reserve is 600 households, comprising 200 households in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> commune and 400 households<br />
in <strong>Xuan</strong> My commune. The Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee propose to build a dam in<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> My commune to supply water <strong>for</strong> irrigation and hydro-electricity. The water level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> resulting<br />
artificial lake will rise to 100 m above sea level, flooding approximately 7,000 ha, including approximately<br />
1,716 ha within <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve. As a result <strong>of</strong> this, cultivated land will be inundated and<br />
residents will be <strong>for</strong>ced to relocate to new areas under a programme organised by Thanh Hoa province.<br />
Consequently, <strong>the</strong> nature reserve will not include any human settlements in <strong>the</strong> future.<br />
19
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
Demographics<br />
The socio-economic survey was based upon population census data and statistics from <strong>the</strong> administration<br />
<strong>of</strong> each commune. According to 1997 data, <strong>the</strong>re are 34,298 people in 5,849 households in Thuong<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> district. The average household consists <strong>of</strong> six people in two or three generations. However, some<br />
households contain more than 10 people in three or four generations.<br />
Population Density. The average population density in <strong>the</strong> area is 45 people/km 2 . However, <strong>the</strong><br />
population is unevenly distributed between and within <strong>the</strong> different communes. People are usually<br />
concentrated in or near <strong>the</strong> district town and along roads, while <strong>the</strong> population is very sparse in high<br />
mountainous areas. Specifically, <strong>the</strong> population density in <strong>the</strong> nine communes in <strong>the</strong> nature reserve and<br />
<strong>the</strong> buffer zone is:<br />
20<br />
• Less than 20 inhabitants/km 2 in Bat Mot and <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> communes.<br />
• 20 to 40 inhabitants/km 2 in Yen Nhan, <strong>Xuan</strong> My and <strong>Xuan</strong> Le communes.<br />
• 40 to 100 inhabitants/km 2 in <strong>Xuan</strong> Khao and Van <strong>Xuan</strong> communes.<br />
• 100 to 150 inhabitants/km 2 in Luong Son and <strong>Xuan</strong> Cam communes.<br />
Population Growth Rate. The population growth rate <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole area is high (2.8%), compared to<br />
<strong>the</strong> average national growth rate (2.3%). The reasons <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> high growth rate are low levels <strong>of</strong> education<br />
and lack <strong>of</strong> effective family planning, particularly in remote areas. Household surveys showed that each<br />
couple has, on average, four to five children, with some couples having up to 10 children.<br />
Ethnic Composition. Although several different ethnic groups live in <strong>the</strong> area, <strong>the</strong> Thai <strong>for</strong>m <strong>the</strong><br />
overwhelming majority (99.8%) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> population. O<strong>the</strong>r, smaller groups include <strong>the</strong> Kinh, Tay and<br />
H’mong, although some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se smaller groups can be considered to have effectively merged with <strong>the</strong><br />
main group. Villages are usually located near water sources and fertile land, suitable <strong>for</strong> cultivation and<br />
animal husbandry.<br />
Economic Activities<br />
Agricultural Practices. In recent years, fixed cultivation has expanded, with a corresponding decrease<br />
in shifting cultivation. Agriculture has also diversified from rice production and now includes cultivation<br />
<strong>of</strong> subsidiary crops and short-rotation industrial crops. Total food production is 7,624 tonnes/year <strong>of</strong><br />
which rice accounts <strong>for</strong> 5,115 tonnes/year. Crop production, in both absolute and per capita terms, is<br />
increasing each year due to investment in new technologies, fertiliser and irrigation. However, food<br />
production varies year by year due to <strong>the</strong> following reasons:<br />
• Only one variety <strong>of</strong> rice is grown.<br />
• Crop yield is dependent on climatic conditions because irrigation is not developed sufficiently<br />
and <strong>the</strong>re are only low fertiliser inputs.<br />
• Rice is mainly cultivated in hill fields and yields are very low (0.7 to 0.8 tonnes/ha/year).<br />
• Agricultural pests regularly damage rice crops and, in some years, may completely destroy<br />
<strong>the</strong> crop, as occurred in Duc and Kheo villages, Bat Mot commune in 1998.<br />
The area <strong>for</strong> production <strong>of</strong> subsidiary crops, such as maize, cassava and peanuts, varies from year to<br />
year. The yield <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>se crops varies between years but is generally low.<br />
Although most households practice wet (paddy) rice cultivation, some households still practise shifting<br />
cultivation. Policies promoting fixed cultivation have been implemented since 1980. More recently,<br />
households living in mountainous areas, including parts <strong>of</strong> Bat Mot, Yen Nhan, <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong>, <strong>Xuan</strong> Le<br />
and <strong>Xuan</strong> Khao communes, have been resettled to lower areas. Small-scale irrigation systems are required
Section 2 - Site Features<br />
<strong>for</strong> conversion to fixed cultivation but <strong>the</strong>se systems are frequently damaged or destroyed by annual<br />
floods.<br />
Forestry. Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>for</strong>est enterprise is based in <strong>the</strong> district. Its functions are logging and establishment<br />
<strong>of</strong> plantations. At present, trees in existing plantations are too small to log and unavailable <strong>for</strong> production<br />
or trade. Fifty thousand hectares <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est land have been allocated by <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est enterprise to individual<br />
households.<br />
There are large areas <strong>of</strong> barren land and areas affected by shifting agriculture suitable <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>estry activities.<br />
However, limited understanding <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>estry activities among local people has created difficulties in<br />
developing plantations, protecting <strong>for</strong>est and allocating <strong>for</strong>est land. Because <strong>of</strong> relatively low levels <strong>of</strong><br />
education, local people engaged in <strong>for</strong>estry activities do not see <strong>the</strong> relevance <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>estry policies. This<br />
issue should be considered when establishing a system <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est conservation and social <strong>for</strong>estry<br />
programmes in <strong>the</strong> area.<br />
Infrastructure<br />
Transport and Communication. The communication network in <strong>the</strong> area is poorly and unevenly<br />
developed. It is concentrated mainly in <strong>the</strong> eastern sections around <strong>the</strong> Cao and Chu Rivers. The area<br />
is accessible only in <strong>the</strong> dry season; during <strong>the</strong> rainy season, travel within <strong>the</strong> district is very difficult.<br />
The poor road system is a major constraint on economic development as it restricts <strong>the</strong> transport <strong>of</strong><br />
goods. Very few main roads exist in <strong>the</strong> area, and <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> new roads and <strong>the</strong> repair and<br />
upgrading <strong>of</strong> existing roads have been very limited. The 70 km stretch <strong>of</strong> road between <strong>the</strong> district town<br />
and <strong>the</strong> border with Laos is in very poor condition and impassable during <strong>the</strong> rainy season when<br />
bridges and causeways are washed out. Many communes and villages are only accessible on foot along<br />
steep paths; most transportation <strong>of</strong> goods is along <strong>the</strong>se trails.<br />
Irrigation and Hydro-electricity. The district has many weirs and small-scale irrigation systems to<br />
service rice fields. These include dams on <strong>the</strong> Ruong, Hon, Poong, Keu and Tu streams. Many areas<br />
have potential <strong>for</strong> small-scale hydro-electricity generation. However, significant investment is required<br />
to develop such hydro-electricity stations. At present, households are supplied by small electric generators<br />
from China, Thailand and Singapore with capacities <strong>of</strong> 300, 500 or 1,000 W per generator. Electricity<br />
is mainly used <strong>for</strong> lighting and operating radios. The area can receive television and radio broadcasts.<br />
Education. Statistical data from 1997 supplied by Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> district indicated that <strong>the</strong> total number<br />
<strong>of</strong> pupils in <strong>the</strong> area is 7,956. These students are served by 20 primary schools (grades I and II) with 304<br />
classes. These schools are staffed by 396 teachers, 20% <strong>of</strong> whom are female. Whilst infrastructure <strong>for</strong><br />
schools has been improved, funding remains limited. However, most people are literate.<br />
Health Care. District statistical data indicate that <strong>the</strong> district has nine health stations, 20 doctors and<br />
23 nurses. On average, <strong>the</strong>re is one member <strong>of</strong> health staff <strong>for</strong> every 2,000 people and <strong>the</strong>re is one bed<br />
<strong>for</strong> every 1,000 people. Local health facilities are developing slowly: local health stations lack medical<br />
facilities and medicines. Patients with serious medical problems can only be treated at <strong>the</strong> district<br />
health station or at <strong>the</strong> hospital in Thanh Hoa city.<br />
Several health programmes have been implemented in <strong>the</strong> area. These include programmes to improve<br />
child nutrition, prevent diseases in new-born babies, provide clean water to rural areas and promote<br />
family planning. However, <strong>the</strong>se programmes have had limited success, particularly in remote areas<br />
where people still face many difficulties. To improve <strong>the</strong> health <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> community, more consideration<br />
needs to be paid to <strong>the</strong> construction <strong>of</strong> health care facilities and <strong>the</strong> training <strong>of</strong> doctors and nurses to<br />
serve <strong>the</strong> local villagers. The cost <strong>of</strong> medicines should be subsidised and health care should be free to<br />
21
3. Evaluation<br />
3.1 Criteria <strong>for</strong> Evaluating <strong>the</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
In order to evaluate <strong>the</strong> overall importance <strong>of</strong> a site, it is useful to compare <strong>the</strong> site against a set <strong>of</strong> criteria <strong>for</strong><br />
assessing a protected area’s conservation value. The study area satisfies some but not all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> criteria identified<br />
Table 13: Conservation Criteria and Evaluation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
Conservation Criteria Site Evaluation<br />
22<br />
Size:<br />
The area must be <strong>of</strong> a size and <strong>for</strong>m sufficient to<br />
support ecological units or viable populations <strong>of</strong> flora<br />
and fauna. As a rule, conservation importance increases<br />
with protected-area size.<br />
Richness and Diversity:<br />
Usually linked with <strong>the</strong> diversity <strong>of</strong> habitat types;<br />
ecological gradients or ecotones should be represented<br />
because <strong>the</strong>y support transitional communities.<br />
Naturalness:<br />
Assessment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> extent <strong>of</strong> primary habitats.<br />
Rarity:<br />
The primary purpose <strong>of</strong> many protected areas is to<br />
protect rare and endangered species and habitats.<br />
Rarity may be a result <strong>of</strong> special habitat requirements,<br />
direct human pressure or indirect human influences.<br />
Uniqueness:<br />
Areas which exhibit particular natural processes or<br />
which are poorly represented in <strong>the</strong> national protection<br />
system.<br />
Typicalness:<br />
It is important to represent typical areas <strong>of</strong> common<br />
habitats and typical communities <strong>of</strong> a biome.<br />
Fragility:<br />
A measure <strong>of</strong> an area’s susceptibility to change through<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r natural or man-made processes.<br />
Position as an Ecological Unit:<br />
To establish <strong>the</strong> area’s position in an ecological unit, it<br />
is important to determine how or whe<strong>the</strong>r an area is<br />
linked to o<strong>the</strong>r areas <strong>of</strong> natural or semi-natural<br />
habitats.<br />
Economic Value:<br />
An area may protect a valuable water catchment or a<br />
higher level <strong>of</strong> biogeographic subdivision.<br />
Conservation Opportunity:<br />
Socio-political climate is highly determinate in <strong>the</strong><br />
success <strong>of</strong> any conservation area’s future objectives and<br />
priorities.<br />
The study area covers 23,610 ha and may not be large<br />
enough to support viable populations <strong>of</strong> certain large<br />
mammal species unless <strong>for</strong>est corridors to adjacent<br />
protected areas supporting suitable habitat are<br />
maintained.<br />
The study area has moderate levels <strong>of</strong> biodiversity<br />
relative to o<strong>the</strong>r protected areas in nor<strong>the</strong>rn and central<br />
Vietnam. An altitudinal gradient exists between 50<br />
and 1,600 m.<br />
The natural vegetation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area has been<br />
heavily disturbed by human activities and only 10%<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> original primary <strong>for</strong>est remains.<br />
The study area protects 19 globally threatened species.<br />
Four plant and five vertebrate species are endemic to<br />
Vietnam or to Vietnam and Laos. The study area<br />
supports only two bird species listed as globally<br />
threatened.<br />
Roosevelt’s Muntjac is known globally only from <strong>the</strong><br />
study area and one o<strong>the</strong>r site in Laos.<br />
The study area contains representative examples <strong>of</strong><br />
sub-montane dry evergreen <strong>for</strong>est and lowland semievergreen<br />
rain<strong>for</strong>est, <strong>the</strong> two most widespread natural<br />
habitat types in Vietnam.<br />
22% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area is covered by regenerating <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
To <strong>the</strong> south, <strong>the</strong> study area is contiguous with Pu<br />
Hoat proposed nature reserve, <strong>for</strong>ming a combined<br />
conservation area <strong>of</strong> 90,841 ha.<br />
The study area protects <strong>the</strong> water catchment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Chu River and <strong>the</strong> planned Cua Dat dam.<br />
The proposed nature reserve has good political support<br />
at <strong>the</strong> provincial level. Following <strong>the</strong> construction <strong>of</strong><br />
Cua Dat dam, <strong>the</strong>re will be no human settlements in<br />
<strong>the</strong> study area.
Section 3 - Evaluation<br />
by Ratcliffe (1977) (Table 13) and should, <strong>the</strong>re<strong>for</strong>e, be considered to be <strong>of</strong> low conservation value.<br />
3.2 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Biological Factors<br />
Biodiversity<br />
The initial field survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve was relatively brief and took place during October<br />
and November when conditions are unfavourable <strong>for</strong> biodiversity surveys due to various factors, including <strong>the</strong><br />
low number <strong>of</strong> butterflies, <strong>the</strong> difficulty in identifying plants that are not in flower and <strong>the</strong> difficulty in recording<br />
<strong>for</strong>est birds that are not singing. However, known levels <strong>of</strong> biodiversity, although not as high as <strong>for</strong> certain<br />
protected areas in nor<strong>the</strong>rn and central Vietnam, are comparable to those <strong>of</strong> several nearby protected areas.<br />
The study area is known to contain 560 species <strong>of</strong> vascular plants. The composition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flora <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong><br />
proposed nature reserve is likely to be distinct from that in certain nearby protected areas, such as Pu Hu<br />
proposed nature reserve, Ben En National Park and Ke Go <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve because, unlike <strong>the</strong>se sites, <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong><br />
contains about 5,000 ha <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est at elevations between 800 and 1,600 m. In addition, comparison <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> known<br />
plant species diversity <strong>of</strong> different protected areas shows that <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve is comparable to<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r protected areas in central Vietnam (Table 14).<br />
Table 14: Comparison <strong>of</strong> Plant Diversity in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve with o<strong>the</strong>r Protected<br />
Areas in Central Vietnam (Ranked)<br />
Protected Area Area (ha) Families Genera Species<br />
1. Pu Hoat Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 67,231 124 427 763<br />
2. Ben En National Park 16,643 135 453 737<br />
3. Pu Huong <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 50,075 117 342 612<br />
4. Phong Dien and Dakrong Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserves 69,474 118 366 597<br />
5. Ke Go <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 24,801 117 367 567<br />
6. <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 23,610 124 381 560<br />
7. Pu Luong Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 17,662 148 389 552<br />
8. Pu Hu Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 15,595 102 324 509<br />
9. Bach Ma National Park 22,031 124 351 501<br />
10. Vu Quang <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 55,630 111 275 328<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 223 vertebrate species were recorded during <strong>the</strong> field survey, comprising 38 mammal, 131 bird and 53<br />
herpetile species. Whilst <strong>the</strong> overall known vertebrate species diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve is<br />
lower than that <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r nearby protected areas (Table 15), <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> supports a population <strong>of</strong> Roosevelt’s<br />
Muntjac, which is not known from any o<strong>the</strong>r site in Vietnam.<br />
Table 15: Comparison <strong>of</strong> Vertebrate Diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve with o<strong>the</strong>r Protected<br />
Areas in Central Vietnam (Ranked)<br />
Protected Area Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Total<br />
1. Vu Quang <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 95 254 37 25 411<br />
2. Phong Nha <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 65 269 51 22 407<br />
3. Ke Go <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 46 270 30 17 363<br />
4. Ben En National Park 61 194 39 21 315<br />
5. Cuc Phuong National Park 64 137 36 17 254<br />
6. Phong Dien and Dakrong Proposed NRs 44 173 19 6 242<br />
7. <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 38 131 34 19 222<br />
8. Bach Ma National Park 55 158 — — 213<br />
At least in part, <strong>the</strong> low levels <strong>of</strong> known vertebrate species diversity reflect <strong>the</strong> small amount <strong>of</strong> survey ef<strong>for</strong>t<br />
expended in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> relative to certain o<strong>the</strong>r protected areas, <strong>for</strong> instance Cuc Phuong National Park. For<br />
example, no research has yet been conducted into small mammals and bats, thus, <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> mammal species<br />
23
Section 3 - Evaluation<br />
has certainly been under-recorded. There<strong>for</strong>e, it is not apparent at this stage whe<strong>the</strong>r or not low levels <strong>of</strong> known<br />
biodiversity reflect a lower underlying level <strong>of</strong> biodiversity. However, it is clear that, with fur<strong>the</strong>r study, <strong>the</strong><br />
known conservation value <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve is likely to increase.<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve contains 57% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> orders, 58% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> families and 16% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species <strong>of</strong><br />
herpetile known <strong>for</strong> Vietnam. The herpetile diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve is comparable to that<br />
<strong>of</strong> several o<strong>the</strong>r protected areas in nor<strong>the</strong>rn and central Vietnam (Table 16). Only at Tam Dao National Park is<br />
<strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> herpetile species significantly greater than at <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong>. Once again, this probably reflects <strong>the</strong><br />
greater amount <strong>of</strong> survey ef<strong>for</strong>t expended at Tam Dao.<br />
24<br />
Table 16: Comparison <strong>of</strong> Herpetile Diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve with o<strong>the</strong>r Areas in<br />
Nor<strong>the</strong>rn and Central Vietnam (Ranked)<br />
Area Area (ha) Orders Families Species<br />
1. Tam Dao National Park 19,000 6 21 103<br />
2. Vu Quang <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 55,630 4 19 62<br />
3. Ba Vi National Park 7,000 4 16 62<br />
4. Ben En National Park 16,643 4 20 60<br />
5. Western Nghe An Province — 4 19 56<br />
6. <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve 23,610 4 19 53<br />
7. Cuc Phuong National Park 25,000 4 17 53<br />
The autumn butterfly fauna in nor<strong>the</strong>rn and central Vietnam is characteristically diverse. The species diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
some families, such as <strong>the</strong> Pieridae, Papilionidae and Amathusiidae, varies between spring and autumn. For<br />
example, observations at Ba Be National Park have shown a similar number <strong>of</strong> species in spring (April) and<br />
autumn (November): 193 and 196, respectively. However, fluctuations in species diversity occurred within individual<br />
families. For example, 22 Papilionidae species were recorded in spring and only nine species were recorded<br />
in autumn. In contrast, more species <strong>of</strong> Nymphalidae were recorded in November (Monastyrskii et al. 1998).<br />
There<strong>for</strong>e, Cwhen =<br />
comparing butterfly communities at different sites, only data <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> autumn period (Septem-<br />
s<br />
ber to November) was used. The degree <strong>of</strong> similarity <strong>of</strong> between sites was measured using Sorenson’s Similarity<br />
Index (Magurran 1988). The index, C , is given by <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>mula:<br />
S<br />
__2j__ Where: j = The shared species <strong>of</strong> two areas<br />
(a + b) a = Number <strong>of</strong> species in area A<br />
b = Number <strong>of</strong> species in area B<br />
High values <strong>of</strong> C S indicate a high degree <strong>of</strong> similarity between <strong>the</strong> assemblages at a pair <strong>of</strong> sites. Comparisons<br />
between different protected areas in nor<strong>the</strong>rn and central Vietnam have been completed under each family and<br />
<strong>for</strong> all butterfly communities (Table 17).<br />
Table 17: Sorenson’s Similarity Index (CS) comparing Butterfly Species Composition in <strong>Xuan</strong><br />
<strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve with those in o<strong>the</strong>r Protected Areas in Nor<strong>the</strong>rn and Central<br />
Vietnam<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Vu Quang Pu Mat Ben En Cuc Phuong Ba Be Hoang <strong>Lien</strong><br />
All Species 0.544 0.500 0.484 0.463 0.439 0.264<br />
Papilionidae 0.687 0.636 0.667 0.488 0.500 0.228<br />
Pieridae 0.583 0.438 0.352 0.387 0.432 0.275<br />
Danaidae 0.571 0.640 0.667 0.571 0.608 0.666<br />
Nymphalidae 0.579 0.515 0.560 0.523 0.423 0.363<br />
Satyridae 0.558 0.626 0.353 0.512 0.533 0.117<br />
Amathusiidae 0.769 0.750 0.200 0.833 0.715 0.200<br />
Riodinidae 0.800 0.545 0.400 0.600 0.444 0.545<br />
Lycaenidae 0.509 0.358 0.235 0.343 0.400 0.250<br />
Hesperiidae 0.286 0.353 0.400 0.395 0.319 0.038
Habitat<br />
The proposed nature reserve encompasses 23,610 ha, <strong>of</strong> which 18,522 ha (78%) is covered by <strong>for</strong>est. Of this,<br />
however, only 2,243 ha is undisturbed primary <strong>for</strong>est, whilst 16,279 ha is secondary <strong>for</strong>est <strong>of</strong> various types,<br />
including bamboo <strong>for</strong>est. Studies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vegetation cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve show that most<br />
<strong>for</strong>est at low elevations has been altered by human activity and that most remaining primary <strong>for</strong>est is distributed<br />
at elevations greater than 700 m. Areas <strong>of</strong> undisturbed habitat are <strong>of</strong> critical importance <strong>for</strong> a range <strong>of</strong> species<br />
sensitive to habitat change, particularly large mammals, hornbills and pheasants.<br />
Endangered Species<br />
Of <strong>the</strong> 560 species <strong>of</strong> plant recorded<br />
in <strong>the</strong> study area, six species are globally<br />
threatened (IUCN 1997). This<br />
represents only 1% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species recorded<br />
in <strong>the</strong> study area. Ten globally<br />
threatened mammal species (IUCN<br />
1996) were recorded in <strong>the</strong> study<br />
area, representing 26% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total<br />
number <strong>of</strong> species. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, a<br />
single herpetile species, Manouria<br />
impressa, is globally threatened<br />
(IUCN 1996) (Table 18).<br />
Section 3 - Evaluation<br />
Table 18: Number <strong>of</strong> Nationally and Globally Threatened<br />
Species in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Area<br />
Group Total No. Globally % <strong>of</strong> Total<br />
<strong>of</strong> Threatened Species Globally<br />
Species Species Threatened<br />
Mammals 38 10 26<br />
Birds 134 2 6<br />
Herpetiles 53 1 28<br />
Butterflies 143 0 0<br />
Plants 560 6 4<br />
Total 928 19 6<br />
As per IUCN (1996 and 1997) and Collar et al. (1994).<br />
Table 19: Distribution <strong>of</strong> Threatened and Near-threatened Bird Species in Protected Areas in<br />
Thanh Hoa and Nghe An Provinces<br />
Species Thanh Hoa Province Nghe An Province<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> Cuc Pu Pu Ben Pu Pu Pu<br />
<strong>Lien</strong> Phuong Luong Hu En Mat Hoat Huong<br />
Vulnerable<br />
Chestnut-necklaced Partridge *<br />
Red-collared Woodpecker *<br />
Blyth’s Kingfisher * *<br />
Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler * * *<br />
Short-tailed Parrotbill * *<br />
Near-threatened<br />
Brown Hornbill * * * * * * * *<br />
Yellow-vented Green Pigeon *<br />
White-bellied Green Pigeon *<br />
Grey-headed Fish Eagle *<br />
Pied Falconet * *<br />
Blue-rumped Pitta * * * * *<br />
Bar-bellied Pitta * *<br />
White-winged Magpie * * * * *<br />
Indochinese Green Magpie * * * * * *<br />
Green Cochoa *<br />
Grey Laughingthrush * *<br />
Rufous-throated Fulvetta * *<br />
Total 9 11 3 2 6 4 5 5<br />
Out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total <strong>of</strong> 134 species <strong>of</strong> birds recorded in <strong>the</strong> study area, two species, Short-tailed Parrotbill and Shorttailed<br />
Scimitar Babbler, are listed as globally threatened (Collar et al. 1994). No species listed as ei<strong>the</strong>r globally<br />
Endangered or Critically Endangered were recorded in <strong>the</strong> study area, although this may be partially due to<br />
25
Section 3 - Evaluation<br />
limitations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> field survey.<br />
The conservation value <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve with respect to avifauna can be seen clearly by comparing<br />
<strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> globally threatened and Near-threatened bird species in protected areas in Thanh Hoa and Nghe<br />
An provinces (Table 19). By this measure, <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve is second only to Cuc Phuong<br />
National Park which does not lie wholly within Thanh Hoa province and, as previously mentioned, has been<br />
studied in greater detail.<br />
One reason why a larger number <strong>of</strong> globally threatened and Near-threatened species are known from <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong><br />
may be that it is <strong>the</strong> only site in Thanh Hoa province which contains evergreen <strong>for</strong>est above 800 m; Short-tailed<br />
Parrotbill, Green Cochoa Cochoa viridis and Grey Laughingthrush are all restricted to <strong>for</strong>est above c.600 m<br />
(King et al. 1975). Additionally, <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> threatened and Near-threatened species at Pu Hoat, Pu Luong<br />
and Pu Hu may be under-recorded due to limitations <strong>of</strong> previous surveys <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se areas in terms <strong>of</strong> time and<br />
expertise.<br />
Endemism<br />
As mentioned previously, four endemic plant species (Cinnamomum balansae, Colona poilanei, Croton boniana<br />
and Macaranga balansae) were recorded in <strong>the</strong> study area. Animal species endemic to Vietnam or to Vietnam and<br />
Laos include two mammal species (Roosevelt’s Muntjac and White-cheeked Gibbon), two bird species (Shorttailed<br />
Scimitar Babbler and Red-vented Barbet), one herpetile species (Rana microlineata) and 10 butterfly<br />
species.<br />
26<br />
3.3 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Economic Factors<br />
Watershed Protection<br />
The <strong>for</strong>est cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area plays an important role in protection <strong>of</strong> watershed areas, protection <strong>of</strong> water<br />
resources, prevention <strong>of</strong> soil erosion and, especially, provision <strong>of</strong> wildlife habitat. The <strong>for</strong>est cover <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proposed<br />
nature reserve protects <strong>the</strong> catchment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chu River, which will supply <strong>the</strong> proposed Cua Dat irrigation<br />
and hydro-electricity dam. Cua Dat dam will regulate <strong>the</strong> flow <strong>of</strong> water to hundreds <strong>of</strong> thousands <strong>of</strong> hectares <strong>of</strong><br />
rice fields <strong>of</strong> Thanh Hoa province. The water level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proposed artificial lake will rise to 100 m above sea<br />
level, and <strong>the</strong> inundated area will include areas <strong>of</strong> agricultural land in <strong>Xuan</strong> My and <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> communes; only<br />
small areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est within <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve will be inundated.<br />
Soil Conservation<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est ecosystems in <strong>the</strong> region occur on steep hills and mountains where soil is readily eroded if <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>for</strong>est cover is disturbed. Moreover, irrigation and hydro-electricity projects depend upon preservation <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est<br />
cover in order to avoid soil erosion and resulting siltation. A long-term <strong>for</strong>est and biodiversity conservation<br />
strategy should be prepared <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve to ensure adequate protection <strong>of</strong> soil and <strong>for</strong>est cover.<br />
Forestry Resources<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> proposed nature reserve contains <strong>the</strong> valuable timber species Fokienia hodginsii. Areas <strong>of</strong> mixed coniferous<br />
and broadleaf evergreen <strong>for</strong>est containing this species only cover a small fraction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proposed<br />
nature reserve, <strong>of</strong>ten in remote, inaccessible locations, making <strong>the</strong> commercial exploitation <strong>of</strong> this species unpr<strong>of</strong>itable.<br />
However, <strong>the</strong> high value <strong>of</strong> this species and low income levels <strong>of</strong> local people mean that selective<br />
logging <strong>of</strong> even <strong>the</strong> most remote areas is economically viable <strong>for</strong> local people. There<strong>for</strong>e, specific conservation<br />
measures should be implemented to prevent over-exploitation <strong>of</strong> this globally threatened species (IUCN 1997).<br />
Medicinal and Ornamental Plants<br />
One hundred and sixteen plant species with known medicinal uses were recorded during <strong>the</strong> field survey. These<br />
species already have a high value to local people, ei<strong>the</strong>r through personal use or trade, however, <strong>the</strong>re is potential<br />
<strong>for</strong> developing commercial production <strong>of</strong> traditional plant-based medicines, ei<strong>the</strong>r through sustainable exploitation<br />
<strong>of</strong> medicinal plants in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est or through cultivation <strong>of</strong> selected species.
Section 3 - Evaluation<br />
Tourism<br />
Due to <strong>the</strong> inaccessibility <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area and <strong>the</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> infrastructure, <strong>the</strong>re is currently little potential <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
development <strong>of</strong> tourism in <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> whatever <strong>for</strong>m. In <strong>the</strong> future, with improvements in infrastructure, most<br />
importantly roads, <strong>the</strong> area may have some potential <strong>for</strong> certain kinds <strong>of</strong> niche-tourism, such as ecotourism.<br />
However, <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> significant, easily observable populations <strong>of</strong> large mammals render <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> little<br />
interest to ecotourists.<br />
3.4 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Socio-economic Factors<br />
Population and Social Conditions<br />
The socio-economic data collected during <strong>the</strong> field survey indicate that <strong>the</strong> upstream areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cao and Chu<br />
Rivers have considerable potential <strong>for</strong> agriculture. Valleys in <strong>the</strong>se areas are favourable <strong>for</strong> food crops, industrial<br />
trees, fruit trees and agro<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
The education level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> population remains low, with old customs and habits prevailing. Although wet rice<br />
cultivation is traditionally practised, some people still practice shifting cultivation which has significantly degraded<br />
<strong>for</strong>est areas, leading to a preponderance <strong>of</strong> secondary <strong>for</strong>est types such as bamboo <strong>for</strong>est. Illegal timber<br />
extraction continues to deplete <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est and cause soil erosion. Hunting and trapping <strong>of</strong> wildlife by local people<br />
has depleted populations <strong>of</strong> many animal species in <strong>the</strong> area and threatens to significantly reduce <strong>the</strong> biodiversity<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area.<br />
The area has a surplus <strong>of</strong> labour due to slow economic development. Labour distribution is simple, with most<br />
workers involved in agriculture. The technical knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> labour <strong>for</strong>ce is low, resulting in low agricultural<br />
productivity and periods <strong>of</strong> food shortage. The rural economy is centred on subsistence agriculture, as developments<br />
in agricultural and <strong>for</strong>estry technologies have taken place slowly.<br />
Industrial facilities have not been developed and are unlikely to provide a boost to <strong>the</strong> economy in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>eseeable<br />
future because <strong>the</strong> population is scattered and production is small-scale. Trade in commodities and consumer<br />
goods takes place in <strong>the</strong> towns and lowland areas. In remote areas, supplies <strong>of</strong> essential goods do not meet<br />
local demand. State <strong>for</strong>est enterprises have existed <strong>for</strong> many years in <strong>the</strong> region. However, <strong>the</strong>ir capacity <strong>for</strong><br />
promoting and supporting social <strong>for</strong>estry activities is yet to be fully assessed, and <strong>the</strong> rate <strong>of</strong> transfer <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>estry<br />
technology remains low.<br />
Infrastructure<br />
Road transportation is very restricted due to <strong>the</strong> poor condition <strong>of</strong> roads and trails in <strong>the</strong> area. Roads are frequently<br />
made impassable in <strong>the</strong> rainy season by floods, landslides and fallen trees. Access to communes and<br />
villages is generally along trails which are only passable on foot.<br />
Health care, education and in<strong>for</strong>mation dissemination facilities have in general improved in <strong>the</strong> area. Every<br />
commune has a school and a clinic, however, materials and supplies <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>m are <strong>of</strong>ten inadequate, out-dated<br />
and inappropriate <strong>for</strong> local conditions.<br />
27
4. Management Considerations<br />
4.1 Physical Factors<br />
Topography. The topography <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve is deeply dissected by a number <strong>of</strong> stream and<br />
rivers, which flow into <strong>the</strong> Cao River in <strong>the</strong> north and into <strong>the</strong> Khue River in <strong>the</strong> south (both are tributaries <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Chu River). Such steep topography creates difficulties <strong>for</strong> constructing <strong>the</strong> infrastructure necessary <strong>for</strong> a<br />
protected area, such as guard stations, and <strong>for</strong> carrying out management activities, such as en<strong>for</strong>cement <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est<br />
rules and regulations. Adequate planning <strong>of</strong> both <strong>the</strong> location and type <strong>of</strong> infrastructure is required, and particular<br />
consideration should be given to <strong>the</strong> steep topography.<br />
Climate. The area has a tropical monsoon climate, with rainfall concentrated in <strong>the</strong> three months from July to<br />
September and <strong>the</strong> highest rainfall during August. Floods <strong>of</strong>ten occur at <strong>the</strong>se times, causing obstacles to <strong>the</strong><br />
management and protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve. The dry season is from November to April, and accounts <strong>for</strong><br />
only 10% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total annual rainfall. During <strong>the</strong> dry season, <strong>the</strong> area is exposed to hot, dry winds blowing from<br />
Laos. During this period, <strong>the</strong>re is an increased risk <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est fire, caused by slash-and-burn agricultural practices.<br />
Consequently, <strong>the</strong> nature reserve management must implement measures to prevent and control <strong>for</strong>est fires,<br />
particularly in <strong>for</strong>est areas below 700 m. These measures should include raising awareness about <strong>the</strong> dangers <strong>of</strong><br />
fire and establishing fire-prevention teams in each commune.<br />
4.2 Biological Factors<br />
Management <strong>of</strong> Forest Patches. The majority <strong>of</strong> mammals and birds in <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve depend<br />
upon evergreen <strong>for</strong>est. The only significant undisturbed areas <strong>of</strong> this habitat type occur above 700 m. The first<br />
priority in establishing and managing <strong>the</strong> nature reserve should be to protect and conserve existing primary<br />
<strong>for</strong>est patches in order to provide a refuge <strong>for</strong> species dependent upon evergreen <strong>for</strong>est. These species include<br />
Tiger, Clouded Leopard, Asiatic Black Bear, Roosevelt’s Muntjac, and White-cheeked Gibbon.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r Research. Although populations <strong>of</strong> several threatened and endemic mammal and bird species have been<br />
found in <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve, <strong>the</strong>se populations have not been studied in sufficient detail to understand<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir distribution and ecology. The biodiversity data outlined in this report are only initial results and a more<br />
detailed research programme is essential in order to provide data <strong>for</strong> effective conservation management. Such a<br />
programme should include detailed surveys <strong>of</strong> mammal, bird, reptile and amphibian populations, with particular<br />
attention given to Roosevelt’s Muntjac and threatened species. Future biodiversity survey work should take place<br />
in <strong>the</strong> spring when conditions are most favourable.<br />
4.3 Socio-cultural Factors<br />
Hunting and Trapping. At present, <strong>the</strong>re is insufficient in<strong>for</strong>mation on <strong>the</strong> populations <strong>of</strong> nationally or globally<br />
threatened animal species to develop a long-term plan <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir conservation. However, hunting and trapping <strong>of</strong><br />
mammals and birds by villagers continues in Ban Vin village, and it will be necessary to take measures reduce and<br />
possibly eliminate <strong>the</strong> impact <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se unlawful activities. These measures should include en<strong>for</strong>cement <strong>of</strong> regulations<br />
on <strong>the</strong> possession <strong>of</strong> firearms and patrols to check trap laying during <strong>the</strong> trapping season from September to<br />
March.<br />
Logging and Forest Clearance. Forest areas above 700 m have steep slopes and soils prone to erosion if <strong>the</strong><br />
vegetation cover is removed. Once soil erosion has taken place, regeneration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> natural vegetation is impeded.<br />
The nature reserve management must seek to control <strong>for</strong>est clearance at higher elevations, in order to protect <strong>the</strong><br />
integrity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, it will be necessary to control logging and <strong>for</strong>est clearance along <strong>the</strong> Chu<br />
and Khao Rivers by local people from Hon Yen and Ban Vin villages if <strong>the</strong> catchments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se important water<br />
sources are to be protected.<br />
The conifers Fokienia hodginsii and Cunninghamia konishii have high economic value and, consequently, most<br />
28
Section 4 - Management Considerations<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> trees with diameters greater than 30 cm have already been illegally felled; only small trees remain. In<br />
addition, broadleaf tree species, such as Michelia spp., are also illegally felled. Illegal timber extraction has already<br />
seriously degraded <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est in <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve; unless it is controlled, <strong>the</strong> few remaining areas <strong>of</strong><br />
undisturbed <strong>for</strong>est will also be lost.<br />
The nor<strong>the</strong>rn areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve are close to centres <strong>of</strong> population along <strong>the</strong> Cao River, and it is <strong>the</strong><br />
activities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> inhabitants <strong>of</strong> this area that may be having <strong>the</strong> greatest impacts on <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve.<br />
There<strong>for</strong>e, priority should be given to conservation activities in this area, such as establishing guard stations.<br />
29
5. Management Recommendations<br />
5.1 Management Objectives<br />
The following management recommendations <strong>for</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve are based upon an appraisal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
biodiversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> study area and an analysis <strong>of</strong> constraints on conservation.<br />
The general management objectives should be to:<br />
30<br />
(a) completely preserve <strong>the</strong> biodiversity value <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve; and<br />
(b) develop projects in <strong>the</strong> nature reserve and buffer zone, in order to encourage high levels <strong>of</strong> interest<br />
and involvement in conservation amongst local people.<br />
Specific objectives should include to:<br />
(a) strictly protect existing areas <strong>of</strong> primary <strong>for</strong>est within <strong>the</strong> nature reserve;<br />
(b) preserve populations <strong>of</strong> animal and plant species in <strong>the</strong> nature reserve toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong>ir habitat,<br />
with particular attention to nationally and globally threatened species that are vulnerable to overexploitation,<br />
such as Fokienia hodginsii, Cunninghamia konishii, Tiger, Clouded Leopard, Gaur,<br />
White-cheeked Gibbon, Great Hornbill and Brown Hornbill;<br />
(c) protect <strong>the</strong> population <strong>of</strong> Roosevelt’s Muntjac which is currently under intense hunting pressure;<br />
(d) maintain <strong>the</strong> ecological value and hydrological functions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chu and Cao Rivers, and protect<br />
<strong>the</strong> catchment <strong>of</strong> Cua Dat dam;<br />
(e) initiate and carry out a research and monitoring programme to ensure <strong>the</strong> long-term protection <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> natural values <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve;<br />
(f) support development <strong>of</strong> infrastructure and technology in <strong>the</strong> buffer area to facilitate socio-economic<br />
development with <strong>the</strong> aim <strong>of</strong> gradually reducing <strong>the</strong> dependence <strong>of</strong> local people on <strong>the</strong> natural<br />
resources <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve; and<br />
(g) conduct a programme to raise awareness amongst <strong>the</strong> local community <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> value <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature<br />
reserve and to promote sustainable use <strong>of</strong> its resources.<br />
5.2 Management Authority<br />
Inclusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve in Vietnam’s network <strong>of</strong> Special-use Forests would necessitate transfer <strong>of</strong><br />
management responsibility to <strong>the</strong> Forest Protection Department (FPD) within MARD, which coordinates<br />
protection <strong>of</strong> all Special-use Forests whilst all o<strong>the</strong>r areas are managed by provincial FPDs (MOF 1991a). However,<br />
<strong>the</strong> management responsibility <strong>for</strong> and administration <strong>of</strong> nature reserves is undertaken, in most instances, at <strong>the</strong><br />
provincial level, and it is recommended that this should be <strong>the</strong> case <strong>for</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve.<br />
5.3 Proposed Boundary <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
Option One<br />
Beginning at Ta Leo peak (1,400 m) on <strong>the</strong> border with Nghe An province in <strong>the</strong> south-east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature<br />
reserve, <strong>the</strong> boundary runs between <strong>the</strong> watersheds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hon Yen and Hon Han streams until <strong>the</strong> confluence<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chu and Cao Rivers. The boundary <strong>the</strong>n continues north along <strong>the</strong> Cao River <strong>for</strong> 2.5 km, be<strong>for</strong>e heading<br />
west along <strong>the</strong> mountain ridge which incorporates <strong>the</strong> summits <strong>of</strong> Bu Pha Rang (580 m), Hon Han (655 m), Bu
31<br />
LEGEND<br />
Vietnam / Lao Border<br />
Provincial Border<br />
District Border<br />
Commune Border<br />
Proposed Boundary: Option Two<br />
Proposed Boundary: Option One<br />
Road<br />
Stream or River<br />
800 m Contour Line<br />
Commune Centre<br />
Forest Protection Headquarters<br />
Guard Station<br />
Survey Site<br />
Border Army Station<br />
Dam<br />
Map based on field survey in 1998<br />
Grid: UTM, zone 48; units: metric<br />
Map 3: Proposed Boundary <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
SCALE: 1:140,000<br />
Produced by <strong>the</strong> Forest Resources<br />
and Environment Centre <strong>of</strong> FIPI<br />
Section 5. - Management Recommendations
Section 5 - Management Recommendations<br />
Hon Han (1,208 m) and Ban Mua (1,100 m) mountains and peaks at 315 m, 1,178 m, 1,397 m and 1,442 m,<br />
as far as <strong>the</strong> provincial border. The sou<strong>the</strong>rn boundary follows <strong>the</strong> border between Thanh Hoa and Nghe An<br />
provinces <strong>for</strong> about 26 km (Map 3).<br />
With this boundary, <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve would have <strong>the</strong> following characteristics:<br />
32<br />
• A total area <strong>of</strong> about 16,500 ha, including 2,500 ha <strong>of</strong> evergreen <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
• No human settlements in <strong>the</strong> nature reserve after <strong>the</strong> construction <strong>of</strong> Cua Dat dam.<br />
However, under option one, an area <strong>of</strong> 7,100 ha south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cao River, including 2,000 ha <strong>of</strong> evergreen <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
would not be included in <strong>the</strong> nature reserve. There<strong>for</strong>e, option two is proposed 1 .<br />
Option Two<br />
The sou<strong>the</strong>rn and eastern boundary are <strong>the</strong> same as <strong>for</strong> option one. The nor<strong>the</strong>rn boundary follows <strong>the</strong> Cao<br />
River and its tributary, <strong>the</strong> Ken River, from <strong>the</strong> border between Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces (19°59’N<br />
104°57’E) to <strong>the</strong> confluence with <strong>the</strong> Chu River (Map 3).<br />
With <strong>the</strong> boundary proposed under option two, <strong>the</strong> nature reserve would cover an area <strong>of</strong> 23,610 ha, an increase<br />
<strong>of</strong> 7,100 ha in comparison with option one. This increased area would enhance <strong>the</strong> conservation value <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong><br />
<strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve in <strong>the</strong> following ways:<br />
• Expanded habitat <strong>for</strong> large mammal species with populations in <strong>the</strong> area south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ken and Cao<br />
Rivers, such as Gaur, Tiger, Asiatic Black Bear, Sun Bear and Roosevelt’s Muntjac.<br />
• Expanded habitat <strong>of</strong> several nationally and globally threatened bird species.<br />
• More areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est in <strong>the</strong> watershed <strong>of</strong> Cua Dat dam are af<strong>for</strong>ded Special-use Forest status.<br />
Nei<strong>the</strong>r option <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> boundary <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve includes areas to <strong>the</strong> north-west adjacent to <strong>the</strong><br />
national border between Vietnam and Laos <strong>for</strong> to <strong>the</strong> following reasons:<br />
• Local people in Bat Mot commune have settled <strong>the</strong> area north <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ken River and are cultivating<br />
wet rice in <strong>the</strong> valleys and dry rice on <strong>the</strong> hills. This has led to exploitation or clearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est in<br />
this area.<br />
• Nam Xam <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve in Laos is about 12 km from <strong>the</strong> international border with Vietnam.<br />
The <strong>for</strong>est in <strong>the</strong> intervening areas has been extensively cleared by settlers practising shifting<br />
cultivation. The isolated and degraded patches <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est which remain do not represent a viable<br />
habitat corridor between <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> and Nam Xam <strong>Nature</strong> Reserves.<br />
<strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve will share a common boundary with Pu Hoat proposed nature reserve to <strong>the</strong> south in<br />
Nghe An province.<br />
As a result <strong>of</strong> future emigration <strong>of</strong> people from <strong>Xuan</strong> My and <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> communes, following <strong>the</strong> construction<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cua Dat dam, <strong>the</strong>re will be no human settlement or fixed cultivation within <strong>the</strong> nature reserve under ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
option. Option two will provide greater protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est habitat and <strong>the</strong> biodiversity dependent upon it, as<br />
well as increased watershed protection.<br />
1 Following <strong>the</strong> publication <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> original Vietnamese version <strong>of</strong> this report, a workshop was held in Thanh Hoa province<br />
in February 1999 attended by representatives <strong>of</strong> FIPI, <strong>the</strong> provincial people’s committee and <strong>the</strong> Provincial FPD to discuss<br />
<strong>the</strong> two options <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> boundary at which option two was decided upon.
5.4 Management Areas<br />
Section 5. - Management Recommendations<br />
The core zone <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve should be divided into three areas, with each area having a different<br />
management regime: a Strict Protection Area, a Forest Rehabilitation Area and an Administration and Service<br />
Area. Additionally, <strong>the</strong>re should be a buffer zone.<br />
Strict Protection Area<br />
The Strict Protection Area should be defined on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est areas, which make up 78% <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> nature reserve. This area should contain secondary <strong>for</strong>est types as well as primary <strong>for</strong>est. The areas to be<br />
included in <strong>the</strong> Strict Protection Area will be defined in detail in <strong>the</strong> investment plan <strong>for</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong><br />
Reserve.<br />
Function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Strict Protection Area. The function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Strict Protection Area is to completely protect all<br />
habitats represented in <strong>the</strong> nature reserve and <strong>the</strong> animal and plant species <strong>the</strong>y support. Activities which overexploit<br />
or degrade <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est should not be allowed. These activities include tree cutting, oil and resin exploitation,<br />
and hunting and trapping <strong>of</strong> animals. The management regime <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Strict Protection Area is shown in Table<br />
20.<br />
Table 20: Management Regime <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Strict Protection Area<br />
Activity Impacts Management<br />
Logging Degradation and loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est, disruption <strong>of</strong> Strictly prohibited<br />
<strong>for</strong>est canopy, loss <strong>of</strong> plant and animal species<br />
Charcoal production Degradation <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est, ecological disturbance, Strictly prohibited<br />
loss <strong>of</strong> habitat and species<br />
Resin tapping and oil distilling Destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est, disruption <strong>of</strong> canopy Strictly prohibited<br />
layer, wildlife disturbance<br />
Hunting with guns Loss <strong>of</strong> mammal and bird species, wildlife Strictly prohibited<br />
disturbance<br />
Trapping mammals and birds Loss <strong>of</strong> mammal and bird species, wildlife Strictly prohibited<br />
with snares and traps disturbance<br />
Trapping large mammals with Loss <strong>of</strong> mammal species, wildlife disturbance Strictly prohibited<br />
explosives<br />
Fishing and frog catching Impacts unclear, over-exploitation may lead to Strictly prohibited<br />
loss <strong>of</strong> species<br />
Livestock grazing Disturbance to wildlife and ecology, prevention Strictly prohibited<br />
<strong>of</strong> natural regeneration<br />
Mining Destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est, pollution, loss <strong>of</strong> aquatic Strictly prohibited<br />
species<br />
Fire Destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est, prevention <strong>of</strong> natural Strictly prohibited<br />
regeneration<br />
Construction <strong>of</strong> roads, houses Creation <strong>of</strong> conditions <strong>for</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est Strictly prohibited<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r infrastructure and over-exploitation <strong>of</strong> natural resources<br />
Orchid collection Impacts unclear but can cause loss <strong>of</strong> plant species Strictly prohibited<br />
Medicinal plant collection Impacts unclear but can cause loss <strong>of</strong> plant species Limited<br />
Rattan collection Disturbance to <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est understorey, wildlife Limited<br />
disturbance<br />
Firewood collection Prevention <strong>of</strong> natural regeneration Limited to dead wood<br />
Honey collection Impacts unclear, possible risk <strong>of</strong> fire Permitted<br />
Forest Rehabilitation Area<br />
Most areas <strong>of</strong> scrub, grassland and agricultural land lie at low elevations. Large areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se vegetation types will<br />
be inundated when Cua Dat dam is constructed. Consequently, <strong>the</strong> remaining areas <strong>of</strong> scrub and grassland in<br />
33
34<br />
Section 5 - Management Recommendations<br />
<strong>the</strong> nature reserve will cover only 3,000 ha. Two options are proposed <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>se areas, ei<strong>the</strong>r:<br />
(a) <strong>the</strong>se areas will be protected and allowed to regenerate naturally into <strong>for</strong>est. The advantage <strong>of</strong> this<br />
approach is that areas <strong>of</strong> scrub and grassland are scattered throughout <strong>the</strong> nature reserve, making<br />
active rehabilitation difficult; or<br />
(b) <strong>the</strong>se areas will be rehabilitated to <strong>for</strong>est habitat by planting indigenous tree species such as Manglietia<br />
spp., Erythrophleum <strong>for</strong>dii, Chukrasia tabularis, Fokienia hodginsii and Cunninghamia konishii.<br />
Function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Forest Rehabilitation Area. The purpose <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Forest Rehabilitation Area is to restore <strong>the</strong><br />
natural vegetation <strong>of</strong> areas which have been cleared and prevented from regenerating naturally by <strong>the</strong> activities <strong>of</strong><br />
humans. This will be achieved through ei<strong>the</strong>r natural regeneration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est or planting <strong>of</strong> indigenous trees.<br />
Activities which prevent <strong>for</strong>est regeneration are not permitted. The management regime <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Forest<br />
Rehabilitation Area is shown in Table 21.<br />
Table 21: Management Regime <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Forest Rehabilitation Area<br />
Activity Impacts Management<br />
Shifting cultivation Destruction <strong>of</strong> ecosystem, reduction <strong>of</strong> habitat Strictly prohibited<br />
<strong>for</strong> wildlife species<br />
Hunting and trapping Loss <strong>of</strong> animal species, decline in animal Strictly prohibited<br />
populations<br />
Mining Destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est, pollution, loss <strong>of</strong> aquatic Strictly prohibited<br />
species<br />
Construction <strong>of</strong> roads, houses Creation <strong>of</strong> conditions <strong>for</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est Strictly prohibited<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r infrastructure and over-exploitation <strong>of</strong> natural resources<br />
Livestock grazing Disturbance to wildlife and ecology, prevention Strictly prohibited<br />
<strong>of</strong> natural regeneration<br />
Fire Destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est, prevention <strong>of</strong> natural Strictly prohibited<br />
regeneration<br />
Planting <strong>of</strong> non-native tree Loss <strong>of</strong> habitat diversity and biodiversity Generally prohibited<br />
species<br />
Exploitation <strong>of</strong> non-timber Over-exploitation may result in loss <strong>of</strong> species Limited and regulated<br />
<strong>for</strong>est products and habitat<br />
Re<strong>for</strong>estation with indigenous Habitat expansion, maintenance <strong>of</strong> biodiversity, Encouraged<br />
tree species<br />
Protection <strong>of</strong> natural Forest rehabilitation and regeneration, habitat Encouraged<br />
regeneration expansion<br />
5.5 Buffer Zone<br />
The core zone <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve will cover 23,610 ha, including <strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> commune<br />
and parts <strong>of</strong> five o<strong>the</strong>r communes Bat Mot, Yen Nhan, <strong>Xuan</strong> Khao, <strong>Xuan</strong> My and Van <strong>Xuan</strong>. The remaining<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se five communes, along with three o<strong>the</strong>r communes (Luong Son, <strong>Xuan</strong> Cam and <strong>Xuan</strong> Le) will <strong>for</strong>m<br />
a buffer zone. The total area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> buffer zone will be 53,556 ha.<br />
According to <strong>the</strong> plan <strong>for</strong> Cua Dat dam, all <strong>the</strong> inhabitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> commune will be relocated, and this<br />
land will become part <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve. Socio-economic development projects <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> buffer zone<br />
will be developed in <strong>the</strong> future, following and separate from <strong>the</strong> investment project <strong>for</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong><br />
Reserve. Socio-economic development projects in <strong>the</strong> buffer zone will be managed by <strong>the</strong> local administration at<br />
commune, district and provincial level. Future conservation projects <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve will be integrated<br />
with community development projects <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> buffer zone.
The buffer zone has <strong>the</strong> following advantages <strong>for</strong> development projects:<br />
Section 5. - Management Recommendations<br />
• The land is suitable <strong>for</strong> cultivating bamboo which can be sold to Thanh Hoa paper mill <strong>for</strong> use in<br />
paper production.<br />
• Sugarcane can be planted to supply Lam Son sugar factory in Thanh Hoa province.<br />
• The abundant labour <strong>for</strong>ce can be involved in <strong>for</strong>est protection and plantation activities as part <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> nation-wide five-million-hectare <strong>for</strong>est planting programme.<br />
• There is sufficient grazing land available to support an increased number <strong>of</strong> livestock.<br />
5.6 Development <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
Investment Plan<br />
<strong>Establishment</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve will require <strong>the</strong> production <strong>of</strong> a 5 to 10 year investment plan. This investment<br />
plan should outline <strong>the</strong> infrastructure, manpower, management policy and investment capital required to ensure<br />
adequate protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> natural resources <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve. This would include <strong>the</strong> staffing requirements<br />
<strong>for</strong> management, administration and <strong>for</strong>est protection. The plan should also outline <strong>the</strong> number and location <strong>of</strong><br />
guard stations.<br />
Capital Construction Programme<br />
Headquarters. The proposed location <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve headquarters is to <strong>the</strong> east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve in<br />
Luong Son commune, with coordinates 19°57’N 105°16’E (Map 3).<br />
Guard Stations. Assuming that option two <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve’s boundary is adopted, five guard stations will<br />
be required, positioned as follows:<br />
(a) Cua Dat Guard Station. Located near Cua Dat dam with coordinates 19°53’N 105°17’E. Its task<br />
will be to patrol and protect <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est in <strong>the</strong> east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve. The main patrol route will<br />
be along <strong>the</strong> Chu River.<br />
(b) <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Guard Station. Located on <strong>the</strong> border between Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces at<br />
<strong>the</strong> confluence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Khue and Chu Rivers, with coordinates 19°55’N 105°08’E. Its task will be<br />
to patrol and check <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>est clearance and hunting or trapping <strong>of</strong> animals in <strong>the</strong> area near <strong>the</strong><br />
provincial border.<br />
(c) Yen Nhan Guard Station. Located near Due hamlet, Yen Nhan commune, with coordinates 20°00’N<br />
105°08’E. Its task will be to protect <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est on Bu Hon Han mountain and to monitor human<br />
activities in Yen Nhan and Bat Mot communes that affect <strong>the</strong> nature reserve.<br />
(d) <strong>Xuan</strong> Khao Guard Station. Located on <strong>the</strong> Cao River with coordinates 19°58’N 105°12’E.<br />
(e) Ban Vin Guard Station. Located in Ban Vin village, Bat Mot commune, with coordinates: 19°59’N<br />
104°59’E. Its task will be to carry out <strong>for</strong>est management and protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>est south <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ken<br />
River. The main patrol routes will be between Ban Vin and Lang Liem villages, and between Ban<br />
Vin and Ban Can villages.<br />
5.7 Future Plan <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Establishment</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
1. This feasibility study will be discussed at a <strong>for</strong>thcoming workshop to be held in Thanh Hoa province,<br />
which will be attended by representatives <strong>of</strong> all organisations concerned in <strong>the</strong> establishment and<br />
management <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature reserve. The purpose <strong>of</strong> this workshop will be to obtain feedback on and<br />
35
Section 5 - Management Recommendations<br />
36<br />
ratify <strong>the</strong> contents <strong>of</strong> this feasibility study 2 .<br />
2. After being ratified by <strong>the</strong> provincial people’s committee, this feasibility study will be submitted to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). Suggestions by senior experts<br />
regarding <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> investment plan <strong>for</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve will be solicited.<br />
3. In 1999, <strong>the</strong> government and MARD will agree to fund <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> an investment plan <strong>for</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> nature reserve 3 .<br />
4. The amount <strong>of</strong> investment capital required <strong>for</strong> projects in <strong>the</strong> core zone and buffer zone <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
nature reserve detailed in <strong>the</strong> investment plan will be estimated. The investment plan will <strong>the</strong>n be<br />
submitted to MARD and <strong>the</strong> Ministry <strong>of</strong> Planning and Investment (MPI) <strong>for</strong> ratification.<br />
5.8 Priority Actions<br />
1. <strong>Establishment</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve as part <strong>of</strong> Vietnam’s expanded system <strong>of</strong> Special-use<br />
Forests. This meets <strong>the</strong> commitment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> government to increase <strong>the</strong> protected area system <strong>of</strong><br />
Vietnam to two million hectares by <strong>the</strong> year 2000.<br />
2. Thanh Hoa Provincial FPD should submit a proposal to MARD, outlining <strong>the</strong> funds required to<br />
develop an investment plan <strong>for</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve.<br />
3. Thanh Hoa Provincial FPD should send <strong>of</strong>ficial letters to <strong>the</strong> people’s committees <strong>of</strong> Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong><br />
district and <strong>the</strong> communes <strong>the</strong>rein to in<strong>for</strong>m <strong>the</strong>m <strong>of</strong> provincial and ministerial policy decisions<br />
regarding <strong>the</strong> establishment <strong>of</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve.<br />
4. Thuong <strong>Xuan</strong> District FPD should step up control <strong>of</strong> illegal exploitation <strong>of</strong> natural resources in <strong>the</strong><br />
area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proposed nature reserve, particularly when <strong>the</strong>se activities are taking place at unsustainable<br />
levels. The district FPD should also conduct education and awareness activities to increase<br />
understanding amongst local people <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> environment protection <strong>for</strong> agricultural<br />
development.<br />
5. Fur<strong>the</strong>r study <strong>of</strong> animal and plant populations, particularly in <strong>the</strong> upstream areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ken and<br />
Khue Rivers, should be carried out. Special attention should be paid to identifying threatened and<br />
endemic bird species which were not found during <strong>the</strong> previous field survey. Fur<strong>the</strong>r in<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
should be collected on <strong>the</strong> distribution and ecology <strong>of</strong> Roosevelt’s Muntjac and globally threatened<br />
mammals such as Tiger and Gaur.<br />
6. A detailed socio-economic survey should be carried out in communities in <strong>the</strong> buffer zone <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
nature reserve. The results <strong>of</strong> this survey will be a basis <strong>for</strong> developing a harmonious relationship<br />
between <strong>the</strong> nature reserve and <strong>the</strong> local community.<br />
7. A thorough and pr<strong>of</strong>essionally undertaken Environmental Impact Assessment should be undertaken<br />
prior to proceeding with <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cua Dat dam.<br />
2 This workshop was held in February 1999 and <strong>the</strong> contents <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> original Vietnamese version <strong>of</strong> this feasibility study were<br />
ratified.<br />
3 FIPI plan to write <strong>the</strong> investment plan <strong>for</strong> <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve during <strong>the</strong> second half <strong>of</strong> 1999.
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Pham Ngoc Dang (1998) Urban environment and industrialisation in Vietnam. In: Vietnamese studies 3 (129):<br />
80-95. Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers.<br />
Pinratana, A. (1977-1988) Butterflies in Thailand. Volumes 1-6. Bangkok: Viratham Press.<br />
Ratcliffe, D. (1977) A nature conservation review. Vol. 1. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.<br />
Thai Van Trung (1978) Forest vegetation <strong>of</strong> Vietnam. Hanoi: Science and Technology Publishing House (in<br />
Vietnamese).<br />
Vo Quy (1998) An overview <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> environmental problems in Vietnam. In: Vietnamese studies 3 (129): 7-32.<br />
Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers.<br />
Wikramanayake, E. D., E. Dinerstein, P. Hedao and D. Olson (1997). A conservation assessment <strong>of</strong> terrestrial<br />
ecoregions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Indo-Pacific Region. Washington D.C.: WWF-US Conservation Science Program.
Appendices<br />
Appendix 1: Flora Recorded in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
Class, Family, Notes<br />
Genus and Species<br />
Lycopodiophyta<br />
Lycopodiaceae<br />
Lycopodiella cernua M<br />
Selaginellaceae<br />
Selaginella petelotii<br />
S. delicatula<br />
Polypodiophyta<br />
Angiopteridaceae<br />
Archangiopteris tonkinensis<br />
Angiopteris caudati<strong>for</strong>mis<br />
A. repandula<br />
Schizeaceae<br />
Lygodium con<strong>for</strong>me<br />
L. flexuosum<br />
L. japonicum<br />
Adiantaceae<br />
Adiantum capillus-veneris M<br />
Vittaria elongata<br />
Pteris ensi<strong>for</strong>mis<br />
P. linearis<br />
Gleicheniaceae<br />
Dicranopteris dichotoma<br />
D. linearis<br />
Polypodiaceae<br />
Drynaria <strong>for</strong>tunei M<br />
Aglaomorpha coronans<br />
Pyrrosia lingua M<br />
Colysis bonii<br />
Cya<strong>the</strong>aceae<br />
Cya<strong>the</strong>a contaminans<br />
C. gigantea<br />
Thyrsopteridaceae<br />
Cibotium barometz M<br />
Dennstaedtiaceae<br />
Pteridium aquilinum subsp.<br />
aquilinum<br />
Lindsaea ensifolia<br />
L. chienii<br />
Aspleniaceae<br />
Asplenium nidus O<br />
A. normale<br />
Diplazium esculentum<br />
Dryopteridaceae<br />
Tectaria decurrens<br />
Class, Family, Notes Class, Family, Notes<br />
T. leuzeana<br />
Davalliaceae<br />
Humata repens<br />
Davallia divarcata var. orientalis<br />
Blechnaceae<br />
Blechnum orientale<br />
Marsileaceae<br />
Marsilea quadrifolia M<br />
Pinophyta<br />
Gnetaceae<br />
Gnetum montanum<br />
Taxodiaceae<br />
Cunninghamia konishii W<br />
Cupressaceae<br />
Fokienia hodginsii W,M,R<br />
Podocarpaceae<br />
Dacrycarpus imbricatus W<br />
Podocarpus neriifolius W<br />
Amentotaxaceae<br />
Amentotaxus argotaenia W<br />
Magnoliophyta<br />
Magnoliopsida<br />
Magnoliaceae<br />
Manglietia conifera W<br />
M. hainanensis W<br />
M. <strong>for</strong>diana W<br />
Michelia balansae W<br />
M. foveolata W<br />
M. hypolampra W<br />
Paramichelia baillonii W<br />
Tsoongiodendron odorum W<br />
Anonaceae<br />
Uvaria purpurea<br />
Desmos chinensis<br />
D. cochinchinensis M,O<br />
Dasymaschalon rostratum<br />
Polyalthia lauii W<br />
P. obtusa W<br />
Cyathocalyx annamensis W<br />
Alphonsea boniana W<br />
Mitrephora calcarea W<br />
Myristicaceae<br />
Knema conferta W<br />
K. globularia W,M<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Peperomia leptostachya<br />
Piper albispicum<br />
Illiciaceae<br />
Illicium parviflorum<br />
Ranunculaceae<br />
Clematis armandii<br />
C. buchaniana<br />
Menispermaceae<br />
Stephania japonica var. discolor M<br />
S. rotunda M<br />
Cissampelos pareira M<br />
Lauraceae<br />
Cinnamomum cassia W,M<br />
C. par<strong>the</strong>noxylon W<br />
C. bejolghota<br />
(C. obtusifolium) W<br />
C. balansae W,EV<br />
Neocinnamomum lecomtei<br />
Litsea baviensis W<br />
L. cubeba W,M<br />
L. glutinosa W,M<br />
L. monopetala W<br />
L. robusta W<br />
L. verticillata W<br />
Neolitsea zeylanica W<br />
Lindera tonkinensis W<br />
Cryptocarya annamensis W<br />
C. lenticellata W<br />
C. metcalfiana W<br />
Beilshmiedia intermedia W<br />
B. percoriacea W<br />
Phoebe angustifolia var. annamensis<br />
P. tavoyana (P. cunneata) W<br />
Machilus bonii W<br />
M. macrophylla W<br />
Alseodaphne rhododendropsis W<br />
Caryodaphnopsis tonkinensis W<br />
Cassytha fili<strong>for</strong>mis M<br />
Hernandiaceae<br />
Illigera parviflora<br />
Dilleniaceae<br />
Dillenia pentagyna W<br />
D. scabrella W<br />
D. turbinata W,M<br />
Tetracera scandens M<br />
39
40<br />
Appendices<br />
Class, Family, Notes Class, Family, Notes<br />
Actinidiaceae<br />
Saurauja tristyla M<br />
Theaceae<br />
Adinandra hainensis<br />
Eurya annamensis<br />
E. japonica<br />
Camellia dormoyana<br />
C. caudata<br />
Schima wallichii subsp. noronhae W<br />
Dipterocarpaceae<br />
Hopea mollisima W<br />
Parashorea chinensis W,R<br />
(Shorea chinensis)<br />
Vatica subglabra W<br />
Pentaphylaceae<br />
Pentaphylax euryoides<br />
(P. spicata) W<br />
Guttiferae<br />
Garcinia cochinchinensis<br />
(G. loureiri) W<br />
G. cowa W<br />
G. multiflora W<br />
G. oblongifolia W<br />
Cratoxylum cochinchinensis W,M<br />
C. <strong>for</strong>mosum var. prunifolium W,M<br />
Elaeocarpaceae<br />
Elaeocarpus apiculatus W<br />
E. grandiflorus W<br />
E. griffithii (E. dubius,<br />
E. bachmaensis) W<br />
E. lanceifolius W<br />
E. limitanus W<br />
E. stipularis (E. thorelii,<br />
E. tomentosus) W<br />
Tiliaceae<br />
Grewia hirsuta W<br />
G. paniculata M<br />
Colona poilanei W,EV<br />
C. thorelii W<br />
Triumfetta pseudocana<br />
T. bartramia (T. rhomboidea) M<br />
Sterculiaceae<br />
Commersonia bartramia<br />
Helicteres angustifolia<br />
Pterospermum heterophyllum W<br />
P. lancaefolium W<br />
Reevesia thyrsoidea W<br />
Genus and Species<br />
Sterculia lanceolata W,M<br />
Heritiera macrophylla W<br />
Bombaceae<br />
Bombax ceiba W,M<br />
Malvaceae<br />
Sida rhombifolia M<br />
Urena lobata M<br />
Kydia calycina W<br />
Flacourtiaceae<br />
Hydnocarpus annamensis W<br />
H. kurzii W<br />
Scolopia chinensis W<br />
Passifloraceae<br />
Passiflora foetida M<br />
Cucurbitaceae<br />
Solena heterophylla<br />
Gymnopetalum cochinchinensis<br />
Hodgsonia macrocarpa M<br />
Datiscaceae<br />
Tetrameles nudiflora W,M<br />
Begoniaceae<br />
Begonia boisiana<br />
B. macrostoma<br />
Capparaceae<br />
Capparis tonkinensis<br />
Crateva nurvala M,O<br />
Ericaceae<br />
Rhododendron nuttalii O<br />
R. cavaleriei O<br />
Vaccinium dunalianum<br />
Lyonia ovalifolia<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Madhuca pasquieri W,M,R<br />
Eberhardtia tonkinensis W<br />
Sinosideroxylon racemosum W<br />
Sarcosperma kachinense W<br />
Ebenaceae<br />
Diospyros apiculata<br />
(D. eriantha var. cocica) W<br />
D. kerrii W<br />
D. pilosula W<br />
Styracaceae<br />
Styrax benjoin W<br />
S. tonkinensis W,M<br />
Alniphyllum <strong>for</strong>tunei<br />
Symplocaceae<br />
Symplocos adenophylla W<br />
S. cochinchinensis subsp. laurina W<br />
Class, Family, Notes<br />
S. paniculata (S. chinensis) W<br />
Myrsinaceae<br />
Maesa balansae M<br />
Embelia laeta M<br />
E. scandens<br />
Ardisia aciphylla<br />
A. maculosa<br />
A. ramondiae<strong>for</strong>mis<br />
A. silvestris M<br />
Amaranthaceae<br />
Cyathula prostrata<br />
Achyran<strong>the</strong>s aspera M<br />
Polygoniaceae<br />
Polygonum chinensis<br />
P. hydropiper M<br />
P. leptostachyum<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Eriobotrya bengalensis W<br />
Rhaphiolepis indica W<br />
Rubus cochinchinensis M<br />
R. parvifolius (R. triphyllus)<br />
R alceaefolius M<br />
Prunus arborea var. montana W<br />
Fabaceae<br />
Mimosoideae<br />
Entada phaseoloides<br />
(E. tonkinensis)<br />
Adenan<strong>the</strong>ra pavonina W<br />
Albizia chinensis W<br />
A. odoratissima W<br />
A. lucidior W<br />
Archidendron clypearia W<br />
A. turgidum W<br />
A. bauchei W<br />
Caesalpiniodeae<br />
Peltophorum dasyrrachis var. W<br />
tonkinensis<br />
Caesalpinia sappan M<br />
C. mimosoides<br />
C. minax M<br />
Erythrophleum <strong>for</strong>dii W<br />
Cassia alata M<br />
C. hirsuta<br />
C. tora M<br />
Bauhinia touranensis<br />
B. godefroyi<br />
Saraca dives W
Class, Family, Notes Class, Family, Notes<br />
Papilionideae<br />
Ormosia balansae W<br />
O. <strong>for</strong>diana W<br />
O. pinnata W<br />
Bowringia calicarpa<br />
Dalbergia rimosa<br />
D. rimosa var. tonkinensis W,V<br />
D. hupeana var. laccifera W<br />
D. balansae W<br />
D. stipulaceae W<br />
Milletia ichthyotona W<br />
Desmodium caudatum<br />
Erythrina variegata M<br />
Pueraria montana<br />
Crotalaria medicaginea<br />
C. umbellata<br />
Eleagnaceae<br />
Eleagnus bonii<br />
E. conferta<br />
Proteaceae<br />
Helicia cochinchinensis W<br />
Heliciopsis lobata W,M<br />
Lecythidaceae<br />
Barringtonia acutangula W,M<br />
Sonneratiaceae<br />
Duabanga grandiflora W<br />
Lythraceae<br />
Lagerstroemia tomentosa W<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa M<br />
Syzygium bonii W<br />
S. finetii<br />
S. hancei W<br />
S. mekongensis W<br />
S. sterrophyllum<br />
Melastomataceae<br />
Melastoma septemnervium<br />
(M. candidum)<br />
M. normale<br />
Osbeckia nepalensis<br />
Blastus cochinchinensis<br />
Memecylon fruticosum<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Terminalia myriocarpa W<br />
Quisqualis indica M<br />
Rhizophoraceae<br />
Carallia lancaefolia W<br />
Genus and Species<br />
Alangiaceae<br />
Alangium chinense W<br />
A. kurzii W<br />
Loranthaceae<br />
Helixan<strong>the</strong>ra parasitica<br />
(Loranthus adpresus)<br />
Dendrophtoe pentandra<br />
(Loranthus pentandrus)<br />
Taxillus chinensis<br />
(Loranthus chinensis)<br />
Elythran<strong>the</strong> albida<br />
Balanophoraceae<br />
Balanophora latisepala<br />
Celastraceae<br />
Glyptopetalum tonkinensis<br />
Euonymus acanthoxanthus<br />
E. pseudo-vagans<br />
Icacinaceae<br />
Gonocaryum lobbianum W<br />
Pandaceae<br />
Microdesmis casearifolia W<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Phyllanthus emblica W<br />
P. reticulata M<br />
P. petelotii<br />
Glochidion hirsutum<br />
G. gamblei<br />
Breynia angustifolia<br />
B. fruticosa M<br />
Drypetes perreticulata W<br />
Aporusa dioica<br />
(A. microcalyx)<br />
Baccaurea ramiflora<br />
(B. sapida) W<br />
Antidesma yunnanensis W<br />
A. montanum W<br />
Bisch<strong>of</strong>ia javanica W,M<br />
Bridelia balansae<br />
B. minutiflora W<br />
Croton bonianus EV<br />
Claoxylon hainanensis<br />
Mallotus philippensis W<br />
M. barbatus<br />
M. apelta M<br />
M. paniculatus<br />
(M. cochinchinensis) W<br />
Alchornia tiliaefolia W<br />
Cleidion brevipetiolatum W<br />
Appendices<br />
Class, Family, Notes<br />
Macaranga denticulata W<br />
M. balansae W,EV<br />
Homonoia riparia M<br />
Aleurites moluccana W<br />
Vernicia <strong>for</strong>dii W<br />
Endospermum chinense W<br />
Sapium baccatum W<br />
S. discolor W<br />
S. rotundifolium W<br />
Oxalidaceae<br />
Averrhoa carambola<br />
Oxalis corniculata M<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Nephelium chryseum W<br />
Xerospermum donnaiense W<br />
Pometia pinnata W<br />
Arytera littoralis W<br />
Mischocarpus fucescens W<br />
M. sundaicus W<br />
Paviesia annamensis W<br />
Staphyleaceae<br />
Turpinia montana<br />
Aceraceae<br />
Acer erythranthum W<br />
A. tonkinensis subsp. tonkinensis W<br />
Burseraceae<br />
Canarium album W,M<br />
C. bengalense W<br />
C. tonkinensis W<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Mangifera foetida W<br />
Allospondias lakonensis W<br />
Choerospondias axillaris W,M<br />
Dracontomelon duperreanum W<br />
Rhus javanica var. roxburghii M<br />
(R. chinensis)<br />
Toxicodendron rhetsoides W<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
Brucea tonkinensis<br />
Ailanthus triphysa W,M<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Chukrasia tabularis W<br />
Melia azedarach W<br />
Dysoxylum binectariferum W<br />
D. hainanense var. glaberrinum W<br />
D. tonkinense W<br />
Chisocheton paniculatus W<br />
Aphanamixis polystachya W<br />
41
Appendices<br />
42<br />
Class, Family, Notes Class, Family, Notes Class, Family, Notes<br />
Amoora dasyclada W<br />
Aglaia gigantea W<br />
A. roxburghiana W<br />
Heynia trijuga W<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Zanthoxylum armatum<br />
Z. avicenniae M<br />
Euodia lepta<br />
E. meliaefolia<br />
Acronychia pedunculata M<br />
Clausena dunniana M<br />
Luvunga sarmentosa<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Gouania leptostachya M<br />
Ventilago leiocarpa M<br />
Berchemia lineata M<br />
Leeaceae<br />
Leea rubra M<br />
Vitaceae<br />
Tetrastigma retinervium<br />
T. tonkinense<br />
Cissus rosea<br />
Cayratia trifolia<br />
C. japonica M<br />
Apiaceae<br />
Centella asiatica M<br />
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides M<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Tupidanthus calyptratus<br />
Schefflera glomerulata<br />
S. leucantha<br />
S. brevipedicellata<br />
S. octophylla W,M<br />
Trevesia palmata M<br />
Diplopanax stachyanthus W<br />
Aralia armata M<br />
Heteropanax fragrans<br />
Platanaceae<br />
Platanus kurzii W<br />
Hamamelidaceae<br />
Symingtonia populnea W<br />
Mytilaria laosensis W<br />
Rhodoleia championii W<br />
Ulmaceae<br />
Gironniera subequalis W<br />
Celtis orientalis W<br />
Trema orientalis W<br />
Salicaceae<br />
Salix tetrasperma var. harmandii W<br />
S. tetrasperma var. nilagirica W<br />
Moraceae<br />
Streblus asper M<br />
Broussonetia papyrifera W,M<br />
Malaisia scandens<br />
Artocarpus styracifolius W<br />
A. lakoocha W<br />
Antiaris toxicaria var. toxicaria W,M<br />
Ficus altissima W<br />
F. stricta<br />
F. racemosa W<br />
F. subpyri<strong>for</strong>mis<br />
F. trivia (F. glandulifera) W<br />
F. fulva<br />
F. pumila M<br />
F. heterophylla var. heterophylla M<br />
F. auriculata<br />
F. hispida var. hispida<br />
F. cunia<br />
F. gibbosa<br />
Urticaceae<br />
Poikilospermum suaveolens<br />
Dendrocnide sinuata<br />
Pilea baviensis var. serrata<br />
P. peltata<br />
Elatostema balansae<br />
Pellionia macroceras<br />
Boehmeria holosericea<br />
Pouzolzia pentandra<br />
Debregeasia squamata var.<br />
squamata<br />
Juglandaceae<br />
Pterocarya stenoptera var. W<br />
tonkinensis<br />
Engelhardtia roxburghiana W<br />
E. spicata var. spicata W<br />
Annamocarya sinensis W,R<br />
Fagaceae<br />
Castanopsis annamensis W<br />
C. clarkei var. pseudoindica W<br />
C. ferox W<br />
C. indica W<br />
C. tonkinensis W<br />
Lithocarpus dussaudii W<br />
L. finetii W<br />
L. fissa W<br />
L. laotica W<br />
L. paviei W<br />
L. tubulosus W<br />
Quercus bambusaefolia W<br />
Q. fleuryi W<br />
Q. petelotii W<br />
Betulaceae<br />
Betula alnoides W<br />
Loganiaceae<br />
Gelsemium elegans<br />
Strychnos wallichii M<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Bousingonia mekongense<br />
Alstonia scholaris W,M<br />
Alyxia divaricata<br />
Tabernaemontana bovina M<br />
Wrightia macrocarpa<br />
W. pubescens subsp. lanati W<br />
Asclepidiaceae<br />
Cryptolepis buchananii<br />
Streptocaulon griffithii M<br />
Gymnema latifolia<br />
Hoya multiflora<br />
H. villosa<br />
Dischidia alb<strong>of</strong>lava<br />
Solanaceae<br />
Solanum americanum<br />
S. torvum M<br />
Convolvulaceae<br />
Merremia scandens<br />
Ipomoea pes-tigridis<br />
I. bonii<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Tourne<strong>for</strong>tia sarmentosa<br />
Heliotropium indicum M<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Callicarpa arborea W<br />
C. nudiflora<br />
Vitex quinata W<br />
V. trifolia W<br />
Gmelina arborea W<br />
Clerodendron cyrtophyllum M<br />
C. kaempferi<br />
Lamiaceae<br />
Ocimum gratissimum M<br />
Gomphostema lucidum<br />
Leonurus sibiricus M
Scrophulariaceae<br />
Paulownia fargesii W<br />
Lindernia ruellioides<br />
L. anagallis<br />
Acanthaceae<br />
Thunbergia coccinea<br />
Strobilan<strong>the</strong>s brunescens<br />
Justicia gendarussa M<br />
J. ventricosa<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Oroxylum indicum M<br />
Radermachera ignea<br />
Markhamia stipulata W<br />
Pentaphragmaceae<br />
Pentaphragma sinense<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Hedyotis corymbosa M<br />
H. capitellata M<br />
H. auricularia<br />
Wendlandia glabrata<br />
W. paniculata<br />
Uncaria homomalla<br />
(U. tonkinensis)<br />
Neonauclea purpurea W<br />
(Nauclea purpurea)<br />
Neolamarckia cadamba W<br />
(Anthocephalus indicus)<br />
Haldina cordifolia<br />
(Nauclea cordifolia) W<br />
Mussaenda bonii<br />
M. dehiscens<br />
Aidia oxydonta<br />
(Randia oxydonta) W<br />
Randia acuminatissima W<br />
R. dasycarpa<br />
Gardenia sp.<br />
Canthium dicoccum var. W,M<br />
rostratum<br />
Ixora coccinea O,M<br />
Psychotria rubra M<br />
Lasianthus annamicus<br />
L. cyanocarpus var. asperulatus<br />
Caprifoliaceae<br />
Sambucus hookeri (S. javanica)<br />
Viburnum lutescens<br />
(V. colebrookeanum)<br />
Asteraceae<br />
Vernonia arborea var. javanica W<br />
Ageratum conyzoides M<br />
Eupatorium odoratum<br />
Thespis tonkinensis<br />
Blumea balsamifera M<br />
Xanthium inaequilaterum<br />
(X. strumarium) M<br />
Sigesbeckia orientalis M<br />
Eclipta prostrata (E. alba) M<br />
Artemesia vulgaris M<br />
Crepis japonica<br />
Crassocephalum crepidioides<br />
Liliopsida<br />
Pandanaceae<br />
Pandanus humilis<br />
P. tonkinensis<br />
Araceae<br />
Pothos grandis<br />
P. repens M<br />
Epipremnum giganteum O<br />
Raphidophora decursiva O<br />
Homalomena occulta<br />
(H. aromatica) M<br />
Colocasia gigantea<br />
(C. indica)<br />
Alocasia macrorrhiza M<br />
Amorphophallus interruptus<br />
Commelinaceae<br />
Commelina diffusa<br />
Floscopa glabratus<br />
Pollia hasskarlii<br />
Arecaceae<br />
Rhapis macrantha O<br />
Livistona chinensis O<br />
Caryota rumphiana O<br />
C. urens O<br />
Arenga pinnata O<br />
Pinanga duperreana O<br />
Calamus platyacanthus<br />
C. tetradactylus<br />
C. tonkinensis R<br />
Plectocomia elongata<br />
Musaceae<br />
Musa acuminata<br />
M. aff. coccinea O<br />
Zingiberaceae<br />
Costus speciosus M<br />
C. tonkinensis<br />
Amomum villosum M<br />
Appendices<br />
Class, Family, Notes Class, Family, Notes Class, Family, Notes<br />
Alpinia chinensis M<br />
Catimbium bracteatum<br />
Zingiber zerumbet M<br />
Marantaceae<br />
Phrynium dispermum<br />
P. parviflorum<br />
Liliaceae<br />
Dianella nemorosa<br />
Smilacaceae<br />
Smilax glabra M<br />
S. ovalifolia<br />
Cyperaceae<br />
Fimbristylis complanata<br />
F. umbellaris<br />
Cyperus pilosus M<br />
C. rotundus M<br />
C. compressus<br />
Carex indica<br />
C. cryptostachys<br />
Poaceae<br />
Arundinaria sat M<br />
A. sp<br />
Indosasa aff. crassiflora<br />
Bambusa sp.<br />
Gigantochloa levis<br />
Dendrocalamus membranaceus<br />
D. patellaris<br />
Melocalamus sp.<br />
Neohouzeana dulloa<br />
Centho<strong>the</strong>ca lappacea<br />
Phragmites vallatoria<br />
Thysanolaena maxima M<br />
Eleusine indica M<br />
Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum<br />
Cynodon dactylon<br />
Pennisetum alopecuroides<br />
Imperata cylindrica M<br />
Saccharum spontaneum M<br />
Erianthus arundinaceus<br />
Chrysopogon aciculatus M<br />
Themeda gigantea<br />
Coix puellarium<br />
Agavaceae<br />
Dracaena loureiri M<br />
Taccaceae<br />
Tacca chantieri<br />
Stemonaceae<br />
Stemona tuberosa M<br />
43
Appendices<br />
Class, Family, Notes<br />
Genus and Species<br />
Dioscoreaceae<br />
Dioscorea persimilis M<br />
D. cirrhosa M<br />
Orchidaceae<br />
Paphiopedilum gratrixianum O<br />
Habenaria ciliolaris<br />
Anoectochilus roxburghii<br />
Arundina graminifolia O<br />
Oberonia ensi<strong>for</strong>mis O<br />
Liparis elliptica O<br />
Dendrobium lindleyi O<br />
D. chrysotoxum O<br />
D. thyrsiflorum O<br />
D. anosmum O<br />
D. nobile O<br />
D. cretaceum O<br />
D. aloifolium O<br />
Eria muscicola<br />
E. globulifera O<br />
Bulbophyllum eberhardtii<br />
B. concinnum O<br />
Cymbidium dayanum M,O<br />
Aerides odorata O<br />
Renan<strong>the</strong>ra coccinea O<br />
Follows Pham Hoang Ho (1991)<br />
Notes: EV = Endemic to Vietnam;<br />
M = Medicinal; W = Wood; O = Ornamental;<br />
V = Vulnerable; R = Rare as per IUCN (1997).<br />
44
Appendices<br />
Appendix 2: Mammals Recorded in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong><br />
Reserve Common Name Order, Family, Record IUCN 1996<br />
Genus and Species<br />
Pangolins: Pholidota:<br />
Pangolins Manidae<br />
1. Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla S NT<br />
2. Sunda Pangolin M. javanica S NT<br />
Treeshrews: Scandentia:<br />
Treeshrews Tupaiidae<br />
3. Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Treeshrew Tupaia belangeri S,O<br />
Primates: Primates:<br />
Lorises Loridae<br />
4. Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang S<br />
5. Lesser Slow Loris N. pygmaeus S VU<br />
Old-world monkeys Cercopi<strong>the</strong>cidae<br />
6. Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis S,O VU<br />
7. Rhesus Macaque M. mulatta S,O NT<br />
8. Bear Macaque M. arctoides S VU<br />
9. Phayre’s Leaf Monkey Semnopi<strong>the</strong>cus phayrei S,I DD<br />
Gibbons Hylobatidae<br />
10.White-cheeked Gibbon Hylobates leucogenys H DD<br />
Carnivores: Carnivora:<br />
Dogs and Foxes Canidae<br />
11. Indian Wild Dog or Dhole Cuon alpinus I VU<br />
Bears Ursidae<br />
12. Asiatic Black Bear Ursus thibetanus S,O VU<br />
13. Sun Bear U. malayanus S,I DD<br />
Weasels, etc. Mustelidae<br />
14. Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula O<br />
15. Hog Badger Arctonyx collaris S<br />
16. Small-too<strong>the</strong>d Ferret-badger Melogale moschata S<br />
17. Otter Lutra sp. I<br />
Civets Viverridae<br />
18. Large Indian Civet Viverra zibetha S<br />
19. Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus S<br />
20. Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata S<br />
21. Binturong Arctictis binturong S<br />
Mongooses Herpestidae<br />
22. Crab-eating Mongoose Herpestes urva S<br />
Cats Felidae<br />
23. Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis I<br />
24. Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii I NT<br />
25. Clouded Leopard Pard<strong>of</strong>elis nebulosa I VU<br />
26. Tiger Pan<strong>the</strong>ra tigris I EN<br />
Even-toed ungulates: Artiodactyla:<br />
Pigs Suidae<br />
27. Wild Boar Sus scr<strong>of</strong>a S,T<br />
45
Appendices<br />
46<br />
Common Name Order, Family,<br />
Genus and Species<br />
Record IUCN 1996<br />
Deer Cervidae<br />
28. Sambar Cervus unicolor S,T<br />
29. Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak S,T<br />
30. Roosevelt’s Muntjac M. rooseveltorum S<br />
Cattle, antelopes, goats Bovidae<br />
31. Gaur Bos gaurus T,I VU<br />
32. Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Serow Naemorhedus sumatraensis S VU<br />
Rodents: Rodentia:<br />
Non-flying squirrels Sciuridae<br />
33. Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor O<br />
34. Pallas’s Squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus O<br />
35. Cambodian Striped Squirrel Tamiops rodolphii O<br />
36. Red-cheeked Squirrel Dremomys rufigenis O<br />
Old-World Porcupines Hystricidae<br />
37. Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyura S VU<br />
38. Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine A<strong>the</strong>rurus macrourus S<br />
Follows Corbet and Hill (1992).<br />
Record: S = Specimen; O = Observed; T = Tracks; H = Heard; I = Interview.<br />
Status: EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near-threatened; DD = Data Deficient as per IUCN (1996).
Appendices<br />
Appendix 3: Birds Recorded in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong> Reserve<br />
Common Name Order, Family, Endemic Species Collar et al. 1994<br />
Genus and Species<br />
Galli<strong>for</strong>mes<br />
Phasianidae<br />
1. Bar-backed Partridge Arborophila brunneopectus<br />
2. Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus<br />
3. Silver Pheasant Lophura nyc<strong>the</strong>mera<br />
4. Grey Peacock Pheasant Polyplectron bicalcaratum<br />
Pici<strong>for</strong>mes<br />
Picidae<br />
5. Speckled Piculet Picumnus innominatus<br />
6. White-browed Piculet Sasia ochracea<br />
7. Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker Dendrocopus canicapillus<br />
8. Greater Yellownape Picus flavinucha<br />
9. Pale-headed Woodpecker Gecinulus grantia<br />
10. Bay Woodpecker Blythipicus pyrrhotis<br />
Megalaimidae<br />
11. Red-vented Barbet Megalaima lagrandieri EL<br />
12. Green-eared Barbet M. faiostricta<br />
13. Golden-throated Barbet M. franklinii<br />
Buceroti<strong>for</strong>mes<br />
Bucerotidae<br />
14. Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis<br />
15. Brown Hornbill Anorrhinus tickelli NT<br />
Trogoni<strong>for</strong>mes<br />
Trogonidae<br />
16. Red-headed Trogon Harpactes erythrocephalus<br />
Coracii<strong>for</strong>mes<br />
Alcedinidae<br />
17. Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis<br />
Halcyonidae<br />
18. White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis<br />
Cuculi<strong>for</strong>mes<br />
Cuculidae<br />
19. Large Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx sparverioides<br />
20. Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus<br />
21. Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris<br />
22. Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea<br />
23. Green-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus tristis<br />
Centropodidae<br />
24. Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis<br />
25. Lesser Coucal C. bengalensis<br />
Apodi<strong>for</strong>mes<br />
Apodidae<br />
26. Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis<br />
27. Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus<br />
47
Appendices<br />
48<br />
Common Name Order, Family,<br />
Genus and Species<br />
Strigi<strong>for</strong>mes<br />
Strigidae<br />
Endemic Species Collar et al. 1994<br />
28. Mountain Scops Owl Otus spilocephalus<br />
29. Collared Scops Owl O. bakkamoena<br />
30. Brown Wood Owl Strix leptogrammica<br />
31. Collared Owlet Glaucidium brodiei<br />
Columbi<strong>for</strong>mes<br />
Columbidae<br />
32. Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis<br />
33. Spotted Dove S. chinensis<br />
34. Red Collared Dove S. tranquebarica<br />
35. Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica<br />
36. Thick-billed Green Pigeon Treron curvirostra<br />
37. Mountain Imperial Pigeon Ducula badia<br />
Grui<strong>for</strong>mes<br />
Rallidae<br />
38. White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus<br />
Ciconii<strong>for</strong>mes<br />
Accipitridae<br />
39. Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela<br />
40. Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus<br />
41. Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis<br />
42. Mountain Hawk Eagle Spizaetus nipalensis<br />
Ardeidae<br />
43. Little Egret Egretta garzetta<br />
44. Little Heron Butorides striatus<br />
45. Chinese Pond Heron Ardeola bacchus<br />
46. Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus<br />
Passeri<strong>for</strong>mes<br />
Pittidae<br />
47. Blue-rumped Pitta Pitta soror NT<br />
48. Rusty-naped Pitta P. oatesi<br />
Eurylaimidae<br />
49. Long-tailed Broadbill Psarisomus dalhousiae<br />
Irenidae<br />
50. Asian Fairy Bluebird Irena puella<br />
51. Blue-winged Leafbird Chloropsis cochinchinensis<br />
Laniidae<br />
52. Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach<br />
Corvidae<br />
53. White-winged Magpie Urocissa whiteheadi NT<br />
54. Indochinese Green Magpie Cissa hypoleuca NT<br />
55. Grey Treepie Dendrocitta <strong>for</strong>mosae<br />
56. Racket-tailed Treepie Crypsirina temia<br />
57. Ratchet-tailed Treepie Temnurus temnurus<br />
58. Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos<br />
59. Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus<br />
60. Large Cuckooshrike Coracina macei<br />
61. Pied Triller Lalage nigra
Appendices<br />
Common Name Order, Family,<br />
Genus and Species<br />
Endemic Species Collar et al. 1994<br />
62. Long-tailed Minivet Pericrocotus ethologus<br />
63. Scarlet Minivet P. flammeus<br />
64. White-throated Fantail Rhipidura albicollis<br />
65. Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus<br />
66. Ashy Drongo D. leucophaeus<br />
67. Crow-billed Drongo D. annectans<br />
68. Bronzed Drongo D. aeneus<br />
69. Greater Racket-tailed Drongo D. paradiseus<br />
70. Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea<br />
71. Asian Paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi<br />
72. Common Iora Aegithina tiphia<br />
73. Great Iora A. lafresnayei<br />
74. Large Woodshrike Tephrodornis gularis<br />
Muscicapidae<br />
75. Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus<br />
76. Siberian Thrush Zoo<strong>the</strong>ra sibirica<br />
77. Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis<br />
78. Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis<br />
79. Plumbeous Water Redstart Rhyacornis fuliginosus<br />
80. Slaty-backed Forktail Enicurus schistaceus<br />
81. Green Cochoa Cochoa viridis<br />
Sturnidae<br />
NT<br />
82. Black-collared Starling Sturnus nigricollis<br />
83. White-vented Myna Acrido<strong>the</strong>res cinereus<br />
84. Crested Myna A. cristatellus<br />
85. Hill Myna Gracula religiosa<br />
Sittidae<br />
86. Chestnut-bellied Nuthach Sitta castanea<br />
Paridae<br />
87. Sultan Tit Melanochlora sultanea<br />
Hirundonidae<br />
88. Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica<br />
Pycnonotidae<br />
89. Black-crested Bulbul Pycnonotus melanicterus<br />
90. Red-whiskered Bulbul P. jocosus<br />
91. Ochraceus Bulbul Alophoixus ochraceus<br />
92. Ashy Bulbul Hemixos flavala<br />
93. Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus<br />
Zosteropidae<br />
94. Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus<br />
Sylviidae<br />
95. Grey-bellied Tesia Tesia cyaniventer<br />
96. Asian Stubtail Urosphena squameiceps<br />
97. Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius<br />
98. Dark-necked Tailorbird O. atrogularis<br />
99. Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides<br />
100. Rufous-faced Warbler Abroscopus albogularis<br />
101. Yellow-bellied Warbler A. superciliaris<br />
102. White-crested Laughingthrush Garrulax leucolophus<br />
49
Appendices<br />
Common Name Order, Family,<br />
Genus and Species<br />
Endemic Species Collar et al. 1994<br />
103. Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush G. monileger<br />
104. Grey Laughingthrush G. maesi NT<br />
105. Black-throated Laughingthrush G. chinensis<br />
106. Buff-breasted Babbler Pellorneum tickelli<br />
107. Spot-throated Babbler P. albiventre<br />
108. Scaly-crowned Babbler Malacopteron cinereum<br />
109. Large Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus hypoleucos<br />
110. Streak-breasted Scimitar Babbler P. ruficollis<br />
111. Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler Jabouillea danjoui EL VU<br />
112. Streaked Wren Babbler Napo<strong>the</strong>ra brevicaudata<br />
113. Eyebrowed Wren Babbler N. epilepidota<br />
114. Rufous-capped Babbler Stachyris ruficeps<br />
115. Golden Babbler S. chrysaea<br />
116. Spot-necked Babbler S. striolata<br />
117. Striped Tit Babbler Macronous gularis<br />
118. White-browned Shrike Babbler Pteruthius flaviscapis<br />
119. White-hooded Babbler Gampsorhynchus rufulus<br />
120. Rufous-throated Fulvetta Alcippe rufogularis NT<br />
121. Mountain Fulvetta A. peracencis<br />
122. White-bellied Yuhina Yuhina zantholeuca<br />
123. Short-tailed Parrotbill Paradoxornis davidianus<br />
Nectariniidae<br />
VU<br />
124. Thick-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile<br />
125. Plain Flowerpecker D. concolor<br />
126. Purple-naped Sunbird Hypogramma hypogrammicum<br />
127. Fork-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga christinae<br />
128. Crimson Sunbird A. siparaja<br />
129. Streaked Spiderhunter Arachno<strong>the</strong>ra magna<br />
Passeridae<br />
130. Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus<br />
131. Forest Wagtail Dendronathus indicus<br />
132. White Wagtail Motacilla alba<br />
133. Yellow Wagtail M. flava<br />
134. White-rumped Munia<br />
Follows Inskipp et al. (1996).<br />
Lonchura striata<br />
Status: VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near-threatened as per Collar et al. (1994); EL = Endemic to Vietnam and Laos.<br />
50
Appendices<br />
Appendix 4: Herpetiles Recorded in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong><br />
Reserve<br />
No. Class, Order, Family <strong>Xuan</strong> My Bat Mot Endemic IUCN<br />
Genus and Species Commune Commune Species 1996<br />
Reptilia<br />
Squamata:<br />
Gekkonidae<br />
1 Gekko gecko O I<br />
2 Hemidactylus frenatus O O<br />
Agamidae<br />
3 Calotes emma S<br />
4 Physignathus cocincinus O<br />
Scincidae<br />
5 Eumeces sp. O<br />
6 Lygosoma quadrupes S<br />
7 Mabuya multifasciata S<br />
8 M. macularia S<br />
Lacertidae<br />
9 Takydromus sexlineatus O<br />
10 T. wolteri S<br />
Varanidae<br />
11 Varanus salvator O<br />
Xenopeltidae<br />
12 Xenopeltis unicolor I I<br />
Boidae<br />
13 Python molutus I I NT<br />
Colubridae<br />
14 Amphiesma stolata O<br />
15 A. parallela S<br />
16 Elaphe radiata I I<br />
17 Ptyas korros I O<br />
18 P. mucosus I<br />
19 Rhabdopsis subminiatus O O<br />
20 Xenochrophis piscator O O<br />
21 Ahaetulla prasina S<br />
22 Enhydris plumbea<br />
Elapidae<br />
23 Bungarus fasciatus I I<br />
24 B. multicinctus I I<br />
25 Naja naja I I<br />
26 Ophiophagus hannah I I<br />
Viperidae<br />
27 Trimeresurus albolabris I I<br />
Testudinata:<br />
Platysternidae<br />
28 Platysternum megacephalum I DD<br />
Emydidae<br />
29 Cistoclemmys galbinifrons I NT<br />
51
Appendices<br />
52<br />
No. Class, Order, Family <strong>Xuan</strong> My Bat Mot Endemic IUCN<br />
Genus and Species Commune Commune Species 1996<br />
30 Pyxidea mouhoti I I<br />
31 Geoemyda spengleri O<br />
Testudinidae<br />
32 Manouria impressa O VU<br />
Trionychidae<br />
33 Palea steindachneri I NT<br />
34 Pelodiscus sinensis I<br />
Amphibia<br />
Anura:<br />
Pelobatidae<br />
1 Leptobrachium hasselti O<br />
2 Megophrys minor (?) S<br />
Bufonidae<br />
3 Bufo galeatus I<br />
4 B. melanostictus O O<br />
Ranidae<br />
5 Ooeidozyga lima O<br />
6 Phrynoglossus laevis O<br />
7 Rana andersoni S I<br />
8 R. guen<strong>the</strong>ri I I<br />
9 R. kuhlii S I<br />
10 R. limnocharis O O<br />
11 R. maosonensis S<br />
12 R. microlineata S I EV<br />
13 R. ricketti S<br />
14 R. rugulosa I I<br />
15 R. sauteri<br />
16 R. sp. S<br />
Rhacophoridae<br />
17 Rhacophorus leucomystax S O<br />
Microhylidae<br />
18 Kaloula pulchra O<br />
19 Microhyla butleri S<br />
Follows Nguyen Van Sang and Ho Thu Cuc (1996).<br />
Notes: VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near-threatened; DD = Data Deficient as per IUCN (1996).<br />
EV = Endemic to Vietnam.<br />
Data Source: S = Specimen; O = Observed; I = Interview
Appendices<br />
Appendix 5: Butterflies Recorded in <strong>Xuan</strong> <strong>Lien</strong> Proposed <strong>Nature</strong><br />
Reserve<br />
No. Family, Genus and Species Range S1 S2 S3 S4 S5<br />
Papilionidae<br />
1. Troides aeacus Feld. 2 r<br />
2. Parides aidoneus Ddl. 2 r<br />
3. Chilasa clytia L. 3 r<br />
4. Papilio demoleus L. 4 c<br />
5. P. helenus L. 4 f<br />
6. P. alcmenor Westw. 2 r<br />
7. P. polytes L. 3 c<br />
8. P. protenor Cram. 2 r r<br />
9. P. memnon L. 3 f<br />
10. P. paris L. 3 f<br />
11. Graphium chironides Honr. 3 r<br />
12. G. sarpedon L. 4 c f<br />
13. G. agamemnon L. 4 f r r<br />
14. Lamproptera curius F. 3 c f r<br />
15. L. meges Zinken 3 c f r<br />
Pieridae<br />
16. Delias acalis Godart 2 r<br />
17. Prioneris <strong>the</strong>stylis Dbl. 2 f<br />
18. Talbotia naganum Moore 1 f<br />
19. Cepora nadina Lucas 3 r<br />
20. Appias lyncida Cram. 3 c<br />
21. Hebomoia glaucippe L. 3 f f f<br />
22. Eurema blanda Boisd. 3 c f f<br />
23. E. andersoni Moore 3 r r<br />
24. E. ada Dist. & Preyer 3 r r<br />
Danaidae<br />
25. Danaus genutia Cram. 4 f f<br />
26. Tirumala septentrionis Butl. 4 f r<br />
27. Parantica aglea Stoll. 2 c f<br />
28. P. sita Koll. 2 r<br />
29. Ideopsis vulgaris Butl. 3 f<br />
30. Euploea core Cram. 3 f f<br />
31. E. mulciber Cram. 3 f r<br />
32. E. radamanthus F. 3 f r<br />
Satyridae<br />
33. Melanitis leda L. 5 f f f<br />
34. Elymnias casiphone Fruhst. 3 r<br />
35. E. patna Westw. 3 r<br />
36. Le<strong>the</strong> mekara Moore 3 f<br />
37. L. europa F. 3 f<br />
38. L. naga Doherty 3 r<br />
39. L. syrcis Hew. 1 c f<br />
40. Neorina patria Leech 1 r<br />
41. Ethope noirei Janet 1 c f<br />
42. Mycalesis inopia Fruhst. 1 r<br />
53
Appendices<br />
54<br />
No. Family, Genus and Species Range S1 S2 S3 S4 S5<br />
43. M. perseoides Moore 3 r r<br />
44. M. misenus de Nicev. 1 r<br />
45. M. adamsoni Watson. 2 r<br />
46. M. deficiens Fruhst. 2 r<br />
47. M. zonata Matsumura 2 c c c<br />
48. M. anaxias Hew. 3 c c r<br />
49. Erites falcipennis W.-M. & de Nicev. 2 r<br />
50. Coelites nothis Westw. 2 r<br />
51. Ragadia crisilda Hew. 2 f<br />
52. Ypthima imitans Elw. & Edw. 1 c<br />
53. Y. baldus F. 3 c<br />
54. Y. sp. nov. 1 r r<br />
Amathusiidae<br />
55. Faunis canens Hubn. 2 f<br />
56. F. eumeus Drury 2 f c c<br />
57. Stichophthalma fruhstorferi Rob. 1 ?<br />
58. Thaumantis diores Dbl. 1 r<br />
59. Enispe euthymius sychaeus Brooks 1 r<br />
60. Discophora sondaica Boisduv. 3 f<br />
Nymphalidae<br />
61. Cethosia cyane Drury 2 r r r<br />
62. Cupha erymanthis Drury 4 r<br />
63. Vagrans egista Cram. 4 r<br />
64. Cirrochroa tyche Feld. 3 r<br />
65. Vindula erota F. 3 f<br />
66. Vanessa indica Herbst. 5 r<br />
67. Junonia atlites L. 3 c f<br />
68. J. almana L. 3 c f<br />
69. Rhinopalpa polynice Cram. 3 r<br />
70. Hypolimnas bolina L. 4 f r<br />
71. Cyrestis thyodamus Boisd. 3 f<br />
72. Chersonesia risa Dbl. 3 r r<br />
73. Neptis clinia Moore 3 f r<br />
74. N. nata Moore (?) 3 r<br />
75. N. hylas L. 4 f<br />
76. Pantoporia aurelia Staudinger 3 r<br />
77. P. hordonia Stoll. 3 r<br />
78. Athyma cama Moore 3 r<br />
79. A. selenophora Koll. 3 f<br />
80. Par<strong>the</strong>nos sylvia Cram. 4 f<br />
81. Tanaecia julii Lesson 3 f c r<br />
82. T. lepidea Butl. 3 f r<br />
83. Bassarona iva ? Moore 2 r r<br />
84. Eulacera osteria Westw. 3 f<br />
85. Charaxes aristogiton Feld. 2 r<br />
86. C. bernardus F. 3 c<br />
87. Polyura athamas Drury 3 f<br />
88. P. jalisus Feld. 3 r<br />
Riodinidae<br />
89. Zemeros flegyas Cram. 3 c
Appendices<br />
No. Family, Genus and Species Range S1 S2 S3 S4 S5<br />
90. Abisara neophron Hew. 2 r f<br />
91. Paralaxita dora Fruhst. 1 r c<br />
92. Stiboges nymphidia Butl. 3 r<br />
Lycaenidae<br />
93. Miletus sp. ? r r<br />
94. Megisba malaya Horsf. 2 f<br />
95. Celatoxia marginata de Nicev. 3 r<br />
96. Udara dilecta Moore 3 f<br />
97. Jamides alecto Feld. 3 f<br />
98. J. virgulatus Druce 3 r<br />
99. Nacaduba kurava Moore 3 f<br />
100. Prosotas pia Toxipeus 3 f<br />
101. Pi<strong>the</strong>cops corvus Fruhst. 3 r r<br />
102. Arhopala ammonides Doherty 2 r<br />
103. A. sp. 1 3? r<br />
104. A. sp. 2 3? r<br />
105. Spindasis syama Horsf. 3 c<br />
106. S. lohita Horsf. 3 f<br />
107. Yasoda tripunctata Hew. 2 f f<br />
108. Rapala pheretima Hew. 3 r<br />
109. Zeltus amasa Hew. 3 f<br />
110. Hypolycaena erylus Godart 3 f f<br />
111. Curetis bulis Westw. 3 r<br />
Hesperiidae<br />
112. Hasora badra Moore 3 f<br />
113. Badamia exclamationis F. 3 r<br />
114. Celaenorrhinus inaequalis Elw. & Edw. 2 r<br />
115. C. vietnamicus Dev. 1 f f<br />
116. Tagiades gana Moore 3 r<br />
117. T. menaka Moore 3 r<br />
118. Mooreana trichoneura Feld. 3 r r<br />
119. Astictopterus jama Feld. 3 r r<br />
120. Sebastonyma dolopia Hew. 2 r<br />
121. Suada swerga de Nicev. 3 f<br />
122. Halpe zola Evans 3 f f<br />
123. H. nephele Leech (cf. frontieri) 1 r<br />
124. Iambrix salsala Moore 3 c r<br />
125. Ancistroides nigrita Latreille 3 r<br />
126. Koruthaialos rubecula hector Wts. 3 r r<br />
127. K. sindu Feld. 3 r r<br />
128. Notocrypta curvifascia Feld. 3 f<br />
129. N. feistamelii Boisd. 3 f f<br />
130. N. paralysos W.-M. & de Nicev. 3 f<br />
131. Matapa cresta Evans 3 r<br />
132. M. druna Moore 3 r<br />
133. Scobura cephala Hew. 2 r<br />
134. S. phiditia Hew. 2 f<br />
135. S. woolletti Riley 3 f<br />
136. Erionota thrax L. 3 r<br />
137. Unkana ambassa Moore 2 r<br />
55
Appendices<br />
56<br />
No. Family, Genus and Species Range S1 S2 S3 S4 S5<br />
138. Cephrenas acalle oceanica 3 f<br />
139. Telicota sp. 1 ? ?<br />
140. T. sp. 2 ? ?<br />
141. Parnara ganga Evans 3 r<br />
142. Baoris farri Moore 3 f<br />
143. Iton semamora Moore 3 f<br />
Global Range: 1 - East Himalayas (Nepal, Assam, Sikkim, N Burma, Yunnan, SW China, N Indochina);<br />
2 - Indochina to India;<br />
3 - Oriental region;<br />
4 - Indo-Australian tropics;<br />
5 - Cosmopolitan.<br />
<strong>Study</strong> Sites: S1 - Grassland and scrub 150 to 300 m a.s.l.;<br />
S2 - Pure bamboo <strong>for</strong>est 300 to 400 m a.s.l.;<br />
S3 - Regenerating <strong>for</strong>est 400 to 900 m a.s.l.;<br />
S4 - Rivers and streams 300 to 400 m a.s.l.;<br />
S5 - Primary <strong>for</strong>est 1,200 to 1,500 m a.s.l.<br />
Species occurrence is divided into three categories:<br />
r - rare (single or two specimens encountered);<br />
u - frequent (~10 specimens seen);<br />
c - common (up to 20 specimens seen).
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