Euonymus spp.

Euonymus spp. 


Euonymus 

Introduction 

The genus Euonymus contains 

approximately 200 species worldwide, 

distributed mainly in warm subtropical 

regions, with a few species extending 

into the frigid temperate regions of the 

northern hemisphere. In China, 111 

species, ten varieties and four forms 

have been reported [15] . 

Species of Euonymus in China 

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I. Euonymus alatus 

Winged burning bush 

Taxonomy 

Family: Celastraceae 

Genus: Euonymus L. 

Description 

Euonymus alatus is a deciduous shrub, 

1-3 m tall, with two to four columns of 

corky wings along the twigs. Opposite 

leaves are ovate-elliptic or oblong elliptic, 

rarely obovate, 2-8 cm in length and 

1-3 cm in width, with serrate margins. 

Petiole is inconspicuous or absent. Cyme 

inflorescence consists of one to three 

yellowish green flowers, occurring 

from May to June. Fruit is a purplish 

capsule 7-8 mm long with one to four 

splits, appearing from July to October. 

Seeds are brownish, elliptic and 5-6 

mm in length [15][74] . 

Habitat 

Euonymus alatus occurs on hillsides, 

in deciduous broadleaf mixed forests, 

and along ditches [15] . 

Distribution 

E. alatus is native to northeastern 

Asia and most of China except for the 

provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, Tibet, 

Xinjiang, and Yunnan [15] [164] . 

Economic Importance 

The bright red leaf color of the 

Euonymus alatus in fall makes it a 

popular ornamental. The stems with 

corky wings are used in traditional 

Chinese medicine [15] . 

72 — Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies 

Brilliant autumn foliage of Euonymus alatus. 

(Photo by James H. Miller, UDSDA-FS.) 

Related Species 

Euonymus alatus var. pubescens Maxim. 

has short hairs along the main vein on 

the lower leaf surface. Euonymus alatus 

var. pubescens grows on hillsides or dry 

forest edges, in Hebei, Heilongjiang, 

Inner Mongolia, Jilin, and Liaoning 

provinces [15] . 

II. Euonymus fortunei 

Wintercreeper 

Taxonomy 

Family: Celastraceae 

Genus: Euonymus L. 

Description 

Euonymus fortunei is an evergreen shrub. 

The shape of its thin leathery leaves 

varies greatly from elliptic, oblong, 

linear-obovate to lanceolate; they are 

3.5-8 cm long and 1.5-4 cm wide. The 

Euonymus alatus in summer. (Photo by James 

H. Miller, USDA-FS.)

whitish green flowers bloom in June 

and occur in a cymose inflorescence. 

The fruit of Euonymus fortunei is a 

pinkish, subglobular capsule 6-12 mm 

in diameter. The seed is brown, oblong, 

and ripens in October [2] . 

Habitat 

Euonymus fortunei occurs on hillsides, 

in forests, forest margins, and thickets 

along riverbanks [15] . 

Distribution 

Euonymous fortunei occurs in Anhui, 

Fujian [36] , Gansu [70] , Guangxi [51] , 

Guizhou [97] , Henan [25] , Hubei, Hunan, 

Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, 

Yunnan, and Zhejiang provinces [15] . 

Species of Euonymus in China 

Economic Importance 

Stems and leaves are medicinally 

useful [74] . 


Natural Enemies of Euonymus 

Ten species of fungi and 28 arthropods 

have been recorded in association with 

the genus Euonymus. 

Scientific Name Scientific Name Scientific Name 

E. acanthocarpus Franch. E. actinocarpus Loes. E. aculeatus Hemsl 

E. aculeolus C. Y. Cheng ex J. S. Ma E. alatus (Thunb.) Sieb E. amygdalifolius Franch. 

E. angustatus Sprague E. austro-tibetanus Y. R. Li E. bockii Loes. 

E. carnosus Hemsl. E. centidens Lévl. E. chengii J. S. Ma 

E. chenmoui Cheng E. chloranthoides Yang E. chuii Hand.-Mazz. 

E. cinereus Laws E. clivicolus W. W. Smith E. contractus Sprague 

E. corntus Hemsl. E. crenatus C. H. Wang E. dielsianus Loes. 

E. distichus Lévl. E. dolichopus Merr. ex J. S. Ma E. echinatus Wall. ex Roxb 

E. ellipticus (C. H. Wang) C. Y. Cheng E. euscaphis Hand.-Mazz. E. fertilis (Loes.) C. Y. Cheng ex C. Y. Cheng 

E. ficoides C. Y. Cheng ex J. S. Ma E. fimbriatus Wall. ex Roxb. E. fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. 

E. frigidus Wall. ex Roxb. E. gibber Hance E. giraldii Loes. 

E. gracillimus Hemsl. E. grandiflorus Wall. E. hainanensis Chun et How 

E. hamiltonianus Wall. ex Roxb. E. hederaceus Champ. ex Benth. E. hemsleyanus Loes. 

E. hui J. S. Ma E. hukuangensis C. Y. Cheng ex J. S. Ma E. hystrix W. W. Smith 

E. japonicus Thunb. E. jinfoshanensis Z. M. Gu E. jinggangshanensis M. X. Nie 

E. jinyangensis C. Y. Chang E. Kengmaensis C. Y. Cheng ex J. S. Ma E. kiautschovicus Loes. 

E. kwangtungensis C. Y. Chen E. lawsonii C. B. Clarke ex Prain E. laxicymosus C. Y. Cheng ex J. S. Ma 

E. laxiflorus Charmp. ex Benth E. leclerei Lévl. E. lichiangensis W. W. Smith 

E. linearifolius Franch. E. maackii Rupr. E. macropterus Rupr. 

E. maximowiczianus (Prokh.) Varosh E. mengtseanus (Loes.) Sprague E. microcarpus (Oliv.) Sprague 

E. mitratus Pierre E. morrisonensis Kanehira et Sasaki E. myrianthus Hemsl. 

E. nanoides Loes. E. nanus Bieb E. nitidus Benth. 

E. oblongifolius Loes. et Rehd. E. omeiensis Fang E. oxyphyllus Miq. 

E. pallidifolius Hayata E. parasimilis C. Y. Cheng ex J. S. Ma E. paravagans Z. M. Gu 

E. pashanensis S. Z. Qu et Y. H. He E. pendulus Wall. ex Roxb. E. perbellus C. Y. Chang 

E. percoriaceus C. Y. Wu ex J. S. Ma E. phellomanus Loes. E. porphyreus Loes. 

E. potingensis Chun et How ex J. S. Ma E. przwalskii Maxim E. pseudo-sootepensis Y. R. Li et S. G. Wu 

E. rehderianus Loes. E. rostratus W. W. Smith E. sanguineus Loes. 

E. saxicolus Loes. et Rehd. E. scandens Graham E. schensianus Maxim. 

E. semenovii Regel E. spraguei Hayata E. subsessilis Sprague 

E. subtrinervis Rehd. E. szechuanensis C. H. Wang E. tashiroi Maxim. 

E. tengyuehensts W. W. Smith E. theacolus C. Y. Cheng E. theifoius Wall. 

E. tibeticus W. W. Smith E. tingens Wall. E. tonkinenis Loes. 

E. trichocarpus Hayata E. vagans Wall. ex Roxb. E. vasanoides C. Y. Cheng ex J. S. Ma 

E. venosus Hemsi E. verrucosoides Loes. E. verrucosus Scop. 

E. viburnoides Prain E. wensiensis J. W. Ren et D. S. Yao E. wilsonii Sprague 

E. wui J. S. Ma E. xylocarpus C. Y. Cheng et Z. M. Gu E. yunnanensis Franch. 

Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies — 73


Fungi 

Phylum Family Species H. R. Ref. 

Anamorphic Acantharia Fusicladium euonymi-japonici Hori mo 23 

Anamorphic Ascomycetes 

Coleophoma cylindrospora (Desm.) Höhn. oo 23 † 

Sphaeropsis euonymi Gabotto mo 23 

Anamorphic Broomella Pestalotia planimi Vize mo 23 

Anamorphic Erysiphe Oidium euonymi-japonici (Arcang.) Sacc. mo 23 

Anamorphic Guignardia Phyllosticta bolleana Sacc. oo 23 

Anamorphic Leptosphaeria Phoma subnervisequa Desm. mo 23 

Anamorphic Mycosphaerella 

Cercosporella euonymi Erikss. oo 23 

Pseudocercospora destructiva (Ravenel) Y.L. Guo & X.J. Liu 

74 — Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies 

mo 23 ‡ 

oo 110 

Anamorphic Pyrenopeziza Cylindrosporium frigidum (Sacc.) Vassiljevsky mo 23 

† Recorded as Macrophoma cylindrospora (Desm.) Berl. et Vogl. 

‡ Recorded as Cercospora destructiva Rav. 

Arthropods 

Order Family Species H.P.R. Ref. 

Coleoptera Cerambycidae Acalolepta sublusca (Thomson) po 124 

Aphididae Aphis clerodendri Matsumura po 100 

Ceroplastes japonicus Green po 151 

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell po 151 

Coccidae 

Chloropulvinaria aurantii (Cockerell) 

p 

po 

85 

151 

p 65 

Chloropulvinaria floccifera (Westwood) 

p 85 

Homoptera 

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) 

po 

p 

151 

85 

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) p 85 

Lepidosaphes corni (Takahashi) p 85 

Diaspididae 

I 

Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) 

p 

p 

65 

140 

Parlatoria camelliae Comstock p 85 

Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) p 131 

Margarodidae Icerya purchasi Maskell p 140 

p 65 

Abraxas suspecta Warren 

p 138 

Geometridae 

Lepidoptera 

II 

p 158 

Amraica superans (Butler) p 65 

Buzura recursaria superans Butler 

p 

po 

85 

138 

Buzura thibetaria Oberthür p 158 

Abraxus suspecta Warren p 85 

Phthonosema invenustaria Leech 

p 

p 

85 

138 

Xandrames dholaria sericea Butler m 158 

Tortricidae Homona magnanima Diakonoff 

p 

p 

65 

158 

Yponomeuta anatolicus Stringer oo 114 

Yponomeuta bipunctellus Matsumura m 114 

Yponomeuta griseatus Moriuti mo 114 

Yponomeutidae 

Yponomeuta kanaiellus Matsumura 

Yponomeuta pedallus (Linnaeus) 

mo 

p 

114 

114 

Yponomeuta polystigmellus Felder et Felder 

p 

m 

85 

114 

Yponomeuta tokyonellus Matsumura m 114 

* For Euonymus alatus only, Euonymus fortunei is not included. 

I Recorded as Insulaspis corni (Takahashi) 

II Recorded as Calospilos suspecta Warren

Euonymus spp.

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