dalbergia sissoo dc. - an important medicinal plant - ijrpc

IJRPC 2013, 3(2) Sudhakar et al. ISSN: 22312781<br />

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY<br />

Available online at www.<strong>ijrpc</strong>.com<br />

Review Article<br />

DALBERGIA SISSOO DC. - AN IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANT<br />

M. Bharath, E. Laxmi Rama Tulasi, K. Sudhakar* <strong>an</strong>d M. Chinna Eswaraiah<br />

Department of Pharmacognosy, Anurag Pharmacy College, An<strong>an</strong>thagiri (V) - 508206,<br />

Kodad (M), Nalgonda (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India.<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Nature has been a good source of <strong>medicinal</strong> agents for thous<strong>an</strong>ds of years <strong>an</strong>d <strong>an</strong> impressive<br />

number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources, m<strong>an</strong>y based on their use in<br />

traditional medicine. Various <strong>medicinal</strong> pl<strong>an</strong>ts have been used for years in daily life to treat diseases<br />

all over the world. The present study reveals the <strong>medicinal</strong> values of Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> DC.<br />

(Fabaceae). In this communication, we reviewed the Phytochemistry <strong>an</strong>d its applications in the<br />

treatment of various ailments. The genus consists of 300 species among which 25 species occur in<br />

India. The generic name Dalbergia honors the Swedish brothers Nils <strong>an</strong>d Carl Dalberg, who lived in<br />

the 18th century. The pl<strong>an</strong>t is used in treatment of leprosy, jaundice, gonorrhea <strong>an</strong>d syphilis etc.<br />

Keywords: Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> DC. Fabaceae, Phytochemistry, Jaundice, Leprosy.<br />

INTRODUCTION<br />

Herbal drugs are used in traditional methods of<br />

treating the diseases worldwide. Several types<br />

of <strong>medicinal</strong> pl<strong>an</strong>ts are existing in the nature <strong>an</strong>d<br />

are effective in treating different type of<br />

diseases. 1 Herbal medicine is a triumph of<br />

popular therapeutic diversity. In recent times<br />

there has been a tremendous increase in the<br />

use of pl<strong>an</strong>t based health products in developing<br />

as well as developed countries, resulting in <strong>an</strong><br />

exponential growth of herbal products<br />

globally. 2 The genus consists of 300 species<br />

among which 25 species occur in India. M<strong>an</strong>y<br />

species of Dalbergia are import<strong>an</strong>t timber trees,<br />

valued for their decorative <strong>an</strong>d often fragr<strong>an</strong>t<br />

wood, rich in aromatic oils 3 . The most famous of<br />

these are the rosewoods, so-named because of<br />

the smell, but several other valuable woods are<br />

yielded by the genus 4 . The generic name<br />

Dalbergia honors the Swedish brothers Nils <strong>an</strong>d<br />

Carl Dalberg, who lived in the 18th century. The<br />

pl<strong>an</strong>t is native to India 5 ; it is the state tree of<br />

Punjab (India). The tree has m<strong>an</strong>y reputed<br />

<strong>medicinal</strong> properties <strong>an</strong>d has been used<br />

culturally for a variety of ailments. The<br />

temperature in its native r<strong>an</strong>ge averages 10–40<br />

°C (50–104 °F), but varies from just below<br />

freezing to nearly 50 °C (122 °F). It c<strong>an</strong><br />

withst<strong>an</strong>d average <strong>an</strong>nual rainfall of 500 to 2,000<br />

mm (79 in) <strong>an</strong>d droughts of 3–4 months. Soils<br />

r<strong>an</strong>ge from pure s<strong>an</strong>d <strong>an</strong>d gravel to rich alluvium<br />

of river b<strong>an</strong>ks, <strong>sissoo</strong> c<strong>an</strong> grow in slightly saline<br />

soils. Seedlings are intoler<strong>an</strong>t of shade. 6<br />

Fig. 1: Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> DC<br />

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IJRPC 2013, 3(2) Sudhakar et al. ISSN: 22312781<br />

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION 7-9<br />

Domain: Eukaryota<br />

Kingdom: Pl<strong>an</strong>tae<br />

Division: Magnoliophyta<br />

Phylum: Tracheophyta<br />

Class: Magnoliopsida<br />

Order: Fabales<br />

Family: Fabaceae<br />

Tribe: Dalbergieae<br />

Genus: Dalbergia<br />

Species: D. <strong>sissoo</strong><br />

Binomial name: Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> DC.<br />

SYNONYMS 4<br />

Amerimnon <strong>sissoo</strong> (Roxb.) Kuntze<br />

Amerimnon P.Browne<br />

Coroya Pierre<br />

Ecastaphyllum P.Browne<br />

Miscolobium Vogel<br />

Triptolemea Mart.<br />

Fig. 3: Compound leaves <strong>an</strong>d immature fruits<br />

Flowers are whitish to pink, fragr<strong>an</strong>t, nearly<br />

sessile, up to 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long <strong>an</strong>d in dense<br />

clusters 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) in length. Pods are<br />

oblong, flat, thin, strap-like 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in)<br />

long, 1 cm (0.39 in) wide <strong>an</strong>d light brown. They<br />

contain 1–5 flat be<strong>an</strong>-shaped seeds 8–10 mm<br />

(0.31–0.39 in) long.<br />

COMMON NAMES 10-12<br />

S<strong>an</strong>skrit: Shinshapa, aguru<br />

English: Indi<strong>an</strong> Rosewood, Bombay blackwood<br />

Hindi: Shisham ,sissu ,sissai , sisam<br />

Tamil: Sisso, gette<br />

K<strong>an</strong>nada: Beeti, shista baage, agaru, bindi<br />

Bengali: Shishu<br />

French: Ébénier ju<strong>an</strong>e<br />

Arabic: Arabic<br />

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION<br />

Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> DC is a medium to large tree of<br />

about 25 meters high with grey-yellow trunk,<br />

longitudinal crack, <strong>an</strong>d downcast twig. Leaves<br />

are leathery, pinnately compound, with about<br />

five alternate leaflets. Leaf stalk (petiole)<br />

measures about 15 cm long, each leaflet widest<br />

at the base, to 6 cm long with a fine pointed tip.<br />

Figure 4: Flowers<br />

They have a long taproot <strong>an</strong>d numerous surface<br />

roots which produce suckers. Young shoots are<br />

downy <strong>an</strong>d drooping, established stems with<br />

light brown to dark grey bark up to 2.5 cm<br />

(0.98 in) thick, shed in narrow strips, large upper<br />

br<strong>an</strong>ches support a spreading crown. The pl<strong>an</strong>t<br />

has ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere<br />

through bacteria located in nodules present in<br />

the root system. The leaf litter that accumulates<br />

<strong>an</strong>d decomposes also contributes to soil fertility<br />

by adding additional nitrogen, potassium, iron,<br />

m<strong>an</strong>g<strong>an</strong>ese, <strong>an</strong>d org<strong>an</strong>ic carbon. Propagation is<br />

done by seeds <strong>an</strong>d also by root suckers. Various<br />

parts of the pl<strong>an</strong>t are used as medicines.<br />

FLOWERING PERIOD 7 : March - May<br />

Fig. 2: Trunk<br />

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION<br />

11, 13, 14<br />

Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> is found in tropical to<br />

subtropical climates in natural <strong>an</strong>d pl<strong>an</strong>ted<br />

forests, very widely distributed in Pakist<strong>an</strong>, India,<br />

Afgh<strong>an</strong>ist<strong>an</strong>, Persia, Iraq, Kenya <strong>an</strong>d T<strong>an</strong>z<strong>an</strong>ia.<br />

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TRADITIONAL USES 15<br />

Various parts of Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> are<br />

traditionally used in treating different diseases<br />

<strong>an</strong>d are mentioned below.<br />

Seeds: Sissoo oil is used to treat blue itching,<br />

burning on the skin, <strong>an</strong>d scabies.<br />

Leaves: Finely ground paste of 8-10 leaves of<br />

<strong>sissoo</strong> <strong>an</strong>d 25gm of palm c<strong>an</strong>dy taken in the<br />

morning alleviates profuse menstruation. 50-100<br />

ml decoction of the leaves taken thrice in a day<br />

is useful in Painful micturition <strong>an</strong>d to cure boils<br />

<strong>an</strong>d pimples. 10-15 ml juice (leaves) taken thrice<br />

in a day helps in eliminating pus in urine <strong>an</strong>d in<br />

treating jaundice. The leaves warmed <strong>an</strong>d tied<br />

on breast, <strong>an</strong>d consuming the decoction of the<br />

leaves removes swelling of the breast.<br />

Bark: 3-6gm powdered bark or decoction of the<br />

leaves is helpful in gonorrhea. Decoction of the<br />

bark <strong>an</strong>d leaf is given in leprosy. Make a<br />

decoction of 10gm <strong>sissoo</strong> bark with 500gm of<br />

water <strong>an</strong>d it should be boiled till the liquid<br />

reduces to half. Mix the juice of the bark <strong>an</strong>d<br />

consume for forty days every morning which<br />

helps in leprosy.<br />

Sissoo nectar: Take 20gm of Sissoo nectar,<br />

320gm water, <strong>an</strong>d 160 gm milk. Boil it till only<br />

milk remains. Consume 3 times a day. This milk<br />

cures <strong>an</strong>y type of fever.<br />

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS 16<br />

Leaves: Isoflavone-O-glycoside.<br />

Flowers: Biochenin A, tectorigenin, 7, 4<br />

dimethyle tectorigenin <strong>an</strong>d 7-O- methyle<br />

tectorigenin.<br />

Green pods: Mesoinisitol, 7-O- methyle<br />

tectorigenin <strong>an</strong>d 4’-rhamnoglucoside.<br />

Mature pods: Isocaviumin, tectorigenin,<br />

dalbergin, caviunin <strong>an</strong>d t<strong>an</strong>nins.<br />

Stem bark: Dalberginone, dalbergin, methyl<br />

dalbergin <strong>an</strong>d dalbergichromene.<br />

Heartwood: Dalbergin, nordalberginones,<br />

dalbergichromene, fixid oil <strong>an</strong>d essential oils.<br />

17, 18, 19<br />

USES<br />

Ayurveda: Leaf juice for eye ailments,<br />

considering the wood <strong>an</strong>d bark as abortifacient,<br />

<strong>an</strong>thelmintic, <strong>an</strong>tipyretic, aphrodisiac,<br />

expector<strong>an</strong>t, <strong>an</strong>d refriger<strong>an</strong>t. The wood <strong>an</strong>d bark<br />

for <strong>an</strong>al disorders, blood diseases, burning<br />

sensations, dysentery, dyspepsia, leucoderma,<br />

<strong>an</strong>d skin ailments.<br />

Yun<strong>an</strong>i: The wood for blood disorders, burning<br />

sensations, eye <strong>an</strong>d nose disorders, scabies,<br />

scalding urine, stomach problems, <strong>an</strong>d syphilis.<br />

The alterative wood is used in India for boils,<br />

eruptions, leprosy <strong>an</strong>d nausea.<br />

Different parts such as roots, bark, wood, leaves<br />

<strong>an</strong>d seeds are being used as remedy in m<strong>an</strong>y<br />

diseases including skin diseases, blood<br />

diseases, syphilis, stomach problems,<br />

dysentery, nausea, eye <strong>an</strong>d nose disorders,<br />

aphrodisiac, expector<strong>an</strong>t. Leaf extract has been<br />

used to treat sore throats, heart problems,<br />

dysentery, syphilis, <strong>an</strong>d gonorrhea. In India <strong>an</strong>d<br />

Nepal rural people use Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> leaves<br />

to treat <strong>an</strong>imals suffering from non-specific<br />

diarrhoea.<br />

Herbal preparation of Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> <strong>an</strong>d<br />

Datura stramoium with cow urine c<strong>an</strong> be used<br />

as a potent <strong>an</strong>tiseptic preparation for prevention<br />

<strong>an</strong>d treatment of chronic bacterial infections.<br />

People use twigs of <strong>sissoo</strong> to cle<strong>an</strong> their teeth,<br />

root is astringent.<br />

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE<br />

RESEARCH AREA OF DALBERGIA SISSOO<br />

Mohammad Asif et al conducted a study in<br />

2009, Anti-inflammatory activity of eth<strong>an</strong>olic<br />

extract of Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> (Roxb.) bark. It c<strong>an</strong><br />

be concluded that the eth<strong>an</strong>olic extract of<br />

Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> bark at 1000 mg/kg showed<br />

the most potent <strong>an</strong>ti-inflammatory activity<br />

compared to the other groups (300 <strong>an</strong>d 500<br />

mg/kg) throughout the observation period. 20<br />

Mohammad Asif et al conducted a study in<br />

2011, phytochemical investigation <strong>an</strong>d<br />

evaluation of <strong>an</strong>ti-nociceptive activity of<br />

eth<strong>an</strong>olic extract of Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> (Roxb.)<br />

bark. They concluded that (300, 500 <strong>an</strong>d 1000<br />

mg/kg) doses of extract exhibited signific<strong>an</strong>t <strong>an</strong>d<br />

dose dependent <strong>an</strong>ti-nociceptive activity which<br />

may be due to presence of flav<strong>an</strong>oids. 21<br />

Harsha Kharkwal et al conducted a study in<br />

2012, Anti-termite activity of heartwood of<br />

Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> Roxb. Ex.Dc. It concluded that<br />

the pl<strong>an</strong>t extracts c<strong>an</strong> be used as <strong>an</strong> alternative<br />

for synthetic pesticides for termite control in<br />

buildings. 22<br />

P<strong>an</strong>kaj singh nir<strong>an</strong>j<strong>an</strong> et al conducted a study<br />

in 2010; Anti-diabetic activity of eth<strong>an</strong>olic extract<br />

of Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> L. leaves in allox<strong>an</strong> induced<br />

diabetic rats. They concluded that the eth<strong>an</strong>olic<br />

extract of the Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> leaves are 12%<br />

more effective in reducing the BGL compared to<br />

st<strong>an</strong>dard Glibenclamide. 23<br />

Jaspreet Kaur Sid<strong>an</strong>a et al conducted a study<br />

in 2012, Analgesic <strong>an</strong>d <strong>an</strong>ti-inflammatory<br />

activities of Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> leaves extract.<br />

They concluded that the extract possesses both<br />

<strong>an</strong>algesic <strong>an</strong>d <strong>an</strong>ti- inflammatory properties. 24<br />

Mallinath H. Hugar et al conducted a study in<br />

2010, phytochemical <strong>an</strong>d pharmacological<br />

386

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IJRPC 2013, 3(2) Sudhakar et al. ISSN: 22312781<br />

studies of eth<strong>an</strong>ol extract of Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong><br />

seeds. An approach for the in-vivo <strong>an</strong>algesic<br />

<strong>an</strong>d <strong>an</strong>tipyretic activities. It concluded that<br />

Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> seeds extract has moderate<br />

<strong>an</strong>algesic <strong>an</strong>d remarkable <strong>an</strong>tipyretic activities. 25<br />

Nitinkumar Upwar et al conducted a study in<br />

2011, Evaluation of <strong>an</strong>ti-helminthic activity of<br />

Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> Roxb. The study indicated the<br />

potential usefulness of Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> Roxb.<br />

against helminthic infections. 26<br />

Neeraj S. Vyawahare et al Conducted a study<br />

in 2012, Anti-diabetic Evaluation of Dalbergia<br />

<strong>sissoo</strong> against allox<strong>an</strong> induced diabetes mellitus<br />

in wistar albino rats. They concluded that<br />

eth<strong>an</strong>olic extract of Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> bark<br />

possesses signific<strong>an</strong>t <strong>an</strong>ti-diabetic activity. 27<br />

Arvinder Kaur et al conducted a study in 2011,<br />

Evaluation of <strong>an</strong>tioxid<strong>an</strong>t potential of stem bark<br />

extract of Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong>. Finally results<br />

shown, among the different extracts of stem<br />

bark of the pl<strong>an</strong>t Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong>, chloroform<br />

extract possesses marked <strong>an</strong>tioxid<strong>an</strong>t activity,<br />

whereas meth<strong>an</strong>olic extract shown moderate<br />

activity in different in vitro <strong>an</strong>ti-oxid<strong>an</strong>t assays. 28<br />

Shazia Sult<strong>an</strong>a et al conducted a survey on,<br />

Indigenous knowledge of folk herbal medicines<br />

by the women of district Chakwal, Pakist<strong>an</strong>. This<br />

survey describes that, crush the leaves <strong>an</strong>d<br />

boiled in water <strong>an</strong>d the filtrate obtained is used<br />

to wash hair for removing d<strong>an</strong>druff <strong>an</strong>d for long<br />

hair. 29<br />

S Ch<strong>an</strong>dra et al conducted a study on Antiinflammatory<br />

activity of Dalbergia <strong>sissoo</strong> leaves.<br />

They concluded that the D. <strong>sissoo</strong> leaf extract<br />

possessed signific<strong>an</strong>t <strong>an</strong>ti-inflammatory activity<br />

(in acute, sub-acute <strong>an</strong>d chronic models of<br />

inflammation) without <strong>an</strong>y side effects on gastric<br />

mucosa. 30<br />

7, 31<br />

LIST OF SPECIES OF IN DALBERGIA GENUS<br />

1 (Rosewood) D. abrahamii 26 (Bombay Blackwood) D. latifolia<br />

2 (Burmese Rosewood) D. bariensis 27 (Bois de Rose) D. maritima<br />

3 (Palis<strong>an</strong>der) D. baronii 28 (Afric<strong>an</strong> Blackwood) D. mel<strong>an</strong>oxylon<br />

4 (Caroba-Brava) D. brasiliensis 29 (C<strong>an</strong>ela-De-Burro) D. miscolobium<br />

5 (Brown's Indi<strong>an</strong> Rosewood) D. brownei 30 (Rosewood) D. mollis<br />

6 (Gr<strong>an</strong>adillo) D. calycina 31 (Bejuco De Peseta) D. monetaria<br />

7 (Dalbergia) D. c<strong>an</strong>denatensis 32 (Bahia Rosewood) D. nigra<br />

8 (Jacar<strong>an</strong>d) D. catingicola 33 (Fragr<strong>an</strong>t Rosewood) D. odorifera<br />

9 (Brazili<strong>an</strong> Kingwood) D. cearensis 34 (Burma Rosewood) D. oliveri<br />

10 (Rose Wood) D. cochinchinensis 35 (Dalbergia) D. palauensis<br />

11 (Gr<strong>an</strong>adillo) D. cubilquitzensis 36 (Dalbergia) D. palauensis<br />

12 (Burma Blackwood) D. cultrata 37 (Akar Laka) D. parviflora<br />

13 (Burma Blackwood) D. cultrata var. cultrata 38 (Nambar) D. retusa var. retusa<br />

14 (Bastiao-De-Arruda) D. decipularis 39 (Rabo-De-Guariba) D. riparia<br />

15 (Bejuco De Peseta) D. ecastaphyllum 40 (Malabar Blackwood) D. sissoides<br />

16 (Mussuta) D. eleg<strong>an</strong>s 41 (Indi<strong>an</strong> Rosewood) D. <strong>sissoo</strong><br />

17 (Jacar<strong>an</strong>d -Rosa) D. foliolosa 42 (Sabuar<strong>an</strong>a) D. spruce<strong>an</strong>a<br />

18 (Jacar<strong>an</strong>dá-Rosa) D. frutescens 43 (Rosewood) D. stevensonii<br />

19 (Pau-De-Estribo) D. frutescens var. frutescens 44 (Ver“nica) D. subcymosa<br />

20 (Jacar<strong>an</strong>d -Rosa) D. frutescens var. tomentosa 45 (Rosewood) D. trichocarpa<br />

21 (Eb<strong>an</strong>o) D. funera 46 (Dalbergia) D. tucurensis<br />

22 (Tripa-De-Galinha) D. gracilis 47 (Heliotropio) D. villosa<br />

23 (Sebastiao-De-Arruda) D. hortensis 48 (Heliotropio) D. villosa var. barreto<strong>an</strong>a<br />

24 (Jacar<strong>an</strong>da) D. inundata 49 (Rosewood) D. xerophila<br />

25 (Shisham) D. l<strong>an</strong>ceolaria 50 (Yucat<strong>an</strong> Rosewood) D.yucatensis<br />

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />

We are th<strong>an</strong>kful to the m<strong>an</strong>agement of Anurag<br />

pharmacy college, Kodad, Nalgonda, A.P, India,<br />

for providing all facilities during this work.<br />

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