Threatened Species Management Plan for Kinglake National Park

Threatened Species Management Plan for 

Kinglake National Park 

Prepared for Parks Victoria 

Karl Just & Cam Beardsell 

Report 0971, Version 1.2, September 2011

Threatened Species Management Plan for Kinglake National Park, – V 1.0, September 2001 

Acknowledgments 

The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance and contributions of the following people during the 

preparation of this management plan: 

Tony Fitzgerald and Natalie Brida (Parks Victoria): for coordinating the project and providing 

assistance and support. 

Doug Frood (Pathways): for providing advice on vegetation classification and assisting with field work. 

Josh Revell and Cathy Willis: for providing assistance in the field and contributing species records. 

Richard Francis (ABZECO): for providing guidance and assisting with organization. 

Cover images, clockwise from top left: Fire-affected Mountain Ash forest in the Wallaby Creek 

Catchment, Swamp Bush Pea, Re-shooting Horny Cone-bush, & Creeping Grevillea. 

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Table of Contents 

1 Summary .........................................................................................................................................6 

2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................8 

3 Background .....................................................................................................................................9 

3.1 Study area ...............................................................................................................................9 

3.1.1 Physiography ..................................................................................................................9 

3.1.2 Landforms ......................................................................................................................10 

3.2 February 2009 bushfire .......................................................................................................12 

Figure 1 – Extent of Study Area and location of monitoring points .............................13 

4 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................14 

4.1 Threatened species and community monitoring .............................................................14 

4.2 Flora survey & analysis .......................................................................................................14 

5 Key findings ...................................................................................................................................16 

5.1 Flora .......................................................................................................................................16 

5.2 Fauna .....................................................................................................................................18 

6 Management guidelines ..............................................................................................................20 

6.1 Additional flora and fauna survey ......................................................................................20 

6.1.1 Additional flora surveys – conduct flora surveys .....................................................20 

6.1.2 Small mammal trapping – conduct mammal surveys .............................................20 

6.1.3 Targeted survey for Dunnart species – place concrete pavers at selected 

sites across the Park ...................................................................................................21 

6.1.4 Targeted survey for arboreal mammals – conduct spot-lighting surveys 

across the Park .............................................................................................................21 

6.1.5 Targeted survey for Brush-tailed Phascogale – increase survey efforts .............21 

6.1.6 Pitfall Trapping – establish pitfall lines to allow survey for small mammals 

and reptiles ....................................................................................................................22 

6.1.7 Targeted butterfly surveys – conduct survey for butterfly species in 2012 .........22 

6.1.8 Targeted bat surveys – survey the Park for bat species and potential habitat 

in 2010 ...........................................................................................................................23 

6.1.9 Motion sensor camera surveys – survey for fauna across the Park using 

remote sensor cameras...............................................................................................23 

6.2 Biodiversity management and land protection ................................................................23 

6.2.1 Pest plant management – engage experienced bushland managers to 

control weeds across the Park. ..................................................................................23 

6.2.2 Biodiversity fences – construct fences around threatened flora populations .....24 

6.2.3 Pest animal management – prepare a pest animal strategy and continue to 

control feral fauna ........................................................................................................24 

6.2.4 Erosion control – continue to monitor and prevent erosion throughout the 

Park ................................................................................................................................25 

6.2.5 Cinnamon Fungus – continue to prevent Cinnamon Fungus from spreading 

throughout the Park .....................................................................................................25 

6.2.6 Nestboxes – install nestboxes throughout the Park in areas supporting rare 

hollow-dependant fauna ..............................................................................................25 

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6.2.7 Water quality assessments - conduct water quality assessments throughout 

the Park ..........................................................................................................................26 

6.2.8 Management of threatened flora ................................................................................26 

6.3 Research guidelines ............................................................................................................26 

6.3.1 Investigation of perched watertables and their effect on vegetation 

composition ...................................................................................................................26 

6.3.2 Wet Forest – vegetation dynamics ............................................................................27 

6.3.3 Threatened species taxonomy and ecology ............................................................27 

6.3.4 The geology of Kinglake National Park ....................................................................27 

6.3.5 Fire recruitment study of species of the Proteaceae family ..................................27 

6.3.6 The effect of fire intensity on forest structure and age class .................................27 

6.3.7 The effect of post-fire grazing on vegetation composition .....................................28 

7 References ....................................................................................................................................29 

Appendix 1. CHANGES & ADDITIONS TO ECOLOGICAL VEGETATION CLASS (EVC) 

CLASSIFICATION OF KINGLAKE NATIONAL PARK ...................................................................30 

Appendix 1. CHANGES & ADDITIONS TO ECOLOGICAL VEGETATION CLASS (EVC) 

CLASSIFICATION OF KINGLAKE NATIONAL PARK ...................................................................30 

Appendix 2. ANNOTATION OF SIGNIFICANT VASCULAR FLORA SPECIES OF KINGLAKE 

NATIONAL PARK.................................................................................................................................35 

Appendix 3. VASCULAR FLORA SPECIES RECORDED IN KINGLAKE NATIONAL PARK 76 

Appendix 4. SITES OF BOTANICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN KINGLAKE NATIONAL PARK .......95 

1 Wallaby Creek Catchment ..........................................................................................................97 

1.1 Mount Disappointment Reference Area ...........................................................................97 

1.2 Toorourrong Reservoir ......................................................................................................100 

1.3 Wallaby Creek – Poley Creek ..........................................................................................102 

1.4 Joey Creek Reference Area .............................................................................................104 

1.5 Jack Creek Cascades ........................................................................................................106 

1.6 Silver Creek .........................................................................................................................107 

1.7 Stony Creek Reference Area ...........................................................................................108 

2 SUGARLOAF BLOCK ...............................................................................................................110 

2.1 Masons Falls/Running Creek Headwaters .....................................................................110 

2.2 Arthurs Creek - Chadds Creek Headwaters ..................................................................112 

3 EVERARD BLOCK.....................................................................................................................114 

3.1 Broad Gully ..........................................................................................................................114 

3.2 Stuart’s Spur – Castella sub-block ..................................................................................117 

3.3 Reedy Creek Catchment ...................................................................................................119 

3.4 Watsons Creek Headwaters .............................................................................................120 

3.5 Heidelberg – Kinglake Road .............................................................................................122 

3.6 Southern Everard Spur - Black Calf Creek and Wild Dog Creek ...............................124 

3.7 Old Kinglake Road .............................................................................................................126 

3.8 Jehosaphat Gully ................................................................................................................128 

3.9 Mt Slide Road – Full and Plenty Creek ...........................................................................129 

3.10 Mt Slide – Brocks Spur ......................................................................................................131 

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3.11 Diamond Creek Headwaters ............................................................................................132 

4 WOMBELANO BLOCK .............................................................................................................134 

4.1 Captains Creek ...................................................................................................................134 

4.2 Yea River .............................................................................................................................136 

4.3 Burgan Track.......................................................................................................................137 

4.4 Andrews Hill – Island Creek .............................................................................................138 

4.5 Hirts Creek – Wombelano Falls .......................................................................................140 

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1 Summary 

The authors were engaged by Parks Victoria (PV) to assist with vegetation monitoring and recovery 

management in Kinglake National Park following the February 2009 bushfire. The project included 

the establishment of vegetation monitoring sites, targeted and random flora survey and assessment 

of bushfire impacts. It also included documentation of sites of botanical significance, newly recorded 

Ecological Vegetation Classes (EVC’s) and an annotation of significant flora species. 

Kinglake National Park occurs in the far western section of the Great Dividing Range and is situated 

approximately 60-70 kilometres north-east of Melbourne. The park includes a wide range of 

vegetation and habitat types including tall wet forests, rainforest, heathy forests and woodland, 

extensive dry forests and riparian forest. These habitats support an exceptional diversity of flora and 

fauna species including many that are rare or threatened in Victoria and Australia. 

On the 9 th of February 2009 approximately 90% of the Park was burnt in the ‘Black Saturday’ 

bushfires. Most of the park was burned at extreme intensities, causing severe impacts to many 

significant stands of vegetation. 

Vegetation monitoring 

The vegetation monitoring program conducted during this project documented the immediate 

impacts of the bushfire. Seventy two monitoring points were established between March and April, 

2009, incorporating the majority of the park’s most significant stands of vegetation. Later in 2009 

these sites were re-surveyed during spring and summer to record additional flora species and 

ecological changes. A total of nineteen new sites were also established in significant stands of 

vegetation that were encountered during surveys in December 2009 and January 2010. 

Flora 

Floristic data was collected throughout the park between 2009-2011. Survey was concentrated around 

monitoring points and in areas that had previously received minimal survey (e.g. Captains Creek, 

Yea River and Andrews Hill). During these searches a large number of significant flora records were 

collected and an additional 66 species were added to the Park flora list. Several rare or unique 

vegetation communities were also recorded within the study area for the first time. This report also 

collates over twenty years of floristic data collected by Cam Beardsell that has previously remained 

unpublished. 

All flora species of local to national significance or interest (298 species) are discussed in Appendix 2, 

including notes on distribution, ecology and management. An updated flora list for the Park is 

provided in Appendix 3. Several newly documented Ecological Vegetation Classes for the study 

area are described in detail in Appendix 1. 

Flora surveys were also undertaken within several of the unburnt reserves in the Goulburn Valley 

that are managed out of Kinglake. These included Mt Piper, Coolabah (Hughes Creek), Homewood, 

Mangalore and Horseshoe Billabong (north & south). During survey of these areas a substantial 

number of significant flora species were recorded. Flora species lists for each reserve is presented in 

Appendix 6 (on disk accompanying this report). 

Sites of significance 

Sites of botanical significance within the study area have been developed using the methodology of 

the Biosites project (NRE 2002). Using this criteria it was found that the study area supports four sites 

of National significance and twelve sites of State significance. The remaining sites are at least of 

regional significance, as they form part of an extensive system of mountain forest communities. Key 

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sites of significance within the study area include Broad Gully, Mt Disappointment Reference Area, 

Captains Creek, Yea River and Stuart’s Spur. 

Management guidelines 

In late 2009, a comprehensive set of management guidelines was formulated to aid in post-fire 

recovery management. 

These guidelines fall into three broad categories: 

1. Additional biodiversity survey, including a particular emphasis on fauna to determine the impact 

of the fire on threatened species such as Broad-tooth Rat, Spot-tail Quoll, Greater Glider, Yellowbellied 

Glider, Dunnart species, Southern-brown Bandicoot and Lace Monitor. It is also 

recommended that targeted surveys are undertaken for butterflies, arboreal mammals, Eastern 

Pygmy Possums and bat species. Further flora surveys are also recommended. 

2. Biodiversity management and land protection, including guidelines for pest plant management, 

biodiversity fencing, pest animal control, enrichment planting, erosion control, controlling the spread 

of Cinnamon Fungus, installation of nestboxes, water quality assessments and threatened species 

management. 

3. Research guidelines, including a range of suggested research projects that would greatly assist in 

park management, to be undertaken by tertiary education groups. 

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2 Introduction 

In December 2009, Parks Victoria established a post-fire monitoring program across Kinglake 

National Park (the Park) and the Joey Creek, Stony Creek and Mt Disappointment Reference Areas 

(the study area). These areas were all variously affected by the February 2009 bushfire. Later in 2009 

Parks Victoria requested that ABZECO assist with the project by re-assessing monitoring points, 

establishing new sites, undertaking flora survey and providing a set of management guidelines. 

These works were all undertaken in partnership with and under the guidance of members of Parks 

Victoria. 

This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the botanical values of the study area. It 

contains: 

Description of geology and landforms. 

Analysis of all flora species of local to national significance or interest (298 species). 

Sites of significance, including detailed discussion on all sites of state and national 

significance. 

Management guidelines to aid in post-fire recovery. 

An updated flora species list, including those recorded by the authors during the current 

survey period, previous records of the authors and records from other sources. 

Description of several new EVC’s recorded during the current survey period. 

The report also includes the results of flora surveys undertaken in the unburnt sections of the Park in 

the Goulburn Valley, where many significant species were recorded. 

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3 Background 

3.1 Study area 

The study area encompasses Kinglake National Park (21 600 ha) and three reference areas, including 

the Mt. Disappointment Reference Area (1090 ha), Stony Creek Reference Area (420 ha) and Joey 

Creek Reference Area (250 ha). These reserves occur between 60-70 kilometres to the north-east of 

Melbourne. The National Park is divided into three management units, including the Everard Block 

in the south-east, the Wombelano Block in the north and the Sugarloaf Block in the west. The 

management authority of these lands is Parks Victoria. The reference areas are managed by Parks 

Victoria in partnership with Melbourne Water. 

The Park boundary is an irregular shape and contains a high perimetre area ratio. It is surrounded by 

agricultural and residential lands and State forest (including Mt. Robertson State Forest to the north 

and Toolangi State Forest to the east). 

The study area occurs within two bioregions, with land on the southern side of the Divide occurring 

in the Highlands Southern Fall bioregion and land on the northern side occurring within the 

Highlands Northern Fall bioregion. The study area occurs within two Catchment Management 

Authority (CMA) regions, with land on the southern side of the Divide (Yarra River catchment) 

occurring within the Port Phillip CMA and land on the northern side (Goulburn River catchment) 

occurring within the Goulburn Broken CMA. 

The geographic positioning of Kinglake National Park at the western end of the Great Divide in 

south-central Victoria has created a significant juxtaposition of flora and fauna species. It is one of the 

few National Parks in the State to support elements of north, east, west and southern Victoria. 

The study area is depicted in Figure 1. 

3.1.1 Physiography 

The Park occupies four major geological formations. These include Silurian mudstone/siltstone, 

Lower Devonian mudstone/siltstone, Devonian granodiorite and Quaternary recent stream alluvium. 

These formations are discussed below. 

Lower Devonian siltstone 

The land surface of the Park formed part of a marine sedimentary basin during the Devonian and 

Silurian periods, between 446 and 367 million years BP (Before Present). This surface was uplifted 

during the Cretaceous period (140-65 million years BP), which over time led to the formation of the 

current topography and drainage systems. Throughout most of the Park area the Silurian formation 

is overlain by the Devonian, except in parts of the Everard Block, Wombelano Blocks and at Mt. 

Disappointment. The Devonian surface includes a range of soil and vegetation types that vary in 

relation to aspect and rainfall. 

Silurian mudstone/siltstone 

Erosion of the overlying Devonian layers has led to exposure of older Silurian mudstone/siltstone in 

two narrow fingers running north-south through the Everard Block and a small section of the 

Wombelano Block. The first finger to the west extends from St. Andrews and runs directly one 

kilometre each side of the Heidelberg-Kinglake Road. The second finger to the east is approximately 

three kilometres wide and extends west of the township of Steels Creek to just north of Mountain 

Creek. This formation supports flora species and vegetation communities that are not found 

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elsewhere within the Park, including Wine-lip Spider Orchid, Blue Fairies, Black’s Goodenia, Red 

Ironbark, Tussock Sedge, Grey Everlasting, Sweet Hound’s Tongue, Lightwood and Red Box. Valley 

slopes dominated by Yellow Box and Candlebark are also restricted to this formation in the far south. 

The Silurian formations within the Park support biota that have affinities with the Silurian foothills 

between Christmas Hills and Eltham. 

Devonian granodiorite 

Devonian granodiorite is restricted to the Mt Disappointment Reference area and comprises the 

summit and slopes of Mt. Disappointment. This formation has intruded Lower Devonian and 

Silurian marine sediments and is the only one of its type within the area. Granodiorite supports tall 

Mountain Ash forests on the plateau, Myrtle Beech-Sassafras rainforests along sheltered gullies and 

Woolly Tea-tree scrub along several creeks. The lower slopes support tall Messmate forests. Rocky 

outcrops are relatively common. Granitic sediments have been eroded from the formation and 

deposited downstream by the Plenty River and Jack Creek. 

Quaternary recent stream alluvium 

Recent stream alluvium is distributed along upper and lower terraces of riparian systems within the 

Park. The greatest development occurs along the lower, flatter sections of primary rivers, including 

the Yea River adjacent to the Melba Highway and the lower Plenty River. The formation is less 

developed along creeks at higher elevations due to the steepness of the terrain and resulting higher 

stream energy. The terraces are formed by the deposition of silt, sand and gravel from higher land 

surfaces between 10,000 years ago to the present. The Plenty River system includes deposition of 

granite sediments originating from Mt. Disappointment, which has likely influenced the 

development of several rare vegetation communities. 

The terraces support riparian forest alliances that are dominated by Manna Gum in lower, exposed 

sections (Plenty River) and Mountain Grey Gum-Manna Gum at higher elevations (Yea River). The 

terraces along the Plenty and Yea Rivers are dissected by numerous floodways and former channels 

which support rare sedgeland swamp communities. 

3.1.2 Landforms 

The Park is situated in the mountains and foothills of the western section of the Great Dividing 

Range. The most prominent landform features are the Kinglake Plateau in the eastern section and the 

Mt Disappointment Plateau in the western section. The plateaus are uplifted sections of ancient 

coastal plains that have been eroded to relatively flat land surfaces. Dissected foothills extend to the 

north and south. The Melbourne sunklands occurs to the south whilst the Goulburn Valley occurs to 

the north. The landform features of each section of the Park are described below. 

Everard Block 

The Everard Block is dominated by rocky mountain spurs and ridges dissected by numerous 

drainage systems. The entire block, excepting the far north-east corner, occurs on the southern fall of 

the Great Divide. 

The northern section of the block occurs on the southern section of the Kinglake Plateau, which 

contains the headwaters of several creeks that flow to the south. These include the Dry Creek, 

Pinchgut Creek, Full & Plenty Creek and Jehosaphat Creek. The headwaters of these creeks are very 

steep, face due south and support fern gullies and localised stands of Mountain Ash. The southern 

section of the Park contains the twin headwaters of the Watson’s Creek which begin on the eastern 

side of Mt Everard. A small section of the Wild Dog Creek is contained within the far south-west 

corner of the Park. 

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The Everard Block contains several prominent hills that include Mt Everard (450m), Mt Jerusalem, 

Mt Slide (450m) and Mt Beggary (490m). These hills have skeletal rocky soils which support dry 

heathy forests. The sheltered sides of hills and spurs support more mesic forest types and there is 

often a sharp transition from dry forests on exposed slopes to Bracken-shrub dominated sheltered 

hill slopes. 

At Broad Gully, run-off and groundwater seepage from the surrounding steep spurs and hills drains 

poorly due to the flat valley formation and an underlying clay pan. A similar effect has occurred at 

Stuart’s Spur in the far northern-eastern section of the block, where an underlying clay pan has 

created a perched watertable. At both sites these drainage characteristics has led to the development 

of rare damp heathy woodland and forests, which support a range of rare and disjunct biota. 

Wombelano Block 

The entire Wombelano Block occurs on the northern fall of the Great Divide. The dominant feature of 

the eastern Wombelano Block is Andrew’s Hill, which contains the headwaters of numerous gullies 

that meet the Yea River to the east and the Island Creek to the west. Sheltered gullies on the southern 

face support wet forest gullies and small stands of Mountain Ash. 

The Yea River runs from south to north in the far eastern portion of the Block. This river is perennial 

and contains rocky runs, riffles and glides. Extensive alluvial terraces occur adjacent to the river. 

These are dissected by numerous floodways, former channels and swampy depressions. 

The headwaters of the Captain’s Creek occur in the western section of the block. This creek runs from 

east-west and has carved a prominent valley. The northern slopes above the creek are very steep 

whilst the southern slopes grade abruptly from steep hills down onto extensive gentle slopes. The 

steep slopes feed run-off and groundwater seepage onto the gentle slopes below, which has led to the 

development of rare damp heathy forest formations. 

The Hirts Creek is the next drainage system to the south, which eventually flows into the Island 

Creek. The Wombelano Falls occur along the western section of the creek, which is a steep twenty 

metre high waterfall that includes rocky outcrops and small escarpments. Wet forest vegetation has 

developed at the protected base of the falls, partly influenced by the splash zone. 

Other features of the Wombelano Block include the rocky ridgelines and spurs in the northern 

section. The highest point in this section is Beales Hill, in the far north-east of the Park. 

Mt Disappointment Block 

The Mt Disappointment Block is dominated by a large granitic intrusion which reaches its highest 

point on the summit of Mt Disappointment (750 m), just west of the Park boundary. The plateau 

area supports extensive Mountain Ash Forests while the lower, exposed slopes are dominated by 

Messmate, Mountain Grey Gum and Peppermints. The majority of the Block occurs on the northern 

fall of the Great Divide and includes the headwaters of several tributaries of the King Parrot Creek. 

These include the Silver, Wallaby and Poley Creeks. The headwaters of the Wallaby Creek support 

rainforest communities dominated by Sassafras. The remainder of the Block falls to the south and 

includes the twin headwaters of the Plenty River. The headwaters are deeply incised, and prior to the 

2009 bushfire supported the oldest and best developed rainforest in the Park. 

Sugarloaf Block 

The northern boundary of the Sugarloaf Block runs along the southern fall of the Kinglake Plateau. 

This encompasses the headwaters of several streams including the Running Creek in the far west and 

the Arthur’s and Diamond Creeks to the east. The Running Creek has carved deep gorges into 

Devonian sediments, creating Mason’s Falls and the most extensive escarpments and cliffs within the 

Park. This has exposed fossil bearing sediments which contain Graptolites. The upper sections of the 

11


Diamond and Arthur’s Creek support fern gullies and wet forest vegetation. The Block contains Mt 

Sugarloaf (570m), a prominent spur that can be seen from parts of the inner city of Melbourne. 

3.2 February 2009 bushfire 

In February 2009, prolonged dry conditions and an extensive heat wave accumulated in one of the 

most severe bushfire events in Victorian history, since referred to as ‘Black Saturday’. The largest and 

most devastating of these bushfires was the Kilmore East Fire Complex, which burnt over 330,000 

hectares of land to the north and east of Melbourne. This included approximately 90% of Kinglake 

National Park (the Park) and the entire Mt Disappointment Reference Area, Stony Creek Reference 

Area and Joey Creek Reference Area. 

The bushfire first entered the Park north-west of Toorourrong Reservoir, from a spot-over from fires 

in the Kilmore area. Driven by north-westerly winds the fire headed towards the town of St Andrews 

before a strong south-westerly change turned the flank of the fire towards the north-east. This 

created a massive fire front that swept through large parts of the Park and reference areas within 

several hours, impacting numerous stands of significant vegetation. 

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Figure 1 – Extent of Study Area and location of monitoring points 

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4 Methodology 

4.1 Threatened species and community monitoring 

Vegetation monitoring points were established throughout the Park in March 2009 with the aim of 

assessing bushfire impacts on threatened plant species and communities. A total of 91 sites were 

established across the Park, including all known sites of biological significance and representations of 

every Ecological Vegetation Class. 

Site selection was informed by extensive survey that has been undertaken throughout the Park over 

several decades. Data from previous studies (Biosites, Neroc Report) was analyzed to aid in site 

selection. Sites were chosen if they were known to contain significant biological values such as 

threatened flora species populations, rare or threatened vegetation communities or habitat for rare 

flora or fauna. In addition, at least one site was selected in each Ecological Vegetation Class occurring 

within the Park to provide a comprehensive assessment of habitat types. Some sites were selected if 

they demonstrated particular burning patterns, which may prove important for monitoring and 

understanding the effect of fire intensity or behavior on vegetation stands in future. 

The area of each site varied depending on its characteristics. In general a site encompassed the 

entirety of a significant species population or community stand, or an area large enough to represent 

this value. On average, most sites were approximately one hectare in size. 

The data collected within each site was primarily related to flora/habitat values and fire behavior. 

Botanical data collected included the dominant canopy species, significant flora species and 

recruitment/regeneration observations. Fire behavior data collected included fire intensity (gauged 

by observing the flame height and intactness of tree crown), observations of how much of the site 

had been burnt, the direction that the fire had burned from and the approximate time of day that the 

site was burnt. Fire behavior data became difficult to collect during the latter assessments in late 2009 

and early 2010, as the traces of the fire were partly obscured by rapidly recovering vegetation. 

Consequently, data collected for these sites was less detailed, and mostly included a rough estimate 

of fire intensity. 

Seventy two of the sites were established between March and April, 2009. The majority of the most 

significant of these sites were then re-visited during spring 2009 and summer 2009/10 to document 

changes and survey for rare flora. An additional nineteen sites were established during December 

2009 and January 2010. 

The location of all monitoring points is presented in Figure 1. 

All data was entered from field sheets into an Excel spreadsheet, which is contained within 

Appendix 5 of this report (supplied on CD). 

4.2 Flora survey & analysis 

Flora surveys were conducted by the authors prior to the current study, in a period ranging from the 

late 1980’s to the present (mostly C.B) In addition, a large number of additional records were 

obtained during the current study period either incidentally while assessing monitoring sites or 

during targeted surveys. Targeted surveys were conducted in specific areas of the Park which were 

known to support species-rich vegetation (e.g. Captains Creek). This involved searching microhabitats 

within sites and recording any species of significance. 

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All flora species of regional to National significance (and some local) were analyzed based on the 

results of surveys (298 taxa). The analysis includes notes on distribution, ecology and management. 

15


5 Key findings 

The current study investigated the extent of bushfire impacts and documented a range of flora 

species and communities previously unrecorded within the Park. The key findings are discussed 

below. 

5.1 Flora 

Bushfire impacts 

Preliminary findings suggest that the bushfire had a severe impact on some stands of vegetation 

while benefiting others. Considering that most of the Park had not been affected by fire for many 

decades, in many areas the occurrence of fire stimulated a high level of recruitment, growth and 

flowering. Many rare flora species recruited vigorously and have reached some of their largest 

population numbers in decades. 

However, the extreme intensity and lack of ‘patchiness’ that characterized most of the fire event 

caused detrimental impacts to many stands of significant vegetation. The most devastated areas were 

those that burned during the most intense period of the fire following the south-west wind change. 

During this time, the bushfire burned the entire Everard Block, Sugarloaf Block and Joey Creek 

Reference Area within two hours, where intense heat and wind combined with the hilly topography 

created severe fire storms. In many cases the fire was so severe on the ridges and hills that many 

eucalypt trees were killed or the fruit of trees was consumed (Mt Sugarloaf, Mt Everard, Mt 

Beggary). The fire tunneled up gullies at extreme intensities and had a serious impact on many 

riparian corridors. Very few areas were unaffected by the fire, leaving minimal refuge for flora and 

fauna. 

In the Mt Disappointment Reference Area, nearly all stands of rainforest and wet forest vegetation 

were burnt at high intensity, a rare and devastating event. This severely affected ancient Myrtle 

Beech groves in the Plenty River Headwaters that had probably not been affected by fire for over 

three hundred years. It killed most stands of Mountain Ash trees on the Mt Disappointment plateau 

(including some of the oldest and tallest Mountain Ash in Australia) and up to 90% of the population 

of Southern Sassafras Atherosperma moschatum, a key rainforest canopy species. The burning of all 

rainforest within the study area has very likely temporarily eliminated many mesic-dependant flora 

species from the Park, particularly rare ferns such as Slender Tree Fern, Small Fork-fern, Oval Forkfern, 

Weeping Spleenwort, Gypsy Fern and Narrow Filmy-fern. It also greatly modified rainforest 

habitat by removing deep humous layers and canopy cover, so that it is unlikely that many 

rainforest-dependant flora will re-colonise in the near future. The post-fire conditions are likely to 

favour wet sclerophyll forest species over rainforest flora, exerting additional pressures on the latter 

group over the coming years. The early succession vegetation is also likely to be more fire-prone than 

the pre-fire stands (due to increased abundance of flammable species), increasing the likelihood of 

further fires over the next century. 

The fire burnt other sections of the Park later in the evening when temperatures and wind speeds 

had reduced and consequently burnt at much lower intensity. This included large parts of the 

Wombelano Block (including areas that had burnt in 2006) and the Stony Creek Reference Area. 

Some of these areas burned at lower intensity due to the effect of recent (last three years) prescribed 

burning, which had reduced fuel loads. 

Survey results 

16


During the survey period, a high diversity of significant flora species were added to the Park flora 

list, including a range of rare and/or disjunct species. A total of 64 additional flora species were 

recorded during the survey period and an additional 58 species were added to the Park list from 

previous records of the authors (mostly CB) and from records collected by Beauglehole (1983). 

Several rare or unique floristic assemblages were also recorded within the study area for the first 

time. 

A key finding of the study was the documentation of unique expressions of wetland vegetation that 

surround Toorourrong Reservoir. These areas were found to support an exceptional diversity of 

significant flora species, including Swamp Millet (largest population in region, only known from 

several other sites regionally), Globe Kyllinga (only record south of the Seymour area), Short Waterstarwort 

(probably the largest population in Victoria of this vulnerable species), Showy Willow-herb 

(one of the largest populations in the region, only population in north-east Melbourne), Austral 

Ladies Tresses (one of the largest populations in Victoria), Slender Spike-sedge (only known 

population in north-east Melbourne), Branching Rush , Varied Water-milfoil, Running Marsh-flower, 

Wing Pennywort and Small River Buttercup. The reservoir and lower Plenty River support several 

distinct wetland assemblages, including the fringing vegetation which appears to be a modified 

expression of the vegetation that would have occurred at the site prior to the building of the reservoir 

in the late 1800’s. These stands are most attributable to EVC Swampy Woodland/Swampy Riparian 

Woodland, but could probably be considered unique variants (no comparable examples known). A 

treeless swamp occurring just upstream of the junction of the Toorourrong Reservoir is most 

attributable to EVC Wet Verge Sedgeland and has strong affinities with EVC Forest Creekline Sedge 

Swamp of the eastern highlands. This floristic community of Wet Verge Sedgeland is very rare and is 

currently not known from any other examples. The lower sections of the Plenty River support rare 

variants of EVC Riparian Forest Wetland. 

The entire Toorourrong section of the Park was burnt during the 2009 bushfire. Although the 

wetland vegetation initially responded positively with increased growth, germination and flowering, 

several large rain events in the first year after the fire eroded large quantities of silt from the 

surrounding ranges into the reservoir, partly blanketing the fringing wetland vegetation. The extent 

of impacts of this process is yet to be determined, but it is likely to stress some plant species and 

encourage the growth of weeds. Aquatic vegetation (particularly Eel Grass) has been greatly 

impacted, with former meadows now buried under tonnes of ash and silt. 

The Yea River and its floodplain were found to support highly significant vegetation stands (all of 

which were burned in the 2009 bushfire). These included along the river and its banks where there 

are scattered small patches of Forest Sedge (rare and disjunct from montane forest to the east) as well 

as Short Water-starwort (large populations of this vulnerable species), Braided Water-ribbons (major 

disjunction from eastern Victoria) and Butterfly Willow-herb (disjunct from montane and sub-alpine 

habitats). Some outstanding examples of sedgeland communities occur in association with 

abandoned channels of the river along the floodplain, which are most attributable to the rare EVC 

Riparian Forest Wetland. These sedgelands support a range of significant flora including Short Bentgrass 

(disjunct from sub-alpine habitats), Southern Swamp Wallaby Grass, Square Twig-sedge and 

Glandular Brooklime (all of which are very rare in the study area). 

Other significant flora species that were recorded for the first time within the study area include 

Blue-spike Milkwort at Broad Gully (disjunct from near-coastal habitats), Tufted Lobelia from Road 

15 (not previously recorded in the hills north of Melbourne), Tall Shaggy-pea from Stuart’s Spur 

(disjunct from montane habitats to the east), Hill Xanthosia from above Captains Creek (disjunct 

from near-coastal habitats) as well as Narrow-leaf Logania (disjunct from west Gippsland), 

Grampians Dwarf Boronia (disjunct from the Grampians area), Sickle Greenhood, Sharp Greenhood, 

17


Thyme Spurge, Curved Rice Flower (Pimelea curviflora var. aff. subglabrata), Long-style Bitter-cress, 

Forest Bitter-cress, Gunyang, Swamp Mazus, Grey Guinea-flower, Graceful Fescue and Forest 

Blown-grass. 

During spring surveys in 2010 and 2011, a range of additional flora species and vegetation stands 

were recorded throughout the Park. This included unburnt, extensive and intact examples of several 

vegetation communities in the far south of the Park, between Reedy Creek and Buttermans Track. 

These unburnt sites provide a reference for vegetation condition prior to the 2009 bushfire which will 

be important for future vegetation monitoring. 

The impact of the bushfire on significant sites within the study area is discussed in detail for each of 

the vegetation monitoring points in Appendix 5. 

5.2 Fauna 

Bushfire impacts 

There can be no doubt that the 2009 bushfire event had a significant impact on many fauna species, 

as in most cases the fire spread extremely rapidly and left very minimal areas of refuge. The species 

that are likely to have been most impacted are those that were already of localised occurrence prior 

the event such as Spot-tail Quoll and Yellow-bellied Glider. If localised populations of these species 

were eliminated then it may be many years before they are able to re-colonise from other areas of 

suitable habitat. The fire consumed many large-old trees and ground habitat, which is likely to have 

impacted fauna species such as Brush-tailed Phascogale, Greater Glider and forest owls (particularly 

Sooty Owl). Even if these species survived the initial fire event, there was minimal area of unburnt 

refuge available and so some animals would have struggled to find food or shelter in the following 

months. Targeted surveys are required to determine the extent of impacts on fauna species. 

There is particular concern that the Brush-tailed Phascogale has declined substantially within the 

study area since the 2009 bushfire. It is recommended that further trapping sites be established 

within Kinglake National Park in burnt and unburnt sections, to monitor population recovery. This 

would also allow research to be undertaken to gain a greater understating on the effect of fire on this 

threatened species. 

Survey results 

Although no fauna survey was undertaken during this study, some significant incidental 

observations were recorded. The extensive tracts of recently burnt forest attracted several regionally 

rare bird species that are normally of sparse occurrence within the study area. This included: 

large congregations of White-browed and Masked Woodswallows, which roosted and nested 

within the study area for several months over spring and summer. 

Rufous Song-larks were very common throughout some areas of the study area, particularly 

around Toorourrong Reservoir and along the Kinglake Plateau. 

Blue-winged Parrots were observed nesting in the vicinity of Toorourrong Reservoir, a 

species that is very rare in north-east Melbourne. 

A Spotted Quail-thrush was observed on one occasion at Broad Gully, an encouraging sign 

that these rare birds have not been too severely impacted by the fire event. 

Mass flowering of Grass Tree species (Xanthorrhoea minor and Xanthorrhoea australis) attracted 

many nectar feeding birds, including the regionally rare Tawny-crowned Honeyeater and 

Purple-crowned Lorikeet. 

18


On one occasion a nesting White-throated Nightjar was observed below the Captains Creek 

Road, in an area that was burnt in 2006. 

An unexpected find were several sightings of Red-necked Wallaby along Road 14 in the Mt 

Disappointment Reference Area, a species that is very rare in the Melbourne area. 

In spring 2010, a Bright Copper Butterfly was recorded in lowland forest south of Reedy 

Creek. This species is probably of rare occurrence within the park. A Red-capped Robin was 

recorded at Broad Gully, the first record of this regionally rare bird for the Park. 

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6 Management guidelines 

Management guidelines have been formulated following extensive survey of the Park area over 

many years. The guidelines fall into three broad categories: additional biodiversity surveys; 

biodiversity management and land protection; and research guidelines. 

6.1 Additional flora and fauna survey 

There is currently uncertainty regarding the post-fire distribution of many rare fauna and flora 

species within the Park. Further surveys should be undertaken to establish core areas for 

management. These should include targeted survey for fauna and additional spring surveys for flora. 

Some of the surveys could be implemented by TAFE or university groups with assistance from Parks 

Victoria staff and regional experts, while other surveys will require the assistance of professional 

ecologists. 

6.1.1 Additional flora surveys – conduct flora surveys 

Further surveys should be undertaken throughout the Park to search for significant plant species. 

Surveys should include particular effort in areas of high plant diversity such as at Broad Gully, 

Stuart’s Spur, Yea River, Mason’s Falls and Captains Creek. They should include targeted searches 

for taxa that have previously been recorded within the Park but that were not located during the 

current survey, including the Green Leek-orchid, Tangled Pseudanthus, Cockspur Flower, Fairy 

Lanterns, Summer Spider-orchid, Purple Eyebright, Slender Beard-orchid, Dainty Bird-orchid, 

Midget Greenhood and Tree Geebung. These species may be at risk from grazing pressure, 

competition with weeds and other factors, and must be located so they can be subject to recovery 

management if required. 

Although the recently burnt areas of the Park are currently the highest priority, several of the 

unburnt reserves managed by Parks Victoria have received only limited survey and would greatly 

benefit from further study. Many of these reserves were assessed during the current project, but 

mostly during summer when many plant species are not detectable. The unburnt reserves of highest 

priority include the Coolabah, Mt Piper and Mangalore Reserves. It is likely that one day spent 

within each reserve would be sufficient to add a variety of significant species to the current park list. 

Experienced botanists should be engaged to complete these works. 

6.1.2 Small mammal trapping 

Small mammal trapping should be conducted throughout the Park to determine the impacts of the 

fire on several rare fauna species, including the Broad-tooth Rat, Southern Brown Bandicoot and 

Dusky Antechinus. The early to mid succession stages offer a valuable opportunity to conduct fauna 

survey, as some fauna species reach their highest population numbers during this time. 

One individual Broad-tooth Rat was recorded in the Mt Disappointment Reference Area by Parks 

Victoria staff in the early 2000’s. This is the only sighting of this threatened species within the Park, 

and further survey for this species is of high priority. The survey should include up to a week of 

trapping using steel Elliot Traps at several locations throughout the Park. These locations should 

include sites on Road 3 where the previous animal was recorded, in sedgelands adjacent to the Yea 

River and at the Poley Creek Tea-tree Swamp on Road 4. 

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The Swamp Rat was previously recorded in the Park in the 1990’s in sedgelands along the Plenty 

River upstream of Toorourrong Resevoir. Trapping shoud be conducted within this area to 

determine the post-fire status of this species. 

Trapping should also be conducted at Broad Gully where the White-footed Dunnart and Southern 

Brown Bandicoot have previously been recorded and at Captain’s Creek where the Southern Brown 

Bandicoot has been recorded. 

The results of any trapping are likely to be critical for determining post-fire refuges and core areas for 

these threatened species within the Park. This project could possibly be undertaken by an 

educational group with assistance from Parks Victoria staff and regional experts. 

6.1.3 Targeted survey for Dunnart species 

The White-footed Dunnart has previously been recorded within the Park at Broad Gully. The 

Common Dunnart has not been recorded from the Park but is predicted to occur in areas of Grassy 

Dry Forest in the southern section of the Everard block. 

During 2009, grids of concrete pavers were set out at several locations to provide habitat and allow 

survey for Dunnart species. This included in Damp Heathy Woodland at Broad Gully and in Grassy 

Dry Forest near the Watsons Creek Track. In 2010, an additional paver grid was set out in Grassy Dry 

Forest off Dinsdale Road in the far southern section of the Park by Parks Victoria staff. 

Continued monitoring of these paver grids should be undertaken to search for Dunnart species. 

6.1.4 Targeted survey for arboreal mammals – conduct spot-lighting surveys 

across the Park 

Prior to the 2009 fire, the Greater Glider was widespread and relatively common within the Park. The 

Yellow-bellied Glider was rare and in recent years had only been recorded once in the Mt 

Disappointment Reference area and occasionally along the Island Creek. Feed trees were also 

observed in the 1990’s along the Hirt’s and Captains Creek. 

Both of these arboreal species were probably badly affected by the 2009 bushfire. The fire left 

minimal refuge areas and burnt out many hollow bearing trees. If animals did survive the immediate 

fire event, there is likely to have been a high mortality in following months due to lack of refugia and 

food resources. Beside some recent sightings of Greater Glider in the Kinglake East reserve and 

elsewhere, there is no firm data to determine what kind of impact the fire has had on these species. 

A spotlighting survey should be undertaken throughout the Park targeting arboreal species. The 

Captains, Hirts and Island Creeks and Yea River should be targeted for Yellow-bellied Glider whilst 

suitable tall forest should be targeted for Greater Glider. The project should involve several weeks of 

survey time and the results should be presented to Parks Victoria upon completion. 

This project could possibly be undertaken by an educational group with assistance from Parks 

Victoria staff and regional experts. 

6.1.5 Targeted survey for Brush-tailed Phascogale – increase survey efforts 

There is particular concern that the Brush-tailed Phascogale has declined substantially within the 

study area since the 2009 bushfire. During trapping surveys conducted within the Everard Block by 

DSE and Parks Victoria since that time, no individuals have been recorded. This is likely due to the 

intensity of the fire (which could have killed many animals) and the reduction in habitat values that 

has occurred. Many of the few hollow-bearing trees remaining were consumed by the fire, severely 

reducing habitat. In combination with reduction in cover, this has made animals more vulnerable to 

21


predation (particularly by foxes). Invertebrate food resources are also likely to be greatly reduced for 

several years due to reduction of old, peeling bark and rotting tree stumps. 

The Brush-tailed Phascogale has also declined at the One Tree Hill and Rifle Range Reserves 

(Northern Reserves) to the south since fuel reduction burns were conducted there in 2005-06 

(reduction in trapping rates of up to 80%). These findings suggest that the species is extremely fire 

sensitive. Considering that the Northern Reserves and Kinglake National Park support up to 30% of 

the north-east Melbourne population (the most genetically diverse population in Victoria), the 

species is likely to have been greatly impacted across its range. 

It is recommended that further trapping sites be established within Kinglake National Park in burnt 

and unburnt sections, to monitor population recovery. This would also allow research to be 

undertaken to gain a greater understanding on the effect of fire on the species. Further trapping sites 

should be established in the southern Everard Block, in areas that were not burned in 2009. 

This project should be undertaken by Parks Victoria and DSE staff. 

6.1.6 Pitfall Trapping – establish pitfall lines to allow survey for small mammals 

and reptiles 

Several pitfall lines should be established throughout the Park to allow continual survey and 

monitoring of small mammals and reptiles. Pitfall lines would be particularly effective for surveying 

for Eastern Pygmy Possum, a species that is of localised occurrence within the Park. The 2006 and 

2009 fire burnt much of the known habitat of this species and a survey to determine its current 

distribution is greatly needed. The Hairpin Banksia, which is a key component of their habitat, was 

greatly depleted by the fires. 

The surveys should follow-up and build on previous pitfall surveys that have been undertaken 

within the Park (such as at Broad Gully and around Candlebark Track) by establishing new lines at 

these locations. Other sites that could be established should include along Captains Creek Road and 

Ninks Road (two sites from where the Eastern Pygmy Possum has been recorded) and at Stuart’s 

Spur. 

This project could possibly be undertaken by an educational group with assistance from Parks 

Victoria staff and regional experts. 

6.1.7 Targeted butterfly surveys – conduct survey for butterfly species in 2012 

The Park supports a high diversity of rare butterfly species, including the nationally threatened 

Small and Large Ant Blue Butterflies. Some butterfly species were possibly badly impacted by the 

2009 fire. The key food plant of the Macleay’s Swallow Tail, Southern Sassafras, was killed 

throughout most of its range, whilst the known sites for the Small and Large Ant Blue Butterflies 

were burnt at extreme intensities. However the fire may also have a positive effect on some species, 

and the early succession stages offer a rare opportunity to undertake a comprehensive assessment of 

butterfly populations within the Park. Broad Gully supports ideal habitat for the rare Chaostola 

Skipper, a species that is often conspicuous in the early years following a fire event. 

A detailed butterfly survey should be conducted in 2012 after the vegetation has recovered 

sufficiently. The survey should include particular focus at Broad Gully (a known butterfly hotspot) 

and in other areas of the Park considered to support suitable habitat. The study should have 

particular focus on Sedge skipper butterflies (that breed on Gahnia sp.) and should target rare species 

that have previously been recorded within the Park (see Beardsell 1997) 

22


This project would only be suitable for a professional ecologist, as butterfly survey requires extensive 

experience and knowledge. 

6.1.8 Targeted bat surveys – survey the Park for bat species and potential 

habitat 

Many rare bat species have been recorded in the Park, including the Eastern Horseshoe Bat and 

Common Bent-wing Bat from old mineshafts at Full and Plenty Creek and the Large-footed Myotis at 

Toorourrong Reservoir. Since the 2009 fire, bat surveys have been conducted at Toorourrong 

Reservoir and there are plans to conduct additional surveys around old mine shafts in the Mt Slide 

area. This project should include both research of old title records and active searching to assist in 

locating old mine shafts. As collapse of mine shafts is one of the greatest threats to rare bat species 

within the Park, the condition of all known shafts should be assessed to determine if rehabilitation 

works are required (such as replacement of old shoring). Ongoing monitoring of mine shafts and bat 

populations should be implemented to ensure that bat colonies are not being disturbed by humans or 

that shafts are not in danger of collapse. 

6.1.9 Motion sensor camera surveys – survey for fauna across the Park using 

remote sensor cameras 

Motion sensor cameras are an effective and low-cost method for surveying for fauna species. 

Cameras should be set up throughout the Park to assist in monitoring fauna species in the post-fire 

period. Cameras could be set up randomly or could be carefully placed to target particular species. 

Target species could include Spot-tailed Quoll, Lace Monitor, Broad-tooth Rat, Bandicoot species and 

Dunnart species. 

There have been sightings of Spot-tailed Quoll in the Mt Disappointment Reference area and in 

gullies east and west of Bowden Spur Road. There have been post-fire sightings of Lace Monitor in 

the southern section of the Everard block. Cameras should be installed at these locations to allow 

survey for these species. 

An effective method when targeting Spot-tailed Quoll or Lace Monitor is to set the camera aimed at a 

horizontal log and to spray tuna oil on the log for attraction. When targeting smaller species it is 

effective to set up a small sand pad with bait secured to the pad (such as a tea filter filled with oats 

and honey). The camera should then be installed on a star picket facing downwards, so that the 

silhouette of the animal can be photographed. If the camera is faced horizontally it may be difficult to 

identify smaller animals due to the lack of profile and blurring with surrounding vegetation. This 

method has recently been trialed successfully in the Grampians National Park, where Common 

Dunnart and Heath Mouse have been confidently identified from images. 

This project could be undertaken by Parks Victoria staff. 

6.2 Biodiversity management and land protection 

Biodiversity management must be undertaken throughout the Park to prevent decline of habitat and 

threatened flora and fauna species. 

6.2.1 Pest plant management – engage experienced bushland managers to 

control weeds across the Park. 

The 2009 bushfire appears to have reduced the populations of many high threat weeds across the 

Park, providing a rare opportunity to eliminate these species from selected sites. Other high threat 

23


weeds will begin to thrive in the post-fire period due to reduced competition for light and space and 

elevated soil nutrients. 

A systematic weed control program should be immediately undertaken across the Park. Priority 

should be focused on the most significant stands of native vegetation within the Park and for control 

of localised occurrences of high threat species. Roadsides, drains or other entry points for weeds that 

occur in close proximity to significant vegetation stands should also be managed, to prevent weeds 

from re-invading from these sites. 

The weed control program should include control of: 

Tutsan at Wombelano Falls and the upper Arthur’s Creek, 

Seaside Daisy at Masons Falls, 

Blackberry species along the Yea River, at Toorourrong and within other high quality gullies 

and drainage systems. 

Spear Thistle and Yorkshire Fog *Holcus lanatus in stands of Swampy Woodland and Wet 

Verge Sedgeland at Toorourrong Reservoir, 

English Broom at the fenced Round-leaf Pomaderris site, and 

Grey Willow at Toorourrong Reservoir and at other identified infestations of this species. 

A thorough assessment of the weed flora of Kinglake is currently being undertaken, which will fully 

inform the priority for works. Ongoing monitoring will be required to identify emerging threats, as 

some weed species will only begin to proliferate in the latter succession of the fire. These include 

species such as White Sallow Wattle and Sweet Pittosporum in the Reedy Creek block and Holly, 

English Broom, Blackberry, Montpellier Broom, Cape Ivy, Needle Grass, English Ivy, Blue 

Periwinkle, Bulbil Watsonia, Monbretia, Boneseed and Elegant Poison-berry throughout the Park. 

Works should only be undertaken by experienced bushland managers to ensure that work is 

achieved to a high standard and to prevent off-target damage. 

6.2.2 Biodiversity fences – construct fences around threatened flora 

populations 

Many flora species are of restricted occurrence in the Park and should be fenced to prevent grazing 

impacts. This will also create areas for threatened species to be replanted into secure sites. 

Four fences have currently been constructed at Broad Gully to protect seedling plants of the Swamp 

Bush Pea. Other fencing that will be required include around the Wine-lip Spider Orchid and Blue 

Fairies Orchid off Dinsdale Road and possibly around populations of Round-leaf Pomaderris and the 

recently discovered Tall Shaggy Pea on Stuart’s Spur. If additional populations of rare orchid species 

are discovered during further surveys, these will also require caging or fencing. 

6.2.3 Pest animal management – prepare a pest animal strategy and continue 

to control feral fauna 

Most feral animals appear to have been only lightly impacted by the 2009 fire and the Park still 

supports infestations of deer, rabbits, goats and foxes. Abundant fox tracks have been observed 

throughout the Park and this species will be adding further pressures on native fauna populations. 

Sambar Deer have been sighted on numerous occasions and appear to be still relatively abundant 

within the Park. Rabbit impacts are relatively minor in most areas of the Park, however the fire has 

enabled the rabbit to advance into areas such as Broad Gully where it has previously not occurred. 

24


Parks Victoria is currently implementing control programs for goats and foxes throughout the Park. 

It is hoped that goats will eventually be eliminated from the Park, but control of foxes will be 

ongoing. Control of foxes in areas that support (or are likely to support) significant fauna species 

should be of high priority, such as at Broad Gully, Captains Creek, Dinsdale Road, Watsons Creek 

Track and Road 3 in the Mt Disappointment Reference Area. Eliminating foxes from these areas will 

allow species such as Bandicoots and Dunnarts to increase in the post-fire period. 

It is recommended that a feral animal strategy be prepared for the Park. This should include 

documenting current distribution and estimated population levels for each feral species, chosen 

strategies and methods for control and a work plan for the next five years. 

6.2.4 Erosion control – continue to monitor and prevent erosion throughout the 

Park 

Silt traps have been installed throughout the Park in an effort to slow the massive amount of sheet 

and gully erosion that has occurred since the fires. Monitoring of erosion should be continued to 

identify hotspots and further works that may be required. Erosion appears to be decreasing in many 

areas in response to the recovery of the vegetation, which has greatly reduced soil exposure. 

6.2.5 Cinnamon Fungus – continue to prevent Cinnamon Fungus from 

spreading throughout the Park 

Specialist researchers have indicated that the 2009 fire may have temporarily burnt out infestations of 

Cinnamon Fungus from the top soil layers, but that the fungus will likely return to pre-fire 

conditions within several years (Tony Fitzgerald pers. comm.). 

Park rangers and contractors should continue to prevent the spread of the fungus throughout the 

Park. Any machinery used within the study area should be washed down when considered 

necessary and it should be compulsory that workers scrub shoes with Phyoclean before and after 

entering a new site. Signage should be re-installed throughout the Park to alert and educate 

bushwalkers and visitors about the effects and prevention of Cinnamon Fungus. Cleaning tools 

(brushes, shoe baths) could be installed at the beginning of popular walks, as has been implemented 

in other national parks and reserves. 

6.2.6 Nestboxes – install nestboxes throughout the Park in areas supporting 

rare hollow-dependant fauna 

The 2009 and 2006 fires burnt out old trees throughout the Park, further reducing the already limited 

availability of hollow-bearing trees. This reduction in habitat will exert further pressure on hollowdependant 

species such as forest owls, Brush-tailed Phascogale, Sugar Glider, Greater Glider, 

Yellow-bellied Glider, Eastern Pygmy Possum and Feather-tail Glider (the latter two also nest in 

dreys but prefer hollows). In the absence of suitable hollows these species are likely to resort to less 

suitable habitat such as small stumps or logs, making them more vulnerable to predation by foxes 

and other predators. 

Nestboxes should be installed throughout the Park to provide supplementary habitat for fauna. 

Boxes should be scattered along the Everard and Watson’s Creek Track in areas that are known to 

support the Brush-tailed Phascogale. Boxes should also be installed in hotspot areas for Eastern 

Pygmy Possum such as in the vicinity of Captain’s Creek Track and Ninks Road. 

Once spotlighting surveys for arboreal mammals and forest owls has been undertaken, it should be 

determined if species such as Yellow-bellied Glider, Greater Glider, Sooty Owl or Powerful Owl 

25


require additional habitat. If this is the case then the possibility of commissioning the construction of 

specialized nestboxes should be investigated. 

6.2.7 Water quality assessments - conduct water quality assessments 

throughout the Park 

The burning of entire catchments has had a dramatic affect on the Parks waterways. Tonnes of ash 

and silt have been washed into streams, sharply elevating nutrient levels and leading to proliferation 

of algal blooms. This is likely to be greatly affecting aquatic fauna communities. 

Water quality assessments should be conducted throughout the Park to enable long-term monitoring. 

Water quality assessments could be undertaken by supervised education or community groups in 

conjunction with Melbourne Water, and the relevant Catchment Management Authorities. 

6.2.8 Management of threatened flora 

Many flora species were badly affected by the 2009 bushfire and require recovery management. 

Other species have so far responded well in the post-fire period but may soon require management 

to prevent grazing and weed impacts. Flora species that require management include Cliff Cudweed, 

Butterfly Orchid, Myrtle Beech, Southern Sassafras, Hairpin Banksia, Green Scentbark, Swamp Bush 

Pea, Round-leaf Pomaderris, Creeping Grevillea, Globe Kyllinga and Showy Willow-herb. See 

Appendix 2 for species specific management guidelines. 

Threatened flora species management works should only be undertaken by experienced bushland 

managers to ensure that work is achieved to a high standard. 

6.3 Research guidelines 

It is likely that research groups will seek Parks Victoria guidance in determining suitable research 

projects within the Park. There are many research projects that could be undertaken within the Park 

which would assist in the management and understanding of its biodiversity. Studies that are 

currently being undertaken include: 

An investigation into the effects of landscape mosaic burning on faunal composition (Deakin 

and La Trobe University). 

Survey of forest owl species (ARI). 

Freshwater fish survey (ARI). 

Targeted survey for the Brush-tailed Phascogale (DSE and Parks Victoria). 

Survey of water quality and freshwater invertebrates (Melbourne Water). 

Post-fire bird surveys (volunteers). 

Some further suggested studies are discussed below. 

6.3.1 Investigation of perched watertables and their effect on vegetation 

composition 

Stuart’s Spur supports a rare assemblage of disjunct plant species that are characteristic of montane, 

damp heath and coastal heath communities. The occurrence of this assemblage is possibly due the 

presence of a perched watertable formed by an impeding clay layer. Perched watertables and 

underground springs often provide refuge for plant species that would otherwise have retreated 

from an area due to climatic changes. Any further study into this subject would be of value. It could 

26


also include study of similar perched systems occurring at Broad Gully and Captains Creek which 

also support many disjunct species. 

6.3.2 Wet Forest – vegetation dynamics 

The Mt Disappointment Reference area is the most intensely studied area of the Park, having been 

the long-term study site of Dr. David Ashton. There is therefore a large quantity of data spanning 

over forty years available for these sites. The burning of the entire reference area, some of which had 

not been burnt for over 250 years, provides a unique opportunity for further study into the ecology 

of these systems. 

6.3.3 Threatened species taxonomy and ecology 

Several of the threatened species occurring within the Park have been subject to detailed studies, 

including the Creeping Grevillea and Swamp Bush Pea. The Park supports many other species 

worthy of detailed study, particularly the Round-leaf Pomaderris. A study into the taxonomy and 

ecology of the Pomaderris would be of value to ecologists and bushland managers. There is currently 

some uncertainty regarding the taxonomic relationship of populations of the species occurring in 

Kinglake that may require DNA analysis to resolve. The study could include all known populations 

of the species and investigate threats (i.e. grazing pressure) and recruitment, pollination and 

dispersal ecology. 

6.3.4 The geology of Kinglake National Park 

Many areas of the Park appear to have a complex series of rock and soil types that has not been 

properly documented. A study into the geology and soil types of the Park would be of great value 

and would provide insight into vegetation patterns and fauna habitat. 

6.3.5 Fire recruitment study of species of the Proteaceae family 

The 2006 and 2009 bushfires as well as prescribed burning appear to have impacted some species of 

the Proteaceae family. Many Protaceae species are sensitive to the frequency and intensity of fire 

events. If the fire is too frequent then plants may be killed before replenishing seed banks and if too 

infrequent seed may rot in cones or on the ground. If the fire is not hot enough seed may fail to be 

stimulated into germination and if it is too hot seeds may be killed. 

A study into the recruitment ecology of these species would be of great value for managing 

populations within the Park. There is some evidence that Bushy Needlewood and Hairpin Banksia 

have declined in some parts of the Park due to inappropriate fire conditions. The formulation of a set 

of guidelines for genera and species would allow managers to stage ecological burns at the right 

season and frequency, therefore preventing adverse impacts and increasing recruitment potential. 

6.3.6 The effect of fire intensity on forest structure and age class 

The 2009 fire had varying effects on the Park’s Eucalypt forests. In some instances the fire intensity 

was so hot that fruit was burned off trees. Fire intensity also appears to have influenced the density 

of tree death and epicormic and lignotuber re-growth. Some old growth stands of Mountain Ash 

have also recently been observed re-shooting from epicormic shoots, a phenomenon that was 

unexpected. The 2009 fire will likely be a dominant influence on forest structure for the next century 

and study into this subject would be of great value. 

27


6.3.7 The effect of post-fire grazing on vegetation composition 

Exclusion plots could be set-up throughout the Park in different vegetation types to monitor the 

effects of grazing in the post-fire period. This would need to be undertaken before burnt vegetation 

enters the latter succession period. 

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7 References 

Beardsell, C (unpublished) Vegetation of Yarra Valley Parklands, prepared for Parks Victoria. 

Beauglehole, C (1983) The Distribution and Conservation of Vascular Plants in the Melbourne area, Victoria. 

Western Victoria Field Naturalists Clubs Association, Portland Victoria. 

Cross et. al. (2001) Victorian Flora Species Index, Including Vascular and non-Vascular Taxa. Department 

of Natural Resources and Environment, Heidelberg. 

Frood et. al. (2001) Mapping and description of Ecological Vegetation Classes, Kinglake National Park. 

Prepared for Parks Victoria. 

Ross J.H, & Walsh, N.G (2007) A Census of the Vascular Plants of Victoria, Seventh Edition, Royal 

Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. 

Walsh, N.G. & Entwistle, T.J. (1994) Flora of Victoria. Volume 2, Ferns and Allied Plants, Conifers and 

Monocotyledons. Inkata Press, Chatswood, New South Wales. 

Walsh, N.G. & Entwistle, T.J. (1996) Flora of Victoria. Volume 3, Dicotyledons Winteraceae to Myrtaceae. 

Inkata Press, Melbourne. 

Walsh, N.G. & Entwistle, T.J. (1999) Flora of Victoria. Volume 4, Dicotyledons Cornaceae to Asteraceae. 

Inkata Press, Melbourne. 

29


Appendix 1. CHANGES & ADDITIONS TO ECOLOGICAL 

VEGETATION CLASS (EVC) CLASSIFICATION OF KINGLAKE 

NATIONAL PARK 

Changes 

Two of the EVC’s mapped by Frood (2001) have been reclassified following further discussion with 

that author. These are: 

Riparian Scrub – changed to Riparian Thicket (Upper Silver and Poley Creeks). Riparian Scrub is 

probably more applicable to lowland gully formations. The stands along the Silver and Poley Creeks 

occur above 500m elevation and support a range of highland flora (Forest Mint, Forest Bent, 

Mountain Club-sedge). Riparian Thicket could be considered the ecological bridge between lowland 

and highland scrub EVC’s. 

Grassy Dry Forest-Heathy Woodland Complex - changed to Heathy Dry Forest-Heathy Woodland 

Complex (above Ninks Road). Upon further consultation it has been determined that this vegetation 

is more closely allied with Heathy Dry Forest than Grassy Dry Forest. 

Additions 

The vegetation of Kinglake National Park was classified into Ecological Vegetation Classes (EVC’s) 

by Frood et. al. (2001). During that study the entire Park area was mapped following analysis of 

existing quadrat data, interpretation of aerial photography and limited field ground-truthing. 

Flora survey undertaken throughout the Park during the current survey period has revealed the 

maps to be mostly very accurate. However several additional EVC’s have been identified within the 

Park, most of which are rare and localised. All additions are described in the following pages. Small 

scattered examples of EVC Aquatic Sedgeland and EVC Tall Marsh have been observed within the 

Park, but these are mostly derived, species-poor examples and so are not discussed in this analysis. 

30


Wet Verge Sedgeland (EVC 932) 

Distribution: restricted to one natural stand within the Park along the lower reaches of the Plenty 

River, just upstream from the junction with the Toorourrong Reservoir. The entire site is 

approximately one hectare. 

Status: The community of Wet Verge Sedgeland along the Plenty River is not known from anywhere 

else within the State. The entire site was burnt in the 2009 bushfire. 

Description: The EVC occupies swampy terraces that are divided by a braided section of the Plenty 

River. The vegetation is mostly treeless and is dominated by dense sedge-fern thickets on terraces 

and semi-aquatic herbs and rushes along river channels. Leafy Flat Sedge, Tassel Sedge and Tall 

Sedge dominate most of the site. There is a component of open mudflat that is occupied by small 

herbs (White Purslane, Small Mudmat, Matted St. John’s Wort, Small River Buttercup and Swamp 

Isotome) and small sedges and rushes (Leafy Bog-sedge, Swamp Club-sedge, Broad-leaf Rush and 

Slender Spike-sedge). Shrubs are restricted to scattered Woolly Tea-tree and Hop Goodenia, with 

other species occurring on terrestrial verges. Furrowed Pondweed and Austral Brooklime grow in 

flowing water sections. 

The site supports a high diversity of very rare to uncommon species, many of which are shared with 

stands of EVC Swampy Woodland that fringe the reservoir. These include Austral Ladies Tresses 

(one of the largest populations in Victoria), Showy Willow-herb (only population in the northern 

region of Melbourne), Short Water-starwort (vulnerable in Victoria), Purple Loosestrife, Slender 

Spike-sedge, Branching Rush, Varied Water-milfoil, Running Marsh-flower, Wing Pennywort and 

Small River Buttercup. Several of these are the only known populations in the Park. 

Context: Most stands of Wet Verge Sedgeland in the region are small and relatively species-poor. The 

stand along the Plenty River is one of the most extensive and species-rich examples in the Greater 

Melbourne area and there are no comparable floristic assemblages known. It has some floristic and 

structural affinity with the rare EVC Forest Creekline Sedge Swamp of the Eastern Highlands. 

Floristics: 

Grasses: Sword Tussock-grass, Wetland Blown-grass, Common Reed, Australian Sweet-grass. 

Sedges: Leafy Flat Sedge, Tassel Sedge, Tall Sedge, Fen Sedge, Leafy Bog-sedge. Rushes: Yellow 

Rush, Joint-leaved Rush, Branching Rush, Green Rush, Broad-leaf Rush, Swamp Club-sedge. Herbs: 

Austral Brooklime, Showy Willow-herb, Matted St. John’s Wort, Small Mudmat, Furrowed 

Pondweed, Swamp Crassula, Short Water-starwort, White Purslane, Creeping Crantzia, Purple 

Loosestrife, Austral Ladies Tresses, Wing Pennywort, Small River Buttercup, Streaked Arrow Grass, 

Swamp Isotome. Ferns: Fishbone Water-fern, Rough Tree-fern, Soft Water-fern. Shrubs: Prickly 

Moses, Woolly Tea-tree, Spotted Knotweed. 

31


Riparian Forest Wetland (EVC 800) 

Distribution: Scattered and localised along the eastern alluvial terraces of the Yea River, from 

upstream of Gordon’s Bridge Road to West Bridge Road. Also very localised on alluvial terraces of 

the Plenty River, between the junction of the Plenty River East and West branches and a stand of 

EVC Wet Verge Sedgeland. 

Status: Riparian Forest Wetland has not been assigned a bioregional conservation status. However it 

is considered to be very rare. Lowland remnants are often degraded and fragmented. All stands were 

burned in the 2009 bushfire. 

Description: 

Yea River: Riparian Forest Wetland occurs on a small scale within abandoned river channels and 

floodways of the Yea River, mostly within 50 metres of the current river course. Most stands are 

characterised by dense swards of rushes, sedges and grasses (Tall Sedge, Broad-leaf Rush, Swamp 

Club-sedge, Austral Sweet-grass, Slender Tussock-grass, Forest Wire-grass, Southern Swamp 

Wallaby-grass, Square Twig-sedge and Thatch Saw-sedge) with small herbs occupying open 

mudflats. The channels are typically lined by Mountain Swamp Gum and scattered Mountain Teatree. 

Shrub cover is variable and appears dependant on moisture gradients, with cover increasing 

with site dryness (Prickly Moses, Wiry Bauera, Hop Goodenia and Small-leaf Pomaderris). 

Consequently shrubs are often restricted to the drier verges of channels with the inner channels 

dominated by sedgeland-rushland. There is a prominent fern component that includes scattered 

Rough Tree-fern and Fishbone Water-fern throughout channels. 

Riparian Forest Wetland supports a range of significant flora species that include Short Waterstarwort 

(vulnerable in Victoria), Forest Mint, Deyeuxia brachyathera (disjunct from montane and subalpine 

environments) and Long-style Bitter-cress. It also includes uncommon species that are not 

known from any other sites within the Park such as Floating Club-sedge, Southern Swamp Wallabygrass, 

Square Twig-sedge and Glandular Brooklime. 

Plenty River: Small stands of Riparian Forest Wetland occur along floodways, abandoned channels 

and swampy depressions within EVC Riparian Forest of the lower Plenty River. The channel 

examples are very similar to Yea River stands and are mostly dominated by dense sedge-rush 

swards. More extensive stands occur along swampy depressions that share some structural and 

floristic affinity with (and grade into) Wet Verge Sedgeland further downstream. In these examples 

Leafy Flat-sedge is often prominent (absent from Yea River sites). Small patches of the rare Swamp 

Mazus were recorded at these sites. 

Context: Riparian Forest Wetland is very rare in the region. The examples along the Plenty and Yea 

Rivers are extensive and highly intact. 

Floristics: 

Grasses: Slender Tussock-grass, Southern Swamp Wallaby-grass, Forest Wire-grass, Australian 

Sweet Grass. Sedges: Leafy Flat-sedge, Tassel Sedge, Tall Sedge, Fen Sedge, Leafy Bog-sedge, Tall 

Sword-sedge. Rushes: Joint-leaf Rush, Branching Rush, Green Rush, Broad-leaf Rush, Swamp Clubsedge, 

Floating Club-rush. Herbs: Water Starwort, Glandular Brooklime, Shining Pennywort, Wing 

Pennywort, Lanky Goodenia, Forest Groundsel, Creeping Crantzia, Waterwort, Elatine Sneezeweed, 

Purple Loosestrife. Ferns: Fishbone Water-fern, Rough Tree-fern. Shrubs: Prickly Moses, Small-leaf 

Pomaderris, Mountain Tea-tree, Spotted Knotweed. 

32


Damp Heathy Woodland/Heathy Dry Forest Complex 

Distribution: highly localised on the hill crests and slopes of Stuart’s Spur in the far north-eastern 

section of the Everard Block. 

Status: Damp Heathy Woodland/Heathy Dry Forest Complex is a very rare, undescribed complex. 

Only one other localised stand to the west of Warburton is known to occur. The entire stand at 

Kinglake was burned in the 2009 bushfire. 

Description: Damp Heathy Woodland/Heathy Dry Forest Complex is an alliance of disjunct damp 

heathy, coastal heath and montane species which has formed on hill crests and slopes influenced by a 

perched water table. It supports a range of disjunct and rare plant species that include a large 

population of Tufted Lily (a near coastal heath species), Tortuous Rapier-sedge, Slender Bog-sedge 

and a small population of Tall Oxylobium that germinated after the fire (montane species). It is 

possible that some of these plant species may be relict from past climatic periods and have survived 

at the site due to the refuge and specialized habitat niches afforded by the perched water table. The 

canopy is dominated by Narrow-leaf Peppermint, Broad-leaved Peppermint, Red Stringybark and 

several Swamp Gums. The understorey is species-rich and includes Common Trigger-plant, Tasman 

Flax-lily, Common Heath, Broom Spurge, Golden Bush-pea, Rosy Baeckea, Common Bird-orchid, 

Karalla, Milkmaids and Eastern Bronze Caladenia. Seepage areas support moisture-dependant ferns, 

herbs and sedges including Screw Fern, Cut-leaf Xanthosia, Tortuous Rapier-sedge and thickets of 

Pouched Coral-fern. Localised thickets of Yarra Burgan are scattered throughout the site – these have 

a mostly species-poor ground flora. Prior to the 2009 fire, Silver Banksia was rare and localised and 

senescent Bushy Needlewood were scattered throughout the site. It is probable that the floristics and 

structure of the vegetation prior to 2009 were largely influenced by the long-term absence of fire, as 

the site had not been burnt since 1939. 

Context: The stand of Damp Heathy Woodland-Heathy Dry Forest Complex at Stuart’s Spur is of 

high scientific as well as floristic value. It demonstrates the complex interactions between perched 

water tables and vegetation communities and is worthy of further study. 

Floristics: 

Trees: Broad-leaved Peppermint, Narrow-leaf Peppermint, Swamp Gum, Red Stringybark. Grasses: 

Slender Tussock-grass, Silvertop Wallaby-grass, Forest Wire Grass, Velvet Tussock-grass. Sedges: 

Tortuous Rapier-sedge, Tiny Club-rush, Slender Bog-sedge. Rushes: Many-flowered Mat-rush, 

Spiny-headed Mat-rush, Wattle Mat-rush Herbs: Tufted Lily, Dianella laevis var. aspera, Milkmaids, 

Broom Spurge, Tasman Flax Lily, Cut-leaf Xanthosia, Ivy-leaf Violet, Common Bird Orchid, Eastern 

Bronze Caladenia, Tall Sundew, Scented Sundew. Ferns: Screw Fern, Pouched Coral-fern, Rough 

Tree Fern. Shrubs: Bushy Needlewood, Narrow-leaf Wattle, Prickly Currant-bush, Trailing Groundberry, 

Honey-pots, Elderberry Panax, Slender Rice-flower, Prickly Tea-tree, Silver Banksia, Yarra 

Burgan, Karalla, Rosy Baeckea. 

33


Lowland Forest/Heathy Dry Forest Complex 

Distribution: restricted to slopes above and below the Captains Creek Track, 100 metres east of the 

Wombelano Falls car park and west of the Boggy Creek Track. It occurs on yellow-red silty loam 

soils of the Devonian siltstone formation. 

Status: Lowland Forest/Heathy Dry Forest Complex is an undescribed complex that is probably rare. 

The stands at Captains Creek have a variable burn history, with some areas burnt in 2006, some areas 

burned in 2009 and some areas burnt during both fire events. 

Description: Lowland Forest/Heathy Dry Forest Complex occurs along most of the southern slopes 

of the Captains Creek valley. The floristics and structure of the vegetation are influenced by the 

sharp transition apparent along the gully profile, where the steep north facing slopes (supporting 

Heathy Dry Forest) grade suddenly into extensive gentle slopes. Lowland Forest-Heathy Dry Forest 

Complex begins at the break-of-slope and is likely influenced by run-off and groundwater seepage. 

The canopy stratum is dominated by Broad-leaved Peppermint with scattered Narrow-leaf 

Peppermint, which varies in height from medium forest on the upper slopes to tall forest on the 

lower slopes near gullies. The understorey is very diverse and includes heathy shrub species such as 

Hairpin Banksia, Bushy Needlewood, Golden Bush-pea, Creeping Grevillea, Dwarf Geebung and 

Furze Hakea. Forest Wire-grass and Bordered Panic scramble through the field layer. The complex 

includes a variety of very rare and disjunct plant species that are not known from elsewhere within 

the Park. These include Shiny Buttons, Hidden Violet, Dwarf Boronia, Narrow Lobelia, Narrow-leaf 

Logania (disjunct from south-east Victoria) and Pimelea curviflora var. subglabrata (probably an 

undescribed taxon, recorded from scattered localities across Victoria e.g. Licola, Brisbane Ranges, 

Little Desert, Cann River). One of the largest populations in the Park of Creeping Grevillea also 

occurs within the complex. 

Context: Lowland Forest-Heathy Dry Forest Complex is probably very rare. Other examples likely 

occur in heathy forest areas of the western uplands (around Wombat Forest) and in the eastern 

highlands. 

Floristics: 

Trees: Broad-leaved Peppermint, Narrow-leaf Peppermint. Grasses: Silvertop Wallaby-grass, Forest 

Wire Grass, Bordered Panic. Rushes: Wattle Mat-rush. Herbs: Narrow Lobelia, Tall Lobelia, Rough 

Flax-lily, Milkmaids, Cut-leaf Xanthosia, Hidden Violet, Shiny Buttons, Ivy-leaf Violet. Ferns: Screw 

Fern. Shrubs: Creeping Grevillea, Bushy Needlewood, Pimelea curviflora var. aff. subglabrata, Trailing 

Ground-berry, Honey-pots, Slender Rice-flower, Prickly Tea-tree, Hairpin Banksia, Silver Banksia, 

Yarra Burgan, Rosy Baeckea. 

34


Appendix 2. ANNOTATION OF SIGNIFICANT VASCULAR FLORA 

SPECIES OF KINGLAKE NATIONAL PARK 

The following analysis includes Kinglake National Park, Mount Disappointment Reference Area, 

Joey Creek Reference Area, Stony Creek Reference Area and Toorourrong Reservoir. It discusses all 

species that are either uncommon in the Park, uncommon in the region or of scientific interest. 

Summary of botanical values 

Total extant indigenous flora taxa (including subspecies, varieties, and recognised forms): 603 

VROT flora: 38 species 

Regionally Threatened flora: 154 species 

Flora threatened within the study area: 225 species 

Definitions 

EPBC: species listed as threatened taxon under the Federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity 

Conservation Act 1999. 

FFG: species listed as threatened taxon under the State Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. 

VROTs: species listed as rare or threatened in Victoria (DSE 2003). The latter provides detailed 

discussion on definitions. 

Threatened in Region: species considered to be threatened in the Yarra River Catchment (for all 

occurrences south of the Great Divide) or in the Goulburn River Catchment (for all 

occurrences north of the Great Divide). 

Threatened in Kinglake National Park (KNP): species considered to be threatened in Kinglake 

National Park and the Mount Disappointment Reference Areas. Some species (particularly 

ferns) were previously localised within the Park but may now have been temporarily 

eliminated by the 2009 bushfire. 

Notes: includes discussion on distribution, taxonomy and ecology. Distribution mainly refers to 

abundance prior to the 2009 bushfire. Changes to distribution since the bushfire are 

discussed if known. 

For the distribution of species, the following terminology is adopted: 

widespread = more than 25 populations known in the Park 

scattered = between 10-24 populations known in the Park 

localised = between 3-9 populations known in the Park 

highly localised = less than two populations known in the Park 

disjunct = isolated population at distance from nearest occurrence 

For the abundance of species, the following terminology is adopted: 

common = large populations (exceeding 300 plants) 

uncommon = moderate population (50-299 plants) 

rare = 

small population (10-49 plants) 

very rare = very small numbers of individuals (9 or fewer plants) 

35


Key place names discussed in the analysis 

Andrews Hill 

eastern section of the Wombelano Block. 

Boggy Creek 

far northern section of the Wombelano Block. 

Broad Gully 

an area occurring west of the Everard Track that supports rare heathy 

forest formations. 

Burgan Track 

far northern section of the Wombelano Block. 

Captains Creek 

flows roughly east-west through the northern Wombelano Block. 

Captains Creek Track runs adjacent on the southern side of Captains Creek. 

(The) Cascades is a section of the Wallaby Aqueduct that is accessed from Road 10. 

Everard Track 

runs roughly north-south through the Everard Block. 

Jehosaphat Gully occurs in the northern part of the Everard Block off the Healseville- 

Kinglake Road. 

Jehosaphat Picnic Area occurs in the eastern section of the Everard Block near Steels Creek. 

Masons Falls 

situated in the Sugarloaf Block along the Running Creek. 

Mt Beggary 

occurs along the Everard Track in the Everard Block. 

Mt Everard 

occurs along the Everard Track in the Everard Block. 

Plenty River 

begins in the Mt Disappointment Reference Area and flows into 

Toorourrong Reservoir. Road 14 runs through the headwaters. 

Poley Creek 

occurs in the central section of the Mt Disappointment Reference Area. 

Poley Creek Tea Tree 

Swamp 

situated at the junction of the creek with Road 4. It is a swampy section of 

the creek that supports a significant stand of Woolly Tea Tree (western 

variant) and swampland flora. 

Reedy Creek 

runs through the far southern section of the Everard Block. 

Rifle Range Reserve situated directly south of the Everard Block. 

Road 3, Road 4, Road 7, all occur within the Mt Disappointment Reference Area. 

Road 10, Road 14, Road 

15 and Road 54 

Silver Creek 

occurs in the northern portion of the Mt Disappointment Reference Area. 

It is a tributary of the King Parrot Creek. 

Stuarts Spur 

situated in the far north-west of the Everard Block, north of the 

Healseville-Kinglake Road and west of the Melba Highway. 

Toorourrong Reservoir situated south of Mt Disappointment and is accessed from Road 15. 

Wallaby Creek 

occurs in the central portion of the Mt Disappointment Reference Area. It 

is a tributary of the King Parrot Creek that has been diverted into 

Toorourrong Reservoir. 

Wallaby Creek runs along Road 10 in the Mount Disappointment Reference Area. It 

aqueduct 

carries water diverted from Wallaby Creek into Toorourrong Reservoir. 

Wallaby Weir 

occurs along the Wallaby Creek aqueduct. The road cuttings near the 

weir support several rare flora species. 

Watson’s Creek Track runs east-west in the southern Everard Block. 

Watsons Creek 

begins on the east face of Mt Everard and runs through the Everard 

Block. 

Wild Dog Creek occurs in the southern section of the Everard Block. 

Wombelano Falls situated in the western section of the Wombelano Block along the Hirts 

Creek. 

Yea River 

flows roughly north-south along the eastern border of the Wombelano 

Block. 

36


FERNS and FERN ALLIES 

ADIANTACEAE 

Anogramma leptophylla Annual Fern (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: localised and rare along shaded under-cut banks of the Yea River. Likely to occur on sheltered 

cliffs at Masons Falls. 

Cheilanthes sieberi Narrow Rock Fern (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare along Old Kinglake Road west of Girraween. Possibly occurs along exposed 

cliffs at Masons Falls. 

Pellaea falcata var. nana Dwarf Sickle-fern (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: disjunct and common on north side of observation deck at Masons Falls. 

2011 observation: this species has not been located since the 2009 wildifire and has possibly been 

impacted. 

ASPLENICEAE 

Asplenium flaccidum ssp. flaccidum Weeping Spleenwort (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and very rare (single plant c. 1988) in rainforest of the Plenty River 

headwaters. Previously recorded within the catchment by David Ashton. Weeping Spleenwort 

prefers old-growth rainforest and was likely temporarily eliminated by the 2009 bushfire. 

ATHYRIACEAE 

Diplazium australis Austral Lady Fern (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: scattered and rare along streams of Kinglake and Mt. Disappointment Plateaus. 

BLECHNACEAE 

Blechnum chambersii Lance Water-fern (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare in Plenty River headwaters above Road 14. 

Blechnum fluviatile Ray Water-fern (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and rare in Plenty River and Chadds Creek headwaters. 

Blechnum minus Soft Water-fern (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare along Yea River. Normally occurs at lower elevations. 

Blechnum patersonii Strap Water-fern (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and very rare (single plant c. 1988) in rainforest of the Plenty River 

headwaters. Also recorded in the early 1970’s by Jim Willis along upper Jehosaphat Creek. 

CYATHEACEAE 

Cyathea cunninghamii Slender Tree Fern (VROT: Rare, FFG listed, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: one old plant formerly occurred in rainforest of the Plenty River headwaters but was 

eliminated by the fire. 

DENSTAEDTIACEAE 

Hypolepis glandulifera Downy Ground-fern (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: scattered along Plenty River from Road 14 to below Road 54. Also recorded in the early 1970’s 

by Jim Willis along upper Jehosaphat Creek. 

Hypolepis muelleri Harsh Ground-fern (Threatened in KNP) 

37


Notes: recorded by one of the authors (CB) from an area of disturbance near the junction of Road 3 

and Track 12 (c. 1988). 

DRYOPTERIDACEAE 

Lastreopsis acuminata Shiny Shield-fern (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: recorded by one of the authors (CB) in the late 1980’s from the upper Jehosaphat Creek and 

Plenty River headwaters. Likely occurs elsewhere along streams of Kinglake and Mt. 

Disappointment Plateaus. 

Lastreopsis hispida Bristly Shield-fern (VROT: rare, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised at Plenty River headwaters above Road 14 (c. 1988). Disjunct from Upper 

Yarra. 

GLEICHENIACEAE 

Gleichenia dicarpa Pouched Coral-fern (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: known only from several patches on southern slopes of Stuart’s Spur. 

Sticherus lobatus Spreading Fan-fern (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised at Plenty River headwaters above Road 14 (c. 1988). Disjunct from Upper 

Yarra. 

GRAMMITIDACEAE 

Ctenopteris heterophylla Gypsy Fern (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised epiphyte on Sassafras at Plenty River headwaters above Road 14 (c. 1988). 

Also recorded in the early 1970’s by Jim Willis along upper Jehosaphat Creek. 

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 

Hymenophyllum australe Austral Filmy Fern (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: scattered along rainforest gullies, including Road 14. The 2009 bushfire has likely greatly 

depleted this and other Filmy Ferns. 

Hymenophyllum flabellatum Shiny Filmy Fern (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: scattered and rare along rainforest gullies. 

Hymenophyllum rarum Narrow Filmy Fern (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised epiphyte at Plenty River headwaters above Road 14 (c. 1988-CB). 

LYCOPODIACEAE 

Lycopodium deuterodensum Bushy Club-moss 

Notes: recorded by Cliff Beauglehole in 1982 from Andrews Hill Track and by one of the authors 

(CB) in 1990 at Broad Gully. Likely to be more widespread. 

Phylloglossum drummondii Pigmy Club-moss (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: discovered by Phil O’Connor and Cliff Beauglehole in 1982 in spring-soaks at Broad Gully. 

Observed by one of the authors (CB) on several occasions between 1988 to 1993 above an old vehicle 

track. Not observed since the 1998-2009 drought. 

Case study – threatened spring soak flora 

Pigmy Club-moss is part of an alliance of spring-soak species that have declined severely due to 

prolonged drought conditions. The alliance includes Yellow Sebaea, Spoon Cudweed, Spreading 

Rope-rush, Hairy Rice-grass, Grey Beard-grass, Small Wrinklewort, Scarlet Sundew, Tiny Sundew, 

38


Creeping Raspwort, Swamp Selaginella, One-flower Early Nancy, Sheath Star, Brown Beaks, Elbow 

Orchid and Large Tongue Orchid. These species all grow in damp soaks developed in areas of 

impeded drainage. The occurrence can be very localised as a micro-assemblage within drier 

communities (particularly in moss beds) or extensive such as at Broad Gully and Stuart’s Spur. 

During the drought conditions that continued up until 2010, there has been an obvious decline in 

most of these species, particularly observed at Broad Gully. At this site the drying of the substrate 

has been accompanied by elevated grazing and digging pressure by Wombats, Wallabies, Deer and 

Goat, which has furthered the decline of the alliance. Several of the taxa have not been observed for 

many years (One-flower Early Nancy, Scarlet Sundew, Pygmy Club-moss) and there is concern that 

localised extinctions may have occurred. Predicted global climate change will further the decline of 

these species across their respective ranges. 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 

Ophioglossum lusitanicum Austral Adder’s Tongue 

Notes: highly localised and rare above gully near Dinsdale Road (approximately 30 plants), where 

located in spring 2010. Austral Adder’s Tongue is a member of an ancient genus of plants that has its 

origins in the Jurassic era. It is very rare in the region where it grows in spring-soaks. 

OSMUNDACEAE 

Todea barbara Austral King Fern (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: previously known from only one or two sites, Austral King Fern was recorded during the 

current survey period along several creeks and gullies including Captains Creek, Hirts Creek, Poley 

Creek and Silver Creek. The species has been observed to re-shoot vigorously even after relatively 

hot fire. 

PSILOTACEAE 

Tmesipteris ovata Oval Fork-fern (VROT: Rare, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: recorded in the early 1970’s by Jim Willis along upper Jehosaphat Creek. Very rare and 

vulnerable throughout its range, the next nearest occurrence is in the Healesville-Gembrook area. 

Tmesipteris parva Small Fork-fern (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised epiphyte at Plenty River headwaters above Road 14 (c. 1988-CB). The next 

nearest occurrence is in the Healesville-Gembrook area. 

PTERIDACEAE 

Pteris comans Netted Brake (VROT: Rare, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: very rare in wet fern gullies in headwaters of the Jehosaphat Creek and Plenty River. 

Previously recorded within the catchment by David Ashton. Netted Brake prefers old rainforest and 

has likely been temporarily eliminated from the Park. 

Pteris tremula Tender Brake (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: observed only as a single plant in 1988 by Plenty River near Toorourrong Reservoir. Likely to 

be rare and localised. 

SELAGINELLACEAE 

Selaginella uliginosa Swamp Selaginella (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: discovered by Cliff Beauglehole in 1982 in spring-soaks at Broad Gully. Observed on one 

occasion by one of the authors (CB) between 1988 to 1993 on the lower slopes of Broad Gully above 

39


the Broad Gully Creek. Not observed since the 1998-2009 drought. Threatened member of the springsoak 

alliance (for further discussion see case study for spring-soak flora). 

40


GYMNOSPERMS 

CUPRESSACEAE 

Callitris rhomboidea Oyster Bay Pine (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: scattered and very rare at several locations in the Everard Block, including two trees above 

the Heidelberg-Kinglake Road, two stands of 15-20 below the Old Kinglake Road and single trees 

along Jerusalem Track and Steels Creek-Mt Slide Road. All plants were killed by the 2009 bushfire. 

Oyster Bay Pine is disjunct from the Grampians and granite formations in the far east. It has been 

suggested that the Kinglake plants were planted in the 1960’s (Walsh & Entwisle 1992), however old 

plants were observed by one of the authors (CB) in the early 1970’s, disproving that all trees were 

planted around this time. Cypress Pine species are very slow growing and these older plants are 

likely to have established prior to 1900. Without further evidence, at least some of the plants are 

considered to be indigenous in this analysis. 

2011 observation: over 50 seedlings have been located around the base of one of the old plants along 

the Old Kinglkae Road. Cuttings have been struck from several of the seedlings to allow 

reinstatement to other former sites within the Park. 

41


MONOCOTYLEDONS 

ALISMATACEAE 

Alisma plantago-aqutica 

Notes: restricted to the fringes of Toorourrong Reservoir. Common in wetlands elsewhere 

throughout the region. 

BURMANNIACEAE 

Thismia rodwayi Fairy Lanterns (VROT: Vulnerable; Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: known from only one location in Mountain Ash wet forest, south-east of the corner of Road 3 

and Track 13. Last observed by one of the authors (KJ) in 2007. Fairy Lanterns grows in association 

with Musk Daisy Bush and a particular species of truffle. The plant is unique as it completes all of its 

life cycle beneath the humous layer, including flowering. It is probably more widespread than 

current records suggest as plants cannot be located without sifting lightly through leaf and organic 

matter. The 2009 bushfire has likely had a temporary or possibly permanent impact on populations, 

by consuming all ground litter and killing old Musk Daisy Bush trees. 

Management: annual monitoring of the site should be undertaken in an attempt to relocate plants. 

These may require fencing to prevent excessive disturbance by native and feral animals. 

2011 observation: the Fairy Laterns site is currently dominated by exteremly thick regrowth of 

Mountain Ash and wet forest shrub species. It is predicted that it could take many decades until 

sutiable habitat conditions redevelop for this species. 

CENTROLEPIDACEAE 

Centrolepis strigosa ssp. strigosa Hairy Centrolepis 

Notes: localised and uncommon in spring soaks at Broad Gully, Wild Dog Hill, Road 54 and south of 

Reedy Creek (adjacent to Buttermans Track and below Red Ironbark stand). 

COLCHICACEAE 

Wurmbea uniflora One-flower Early Nancy (VROT: Rare, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: observed on one occasion by one of the authors (CB) in spring of 1988 in spring-soaks at 

Broad Gully. Plants occurred along old vehicle track amongst Swamp Bush-pea. Not observed since 

the 1998-2009 drought. One-flower Early Nancy is scattered and very rare throughout Victoria in 

lowland heathy sites. It is extremely rare in the region and is a threatened member of the spring-soak 

alliance (see case study on spring-soak flora). 

A small population was recently recorded by a local resident on private property off the Kinglake- 

Glenburn Road. At this site two patches have been found growing on the lower slopes of a cleared 

valley, in seasonanly wet areas of a grassy paddock. The plants appear to be confined to small bare 

areas where there is minimal competition with more robust grasses and herbs. 

2011 observation: No plants of One-flower Early Nancy have been observed at Broad Gully despite 

repeated searches. The site where plants were formerly recorded is still very dry and unsuitable for 

the species. 

CYPERACEAE 

Baumea acuta Pale Twig-sedge (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Likely to be very rare. Disjunct 

coastal sand-swamp species. 

Baumea rubiginosa Soft Twig-sedge (Threatened in KNP) 

42


Notes: recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Not located after extensive survey by 

authors. Potentially occurs at Toorourrong Reservoir. 

Baumea tetragona Square Twig-sedge (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: known from one location in a wetland depression on the east side of the Yea River (occurring 

with Floating Club-sedge and Southern Swamp Wallaby Grass). Also recorded by Cliff Beauglehole 

(1983), possibly from the same location. Very rare in the region where the main distribution is in 

near-coastal heathy swamps. 

Carex alsophila Forest Sedge (VROT: Rare, Threatened in Region) 

Notes: scattered and uncommon along small shady sections of the Yea River. This population forms 

the western range limit of the species. Forest Sedge is endemic to a limited area of the Eastern 

Highlands where it is often locally common. It is one of several rare and disjunct plant species 

occurring along the Yea River (e.g. Braided Water-ribbons, Short Bent-grass, Square Twig-sedge). 

Carex fascicularis Tassel Sedge 

Notes: restricted to sedgeland on the north side of Toorourrong Reservoir. 

Carex gaudichaudiana Fen Sedge 

Notes: restricted to sedgeland on the north side of Toorourrong Reservoir. 

Carex incomitata Hillside Sedge (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: localised and rare in gully woodland along a tributary of Reedy Creek. Also of rare 

occurrence south of the study site in Rifle Range Reserve. 

Carex iynx Tussock Sedge (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: restricted to far southern section of the Everard Block in gullies of Wild Dog Creek. 

Cyperus lucidus Leafy Flat-sedge (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: restricted to sedgeland on the north side of Toorourrong Reservoir where co-dominant with 

other sedge species and very rare along the Yea River. Leafy Flat-sedge is a key grazing response 

species which is targeted by Deer and Swamp Wallabies. 

Cyperus sphaeroideus Globe Kyllinga (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: disjunct and localised to the fringes of Toorourrong Reservoir, including a single clump north 

of the junction with Jack Creek and a population spanning 30 metres on the western shore. Several 

seedlings were observed along the outer eastern fringe in February 2010. There are no other records 

of Globe Kyllinga in the Greater Melbourne area. The species is disjunct from central Victoria where 

it grows along streams and in valley soaks. The species was originally recorded at Toorourrong 

Reservoir by Baron Von Mueller but this was not accepted due to the disjunction of the record and 

lack of a voucher specimen. Globe Kyllinga would be impacted if the water level of the reservoir is 

raised. 

Management: the clump north of the Jack Creek was being smothered by swards of the weed Hairy 

Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Hand weeding has been undertaken around the plant which will need to be 

continued. A division was obtained off the plant which is currently being grown at the Yarra Valley 

Parklands nursery. A seedling was also salvaged from drying mudflats due to fears that it would not 

survive the dry conditions. 

Eleocharis gracilis Slender Spike-sedge (Threatened in Region) 

43


Notes: restricted to swampy woodland on the eastern fringes of Toorourrong Reservoir, several 

small patches along the banks of the Yea River and along swampy tributaries of Island Creek beneath 

the transmission lines (Wombelano Block). 

2011 observation: The wetland vegetation around Toorourrong Reservoir has been severely 

impacted by Deer and this species has not been relocated at the site since late 2009. 

Eleocharis pusilla Small Spike-sedge (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: recorded from one very small patch close to the waters edge near the junction of the Plenty 

River with Toorourrong Reservoir. Lowland plains grassy wetland species. 

Isolepis fluitans Floating Club-sedge (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare in soaks under Woolly Tea Tree at Burgan Track and in a wetland 

depression on the east side of the Yea River (occurring with Square Twig-sedge and Southern 

Swamp Wallaby Grass). 

Isolepis hookeriana Tufted Club-sedge 

Notes: several plants observed in ephemeral soak depressions at Toorourrong Reservoir. Also 

recorded elsewhere in Kinglake N.P by Cliff Beauglehole (1983). 

Lepidosperma filiforme Common Rapier-sedge (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: several plants recorded above Captains Creek Track, west of Boggy Creek Track. Also 

recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983). Common Rapier-sedge prefers damp heathy formations and is 

likely scattered at other locations in the Park. 

Lepidosperma tortuosum Tortuous Rapier-sedge (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: restricted to Broad Gully (where common) and localised with Slender Bog-sedge at Stuart’s 

Spur. Damp heathy forest species. 

Schoenus lepidosperma Slender Bog-sedge (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: restricted to Broad Gully (where common) and localised with Tortuous Rapier-sedge at 

Stuart’s Spur. Damp heathy forest species. 

Schoenus tesquorum Soft Bog-sedge (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Possibly occurs at Toorourrong 

Reservoir. 

Tetraria capillaris Hair Sedge (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised at Broad Gully. Also recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983). Occurs in damp 

heathy formations. 

Uncinia tenella Delicate Hook-sedge (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: observed by one of the authors (CB) around the bases of Soft Tree Fern in the headwaters of 

the Plenty River above Road 14 in 1989. Likely to occur elsewhere along streams on Mt 

Disappointment Plateau e.g. Wallaby Creek. 

HEMEROCALLIDACEAE 

Dianella laevis Pale Flax-lily (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: Localised and rare in gully woodland south of Reedy Creek and at Dinsdale Road. Pale Flaxlily 

is scattered and uncommon throughout the lowland foothills of north-east Melbourne. It reaches 

its distributional limit in the southern area of the Everard Block. 

44


Dianella laevis var. aspera Rough Flax-lily 

Notes: recently described taxon, formerly referred to as Dianella caerulea. Common and widespread 

in heathy formations on spurs and slopes, east of the Plenty River. 

Dianella sp. aff. revoluta (montane) Montane Flax-lily 

Notes: currently in manuscript. Scattered and uncommon in heathy formations on spurs and slopes, 

east of the Plenty River. Often occurring with Dianella laevis var. aspera. 

HYDROCHARITACEAE 

Ottelia ovalifolia Swamp Lily 

Notes: localised and rare in the far southern section of the Park in several small dams of the Reedy 

Creek headwaters. 

Vallisneria americana Eel Grass 

Notes: restricted to Toorourrong Reservoir where an important habitat and feeding plant for 

waterbirds and Southern Pigmy-perch. The population has been drastically reduced post-fire due to 

deposition of tonnes of silt from the surrounding ranges. 

HYPOXIDACEAE 

Hypoxis hygrometrica var. villosisepala Golden Weather-glass (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: restricted to the far southern section of the Park in gullies of Wild Dog Creek and Reedy 

Creek. 

Hypoxis vaginata Sheath Star (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and rare in soaks under Woolly Tea Tree at Burgan Track. 

IRIDACEAE 

Patersonia fragilis Short Purple-flag (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Possibly occurs at Broad Gully. 

Occurs in damp heathy situations. 

JUNCACEAE 

Juncus flavidus Yellow Rush 

Notes: restricted to the fringes of Toorourrong Reservoir. 

Juncus pauciflorus Loose-flower Rush 

Notes: Several plants recorded at the tea tree swamp along the Poley Creek in 2011. Likely to occur 

elsewhere within the park along stream banks. 

Juncus phaeanthus Dark-flower Rush (VROT: Rare; ?Threatened in Region) 

Notes: The source of this record is unknown and requires confirmation. Dark-flower Rush is a rare 

species normally found in montane and alpine habitats. 

Juncus prismatocarpus Branching Rush (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: restricted to the verges of the Toorourrong Reservoir and in swampy sedgelands along the 

lower Plenty River. Branching Rush is rare in the Melbourne area, with the main distribution 

centered along the Yarra River and its floodplain. The population at Toorourrong is the largest in the 

Melbourne area. 

JUNCAGINACEAE 

Triglochin microtuberosum (VROT: Rare; Threatened in Region & KNP) 

45


Notes: restricted to a single population in a pool of the Watsons’ Creek on the southern border of the 

Park. The status of this population since the commencement of the long-term drought and 2009 

bushfire should be considered tenuous. 

Triglochin rheophilum Braided Water-ribbons (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: restricted to instream habitat of the Yea River. Until recently there were no confirmed records 

of this species west of the Mitchell River. It has since been observed in King Parrot Creek and Chum 

Creek north of Healesville. 

LEMNACEAE 

Wolffia australiana Small Duckweed 

Notes: observed by one of the authors (CB) in the shallows of the Toorourrong Reservoir on the east 

side of Jack Creek in 1988. Scattered and rare throughout the region. 

LUZURIAGACEAE 

Drymophila cyanocarpa Turquoise Berry (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Considered to be a plausible record, 

probably occurring in taller forest formations. 

ORCHIDACEAE 

Arthrochilus huntianus ssp. huntianus Elbow Orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: several populations observed in early summer by one of the authors (CB) at Broad Gully in 

1988 and 1993. Also observed on the spur of Mt Sugarloaf, opposite the Running Creek walking 

track. Elbow Orchid is likely to occur elsewhere in the Park in Gahnia heath. It is a saprophytic 

species that may take several years to re-establish due to the removal of organic litter by the fire. 

Caladenia catenata White Caladenia (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: Recorded in spring 2011 by Josh Revell in lowland forest south of Reedy Creek C. catenata also 

occurs in lowland forest immediately south of the Park at Rifle Range Reserve. 

Caladenia catenata x gracilis Hybrid Caladenia (?VROT, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: two plants recorded in lowland forest south of Reedy Creek in 2010 by Josh Revell and Cathy 

Willis. Likely to be a rare hybrid across the State. 

Caladenia clavigera Plain-lip Spider Orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: rare and localised including 15 plants off Dinsdale Road (twenty metres from gate, on left side 

of track), 26 plants adjacent to Buttermans Track in block east of Marshalls Road and very rare at 

Wild Dog Hill (not relocated since 1998) and the corner of Watson’s Creek Track and Everard Track 

(not relocated since 2005). 

Management: establishment of a small fence around these sites is required to prevent grazing 

impacts. 

Caladenia congesta Black-tongue Caladenia (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: observed by one of the authors (CB) at Broad Gully in December 1993. Also recorded by Phil 

O’Connor and Cliff Beauglehole in 1982, presumably from the same locality. The next known 

occurrence of Black-tongue Caladenia is in the Healesville area. 

Caladenia flavovirens Summer Spider Orchid (VROT: Rare; Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: recorded by the author (CB) on the north-west slopes of Mt Beggary in December 1993. The 

plant was grazed several days after being first observed in flower. 

46


Management: establishing a small fence around the site is recommended. Further targeted surveys in 

summer 2010 should be undertaken. 

Caladenia oenochila Wine-lip Spider Orchid (VROT: Vulnerable ; Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: 20-30 plants discovered by Stuart Judd in grassy dry forest on the corner of Dinsdale Road in 

2002. The area was not affected in the 2009 bushfire but was subject to a fuel reduction burn in April 

2010. All plants were grazed prior to flowering. 

A single tall red flowering form of Wine-lip Spider-orchid was shown to one of the authors (CB) by 

Jenny Barnett along the lower Bundy Track in 1987. The plant was protected by a tree guard but the 

flower was grazed off. 

Management: protection of the Dinsdale Road population is required to prevent grazing impacts. 

The site should be fenced or caged. 

2011 observation: No leaves of Wine-lip Spider-orchid could be located during mid-August. It is 

unknown if the species survives within the Park. 

Caladenia parva/phaeoclavia Green-comb Spider-orchid (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: small populations of an orchid that is either C. parva or C. phaeoclavia have been observed at 

Bundy Track and Dinsdale Road, near both populations of Wine-lip Spider Orchid. C. parva is 

relatively common in the foothills between Christmas Hills and Eltham and is mostly replaced by C. 

phaeoclavia at higher elevations. 

Caladenia pusilla Tiny Caladenia 

Notes: scattered and uncommon throughout the Everard Block, including south of Reedy Creek, off 

DinsdaleRoad and off Everard Track. 

Caladenia transitoria Eastern Bronze Caladenia (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: locally common in lowland forest at Reedy Creek (largest population in the region), scattered 

and rare in other parts of the southern Everard Block. 

Calochilus gracillimus Slender Beard-orchid (VROT: Rare; Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and very rare on rocky spur North-east of Full and Plenty Creek (12 plants observed 

by Dean Rouse in December 2000). There is also a record on the FIS database of unknown origin from 

Beale Avenue. Current records suggest that Slender Beard-orchid is scattered and rare across most of 

Victoria. It is possibly over-looked due to its resemblance to the widespread C. robertsonii. 

Calochilus herbaceous Leafless Beard-orchid (VROT: Rare; Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: very rare and localised to the eastern section of Broad Gully (single plant in October 1993, two 

plants in October 1994). Identity confirmed by Jeff Jeanes. Leafless Beard-orchid is very rare 

throughout the region and is also known from Baluk Willam (recorded after fire in 1983), Green’s 

Bush and Boomers Reserve. 

Chiloglottis reflexa Autumn Bird-orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: very rare and localised to upper Bald Spur Road (Five plants recorded adjacent to Karma 

Hastwell’s property in March 1994 (Dini Shepherd pers. comm.). 

Corybas diemenicus Veined Helmet-orchid (?Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: scattered and rare. Recorded from Bundy Track and Watsons Creek Track (near Marshalls 

Road end). Likely to be more widespread. Veined Helmet-orchid flowers in late winter and spring 

and often occurs in shady sites amongst leaf litter. 

47


Corybas sp. aff. diemenicus 4 Mountain Helmet-orchid (?Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: observed by one of the authors (CB) as an epiphyte on tree ferns in the headwaters of the 

Plenty River, above Road 14. Likely occurs elsewhere in wetter forest. 

Corunastylis archeri Variable Midge-orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: very rare and localised to Broad Gully (single plant in 1993). Also observed adjacent to the 

Park at Brennan Avenue (20-30 plants in the early 1980’s). Variable Midge-orchid is very rare 

throughout the region and has declined substantially (extinct at Heathmont and the Dandenong’s). 

Usually found in valley heathy forest, often occurring with C. morrisii and C. despectans. 

Corunastylis morrisii Bearded Midge-orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: scattered and rare at Road 54, Road 15, Watsons Creek Track, lower Bundy Track and at 

Broad Gully. Observed flowering at Broad Gully in April 2009 two months after the bushfire. 

Cryptostylis leptochila Small Tongue-orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: restricted to Broad Gully where reasonably common (prior to 2009) and several plants on the 

spur of Mt Sugarloaf (growing with Elbow Orchid). Also observed along Road 54 in herb-rich 

foothill forest. No plants were observed at either location in spring of 2009. Small Tongue-orchid is 

possibly impacted by high intensity fires. One plant was located on Mt Slide during field work in 

early 2010 in an area that had burnt at moderate intensity. The flowering bud was grazed off prior to 

flowering. 

Cryptostylis subulata Large Tongue-orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: widespread and rare including small populations in lowland forest and valley heathy forest at 

Reedy Creek where observed in 2008 and 2010 and Black Calf Creek where observed in the early 

1990’s (both around 10 plants). Several thousand were observed by one of the authors (CB) at Broad 

Gully between 1988-1993. This population declined drastically during the drought and no plants 

were observed following the 2009 bushfire. 

Cyrtostylis reniformis Small Gnat-orchid (Threatened in Region & ?KNP) 

Notes: recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983). This species is usually confined to lowland sites and the 

reliability of this record is uncertain. The common names ‘gnat orchid’ and ‘mosquito orchid’ have 

been used interchangeably in the past and the record possibly refers to Acianthus pusillus. 

Diuris orientis Wallflower Orchid (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: scattered and rare in the southern section of the Everard Block, where observed off Watsons 

Creek Track and Everard Track in 2009 and 2010. Wallflower Orchid is a key fire-response species 

that has been observed to flower profusely following ecological burns. 

Lyperanthus suaveolens Brown-beaks (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: very rare and localised (one colony of 10 plants observed at Broad Gully between 1988 and 

1993 in heathy dry forest). Also recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. 

Microtis arenaria Notched Onion-orchid 

Notes: localised and rare in lowland forest south of Reedy Creek. Likely to occur elsewhere. 

Pheladenia deformis Blue Fairies (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: very rare and localised in grassy dry forest adjacent to Dinsdale Road (3-4 plants observed by 

the authors in September 2007). The plants were grazed-off following a fuel reduction burn in April 

2010. 

48


Management: the plants were protected with tree guards after discovery, but these were removed 

prior to the fuel reduction burn. These plants must be caged or fenced to prevent grazing impacts. 

2011 observation: No leaves of Blue Faries could be located during mid-August. The plants have 

either gone dormant of have been eliminated by grazing. 

Prasophyllum flavum Yellow Leek-orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: very rare and localised where observed by one of the author’s (CB) in Messmate forest at 

Jehosaphat Gully in the 1980’s and in wet forest along Road 14 in Mt Disappointment Reference 

Area. Yellow Leek-orchid is very rare in the region. The next nearest records are in the Dandenong 

Ranges. 

Prasophyllum brevilabre Short-lip Leek-orchid 

Notes: scattered and uncommon throughout heathy formations (Broad Gully, Road 10, Everard 

Track, Reedy Creek). Most populations are between 5-10 plants. Short-lip Leek-orchid is a key fireresponse 

species that flowered profusely throughout burnt areas of the Park in spring 2009. The Park 

supports the largest population of this species in the region. 

Prasophyllum lindleyanum Green Leek-orchid (VROT: Vulnerable; Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: discovered by park ranger Phil O’Connor in the spring of 1981 in the eastern section of Broad 

Gully. The site had been subject to an ecological burn in autumn of that year. A specimen was 

vouchered to the Melbourne herbarium. The site was searched by one of the author’s (CB) every 

spring between 1987 -1993 and five times between 1993 and 2008 but no plants were observed. 

Limited targeted surveys were undertaken in early summer of 2009 and no plants were located. 

Green Leek-orchid is very rare throughout Victoria where it is found in damp heathy formations. It 

flowers profusely in the first and second year after fire but becomes dormant by the third year. Green 

Leek-orchid has possibly declined to extinction at Broad Gully due to the effects of long-term 

drought and grazing pressure. 

Prasophyllum odoratum Scented Leek-orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare in heathy forests at Broad Gully, Steels Creek Road - south of Full and 

Plenty Creek and along overview ridge on Road 15. 

Pterostylis atrans Dark-tip Greenhood (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare along Bundy Track and Watsons Creek Track 150 metres from the 

Marshalls Road gate. Possibly more widespread and over-looked. 

Pterostylis decurva Summer Greenhood (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: single plant seen in late 1980’s along Road 14, 500 metres south of Road 3 in Mt 

Disappointment Reference Area. Also recorded immediately adjacent to the Park by one of the 

authors (CB) on the summit of Mt Disappointment. The plants were growing amongst granite 

boulders. Summer Greenhood is a wet forest species that prefers open sites. 

Pterostylis foliata Slender Greenhood (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983) from Jehosaphat Gully. The next known population 

occurs at Rifle Range Reserve. Could potentially occur on the northern side of Mt Disappointment 

amongst granite. 

Pterostylis falcata Large Sickle Greenhood (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and very rare in two western tributaries of Reedy Creek including 11 plants at one 

site where growing with the rare hybrid Pterostylis x ingens and another site of over one hundred 

49


plants. Also very rare in the headwaters of Reedy Creek (5 plants). Sickle Greenhood also occurs to 

the south of the study site in One Tree Hill NCR. 

Management: Blackberry and Spear Thistle should be controlled along the gully system. 

Pterostylis x ingens Sharp Greenhood (VROT: rare, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and very rare in gully woodland south of Reedy Creek, where growing with 

the parent species Large Sickle Greenhood and Nodding Greenhood. Sharp Greenhood is very rare 

in the region where known from a small colony in a gully at One Tree Hill NCR. 

Pterostylis mutica Midget Greenhood (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: recorded immediately adjacent to the Park on Beale Avenue in the early 1980’s (Joe Shepherd 

pers. comm.). The area was searched by one of the author’s (CB) in late 1980’s but the species was not 

located. Midget Greenhood is of sporadic occurrence throughout Victoria and occurs in a wide range 

of habitats, from mallee to the high plains. 

Pterostylis sp. aff. parviflora Red-tip Greenhood (VROT: Poorly Known; Threatened in Region) 

Notes: scattered and locally common, including several thousand north and south of Reedy Creek 

(possibly one of the largest populations in Victoria), over fifty plants at the Everard Track FRB site, 

several plants off Watson’s Creek track, at least fifty plants at Broad Gully and rare along Road 54. 

Red-tip Greenhood is a key fire-response species. It was one of the few orchids to flower at Broad 

Gully after the 2009 bushfire. The Park probably supports more plants of this species than any other 

reserve in Victoria. 

Pterostylis pedoglossa Prawn Greenhood (VROT: Vulnerable) 

Notes: recorded from Jehosaphat Gully, source unknown. Prawn Greenhood grows in near coastal 

heath communities and this record is probably erroneous. 

Pterostylis squamata Rustyhood (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare at Wild Dog Hill where growing with Caladenia clavigera (impacted by 

grazing pressure) and lower Bundy Track. Rustyhood is relatively uncommon in box ironbark forest 

of central Victoria. Its main area of occurrence is between Christmas Hills and Eltham. 

Sarcochilus australis Butterfly Orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: previously very localised in wet forest and rainforest gullies at a few scattered localities 

including several thousand plants growing on Musk Daisy Bush along Full and Plenty Creek, on 

Prickly Current Bush in an old quarry off the Mt Slide Road, along the upper Arthur’s Creek and 

along Plenty River East Branch. Also observed adjacent to the Park by Phil O’Connor in the early 

1980’s. All sites were burnt by the 2009 bushfire. Butterfly Orchid is one of the few epiphytic species 

indigenous to Victoria. It grows on the branches of wet forest shrub species such as Musk Daisy 

Bush, Prickly Current-bush, Austral Mulberry and Blanket Leaf. It is extremely fire sensitive and was 

very likely eliminated from the Park by the 2009 bushfire. 

Management: a division was taken from plants along the Full and Plenty Creek by the Australian 

Native Orchid Society (ANOS) prior to the bushfire. The division is currently being grown on a 

Blackwood tree in a nursery in Kinglake West. The society plans to reinstate a population to the Park, 

but it is proving difficult to grow the division. 

Spiranthes australis Austral Ladies Tresses (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: between 20-30 plants were discovered by Stuart Judd near the Jacks Creek confluence with 

Toorourrong Reservoir in the early 2000’s. The population expanded greatly following the 2009 

50


bushfire and over 500 flowering plants were observed by the authors in early 2010. This is probably 

one of the largest populations in central Victoria. 

2011 observation: The site supporting the Austral Ladies Tresses has been severely trampled by deer. 

This has degraded indigenous vegetation and aided the growth of weeds. 

Thelymitra antennifera Rabbit-ears 

Notes: highly localised and rare (5-10 plants observed in the eastern section of Broad Gully in 

October 2000). Also recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983), presumably from the same location. The 

species was not relocated in subsequent years, likely due to long-term absence of fire. Further 

surveys should be undertaken at Broad Gully to search for this species. 

Thelymitra carnea Pink Sun-orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: rare and localised (5-10 plants at Broad Gully in 1995 and October 2000. Identity confirmed by 

Jeff Jeanes). Not located in recent years, likely due to long-term absence of fire. Further surveys 

should be undertaken at Broad Gully to search for this species. 

Thelymitra flexuosa Twisted Sun-orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: locally common at Broad Gully. Also observed between Bundy Track and Girraween Picnic 

Area, along Road 15 north of Road 54 and beneath the transmission lines in the Wombelano Block. 

Likely to occur elsewhere in heathy forests. 

Thelymitra x irregularis Crested Sun-orchid (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: one plant observed by Jenny Barnett on lower Bundy Track in October 1990. 

PHORMIACEAE 

Thelionema caespitosa Tufted Lily (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: disjunct and localised on the crests and slopes of Stuart’s Spur north of the Kinglake- 

Healesville Road. Prior to the 2009 bushfire the species dominated the groundflora of a rare dampheathy 

formation. The population covered over a hectare and numbered over 500 plants. Plants did 

not begin to shoot back until at least July 2009 and it is currently uncertain if the population has been 

impacted. Tufted Lily is mainly distributed throughout near coastal heathy woodlands with 

occasional inland occurrences. 

POACEAE 

Amphibromus neesii Southern Swamp Wallaby-grass (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and very rare in a swampy depression along the Yea River (several plants 

located by the authors in 2010). 

Agrostis sp. aff. hiemalis Forest Bent-grass 

Notes: restricted to several mountain streams where relatively common, including along the Yea 

River, Silver Creek, Poley Creek and Wallaby Creek. Flowered profusely following the 2009 bushfire. 

Amphipogon strictus var. setifer Grey-beard Grass (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised to Broad Gully where discovered by Phil O’Connor in the 1980’s. Grey-beard 

Grass grows in damp heathy formations and has declined during the current drought (see case study 

for spring-soak flora). A few plants were observed in the western Swamp Bush-pea fence in spring 

2010. 

Austrofestuca hookeriana Hooker Fescue (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

51


Notes: recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Located in gully woodland in 

tributary of Reedy Creek in spring 2010. Also likely to occur along Yea and Plenty River. 

Austrostipa muelleri Wiry Spear-grass 

Notes: restricted to Broad Gully where dominant in the understorey. Disjunct from populations to 

the east between Healesville and Bunyip. 

Deyeuxia brachyathera Short Bent-grass (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare in swampy depressions along the Yea River (5 separate patches with 10-20 

plants). Disjunct from montane and sub-alpine habitats. 

Deyeuxia frigida Forest Bent-grass (Threatened in Region & ?KNP) 

Notes: recorded at Stuart’s Spur and above Road 54. Likely to be uncommon elsewhere within the 

Park. 

Dichelachne hirtella Hairy Plume-grass (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: restricted to several hundred plants above the Heidelberg Road north of Ninks Road and on 

dry spurs between Broad Gully and Mt Everard. Restricted in the region to auriferous ridges and 

hill-crests such as One Tree Hill where locally common. The next nearest sites occur up to 100 

kilometres east of Melbourne in dry rain-shadow hills (Licola, Mansfield, Jameson etc.). 

Entolasia marginata Bordered Panic (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: non-flowering plants located by the authors on heathy slopes above the Captains Creek and 

on lower slopes of Andrews Hill were tentatively identified as Bordered Panic. A plant has been 

salvaged and is currently being grown to allow confident identification once it flowers. Bordered 

Panic occurs in the Healesville area and at Frankston. 

Festuca asperula Graceful Fescue (Threatened in Region & ?KNP) 

Notes: recorded on the lower slopes of Stuart’s Spur off the track leading from the Healesville- 

Kinglake Road. Also possibly recorded above Road 54 (identity not confirmed). Likely to be scattered 

and rare throughout the Park. 

Isachne globosa Swamp Millet (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: localised to several large patches at Toorourrong Reservoir. Swamp Millet is only known from 

two to three other populations in Greater Melbourne (one plant along the Yarra River at Eltham, rare 

at Yering Swamp). The population at Toorourrong is by far the largest in the region. Swamp Millet 

would likely be impacted if the water level of the reservoir is raised. 

2011 observation: The site supporting the Austral Ladies Tresses has been severely trampled by deer. 

This has greatly reduced the extent of Swamp Millet and degraded its habitat. 

Lachnagrostis filiformis var. 2 Wetland Blown-grass 

Notes: restricted to the fringes of Toorourrong Reservoir. Lachnagrostis filiformis var. 2 is a recently 

described taxon that was formerly a member of the Lachnagrostis avenacea complex. It is a perennial 

species that is less common than Lachnagrostis filiformis var. 1, which is widespread and common 

throughout wetland formations. 

Notodanthonia semiannularis Wetland Wallaby-grass (Threatened in ?KNP) 

Notes: occurs on the Park list, source unknown. Potentially occurs in creekline herb-rich woodland 

or around dams in the north of the Park (Burgan Track). 

Poa helmsii Tall Mountain Tussock-grass (Threatened in KNP) 

52


Notes: one plant recorded in 2011 along Track 13 near the junction of Track 53. Probably scattered 

and rare throughout the Mt Disappointment reference area. Tall Mountain Tussock-grass is normally 

found within sub-alpine grasslands. The next nearest records are at Lake Mountain. 

Tetrarrhena distichophylla Hairy Rice-grass (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised in valley heathy forest at Broad Gully where uncommon. Rare along Road 54 

west of Road 15 and at Ninks Road. Possibly occurs in other damp heathy sites (Captains Creek 

area). 

POTOMOGETONACEAE 

Potamogeton ochreatus Blunt Pondweed (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: observed in shallow aquatic sections of Toorourrong Reservoir where growing with Eel Grass 

and in dams in upper Reedy Creek. Possibly occurs elsewhere in dams. 

Potamogeton tepperi Furrowed Pondweed (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and rare along the lower Plenty River in treeless sedge swamp (several 

patches). Formerly included as a form of P. tricarinatus. 

RESTIONACEAE 

Empodisma minus Spreading Rope-rush (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and very rare in granitic soak off Road 54 and in damp heathy woodland at 

Broad Gully. Spreading Rope-rush has declined at Broad Gully during the current drought (see case 

study for spring-soak flora). Also recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983), source unknown. 

XANTHORRHOEACEAE 

Lomandra multiflora ssp. multiflora Many-flowered Mat-rush (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: scattered and uncommon throughout the Park. A rare species in the foothills of North-east 

Melbourne, it is much more frequent in mountain forests to the north and east. Substantial 

populations are present in the Park. 

Xanthorrhoea australis Austral Grass-tree (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: scattered and uncommon on dry ridges and spurs, mainly in the Everard Block (along the 

Everard Track at 5-10 locations, rare on high side of cuttings above the Healesville Road and on 

Brocks Spur) and localised sections of Joey Creek Reference Area. Austral Grass-tree has been greatly 

impacted by Cinnamon Fungus, particularly around Mt Everard, Masons Falls and Road 10. It is also 

vulnerable to frequent fire events. The spectacular flowering event on Mt Everard in October 2009 

attracted a number of nectar-feeding birds not normally found in Kinglake National Park (Purplecrowned 

Lorikeet and Tawny-crowned Honeyeater). 

53


DICOTYLEDONS 

APIACEAE 

Eryngium vesiculosum Prickfoot (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: rare and localised at Burgan Track along tributary of Boggy Creek. Part of the population was 

eliminated by a bulldozer track which also impacted other rare plant species. Motor bikes have also 

been impacting the site. 

Management: plants should be salvaged or grown from seed to provide a back-up population. These 

could be planted into a more secure site. 

Hydrocotyle pterocarpa Winged Pennywort 

Notes: large population in herbfield around Toorourrong Reservoir (100+ plants) and very rare in a 

sedge swale along the Yea River. Winged Pennywort is restricted in the region to permanent 

waterbodies. Until recently it was only known from few locations, but after discovery of several new 

sites the authors consider it to be secure in the region. Winged Pennywort would likely be impacted 

if the water level of the reservoir is raised. 

Lilaeopsis polyantha Creeping Crantzia 

Notes: localised and uncommon in herbfield around Toorourrong Reservoir, rare at Burgan Track 

and in sedge swales along Yea River. 

Oreomyrrhis eriopoda Australian Caraway (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: observed by one of the authors (CB) in 1980’s with Cliff Cudweed on the sheltered cliffs of 

Masons Falls. 

Xanthosia tridentata Hill Xanthosia (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: disjunct and very rare on upper slopes above Captains Creek (10 plants observed). Also 

recorded on private property between Kinglake and Glenburn. Hill Xanthosia is disjunct from near 

coastal heathy formations. 

Management: cuttings are being grown in the Yarra Valley Parklands nursery to provide a backup 

population. 

ARALIACEAE 

Astrotricha asperifolia ssp. 1 Rough Star-hair (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and uncommon at the Cascades where numerous young plants were recorded in 

February 2010 by Doug Frood. Rough Star-hair was also recorded at the site by Jim Willis in the 

1960’s. 

ASTERACEAE 

Allitia uliginosa Small Swamp-daisy (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: scattered but locally common at Broad Gully, Reedy Creek and at Wild Dog Creek in valley 

grassy forest. Broad Gully supports the most extensive population in the region. 

Argentipallium obtusifolium Blunt Everlasting 

Notes: occurs on the Park flora list. There are no other records for the region and this is likely to be a 

misdetermination of Satin Everlasting. 

Brachyscome aculeata Branching Daisy 

Notes: occurs on the Park flora list. Branching Daisy is an East Gippsland species. The record from 

the Park is likely erroneous. 

54


Brachyscome diversifolia Tall Daisy (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and rare (two plants observed post-fire at Mason’s Falls and large population 

on escarpments of Silver Creek falls below Road 7). Tall Daisy is a member of the rocky cliff-face 

alliance. 

Brachyscome multifida Cut-leaf Daisy 

Notes: relatively common around Masons Falls and in the northern section of Wallaby Creek 

Reference area. Rare elsewhere (e.g. Bowden Spur Road). The Park supports one of the most secure 

populations in the region. 

Centipeda elatinoides Elatine Sneezeweed 

Notes: locally common at Toorourrong Reservoir. Localised in sedge swales along the Yea River, 

along Broad Gully Creek and in soaks at Burgan Track. Formerly known as Centipeda sp. 1, it appears 

in earlier reports (Beauglehole 1983) as C. minima. 

Chrysocephalum apiculatum Common Everlasting (Threatened in Region & ?KNP) 

Notes: occurs on the Park flora list. Not observed by the authors and considered unlikely to occur. 

Chrysocephalum semipapposum (goldfields form) Clustered Everlasting (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and very rare on exposed cuttings above Road 7. The main distribution of Goldfields 

Form is in dry forests of central Victoria. It is only known from several disjunct populations south of 

the Divide (Boomers Reserve, Caledonia Reserve). 

Chrysocephalum semipapposum (mountain form) Clustered Everlasting (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare on cutting above the Heidelberg-Kinglake Road below Mt Beggary and 

uncommon along Road 10. The Heidelberg-Kinglake Road population has reduced greatly in size 

since the 2009 bushfire. Possibly occurs elsewhere. 

Craspedia variabilis Common Billy-buttons (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: scattered and rare along the Mt Slide Road, above the Heidelberg-Kinglake Road, north of the 

Change of Cuttings, along the Everard Track between Mt Everard and Mt Beggary, along Bowden 

Spur Road and at Road 10 above the aqueduct. Common Billy-buttons has become rare in the 

foothills to the south due to grazing pressure, weed invasion and land development. 

Euchiton umbricola Cliff Cudweed (VROT: Rare; Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: 50-100 plants discovered by Phil O’Connor on the sheltered cliffs of Masons Falls in the late 

1970’s. The site was burnt severely in the 2009 bushfire, killing most of the population. During a postfire 

survey by the authors only two small plants could be found. Cliff Cudweed is disjunct from 

populations further east, and is usually found above 1000m elevation. 

Management: the population should be monitored. Seed should be collected from the site, or plants 

could be salvaged to allow ex-situ seed collection and propagation. Plants could then be planted at 

the site to enhance the population. 

Gnaphalium indutum Tiny Cudweed (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare in damp moss beds adjacent to Buttermans Track, east of Marshalls Road. 

Tiny Cudweed is common in the foothills to the south. The population occurs on the edge of its local 

range and is possibly at threat from extended drought. 

Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting (Threatened in Region) 

55


Notes: locally common in the King Parrot Creek catchment 500-1000 plants, including along Road 10 

and Road 7. Plants mainly grow on road cuttings and along slash-breaks. Rare in Valley Heathy 

Forest at Ninks Road (7 plants). Very rare elsewhere in the region. 

Helichrysum sp. aff. rutidolepis (foothill form) Pale Swamp Everlasting (VROT: Vulnerable; 

Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: discovered by Randall Robinson along the road culvert of the Heidelberg-Kinglake Road 

below Mt Beggary. The population originally spanned at least fifteen square metres. Most of the 

population was destroyed during road works after the 2009 bushfire. Currently all that remains is a 

small patch above the culvert. 

Management: a small patch was salvaged prior to the fire which is currently held in the Yarra Valley 

Parklands nursery. A division should be kept in cultivation and the remainder planted at a more 

secure site near the original location. 

Leptinella filicula Forest Cotula 

Notes: scattered in wet forest of the Mt Disappointment Reference Area, often along track edges. 

Observed near Poley Creek, Wallaby Creek and Road 14. 

Leptorhynchos nitidulus Shiny Buttons (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: disjunct and rare in damp heathy formations including two patches at Broad Gully, one patch 

above the Heidelberg-Kinglake Road and several patches above and below the Captains Creek Track. 

The largest patch in the region (over 30 metres long) occurs in a gully south of Reedy Creek. Shiny 

Buttons is only known from one other site in the Melbourne Area at Boomers Reserve. The next 

nearest records are from Lerderderg Gorge, Anglesea and near Erica. It is a key fire-response species 

that flowers profusely in the first year following fire. 

Leptorhynchos squamatus Scaly Buttons (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Possibly occurs in valley grassy 

forest around Wild Dog Creek Road and on the cliffs at Masons Falls. 

Leucochrysum albicans Hoary Sunray (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: very localised at Masons Falls (


Olearia speciosa Netted Daisy-bush (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare along the Wallaby Aqueduct north of Wallaby Weir, where located by 

Doug Frood in 2010. There are also records of Netted Daisy-bush along upper Bald Spur Road. The 

authors searched this location with Doug Frood but only located numerous plants of the similar 

looking Olearia argophylla x erubescens. 

Ozothamnus obcordatus Grey Everlasting (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: highly localised to the western slopes of Mt Beggary above Heidelberg - Kinglake Road (


Notes: localised and rare in valley grassy forest by Wild Dog Creek Road where growing with 

Austral Bugle and Tussock Sedge and in valley heathy forest and lowland forest south of Reedy 

Creek. Possibly occurs elsewhere in the southern section of the Everard Block. 

Solenogyne gunnii Hairy Solenogyne 

Notes: recorded by Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Likely to be rare and localised. 

Stuartina muelleri Spoon Cudweed 

Notes: scattered and rare in spring-soaks. 

Triptilodiscus pygmaeus Common Sunray (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and rare at Masons Falls on exposed cliffs. 

Vittadinia cuneata Fuzzy New Holland Daisy (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare at Masons Falls one exposed cliffs (


Rorippa gigantea Large Forest Bitter-cress 

Notes: not recorded from the Park prior to the fire, Large Forest Bitter-cress was recorded at 

scattered locations after the fire including several populations in the Mount Disappointment 

Reference Area, two plants along Captains Creek and several plants in a tributary gully of the 

Mountain Creek. The next nearest records are in wet forests at Healesville and Noojee. 

2011 observation: The wet forests have become dominated by thickets of regenerating Mountain Ash 

and understorey shrubs, and Large Forest Bitter-cress has once again become very rare. It will likely 

decline to very low numbers until the next fire event. 

CALLITRICHACEAE 

Callitriche brachycarpa Short Water-starwort (VROT: Vulnerable, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and uncommon around the fringes of Toorourrong Reservoir, in braided sections of 

the lower Plenty River, on stream banks of the Yea River; rare on muddy banks at the Wallaby Weir. 

Toorourrong Reservoir is the TYPE location for Short Water-starwort where recorded by Baron Von 

Mueller in the 1890’s. Short Water-starwort is threatened in Victoria where only known from several 

scattered populations north of Melbourne and in the Otway Ranges around Apollo Bay. The 

populations around Toorourrong Reservoir and Yea River are the largest recorded in Greater 

Melbourne. Most populations in the region have been eliminated by habitat alteration, weed 

invasion and long-term drought (Yarra River, Merri Creek). The Park contains the most viable 

populations in the region and possibly in Victoria. Short Water-starwort would be likely to be 

impacted if the water level of the Toorourrong Reservoir is raised. 

Callitriche muelleri Round Water-starwort (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare along the Plenty River side of Toorourrong Reservoir, along banks and 

sedge swales of Yea River and along Plenty River above Road 14; uncommon in the lower reaches of 

the Watsons Creek. 

CAMPANULACEAE 

Isotoma fluviatilis ssp. australis Swamp Isotome 

Notes: localised and rare around fringes of Toorourong Reservoir and in gully systems in the south 

of the Park (Reedy Creek and tributaries). Likely to occur in other seasonally damp sites. 

Lobelia gibbosa Tall Lobelia (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: scattered and rare including in heathy forest at Andrews Hill, along Watsons Creek Track, 

above Captains Creek and off Road 15 and Road 10 above the aqueduct. Usually growing with L. 

simplicicaulis. 

Lobelia simplicicaulis (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: scattered and rare in heathy forest including at Andrews Hill, along Watsons Creek Track, 

above Captains Creek and off Road 15 and Road 10. Key fire-response annual that appears for one or 

two years after a fire. 

Lobelia rhombifolia Branched Lobelia (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: disjunct and rare in heathy dry forest at Road 15 and in Gahnia heath on the lower slopes of 

Andrews Hill above the Glenburn Road. Branched Lobelia is a fire-responsive annual that flowers for 

one or two seasons following a fire. The next nearest records are from the west face of the 

Dandenong Ranges and in the Wombat State Forest. 

CASUARINACEAE 

59


Allocasuarina paludosa Scrub Sheoke (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and uncommon (


Bundy Track. All plants at Broad Gully (and likely at other sites) were killed by the fire but adequate 

recruitment has been observed. 

Leucopogon ericoides Pink Beard-heath (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare including on upper slopes at Broad Gully (10 plants) where growing with 

Daphne Heath, on the high side of road cutting east of Mt Slide along the Healesville–Kinglake Road 

and at the Everard 2008 Fuel Reduction Burn site. Pink Beard-heath has previously been confused 

with Daphne Heath, Prickly Broom-heath and Common Beard-heath. 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

Pseudanthus divaricatissimus Tangled Pseudanthus (VROT: Rare, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: discovered by Phil O’Connor on exposed cliffs below the Masons Falls lookout where shown 

to one of the authors (CB) in 1983. A targeted survey was undertaken in 2007 (KJ) throughout large 

sections of the gorge but no plants were found. Tangled Pseudanthus is very rare in the region. The 

next nearest populations occur in gorges to the west of Melbourne (Lerderderg Gorge, Werribee 

Gorge, Brisbane Ranges). The species is part of a rocky cliff-face alliance that includes Variable 

Groundsel, Tall Daisy, Cut-leaf Daisy, Golden Everlasting, Forest Germander, Sweet Forget-me-not 

and Cockspur Flower. These species are all disjunct from river gorges of the western and eastern 

highlands. 

FABACEAE 

Acacia aculeatissima Thin-leaf Wattle (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare near the junction of Candlebark Track and Burgan Track (


Notes: scattered and rare in the Wombelano Block including foothill forest along Yea River and on 

road cuttings along the Glenburn Road. Common in heathy forests east of Melbourne. 

Acacia oxycedrus Spike Wattle (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: several plants located by Stuart Judd near Wallaby Weir in the early 2000’s. The population 

was burnt in 2009 and several hundred young plants were observed along Road 10 in 2010 (Doug 

Frood pers. comm.). Disjunct from heathy forests further to the south-east. Spike Wattle occasionally 

hybridizes with Narrow-leaf Wattle Acacia mucronata. 

Acacia ulicifolia Juniper Wattle (Threatened in Region & ?KNP) 

Notes: occurs on the Park flora list, location unknown. Occurs in lowland forests immediately 

adjacent to the Park at Rifle Range Reserve. 

Almaleea subumbellata Wiry Bush-pea (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: recorded by Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Approximately 20 non-flowering plants 

were located on Stuart’s Spur during surveys in spring 2010. These possibly recruited after the 

bushfire. The species may also occur in damp heathy formations at Broad Gully and south of 

Captains Creek. 

Bossiaea cordigera Wiry Bossiaea (VROT: Rare, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and rare. A small population was recorded by one of the authors (CB) along 

Road 54 in herb-rich foothill forest in 1988. 

Daviesia mimosoides Blunt-leaf Bitter-pea 

Notes: recorded by Cliff Beauglehole (1983). Blunt-leaf Bitter-pea is an eastern Victorian species and 

this record probably refers to D. latifolia, which would be a significant record for the Park. 

Desmodium varians Slender Tick-trefoil (VROT: Poorly Known; Threatened in ?KNP) 

Notes: occurs on the Park flora list, source unknown. Possibly an erroneous record or confused with 

the widespread D. gunnii. . 

Dillwynia glaberrima Smooth Parrot-pea (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: highly localised to Broad Gully were common before the 2009 bushfire. Some recruitment was 

observed during post-fire surveys. 

Dillwynia juniperina Prickly Parrot-pea (Threatened in ?KNP) 

Notes: occurs on the Park flora list. This record is possibly erroneous due to confusion with name 

changes. The nearest known locations are at Tallarook State Forest and in the Strathbogie Ranges. 

Goodia lotifolia var. pubescens Silky Golden-tip (VROT: Rare) 

Notes: scattered and locally common including throughout the Mount Disappointment-Wallaby 

Creek Reference Area, along Island Creek, Captains Creek and at Beale Avenue. Abundant 

recruitment occurred after the 2009 bushfire. The Park probably supports one of the largest 

populations of this species in Victoria. 

Oxylobium arborescens Tall Shaggy-pea (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised to a small area at Stuart’s Spur where 100 seedlings were observed during 

post-fire surveys in early 2010. These seedlings likely originated from a single plant. Tall Shaggy-pea 

is disjunct from montane habitats to the east (usually occurring above 800m). 

Podolobium procumbens Trailing Podolobium (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

62


Notes: localised and rare along the Everard Track south of the Change of Cuttings, at the overview 

ridge heathland along Track 15 and along the Old Kinglake Road below the 2008 Fuel Reduction 

Burn site. Trailing Podolobium is mainly distributed throughout drier rocky areas of the midlands 

and eastern highlands and is very rare in the region. 

Pultenaea forsythiana Eastern Prickly Bush-pea (Threatened in ? KNP) 

Notes: observed in the 1990’s in the Wombelano Block along Captains Creek Road. Could possibly 

occur at Broad Gully. Eastern Prickly Bush-pea was previously referred to as P. juniperina. It occurs 

in heathy forest to the south-east of the study site (e.g. North Croydon, Gembrook). 

Pultenaea glabra Swamp Bush-pea Formerly known as Pultenaea weindorferi (VROT: Vulnerable; 

EPBC: vulnerable; Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised at Broad Gully where several hundred plants occur in damp heathy 

woodland. Swamp Bush-pea is endemic to central Victoria where known from several scattered 

locations around Wombat State Forest and between Mount Evelyn and Tonimbuk. The species has 

been eliminated from many of its former occurrences around Daylesford (by logging) and Montrose 

and Lilydale (by land development). Remaining populations are highly threatened by grazing by 

deer, goats and macropods. The Department of Sustainability and Environment recently used 

Swamp Bush-pea as a model species to list Sambar Deer as a threatening process under the Flora and 

Fauna Guarantee Act. 

The Kinglake population has been subject to management and study since the early 1980’s. Until 

recently most of the population at Broad Gully originated from ecological burns conducted in 1981 

and 1982. Between the period of 1998 -2008, most of the adult population had died of old age and 

there was observed to be a high impact by grazing (goats, deer, wallaby). Wombats had churned up 

the soil throughout the site, stimulated seedling germination which was then eliminated by grazing. 

Due to fears that the seed-bank would be depleted without successful establishment of adult plants, 

an ecological burn was planned for 2009 which was pre-empted by the bushfire. 

Observations post-February 2009: the first seedling recruitment occurred in April in low lying 

spring swales. A rain episode in June caused sheet erosion of the upper slopes, leading to deposition 

of silt onto seedlings which were killed. In August there was a second recruitment event and several 

thousand seedlings germinated. Four grazing exclusion fences were constructed to protect the 

seedlings from grazing. 

Management: control of goats will need to continue to prevent impacts to unprotected plants. The 

population should be burned every 15-20 years to maintain recruitment cycles. 

2011 observation: Several thousand plants have reached maturity at Broad Gully but grazing by 

goats is beginning to impact the population. 

FAGACEAE 

Nothofagus cunninghamii Myrtle Beech (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and rare in the headwaters of the Plenty River below Road 14, where a small 

stand forms the canopy of the largest rainforest patch in the Park. The population was first identified 

by David Ashton in the 1960’s but was not relocated until 2000 by Stuart Judd. The population 

consisted of approximately 50 trees of variable age that included a small number of very old 

individuals surrounded by smaller trees and root suckers. 

Observations post February 2009: the fire burned intensely in the gully and severely burned all 

trees. Initially 15-20 individuals re-sprouted in the first several months after the fire, however several 

of these died during summer due to exposure created by the fire. Browsing of shoots was also 

63


observed. At the time of writing only 10-15 trees survive and no seedlings have been recorded. It will 

take another 12 months of monitoring to verify mortality rates. 

Management: cuttings have been taken from several trees, which should be reinstated in several 

years time when vegetation cover has increased sufficiently to minimise desiccation. 

Rainforest case study 

Cool Temperate Rainforest (CTR) is listed as a threatened community under the Flora and Fauna 

Guarantee Act. The community supports an alliance of fern, herb and shrub species that demonstrate 

a continuous link to the ancient forests of Gondwana. This alliance is threatened by a variety of interrelated 

processes that include global climate change, timber harvesting, increased fire regimes and 

the fungal pathogen Myrtle Wilt. 

At Mount Disappointment, several localised stands of rainforest occur along closed gully systems 

such as Wallaby Creek and Plenty River headwaters. These temperate rainforest stands are the most 

westerly occurrences along the Great Dividing Range on mainland Australia. Prior to 2009 they had 

not been affected by bushfire for several hundred years and had developed complex rainforest 

communities. All of these stands were burned severely by the February 2009 bushfire which not only 

eliminated many species, but greatly modified the habitat interactions that rainforest flora depend 

upon. Closed rainforest gullies have now been exposed to desiccating light and wet forest trees and 

shrubs have germinated en-masse, creating severe competition. The post-fire vegetation is now of 

more flammable composition (being dominated by sclerophyll species) and there is increased chance 

of further fires. The disturbance caused by the fire will also increase the likelihood that the fungal 

pathogen Myrtle Wilt will attack remaining Myrtle Beech trees as this pathogen often invades 

disturbed or damaged trees. 

Research: global climate change is pushing CTR to the edge of its ecological limit, and small disjunct 

stands such as at Kinglake are at greatest threat. The stand of CTR at Road 14 is of immense scientific 

importance and it is recommended that this stand in particular be monitored. 

GENTIANACEAE 

Chionogentias polysperes Early Forest-gentian (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare including in damp forest dominated by Mountain Grey Gum along the Mt. 

Everard Track on western brow of Mt Beggary, and approximately 150 metres from the Marshalls 

Road gate along Watsons Creek Track. The former area was burnt very severely and these plants 

have yet to be relocated. Very rare on sheltered cliffs of Masons Falls where observed in the late 

1980’s. Possibly occurs elsewhere in the Park. 

Sebaea ovata Yellow Sebaea (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: rare and uncommon at Broad Gully. Rare in spring-soaks above Heidelberg-Kinglake Road, at 

Wild Dog Hill, Dinsdale Road, adjacent to Buttermans Track, east of Marshalls Road and along pipe 

track south of Reedy Creek. Likely to occur in spring-soaks elsewhere. Yellow Sebaea is a tiny springsoak 

herb that is likely to have been depleted during the current drought period. 

GERANIACEAE 

Geranium sp. 5 (inundatum) Naked Crane’s-bill (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: rare and localised in spring-soaks along Burgan Track. Naked Crane’s-bill is more common 

on the lowland plains. 

GOODENIACEAE 

Goodenia elongata Lanky Goodenia 

64


Notes: scattered and rare by Road 54 near Road 2, above Broad Gully Creek and in gullies of 

Captains Creek, Reedy Creek and Boggy Creek. 

Goodenia geniculata Bent Goodenia 

Notes: occurs on the Parks flora list, location unknown. Possibly occurs locally in valley heathy 

forest. Occurs to the south of the study area at Rifle Range Reserve. 

Velleia paradoxa Spur Velleia (Threatened in ?KNP) 

Notes: occurs on the Parks flora list, location unknown. Spur Velleia could possibly occur in southern 

sections of the Park, but these records are likely to be misidentified Goodenia elongata. 

HALORAGACEAE 

Gonocarpus micranthus ssp. micranthus Creeping Raspwort (Threatened in ?KNP) 

Notes: recorded by Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Possibly occurs in spring soaks at Broad 

Gully and Captains Creek. 

Myriophyllum variifolium Varied Milfoil (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised but reasonably common on northern fringe of Toorourrong Reservoir. Varied 

Milfoil is only known from 4-5 locations in the Melbourne region. The population at Toorourrong 

Reservoir is by far the largest in the region. 

LAMIACEAE 

Ajuga australis Austral Bugle (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare in valley grassy forest around Wild Dog Creek. Austral Bugle is relatively 

common around the Plenty River Gorge and Yarra River where it often grows under Yarra Burgan in 

association with Candlebark. It is probably rare in the Park but scattered elsewhere (e.g. Reedy 

Creek). 

Mentha laxiflora Forest Mint 

Notes: scattered and uncommon including along Poley Creek, Silver Creek, Mountain Creek and on 

shaded slopes of Andrews Hill. Rare along Road 14 and in sedge swales along the Yea River. Forest 

Mint is distributed throughout montane habitats and at lower elevations around streams and 

swamps. 

Lycopus australis Australian Gipsywort 

Notes: locally common around Toorourrong Reservoir and lower Plenty River. Restricted elsewhere 

in the region to riparian shrubland along Yarra River and its floodplain wetlands. 

Plectranthus parvifolius Cockspur Flower (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: single patch recorded in the 1990’s on a shaded ledge above the gully that runs into Masons 

Falls (Randall Robinson pers. comm.). Not relocated despite extensive searches. Next nearest records 

are from Buckley Falls at Geelong. 

Prostanthera hirtula Hairy Mint-bush (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and very rare adjacent to Watsons Creek Track (two plants). Rare in the Mount 

Disappointment Reference Area along Road 10 at several locations and at the overview ridge 

heathland along Track 15 (all young plants recruited since the fire). One of the plants at Watsons 

Creek re-sprouted and only a couple of seedlings from this population have been observed since the 

fire. Hairy Mint-bush is scattered and rare across drier areas of the eastern highlands, with disjunct 

populations in the Grampians. 

65


Teucrium corymbosum Forest Germander (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare on exposed cliffs at Masons Falls. Forest Germander is a member of the 

rocky cliff-face alliance. 

LINACEAE 

Linum marginale Native Flax (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare on road embankment above Old Kinglake Road, several hundred metres 

from the Beggary gate. 

LOGANIACEAE 

Logania albiflora Narrow-leaf Logania (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: disjunct and rare below Captains Creek Road (50 plants) and very rare on the lower slopes of 

Andrews Hill (single plant). Narrow-leaf Logania was first observed adjacent to the Park at Moore 

Court by Josh Revel. This was the first record for the region, with the next nearest records occurring 

around Tyers in Central Gippsland. A small population has since been observed on private property 

between Glenburn and Kinglake. The Kinglake plants have short, narrow leaves resembling 

populations around Bendigo, which have affinity with Logania sp. 1 of far eastern Victoria. 

Management: cuttings have been taken from the Captains Creek plants which are being grown in the 

Yarra Valley Parklands Nursery for enrichment plantings. A stock population of the Moore Court 

plants is currently growing at the Warrandyte State Park nursery. 

LORANTHACEAE 

Amyema quandang Grey Mistletoe (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: recorded by Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Grey Mistletoe is locally common on 

Silver Wattle adjacent to the Park on the floodplains of Steels Creek and Dixons Creek. It possibly 

occurs within the Park around this area. 

LYTHRACEAE 

Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: restricted to the fringes of Toorourrong Reservoir and lower braided sections of the Plenty 

River. Purple Loosestrife is only known from about a dozen locations in Greater Melbourne and is 

generally associated with perennial streams (Yering Backswamp, Greens Bush, Deep Creek). 

MALVACEAE 

Gynatrix pulchella Hemp Bush (Threatened in Region & ?KNP) 

Notes: occurs on the Park flora list, location unknown. Primarily a lowland species, potential habitat 

occurs along the lower Jehosaphat Creek. 

MENYANTHACEAE 

Villarsia reniformis Running Marsh-flower (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and very rare east of the Plenty River on the shoreline of Toorourrong 

Reservoir and along a drainage line on the park boundary on Burgan Track. 

MONIMIACEAE 

Atherosperma moschatum Southern Sassafras (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare along small sections of several rainforest streams in the Disappointment 

Reference Area (tributaries of Wallaby Creek, Plenty River headwaters above and below Road 14) 

and very localised above Steels Creek-Mt Slide Road on the Full and Plenty Creek. All stands were 

burnt in 2009. Most plants in the Disappointment Reference Area and all plants on Full and Plenty 

66


Creek were killed. Possibly less than 5% of plants in the Reference Area have re-sprouted. A small 

amount of seedling germination has occurred at around 50% of the sites and substantial reductions in 

populations are expected. Southern Sassafras will continue to be threatened by post-fire alteration of 

habitat and global climate change (see rainforest case study above). 

Management: cuttings were taken from several populations but these failed to strike. Six seedlings 

have been salvaged and are currently being grown in the Yarra Valley Parklands nursery. These 

should be planted back into rainforest gullies (such as Full and Plenty Creek) in several years when 

conditions at the sites become more suitable. 

MYRSINACEAE 

Rapanea howittiana Muttonwood (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: very rare and localised downstream of Masons Falls along the Running Creek (small stand of 

less than 50 plants) and two old plants in two separate gullies on the southern side of Andrews Hill. 

All plants at Masons Falls were killed by the intensity of the fire. Both plants survived at Andrews 

Hill where the fire was far less intense. 

MYRTACEAE 

Eucalyptus baxteri Brown Stringybark 

Notes: restricted to the upper slopes of Andrews Hill and Mt Slide where locally common. In the 

early 1990’s, a small flock of Red-tailed Black Cockatoo’s roosted in the north-east of Melbourne. 

During this time the birds were observed by one of the authors (CB) to roost at Broad Gully and to 

fly towards the Mt Slide area. It is very likely that they were feeding on the fruit of the Brown 

Stringybark, which is one of their favorite food plants. 

Eucalyptus camphora ssp. humeana Mountain Swamp Gum 

Notes: restricted to several gullies and tributaries of the Goulburn River (e.g. Mountain Creek, Boggy 

Creek, Captains Creek) in the northern Wombelano Block and in sedge swales along the Yea River. 

Eucalyptus camphora is distinguished from Eucalyptus ovata by the more rounded, duller adult leaves 

on longer petioles and fruits with more exerted valves. 

Eucalyptus fulgens Green Scentbark (VROT: Rare) 

Notes: restricted to a few localised stands including several hundred trees on slopes of the Reedy 

Creek headwaters (one of the largest populations in the Melbourne area) and along the western foot 

slopes of Andrews Hill adjacent to Glenburn Road. During a post-fire assessment of the Reedy Creek 

stand, less than 100 seedlings were recorded across a two hectare area, in comparison to many 

thousands of Messmate and Peppermint. This appears to indicate that Green Scentbark has low seed 

viability, which is likely to partly explain its rarity. Green Scentbark is a key species in the biolink 

revegetation program (linking Rifle Range Reserve and the Park). As part of the strengthening of the 

Brush-tailed Phascogale corridor, 130 trees were planted in 2008 (100 survived) and another 80 were 

planted in 2010. Historical records of E. aromaphloia and E. ignorabilis are now referable to E. fulgens. 

Eucalyptus globoidea White Stringybark 

Notes: occurs on the Park flora list. This record is possibly erroneous. The nearest known 

populations occur at Croydon North. 

Eucalyptus melliodora Yellow Stringybark (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: restricted to a small number of trees along the northern boundary of the Park on a tributary of 

Boggy Creek at Burgan Track and along the southern boundary of the Park near Butterman Track 

and Wild Dog Creek Road. Common in the Silurian foothills to the south. 

67


Eucalyptus rubida Candlebark (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare along Candlebark Track and Burgan Track in the north and Wild Dog 

Creek Road in the south. Common in the Silurian foothills to the south. 

Eucalyptus yarraensis Yarra Gum (VROT: rare, Threatened in Region & ?KNP) 

Notes: verified specimen collected by Cliff Beauglehole in 1982, listed for Island Creek that may have 

been from farmland to the north of KNP near Captains Creek Road. It also grows south of KNP with 

Green Scentbark south of Steels Creek. 

Kunzea sp. (upright form) Forest Burgan 

Notes: scattered and uncommon in damp heathy formations (Captains Creek, Broad Gully and 

Healesville-Kinglake Road east of Mt Slide). Forest Burgan is a recently described member of the K. 

ericoides complex. It is a spreading shrub 2-4m tall (non-suckering) and has leaves with a eucalyptus 

fragrance. These are green-yellow and oblanceolate with fine hairs along the margin. The bark is 

fibrous and the fruit have long pedicels and are retained on the plant for at least a year or more 

(flowering December). Forest Burgan is widespread in eastern Victoria and the Yarra catchment 

forms its western range limit. It flowers profusely during summer and is an important nectar plant 

for butterflies and beetles. 

The K. ericoides complex also includes Yarra Burgan Kunzea leptospermoides which is widespread 

throughout the Wombelano Block. This species readily suckers and forms dense thickets often 

following bushfire or land clearance. It is likely that the widespread occurrence of this species in the 

Wombelano Block is due to past agricultural activities that occurred up until the 1970’s, prior to the 

addition of the block to the Park. 

Leptospermum lanigerum sens. strict. Woolly Tea-tree 

Notes: locally common along drainage lines off Burgan Track. Leptospermum lanigerum sens. strict. is 

distributed along lowland streams and has blue leaves which are woolly on both surfaces. 

Leptospermum aff. lanigerum (western variant) Woolly Tea-tree 

Notes: localised around the Toorourrong Reservoir and along the Poley and Silver Creek. Several 

undescribed taxa occur within the lanigerum complex, including ‘western variant’. This taxa is 

distinguished from the common lowland variant by its taller stature (grows up to 6m) and the green 

leaves which are glabrous on the upper surface. Western Variant has been frequently misidentified in 

the region and attributed to a variety of other species. 

Melaleuca ericifolia Swamp Paperbark (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and rare below picnic area on Jehosaphat Creek near Steels Creek. 

Melaleuca squarrosa Scented Paperbark (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: recorded from riparian thickets along upper Silver Creek (Doug Frood pers. comm.). 

ONAGRACEAE 

Epilobium gunnianum Butterfly Willow-herb (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and very rare (single plant observed on the stream banks of the Yea River). 

Prior to discovery along the Yarra at Yering Backswamp and Glynns Wetland, this species was 

presumed to be restricted to highland bogs. It is one of several disjunct mountain species occurring 

along the Yea River (Forest Sedge, Short Bent-grass). 

Epilobium pallidiflorum Showy Willow-herb (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

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Notes: localised in swampland around the junction of the Plenty River with Toorourrong Reservoir, 

where there are several hundred plants. This is the largest population in the region. Showy Willowherb 

also occurs at Yellingbo, Green’s Bush, and Yering Backswamp (where a single plant was 

observed in the 1990’s). It has been depleted throughout its range by swamp drainage and land 

clearing. 

Management: plants have been grown from seed taken from the population and planted at Glynns 

Wetland along the Yarra River at Warrandyte. This has reinstated the species to the lowland foothills 

of north-east Melbourne and provided a back-up population. 

POLYGALACEAE 

Comesperma calymega Blue-spike Milkwort (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: disjunct and rare at Broad Gully where first located in November 2009. Blue-spike Milkwort is 

a key fire-response species. It was not observed during twenty years of survey at the site by several 

botanists, likely because it remains dormant several years after fire. The next nearest populations 

occur to the south-east of Melbourne. 

Comesperma ericinum Heath Milkwort (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: scattered and rare in heathy formations. The Park contains a significant component of the 

central Victorian population. 

POLYGONACEAE 

Persicaria praetermissa Spotted Knotweed 

Notes: restricted to Toorourrong Reservoir where locally common. Widespread and common 


Persicaria hydropiper Water-pepper 

Notes: restricted to Toorourrong Reservoir where locally common. Widespread and common 


PORTULACEAE 

Neopaxia australasica White Purslane (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: restricted the fringes of Toorourrong Reservoir and lower braided sections of Plenty River. 

PROTEACACEAE 

Banksia spinulosa var. cunninghamii Hairpin Banksia (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: scattered and rare throughout the Everard Block (Broad Gully and several other stands) and 

Wombelano Block. It is currently being determined if this taxa should be listed as VROT due to its 

inability to withstand intense and/or successive fires. Although the species is dependant on fire for 

recruitment, the fire event must be of suitable frequency and intensity or detrimental impacts are 

likely. The species is also highly vulnerable in the post-fire period when the entire population may 

comprise of seedlings, which are at threat from grazing pressure. 

Populations at Kinglake have been examined during this study and it has been observed that most 

populations on the south side of the Everard Block have been eliminated. Most of the cones occurring 

on trees at Broad Gully were consumed by the fire. As a result seedlings were only found under two 

plants from a population of several hundred. Populations in the Wombelano Block where not 

affected by the 2009 fires and mostly survived the less intense fires of 2006. At these sites there has 

been ample seedling recruitment. 

Management: several populations should be fenced to protect from grazing. Fifty seedlings were 

grown from Broad Gully which were reinstated into the exclusion fences in 2010. 

69


2011 observation: 50 plants were reinstated within the Swamp Bush-pea fences in spring 2010. By 

spring 2011 only 20% had survived but these plants appeared healthy. 

Case study – threatened Proteaceae and their management 

Kinglake National Park supports a range of species of the Proteaceae family (Creeping Grevillea, 

Hairpin Banksia, Yellow Hakea, Dagger Hakea, Horny Cone-bush, Dwarf Geebung and Prickly 

Geebung). These species are all at threat from a variety of inter-related processes that include 

inappropriate fire regimes, grazing pressure and infection by Cinnamon Fungus. The relationship of 

Proteaceae species with fire is complex, for although dependant on fire for recruitment, 

inappropriate frequency, intensity or season can be detrimental. The 2009 bushfire was so severe in 

parts of Kinglake that fruit was often consumed from parent plants, leading to minimal or complete 

lack of recruitment. This has led to localised extinctions throughout the Park. At the other extreme, if 

the fire is not hot enough (such as may occur during spring fuel reduction burning) then it may fail 

to trigger the release of seed from cones or fruit. 

The adult plants of many Proteaceae and Fabaceae species such as Banksia, Hakea and Pultenaea glabra 

are killed by intense fires and replaced by recruitment in the post-fire period. This means that the 

entire population may be present only as seedlings at some point in the life-cycle. They are therefore 

highly vulnerable to grazing pressure or other disturbance, which could eliminate entire populations 

in the post-fire period. For small and localised populations, fencing is essential to avoid this 

eventuating. 

Grevillea repens Creeping Grevillea (Mt Slide form) (VROT: Rare, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: scattered throughout heathy dry forest including around Masons Falls and Running Creek 

gorge, Boundary Track west of Toorourrong Reservoir, along upper and lower sections of Road 15, at 

Road 10 south of the cascades, along the Steels Creek-Mt Slide Road and in the Joey Creek Reference 

Area. 

Creeping Grevillea is endemic to Victoria where it occurs around Daylesford and between Mt 

Disappointment and Healesville. The latter populations are distinct from western populations and 

have been referred to as ‘Mt Slide Form’. Prior to 2009, Kinglake supported one of the largest 

population densities in Victoria. Post-fire surveys have found that the species has been eliminated or 

reduced to very few plants in at least 50% of the sites, particularly at sites between Toorourrong 

Reservoir and Mount Beggary. The plants along Boundary Track were bulldozed in post-fire 

operations by Melbourne Water, while no plants have been located along Road 10 or lower Road 15 

despite extensive searching. This is likely due to the high intensity of the fire at these locations, which 

killed plants and soil-stored seed. Out of 50-100 plants along the Steels Creek Road, only about 

twenty have been observed re-sprouting. The remaining core population appears to be on northern 

slopes above Captains Creek, where over 50 plants have been recorded and a population of over 30 

plants at the overview ridge heathland on upper Road 15. Creeping Grevillea is highly sensitive to 

infection by Cinnamon Fungus, which had depleted some populations around Masons Falls and 

Road 10 prior to the fire. 

Management: plants from the Mt Slide Road are in propagation at the La Trobe Wildlife Sanctuary 

and plants from Captains Creek are in propagation in the Yarra Valley Parklands nursery. 

Monitoring of populations should be continued to determine the post-fire status of the species across 

the Park. Plants should be reinstated to heathy dry forest at Road 10 and 15 while depleted 

populations should be restored. Strict quarantine measures must be continued in the Park to prevent 

the spread of Cinnamon Fungus into populations (particularly at Captains Creek). Appropriate fuel 

reduction burning is crucial to prevent impact to the species. 

Hakea nodosa Yellow Hakea (Threatened in ?KNP) 

70


Notes: recorded by Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Potentially occurs in damp heathy 

woodland and lowland forest formations (Broad Gully, Andrews Hill, Captains Creek). 

Hakea teretifolia Dagger Hakea (Threatened in ?KNP) 

Notes: recorded by Beauglehole (1983), location unknown. Potentially occurs in damp heathy 

woodland and lowland forest formations (Broad Gully, Andrews Hill, Captains Creek). 

Isopogon ceratophyllus Horny Cone-bush (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: restricted to the eastern section of Broad Gully where locally common. No seedlings or resprouting 

adult plants have been observed since the February 2009 bushfire. 

Management: Horny Cone-bush is very sensitive to Cinnamon Fungus. Strict quarantine measures 

must be maintained to prevent this pathogen being introduced to Broad Gully. 

Persoonia arborea Tree Geebung (VROT: Vulnerable, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: recorded in the vicinity of Jehosaphat Gully. Not observed by the authors. Occurs in similar 

habitat between Healesville and Warburton. 

Persoonia chamaepeuce Dwarf Geebung (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: rare on the slopes of Andrews Hill, along the Everard Track between Mt Beggary and Mt 

Everard, on cutting above the Heidelberg-Kinglake Road north of the Change of Cutting and in 

heathy forest adjacent to the Glenburn Road. Larger populations occur on the northern slopes above 

Captains Creek. Dwarf Geebung was possibly eliminated from sites in the Everard Block due to the 

extreme intensity of the 2009 fire. It appears to have regenerated well in the Wombelano Block which 

burnt at lower intensity in 2006. The species is highly sensitive to Cinnamon Fungus which 

eliminated plants from the Everard Track. 

Persoonia juniperina Prickly Geebung (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and very rare including a single plant on exposed slopes above the Old Kinglake 

Road, east of Girraween Picnic Area, below Everard Track 100m from the change of cuttings and 4-5 

plants in western section of Broad Gully. The plants at Broad Gully could not be relocated in 2009, 

possibly due to elimination by the fire. Prickly Geebung is very sensitive to Cinnamon Fungus. It is 

considered critically endangered in the Park. 

RANUNCULACEAE 

Ranunculus amphitrichus Small River Buttercup (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: restricted to several patches in sedgeland/herbfield around the fringes of Toorourrong 

Reservoir. Small River Buttercup is scattered and rare throughout the Melbourne area. 

Ranunculus pumilio Fern-leaf Buttercup 

Notes: confirmed from only two sites including along Full and Plenty Creek off the Steels Creek-Mt 

Slide Road and one plant 50 metres from the viewing deck along the track to Masons Falls. Probably 

overlooked and occurring in other sheltered sites. 

Ranunculus glabrifolius Shining Buttercup 

Notes: scattered and uncommon including along shaded gullies of Broad Gully Creek, Reedy Creek 

and tributaries, Captains Creek, Boggy Creek and Wild Dog Creek. The main distribution of Shining 

Buttercup in the Melbourne area is throughout the Diamond and Yarra Valleys. It is rare and 

localised on the basalt plains (e.g. Beveridge-Wallan railway). 

RHAMNACEAE 

Pomaderris elachophylla Small-leaf Pomaderris (Threatened in Region) 

71


Notes: scattered and rare in shrubby foothill forest and herb-rich foothill forest including on the 

corner of Melba Highway and Kinglake-Healesville Road and at Mount Slide on the Kinglake- 

Healesville Road. 

Pomaderris elachophylla x racemosa Hybrid Pomaderris 

Notes: recorded by David Cameron along the floodplain of the Yea River. Seedlings that were 

possibly this hybrid were observed in sedge swales adjacent to the Yea River in 2010. Extensive postfire 

seedling recruitment has occurred in terrace swales of the Yea River. 

Pomaderris racemosa Cluster Pomaderris (Threatened in ?KNP) 

Notes: one large plant that died after prolonged drought in 2008 along the walking track to Stuart’s 

Spur, 50m north of Healesville-Kinglake Road (see Round-leaf Pomaderris) occurs on the Park flora 

list, location unknown. Possibly occurs along streams, although these records could be 

misdetermined Small-leaf Pomaderris (see discussion below). 

Pomaderris vacciniifolia Round-leaf Pomaderris (VROT: Endangered, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: scattered and localised including over two hundred seedlings in February 2010 on cutting 

above the Wallaby Weir (largest known population), thirty plants south of the Healesville-Kinglake 

Road west of Jehosophat Picnic Area (counted prior to the bushfire), over one hundred seedlings 

derived from one old plant in forest east of the Melba Highway and north of the Healesville- 

Kinglake Road and a small population along Gordon Bridge Road. Small populations also occur 

immediately adjacent to the Park on roadsides east of Kinglake and on private property off the 

Glenburn Road and Kinglake-Toolangi Road. 

Management: the population south of the Healesville-Kinglake Road was fenced in 2007 to prevent 

browsing by Deer. This fence was partly destroyed by the 2009 bushfire. Forty seedlings from 

Wallaby Weir that were in an area to be sprayed with herbicide by Melbourne Water were salvaged 

in February 2010. Over fifty cuttings have also been struck from these plants. They were reinstated in 

2010 to ‘The Gums’ picnic area. 

ROSACEAE 

Aphanes australiana Australian Piert (Threatened in Region & ?KNP) 

Notes: occurs on the Park flora list, source unknown. Tiny annual that is probably over-looked. 

RUBIACEAE 

Acaena agnipila Hairy Sheep’s Burr (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: recorded only from valley grassy forest off Wild Dog Creek Road. 

Asperula euryphylla Broad-leaf Woodruff 

Notes: recorded prior to the 2009 bushfire along the Full and Plenty Creek (CB). Likely to be 

scattered elsewhere in wet forests. 

Asperula gunnii Mountain Woodruff 

Notes: scattered and uncommon in wet forests (Mt Disappointment). 

Coprosma reptans Dwarf Nertera (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: highly localised and rare in valley heathy forest above Broad Gully Creek. Possibly overlooked 

elsewhere. 

RUTACEAE 

Asterolasia asteriscophora Lemon-scented Star-bush (VROT: Rare, Threatened in Region & KNP)) 

72


Notes: several hundred seedlings recorded in February 2009 at the Cascades by Doug Frood. 

Recorded from a nearby location by Jim Willis in the 1960’s. 

2011 observation: assessement of the population in September 2011 found that most of the post-fire 

seedlings had been out-competed by Hop Goodenia and other vigorous shrubs. Tree guards were 

placed around the remaining plants to protect from deer and wallabies and to allow monitoring. 

Surrounding shrubs were removed to reduce competetion. Lemon-scented Star-bush produces hardcoated 

long-lived seeds. It is critical that the young plants survive to maturity so that seedbanks are 

replenished. 

Boronia nana var. hyssopifolia Dwarf Boronia (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: localised and uncommon along the northern slopes above Captains Creek (


Notes: localised and rare along a few gullies and soaks in the Wombelano Block (along track by the 

Kinglake-Healesville Road below Stuart’s Spur, in gully east of Burgan Track and in gully by 

Captains Creek Road). Mountain Speedwell is of restricted occurrence in Victoria. It is similar to V. 

subtilis (sp. 2) but with occasional toothed leaves. It grows in damp soaks in tall forest but does not 

extend into montane wetlands like the former taxon. 

Veronica notabilis Forest Speedwell (Threatened in ?KNP) 

Notes: occurs on the Park flora list, location unknown. Also recorded by Beauglehole (1983) adjacent 

to the Park. A highland forest species that is likely to occur in the Mount Disappointment Reference 

Area. 

SOLANACEAE 

Solanum aviculare Kangaroo Apple 

Notes: mainly restricted to higher elevations, often occurring with S. vescum. Locally abundant after 

fire. 

Solanum laciniatum Large Kangaroo Apple 

Notes: scattered across the Park and locally abundant after fire. Generally occurs at lower elevations 

than S. aviculare, particularly in disturbed areas such as roadsides. 

Solanum vescum Gunyang 

Notes: abundant throughout the wet forests of Mt Disappointment. Locally common in wet and 

damp forest across the Park. Previously unrecorded within the Park, it has proliferated in the postfire 

period. 

STYLIDEACEAE 

Levenhookia sonderi Slender Stylewort (VROT: Rare, Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and uncommon; occurs in spring-soaks on the upper slopes of Wild Dog Hill, at 

DinsdaleRoad and in lowland forest south of Reedy Creek. Likely to occur elsewhere within the 

southern part of Everard Block. Part of the threatened spring-soak alliance, Kinglake National Park 

probably supports one of the largest populations in the region of this State rare species. 

Stylidium aff. graminifolium Trigger-plant (Provisional VROT: Rare) 

Notes: possibly an undescribed taxon that is relatively common on heathy dry spurs throughout the 

Park. A taxon of similar appearance has been observed in the Pyrete Range west of Melbourne. It has 

entire leaves and glandular hairs on the margins of the leaves, scape and flowers. 

THYMELAEACEAE 

Pimelea curviflora var. aff. subglabrata Curved Rice-flower (VROT: Rare, Threatened in Region) 

Notes: disjunct and uncommon along the northern slopes above Captains Creek and on the lower 

slopes of Andrews Hill. Curved Rice-flower is a sub-shrub with small sepals and alternate leaves 

with appressed hairs on undersides. It is probably a distinct taxon that should be raised to species 

level. It is scattered and rare across Victoria e.g. Little Desert, Bacchus Marsh, Brisbane Ranges, 

Licola and Cann River. 

Pimelea glauca Smooth Rice-flower (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: occurs on the Park list, probably misdetermined P. linifolia. Smooth Rice-flower is a lowland 

species of basalt and coastal grasslands. It is unlikely to occur within the study area. 

Pimelea ligustrina Tall Rice-flower (Threatened in KNP) 

74


Notes: recorded by one of the authors (CB) on granite soils adjacent to Road 10. Tall Rice-flower is 

common in the Upper Yarra catchment. 

Pimelea linifolia (Tasmanian form) Slender Rice-flower (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: scattered and rare in heathy dry forest, mostly within the Everard Block. 

TREMANDRACEAE 

Tetratheca labillardierei Glandular Pink-bells (Threatened in Region & KNP) 

Notes: localised and very rare, growing in heathy dry forest at Bald Spur lookout and Beale Avenue. 

Last observed in the mid 1990’s. 

URTICACEAE 

Parietaria debilis Shade Pellitory (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: localised and rare on sheltered cliffs at Masons Falls. 

VIOLACEAE 

Viola betonicifolia ssp. betonicifolia Showy Violet (Threatened in KNP) 

Notes: scattered and rare including by Road 54 near Road 2, on Mt Sugarloaf, at Broad Gully, near 

the junction of Candlebark Track and Burgan Track and south of Reedy Creek. 

Viola cleistogamoides Hidden Violet (Threatened in Region) 

Notes: localised and rare in heathy forest west of the junction of Captains Creek Track and Boggy 

Creek Track and at Broad Gully. Disjunct from near coastal heaths to the south-east. 

75


Appendix 3. VASCULAR FLORA SPECIES RECORDED IN KINGLAKE 

NATIONAL PARK 

The following is an updated flora species list for Kinglake National Park and Wallaby Creek Catchment Area. 

Some species occurring on the former park list have been removed due to misidentifications or other errors. 

One hundred and eight species have been added to the list from records collected during the current survey 

period (63 species), from previous records of the authors and from Beauglehole (1983) (45 species). 

 

plantation species 

* introduced species 

# native plant not indigenous to the local area 

> species added to the list from previous records of the authors (mostly CB) and from Beauglehole (1983) 

r 

v 

k 

R 

V 

K 

species considered rare within Victoria 

species considered vulnerable within Victoria 

species considered poorly known within Victoria 

species considered rare within Australia 

species considered vulnerable within Australia 

species considered poorly known within Australia 

Species listed in bold were recorded for the first time during the current survey period. 

FERNS AND FERN ALLIES 

ADIANTACEAE 

Adiantum aethiopicum 

Common Maidenhair 

Anogramma leptophylla 

Annual Fern 

Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia 

Green Rock-fern 

Cheilanthes sieberi ssp. sieberi 

Narrow Rock-fern 

Pellaea falcata s.l. 

Sickle Fern 

K > Pellaea falcata var. nana 

Dwarf Sickle Fern 

ASPLENIACEAE 

Asplenium bulbiferum ssp. gracillimum 

Mother Spleenwort 

Asplenium flabellifolium 

Necklace Fern 

> Asplenium flaccidum ssp. flaccidum Weeping Spleenwort 

ATHYRIACEAE 

Diplazium australis 

Austral Lady-fern 

BLECHNACEAE 

Blechnum cartilagineum 

Gristle Fern 

Blechnum chambersii 

Lance Water-fern 

Blechnum fluviatile 

Ray Water-fern 

Blechnum minus 

Soft Water-fern 

Blechnum nudum 

Fishbone Water-fern 

Blechnum patersonii ssp. patersonii 

Strap Water-fern 

Blechnum wattsii 

Hard Water-fern 

Doodia australis 

Common Rasp-fern 

Doodia caudata 

Small Rasp-fern 

76


CULCITACEAE 

Calochlaena dubia 

Common Ground-fern 

CYATHEACEAE 

Cyathea australis 

Rough Tree-fern 

R r Cyathea cunninghamii Slender Tree-fern 

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE 

Histiopteris incisa 

Bat's Wing Fern 

Hypolepis glandulifera 

Downy Ground-fern 

> Hypolepis muelleri Harsh Ground-fern 

Hypolepis rugosula 

Ruddy Ground-fern 

Pteridium esculentum 

Austral Bracken 

DICKSONIACEAE 

Dicksonia antarctica 

Soft Tree-fern 

DRYOPTERIDACEAE 

Lastreopsis acuminata 

Shiny Shield-fern 

r > Lastreopsis hispida 

Bristly Shield-fern 

Polystichum proliferum 

Mother Shield-fern 

Rumohra adiantiformis 

Leathery Shield-fern 

GLEICHENIACEAE 

Gleichenia dicarpa 

Pouched Coral-fern 

Gleichenia microphylla 

Scrambling Coral-fern 

> Sticherus lobatus Spreading Fan-fern 

Sticherus tener s.l. 

Silky Fan-fern 

GRAMMITIDACEAE 

Ctenopteris heterophylla 

Gipsy Fern 

Grammitis billardierei 

Common Finger-fern 

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 

Crepidomanes venosum 

Veined Bristle-fern 

Hymenophyllum australe 

Austral Filmy Fern 

Hymenophyllum cupressiforme 

Common Filmy Fern 

Hymenophyllum flabellatum 

Shiny Filmy Fern 

> Hymenophyllum rarum Narrow Filmy Fern 

LINDSAEACEAE 

Lindsaea linearis 

Screw Fern 

LYCOPODIACEAE 

Lycopodium deuterodensum 

Bushy Club-moss 

Phylloglossum drummondii 

Pigmy Club-moss 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 

v Botrychium australe Austral Moonwort 

Ophioglossum lusitanicum 

Austral Adder’s Tongue 

OSMUNDACEAE 

Todea barbara 

Austral King-fern 

POLYPODIACEAE 

Microsorum pustulatum ssp. pustulatum 

Kangaroo Fern 

PSILOTACEAE 

Tmesipteris obliqua 

Long Fork-fern 

r Tmesipteris ovata Oval Fork-fern 

> Tmesipteris parva Small Fork-fern 

PTERIDACEAE 

r Pteris comans Netted Brake 

Pteris tremula 

Tender Brake 

77


> Selaginella uliginosa Swamp Selaginella 

CONIFERS 

CUPRESSACEAE 

Callitris rhomboidea 

PINACEAE 

 

* Pinus radiata 

 

* Pseudotsuga menziesii 

TAXOIDIACEAE 

 

* Sequoia sempervirens 

Oyster Bay Pine 

Radiata Pine 

Douglas Fir 

Redwood 

MONOCOTYLEDONS 

ALISMATACEAE 

Alisma plantago-aqutica 

Water Plantain 

ALLIACEAE 

* Allium triquetrum Three-cornered Garlic 

* Allium vineale Crow Garlic 

ANTHERICACEAE 

Arthropodium milleflorum s.l. 

Pale Vanilla-lily 

Arthropodium strictum s.l. 

Chocolate Lily 

Chamaescilla corymbosa var. corymbosa 

Blue Stars 

Thysanotus patersonii 

Twining Fringe-lily 

Thysanotus tuberosus 

Common Fringe-lily 

ASPHODELACEAE 

Bulbine bulbosa 

Bulbine Lily 

BURMANNIACEAE 

V r Thismia rodwayi Fairy Lanterns 

CENTROLEPIDACEAE 

Centrolepis strigosa ssp. strigosa 

Hairy Centrolepis 

COLCHICACEAE 

Burchardia umbellata 

Milkmaids 

Wurmbea dioica 

Common Early Nancy 

Wurmbea uniflora 

One-flower Early Nancy 

COMMELINACEAE 

* Tradescantia fluminensis Wandering Jew 

CYPERACEAE 

Baumea acuta 

Pale Twig-sedge 

Baumea rubiginosa s.l. 

Soft Twig-rush 

Baumea tetragona 

Square Twig-sedge 

r Carex alsophila Forest Sedge 

Carex appressa 

Tall Sedge 

Carex incomitata 

Hillside Sedge 

Carex iynx 

Tussock Sedge 

Carex breviculmis 

Common Grass-sedge 

Carex fascicularis 

Tassel Sedge 

Carex gaudichaudiana 

Fen Sedge 

* Cyperus eragrostis Drain Flat-sedge 

Cyperus lucidus 

Leafy Flat-sedge 

Cyperus sphaeroideus 

Globe Kyllinga 

Eleocharis acuta 

Common Spike-sedge 

78


Eleocharis gracilis 

Slender Spike-sedge 

Eleocharis pusilla 

Small Spike-sedge 

Gahnia clarkei 

Tall Saw-sedge 

Gahnia radula 

Thatch Saw-sedge 

Gahnia sieberiana 

Red-fruit Saw-sedge 

Isolepis fluitans 

Floating Club-sedge 

Isolepis hookeriana 

Grassy Club-sedge 

Isolepis inundata 

Swamp Club-sedge 

> Isolepis marginata Little Club-sedge 

Isolepis subtilissima 

Mountain Club-sedge 

Lepidosperma ?curtisiae 

Little Sword-sedge 

Lepidosperma elatius 

Tall Sword-sedge 

Lepidosperma filiforme 

Common Rapier-sedge 

Lepidosperma gunnii 

Slender Sword-sedge 

Lepidosperma laterale var. laterale 

Variable Sword-sedge 

Lepidosperma semiteres 

Wire Rapier-sedge 

Lepidosperma tortuosum 

Tortuous Rapier-sedge 

Schoenus apogon 

Common Bog-sedge 

Schoenus lepidosperma 

Slender Bog-sedge 

Schoenus maschalinus 

Leafy Bog-sedge 

Schoenus tesquorum 

Soft Bog-sedge 

Tetraria capillaris 

Hair Sedge 

Uncinia tenella 

Delicate Hook-sedge 

HEMEROLALLIDACEAE 

Dianella admixta 

Black-anther Flax-lily 

Dianella laevis 

Pale Flax-lily 

Dianella laevis var. aspera 

Rough Flax-lily 

Dianella sp. aff. revoluta (montane) 

Dianella tasmanica 

Tasman Flax-lily 

HYDROCHARITACEAE 

Ottelia ovalifolia 

Swamp Lily 

Vallisneria americana 

Eel Grass 

HYPOXIDACEAE 

Hypoxis hygrometrica var. hygrometrica 

Golden Weather-glass 

Hypoxis vaginata var. vaginata 

Yellow Star 

IRIDACEAE 

* Crocosmia X crocosmiiflora Monbretia 

Patersonia fragilis 

Short Purple-flag 

* Romulea rosea Onion Grass 

* Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera Bulbil Watsonia 

JUNCACEAE 

Juncus amabilis 

Hollow Rush 

Juncus bufonius 

Toad Rush 

Juncus holoschoenus 

Joint-leaf Rush 

Juncus flavidus 

Yellow Rush 

Juncus gregiflorus 

Green Rush 

Juncus pallidus 

Pale Rush 

Juncus pauciflorus 

Loose-flower Rush 

r Juncus phaeanthus Dark-flower Rush 

Juncus planifolius 

Broad-leaf Rush 

Juncus prismatocarpus 

Branching Rush 

79


Juncus procerus 

Tall Rush 

Juncus sarophorus 

Broom Rush 

Juncus subsecundus 

Finger Rush 

Luzula campestris spp. agg. 

Field Woodrush 

Luzula meridionalis 

Common Woodrush 

Luzula meridionalis var. densiflora 


Luzula meridionalis var. flaccida 


Luzula meridionalis var. meridionalis 


JUNCAGINACEAE 

r > Triglochin microtuberosum 

Eastern Water-ribbons 

Triglochin procera (broad leaf variant) 

Upright Water-ribbons 

Triglochin rheophilum 

Braided Water-ribbons 

Triglochin striata 

Streaked Arrow-grass 

LEMNACEAE 

Lemna disperma 

Common Duckweed 

Wolffia australiana 

Tiny Duckweed 

LUZURIAGACEAE 

Drymophila cyanocarpa 

Turquoise Berry 

ORCHIDACEAE 

Acianthus pusillus 

Mosquito Orchid 

Caladenia carnea s.l. 

Pink Fingers 

Caladenia catenata 

Pink Fingers/White Caladenia 

Caladenia catenata x gracilis 

Hybrid Caladenia 

Caladenia clavigera 

Plain-lip Spider-orchid 

> Caladenia congesta Black-tongue Caladenia 

Caladenia gracilis 

Musky Caladenia 

r Caladenia flavovirens Summer Spider-orchid 

K v Caladenia oenochila Wine-lipped Spider-orchid 

> Caladenia parva Small Spider-orchid 

> Caladenia phaeoclavia Brown-clubbed Spider-orchid 

> Caladenia praecox Early Caladenia 

Caladenia transitoria 

Eastern Bronze Caladenia 

k Calochilus gracillimus Slender Beard-orchid 

Calochilus herbaceus 

Leafless Beard-orchid 

> Calochilus paludosus Red Beard-orchid 

Calochilus robertsonii 

Purplish Beard-orchid 

Chiloglottis cornuta 

Green Bird-orchid 

> Chiloglottis reflexa Autumn Bird-orchid 

Chiloglottis valida 

Common Bird-orchid 

> Corunastylis archeri Variable Midge-orchid 

> Corunastylis despectans Sharp Midge-orchid 

> Corunastylis morrisii Bearded Midge-orchid 

> Corybas diemenicus Veined Helmet-orchid 

> Corybas sp. aff. diemenicus 4 Mountain Helmet-orchid 

> Cyanicula caerulea Blue Caladenia 

Cryptostylis leptochila 

Small Tongue-orchid 

Cryptostylis subulata 

Large Tongue-orchid 

Cyrtostylis reniformis 

Small Gnat-orchid 

Dipodium roseum 

Rosy Hyacinth-orchid 

Diuris orientis 

Wallflower Orchid 

Diuris pardina 

Leopard Orchid 

80


Diuris sulphurea 

Tiger Orchid 

Eriochilus cucullatus 

Parson's Bands 

Gastrodia procera 

Mountain Cinnamon Bells 

Gastrodia sesamoides 

Cinnamon Bells 

Glossodia major 

Wax-lip Orchid 

Leptoceras menziesii 

Hare Orchid 

Lyperanthus suaveolens 

Brown-beaks 

Microtis arenaria 

Notched Onion-orchid 

Microtis parviflora 

Slender Onion-orchid 

Microtis rara 

Notched Onion-orchid 

Microtis unifolia 

Common Onion-orchid 

> Pheladenia deformis Blue Fairies 

Prasophyllum brevilabre 

Short-lip Leek-orchid 

> Prasophyllum flavum Yellow Leek-orchid 

v Prasophyllum lindleyanum Green Leek-orchid 

Prasophyllum odoratum 

Scented Leek-orchid 

Pterostylis alpina s.l. 

Mountain Greenhood 

Pterostylis atrans 

Dark-tip Greenhood 

Pterostylis curta 

Blunt Greenhood 

Pterostylis decurva 

Summer Greenhood 

Pterostylis foliata 

Slender Greenhood 

Pterostylis falcata 

Large Sickle Greenhood 

r Pterostylis x ingens Sharp Greenhood 

Pterostylis melagramma 

Tall Greenhood 

> Pterostylis mutica Midget Greenhood 

Pterostylis nutans 

Nodding Greenhood 

Pterostylis parviflora 

Tiny Greenhood 

r Pterostylis sp. aff. parviflora Red-tip Greenhood 

Pterostylis pedunculata 

Maroonhood 

> Pterostylis squamata Rustyhood 

Sarcochilus australis 

Butterfly Orchid 

Spiranthes australis 

Austral Ladies Tresses 

> Thelymitra antennifera Rabbit Ears 

> Thelymitra arenaria Forest Sun-orchid 

> Thelymitra brevifolia Pepper-top Sun-orchid 

Thelymitra carnea 

Pink Sun-orchid 

> Thelymitra flexuosa Twisted Sun-orchid 

Thelymitra ixioides 

Spotted Sun-orchid 

> Thelymitra juncifolia Rush-leaf Sun-orchid 

Thelymitra media s.l. 

Tall Sun-orchid 

Thelymitra pauciflora s.s. 

Slender Sun-orchid 

> Thelymitra paniculata Trim Sun-orchid 

> Thelymitra x irregularis Crested Sun-orchid 

> Thelymitra rubra Salmon Sun-orchid 

> Thelymitra x truncata Short Sun-orchid 

Thynninorchis huntianus ssp. huntianus 

Elbow Orchid 

PHORMIACEAE 

Caesia parviflora var. parviflora 

Pale Grass-lily 

> Thelionema caespitosa Tufted Lily 

> Tricoryne elatior Yellow Rush-lily 

POACEAE 

81


* Agrostis capillaris Brown-top Bent 

Agrostis sp. aff. hiemalis 

Forest Bent-grass 

* Aira caryophyllea Silvery Hair-grass 

* Aira cupaniana Quicksilver Grass 

Amphibromus neesii 

Southern Swamp Wallaby-grass 

Amphipogon strictus var. setifer 

Grey-beard Grass 

* Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass 

Austrodanthonia geniculata 

Kneed Wallaby-grass 

Austrodanthonia penicillata 

Slender Wallaby-grass 

Austrodanthonia pilosa 

Velvet Wallaby-grass 

Austrodanthonia racemosa 

Clustered Wallaby-grass 

Austrodanthonia setacea 

Bristly Wallaby-grass 

Austrodanthonia tenuir 

Purplish Wallaby-grass 

Austrofestuca hookeriana 

Hooker Fescue 

Austrostipa muelleri 

Wiry Spear-grass 

Austrostipa rudis ssp. rudis 

Veined Spear-grass 

* Avena fatua Wild Oat 

* Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass 

* Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass 

* Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass 

* Bromus diandrus Great Brome 

* Bromus hordeaceus ssp. hordeaceus Soft Brome 

* Cynosurus echinatus Rough Dog's-tail 

* Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot 

Deyeuxia brachyathera 

Short Bent-grass 

Deyeuxia frigida 

Forest Bent-grass 

Deyeuxia quadriseta 

Reed Bent-grass 

Deyeuxia rodwayi 

Tasman Bent-grass 

Dichelachne crinita 

Long-hair Plume-grass 

> Dichelachne hirtella Hairy Plume-grass 

Dichelachne rara 

Common Plume-grass 

Dichelachne sieberiana 

Rough Plume-grass 

Dryopoa dives 

Giant Mountain Grass 

Echinopogon ovatus 

Common Hedgehog-grass 

* Ehrharta erecta Panic Veldt Grass 

Elymus scaber var. scaber 

Common Wheat-grass 

?Entolasia marginata 

Bordered Panic 

Eragrostis brownii 

Common Love-grass 

* Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue 

Festuca asperula 

Graceful Fescue 

* Festuca rubra Red Fescue 

Glyceria australis 

Australian Sweet-grass 

* Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog 

Isachne globosa 

Swamp Millet 

Joycea pallida 

Silvertop Wallaby-grass 

Lachnagrostis filiformis var. 1 

Wetland Blown-grass 

Lachnagrostis filiformis var. 2 

Wetland Blown-grass 

* Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass 

Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 

Weeping Grass 

* Nassella leucotricha Texas Needle-grass 

* Nassella trichotoma Serrated Tussock 

82


Notodanthonia semiannularis 

Wetland Wallaby-grass 

* Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum 

Pentapogon quadrifidus 

Five-awned Spear-grass 

Phragmites australis 

Common Reed 

* Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass 

Poa ensiformis 

Sword Tussock-grass 

Poa helmsii 

Tall Mountain Tussock-grass 

Poa labillardierei var. labillardierei 

Common Tussock-grass 

Poa morrisii 

Soft Tussock-grass 

Poa sieberiana var. hirtella 

Grey Tussock-grass 

Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana 

Grey Tussock-grass 

Poa tenera 

Slender Tussock-grass 

Tetrarrhena juncea 

Forest Wire-grass 

Tetrarrhena distichophylla 

Hairy Rice-grass 

Themeda triandra 

Kangaroo Grass 

* Vulpia bromoides Squirrel-tail Fescue 

POTAMOGETONACEAE 

Potamogeton ochreatus 

Blunt Pondweed 

Potamogeton tepperi 

Furrowed Pondweed 

RESTIONACEAE 

Empodisma minus 

Spreading Rope-rush 

TYPHACEAE 

Typha domingensis 

Narrow-leaf Cubungi 

Typha orientalis 

Broad-leaf Cubungi 

XANTHORRHOEACEAE 

Lomandra filiformis ssp. coriacea 

Wattle Mat-rush 

Lomandra filiformis ssp. filiformis 

Wattle Mat-rush 

Lomandra longifolia ssp. exilis 

Cluster-headed Mat-rush 

Lomandra longifolia ssp. longifolia 

Spiny-headed Mat-rush 

Lomandra multiflora ssp. multiflora 

Many-flowered Mat-rush 

Xanthorrhoea australis 

Austral Grass-tree 

Xanthorrhoea minor ssp. lutea 

Small Grass-tree 

DICOTYLEDONS 

APIACEAE 

Centella cordifolia 

Centella 

Daucus glochidiatus 

Austral Carrot 

Eryngium vesiculosum 

Prickfoot 

Hydrocotyle callicarpa 

Small Pennywort 

Hydrocotyle foveolata 

Yellow Pennywort 

Hydrocotyle geraniifolia 

Forest Pennywort 

Hydrocotyle hirta 

Hairy Pennywort 

Hydrocotyle laxiflora 

Stinking Pennywort 

Hydrocotyle pterocarpa 

Wing Pennywort 

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides 

Shining Pennywort 

Leptinella filicula 

Mountain Cotula 

Lilaeopsis polyantha 

Australian Lilaeopsis 

> Oreomyrrhis eriopoda Australian Caraway 

Xanthosia dissecta s.l. 

Cut-leaf Xanthosia 

Xanthosia tridentata 

Hill Xanthosia 

APOCYNACEAE 

83


Parsonsia brownii 

Twining Silkpod 

* Vinca major Blue Periwinkle 

AQUIFOLIACEAE 

* Ilex aquifolium Holly 

ARALIACEAE 

Astrotricha asperifolia ssp. 1 

Rough Star-hair 

* Hedera helix Ivy 

Polyscias sambucifolia ssp. 3 

Mountain Panax 

ASTERACEAE 

* Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed 

Allittia uliginosa 

Small Swamp-daisy 

Bedfordia arborescens 

Blanket-leaf 

Brachyscome diversifolia 

Tall Daisy 

Brachyscome multifida var. dilatata 

Cut-leaf Daisy 

Cassinia aculeata 

Common Cassinia 

Cassinia arcuata 

Drooping Cassinia 

Cassinia longifolia 

Shiny Cassinia 

Centipeda cunninghamii 

Common Sneezeweed 

Centipeda elatinoides 

Elatine Sneezeweed 

* Chrysanthemoides monilifera spp. monilifera African Boneseed 

Chrysocephalum apiculatum s.l. 

Common Everlasting 

Chrysocephalum semipapposum (goldfields form) 

Clustered Everlasting 

Chrysocephalum semipapposum (gully form) 


Chrysocephalum semipapposum (mountain form) 


* Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle 

* Conyza bonariensis Flax-leaf Fleabane 

Cotula australis 

Common Cotula 

Craspedia variabilis 

Common Billy-buttons 

Cymbonotus preissianus 

Austral Bear's-ears 

* Delairea odorata Cape Ivy 

Euchiton collinus s.s. 

Creeping Cudweed 

Euchiton involucratus s.s. 

Star Cudweed 

Euchiton sphaericus 

Annual Cudweed 

r Euchiton umbricola Cliff Cudweed 

* Gamochaeta purpurea s.l. Purple Cudweed 

Helichrysum leucopsideum 

Satin Everlasting 

v Helichrysum aff. rutidolepis (lowland swamps) Pale Swamp Everlasting 

Helichrysum scorpioides 

Button Everlasting 

* Hypochoeris radicata Cat's Ear 

Lagenophora gracilis 

Slender Bottle-daisy 

Lagenophora stipitata 

Common Bottle-daisy 

* Leontodon taraxacoides ssp. taraxacoides Hairy Hawkbit 

> Leptorhynchos nitidulus Shiny Buttons 

Leptorhynchos squamatus s.s. 

Scaly Buttons 

Leptorhynchos tenuifolius 

Wiry Buttons 

Leucochrysum albicans 

Hoary Sunray 

Microseris sp. 3 

Yam Daisy 

Myriocephalus rhizocephalus 

Woolly-heads 

Olearia argophylla 

Musk Daisy-bush 

Olearia argophylla x erubescens 

Hybrid Olearia 

Olearia erubescens 

Moth Daisy-bush 

84


Olearia lirata 

Snowy Daisy-bush 

Olearia megalophylla 

Large-leaf Daisy-bush 

Olearia myrsinoides 

Silky Daisy-bush 

Olearia phlogopappa 

Dusty Daisy-bush 

Olearia rugosa 

Wrinkled Daisy-bush 

Olearia speciosa 

Netted Daisy-bush 

Ozothamnus ferrugineus 

Tree Everlasting 

> Ozothamnus obcordatus Grey Everlasting 

Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius 

Rosemary Everlasting 

Podolepis jaceoides s.s. 

Showy Podolepis 

Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum 

Jersey Cudweed 

Senecio bathurstianus 

Fireweed 

Senecio glomeratus 

Annual Fireweed 

Senecio hispidulus var. hispidulus 

Rough Fireweed 

* Senecio jacobaea Ragwort 

Senecio linearifolius var. denticulatus 

Fireweed Groundsel 

Senecio minimus 

Shrubby Fireweed 

Senecio picridioides 

Purple-leaf Groundsel 

Senecio pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius 

Variable Groundsel 

Senecio prenanthoides 

Fireweed 

Senecio quadridentatus 

Cotton Fireweed 

Senecio tenuiflorus 

Slender Fireweed 

Senecio vagus ssp. vagus 

Saw Groundsel 

Senecio velleioides 

Forest Groundsel 

Sigesbeckia orientalis ssp. orientalis 

Indian Weed 

> Siloxerus multiflorus Small Wrinklewort 

Solenogyne dominii 

Smooth Solenogyne 

Solenogyne gunnii 

Hairy Solenogyne 

* Soliva sessilis Jo Jo 

* Sonchus asper s.l. Rough Sow-thistle 

* Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle 

Stuartina muelleri 

Spoon Cudweed 

* Taraxacum officinale spp. agg. Garden Dandelion 

Triptilodiscus pygmaeus 

Common Sunray 

Vittadinia cuneata 

Fuzzy New Holland Daisy 

Xerochrysum bracteata 

Golden Everlasting 

BIGNONIACEAE 

Pandorea pandorana 

Wonga Vine 

BORAGINACEAE 

> Austrocynoglossum latifolium Forest Hound's-tongue 

Cynoglossum suaveolens 

Sweet Hound's-tongue 

* Echium plantagineum Paterson's Curse 

Myosotis australis 

Austral Forget-me-not 

> Myosotis exarrhena Sweet Forget-me-not 

* Myosotis sylvatica Wood Forget-me-not 

BRASSICACEAE 

* Cardamine hirsuta s.l. Common Bitter-cress 

Rorippa dictyosperma 

Forest Bitter-cress 

Rorippa gigantea 

Long-style Bitter-cress 

BRUNONIACEAE 

Brunonia australis 

Blue Pincushion 

85


CALLITRICHACEAE 

v Callitriche brachycarpa Short Water-starwort 

Callitriche muelleri 

Round Water-starwort 

* Callitriche stagnalis Common Starwort 

CAMPANULACEAE 

Isotoma fluviatilis ssp. australis 

Swamp Isotome 

Lobelia anceps 

Angled Lobelia 

Lobelia gibbosa s.l. 

Tall Lobelia 

Lobelia rhombifolia 

Branched Lobelia 

Lobelia simplicicaulis 

Narrow Lobelia 

Wahlenbergia gracilenta s.l. 

Annual Bluebell 

Wahlenbergia gracilis s.l. 

Sprawling Bluebell 

> Wahlenbergia graniticola Granite Bluebell 

Wahlenbergia stricta s.l. 

Tall Bluebell 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE 

Sambucus gaudichaudiana 

White Elderberry 

* Viburnum tinus Laurestinus 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

* Cerastium diffusum Sea Mouse-ear Chickweed 

* Cerastium glomeratum s.l. Common Mouse-ear Chickweed 

* Moenchia erecta Erect Chickweed 

* Sagina apetala Common Pearlwort 

Stellaria flaccida 

Forest Starwort 

* Stellaria media Chickweed 

* Stellaria pallida Lesser Chickweed 

Stellaria pungens 

Prickly Starwort 

CASUARINACEAE 

Allocasuarina paludosa 

Scrub Sheoak 

CHENOPODIACEAE 

* Atriplex prostrata Hastate Orache 

> Chenopodium pumilio Clammy Goosefoot 

Einadia nutans ssp. nutans 

Nodding Saltbush 

CLUSIACEAE 

* Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan 

Hypericum gramineum 

Small St John's Wort 

Hypericum japonicum 

Matted St John's Wort 

* Hypericum perforatum St John's Wort 

CONVOLVULACEAE 

Calystegia marginata 

Forest Bindweed 

Dichondra repens 

Kidney-weed 

CRASSULACEAE 

Crassula decumbens var. decumbens 

Spreading Crassula 

> Crassula helmsii Swamp Crassula 

> Crassula sieberiana var. sieberiana Austral Stonecrop 

> Crassula sieberiana var. tetramera Austral Stonecrop 

CUNONIACEAE 

Bauera rubioides 

Wiry Bauera 

DILLENIACEAE 

Hibbertia empetrifolia s.l. 

Tangled Guinea-flower 

> Hibbertia fasciculata ssp. prostrata Bundled Guinea-flower 

Hibbertia obtusifolia 

Grey Guinea-flower 

86


DROSERACEAE 

Drosera peltata ssp. auriculata 

Drosera peltata ssp. peltata 

Drosera pygmaea 

Drosera whittakeri ssp. aberrans 

ELATINACEAE 

Elatine gratioloides 

EPACRIDACEAE 

Acrotriche prostrata 

Acrotriche serrulata 

Astroloma humifusum 

Brachyloma daphnoides 

Epacris impressa 

Leucopogon ericoides 

Leucopogon virgatus 

Monotoca scoparia 

ERICACEAE 

Tall Sundew 

Pale Sundew 

Tiny Sundew 

Scented Sundew 

Waterwort 

Trailing Ground-berry 

Honey-pots 

Cranberry Heath 

Daphne Heath 

Common Heath 

Pink Beard-heath 

Common Beard-heath 

Prickly Broom-heath 

* Erica lusitanica Spanish Heath 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

Amperea xiphoclada var. xiphoclada 

Broom Spurge 

Phyllanthus hirtellus 

Thyme Spurge 

Poranthera microphylla 

Small Poranthera 

R r Pseudanthus divaricatissimus Tangled Pseudanthus 

FABACEAE 

Acacia aculeatissima 

Thin-leaf Wattle 

Acacia brownii 

Heath Wattle 

Acacia dealbata 

Silver Wattle 

* Acacia decurrens Early Black Wattle 

# Acacia floribunda White-sallow Wattle 

Acacia genistifolia 

Spreading Wattle 

Acacia gunnii 

Ploughshare Wattle 

# Acacia howittii Sticky Wattle 

Acacia implexa 

Lightwood 

Acacia lanigera var. whanii 

Woolly Wattle 

r Acacia leprosa var. graveolans Southern Varnish Wattle 

k Acacia leprosa var. uninervia Large-leaf Cinnamon Wattle 

Acacia mearnsii 

Black Wattle 

Acacia melanoxylon 

Blackwood 

Acacia mucronata var. longifolia 

Narrow-leaf Wattle 

Acacia myrtifolia 

Myrtle Wattle 

Acacia obliquinervia 

Mountain Hickory Wattle 

Acacia oxycedrus 

Spike Wattle 

Acacia paradoxa 

Hedge Wattle 

Acacia pycnantha 

Golden Wattle 

* Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle 

Acacia stricta 

Hop Wattle 

Acacia ulicifolia 

Juniper Wattle 

Acacia verticillata var. verticillata 

Prickly Moses 

Almaleea subumbellata 

Wiry Bush-pea 

r > Bossiaea cordigera 

Wiry Bossiaea 

87


Bossiaea prostrata 

Creeping Bossiaea 

* Chamaecytisus palmensis Tree Lucerne 

* Cytisus scoparius English Broom 

Daviesia leptophylla 

Narrow-leaf Bitter-pea 

Daviesia ulicifolia 

Gorse Bitter-pea 

Desmodium gunnii 

Southern Tick-trefoil 

k Desmodium varians Slender Tick-trefoil 

Dillwynia cinerascens 

Grey Parrot-pea 

Dillwynia glaberrima 

Smooth Parrot-pea 

Dillwynia juniperina 

Prickly Parrot-pea 

Dillwynia phylicoides 

Small-leaf Parrot-pea 

Dillwynia sericea 

Showy Parrot-pea 

* Dipogon lignosus Dolichos Pea 

* Genista monspessulana Montpellier Broom 

Glycine clandestina 

Twining Glycine 

> Glycine microphylla Small-leaf Glycine 

Gompholobium huegelii 

Common Wedge-pea 

r Goodia lotifolia var. pubescens Silky Golden-tip 

Hardenbergia violacea 

Purple Coral-pea 

Hovea heterophylla 

Common Hovea 

Indigofera australis 

Austral Indigo 

Kennedia prostrata 

Running Postman 

* Lotus suaveolens Hairy Bird's-foot Trefoil 

* Lotus uliginosus Greater Bird's-foot Trefoil 

Oxylobium arborescens 

Tall Shaggy-pea 

* Medicago polymorpha Burr Medic 

Platylobium montanum ssp. montanum 

Handsome Flat-pea 

Platylobium montanum ssp. prostratum 

Handsome Flat-pea 

Podolobium procumbens 

Trailing Podolobium 

> Pultenaea daphnoides Large-leaf Bush-pea 

> Pultenaea forsythiana Eastern Prickly Bush-pea 

R v Pultenaea glabra Swamp Bush-pea 

Pultenaea gunnii ssp. gunnii 

Golden Bush-pea 

Pultenaea juniperina s.l. 

Prickly Bush-pea 

Pultenaea muelleri var. muelleri 

Mueller's Bush-pea 

Pultenaea scabra 

Rough Bush-pea 

* Trifolium campestre var. campestre Hop Clover 

* Trifolium dubium Suckling Clover 

* Trifolium repens var. repens White Clover 

* Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover 

* Ulex europaeus Gorse 

* Vicia disperma French Tiny Vetch 

FAGACEAE 

Nothofagus cunninghamii 

Myrtle Beech 

* Quercus robur English Oak 

GENTIANACEAE 

* Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury 

* Centaurium tenuiflorum Branched Centaury 

Chionogentias polysperes 

Early Forest-gentian 

Sebaea ovata 

Yellow Sebaea 

GERANIACEAE 

88


Geranium trachycaule (sp. 4) 

Rough Crane’s-bill 

Geranium homeanum 

Northern Crane’s-bill 

Geranium potentilloides 

Cinquefoil Crane’s-bill 

Geranium ciliocarpum (sp. 2) 

Variable Crane’s-bill 

Geranium inundatum (sp. 5) 

Naked Crane’s-bill 

Pelargonium australe 

Austral Stork's-bill 

Pelargonium inodoram 

Kopata 

GOODENIACEAE 

Dampiera stricta 

Blue Dampiera 

Goodenia blackiana 

Black's Goodenia 

Goodenia elongata 

Lanky Goodenia 

Goodenia geniculata 

Bent Goodenia 

Goodenia lanata 

Trailing Goodenia 

Goodenia ovata 

Hop Goodenia 

Velleia paradoxa 

Spur Velleia 

HALORAGACEAE 

Gonocarpus humilis 

Shade Raspwort 

Gonocarpus micranthus ssp. micranthus 

Creeping Raspwort 

Gonocarpus tetragynus 

Common Raspwort 

Myriophyllum crispatum 

Upright Water-milfoil 

Myriophyllum variifolium 

Varied Water-milfoil 

LAMIACEAE 

Ajuga australis 

Austral Bugle 

Lycopus australis 

Australian Gipsywort 

Mentha laxiflora 

Forest Mint 

* Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal 

> Plectranthus parvifolius Cockspur Flower 

Prostanthera hirtula 

Hairy Mint-bush 

Prostanthera lasianthos 

Victorian Christmas-bush 

Prostanthera melissifolia 

Balm Mint-bush 

* Prunella vulgaris Self-heal 

Teucrium corymbosum 

Forest Germander 

LAURACEAE 

Cassytha glabella 

Slender Dodder-laurel 

Cassytha melantha 

Coarse Dodder-laurel 

Cassytha pubescens s.s. 

Downy Dodder-laurel 

LINACEAE 

> Linum marginale Native Flax 

LOGANIACEAE 

Logania albiflora 

Narrow-leaf Logania 

LORANTHACEAE 

> Amyema miquelii Box Mistletoe 

Amyema pendula 

Drooping Mistletoe 

> Amyema quandang Grey Mistletoe 

Muellerina eucalyptoides 

Creeping Mistletoe 

LYTHRACEAE 

Lythrum hyssopifolia 

Small Loosestrife 

Lythrum salicaria 

Purple Loosestrife 

MALVACEAE 

Gynatrix pulchella 

Hemp Bush 

* Modiola caroliniana Carolina Mallow 

89


MENYANTHACEAE 

Villarsia reniformis 

Running Marsh-flower 

MONIMIACEAE 

Atherosperma moschatum 

Southern Sassafras 

Hedycarya angustifolia 

Austral Mulberry 

MYRSINACEAE 

Myrsine howittiana 

Muttonwood 

MYRTACEAE 

Baeckea ramosissima ssp. ramosissima 

Rosy Baeckea 

Eucalyptus baxteri s.l. 

Brown Stringybark 

Eucalyptus camphora ssp. humeana 

Mountain Swamp Gum 

Eucalyptus cephalocarpa s.s. 

Mealy Stringybark 

Eucalyptus cypellocarpa 

Mountain Grey-gum 

 

Eucalyptus delegatensis 

Alpine Ash 

Eucalyptus dives 

Broad-leaved Peppermint 

 

Eucalyptus fastigata 

Cut-tail 

r Eucalyptus fulgens Green Scentbark 

Eucalyptus globoidea 

White Stringybark 

 

Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus 

Southern Blue-gum 

Eucalyptus goniocalyx s.s. 

Bundy 

Eucalyptus macrorhyncha 

Red Stringybark 

Eucalyptus melliodora 

Yellow Box 

 

Eucalyptus nitens 

Shining Gum 

Eucalyptus obliqua 

Messmate Stringybark 

Eucalyptus ovata 

Swamp Gum 

Eucalyptus polyanthemos 

Red Box 

Eucalyptus radiata ssp. radiata 

Narrow-leaf Peppermint 

Eucalyptus regnans 

Mountain Ash 

Eucalyptus rubida 

Candlebark 

 

Eucalyptus stellulata 

Black Sallee 

> 

Eucalyptus tricarpa Red Ironbark 

Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. viminalis 

Manna Gum 

R k Eucalyptus yarraensis Yarra Gum 

k Kunzea leptospermoides Yarra Burgan 

Kunzea peduncularis 

Forest Burgan 

Leptospermum continentale 

Prickly Tea-tree 

> Leptospermum grandifolium Mountain Tea-tree 

Leptospermum lanigerum 

Woolly Tea-tree 

Leptospermum aff. lanigerum (western variant) 

Woolly Tea-tree 

Leptospermum myrsinoides 

Heath Tea-tree 

Leptospermum aff. scoparium 

Black Tea-tree 

Melaleuca ericifolia 

Swamp Paperbark 

Melaleuca squarrosa 

Scented Paperbark 

OLEACEAE 

Notelaea ligustrina 

Privet Mock-olive 

ONAGRACEAE 

Epilobium billardierianum ssp. cinereum 

Grey Willow-herb 

Epilobium gunnianum 

Butterfly Willow-herb 

Epilobium hirtigerum 

Hairy Willow-herb 

Epilobium pallidiflorum 

Showy Willow-herb 

* Epilobium hirsutum Great Willow-herb 

90


OXALIDACEAE 

Oxalis corniculata s.l. 

Yellow Wood-sorrel 

Oxalis exilis 

Shady Wood-sorrel 

* Oxalis incarnata Pale-flowered Wood-sorrel 

Oxalis perennans 

Grassland Wood-sorrel 

PITTOSPORACEAE 

Billardiera longiflora var. longiflora 

Purple Apple-berry 

Billardiera mutabilis 

Common Apple-berry 

Bursaria spinosa ssp. spinosa 

Sweet Bursaria 

Pittosporum bicolor 

Banyalla 

# Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum 

# Pittosporum bicolor x undulatum Hybrid Pittosporum 

Rhytidosporum procumbens 

White Merianth 

PLANTAGINACEAE 

* Plantago coronopus Buck's-horn Plantain 

Plantago debilis 

Shade Plantain 

* Plantago lanceolata Ribwort 

Plantago varia 

Variable Plantain 

POLYGALACEAE 

Comesperma calymega 

Blue-spike Milkwort 

Comesperma ericinum 

Heath Milkwort 

Comesperma volubile 

Love Creeper 

POLYGONACEAE 

* Acetosella vulgaris Sheep Sorrel 

Persicaria decipiens 

Slender Knotweed 

Persicaria hydropiper 

Water Pepper 

Persicaria praetermissa 

Spotted Knotweed 

Rumex brownii 

Slender Dock 

* Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock 

* Rumex crispus Curled Dock 

* Rumex obtusifolius ssp. obtusifolius Broad-leaf Dock 

PORTULACACEAE 

Neopaxia australasica 

White Purslane 

PRIMULACEAE 

* Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel 

PROTEACEAE 

Banksia marginata 

Silver Banksia 

Banksia spinulosa var. cunninghamii 

Hairpin Banksia 

Grevillea alpina (southern hills form) 

Mountain Grevillea 

R r Grevillea repens Creeping Grevillea 

Hakea decurrens ssp. physocarpa 

Bushy Needlewood 

Hakea nodosa 

Yellow Hakea 

Hakea ulicina 

Furze Hakea 

Isopogon ceratophyllus 

Horny Cone-bush 

Lomatia fraseri 

Tree Lomatia 

Lomatia ilicifolia 

Holly Lomatia 

v Persoonia arborea Tree Geebung 

Persoonia chamaepeuce 

Dwarf Geebung 

Persoonia juniperina 

Prickly Geebung 

RANUNCULACEAE 

Clematis aristata 

Mountain Clematis 

91


Clematis glycinoides var. glycinoides 

Forest Clematis 

Ranunculus amphitrichus 

Small River Buttercup 

Ranunculus glabrifolius 

Shining Buttercup 

Ranunculus lappaceus 

Australian Buttercup 

Ranunculus plebeius s.l. 

Forest/Hairy Buttercup 

Ranunculus pumilo var. pumilo 

Ferny Small-flower Buttercup 

Ranunculus sessiliflorus var. sessiliflorus 

Annual Buttercup 

RHAMNACEAE 

Pomaderris aspera 

Hazel Pomaderris 

Pomaderris elachophylla 

Small-leaf Pomaderris 

Pomaderris racemosa 

Cluster Pomaderris 

e Pomaderris vacciniifolia Round-leaf Pomaderris 

Spyridium parvifolium 

Dusty Miller 

ROSACEAE 

Acaena agnipila 

Hairy Sheep's Burr 

Acaena echinata 

Sheep's Burr 

Acaena novae-zelandiae 

Bidgee-widgee 

* Aphanes arvensis Parsley Piert 

Aphanes australiana 

Australian Piert 

* Cotoneaster pannosus Velvet Cotoneaster 

* Rubus erythrops Blackberry 

* Rubus fruticosus spp. agg. Blackberry 

* Rubus laciniatus Cut-leaf Bramble 

Rubus parvifolius 

Small-leaf Bramble 

* Rubus polyanthemus Blackberry 

* Rubus sp. aff. armeniacus Blackberry 

RUBIACEAE 

Asperula conferta 

Common Woodruff 

> Asperula euryphylla Broad-leaf Woodruff 

Asperula gunnii 

Mountain Woodruff 

Asperula scoparia 

Prickly Woodruff 

Coprosma hirtella 

Rough Coprosma 

Coprosma quadrifida 

Prickly Currant-bush 

Coprosma reptans 

Dwarf Nertera 

Galium binifolium 

Reflexed Bedstraw 

Galium gaudichaudii 

Rough Bedstraw 

Galium propinquum 

Maori Bedstraw 

Opercularia ovata 

Broad-leaf Stinkweed 

Opercularia varia 

Variable Stinkweed 

RUTACEAE 

r Asterolasia asteriscophora Lemon-scented Star-bush 

Boronia nana var. hyssopifolia 

Dwarf Boronia 

r Boronia nana var. pubescens Grampians Dwarf Boronia 

Correa lawrenceana var. latrobeana 

Mountain Correa 

Correa reflexa var. reflexa 

Common Correa 

Zieria arborescens 

Stinkwood 

SANTALACEAE 

Exocarpos cupressiformis 

Cherry Ballart 

Exocarpos strictus 

Pale-fruit Ballart 

SAPINDACEAE 

Dodonaea viscosa ssp. cuneata 

Wedge-leaf Hop-bush 

92


SCROPHULARIACEAE 

Derwentia derwentiana 

Derwent Speedwell 

* Digitalis purpurea Foxglove 

r Euphrasia collina ssp. ?trichocalycina Purple Eyebright 

Glossostigma elatinoides 

Small Mudmat 

Gratiola peruviana 

Austral Brooklime 

Gratiola pubescens 

Glandular Brooklime 

Mazus pumilo 

Swamp Mazus 

* Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein 

Veronica calycina 

Hairy Speedwell 

Veronica gracilis 

Slender Speedwell 

> Veronica aff. gracilis Mountain Speedwell 

Veronica notabilis 

Forest Speedwell 

Veronica plebeia 

Trailing Speedwell 

SOLANACEAE 

Solanum aviculare 

Kangaroo Apple 

Solanum laciniatum 

Large Kangaroo Apple 

* Solanum physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum Cherry Nightshade 

> Solanum prinophyllum Forest Nightshade 

Solanum vescum 

Gunyang 

STRACKHOUSIACEAE 

Stackhousia monogyna 

Creamy Stackhousia 

STYLIDIACEAE 

r Levenhookia sonderi Slender Stylewort 

> Stylidium armeria Common Trigger-plant 

r Stylidium aff. graminifolium . Trigger-plant 

THYMELAEACEAE 

Pimelea axiflora ssp. axiflora 

Bootlace Bush 

r Pimelea curviflora aff. var. subglabrata Curved Rice-flower 

Pimelea glauca 

Smooth Rice-flower 

Pimelea humilis 

Common Rice-flower 

> Pimelea ligustrina ssp. ligustrina Tall Rice-flower 

Pimelea linifolia ssp. linifolia 

Slender Rice-flower 

Pimelea linifolia ssp. linifolia (Tasmanian form) 

Slender Rice-flower 

TREMANDRACEAE 

Tetratheca bauerifolia 

Heath Pink-bells 

> Tetratheca labillardierei Glandular Pink-bells 

Tetratheca ciliata 

Pink-bells 

URTICACEAE 

Australina pusilla ssp. muelleri 

Shade Nettle 

Parietaria debilis s.l. 

Shade Pellitory 

Urtica incisa 

Scrub Nettle 

VIOLACEAE 

Melicytus dentatus 

Tree Violet 

Viola betonicifolia ssp. betonicifolia 

Showy Violet 

Viola cleistogamoides 

Hidden Violet 

Viola hederacea s.s. 

Ivy-leaf Violet 

* Viola odorata Common Violet- 

WINTERACEAE 

> Tasmannia lanceolata Mountain Pepper 

93


94


Appendix 4. SITES OF BOTANICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN KINGLAKE 

NATIONAL PARK 

Most of the National Park and reference areas have received a moderate to high level of survey by 

the authors, allowing stratification of the Park into ‘sites’ of botanical significance. Sites of botanical 

significance within the study area have been developed using the methodology of the Biosites project 

(NRE 2002). Using this criteria it was found that the study area supports four sites of National 

significance and twelve sites of State significance. The remaining sites are at least of regional 

significance, as they are an integral component of an extensive system of mountain forest 

communities. Key sites of significance within the study area include Broad Gully, Mt 

Disappointment Reference Area, Captains Creek, Yea River and Stuart’s Spur. 

The locations of all sites of botanical significance are shown in figures 2 – 5. 

Explanation of terms 

Botanical significance 

There are five categories that are assessed under botanical significance. These are each ranked either 

as N=National, S=State or R=Regional. 

The five categories are: 

EI&V = Ecological Integrity & Viability. This describes condition and extent of vegetation or size of 

populations. 

R&D = Richness and Diversity. This quantifies relative numbers of species in comparison to 

analogous stands of vegetation (where known). 

R&C = Rarity & Conservation. This summarises values that are considered rare at a National, State 

or Regional level. For example, Victorian Rare or Threatened Species (VROT’s) and regionally 

threatened species. It also describes communities and/or EVC’s listed as rare or threatened in the 

State. We have adhered to published DSE reports and followed their rankings. 

RoT = Representative of Type. This is the sum of the above three criteria. A unique stand of 

vegetation will also be rated under this category. 

S&EV = Scientific & Educational Value. This is a more subjective criterion that rates the value of the 

site for scientific and educational purposes. These may include long-term species monitoring sites, 

rare natural features, demonstration of ecological processes, cultural values and other natural assets. 

For an example, reference areas are all listed as of State significance under this criterion. 

Other Assets - Flora Species & Significant Vegetation Communities 

The number listed for each EVC refers to DSE classification. 

Condition and Extent are rated from highest to lowest from 1-4. They refer to a stand of vegetation, 

usually an EVC or occasionally a community. These are normally assessed at the time prior to the 

February 2009 bushfire because it will be several years before the impact of this event can be fully 

quantified. 

Condition: 

1 = pristine and intact or the best stand known within the study area. Very little human impact. 

95


2 = relatively intact. Stands in this category refer to much of the vegetation in the study area. Low to 

moderate levels of human impact. 

3 = partially intact. Moderate to high levels of human impact. 

4 = degraded, cleared or heavily alienated land. None of the sites included a Level 4. 

Extent: 

1 = the most extensive stand within the region (if known) or study area of a vegetation type. 

2 = relatively extensive stand of a vegetation type. Stands in this category refer to much of the 

vegetation in the study area. 

3 = a small stand of vegetation, usually restricted to a localised landform (e.g. cliffs of Mason’s Falls). 

4 = highly localised stand of vegetation, usually relating to an artificial landform (e.g. Wallaby Weir). 

96


1 Wallaby Creek Catchment 

1.1 Mount Disappointment Reference Area 

Location: Plenty River headwaters bounded by Board Road and Road 3 in north, Road 15 in east, Road 

54 in south and Road 2 in west 

BOTANICAL SIGNIFICANCE: National 

EI&V: N. R&D: S. R&C: N. RoT: N. S&EV: N. Data Coverage: Medium (access limited to roads) 

Bioregion: Highlands - Southern Fall 

FLORA ASSETS: Victorian Rare or Threatened (VROT) Species 

Acacia verniciflua (Southern Varnish Wattle; k), Grevillea repens (Creeping Grevillea; rare) and Pterostylis 

sp. aff. parviflora (Red-tip Greenhood; rare): EVC 20 (Road 15 in 1988 – closed during this survey) 

Bossiaea cordigera (Wiry Bossiaea; rare - Road 54 in 1988 – not observed this survey) and Goodia 

lotifolia var. pubescens (Silky Golden-tip; rare): EVC 23 

Thismia rodwayi (Fairy Lanterns; vulnerable – last observed 2007 SE of corner of Road 3 & Road 15 but 

likely elsewhere): EVC 30 

Cyathea cunninghamii (Slender Tree-fern; vulnerable – literature record for reference area and not obs by 

authors), Lastreopsis hispida (Bristly Shield-fern; rare – Road 14 in 1988) and Pteris comans (Netted 

Brake; rare – Road 14 in 1988): EVC 31 

OTHER ASSETS: Flora Species 

High Ecological Integrity & Viability (state) 

Extensive populations of numerous regionally threatened and regionally significant species 

High Richness & Diversity (state) 

Over 300 indigenous plant species including over 30 species of orchids recorded at site. This is 

particularly high given less than 10% of the site is accessible from roads. There are over 50 regionally 

significant species (in addition to the VROT and regionally threatened species listed). Over thirty fern 

species have been recorded for Plenty River at Road 14. 

Very High Rarity & Conservation (national) 

Nine VROT species recorded at site including the vulnerable Cyathea cunninghamii and Thismia rodwayi. 

This is a large number of VROTs for mountain forest in the context of Victoria. 

High Rarity & Conservation (state) 

Twenty seven regionally threatened species: 

Astrotricha asperifolia (Rough Star-hair), Boronia nana var. pubescens (Grampians Dwarf Boronia), 

Corunastylis morrisii (Bearded Midge-orchid), Podolepis jaceiodes (Showy Podolepis), Podolobium 

procumbens (Trailing Podolobium), Prasophyllum odoratum (Scented Leek-orchid), Prostanthera hirtula 

(Hairy Mint-bush), Thelymitra flexuosa (Twisted Sun-orchid), Tetratheca bauerifolia (Heath Pink-bells): 

EVC 20 

Cryptostylis leptochila (Small Tongue-orchid), Deyeuxia frigida (Forest Bent-grass), Festuca asperula 

(Graceful Fescue), Pterostylis atrans (Dark-tip Greenhood) and Tetrarrhena distichophylla (Hairy Ricegrass): 

EVC 23 

Hypolepis glandulifera (Downy Ground-fern), Prasophyllum flavum (Yellow Leek-orchid), Prostanthera 

melissifolia (Balm Mint-bush), Pterostylis decurva (Summer Greenhood): EVC 30 

Asplenium flaccidum ssp. flaccidum (Weeping Spleenwort), Blechnum patersonii (Strap Water-fern), 

Corybas sp. aff. diemenicus 4 (Mountain Helmet-orchid), Ctenopteris heterophylla (Gypsy Fern), 

Hymenophyllum rarum (Narrow Filmy-fern), Leptinella filicula (Mountain Cotula), Nothofagus cunninghamii 

(Myrtle Beech), Rorippa gigantea (Long-style Bitter-cress), Sarcochilus australis (Butterfly Orchid), 

Senecio vagus (Saw Groundsel), Sticherus lobatus (Spreading Fan-fern), Tmesipteris parva (Small Forkfern), 

Uncinia tenella (Delicate Hook-sedge): EVC 31 

Notable occurrences of other regionally significant species include Goodenia elongata (Lanky Goodenia) 

and Viola betonicifolia (Showy Violet) in EVC 23, Correa lawrenciana (Mountain Correa), Mentha laxiflora 

97


(Forest Mint) and Zieria arborescens (Stinkwood) in EVC 30 and Atherosperma moschatum (Southern 

Sassafras) in EVC 31. 

OTHER ASSETS: Significant Communities 

EVC 18. Riparian Forest (mountain creek) 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus cypellocarpa, Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. viminalis, Acacia melanoxylon, 

Olearia argophylla, Pomaderris aspera 

Condition: 2. Extent: 3 

EVC 20. Heathy Dry Forest 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus 

goniocalyx 

Condition: 2*. Extent: 2 

EVC 23. Herb-rich Foothill Forest (sheltered mountain slope) 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus cypellocarpa, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus radiata 


EVC 29. Damp Forest 



EVC 30. Wet Forest 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus regnans, Pomaderris aspera, Bedfordia arborescens, Acacia melanoxylon 


EVC 31. Cool Temperate Rainforest 

Dominant species: Atherosperma moschatum, Nothofagus cunninghamii 


Note: intact stands of secure mountain forest communities in this site are ranked state/national as they are 

in a proclaimed reference area and are of outstanding quality. 

Very High Ecological Integrity & Viability (national) 

Wet Forest: intact and extensive old growth stands on upper sections of Roads 2 and 3 and along Road 

14 

Cool Temperate Rainforest: intact and extensive stand in Plenty River headwaters on Road 14 


Riparian Forest: intact and relatively extensive stand along Plenty River 

Damp Forest: intact and extensive stands along lower sections of Roads 2 and 3 

Heathy Dry Forest: intact and extensive stand along Road 15 

Herb-rich Foothill Forest: intact and extensive stands along Road 54 

Richness & Diversity (regional) 

Six vegetation communities present in site 

Very High Representative of Type (national) 

The site meets criteria for integrity, rarity and scientific value at the national level and diversity at the state 

level. It is nominated as representative of type at the national level for the superlative stands of old growth 

wet forest and cool temperate rainforest. This is the most intact and significant occurrence of these 

communities in Port Phillip Region. The reference area supports one of few old growth wet forest systems 

in Victoria. 

Very High Scientific & Educational Value (national) Note: discussion relates to prior to bushfire 

The Disappointment Reference Area is proclaimed within the Victorian Reference Area System under the 

Reference Areas Act 1978. Sections of the Disappointment Reference Area have been neither logged nor 

burnt since settlement and are the only such areas in Port Phillip Region of few in Victoria. The site has 

high biogeographical significance for flora and fauna and provides rare natural occurrences and disjunct 

range limits of species. This demonstrates essential evolutionary relationships and origin within the 

Biogeographic Region. 

98


The central highlands ash forest and cool temperate rainforest are at their western range limit. The latter is 

at its ecological and distributional limits (Cheal et. al 1989). The rainforest occurs along streams and 

gullies of the Plenty River East Branch tributaries in the Disappointment Reference Area where annual 

rainfall and elevation exceed 1000 mm and 500 m respectively. There is a "relict" stand of Nothofagus 

(Myrtle Beech) on the main tributary below Road 14. Several trees are presumed to be in excess of 1,000 

years old. The successional transition from ash forest to rainforest in the beech gully is of great scientific 

importance. 

The old growth ash forest and rainforest are some of few unmodified pre-European stands of vegetation in 

Victoria. Old growth forests are those that have been protected from logging and fire for 150 years or 

more. Some stands on the southern escarpment of Mt Disappointment originate from fires dating about 

1730 (Beardsell 1997). These escaped large post-European settlement bushfires in 1851, 1898, 1926 and 

1939. A stand of 530 ha of the 1730 old growth ash forest at an average of 40 trees/ha occurs in the 

reference area. The veteran ash stags have a diametre at breast height of up to 5 m but have undergone 

partial crown loss to lightning strikes and wind. There is a further 235 ha originating from 1851. A stand 

along Road 3 includes the massive Mr. Jessop that is believed to be the largest circumference tree when 

measured at 75 m above ground in the World. Several trees along Road 3 and Track 12 have been 

measured at 93 m tall. The advance of timber cutters and paling splitters from Wandong had not extended 

beyond the plateau onto the southern escarpment by 1881 when harvesting was excluded. 

The old growth ash forest at Mt Disappointment is dominated by trees that have reached maximum size 

and the ground contains many fallen branches and tree trunks. The understorey is luxuriant and consists 

of a multi-strata of broad-leaved shrubs and tree-ferns. The open canopy of the veteran ash trees has 

enabled a dense shrub and field layer to develop under forest openings. Long unburnt areas (last burnt in 

1851 or earlier) support a higher component of rosette ferns and grasses. Areas burnt in the 1926 bushfire 

have an understorey dominated by Pomaderris aspera. Double burn areas (both 1926 and 1939) are 

dominated by Acacia dealbata. The pomaderris is being replaced by rainforest species in areas burnt in 

1898. 

Many of the disjunct rainforest ferns such as Asplenium flaccidum, Hymenophyllum rarum and Lastreopsis 

hispida are referred to as "antarctic" ferns. They are restricted to cool temperate rainforest in the 

mountains of southern Victoria and Tasmania and have related forms in New Zealand and South America. 

They arose in Gondwana, the supercontinent annexing Australia to Antarctica and South America over 

100 million years ago. 

Rainforest was more extensive in the Central Highlands in the wet post-glacial warming phase of the late 

Pleistocene Epoch (from 15 000 - 8 000 years ago). The more arid climate since has contracted it to 

relictual stands. The undisturbed stands in Mt Disappointment Reference Area are of extreme 

biogeographic importance for rainforest insect fauna. Species of flies (blepharicerids and midges), 

mayflies, stoneflies and caddis flies were observed in the waterfalls, rock pools and peat bogs of the 

Plenty River East Branch. These semi-aquatic insects are restricted to cool, running water and share a 

Gondwanan ancestry. 

OTHER ASSETS 

Wildlife Corridor: designated Strategic Habitat Link (Beardsell 1997) 

Threats: severely burnt in February 2009 bushfire 

Management Comments: 

The site includes Disappointment Reference Area (1090 ha) and surrounding buffer zones. It forms part of 

the Toorourrong Reservoir Water Catchment and has been incorporated into Kinglake NP. It was 

proclaimed as protected water catchment in 1881. Areas in the far north-west and north-east of the site 

were only selectively logged prior to 1881. The section west of Road 1 and south of Mt Disappointment is 

regrowth from extensive forest clearing and/or bushfires. This is now also protected forest and forms the 

western buffer between the Disappointment Reference Area and the hardwood production area of Mount 

Disappointment State Forest. 

Botanical survey was conducted in the site during the NRE 1986-88 Melbourne Flora Survey. Most of the 

rare plant species were recorded during fauna survey of the area in the late 1980s (Cam Beardsell pers. 

comm.). It is essential to periodically undertake field validation of the biota of reference areas. 

Management of the reference area, particularly relating to issues of restricted access, little intervention 

from humans and protection from catchment timber harvesting and land settlement, has been highly 

favourable for the conservation of flora and fauna species. There are small occurrences of Holly in the site 

that need to be eradicated. 

99


It will be a number of years before the affect of the bushfire on integrity of the old growth forest can be 

determined. Around 5% of the Mountain Ash trees appear to have survived as they had commenced shoot 

development in the upper branches by late summer 2010. It will also be a number of years before it can be 

determined whether the rare epiphytic ferns along Plenty River have survived. Around fifteen of the fifty 

Myrtle Beech have survived while fewer than ten of the several hundred Southern Sassafras appear to 

have survived. Cuttings of the Myrtle Beech and seedlings of the Sassafras have been grown for 

replanting to the site. 

Information Source: site 1: Cheal et. al (1989); Beardsell (2001c) 

1.2 Toorourrong Reservoir 


EI&V: N. R&D: S. R&C: N. RoT: S. S&EV: S. Data Coverage: High 



Grevillea repens (Creeping Grevillea; rare) – prior to Feb 2009 bushfire there were over 50 plants 300 m 

north of Jack Creek estuary along Road 15 and ten plants 500 m west of reservoir wall along boundary 

track – latter possibly eliminated by a dozer containment line and former appears to have been eliminated 

by extreme fire intensity: EVC 20 

Callitriche brachycarpa (Short Water-starwort; vulnerable) – TYPE population collected by F. von Mueller 

in late 1800s: EVC 932 



Callitriche brachycarpa (Short Water-starwort) - large population of the vulnerable species in swale-soaks 

and around pools and channels between the estuaries of Jack Creek and Plenty River 


Extensive populations of the following regionally significant species: Carex fascicularis (Tassel Sedge), 

Cyperus lucidus (Leafy Flat-sedge), Cyperus sphaeroideus (Globe Kyllinga), Eleocharis gracilis (Slender 

Spike-sedge), Epilobium pallidiflorum (Showy Willow-herb), Hypericum japonicum (Matted St John’s-wort), 

Juncus prismatocarpus, (Branching Rush), Lilaeopsis polyantha (Australian Lilaeopsis), Lythrum salicaria 

(Purple Loosestrife), Myriophyllum variifolium (Varied Water-milfoil), Spiranthes australis (possibly 500 

plants and most extensive in Region) and Vallisneria americana (Eel Grass) 


Diverse wetland assemblage of over 30 regionally significant flora species at Toorourrong Reservoir 


Moderately diverse assemblage of over 10 regionally significant flora species along Road 15 above 

Toorourrong Reservoir 


Endemic (Reference) Stands of communities within EVC’s - Wet Verge Sedgeland and Swampy 

Woodland/Swampy Riparian Woodland 


Two VROT species recorded at site including the vulnerable Callitriche brachycarpa 

Thirteen regionally threatened species: 

Epilobium pallidiflorum (Showy Willow-herb; depleted in Vic), Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife), 

Ranunculus amphitrichus (Small River Buttercup) and Villarsia reniformis (Running Marsh-flower): EVC 

932 

Cyperus sphaeroideus (Globe Kyllinga), Eleocharis gracilis (Slender Spike-sedge), Juncus 

prismatocarpus, (Branching Rush), Lachnagrostis filiformis var. 2 (Wetland Blown-grass; depleted in 

Victoria), Myriophyllum variifolium (Varied Water-milfoil) and Spiranthes australis (Austral Ladies’-tresses; 

depleted in Vic): EVC 937/83 

Lobelia gibbosa var. gibbosa (Tall Lobelia), Lobelia rhombifolia (Tufted Lobelia), Lobelia simplicicaulis 

(Narrow Lobelia): EVC 20 (Road 15) 

100


There are numerous other regionally significant species of rare occurrence (one to three populations) in 

KNP. Notable entries include: Doodia australis (Common Rasp-fern), Mazus pumilio (Swamp Mazus), 

Pellaea falcata var. falcata (Sickle Fern) and Pteris tremula (Tender Brake) in EVC 800, Centipeda 

elatinoides (Elatine Sneezeweed), Eleocharis pusilla (Small Spike-sedge), Neopaxia australasica (White 

Purslane) and Potamogeton tepperi (Furrowed Pondweed) in EVC 932 and Vallisneria americana (Eel 

Grass) and Wolffia australis (Tiny Duckweed) in EVC 74. 

High Representative of Type (state) 

The site meets criteria for integrity and rarity at the national level and diversity and scientific and 

educational value at the state level. In addition, it is nominated as representative of type at the state level 

for supporting highly significant waterbird habitat for over twenty regionally significant species. These 

include the following listed rare or threatened in Victoria: Brown Quail, Buff-banded Rail, Lewin’s Rail, 

Baillon’s Crake, Spotless Crake, Australasian Bittern, Little Bittern, Musk Duck and Blue-billed Duck (see 

Beardsell 1997). The sedge hummocks in the anabranches of the Plenty River confluence provide critical 

habitat for the cover-dependent waders. 

High Scientific & Educational Value (state) 

Protected water catchment since 1881. Of particular interest are the endemic occurrences of communities 

of Wet Verge Sedgeland and Swampy Woodland/Swampy Riparian Woodland. Toorourrong Reservoir is 

also a key scientific research area for the Platypus. 








goniocalyx 

Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 (Road 15) 

EVC 22. Grassy Dry Forest (mountain slope) 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus goniocalyx, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus 

obliqua, Eucalyptus radiata 





EVC 47. Valley Grassy Forest 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus ovata, Eucalyptus melliodora, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus rubida, 

Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. viminalis 


EVC 74. Wetland Formation (artificial) 

Dominant species: Phragmites australis, Typha spp., Eleocharis sphacelata, Vallisneria americana, 

Potamageton ochreatus 


EVC 800. Riparian Forest Wetland 

Dominant species see Yea River -: Carex appressa, Tetrarrhena juncea 

Condition: 2 (one of few stands in Region of this disjunct and threatened EVC). Extent: 3 (small sedgeland 

mosaics below junction of Plenty River east and west branches) 

EVC 937/83. Swampy Woodland/Swampy Riparian Woodland 

Dominant species: Carex appressa, Leptospermum aff. lanigerum, Eucalyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus ovata 

Condition: 2 (derived community from presumed swamp scrub vegetation present prior to reservoir – now 

expressed as an endemic occurrence). Extent: 2 (herbland and shrubland fringing much of north-east side 

of reservoir and smaller stand on west). 

EVC 932. Wet Verge Sedgeland 

101


Dominant species: Carex appressa, Carex fascicularis, Juncus spp, Persicaria spp, Isotoma fluviatilis 

Condition: 2 (endemic stand of the community in Region). Extent: 2 

Note: unless of outstanding quality, intact stands of secure mountain forest communities or artificial 

habitats (asterisked) are widespread and ranked regionally significant (as opposed to threatened lowland 

communities which are state). 


Intact and extensive Endemic (Reference) Stands of communities within EVCs - Wet Verge Sedgland and 

Swampy Woodland/Swampy Riparian Woodland 

Ecological Integrity & Viability (regional) 

Riparian Forest: intact and relatively extensive stand along Plenty River 

Wetland Formation: intact and extensive stand around reservoir 


Eight vegetation communities present in site 

Threats: Medium – weeds (see management). Medium - feral Sambar Deer. 


Several woody weeds including Sweet Pittosporum and Blackberry are present in the gullies while 

Yorkshire Fog and Sweet Vernal-grass occur on sections of Plenty River and Jack Creek flats. There is an 

expanding population of Grey Willow on islets in the reservoir. Common/Hairy Bird’s-foot Trefoil is the 

main weed threat to EVC Swampy Woodland/Swampy Riparian Woodland while Yorkshire Fog is the main 

weed threat to EVC Wet Verge Sedgeland. Were the water level of the reservoir to be raised, the 

nationally significant swampland vegetation would be likely destroyed. 

Information Source: Beardsell (2001c) 

1.3 Wallaby Creek – Poley Creek 

Location: Lower Wallaby Creek including Wallaby Aqueduct upstream from Road 4 and Road 10 north 

from Wallaby Weir and Poley Creek downstream from Track 4 


EI&V: N. R&D: R. R&C: S. RoT: S. S&EV: S. Data Coverage: Low (access limited to Roads 4 and 10) 

Bioregion: Highlands - Northern Fall 


Acacia leprosa (Large-leaf Cinnamon Wattle; rare), Goodia lotifolia var. pubescens (Silky Golden-tip; rare) 

and Pomaderris vacciniifolia (Round-leaf Pomaderris; endangered): EVC 45 

Callitriche brachycarpa (Short Water-starwort; vulnerable): EVC 74 



Pomaderris vacciniifolia (Round-leaf Pomaderris; endangered) – 26 plants prior to Feb 2009 bushfire at 

Wallaby Weir (5% of total known population) – 100 seedlings germinated spring 2009 (see management) 


Acacia leprosa: extensive population along Road 10 several km north of Wallaby Weir (several hundred 

seedlings present in March 2010) 


Extensive populations of several regionally significant species are present. These include Grevillea alpina 

(Mountain Grevillea Southern Hills Form), Helichysum leucopsideum (Satin Everlasting), Mentha laxiflora 

(Forest Mint) and Prostanthera hirtula (Hairy Mint-bush). 


102


Moderately diverse flora assemblage recorded, particularly for damp/wet forest communities and given 

only 5% of the site has been accessible to survey 


Endangered Pomaderris vacciniifolia at Wallaby Weir 

Vulnerable Callitriche brachycarpa at Wallaby Weir 

Rarity & Conservation (regional) 

Two other VROT species listed as rare recorded in site. Over ten regionally threatened species have been 

recorded: 

Asterolasia asteriscophora (Lemon Star-bush), Astrotricha asperifolia (Rough Star-hair), Helichysum 

leucopsideum (Satin Everlasting), Lobelia simplicicaulis (Narrow Lobelia), Olearia rugosa (Wrinkled Daisybush), 

Olearia speciosa (Netted Daisy-bush) and Prostanthera hirtula (Hairy Mint-bush): EVC 45 

Agrostis sp. aff. hiemalis (Fine-leaf Bent) and Senecio vagus (Saw Groundsel): EVC 59 

Notable regionally significant species include Correa lawrenciana (Mountain Correa) and Solanum vescum 

(Gunyang) in EVC 29, Acacia oxycedrus (Spike Wattle) and Grevillea alpina (Mountain Grevillea Southern 

Hills Form) in EVC 45 and Leptospermum aff. lanigerum (Foothill Tea-tree) and Mentha laxiflora (Forest 

Mint) in EVC 59. 











EVC 45. Shrubby Foothill Forest 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus goniocalyx, Eucalyptus 

macrorhyncha 


EVC 59. Riparian Thicket 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Leptospermum aff. lanigerum, Carex appressa, Poa tenera 



Dominant species: Carex appressa 



Riparian Thicket: intact and extensive stand along Poley Creek below Road 4 

Wet Forest: intact and extensive old growth stands along Wallaby Creek and Poley Creek 

Damp Forest: intact and extensive stands 

Shrubby Foothill Forest: intact and extensive stands along Road 10 




The site meets criteria for integrity at the national level, rarity at the state level and diversity at the regional 

level. As an alternative for diversity, it is nominated as representative of type at the state level for 

supporting high scientific and education value. 


103


Protected water catchment since 1881. Riparian thicket at the tea-tree swamp along Poley Creek below 

Road 4 is a highly disjunct EVC in the Region. It likely supports highland semi-aquatic insects of 

biogeographic interest. 

OTHER ASSETS 


Threats: severely burnt in the February 2009 bushfire 


Significant flora populations along Wallaby Aqueduct were located and marked prior to the garlon spraying 

program conducted by Melbourne Water in March 2010. These including Netted Daisy-bush, Wrinkled 

Daisy-bush, Lemon Star-bush and Large-leaf Cinnamon Wattle were protected from spraying. Forty five 

Round-leaf Pomaderris were lifted from the vicinity of Wallaby Weir. Over seventy cuttings have also been 

struck from these plants. With permission from Melbourne Water, it is planned to reinstate the plants 

above nearby sections of the aqueduct. Mammal trapping needs to be conducted in the Riparian Thicket 

of Poley Creek. This may indicate the presence of Broad-tooth Rat. 

Information Source: Doug Frood and Stuart Judd pers. comm.; this survey. 

1.4 Joey Creek Reference Area 

BOTANICAL SIGNIFICANCE: State 

EI&V: S. R&D: R. R&C: R. RoT: S. S&EV: S. Data Coverage: Low 



Grevillea repens (Creeping Grevillea; rare): EVC 20 

Acacia leprosa (Large-leaf Cinnamon Wattle; rare): EVC 45 



Amperea xiphoclada, Baeckea ramosissima and Lomatia ilicifolia: extensive populations 


Only incidental flora survey has been conducted in the site (moderately diverse assemblage present). 

There are 11 regionally significant species (incomplete): Amperea xiphoclada, Baeckea ramosissima, 

Banksia spinulosa, Dampiera stricta, Daviesia ulicifolia, Dillwynia phylicoides, Olearia erubescens, 

Parsonsia brownii, Pultenaea daphnoides, Rhytidosporum procumbens and Tetratheca bauerifolia. 


Two VROT species recorded at site 

Regionally threatened species: 

Persoonia chamaepeuce (Dwarf Geebung), Prostanthera denticulata (listed for reference area but not 

observed by authors; doubtful occurrence): EVC 20 

Pultenaea hispidula (Rusty Bush-pea - listed for reference area but not observed by authors) 







104


Dominant species: Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus goniocalyx, Eucalyptus 











macrorhyncha 


Note: intact stands of secure mountain forest communities in this site are ranked state as they are in a 

proclaimed reference area and are of outstanding quality. 


Riparian Forest: intact and extensive stand along Joey Creek 

Heathy Dry Forest: intact and extensive stand along Road 17 

Herb-rich Foothill Forest: intact and relatively extensive stands 

Damp Forest: intact and relatively extensive old growth stands 

Shrubby Foothill Forest: intact and relatively extensive old growth stand on the northern plateau 


Five vegetation communities present in site 


The site meets criteria for integrity at the state level and diversity and rarity at the regional level. It is 

nominated as representative of type at the state level for the old growth stands of Damp Forest and 

Shrubby Foothill Forest and the fine stand of Heathy Dry Forest supporting Grevillea repens along Road 

17. The reference area supports one of few old growth Messmate forest systems in Victoria. 


The Joey Creek Reference Area is proclaimed within the Victorian Reference Area System under the 

Reference Areas Act 1978 

OTHER ASSETS 


Threats: the February 2009 bushfire was of extreme intensity. Extensive damage has resulted to Joey 

Creek from post-fire erosion/siltation. 


The site includes Joey Creek Reference Area (250 ha) and surrounding buffer zones. It forms part of the 

Toorourrong Reservoir Water Catchment and has been incorporated into Kinglake NP. In the long-term 

absence of fire, the stand of heathy dry forest had a reduced shrub cover and higher grass cover. The 

dense shrub regeneration in the post February 2009 bushfire succession is more typical of heathy dry 

forest. Occurrences of Holly in the site need to be eradicated. 

Botanical survey was conducted in the site during the NRE 1986-88 Melbourne Flora Survey. Most of the 

rare plant species were recorded during fauna survey of the area in the late 1980s (Cam Beardsell pers. 

comm.). A contemporary botanical survey needs to be commissioned by Parks Victoria as major revisions 

in flora taxonomy and vegetation community classification have occurred since that time. It is essential to 

periodically undertake field validation of the biota of reference areas. 

Information Source: site 1: Cheal et. al (1989); Beardsell (2001c) 

105


INCOMPLETELY SURVEYED AND ASSESSED SITES IN WALLABY CREEK CATCHMENT 

1.5 Jack Creek Cascades 

Location: Jack Creek environs along Road 10 from Road 54 north to The Cascades 

BOTANICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Regional 

EI&V: R. R&D: R. R&C: R. RoT: R. S&EV: -. Data Coverage: Low 



Grevillea repens (Creeping Grevillea; rare) – prior to Feb 2009 bushfire there were a few plants along 

Road 10 about 1 km north of Road 54 – these have been likely eliminated by extreme fire intensity: EVC 

20 



Extensive population of a regionally significant species: Grevillea alpina (Mountain Grevillea Southern Hills 

Form) – population likely substantially diminished due to bushfire intensity 


Moderately diverse flora assemblage recorded 


One VROT species listed as rare recorded in site. Regionally threatened species include: 

Asterolasia asteriscophora (Lemon Star-bush), Astrotricha asperifolia (Rough Star-hair), Lobelia 

simplicicaulis (Narrow Lobelia) and Prostanthera hirtula (Hairy Mint-bush): EVC 45 

Notable regionally significant species include Grevillea alpina (Mountain Grevillea Southern Hills Form) in 

EVC 20. 




goniocalyx 










macrorhyncha 



Four vegetation communities present in site 

Representative of Type (regional) 

The site meets criteria for integrity, rarity and diversity at the regional level 

OTHER ASSETS 


106


Threats: severely burnt in the February 2009 bushfire 


Significant flora populations along Wallaby Aqueduct were located and marked prior to the garlon spraying 

program conducted by Melbourne Water in March 2010. These including Rough Star-hair and Lemon Starbush 

were protected from spraying. 

Information Source: Doug Frood and Stuart Judd pers. comm.; this survey. 

1.6 Silver Creek 





Unknown 



Brachyscome diversifolia (Tall Daisy) in EVC 82 and Hibbertia obtusifolia (Grey Guiney-flower) in EVC 20: 

extensive populations 


Only incidental flora survey has been conducted in the site (moderately diverse assemblage present) 



Chrysocephalum semipapposum (Clustered Everlasting – goldfields form), Helichysum leucopsideum 

(Satin Everlasting) and Hibbertia obtusifolia (Grey Guiney-flower) in EVC 20. Also regionally significant 

Brachyscome multifida (Cut-leaf Daisy). 

Helichysum leucopsideum (Satin Everlasting) in EVC 45 

Senecio vagus (Saw Groundsel): EVC 59. Also regionally significant Leptospermum aff. lanigerum 

(Foothill Tea-tree). 

Brachyscome diversifolia (Tall Daisy): EVC 82 





Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 – restricted to lower Silver Creek in falls area 



goniocalyx 

Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 – small stands in north-east of site 







107




Condition: 2. Extent: 3 – restricted to a small section of Silver Creek 



macrorhyncha 




Condition: 2. Extent: 2 – extensive stand along Silver Creek – called Drainage-line Scrub on EVC map 

EVC 82. Riverine Escarpment Scrub (cliff formation) 

Dominant species: Kunzea leptospermoides, Bursaria spinosa, Olearia lirata 

Condition: 3. Extent: 4 – small occurrence at Silver Creek falls 


Damp Forest, Shrubby Foothill Forest and Riparian Thicket: intact and extensive stands 


Eight vegetation communities present in site 


The site meets criteria for integrity, diversity and rarity at the regional level 

Threats: not severely burnt in the February 2009 bushfire 


Information Source: this survey 

1.7 Stony Creek Reference Area 

Location: Stony Creek Reference Area 


EI&V: R. R&D: R. R&C: -. RoT: R. S&EV: R. Data Coverage: unsurveyed 



Unknown 


Ecological Integrity & Viability (unranked) 

Unsurveyed 

Richness & Diversity (unranked) 

Unsurveyed 

Rarity & Conservation (unranked) 

Unsurveyed 




108


Condition: 2. Extent: 1 – most extensive stands in KNP 



Condition: 2. Extent: 3 – restricted to drainage lines 



Condition: 2. Extent: 3 – localised stand along Stony Creek – called Drainage-line Scrub on EVC map 


Damp Forest: intact and extensive stands 


Three vegetation communities present in site 



Scientific & Educational Value (regional) 

The Stony Creek Reference Area is proclaimed within the Victorian Reference Area System under the 

Reference Areas Act 1978 

Threats: not severely burnt in the February 2009 bushfire 


Stony Creek Reference Area is 420 ha. Extensive logging has been undertaken in sections adjoining the 

Reference Area. Vegetation quality and species diversity and rarity appears to be inferior to that in the 

other Reference Areas of the study area. A contemporary botanical survey needs to be commissioned by 

Parks Victoria as major revisions in flora taxonomy and vegetation community classification have occurred 

since that time. It is essential to periodically undertake field validation of the biota of reference areas. 

109


2 SUGARLOAF BLOCK 

2.1 Masons Falls/Running Creek Headwaters 


EI&V: S. R&D: R. R&C: S. RoT: S. S&EV: R. Data Coverage: Medium 



Acacia leprosa (Large-leaf Cinnamon Wattle; rare) Grevillea repens (Creeping Grevillea; rare): EVC 20 

Goodia lotifolia var. pubescens (Silky Golden-tip; rare): EVC 29 

Euchiton umbricolus (Cliff Cudweed; rare), Pellaea nana (Dwarf Sickle-fern; k) Pseudanthus 

divaricatissimus (Tangled Pseudanthus; rare): EVC WFE&FC 



Acacia leprosa: extensive population above exposed cliffs of Masons Falls 

Euchiton umbricolus and Pellaea nana: extensive populations on the sheltered cliffs of Masons Falls 


Brachyscome diversifolia, Brachyscome multifida, Chionogentias polysperes, Doodia australis, Pellaea 

falcata var. falcata and Senecio pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius: extensive populations 


Over 200 indigenous plant species have been recorded from preliminary flora surveys conducted in the 

site (moderately diverse assemblage present). There are almost 30 regionally significant species at 

Masons Falls. These include: Asplenium bulbiferum, Baeckea ramosissima, Banksia spinulosa, 

Brachyscome multifida, Caladenia transitoria, Callitriche muelleri, Chionogentias polysperes, Craspedia 

variabilis, Dampiera stricta, Daviesia ulicifolia, Dianella laevis var. aspera (Rough Flax-lily), Dillwynia 

phylicoides, Doodia australis, Doodia caudata, Grevillea alpina (southern hills form), Isolepis subtilissima, 

Lastreopsis acuminata, Leucochrysum albicans (Hoary Sunray), Oreomyrrhis eriopoda, Parietaria debilis, 

Parsonsia brownii, Pelargonium australe, Polyphlebium venosum, Pultenaea daphnoides, Rhytidosporum 

procumbens, Rumohra adiantiformis, Schoenus maschalinus, Sticherus tener, Teucrium corymbosum and 

Triptilodiscus pygmaeus. 


Six VROT species listed rare or poorly known recorded at site 



Cryptostylis leptochila (Small Tongue-orchid), Thynninorchis huntianus ssp. huntianus (Elbow-orchid): 

EVC 45 

Anogramma leptophylla (Annual Fern), Brachyscome diversifolia (Tall Daisy), Myosotis exarrhena (Sweet 

Forget-me-not), Plectranthus parviflorus (Cockspur Flower), Senecio pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius 

(Variable Groundsel), Vittadinia cuneata var. cuneata (Fuzzy New Holland-daisy), Xerochrysum 

bracteatum (Golden Everlasting): EVC WFE&FC 







110


Dominant species: Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus cephalocarpa, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus 

goniocalyx 


EVC 22. Grassy Dry Forest (mountain ridge) 


obliqua 













Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus goniocalyx, Eucalyptus 

macrorhyncha 



Dominant species: Phragmites australis, Typha spp, Eleocharis sphacelata 


EVC XX. Wet Forest Escarpment and Falls Complex 

Dominant species: Hakea decurrens, Pomaderris aspera, Acacia melanoxylon 


Note: unless of outstanding quality, intact stands of secure mountain forest communities (asterisked) are 

widespread and ranked regionally significant (as opposed to threatened lowland communities which are 

state). 


Wet Forest Escarpment and Falls Complex: intact and extensive stands of both the sheltered and exposed 

sub-communities at Masons Falls. 


Riparian Forest, Shrubby Foothill Forest, Herb-rich Foothill Forest and Damp Forest: intact and extensive 

stands 

Heathy Dry Forest: intact and relatively extensive stand above Running Creek 


Nine vegetation communities present in site (note this diversity in a small site is ranked state) 


The site meets criteria for integrity and rarity at the state level and diversity at the regional level. It is 

nominated as representative of type at the state level for the fine stands of Wet Forest Escarpment and 

Falls Complex on the cliffs at Masons Falls. These support a number of Victorian rare or threatened and 

regionally threatened plant species, several with extensive populations. 


Masons Falls was included in the first intake into Kinglake NP in 1928 and is the longest and most 

spectacular waterfall in Port Phillip Region. It is the main visitor node of Kinglake NP with an estimated 

annual visitor rate prior to the bushfire exceeding 80,000. The cliffs support the only known populations in 

Kinglake NP of over a dozen flora species. 

OTHER ASSETS 

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Threats: Medium – disturbance from adjoining farmland upstream of Masons Falls; weeds – notably 

Seaside Daisy on cliffs of Masons Falls. The February 2009 bushfire was of extreme intensity. The forests 

were extensively logged in the late Nineteeth and early Twentieth Centuries. The regeneration is now of 

an age where tree hollows are forming and mature fern galleries are present. Later sections incorporated 

into the park such as the Arthurs Creek - Chadds Creek Headwaters site were logged heavily after World 

War II and became more highly fragmented by freehold subdivision. 


The population of Seaside Daisy on the cliffs needs to be eradicated. There is concern that the fire 

intensity may have eliminated a number of rare species. These include Cliff Cudweed and Creeping 

Grevillea. Flora survey needs to undertaken in spring 2010 to determine the status of these and other 

significant species on the cliffs. A number of woody weeds (notably broom species and holly) occur along 

roadsides adjoining cleared farmland on the Kinglake plateau. 


2.2 Arthurs Creek - Chadds Creek Headwaters 


EI&V: R. R&D: R. R&C: R. RoT: R. S&EV: -. Data Coverage: Medium 






Over 200 indigenous plant species have been recorded from preliminary flora surveys conducted in the 

site (moderately diverse assemblage present). There are over thirty regionally significant species: Acacia 

gunnii, Acacia lanigera, Allantodea australis, Amperea xiphoclada, Asplenium bulbiferum, Baeckea 

ramosissima, Banksia spinulosa, Blechnum chambersii, Brachyscome multifida, Caladenia transitoria, 

Callitriche muelleri, Chiloglottis reflexa, Comesperma ericinum, Craspedia variabilis, Dampiera stricta, 

Daviesia ulicifolia, Dianella laevis var. aspera (Rough Flax-lily), Dillwynia phylicoides, Exocarpos strictus, 

Gastrodia sesamoides, Grammitis billardieri, Grevillea alpina (southern hills form), Isolepis subtilissima, 

Lastreopsis acuminata, Leucopogon ericoides, Parsonsia brownii, Polyphlebium venosum, Prasophyllum 

brevilabre, Pultenaea daphnoides, Rumohra adiantiformis, Sticherus tener, Tetratheca bauerifolia and 

Tmesipterus obliqua. 


One VROT species recorded at site 


Corunastylis morrisii (Bearded Midge-orchid), Pterostylis mutica (Midget Greenhood), Tetratheca 

labillardierei (Glandular Pink-bells): EVC 20 

Olearia speciosa (Netted Daisy-bush): EVC 29 

Sarcochilus australis (Butterfly Orchid): EVC 30 







112



goniocalyx 













macrorhyncha 




state). 


Heathy Dry Forest: intact and extensive stand along Bald Spur Road 

Damp Forest: intact and extensive stand along Chadds Creek 




The site meets criteria for integrity, diversity and rarity at the regional level. It is also nominated as 

representative of type for the fine stands of Heathy Dry Forest along Bald Spur Road and Damp Forest 

along Chadds Creek. 

OTHER ASSETS 


Threats: High - feral goats and pigs; weeds inlcuding Tutsan along Arthurs Creek 


Only preliminary botanical survey has been conducted in the site. Eastern and northern sections of 

Kinglake NP including this site were incompletely covered in the NRE 1986-88 Melbourne Flora Survey. 

Some fine stands of vegetation occur along Bald Spur and Chadds Creek. Upper elevation damp and wet 

forest is largely regrowth from logging episodes in the middle 20th Century. Integrity of the site has been 

reduced due to logging and substantial soil erosion has taken place. There is an infestation of Tutsan 

along Arthurs Creek near the park boundary that needs control. A number of woody weeds (notably broom 

species and holly) occur along roadsides adjoining cleared farmland on the Kinglake plateau. 


113


3 EVERARD BLOCK 

3.1 Broad Gully 

Location: Broad Gully including south face of Mt Beggary and north face of Mt Everard 


EI&V: N. R&D: S. R&C: N. RoT: N. S&EV: N. Data Coverage: High 



Euphrasia collina ssp. trichocalycina (Purple Eyebright – AC Beauglehole record; rare), Prasophyllum 

lindleyanum (Green Leek-orchid; vulnerable), Pterostylis sp. aff. parviflora (Red-tip Greenhood; rare), 

Pultenaea glabra - formerly P. weindorferi (Swamp Bush-pea; vulnerable) and Wurmbea uniflora (Oneflower 

Early Nancy; rare): EVC 793 

Pterostylis sp. aff. parviflora (Red-tip Greenhood; rare): EVC 20 

Calochilus herbaceus (Leafless Beard-orchid; k), Pterostylis sp. aff. parviflora (Red-tip Greenhood; rare): 

EVC 20a 

Acacia verniciflua (Southern Varnish Wattle; k): EVC 127 



Pultenaea glabra: extensive population of a nationally vulnerable species 


Extensive populations of the following regionally threatened species: Amphipogon strictus var. setifer, 

Brachyscome uliginosa, Comesperma calymega (after bushfire), Cryptostylis leptochila (before bushfire), 

Cryptostylis subulata (before bushfire), Drosera pygmaea, Isopogon ceratophyllus, Lepidosperma 

tortuosum, Phylloglossum drummondii (before 1997-2009 drought), Tetrarrhena distichophylla, Tetratheca 

bauerifolia, Thelymitra flexuosa and Thynninorchis huntianus. 

Extensive populations of the following regionally significant species: Acacia gunnii (Ploughshare Wattle), 

Acacia lanigera (Woolly Wattle), Baeckea ramosissima (Rosy Baeckia), Caesia parviflora (Pale Grass-lily), 

Caladenia transitoria (Eastern Bronze Caladenia), Calochilus paludosus (Red Beard-orchid), Comesperma 

ericinum (Heath Milkwort), Dampiera stricta (Blue Dampiera), Dillwynia glaberrima (Smooth Parrot-pea), 

Dillwynia phylicoides (Small-leaf Parrot-pea), Goodenia blackiana (Black’s Goodenia), Lepidosperma 

semiteres (Wire Rapier-sedge), Prasophyllum brevilabre (Short-lip Leek-orchid) and Thelymitra ixioides 

(Dotted Sun-orchid). 


Over 350 indigenous plant species including over 40 species of orchids and regionally significant species 

(in addition to the VROT and regionally threatened species listed) 


Two VROT species listed as vulnerable: Prasophyllum lindleyanum and Pultenaea glabra 


Four other VROT species listed as rare or poorly known 

Over forty regionally threatened species: 

Craspedia variabilis (Variable Billy-buttons), Leucopogon ericoides (Pink Beard-heath): EVC 20 

Acacia brownii (Heath Wattle), Brachyloma daphnoides (Daphne Heath), Corunastylis archeri (Variable 

Midge-orchid), Corunastylis morrisii (Bearded Midge-orchid), Dichelachne hirtella (Hairy Plume-grass), 

Isopogon ceratophyllus (Horny Cone-bush), Lomandra multiflora (Many-flowered Mat-rush), Lyperanthus 

suaveolens (Brown-beaks), Tetratheca bauerifolia (Heath Pink-bells), Thelymitra antennifera (Rabbitears), 

Thelymitra flexuosa (Twisted Sun-orchid) and Thelymitra X truncata (Short Sun-orchid): EVC 20a 

Caladenia congesta (Black-tongue Caladenia), Pterostylis atrans (Dark-tip Greenhood), Thynninorchis 

huntianus ssp. huntianus (Elbow Orchid): EVC 23 

Allocasuarina paludosa (Scrub Sheoke), Leptorhynchos nitidulus (Shiny Buttons), Lycopodium 

deuterodensum (Bushy Clubmoss), Pimelea aff. linifolia (Slender Rice-flower – Tasmanian race), 

Selaginella uliginosa (Swamp Selaginella) and Tetrarrhena distichophylla (Hairy Rice-grass): EVC 127 

114


Acacia brownii (Heath Wattle), Amphipogon strictus var. setifer (Grey-beard Grass), Brachyscome 

uliginosa (Small Swamp-daisy), Comesperma calymega (Blue-spike Milkwort), Cryptostylis leptochila 

(Small Tongue-orchid), Cryptostylis subulata (Large Tongue-orchid), Drosera glanduligera (Scarlet 

Sundew), Drosera pygmaea (Tiny Sundew), Lepidosperma tortuosum (Tortuous Rapier-sedge), 

Patersonia fragilis (Short Purple-flag – AC Beauglehole record), Persoonia juniperina (Prickly Geebung), 

Phylloglossum drummondii (Pigmy Clubmoss), Prasophyllum odoratum (Scented Leek-orchid), 

Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius (Rosemary Everlasting – AC Beauglehole record), Schoenus lepidosperma 

(Slender Bog-sedge), Tetraria capillaris (Hair Sedge), Thelymitra carnea (Pink Sun-orchid) and Viola 

cleistogamoides (Hidden Violet): EVC 793 

OTHER ASSETS: Vegetation Types 



goniocalyx 

Condition: 2. Extent: 2 – Everard Spur and north slopes of Mt Everard 

EVC 20a. Heathy Dry Forest – Heathy Woodland Complex 


obliqua 

Condition: 1. Extent: 2 – mid-slopes of Broad Gully – note: not included on EVC map 



obliqua 

Condition: 2. Extent: 3 - small stands on west slopes of Mt Beggary 




Condition: 2. Extent: 3 - small stands on south slopes of Mt Beggary 



Condition: 2. Extent: 3 – south slopes of Mt Beggary 



Condition: 2. Extent: 3 – south-west slopes of Mt Beggary 

EVC 127. Valley Heathy Forest 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus cephalocarpa, Eucalyptus 

goniocalyx, Eucalyptus dives 

Condition: 2 (formerly 1 but now moderately fire impacted). Extent: 2 – valley of Broad Gully Creek – note: 

not included on EVC map 

EVC 164. Creekline Herb-rich Woodland (foothills) 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. viminalis, Eucalyptus ovata 

Condition: 3 (formerly 1 but now severely fire impacted). Extent: 2 – Broad Gully Creek. This is one of only 

two intact stands of this endangered EVC in Kinglake NP. 

EVC 793. Damp Heathy Woodland 

Dominant species: Pultenaea glabra, Leptospermum myrsinoides, Gahnia radula, Austrostipa muelleri 

Condition: 1. Extent: 3 – western Broad Gully and small stand in east 

Note: intact stands of secure mountain forest communities in this site are ranked state/national as they are 

in a suggested reference area and are of outstanding quality. 


Damp Heathy Woodland & Heathy Dry Forest - Heathy Woodland complex: intact and extensive stands in 

Broad Gully 


115


Valley Heathy Forest: intact and extensive stand on the lower slopes of Broad Gully 

Creekline Herb-rich Woodland: intact and extensive stand along Broad Gully Creek 


Heathy Dry Forest: intact and extensive stand on north face of Mt Everard 

Herb-rich Foothill Forest: intact and extensive stand 

Damp Forest: intact and relatively extensive stand on the south-west face of Mt Beggary 


Nine vegetation communities present in site 


Four threatened communities in intact condition in site (damp heathy woodland, heathy dry forest - heathy 

woodland complex, valley heathy forest and creekline herb-rich woodland) 

Very High Representative of Type (national) 

The site meets criteria for integrity, rarity and scientific and educational value at the national level and 

diversity at the state level. It is nominated as representative of type at the national level for the superlative 

representation of mountain heath communities in Broad Gully including damp heathy woodland, heathy 

dry forest, heathy dry forest - heathy woodland complex and valley heathy forest. These support a 

disjunct, rare plant alliance from coastal heathlands. Species include Amphipogon strictus var. setifer, 

Isopogon ceratophyllus, Leptorhynchos nitidulus, Phylloglossum drummondii, Tetraria capillaris and a 

number of orchids. Broad Gully Creek (prior to the bushfire) supported the finest stand in the Region of 

Creekline Herb-rich Woodland while the slopes of Mt Beggary support fine stands of Herb-rich Foothill 

Forest and Damp Forest. 

Very High Scientific & Educational Value (national) 

Broad Gully and the adjoining slopes of Mt Beggary and Mt Everard need to be considered for 

proclamation within the Victorian Reference Area System. The area supports some of the most intact 

stands of non-coastal heathland in Port Phillip Region. It has very high biogeographical significance for 

vegetation communities and flora and fauna species and provides numerous rare natural occurrences and 

disjunct range limits. This demonstrates essential evolutionary relationships and origin within the 

Biogeographic Region. 

OTHER ASSETS 


New Fauna Asset: 

Rarity & Conservation. Brush-tailed Phascogale 

High Population Integrity & Viability (state). Brush-tailed Phascogale: five or six animals trapped in a 

recent survey conducted by Parks Victoria along the Everard Trail between Mt Beggary and Mt Everard. 

This high return is indicative that the heathy dry/grassy dry forests of Kinglake NP support prime habitat of 

the species. 

Threats: Medium - feral goats and Sambar Deer; horse riding; Cinnamon Fungus. The February 2009 

bushfire was of severe intensity in the western section of the site and extreme intensity in the east. 


This is the only site in Kinglake NP that had been surveyed extensively for flora prior to the February 2009 

bushfire. Some field validation is still required as a number of species recorded prior to the bushfire have 

not been relocated since. The majority of these are orchids and spring ephemerals (e.g. clubmosses and 

sundews). Drying of spring-soaks during the drought years had caused a substantial reduction in 

populations of the ephemerals. 

A few rare species were recorded in Broad Gully in the late 1970s and early 1980s that have not been 

subsequently located (Beauglehole 1983; Cliff Beauglehole pers comm.; Phil O'Connor pers. comm). 

These include Baumea acuta (Pale Twig-sedge), Euphrasia collina, Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius and 

Patersonia fragilis. It is not known whether the Euphrasia was ssp. collina or ssp. trichocalycina. On the 

basis of habitat, it is tentatively assumed the latter. Unidentified large leaves of a leek orchid, possibly 

Prasophyllum elatum and a sun orchid, possibly Thelymitra aristata have also been observed. There are 

several other rare orchid species that may also be present (Corybas unguiculatus, Microtis atrata). Prior to 

116


the bushfire, the heath was in a late successional stage with most orchids in a dormant phase. Apart from 

small prescribed burns in 1981/82, the area had been unburnt since the 1962 bushfire. 

The issue of horse riding in this section of Kinglake NP requires close investigation and regulation. The 

goat-culling program needs to be continued. 

The primary management action undertaken since the bushfire has been the construction of four herbivore 

fences in the main spring-soak area in the western section of Broad Gully. Two of these contain extensive 

populations of the Swamp Bush-pea. Extensive browsing damage from deer and goats had been 

observed on the bush-pea in the years preceding the bushfire. Most of the adult plants germinated from 

control burns in the early 1980s had died and only a small amount of seedling recruitment was occurring. 

Few plants were surviving the grazing pressure to maturity. Digging by wombats in the spring-soaks was 

also causing extensive damage to the ephemeral herbfields. 

Extensive seedling recruitment of Swamp Bush-pea occurred in winter-spring 2009. The fire damage to 

the Hairpin Banksia and Scrub Sheoke was extreme. All plants were killed and cones containing seeds 

were consumed. Of the few cones that survived, most were unable to open and seeds rotted inside. 

Banksia seedling recruitment was observed under only two bushes. One had several hundred and half of 

these were lifted in October 2009 to reinstate inside the fences and elsewhere in the Everard block of 

KNP. No other Hairpin Banksias survived in the Everard block and none have been observed with 

recruitment. 

Information Source: Beauglehole (1983); Beardsell (2001c) 

3.2 Stuart’s Spur – Castella sub-block 


EI&V: S. R&D: R. R&C: S. RoT: S. S&EV: S. Data Coverage: Medium 



Nil species 



Extensive populations of the following regionally threatened species: Lepidosperma tortuosum (Tortuous 

Rapier-sedge) and Thelionema caespitosa (Tufted Lily) 


Moderate diversity of flora species (over 200) 



Gleichenia dicarpa (Pouched Coral-fern), Lepidosperma tortuosum (Tortuous Rapier-sedge), Lomandra 

multiflora (Many-flowered Mat-rush), Oxylobium arborescens (Tall Shaggy-pea), Persoonia chamaepeuce 

(Dwarf Geebung), Pimelea aff. linifolia (Slender Rice-flower – Tasmanian race), Schoenus lepidosperma 

(Slender Bog-sedge), Almaleea subundulata (Wiry Bush-pea and Thelionema caespitosa (Tufted Lily): 

EVC Heathy Dry Forest - Damp Heathy Woodland Complex 

Deyeuxia frigida (Forest Bent-grass), Festuca asperula (Graceful Fescue) and Veronica aff. gracilis 

(Slender Speedwell – sensu Beauglehole 1983): EVC 45 

Notable regionally significant species include Leucopogon ericoides (Pink Beard-heath) in EVC 20 and 

Todea barbara (Austral King-fern) in EVC 29. 


EVC 16. Lowland Forest 


macrorhyncha 




goniocalyx 

117










Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus baxteri, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus goniocalyx, 


Condition: 2. Extent: 3 – e.g. near corner of Healesville – Kinglake Rd and Melba Hwy 

EVC XXX. Heathy Dry Forest - Damp Heathy Woodland Complex 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus goniocalyx, Eucalyptus 

dives 



Heathy Dry Forest - Damp Heathy Woodland Complex: intact and moderately extensive stand on Stuart’s 

Spur 


Heathy Dry Forest: intact and relatively extensive stand 

Herb-rich Foothill Forest and Lowland Forest: intact and relatively extensive stands 

Damp Forest: intact and relatively extensive stand 

Gully Woodland: intact and relatively extensive stand 




One of only two known stands of threatened community heathy dry forest – lowland forest complex in the 

Region and possibly Victoria (other site at Wesburn) 


Threatened community in intact condition (gully woodland) 


The site meets criteria for integrity, rarity and scientific value at the state level and diversity at the regional 

level. As an alternative listing for diversity, Stuart’s Spur is nominated as representative of type at the state 

level for the presence of an extremely rare (and hence representative) stand of Heathy Dry Forest – Damp 

Heathy Woodland complex. Of regional significance, the heathlands support a disjunct, rare plant alliance. 

Species of highest interest include Thelionema caespitosa from coastal heathlands and Oxylobium 

arborescens from montane forests (e.g. Lake Mountain). 


The Heathy Dry Forest – Damp Heathy Woodland complex in the site provides insight into key scientific 

research on plant biogeography. There are flora and fauna species and numerous rare occurrences and 

disjunct range limits. Of particular interest is the influence of the perched water table on the occurrence of 

these species. This has influenced the presence of a number of flora species typical of coastal swamps. 

The site has a unique juxtaposition of vegetation types and flora species. Notably, the transition from 

lowland forest in the north to shrubby foothill forest in the south. 

Threats: Medium – reasonable outlook for post fire recovery as the fire intensity was not severe. 


The site was protected from high intensity fire in February 2009 due to a fuel reduction burn along 

Healesville – Kinglake Road in autumn 2008. Monitoring of grazing pressure on Tufted Lily and Tall 

118


Shaggy-pea needs to be undertaken. Massive seedling recruitment of eucalypts has been observed in the 

site. 

Information Source: Beauglehole (1983); this survey 

3.3 Reedy Creek Catchment 

Location: Entire Reedy Creek catchment, bounded by Buttermans Track in the west. 


EI&V: S. R&D: R. R&C: S. RoT: S. S&EV: S. Data Coverage: Medium 



Eucalyptus fulgens (Green Scentbark; vulnerable), Pterostylis sp. aff. parviflora (Red-tip Greenhood; rare): 

EVC 16 

Pterostylis sp. aff. parviflora (Red-tip Greenhood; rare): EVC 20 

Levenhookia sonderi (Slender Stylewort; rare): EVC 22 

Eucalyptus fulgens (Green Scentbark; vul): EVC 23 

Pterostylis x ingens (Sharp Greenhood; rare) EVC 902 



Eucalyptus fulgens (Green Scentbark; vulnerable) and Pterostylis sp. aff. parviflora (Red-tip Greenhood; 

rare): largest populations in KNP - two of the most extensive populations in Port Phillip Region 


Six VROT species recorded at site including vulnerable Green Scentbark. 



Caladenia catenata, Caladenia catenata x gracilis, Cryptostylis subulata (Large Tongue-orchid): EVC 16 

Lomandra multiflora (Many-flowered Mat-rush): EVC 20 

Caladenia clavigera (Plain-lip Spider-orchid): EVC 22 

Leptorhynchus nitidulus (Shiny Buttons), Hypoxis hygrometrica var. villosisepala (Golden Weather-glass), 

Goodenia elongata (Lanky Goodenia), Cryptostylis subulata (Large Tongue-orchid): EVC 127 

Pterostylis falcata (Large Sickle Greenhood), Austrofestuca hookeriana (Hooker Fescue), Carex 

incomitata (Hillside Sedge): EVC 902 



Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus cephalocarpa, Eucalyptus fulgens, 

Eucalyptus goniocalyx, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha 




obliqua 




obliqua, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus tricarpa (localised) 




119




Dominant species: Eucalyptus fulgens, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus goniocalyx 

Condition: 1 Extent: 3 

EVC 902. Gully Woodland (ephemeral creek) 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus ovata, Eucalyptus radiata 




state). 


Valley Heathy Forest (vulnerable EVC): most intact stand within the study area, in gully north of 

Buttermans Track. 


Grassy Dry Forest and Herb-rich Foothill Forest: intact and extensive stands. Some of the most extensive 

stands in Port Phillip Region of each community. 

High Richness & Diversity (Regional) 



Two threatened communities in intact condition in site (valley heathy forest and gully woodland) 


The site meets criteria for integrity, diversity and rarity at the state level 

Scientific & Educational Value (state) 

The site contains the most extensive and intact examples of unburnt vegetation in Kinglake National Park. 

This includes high quality stands of several vegetation communities (valley heathy forest, lowland forest, 

gully woodland and grassy dry forest). These provide reference stands of vegetation condition prior to the 

2009 bushfire which will be important for future vegetation monitoring throughout the park. 

OTHER ASSETS 


Threats: feral goats and Sambar Deer; Blackberry and grassy weeds are compromising populations of 

Sickle Greenhood. White-sallow Wattle and Sweet Pittosporum are scattered throughout the catchment. 


High threat weeds should be controlled around Sickle Greenhood populations. This may include spotspraying 

of Blackberry and hand-weeding of grasses. 


3.4 Watsons Creek Headwaters 

Location: Watsons Creek catchment bounded by Bundy Track in the north, Brennan Avenue 

management track and Skyline Road in the east and Mt Everard in the west. 


EI&V: R. R&D: S. R&C: S. RoT: S. S&EV: NA. Data Coverage: Low 



Acacia verniciflua (Southern Varnish Wattle; k), Grevillea repens (Creeping Grevillea; rare) 

120


Acacia leprosa (Large-leaf Cinnamon Wattle; rare). 



Four VROT species, including Nationally vulnerable Creeping Grevillea. 



Lobelia gibbosa var. gibbosa (Tall Lobelia), Lobelia simplicicaulis (Narrow Lobelia), Brachyloma 

daphnoides (Daphne Heath), Corunastylis morrisii (Bearded Midge-orchid), Lomandra multiflora (Manyflowered 

Mat-rush), Prostanthera hirtula (Hairy Mint-bush): EVC 20 

Pterostylis atrans (Dark-tip Greenhood), Viola betonicifolia (Showy Buttons): EVC 23 



Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus cephalocarpa, Eucalyptus fulgens, 

Eucalyptus goniocalyx, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha 




goniocalyx 




obliqua 




obliqua, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus tricarpa (localised) 







Condition: 2*. Extent: unknown; headwaters of Watsons Creek 


Dominant species: Eucalyptus ovata, Eucalyptus melliodora, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus rubida 




Condition: 3 (formerly 2 now severely fire impacted). Extent: 2 






state). 

High Ecological Integrity & Viability (regional) 

Creekline Herb-rich Woodland (endangered EVC): intact and relatively extensive stand along Watsons 

Creek 

121


Valley Grassy Forest (endangered EVC): intact and relatively extensive stand along lower Watsons Creek 

near national park boundary 


Grassy Dry Forest and Herb-rich Foothill Forest: intact and extensive stands. 

Heathy Dry Forest: intact and relatively extensive stands. 


Nine vegetation communities present in site 

High Rarity & Conservation (regional) 

Three threatened communities in intact condition in site (valley grassy forest, gully woodland and creekline 

herb-rich woodland) 


The site meets criteria for integrity, diversity and rarity at the state level. 

OTHER ASSETS 


Threats: feral goats and Sambar Deer; weeds including White-sallow Wattle and Sweet Pittosporum along 

Watsons Creek Track. 


A small herbivore fence needs to be erected at the heathland on Watsons Creek Track. Several flora 

species are planned to be reinstated. These include Hairy Mint-bush, Creeping Grevillea and Hairpin 

Banksia. 


3.5 Heidelberg – Kinglake Road 

Location: above Heidelberg – Kinglake Rd from south of Ninks Rd to Old Kinglake Rd and below 

Heidelberg – Kinglake Rd along Ninks Rd 


EI&V: S. R&D: R. R&C: S. RoT: R. S&EV: R. Data Coverage: Medium 



Caladenia flavovirens (Summer Spider-orchid – single plant c1992 on NW side of Mt Beggary; rare), 

Helichrysum aff. rutidolepis (Pale Swamp Everlasting; vulnerable): EVC 20 

Pterostylis sp. aff. parviflora (Red-tip Greenhood; rare): EVC 20a 



Extensive populations of the following regionally significant species: Acacia lanigera (Woolly Wattle), 

Comesperma ericinum (Heath Milkwort), Goodenia blackiana (Black’s Goodenia) and Lepidosperma 

semiteres (Wire Rapier-sedge). 


The site has not been extensively surveyed and would appear to support a moderate to high diversity of 

flora species (over 250 species) including over thirty species of orchids recorded from surveys along 

Heidelberg – Kinglake Road. 


Three VROT species recorded at site 



122


Acacia brownii (Heath Wattle), Callitris rhomboidea (Oyster Bay Pine), Chrysocephalum semipapposum 

(Clustered Everlasting – mountain form), Craspedia variabilis (Variable Billy-buttons), Leucopogon 

ericoides (Pink Beard-heath), Persoonia chamaepeuce (Dwarf Geebung), Persoonia juniperina (Prickly 

Geebung), Podolobium procumbens (Trailing Shaggy-pea): EVC 20 

Corunastylis morrisii (Bearded Midge-orchid), Dichelachne hirtella (Hairy Plume-grass), Leptorhynchos 

nitidulus (Shiny Buttons), Lomandra multiflora (Many-flowered Mat-rush), Pimelea aff. linifolia (Slender 

Rice-flower – Tasmanian race), Tetratheca bauerifolia (Heath Pink-bells) and Thelymitra X truncata (Short 

Sun-orchid): EVC 20a 

Helichysum leucopsideum (Satin Everlasting) and Tetrarrhena distichophylla (Hairy Rice-grass): EVC 127 




goniocalyx 

Condition: 2. Extent: 2 – Everard Spur 

EVC 20a. Heathy Dry Forest – Heathy Woodland Complex 


obliqua 

Condition: 2. Extent: 3 – above Heidelberg – Kinglake Rd north of Ninks Rd 



obliqua 

Condition: 2. Extent: 3 - small stand in nw corner of site above Ninks Rd 



Condition: 2. Extent: 3 – headwaters of gullies above Ninks Rd 


Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus cephalocarpa, Eucalyptus 

goniocalyx, Eucalyptus dives 

Condition: 3 (formerly 2 but now moderately fire impacted). Extent: 2 – valley of Ninks Rd 



Condition: 3 (formerly 2 now severely fire impacted). Extent: 3 (gullies of Ninks Rd) 


Heathy Dry Forest - Heathy Woodland complex: intact and relatively extensive stand above Heidelberg – 

Kinglake Rd north of Ninks Rd 

Valley Heathy Forest: relatively intact and extensive stand on Ninks Rd 


Heathy Dry Forest: intact and extensive stands on west face of Mt Beggary 

Herb-rich Foothill Forest: intact and relatively extensive stands 




Three threatened communities in intact condition in site (heathy dry forest - heathy woodland complex, 

valley heathy forest and gully woodland) 


The site meets criteria for integrity and rarity at the state level and diversity and scientific value at the 

regional level. Ninks Road supports one of only two stands of the threatened EVC valley heathy forest in 

Kinglake NP. 


123


The stand of heathy dry forest - heathy woodland complex above Heidelberg – Kinglake Road supports 

several species of locally rare flora species (Hairy Plume-grass and Shiny Buttons). The extreme relief and 

exposure of the west facing slopes of Mt Beggary support heathy dry forest that has structural and floristic 

affinities to stands west of Melbourne in the Pyrete Ranges. This area also supports one of few known 

breeding sites of the vulnerable Large Ant-blue butterfly. The stand of Callitris rhomboidea on Mt Beggary 

is also of scientific value. Plants were killed in the February 2009 and no seedling recruitment has been 

observed. 

OTHER ASSETS 


Threats: Medium - feral goats; weeds including Agapanthus along main road near Ninks Road. The 

February 2009 bushfire was of extreme intensity. 


The issue of horse riding in this section of Kinglake NP requires close investigation and regulation. The 

goat-culling program needs to be continued. 

Information Source: Beauglehole (1983); Beardsell (2001c) 

3.6 Southern Everard Spur - Black Calf Creek and Wild Dog Creek 


EI&V: S. R&D: R. R&C: S. RoT: R. S&EV: -. Data Coverage: Medium 



Caladenia oenochila (Wine-lip Spider-orchid; vulnerable - 20 plants by Dinsdale Rd), Levenhookia sonderi 

(Slender Stylewort; rare – summit of Wild Dog Hill): EVC 22 (lowland hill-crest) 



Over 200 indigenous plant species including over 40 orchid species recorded at site from preliminary 

surveys. There are over 20 regionally significant species: Acacia gunnii, Acacia lanigera, Ajuga australis 

(Austral Bugle – only known popn in KNP), Brachyscome uliginosa, Caladenia phaeoclavia, Caladenia 

praecox, Caladenia pusilla, Caladenia tentaculata, Caladenia transitoria, Calochilus paludosus, Carex iynx 

(Tussock Sedge; only known popn in KNP in EVC 47), Craspedia variabilis, Dampiera stricta, Diuris 

orientis, Goodenia elongata, Hypoxis hygrometrica var. villosisepala (Golden Weather-glass), Pterostylis 

squamata, Ranunculus glabrifolius, Siloxerus multiflorus (Small Wrinkle-wort – only known popn in KNP), 

Thelymitra X truncata (Short Sun-orchid), Thelymitra ixioides var. ixioides, Thelymitra media and 

Thelymitra arenaria (Forest Sun-orchid). 


Two VROT species recorded at site including the vulnerable Caladenia oenochila 



Caladenia clavigera (Plain-lip Spider-orchid – ten plants on summit of Wild Dog Hill – severely grazing 

impacted), Pheladenia deformis (Blue Fairies – 3 plants by Dinsdale Rd): EVC 22 (lowland hill-crest) 

Podolepis jaceoides (Showy Podolepis – Wild Dog Hill): EVC 22 (mountain ridge) 

Cryptostylis subulata (Large Tongue-orchid – 50 plants along Black Calf Creek): EVC 793 




goniocalyx 

124


Condition: 2. Extent: 2 – mostly in northern half of site – note: areas on EVC map along southern section 

of Everard Spur are more accurately Grassy Dry Forest 

EVC 22. Grassy Dry Forest (lowland hill-crest) 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus goniocalyx, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus melliodora 

Condition: 3. Extent: 3 – southern ends of Everard Spur and Watsons Creek Track 



obliqua 










Dominant species: Eucalyptus ovata, Eucalyptus melliodora, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus rubida 

Condition: 3 (alluvial mining). Extent: 3 (Wild Dog Creek Rd east of Dinsdale Rd) 


Dominant species: Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus goniocalyx, Eucalyptus polyanthemos, 

Eucalyptus radiata 

Condition: 3. Extent: 4 (small stand below Wild Dog Creek Rd near boundary of KNP) 



Condition: 4 (formerly 3 now severely eroded & fire impacted). Extent: 4 – small stand along Wild Dog 

Creek 

EVC 793. Damp Heathy Woodland 

Dominant species: Leptospermum myrsinoides, Gahnia radula, Austrostipa muelleri 

Condition: 2. Extent: 3 – south side of mid-Black Calf Creek – note: more accurately valley heathy forest 



Condition: 3 (formerly 2 now severely fire impacted). Extent: 2 (Black Calf Creek) 



state). 


Grassy Dry Forest (mountain ridge and mountain slope sub-communities): intact and extensive stands 

between Mt Everard and Marshalls Road. These are some of the most extensive stands of grassy dry 

forest in Port Phillip Region. 


Eight vegetation communities present in site including three sub-communities of grassy dry forest 


The site supports relatively intact stands of four threatened vegetation communities 


The site meets criteria for integrity and rarity at the state level and diversity at the regional level. An 

additional nomination for representative of type at the Regional level is the fine stands of Grassy Dry 

Forest. 

OTHER ASSETS 

125



Threats: Medium – feral goats and Sambar Deer; weeds along Wild Dog Creek; old mining disturbances; 

horse riding on Wild Dog Hill 


There is erosion and a number of weeds along the small section of Wild Dog Creek in the park. Horse 

riders entering the park from this section and Olives Lane are also a problem. A prescribed burn was 

undertaken in the Dinsdale Road corner of the park in April 2010. This is in an area of about 5 ha of grassy 

dry forest that was unburnt. It supports several rare orchids including the vulnerable Wine-lip Spider-orchid 

and regionally endangered Blue Fairies. The area also supports potential habitat of the Common Dunnart. 

These species will benefit from a low to medium intensity fire and monitoring programs will be set up after 

the burn. 


3.7 Old Kinglake Road 





Acacia verniciflua (Southern Varnish Wattle; poorly known – 50 plants prior to bushfire at Girraween – 

seedling recruitment observed spring 2009): EVC 16 

Pterostylis sp. aff. parviflora (Red-tip Greenhood; rare) – fuel reduction burn-site SE of Mt Beggary: EVC 

20 

Caladenia oenochila (Wine-lip Spider-orchid; vulnerable – single plant of red-colour variant located by 

Jenny Barnett circa 1998 along Bundy Track about 500 m from Old Kinglake Rd), Pterostylis sp. aff. 

parviflora (Red-tip Greenhood; rare) and Thelymitra X irregularis (Crested Sun-orchid; rare – single plants 

observed by Jenny Barnett circa 1980 and 1990 flowering above Old Kinglake Road near the bottom of 

Bundy Track): EVC 22 (mountain ridge) 



Extensive populations of several regionally threatened and regionally significant species 


The site supports around 40 orchid species (Jenny Barnett pers. comm.) 


Vulnerable Caladenia oenochila 


Three other species listed rare or poorly known recorded at site. Regionally threatened species: 

Brachyloma daphnoides (Daphne Heath), Callitris rhomboidea (Oyster Bay Pine), Corunastylis archeri 

(Variable Midge-orchid), Corunastylis morrisii (Bearded Midge-orchid), Leucopogon ericoides (Pink Beardheath), 

Podolobium procumbens (Trailing Shaggy-pea): EVC 20 

Lomandra multiflora (Many-flowered Mat-rush), Persoonia juniperina (Prickly Geebung), Thelymitra 

flexuosa (Twisted Sun-orchid): EVC 22 

Pterostylis atrans (Dark-tip Greenhood): EVC 23 



Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus cephalocarpa, Eucalyptus 

goniocalyx, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha 

126


Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 (Girraween – not previously mapped) 



goniocalyx 




obliqua 





Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 - note: area on EVC map at Girraween is more accurately Lowland Forest 









Condition: 3 (formerly 2 now severely fire impacted). Extent: 2 (Jerusalem Creek and tributaries) 



state). 


Intact stands of seven vegetation communities present in site. Grassy Dry Forest, Heathy Dry Forest, 

Herb-rich Foothill Forest and Gully Woodland (prior to bushfire): intact and extensive stands 

Damp Forest and Lowland Forest: intact and relatively extensive stands 


Seven vegetation communities present in site 


The site meets criteria for integrity and rarity at the state level and diversity at the regional level 

OTHER ASSETS 


Threats: Medium - feral goats and Sambar Deer. The February 2009 bushfire was of extreme intensity 

along the Old Kinglake Road and Jerusalem Creek. There is evidence of chaotic fire behaviour along the 

creek upstream of the lower gate on Old Kinglake Road. The Manna Gums were torn apart where 

firestorms from the west and east converged. 


Several species of invasive weeds are present around and upstream of Jehosaphat Creek picnic area. 

These have arisen from disturbance from old mining operations and visitor pressure. All Oyster Bay Pines 

were killed by the bushfire and to date no seedling recruitment has been observed. 

A number of significant observations have been made in the Fuel Reduction Burn undertaken in autumn 

2008. The FRB was particularly successful in stemming the intensity of the bushfire. The firestorm from 

Broad Gully hit the western edge at the top of the spur and jumped right over the burn. The radiant heat 

scorched most of the leaves (including epicormic leaves on eucalypts from the FRB) but did not kill fire 

sensitive understorey shrubs such as Gorse Bitter-pea, Silver Banksia and Holly Lomatia. These quickly 

resprouted. There was also a floral display of greenhood orchids over autumn-winter not observed 

127


elsewhere in the Everard block. Of particular interest were the spring flowering spikes of Austral Grasstree 

on the same plants containing old spikes from the burn of the preceding year. The main conclusion is 

that a FRB on a sheltered slope is more effective than one on an exposed slope in the event of an extreme 

bushfire. 


3.8 Jehosaphat Gully 


EI&V: S. R&D: R. R&C: S. RoT: R. S&EV: -. Data Coverage: Low 



Pomaderris vacciniifolia (Round-leaf Pomaderris; endangered): EVC 45 


Pteris comans (Netted Brake; rare), Tmesipteris ovata (Oval Fork-fern; rare); Jim Willis records circa 1970 

from JG walking trail): EVC 30 



Pomaderris vacciniifolia (Round-leaf Pomaderris; endangered) – 15 plants prior to Feb 2009 bushfire at 

top of JG near Healesville – Kinglake Rd (3% of total known population) – over 50 seedlings germinated 

spring 2009 


Extensive populations of several other regionally threatened and regionally significant species 


Over twenty five fern species recorded for Jehosaphat Gully (Jim Willis pers. comm.) 


Endangered Pomaderris vacciniifolia 


Three other VROT species listed as rare recorded in site. Regionally threatened species recorded in 

Jehosaphat Gully include: Blechnum patersonii (Strap Water-fern), Ctenopteris heterophylla (Gypsy Fern), 

Hypolepis glandulifera (Downy Ground-fern), Pterostylis decurva (Summer Greenhood), Pterostylis foliata 

(Slender Greenhood), Pteris comans (Netted Brake) and Tmesipteris ovata (Oval Fork-fern): EVC 30 




goniocalyx 












128


Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus baxteri, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus cypellocarpa, 





state). 


Herb-rich Foothill Forest, Damp Forest and Wet Forest: intact and extensive stands 

Heathy Dry Forest and Shrubby Foothill Forest: intact and relatively extensive stands 




The site meets criteria for integrity and rarity at the state level and diversity at the regional level 

OTHER ASSETS 


Threats: Medium - feral goats and Sambar Deer; weeds in upper Jehosaphat Gully; mining in 

middle/lower Jehosaphat Gully (historical); visitor pressure 


The middle reach of Jehosaphat Creek downstream of the site is largely inaccessible and unsurveyed. 


3.9 Mt Slide Road – Full and Plenty Creek 


EI&V: S. R&D: R. R&C: R. RoT: R. S&EV: -. Data Coverage: Medium 



Acacia verniciflua (Southern Varnish Wattle; poorly known), Calochilus gracillimus (Slender Beard-orchid; 

rare) and Grevillea repens (Creeping Grevillea; rare): EVC 16/20 




Acacia verniciflua: prior to bushfire there were several hundred plants scattered along several km of Steels 

Creek – Mt Slide Rd – largest population in Region – seedling recruitment observed spring 2009 

Grevillea repens: 50-100 plants prior to fire scattered along several km of Steels Creek – Mt Slide Rd – 

largest population known in KNP – about ten survive on road embankment in autumn 2009 

Sarcochilus australis: over 500 plants along Steels Creek - Mt Slide Road in the vicinity of Full & Plenty 

Creek (most extensive population known in Port Phillip Region); entire population presumed to have been 

killed by Feb 2009 bushfire 


Extensive populations of several other regionally threatened and regionally significant species 


The site supports a moderate diversity of flora species 


129


Four VROT species listed rare or poorly known recorded in site. Regionally threatened species: 

Callitris rhomboidea (Oyster Bay Pine – Mt Slide Rd north of Chalmers Ridge c1990 – now fire-killed), 

Pimelea aff. linifolia (Slender Rice-flower – Tasmanian race): EVC 16 

Atherosperma moschatum (Southern Sassafras – three trees at Full & Plenty Creek killed by Feb 2009 

bushfire), Sarcochilus australis (Butterfly Orchid): EVC 31 

Also regionally significant Hibbertia fasciculata var. prostrata (Bundled Guinea-flower – single plant on 

Chalmers Ridge in 2001). 



Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus cephalocarpa, Eucalyptus 

goniocalyx, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha 

Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 (not previously mapped) 


Dominant species: Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus goniocalyx 

Condition: 2*. Extent: 2 - note: several stands on EVC map along Steels Creek – Mt Slide Road are more 

accurately Lowland Forest 










EVC 31. Cool Temperate Rainforest 

Dominant species: Atherosperma moschatum 

Condition: 2 (now temporarily eliminated by extreme fire intensity). Extent: 3 


Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus baxteri, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus cypellocarpa, 





state). 


Heathy Dry Forest, Herb-rich Foothill Forest, Damp Forest and Wet Forest: intact and extensive stands 

Lowland Forest and Shrubby Foothill Forest: intact and relatively extensive stands 




The site meets criteria for integrity at the state level and diversity and rarity at the regional level 

OTHER ASSETS 


Threats: Medium - feral goats and Sambar Deer; mining (historical); weeds at Chalmers Ridge. The 

February 2009 bushfire was of severe intensity. The fire had devastating impact on Full and Plenty Creek. 

130


Southern Sassafras were split up their flanks and died almost instantaneously. The old growth Mountain 

Grey Gums were torn apart. The entire population of over 500 plants of Butterfly Orchid was killed. 


Butterfly Orchid site was obtained by several growers prior to the bushfire. It is planned that plants will be 

grown on host Prickly Currant-bush and reinstated to the site of origin. Sassafras grown from Wallaby 

Creek should be reinstated. 


INCOMPLETELY SURVEYED AND ASSESSED SITES IN EVERARD BLOCK 

3.10 Mt Slide – Brocks Spur 





Nil species recorded 



Extensive populations of the following regionally significant species: Eucalyptus baxteri (Brown Stringybark 

– shrubby foothill forest on Mt Slide). Other species not listed. 


There is a moderately diverse flora assemblage present 



Callitris rhomboidea (Oyster Bay Pine – several old trees on Brocks Spur c2000 – Stuart Judd pers. 

comm. - now fire-killed): EVC 20. Also regionally significant Leucopogon ericoides (Pink Beard-heath). 

Cryptostylis leptochila (Small Tongue-orchid) and Pimelea linifolia (Tasmanian Form) (Slender Riceflower) 

EVC 45. Also regionally significant Pomaderris elachophylla (Small-leaf Pomaderris) and main 

occurrence in KNP of Goodenia lanata (Trailing Goodenia). 






macrorhyncha 

Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 – small stands in SE corner of site – stand on Mt Slide is more accurately Shrubby 

Foothill Forest 



goniocalyx 






131





Dominant species: Eucalyptus cypellocarpa, Pomaderris aspera, Bedfordia arborescens, Acacia 

melanoxylon 

Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 – small stands along tributary gullies of Dixons Creek – some supporting 

exceptional old growth grey gums – no Mountain Ash observed 






Shrubby Foothill Forest, Heathy Dry Forest, Herb-rich Foothill Forest and Damp Forest: intact and 

extensive stands 



Threats: Medium 



3.11 Diamond Creek Headwaters 


EI&V: R. R&D: R. R&C: -. RoT: -. S&EV: -. Data Coverage: Low 



Unsurveyed 



Only incidental flora survey along Diamond Creek has been conducted in the site (moderately diverse 

assemblage present). Fourteen regionally significant species have been recorded (incomplete): Allantodia 

australis, Asplenium bulbiferum, Atherosperma moschatum (single old tree killed by Feb 2009 bushfire), 

Blechnum chambersii, Blechnum fluviatile, Grammitis billardieri, Isolepis subtilissima, Lastreopsis 

acuminata, Lomatia fraseri, Parsonsia brownii, Polyphlebium venosum, Rumohra adiantiformis, Solanum 

prinophyllum and Sticherus tener. 




goniocalyx 

Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 – Cookson Hill Track east of site 





132






Condition: 3 (formerly 2 but now moderately fire impacted). Extent: 2 



macrorhyncha 




state). 


Riparian Forest, Shrubby Foothill Forest, Herb-rich Foothill Forest and Damp Forest: relatively intact and 

relatively extensive stands 

Heathy Dry Forest: intact and relatively extensive stand 



OTHER ASSETS 


Threats: High - feral goats; weeds including Blackberry along Diamond Creek; disbanded scout camp. 


The February 2009 bushfire was of extreme intensity. 


133


4 WOMBELANO BLOCK 

4.1 Captains Creek 


EI&V: S. R&D: S. R&C: S. RoT: S. S&EV: R. Data Coverage: Medium 



Grevillea repens (Creeping Grevillea; rare), Pimelea curviflora var. aff. subglabrata (Curved Rice-flower; 

rare) and Pterostylis sp. aff. parviflora (Red-tip Greenhood; rare): EVC heathy dry forest – lowland forest 

complex 



Grevillea repens and Pimelea curviflora var. aff. subglabrata: extensive populations below Captains Creek 

Road 


Extensive populations of the following regionally threatened species: Logania albiflora – largest population 

in Region (50-100 plants). The local taxon has narrower leaves and is the form occurring around Bendigo. 

Boronia nana var. hyssopifolia (Dwarf Boronia), Leptorhynchos nitidulus (Shiny Buttons), Lobelia gibbosa 

var. gibbosa (Tall Lobelia), Lobelia simplicicaulis (Narrow Lobelia), Persoonia chamaepeuce (Dwarf 

Geebung) and Viola cleistogamoides (Hidden Violet) – largest populations in KNP. 


The site has a high diversity of flora species in comparison to other areas of mountain forest in the Region. 

An orchid survey is recommended as there is potentially a diverse assemblage present. 


Three VROT species listed rare recorded at site 



Boronia nana var. hyssopifolia (Dwarf Boronia), Entolasia marginata (Bordered Panic), Leptorhynchos 

nitidulus (Shiny Buttons), Lobelia gibbosa var. gibbosa (Tall Lobelia), Lobelia simplicicaulis (Narrow 

Lobelia), Logania albiflora (Narrow-leaf Logania), Lomandra multiflora (Many-flowered Mat-rush), 

Persoonia chamaepeuce (Dwarf Geebung), Pimelea aff. linifolia (Slender Rice-flower – Tasmanian race) 

and Viola cleistogamoides (Hidden Violet): EVC HDF-LFC. Veronica aff. gracilis (Slender Speedwell – 

sensu Beauglehole 1983): EVC 902 

Rorippa gigantea (Long-style Bitter-cress): EVC 29 

Other regionally significant species include Dianella laevis var. aspera (Rough Flax-lily) and Lepidosperma 

filiformis (Common Rapier-sedge). 




macrorhyncha 




goniocalyx 





134







macrorhyncha 


EVC XX. Heathy Dry Forest – Lowland Forest Complex 

Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus goniocalyx, Eucalyptus 

dives 

Condition: 2. Extent: 2. 


Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus camphora, Eucalyptus radiata 



Heathy Dry Forest – Lowland Forest Complex: intact and extensive stand in Captains Creek valley. This is 

possibly the most extensive stand of this rare EVC in the Region. 


Heathy Dry Forest: intact and relatively extensive stand on Captains Creek Road 

Herb-rich Foothill Forest and Lowland Forest: intact and relatively extensive stands 

Damp Forest: intact and relatively extensive stand 

Gully Woodland: intact and relatively extensive stand 




Two threatened communities in intact condition in site (heathy dry forest – lowland forest complex and 

gully woodland) 


The site meets criteria for integrity, diversity and rarity at the state level and scientific value at the regional 

level. As an additional listing for state significance, the site is nominated for the presence of an extremely 

rare (and hence representative) stand of Heathy Dry Forest – Lowland Forest complex. Of regional 

significance, the heathlands support a disjunct, rare plant alliance. Species include Leptorhynchos 

nitidulus, and other species listed above. 


The site has moderate biogeographical significance for vegetation communities and flora and fauna 

species and provides numerous rare natural occurrences and disjunct range limits. This demonstrates 

essential evolutionary relationships and origin within the Biogeographic Region. 

Threats: Medium. 


The site was burnt in January 2006 and February 2009. It supports the only unburnt stand of Hairpin 

Banksia in Kinglake NP. Monitoring of the highly significant populations of Creeping Grevillea and Hairpin 

Banksia is recommended. Fauna survey is also recommended including an appraisal of the population of 

Eastern Pigmy-possum. 


135


4.2 Yea River 





Carex alsophila (Forest Sedge; rare) – scattered plants along Yea River. Disjunct from populations at 

higher elevation in the Eastern Highlands: EVC XX (shrubby riparian forest) 

Callitriche brachycarpa (Short Water-starwort; vulnerable): EVC 18 & EVC 800 



Callitriche brachycarpa (Short Water-starwort) - large population of the vulnerable species in swale-soaks 

and channels of Yea River terrace and on mud-banks of Yea River 


Extensive populations of the following regionally significant species: Hypericum japonicum (Matted St 

John’s-wort), Lilaeopsis polyantha (Australian Lilaeopsis) and Pomaderris elachophylla (Small-leaf 

Pomaderris). 


There is a moderately diverse assemblage of regionally significant flora species. The following listings are 

of those known from only one to three populations in KNP: Blechnum minus (Soft Water-fern), Centipeda 

elatinoides (Elatine Sneezeweed), Epilobium gunnianum (Butterfly Willow-herb), Eleocharis gracilis 

(Slender Spike-sedge), Leptospermum grandiflorum (Mountain Tea-tree) and Triglochin rheophilum 

(Braided Water-ribbons). 


Intact stand of threatened community Riparian Forest Wetland – mosaic of small stands in swales and 

drainage channels on the river terrace 


Vulnerable species recorded at site - Callitriche brachycarpa 


One other VROT species listed as rare recorded at site 


Amphibromus neesii (Southern Swamp Wallaby-grass), Baumea tetragona (Square Twig-sedge), 

Deyeuxia brachyathera (Short Bent-grass), Gratiola pubescens (Glandular Brooklime): EVC 800 

Anogramma leptophylla (Annual Fern), Eleocharis gracilis (Slender Spike-sedge), Rorippa gigantea (Longstyle 

Bitter-cress): EVC XX – shrubby riparian forest 


The site meets criteria for integrity and rarity at the state level and diversity at the regional level. 




macrorhyncha 

Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 – small stands on Melba Hwy and Gordons Bridge Road 




Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 (West Bridge Road - northern section) 

EVC XX. Shrubby Riparian Forest (mountain creek) 



136


Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 (Gordons Bridge Road - southern section) 



goniocalyx 





EVC 800. Riparian Forest Wetland 

Dominant species: Carex appressa, Isolepis inundata, Juncus planifolius, Persicaria praetermissa, 

Echinopogon ovatus, Tetrarrhena juncea, Eucalyptus camphora 

Condition: 2 (one of few stands in Region of this disjunct and highly threatened EVC). Extent: 3 

Note: unless of outstanding quality, intact stands of secure mountain forest communities or artificial 

habitats (asterisked) are widespread and ranked regionally significant (as opposed to threatened lowland 

communities which are state). 


Riparian Forest and Shrubby Riparian Forest: intact and relatively extensive stands along Yea River 



Threats: Medium – notably several weeds (e.g. Grey Willow) 


Monitoring of the rare flora populations in Riparian Forest Wetland and Shrubby Riparian Forest is 

recommended. Fauna survey is also recommended including an appraisal of populations of the Water 

Skink Eulamprus heatwolei and Yellow-bellied Glider. Mammal trapping in the Riparian Forest Wetland of 

Yea River may also indicate the presence of Broad-tooth Rat. 


4.3 Burgan Track 


EI&V: S. R&D: R. R&C: R. RoT: R. S&EV: R. Data Coverage: Medium 



Nil species recorded though the site has been incompletely surveyed 



Extensive populations of the following regionally significant species: Eucalyptus camphora, Leptospermum 

lanigerum and Ranunculus glabrifolius 


Best representation of lowland creek species in Kinglake NP 


Regionally significant species: 

Centipeda elatinoides (Elatine Sneezeweed), Eryngium vesiculosum (Prickfoot), Eucalyptus camphora 

ssp. humeana (Mountain Swamp Gum), Isolepis fluitans (Floating Club-sedge), Gratiola pubescens 

(Glandular Brooklime), Hypoxis vaginata (Sheath Star), Leptospermum lanigerum (Woolly Tea-tree), 

Lilaeopsis polyantha (Australian Lilaeopsis), Ranunculus glabrifolius (Shining Buttercup) and Schoenus 

137


maschalinus (Leafy Bog-sedge): EVC 164. Also only known occurrence in Kinglake NP of Geranium 

inundatum (Naked Crane’s-bill). 



Dominant species: Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus 

goniocalyx 




Condition: 2. Extent: 3 – south slopes of Mt Everard 





Dominant species: Eucalyptus camphora ssp. humeana, Eucalyptus rubida, Eucalyptus melliodora, 

Eucalyptus radiata 



Creekline Herb-rich Woodland (foothills): intact and extensive stand at NW corner of Burgan Track. This is 

one of only two intact stands of this endangered EVC in Kinglake NP. 


Heathy Dry Forest, Herb-rich Foothill Forest & Damp Forest: intact and relatively extensive stands 


Four vegetation communities present in site 


One threatened community in intact condition in site (creekline herb-rich woodland) 


The site meets criteria for integrity at the state level and diversity, rarity and scientific value at the regional 

level 


The site has moderate biogeographical significance for vegetation communities and flora and fauna 

species and supports several rare creekline species that are poorly reserved across the Region. 

Threats: Medium – motor bike riders 


The local dominance of Yarra Burgan is indicative of past fire and/or land clearing episodes. The site was 

burnt in January 2006 and February 2009. A dozer line was cut along the park boundary through the finest 

section of creekline herb-rich woodland in the 2006 fire. This has enabled the ingression of motor bikes 

and needs to be rehabilitated. 


INCOMPLETELY SURVEYED AND ASSESSED SITES IN WOMBELANO BLOCK 

4.4 Andrews Hill – Island Creek 



138




Eucalyptus fulgens (Green Scentbark; vulnerable): EVC 16 - western foot-slopes of Andrews Hill 



Extensive populations of the following regionally significant species: Eucalyptus baxteri (Brown Stringybark 

– shrubby foothill forest on Andrews Hill). Other species not listed. 


There is a moderately diverse flora assemblage present 


One VROT species listed at site 


Lobelia gibbosa var. gibbosa (Tall Lobelia), Lobelia rhombifolia (Tufted Lobelia), Lobelia simplicicaulis 

(Narrow Lobelia), Logania albiflora (Narrow-leaf Logania), Persoonia chamaepeuce (Dwarf Geebung) and 

Pimelea aff. linifolia (Slender Rice-flower – Tasmanian race): EVC 16. Also only occurrence in KNP of 

Acacia myrtifolia (Myrtle Wattle). 





Dominant species: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus fulgens, Eucalyptus goniocalyx, 






Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 (Island Creek) 



goniocalyx 

Condition: 2*. Extent: 2 – note: areas on EVC map on upper slopes of Andrews Hill are more accurately 

Shrubby Foothill Forest 









Condition: 2*. Extent: 3 – small previously unmapped stands on the south face of Andrews Hill including at 

least one that is unburnt 






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Lowland Forest, Heathy Dry Forest, Herb-rich Foothill Forest and Damp Forest: intact and extensive 

stands 



Threats: Medium 



4.5 Hirts Creek – Wombelano Falls 


EI&V: R. R&D: R. R&C: R. RoT: R. S&EV: -. Data Coverage: incidental 



Unsurveyed 


Ecological Integrity & Viability (unranked) 

Unknown 

Richness & Diversity (unranked) 

Unknown 


Notable regionally significant species include Pellaea falcata var. falcata (Sickle Fern) and Todea barbara 

(Austral King-fern) in EVC Wet Forest Escarpment and Falls Complex 




goniocalyx 












EVC XX. Wet Forest Escarpment and Falls Complex 

Dominant species: Hakea decurrens, Pomaderris aspera, Acacia melanoxylon 

Condition: 2. Extent: 4 – small unmapped occurrence at Wombelano Falls 


Herb-rich Foothill Forest and Damp Forest: intact and extensive stands 

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The site meets criteria for integrity, rarity and diversity at the regional level 

Threats: unknown 


The site was burnt in 2006 and 2009. 


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Threatened Species Management Plan for Kinglake National Park

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