Ligustrum sinense
Ligustrum sinense
Ligustrum sinense
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<strong>Ligustrum</strong> <strong>sinense</strong><br />
Chinese privet<br />
Introduction<br />
The genus <strong>Ligustrum</strong> contains<br />
approximately 45 species worldwide.<br />
Members of the genus are small trees<br />
or shrubs, growing primarily in warm<br />
regions of Asia, but also found in<br />
northwestern Europe, and southern<br />
Australia, Malaysia and New Guinea.<br />
In China, 28 native species, with two<br />
introduced species, two subspecies,<br />
nine varieties, and one form have<br />
been reported [128][191] .<br />
Species and Some Varieties<br />
and Subspecies of <strong>Ligustrum</strong><br />
in China<br />
Scientific Name Scientific Name<br />
L. amamianum Koidz. L. morrisonense Kanehira et Sasaki<br />
L. angustum Miao L. obovatilimbum Miao †<br />
L. compactum (Wall. ex G. Don) Hook. f. et<br />
Thoms. ex Brandis<br />
Taxonomy<br />
Family: Oleaceae<br />
Genus: <strong>Ligustrum</strong> L.<br />
Description<br />
Chinese privet is a deciduous shrub or<br />
small tree that grows to 2-4 m. Branchlets<br />
are cylindrical and glabrescent. Leaves<br />
are papery or thin leathery, sparsely<br />
pubescent or glabrescent. The leaf blade<br />
is ovate, oblong, elliptic to lanceolate<br />
L. obtusifolium Sieb. et Zucc. subsp.<br />
suave (Kitag.) Kitag.<br />
L. confusum Decne. L. ovalifolium Hassk.<br />
L. delavayanum Hariot L. pricei Hayata<br />
L. expansum Rehd. L. punctifolium M.C. Chang<br />
L. gracile Rehd. L. quihoui Carr.<br />
L. gyirongense P.Y. Bai L. retusum Merr.<br />
L. henryi Hemsl. L. robustum (Roxb.) Blume<br />
L. ibota Sieb. et Zucc. var. microphyllum Nakai‡ L. sempervirens (Franch.) Lingelsh.<br />
L. japonicum Thunb.† L. <strong>sinense</strong> Lour.<br />
L. lianum Hsu L. strongylophyllum Hemsl.<br />
L. longipedicellatum H.T. Chang L. tenuipes M.C. Chang<br />
L. longitubum Hsu L. xingrenense D.J. Liu<br />
L. lucidum Ait. L. yunguiense Miao<br />
L. molliculum Hance<br />
† native to Japan and cultivated widely in China<br />
‡ possible synonym of <strong>Ligustrum</strong> obtusifolium subsp. microphyllum (Nakai) P.<br />
S. Green [191]<br />
or suborbicular, 2-7 cm long and 1-3<br />
cm wide, with apex acute, acuminate,<br />
or obtuse and retuse, and base cuneate<br />
to nearly rounded. Both leaf surfaces<br />
have four to eight pairs of lateral veins<br />
impressed on the upper side and raised<br />
on the underside. Flowers bloom from<br />
March to July. Pubescent panicles are<br />
terminal or axillary, 4–11 cm long and<br />
3–8 cm wide, with a noticeable pedicel.<br />
The subglobose fruits are 5-8 mm in<br />
<strong>Ligustrum</strong> <strong>sinense</strong><br />
Fruits of <strong>Ligustrum</strong> <strong>sinense</strong>. (Photo by<br />
James H. Miller, USDA-FS.)<br />
diameter and appear from September<br />
to December [128] .<br />
Habitat<br />
L. <strong>sinense</strong> occurs in mixed forests, valleys,<br />
scrublands, ravines and along streams<br />
at elevations of 200-2,600 m [128] .<br />
Distribution<br />
The native range of L. <strong>sinense</strong> includes<br />
Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,<br />
Guizhou, Hainan, Henan [26] , Hubei,<br />
Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan,<br />
Taiwan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang [128] . It<br />
is cultivated in Shandong and Xi'an<br />
of Shaanxi [128] .<br />
Economic Importance<br />
<strong>Ligustrum</strong> <strong>sinense</strong> is grown nationwide<br />
as a hedge plant. The fruits are used in<br />
brewing. The oils extracted from the<br />
seeds are used in soap making. The bark<br />
and leaves are medicinally useful.<br />
Related Species<br />
With the exception of <strong>Ligustrum</strong><br />
<strong>sinense</strong> var. <strong>sinense</strong>, L. <strong>sinense</strong> has<br />
seven varieties in China:<br />
1. L. <strong>sinense</strong> var. luodianense M. C.<br />
Chiang is native to Luodian County,<br />
Guizhou Province, and occurs with<br />
other shrubs on hillsides and riversides<br />
at elevations of 150-300 m [128] .<br />
2. L. <strong>sinense</strong> var. coryanum (W.<br />
Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies — 93
<strong>Ligustrum</strong> <strong>sinense</strong><br />
W. Smith) Hand.-Mazz. is native<br />
to eastern Yunnan Province and<br />
Jinshajiang valley areas of Sichuan<br />
Province and occurs in mountainous<br />
mixed forests, among hillside shrubs,<br />
in both dense or sparse forests, and<br />
at forest edges at elevations of 500-<br />
2,500 m [128] .<br />
3. L. <strong>sinense</strong> var. rugosulum (W.<br />
W. Smith) M. C. Chiang is native to<br />
Yunnan and southeastern Tibet and<br />
occurs in valleys, riversides, roadsides,<br />
sparse hillside forests, and thickets<br />
at elevations of 400-2,000 m [128] .<br />
4. L. <strong>sinense</strong> var. opienense Y. C. Yang<br />
is native to northwestern Guangxi,<br />
western and southern Guizhou, and<br />
southern and southeastern Sichuan<br />
and occurs in thickets, sparse forests,<br />
trenches, hillsides, roadsides, and dense<br />
forests of limestone mountains at<br />
elevations of 500-2,100 m [128] .<br />
5. L. <strong>sinense</strong> var. myrianthum (Diels)<br />
Höfk is native to Fujian, Gansu,<br />
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,<br />
Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, southern<br />
Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan and<br />
occurs in thickets or sparse forests,<br />
trenches, hillsides, roadsides, and<br />
dense forests at elevations of 130-<br />
2,700 m [128] .<br />
6. L. <strong>sinense</strong> var. concavum M. C.<br />
Fungi<br />
Chang is native to western Guangxi and<br />
eastern Yunnan and occurs in thickets,<br />
sparse or dense hillside forests, valleys,<br />
and streambanks [128] .<br />
7. L. <strong>sinense</strong> var. dissimile S. J. Hao is<br />
native to Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan<br />
and occurs in thickets on hillsides at<br />
elevations of 400–1,200 m [191] .<br />
Natural Enemies of <strong>Ligustrum</strong><br />
Eleven species of fungi are reported<br />
to damage members of the genus<br />
<strong>Ligustrum</strong>. Seven of them have been<br />
found on Chinese privet. Of the seven,<br />
94 — Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies<br />
Meliola mayapeicola, Cercospora ligustri<br />
and Phyllosticta ligustri appear to be<br />
host-specific to L. <strong>sinense</strong>, whereas<br />
the other four species can infect other<br />
<strong>Ligustrum</strong> species. Ninety-five species<br />
of arthropods in 39 families from seven<br />
orders are associated with members of<br />
the genus <strong>Ligustrum</strong>.<br />
Phylum Family Species H. R. Ref.<br />
Chaetothyriaceae Chaetothyrium javanicum (Zimm.) Boedijn po 23<br />
Ascomycota<br />
†<br />
Meliolaceae<br />
Meliola mayepeicola F. Stevens<br />
Meliola osmanthi Syd. & P. Syd.<br />
m<br />
p<br />
62<br />
62<br />
Basidiomycota<br />
Incertae sedis<br />
Polyporaceae<br />
Aecidium klugkistianum Dietel<br />
Aecidium ligustricola Cummins<br />
Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Pilát<br />
o<br />
o<br />
po<br />
23<br />
23<br />
23<br />
Septobasidiaceae Septobasidium bogoriense Pat. po 23<br />
Anamorphic Guignardia<br />
Phyllosticta ligustri Sacc.<br />
Phyllosticta ligustrina Sacc. & Speg.<br />
m<br />
oo<br />
23<br />
23<br />
Anamorphic Mycosphaerella<br />
Cercospora ligustri Roum.<br />
Cercospora ligustricola T.L. Tai<br />
m<br />
o<br />
23<br />
23<br />
†Recorded as Phaeosaccardinula javanica (Zimm.) Yamam
Arthropods<br />
<strong>Ligustrum</strong> <strong>sinense</strong><br />
Order Family Species H. R. Ref.<br />
Acariformes<br />
Eriophyidae<br />
Rhyncaphytoptidae<br />
Aculops longispinosus Kuang et Hong<br />
Aculus ligustri (Keifer)<br />
Diptilomiopus camerae Mohanasundaram<br />
mo<br />
mo<br />
po<br />
85<br />
83<br />
83<br />
Tetranychidae Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu po 85<br />
Anobiidae Anobium sp. mo 85<br />
Batocera horsfieldi (Hope)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
9<br />
85<br />
Cerambycidae<br />
Batocera lineolata Chevrolat<br />
po<br />
po<br />
85<br />
140<br />
Eutetrapha sedecimpunctata (Motschulsk) po 85<br />
Trichoferus campestris Faldermann po 85<br />
Clinteria ducalis White po 118<br />
Euselates pulchella (Gestro) po 118<br />
Euselates quadrilineata (Hope) po 118<br />
p 65<br />
Cetoniidae<br />
Oxycetonia bealiae (Gory et Percheron)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
118<br />
140<br />
po 158<br />
Protaetia fusca (Herbst) po 118<br />
Taeniodera garnieri (Bourgoin) po 118<br />
Coleoptera<br />
Thaumastopeus nigritus (Fröhlich)<br />
Argopistes hoenei Maulik<br />
po<br />
mo<br />
118<br />
185<br />
Chrysomelidae<br />
Argopistes tsekooni Chen po 185<br />
Linaeidea adamsi adamsi (Baly) mo 85<br />
Curculionidae Dyscerus cribripennis Matsumura et Kono po 2<br />
po 65<br />
Eumolpidae Platycorynus parryi Baly<br />
po 85<br />
po 139<br />
Rutelidae Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky po 85<br />
Scolytidae Xyleborus rubricollis (Eichhoff) po 182<br />
Trichiidae Trichius dubernardi Pouillaude po 65<br />
Dasyvalgus laliganti (Fairmaire) po 118<br />
Dasyvalgus sellatus (Kraatz) po 118<br />
Valgidae<br />
Hybovalgus bioculatus Kolbe<br />
po<br />
po<br />
118<br />
140<br />
Hybovalgus thoracicus Moser po 118<br />
Oreoderus crassipes Arrow po 118<br />
Oreoderus momeitensis Arrow po 118<br />
Hemiptera Pentatomidae<br />
Okeanos quelpartensis Distant<br />
Poeciiocoris sanszesignatus Yang<br />
o<br />
po<br />
65<br />
192<br />
Aleyrodidae<br />
Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance)<br />
Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
85<br />
85<br />
Aphrophoridae Aphrophora obliqua Uhler mo 65<br />
Cicadidae Cryptotympana atrata (Fabricius)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
85<br />
158<br />
Homoptera<br />
Ceroplastes ceriferus (Anderson) po 85<br />
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell po 151<br />
Coccidae<br />
Ericerus pela (Chavannes)<br />
p<br />
oo<br />
po<br />
65<br />
85<br />
151<br />
oo 158<br />
Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies — 95
<strong>Ligustrum</strong> <strong>sinense</strong><br />
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) po 85<br />
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comst) po 140<br />
Diaspididae<br />
Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead)<br />
Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
po<br />
85<br />
140<br />
85<br />
Lepidosaphes tubulorum Ferris po 85<br />
Parlatoria zizyphua (Lucas) po 158<br />
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) po 85<br />
Fulgoridae Lycorma delicatula (White)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
140<br />
204<br />
Ricaniidae Ricania sublimbata Jacobi po 85<br />
Isoptera Termitidae Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) po 85<br />
po 40<br />
Callimorpha similis (Moore)<br />
po 41<br />
po 141<br />
Arctiidae<br />
po 40<br />
Lemyra phasma (Leech)<br />
I<br />
po<br />
po<br />
41<br />
65I po 141I Lepidoptera<br />
Brahmaea certhia Fabricius<br />
mo<br />
p<br />
85<br />
85<br />
Brahmaea hearseyi (White) po 65<br />
Brahmaeidae<br />
Brahmaea ledereri Rogenhofer po 65<br />
Brahmaea porphyrio Chu et Wang o 85<br />
Brahmophthalma hearseyi (White) p 85<br />
Brahmophthalma wallichii (Grey) o 85<br />
Ctenuchidae Amata sp. po 85<br />
Acasis viretata (Hübner) po 177<br />
Ascotis selenaria dianaria Hübner po 85<br />
Biston marginata Matsumura po 85<br />
Geometridae<br />
Garaeus parva distans Warren<br />
p<br />
po<br />
85<br />
138<br />
Naxa seriaria (Motschulsky)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
85<br />
138<br />
Problepsis superans (Butler) mo 158<br />
Trichopteryx polycommata (Denis et Schiffermüller) po 177<br />
Hesperiidae Pelopidas mathias (Fabricius) po 85<br />
Lycaenidae Artopoetes pryeri (Murray) po 203<br />
po 65<br />
po 85<br />
Lymantriidae Euproctis bipunctapex (Hampson)<br />
po 141<br />
po 158<br />
po 198<br />
Craniophora ligustri (Schiffermüller)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
12<br />
141<br />
Noctuidae<br />
Euplexia lucipara (Linnaeus)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
85<br />
209<br />
Ischyja manlia Cramer po 85<br />
Pangrapta obscurata (Butler) mo 85<br />
96 — Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies
<strong>Ligustrum</strong> <strong>sinense</strong><br />
Notodontidae Clostera anachoreta (Fabricius) mo 85II Nymphalidae Athyma ranga Moore po 203<br />
Papilionidae Papilio bianor Sonan po 85<br />
Chalioides kondonis Matsumura po 85<br />
Psychidae<br />
Clania minuscula Butler po 85<br />
Clania variegata Snellen po 85<br />
Pyralidae<br />
Diaphania nigropunctalis (Bremer)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
145<br />
158<br />
Plodia interpunctella Hübner po 85<br />
Saturniidae Syntherata loepoides Butler po 207<br />
Acherontia lachesis (Fabricius) p 85<br />
Acherontia styx Westwood p 85<br />
Amorpha amurensis (Staudinger) po 85<br />
po 65<br />
p 85<br />
Dolbina tancrei Staudinger<br />
po 206<br />
po 206<br />
po 208<br />
Herse convolvuli (Linnaeus) mo 85<br />
po 65<br />
po 85<br />
Kentrochrysalis streckeri Staudinger<br />
po<br />
po<br />
85<br />
206<br />
Sphingidae<br />
oo 206<br />
po 208<br />
Oxyambulyx schauffelbergeri (Bremer et Grey) po 65<br />
po 65<br />
p 85<br />
Psilogramma increta (Walker)<br />
po 206<br />
po 206<br />
po 208<br />
p 85<br />
po 85<br />
Psilogramma menephron (Cramer)<br />
po 141<br />
po 206<br />
po 208<br />
Sphinx ligustri constricta Butler po 206<br />
po 65<br />
Homona magnanima Diakonoff<br />
po 85<br />
Tortricidae<br />
po 158<br />
Lozotaenia forsterana (Fabricius) po 113<br />
Pseudargyrotoza conwagana (Fabricius) po 113<br />
Orthoptera Mecopodidae Mecopoda elongata (Linnaeus) mo 85<br />
I Recorded as Alphaea phasma (Leech)<br />
II Recorded as Melalopha anachoreta (Fabricius)<br />
Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies — 97
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