Le Jardin de Mère Nature dans une Petite Planète - Pima County

Le Jardin de Mère Nature dans une Petite Planète 

(Mother Nature’s Garden on a Small Planet) 

a SPECIES DISTRIBUTION LISTING for 

TOWNSHIP 12 SOUTH, RANGE 08 EAST PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA 

Gila and Salt River Baseline and Meridian 

August 31, 2010 Update 

“An increasing need for careful husbandry of the earth’s natural resources has renewed 

interest in the classification and mapping of ecosystems. The inventory of our remaining biotic entities is 

particularly urgent because the increased aspirations of a constantly growing world population are placing 

ever greater stress on these generous, but finite, living resources.” 

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-73 

This photograph was taken looking east southeast toward the Waterman Mountains. 

William T. Kendall, July 4, 2005

“To know the desert involves an acquaintance with all its aspects, and all its physical 

features, as well as all of the animals and plants that have learned how to find in it a congenial place to 

live. The most significant lesson that the desert dweller can learn from a familiarity with its plant and 

animal life is to regard himself not as an exile from some better place, but as a man at home in an 

environment to which his life can be adjusted without physical or intellectual loss.” 

Forest Shreve, The Cactus and Its Home, found in Discovering the Desert, by William G. McGinnies 

MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION 

William T. Kendall *WTK (date of observation)* 

Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet) *85 (a date of a search for information on the 

species)* 

Van Devender, T.R. and R.K., Phelps, V., Thayer, D. and ASDM Docents, Paper - 15 April, 2 Oct., 23 

Dec. 1986; 11 April 1987; Waterman Mountains: limestone ridges and lower slopes; 2400-2700 ft. elev.; 

T12S, R8E Sec. 32+33; 32D20’30-35”N; 111D 26-27’ W. *138* 

E. Lendell Cockrum. 1960. The Recent Mammals of Arizona: Their Taxonomy and Distribution, The 

University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona. This inclusion is based on the general distribution maps 

and statements. *118 (distribution note, map - Figure Number and Page Number)* 

Charles H. Lowe. 1964. The Vertebrates of Arizona with Major Section on Arizona Habitats, The 

University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona. *55* 

SPECIES DISTRIBUTION LISTINGS 

Species Distribution Listings are being developed to encourage and promote the conservation of local 

native animals and plants. The listings are developed for legally defined geographic areas, and larger 

bodies of water. The listings include species reported as having been observed in or reported from the 

described area. Exotic and non-local landscaped plants are not included in the listings unless they have 

become naturalized into the surrounding native environment. Neither “Man” nor our domesticated 

animals, except for feral animals, have been included in the listings of species; however, they have had an 

impact on all natural areas, the future degree of this impact must be managed in order to restore and 

provide for the continuation of the natural interrelationships between all species. 

Due to the continuing addition of species, the listings should be considered works in progress. In the 

listings, and most often in the listing of animals, species have been included based on general distribution 

mapping and/or statements and not on an observation made in a specific location. It is recommended that 

we consider a species as being “confirmed” to a township or general listing area only after we have at 

least three recorded sightings, cited in the footnotes, with no more than one of those records being based 

on general distribution mapping for the species. Note that the Southwest Environmental Information

Network (SEINet) *85* may have several collections recorded for a species within any given township or 

listing area, and that the date shown in parentheses is a date of the search of their records and not a date of 

recorded sighting. Note also that many of the individual species collection records found in SEINet 

include additional associated species. For assistance with the identification of a plant, contact the 

University of Arizona Herbarium (520-621-7243; FAX: 520-621-7186; P.O. Box 210036 Herring Hall, 

1130 East South Campus Drive, Tucson, Arizona 85721). 

Individual species records are presented alphabetically by division, class, family and genus within their 

kingdoms. Following the scientific name is the authority, common synonym(s), common name(s), a 

general description of the species, a general description of the habitat, the biotic communities in which it 

has reportedly been observed and footnotes. An attempt is being made to identify the range in mature 

(flowering/fruiting) heights reported for the plants. Wherever possible the flowering period is given as it 

has been reported and is inclusive to early month (1 st -10 th ), mid-month (11 th -20 th ) and late month (21 st - 

end). The habitat description is provided in order to help you visualize the types of natural habitats a 

species is found in. Descriptions have been developed from and are based on herbarium records and 

general descriptions of habitat. The habitat description provided should not be considered as limiting as to 

the type of habitat that a plant might occupy. The terms “streambed”, “creekbed”, “riverbed” or “lakebed” 

refer to their dry aspects. Plants reported as occurring in recently burned areas were observed in the area 

within one year following a fire. The range in elevation has been rounded off to the nearest 100 feet up for 

the higher elevation, or down for the lower elevation. Species reported from within 0 to 100 feet as their 

lower elevation limit have been recorded as occurring “from sea level”. The reporting of the ecological 

formations follows the mapping presented in the “Biotic Communities of the Southwest” by David E. 

Brown and Charles H. Lowe, August 1980, with the exception of the “wetlands” which are being reported 

as an ecological formation in the listings. Species not considered to be native to Arizona are shown as 

being EXOTIC, printed in red. Exotic plants are not recommended for use in landscaping or restoration 

projects. Plants that may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat are so noted. Plants 

reported as having been used by native peoples of North America and which might be investigated to 

determine their value as a home garden or commercial food, fodder, beverage, spice, fiber, and/or dye 

crop may be so noted; much of this information is based on the records of the Native American 

Ethnobotany website [University of Michigan - Dearborn], footnote *127*. Species once reported as 

having occurred within the described area, but that no longer occurs there, may be shown as 

EXTIRPATED. Disjunct species, outliers and plants on the edge of the main population, as observed by 

the surveyor, may be noted as being PERIPHERAL. When describing the “native range” of plants in 

North America northwestern refers to Alaska, northern refers to northern Canada (the Yukon Territory, 

Northwest Territories and Nunavut), northeastern refers to Greenland, central refers to southern Canada 

(north-central: British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and 

Labrador, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island) and the United States (south-central), 

and southern refers to Mexico, below which is Central America and South America. In the footnotes, the 

source(s) used for the inclusion of the species in a listing is printed in either green *00* (indicating that 

the entry is based on an actual sighting) or blue *00* (indicating that the entry is based on a general 

distribution description and/or mapping). Plants listed in the book “Livestock-Poisoning Plants of 

Arizona” by Ervin M. Schmutz, Barry M. Freeman and Raymond E. Reed and published in 1968 (80) as 

being either “Major Poisonous Range Plants” or “Secondary Poisonous Range Plants” are further 

identified by their listing heading being printed in red in the footnotes; plants considered to be “Rarely 

Poisonous and Suspected Poisonous Range Plants” and “Poisonous Cropland and Garden Plants” have 

also been noted. In order to facilitate referencing to T.H. Kearney and R. H. Pebbles’ “Arizona Flora” the 

corresponding page number(s) for the species has been provided in the footnote (*46 (Page #)*). 

Local native plants are recommended for use in landscape and restoration projects. Once established 

many native species require little, if any, irrigation. The inclusion of a plant in the township listing does 

not necessarily mean that the plant is suitable for the site in which you want to plant it. Ideally restoration

should include those species of plants that were native to the property. The source material, of plants and 

seed, used in the project should be as local as possible. In order to determine what plants were native try 

to locate photographs of the area prior to clearing or look for natural areas and remnant populations and 

plants adjacent to where the restoration is to take place. Plants should be planted in their approximate 

original habitat and density and taking into consideration the original local native site and elevation of 

occurrence. 

The use of local native plants in landscape and restoration projects encourages native animals to remain in 

the area and helps us to retain the area’s natural beauty and unique identity and heritage. 

The Species Distribution Listings have been created and maintained by William T. Kendall. Any 

questions, concerns, corrections and/or comments, including the reporting of unrecorded species and 

information relating to historical distributions, may be sent to the following address: William T. Kendall, 

P.O. Box 86091, Tucson, Arizona 85754-6091 

DISCLAIMER: The information presented under “Township Notes” has been obtained from large scale 

mapping and should be used only as a general guide. The listings are not meant to take the place of onsite 

surveys for species. Information used in the listings is accepted from biologists and individuals 

interested in helping to promote the conservation of our natural resources. Mistakes are made in the 

identification of species, the interpretation of data and in the recording of information, and changes in 

nomenclature occur. For these reasons I can not and do not warrant the accuracy of these listings. 

Attempts are made to keep the information contained in the Species Distribution Listings as accurate as 

possible; however, I disclaim any implied warranty or representation about its accuracy, completeness, or 

appropriateness for any particular purposes. Users of the information found in the listings assume full 

responsibility for their use of the information and understand that I not responsible or liable for any claim, 

loss, or damage resulting from its use. 

CAUTION: Many native desert plants have sharp thorns and spines. Care should be given when handling 

these plants and consideration should be given to public safety at sites where they are to be planted. 

Range plants having a known toxic or poisonous property may be so noted. Footnotes for plants whose 

sources may have cautionary statements, comments and information on rarely poisonous or suspected 

poisonous properties may be shown in red *00*. Many poisonous plants are similar in appearance to 

edible ones. No field collected plant should be eaten unless you know for a fact that it is safe for you to do 

so. 

Township Notes 

Conservation Related Organizations and Nurseries 

Listing of Plants 

CONTENTS 

Kingdom Plantae: The Plant Kingdom 

Subkingdom Tracheobionta: The Vascular Plants 

Division Lycopodiophyta: The Lycopods

Listing of Animals 

Class Lycopodiopsida: The Clubmosses, Firmosses and 

Spikemosses 

Division Pteridophyta: The Ferns 

Class Filicopsida: The Ferns 

Superdivision Spermatophyta: The Seed Plants 

Division Gnetophyta: The Gnetophytes 

Class Gnetopsida: The Gnetops 

Division Magnoliophyta: The Flowering Plants 

Class Liliopsida: The Monocots 

Class Magnoliopsida: The Dicots 

Kingdom Animalia: The Animal Kingdom 

Subkingdom Metazoa: The Multicellular Animals 

Section Deuterostomia: The Deuterostomes 

Phylum Chordata: The Chordates 

Subphylum Vertebrata: The Vertebrates 

Class Mammalia: The Mammals 

Acknowledgements 

Footnotes and References for the Species Distribution Listings 

TOWNSHIP NOTES 

LOCATION: This township is located in north-central Pima County in south-central Arizona. A portion of 

the Tohono O’Odham Indian Reservation is located in the south half of this township. A portion of the 

Tohono O’Odham Indian Reservation boundary lines run along the west and south side of the north half 

and the east side of the south half of this township. The historic site of the mining community of Silver 

Bell is located in this township. Portions of this township are located within the Ironwood Forest National 

Monument. 

Historic Ranching Activities: General ranching activities included the placement of stock tanks. 

Historic Mining Activities: General mining activities included barrow pits, gravel pits, mining, 

quarrying and prospecting. Named mines include the Silver Bell Mine. 

LANDMARKS: The southern portion of the Silver Bell Mountains is located in the northeast half of the 

north half of this township. The western portion of the Waterman Mountains is located in the east half of 

the southeast quarter of this township. Named peaks and ridges in the township include: Confidence Peak, 

North Butte, Copper Butte, Koht Kohl Hill (eastern portion), Portland Ridge, Silver Bell Peak (4,261 

feet), Union Hill and Wild Hog Mountain. Named washes include the Cocio Wash, House Wash and 

Mammoth Wash. 

ELEVATION: Elevations range from approximately 2,179 feet at the southwest corner to 4,267 feet at 

Silver Bell Peak in the Silver Bell Mountains (1).

PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCE: This township is located within the Sonoran Desert Section of the 

Basin and Range Physiographic Province (2). 

SOILS: Soils have been described as being Thermic (hot) Arid Soils (soils with mean annual temperatures 

of 59 degrees to 72 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees to 22 degrees Centigrade) and 5 to 10 inches (13 to 25 

cm) mean annual precipitation) and/or Thermic (hot) Semiarid Soils (soils with mean annual temperatures 

of 59 degrees to 72 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees to 22 degrees Centigrade) and 10 to 16 inches (25 to 

41 cm) mean annual precipitation) of the Mohave-Tres Hermanos-Anway Association (deep, arid soils on 

the valley plains), Pinaleno-Nickel-Palos Verdes Association (deep, arid, gravelly soils on deeply 

dissected uplands) and the Rock Outcrop-Lampshire-Cellar Association (rock outcrop and very shallow 

and shallow semiarid soils of the mountains and foothills) (3). 

BIOTIC COMMUNITY: This township is located within the Arizona Upland Subdivision of the Sonoran 

Desertscrub Regional Formation of the Desertscrub Formation with associated Wetlands (4).

Map Printed from TOPO! R C 2002 National Geographic 

Map of Township and Adjacent Sections 

LISTED BELOW ARE A FEW OF THE NATIVE PLANTS REPORTED 

AS OCCURRING IN THIS TOWNSHIP THAT MIGHT BE CONSIDERED 

FOR USE IN LANDSCAPE AND RESTORATION PROJECTS 

Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea - 5’ to 60’) 

Velvet Mesquite (Prosopis velutina - 2’ to 56’) 

Trees and Large Shrubs (over 7 feet maximum height)

Organ Pipe Cactus (Stenocereus thurberi - 5’ to 40’) 

Blue Paloverde (Parkinsonia florida - 40” to 40’) 

Desert Ironwood (Olneya tesota - 10’ to 33’) 

Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens - 5’ to 33’) 

Foothill Paloverde (Parkinsonia microphylla - 40” to 26’) 

Elephant Tree (Bursera microphylla - 2½’ to 26’) 

Catclaw Acacia (Acacia greggii var. greggii - 40” to 25’) 

Desert Hackberry (Celtis ehrenbergiana - 3’ to 20’) 

Whitethorn Acacia (Acacia constricta - 1’ to 20’) 

Emory Crucifixion Thorn (Castela emoryi - 3’ to 16½’) 

Chain-fruit Cholla (Cylindropuntia fulgida var. fulgida - 3’ to 15’) 

Desert Lavender (Hyptis emoryi - 8” to 15’) 

Greythorn (Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens - 3’ to 13’) 

Creosote Bush (Larrea tridentata var. tridentata - 20” to 13’) 

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis - 8” to 13’) 

Pencil Cholla (Cylindropuntia arbuscula - 20” to 12’) 

Fishhook Barrel Cactus (Ferocactus wislizeni - 1’ to 11’) 

Pancake Pricklypear Cactus (Opuntia chlorotica - 2’ to 10’) 

Teddybear Cholla (Cylindropuntia bigelovii - 20” to 10’) 

Berlandier Lycium (Lycium berlandieri - 20” to 10’) 

Cane Cholla (Cylindropuntia spinosior - 16” to 10’) 

Fourwing Saltbush (Atriplex canescens - 1’ to 10’) 

Anderson Lycium (Lycium andersonii - 1’ to 10’) 

Le Conte Barrel Cactus (Ferocactus cylindraceus var. lecontei - 10” to 10’) 

Arizona Yucca (Yucca x schottii (pro sp.) [baccata x elata] - trunkless to 10’) - do not confuse this 

species with the Schott or Mountain Yucca (Yucca schottii now considered to be Yucca 

madrensis) 

Ragged Rockflower (Crossosoma bigelovii - 20” to 8’) 

Desert Pricklypear Cactus (Opuntia engelmannii var. engelmannii - 20” to 8’) 

Vines and Climbers 

Slender Janusia (Janusia gracilis - 16” to 10’) 

Little Snapdragon Vine (Maurandella antirrhiniflora - 1’ to 8’) 

Shrubs (2 to 7 feet maximum height) 

Major Cholla (Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa var. major - 32” to 7’) 

Canyon Ragweed (Ambrosia ambrosioides - 1’ to 7’) 

Limberbush (Jatropha cardiophylla - 1’ to 7’) 

Tulip Pricklypear Cactus (Opuntia phaeacantha - 10” to 7’) 

Desert Rosemallow (Hibiscus coulteri - 3” to 7’) 

Wright Beebrush (Aloysia wrightii - 20” to 78”) 

Allthorn (Koeberlinia spinosa var. spinosa - 3’ to 6’) 

Desert Christmas Cactus (Cylindropuntia leptocaulis - 1’ to 6’) 

White Brittlebush (Encelia farinosa - 1’ to 6’) 

American Threefold (Trixis californica - 10” to 6’) 

Black-spined Pricklypear Cactus (Opuntia macrocentra var. macrocentra - 2’ to 5’) 

Coulter Brickellbush (Brickellia coulteri - 1’ to 5’)

Rough Jointfir (Ephedra aspera - 1’ to 5’) 

White Rantany (Krameria grayi - 8” to 5’) 

Fairyduster (Calliandra eriophylla - 4” to 5’) 

Triangleleaf Bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea - 1’ to 4’) 

Mariola (Parthenium incanum - 1’ to 4’) 

Arizona Rosemallow (Hibiscus biseptus - 18” to 40”) 

Arizona Cockroach Plant (Haplophyton crooksii - 7” to 40”) 

Eastern Mojave Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium - 4” to 40”) 

Arizona Wrightwort (Carlowrightia arizonica - 2” to 40”) 

Range Ratany (Krameria erecta - 2” to 40”) 

Desert Agave (Agave deserti subsp. simplex - 12” to 28”) 

Grasses 

Spidergrass (Aristida ternipes - 10” to 79”) 

Tanglehead (Heteropogon contortus - 8” to 60”) 

Whiplash Pappusgrass (Pappophorum vaginatum - 16” to 52”) 

Sideoats Grama (Bouteloua curtipendula - 3” to 52”) 

Arizona Cottontop (Digitaria californica - 12” to 48”) 

Plains Bristlegrass (Setaria vulpiseta - 12” to 48”) 

Sand Dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus - 12” to 48”) 

Bush Muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri - 10” to 44”) 

Blue Threeawn (Aristida purpurea var. nealleyi - 6” to 40”) 

Littleseed Muhly (Muhlenbergia microsperma - 4” to 40”) 

Sixweeks Threeawn (Aristida adscensionis - 1¼” to 40”) 

Slender Grama (Bouteloua repens - 4” to 32”) 

Slim Tridens (Tridens muticus - 3” to 32”) 

Sixweeks Fescue (Vulpia octoflora - 2” to 24”) 

Spike Pappusgrass (Enneapogon desvauxii - 4” to 20”) 

Bigelow Bluegrass (Poa bigelovii - 2” to 20”) 

Red Grama (Bouteloua trifida var. trifida - 2” to 16”) 

Desert Fluffgrass (Dasyochloa pulchella - ½” to 6”) 

Shrubs (under 2 feet maximum height), Subshrubs, Herbs and Small Succulents 

Hoary Indian Mallow (Abutilon incanum - 8” to 13’) 

Parry Penstemon (Penstemon parryi - 2’ to 5’) 

Brownfoot (Acourtia wrightii - 1’ to 5’) 

Rock Hibiscus (Hibiscus denudatus - 10” to 56”) 

Parry False Prairie-clover (Marina parryi - 8” to 50”) 

Bladdermallow (Herissantia crispa - 8” to 4’) 

Tall Mountain Larkspur (Delphinium scaposum - 6” to 4’) 

Yellow Menodora (Menodora scabra - 6” to 4’) 

Longflowered Tubetongue (Justicia longii - 8” to 40”) 

Distant Phacelia (Phacelia distans - 3” to 40”) 

Lacy Tansyaster (Machaeranthera pinnatifida - 4” to 36”) 

Desert Senna (Senna covesii - 10” to 32”) 

Arizona Monardella (Monardella arizonica - 6” to 32”) 

Whitestem Paperflower (Psilostrophe cooperi - 4” to 32”)

Covena (Dichelostemma capitatum subsp. pauciflorum - 16” to 30”) 

Nichol Hedgehog Cactus (Echinocereus nicholii - 8” to 28”) 

Hairyseed Bahia (Bahia absinthifolia - 10” to 24”) 

Wavy Scaly Cloakfern (Astrolepis sinuata subsp. sinuata - 4” to 24”) 

Desert Mariposa Lily (Calochortus kennedyi - 4” to 24”) 

New Mexico Plumeseed (Rafinesquia neomexicana - 4” to 24”) 

Chia (Salvia columbariae var. columbariae - 4” to 24”) 

Golden Dogweed (Thymophylla pentachaeta var. pentachaeta - 4” to 24”) 

Flatcrown Buckwheat (Eriogonum deflexum var. deflexum - 2” to 24”) 

Texas Stork’s Bill (Erodium texanum - 2” to 24”) 

Desert Windflower (Anemone tuberosa var. tuberosa - 4” to 20”) 

Desert Zinnia (Zinnia acerosa - 3” to 20”) 

Cleftleaf Wildheliotrope (Phacelia crenulata - 3” to 18”) 

Bundle Hedgehog Cactus (Echinocereus fasciculatus - 2” to 18”) 

Villous Lipfern (Cheilanthes villosa - 3” to 14”) 

Star Cloakfern (Notholaena standleyi - 2” to 13”) 

Largeflower Onion (Allium macropetalum - 3” to 12”) 

Cochise Scaly Cloakfern (Astrolepis cochisensis subsp. cochisensis - 3” to 12”) 

Graham Pincushion Cactus (Mammillaria grahamii - 1” to 12”) 

Mohave Desertstar (Monoptilon bellioides - 1” to 12”) 

Woolly Crinklemat (Tiquilia canescens - 4” to 8”) 

Jones’ False Cloak Fern (Argyrochosma jonesii - 2” to 5”) 

Arizona Spikemoss (Selaginella arizonica - ½” to 1½”) 

CONSERVATION RELATED ORGANIZATIONS AND NURSERIES 

Arizona Department of Agriculture 

http://www.azda.gov/ 

Native Plant Crimes HOTLINE: 602-364-0907 

The mission statement of the Arizona Department of Agriculture is to regulate and support Arizona 

agriculture in a manner that encourages farming, ranching, and agribusiness while protecting consumers 

and natural resources. 

NOTICE OF INTENT TO CLEAR LAND 

The Arizona Department of Agriculture enforces the sections of the Arizona Revised Statutes commonly 

referred to as the “Arizona Native Plant Law”. The statutes require, in part, that anyone who is clearing 

land notify the State of Arizona in advance of the clearing. Some land owners involved in the clearing of 

land allow for nurseries and people who are interested in salvaging plants to do so prior to the clearing. 

The Arizona Department of Agriculture posts these notifications in their county offices. You may also 

contact the Arizona Department of Agriculture and, for a fee, be put on a mailing list of people receiving 

copies of the Notices of Intent to Clear Land.

Contact Information: Arizona Department of Agriculture, 1688 West Adams Street, Phoenix, Arizona 

85007. Telephone number: 602-542-4373. 

Arizona Game and Fish Department 

http://www.gf.state.az.us/ 

Operation GAME THIEF: 602-942-3000 

The mission statement of the Arizona Game and Fish Department is to conserve, enhance, and restore 

Arizona's diverse wildlife resources and habitats through aggressive protection and management 

programs, and to provide wildlife resources and safe watercraft and off-highway vehicle recreation for the 

enjoyment, appreciation, and use by present and future generations. 

As part of their conservation program the Arizona Game and Fish Department provides ideas on how to 

learn to live with, and landscape for, wildlife: 

LIVING WITH WILDLIFE 

http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/urban_wildlife.shtml 

Contact Information: Arizona Game and Fish Department, 5000 West Carefree Highway, Phoenix, 

Arizona 85086-5000. Telephone number: 602-942-3000 

Arizona Native Plant Society 

http://aznps.org/ 

The Arizona Native Plant Society is a statewide nonprofit organization devoted to Arizona's native plants. 

Its mission is to promote knowledge, appreciation, conservation, and restoration of Arizona native plants 

and their habitats. They work with the Southwest Rare Plant Task Force to develop strategies for 

protecting rare species and their habitats; they keep abreast of conservation issues concerning native 

plants species and responds to those through their Conservation Committee; they promote the use of 

native species in residential and commercial landscapes; they publish the Plant Press, support the 

publication of scholarly works and maintains a website with information and links about native plant, and 

they host a series of statewide events that provide forums to learn from professionals. Member activities 

and benefits include chapter and statewide gatherings; field trips and educational presentations; 

conservation through education, outreach and restoration; habitat restoration projects; informative 

website, newsletters and journals, and interactions with plant experts and enthusiasts. 

LISTING OF SOURCES FOR NATIVE PLANTS AND SEEDS 

The Arizona Native Plant Society maintains a listing of Native Plant and Seed Sources at: 

http://www.aznps.org/sources.html 

Contact Information: Arizona Native Plant Society, PO Box 41206, Tucson, Arizona 85717.

Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society 

http://www.tucsoncactus.org/ 

The Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society is a non-profit organization dedicated to educating, teaching 

and learning about cacti and succulent plants. Their monthly programs feature knowledgeable individuals 

who can educate you and help you understand more about these fascinating plants. They conduct and 

sponsor native cactus and succulent rescue operations, plant sales, field trips, nursery and garden visits, 

conventions and conferences as well as other activities throughout the year. 

NATIVE PLANT RESCUE NOTICE 

The Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society expends a tremendous amount of time and effort 

in the organizing and overseeing of their native plant rescue events. The native plant rescues carried out 

by the dedicated members of the Society provide an immeasurable service to our community. 

Members of the Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society organize native plant rescues in areas being cleared 

for development. If interested in rescuing plants and/or obtaining local native plants for your landscaping 

or restoration project join the Society and become a rescue crew member. 

Contact Information: Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society, PO Box 64759, Tucson, Arizona 85728-4759. 

Telephone number: 520-885-6367. 

Desert Survivors Native Plant Nursery 

http://www.desertsurvivors.org/nursery.asp 

The Desert Survivors Native Plant Nursery sells many local native plants and is willing to consider 

growing any native plant for which there is a buyer. 

Contact Information: Desert Survivors Native Plant Nursery, 1020 West Starr Pass Boulevard, Tucson, 

Arizona 85713. Telephone number: 520-791-9309. 

Native Seeds/SEARCH 

http://www.nativeseeds.org 

The Native Seeds/SEARCH is a nonprofit conservation organization that seeks to preserve the crop seeds 

that connect the Native American cultures to their lands. The mission of the Native Seeds/SEARCH is to 

conserve, distribute and document the adapted and diverse varieties of agricultural seeds, their wild 

relatives and the role these seeds play in the cultures of the American Southwest and Northwest Mexico. 

Contact Information: Native Seeds/SEARCH, 526 North Fourth Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85705. 

Telephone number: 520-622-5561 or toll free at 866-622-5561; FAX 520-622-5561; e-mail: 

info@nativeseeds.org

LISTING OF PLANTS 

STRICTLY ENFORCED LAWS PROTECT MANY OF ARIZONA’S NATIVE 

PLANTS FROM COLLECTION, MUTILATION AND DESTRUCTION 

Native Plant Crimes HOTLINE: 602-364-0907 

Kingdom Plantae: The Plant Kingdom 

Subkingdom Tracheobionta: The Vascular Plants 

Division Lycopodiophyta: The Lycopods 

CLASS LYCOPODIOPSIDA: The CLUBMOSSES, FIRMOSSES and SPIKEMOSSES 

Selaginellaceae: The Spike-moss Family 

Selaginella arizonica W.R. Maxon: Arizona Spikemoss 

COMMON NAMES: Arizona Selaginella, Arizona Spike-moss, Arizona Spikemoss, Desert 

Spike-moss, Flor de Piedra (Hispanic), Resurrection Fern. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial 

evergreen forb/herb (mat-forming and spreading with prostrate or decumbent stems ½ to 1½ inches in 

height); the minute leaves are green or yellowish-green; the strobili are solitary; the megaspores of the 

sporangium are orange or yellow. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; rocky mountainsides; rocky mesas; rocky cliffs; rocky canyons; bases of cliffs; pockets of soil 

in bedrock; crevices in rocks; rocky bluffs; rocky ledges; rocky ridges; rocky foothills; rocky hilltops; 

rocky hillsides; rocky, stony, stony-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy-loamy and loamy slopes, bajadas; 

rocky outcrops; on boulders and rocks; amongst boulders and rocks; bases of rocks; basins; streambeds; 

bouldery-gravelly-sandy, rocky, gravelly and sandy washes; rocky-gravelly drainages; banks of rivers, 

and riparian areas growing in wet, moist and dry bouldery, bouldery-gravelly-sandy, rocky, rockygravelly, 

stony, stony-sandy, gravelly and sandy ground and gravelly-sandy loam and loam ground, 

occurring from 1,900 to 6,600 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. 

Selaginella arizonica is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 43 (052510), 

46 (Page 28), 51, 63 (052510), 77, 85 (052510 - color presentation), 138* 

Division Pteridophyta: The Ferns 

CLASS FILICOPSIDA: The FERNS

Pteridaceae: The Maidenhair Fern Family 

Argyrochosma jonesii (W.R. Maxon) M.D. Windham: Jones’ False Cloak Fern 

SYNONYMY: Cheilanthes jonesii (W.R. Maxon) P.A. Munz, Notholaena jonesii W.R. Maxon, 

Pellaea jonesii (W.R. Maxon) C.V. Morton. COMMON NAMES: Jones’ Cloak Fern, Jones’ False Cloak 

Fern, Jone’s Lipfern, Jones Lipfern. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen forb/herb (fronds 

are 2 to 5 inches in length); the leaf blades are dark blue-green with dark brown to reddish-brown stipes; 

sporulation generally takes place spring through fall. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has 

been reported from cliffs; rock walls; ledges; rocky slopes, and crevices growing in dry rocky ground, 

occurring from 1,900 to 6,300 feet in elevation. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a 

restored native habitat. Argyrochosma jonesii is native to southwest-central and southern North America. 

*5, 6, 43 (062910), 46 (Pellaea jonesii (Maxon) Morton Page 37), 51 (recorded as Notholaena jonesii, 

color photograph), 63 (062910), 85 (062910 - color presentation of dried material, unable to access 

species information), 122, 138 (recorded as Notholaena jonesii) 

Astrolepis cochisensis (L.N. Goodding) D.M. Benham & M.D. Windham subsp. cochisensis: Cochise 

Scaly Cloakfern 

SYNONYMY: Notholaena cochisensis L.N. Goodding, Notholaena sinuata (M. Lagasca y 

Segura ex O. Swartz) G.F. Kaulfuss var. cochisensis (L.N. Goodding) C.A. Weatherby. COMMON 

NAMES: Cloak Fern, Cochise’s Cloak Fern, Cochise Scaly Cloakfern, Helechillo (Hispanic), Jimmy 

Fern, Jimmyfern, Narrow Cloakfern, Scaly Cloak Fern, Scaly Star Fern. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial evergreen forb/herb (fronds are 3 to 12 inches in length); the leaf blades are olive green or green 

above and reddish-brown beneath with brown to reddish-brown stipes; sporulation generally takes place 

summer through fall. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; 

mountainsides; cliffs; bouldery-sandy and rocky canyons; rocky and sandy canyon walls; talus slopes; 

bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; buttes; rocky ledges; rocky and silty-loamy ridges; foothills; hills; rocky 

and gravelly-loamy hillsides; rocky, stony, gravelly-loamy and clayey-loamy slopes; rocky outcrops; 

amongst boulders and rocks; on boulders; flats; basins; valley floors; arroyos; rocky draws; along 

streams; in bouldery streambeds; in rocks along creeks; along and in sandy washes, and riparian areas 

growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-sandy, rocky, stony and sandy ground and gravelly loam, clayey loam 

and silty loam ground, occurring from 1,100 to 8,500 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, 

desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a 

restored native habitat. Astrolepis cochisensis subsp. cochisensis is native to southwest-central and 

southern North America. *5, 6, 15 (recorded as Notholaena cochisensis Goodding), 16 (recorded as 

Notholaena cochisensis Goodding), 28 (color photograph of Notholaena cochisensis), 43 (081009), 46 

(recorded as Notholaena sinuata (Lag.) Kaulf. var. cochisensis (Goodding) Weatherby, Page 41), 51 

(color photograph of Notholaena cochisensis), 63 (081009), 77 (recorded as Notholaena cochisensis 

Goodd.), 80 (Notholaena sinuata var. cochisensis is listed as a Secondary Poisonous Range Plant. 

“Apparently only the variety cochisensis is poisonous. The nature of the poison is unknown but it is 

excreted in the milk and is not destroyed by drying of the plant. Sheep are most susceptible, especially 

pregnant ewes, but goats and cattle may be poisoned. ... The danger is greatest from the middle of 

November through February when other forage is dry and the evergreen fern remains succulent and 

relatively palatable. ... Losses may be prevented by deferring infested ranges during the danger period or 

by feeding supplements.” See text for additional information.), 85 (081009 - color presentation of dried 

material), 115 (color presentation of species), 122, 138 (recorded as Notholaena cochisensis)* 

Astrolepis sinuata (M. Lagasca y Segura ex O. Swartz) D.M. Benham & M.D. Windham subsp. 

sinuata: Wavy Scaly Cloakfern

SYNONYMY: Cheilanthes sinuata (M. Lagasca y Segura ex O. Swartz) K. Domin, Notholaena 

sinuata (M. Lagasca y Segura ex O. Swartz) G.F. Kaulfuss. COMMON NAMES: Bulb Cloakfern, 

Canaguala (Hispanic), Cloak-fern, Helecho (Hispanic), Jimmy-fern, Kalawala (Tarahumara), Wavy Cloak 

Fern, Wavy Cloakfern, Wavy Scaly Cloakfern, Wavy-leaved Star Fern. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial evergreen forb/herb (fronds are 4 to 24 inches in length); the leaf blades are dark green or olive 

green with reddish-brown or brown stipes; sporulation generally takes place summer through fall. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mountainsides; 

along cliffs; cliff walls; gravelly-loamy canyons; canyon bottoms; rocky gorges; talus slopes; bases of 

cliffs; along crevices in boulders and rocks; rocky ledges; rocky ridges; ridgetops; hills; rocky hillsides; 

bouldery, rocky, rocky-stony, stony and gravelly-loamy slopes; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and 

rocks; rock niches; banks; arroyos; draws; along bedrock ravines; along streams; creekbeds; sandy 

riverbeds; along rocky and sandy washes; rocky drainages; banks of creeks; rocky margins of seeps, and 

riparian areas in moist and dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky-sandy, rocky, rocky-stony, gravelly and sandy 

ground and gravelly loam and sandy-clayey loam ground, occurring from 700 to 8,000 feet in elevation in 

the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be 

an attractive component of a restored native habitat, consider planting with native Selaginella 

(Spikemosses). Astrolepis sinuata subsp. sinuata is native to south-central and southern North America; 

Central America; coastal Caribbean Islands, and northern, western and southern South America. *5, 6, 

15, 28 (color photograph), 30, 43 (052610 - Astrolepis sinuata (Lag. ex Sw.) D.M. Benham & Windham, 

Cheilanthes sinuata Domin, Notholaena sinuata (Lag.) Kaulf.), 46 (recorded as Notholaena sinuata 

(Lag.) Kaulf., Page 41), 51 (color photograph, recorded as Notholaena sinuata var. sinuata), 58, 63 

(052510), 77, 85 (052610 - color presentation), 122, 138 (recorded as Notholaena sinuata)* 

Cheilanthes jonesii (see Argyrochosma jonesii) 

Cheilanthes sinuata (see Astrolepis sinuata subsp. sinuata) 

Cheilanthes standleyi (see Notholaena standleyi) 

Cheilanthes villosa G.E. Davenport ex W.R. Maxon: Villous Lipfern 

COMMON NAMES: Hairy Lipfern, Villous Lip Fern, Villous Lipfern. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial evergreen forb/herb (fronds are 3 to 14 inches in length), the leaf blades are green 

with dark brown or purplish-black stipes; sporulation generally takes place from summer through fall. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky cliffs; canyons; 

talus slopes; crevices in boulders and rocks; rock ledges; rocky ridges; rocky hillsides; rocky slopes; 

rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; bases of boulders, and rock niches growing in dry bouldery, 

rocky and stony ground, occurring from 1,300 to 7,300 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, 

grassland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a 

restored native habitat. Cheilanthes villosa is native to southwest-central and southern North America. 

*5, 6, 15, 43 (062910 - Cheilanthes villosa Davenp.), 46 (Page 39), 51 (color photograph), 63 (062910 - 

color presentation), 85 (062910 - color presentation of dried material), 138* 

Notholaena cochisensis (see Astrolepis cochisensis subsp. cochisensis) 

Notholaena jonesii (see Argyrochosma jonesii) 

Notholaena sinuata (see Astrolepis sinuata subsp. sinuata) 

Notholaena sinuata var. cochisensis (see Astrolepis cochisensis subsp. cochisensis) 

Notholaena standleyi W.R. Maxon: Star Cloak Fern

SYNONYMY: Cheilanthes standleyi (W.R. Maxon) J.T. Mickel. COMMON NAMES: Cloakfern, 

Standley Cloak Fern, Standley’s Cloak Fern, Star Cloak Fern. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial 

evergreen forb/herb (fronds are 2 to 13 inches in length with the star-shaped laminae being 1 to 4 inches 

in width, a clump up to 8 inches in width was reported); the leaf blades are a shiny dark green above (with 

a cream-white, gold, silvery-yellow, yellow or yellow-green waxy-looking glandular exudate below) with 

brown or reddish-brown stipes; sporulation takes place between late spring and fall. HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mountaintops; rocky mountainsides; 

rocky cliffs; bouldery and rocky canyons; canyon walls; bouldery canyon bottoms; rocky gorges; along 

bases of cliffs; along crevices in boulders and rocks; buttes; bouldery-gravelly knobs; rocky knolls; rocky 

and sandy ledges; under ledges; rocky ridges; foothills; hills; rocky hilltops; rocky hillsides; bouldery, 

bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rocky-sandy-clayey-loamy, rocky-loamy-silty, sandy-loamy and loamy slopes; 

bajadas; boulder and rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; bases of boulders and rocks; sandy 

lava flows; bouldery lava beds; shaded pockets; along rocky arroyos; within rocky draws; gulches; rocky 

ravines; creekbeds; in bouldery-sandy and sandy washes; drainages; rocky banks of washes, and riparian 

areas growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, bouldery-sandy, rocky and sandy ground; rocky-sandyclayey 

loam, gravelly loam, sandy loam, silty loam and loam ground, and rocky-loamy silty ground, 

occurring from 900 to 8,000 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat, it 

is commonly found growing in clumps. Notholaena standleyi is native to southwest-central and southern 

North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (081109), 46 (Page 42), 51 (color photograph), 

58, 63 (081109 - color presentation), 85 (081109 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Pellaea jonesii (see Argyrochosma jonesii) 

Superdivision Spermatophyta: The Seed Plants 

Division Gnetophyta: The Gnetophytes 

CLASS GNETOPSIDA: The GNETOPS 

Ephedraceae: The Mormon-tea Family 

Ephedra aspera G. Engelmann ex S. Watson: Rough Jointfir 

SYNONYMY: Ephedra nevadensis S. Watson var. aspera (G. Engelmann ex S. Watson) L.D. 

Benson. COMMON NAMES: Aspera Mormon Tea, Boundary Ephedra, Canatillo, Canutillo, Mormon 

Tea, Nevada Ephedra, Nevada Joint-fir, Pitamo Real (Hispanic), Popotillo (Hispanic), Rough Jointfir, 

Sanguinaria, Tepopote. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen subshrub or shrub (1 to 5 feet in 

height, one plant was described as being 1 foot in height with a crown 4 feet in width); the bark is gray; 

the young branches are pale green, green or dark green aging to yellow; the production of strobili (female 

and male cones) generally takes place between January and June. HABITAT: Within the range of this 

species it has been reported from mountains; mountainsides; along rocky canyons; rocky ledges; hills; 

rocky hillsides; rocky fans; rocky and gravelly slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and 

rocks; gravelly flats; along arroyos; rocky ravines; sandy streambeds; along and in rocky and gravelly

washes; sandy banks; terraces, and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, gravelly and sandy 

ground and gravelly loam ground, occurring from 1,000 to 6,000 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive 

component of a restored native habitat. The Rough Jointfir may reach full size within 20 years living to be 

100 years or more in age. This plant is browsed by wildlife, including the Bighorn Sheep (Ovis 

canadensis). Ephedra aspera is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13 

(recorded as Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats. var. aspera (Engelm.) L. Benson), 18 (genus), 43 (062910 - 

Ephedra nevadensis var. aspera (Engelm. ex S. Watson) L.D. Benson), 46 (recorded as Ephedra 

nevadensis Wats. var. aspera (Engelm.) L. Benson, Page 61), 48 (genus), 63 (062910), 77, 85 (062910 - 

color presentation including habitat, unable to access species information), 91, HR* 

Ephedra nevadensis S. Watson: Nevada Jointfir 

COMMON NAMES: Gray Ephedra, Mormon Tea, Mormon-tea, Nevada Ephedra, Nevada 

Jointfir. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (1 to 5 feet in height and about the 

same in width); the bark is gray; the young twigs are pale green aging to yellow; the production of strobili 

(female and male cones) takes place from late winter to mid-spring with the cones generally opening from 

March through May . HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; 

canyons; ridgetops; foothills; rocky hills; gravelly hillsides; rocky slopes; sandy flats; valley floors; along 

gravelly washes; terraces; floodplains and disturbed areas growing in dry rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly 

and sandy ground and rocky loam ground, occurring from 900 to 7,100 feet in elevation in the woodland, 

scrub, grassland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive 

component of a restored native habitat. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of 

North America and could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food 

and/or beverage crop; it was also noted as having been used as a fuel, as a tool (the wood reportedly 

provided the best charcoal for tattooing and as a drug or medication. The Nevada Jointfir is browsed by 

Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and Rocky Mountain Bighorn 

Sheep (Ovis canadensis), and the seeds are food for small mammals and birds. Ephedra nevadensis is 

native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 18, 43 (062910), 46 (Page 61), 48 

(genus), 63 (062910 - color presentation), 85 (062910 - color presentation, unable to access species 

information), 127, 138* 

Ephedra nevadensis var. aspera (see Ephedra aspera) 

Division Magnoliophyta: The Flowering Plants 

CLASS LILIOPSIDA: The MONOCOTS 

Agavaceae: The Century-plant Family 

Agave deserti G. Engelmann (subsp. simplex H.S. Gentry is the subspecies reported as occurring in 

Arizona): Desert Agave 

COMMON NAMES: Agave, Amul, Desert Agave, Desert Century Plant, Single-rosette Desert 

Agave, Mescal. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen leaf-succulent forb/herb, subshrub or 

shrub (12 to 28 inches in height and 16 to 44 inches in diameter with a flowering stem reaching 8 to 23 

feet in height); the rosettes are bluish-green, gray, gray-green or green; the flowers are pale greenish-

yellow or light yellow opening fully to a bright yellow; the anthers are yellow; the stigmas are pale 

yellow; flowering generally takes place between early May and early July (additional records: one for late 

February, one for early March, one for early August and one for late October). HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; canyons; rock ledges; ridges; hills; rocky 

hillsides; rocky and gravelly slopes; rocky and gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; plains; sandy flats; 

arroyos, along drainage ways in rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy soils, occurring from 500 to 

5,000 feet elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: 

This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. This plant was reported to have 

been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be investigated to determine its value as a 

home garden or commercial food and/or fiber crop; it was also noted as having been used as a fuel, as 

tools, dyes, as ceremonial items and as a cash crop. Peripheral populations have been observed growing in 

the shade of Foothill Paloverdes. This is a PERIPHERAL POPULATION. Agave deserti is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 17, 43 (062910), 45 (color photograph), 46 

(Page 194), 48 (genus), 63 (062910 - color presentation including habitat), 85 (062910 - unable to access 

species information), 91, 127* 

Agave deserti G. Engelmann subsp. simplex H.S. Gentry: Desert Agave 

COMMON NAMES: Agave, Amul, Desert Agave, Desert Century Plant, Simple Desert Agave, 

Single-rosette Desert Agave, Mescal. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen leaf-succulent 

forb/herb, subshrub or shrub (12 to 28 inches in height and 16 to 44 inches in diameter with a flowering 

stem reaching 7 to 23 feet in height); the rosettes are bluish-green, gray, gray-green, green or light greenglaucous 

white; the flowers are pale greenish-yellowing opening fully to a bright yellow; the anthers are 

yellow; the stigmas are pale yellow; flowering generally takes place between May and October. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; canyons; rock ledges; 

ridges; hills; rocky and gravelly slopes; rocky and gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; plains; sandy flats; 

arroyos, and along drainage ways growing in dry rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground, 

occurring from 500 to 5,000 feet elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland and desertscrub ecological 

formation. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. The species, 

Agave deserti, was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be 

investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food and/or fiber crop; it was also 

noted as having been used as a fuel, as tools, dyes, as ceremonial items and as a cash crop. Peripheral 

populations in the desert have been observed growing in the shade of Foothill Paloverdes. This is a 

PERIPHERAL POPULATION. Agave deserti subsp. simplex is native to southwest-central and southern 

North America. *5, 6, 13, 17, 43 (062910), 45 (color photograph), 46 (species, Page 194), 48 (genus), 63 

(062910 - subsp. simplex H.S. Gentry is the subspecies reported as occurring in Arizona), 85 (062910 - 

color presentation including habitat, unable to access species information), 91, 127 (species), HR* 

Yucca arizonica (see Yucca x schottii (pro sp.) [baccata x elata]) 

Yucca baccata var. brevifolia (see Yucca x schottii (pro sp.) [baccata x elata]) 

Yucca x schottii G. Engelmann (pro sp.) [baccata x elata]: Schott’s Yucca 

SYNONYMY: Yucca arizonica S.A. McKelvey, Yucca baccata J. Torrey var. brevifolia (H.W. 

Schott ex J. Torrey) L.D. Benson & R.A. Darrow, Yucca thornberi S.A. McKelvey. COMMON NAMES: 

Arizona Yucca, Banana Yucca, Blue Yucca, Datil, Palma Criolla, Schott’s Yucca, Spanish Dagger, 

Thornber Yucca. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen leaf-succulent forb/herb, subshrub, 

shrub or tree (cespitose without trunks to 10 feet in height with a flowering stalk 13 inches to 5 feet in 

height); the leaves are blue-green, gray-green, green, dark green, dark olive-green, yellow-green (older 

leaves), dark yellow-green or yellowish-green; the flowers are cream, cream-white, green-creamishyellow 

& cream-white with maroon-purple markings, greenish-cream lightly flushed with maroon in 

center, greenish-yellow-cream or white; the anthers are white or yellow; flowering generally takes place

etween early March and early June (additional records: one for early February, one for late August, one 

for late September and one for early October). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; mountainsides; mesas; canyons; canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; bluffs; knolls; 

ridges; ridgetops; foothills; hills; rocky hillsides; rocky slopes; bajadas; plains; gravelly flats; valley 

floors; arroyos; draws; along and in washes; along margins of washes, and benches growing in dry rocky, 

gravelly and sandy ground and gravelly loam ground, occurring from 1,900 to 6,400 feet in elevation in 

the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may 

be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. Do not confuse this plant with the Mountain 

Yucca, Yucca schottii auct non G. Engelmann [misapplied] which is now considered to be Yucca 

madrensis H.S. Gentry. Yucca x schottii is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 

13 (color photograph, recorded as Yucca baccata Torrey var. brevifolia (Schott) Benson & Darrow), 15 

(color photograph on back cover of Yucca thornberi in habitat), 26 (genus), 43 (052610 - Yucca baccata 

Torr. in Emory var. brevifolia L.D. Benson & R.A. Darrow), 45 (color photograph, recorded as Yucca 

arizonica), 46 (recorded as Yucca arizonica McKelvey, Page 187 and Yucca thornberi McKelvey, Page 

187), 48 (genus), 58, 63 (052610 - color presentation), 77, 85 (052710), 91 (recorded as Yucca arizonica 

McKelvey), HR (recorded as Yucca baccata var. brevifolia)* 

Yucca thornberi (see Yucca x schottii (pro sp.) [baccata x elata]) 

Liliaceae: The Lily Family 

Allium macropetalum P.A. Rydberg: Largeflower Onion 

COMMON NAMES: Arizona Onion, Cebollin, Desert Onion, Largeflower Onion, Largeflower 

Wild Onion, Large-petal Onion, Wild Onion. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb (3 inches to 

1 foot in height); 1 to 5 bulbs growing without basal bulbets; the leaves are green; the flowers may be 

cream with maroon midribs, lavender-pink, magenta, orchid-pink, pink, pink-lavender, pink-purple, pinkwhite, 

rose-white, white with green-violet, white-purple with dark purple veins or white with red-brown 

midribs in umbels of 10 to 20 flowers; flowering generally takes place between late February and mid- 

June (additional records: two for mid-August and one for late October). HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky, stony-sandy-clayey, gravelly-sandy, sandy and 

loamy mesas; rocky plateaus; along rocky canyons; sandy canyonsides; sandy canyon bottoms; clayey 

bases of buttes; sandy pockets of soil in rock; buttes; along sandy ridges; rocky ridgetops; meadows; 

gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy and sandy foothills; rocky, rocky-gravelly, shaley-gravelly, shaley-clayey, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and clayey-loamy hills; cobbly-sandy-loamy hilltops; rocky, rockygravelly-clayey-loamy 

and stony hillsides; rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, cobbly-gravelly, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy, sandy and clayey slopes; shaley alluvial fans; gravelly bajadas; rock outcrops; amongst 

rocks; clayey outwash fans; sandy lava flows; prairies; gravelly, sandy and loamy flats; grassy valley 

floors; valley bottoms; rocky, along gravelly-sandy-loamy and gravelly-loamy roadsides; along and in 

arroyos; bottoms of draws; along bottoms of gullies; along creeks; along and in cobbly and sandy washes; 

along drainages; clayey swales; rocky and sandy benches; bouldery-gravelly-silty-clayey and gravelly 

terraces; clayey floodplains, and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rockysandy, 

shaley, shaley-gravelly, stony, cobbly, cobbly-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; 

rocky-gravelly-clayey loam, cobbly-sandy loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, gravelly-sandyclayey 

loam, sandy loam, clayey loam and loam ground; bouldery-gravelly-silty clay, shaley clay, stonysandy 

clay, sandy clay and clay ground, and sandy silty ground, occurring from 900 to 11,300 feet in 

elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 

NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. This plant was reported 

to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be investigated to determine its value 

as a home garden or commercial food crop. Allium macropetalum is native to southwest-central and 

southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 18 (genus), 28 (color photograph), 43 (081509), 46 (Page 179),

58, 63 (081509 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #54), 85 (081509 - color presentation of dried 

material), 127, HR* 

Brodiaea pulchella var. pauciflora (see Dichelostemma capitatum subsp. pauciflorum) 

Calochortus kennedyi Porter: Desert Mariposa Lily 

COMMON NAMES: Desert Mariposa, Desert Mariposa Lily, Desert Mariposa Tulip, Mariposa 

Lily, Red Mariposa Lily. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb (4 inches to 2 feet in height); 

the leaves (4 to 8 inches in length) are grayish-green; the bell-shaped flowers (1 to 2 inches in diameter) 

may be golden, bright orange, orange, dark orange, orange-red, orange-yellow, reddish, reddish-orange, 

vermilion, light yellow or yellow; flowering generally takes place between early March and mid-June. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; boulder mesas; rocky 

and gravelly canyons; rocky canyon bottoms; rocky ledges; rocky ridges; rocky ridgetops; foothills; rocky 

hills; hilltops; rocky and rocky-clayey hillsides; rocky, sandy and clayey slopes; bajadas; amongst rocks; 

rocky, rocky-sandy and gravelly-sandy flats; basins; valley floors; along rocky roadsides; along creeks; 

benches, and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy ground and rocky clay, gravelly clay and clay ground, occurring from 1,300 to 5,900 feet in 

elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: 

This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. Calochortus kennedyi is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (081509), 46 

(Page 185), 48 (genus), 63 (081509 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #55), 85 (081509 - color 

presentation), 86 (color photograph), 106 (081509), 115 (color presentation)* 

Dichelostemma capitatum (G. Bentham) A. Wood subsp. pauciflorum (J. Torrey) G. Keator: 

Bluedicks 

SYNONYMY: Brodiaea pulchella (R.A. Salisbury) E.L. Greene var. pauciflora (J. Torrey) C.V. 

Morton, Dichelostemma pulchellum (R.A. Salisbury) A.A. Heller var. pauciflorum (J. Torrey) R.F. 

Hoover. COMMON NAMES: Blue Dicks, Bluedicks, Brodiaea, Covena, Covenna, Coveria, Crow 

Poison, Desert Hyacinth, Few-flowered Covena, Fool’s Onion, Fool’s-onion, Grass Nuts, Grass-nuts, 

Hahd (Pima), Indian Hyacinth, Papago Lily, Purplehead, Wild Hyacinth. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial forb/herb (16 to 30 inches in height); the leaves are dark green; the flowers may be pale blue, 

blue, blue-lavender-purple, blue-purple, bluish-lavender, lavender, pink, pink-purple, purple or white; 

flowering generally takes place between late January and mid-June (additional records: one record for 

early January, one record for mid-July, one record for mid-September and one record for early November) 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; rocky 

mountainsides; gravelly and sandy mesas; plateaus; rocky canyons; rocky canyon bottoms; buttes; 

gravelly ridges; rocky ridgetops; foothills; rocky hills; sandy hilltops; rocky, gravelly hillsides; rocky and 

sandy slopes; rocky-sandy alluvial fans; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; prairies; plains; gravelly, 

gravelly-loamy and sandy flats; basins; sandy valley floors; along roadsides; rocky arroyos; along draws; 

gulches; ravines; along streams; silty creekbeds; rivers; along and in rocky and sandy washes; sandy 

beaches; gravelly terraces; sandy lowlands; ditches; around stock tanks; riparian areas, and disturbed 

areas growing in dry desert pavement; rocky, rocky-sandy, cindery, gravelly and sandy ground; cobblysilty 

loam, gravelly loam and sandy loam ground; rocky clay, stony clay and clay ground, and silty 

ground, occurring from 900 to 8,600 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, 


restored native habitat, the flowers are reported to be fragrant. Dichelostemma capitatum subsp. 

pauciflorum is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 28 (recorded as 

Dichelostemma pulchellum, color photograph), 43 (081609), 46 (recorded as Dichelostemma pulchellum 

(Salisb.) Heller var. pauciflorum (Torr.) Hoover, Page 182), 58, 63 (081609 - color presentation), 77 

(recorded as Dichelostemma pulchellum (Salisb.) Heller, color photograph #56 and #103 labeled

Dichelostemma pulchellum), 85 (081609 - color presentation), 86 (note, Dichelostemma pulchellum), 115 

(color presentation of the species), HR* 

Dichelostemma pulchellum var. pauciflorum (see Dichelostemma capitatum subsp. pauciflorum) 

Andropogon contortus (see Heteropogon contortus) 

Poaceae (Gramineae): The Grass Family 

Aristida adscensionis C. Linnaeus: Sixweeks Threeawn 

COMMON NAMES: Annual Bristle Grass, Flechilla (Spanish), Plumilla (Spanish), Six Weeks 

Three Awn Grass, Six-weeks Threeawn, Six-weeks Three-awn, Six-weeks Three-awn Grass, Sixweeks 

Threeawn, Three-awn, Zacate Cola de Zorra, Zacate Tres Barbas. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual 

tufted graminoid (erect culms 1¼ to 40 inches in height); the color of the foliage has been described as 

being bright green, purple or yellow curing to straw; the florets may be purple or red-purple; flowering 

generally takes place between early August and late June; the seed heads may be purple. HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; mountainsides; bedrock, 

rocky-sandy-loamy, gravelly-sandy-clayey and sandy mesas; plateaus; rocky canyons; rocky and sandy 

canyon bottoms; rocky gorges; talus slopes; crevices in rocks; shallow pockets of soil; buttes; rocky 

ledges; rocky ridges; rocky ridgetops; meadows; foothills; rocky and sandy hills; rocky-gravelly hilltops; 

rocky hillsides; escarpments; sandy bases of escarpments; bouldery, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rockygravelly, 

rocky-clayey, stony, stony-clayey, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-loamy, gravelly-clayeyloamy, 

sandy, sandy-clayey-loamy and sandy-silty slopes; rocky alluvial fans; gravelly-sandy bajadas; 

rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; sandy lava flows; sand hills; sandy dunes; sandy-loamy 

prairies; gravelly-sandy, sandy and clayey-loamy plains; rocky-sandy, sandy, sandy-loamy and sandyclayey-loamy 

flats; valley bottoms; along rocky railroad right-of-ways; along roadbeds; along rocky, 

rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, rocky-clayey-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-loamy and sandyloamy 

roadsides; along sandy arroyos; rocky draws; ravines; silty springs; along streams; along creeks; 

creekbeds; along rivers; sandy riverbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, cobbly-pebbly-sandy, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; drainages; within rocky drainage ways; silty depressions; swales; 

banks of draws; along rocky edges of washes; along margins of washes; mudflats; sandy benches; 

shelves; terraces; bottomlands; floodplains; ditches; gravelly-sandy riparian areas; sandy waste places, 

and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, 

rocky-pebbly, rocky-sandy, stony, cobbly-pebbly-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky 

loam, rocky-gravelly loam, rocky-sandy loam, rocky-clayey loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-clayey loam, 

sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam, clayey loam and silty loam ground; rocky clay, stony clay, gravelly clay, 

gravelly-sandy clay and clay ground, and gravelly-sandy silty, sandy silty and silty ground, occurring 

from sea level to 12,700 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and 

wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native 

habitat. This plant may be confused with Aristida purpurea var. parishii. Aristida adscensionis is native to 

south-central and southern North America; Central America; South America, and other tropic, sub-tropic 

and warm-temperate regions of the world. *5, 6, 15, 16, 33 (Page 242), 43 (080109), 46 (Page 120), 58, 

63 (081709 - color presentation), 77, 85 (081709 - color presentation of dried material), 105, 138* 

Aristida glauca (see Aristida purpurea var. nealleyi) 

Aristida purpurea var. glauca (see Aristida purpurea var. nealleyi) 

Aristida purpurea T. Nuttall var. nealleyi (G. Vasey) K.W. Allred: Blue Threeawn

SYNONYMY: Aristida glauca (C.G. Nees von Esenbeck) W.G. Walpers, Aristida purpurea T. 

Nuttall var. glauca (C.G. Nees von Esenbeck) A.H. Holmgren & N.H. Holmgren. COMMON NAMES: 

Blue Threeawn, Nealley Three-awn, Nealley’s Threeawn, Reverchon Three-awn, Reverchon Threeawn, 

Tres Barbas, Tres Barbas Purpurea. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial tufted graminoid (a bunchgrass 

(clumpgrass) 6 to 40 inches in height with clumps being reported that were up to 4 to 12 inches in width 

at the base); the inflorescence is purple; the awns are purple; flowering generally takes place between 

early January and mid-August; however, flowering may occur throughout the year under favorable 

conditions (additional records: two for mid-September and two for late November). HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; plateaus; chutes; rocky canyons; 

rocky canyonsides; along bouldery-rocky-cobbly, rocky and gravelly-sandy canyon bottoms; scree; talus 

slopes; rocky bases of cliffs; crevices in boulders and rocks; knolls; ledges; gravelly-sandy-clayey ridges; 

ridgetops; foothills; clayey hills; rocky and rocky-gravelly hillsides; bedrock, bouldery, rocky, rockycobbly, 

rocky-sandy, rocky-sandy-loamy, shaley, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-sandy-clayey, sandy 

and loamy slopes; alluvial fans; rocky, rocky-gravelly and gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst 

boulders and rocks; sandy lava flows; sand dunes; plains; sandy flats; rocky valley floors; along gravellyloamy 

and sandy roadsides; along and in rocky, gravelly and sandy arroyos; along draws; rocky gullies; 

rocky-gravelly ravines; springs; along and in creekbeds; riverbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, 

gravelly and sandy washes; within drainages; bouldery-rocky drainage ways; sandy lakebeds; rocky 

banks; edges of washes; mudflats; gravel bars; sandy beaches; sandy benches; gravelly terraces; 

floodplains; along ditches; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry rocky desert pavement; 

bouldery, bouldery-rocky, bouldery-rocky-cobbly, rocky, rocky-cobbly, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-sandy loam, rocky-clayey loam, cobbly-gravelly loam, 

gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam and loam ground; rocky-sandy clay, 

gravelly-sandy clay and clay ground, and sandy silty ground, occurring from 800 to 8,900 feet in 


NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat, it reportedly has a 

“feathery” appearance. Aristida purpurea var. nealleyi is native to southwest-central and southern North 

America. *5, 6, 15 (recorded as Aristida glauca (Nees) Walp.), 16 (recorded as Aristida purpurea Nutt. 

var. glauca (Nees) A. Holmgren & N. Holmgren), 33 (recorded as Aristida glauca (Nees) Walp., Page 

243), 43 (081809), 46 (recorded as Aristida glauca (Nees) Walp., Page 120), 48 (species), 63 (081809), 

77, 85 (092709 - color presentation of dried material), 105 (species), 138 (recorded as Aristida glauca)* 

Aristida ternipes A.J. Cavanilles: Spidergrass 

COMMON NAMES: Aristida Grass, Spider Grass, Spidergrass, Spider Threeawn, Three Awn, 

Three-awn, Threeawn, Zacate Arana. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial tufted graminoid (a 

bunchgrass (clumpgrass) 10 to 79 inches in height, one plant was described as being 4 inches in diameter 

at the base and 52 inches in height); flowering generally takes place between mid-March and mid- 

December. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; boulderycobbly 

mesas; plateaus; rock cliffs; rocky canyons; rocky canyon walls; along rocky canyon bottoms; 

rocky talus; crevices in rocks; rock ledges; rocky ridges; rocky ridgetops; meadows; foothills; rocky, 

rocky-gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-clayey-loamy and sandy hills; rocky hillsides; bouldery, rocky, 

rocky-gravelly, rocky-gravelly-clayey, gravelly, sandy, sandy-loamy and sandy-clayey slopes; alluvial 

fans; gravelly and sandy bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; gravelly plains; boulderysandy, 

rocky-loamy, gravelly, sandy and silty flats; valley floors; coastal plains; railroad right-of-ways; 

along bouldery-rocky and gravelly roadsides; along arroyos; along draws; ravines; along streams; 

streambeds; along bouldery creeks; rocky creekbeds; along rivers; along and in rocky and sandy washes; 

within drainages; banks of creeks; along edges of washes; sandy beaches; benches; rocky terraces; sandy 

floodplains; mesquite bosques; along fencelines; stock tanks (charcos or repressos); ditches; sandy 

riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky, bouldery-cobbly, boulderysandy, 

rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam, rockygravelly 

loam, gravelly-clayey loam, sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam and humus loam ground; sandy clay

ground, and sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 6,800 feet in elevation in the forest 

(woodland transition), woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 

NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. Aristida ternipes is native 

to southwest-central and southern North America; Central America, and northern South America. *5, 6, 

15, 16, 33 (Page 238), 43 (092709), 46 (Page 119), 58, 63 (092709 - color presentation), 77, 85 (092709 - 

color presentation of dried material), 138* 

Bouteloua curtipendula (A. Michaux) J. Torrey: Sideoats Grama 

COMMON NAMES: Avenilla (Hispanic), Banderilla (Hispanic), Banderita (Hispanic), Gramaazul 

(Portuguese), Grama del Cerro (Hispanic), Navajita Banderilla (Spanish), Qm-u-se’-a (Havasupai), 

Side Oats Grama, Side-oats Grama, Sideoats Grama, Side-oats Grama Grass, Side-oats Grama-grass, 

Sideoats Grama Grass, Tall Grama, Tall Grama Grass, Uitsaku Juatarhu (Purépecha). DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial usually tufted graminoid (a bunchgrass (clumpgrass) with erect culms 3 to 52 inches 

in height and up to 2 feet in width at the base, one plant was reported to be 12 to 16 inches in height and 

16 inches in width at the base, one plant was reported to be 28 inches in height and 4 inches in width at 

the base); the foliage is bluish-green or purple-green curing to reddish-brown or straw; the flowers are 

bright purple; the anthers are orange, purple, red, yellow or dark yellow; flowering generally takes place 

between late April and mid-November (additional records: one for early April, one for early December); 

the mature fruits are red-brown. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; mountaintops; bouldery, pebbly-sandy and clayey-loamy mesas; plateaus; cliffs; rocky and 

sandy canyon rims; along rocky canyons; along canyon walls; along sandy canyon bottoms; rocky gorges; 

sandy bases of cliffs; sandy crevices in rocks; buttes; rocky and sandy ledges; rocky ridges; openings in 

forests and woodlands; meadows; rocky and clayey-loamy foothills; rocky and rocky-gravelly hills; sandy 

hilltops; rocky hillsides; sandy bases of escarpments; along bouldery-rocky-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, 

rocky-sandy, shaley, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-loamy, sandy, sandy-loamy, sandy-clayey-loamy, 

loamy, clayey-loamy and clayey slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders, rocks and cobbles; 

sandy lava flows; sand hills; sand dunes; prairies; sandy plains; shale barrens; sandy and clayey flats; 

sandy valley floors; along gravelly and sandy roadsides; along and in bedrock arroyos; along draws; along 

ravines; seeps; along springs; around streams; along streambeds; along creeks; rocky creekbeds; along 

rivers; along and in rocky, rocky-gravelly and sandy washes; within drainage ways; marshes; in low 

swales with Desert Willow; along banks of draws, streams, rivers and washes; along rocky edges of 

ravines, springs and washes; shores of lakes; gravel bars; benches; rock shelves; gravelly terraces; sandy 

floodplains; mesquite bosques; along fencelines; rocky riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry 

rocky desert pavement; bouldery-rocky-sandy, bouldery-cobbly-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rockysandy, 

shaley, cobbly, cindery-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, pebbly-sandy and sandy ground; rockyclayey 

loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-clayey loam, sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam, clayey loam, silty 

loam, silty-clayey loam and loam ground; gravelly clay, sandy clay, silty clay and clay ground, and rocky 

silty and sandy silty ground, occurring from 300 to 9,800 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, 



North America and could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial fiber or 

fodder crop; it was also noted as having been used as a decoration. Sideoats Grama may be useful in 

controlling erosion. Stems may occur singly or in small clusters from creeping rhizomes (var. 

curtipendula), or form into large clumps from a common root crown (var. caespitosa). In areas where it 

occurs naturally, consider including Sideoats Grama seed in reseeding mixtures. This plant is a larval food 

plant for the Orange Skipperling (Copaeodes aurantiacus). Bouteloua curtipendula is native to central 

and southern North America; Central America, and South America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 18, 30, 33 (Page 143, 

“One of the most important range grasses in the Southwest, highly palatable and a vigorous grower.”), 43 

(092909), 46 (Page 129), 48, 58, 63 (092909 - color presentation), 77, 82, 85 (093009 - color presentation 

of dried material), 105 (“This is one of our most important range grasses. ... It cures well and maintains a 

fairly high feeding value throughout the year. ... Sideoats is a normal component of most Arizona

grassland ranges, and these ranges are not in excellent condition without an abundance of the grass. It 

lengthens the grazing season and increases forage production, in addition to providing variety in the 

feed.”), 106 (061407), 127, 138* 

Bouteloua filiformis (see Bouteloua repens) 

Bouteloua repens (K.S. Kunth) F.L. Scribner & E.D. Merrill: Slender Grama 

SYNONYMY: Bouteloua filiformis (E.P. Fournier) D. Griffiths). COMMON NAMES: Navajta 

Rastrera, Large Mesquite Grama, Slender Grama, Zacate Sabanilla. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial tufted graminoid (a bunchgrass (clumpgrass) 4 to 32 inches in height and up to 4 inches in 

width at the base); the leaves are bright green (purple and yellow forms were also reported) curing to gray 

or yellow; the spikelets (flowers) are reddish-purple; the anthers are orange, red, purple or yellow; 

flowering generally takes place between late August and early November (additional records: two for 

early January, three for late February, one for mid-June and two for early August, flowering beginning as 

early as June and July and ending as late as December has also been reported). HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; gravelly mesas; cliff faces; rocky 

canyons; along gravelly-sandy canyon bottoms; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; pockets of 

soil in rocks; rocky buttes; rocky ledges; ridges; ridgetops; openings in forests; rocky and gravelly-loamy 

foothills; rocky hills; hilltops; rocky and rocky-clayey hillsides; along rocky, rocky-gravelly, rockyclayey, 

rocky-sandy-loamy, gravelly, sandy, sandy-loamy and clayey slopes; alluvial fans; bajadas; 

bedrock and rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; prairies; llanos; rocky, cobbly and sandy plains; sandy and 

clayey flats; bedrock valley floors; railroad right-of-ways; along rocky roadbeds; along gravelly and 

sandy roadsides; along rocky arroyos; rocky draws; bottoms of draws; gulches; ravines; along streams; 

along and in rocky streambeds; along and in rocky, gravelly, gravelly-loamy and sandy washes; along and 

in bedrock drainages; within drainage ways; rocky-clayey swales; gravelly-loamy banks of washes; edges 

of arroyos; sandy shores of oceans; benches; floodplains; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in 

dry rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-sandy loam, cobbly-sandy 

loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, sandy loam and clayey loam ground, and rocky clay and clay 

ground, occurring from sea level to 8,300 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, 


restored native habitat. Slender Grama holds up well under heavy grazing pressure. Bouteloua repens is 

native to southwest-central and southern North America; Central America, and northern South America. 

*5, 6, 15, 16, 33 (recorded as Bouteloua filiformis (Fourn.) Griffiths, Page 145), 43 (093009), 46 

(recorded as Bouteloua filiformis (Fourn.) Griffiths, Page 129), 48, 58, 63 (093009 - color presentation), 

77, 85 (093009 - color presentation of dried material, also recorded as Bouteloua repens var. repens), 105 

(recorded as Bouteloua filiformis (Fourn.) Griffiths)* 

Bouteloua repens var. repens (see footnote 85 under Bouteloua repens) 

Bouteloua trifida G. Thurber (var. trifida is the variety reported as occurring in Arizona): Red 

Grama 

COMMON NAMES: China, Navajita, Navajita Roja, Red Grama, Red Gramma, Three-awn 

Grama. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial tufted graminoid (2 to 16 inches in height); the foliage may 

be purple; the spikelets (flowers) are reddish-purple; the anthers are yellow; flowering generally takes 

place between mid-March and late May (additional records: one for early August, two for mid-August, 

one for early September and two for late October). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from rocky mountains; mesas; rocky cliffs; rocky canyons; along canyon walls; gorges; talus 

slopes; crevices in rocks; pockets of soil in bedrock; bluffs; rocky ledges; bouldery ridges; foothills; 

bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, stony-gravelly and loamy hills; bouldery and rocky hillsides; boulderyrocky, 

rocky, gravelly, sandy and sandy-loamy slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; clayey prairies; plains; 

gravelly flats; basins; valley floors; roadbeds; along rocky, gravelly-sandy and clayey roadsides; sandy

arroyos; gulches; springs; along streams; along and in bedrock, cobbly-gravelly-sandy and gravellysandy 

washes; within rocky drainages; within drainage ways; around pools; depressions; rocky banks of 

arroyos; floodplains; ditches, and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky, rocky, rockycobbly-gravelly-sandy, 

rocky-gravelly, stony, stony-gravelly, cobbly-gravelly-sandy, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy ground; sandy loam ground, and clay ground, occurring from 700 to 5,100 feet in 

elevation in the grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an 

attractive component of a restored native habitat, it is drought resistant and may form patches or rings, 

and it is sometimes mistaken for an Aristida spp. because of the three-awned spikelets. Bouteloua trifida 

is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 33 (Page 151), 43 (100109), 46 

(Page 128), 63 (100109), 77, 85 (100109), 138* 

Brachiaria arizonica (see Urochloa arizonica) 

Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (see Bromus rubens) 

Bromus rubens C. Linnaeus: Red Brome 

SYNONYMY: Bromus madritensis C. Linnaeus subsp. rubens (C. Linnaeus) Duvin [orthographic 

error]. COMMON NAMES: Bromo, Bromo Rojo, Foxtail Brome, Foxtail Chess, Red Brome. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual graminoid (3 inches to 2 feet in height); the foliage is light green 

curing to a light straw yellow; the spikelets (flowers) may be purple, red-brown, reddish or reddishpurple; 

the awns are reddish; flowering generally takes place between late January and early June 

(additional records: one for late June, one for early July and one for late August); the seedheads are red, 

reddish-brown or purplish. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; rocky mountainsides; sandy-silty mesas; cliffs; rocky-pebbly cliffsides; rocky and stony 

canyons; rocky and clayey canyon bottoms; talus; bases of cliffs; pockets of sandy soil in bedrock, 

boulders and rocks; bluffs; buttes; rocky and rocky-stony ledges; rocky promontories; along rocky and 

silty-loamy ridges; ridgetops; sandy meadows; sandy edges of meadows; cinder cones; rocky foothills; 

bouldery, rocky, sandy, loamy and silty-loamy hills; sandy-clayey and clayey hilltops; rocky and clayey 

hillsides; bedrock, bouldery, bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-sandy, rocky-clayey, rocky-clayey-loamy, 

rocky-loamy, cobbly-sandy-loamy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-clayey, sandy and loamy 

slopes; rocky alluvial fans; rocky, gravelly and sandy bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and 

rocks; sand dunes; plains; rocky, rocky-sandy-clayey, cindery, gravelly and loamy flats; cindery valley 

floors; valley bottoms; coastal bluffs; coastal flats; along railroad right-of-ways; along gravelly roadbeds; 

along sandy-loamy roadsides; within rocky arroyos; draws; along rocky gullies; rocky and gravelly 

ravines; seeps; springs; around seeping streams; rocky-sandy streambeds; along and in creeks; rocky 

creekbeds; along rivers; riverbeds; along and in rocky, stony-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

washes; within rocky and sandy drainages; rocky and sandy drainage ways; pondbeds; gravelly-clayey 

soils around lakes; sandy, sandy-silty and silty lakebeds; saltwater marshlands; depressions; swales; 

gravelly-sandy, sandy and loamy banks of streams, rivers and washes; along sandy edges of washes, lakes 

and freshwater and saltwater marshes; margins of washes; beaches; sandy benches; rocky-silty, gravelly 

and sandy terraces; sandy, sandy-loamy and loamy bottomlands; rocky, sandy and loamy floodplains; 

mesquite bosques; stock tanks; around reservoirs; canal banks; recently burned areas of scrub; bouldery 

and sandy riparian areas; sandy waste places, and disturbed areas growing in wet, moist, damp or dry 

desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-pebbly, rocky-sandy, shaley, stony, stonygravelly, 

cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam, rocky-clayey loam, cobblysandy 

loam, sandy loam, clayey loam and loam ground; rocky-sandy clay, rocky clay, gravelly clay, sandy 

clay and clay ground, and rocky silty, gravelly silty, sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level 

to 8,000 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. NOTES: EXOTIC Invasive Plant which poses a significant threat to our native biotic 

communities. Bromus rubens is native to southern Europe; middle and western Asia, and northern Africa. 

*5, 6, 15, 16, 22 (color photograph), 33 (Page 50), 43 (100309 - no record for Bromus madritensis subsp.

ubens), 46 (Page 78), 58, 63 (100409 - color presentation), 68, 77, 80 (The Ergot Fungus (Claviceps sp.) 

is listed as a Secondary Poisonous Range Plant. Species of the genus Bromus can be hosts of the Ergot 

Fungus. “Ergot contains poisonous alkaloids and other compounds that may cause chronic poisoning 

(gangrenous ergotism) in the extremities when consumed in small amounts, or convulsive poisoning when 

large amounts are eaten. Animals may be poisoned by feeding on mature, infected grain or hay. Livestock, 

especially cattle, and humans are susceptible. ... Pastures causing ergot poisoning should be mowed or the 

animals removed. Mildly poisoned animals will usually recover if removed from the infested pastures, 

kept quiet, and supplied with good feed and water. In Arizona, some losses may be expected on 

rangelands during wet years, but most losses have occurred from grazing pastures of Dallas Grass 

(Paspalum dilatatum).” See text for additional information.), 85 (100409 - color presentation of dried 

material), 105, HR* 

Dasyochloa pulchella (K.S. Kunth) C.L. von Wildenow ex P.A. Rydberg: Low Woollygrass 

SYNONYMY: Erioneuron pulchellum (K.S. Kunth) T. Tateoka, Tridens pulchellus (K.S. Kunth) 

A.S. Hitchcock, Triodia pulchella K.S. Kunth. COMMON NAMES: Desert Fluffgrass, Fluff Grass, 

Fluff-grass, Fluffgrass, Low Woollygrass, Oerennuak Grass, Zacate Borreguero. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial (often appearing to be an annual and has also been described as being a short-lived 

perennial) tufted graminoid (a bunchgrass (clumpgrass) ½ to 6 inches in height, plants were observed that 

were 2 to 4 inches in height and 2 to 4 inches in width, plants were observed that were 4 inches in height 

and 12 inches in width); the foliage is bluish-green curing to a gray-white; the flowers are green, silvery 

or white; flowering generally takes place between late March and late October (additional record: one for 

early December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; 

rocky-sandy, gravelly, sandy-loamy and clayey mesas; rocky, gravelly and sandy canyons; gravelly-sandy 

canyon bottoms; rocky talus slopes; sandy soils in crevices in rocks and rock slabs; knolls; rocky and 

gravelly ridges; clayey ridgetops; ridgelines; meadows; foothills; rocky, gravelly and sandy hills; rocky, 

rocky-sandy and gravelly hillsides; sandy bases of escarpments; sandy edges of escarpments; bouldery, 

rocky, rocky-gravelly, stony, cindery-clayey, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-sandy-loamy, gravellysandy-clayey-loamy 

and sandy slopes; rocky alluvial fans; rocky-sandy, gravelly and sandy bajadas; 

rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; rocky-sandy coves; lava rincons; sand hills; sand dunes; 

breaks; gravelly steppes; sandy and clayey plains; rocky, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy, sandyloamy 

and clayey flats; valley floors; along railroad right-of-ways; along bouldery-rocky, rocky, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy-loamy, gravelly-loamy, sandy and sandy-loamy roadsides; arroyos; sandy bottoms of 

arroyos; gravelly draws; rocky gullies; streambeds; creekbeds; along and in rocky-sandy, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; along and in sandy drainages; playas; marshes; clayey depressions; 

along banks of washes; edges of washes; rocky-sandy shores of lakes; benches; gravelly and sandy 

terraces; rocky-sandy and loamy bottomlands; floodplains; rocky lowlands; sandy riparian areas, and 

disturbed areas growing in moist or dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-gravelly, 

rocky-sandy, stony, cobbly, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; gravelly loam, gravellysandy 

loam, gravelly-sandy-clayey loam, sandy loam, clayey loam and loam ground; rocky clay, cindery 

clay, gravelly-sandy clay and clay ground, and sandy silty ground, occurring from 100 to 7,000 feet in 


This low, densely tufted perennial may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. This plant 

was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted as having been used 

as a drug or medication. This plant is browsed by the Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana); 

however, it has been reported that this plant is generally avoided by grazing animals. Dasyochloa 

pulchella is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15 (recorded as Erioneuron 

pulchellum (H.B.K.) Tateoka), 16 (recorded as Erioneuron pulchellum (H.B.K.) Tateoka), 33 (recorded as 

Tridens pulchellus (H.B.K.) Hitchc., Page 97), 43 (071309), 46 (recorded as Tridens pulchellus (H.B.K.) 

Hitchc., Page 90), 58 (recorded as Erioneuron pulchellum (H.B.K.) Tateoka), 63 (100609 - color 

presentation), 77 (recorded as Erioneuron pulchellum (H.B.K.) Tateoka), 85 (100609 - color presentation 

of dried material), 105 (recorded as Tridens pulchellus (H.B.K.) Hitchc.), 127, 138*

Digitaria californica (G. Bentham) J.T. Henrard: Arizona Cottontop 

SYNONYMY: Trichachne californica (G. Bentham) M.A. Chase. COMMON NAMES: Arizona 

Cotton Grass, Arizona Cottongrass, Arizona Cottontop, California Cottontop, Cotton Grass, Cottongrass, 

Cotton-top, Cottontop, Punta Blanca (Spanish), Zacate Punta Blanca. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial graminoid (a bunchgrass (clumpgrass) with erect culms 1 to 4 feet in height); the foliage may be 

dark bluish-green, gray-green, green or yellow-green curing to gray or straw; spikelets (flowers) are 

purplish-pink, flowering generally takes place between early August and early December (additional 

records: one for early May and one for early July); the cottony seedheads are covered by silky hairs. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; mountaintops; 

sandy-loamy mesas; shaded rocky cliffs; rocky and gravelly-loamy canyons; rocky canyon walls; canyon 

bottoms; bouldery and rocky talus slopes; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; rock buttes; knobs; ledges; 

rocky ridges; foothills; bouldery and rocky hills; rocky hillsides; bouldery escarpments; bouldery, 

bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly and clayey-loamy slopes; alluvial fans; bajadas; bouldery 

outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; silty plains; rocky and gravelly flats; hollows; valley floors; along 

gravelly and sandy roadsides; arroyos; rocky draws; gulches; ravines; springs; along creeks; riverbeds; 

along and in sandy and silty-clayey washes; within drainage ways; marshes; along the rocky and sandy 

banks of arroyos, streams and washes; gravel bars; along benches; terraces; clayey bottomlands; sandy 

floodplains; ditches; sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry rocky desert pavement; 

bouldery, bouldery-rocky, bouldery-rocky-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley, stony, 

cobbly, gravelly, pebbly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-clayey loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy 

loam, sandy-clayey, clayey loam and loam ground; gravelly clay, silty clay and clay ground, and sandy 

silty and silty ground, occurring from 200 to 7,000 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, 


component of a restored native habitat. Digitaria californica is native to southwest-central and southern 

North America; Central America, and western and southern South America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 33 (recorded as 

Trichachne californica (Benth.) Chase, Page 296), 43 (100609), 46 (recorded as Trichachne californica 

(Benth.) Chase, Page 132), 48, 58, 63 (100609 - color presentation), 77, 85 (100609 - color presentation), 

105 (recorded as Trichachne californica (Benth.) Chase), 138* 

Enneapogon desvauxii N.A. Desvaux ex A.M. Palisot de Beauvois: Nineawn Pappusgrass 

COMMON NAMES: Feather Pappus Grass, Feather Pappusgrass, Kalkgras (Afrikaans), Nineawn 

Pappus Grass, Nineawn Pappusgrass, Nine-awned Pappus Grass, Purple Grass, Purple-grass, Spike 

Pappus Grass, Spike Pappusgrass, Wondergras (Afrikaans), Wright Pappusgrass, Zacate Ladera, Zacate 

Lobero. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial graminoid (a bunchgrass (clumpgrass) 4 to 20 inches in 

height); the foliage may be grayish-green or light green; the flowers are grayish, grayish-green or 

purplish; flowering generally takes place in summer and fall between early August and early November 

(additional records: two for late January, one for early July and one for mid-December). HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountaintops; mountainsides; 

bedrock and sandy mesas; plateaus; cliffs; sandy rims of canyons; bouldery, rocky and clayey canyons; 

sandy canyon bottoms; talus slopes; crevices; along bases of cliffs; knolls; bouldery and rocky ledges; 

ridges, ridgetops; rocky foothills; rocky, gravelly and clayey hills; gravelly hilltops; rocky hillsides; 

escarpments; rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-loamy, gravelly, sandy and sandy-loamy slopes; bedrock and 

gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; sandy lava flows; lava fields; debris fans; plains; 

gravelly flats, basins; rocky valley floors; rocky valley bottoms; along rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly and 

sandy roadsides; rocky bottoms of arroyos; gulches; gullies; ravines; along streambeds; gravelly-loamy 

creekbeds; within rocky and gravelly washes; along drainages; drainage ways; depressions; edges of 

ravines; sand bars; benches; terraces; bottomlands; floodplains; stock tanks; ditches; riparian areas; waste 

areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry rocky desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-rocky-sandy, rocky, 

rocky-cindery-sandy, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam, 

gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam and sandy loam ground; gravelly clay, sandy clay and clay ground,

and rocky-gravelly silty ground, occurring from 900 to 7,300 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, 


restored native habitat, consider using in a mix with other grasses when over-seeding. Enneapogon 

desvauxii is native to central and southern Asia; Africa; southwest-central and southern North America, 

and west-central and southern South America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 33 (Pages 102-103), 43 (100909 - 

Enneapogon desvauxii P. Beauv.), 46 (Page 91), 58, 63 (100909 - color presentation), 77, 85 (101009 - 

color presentation of dried material), 105 (“This grass seems to be rather short-lived for a perennial. 

However, it is a prolific seeder and re-establishes rapidly and abundantly during seasons of good 

rainfall”), 106 (053109), 138* 

Eragrostis cilianensis (C. Allioni) F. Vignolo-Lutati ex E.E. Janchen: Stinkgrass 

SYNONYMY: Eragrostis megastachya (G.L. Koeler) J.H. Link. COMMON NAMES: 

Amoresco (Hispanic), Candy Grass, Candy-grass, Candygrass, Éragrostide Fétide, Graminha 

(Portuguese), Großes Liebesgras (German), Gray Love Grass, Lovegrass, Stink Grass, Stinkgrass, 

Stinking Lovegrass, Strong-scented Lovegrass, Strongscented Lovegrass, Watergrass, Zacate Apestoso 

(Hispanic), Zacate Apestoso (Hispanic), Zacate Borreguero (Hispanic), Zacate de Amor Hediondo 

(Hispanic), Zacate Estepario (Hispanic). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual tufted graminoid (a 

bunchgrass with prostrate to erect culms 3 to 36 inches in height); the foliage is gray-green or light green; 

the spikelets (flowers) are greenish, white or whitish with green veins turning tawny with age, the anthers 

are yellow; flowering generally takes place between late July and late October (additional records: one for 

mid-March, one for late March, one for mid-May, one for late May, one for early June, three for early 

July, one for mid-November, one for late November and one for mid-December). HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; sandy mesas; gravelly and sandy canyons; 

sandy canyon bottoms; sandy bases of cliffs; bluffs; knolls; ledges; sandy meadows; bouldery foothills; 

rocky hills; rocky and gravelly hillsides; rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy-loamy, gravellyloamy, 

sandy-loamy, sandy-clayey, loamy, clayey-loamy and clayey slopes; rocky outcrops; amongst 

rocks; coves; plains; sandy and sandy-silty flats; valley floors; valley bottoms; along gravelly, gravellyloamy 

and sandy roadsides; arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; draws; gulches; gullies; gravelly-sandy seeps; 

springs; along streams; along and in cobbly-sandy streambeds; along creeks; creekbeds; sandy riverbeds; 

along and in gravelly, sandy and silty-clayey washes; within drainage ways; clayey lakebeds; cienegas; 

marshes; bedrock depressions; silty swales; along rocky-sandy, sandy and sandy-loamy banks of creeks, 

rivers, washes and drainages; sandy edges of streams, ponds, lakes and marshes; sand bars; sandy 

benches; gravelly-loamy terraces; loamy bottomlands; sandy and clayey floodplains; sandy mesquite 

bosques; around and in stock tanks (charcos, repressos); sandy ditches; sandy riparian areas; waste places, 

and disturbed areas growing in wet, moist, damp and dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, stony, cobblysandy, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-clayey loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy 

loam, sandy loam, clayey loam, clayey-humusy loam and loam ground; sandy clay, silty clay and clay 

ground, and sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 8,000 feet in elevation in the forest, 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: EXOTIC Invasive 

Plant. Eragrostis cilianensis is native to middle, eastern and southern Europe; western, eastern and 

southern Asia, and Africa. *5, 6, 15, 16, 30, 33 (recorded as Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) Link, Pages 

82-83), 43 (101009), 46 (Page 86), 58, 63 (101009 - color presentation of seed), 68, 77, 80 (This plant is 

listed as a Rarely Poisonous and Suspected Poisonous Range Plant. “This annual grass was reported to 

cause poisoning in horses when fed in large quantities over a long period of time.”), 85 (101009 - color 

presentation of sried material), 101 (color photograph), 105 (recorded as Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) 

Link), 138* 

Eragrostis megastachya (see Eragrostis cilianensis) 

Erioneuron pulchellum (see Dasyochloa pulchella)

Heteropogon contortus (C. Linnaeus) A.M. Palisot de Beauvois ex J.J. Roemer & J.A. Schultes: 

Tanglehead 

SYNONYMY: Andropogon contortus C. Linnaeus. COMMON NAMES: Barba Negra, Black 

Spear Grass, Bunch Spear Grass, Common Tangleweed, Hierba Torcida (Spanish), Piligrass (Hawaii), 

Tangle Grass, Tangle-head, Tanglehead, Tanglehead Grass, Retorcido Moreno, Spear Grass, Speergras 

(German), Zacate Colorado. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial tufted graminoid (a bunchgrass 

(clumpgrass) 8 to 60 inches in height); the foliage is bright green curing to orange-brown; the spikelets 

(flowers) may be brown or purple; flowering generally takes place between early January and late May 

and again between early August and early December (flowering records: one for early January, one for 

late January, one for late February, one for mid-March, one for early May, one for late May, three for 

early August, five for late August, three for early September, four for mid-September, three for late 

September, one for mid-October, four for early November, one for mid-November and one for early 

December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky 

mountainsides; mesas; cliffs; cliff faces; along rocky canyons; along canyon walls; along bouldery and 

gravelly canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; ledges; rocky ridges; bouldery ridgetops; 

foothills; rocky hills; rocky and gravelly-clayey hillsides; rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

slopes; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; lava flows; rocky and sandy plains; gravelly flats; 

valley floors; along sandy roadsides; along and in rocky arroyos; rocky-sandy bottoms of arroyos; along 

draws; within gullies; ravines; around seeping streams; streambeds; creekbeds; along and in rocky, rockysandy, 

cobbly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; within gravelly-sandy-loamy drainages; within rocky 

and sandy drainage ways; bedrock tinajas; around pools; silty banks of streams and rainwater basins; 

edges of washes; sandy beaches; terraces; floodplains; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry 

bouldery, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-sandy, cobbly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; 

gravelly-sandy loam and loam ground; gravelly clay ground, and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 

7,500 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 

NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. Heteropogon contortus is 

native to south-central and southern North America and possibly to other tropic sub-tropic and warmtemperate 

regions of the world. *5, 6, 15, 16, 33 (Page 302), 43 (101209), 46 (Page 144), 48, 58, 63 

(101209 - color presentation), 77, 85 (101209 - color presentation), 105 (Reports that Tanglehead Grass 

“is one of the easiest grasses to establish under conditions of low rainfall.”), 138* 

Leptochloa mucronata (see Leptochloa panicea subsp. mucronata) 

Leptochloa panicea (A.J. Retzius) J. Ohwi subsp. mucronata (A. Michaux) R. Nowack: Mucronate 

Sprangletop 

SYNONYMY: Leptochloa mucronata (A. Michaux) H.B. Kunth. COMMON NAMES: 

Desparramo Rojo, Mississippi Sprangletop, Mucronate Sprangletop, Slendergrass. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial annual or perennial graminoid (decumbent and spreading at the base or erect culms less than 4 

to 44 inches in height); the inflorescence is green; flowering generally takes place between mid-July and 

mid-October (flowering records: one for mid-March, one for mid-July, three for mid-August, one for 

early September, one for mid-September, two for early October, two for mid-October and one for mid- 

November). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; gravelly 

canyons; canyon bottoms; chasms; ledges; rocky ridgetops; foothills; rocky and clayey hills; rocky 

hillsides; rocky and rocky-clayey slopes; rocky lava slopes; llanos; sandy-silty flats; valley bottoms; 

roadbeds; along gravelly roadsides; along arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; along streams; sandy streambeds; 

along creeks; in sandy soil along rivers; sandy riverbeds; along and in rocky, gravelly-sandy, gravellysandy-silty, 

sandy and silty washes; along drainages; playas; silty-muddy swampy areas; sandy-silty and 

silty depressions; banks of streams and rivers; sandy edges of ponds and playas; margins of arroyos and 

waterholes; benches; bottomlands; sandy floodplains; along fencelines; along ditches; banks of ditches; 

around stock tanks (charcos, repressos); gravelly riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in wet, moist

and dry rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky clay, gravelly clay and clay ground, and 

gravelly-sandy silty, sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 5,600 feet in elevation in the 

forest, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an 

Exotic. Leptochloa panicea subsp. mucronata is native to south-central and southern North America. *5, 

6, 33 (recorded as Leptochloa mucronata pulchella Scribn., brief note on page 135), 43 (101509), 46 (no 

record), 63 (101509), 85 (101509), 138* 

Muhlenbergia microsperma (A.P. de Candolle) C.B. von Trinius: Littleseed Muhly 

COMMON NAMES: Liendrilla Chica (Hispanic), Liendrilla Fina y Liendrilla Chica (Hispanic), 

Little-seed Muhly, Littleseed Muhly. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual graminoid (spreading or erect 

culms 4 to 40 inches in height/length); the foliage may be purplish turning red with age; the inflorescence 

is tinged with purple; the spikelets (flowers) are dark pink or purplish with purplish anthers; flowering 

generally takes place between late January and mid-June (additional records: one for early January, one 

for early September, one for mid-September, one for late September, one for mid-October, one for late 

October, one for early November, three for mid-November, three for mid-December and two for late 

December); the caryopsis (fruit) is reddish-brown. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; mountaintops; rocky mountainsides; mesas; rocky cliffs; bouldery, boulderyrocky-sandy, 

rocky and sandy canyons; rocky canyon walls; rocky, rocky-silty, sandy and sandy-loamy 

canyon bottoms; scree; talus slopes; along bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; bluffs; buttes; rocky ledges, 

rocky and cobbly-sandy-loamy ridges; clayey ridgetops; margins of meadows; foothills; rocky and rockysandy 

hills; rocky, rocky-cobbly, rocky-gravelly and gravelly hillsides; bouldery, bouldery-sandy, 

bouldery-loamy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, rocky-loamy-clayey, rocky-clayey, gravelly, sandy, 

loamy, loamy-clayey and clayey slopes; bajadas; bouldery and rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and 

rocks; lava bluffs; lava slopes; along lava slides; dunes; sandy plains; bouldery, rocky-sandy, gravelly and 

sandy flats; rocky-gravelly coastal slopes; coastal plains; sandy coastal flats; gravelly valley floors; along 

railroad right-of-ways; bouldery-gravelly-loamy and sandy roadsides; arroyos; in the shade of mesquite 

trees in the bottoms of arroyos; gulches; rocky-sandy ravines; springs; along streams in the partial shade 

of Mexican Blue Oaks; rocky and rocky-sandy streambeds; along creeks; along rivers; along and in rocky, 

rocky-silty, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; silty-clayey drainages; drainage ways; gravellysandy 

tinajas; depressions; along rocky, gravelly-sandy and sandy banks of arroyos, streams, washes and 

drainages; edges of gullies; margins of riverbeds; benches; bottomlands; sandy floodplains; mesquite 

bosques; around stock tanks (charcos); rocky margins of reservoirs; along and in ditches; sandy riparian 

areas and disturbed areas growing in wet, moist and dry gravelly desert pavement; bouldery, boulderyrocky-sandy, 

bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-cobbly, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy 

and sandy ground; bouldery loam, bouldery-gravelly loam, rocky-clayey loam, cobbly-sandy loam, 

gravelly loam, sandy loam and loam ground; rocky clay, rocky-loamy clay, loamy clay, silty clay and clay 

ground, and rocky silty ground, occurring from sea level to 8,000 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, 


component of a restored native habitat. This grass sometimes forms dense mound-like colonies. 

Muhlenbergia microsperma is native to southwest-central and southern North America; North-central 

Pacific Islands; Central America, and northern and western South America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 30, 33 (Pages 

195-196), 43 (101609), 46 (Page 109), 63 (101609 - color presentation), 77, 85 (101709 - color 

presentation of dried material)* 

Muhlenbergia porteri F.L. Scribner ex W.J. Beal: Bush Muhly 

COMMON NAMES: Bakú (Tarahumara), Bush-grass, Bush Muhly, Hoe Grass, Hoegrass, 

Liendrilla Amacollada (Hispanic), Mesquite Grass, Mesquitegrass, Porter’s Muhlenbergia, Telaraña 

(Hispanic), Zacate Aparejo (Hispanic). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial tufted graminoid (a 

bunchgrass with geniculate culms 10 to 44 inches in height/length and 18 inches to 10 feet in width, 

several plants were described as being 3 feet in height and 10 feet in width); the stems are dull green; the 

leaves are green, purplish-green or yellow-green curing to buff; the panicles (compound inflorescences)

are usually purple; the spikelets (flowers) are green becoming purple when mature; anthers are purple to 

yellow; flowering generally takes place between late February and late October (additional records: one 

for late November and one for early December); the caryopsis (fruit) is yellowish-brown the aggregate of 

which covers the plants in a misty shroud. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; rocky and stony-sandy mountainsides; mesas; rocky cliffs; bouldery and rocky 

canyons; rocky canyonsides; rocky-sandy and gravelly canyon bottoms; gorges; talus slopes; crevices in 

rocks; buttes; along sandy-silty and silty ledges; rocky ridge tops; foothills; rocky and sandy hills; 

bouldery-sandy and rocky hillsides; rocky escarpments; along bouldery, bouldery-rocky, rocky, rockyloamy, 

gravelly, gravelly-loamy, sandy and sandy-loamy slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst 

boulders and rocks; alcoves; sandy lava flows; lava fields; sand dunes; dune-like areas of fine blow-sand 

deposits; gravelly plains; rocky, gravelly-sandy, sandy and sandy loamy flats; open sandy ground amongst 

Ephedra and Larrea; basins; sandy valley floors; valley bottoms; along rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, 

gravelly-loamy and sandy roadsides; rocky arroyos; clefts in rocky hillsides; within draws; gulches; 

ravines; springs; bouldery streambeds; along rivers; along and in rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; along drainages; bouldery-cobbly and rocky drainage ways; 

around ponds; gravelly-sandy banks; margins of washes; sandy-silty and silty benches; gravelly terraces; 

sandy floodplains; sandy mesquite bosques; riparian areas, and disturbed areas often growing in the 

protection of shrubs and trees in damp and dry rocky desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-rocky, 

bouldery-cobbly, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, stony-sandy, cindery, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam, rocky-clayey loam, cobbly-sandy loam, gravelly loam, 

sandy loam, clayey loam and loam ground; gravelly clay, sandy clay and clay ground, and cobbly-sandy 

silty, sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from 700 to 7,500 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, 


component of a restored native habitat. In areas where it occurs naturally, consider including Bush Muhly 

seed in reseeding mixtures. According to the USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information System, Bush 

Muhly germinates best when temperatures are at 86 degrees Fahrenheit (30 degrees Centigrade). When 

re-vegetating desert washes consider planting Bush Muhly along with Whitethorn Acacia (Acacia 

constricta), Catclaw Acacia (Acacia greggii var. greggii), Limberbush (Jatropha cardiophylla), 

Triangleleaf Bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea) and White Bursage (Ambrosia dumosa). Bush Muhly is 

browsed by the Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis subsp. mexicana). Muhlenbergia porteri is native 

to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 30, 33 (“Bush Muhly originally existed 

in extensive stands on the open range lands of southern Arizona but now occurs for the most part in the 

protection of shrubs and subshrubs and is seldom locally abundant. It is highly palatable and well liked by 

livestock despite the wiry culms.”, Pages 201-202), 43 (101709), 46 (Page 111), 48, 58, 63 (101709 - 

color presentation), 77, 85 (101709 - color presentation), 105 (“This was formerly one of the most 

abundant and important grasses of southern Arizona, but is found now largely as individual plants under 

the protection of shrubs. ... Where possible this grass should be allowed to set a full crop of seed during 

the summer growing season at least every second or third year. Deferment of grazing during July and 

August every year is recommended on run-down ranges.”), 138* 

Panicum arizonicum (see Urochloa arizonica) 

Panicum capillare var. hirticaule (see Panicum hirticaule var. hirticaule) 

Panicum capillare var. pampinosum (see Panicum hirticaule var. hirticaule) 

Panicum hirticaule C.B. Presl var. hirticaule: Mexican Panicgrass 

SYNONYMY: Panicum capillare C. Linnaeus var. hirticaule (J.S. Presl) F.W. Gould, Panicum 

capillare C. Linnaeus var. pampinosum (A.S. Hitchcock & M.A. Chase) F.W. Gould, Panicum 

pampinosum A.S. Hitchcock & M.A. Chase, Panicum sonorum W.J. Beal. COMMON NAMES: Chiri 

Chiri (Spanish), Mexican Panicgrass, Roughstalk Witchgrass, Sauhui (Spanish), Sonora Panic, Sowi

Millet, Triguillo (Spanish), Witchgrass, Zacate de Año (Spanish), Zacate Peludo Perdis (Spanish). 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual graminoid (erect-spreading culms 2 to 40 inches in height); flowering 

generally takes place between mid-August and mid-October (flowering beginning as early as July has 

been reported). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; sandy 

mesas; canyons; gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy canyon bottoms; rocky ledges; openings in 

woodlands; meadows; rocky hills; rocky, rocky-clayey and gravelly hillsides; rocky and gravelly slopes; 

bajadas; amongst boulders; dunes; sandy plains; clayey flats; basins; valley floors; along rocky-loamy 

roadsides; sandy draws; along seeps; along streams; streambeds; along and in oases; gravelly, gravellysandy, 

sandy and silty washes; within sandy drainage ways; sandy-silty depressions; clayey-loamy and 

silty swales; along margins of washes; along gravelly-sandy floodplains; mesquite bosques; ditches; 

sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in wet, moist and dry bouldery, rocky, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam, gravelly loam and clay loam ground; rocky clay and 

gravelly clay and clay ground, and sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 6,800 feet in 


NOTES: The species, Panicum hirticaule, was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North 

America and could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food crop. 

Panicum hirticaule var. hirticaule is native to southwest-central and southern North America; Central 

America, and South America. *5, 6, 30 (species), 33 (recorded as Panicum capillare L. var. hirticaule 

(Presl) Gould, Page 283; Panicum capillare L. var. pampinsonum (Hitchc. & Chase) Gould, Page 284, 

and Panicum sonorum Beal, Page 282), 43 (101809), 46 (recorded as Panicum pampinsonum (A.S. 

Hitchcock & M.A. Chase, Page 136), 63 (101809 - Panicum hirticaule J. Presl var. hirticaule), 77, 80 

(Species of the genus Panicum are listed as Rarely Poisonous and Suspected Poisonous Range Plants. 

Species of this genus have been reported to cause loss in livestock due to photosensitization and nitrate 

poisoning.), 85 (101809 - Panicum hirticaule var. hirticaule J. Presl), 127, 138* 

Panicum pampinsonum (see Panicum hirticaule var. hirticaule) 

Panicum sonorum (see Panicum hirticaule var. hirticaule) 

Pappophorum apertum (see Pappophorum vaginatum) 

Pappophorum mucronulatum (see Pappophorum vaginatum) 

Pappophorum vaginatum S.B. Buckley: Whiplash Pappusgrass 

SYNONYMY: Pappophorum apertum W. Munro ex F. Lamson-Scribner, Pappophorum 

mucronulatum auct. non C.G. Nees von Esenbeck. COMMON NAMES: Mucronulate Pappusgrass, 

Pappusgrass, Pima Pappusgrass, Whiplash Pappusgrass. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial graminoid 

(a bunchgrass (clumpgrass) 16 to 52 inches in height); the foliage is gray-green or light green; the 

inflorescences may be tinged with purple; based on few flowering records available, flowering generally 

takes place between late March and late October (flowering records: two for late March, one for late 

April, one for early July, one for late August, three for early September, one for mid-September and one 

for late October). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; 

mountaintops; mesas; rocky canyons; bases of cliffs; ridgetops; foothills; rocky hillsides; rocky, sandy 

and clayey slopes; bajadas; rocky plains; gravelly and sandy-silty flats; basins; valley floors; valley 

bottoms; coastal dunes; sandy coastal flats; along railroad right-of-ways; along stony and sandy roadsides, 

along sandy gullies; along creeks; along and in gravelly washes; along drainage ways; depressions; banks 

of washes; along edges of washes; margins of washes; floodplains; dams; in sandy ditches, and disturbed 

areas growing in moist and dry rocky, stony, gravelly and sandy ground; clayey loam ground, clay 

ground, and sandy silty ground, occurring from sea level to 4,800 feet in elevation in the grassland, 


restored native habitat. Pappophorum vaginatum is native to southwest-central and southern North

America and southern South America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 33 (recorded as Pappophorum mucronulatum Nees., 

Page 103), 43 (101809), 46 (recorded as Pappophorum mucronulatum Nees., Page 91), 48, 63 (101809 - 

color presentation), 77, 85 (101809 - color presentation of dried material), 105 (recorded as 

Pappophorum mucronulatum Nees.), 138* 

Poa bigelovii G. Vasey & F.L. Scribner: Bigelow’s Bluegrass 

COMMON NAMES: Bigelow Bluegrass, Bigelow’s Blue Grass, Bigelow’s Bluegrass, Zacate 

Azule Nativo. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual tufted graminoid (usually erect culms 2 to 20 inches in 

height); the inflorescences are greenish or silvery; flowering generally takes place between late February 

and early May (additional records: two for early February). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it 

has been reported from mountains; mesas; sandy cliffs; rocky and gravelly-sandy canyons; bouldery, 

rocky and sandy canyon bottoms; along talus slopes; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; rocky ledges; 

ridges; meadows; gravelly-sandy foothills; hills; rocky hillsides; bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, rocky, 

rocky-clayey-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-loamy and sandy slopes; gravelly and sandy bajadas; bouldery and 

rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; steppes; sandy plains; gravelly and sandy flats; basins; 

rocky valley floors; valley bottoms; along gravelly roadsides; rocky, gravelly and sandy arroyos; rocky 

draws; bottoms of draws; ravines; seeps; around seeping streams; bouldery and sandy springs; along 

streams; streambeds; along creeks; sandy creekbeds; along rivers; riverbeds; along and in bouldery, rocky, 

rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and sandy-loamy washes; drainages; within drainage ways; 

edges of washes; along sandy banks of arroyos, streams and washes; shore of lakes; river channel bars; 

beach talus; benches; coves; terraces; loamy bottomlands; sandy floodplains; rocky-sandy catchments; 

rocky margins of reservoirs; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, 

bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-sandy loam, 

rocky-clayey loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-clayey loam, sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam and loam 

ground, and clay ground, occurring from 500 to 9,500 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, 


component of a restored native habitat. Poa bigelovii is native to southwest-central and southern North 

America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 33 (Pages 64-65), 43 (102009), 46 (Page 83), 48 (genus), 58, 63 (102009), 77, 80 

(The Ergot Fungus (Claviceps sp.) is listed as a Secondary Poisonous Range Plant. Bluegrasses of the 

genus Poa can be hosts of the Ergot Fungus. “Ergot contains poisonous alkaloids and other compounds 

that may cause chronic poisoning (gangrenous ergotism) in the extremities when consumed in small 

amounts, or convulsive poisoning when large amounts are eaten. Animals may be poisoned by feeding on 

mature, infected grain or hay. Livestock, especially cattle, and humans are susceptible. ... Pastures causing 

ergot poisoning should be mowed or the animals removed. Mildly poisoned animals will usually recover 

if removed from the infested pastures, kept quiet, and supplied with good feed and water. In Arizona, 

some losses may be expected on rangelands during wet years, but most losses have occurred from grazing 

pastures of Dallas Grass (Paspalum dilatatum).” See text for additional information.), 85 (102109 - color 

presentation), 138* 

Schismus barbatus (P. Loefling ex C. Linnaeus) A. Thellung: Common Mediterranean Grass 

COMMON NAMES: Common Mediterranean Grass, Kelch-grass, Mediterranean Grass, 

Mediterraneangrass, Zacate Mediterrane Comun. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual tufted graminoid (1 

to 14 inches in height); the foliage is green; the inflorescence is greenish-purple; the spikelets (flowers) 

may be purple tinged; flowering generally takes place between early January and early June (additional 

records: one for mid-October and one for late October, flowering beginning as early as November has 

been reported). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; 

mountaintops; sandy and sandy-silty mesas; rocky cliffs; rocky and clayey canyons; sandy canyon 

bottoms; rocky talus; bluffs; rocky ridges; ridgetops; ridgelines; rocky, sandy-loamy and clayey hills; 

hilltops; rocky hillsides; along rocky, rocky-gravelly-loamy, rocky-loamy-clayey, gravelly, gravellysandy, 

sandy, sandy-loamy, loamy and clayey slopes; rocky alluvial fans; gravelly-sandy bajadas; rocky 

outcrops; sand dunes; blow-sand deposits; gravelly-sandy plains; gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and silty

flats; sandy valley floors; around wharves; roadbeds; along gravelly and sandy roadsides; springs; in 

sandy soils along streams; along gravelly-sandy and sandy creekbeds; along rivers; along rocky, gravelly 

and clayey-loamy riverbeds; along and in rocky-sandy, rocky-silty, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; 

drainages; sandy and silty lakebeds; depressions; sandy banks of streams; sandy edges of streambeds and 

lakes; margins of washes; sandy benches; shelves; gravelly and sandy terraces; floodplains; canal banks; 

gravelly-sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in wet, moist and dry desert pavement; rocky, 

rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly loam, gravellysandy 

loam, sandy loam, clayey loam and loam ground; rocky-loamy clay and clay ground, and rocky 

silty, gravelly silty, sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 8,000 feet in elevation in the 

forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: EXOTIC 

Invasive Plant that poses a significant threat to our native biotic communities. Schismus barbatus is native 

to southwestern Europe; western, central and southern Asia, and northern and southern Africa. *5, 6, 15, 

16, 22 (color photograph), 33 (Pages 172-173), 43 (102209), 46 (Page 98), 58, 63 (102209 - color 

presentation of seeds), 68, 77, 85 (102209 - color presentation of dried material), 138* 

Setaria macrostachya (see NOTES and related footnotes 33, 46, 85 and 105 under Setaria vulpiseta) 

Setaria vulpiseta (J.B. de Lamarck) J.J. Roemer & J.A. Schultes: Plains Bristlegrass 

COMMON NAMES: Assaak, Plains Bristlegrass, Xikkaa Kiix, Zacate Tempranero, Zacate 

Temprano. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial tufted graminoid (a bunchgrass with somewhat 

geniculate culms 1 to 4 feet in height, one plant was described as being 2 inches in width at the base, 

several plants were described as being 8 to 16 inches in width at the base); the stems and leaves are pale 

to bright green sometimes with a bluish tinge curing to an orange-brown; the flowers may be orange and 

purple; flowering generally takes place between late April and mid-October (additional records: one for 

early March and one for mid-November). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported 

from mountains; cliffs; rocky canyons; rocky canyonsides; canyon bottoms; canyonettes; rocky talus; 

bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; amongst rocky buttes; crests of buttes; rocky ledges; ridges; openings in 

woodlands; foothills; hills; hilltops; hillsides; rocky and gravelly slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; 

amongst boulders and rocks; sandy dunes; sandy mesquite hummocks; plains; gravelly flats; valley floors; 

along gravelly roadsides; arroyos; gravelly-sandy-loamy draws; streambeds; sandy creeks; along and in 

gravelly washes; within drainages; drainage ways; depressions; gravelly-sandy banks of streambeds, 

sandy riverbeds; creeks and washes; rocky edges of streambeds and washes; benches; sandy-loamy 

bottomlands; sandy floodplains; mesquite bosques; stock tanks; riparian areas, and disturbed areas 

growing in muddy and moist and dry bouldery, rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; 

gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam and sandy loam ground; sandy clay and clay ground, and cobblysandy 

silty ground sometimes in the partial shade of shrubs and trees, occurring from sea level to 6,000 

feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 

NOTES: Setaria vulpiseta, the Plains Bristlegrass has been recorded in many texts as Setaria 

macrostachya; however, it has been reported that Setaria macrostachya, with the common name Largespike 

Bristlegrass is an EXOTIC species that may also be found in Arizona. There appears to be some 

confusion as to what’s what with this species with regard to its taxonomy. The native Plains Bristlegrass 

may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat, and the plant is reportedly a good soil binder. 

Plains Bristlegrass is an important forage grass with a high palatability; however, it is often selectively 

grazed over other range grasses and does not stand up well to heavy grazing. Setaria vulpiseta is native to 

south-central (again, some say that it is native and some say that it isn’t) and southern North America; 

Central America, and South America. *5, 6, 15 (recorded as Setaria macrostachya H.B.K.), 16 (recorded 

as Setaria macrostachya H.B.K.), 33 (recorded as Setaria macrostachya H.B.K., Plains Bristlegrass,, 

Page 270), 43 (102409), 46 (recorded as Setaria macrostachya H.B.K., Plains Bristlegrass, Page 139 and 

reidentified as in the Supplement, Page 1041), 48 (recorded as Setaria macrostachya), 58 (recorded as 

Setaria macrostachya H.B.K.), 63 (102409 - color presentation of seed), 77 (recorded as Setaria

macrostachya H.B.K.), 85 (102409 - Setaria macrostachya Kunth and Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roemer & 

J.A. Schultes), 105 (recorded as Setaria macrostachya H.B.K.), 138 (recorded as Setaria macrostachya)* 

Sporobolus cryptandrus (J. Torrey) A. Gray: Sand Dropseed 

COMMON NAMES: Covered-spike Dropseed, Dropseed, Drop Seed Grass; Drop-seed Grass, 

Large-panicle Vilfa, Larfe-panicled Vilfa, Lesser Dropseed, Prairie Grass, Prairie-grass, Sand Drop-seed, 

Sand Dropseed, Sand Rush Grass, Sand Rush-grass, Sand Rushgrass, Sporobole à Fleurs Cacnées 

(French, alternate spelling Sporobole à Fleures Cachées also observed), Vai Tava'i (Yaqui, also called this 

grass Vaso which is the Yaqui generic name for grass), Zacate de Arena. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial graminoid (a bunchgrass (clumpgrass) with erect, rarely decumbent, culms 1 to 4 feet (one 

record of 6½ feet) in height and 1 to 8 inches in width at the base, plants 40 inches in height and 4 to 6 

inches in width were reported); the foliage may be bluish-green, light green, dark green or purple curing 

to light straw-yellow; the spikelets (flowers) may be brownish, purplish, bright red-maroon or yellow; 

flowering generally takes place between late April and early June and between late July and late October 

(additional records: one for late January, one for early April and one for late May). HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; gravelly mountaintops; bouldery, rocky, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy mesas; sandy plateaus; rocky and sandy rims of canyons; cliffs; rocky and 

gravelly-loamy canyons; along bouldery-cobbly-sandy and sandy canyon bottoms; gorges; bouldery talus; 

sandy crevices in boulders and rock walls; bluffs; along tops of bluffs; buttes; rocky ledges; along rocky, 

gravelly-loamy and sandy ridges; glades; sandy and clayey meadows; tops of cinder cones; sandy 

foothills; gravelly and gravelly-sandy hills; sandy hillsides; escarpments; along bedrock, bouldery, rocky, 

rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy-loamy, shaley, cobbly, gravelly, sandy, sandy-loamy and silty-clayey slopes; 

rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; sheltered nooks of rim rock; sandy lava flows; sand hills; 

sand dunes; sand hummocks; sandy and sandy-loamy prairies; pebbly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and sandyclayey 

plains; bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, sandy, clayey, clayey-loamy and silty-clayey flats; 

basin floors; gravelly-sandy valley floors; valley bottoms; coastal dunes; sandy coastal plains; sandy 

coastal flats; gravelly railroad right-of-ways; sandy roadways; along rocky-sandy, cindery, gravelly, 

gravelly-loamy, sandy, sandy-loamy, sandy-clayey, sandy-silty and clayey roadsides; sandy and clayey 

arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; draws; bottoms of draws; springs; gravelly-loamy soils along streams; along 

streambeds; rocky creekbeds; along rivers; along and in sandy riverbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, 

gravelly, sandy, sandy-loamy, clayey and silty-clayey washes; within drainages; drainage ways; clayey 

playas; gravelly-sandy depressions; clayey swales; sandy and sandy-loamy banks of arroyos, rivers, 

washes and lakes; rocky, gravelly and sandy edges of draws, gullies; streams, drainage ways, pools and 

depressions; sandy shores of lakes; gravelly and sandy beaches; sandy benches; stony-loamy, sandy and 

sandy-loamy terraces; loamy bottomlands; sandy floodplains; lowlands; mesquite bosques; around stock 

tanks (charcos); along and in loamy ditches; rocky and gravelly-sandy riparian areas; loamy waste places, 

and disturbed areas growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-cobbly-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, 

shaley, cobbly, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, pebbly and sandy ground; stony loam, gravelly loam, 

sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam, sandy-silty loam, silty-clayey loam and loam ground; gravelly clay, 

gravelly-sandy clay, sandy-clay, silty clay and clay ground, and gravelly silty, sandy silty and silty 



restored native habitat, established plants are drought resistant. This plant was reported to have been 

utilized by native peoples of North America and could be investigated to determine its value as a home 

garden or commercial food and/or fiber crop. When using this plant in landscaping and re-vegetation 

projects use plants and/or seed collected from as local a population as possible. Rocky Mountain Bighorn 

Sheep (Ovis canadensis) browse this plant, Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata), Black-tailed Jackrabbits 

(Lepus californicus), Black-tailed Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) feed on this plant, small 

mammals and birds also utilize this plant. Sporobolus cryptandrus is native to central and southern North 

America and southern South America (report for Argentina found in the Germplasm Resources 

Information Network). *5, 6, 15, 16, 33 (very similar to Sporobolus flexuosus and difficult to distinguish

without having mature panicles, Pages 226-227), 43 (102409 - Sporobolus cryptandrus A. Gray), 46 

(Page 114), 48, 58, 63 (102409 - color presentation), 77, 85 (102409 - color presentation of dried 

material), 105, 127, HR* 

Trichachne californica (see Digitaria californica) 

Tridens muticus (J. Torrey) G.V. Nash: Slim Tridens 

COMMON NAMES: Slim Tridens, Tridente. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial tufted 

graminoid (a bunchgrass 3 to 32 inches in height and 3 to 4 inches in width at the base, one plant was 

reported to be 32 inches in height and 4 inches in width at base); the foliage is bluish-green or gray-green 

curing to a light straw-yellow; flowering generally takes place between mid-April and early June and 

again between early August and mid-November (additional records: one for mid-January, one for early 

March and one for mid-March). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; gravelly peaks; mesas; rocky cliffs; along bouldery and rocky canyons; along rocky and 

gravelly canyon bottoms; gorges; bouldery-sandy grottos; talus slopes; ledges; ridges; bouldery ridgetops; 

foothills; rocky and gravelly hills; bouldery, rocky and gravelly hillsides; rocky and gravelly slopes; rocky 

bajadas; boulder, rocky, shaley and chalky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; bases of rocks; lava 

flows; lava fields; plains; sandy-clayey flats; basins; valley floors; railroad right-of-ways; along rocky, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy roadsides; within rocky and gravelly arroyos; draws; ravines; seeps; springs; 

along streams; bouldery-sandy riverbeds; along and in rocky, gravelly, gravelly-loamy and sandy washes; 

drainage ways; around pools; rocky banks of washes; gravelly edges of streambeds; benches; stock tanks, 

and riparian areas growing in dry rocky and gravelly desert pavements; bouldery, bouldery-sandy, rocky, 

rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly and sandy ground; rocky loam, gravelly loam, sandy-clayey loam, 

clayey loam and loam ground; rocky clay, sandy clay and clay ground; sandy silty ground, and chalky 



restored native habitat. Slim Tridens is browsed by Collard Peccary (Peccari tajacu), Mule Deer 

(Odocoileus hemionus) and other herbivores and birds and rodents feed on the seed. Tridens muticus is 

native to south-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 33 (Page 98), 43 (102509 - Tridens 

muticus Nash,), 46 (Page 91), 63 (102509 - color presentation), 77, 85 (102509 - color presentation of 

dried material), 105* 

Tridens pulchellus (see Dasyochloa pulchella) 

Triodia pulchella (see Dasyochloa pulchella) 

Urochloa arizonica (F.L. Scribner & E.D. Merrill) O. Morrone & F.O. Zuloaga: Arizona Signalgrass 

SYNONYMY: Brachiaria arizonica (F.L. Scribner & E.D. Merrill) S.T. Blake, Panicum 

arizonicum F.L. Scribner & E.D. Merrill. COMMON NAMES: Arizona Panicgrass, Arizona Panicum, 

Arizona Signal Grass, Arizona Signalgrass, Piojillo de Arizona. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual 

graminoid (6 to 26 inches in height); the flowers are purple; flowering generally takes place between early 

August and early November (flowering beginning as early as June has been reported). HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; canyons; canyon bottoms; chasms; 

rocky talus; meadows; foothills; rocky hills; rocky and rocky-clayey hillsides; bouldery, rocky, rockygravelly, 

rocky-sandy, stony and gravelly slopes; alluvial fans; gravelly bajadas; rocky banks; rock 

outcrops; amongst boulders; bases of rocks; sand dunes; sandy flats; coastal dunes; along roadsides; 

arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; sandy draws; along rocky ravines; seeps; rivulets; along and in gravellysandy 

streambeds; along and in rocky, gravelly and sandy washes; drainages; within clayey drainage 

ways; rocky-sandy and sandy banks of washes; shores of lakes; benches; terraces; sandy floodplains; 

mesquite bosques; margins of stock tanks; ditches; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry 

bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, stony, gravelly and sandy ground;

gravelly loam and gravelly-clayey loam ground, and rocky clay, sandy clay and clay ground, occurring 

from 300 to 6,600 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. NOTE: Urochloa arizonica is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 

6, 15 (recorded as Brachiaria arizonica (Scribn. & Merr.) S.T. Blake), 16 (recorded as Panicum 

arizonicum Scribn. & Merr.), 33 (Panicum arizonicum Scribn. & Merr., Page 281), 43 (102609), 46 

(recorded as Panicum arizonicum Scribn. & Merr., Page 135), 58 (recorded as Brachiaria arizonica 

(Scribn. & Merr.) S.T. Blake), 63 (102609), 68, 77 (recorded as Brachiaria arizonica (Scribn. & Merr.) 

S.T. Blake), 85 (102609 - color presentation of dried material)* 

Vulpia octoflora (T. Walter) P.A. Rydberg: Sixweeks Fescue 

COMMON NAME: Common Sixweeks Grass, Eight-flower Six-weeks Grass, Eight-flower 

Sixweeks Grass, Eight-flowered Fescue, Pullout Grass, Six-weeks Fescue, Sixweeks Fescue, Six-weeks 

Grass, Sixweeks Grass. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual graminoid (2 inches to 2 feet in height); the 

foliage is bright green or yellow-green; the florets are green; flowering generally takes place between 

early February and late June (additional record: one for mid-November). HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mountaintops; rocky mountainsides; pebblysandy-silty, 

sandy and clayey-loamy mesas; plateaus; rocky-sandy rims of craters; rocky cliffs; rocky 

canyons; bouldery, rocky, gravelly and sandy canyon bottoms; talus slopes; sandy bases of cliffs; crevices 

in boulders and rocks; pockets of soil on outcrops; rocky ledges; along rocky, gravelly and silty-loamy 

ridges; ridgetops; ridgelines; rocky-sandy and sandy meadows; rocky foothills; rocky, cobbly-sandyloamy, 

stony-clayey and silty-loamy hills; rocky hilltops; rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly and gravellyloamy 

hillsides; rocky, rocky-cobbly, rocky-gravelly-loamy, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-loamy, sandy, 

sandy-loamy, sandy-clayey, loamy and clayey slopes; rocky, rocky-sandy, rocky-sandy-loamy, gravellysandy 

and sandy alluvial fans; gravelly bajadas; bouldery and rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and 

rocks; lava flows; sand hills; sand dunes; sandy steppes; sandy prairies; sandy plains; stony, gravelly and 

sandy flats; basins; stony-clayey hollows; sandy-loamy valley floors, valley bottoms; coastal plains; 

coastal beaches; sandy coastal shorelines; along rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-loamy and 

sandy roadsides; along gravelly and sandy-loamy arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; draws; gulches; gullies; 

ravines; sandy bottoms of ravines; springs; humusy-loamy soils along streams; sandy streambeds; along 

creeks; rocky-sandy creekbeds; along rivers; sandy riverbeds; along and in rocky-sandy, stony-gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy, sandy and sandy-loamy washes; drainages; within sandy drainage ways; around lakes; 

swales; along gravelly-loamy and sandy banks of streambeds, creeks, rivers and washes; sandy edges of 

washes; margins of pools and cienegas; sandy shorelines of rivers; gravel, gravelly-sand and sand bars; 

sandy beaches; cobbly-sandy-loamy benches; gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy terraces; sandy and 

loamy bottomlands; floodplains; stock tanks (charcos); ditches; sandy riparian areas; waste places, and 

disturbed areas growing in moist, damp and dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-cobbly, rocky-gravelly, rockysandy, 

stony, stony-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly loam, rockyclayey 

loam, cobbly loam, cobbly-sandy loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, gravelly-clayey loam, 

sandy loam, clayey loam, silty loam, humusy loam and loam ground; stony clay, sandy clay and clay 

ground; rocky silty, pebbly-sandy silty and silty ground, and chalky ground, occurring from sea level to 

10,600 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland; scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. NOTES: Sixweeks Fescue may be useful in the restoration of disturbed areas and acts as a 

soils stabilizer. This plant is browsed by Bison (Bos bison), Black-tailed Jack Rabbits (Lepus 

californicus), Desert Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus subsp. crooki), Lesser Prairie Chicken 

(Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), White-tailed Prairie Dogs (Cynomys 

leucurus) and other small mammals, and Ground Squirrels (Townsend Ground Squirrel noted), Kangaroo 

Rats (Merriam’s Kangaroo Rat noted), Pocket Gophers (Plains Pocket Gopher noted), Pocket Mice 

(Bailey’s and Rock Pocket Mice noted) and other small mammals and birds (Chukar and Sharp-tailed 

Grouse noted) feed on the seed. Vulpia octoflora is native to central and southern North America. *5, 6, 

15, 16, 33 (recorded as Festuca octoflora Walt., Page 55), 43 (102709), 46 (recorded as Festuca octoflora

Walt., Page 80), 58, 63 (102709 - color presentation), 85 (102709 - color presentation of dried material), 

138* 

CLASS MAGNOLIOPSIDA: The DICOTS 

Acanthaceae: The Acanthus Family 

Carlowrightia arizonica A. Gray: Arizona Wrightwort 

COMMON NAMES: Arizona Carlowrightia, Arizona Wrightwort, Chuparosa, Desert 

Honeysuckle, Hummingbird Bush, Lemilla, Rama de Toro, Wrightwort. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial subshrub or shrub (2 to 40 inches in height); the foliage is gray, pale green or green; the flowers 

are cream, lavender, white or white with maroon or purple, reddish and yellow markings, or yellow 

reportedly opening shortly after sunrise and close late in the afternoon; based on few flowering records 

examined, flowering is scattered and generally taking place between mid-February and late May 

(flowering records: two for early January, five for mid-February, four for late February, three for mid- 

March, three for late March, four for early April, six for mid-April, six for late April, four for early May, 

nine for mid-May, one for late May, one for mid-August, one for mid-September, one for early October, 

three for mid-October, three for late October, one for mid-November and one for mid-December). 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been range reported from mountains; cliffs; rocky 

canyons; along canyon walls; along rocky and gravelly canyon bottoms; crevices in rocks; buttes; along 

rocky ledges; foothills; rocky hills; bouldery, rocky and gravelly hillsides; rocky, rocky, stony and 

gravelly slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; plains; loamy valley bottoms; 

along gravelly roadsides; along and in arroyos; gulches; riverbeds; along and in gravelly, sandy and 

clayey-loamy washes; along and in bedrock drainages; in drainage ways; along margins of washes; 

benches; loamy bottomlands; around stock tanks, and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, 

stony, gravelly and sandy ground and clayey loam and loam ground, occurring from sea level to 5,900 

feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This 

plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. The Arizona Wrightwort is browsed by 

Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis subsp. mexicana). Carlowrightia arizonica is native to southwest-central 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 43 (103009), 46 (Page 800), 58, 63 (103009), 77 (color 

photograph #2), 85 (103009 - color presentation of dried material), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Justicia longii R.A. Hilsenbeck: Longflower Tube Tongue 

SYNONYMY: Siphonoglossa longiflora (J. Torrey) A. Gray. COMMON NAMES: Longflower 

Tube Tongue, Long-flowered Justicia, Longflowered Tube Tongue, Longflowered Tubetongue, 

Siphonoglossa, Tubetongue, White Needle Flower. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or 

subshrub (8 to 40 inches in height, one plant was described as being 12 inches in height with a crown 12 

inches in width, one plant was described as being 16 inches in height with a crown 16 inches in width); 

the foliage is gray-green or dark green; the flowers are white or light yellow; based on few records 

examined, flowering generally takes place between mid-April and early November (additional records: 

one for early February and one for mid-March); the green fruits turn dark brown when mature. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; crevices in cliffs; 

canyons; canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; rocky foothills; gravelly hills; bouldery-rocky, rocky and rockysandy 

hillsides; rocky slopes; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; basins; arroyos; bottoms of 

arroyos; ravines; springs; along washes; within rocky and rocky-gravelly drainages; within drainage 

ways; along rocky banks of washes; margins of washes, and bouldery-sandy riparian areas growing in dry

ouldery, bouldery-rocky, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy 

and sandy ground, occurring from 1,200 to 4,900 feet in elevation in the scrub, grassland, desertscrub and 


habitat, the tubular flowers open in the evening and are reported to be slightly fragrant. This plant is 

browsed by wildlife. Justicia longii is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15 

(recorded as Siphonoglossa longiflora (Torr.) Gray), 16 (recorded as Siphonoglossa longiflora (Torr.) 

Gray), 28 (recorded as Siphonoglossa longiflora, color photograph), 43 (103009), 46 (recorded as 

Siphonoglossa longiflora (Torr.) Gray, Page 802), 58 (recorded as Siphonoglossa longiflora (Torr.) Gray), 

63 (103009), 77 (recorded as Siphonoglossa longiflora, color photograph #58), 85 (103009 - color 

presentation of dried material), 115 (color presentation)* 

Siphonoglossa longiflora (see Justicia longii) 

Cladothrix lanuginosa (see Tidestromia lanuginosa) 

Amaranthaceae: The Amaranth Family 

Tidestromia lanuginosa (T. Nuttall) P.C. Standley: Woolly Tidestromia 

SYNONYMY: Cladothrix lanuginosa T. Nuttall. COMMON NAMES: Espanta Vaqueras, 

Espanta Vaqueros (Spanish), Herba Lanuda, Hierba Ceniza, Honeymat, Honeysweet, Kau Ee Oona 

(Yaqui), White Mat, Woolly Honeysweet, Woolly Mat, Woolly Tidestromia, Wooly Tidestromia. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial prostrate annual forb/herb (3 to 20 inches in height and 8 inches to 5 feet in 

diameter); the plants are gray, gray-green, reddish, white-green, whitish or yellowish-green; the stems are 

pink, purple, red or red-purple; the flowers are white, yellow or yellowish-green; flowering generally 

takes place between late June and late November (additional record: one for mid-May). HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; canyons; canyon bottoms; 

talus; sandy ridges; sandy foothills; rocky and sandy hills; rocky hillsides; bouldery, rocky, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy, gravelly-loamy and sandy slopes; alluvial fans; rocky bajadas; lava flows; sand hills; sand 

dunes; sand hummocks; sandy plains; sandy and clayey flats; basins; sandy valley floors; valley bottoms; 

coastal dunes; coastal flats; coastal beaches; along roadbeds; along gravelly-loamy, sandy, sandy-loamy 

and clayey roadsides; along sandy arroyos; draws; gullies; ravines; sandy riverbeds; along and in rocky, 

gravelly and sandy washes; along drainages; along drainage ways; depressions; swales; banks of rivers 

and washes; sandy edges of washes; rocky-sandy shores of lakes; mudflats; sandy beaches; sandy-loamy 

terraces; sandy-silty lowlands; along sandy floodplains; mesquite bosques; sandy riparian areas, and 

disturbed areas growing in muddy and wet, moist, damp or dry bouldery, rocky, gravelly and sandy 

ground; gravelly loam and sandy loam ground; gravelly clay, sandy clay and clay ground, and gravellysandy 

silty, sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 7,000 feet in elevation in the 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: Woolly Tidestromia 

is an alternate host plant of the Beet Leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus). Subspecies and varieties for this 

species may or may not be recognized by various sources. Tidestromia lanuginosa is native to southcentral 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (110109, no records located for 

varieties or subspecies), 46 (Page 268), 58, 63 (110109 - color presentation), 77, 85 (110209 - also 

recorded as Tidestromia lanuginosa ssp. eliassoniana Sanchez-del Pino & Olivera, Tidestromia 

lanuginosa (T. Nuttall) P.C. Standley ssp. eliassonii Sánchez-del Pino & Flores-Olvera, Tidestromia 

lanuginosa ssp. lanuginosa (Nutt.) Stand. and Tidestromia lanuginosa var. lanuginosa (Nutt.) Stand., 

color presentation), 106 (110109 - Circulifer tenellus C.F. Blake), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Tidestromia lanuginosa ssp. eliassoniana (see footnote 85 under Tidestromia lanuginosa) 

Tidestromia lanuginosa ssp. eliassonii (see footnote 85 under Tidestromia lanuginosa)

Tidestromia lanuginosa ssp. lanuginosa (see footnote 85 under Tidestromia lanuginosa) 

Tidestromia lanuginosa var. lanuginosa (see footnote 85 under Tidestromia lanuginosa) 

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae): The Carrot Family 

Bowlesia incana H. Ruiz Lopez & J.A. Pavon: Hoary Bowlesia 

COMMON NAMES: American Bowlesia, Bowlesia, Hairy Bowlesia, Hoary Bowlesia, Miner’s 

Lettuce. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (creeping prostrate stems to 2 inches in height and 

2 to 24 inches in length); the foliage is pale green or green; the inconspicuous flowers are greenish-white, 

pink, purple, white, white-green or yellowish-green; flowering generally takes place between late January 

and late May (additional records: one for mid-June and one for early July). HABITAT: Within the range 

of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountainsides; mesas; plateaus; rocky canyons; 

rocky canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; buttes; rocky ledges; rocky ridgetops; meadows; 

foothills; bouldery hills; clayey hilltops; bouldery hillsides; bouldery, rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

clayey slopes; gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; lava fields; plains; rocky 

and gravelly flats; basins; valley floors; along roadsides; draws; along gullies; ravines; seeps; along 

streams; along creeks; around creekbeds; along rivers; riverbeds; along and in rocky-sandy, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy, sandy and sandy-clayey washes; within rocky-clayey drainages; along and in drainage 

ways; swampy areas; swales; along rocky and gravelly-sandy banks of arroyos, creeks, rivers and washes; 

sandy benches; loamy bottomlands; floodplains; lowlands; bottoms of tanks; ditches; ditch banks; rocky 

and sandy riparian areas; waste places, and disturbed areas growing in wet, moist, damp and dry bouldery, 

rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; gravelly-clayey loam, sandy loam, 

humusy loam and loam ground; rocky clay, sandy clay and clay ground, and gravelly-sandy silty ground 

often in the shade of boulders, rocks, trees, shrubs and other vegetation, occurring from sea level to 5,200 

feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formation. NOTE: 

Bowlesia incana is native to southwest-central and southern North America, and South America. *5, 6, 

15, 16, 43 (110209), 46 (Page 609), 58, 63 (110209 - color presentation), 68, 77, 85 (110309 - color 

presentation), 106 (110209), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Daucus pusillus A. Michaux: American Wild Carrot 

COMMON NAMES: American Carrot, American Wild Carrot, Rattlesnake Carrot, Rattlesnake 

Weed (California), Rattlesnake-weed, Rattlesnakeweed, Seedticks, Southwest Wild Carrot, Southwestern 

Carrot, Wild Carrot, Zanahoria Silvestre. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (1 to 40 inches in 

height); the flowers may be cream, greenish-white, purplish, white or light yellow; flowering generally 

takes place between early March and late June (additional record: one for early September); the seed 

heads are reddish. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from bouldery and 

rocky mountains; rocky, rocky-sandy and sandy-clayey mesas; plateaus; rocky and stony canyons; rocky 

and sandy-loamy canyon bottoms; rocky talus slopes; bases of cliffs; bluffs; rocky knobs; clayey-loamy 

and silty-loamy ridges; bouldery ridgetops; rocky foothills; bouldery, rocky, rocky-clayey and clayey 

hills; bouldery hilltops; rocky, rocky-clayey and loamy hillsides; bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, rocky, 

rocky-gravelly-loamy, rocky-clayey, gravelly, sandy, loamy, clayey and clayey-loamy slopes; rockysandy-loamy 

alluvial fan; bajadas; bouldery and rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; along shaded bases of 

rocks; sandy plains; cobbly-sandy-loamy, cobbly-sandy-loamy-clayey, gravelly and sandy flats; basins; 

clayey valley bottoms; coastal marshes; gravelly edges of railroadbeds; along rocky, gravelly and sandy 

roadsides; along bouldery arroyos; silty draws; gullies; around springs; moist sandy soil along streams; 

sandy streambeds; along rivers; riverbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-clayey, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy washes; drainages; along and in drainage ways; clayey freshwater marshes; clayey depressions; 

gravelly-sandy and sandy banks of arroyos, streams and rivers; clayey edges of creeks and salt marshes;

margins of washes; mudflats; along sandy benches; sandy terraces; sandy bottomlands; floodplains; 

canals; gravelly-sandy and sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in moist, damp and dry 

bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rocky-sandy, stony, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rockygravelly 

loam, rocky-sandy loam, cobbly-sandy loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-clayey loam, sandy loam, 

clay loam, silty loam and loam ground; rocky clay, cobbly-sandy-loamy clay and clay ground, and silty 


desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant was reported to have been utilized by 

native peoples of North America and could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or 

commercial food crop; it was also noted as having been used as a drug or medication and as a talisman in 

gambling (a good luck charm). Daucus pusillus is native to northwest-central, south-central and southern 

North America and central and southern South America. *5, 6, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (110309), 

46 (Page 612), 58, 63 (110309 - color presentation), 77, 85 (110409 - color presentation), 115 (color 

presentation), 127, 138* 

Spermolepis echinata (T. Nuttall ex A.P. de Candolle) A.A. Heller: Bristly Scaleseed 

COMMON NAMES: Beggar’s Lice, Bristly-fruit Scaleseed, Bristly Scaleseed, Scale Seed, 

Scaleseed, Wild Carrot. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (2 to 8 inches in height); the minute 

flowers are cream, greenish-white, white or yellow-white; flowering generally takes place between mid- 

February and late April (additional records: one for late May and one for mid-July). HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; sandy canyons; along canyon 

bottoms; foothills; rocky hills; hillsides; rocky, rocky-gravelly-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

gravelly-loamy slopes; rocky-sandy alluvial fans; gravelly bajadas; amongst rocks; gravelly and sandy 

flats; valley floors; valley bottoms; gravelly railroad right-of-ways; stony, gravelly and sandy roadsides; 

sandy and silty-loamy draws; bottoms of draws; springs; moist clayey soils along streams; along creeks; 

along rivers; riverbeds; along and in gravelly and sandy washes; gravelly-sandy drainage ways; banks of 

arroyos; channel bars; benches; sandy floodplains; reservoirs; gravelly-sandy riparian areas, and disturbed 

areas growing in wet, moist, damp and dry rocky, rocky-sandy, stony, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

ground and rocky-gravelly loam, gravelly loam and silty loam ground, occurring from 100 to 6,000 feet in 

elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: 

Spermolepis echinata is native to south-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 43 (110509 - 

no record), 46 (Page 610), 58, 63 (110509), 77, 85 (110509 - color presentation), 138* 

Haplophyton cimicidum (see Haplophyton crooksii) 

Apocynacaeae: The Dogbane Family 

Haplophyton cimicidum var. crooksii (see Haplophyton crooksii) 

Haplophyton crooksii (L.D. Benson) L.D. Benson: Cockroachplant 

SYNONYMY: Haplophyton cimicidum auct. non A.L. de Candolle, Haplophyton cimicidum A.L. 

de Candolle var. crooksii L.D. Benson. COMMON NAMES: Actimpatli, Atempatli, Arizona Cockroach 

Plant, Cockroachplant, Crooks Cockroachplant, Hierba-de-la-cucuracha (Hispanic). DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (7 to 40 inches in height); the foliage is dark green; the flowers are 

cream-white, green-yellow or yellow; flowering generally take place between mid-July and mid- 

November (additional records: one for early March, one for mid-April, two for late April, one for late 

May and one for early December); the slender, smooth and elongate fruits are gray-green or green pods. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky canyons; canyon 

walls; canyon bottoms; rocky talus slopes; bases of cliffs; below rocky ledges; rocky ridges; foothills; 

rocky hills; rocky hillsides; bouldery, bouldery-rocky and rocky slopes; bouldery and rocky outcrops; 

amongst boulders and rocks; shade of boulders; valley bottoms; gulches; within rocky and gravelly

drainages; within rocky drainage ways; rocky banks of creeks, drainages and drainage ways; floodplains, 

and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky, rocky, gravelly and sandy ground and 

gravelly loam ground, occurring from 1,900 to 5,200 feet in elevation in the grassland, desertscrub and 


habitat, the flowers open in the evening and close in the early morning, this plant is slow growing and 

may be drought deciduous, it may best be used planted with succulents in rock gardens. Haplophyton 

crooksii is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 43 (110509), 46 

(Page 651), 58, 63 (0110509), 77 (color photograph #4), 85 (110509 - color presentation), 115 (color 

presentation), 138, MBJ* 

Asclepiadaceae: The Milkweed Family 

Cynanchum arizonicum (A. Gray) L.H. Shinners: Arizona Swallow-wort 

SYNONYMY: Metastelma arizonicum A. Gray. COMMON NAMES: Arizona Milkweed Vine, 

Arizona Smallwort, Arizona Swallow-wort, Arizona Swallowwort, Milkweed Vine. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or vine (a twining vine to 40 inches in length); the leaves are green; the 

small flowers are cream-white, white, pale yellow or yellowish; flowering generally takes place between 

mid-January and mid-December. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; rocky mountainsides; mesas; rocky crags; rocky canyons; canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; 

ridges; ridgetops; foothills; bouldery and rocky hills; rocky hilltops; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; rocky 

slopes; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders; valley floors; low sand dunes near beaches; arroyos; along 

sandy bottoms of arroyos; gulches, ravines, around seeping streams; creeks; along rocky washes; rocky 

drainages; rocky drainage ways, and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky and sandy ground, 

occurring from sea level to 5,300 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland and desertscrub 

ecological formations. NOTE: Cynanchum arizonicum is native to southwest-central and southern North 

America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 43 (110709), 46 (Metastelma arizonicum Gray, Page 663), 58, 63 (110709), 77 

(color photograph #61), 85 (110709)* 

Gonolobus parvifolius (see Matelea parvifolia) 

Matelea parvifolia (J. Torrey) R.E. Woodson: Spearleaf 

SYNONYMY: Gonolobus parvifolius J. Torrey. COMMON NAMES: Angle-pod, Anglepod, 

Littleleaf Matelea, Little Leaf Milk Vine, Milkweed Vine, Small-leaf Anglepod, Small-leaved Milkvine, 

Spearleaf. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial shrub or vine (a clambering, climbing and twining vine 

16 inches to 5 feet in length); the stems are gray-green or green; the leaves are green; the flowers may be 

black, dark brownish-purple, green, greenish-purple, dark purple or purple-brown; based on few 

flowering records examined, flowering generally takes place between early March and mid-May and 

between mid-October and early December (flowering records: three for late January, three for early 

March, three for mid-March, four for late March, three for early April, two for mid-April, one for early 

May, one for mid-May, one for mid-October, one for late October, five for early November, one for mid- 

November, one for late November and one for early December); the fruits are long, warty, green seed 

pods. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; rocky 

mountainsides; mesas; rocky canyons; canyon bottoms; rocky ridge tops; ridgelines; rocky and stonygravelly 

hills; rocky and rocky-gravelly hillsides; bouldery and rocky slopes; bajadas; amongst boulders 

and rocks; bouldery, cobbly, gravelly and gravelly-sandy flats; along roadsides; along arroyos; springs; 

rivers; along and in rocky washes; along drainages; edges of washes; floodplains, and rocky riparian areas 

growing in dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, stony-gravelly, cobbly and gravelly soils, occurring from 

1,200 to 5,000 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. NOTE: Matelea parvifolia is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6,

15, 16, 43 (110809), 46 (Gonolobus parvifolius Torr., Page 665), 63 (110809), 77, 85 (110809 - color 


Metastelma arizonicum (see Cynanchum arizonicum) 

Asteraceae (Compositae): The Aster Family 

Acourtia wrightii (A. Gray) J.L. Reveal & R.M. King: Brownfoot 

SYNONYMY: Perezia wrightii A. Gray. COMMON NAMES: Brownfoot, Desert Holly, Perezia, 

Pink Perezia, Pink Perezzia, Wright’s Desertpeony. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb (1 to 

5 feet in height, one plant was recorded as being 1 foot in height with a crown 1 foot in width); the hollylike 

leaves are dark green; the flowers may be lavender, pink, pink-brown, pink-lavender, pink-purple, 

pale purple, purple, white, white & pink, whitish-maroon or white & purple; flowering generally takes 

place between early February and early July and sometimes in autumn between early September and early 

November (additional records: one for mid-August, one for late November and one for early December). 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; plateaus; rock cliffs; 

crater walls; rocky canyons; rocky canyon bottoms; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; along crevices in 

boulders; buttes; along ledges; ridges; ridgetops; foothills; rocky, stony-gravelly and sandy hills; rocky 

and rocky-gravelly-loamy hillsides; bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-gravelly, shaley, gravelly and sandy 

slopes; sandy alluvial fans; gravelly and sandy bajadas; along bedrock and rocky outcrops; amongst 

boulders and rocks; bases of boulders; in shaded alcoves; rocky plains; rocky and silty flats; railroad 

right-of-ways; rocky and gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy roadsides; along rocky arroyos; draws; gullies; 

ravines; seeps; rocky springs; along creeks; along rocky, gravelly and sandy washes; along drainage ways; 

rocky banks of streams and washes; edges of washes; mudflats; beaches; floodplains; mesquite bosques; 

riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-rocky, rocky, 

rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, stony-gravelly, gravelly and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly loam, rocky silty 

loam, gravelly-sandy-clayey loam, sandy loam, silty-clayey loam and silty loam ground, and silty ground, 

occurring from 700 to 7,300 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat, 

the flowers are reported to be fragrant. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of 

North America; it was noted as having been used as a drug or medication. Acourtia wrightii is native to 


(Perezia wrightii Gray, Page 957), 58, 63 (110909 - color presentation), 77, 85 (110909 - color 

presentation), 115 (color presentation), 127* 

Adenophyllum porophylloides (A. Gray) J.L. Strother: San Felipe Dogweed 

SYNONYMY: Dyssodia porophylloides A. Gray. COMMON NAMES: San Felipe 

Adenophyllum, San Felipe Dogweed, San Felipe Dyssodia, San Felipe Fetid Marigold, Yerba del Venado. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub (8 to 32 inches in height, one plant was described as being 

approximately 18 inches in height and 24 inches in width); the leaves are dark green; the disk flowers 

may be golden-yellow, maroon, orange or yellow-orange; the ray flowers may be pink, pink-maroon, redorange, 

yellow, yellowish-brown or yellow-orange; flowering generally takes place between early 

February and early December. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; rocky mountaintops; mesas; rocky cliffs; bouldery and rocky canyons; canyon walls; rocky 

canyon bottoms; buttes; ridgetops; foothills; rocky-gravelly and stony-gravelly hills; rocky hillsides; 

bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, shaley, gravelly and sandy slopes; alluvial fans; rocky-gravelly bajadas; 

bouldery and rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; boulder fields; plains; gravelly and sandy flats; 

valley floors; along roadsides; along the bottoms of rocky arroyos; gulches; ravines; streambeds; along 

creeks; along and in rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; at waterfalls; rocky edges of 

washes; benches; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky,

ocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley, stony-gravelly, stony-sandy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy ground; rocky loam and cobbly-gravelly loam ground, and sandy clay ground, occurring from 700 

to 4,200 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. NOTES: The leaves give off a strong odor when bruised, reportedly similar to that of 

Porophyllum gracile (Deerweed). Adenophyllum porophylloides is native to southwest-central and 

southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 15 (recorded as Dyssodia porophylloides Gray), 16 (recorded as 

Dyssodia porophylloides Gray), 28 (recorded as Dyssodia porophylloides, color photograph), 43 

(111009), 46 (recorded as Dyssodia porophylloides Gray, Page 932), 63 (111009 - color presentation), 77 

(recorded as Dyssodia porophylloides Gray), 85 (111009 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation)* 

Ambrosia ambrosioides (A.J. Cavanilles) W.W. Payne: Ambrosia Leaf Bur Ragweed 

SYNONYMY: Franseria ambrosioides A.J. Cavanilles. COMMON NAMES: Ambrosia 

Bursage, Ambrosia Leaf Bur Ragweed, Ambrosia Leaf Burr Ragweed, Big Bursage, Burr Sage, Bur-sage, 

Bursage, Canyon Ragweed, Chicura (Hispanic), Giant Bursage, Leaf Burr Ragweed, Nu Nu Ju Its 

(Tohono O’odham), Tinkl (Seri). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial cold- and drought-deciduous 

subshrub or shrub (1 to 7 feet in height, one plant was described as being 3 feet in height and 6 feet in 

width); the branches are reddish-brown with white hairs; the leaves are dull gray-green or green; the 

flowers are yellowish or yellowish-green; flowering generally takes place between mid-February and 

early May (additional records: two for mid-January, one for late May, one for early June, one for mid- 

June, one for early July and one for mid-September), the fruits are burrs. HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; mesas; rocky canyons; canyon walls; rocky, 

gravelly and gravelly-sandy canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; foothills; rocky hills; rocky 

hillsides; rocky and sandy slopes; rocky outcrops; sandy soil pockets in rocks; plains; basins; silty valleys; 

along coasts; coastal plains; along rocky-sandy roadsides; arroyos; arroyo bottoms; along seeping 

streams; along streams; rocky and sandy streambeds; along creeks; creekbeds; along rivers; riverbeds; 

along and in rocky, gravelly, gravelly-silty and sandy washes; along and in sandy drainages; along and in 

cobbly and sandy drainage ways; around waterholes; rocky and sandy banks of lakes; sandy edges of 

washes; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry rocky, rocky-sandy, cobbly, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy ground; rocky loam and sandy-clayey loam ground, and gravelly silty and silty ground, 

occurring from sea level to 4,500 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and 


habitat. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted as 

having been used as a drug or medication. Ambrosia ambrosioides is native to southwest-central and 

southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 28 (color photograph), 43 (111009 - Ambrosia ambrosioides 

(Delpino) W.W. Payne), 46 (recorded as Franseria ambrosioides Cav., Page 895), 63 (111009), 77 (color 

photograph #67), 85 (111009 - color presentation), 91, 115 (color presentation), 127, 138* 

Ambrosia confertiflora A.P. de Candolle: Weakleaf Bur Ragweed 

SYNONYMY: Franseria confertiflora (A.P. de Candolle) P.A. Rydberg. COMMON NAMES: 

Altamisa de Playa, Bur Ragweed, Bur-sage, Bursage Ragweed, Bur-weed, Chi’ichivo (Yaqui), Estafiate 

(Mexican), Field Ragweed, Istafiate (northern Sinaloa, Mexico), Mo?otatk Juich (Gila River Pima), 

Slender Ragweed, Slimleaf Bursage, Slimleaf Ragweed, Weak-leaf Burr-ragweed, Weakleaf Bur 

Ragweed, Weakleaf Burr Ragweed, Weak-leaved Burweed. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial 

forb/herb (4 inches to 5 feet in height and may be procumbent and up to 6 feet in width in higher 

elevations); the leaves are gray, gray-green or whitish; the flowers are greenish, tan-yellow, white, yellow, 

yellow-brown or yellow-green; flowering generally takes place between late April and mid-December 

(additional records: one for early January, one for mid-March, one for late March and one for early April). 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; rocky canyons; 

along sandy canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; crevices in rock faces; knolls; rocky ridgetops; sandy 

meadows; foothills; rocky-gravelly-loamy hills; hilltops; rocky hillsides; rocky, rocky-loamy, rockyclayey, 

gravelly, gravelly-loamy, gravelly-clayey and sandy-loamy slopes; bajadas; piedmonts; shaley-

sandy outcrops; prairies; sandy-silty plains; clayey flats; rocky-silty, gravelly-sandy and sandy valley 

floors; coastal plains; along clayey roadsides; arroyos; ravines; seeps; springs; along streams; streambeds; 

along rivers; sandy riverbeds; along and in gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-sandy-silty and sandy 

washes; rocky drainages; within rocky drainage ways; around ponds; around lakes; playas; depressions; 

silty swales; along banks of creeks, rivers and washes; gravelly-sandy edges of washes; beaches; rocky 

benches; terraces; grassy bottomlands; floodplains; mesquite bosques; fencerows; canal banks; ditches; 

riparian areas; waste places, and disturbed areas growing in dry rocky, shaley-sandy, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy ground; rocky loam, rocky-gravelly loam, gravelly loam, sandy loam and sandy-clayey 

loam ground; rocky clay, gravelly clay and clay ground, and rocky silty, gravelly silty, gravelly-sandy 

silty, sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 8,800 feet in elevation in the forest, 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: The flowers are 

reported to be fragrant. Ambrosia confertiflora is native to south-central and southern North America. *5, 

6, 15, 16, 43 (061309), 46 (recorded as Franseria confertiflora (DC.) Rydb., Page 895), 58, 63 (111009), 

68, 77, 85 (111009 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Ambrosia deltoidea (J. Torrey) W.W. Payne: Triangle Bur Ragweed 

SYNONYMY: Franseria deltoidea J. Torrey. COMMON NAMES: Burrobush, Bur-sage, 

Bursage, Chamizo Forrajero, Chicurilla, Rabbit Bush, Kokomak Segoi (Pima), Shegoi (Pima), Todshag 

(Papago), Triangle Bur Ragweed, Triangle Burr Ragweed, Triangle Bursage, Triangle-leaf Bursage, 

Triangle-leaved Bursage, Triangle-leaf Burr Ragweed. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen 

(or drought-deciduous) subshrub or shrub (1 to 4 feet in height, one plant was described as being 2 feet in 

height and width); the leaves are gray, gray-green or green; the flowers are greenish, greenish-yellow, 

purple, white or yellow; flowering generally takes place between early January and early May (additional 

records: three for late May; flowering as late as July has been reported). HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mesas; rocky canyons; canyon bottoms; bases of 

cliffs; buttes; ridges; rocky foothills; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; rocky, gravelly and gravelly-clayey 

slopes; bajadas; lava flows; dunes; sandy plains; rocky, stony-chalky, gravelly and sandy flats; basins; 

rocky valley floors; along rocky-sandy roadsides; shallow arroyos; runnels; riverbeds; along and in stonygravelly, 

gravelly and sandy washes; within drainages; rocky and sandy banks of creeks and washes; 

edges of dry lakes (playas); margins of washes; gravelly terraces; bottomlands; floodplains; riparian areas, 

and disturbed areas growing in moist and dry desert pavement; rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, stonygravelly, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; gravelly-sandy loam and loam ground; rocky clay, 

gravelly clay and sandy clay ground, and stony chalky ground, occurring from 100 to 4,000 feet in 

elevation in the grassland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive 

component of a restored native habitat and may be useful in the restoration of disturbed habitat. It may 

live to be about 50 years of age. The Triangleleaf Bursage serves as a nurse plant for Saguaro (Carnegiea 

gigantea), Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), Foothill Paloverde (Parkinsonia microphylla) and other 

woody plants. The Triangleleaf Bursage is one of the first plants to colonize in open spaces. Ambrosia 

deltoidea is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 28 (color 

photograph), 46 (recorded as Franseria deltoidea Torr., Page 896), 63 (111009 - color presentation), 77 

(color photograph #68), 85 (111009 - color presentation), 91, 115 (color presentation), 138, WTK (July 4, 

2005)* 

Bahia absinthifolia G. Bentham: Hairyseed Bahia 

COMMON NAMES: Bahia, Hairyseed Bahia. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb 

(10 inches to 2 feet in height, plants were observed that were 12 to 18 inches in height and width); the 

herbage may be gray, gray-green, light green, silvery-gray-green or white woolly; the disk flowers are 

orange, orange-yellow or yellow; the ray flowers are yellow; flowering generally takes place between 

mid-March and mid-November). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; sandy mesas; sandy-loamy plateaus; cliff faces; canyons; talus; shaley ridges; foothills; clayey 

hills; rocky hillsides; bouldery escarpments; rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, clayey and silty-clayey

slopes; alluvial fans; gravelly and sandy bajadas; rocky outcrops; sand dunes; plains; gravelly and sandy 

flats; basins; rocky and sandy valley floors; along rocky and sandy roadsides; within arroyos; clayey 

bottoms of arroyos; draws; gullies; within gravelly and sandy washes; swales; banks of ravines; terraces; 

floodplains; lowlands, and disturbed areas growing in dry rocky desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rockygravelly, 

shaley, gravelly and sandy ground; sandy loam ground; silty clay and clay ground, and sandy 

silty ground, occurring from 1,800 to 8,800 feet, in elevation in the woodland, grassland and desertscrub 


Bahia absinthifolia is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 16, 28 (color 

photograph), 43 (111309), 46 (Page 925), 63 (111309 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #16), 85 

(111309 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation)* 

Brickellia baccharidea A. Gray: Resinleaf Brickellbush 

COMMON NAMES: Baccharis-leaf Brickellia, Baccharisleaf Brickellbush, Brickell-bush, 

Brickellbush, Resinleaf Brickellbush. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (to 3 feet 

in height); flowering generally takes place between September and November. HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from crevices in boulders and rocky slopes growing in dry 

bouldery and rocky ground, occurring from 500 to 5,500 feet in elevation in the grassland and desertscrub 

ecological formations. NOTE: Brickellia baccharidea is native to southwest-central and southern North 

America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 43 (063010), 46 (Page 849), 48 (genus), 58, 63 (063010), 77, 85 (063010 - color 

presentation of dried material, unable to access to species information), 138* 

Brickellia coulteri A. Gray: Coulter’s Brickellbush 

SYNONYMY: Brickellia coulteri A. Gray var. coulteri. COMMON NAMES: Brickellbush, 

Coulter’s Brickellbush. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (1 to 5 feet in height); 

the florets (disc flowers only) may be cream, cream-maroon-purple, cream-purple, cream-white, creamyellow, 

green, greenish-yellow, purplish, purplish-brown, white, yellow or yellow-green; flowering 

generally takes place between late January and mid-November (additional records: two for early 

December and two for mid-December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported 

from bouldery mountains; rocky and gravelly-sandy mountainsides; cliff faces; rocky and rocky-sandy 

canyons; rocky canyon bottoms; rocky talus slopes; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; rock ledges; rocky 

ridges; clearings in woodlands; foothills; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; rocky slopes; rocky outcrops; 

amongst boulders and rocks; flats; basins; valley floors; arroyos; rocky bottoms of arroyos; rocky draws; 

rocky walls of ravines; springs; along streams; along bouldery and bouldery-rocky streambeds; along 

rivers; along and in rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-loamy and sandy washes; rocky and pebbly 

drainages; bouldery and rocky drainage ways; around waterholes; along sandy and silty-loamy banks of 

washes and drainages; edges of washes; floodplains, and rocky and gravelly-sandy riparian areas growing 

in dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, pebbly and sandy ground; 

gravelly loam, sandy loam, silty loam and loam ground, and rocky clay ground, occurring from sea level 

to 4,500 feet in elevation in the woodland, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 

NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. The flowers are reported 

to be fragrant. Brickellia coulteri is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 

15, 16, 28 (color picture), 43 (111409), 46 (Page 849), 48 (genus), 58, 63 (111409), 77, 85 (111409 - color 


Brickellia coulteri var. coulteri (see Brickellia coulteri) 

Chaenactis carphoclinia A. Gray (var. carphoclinia is the variety reported as occurring in Arizona): 

Pebble Pincushion 

SYNONYMY: (for C.c. var. carphoclinia: Chaenactis carphoclinia A. Gray var. attenuata (A. 

Gray) M.E. Jones). COMMON NAMES: Broadleaved Chaenactis, False Yarrow, Pebble False-yarrow, 

Pebble Pincushion, Pincushion Flower. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (2 to below 28

inches in height); the disk flowers are cream or white; flowering generally takes place between late 

January and mid-June (additional records: one for early January and two for late December). HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky-sandy mountainsides; mesas; 

sandy plateaus; rocky canyons; canyon bottoms; talus slopes; ridges; cindery cinder cones; foothills; 

rocky and gravelly hills; rocky, rocky-sandy, shaley and gravelly hillsides; rocky, rocky-sandy, shaley and 

gravelly slopes; rocky alluvial fans; gravelly bajadas; amongst rocks and gravels; lava flows; sandy lava 

beds; plains; rocky, rocky-sandy and sandy flats; along gravelly and sandy roadsides; along and in rockysandy, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; within drainages; silty depressions; clayey lakebeds; 

silty playas; rocky and gravelly banks of creeks, rivers and washes; edges of washes; sandy margins of 

washes; mudflats; gravelly terraces; floodplains; canal banks; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing 

in moist and dry desert pavement; rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley, cindery, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy ground; gravelly-sandy loam ground; clay ground, and sandy-silty and silty ground, 

occurring from sea level to 5,000 feet in elevation in the desertscrub and wetland ecological formation. 

NOTE: Chaenactis carphoclinia is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 43 

(111609), 46 (Page 922), 63 (111609), 77, 85 (111709 - color presentation)* 

Chaenactis carphoclinia var. attenuata (see Chaenactis carphoclinia var. carphoclinia) 

Dyssodia pentachaeta (see Thymophylla pentachaeta var. pentachaeta) 

Dyssodia porophylloides (see Adenophyllum porophylloides) 

Encelia farinosa A. Gray ex J. Torrey: Brittlebush 

SYNONYMY: Encelia farinosa A. Gray ex J. Torrey var. farinosa A. Gray ex J. Torrey, Encelia 

farinosa A. Gray ex J. Torrey var. phenicodonta (S.F. Blake) I.M. Johnston, Encelia farinosa A. Gray ex 

J. Torrey var. radians T.S. Brandegee ex S.F. Blake. COMMON NAMES: Brittle Bush, Brittle-bush, 

Brittlebush, Button Brittlebush, Goldenhills, Hierba Cenisa, Hierba de Gusano, Hierba de las Animas, 

Hierba del Vaso, Inceinso, Incienso (Spanish), Rama Blanca, Tohavs (Pima), White Brittle Bush, White 

Brittlebush. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen (leaves will be shed under extreme drought 

conditions) subshrub or shrub (1 to 6 feet in height, one plant was described as being 2 feet in height and 

width, many plants were reported as being 40 inches in height); the foliage may be dark green, pale graygreen, 

silvery-gray, silvery-gray-green, silvery-green, silvery or whitish; the disk flowers are brown, 

brown-maroon, brown-purple, orange-yellow, purple, dark purple or yellow; the ray flowers are yellow or 

yellow-orange (the flowers appear 6 to 12 inches above or beyond the end of the foliage); flowering 

generally takes place between early November and mid-June (additional records: three for early July, four 

for late August, one for early September, two for mid-October). HABITAT: Within the range of this 

species it has been reported from mountains; mountainsides; mesas; cliffs; rocky and shaley canyons; 

rocky canyon walls; rocky, rocky-sandy and sandy canyon bottoms; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; bluffs; 

buttes; rocky ledges; along ridges; rocky ridgetops; sandy meadows; foothills; rocky and sandy hills; 

hilltops; bouldery, rocky, stony and cobbly hillsides; bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rocky-loamy, gravelly, 

sandy, loamy and clayey slopes; bouldery-stony-gravelly-sandy, rocky and rocky-sandy-loamy alluvial 

fans; gravelly-sandy bajadas; bouldery and rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; lava flows; sand 

dunes; sandy and clayey plains; rocky-sandy, gravelly-sandy and sandy flats; rocky and gravelly-sandy 

valley floors; coastal dunes; sandy railroad right-of-ways; along rocky, sandy and clayey roadsides; 

arroyos; sandy-silty bottoms of arroyos; around springs; along creeks; creekbeds; along rivers; sandy 

riverbeds; along and in rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; within sandy drainages; 

drainage ways; along swales; edges of arroyos and washes; shores of rivers; beaches; gravelly benches; 

gravelly, rocky shelves; gravelly-sandy and sandy terraces; rocky-sandy floodplains; canal banks; riparian 

areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-stony-gravelly-sandy, 

bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rocky-sandy, shaley, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam, 

rocky-sandy loam and loam ground; sandy clay and clay ground (where it reportedly does poorly), and

sandy silty ground, occurring from sea level to 4,800 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, 


restored native habitat, and has an estimated life span of 32 years. This plant was reported to have been 


garden or commercial food (candy), and/or paint (varnish) crop; it was also noted as having been used as 

fuel, as a tool and waterproofing agent and as a drug or medication. According to the Fire Effects 

Information System, Brittlebush competes strongly with Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare); it may be topkilled 

or completely killed by fire, and is considered to be a good off-site colonizer of post-fire 

communities. Plants with yellow ray flowers and dark purple disk flowers have historically been referred 

to as variety phenicodonta which has been observed growing with the typical plant which has yellow disk 

flowers. The Brittle Bush is browsed by Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis subsp. mexicana) and 

Desert Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus subsp. crooki). Encelia farinosa is native to southwest-central 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 13 (color photograph), 16, 18, 26 (color photograph), 28 (color 

photograph), 43 (112009), 46 (Page 904), 48, 58, 63 (112009 - color presentation), 85 (112109 - color 

presentation), 86 (color photograph), 91, 115 (color presentation), 127, 138, HR, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Encelia farinosa var. farinosa (see Encelia farinosa) 

Encelia farinosa var. phenicodonta (see Encelia farinosa) 

Encelia farinosa var. radians (see Encelia farinosa) 

Erigeron C. Linnaeus: Fleabane 

COMMON NAME: Fleabane. *43 (063010), 46 (Pages 874-881), 63 (063010 - color 

presentation of plant in habitat), 138 (recorded as Erigeron sp.)* 

Franseria ambrosioides (see Ambrosia ambrosioides) 

Franseria confertiflora (see Ambrosia confertiflora) 

Franseria deltoidea (see Ambrosia deltoidea) 

Machaeranthera pinnatifida (W.J. Hooker) L.H. Shinners: Lacy Tansyaster 

COMMON NAMES: Cutleaf Goldenweed, Cutleaf Ironplant, Ironplant, Lacy Tansy-aster, Lacy 

Tansyaster, Pinnate Machaeranthera, Spiny Daisy, Spiny Goldenweed, Spiny Haplopappus, Tansyaster, 

Yellow Spiny Daisy. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or subshrub (4 to 36 inches in 

height); the color of the leaves has been described as being bluish, gray-green or green; the disk flowers 

may be brown, brownish, golden-yellow, orange, yellow or yellow-orange; the ray flowers are goldenyellow 

or yellow; flowering generally takes place between mid-January and late December. HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mountaintops; rocky 

mountainsides; rocky mesas; plateaus; rock cliffs; rocky and rocky-sandy rims of canyons and craters; 

rocky, shaley and sandy canyons; canyon walls; bouldery-gravelly-sandy and sandy canyon bottoms; talus 

slopes; bases of cliffs; rocky clefts; crevices in bedrock, boulders, rocks and cracks in soil; ledges; rocky 

and chalky ridges; bouldery ridgetops; crater walls; foothills; rocky and sandy hills; bouldery and rocky 

hillsides; bouldery, rocky and gravelly slopes; gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy bajadas; rock outcrops; 

amongst boulders and rocks; alcoves; along lava flows; lava fields; prairies; sandy plains; gravelly, sandy 

and clayey flats; valley floors; along rocky, rocky-loamy, gravelly and gravelly-loamy roadsides; arroyos; 

sandy-silty draws; gullies; along streams; streambeds; along creeks; creekbeds; along rivers; along and in 

rocky, gravelly and sandy washes; along and in cobbly drainages; banks of creeks and rivers; mudflats; 

sand bars; along rocky beaches; gravelly and sandy benches; rocky and gravelly-sandy terraces; rocky 

terrace alcoves; bottomlands; floodplains; mesquite bosques; dry bottoms of stock tanks (charcos); sandy

iparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-gravelly-sandy, rocky, rockygravelly, 

rocky-sandy, cobbly, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and chalky ground; rocky loam, 

gravelly loam, gravelly-clayey loam and sandy loam ground; sandy clay and clay ground, and sandy silty 



restored native habitat. Machaeranthera pinnatifida is native to central and southern North America. *5, 

6, 16, 43 (062109), 46 (recorded as Aplopappus spinulosus (Pursh) DC., Page 860; Aplopappus 

spinulosus (Pursh) DC. subsp. typicus H.M. Hall, Page 860; Aplopappus spinulosus (Pursh) DC. var. 

gooddingii (A. Nels.) Blake, Page 860, and Aplopappus spinulosus (Pursh) DC. var. turbinellus (Rydb.) 

Blake, Page 860), 63 (120609 - color presentation), 80 (Species of the genus Machaeranthera (Aster sp.) 

are listed as a Rarely Poisonous and Suspected Poisonous Range Plant. “Species of this genus are 

secondary or facultative selenium absorbers and can be dangerous to livestock.”), 85 (120609 - color 

presentation), 86 (recorded as Haplopappus spinulosus, color photograph), 138* 

Malacothrix clevelandii A. Gray: Cleveland’s Desertdandelion 

COMMON NAMES: Annual Malacothrix, Cleveland’s Desertdandelion, Cleveland’s 

Desertdandelion, Cleveland Yellow Saucers, Yellow Saucers. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual 

forb/herb (2 to 22 inches in height); the flowers are cream, cream-white, cream-yellow, bright lemonyellow, 

white, pale yellow or yellow; flowering generally takes place between mid-March and early July. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountaintops; canyons; 

sandy canyon bottoms; gravelly bases of cliffs; rocky ledges; ridges; ridgetops; ridgelines; hills; rocky 

hillsides; rocky and sandy slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst gravels; gravelly flats; along bottoms 

of arroyos; along streams; along creeks; along and in sandy washes; drainage ways; banks of washes; 

sandy edges of washes, margins of cienegas; floodplains; shaley and sandy riparian areas recently burned 

areas in chaparral, and disturbed areas growing in moist and dry rocky, shaley, gravelly and sandy ground, 

occurring from 1,200 to 6,700 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. NOTE: Malacothrix clevelandii is native to southwest-central and southern (Baja 

California) North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 43 (120709 - no record of species), 46 (Page 963), 58, 63 

(120709), 77, 85 (120709 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Malacothrix sonorae W.S. Davis & P.H. Raven: Sonoran Desertdandelion 

COMMON NAME: Sonoran Desert Dandelion, Sonoran Desertdandelion. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial annual forb/herb (7 to 10 inches in height); the flowers are white; flowering generally takes 

place between mid-March and early May (additional record: one for early June). HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky cliffs; gravelly faces of cliffs; rock faces; 

rocky canyons; shaded canyon walls; canyon bottoms; hillsides; rocky slopes; rocky outcrops; amongst 

gravels; gulches; along streams; along creeks; along washes; drainage ways; margins of washes; around 

reservoirs, and bouldery and sandy riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, gravelly and sandy 

soils, occurring from 100 to 6,600 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub 

and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: Malacothrix sonorae is native to southwest-central and 

southern North America. *5, 6, 43 (120809), 46 (no record), 63 (120809), 85 (120809 - color 

presentation)* 

Monoptilon bellioides (A. Gray) H.M. Hall: Mojave Desertstar 

COMMON NAMES: Desert Daisy, Desert Star, Desertstar, Mohave Desert Star, Mohave 

Desertstar, Mojave Desertstar, Rock Daisy. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (1 to 12 inches 

in height, plants may be up to 10 inches in width, plants ¾ inch in height and 5 inches in width were 

reported); the leaves are grayish-green; the disk flowers are golden or yellow; the ray flowers may be 

blue, blue-lavender-white, lavender, pink, purplish-lavender, white, white-lavender or white tinged with 

pink, pink-purple, purple or rose; flowering generally takes place between mid-January and mid-June. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; stony and sandy mesas;

ocky canyons; foothills; rocky, gravelly and sandy hills; rocky, rocky-cobbly and gravelly hillsides; 

rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy, rocky-sandy, stony-sandy, cobbly-gravelly, cobbly-gravelly-sandy, gravellysandy, 

sandy and clayey slopes; rocky alluvial fans; gravelly-sandy and sandy bajadas; bouldery outcrops; 

amongst rocks; lava flows; lava fields; sand dunes; gravelly plains; rocky, gravelly and sandy flats; valley 

floors; coastal sand dunes; sandy roadsides; gullies; creekbeds; along and in stony-sandy, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; stony drainage ways; playas; gravelly and sandy banks of drainage 

ways, silty depressions; shores of lakes; gravel bars; gravelly and sandy benches; terraces; canal banks, 

and gravelly-sandy riparian areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-cobbly, rockygravelly-sandy, 

rocky-sandy, stony, stony-sandy, cobbly-gravelly, cobbly-gravelly-sandy, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; gravelly-sandy loam and sandy loam ground, and clay ground, 

occurring from sea level to 4,000 feet in elevation in the desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 

NOTES: This small winter annual may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat, the 

flowers are about ¾ inch in width. Monoptilon bellioides is native to southwest-central and southern 

North America. *5, 6, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (120809 - Monoptilon bellioides H.M. Hall), 46 

(Page 868), 63 (120809 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #21), 85 (120909 - color presentation), 

86 (color photograph), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Parthenium incanum K.S. Kunth: Mariola 

COMMON NAMES: Crowded Rayweed, Mariola. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial 

evergreen (?) shrub (1 to 4 feet in height, plants were described that were 8 inches in height and width, 

one plant was described as being 30 inches in height and 40 inches in width); the foliage is gray, graygreen 

or white; the flowers may be cream, cream-white, cream-yellow, green, greenish-white, greenishyellow, 

white, whitish-green, yellow, pale yellow-white or yellow-cream; flowering generally takes place 

between late May and mid-December (additional records: one for early January, three for mid-January, 

one for late February, one for mid-March, one for mid-April and one for late April). HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been range reported from mountains; mountainsides; sandy mesas; 

plateaus; cliffs; rocky and gravelly-loamy canyons; gorges; talus slopes; crevices in rock; hogbacks; 

knolls; ledges; ridges; ridgetops; sandy foothills; hills; rocky, sandy and sandy-loamy hillsides; bouldery 

escarpments; bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-gravelly-loamy, rocky-sandy-clayey-loamy, 

rocky-loamy, rocky-silty-loamy, stony, gravelly, sandy, sandy-loamy, sandy-clayey, sandy-silty-clayey, 

clayey and chalky slopes; bajadas; rocky and clayey-loamy-gypsum outcrops; amongst rocks; lava flows; 

breaks; plains; gravelly and sandy flats; sandy esplanades; basins; valley floors; along rocky-sandy and 

gravelly-loamy roadsides; within rocky arroyos; ravines; springs; along rivers; along and in rocky, rockygravelly 

and gravelly washes; drainage ways; clayey depressions; sandy banks of creeks; rocky-sandy 

shores of lakes; floodplains; lowlands; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry bouldery, 

bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley, stony, gravelly and sandy ground; rocky loam, 

rocky-gravelly loam, rocky-sandy-clayey loam, rocky-silty loam, sandy loam and clayey loam ground; 

sandy clay, sandy-silty clay and clay ground, and chalky ground, occurring from 900 to 7,600 feet in 


This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat, the flowers are reported to be 

fragrant. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be 

investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial crop. Parthenium incanum is native 

to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 43 (120909), 46 (Page 891), 63 

(120909 - color presentation), 77, 85 (120909 - color presentation), 127, 138* 

Perezia wrightii (see Acourtia wrightii) 

Porophyllum gracile G. Bentham: Slender Poreleaf 

COMMON NAMES: Deerweed, Hierba del Venado (Herb of the Deer), Odora, Poreleaf, Slender 

Poreleaf. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub (4 to 48 inches in height, one plant was 

described as being 8 inches in height and 12 inches in width, one plant was described as being 16 inches

in height and 20 inches in width), the foliage is bluish, blue-gray, gray, gray-green, green or purple-gray; 

the disk flowers (no ray flowers) may be cream, cream-maroon, cream-purple, cream-white, flesh, 

grayish-white, maroon, maroon-cream, pinkish, pinkish-white, purple, purplish-white, white, whitish, 

white tinged with purple, yellow or yellow-white; flowering generally takes place between mid-February 

and late December (additional records: one for early January and one for mid-January). HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mountainsides; rockygravelly 

and gravelly mesas; cliffs; bouldery and rocky and stony canyons; rocky and sandy canyon 

bottoms; scree; talus slopes; bouldery bases of cliffs; crevices in boulders and rocks; ledges; rocky ridges; 

ridgetops; meadows; foothills; rocky and rocky-sandy hills; along bouldery hilltops; rocky hillsides; 

bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-loamy, rocky-clayey, gravelly and sandy slopes; alluvial fans; 

rocky and gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; sandy lava beds; sand dunes; 

sandy hummocks; sandy plains; rocky-sandy, gravelly and sandy flats; basins; valley floors; sandy coastal 

dune ridges; along gravelly roadsides; sandy arroyos; rocky arroyo walls; rocky arroyo bottoms; draws; 

along gullies; around springs; along streams; along creeks; sandy creekbeds; along rivers; rocky 

riverbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-clayey, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; within drainage 

ways; rocky, cobbly and sandy banks of arroyos, rivers and washes; rocky edges of arroyos; along shores; 

beaches; gravelly terraces; floodplains; riparian areas, and recently burned areas of chaparral growing in 

wet and dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rocky-gravelly, shaley, cobbly, cindery, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam and rocky-gravelly loam ground, and rocky clay 

and clay ground, occurring from sea level to 6,100 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, 

desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: Deerweed emits a pungent odor when bruised. 

This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America crop; it was noted as 

having been used as a drug or medication. Deer browse this plant. Porophyllum gracile is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (121109), 46 

(Pages 933-934), 58, 63 (121109 - color presentation), 77, 85 (121209 - color presentation), 115 (color 


Psilostrophe cooperi (A. Gray) E.L. Greene: Whitestem Paperflower 

COMMON NAMES: Cooper Paperflower, Paper Daisy, Paper-daisy, Paper Flower, Paper-flower, 

Paperflower, Whitestem Paperflower, Yellow Paper Daisy. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial 

forb/herb or subshrub (4 to 32 inches in height, one plant was described as being 32 inches in height and 

40 inches in width); the stems are white; the leaves may be blue-green, gray, gray-green, green, greenishgray 

or white; the disk flowers are yellow, the ray flowers are lemon-yellow, pale yellow or yellow fading 

to cream or white and persisting on plant when dry; flowering generally takes place between early 

January and early December. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; rocky mesas; bouldery canyons; along canyon bottoms; buttes; rocky and chalky ridges; 

ridgelines; foothills; rocky, stony-gravelly, cobbly-gravelly-loamy and clayey hills; rocky and gravelly 

hillsides; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly-clayey, stony, gravelly-sandy-silty, gravelly-clay and sandy-silty 

slopes; sandy bajadas; amongst boulders and rocks; lava fields; plains; gravelly and sandy flats; basins; 

sandy valley floors; rocky embankments; in roadbeds; along rocky-sandy-loamy, gravelly-sandy, sandy 

and clayey roadsides; arroyos; along streams; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy 

and sandy washes; drainages; sandy along rocky drainage ways; sandy depressions; gravelly-silty edges 

of draws; along sandy banks of arroyos, rivers and washes; mudflats; rocky benches; gravelly terraces; 

sandy bottomlands; floodplains; sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in moist and dry desert 

pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, stony, stony-gravelly, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy 

and chalky ground; rocky-sandy loam, cobbly-gravelly loam, sandy-clayey loam and sandy-silty loam 

ground; rocky-gravelly clay, gravelly clay and clay ground, and gravelly silty, gravelly-sandy silty and 

sandy silty ground, occurring from 500 to 5,200 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, 


restored native habitat. Psilostrophe cooperi is native to southwest-central and southern North America. 

*5, 6, 13 (color photograph), 15, 16, 18, 28 (color photograph), 43 (121209 - Psilostrophe cooperi

Greene), 46 (Page 914), 48 (genus), 63 (121209 - color presentation), 77, 80 (This species is listed as a 

Rarely Poisonous and Suspected Poisonous Range Plant. “This showy, low-growing shrub is widespread 

in Arizona. No losses have been documented, but it may cause some poisoning similar to the other 

paperflowers.”), 85 (121209 - color presentation), 86 (color photograph), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Rafinesquia neomexicana A. Gray: New Mexico Plumeseed 

COMMON NAMES: Desert Chickory, Desert Chicory, Desert-chicory, Desert Dandelion, 

Goatsbeard, Mexican Plumeseed, New Mexico Plumeseed, New Mexico Plumseed, Plumeseed. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (4 to 24 inches in height); the foliage is bluish-gray-green; 

the ray flowers (flowering head 2 inches in width) are cream, cream-white, white, white with lavender or 

pink stripes, yellow or yellow-cream; flowering generally takes place between early January and late May 

(additional record: one for mid-July). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported 

from mountains; mountainsides; sandy-silty mesas, along rocky cliffs; rocky canyons; sandy and sandyloamy 

canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; knobs; ridges; ridgetops; foothills; rolling hills; rocky and sandy 

hillsides; rocky escarpment; bouldery-sandy-clayey, rocky, rocky-gravelly-loamy, rocky-sandy, rockysilty-clayey, 

rocky-powdery, stony, cobbly-gravelly-sandy, cobbly-sandy loam, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, 

gravelly-loamy, gravelly-clayey-loamy, sandy, sandy-loamy and silty slopes; alluvial fans; rocky-sandy 

and gravelly bajadas; amongst rocks; lava fields; sand dunes; blow-sand deposits; bouldery-pebbly and 

sandy plains; rocky, gravelly, sandy, sandy-loamy, sandy-silty silty flats; gravelly and sandy valley floors; 

coastlines; along rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy and sandy roadsides; rocky and 

sandy arroyos; along gullies; along and in rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; drainages; 

cobbly drainage ways; silty lakebeds; sandy and silty depressions; alkaline sinks; gravelly-sandy and 

sandy banks of washes; sandy edges of washes and lakes; margins of washes; shores of lakes; gravellysandy 

benches; terraces; floodplains; ditches; sandy riparian areas and disturbed areas growing in dry 

desert pavement; bouldery-pebbly, rocky, rocky-sandy, stony, cobbly, cobbly-gravelly-sandy, cindery, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly loam, cobbly-sandy loam, gravelly loam, 

gravelly-sandy-clayey loam, gravelly-clayey loam and sandy loam ground; bouldery-sandy clay, rockysilty 

clay, silty clay and clay ground; sandy silty and silty ground, and rocky powdery ground, occurring 

from sea level to 5,800 feet in elevation in the scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. It is often 

found growing up through the crowns of and supported by Triangleleaf Bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea) and 

other small low shrubs. Rafinesquia neomexicana is native to southwest-central and southern North 

America. *5, 6, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (121209), 46 (Page 961), 58, 63 (121209 - color 

presentation), 77 (color photograph #22), 85 (121209 - color presentation), 86 (color photograph), 115 

(color presentation), 138* 

Stephanomeria pauciflora (J. Torrey) A. Nelson: Brownplume Wirelettuce 

SYNONYMY: Stephanomeria pauciflora (J. Torrey) A. Nelson var. parishii (W.L. Jepson) P.A. 

Munz, Stephanomeria pauciflora (J. Torrey) A. Nelson var. pauciflora. COMMON NAMES: 

Brownplume Wirelettuce, Desert Straw, Fewflower Wirelettuce, Skeleton Plant, Small-flowered 

Wirelettuce, Wire Lettuce. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or subshrub (4 inches to 5 feet 

in height with some plants described as being up to 4 feet in width, plants were reported that were 10 

inches in height and 14 inches in width, plants were reported that were 20 inches in height and 28 inches 

in width); the foliage is blue-green, gray-green, pale green or green; the flowers may be bluish-white, 

cream, pale & dark gray, pale lavender, pale lavender-pink, lavender, lavender-pink, orange, pale pink, 

pink fading to tan-brown, pinkish, pink-lavender, pink-purple, pink-violet, pink-white, pale purple, 

purple, rose, pale red-lavender, tan, violet, white, dull white, off-white or white-pink; flowering generally 

takes between early March and late December (additional records: on for mid-January and one for early 

February). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; cindery 

mountainsides; clayey-loamy mesas; rock cliffs; rocky, sandy and sandy-loamy canyons; crevices in 

canyon walls; rocky, gravelly-sandy and sandy canyon bottoms; talus; crevices in rocks; knolls; rocky

idges; bouldery ridgetops; rocky ridgelines; rocky foothills; bouldery, rocky and clay hills; hilltops; 

rocky and gravelly hillsides; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly-loamy, cobbly, cindery, gravelly, gravellyloamy, 

sandy, sandy-silty and loamy slopes; gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; tops of 

cinder cones; stony mounds; sand hills; sand dunes; rocky-gravelly and sandy outwash fans; sandy 

prairies; stony, gravelly-sandy, sandy and clayey plains; rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-loamy and sandysilty 

flats; valley floors; gravelly valley bottoms; coastal sand dunes; railroad right-of-ways; along 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-loamy, gravelly-clayey-loamy, sandy, sandy-silty and silty roadsides; 

sandy and clayey-loamy arroyos; gravelly-silty draws; gulches; within ravines; around springs; seeping 

streams; along streams; along creeks; sandy creekbeds; bouldery-cobbly-sandy and sandy riverbeds; 

along and in rocky-sandy, cobbly-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; along drainages; 

along drainage ways; around ponds; gravelly banks of rivers and washes; sandy edges of arroyos and 

washes; around fringes of playas; along margins of arroyos and washes; gravel bars, rocky beaches; 

gravelly and sandy benches; rocky and sandy terraces; rocky-sandy bottomlands; floodplains; stock tanks; 

ditch banks; rocky-sandy, sandy and clayey-loamy riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in moist, 

damp and dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-cobbly-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, 

stony, cobbly, cobbly-sandy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly loam, 

rocky loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, gravelly-sandy-clayey loam, gravelly-clayey loam, 

sandy-clayey loam, sandy-clayey and clayey loam and loam ground; clayey ground, and gravelly silty, 

gravelly-sandy silty, sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 8,600 feet in elevation in the 

forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant 

has a milky sap. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and 

could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food (candy) crop; it was 

also noted as having been used as a ceremonial item and as a drug or medication. Stephanomeria 

pauciflora is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (color 

photograph), 43 (121909), 46 (Page 960), 58, 63 (121909 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph 

#70), 85 (121909 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 127, 138* 

Stephanomeria pauciflora var. parishii (see Stephanomeria pauciflora) 

Stephanomeria pauciflora var. pauciflora (see Stephanomeria pauciflora) 

Thymophylla pentachaeta (A.P. de Candolle) J.K. Small var. pentachaeta: Fiveneedle Pricklyleaf 

SYNONYMY: Dyssodia pentachaeta (A.P. de Candolle) B.L Robinson. COMMON NAMES: 

Common Dogweed, Dogweed, Five-needle Fetid Marigold, Five-needle Pricklyleaf, Fiveneedle 

Pricklyleaf, Golden Dogweed, Golden Dyssodia, Parralena, Parvialena, Scale Glandbush. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or subshrub (4 inches to 2 feet in height); the leaves are 

dark green; the flowers are orange-yellow or yellow; flowering generally takes place between mid-March 

and mid-December (additional records: two for mid-January, one for mid-February and one for late 

February). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky-sandy 

and gravelly mesas; rims of canyons; canyons; rocky canyon bottoms; gorges; gravelly bases of cliffs; 

crevices in boulders; sandy bluffs; shelving sandstone; bouldery-rocky-sandy and rocky ledges; ridges; 

ridgetops; foothills; rocky and rocky-gravelly hills; cobbly hilltops; rocky and gravelly hillsides; rocky 

and rocky-sandy slopes; rocky alluvial fans; bajadas; rock outcrops; rocky plains; rocky and gravelly 

flats; basins, rocky valley floors; along rocky, cindery, gravelly-sandy, sandy and sandy-loamy roadsides; 

rocky gullies; along creeks; along washes; sandy drainages; clayey swales; banks of rivers; edges of 

washes; beaches; benches; floodplains; riparian areas; waste places and disturbed areas growing in dry 

desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-rocky-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley, stony, 

cobbly; cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; sandy loam ground; sandy-silty clay, silty 

clay, chalky clay and clay ground, and sandy silty ground, occurring from 100 to 6,800 feet in elevation in 


be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. This plant is a larval food plant of the Dainty

Sulfur (Nathalis iole). Thymophylla pentachaeta is native to southwest-central and southern North 

America. *5, 6, 16 (recorded as Dyssodia pentachaeta (DC.) Robins.), 18, 28 (recorded as Dyssodia 

pentachaeta, color photograph), 43 (122209), 46 (recorded as Dyssodia pentachaeta (DC.) Robins., Page 

933), 58 (recorded as Dyssodia pentachaeta (DC.) Robins.), 63 (122209 - this variety is not mapped as 

being present in Arizona), 77 (recorded as Dyssodia pentachaeta (DC.) Rob., color photograph #16), 82, 

85 (122309), 86 (recorded as Dyssodia pentachaeta, color photograph), 115 (color presentation of 

species), 138 (recorded as Dyssodia pentachaeta)* 

Trixis californica A. Kellogg: American Threefold 

SYNONYMY: Trixis californica A. Kellogg var. californica. COMMON NAMES: American 

Threefold, American Trixis, Arizona Green Plant, California Trixis, Trixis. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial (leaves are cold and drought deciduous) subshrub or shrub (10 inches to 6 feet in height); the 

stems are gray, the leaves are green, dark green or yellow-green; the disk flowers may be yellow; the ray 

flowers are white or yellow; flowering generally takes place between mid-January and late December; the 

seeds have straw-colored bristles. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; rocky mountaintops; mountainsides; shaded cliffs; cliff faces; along rocky canyons; canyon 

walls; canyon bottoms; rocky gorges; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; sandy knolls; rocky 

ledges; bouldery and rocky ridges; bouldery ridgetops; bouldery and rocky foothills; rocky hills; rocky 

hilltops; rocky and gravelly hillsides; bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, rocky and rocky-gravelly slopes; 

alluvial fans; sandy bajadas; bouldery and rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; bases of boulders; 

sandy boulderfields; shady coves; plains; sandy and sandy-clayey-loamy flats; valley floors; along 

roadsides; sandy arroyos; draws; bottoms of rocky gullies; within ravines; around springs; around seeping 

streams; along creeks; creekbeds; along and in bouldery, bouldery-gravelly-sandy, rocky, rocky-sandy, 

stony, gravelly, pebbly and sandy washes; within rocky-bedrock drainage ways; rocky bowls; along banks 

of arroyos, streams, rivers, washes and drainages; rocky edges of arroyos and washes; sandy beaches; 

floodplains; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky, boulderygravelly, 

bouldery-gravelly-sandy, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, stony, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy, pebbly and sandy ground and sandy-clayey loam ground often in the shade of rocks and 

larger shrubs and trees, occurring from sea level to 7,800 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, 


component of a restored native habitat. Trixis californica is native to southwest-central and southern 

North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (122309), 46 (Page 958), 58, 63 (122309 - 

color presentation), 77, 85 (122409 - color presentation), 86 (color photograph), 91, 106 (122309 - color 

presentation), 115 (color presentation), 138, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Trixis californica var. californica (see Trixis californica) 

Zinnia acerosa (A.P. de Candolle) A. Gray: Desert Zinnia 

SYNONYMY: Zinnia pumila A. Gray. COMMON NAMES: Desert Zinnia, Spinyleaf Zinnia, 

White Zinnia, Wild Zinnia. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or subshrub (3 to 20 inches in 

height and to 2 feet in width); the leaves are gray or gray-green; the disk flowers are green-yellow, yellow 

or yellow-orange; the ray flowers are cream, cream-white, white, white-cream, yellow or yellow-white; 

flowering generally takes place between early March and early November (additional records: three for 

early December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; sandy 

mesas; sandy-loamy plateaus; canyons; rocky ridges; rocky ridgetops; foothills; rocky hills; rocky and 

gravelly hillsides; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy, gravelly-sandy, sandy and loamy slopes; 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and clayey bajadas; rocky outcrops; sand hills; sand dunes; rockygravelly-sandy, 

rocky-sandy, gravelly and gravelly-sandy-clayey flats; rocky valley floors; gravelly-silty 

and gravelly-silty-loamy valley bottoms; along gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy roadsides; arroyos; sandy 

bottoms of arroyos; washes; sandy drainages; along ponds; edges of swales; gravelly-sandy banks of 

washes; sandy benches; terraces; floodplains; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in damp and dry

desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

ground; gravelly loam, gravelly-silty loam, gravelly-sandy-clayey loam, sandy loam and loam ground; 

gravelly-sandy clay and clay soils, gravelly silty ground, and chalky ground, occurring from 1,500 to 

6,000 feet in elevation in the woodland, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 


to have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted as having been used as a drug or 

medication. Zinnia acerosa is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 

18, 28 (color photograph), 43 (062609 - Zinnia acerosa A. Gray, Page 897), 46 (recorded as Zinnia 

pumila Gray), 48 (genus), 58, 63 (122509 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #71), 85 (122509 - 

color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 127, 138* 

Zinnia pumila (see Zinnia acerosa) 

Boraginaceae: The Borage Family 

Amsinckia echinata (see Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia) 

Amsinckia intermedia (see Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia) 

Amsinckia intermedia var. echinata (see Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia) 

Amsinckia menziesii (J.G. Lehmann) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbride var. intermedia (F.E. von Fischer & 

C.A. Meyer) F.R. Ganders: Common Fiddleneck 

SYNONYMY: Amsinckia echinata A. Gray, Amsinckia intermedia F.E. von Fischer & C.A. 

Meyer, Amsinckia intermedia F.E. von Fischer & C.A. Meyer var. echinata (A. Gray) I.L. Wiggins. 

COMMON NAMES: Coast Buckthorn, Coast Fiddleneck, Common Fiddleneck, Devil’s Lettuce, Fiddle 

Neck, Fiddleneck, Finger Weed, Kurttukeltalemmikki, Menzies Fiddleneck, Ranchers Fireweed, Sacoto 

Gordo, Tarweed, Yellow Burnweed, Yellow Burweed, Yellow Burrweed, Yellow Forget Me Not, Yellow 

Tarweed. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (2 inches to 4 feet in height); the flowers are 

golden-yellow, orange, orange-yellow, yellow or yellow-orange; flowering generally takes place between 

late January and late May (additional records: one for mid-June, one for late June and one for late 

November). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky 

mountainsides; sandy mesas; plateaus; silty canyons; rocky canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; clayey ridges; 

ridgetops; meadows; foothills; rocky and silty hills; clayey hilltops; bouldery and rocky hillsides; 

bouldery, rocky, rocky-loamy-clayey, shaley-clayey-loamy, cobbly-sandy-loamy, gravelly-loamy and 

clayey slopes; rocky-sandy alluvial fans; bajadas; amongst boulders and rocks; boulderfields; along 

boulders; sand dunes; sand sheets; gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and clayey flats; basins; rocky valley 

floors; coastal terraces; along roadsides; along arroyos; along bottoms of arroyos; draws; seeps; in clay 

around springs; along streams; along creeks; along creekbeds; along rivers; riverbeds; along and in rockysandy, 

gravelly-sandy, sandy and sandy-loamy washes; within sandy drainages; sandy drainage ways; 

marshes; clayey-loamy depressions; swales; sandy banks of streams; edges of washes; margins of washes; 

mudflats; benches; rocky and gravelly and sandy terraces; loamy bottomlands; silty floodplains; silty 

impoundments; edges of stock tanks; edges of ditches; riparian areas; recently burned areas of oak 

woodland and chaparral, and disturbed areas growing in moist and dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; shaley-clayey loam, cobbly-sandy loam, gravelly loam, sandy 

loam, clayey loam and loam ground; rocky-loamy clay and clay ground, and gravelly-silty and silty 

ground, occurring from sea level to 5,500 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub 

and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia is native to west-central 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 15 (reported as Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey.), 16 (reported as 

Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey.), 28 (reported as Amsinckia intermedia, color photograph), 43

(122609 - no record for var. intermedia), 46 (reported as Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Meyer, Page 

723), 58 (reported as Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Meyer), 63 (122609 - color presentation), 68 (“The 

mature seeds have been demonstrated to cause hepatic cirrhosis, known as “hard liver disease” of cattle 

and swine, and the “walking disease” of horses. Sheep are either immune or highly resistant to the poison. 

The disease is common in the Pacific Northwest, but not in Arizona. This plant also may cause nitrate 

poisoning.”), 77 (reported as Amsinckia intermedia F. & M., color photograph labeled Amsinckia 

intermedia #7), 80 (This plant (Amsinckia intermedia and others) is listed as a Rarely Poisonous and 

Suspected Poisonous Range Plant. “Cattle, horses and swine may be poisoned by an unknown liver toxin 

from eating large amounts of the seeds of this desert annual. Also plants may cause nitrate poisoning.”), 

85 (122709 - color presentation), 101, 115 (color presentation), 138 (recorded as Amsinckia intermedia)* 

Cryptantha J.G. Lehmann ex G. Don: Cryptantha 

COMMON NAMES: Cryptantha. *43 (063010), 46 (Pages 714-721), 63 (063010 - color 

presentation), 115 (color presentation), 138 (recorded as Cryptantha sp.)* 

Cryptantha pterocarya (J. Torrey) E.L. Greene: Wingnut Cryptantha 

COMMON NAMES: Wing-fruited Forget-me-not, Wing-nut Forget-me-not, Winged-nut 

Cryptantha, Winged Pick-me-not, Wingnut Cat’s-eye, Wingnut Catseye, Wingnut Cryptantha, Wingnut 

Nievitas, Peluda. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (4 to 20 inches in height); the foliage is 

pale grayish, dark green or yellow-green; the flowers are cream, bright white or white (sometimes with a 

pink tinge) with a yellow throat; flowering generally takes place between early January and late June 

(additional records: one for late July and one for late November); the winged fruits are green. HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountaintops; rocky and rockysandy 

mountainsides; pebbly-sandy-silty and silty mesas; rim rock; sandy-clayey canyons; canyon walls; 

along rocky-sandy, gravelly-sandy and sandy canyon bottoms; talus slopes; bases of cliffs and rock faces; 

protected clefts in boulders; bluffs; rocky ledges; ridges; rocky ridgetops; sandy cinder cones; foothills; 

bouldery and rocky hills; hilltops; rocky, rocky-stony, sandy and loamy hillsides; bouldery, rocky, rockygravelly, 

rocky-sandy, cindery, gravelly and sandy slopes; gravelly-sandy and sandy alluvial fans; bajadas; 

rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; boulderfields; sandy lava flows; sand hummocks; sand 

sheets; gravelly breaks; sandy plains; rocky, gravelly, sandy and sandy-clayey flats; valley floors; along 

rocky, gravelly and sandy-silty roadsides; rocky arroyos; gravelly draws; rocky gullies; along springs; 

beside streams; along creeks; along rivers; sandy riverbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy, 

rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; within drainage ways; banks of washes; gravelly 

and sandy edges of washes; rocky-gravelly-sandy and cobbly-gravelly margins of washes; gravelly 

benches; shelves; sandy margins of reservoirs; gravelly-sandy and sandy riparian areas; recently burned 

areas in woodlands, chaparral and desertscrub, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; 

bouldery, rocky, rocky-stony, rocky-gravelly, rocky-gravelly-sandy, rocky-sandy, shaley, stony-sandy, 

cobbly-gravelly, cobbly-sandy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; silty loam and loam 

ground; sandy clay, silty clay and clay ground, and rocky silty, pebbly-sandy silty, sandy silty and silty 


desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: Cryptantha pterocarya is native to southwestcentral 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 16, 43 (122909 - Cryptantha pterocarya Greene), 46 (Page 

720), 58, 63 (122909 - color presentation), 77, 85 (123009 - color presentation of dried material), 115 

(color presentation), 138* 

Lappula occidentalis (S. Watson) E.L. Greene var. occidentalis: Flatspine Stickseed 

SYNONYMY: Lappula redowski auct. non (J.W. Hornemann) E.L. Greene, Lappula redowskii 

(J.W. Hornemann) E.L. Greene var. desertorum (E.L. Greene) I.M. Johnston, Lappula redowskii (J.W. 

Hornemann) E.L. Greene var. occidentalis (S. Watson) P.A. Rydberg, Lappula redowskii (J.W. 

Hornemann) E.L. Greene var. redowskii. COMMON NAMES: Beggar’s Tick, Bluebur, Flat-spine 

Sheepburr, Flatspine Stickseed, Redowski Stickseed, Stickseed, Western Stickseed, Western Sticktight.

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual or biennial forb/herb (6 to 32 inches in height); the foliage is graygreen; 

the flowers may be pale blue, pale blue-white, blue, light pink, purple, sky blue, white or yellow; 

flowering generally takes place between mid-February and early August (additional records: five for mid- 

January, one for late August, one for early September and one for late September). HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountaintops; sandy mesas; along rocky, 

gravelly-loamy and sandy canyons; sandy canyon bottoms; bouldery-gravelly-sandy gorges; talus; bases 

of cliffs; bedrock knolls; sandy ridges; rocky ridgetops; around and in rocky and gravelly-sandy 

meadows; foothills; rocky, gravelly and gravelly-sandy hills; hilltops; hillsides; rocky, shaley, cobblyloamy, 

cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy, sandy-clayey, loamy, clayey and silty slopes; bajadas; 

rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; sheltered rock coves; lava flows; breaks; steppes; rocky, gravelly, sandy 

and sandy-loamy flats; basins; loamy valley floors; in roadbeds; along gravelly and gravelly-loamy 

roadsides; rocky and sandy arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; rocky draws; gulches; ravines; springs; along 

creeks; along rivers; sandy riverbeds; along and in rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy-silty and sandy washes; 

within gravelly drainages; in rocks around ponds; clayey swales; along banks of arroyos, streams and 

rivers; mudflats; sandy benches; cobbly-loamy and loamy bottomlands; floodplains; along fencelines; 

edges of stock tanks; ditches; gravelly-sandy-loamy and sandy riparian areas; waste places, and disturbed 

areas growing in wet, moist and dry bouldery-gravelly-sandy, rocky, shaley, cindery, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly-sandy-clayey loam, cobbly loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy 

loam, sandy loam, clayey loam and loam ground; rocky clay, sandy clay, silty clay and clay ground; 

gravelly-sandy silty and silty ground, and gravelly-sandy chalky ground, occurring from 700 to 10,500 

feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 

NOTES: This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be 

investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial fodder crop; it was also noted as 

having been used as a drug or medication. Lappula occidentalis var. occidentalis is native to 

northwestern, northern and west-central North America. *5, 6, 15 (recorded as Lappula redowskii 

(Hornem.) Greene var. redowskii), 16 (recorded as Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene var. redowskii), 

43 (010110 - Lappula redowskii Greene var. desertorum (Greene) I.M. Johnst., Lappula redowskii 

(Hornem.) Greene var. occidentalis Á. Löve & D. Löve), 46 (recorded as Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) 

Greene, Page 713), 58 (Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene), 63 (010110 - color presentation), 77 

(recorded as Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene), 85 (010210), 101 (color photograph), 115 (color 

presentation of species), 127, 138 (recorded as Lappula redowskii)* 

Lappula redowskii (see Lappula occidentalis var. occidentalis) 

Lappula redowskii var. desertorum (see Lappula occidentalis var. occidentalis) 

Lappula redowskii var. occidentalis (see Lappula occidentalis var. occidentalis) 

Lappula redowskii var. redowskii (see Lappula occidentalis var. occidentalis) 

Pectocarya platycarpa (P.A. Munz & I.M. Johnston) P.A. Munz & I.M. Johnston: Broadfruit 

Combseed 

COMMON NAMES: Broadfruit Combseed, Broad Nut Comb-bur, Broadnut Combbur, Broadnut 

Combseed, Broad-nutted Comb Bur, Broad-wing Comb-bur, Stickweed. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

annual forb/herb (prostrate or 2 to 10 inches in height); the flowers are white; flowering generally takes 

place between early February and late May (additional record: one for late June). HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mountainsides; pebbly-sandy-silty 

mesas; canyons; sandy canyon bottoms; talus slopes; ridges; foothills; rocky, gravelly and sandy hills; 

sandy hillsides; rocky, rocky-powdery, cobbly-gravelly-sandy, cobbly-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy slopes; rocky alluvial fans; gravelly and gravelly-sandy bajadas; amongst boulders and rocks; 

rocky-sandy lava fields; sand dunes; sand sheets; blow-sand deposits; plains; rocky, gravelly, gravelly-

sandy and sandy flats; gravelly and sandy valley floors; along gravelly roadsides; along streams; along 

creeks; creekbeds; along rivers; along and in rocky-gravelly, rocky-gravelly-sandy, rocky-sandy, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; sandy drainages; silty depressions; gravelly-sandy and sandy banks of 

washes; rocky and silty-clayey edges of washes and lakebeds; margins of washes; mudflats; beaches; 

gravelly benches; shelves; terraces; sandy and loamy bottomlands; sandy and silty floodplains; gravellysandy 

riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, 

rocky, rocky-cobbly, rocky-gravelly, rocky-gravelly-sandy, rocky-sandy, stony-sandy, cobbly-gravellysandy, 

cobbly-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, 

sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam and loam ground; silty clay ground; pebbly-sandy silty and silty ground, 

and rocky powdery ground, occurring from sea level to 7,800 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: Pectocarya platycarpa is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 43 (010210), 46 (Page 712), 58 63 

(010210), 77, 85 (010210 - color presentation of dried material), 138* 

Tiquilia canescens (A.P. de Candolle) A.T. Richardson: Woody Crinklemat 

COMMON NAMES: Crinkle Mats, Gray Coldenia, Hierba de la Virgin, Oreja del Perro, Ratear 

Coldenia, Shrubby Coldenia, Woody Crinklemat. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub 

(generally 4 to 8 inches in height; however, plants up to 2 feet in height were reported, plants 4 inches in 

height and width were reported); the leaves are gray, grayish or gray-green; the flowers may be pale 

lavender, lavender, lavender-pink, lavender-whitish, light pink, pink, light pink-lavender, pale purple, 

purple, rose-lilac, violet or white with a yellow floral tube; flowering generally takes place between late 

March and mid-June (additional records: one for early March, two for early July, one for late July, two for 

early August, one for mid-August, one for early September, two for mid-September, one for late 

September and one for early October). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported 

from mountains; rocky mountainsides; mesas; cliffs; escarpments; bouldery and rocky and gravelly 

canyons; canyon bottoms; gorges; talus slopes; crevices in rocks; gravelly-sandy bluffs; buttes; rocky 

ledges; along rocky and chalky ridges; openings in forests; rocky and gravelly-sandy hills; rocky 

hillsides; along bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-shaley and gravelly-sandy slopes; 

gravelly and gravelly-sandy bajadas; shaley and rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; sand dunes; 

sandy plains; rocky, gravelly and sandy flats; valley floors; roadbeds; rocky-gravelly-loamy, gravelly and 

gravelly-loamy roadsides; arroyos; gullies; rocky ravines; along and in stony, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy washes; gravelly terraces; floodplains; along fence lines; waste places; sandy riparian areas, and 

disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-shaley, rocky-gravelly, rockysandy, 

stony, shaley-gravelly, stony, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly loam, 

gravelly loam and gravelly-sandy loam ground; rocky clay, shaley clay and clay ground, and chalky 

ground, occurring from 100 to 7,600 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland and 

desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored 

native habitat. This plant is browsed by Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis subsp. mexicana). 

Tiquilia canescens is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (color 

photograph), 43 (010310), 46 (Coldenia canescens DC. including the typical plant and variety pulchella 

Johnst., Page 709), 63 (010310), 77, 85 (010310 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Arabis eremophila (see Arabis perennans) 

Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): The Mustard Family 

Arabis perennans S. Watson: Perennial Rockcress 

SYNONYMY: Arabis eremophila E.L. Greene, Boechera perennans (S. Watson) W.A. Weber. 

COMMON NAMES: Perennial Rockcress, Rock Cress, Stiff-arm Rock Cress, Stiffarm Rock Cress. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or subshrub (8 to 40 inches in height, plants 8 to 12

inches in height and 6 to 17 inches in width were reported); the leaves are gray-green; the flowers may be 

pale blue-lavender, bluish-purple, cream, lavender, pink, pink-lavender, pinkish-purple, dull mauve, pale 

purple, purple, purple-magenta, purplish-pink, purplish-rose, reddish-violet, rose-magenta, violetlavender, 

white & lavender or white-purple; flowering generally takes place between early February and 

early July (additional records: one for early January, one for mid-January, one for early August, one for 

early October and one for early December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; along mountaintops; rocky mountainsides; sandy mesas; sandy plateaus; rocky 

cliffs; rock faces; bouldery, rocky and rocky-sandy canyons; rocky and shaley-sandy canyon walls; 

bedrock, rocky, gravelly-sandy and sandy canyon bottoms; talus slopes; along sandy bases of cliffs; 

crevices in rocks; bluffs; rocky knobs; summits of laccoliths; rocky ledges; sandy ridges; ridgetops; rocky 

openings in woodlands; meadows; rocky-gravelly foothills; rocky hills; bouldery and rocky hillsides; 

sandy bases of escarpments; bedrock, bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-shaley, 

rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, rocky-loamy, cobbly-sandy, cobbly-loamy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-silty, 

sandy, sandy-loamy and loamy slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; bases of 

boulders; lava flows; rocky mounds; flats; basins; along sandy valley floors; along roadbeds; along 

gravelly roadsides; rocky walls of arroyos; along draws; gulches; bouldery-sandy and rocky ravines; 

springs; along streams; gravelly streambeds; along creeks; along rivers; along and in rocky, rockygravelly, 

gravelly and sandy washes; within drainages; bouldery-cobbly drainage ways; marshes; rocky 

banks of gullies, streams and washes; rocky-loamy and gravelly edges of arroyos, streams and washes; 

gravelly terraces; rocky and gravelly-sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in moist and dry 

bouldery, bouldery-cobbly, bouldery-gravelly, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-shaley, rocky-gravelly, rockysandy, 

shaley, shaley-sandy, cobbly-sandy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky 

loam, rocky-sandy loam, cobbly loam, gravelly-clayey loam, sandy loam, clayey loam and loam ground; 

sandy clay and clay ground, and gravelly silty and silty ground, occurring from 600 to 9,500 feet in 


NOTES: This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted 

as having been used as a drug or medication. Arabis perennans is native to southwest-central and southern 

North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (010310), 46 (Page 353), 58, 63 (010310 - color 

presentation), 77, 85 (010410 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 127* 

Boechera perennans (see Arabis perennans) 

Caulanthus lasiophyllus (see Guillenia lasiophylla) 

Caulanthus lasiophyllus var. lasiophyllus (see footnote 15 under Guillenia lasiophylla) 

Caulanthus lasiophyllus var. utahensis (see Guillenia lasiophylla) 

Descurainia pinnata (T. Walter) N.L. Britton: Western Tansymustard 

COMMON NAMES: Aasam (Yaqui), Green Tansy Mustard, Green Tansymustard, Huy Aasum 

(Yaqui), Moutarde Tanaisie (French), Northern Tansy-mustard, Palmita (Spanish), Pamita (Spanish), 

Pinnate Tansy Mustard, Pinnate Tansymustard, Sirolitutilli, Tansy Mustard, Tansy-mustard, 

Tansymustard, Western Tansy Mustard, Western Tansy-mustard, Western Tansymustard, Yellow Tansy 

Mustard. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual, biennial or perennial forb/herb (4 to 40 inches in height); 

the foliage may be gray-green, purplish or reddish; the flowers are cream, greenish-white, greenishyellow, 

purplish, pale yellow, dull yellow, yellow, yellow-green, yellowish-green, white or white tinged 

with mauve; flowering generally takes place between mid-January and early September (additional 

record: one for late December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; rocky mountainsides; sandy mesas; plateaus; along sandy rims of canyons and craters; cliffs; 

rocky and sandy canyons; sandy canyonsides; along rocky, rocky-sandy and sandy canyon bottoms; sandy 

bases of cliffs and escarpments; bluffs; rocky ledges; rocky ridges; rocky-sandy meadows; cinder cones;

ocky tops of cinder cones; foothills; bouldery and rocky hills; bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-stony, 

clayey, gravelly-sandy and silty-loamy hillsides; bedrock, rocky, rocky-stony, rocky-cobbly, rockycobbly-sandy, 

rocky-sandy, cobbly-gravelly-sandy, cobbly-loamy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, 

gravelly-silty-loamy, sandy, sandy-clayey and silty-clayey slopes; rocky-sandy alluvial fans; gravellysandy 

bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; sheltered rocky coves; volcanic dikes and 

plugs; sand hills; sand dunes; sand sheets; blow-sand deposits; loamy steppes; sandy prairies; sandy 

plains; gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy, sandy-clayey and silty-loamy flats; basins; basin bottoms; shaley 

and sandy valley floors; valley bottoms; coastal plains; sandy coastal strands; along railroad right-of-way; 

along rocky, gravelly and sandy roadsides; along sandy arroyos; draws; seeps; springs; along streams; 

along streambeds; in sand along creeks; along rivers; bouldery-rocky-gravelly riverbeds; along and in 

bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, cobbly, cobbly-gravelly-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; 

within gravelly drainages; drainage ways; waterholes; banks of creeks and rivers; along edges of streams, 

creeks and washes; margins of marshy areas; shorelines of lakes; sandy terraces; loamy bottomlands; 

clayey and silty floodplains; mesquite bosques; clayey catchments; in dry stock tanks; on top of and 

within ditches; sandy riparian areas; waste places; recently burned areas of woodland and desertscrub, and 

disturbed areas growing in muddy and wet, moist and dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-rockygravelly, 

bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-stony, rocky-cobbly, rocky-cobbly-sandy, rocky-gravelly-sandy, 

rocky-sandy, shaley, cobbly, cobbly-gravelly-sandy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; 

rocky loam, rocky-clayey loam, cobbly loam, cobbly-sandy loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, 

gravelly-silty loam, sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam, silty loam and loam ground; sandy clay, silty clay 

and clay ground, and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 11,900 feet in elevation in the forest, 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant was 

reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be investigated to determine 

its value as a home garden or commercial food, beverage and/or spice crop; it was also noted as having 

been used as a preservative (D.p. subsp. halictorum), fertilizer (D.p. subsp. halictorum), paint for pottery 

decoration (flowers mixed with dark iron pigment, D.p. subsp. pinnata) and as a drug or medication. This 

plant is a larval food plant of the Desert Orangetip Butterfly (Anthocharis cethura) and is sometimes 

planted in butterfly gardens to attract Orangetip, Checkered White and White Cabbage Butterflies. Blacktailed 

Jack Rabbits (Lepus californicus), Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and Rocky Mountain Mule 

Deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) feed on this plant, and the Ord’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordii), 

Spotted Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus spilosoma), Townsend Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus 

townsendii) and Northern Grasshopper Mice (Onychomys leucogaster) feed on the seeds. Descurainia 

pinnata is native to northern, central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 43 (010510), 46 (Page 

349), 63 (010510 - color presentation), 68, 77, 80 (This species is listed as a Secondary Poisonous Range 

Plant. “Symptoms of poisoning are similar to the “blind staggers” disease caused by selenium, but the 

principle is unknown. Large quantities of the plant must be eaten for a considerably long time before 

symptoms appear. Consumption of toxic amounts is most likely to occur during the blossoming period in 

the spring. Poisoned cattle become partially or completely blind and wander aimlessly about until 

exhausted, or stand pushing against some solid object for hours. Animals lose their ability to use their 

tongue in swallowing and cannot eat or drink. They eventually die if neglected. As a result a popular term 

for the disease is “paralyzed tongue”. ... Analysis of plants in Arizona shows that tansy mustard also may 

accumulate toxic levels of nitrate. Poisoning may be prevented by deferring heavily infested pastures 

during the spring-growth period, or by providing more desirable forage to reduce mustard consumption.” 

See text for additional information.), 85 (010710 - color presentation), 101 (note), 127, 138* 

Draba cuneifolia T. Nuttall ex J Torrey & A. Gray: Wedgeleaf Draba 

COMMON NAMES: Gasa, Spring Whitlow-grass, Wedge-leaf Draba, Wedgeleaf Draba, Wedgeleaf 

Whitlow-grass, Wedgeleaf Whitlow Grass, Wedge-leaved Whitlow-grass, Whitlow-grass, Whitlowgrass, 

Whitlow-wort. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (1½ to 5 inches in height); the leaves 

are gray-green; the flowers are cream, white or yellow; flowering generally takes place between early 

January and late April (additional records: one for mid-May, one for late May, one for mid-July, one for

mid-September, one for early December and one for late December). HABITAT: Within the range of this 

species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; plateaus; cliffs; soil pockets on shaded cliff walls; 

rocky canyons; rocky-sandy, sandy and loamy canyon bottoms; sandy talus slopes; bases of cliffs; rocky 

and stony ledges; ridges; rocky and clayey hills; rocky hillsides; along bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rockyclayey-loamy, 

cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-loamy and sandy slopes; gravelly bajadas; rocky 

outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; lava flows; rocky, stony-gravelly-clayey, gravelly and sandy flats; 

along roadsides; along arroyos; seeps, springs; arroyos; sandy bottoms of arroyos; gulches; along streams; 

sandy streambeds; along creekbeds; along rivers; sandy riverbeds; along and in bedrock, rocky, rockysandy, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and silty washes; along drainage ways; gravelly-sandy bowls; 

sandy, sandy-silty and silty banks of washes; along sandy shorelines of rivers; gravelly and silty sandbars; 

bouldery-sandy beaches; cobbly benches; sandy and loamy bottomlands; shelves; floodplains; 

gravelly-sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in moist and dry bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, 

bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, stony, cobbly, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy ground; rocky-clayey loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, sandy loam, clayey loam and loam 

ground; stony-gravelly clay ground, and silty ground, occurring from 400 to 8,100 feet in elevation in the 

forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: Draba 

cuneifolia is native to south-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 16, 43 (010710), 46 (Pages 347- 

348), 63 (010710 - color presentation), 77, 85 (010810 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 

138* 

Guillenia lasiophylla (W.J. Hooker & G.A. Arnott) E.L. Greene: California Mustard 

SYNONYMY: Caulanthus lasiophyllus (W.J. Hooker & G.A. Arnott) E.B. Payson, Caulanthus 

lasiophyllus (W.J. Hooker & G.A. Arnott) E.B. Payson var. utahensis (P.A. Rydberg) E.B. Payson, 

Thelypodium lasiophyllum (W.J. Hooker & G.A. Arnott) E.L. Greene. COMMON NAMES: California 

Mustard, Coast Wild Cabbage, Cutleaf Thelypody, Hairyleaf Wildcabbage, Wild Cabbage. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (6 to 40 inches in height, one record reported plants at 79 

inches in height); the flowers are pale cream, pale cream-yellow, cream, creamy-white, pinkish-brown, 

white, pale yellow, yellow, yellowish, yellow-cream or yellowish-white; flowering generally takes place 

between early January and late May (additional records: one for mid-June, one for early July and one for 

early August). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; bouldery 

mountainsides; sandy-silty mesas; rocky and stony canyons; sandy canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; 

crevices in rocks; ridges; rocky-sandy ridgetops; meadows and meadow-like openings in woodlands; 

foothills; bouldery, rocky and rocky-loamy hills; clayey hilltops; rocky, rocky-sandy-loamy and stony 

hillsides; bouldery-rocky rocky, rocky-sandy, stony, stony-sandy, cobbly-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-loamy, 

sandy, sandy-loamy and clayey slopes; gravelly and sandy alluvial fans; rocky-sandy, gravelly and 

gravelly-sandy bajadas; bouldery and rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; lava fields; sand 

dunes; sand sheets; gravelly outwash fans; gravelly-sandy and sandy plains; cindery, gravelly, gravellysandy, 

sandy, clayey and silty flats; stony valley floors; valley bottoms; in talus at the foot of ocean bluffs; 

coastal plains; along rocky and rocky-sandy roadsides; gulches; within gullies; springs; along streams; 

along creeks; sandy creekbeds; clayey-loamy riverbeds; along and in rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravellysandy, 

sandy and silty washes; along sandy drainages; depressions; along gravelly, muddy-sandy and 

sandy banks of arroyos and washes; sandy edges of washes; along sandy margins of washes; clayey 

benches; gravelly terraces; loamy bottomlands; floodplains; catchments; along ditches; gravelly-sandy 

riparian areas; recently burned areas of woodland and chaparral, and disturbed areas growing in muddy 

and moist and dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, stony, 

stony-sandy, cobbly-gravelly-sandy, cobbly-sandy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; 

rocky loam, rocky-sandy loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, gravelly-clayey-silty loam, sandy 

loam, clayey loam, silty-clayey loam and loam ground; sandy clay and clay ground, and sandy silty and 

silty ground, occurring from sea level to 5,300 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, 

desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: Guillenia lasiophylla is native to southwestcentral 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 15 (Caulanthus lasiophyllus (Hook. & Arn.) Payson var.

lasiophyllus), 16 (Caulanthus lasiophyllus (Hook. & Arn.) Payson), 43 (010910), 46 (Thelypodium 

lasiophyllum (Hook. & Arn.) Greene, Page 330), 63 (010910 - color presentation), 77 (Caulanthus 

lasiophyllus (H.&A.) Payson), 80 (Thelypodium lasiophyllum is listed as a Rarely Poisonous and 

Suspected Poisonous Range Plant. “This annual mustard has been reported to accumulate toxic levels of 

nitrate.”), 85 (010910 - color presentation of dried material), 115 (color presentation), 138 (recorded as 

Caulanthus lasiophyllus)* 

Lepidium lasiocarpum T. Nuttall: Shaggyfruit Pepperweed 

COMMON NAMES: Hairy-pod Pepperwort, Hairypod Pepperweed, Hispidcress, Pepper Grass, 

Peppergrass, Pepperweed, Sand Peppergrass, Shaggyfruit Pepperweed. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

annual or biennial forb/herb (4 to 15 inches in height); the flowers are cream, green, greenish-yellow, 

white or yellow-green; flowering generally takes place between late December and late June (additional 

records: one for late August and one for mid-September). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it 

has been reported from mountains; mesas; plateaus; along rocky and shaley canyons; rocky, gravelly and 

sandy canyon bottoms; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; buttes; rocky and sandy ledges; sandy ridges; rocky 

ridgetops; foothills; bouldery and rocky-sandy hills; hilltops; rocky hillsides; rocky, rocky-sandy, cobblygravelly-sandy, 

gravelly, sandy and sandy-loamy slopes; rocky, rocky-sandy and gravelly alluvial fans; 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; lava flows; lava 

beds; sand dunes; sand sheets; sand flats; along rocky-sandy and sandy outwash fans; gravelly-sandyloamy 

and sandy-loamy plains; rocky, gravelly, sandy, sandy-loamy and silty flats; sandy basins; sandy 

and clayey valley floors; coastal bluffs; coastal dunes; coastal plains; tidal shores; along sandy roadsides; 

along and in arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; rocky chutes; around seeping streams; along creeks; sandy 

creekbeds; along rivers; sandy riverbeds; along and in bedrock, rocky, rocky-sandy, shaley, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; rocky-sandy drainages; along drainage ways; silty playas; silty 

depressions; raised areas in saltmarshes; along muddy, gravelly-sandy and sandy banks of rivers and 

washes; stony-sandy and sandy edges of arroyos, washes and lakebeds; around margins of washes and 

marshes; shores of lakes; mudflats; gravel and sand bars; sandy beaches; bouldery benches; gravelly 

terraces; sandy, loamy and clayey bottomlands; lowlands; sandy and silty floodplains; along gravellysandy 

and sandy edges of stock tanks; canal banks; gravelly and sandy riparian areas; recently burned 

areas in woodlands and desertscrub, and disturbed areas growing in moist and dry desert pavement; 

bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, stony-sandy, shaley, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky 

loam, gravelly-sandy loam, gravelly-clayey loam, sandy loam and loam ground; silty clay and clay 

ground, and gravelly-sandy silty, sandy-silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 7,400 feet in 


NOTES: This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be 

investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food crop; it was also noted as having 

been used as a drug or medication. Lepidium lasiocarpum is native to southwest-central and southern 

North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 43 (011010), 46 (Page 334), 63 (011010 - color presentation), 68, 77, 85 

(011010 - color presentation), 127, 138* 

Sisymbrium irio C. Linnaeus: London Rocket 

COMMON NAMES: London Rocket, Londonrocket, Pamita, Pamiton, Rocket Mustard, Tumble 

Mustard. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (8 inches to 5 feet in height, plants 8 inches in 

height and 6 inches in width were reported); the flowers are golden-yellow, white, pale yellow or yellow; 

the anthers are cream; flowering generally takes place between mid-December and mid-June (additional 

records: one for early July, one for late July, one for early August, one for mid-August, two for late 

August, one for mid-September, one for late September, one for early October, one for mid-October, one 

for early November, one for mid-November and four for late November). HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from mountains; sandy mesas; plateaus; canyons; along boulderygravelly-sandy 

and sandy canyon bottoms; rocky buttes; rock ledges; ridges; ridgetops; clayey meadows; 

foothills; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly-sandy, sandy and sandy-

loamy slopes; rocky alluvial fans; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; sandy lava flows; 

sand dunes; berms; plains; rocky, gravelly, sandy and sandy-silty flats; basins; valley floors; loamy valley 

bottoms; railroad right-of-ways; gravelly-sandy roadbeds; gravelly, sandy and clayey roadsides; within 

rocky arroyos; along bottoms of arroyos; bottoms of ravines; seeps; springs; along streams; streambeds; 

along creeks; bouldery-rocky and rocky creekbeds; along rivers; rocky and rocky-cobbly-sandy riverbeds; 

along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and sandy-loamy washes; within sandy 

drainage ways; silty lakebeds; bogs; sandy-loamy and silty depressions; along cobbly-sandy, gravellysandy 

and sandy banks of streams, rivers and washes; rocky edges of springs, streams, creeks, washes and 

ponds; margins of washes; sandy beaches; sandy benches; terraces; sandy and loamy bottomlands; 

floodplains; mesquite bosques; margins of stock tanks; canal edges and walls; along ditches; riparian 

areas; waste places; recently burned areas of woodland and desertscrub, and disturbed areas growing in 

muddy and wet, moist, damp and dry bouldery, bouldery-gravelly-sandy, rocky, rocky-cobbly; rockycobbly-sandy, 

rocky-sandy, cobbly-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-clayey loam, 

gravelly-sandy loam, sandy loam and loam ground; sandy clay and clay ground, and sandy silty ground, 

occurring from sea level to 10,300 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub 

and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: EXOTIC Invasive Plant that poses a significant threat to our 

native biotic communities. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North 

America; it was noted as having been used food, beverage and as a drug or medication. Sisymbrium irio is 

native to middle and southern Europe; western, central, eastern and southern Asia, and northern Africa. 

*5, 6, 15, 16, 22, 28 (color photograph), 43 (011410), 46 (Page 336), 58, 63 (011410 - color presentation), 

68, 77, 85 (011510 - color presentation), 101 (color photograph), 115 (color presentation), 127, HR* 

Streptanthus arizonicus (see Streptanthus carinatus subsp. arizonicus) 

Streptanthus carinatus C. Wright ex A. Gray subsp. arizonicus (S. Watson) A.R. Kruckeberg, J.E. 

Rodman & R.D. Worthington: Lyreleaf Jewelflower 

SYNONYMY: Streptanthus arizonicus S. Watson. COMMON NAMES: Arizona Jewel Flower, 

Arizona Twist Flower, Lyreleaf Jewelflower, Lyreleaf Twistflower, Lyre-leaved Twistflower, Silver Bells, 

Twist Flower, Twistflower. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual or biennial forb/herb (6 to 42 inches in 

height, one plant was described as being 10 inches in height with a crown 5 inches in width); the foliage 

is bluish-green or grayish-green; the flowers may be brownish, cream, cream-white, cream-yellow, bright 

golden-yellow, lemon-yellow, pinkish-cream, white, pale yellow, yellow or deep yellow tipped with red; 

flowering generally takes place between mid-February and early May (additional record: one for late 

May, flowering beginning as early as January has been reported). HABITAT: Within the range of this 

species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mountainsides; mesas; cliffs; rocky canyons; canyon 

bottoms; rocky bases of cliffs; ridges; foothills; gravelly hills; rocky slopes; gravelly bajadas; rocky 

outcrops; sandy lava flows; rocky and gravelly flats; sandy roadsides; rocky arroyos; along draws; 

cobbly-sandy riverbeds; along and in sandy washes; drainages; gravelly edges of arroyos; margins of 

rivers and washes; bottomlands, and floodplains growing in dry rocky, cobbly-sandy, gravelly and sandy 

ground and gravelly loam ground, occurring from 1,500 to 7,000 feet in elevation in the woodland, 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: Streptanthus carinatus subsp. 

arizonicus is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16 (Streptanthus 

arizonicus Wats.), 28 (color photograph), 43 (063009), 46 (Streptanthus arizonicus Wats., Pages 331- 

332), 63 (011610 - color presentation), 85 (011610 - color presentation of dried material), 86 (color 

photograph of Streptanthus arizonicus), 115 (color presentation of species), 138* 

Thelypodium lasiophyllum (see Guillenia lasiophylla) 

Burseraceae: The Frankincense Family

Bursera microphylla A. Gray: Elephant Tree 

COMMON NAMES: Copal, Elephant Bursera, Elephant Tree, Elephant-tree, Hop (Seri), Little 

Leaf Elephant Tree, Littleleaf Elephant Tree, Small-leaf Elephant Tree, Small-leaf Elephant-tree, Torote, 

Torote Colorado, Xoop (Seri). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial semisucculent deciduous shrub or 

tree (2½ to 26 feet in height); the trunk is thick and short with crooked rapidly tapering branches; the 

branches are gray to reddish-gray, exfoliating gray, yellow or yellow-brown papery bark; the leaf-bearing 

twigs are cherry-red, maroon or reddish-brown; the leaves are green; the inconspicuous flowers are 

cream-white, cream-yellow or yellowish; the anthers are light yellowish-cream; flowering generally takes 

place between late June and early July; the fruits are reddish-brown. HABITAT: Within the range of this 

species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mountainsides; rocky canyons; canyon bottoms; cliffs; 

cracks on cliff faces; rocky ledges; ridge crests; foothills; rocky hills, rocky and rocky-gravelly hillsides; 

rocky slopes; bajadas; bouldery and rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; sand dunes; gravelly and sandy 

plains; flats; coastal plains; shell mantled beach ridges; rocky arroyos; rocky ravines; along and in 

washes; banks of washes; sandy strands; bottoms of tanks; floodplains, and riparian areas growing in dry 

bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy soils and sandy loam soils, occurring 

from sea level to 3,300 feet in elevation in the scrub and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This 

plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. This plant was reported to have been 

utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted as having been used as a fibers (splint whisps 

used in making baskets), as a drug or medication, and the sap was occasionally used for good luck. This 

plant is frost sensitive. The common name “Elephant Tree” was given to this plant because of the 

resemblance of the stout, tapering branches to an elephant’s trunk. The leaves have an odor, similar to that 

of citrus, when crushed. The fruits are reportedly eaten by Gray Vireos and other birds. Bursera 

microphylla is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 28 (color photograph), 

43 (063010), 45, 46 (Page 496), 48, 52 (color photograph), 53, 63 (063010), 85 (063010 - color 

presentation, unable to access species information), 91, 127, 138, HR (recorded as a possible hybrid with 

B. fagaroides), MBJ (plants exhibiting the characteristics of this population are found only in one 

population in the United States and two populations in Mexico) * 

Cactaceae: The Cactus Family 

Carnegiea gigantea (G. Engelmann) N.L. Britton & J.N. Rose: Saguaro 

SYNONYMY: Cereus giganteus G. Engelmann. COMMON NAMES: Giant Cactus, Giant 

Cereus, Ha:san (Tohono O’odham), Ha Shun (Pima), Mashad (Tohono O’odham), Pitahaya (Spanish 

Conquistadors), Sage-of-the-desert, Saguaro (Spanish), Sahuaro. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial 

stem-succulent tree (erect stems 5 to 60 feet in height and 6 to 30 inches in diameter); the plants are 

green; the spines are yellow or reddish-brown aging to gray or gray-black; the flowers (2 to 3 inches in 

diameter) are a waxy creamy-white opening at about 8 p.m. and closing at about 5 p.m. the next day with 

around four blooms opening per day over a 30 day period; flowering generally takes place between late 

April and mid-June (additional records: one for late March, one for early July, one for mid-July, two for 

early September and one for early October), the ripe fruits (2¼ to 3 inches in length and 1 to 1½ inches in 

diameter) split into 2 to 6 segments that curl back to reveal the red inner lining of the rinds which are 

sometimes mistakenly thought to be red flowers. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; mesas; canyons; canyon walls; buttes; ridges; ridgelines; rocky foothills; rocky 

and gravelly hills; rocky hilltops; rocky hillsides; rocky, gravelly, gravelly-loamy and sandy-clayey-loamy 

slopes; rocky and gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; stabilized sandy and 

sandy-powdery dunes; plains; gravelly and sandy flats; valley floors; along arroyos; along and in 

riverbeds; within sandy washes; drainages; floodplains, and mesquite bosques growing in dry desert 

pavement; bouldery, rocky, gravelly, sandy and sandy-powdery ground, and gravelly loam and sandyclayey 

loam ground, occurring from sea level to 5,100 feet in elevation in the scrub, grassland and 

desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored

native habitat. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and 

could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food, fodder (seeds), 

beverage and/or fiber crop; it was also noted as having been used as tools, ceremonial items and musical 

instruments, and as an indicator of the changing of the seasons (with the Saguaro harvest marking the 

beginning of a new year). Saguaros are very slow to establish, a 5 year old plant may be no more than ¼ 

to ½ inch in height. The growth rate of Saguaros is extremely variable. William G. McGinnies in his book 

“Discovering the Desert” reports that a plant 36 inches in height may be from 20 to 50 years of age, he 

also presents a table of typical growth rates reporting the following: 4 inches - 8.0 years, 8 inches - 12.5 

years, 16 inches - 19.1 years, 32 inches - 27.3 years, 3.3 feet - 30.3 years, 6.6 feet - 40.5 years, 10 feet - 

47.5 years, 13 feet - 54 years, 16 feet - 60.0 years, 18 feet - 74.0 years. 20 feet - 83.0 years, 25 feet - 107.0 

years, 30 feet - 131.0 years, and 35 feet - 157.0 years. The growth rate of propagated and cultivated 

saguaros is much faster. One of the largest known saguaros, located in Saguaro National Monument, was 

reported to be 52 feet in height, had 52 arms, weighed an estimated 10 tons and was thought to be 235 

years of age. Cristate forms have been reported. The Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris), 

Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus), Costa’s Hummingbird (Calypte costae), Curvedbilled 

Thrasher (Toxostoma curvirostre), Lesser Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris curasoae subsp. 

yerbabuenae) and Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) have been observed visiting the flowers. 

Coyotes (Canis latrans), Desert Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus subsp. crooki), Desert Bighorn Sheep 

(Ovis canadensis subsp. mexicana), Javelina (Peccari tajacu) and White-winged Doves (Zenaida 

asiatica) as well as other animals and birds feed on the saguaro fruit and seeds. the Gila Woodpecker 

(Melanerpes uropygialis) and Gilded Flicker (Colaptes chrysoides) make holes in this plant for their nests 

which are later utilized by the Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens), Cactus Wren 

(Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus), Elf Owl (Micrathene whitneyi), House Finch (Carpodacus 

mexicanus), Lucy’s Warbler (Vermivora luciae), Purple Martin (Progne subis) and Cactus Wren 

(Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus). Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), White-winged Doves 

(Zenaida asiatica) and other birds nest on the arms of the plant. Carnegiea gigantea is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 (recorded as Cereus giganteus Engelm., Pages 

108-111, color photographs including habitat), 13 (color photographs including habitat with associated 

species: Plates C.2 and D.3), 15 (color photograph on Page 77 includes habitat and associated species), 

16, 18, 26 (color photograph), 27 (recorded as Cereus giganteus, Pages 64-65, color photographs: Plates 

39, 39A & 39B, Page 102), 28 (recorded as Cereus giganteus, color photograph), 38 (color photograph), 

43 (011610), 45 (color photograph), 46 (Page 569), 48 (recorded as Cereus giganteus), 52 (recorded as 

Cereus giganteus, color photograph), 53 (recorded as Cereus giganteus Engelm.), 58 (recorded as Cereus 

giganteus Engelm.), 63 (011610 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #63), 85 (011610 - color 

presentation), 86 (recorded as Cereus gigantea, color photograph), 91, 107, 115 (color presentation), 119, 

127, 134, 138, HR, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Cereus giganteus (see Carnegiea gigantea) 

Cereus thurberi (see Stenocereus thurberi) 

Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa (G. Engelmann & J. Bigelow) F.M. Knuth var. acanthocarpa: Buckhorn 

Cholla 

SYNONYMY: Opuntia acanthocarpa G. Engelmann & J. Bigelow, Opuntia acanthocarpa G. 

Engelmann & J. Bigelow var. acanthocarpa. COMMON NAMES: Buck-horn Cholla. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent shrub (40 inches to 10 feet in height, one plant was described as 

being 32 inches in height and 40 inches in width, one plant was described as being 4 feet in height and 40 

inches in width, one plant was described as being 4 feet in height and width, one plant was described as 

being 78 inches in height and 10 feet in width); the stems are bluish-gray-green or green; the spines are 

brown, dark brown, golden-yellow, reddish-brown or tan turning gray with age; the glochids are yellow; 

the flowers (1 to 1¼ inches in diameter) are bronze, green-yellow, yellow or yellow-green sometimes

tinged with brown-orange or reddish-orange; the anthers are yellow; based on just a few flowering 

records located flowering generally takes place between late March and late May (flowering records: one 

for late March, seven for mid-May and one for late May); the mature spiny, dry fruits (1¼ inches in length 

and 5/8 to3/4 inch in diameter) are brown or tan. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; mountaintops; canyons; rocky hillsides; rocky and sandy slopes; along 

drainages, and mesquite bosques growing in dry rocky, gravelly and sandy ground, occurring from 1,300 

to 4,700 feet in elevation in the woodland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant 

may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. This plant (Opuntia acanthocarpa) was 

reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be investigated to determine 

its value as a home garden or commercial food crop. Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa var. acanthocarpa is 

native to southwest-central North America. *12 (recorded as Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow 

var. acanthocarpa, Pages 35 & 37), 26 (genus, recorded as Opuntia), 27 (recorded as Cylindropuntia 

acanthocarpa (Engelmann & Bigelow) F.M. Knuth, Page 17), 28 (species, color photograph of Opuntia 

acanthocarpa), 43 (011710 - Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa (Engelm. & J.M. Bigelow) F.M. Knuth, 

Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & J.M. Bigelow), 45 (color photograph of species), 46 (recorded as 

Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigel., Page 585), 48 (genus, recorded as Opuntia), 53 (recorded as 

Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigel.), 63 (011810 - color presentation), 85 (011810), 115 (color 

presentation of species), 119 (recorded as Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm.), 127, 138 (recorded as 

Opuntia acanthocarpa)* 

Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa (G. Engelmann & J. Bigelow) F.M. Knuth var. major (G. Engelmann 

& J. Bigelow) D.J. Pinkava: Buckhorn Cholla 

SYNONYMY: Opuntia acanthocarpa G. Engelmann & J. Bigelow var. major (G. Engelmann & 

J. Bigelow) L.D. Benson, Opuntia acanthocarpa G. Engelmann & J. Bigelow var. ramosa R.H. Peebles. 

COMMON NAMES: Buckhorn Cholla, Major Cholla. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stemsucculent 

shrub (2 to 7 feet in height, one plant was described as being 2 feet in height and 8 inches in 

width, one plant was described as being 32 inches in height with a crown 5 feet in width, one plant was 

described as being 32 inches in height with a crown 6 feet in width, one plant was described as being 4 

feet in height and width, one plant was described as being 4 feet in height with a crown 87 inches in 

width, one plant was described as being 5 feet in height and width, one plant was described as being 5 feet 

in height with a crown 98 inches in width, one plant was described as being 6 feet in height with a crown 

79 inches in width); the stems are grayish-blue-green or dark green; the spines are dark brown, gray with 

dark brown tips, purple-brown or red-brown; the flowers (1 to 1¾ inches in diameter) may be brick-red, 

bronze-red, bronze-yellow, brick-orange, golden, magenta, orange, pink, purple, red, red-pinkish or 

yellow; the anthers are yellow; flowering generally takes place between early March and early June 

(additional records: two for early January and two for early August); the mature spiny, dry fruits (1/2 to 

7/8 inch in length and ½ to 1 inch in diameter) are brown, light charcoal, gray, grey-beige or tan. 


rocky-sandy mesas; buttes; ridges; ridgelines; gravelly hills; hilltops; rocky hillsides; rocky slopes; 

gravelly-loamy and sandy bajadas; gravelly and sandy flats; basins; along gravelly-sandy washes, and 

margins of washes growing in dry rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground and 

gravelly loam, clayey loam and loam ground, occurring from 800 to 3,800 feet in elevation in the scrub, 


restored native habitat. The species (Opuntia acanthocarpa) was reported to have been utilized by native 

peoples of North America and could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or 

commercial food crop. The change in nomenclature in USDA NRCS has not been recognized in BONAP, 

species remains as Opuntia acanthocarpa (accessed 041806). Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa var. major is 

native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 (recorded as Opuntia acanthocarpa 

Engelmann & Bigelow var. major (Engelmann & Bigelow) L. Benson, Page 35 & 37), 26 (genus, 

recorded as Opuntia), 27 (Page 19, color photograph: Plates 14 & 14A, Page 96), 28 (recorded as 

Opuntia acanthocarpa, color photograph of species), 43 (011710 - Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa

(Engelm. & J.M. Bigelow) F.M. Knuth var. major (Engelm.) Pinkava, Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & 

J.M. Bigelow var. major (Engelm. & J.M. Bigelow) L.D. Benson, Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & J.M. 

Bigelow var. ramosa Peebles), 45 (color photograph of species), 46 (recorded as Opuntia acanthocarpa 

Engelm. & Bigel. var. ramosa Peebles, Page 585), 48 (genus, recorded as Opuntia), 53 (species, recorded 

as Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigel.), 63 (011710 - color presentation), 77 (recorded as Opuntia 

acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigel. var. major (Engelm. & Bigel.) L. Benson, color photograph labeled 

Opuntia acanthocarpa #66), 85 (011710 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation of species), 119 

(species, recorded as Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm.), 127, HR, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Cylindropuntia arbuscula (G. Engelmann) F.M. Knuth: Arizona Pencil Cholla 

SYNONYMY: Opuntia arbuscula G. Engelmann. COMMON NAMES: Arizona Pencil Cholla, 

Bush Pencil Cholla, Pencil Cholla. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent shrub (20 

inches to 12 feet in height, one plant reported to be 5 feet in height had a crown 5 feet in width, one plant 

reported to be 78 inches in height had a crown 102 inches in width, one plant reported to be 7 feet in 

height had a crown 66 inches in width); the stems are blue-green, dull green or yellow-green; the spines 

are pale yellow or red-brown turning black with age; the glochids are pale yellow; the flowers (¾ to 1½ 

inches in diameter) are dark bronze, brown, green, greenish-yellow tinged with red, orange-bronze, 

orange-yellow, red, terra cotta, pale yellow-green or yellow-green; the anthers are yellow; flowering 

generally takes place between early April and early June (additional record: one for late July); the 

spineless fleshy pear-shaped fruits (1/2 to 7/8 inch in diameter and 1 to 1¼ inches in length) are green 

with a pink blush, green tinged with purple or red or yellow-green. HABITAT: Within the range of this 

species it has been reported from rocky canyon bottoms; hills; rocky hillsides; rocky, sandy and siltyloamy 

slopes; rocky and gravelly bajadas; plains; gravelly, sandy, sandy-loamy and silty flats; basins; 

valley floors; along gravelly roadsides; along arroyos; within gullies; riverbeds; along gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy washes; along drainages; floodplains, and mesquite bosques growing in damp and dry 

desert pavement; rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; sandy loam and silty loam ground, 

and silty ground, occurring from 600 to 4,700 feet in elevation in the grassland and desertscrub ecological 

formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. This plant 

was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be investigated to 

determine its value as a home garden or commercial food crop. The fruit is eaten by browsing animals 

including the Javelina (Peccari tajacu subsp. sonoriensis). The change in nomenclature in USDA NRCS 

has not been recognized in BONAP, species remains as Opuntia arbuscula (accessed 041806). 

Cylindropuntia arbuscula is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 (recorded 

as Opuntia arbuscula Engelm., Pages 58-59), 15 (recorded as Opuntia arbuscula Engelm.), 26 (genus, 

recorded as recorded as Opuntia), 27 (Page 3, color photograph: Plate 3, Page 94), 28 (color photograph, 

recorded as Opuntia arbuscula), 43 (011710), 45 (color photograph), 46 (recorded as Opuntia arbuscula 

Engelm., Page 584), 48 (genus, recorded as recorded as Opuntia), 58 (recorded as Opuntia arbuscula 

Engelm.), 63 (011710 - color presentation), 77 (recorded as Opuntia arbuscula Engelm.), 85 (011710 - 

color presentation), 91, 115 (color presentation), 119 (recorded as Opuntia arbuscula Engelm.), 127, HR* 

Cylindropuntia bigelovii (G. Engelmann) F.M. Knuth: Teddybear Cholla 

SYNONYMY: Opuntia bigelovii G. Engelmann. COMMON NAMES: Arizona Jumping Cactus, 

“Ball” Cholla, Cholla Guera, Go'te (Seri), Jumping Cactus, Jumping Cholla, Silver Cholla, Teddybear 

Cactus, Teddy Bear Cholla, Teddy-bear Cholla, Teddybear Cholla. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial 

stem-succulent subshrub or shrub (20 inches to 10 feet in height, one plant was reported to be just over 8 

feet in height and 40 inches in width with 2 to 3 main trunks); the central trunk is black or dark brown; 

older branches are dark-brown; the stems (3 to 10 inches in length and 1¼ to 2½ inches in diameter) are 

bluish, light green, green or bluish-green; the spines are golden, silvery, tan, pale yellow or yellow aging 

to dark brown; the glochids are yellow; the flowers (1 to 1½ inches in diameter) may be chartreuseyellow, 

cream tinged with rose, green, green-yellow, greenish-yellow, magenta, pink, white-yellow, 

yellow tinged with red-purple or white tinged with lavender; the anthers are yellow, deep yellow, yellow-

orange or deep yellow-orange; the stigma lobes are cream, dark chartreuse-green, green, dark green or 

olive green; flowering generally takes place between early March and mid-June (additional records: one 

for late January, one for early February, one for early September, one for mid-November, two for late 

November and one for early December); the nearly spineless fruits (½ to ¾ inch in length and ½ to ¾ inch 

in diameter) are greenish-yellow, yellow or yellow-green and fleshy when ripe. HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky and sandy mountainsides; canyons; 

canyon bottoms; cliffs; talus slopes; bluffs; rocky ridges; rocky ridgetops; rocky foothills; rocky and 

sandy hills; rocky hillsides; rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly and sandy slopes; rocky alluvial 

fans; gravelly-loamy bajadas; plains; cobbly-silty, gravelly and silty flats; basins; valley floors; along 

roadsides; arroyos; along and in rocky, gravelly and sandy washes; sandy drainages; benches; lowlands, 

and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly and 

sandy ground; gravelly loam and silty loam ground; clay ground, and cobbly-silty and silty ground, 

occurring from sea level to 4,400 feet in elevation in the scrub and desertscrub ecological formations. 



as a home garden or commercial food crop. This is the spiniest of the cholla cacti in Arizona. Thomas 

Kearney and Robert Peebles in their book Arizona Flora had this to say about the Teddybear Cholla: “The 

combination of barbed spines and densely armed, easily detached joints has earned profound respect for 

this formidable cholla.” Teddy-bear Chollas may live to be 60 or more years of age. The Teddybear 

Cholla is a preferred nesting site of the Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus). Pack Rats 

(Neotoma sp.) use the joints of this plant in the construction of their nests. The change in nomenclature in 

USDA NRCS has not been recognized in BONAP, species remains as Opuntia bigelovii (accessed 

041806). Cylindropuntia bigelovii is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 

(recorded as Opuntia bigelovii Engelm., Pages 50, 52 & 54-55), 15 (recorded as Opuntia bigelovii 

Engelm., color photograph on Page 77 includes habitat and associated species), 18, 26 (genus, recorded as 

Opuntia), 27 (Page 5, color photographs including habitat: Plates 5 & 5A, Page 94), 28 (recorded as 

Opuntia bigelovii, color photograph), 43 (052110), 45 (color photograph), 46 (recorded as Opuntia 

bigelovii Engelm., Page 584), 48, 63 (052110 - color presentation including habitat), 77 (recorded as 

Opuntia bigelovii Engelm., color photograph #13), 85 (052110 - color presentation), 86 (color 

photograph), 91 (recorded as Opuntia bigelovii Engelm.), 115 (color presentation), 119 (recorded as 

Opuntia bigelovii Engelm.), 127, 138 (recorded as Opuntia bigelovii), HR* 

Opuntia bigelovii (see Cylindropuntia bigelovii) 

Cylindropuntia fulgida (G. Engelmann) F.M. Knuth var. fulgida: Jumping Cholla 

SYNONYMY: Opuntia fulgida G. Engelmann, Opuntia fulgida G. Engelmann var. fulgida. 

COMMON NAMES: Chain Cholla, Chain-fruit Cholla, Cholla, Cholla Brincadora, Choya, Jumping 

Cahin-fruit Cholla, Jumping Cholla, Sonora Jumping Cholla, Velas de Ccoyote. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent shrub or tree (3 to 15 feet in height, one plant was reported as being 

4¼ feet in height and 40 inches in width, one plant was reported as being 4¼ feet in height and 8¼ feet in 

width, one plant was reported as being 6½ feet in height and 5 feet in width, one plant was reported as 

being 10 feet in height and 13 feet in width); the stems are green or purple; the spines are golden-yellow 

turning brown with age; the flowers (¾ to 1 inch in diameter) are cream-yellow, pink, pink-purple, purple, 

purple-pink, red-purple, rose-pink or yellow tinged with pink; the anthers are white; flowering generally 

takes place between mid-April and mid-September (additional record: one for early December); the 

smooth fleshy fruits (¾ to 2 inches in length and ¾ to 1 inch in diameter) are gray-green, green or purple 

forming clusters or pendulant “chains”. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported 

from mountains; mesas; canyons; ledges; ridges; hills; hillsides; rocky, gravelly-loamy and sandy slopes; 

gravelly bajadas; plains; rocky-gravelly, gravelly, sandy and sandy-silty flats; along valley floors; along 

rocky-gravelly and sandy roadsides; along creeks; along and in washes; banks of streams, creeks and 

washes; edges of washes; terraces, and floodplains growing in dry desert pavement; rocky, rocky-gravelly,

gravelly and sandy soils; gravelly loam and silty-clayey loam ground; clay ground, and sandy silty 

ground, occurring from 800 to 4,100 feet in elevation in the grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 



determine its value as a home garden or commercial food crop. Each year, following flowering, additional 

fruits are added to the end of the chains. Chain-fruit Chollas may live to be from 40 to 80 years of age. 

The Chain-fruit Cholla is a preferred nesting site of the Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus). 

The Costa’s Hummingbird (Calypte costae) has been observed visiting the flowers. Deer and Javelina 

feed on the fruits. The change in nomenclature in USDA NRCS has not been recognized in BONAP, 

species remains as Opuntia fulgida (accessed 041806). Cylindropuntia fulgida var. fulgida is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 (recorded as Opuntia fulgida Engelm. var. 

fulgida, Pages 49-52), 15 (recorded as Opuntia fulgida Engelm. var. fulgida), 16 (recorded as Opuntia 

fulgida Engelm.), 26 (genus, recorded as Opuntia), 27 (species, Pages 10-11, color photograph: Plate 10, 

Page 96), 28 (recorded as Opuntia fulgida, color photograph), 43 (011810), 45 (species, color photograph 

of species), 46 (recorded as Opuntia fulgida Engelm., Page 585), 48 (genus, recorded as Opuntia), 52 

(recorded as Opuntia fulgida, color photograph), 53 (recorded as Opuntia fulgida Engelm.), 63 (011810 - 

color presentation), 77 (recorded as Opuntia fulgida Engelm. var. fulgida), 85 (011810 - color 

presentation), 91 (recorded as Opuntia fulgida Engelm. var. fulgida), 115 (color presentation of species), 

119 (recorded as Opuntia fulgida Engelm.), 127, 138 (recorded as Opuntia fulgida), WTK (July 4, 

2005)* 

Cylindropuntia leptocaulis (A.P. de Candolle) F.M. Knuth: Christmas Cactus 

SYNONYMY: Opuntia leptocaulis A.P. de Candolle. COMMON NAMES: Agujilla, Alfilerillo 

(Spanish), Catalineria (Spanish), Christmas Cactus, Christmas Cholla, Darning Needle Cactus, Desert 

Christmas Cactus, Desert Christmas Cholla, Diamond Cactus, Holycross Cholla, Naf (or Nav?, Gila River 

Pima), Pencil Cactus, Pencil Cholla, Pencil-joint Cholla, Pipestem Cactus, Rat-tail Cactus, Rattail Cactus, 

Slender-stem Cactus, Tajasilla, Tasajilla (Hispanic), Tasajillo (Spanish), Tasajo (Spanish), Tesajo 

(Hispanic), Tesajo Cactus (Christmastree Cacti). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent 

shrub (1 to 6 feet in height (sometimes becoming vine-like and growing upwards with support 8 to 15 feet 

in height), one plant was reported as being 2 feet in height and 2 feet in width, one plant was reported as 

being 30 inches in height and 5 feet in width, one plant was reported as being 40 inches in height and 5 

feet in width, one plant was reported as being 4 feet in height and 8 feet in width, one plant was reported 

as being 5 feet in height and 8¼ feet in width); the stems are gray-green, green, purplish or yellow-green; 

the spines gray-brown, purple-brown, red-brown or yellow-brown often being paler toward the tip; the 

glochids are reddish-brown or yellow; the anthers are yellow; the flowers (3/8 to 3/4 inch in diameter) are 

bronze, cream, light green-cream, cream-yellow, green, green-yellow, greenish-cream, greenish-yellow, 

pale yellow, yellow or whitish; flowering generally takes place between late March and late June 

(additional records: two for mid-July, one for late July, one for early August, one for early October, one 

for mid-October and one for late October); the spineless (with glochids) fleshy fruits (1/2 to 3/4 inch in 

length and 1/4 to 7/16 inch in diameter) are coral, orange, orange-red, red, reddish-orange, scarlet, scarletred 

or yellow when mature. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; sandy mountainsides; rocky-sandy and silty mesas; along cliffs; rocky canyons; rocky canyon 

bottoms; rocky talus slopes; rocky ledges; gravelly ridges; foothills; rocky and rocky-gravelly hills; 

hilltops; rocky hillsides; rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy-loamy, sandy and silty-loamy slopes; clayeyloamy 

alluvial fans; gravelly, gravelly-silty and sandy bajadas; rocky and gypsum outcrops; amongst 

cobbles; sand hills; sandy lava flows; lava beds; breaks; sandy and clayey-loamy plains; rocky-sandy, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy flats; basins; valley floors; gravelly and gravelly-sandy roadsides; 

within gravelly and sandy arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; along ravines; riverbeds; along and in rocky, 

gravelly and sandy washes; sandy drainages; along cobbly-sandy banks of rivers and drainages; edges of 

arroyos, ravines and washes; rocky and sandy benches; terraces; bottomlands; floodplains; along 

fencelines; along ditches; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; rocky,

ocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, cobbly-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; gravelly-sandy 

loam, clayey loam, silty loam and loam ground; rocky-sandy clay and loamy clay ground, and gravelly 

silty and silty ground often found growing within grasses, shrubs or trees, occurring from sea level to 




as a home garden or commercial food crop. The Desert Christmas Cactus is believed to have a life span of 

about 50 years. A high mortality rate is to be expected with plants coming into contact with fire. 

Hummingbirds have been observed visiting the flowers; the fruits are eaten by birds and small mammals, 

and Cochineal Scale (Dactylophius coccus) has been observed growing on this plant. The change in 

nomenclature in USDA NRCS has not been recognized in BONAP, species remains as Opuntia 

leptocaulis (accessed 041806). Cylindropuntia leptocaulis is native to southwest-central and southern 

North America. *5, 6, 12 (recorded as Opuntia leptocaulis DC., Pages 56-58), 15 (recorded as Opuntia 

leptocaulis DC.), 16 (recorded as Opuntia leptocaulis DC.), 18, 26 (genus, recorded as Opuntia), 27 

(Page 2, color photograph: Plate 2, Page 94), 28 (recorded as Opuntia leptocaulis, color photograph), 43 

(011910), 45 (color photograph), 46 (recorded as Opuntia leptocaulis DC., Page ), 48 (genus, recorded as 

Opuntia), 58 (recorded as Opuntia leptocaulis DC.), 63 (011910 - color presentation), 77 (recorded as 

Opuntia leptocaulis DC.), 85 (011910 - color presentation), 86 (recorded as Opuntia leptocaulis, color 

photograph), 91 (recorded as Opuntia leptocaulis DC.), 115 (color presentation), 119 (recorded as 

Opuntia leptocaulis DC.), 127, 138 (recorded as Opuntia leptocaulis), WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Cylindropuntia spinosior (G. Engelmann) F.M. Knuth: Walkingstick Cactus 

SYNONYMY: Opuntia spinosior (G. Engelmann) J.W. Toumey. COMMON NAMES: Cane 

Cholla, Cardenche, Handgrip Cholla, Spiny Cholla, Tasajo, Tourney-cane Cholla (Arizona), Walkingstick 

Cactus, Walking Stick Cholla. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent shrub (16 inches to 

10 feet in height, one plant was described as being 6½ feet in height and 5 to 6½ feet in width, one plant 

was described as being 6½ feet in height and 10 feet in width); the stems may be brown-green, grayishmaroon, 

grayish-purple, green, purple or purplish-green; the spines may be brown, gray, pale pink, pink, 

purplish-gray, reddish-gray or tan; the glochids may be tan, yellow or yellowish-white aging to gray; the 

flowers (1¾ to 2 inches in diameter) may be bronze-purple, brown, greenish-yellow, magenta, magentared, 

maroon, orange, pink, dark pink, light purple, purple, purple-pink, red, dark red, red-purple, red & 

yellow, saffron, salmon-pink, terra-cotta, white or yellow; the anthers are yellow; flowering generally 

takes place between early April and early August (additional records: three for early January, two for early 

February and one for late September); the fleshy ripe fruits (1 to 1¾ inches in length and ¾ to 1 inch in 

diameter) are bright lemon-yellow, red, bright yellow, pale yellow, yellow, yellow-green, yellowish-green 

or yellow with a reddish cast and remain on the plant for some time. HABITAT: Within the range of this 

species it has been reported from mountains; mountaintops; mountainsides; mesas; rocky canyons; 

canyon bottoms; talus, ridgelines; foothills; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; along rocky, rocky-sandy and 

sandy slopes; bajadas; rock outcrops; amongst rocks; plains; gravelly, gravelly-sandy and silty flats; 

grassy valley floors; roadsides; arroyos; rocky draws; springs; along creeks; creekbeds; along sandy 

washes; drainages; along drainage ways; sandy flood channels; terraces; floodplains; mesquite bosques; 

riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

ground; silty-clayey loam, silty loam and loam ground, and silty ground, occurring from 900 to 7,200 feet 

in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 



as a home garden or commercial food crop. The Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) nests in 

the branches. The change in nomenclature in USDA NRCS has not been recognized in BONAP, species 

remains as Opuntia spinosior (accessed 041806). Cylindropuntia spinosior is native to southwest-central 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 (recorded as Opuntia spinosior (Engelm.) Toumey, Pages 39-43, 

color photograph), 15 (recorded as Opuntia spinosior (Engelm.) Toumey), 16 (recorded as Opuntia

spinosior (Engelm.) Toumey), 26 (genus, recorded as Opuntia), 27 (Page 14, color photograph: Plate 12, 

Page 96), 28 (color photograph), 43 (063009), 45 (color photographs), 46 (recorded as Opuntia spinosior 

(Engelm. & Bigel.) Toumey, Page 585), 48 (genus, recorded as Opuntia), 53, 58 (recorded as Opuntia 

spinosior (Engelm.) Toumey), 63 (011910 - color presentation), 77 (recorded as Opuntia spinosior 

(Engelm.) Toumey), 85 (012010 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 119, 127, 138 (recorded as 

Opuntia spinosior)* 

Echinocactus horizonthalonius C. Lemaire: Devilshead 

COMMON NAMES: Arizona’s Turk’s-head (E.h. var. nicholii), Bisnaga Manca Caballo, Bisnaga 

Meloncillo, Blue Barrel, Blue Barrel Cactus, Devil-head Cactus, Devil’s Head, Eagle-claw Cactus, 

Eagle’s Claw, Horse Crippler, Mancacaballo (Spanish), Mancamula (Spanish), Manco Mula, Melon 

Cactus, Meloncillo, Nichol Echinocactus, Nichol Turk’s Head Cactus, Nichol Turk’s-head Cactus, Nichol 

Turkshead, Nichol Woolly-headed Cactus, Nichol’s Echinocactus, Nichol’s Turk’s-head Cactus (E.h. var. 

nicholii), Turk’s Head, Turk’s-head (E.h. var. nicholii), Silverbell Cactus, Visnaga (Spanish), Viznaga 

Meloncillo (Spanish). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent shrub (4 to 16 inches in 

height and 4 to 8 inches in diameter); the stems may be ashy-green, blue-green, bluish-green, pale graygreen, 

gray-green or purplish; the central spines may be ashy-white, black, pale gray, gray, pinkish-gray 

or purplish with red or red & yellow; the stigma lobes are pink; the flowers (2 to 2¾ inches in diameter) 

are light pink, pink, pink (magenta), dark pink or bright purple; flowering generally takes place between 

late April and mid-July (flowering ending as late as September and into November has been reported); the 

semi-dry fruits (1 inch in length and ½ inch in diameter) are pink or red drying to brown with white 

woolly hairs. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; ridges; 

hills; slopes; gravelly bajadas; alluvial plains; flats; valley floors, and terraces growing in dry gravelly 

soils, occurring from 2,000 to 3,600 feet in elevation in the woodland and desertscrub ecological 

formations. NOTES: This is a PERIPHERAL POPULATION. Echinocactus horizonthalonius is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 8, 9, 12 (Pages 173-175), 18 (genus), 27 (Page 116, 

color photograph: Plate 57, Page 105), 28 (color photograph), 43 (063010), 45 (color photograph), 46 

(Page 573), 63 (063010 - color presentation), 85 (070110 - color presentation, unable to access species 

information), 91, 138* 

Echinocactus horizonthalonius C. Lemaire var. nicholii L.D. Benson: Nichol’s Echinocactus 

COMMON NAMES: Arizona’s Turk’s-head, Bisnaga Manca Caballo, Bisnaga Meloncillo, Blue 

Barrel, Devil’s Head, Eagle’s Claw, Eagle’s Claw Cactus, Horse Crippler, Manco Mula, Meloncillo, 

Nichol Echinocactus, Nichol Echinocactus, Nichol Turk’s Head Cactus, Nichol Turk’s-head Cactus, 

Nichol Turkshead, Nichol Woolly-headed Cactus, Nichol’s Echinocactus, Nichol’s Turk’s-head Cactus, 

Nichol Turk’s Head Cactus, Nichol Turk’s-head Cactus, Nichol Turkshead, Nichol Woolly-headed Cactus, 

Turk’s Head, Turk’s-head. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent shrub (4 to 20 inches in 

height and 5 to 8 inches in diameter); the stems are blue-green, bluish-green or gray-green; the central 

spines may be black, gray or dark gray with red; the flowers (2 to 2¾ inches in diameter) are light pink, 

pink, pink (magenta), dark pink or bright purple; flowering generally takes place between May and June 

(flowering ending as late as September has been reported); the dry fruits (1 inch in length and ½ inch in 

diameter) are pink or red drying to brown and covered with white woolly hairs. HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; ridges; hills; slopes; gravelly bajadas; alluvial 

plains; flats; valley floors, and terraces growing in dry gravelly soils, occurring from 2,000 to 3,600 feet 

in elevation in the woodland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: These very slow-growing 

plants may only be 2 inches in height after ten to thirty-two years with plants possibly living to be 85 to 

95 years of age. This is a PERIPHERAL POPULATION. Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. nicholii is 

native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 8, 9, 12 (Page 175), 18 (genus), 27 

(species, Page 116, color photograph: Plate 57, Page 105), 28 (species, color photograph of species), 43 

(063010 - Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. nicholii L. Benson in L. Benson), 45 (color photograph), 46

(species, Page 573), 63 (063010), 85 (070110 - color presentation, unable to access species information), 

91, HR* 

Echinocactus wislizeni (see Ferocactus wislizeni) 

Echinocereus engelmannii (C.C. Parry ex G. Engelmann) C. Lemaire var. acicularis L. Benson: 

Engelmann’s Hedgehog Cactus 

COMMON NAMES: Engelmann’s Hedgehog Cactus, Needle-spine Hedgehog, Needle-spined 

Hedgehog Cactus, Strawberry Hedgehog Cactus. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent 

shrub (stems 6 to 15 inches in height and 1½ to 2½ inches in diameter in clusters of 5 to 25, or as many as 

50 or more stems); the stems (6 to 8 inches in height and 1½ to 2½ inches in diameter, stems up to 24 

inches in length were reported) are green; the long needle-like spines are pink or yellow; the flowers (2¼ 

to 2½ inches in diameter) are magenta or purple; flowering generally takes place between early March to 

early May (additional records: one for mid-June and one for mid-July); the ripe fruits (1½ inches in 

length) are purple or red. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; sandy mountainsides; mesas; canyons; ledges; rocky ridges; rocky hills; rocky; gravelly and 

sandy hillsides; rocky slopes; gravelly-sandy and sandy bajadas; amongst rocks; on boulders and rocks; 

amongst rocks; sand dunes; plains; desert flats; basins; valley floors, and along and in sandy washes 

growing in dry bouldery, rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground, occurring from 700 to 3,700 

feet in elevation in the desertscrub ecological formation. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive 

component of a restored native habitat. The species, Echinocereus engelmannii, was reported to have 


home garden or commercial food crop. The fruits may be eaten by birds and rodents. Echinocereus 

engelmannii var. acicularis is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 (Pages 

138-139 & 140, color photograph), 18 (species), 27 (recorded as Echinocereus engelmannii Parry var. 

acicularis L. Benson, Page 86, color photograph: Plates 54 & 54A, Page 105), 28 (species, color 

photograph of species), 43 (070210 - Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) Rümpler in C.F. 

Först. var. acicularis L.D. Benson in L.D. Benson), 45 (species, color photograph of species), 46 (species, 

Page 571), 48 (genus), 63 (070210), 85 (070210 - color presentation, unable to access species 

information), 119 (species, recorded as Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry) Rümpler), 127 (species), HR* 

Echinocereus engelmannii var. nicholii (see Echinocereus nicholii) 

Echinocereus fasciculatus (G. Engelmann ex B.D. Jackson) L.D. Benson: Pinkflower Hedgehog 

Cactus 

SYNONYMY: Echinocereus fasciculatus (G. Engelmann) L.D. Benson var. fasciculatus, 

Echinocereus fendleri (G. Engelmann) F. Sencke ex J.N. Haage var. fasciculatus (G. Engelmann ex B.D. 

Jackson) N.P. Taylor, Echinocereus fendleri (G. Engelmann) F. Sencke ex J.N. Haage var. robustus (R.H. 

Peebles) L.D. Benson, Mammillaria fasciculata G. Engelmann ex B.D. Jackson. COMMON NAMES: 

Bundle Hedgehog, Bundle Hedgehog Cactus, Bundle-spine Hedgehog, Magenta-flower Hedgehog 

Cactus, Pinkflower Hedgehog Cactus, Robust Hedgehog, Robust Hedgehog Cactus, Short-spine 

Strawberry Cactus, Strawberry Cactus. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent shrub 

(stems 2 to 18 inches in height and 1½ to 3 inches in width either single or in clusters of up to 30 stems, 

one plant was reported to have 150 stems); the stems are green or dark green; the spines often with zones 

of differing colors including black, gray, grayish-black-purplish, reddish-brown, whitish or yellowish 

turning gray with age; the flowers (2 to 3 inches in diameter) are cerise, lavender-pink, pale magenta, 

magenta, magenta-maroon, magenta-pink, magenta-purple, magenta-red, pink, pink-purple, purple, 

reddish-purple, rose-pink or white; the anthers are yellow; the stigma lobes are green, dark green or olive 

green; flowering generally takes place between late March and late June (additional records: one for early 

October, one for mid-October, one for late October, two for early November and one for early December); 

the mature fruits (¾ to 1¼ inches in length and ½ to 1 inch in diameter) are orange-red or bright red.

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; cliffs; canyons; 

canyonsides; bases of cliffs; buttes; knolls; ledges; ridges; along rocky and stony ridgetops; foothills; 

rocky, gravelly and sandy hills; rocky hilltops; rocky and sandy hillsides; rocky, stony and gravelly 

slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst rocks and gravels, plains; gravelly flats; valley floors; along 

cobbly creeks; along and in washes; rocky and sandy banks, and floodplains growing in dry rocky, rockygravelly, 

stony, cobbly, gravelly and sandy ground, occurring from 1,800 to 6,300 feet in elevation in the 

woodland, scrub, grassland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an 

attractive component of a restored native habitat. The species, Echinocereus fendleri, was reported to 

have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be investigated to determine its value as 

a home garden or commercial food crop. The fruits are eaten by birds and other animals. Echinocereus 

fasciculatus is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 8, 12 (color photograph - 

recorded as Echinocereus fasciculatus (Engelm.) L. Benson var. fasciculatus, Pages 132-135), 15 

(recorded as Echinocereus fasciculatus (Engelm.) L. Benson var. fasciculatus), 16 (recorded as 

Echinocereus fasciculatus (Engelm.) L. Benson), 27 (Page 81, color photograph: Plate 50, Page 104), 43 

(012110), 45 (color photograph), 46 (recorded as Echinocereus fendleri (Engelm.) Rümpler var. robustus 

(Peebles) L. Benson, Page 572 and Echinocereus fendleri (Engelm.) Rümpler var. robustus (Peebles) L. 

Benson, Page 572), 48 (genus), 58 (recorded as Echinocereus fasciculatus (Engelm.) L. Benson var. 

fasciculatus), 63 (012110), 77 (recorded as Echinocereus fasciculatus (Engelm.) L. Benson, color 

photograph #64), 85 (012110 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 119 (species, recorded as 

Echinocereus fendleri (Engelm.) Rümpler), 127, 138, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Echinocereus fasciculatus var. fasciculatus (see Echinocereus fasciculatus) 

Echinocereus fendleri var. fasciculatus (see Echinocereus fasciculatus) 

Echinocereus fendleri var. robustus (see Echinocereus fasciculatus) 

Echinocereus nicholii (L.D. Benson) B.D. Parfitt: Nichol’s Hedgehog Cactus 

SYNONYMY: Echinocereus engelmannii (C.C. Parry ex G. Engelmann) C. Lemaire var. nicholii 

L. Benson. COMMON NAMES: Golden Hedgehog, Golden Hedgehog Cactus, Nichol Hedgehog, 

Nichol Hedgehog Cactus, Nichol’s Hedgehog, Nichol’s Hedgehog Cactus. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial stem-succulent shrub (erect to ascending stems 8 to 28 inches in height and 1½ to 3½ inches in 

diameter (one stem of approximately 5 feet in length was observed “running” along the ground) in 

clusters (clumps) of 10 to 30 stems); the stems are light green; the spines are golden-yellow, straw, pale 

translucent yellow, yellow or nearly white turning black or gray with age; the flowers (1½ to 2½ inches in 

diameter) are light lavender, lavender, pink or rose-pink; the anthers are yellow; flowering generally takes 

place between late March and mid-April (additional records: one for mid-June); the fleshy green fruits 

(1½ inches in length) turn bronze or red-brown with maturity and exposure to sun. HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; canyon rims; rocky canyons; ridges; along 

ridgetops and ridgelines; hills; rocky slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops, and rocky, gravelly and sandy flats 

growing in dry rocky, gravelly and sandy ground, occurring from 900 to 3,500 feet elevation in the 

desertscrub ecological formation. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored 

native habitat. Echinocereus nicholii is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 

(recorded as Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry) Lemaire var. nicholii L. Benson, Page 139 & 140), 27 

(recorded as Echinocereus engelmannii Parry var. nicholii L. Benson, Page 89, color photograph: Plate 

55, Page 105), 43 (070210 - Echinocereus engelmannii var. nicholii L.D. Benson), 45 (color photograph), 

46 (recorded as Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry) Rümpler var. nicholii L. Benson, Page 571), 48 

(genus), 63 (070207 - color presentation), 85 (100707 - color presentation including habitat, unable to 

access species information), 138 (recorded as Echinocereus engelmannii var. nicholii), WTK (July 4, 

2005)*

Ferocactus acanthodes (see Ferocactus cylindraceus var. cylindraceus) 

Ferocactus acanthodes var. acanthodes (see Ferocactus cylindraceus var. cylindraceus) 

Ferocactus acanthodes var. lecontei (see Ferocactus cylindraceus var. lecontei) 

Ferocactus cylindraceus (G. Engelmann) C.R. Orcutt: California Barrel Cactus 

COMMON NAMES: Barrel Cactus, Bisnaga, Biznaga, California Barrel Cactus, California 

Barrelcactus, California Fire Barrel, California Fire Barrel Cactus, Cliff Barrel Cactus, Compass Barrel 

Cactus, Compass Plant, Desert Barrel Cactus, Golden-spine Barrel Cactus, Golden-spined Barrel Cactus, 

Le Conte Barrel Cactus, Spiny Barrel, Mountain Barrel Cactus, Spiny Barrel Cactus. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent shrub (8 inches to 10 feet in height and 8 inches to 2 feet in width); 

the stem is blue-gray-green, blue-greenish-gray, green or yellow-green; the central and large radial spines 

are brown, creamy-yellow, golden-yellow, golden-yellow-pink, golden with reddish tints, gray, pink, 

pink-yellow, pinkish-gray with golden tips, red, dull red, reddish, white, whitish, yellow, yellowish or 

yellowish-red aging gray; the flowers (1¼ to 2½ inches in diameter) are maroon & yellow, maroon with 

cream-yellow or light yellow margins, orange to red with a darker red mid-stripe, yellow or yellow with a 

magenta or pink mid-stripe; the anthers are light cream, light yellow, yellow, dark yellow, light yellowcream, 

yellow-green or yellow-orange; the stigma lobes are light cream, light yellow, yellow to red; 

flowering generally takes place between late April and late June (additional records: one for early January, 

two for early March, two for mid-March, one for late March, two for early April, three for mid-July, four 

for late July, four for early August, one for mid-August, six for late August, one for early September, one 

for mid-September, seven for late September and one for late October); the ripe, fleshy scaly fruits (1¼ to 

1½ inches in length and ½ to ¾ inch in diameter) are reddish or yellow. HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from mountains; canyons; canyon walls; buttes; rocky ridges; ridgetops; 

rocky-gravelly saddles; rocky foothills; rocky and gravelly hills; rocky and gravelly hillsides; bouldery, 

rocky, rocky-sandy and gravelly-sandy-loamy slopes; sandy alluvial fans; bajadas; rocky outcrops; 

amongst boulders and rocks; sand dunes; plains; gravelly and sandy flats; valley floors; arroyos; gullies; 

along rocky and stony-gravelly washes; sandy watersheds; margins of washes, and disturbed areas 

growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, stony-gravelly, gravelly 

and sandy ground, and rocky loam, gravelly-sandy loam and loam ground, occurring from sea level to 

5,300 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: 

This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. The fruits and seeds are eaten by 

birds, rodents, Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and Javelina 

(Peccari tajacu), cactus beetles (including Moneilema gigas and others), jackrabbits, pack rats and 

Javelina (Peccari tajacu) feed on the plants. Ferocactus cylindraceus is native to southwest-central and 

southern North America. *5, 6, 12 (recorded as Ferocactus acanthodes (Lemaire) Britton & Rose, Pages 

164-167; Ferocactus acanthodes (Lemaire) Britton & Rose var. acanthodes, Page 165 & 167, and 

Ferocactus acanthodes (Lemaire) Britton & Rose var. LeContei (Engelm.) Lindsay, Pages 165-167), 18, 

26 (genus, color photograph), 27 (recorded as Ferocactus acanthodes (Lemaire) Britton & Rose, Page 

121 and Ferocactus acanthodes Lemaire var. LeContei (Engelmann) Lindsay, Page 122), 43 (052210), 45 

(color photograph), 46 (recorded as Ferocactus acanthodes (Lemaire) Britton & Rose, Page 573 and 

Ferocactus lecontei (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose, Pages 573-574), 63 (052210), 77 (color photograph #9), 85 

(052210 - color presentation including habitat), 86 (recorded as Ferocactus acanthodes, color 

photograph), 91* 

Ferocactus cylindraceus (G. Engelmann) C.R. Orcutt var. cylindraceus: California Barrel Cactus 

SYNONYMY: Ferocactus acanthodes (C. Lemaire) N.L. Britton & J.N. Rose, Ferocactus 

acanthodes (C. Lemaire) N.L. Britton & J.N. Rose var. acanthodes. COMMON NAMES: Barrel Cactus, 

Bisnaga, Biznaga, California Barrel Cactus, California fire Barrel, Compass Barrel Cactus, Compass 

Plant, Desert Barrel Cactus, Spiny Barrel, Mountain Barrel Cactus. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial

stem-succulent shrub (8 inches to 10 feet in height and 8 inches to 2 feet in width); the stem is green; the 

spines are golden with reddish tints, gray, pink, red, yellow or white; the flowers are yellow or yellow 

with a magenta or pink mid-stripe; flowering generally takes place between late April and late June 

(additional records: one for early January, one for early April, one for mid-July, one for late July, one for 

early August and one for late September); the ripe, fleshy scaly fruits are yellow. HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; canyon walls; buttes; ridges; hills; rocky and 

gravelly hillsides; gravelly-sandy-loamy slopes; sandy alluvial fans; bajadas; sand dunes; plains; gravelly 

and sandy flats; valley floors; sandy watersheds, and wash margins growing in dry rocky, gravelly and 

sandy ground and gravelly-sandy loam ground, occurring from 200 to 3,000 feet in elevation in the 

woodland, scrub and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive 

component of a restored native habitat. The fruits and seeds are eaten by birds, rodents, Mule Deer 

(Odocoileus hemionus), Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and Javelina (Peccari tajacu), cactus beetles 

(including Moneilema gigas and others), jackrabbits, pack rats and Javelina (Peccari tajacu) feed on the 

plants. Ferocactus cylindraceus var. cylindraceus is native to southwest-central and southern North 

America. *5, 6, 8, 12 (recorded as Ferocactus acanthodes (Lemaire) Britton & Rose, Pages 164-167 and 

Ferocactus acanthodes (Lemaire) Britton & Rose var. acanthodes, Page 165/167), 18 (species), 26 

(genus, color photograph of genus), 27 (Ferocactus acanthodes (Lemaire) Britton & Rose, Page 121, 

color photographs: Plates 61 and 61A Pages 106-107), 43 (052210), 45 (recorded as Ferocactus 

acanthodes, color photograph), 46 (recorded as Ferocactus acanthodes (Lemaire) Britton & Rose, Page 

573), 63 (052210 - color presentation), 85 (052210 - color presentation including habitat), 86 (recorded as 

Ferocactus acanthodes, color photograph), 91, 138 (recorded as Ferocactus acanthodes)* 

Ferocactus cylindraceus (G. Engelmann) C.R. Orcutt var. lecontei (G. Engelmann) H. Bravo Hollis: 

LeConte’s Barrel Cactus 

SYNONYMY: Ferocactus acanthodes (C. Lemaire) N.L. Britton & J.N. Rose var. lecontei (G. 

Engelmann) G. Lindsay, Ferocactus lecontei (G. Engelmann) N.L. Britton & J.N. Rose. COMMON 

NAMES: Barrel Cactus, Bisnaga, Biznaga, LeConte Barrel Cactus, LeConte’s Barrel Cactus, Spiny 

Barrel Cactus, Compass Plant. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent shrub (10 inches to 

10 feet in height and to 1 foot in diameter); the stems are green; the spines are gray (thin radials), pink, 

red, red tipped with yellow, reddish-yellow or yellow; the flowers (1½ to 2½ inches in diameter) are 

greenish-yellow or yellow; the stigma lobes are greenish-yellow; flowering generally takes place between 

early May and early July (additional records: one for mid-March, one for mid-July, one for late July, one 

for early August, one for mid-August and six for late September); the ripe, fleshy scaly fruits are yellow. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; canyons; canyon walls, 

ridges; ridgetops; rocky and gravelly hills, rocky hillsides, rocky and gravelly-loamy slopes, sandy 

alluvial fans, bajadas, amongst boulders; plains; sandy flats, valley floors; arroyos, and along washes 

growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, gravelly and sandy ground, and gravelly loam and loam 

ground, occurring from 1,000 to 4,000 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub and desertscrub ecological 

formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. The fruits 

and seeds are eaten by birds, rodents, Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Bighorn Sheep (Ovis 

canadensis) and Javelina (Peccari tajacu), cactus beetles (including Moneilema gigas and others), 

jackrabbits, pack rats and Javelina (Peccari tajacu) feed on the plants. Ferocactus cylindraceus var. 

lecontei is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 (recorded as Ferocactus 

acanthodes (Lemaire) Britton & Rose var. LeContei (Engelm.) Lindsay, Pages 165-166), 18 (species), 26 

(genus, color photograph of genus), 27 (recorded as Ferocactus acanthodes Lemaire var. LeContei 

(Engelmann) Lindsay, Page 122), 43 (052210), 45 (species, color photograph of species), 46 (recorded as 

Ferocactus lecontei (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose, Pages 573-574), 63 (052210), 85 (052210 - color 

presentation of dried material), 91, 119 (recorded as Ferocactus lecontei (Engelm.) B.&R.), HR* 

Ferocactus lecontei (see Ferocactus cylindraceus var. lecontei)

Ferocactus wislizeni (G. Engelmann) N.L. Britton & J.N. Rose: Candy Barrelcactus 

SYNONYMY: Echinocactus wislizeni G. Engelmann. COMMON NAMES: Arizona Barrel 

Cactus, Barrel Cactus, Bisnaga, Biznaga, Biznaga de Agua (Spanish), Biznagre, Candy Barrel, Candy 

Barrel Cactus, Candy Barrelcactus, Compass Barrel, Compass Plant, Fish-hook Barrel, Fishhook Barrel 

Cactus, Fishhook Cactus, Southwest Barrel Cactus, Southwestern Barrel Cactus, Visnaga, Viznaga 

Hembra (Spanish), Wislizenus Barrel, Yellow-spined Barrel Cactus. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial stem-succulent shrub or tree (1 to 11 feet in height and 8 to 40 inches in diameter); the stem is 

green or blue-gray-green; the central spines and larger radial spines are gray, dull pink, reddish or tan; the 

smaller radial spines are white; the flowers (1½ to 2½ inches in diameter) are orange, orange-yellow, 

orange-red, orange-yellow, parchment, pinkish-red, reddish, red-orange, yellow or yellow-orange; 

flowering generally takes place between mid-July and mid-October (additional records: one for early 

January, three for early March, five for mid-March, two for late March, one for early April, one for mid- 

April, one for late April and two for early June); the mature fruits (1¼ to 2 inches in length and 1 to 1½ 

inches in diameter) are greenish-brown, bright yellow or yellow-green and may remain on the plant until 

the next flowering period. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; rocky mountainsides; mesas; rocky canyons; canyon walls; sandy canyon bottoms; bluffs; 

foothills; bouldery, rocky, gravelly and sandy hills; hillsides; rocky, cobbly and clayey-loamy slopes; 

rocky, gravelly and sandy alluvial fans; bajadas; rocky outcrops; plains; rocky, gravelly and sandy flats; 

valley floors; along roadsides; arroyos; sandy bottoms of arroyos; along washes; rocky, gravelly and 

sandy margins of washes; floodplains, and mesquite bosques growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, 

rocky, cobbly, gravelly and sandy ground, and sandy-clayey loam and clayey loam ground, occurring 

from 500 to 5,600 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 



determine its value as a home garden or commercial food and/or beverage crop; it was also noted as 

having been used as a tool (the spines were heated and used to make fishing hooks). Fishhook Barrel 

Cacti are very slow to establish. A 4 year old plant may be no more than 1½ inches in height and 2 inches 

in width, and an 8 year old plant may be no more that 4¼ inches in height and 4¾ inches in width. The 

growth rate of propagated and cultivated barrel cacti is much faster. The life-span of Fishhook Barrel 

Cacti is reported to be from 50 to over 130 years of age. Some plants tend to lean to the south with age. 

Cristate forms have been reported. The fruits are eaten by Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Javelina 

(Peccari tajacu) and other animals, and the seeds are eaten by birds and rodents. Ferocactus wislizeni is 

native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 (Pages 166-170, color photograph), 

15, 16, 18, 26 (genus, color photograph of genus), 27 (Page 120, color photographs: Plates 60, 60A, 60B 

& 60C Pages 106), 28, 43 (063009 - Ferocactus wislizeni Britton & Rose), 45 (color photograph), 46 

(Page 573), 48 (genus), 58, 63 (012210 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #10), 85 (012210 - 

color presentation, also recorded as Ferocactus wislizeni var. wislizeni), 91, 115 (color presentation), 119, 

127, 138, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Ferocactus wislizeni var. wislizeni (see footnote 85 under Ferocactus wislizeni) 

Lemaireocereus thurberi (see Stenocereus thurberi) 

Mammillaria fasciculata (see Echinocereus fasciculatus and/or Mammillaria thornberi) 

Mammillaria grahamii G. Engelmann: Graham’s Nipple Cactus 

SYNONYMY: Mammillaria grahamii G. Engelmann var. grahamii G. Engelmann, Mammillaria 

grahamii G. Engelmann var. oliviae (C.R. Orcutt) L.D. Benson, Mammillaria microcarpa G. Engelmann, 

Mammillaria oliviae C.R. Orcutt. Neomammillaria microcarpa (G. Engelmann) N.L. Britton & J.N. 

Rose, Neomammillaria milleri N.L. Britton & J.N. Rose, Neomammillaria oliviae (C.R. Orcutt) N.L. 

Britton & J.N. Rose. COMMON NAMES: Arizona Fishhook, Arizona Fishhook Cactus, Biznaguita,

Cabeza de Viejo Cekida, Cactus, Corkseed Cactus, Fishhook Cactus, Fishhook Mammillaria, Fishhook 

Pincushion, Graham Fishhook, Graham Nipple Cactus, Graham’s Fishhook Cactus, Graham’s Nipple 

Cactus, Graham Pincushion Cactus, Lizard Catcher, Nipple Cactus, Olive Pincushion, Pin-cushion 

Cactus. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent shrub (1 to 12 inches in height and 1 to 3 

inches in diameter, one plant was reported to be 1¼ inches in height and 1½ inches in width); the stems 

are gray-green or green; the central spines are black, golden-brown, purplish-brown or reddish; the radial 

spines are whitish; the flowers (½ to 1½ inches in diameter) may be lavender, pink, pink with a darker 

mid-stripe, pink-lavender, rose-pink, rose-purple or white, the anther are yellow; the stigma lobes are 

green; flowering generally takes place between mid-May and early August and one week after a heavy 

rains between mid-March and late September; the mature club-shaped fruits (1/2 to 1 1/8 inches in length 

and 3/16 to 1/2 inch in diameter) are carmine, bright orange, orange-red, bright red, scarlet or yellow. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; sandy mountain 

slopes; rocky canyons; canyon bottoms; crevices in boulders and rocks; ridges; foothills; rocky and 

gravelly hills; rocky hillsides; rocky slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; bases 

of boulders; protected clefts; gravelly and sandy flats; valley floors; along and in bouldery and sandy 

washes; edges of streams, and riparian areas often in the shade of other plants growing in dry bouldery, 

rocky, gravelly and sandy ground; gravelly loam ground; clay ground; silty ground, and humusy ground, 

occurring from 200 to 5,200 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and 


habitat. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be 

investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food crop; it was also noted as having 

been used as a drug or medication. Birds and rodents feed on the fruits. Mammillaria grahamii is native 

to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 (recorded as Mammillaria grahamii Engelm., 

Pages 156 &159-161; Mammillaria grahamii Engelm. var. grahamii, Pages 159-160; Mammillaria 

grahamii Engelm. var. oliviae (Orcutt) L. Benson, Pages 160-161, and Mammillaria microcarpa Engelm., 

Pages 152-153 &156, color photographs), 15 (recorded as Mammillaria grahamii Engelm. var. grahamii; 

Mammillaria grahamii Engelm. var. oliviae (Orcutt) L. Benson, and Mammillaria microcarpa Engelm.), 

16 (recorded as Mammillaria microcarpa Engelm.), 18 (genus), 27 (recorded as Mammillaria grahamii, 

Page 172, color photograph: Plate 94, Page 113; Mammillaria grahamii Engelmann var. oliviae (Orcutt) 

L. Benson, Pages 173, color photograph: Plate 95, Page 113, and Mammillaria microcarpa Engelmann, 

Page 179, color photograph: Plate 99, Page 114), 28 (recorded as Mammillaria microcarpa, color 

photograph), 43 (012210), 45 (color photograph), 46 (recorded as Mammillaria microcarpa Engelm., 

Page 578 and Mammillaria oliviae Orcutt, Page 578), 48 (genus), 58 (recorded as Mammillaria 

microcarpa Engelm.), 63 (012210 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #11), 85 (012210 - 

restricted distribution information, color presentation), 86 (recorded as Mammillaria microcarpa, color 

photograph), 115 (color presentation), 119 (recorded as Neomammillaria microcarpa (Engelm.) B. & R., 

Neomammillaria milleri B. & R.), 127, 138 (recorded as Mammillaria microcarpa) HR, WTK (July 4, 

2005)* 

Mammillaria grahamii var. grahamii (see Mammillaria grahamii) 

Mammillaria grahamii var. oliviae (see Mammillaria grahamii) 

Mammillaria microcarpa (see Mammillaria grahamii) 

Mammillaria oliviae (see Mammillaria grahamii) 

Neomammillaria microcarpa (see Mammillaria grahamii) 

Neomammillaria milleri (see Mammillaria grahamii)

Neomammillaria oliviae (see Mammillaria grahamii) 

Opuntia acanthocarpa (see Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa var. acanthocarpa) 

Opuntia acanthocarpa var. acanthocarpa (see Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa var. acanthocarpa) 

Opuntia acanthocarpa var. major (see Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa var. major) 

Opuntia acanthocarpa var. ramosa (see Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa var. major) 

Opuntia arbuscula (see Cylindropuntia arbuscula) 

Opuntia bigelovii (see Cylindropuntia bigelovii) 

Opuntia chlorotica G. Engelmann & J. Bigelow: Dollarjoint Pricklypear 

COMMON NAMES: Clockface Prickly-pear, Dollarjoint Pricklypear, Flapjack Prickly-pear, 

Nopal, Nopal Rastrera, Pancake Pear, Pancake-pear, Pancake Prickly Pear, Pancake Prickly-pear, Silverdollar 

Cactus, Smooth Clock-face Pricklypear. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent 

shrub (2 to 10 feet in height with a definite trunk to 12 inches in height and 3 to 8 inches in width); the 

orbicular paddle-shaped stems (4 to 8 inches in diameter) are bluish-green, green or gray-green; the 

glochids and spines are golden, straw, light yellow or yellow turning brown, grayish or reddish-brown 

with age; the flowers (1½ to 2½ inches in diameter) are pale yellow, pale yellow-green, yellow-green, 

yellow-orange or yellow with a reddish flush; flowering generally takes place between early April and 

mid-July (additional records: one for late August and one for mid-September); the ripe barrel-shaped 

fruits (1½ to 2½ inches in length and ¾ to 1½ inches in diameter) are purple or red aging bluish or grayish 

tinged with purple or red. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; mountaintops; mountainsides; mesas; cliffs; rocky canyons; bases of cliffs; ledges; rocky 

ridges; ridgetops; foothills; rocky hills; hilltops; rocky hillsides; bouldery, bouldery-rocky-gravelly and 

rocky slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; lava flow fields; sandy flats; valley floors; along 

rocky and gravelly roadsides; arroyos; draws; seeps; springs; creekbeds; along rivers; drainages; edges of 

washes; sandy floodplains, and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky-gravelly, rocky, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy soils; clayey loam soils, and silty soils, occurring from 900 to 9,000 

feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 



as a home garden or commercial food crop. Opuntia chlorotica is native to southwest-central and 

southern North America. *5, 6, 12 (Pages 103&105-106), 15, 26 (genus), 27 (Page 69, color photograph: 

Plate 35, Page 101), 43 (011710 - Opuntia chlorotica Engelm. & J.M. Bigelow), 45 (color photograph), 

46 (Page 582), 48 (genus - Opuntia), 63 (062610 - color presentation), 77, 85 (062610 - color presentation 

including habitat, unable to access species information), 91, 119, 127, 138 (recorded as Opuntia 

chlorotica)* 

Opuntia discata (see Opuntia engelmannii var. engelmannii) 

Opuntia engelmannii J.F. Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck ex G. Engelmann var. engelmannii: Cactus 

Apple 

SYNONYMY: Opuntia discata D. Griffiths, Opuntia phaeacantha G. Engelmann var. discata (D. 

Griffiths) L.D. Benson & D.L. Walkington. COMMON NAMES: Abrojo, Cactus Apple, Desert 

Pricklypear Cactus, Engelmann Prickly Pear, Engelmann’s Prickly-pear, Engelmann Pricklypear, Flaming 

Pricklypear, Joconostle, Nopal, Prickly Pear, Vela de Coyote. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stemsucculent 

shrub (forms clumps 20 inches to 8 feet in height and 20 inches to 10 feet or more in width, one

plant was reported as being 20 inches in height and 8¼ feet in width, one plant was reported as being 3 

feet in height and 4½ feet in width, one plant was reported as being 3 feet in height and 6 to 12 feet in 

width, one plant was reported as being 3 feet in height and 8 feet in width, one plant was reported as 

being 40 inches in height and 79 inches in width, one plant was reported to be 40 inches in height and 10 

feet in width); the paddle-shaped stems (8 to 16 inches in length and 6½ to 12 inches in width) are bluishgreen, 

gray-green, green, dark green or yellow-green; the spines are brown-red, chalky-white, pale straw 

or pale yellow-brown usually with red or red-brown bases aging to black or gray; the glochids are yellow; 

the flowers (2¼ to 3½ in diameter) may be lemon-yellow, pink, pink-red, red-pink, rose-red, salmon, 

tannish-yellow, yellow, light yellow-orange, yellow-orange or yellow-peach turning to orange, orangeyellow 

or pink-orange with age; the anthers are yellow; the stigma lobes are lime green; flowering 

generally takes place between mid-March and late June (additional records: one for early January, two for 

mid-February, one for mid-July, two for mid-August, one for early September, six for mid-September, 

three for early October and one for late December); the mature fruits (also known as tunas are 2½ to 3¼ 

in length and 1¼ inches in diameter) are magenta-rose, purple, red or reddish-purple. HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountaintops; sandy mountainsides; 

bedrock mesas; edges of cliffs; canyons; canyon bottoms; talus slopes; ledges; ridges; rocky ridgetops; 

rocky hills; bouldery, rocky and gravelly hillsides; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly and sandy slopes; 

bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; lava beds; breaks; steppes; plains; rocky, gravelly 

and sandy and silty flats; basins; valley floors; along roadsides; along and in gravelly and gravellyhumusy 

arroyos; gullies; along streams; along creeks; creekbeds; along and in washes; along and in 

gravelly-sandy drainages; banks of rivers; benches; shelves; terraces; sandy floodplains; amongst 

mesquites; ditches, and gravelly-sandy and sandy riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, rockygravelly, 

rocky-sandy, shaley, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; clayey ground; silty ground, 

and gravelly humusy ground, occurring from 1,000 to 7,500 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, 


component of a restored native habitat. The species, Opuntia engelmannii, was reported to have been 


garden or commercial food, beverage, cooking agent or paint crop; it was also noted as having been used 

as a tool, as a lubricant (var. engelmannii) and as a drug or medication. The flowers open around 8 AM 

and remaining open for one or two days, and may live to be 30 or more years of age. The juicy fruits 

(tunas) with edible pulp are fed on by many browsing animals, including Black Bear (Ursus americanus 

amblyceps), Coyote (Canis latrans mearnsi), Javelina (Peccari tajacu sonoriensis) and Desert Tortoise 

(Gopherus agassizi) among others, and birds. The plant provides cover for many desert animals. Opuntia 

engelmannii var. engelmannii is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 

(recorded as Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. var. discata (Griffiths) Benson & Walkington “This is the 

largest and, in especially southern Arizona, one of the best-known native prickly pears of the 

Southwestern Deserts of the United States. It is variable in habit of growth, shape and size of joints, and 

size and distribution of spines. It is almost always found growing with var. major, which has longer 

brown spines restricted largely to the upper part of the narrower joint. Almost everywhere there are 

intergrading forms with many character recombinations. Var. discata is rarely stable but apparently a 

fringe-population extreme tied in closely with the more abundant and wide-ranging var. major.”, Pages 99 

& 101-103, color photograph), 15 (recorded as Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. var. discata (Griffiths) 

Benson & Walkington), 16 (recorded as Opuntia phaeacantha Engelmann var. discata (Griffiths) L. 

Benson - “Rocky slopes and gravelly flats; common; intergrading with O. p. var. major.”), 26 (species), 

27 (recorded as Opuntia phaeacantha Engelmann var. discata (Griffiths) L. Benson, Pages 53 & 99-100, 

color photographs: Plates 30 & 30A, Pages 99 & 100), 28 (color photograph), 43 (063009), 45 (species, 

color photograph), 46 (species, Page 583), 48 (genus), 58 (recorded as Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. var. 

discata (Griffiths) Benson & Walk.), 63 (0123110 - color presentation), 77 (recorded as Opuntia 

phaeacantha var. discata (Griffiths) Benson & Walkington, color photograph #14 labeled as Opuntia 

phaeacantha), 85 (012310 - color presentation), 91 (recorded together with Opuntia engelmannii Salm- 

Dyck. Opuntia phaeacantha var. discata (Griffiths) Benson & Walkington / Opuntia phaeacantha var.

major Engelmann: “Both species are sympatric throughout much of their range and often can be found 

together.”), 115 (color presentation of the species), 119 (recorded as Opuntia discata Griffiths), 127 

(variety engelmannii and species), WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Opuntia fulgida (see Cylindropuntia fulgida var. fulgida) 

Opuntia fulgida var. fulgida (see Cylindropuntia fulgida var. fulgida) 

Opuntia gilvescens (see Opuntia phaeacantha) 

Opuntia leptocaulis (see Cylindropuntia leptocaulis) 

Opuntia macrocentra G. Engelmann var. macrocentra: Purple Pricklypear 

SYNONYMY: Opuntia violacea G. Engelmann ex B.D. Jackson var. macrocentra (G. 

Engelmann) L.D. Benson; Opuntia violacea G. Engelmann ex B.D. Jackson var. violacea. COMMON 

NAMES: Black-spined Pricklypear, Duranzilla, Long-spined Pricklypear, Purple Pricklypear. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent shrub or tree (forms clumps to 2 to 5 feet in height 

and about as tall as wide); the stems (4 to 8 inches in length and 3 to 5 inches in width) are light blue, 

blue-green tinged with red, dark purple or red; the spines are black to reddish-brown; the flowers (2 to 3½ 

inches in diameter) are yellow with a red throat; flowering generally takes place between May and June; 

the fleshy fruits (1 to 2½ inches in length and ¾ to 1 inch in diameter) are purple, purplish-red or red. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from rocky hills; rocky hillsides; slopes; 

bajadas; sand hills; plains; sandy flats; valley floors, and along washes growing in dry rocky, gravelly and 

sandy ground, occurring from 2,000 to 5,500 feet in elevation in the woodland, grassland and desertscrub 


Opuntia macrocentra var. macrocentra is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 

12 (Opuntia violacea var. macrocentra and Opuntia violacea var. violacea, Pages 91-93, color 

photograph, Page 94), 18 (species), 26 (genus), 27 (recorded as Opuntia violacea Engelmann var. 

macrocentra (Engelmann) L. Benson, Page 59 and Opuntia violacea Engelmann var. violacea L. Benson. 

Page 57, color photographs: Plates 33 & 33A, Page 100), 43 (062710), 45 (color photograph), 46 (Page 

583), 48 (genus), 63 (062710 - color presentation), 85 (062710 - unable to access species information), 

91, HR* 

Opuntia phaeacantha G. Engelmann: Tulip Pricklypear 

SYNONYMY: Opuntia gilvescens D. Griffiths, Opuntia phaeacantha G. Engelmann var. major 

G. Engelmann, Opuntia phaeacantha G. Engelmann var. phaeacantha, Opuntia phaeacantha G. 

Engelmann var. superbospina (D. Griffith) L.D. Benson. COMMON NAMES: Abrojo, Brown-spine 

Pricklypear, Brownspine Pricklypear, Brown-spined Prickly-pear, Desert Prickly-pear, Joconostle, Major 

Prickly-pear, Major Pricklypear, Mojave Prickly-pear, Mojave Pricklypear, New Mexico Prickly-pear, 

Nopal, Purple-fruit Prickly-pear, Sprawling Prickly Pear, Tulip Pricklypear, Vela de Coyote, Yellow 

Pricklypear, Yellow-spine Prickly-pear. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent shrub (10 

inches to 7 feet in height and 3 to 10 feet in width sometimes forming clumps up to 75 feet in width, 

sometimes developing a definite trunk, one plant was reported to be 10 inches in height and 40 inches in 

width, one plant was reported to be 1 foot in height and 3 feet in width, one plant was reported to be 14 

inches in height and 52 inches in width, plants were reported that were 16 inches in height and 40 inches 

in width, one plant was reported to be 16 inches in height and 48 inches in width, one plant was reported 

to be 16 inches in height and 60 inches in width, one plant was reported to be 18 inches in height and 8 to 

10 feet in width, one plant was reported to be 20 inches in height and 13 feet in width, one plant was 

reported to be 2 feet in height and 5 to 6 feet in width, one plant was reported to be 30 inches in height 

and 5 feet in width, plants were reported to be 3 feet in height and 4 to 10 feet in width); the paddleshaped 

stems (4 to 10 inches in length and 3 to 8 inches in width) may be bluish-green, gray-brown, gray-

green, dull green, green, dark green, greenish-yellow, purple, reddish or yellow-gray-green; the spines are 

blackish, brown, charcoal, gray, reddish, red-brown, white or yellow; the glochids are golden, reddishbrown 

or tan; the flowers (1½ to 3 inches in diameter) may be golden-apricot (with yellow-green midstripes), 

orange, orange-yellow, pink, pink-purple, red, red-pink, pale yellow, yellow (with an orange or 

red center or brown, greenish, greenish-brown or red mid-stripes) or yellow-orange aging to red-orange; 

the anthers are yellow; the stigma lobes are green or yellow-green; flowering generally takes place 

between mid-March to early July (additional records: one for early January, one for late January, one for 

early February, one for late July, three for mid-August, two for late August, one for late September and 

one for early October); the mature pear-shaped fruits (1¼ to 3½ inches in length and 1 to 1¼ inches in 

width) are maroon, purple, purple-red, red, dark red, red-brown or wine-red. HABITAT: Within the range 

of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; plateaus; cliffs; canyons; canyon bottoms; 

rocky rincons; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; bluffs; rocky-gravelly-sandy buttes; knolls; rocky ledges; 

ridges; ridgetops; foothills; rocky and gravelly hills; cobbly and sandy hilltops; bouldery, rocky, gravelly 

and gravelly-sandy-loamy hillsides; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, sandy and silty slopes; 

gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops, amongst rocks; on boulders and rocks; lava beds; blow-sand; prairies; 

sandy llanos; plains; rocky, cindery and sandy flats; valleys; along sandy roadsides; in rocky and sandy 

arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; draws; springs; along creeks; along and in sandy riverbeds; along gravelly 

washes; sandy drainages; silty-loamy and silty-clayey-loamy dry lakebeds; along sandy banks of rivers; 

cobbly-sandy-silty and gravelly-sandy terraces; sandy-loamy bottomlands; sandy floodplains; mesquite 

bosques; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry bouldery; rocky, rocky-gravelly, rockygravelly-sandy, 

shaley, cobbly, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; gravelly-sandy loam, 

sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam and silty loam and silty-clayey loam ground; gravelly-sandy clay ground; 

cobbly-sandy silty and silty ground, and humusy ground, occurring from 800 to 7,900 feet in elevation in 

the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This 

plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. This plant was reported to have been 


garden or commercial food, beverage and/or cooking agent crop; it was also noted as having been used 

for tools, in pottery making and as a drug or medication. This plant provides cover for many desert 

animals. Deer, Javelina (Peccari tajacu sonoriensis) and rodents feed on the stems, and the fruits are 

eaten by deer, grasshoppers, Javelina and other desert animals (including grasshoppers). Cristate forms 

have been reported. The change in nomenclature in USDA NRCS has not been recognized in BONAP, 

varieties remain as varieties of Opuntia phaeacantha (accessed 041806). Opuntia phaeacantha is native 

to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 12 (recorded as Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm., 

Pages 95-101; Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. var. major Engelm., Pages 99-101, and Opuntia 

phaeacantha Engelm. var. phaeacantha, Pages 97-98), 15 (recorded as Opuntia phaeacantha var. major 

Engelm., color photograph on Page 77 includes habitat and associated species), 16 (recorded as Opuntia 

phaeacantha Engelm. var. major Engelm.), 26 (color photograph), 27 (recorded as Opuntia phaeacantha 

Engelmann, Pages 50, color photograph: Plate 28, Page 99; Opuntia phaeacantha Engelmann var. major 

Engelmann, Pages 51, color photograph: Plate 29, Page 99, and Opuntia phaeacantha Engelmann var. 

superbospina (Griffith) L. Benson, Pages 54, color photograph: Plate 31, Page 100), 43 (070109), 45 

(color photograph), 46 (recorded as Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm., Page 583 and Opuntia gilvescens 

Griffiths, Page 583), 48 (genus - recorded as Opuntia), 58 (recorded as Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. 

var. major Engelm.), 63 (012310 - color presentation), 77 (recorded as Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. var. 

major Engelm., color photograph #14 labeled as Opuntia phaeacantha), 85 (012310 - color presentation), 

91 (recorded together with Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck. (Opuntia phaeacantha var. discata 

(Griffiths) Benson & Walkington) / Opuntia phaeacantha var. major Engelmann - “Both species are 

sympatric throughout much of their range and often can be found together.”), 119, 127, 138* 

Opuntia phaeacantha var. discata (see Opuntia engelmannii var. engelmannii) 

Opuntia phaeacantha var. major (see Opuntia phaeacantha)

Opuntia phaeacantha var. phaeacantha (see Opuntia phaeacantha) 

Opuntia phaeacantha var. superbospina (see Opuntia phaeacantha) 

Opuntia spinosior (see Cylindropuntia spinosior) 

Opuntia violacea var. macrocentra (see Opuntia macrocentra var. macrocentra) 

Opuntia violacea var. violacea (see Opuntia macrocentra var. macrocentra) 

Stenocereus thurberi (G. Engelmann) F. Buxbaum: Organpipe Cactus 

SYNONYMY: Cereus thurberi G. Engelmann, Lemaireocereus thurberi (G. Engelmann) N.L. 

Britton & J.N. Rose. COMMON NAMES: Marismena, Mehuelé (Spanish), Organ Pipe Cactus, Organpipe 

Cactus, Organo, Órgano Marismeña (Spanish), Organpipe Cactus, Pitahaya, Pitahaya Dulce (Spanish 

for Sweet Cactus Fruit), Pitayo Dulce (Spanish). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial stem-succulent 

shrub or tree (erect stems 5 to over 40 feet in height and 5 to 12 or more inches in width with 10 to 20 

stems with larger specimens having 40 to 45 stems clustering to 6 to 18 feet in diameter); the stems are 

gray-green, green, yellow-green or yellowish; the spines are black, brownish, gray or reddish-brown 

aging to gray; the flowers (1½ to 2½ inches in width) may be brownish-green, greenish-white, pale 

lavender, lavender with white margins, pink, purple, white or white with a pale pink center; the anthers 

are yellowish; the stigma lobes are white; flowering generally takes place between mid-May and mid- 

June (additional records: one for early March, one for mid-April, one for mid-July and one for late July), 

the ripe fruits are red or reddish with green scales. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; mesas; rocky canyons; rocky canyonsides; ledges; ridges; foothills; rocky and 

sandy hills; rocky and rocky-gravelly hillsides; rocky slopes; gravelly bajadas; amongst rocks; sand 

dunes; sandy plains; flats; valley floors; coastal bluffs; sandy and powdery coastal plains, and rocky 

benches growing in dry rocky, rocky-gravelly, stony, gravelly, sandy ground and powdery ground, 

occurring from sea level to 3,700 feet elevation in the scrub, grassland and desertscrub ecological 

formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat, but it is 

sensitive to frosts. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and 

could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food, fodder, beverage, 

cooking agent and/or fiber crop; it was also noted as having been used as a ceremonial item, for tools (in 

the making of torches) and in making paint. It has been estimated that plants 10 to 15 feet in height may 

be between 50 and 75 years of age, Cristate forms have been reported. The flowers reportedly open after 

sunset and close the following morning. The Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris), Costa’s 

Hummingbird (Calypte costae) and Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) have been observed 

visiting the flowers. The flowers are pollinated by bats, including Southern Long-nosed Bat 

(Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae), and bees. The ripe fruits are eaten by ants, bats, Coyotes (Canis 

latrans mearnsi), Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) and White-winged Doves (Zenaida 

asiatica). The candy, Pitahaya Dulce, is made by cooking the fruits of the Organ Pipe Cactus with those 

of Prickly Pear Cacti. This is a PERIPHERAL - DISJUNCT POPULATION. Stenocereus thurberi is 

native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 8, 12 (recorded as Cereus thurberi 

Engelm., Pages 111 & 113-114), 13 (color photograph, in habitat with associated species Plate D.1), 18, 

27 (recorded as Cereus thurberi Engelm., Page 63, color photographs: Plate 38, Page 102 and Page 93 

color photograph of plant in habitat), 28 (recorded as color photograph, recorded as Cereus thurberi), 43 

(070310), 45 (color photograph, recorded as Stenocereus thurberi), 46 (recorded as Lemaireocereus 

thurberi (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose, Pages 569-570), 48 (recorded as Cereus thurberi), 53 (Cereus thurberi 

Engelm.), 63 (070310 - color presentation including habitat), 85 (070310 - color presentation including 

habitat, unable to access species information), 91 (recorded as Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxb.), 

119 (recorded as Lemaireocereus thurberi (Engelm.) B. & R.), 127, HR*

Campanulaceae: The Bellflower Family 

Nemacladus glanduliferus W.L. Jepson: Glandular Threadplant 

COMMON NAMES: Glandular Nemacladus, Glandular Threadplant, Silver Stem Threadplant, 

Thread Plant, Threadplant, Threadstem. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (2 to 16 inches in 

height); the stems are reddish-brown; the foliage is brown; the flowers are pinkish-white, purple and 

white, white, whitish, white-blue-pink, white-cream-lavender, white and maroon or white tinged with 

purple; flowering generally takes place between mid-February and late May. HABITAT: Within the range 

of this species it has been reported from mountains; gravelly mesas; rocky canyons; rocky canyon 

bottoms; talus slopes; crevices in rocks; buttes; chalky ridges; ridgetops; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; 

rocky, gravelly, gravelly-loamy, loamy and clayey slopes; gravelly bajadas; sand dunes; ridges on sand 

dunes; rocky-sandy and sandy plains; gravelly, sandy and loamy flats; valley floors; gravelly-sandy 

roadsides, along and in gravelly and sandy arroyos; sandy bottoms of arroyos; along and in sandy 

streambeds; in sand along creeks; riverbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy 

and sandy washes; along and in drainages; gravelly banks of washes; sandy edges of drying pools; 

beaches; benches; sandy terraces; sandy bottomlands; sandy floodplains; sandy riparian areas, and 

disturbed areas growing in dry rocky, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and chalky ground; gravelly 

loam, sandy-clay loam and loam ground; clay ground, and chalky ground occurring from sea level to 

5,000 feet in elevation in the grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: 

Nemacladus glanduliferus is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 43 (012310), 

46 (Page 827), 63 (070310), 77, 85 (070310 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Capparaceae (Capparidaceae): The Caper Family 

Koeberlinia spinosa J.G. Zuccarini var. spinosa: Crown of Thorns 

COMMON NAMES: Abrojo, All-thorn, Allthorn, Corona de Cristo, Crown of Thorns, Crown-ofthorns, 

Crucifixion-thorn, Junco, Spiny Allthorn. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial shrub or tree (a 

rounded spreading shrub 3 to 6 feet in height); the bark of the branches is yellow-green; the flowers are 

inconspicuous; flowering generally takes place in late summer (flowering record: one for early August); 

the berries are black. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from gravelly and 

sandy mesas; hillsides; rocky slopes; sandy and gravelly plains; gravelly flats; along arroyos; along 

gravelly drainage ways; banks of washes, and disturbed areas growing in dry rocky, gravelly and sandy 

ground, occurring from 2,400 to 6,900 feet in elevation in the woodland, grassland and desertscrub 


Jackrabbits use the twigs for browse. This is a PERIPHERAL POPULATION. Koeberlinia spinosa var. 

spinosa is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 43 (012410), 46 (placed in 

the Koeberliniaceae: The Junco Family, Page 558), 53, 63 (012410), 85 (012410), 91, HR* 

Caryophyllaceae: The Pink Family 

Silene antirrhina C. Linnaeus: Sleepy Silene 

COMMON NAMES: Alfinetes-da-terra-miúdo (Portuguese), Catchfly, Desert Sleepy Catchfly, 

Sleepy Catchfly, Silène Muflier (French), Sleepy Silene, Tjärglim (Swedish). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

annual forb/herb (4¾ inches to 3 feet in height); the stems may be purple; the flowers may be lavender, 

magenta, magenta-pink, pink, pinkish-whitish, purple, purple-pink, red, rose, white with pink or dark 

purple-tipped lobes or white fading to deep pink; flowering generally takes place between mid-February 

and early July (additional records: one for mid-September and one for early November). HABITAT:

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; cliffs; rocky canyons; sandy 

canyon bottoms; gorges; talus slopes; bouldery and rocky ledges; ridges; ridgetops; foothills; rocky hills; 

rocky hillsides; along bouldery-silty-clayey, rocky, gravelly, sandy-loamy and loamy-clayey slopes; 

rocky-sandy alluvial fans; gravelly bajadas; rocky, gravelly and sandy flats; basins; along gravelly and 

gravelly-loamy roadsides; rocky arroyos; rocky draws; clayey gulches; ravines; seeps; in sand along 

streams; along rocky, rocky-sandy and sandy streambeds; in sand along creeks; along creekbeds; along 

rivers; along and in rocky, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; within drainages; sandy banks of washes; 

rocky-gravelly edges of streambeds, rivers and ponds; sandy-loamy margins of streambeds and rivers; 

benches; terraces; sandy and loamy bottomlands; floodplains; mesquite bosques; ditches; gravelly-sandy, 

gravelly-sandy-loamy and sandy riparian areas; waste places, and recently burned areas in woodlands and 

chaparral growing in wet, moist and dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy ground; gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, sandy loam, clayey loam and loam ground; 

bouldery-silty clay, loamy clay and clay ground, and gravelly-sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from 

sea level to 8,500 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. NOTE: Silene antirrhina is native to central and southern North America. *5, 6, 

15, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (012610), 46 (Page 302), 58, 63 (012610 - color presentation), 77, 85 

(012710 - color presentation), 101 (note under Silene alba), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Chenopodiaceae: The Goosefoot Family 

Atriplex canescens (F.T. Pursh) T. Nuttall: Fourwing Saltbush 

COMMON NAMES: Atahi’xp (Seri), Cenizo (Spanish), Chamere (Spanish), Chamiso (preferred 

usage over Chamise), Chamiso Cenizo, Chamiza, Chamizo (Spanish), Costilla de Vaca, Diwoozhii Ibehi 

(Navajo), Four-wing Salt-bush, Four-wing Saltbush, Fourwing Saltbush, Ke'ma:we (Zuni - ''salt weed'' 

refers to the salty taste of the flowers), Narrow-leaf Saltbush, Narrowleaf Wingscale, Thinleaf Fourwing 

Saltbush, Grey Sage Brush, Orache, Saladillo, Sha’ashkachk Iibatkam (River Pima), Shadscale, 

Wngscale, Yup (Seri). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen (winter-deciduous in cold 

climates) shrub (1 to 10 feet in height, one plant was reported to be 4½ feet in height and 4½ feet in 

width, one plant was reported to be 40 inches in height and 5 feet in width, plants were reported that were 

6 ½ feet in height and width, one plant was reported to be 5 feet in height and width, plants were reported 

that were 6 ½ feet in height and width, one plant was reported to be 7 feet in height and 13 feet in width, 

plants were reported that were 8 feet in height and 15 feet in width); the leaves are gray, gray-green, light 

green or green; the flowers (male and female flowers are usually borne on separate plants) are brown, 

cream, green, greenish, greenish-white, greenish-yellow, white-brown, pale yellow, yellow or yellowish; 

flowering generally takes place between early February and late October (additional records: one for mid- 

January, four for mid-November, one for late November and one for early December); the mature fourwinged 

fruits (0.4 to 1 inch square bracts) are green or yellow-green drying to pale brown or tan. 


mesas; rocky plateaus; along rocky, rocky-sandy and sandy rims; cliffs; rocky, sandy and clayey canyons; 

sandy canyon walls; sandy and clayey canyon bottoms; gorges; rocky scree; talus slopes; along gravellysandy 

bluffs; knolls; rocky ledges; rocky ridges; rocky-sandy, rocky-loamy and sandy ridgetops; 

meadows; foothills; rocky, gravelly-sandy and silty-loamy hills; rocky-gravelly hilltops; bouldery, rocky, 

gravelly and clayey hillsides; bedrock, bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, shaley, stony-loamy, cindery, sandy, 

sandy-loamy, sandy-loamy-silty-powdery, sandy-clayey, sandy-silty, clayey and silty-loamy slopes; 

alluvial fans; sandy bajadas; rocky and gypsum outcrops; amongst rocks; sandy lava flows; sand hills; 

sand dunes; blow-sand deposits; bouldery debris flows; sandy and sandy-loamy plains; rocky, gravelly, 

gravelly-loamy, sandy, sandy-loamy and clayey flats; basins; sandy and sandy-loamy valley floors; 

coastal dunes; sandy coastal plains; coastal flats; coastal saltmarshes; along rocky, gravelly, gravellysandy, 

sandy and sandy-loamy roadsides; arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; draws; gulches; ravines; seeps; 

around springs; streambeds; along creeks; along sandy creekbeds; along rivers; sandy riverbeds; along

ocky and sandy washes; along and in drainages; lakebeds; playas; freshwater and saltwater marshes; 

around and in swamps; depressions; clayey pans; sinks; swales; along gravelly-sandy, sandy and clayey 

banks of arroyos, rivers and drainages; cindery edges of washes, ponds, lakes and salt marshes; margins 

of drainages; gravel bars; beaches; sandy and clayey benches; sandy-loamy terraces; sandy bottomlands; 

Galleta lowlands; floodplains; mesquite bosques; ditches; sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas 

growing in muddy and moist and dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley, cindery, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam, stony loam, gravelly loam, sandy loam, clayey 

loam, silty loam and loam ground; sandy clay and clay ground; rocky silty, sandy silty and silty ground, 

and sandy-loamy-silty powdery ground, occurring from sea level to 8,800 feet in elevation in the forest, 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be 

an attractive component of a restored native habitat. This plant was reported to have been utilized by 


commercial food, fodder, cooking agent (ashes used in place of baking soda and also to give a greenishblue 

color to dough), spice and/or dye crop; it was also noted as having been used as tools, as a drug or 

medication, to make ceremonial items (including prayer sticks - pahos) and as a commodity used in 

personal hygiene. The life span of the Fourwing Saltbush has been reported to be from 29 to over 100 

years. Fourwing Saltbush may be useful in controlling erosion. Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Whitetailed 

Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Elk (Cervus elaphus), Black-tailed Jackrabbits (Lepus californicus), 

Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), and Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis); as well as, other small 

mammals browse this plant, and Grouse, Gray Partridge (Perdis perdix), Scaled Quail (Callipepla 

squamata) and other birds as well as Kangaroo Rats, Pocket Mice and other small rodents feed on the 

seeds. This plant is a larval food plant for the Pygmy Blue (Brefidium exile). Possible predation was 

reported by the exotic Puncturevine Seed Weevil (Microlarinus lareynii). The keying out of Four-wing 

Saltbushes may be difficult due to intraspecific variation and introgression with other saltbush species. 

Atriplex canescens is native to west-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 18, 26 (color 

photograph), 28 (color photograph), 43 (012710), 46 (Page 259), 48, 63 (012710 - color presentation), 77, 

82, 85 (012710 - color presentation), 91 (“As a secondary or facultative absorber of selenium, Atriplex 

canescens can be mildly poisonous to livestock where selenium occurs in the soil.”), 115 (color 


Crossosomataceae: The Crossosoma Family 

Crossosoma bigelovii S. Watson: Ragged Rockflower 

COMMON NAMES: Bigelow Ragged Rock Flower, Bigelow Ragged Rock-flower, Crossosoma, 

Ragged Rockflower, Rhyolite Bush. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial shrub (20 inches to 8 feet in 

height); the leaves are bluish-green; the flowers (2 inches in diameter) are white sometimes tinged with 

purple; flowering generally takes place between January and May (rarely in September). HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from canyons; mountains; rocky cliffs; crevices in 

cliff faces; rocky canyons; rocky hillsides; rocky slopes, and along washes growing in dry rocky ground, 

occurring from 200 to 4,500 feet in elevation in the grassland and desertscrub ecological formations. 

NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. The flowers are 

reportedly fragrant Crossosoma bigelovii is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 

6, 13, 15, 28 (color photograph), 43 (070510), 46 (Pages 371-372), 63 (070510 - color presentation), 77 

(color photograph #25), 85 (070510 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Euphorbiaceae: The Spurge Family 

Argythamnia lanceolata (G. Bentham) J. Müller Argoviensis: Narrowleaf Silverbush

SYNONYMY: Ditaxis lanceolata (G. Bentham) F.A. Pax & K. Hoffmann. COMMON NAMES: 

Lanceleaf Ditaxis, Lance-leaved Argythamnia, Lance-leaved Ditaxis, Narrowleaf Silverbush. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub (8 inches to 4 feet in height, one plant was described as 

being 20 inches in height with a crown 11 inches in diameter); the bark is gray; the stems are brown or 

green and covered with silky hairs; the leaves are gray-green, light green, green, silvery, silvery-gray or 

silvery green and covered with silvery hairs; the small flowers may be cream, greenish-white, white, 

whitish, whitish-green, yellow or yellowish; flowering generally takes place between mid-January and 

early June (additional records: one for late June, one for mid-August, one for early September, four for 

mid-September, seven for late September, one for early October, three for mid-October, two for late 

October, two for early November, one for mid-November, one for early December, one for mid-December 

and one for late December, flowering had also been reported as occurring between February and 

September). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky 

mountainsides; cliffs; bouldery, rocky and gravelly canyons; rocky canyon walls; along gravelly and 

sandy canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; buttes; gravelly ridges; rocky foothills; rocky hills; rocky and 

gravelly hillsides; rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly and gravelly-sandy-loamy slopes; rocky-sandy alluvial 

fans; rocky and gravelly bajadas; amongst boulders and rocks; lava hills; sand dunes; crests of dunes; 

deposits of wind-blown sand; flats; sandy coastal plains; sandy coastal beaches; railroad right-of-ways; 

along gravelly and sandy roadsides; along arroyos; gravelly bottoms of arroyos; ravines; along and in 

bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly and sandy washes; along and in drainages; rocky-siltyclayey 

banks of washes; along edges of washes; rocky margins of arroyos; sandy beaches; terraces; along 

floodplains; gravelly-sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in wet, moist and dry desert 

pavement; bouldery, bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy ground; gravelly-sandy loam and sandy loam ground, and rocky-silty clay and clay ground, 

occurring from sea level to 4,600 feet in elevation in the scrub, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formation. NOTES: This plant may be browsed by rodents. Argythamnia lanceolata is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 43 (052310), 46 (recorded as Ditaxis lanceolata 

(Benth.) Pax & Hoffmann, Page 506), 63 (052310), 77, 85 (052310 - color presentation), 138* 

Ditaxis lanceolata (see Argythamnia lanceolata) 

Bernardia incana (see Bernardia myricifolia) 

Bernardia myricifolia (Scheele) S. Watson: Mouse’s Eye 

SYNONYMY: Bernardia incana C.V. Morton. COMMON NAMES: Hoary Myrtlecroton, 

Mouse’s Eye, Mouse-eye, Western Myrtle Croton. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial deciduous shrub 

(3 to 7 feet in height); the leaves are green; flowering generally takes place between April and October. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky canyons; bases of 

cliffs; crevices; buttes; rocky slopes; bajadas; along drainages, and along edges of washes growing in dry 

rocky ground, occurring from 1,500 to 5,000 feet in elevation in the grassland and desertscrub ecological 

formations. NOTE: Bernardia myricifolia is native to southwest-central and southern North America. 

*5, 6, 13, 43 (070710 - Bernardia myricifolia Benth. ex Hook. f.), 46 (recorded as Bernardia incana, Page 

506), 63 (070510), 77, 85 (070510 - color presentation, unable to access species information), 138* 

Chamaesyce capitellata (G. Engelmann) C.F. Millspaugh: Head Sandmat 

SYNONYMY: Euphorbia capitellata G. Engelmann. COMMON NAMES: Galondrina, 

Golondrinia, Head Euphorbia, Head Sandmat, Head Spurge, Koapaim (Yaqui), Spurge. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial forb/herb (prostrate to ascending stems 3 to 8 inches in height); the leaves are green; 

the flower-like cups have brown-maroon or red glands and white petaloid appendages; flowering 

generally takes place between mid-February and late October (additional records: one for early January, 

one for mid-November, two for late November, one for mid-November and two for late November). 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mountainsides;

ouldery and clayey mesas; rocky canyons; gravelly-sandy canyon bottoms; rocky-sandy rims of craters; 

rocky ridgetops; rocky ridgelines; foothills; rocky and cobbly-gravelly-loamy hills; rocky hilltops; 

bouldery and rocky hillsides; rocky, gravelly and sandy slopes; bajadas; boulder fields; cobbly plains; 

rocky, gravelly, sandy and clayey flats; along rocky roadbeds; along rocky, rocky-clayey, gravelly, sandyclayey 

roadsides; sandy arroyos; gravelly bottoms of arroyos; gravelly-silty bottoms of draws; gullies; 

along and in stony streambeds; along creeks; sandy creekbeds; riverbeds; along and in rocky, gravelly and 

sandy washes; drainages; banks of arroyos and lakes; sandy edges of poolbeds, ponds; bays, lagoons and 

marshes; along margins of pools; floodplains; fencelines; dry stock tank (charco) bottoms; gravelly-sandy 

riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in wet and dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, stony, 

cobbly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; cobbly-gravelly loam and gravelly loam ground; 

bouldery clay, rocky clay, sandy clay and clay ground, and bouldery-silty and gravelly silty ground, 


and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: The stems have a milky sap. Chamaesyce capitellata is 

native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16 (recorded as Euphorbia capitellata 

Engelm.), 18 (“All euphorbias have milky white sap that is irritating on contact or toxic, if ingested, 

(degree of irritation or toxicity varies, depending on the species).”), 43 (020310), 46 (recorded as 

Euphorbia capitellata Engelm., Page 518), 58, 63 (020310), 68 (see: Poisonous Properties of Spurges, 

Page 202), 77 (recorded as Euphorbia capitellata Engelm.), 80 (Species of the genus Euphorbia are 

considered to be Secondary Poisonous Range Plants. “The milky juice of Spurge is considered poisonous. 

Plants may cause skin irritation, diarrhea, photosensitization, and cyanogenetic poisoning. Cattle, horses, 

sheep, and humans may be affected. The green plants are generally unpalatable but the dried plants in hay 

are more palatable and remain toxic. ... Poisoning may be prevented by keeping animals off areas heavily 

infested with spurge when other desirable feed is unavailable, and by not feeding contaminated hay. 

Range improvement will both reduce spurge infestations through grass competition, and decrease 

consumption by making more desirable forage available.” See text for additional information.), 85 

(020310 - color presentation), 86 (“Most members of the family (Euphorbiaceae) are poisonous, and their 

milky sap will irritate the membranes of the eyes and mouth.”)* 

Euphorbia capitellata (see Chamaesyce capitellata) 

Euphorbia eriantha G. Bentham: Beetle Spurge 

COMMON NAMES: Beetle Spurge, Desert Poinsettia, Threaded Spurge, Woollyflower 

Euphorbia. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (erect stems 6 to 40 inches in height, one plant 

was observed and described as being 22 inches in height with a crown 12 to 18 inches in diameter, one 

plant was observed and described as being 23 inches in height with a crown averaging 22 inches in 

diameter); the stems are green; the leaves are bronze-green, green or green tinged with red; the glands are 

pale light green, greenish, orange-red or reddish with or without green or white petaloid appendages; 

flowering generally takes place between early February and mid-May and again between early August 

and early January (additional record: one for mid-June). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has 

been reported from mountains; mountaintops; mountainsides; rocky mesas; rocky canyons; rocky canyon 

bottoms; crevices in rocks; buttes; ridges; rocky ridgelines; foothills; rocky-sandy hills; rocky hilltops; 

rocky, stony and sandy hillsides; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly and gravelly-sandy slopes; rockygravelly 

alluvial fans; sandy bajadas; rocky outcrops; sand dunes; sandy plains; rocky-sandy, gravelly and 

sandy flats; cobbly basin floors; valley floors; coastal dunes; sandy coastal plains; along railroad right-ofways; 

along rocky-loamy, gravelly and sandy roadsides; sandy arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; runnels; 

within rocky streambeds; along and in rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; within 

rocky drainages; banks of washes; edges of arroyos and washes; along (rocky) margins of arroyos and 

gullies; mudflats; strands; benches; sandy floodplains; gravelly-sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas 

growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, stony, cobbly, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam ground, and sandy clay ground, occurring from near sea 

level to 5,400 feet in elevation in the woodland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This

plant has a milky sap. Euphorbia eriantha is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 

6, 18 (“All euphorbias have milky white sap that is irritating on contact or toxic, if ingested, (degree of 

irritation or toxicity varies, depending on the species).”), 28 (color photograph), 43 (070710), 46 (Page 

515), 63 (070710), 68 (see: Poisonous Properties of Spurges, Page 202), 77, 80 (Species of the genus 

Euphorbia are considered to be Secondary Poisonous Range Plants. “The milky juice of Spurge is 

considered poisonous. Plants may cause skin irritation, diarrhea, photosensitization, and cyanogenetic 

poisoning. Cattle, horses, sheep, and humans may be affected. The green plants are generally unpalatable 

but the dried plants in hay are more palatable and remain toxic. ... Poisoning may be prevented by keeping 

animals off areas heavily infested with spurge when other desirable feed is unavailable, and by not 

feeding contaminated hay. Range improvement will both reduce spurge infestations through grass 

competition, and decrease consumption by making more desirable forage available.” See text for 

additional information.), 85 (082710 - color presentation), 86 (“Most members of the family 

(Euphorbiaceae) are poisonous, and their milky sap will irritate the membranes of the eyes and mouth.”), 

138* 

Jatropha cardiophylla (J. Torrey) J. Müller Argoviensis: Sangre de Cristo 

COMMON NAMES: Limberbush, Matacora, Nettlespurge, Sangre de Cristo, Sangre-de-Cristo, 

Sangre-de-drago, Sangregrado, Sangrengado, Sangringada, Torote. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial 

deciduous, semi-succulent shrub (1 to 7 feet in height); the flexible stems are basally branches; the bark is 

reddish; the leaves shiny green; the small bell-shaped flowers may be cream-white, pink, white or yellow; 

flowering generally takes place between mid-July and late September. HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; rocky canyons; canyon bottoms; foothills; rocky 

hills; rocky hillsides; rocky slopes; rocky and gravelly bajadas; boulderfields; gravelly plains; gravellysandy 

flats; basins; valley floors; rocky roadsides; within sandy arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; cobbly and 

cobbly-gravelly-loamy draws; along and in sandy washes; margins of washes; floodplains; riparian areas, 

and disturbed areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, cobbly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground 

and cobbly-gravelly loam and gravelly loam ground, occurring from 100 to 4,800 feet in elevation in the 

scrub, grassland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive 


North America and could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial fiber 

crop for use in making baskets. The shiny heart-shaped emerald green leaves appear around the time of 

the first rains and then provide color when the leaves turn gold in the fall. Jatropha cardiophylla is native 

to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13 (color photograph), 15, 16, 43 (020510), 45 

(color photograph), 46 (Page 509), 48, 58, 63 (020510), 77, 80 (Species of the genus Jatropha are 

considered to be Rarely Poisonous and Suspected Poisonous Range Plants. “Seeds of several species of 

Jatropha are toxic to humans and livestock but no poisoning has been reported from Arizona.”), 85 

(020510 - color presentation), 91, 115 (color presentation), 127, 138, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Fabaceae (Leguminosae): The Pea Family 

Acacia constricta G. Bentham: Whitethorn Acacia 

SYNONYMY: Vachellia constricta (G. Bentham) D.S. Seigler & J.E. Ebinger. COMMON 

NAMES: All-thorn Acacia, Chaparo Prieta, Chaparro Prieto, Common Whitethorn, Garabato, Gidag 

(Tohono O’odham), Gigantillo, Huisache, Largoncillo, Mescat Acacia, Twinthorn Acacia, Vara Prieta, 

Vinorama, Whitethorn Acacia, White Thorn, Yellow Cat Claw. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial 

deciduous (drought and cold) shrub or tree (1 to 20 feet in height with crowns to about the same in width, 

one plant was described as being 8 feet in height with a crown 8 feet in width); the bark may be light gray, 

mahogany or nearly black; the stems may be red; the spines on the branches and stems are gray or white; 

the small pinnate leaves are green; the small flowers have been described as being golden, golden-yellow, 

orange-yellow, light yellow, yellow or yellowish-orange; flowering generally takes place between late

March and late October (additional records: two for early March and one for late December); the 

seedpods are brown, purple-red, reddish or rusty-brown. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it 

has been reported from mountains; mesas; cliffs; canyons; canyon sides; sandy canyon bottoms; sandy 

ridges; foothills; rocky and gravelly hills; bouldery hilltops; rocky and gravelly hillsides; escarpments; 

rocky, rocky-clayey-loamy and clayey-loamy slopes; gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders; 

sandy-loamy plains; gravelly flats; valley floors; coastal plains; along rocky, rocky-gravelly-loamy, 

rocky-gravelly-clayey loam, rocky-clayey-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-sandy-loamy, 

gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy, gravelly-loamy, gravelly-clayey loam and sandy roadsides; along and in 

rocky arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; rocky gulches; along streambeds; creeks; along and in sandy 

creekbeds; rivers; along and in gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and silty-clayey washes; drainages; swales; 

along gravelly-sandy and sandy banks of streams, creeks, rivers and washes; along edges of washes; 

rocky margins of arroyos and washes; mudflats; benches; alluvial terraces; sandy bottomlands; 

floodplains; mesquite bosques; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, rockysandy, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly loam, rocky-gravelly-clayey loam, 

rocky-clayey loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, gravelly-sandy-clayey loam, gravelly-clayey 

loam, sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam, clayey loam and loam ground, and silty clay ground, occurring 

from 1,100 to 6,500 feet (infrequently as low as 500 feet and as high as 9,200 feet) in elevation in the 


may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat, plants may live to be more than 72 years of 

age and the flowers may be fragrant. Whitethorn Acacia is used for food (but not extensively) by the 

Desert Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata), Merriam’s Kangaroo 

Rats (Dipodomys merriami), Bailey’s Pocket Mice (Chaetodipus baileyi) and Rock Pocket Mice 

(Chaetodipus intermedius) as well as a variety of other birds and mammals feed on the seeds. Acacia 

constricta is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13 (color photograph), 15, 

16, 18, 26 (color photograph), 28 (color photograph), 43 (080409), 46 (Page 399), 48, 53 (note under 

Acacia farnesiana), 63 (020710 - color presentation), 68, 77, 80 (This species is listed as a Major 

Poisonous Range Plant. “The plants are high in cyanide forming-compounds and have been reported to 

cause death of cattle in Arizona. In general, the plants are not palatable to livestock although the pods are 

grazed. However, in the fall of the year at or near frost time, when the range grasses become less 

palatable, cattle may eat heavily of these plants and death is likely to result. ... Animals should be 

removed from heavily infested areas during the early frost period or considerable death losses may 

occur.” See text for additional information.), 85 (020710 - color presentation), 91, 115 (color 

presentation), 134, 138, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Acacia greggii A. Gray (var. greggii is the variety reported as occurring in Arizona): Catclaw Acacia 

SYNONYMY: (for A.g. var. greggii: Acacia greggii A. Gray var. arizonica D. Isely). COMMON 

NAMES: Acacia, Algarroba, Arizona Acacia (for var. greggii), Cat Claw, Cat Claw Acacia, Catclaw, 

Catclaw Acacia, Cat’s-claw, Devil’s Catclaw, Devil’s Claw, Devil’s-claw, Devilsclaw, Devil’s-claw 

Acacia, Di:s (Seri), Gatuno, Gregg Catclaw, Gregg’s Acacia, Tearblanket, Tepame, Tesota, Texas Catclaw, 

Texas Mimosa, Texas-mimosa, Una de Gato, Wait-a-minute, Wait-a-minute Bush, Wright Acacia (for var. 

wrightii). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial winter-deciduous shrub or tree (40 inches to 35 feet in 

height with a broad crown, one plant was reported as being 6½ feet in height with a crown 10 feet in 

width, one plant was reported as being 13 feet in height with a crown 16½ feet in width); the bark is grayblack 

or red-brown; the leaves are gray-green or green; the flowers may be cream, cream-white, creamyellow, 

green, greenish-yellow, lemon-yellow, dull white, white, pale yellow, yellow, yellow-cream or 

yellow-green in catkins; flowering generally takes place between early March and early August 

(additional records: two for late August, one for mid-September, two for late September, one for early 

October, three for mid-October, one for early November, one for mid-November, one for early December 

and one for late December); the mature fruits (straight or twisted pods) are brown or brownish-red. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; mountainsides; 

gravelly mesas; rocky canyons; rocky and sandy canyon bottoms; gorges; rocky bluffs; rocky and sandy

idges; ridgetops; foothills; rocky hills; gravelly hilltops; rocky, gravelly and gravelly-loamy hillsides; 

bedrock, rocky, rocky-gravelly-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy slopes; alluvial fans; bajadas; 

amongst boulders; debris flows; plains; sandy flats; basins; valley floors; loamy valley bottoms; coastal 

plains; along gravelly-sandy, gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy and sandy roadsides; along and in arroyos; 

bottoms of arroyos; draws; ravines; seeps; springs; along streams; along creeks; along sandy and sandysilty 

creekbeds; along rivers; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; 

within drainages; along drainage ways; along rocky, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-silty, sandy and sandy-silty 

banks of arroyos, streams, creeks, rivers and washes; along sandy edges of arroyos, creeks and washes; 

margins of washes; shorelines; sand bars; shelves; gravelly-sandy and sandy terraces; sandy bottomlands; 

lowlands; sandy-loamy floodplains; mesquite bosques; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry 

bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly loam, gravellysandy-clayey 

loam, gravelly loam, sandy loam, clayey loam and loam ground; gravelly clay, sandy clay 

and clay ground, and gravelly silty and sandy silty ground, occurring from slightly above sea level to 


NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat; the flowers are fragrant, 

it may live to be up to 120 years of age. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of 

North America and could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food, 

fodder and/or fiber crop; it was also noted as having been used as a fuel, tool and for making perfumed 

sachets. Catclaw Acacia provides food, shelter, protection, shade, nesting sites, roosting sites and nesting 

material to a wide variety of species of wildlife. Acacia greggii is native to southwest-central and 

southern North America. *5, 6, 13 (color photograph), 15, 18, 26 (color photograph), 28 (color 

photograph), 43 (020710), 46 (“This is probably the most heartily disliked plant in the state, the sharp, 

strong prickles tearing the cloths and lacerating the flesh.”, Page 398), 48 (“A good honey plant but a 

poisonous weed on range lands.”), 52, 53, 58, 63 (020710 - color presentation), 77, 80 (This species is 

listed as a Secondary Poisonous Range Plant. “Plants contain cyanide-forming compounds and symptoms 

are typical of cyanide poisoning. The new foliage is relished by cattle in the early spring. It also may be 

grazed considerably during dry seasons or drouth periods when other feed is short. Plants are most 

dangerous in the fall during first frosts. Cattle are most often poisoned, but losses in Arizona are not 

heavy. Poisoning may be prevented by deferring heavily infested areas during the early frost periods.” See 

text for additional information.), 85 (020710 - color presentation), 91, 115 (color presentation), 127, 138* 

Acacia greggii var. arizonica (see Acacia greggii var. greggii) 

Acacia greggii A. Gray var. greggii: Catclaw Acacia 

SYNONYMY: Acacia greggii A. Gray var. arizonica D. Isely. COMMON NAMES: Acacia, 

Algarroba, Arizona Acacia (applied to var. greggii), Cat Claw, Cat Claw Acacia, Catclaw, Catclaw Acacia, 

Cat’s-claw, Devil’s Catclaw, Devil’s Claw, Devil’s-claw, Devilsclaw, Di:s (Seri), Gatuno, Gregg Catclaw, 

Gregg’s Acacia, Tearblanket, Tepame, Tesota, Texas Catclaw, Texas Mimosa, Una de Gato, Wait-aminute, 

Wait-a-minute Bush. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial winter-deciduous shrub or tree (40 

inches to 25 feet in height with a broad crown); the bark is gray-black or red-brown; the leaves are graygreen 

or green; the flowers may be cream, cream-white, cream-yellow, green, greenish-yellow, lemonyellow, 

white, yellow, yellow-cream or yellow-green in catkins; flowering generally takes place between 

early March and mid-July (additional record: one for mid-October); the mature fruits (straight or twisted 

pods) are brown or brownish-red. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; mountainsides; mesas; canyons; rocky and sandy canyon bottoms; rocky bluffs; rocky and 

sandy ridges; ridgetops; hillsides; rocky, rocky-clayey-loamy, sandy and loamy slopes; amongst boulders; 

alluvial fans; sandy flats; valley floors; gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy and sandy roadsides; sandy edges of 

arroyos; draws; ravines; along streams; along creeks; along rivers; along gravelly and sandy washes; 

within drainages; along banks of rivers and washes; along edges of washes; margins of arroyos; 

floodplains; mesquite bosques, and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly loam, rocky-clayey loam, gravelly-sandy-clayey loam,

sandy loam and clayey loam ground, and gravelly clay ground, occurring from slightly above sea level to 


NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat; the flowers are fragrant, 

it may live to be up to 120 years of age. The species, Acacia greggii, was reported to have been utilized 

by native peoples of North America and could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or 

commercial food, fodder and/or fiber crop; it was also noted as having been used as a fuel, tool and for 

making perfumed sachets. Catclaw Acacia provides food, shelter, protection, shade, nesting sites, roosting 

sites and nesting material to a wide variety of species of wildlife. Acacia greggii var. greggii is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13 (color photograph of species, species), 16 

(recorded as Acacia greggii Gray var. arizonica Isely), 18 (species), 26 (species, color photograph of 

species), 28 (species, color photograph of species), 43 (020710), 46 (species, “This is probably the most 

heartily disliked plant in the state, the sharp, strong prickles tearing the clothes and lacerating the flesh.”), 

48 (species - “A good honey plant but a poisonous weed on range lands.”, Page 398), 52 (species) 53, 

(species), 63 (020710), 80 (The species is listed as a Secondary Poisonous Range Plant. “Plants contain 

cyanide-forming compounds and symptoms are typical of cyanide poisoning. The new foliage is relished 

by cattle in the early spring. It also may be grazed considerably during dry seasons or drouth periods 

when other feed is short. Plants are most dangerous in the fall during first frosts. Cattle are most often 

poisoned, but losses in Arizona are not heavy. Poisoning may be prevented by deferring heavily infested 

areas during the early frost periods.” See text for additional information.), 85 (020710), 91 (species), 115 

(color presentation of the species), 127 (species), WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Calliandra eriophylla G. Bentham: Fairyduster 

SYNONYMY: Calliandra eriophylla G. Bentham var. eriophylla. COMMON NAMES: 

Cabelleto de Angel, Cabeza Angel, Desert Fairy-duster, Fairy Duster, Fairy-duster, Fairyduster, False 

Mesquite, False Mesquite Calliandra, Guajillo, Hairy-leaved Calliandra, Huajillo, Mesquitella (Spanish), 

Mesquitilla, Mock Mesquite. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial deciduous subshrub or shrub (4 

inches to 5 feet in height, one plant was described as being 40 inches in height with a crown 80 inches in 

width); the stems are bluish, light gray, whitish or white-gray; the leaves may be leaves grayish, dark 

green or red; the flowers are cream-white, pink, pink-red, pink-white, purple, red, red and white, reddishpurple, 

rose or violet-red; flowering generally takes place between early February and mid-June 

(additional records: two for mid-January, four for mid-August, two for late August, one for early 

September, one for mid-September, one for early October, three for mid-October, four for late October, 

two for early November, one for mid-November, two for late November, one for early December, one for 

mid-December and two for late December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; rocky peaks; mesas; plateaus; rocky canyons; along canyon bottoms; buttes; 

knolls; sandy ridges; rocky ridgetops; rocky, shaley-sandy and gravelly-clayey-loamy foothills; rocky 

hills; hilltops; rocky hillsides; along bedrock, bouldery, rocky, rocky-clayey, gravelly and gravelly-sandyloamy 

slopes; gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; boulderfields; interior 

dunes; plains; rocky, gravelly and sandy flats; basins; valley floors; along rocky and sandy roadsides; 

along rocky-sandy arroyos; within gullies; around seeps; around springs; around seeping streams; along 

and in gravelly and sandy washes; within bouldery drainage ways; along water courses; rocky banks of 

arroyos and lakes; edges of washes and drainage ways; shores of lakes; gravelly terraces; ditches; riparian 

areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, shaley-sandy, 

gravelly and sandy ground; pebbly-clayey loam, gravelly-sandy loam, gravelly-clayey loam and sandy 

loam ground, and rocky clay ground, occurring from sea level to 6,900 feet in elevation in the forest, 


an attractive component of a restored native habitat, and is a soil binder. This plant was reported to have 

been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted as having been used as a drug or 

medication. Fairy Duster is browsed by wildlife and found to be highly palatable by Mule Deer 

(Odocoileus hemionus) and White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and hummingbirds have been 

observed visiting the flowers. Calliandra eriophylla is native to southwest-central and southern North

America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 18, 28 (color photograph), 43 (080409), 46 (Page 397), 48, 58, 63 (020910 - 

color presentation), 77 (color photograph #32), 85 (020910 - color presentation), 86 (color photograph), 

91, 115 (color presentation), 127, 138, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Calliandra eriophylla var. eriophylla (see Calliandra eriophylla) 

Cassia covesii (see Senna covesii) 

Cercidium floridum (see Parkinsonia florida) 

Cercidium floridum subsp. floridum (see Parkinsonia florida) 

Dalea parryi (see Marina parryi) 

Marina parryi (J. Torrey & A. Gray) R.C. Barneby: Parry’s False Prairie-clover 

SYNONYMY: Dalea parryi J. Torrey & A. Gray. COMMON NAMES: Parry Dalea, Parry 

Indigo Pea, Parry Marina, Parry False Prairie-clover, Parry’s False Prairie-clover, Parry’s False 

Prairieclover, Parry’s Indigobush, Silk Dalea. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or 

subshrub (8 to 50 inches in height, one plant was described as being 16 inches in height with a crown 16 

inches in width, plants were described as being 30 inches in height with a crown 40 inches in width); the 

reddish-purple stems are more or less woody; the leaves are gray-green or green; the flowers are blue, 

blue-violet, blue & white, dark blue-indigo, indigo, indigo-blue, indigo & blue-purple, deep indigo, deep 

indigo-violet, magenta-violet, purple, purplish, purple-blue, purple-indigo, purple & white, violet or 

yellow; flowering generally takes place between late December and early June and again from late August 

to early December. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; 

rocky mountainsides; rocky canyons; rocky canyon sides; rocky, gravelly and gravelly-sandy canyon 

bottoms; rocky talus; rocky ridgetops; foothills; hills; hilltops; rocky, rocky-sandy and sandy hillsides; 

along bouldery, rocky, stony, gravelly, gravelly-loamy, sandy and sandy-silty slopes; rocky and sandy 

alluvial fans; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; sand dunes; gravelly-sandy outwash fans; gravellysandy-loamy 

and sandy plains; rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy flats; basins; sandy valley 

floors; beach dunes; coastal shores; along gravelly and silty-clayey roadsides; along and in rocky, 

gravelly-sandy-loamy and sandy arroyos; along sandy-silty bottoms of arroyos; gulches; rocky gullies; 

silty springs; along streams; streambeds; creekbeds; along and in rocky, gravelly and sandy washes; 

within drainage ways; silty depressions; along sandy banks of arroyos, creeks and lakes; gravelly-sandy 

and sandy edges of washes and tinajas; mudflats; gravel and sand bars; sandy riparian areas, and disturbed 

areas growing in dry desert pavement; rocky, rocky-sandy, stony, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

ground; gravelly-loam, gravelly-sandy loam and loam ground; silty clay ground, and silty ground, 

occurring from sea level to 4,700 feet in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 


Marina parryi is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (recorded as 

Dalea parryi, color photograph), 43 (021210), 46 (recorded as Dalea parryi Torr. & Gray, Page 436), 63 

(021210 - color presentation), 77, 85 (021210 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Olneya tesota A. Gray: Desert Ironwood 

COMMON NAMES: Arizona Ironwood, Comitin, Desert Iron Wood, Desert Ironwood, Ho Id 

Cam (Pima), Ironwood, Palo de Hierro, Palo-de-hierro, Palo Fierro, Tesota. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial evergreen shrub or tree (10 to 33 feet in height); the bark is gray; the twigs are gray, green or 

yellow-green becoming light brown; the leaves are bluish-green, gray or gray-green; the flowers may be 

(½ inch in length) blue & white, lavender, pink, pink-lavender, purplish, rose-purple & whitish, violet, 

white or yellowish; flowering generally takes place between early April and late June (additional records: 

one for early January, one for early March and one for mid-July) with flowering lasting for a few weeks,

the mature seedpods (2 to 2½ inches in length) are brown. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it 

has been reported from mountains; rocky mountaintops; gravelly and sandy mesas; rocky and sandy 

canyons; canyon bottoms; along bluffs; buttes; ridges; ridgetops; rocky foothills; hills; rocky hillsides; 

rocky, rocky-sandy and gravelly slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders; sand dunes; plains; 

rocky, gravelly and sandy flats; valley floors; roadsides; rocky and sandy arroyos; around seeping 

streams; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; along gravellysandy 

and sandy banks of washes; along edges of washes; margins of washes; shores of oceans; benches; 

terraces; floodplains, and gravelly riparian areas growing in dry desert pavement and bouldery, rocky, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground, occurring from sea level to 3,200 feet in elevation in the scrub 

and desertscrub ecological formation. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored 


could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food and/or fiber crop; it 

was also noted as having been used as fuel, tools, and for musical instruments. The trees are browsed by 

Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis). Hummingbirds including the Costa’s Hummingbird (Calypte costae), 

Carpenter Bees (Xylocopa spp.) and the Solitary Bee (Centris pallida) have been observed visiting the 

flowers. The seeds are an important food for the Desert Wood Rat (Neotoma lepida) and other desert 

animals. Olneya tesota is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 10, 13, 16, 18, 

26 (color photograph), 28 (color photograph), 43 (021310), 46 (Pages 442-443), 48, 52 (color 

photograph), 53, 63 (021310 - color presentation), 77, 85 (021310 - color presentation), 91, 115 (color 

presentation), 127, 138, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Parkinsonia aculeata C. Linnaeus: Jerusalem Thorn 

COMMON NAMES: Arrêtenègre (French), Bacapore, Bagota, Barbados Flowerfence, Cina-cina 

(Portuguese), Espinheiro-de-Jerusalém (Portuguese), Espinho-de-jerusalém (Portuguese), Espinillo 

(Spanish), Guacoporo, Horse Bean, Horsebean, Jerusalem Thorn, Jerusalem-thorn, Jerusalemdorn 

(German), Junco, Long-leaf Paloverde, Mexican Palo Verde, Mexican Paloverde, Mezquite Verde, Palo 

de Rayo (Spanish), Palo Verde Mejicano (Spanish), Retaima, Retama, Rosa-da-turquia (Portuguese), 

Sessaban (transliterated Arabic), Turco (Portuguese). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial drought- and 

possibly cold-deciduous shrub or tree (10 to 40 feet in height); the older bark is brown or gray; the 

younger bark, branches and twigs are green or yellow-green; the leaves are green; the flowers (¾ to 1 inch 

in width) are golden-yellow, orange, yellow, yellow with orange or red spots or golden-yellow; flowering 

generally takes place between mid-February and early July (additional records: two for late July, four for 

early August, one for mid-August, two for late August, one for mid-September, two for late September, 

one for mid-October, three for late October, one for mid-September, one for early October, one for late 

October, one for early November, one for mid-November and one for late November) with the bloom 

generally lasting 3 to 4 weeks; the mature seedpods (2 to 4 inches in length) are brown. HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; rocky and gravelly canyons; 

canyon bottoms; foothills; bouldery hills; hillsides; rocky-gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy slopes; bajadas; 

gravelly and sandy alluvial fans; sand hummocks; sandy plains; sandy flats; basin bottoms; valley floors; 

coastal flats; railroad right-of-ways; along rocky-gravelly, gravelly and sandy-loamy roadsides; along 

sandy-silty arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; along streams; along rocky streambeds; along rivers; rockycobbly-sandy 

and sandy riverbeds; along and in sandy and silty washes; along watercourses; clayey 

pondbeds; banks of creeks and rivers; edges of ponds; shores of rivers; beaches; terraces; bottomlands; 

gravelly-sandy and sandy-silty-clayey floodplains; bosques; along canals; along canal banks; along 

ditches; riparian areas; waste places, and disturbed areas growing in moist and dry bouldery, rockycobbly, 

rocky-cobbly-sandy, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-gravellysandy-clayey 

loam, rocky-sandy loam and sandy loam ground; sandy-silty clay and clay ground, and 

sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 4,100 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant was reported to 


a home garden or commercial food crop. This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native

habitat; however, outside of its native range it may become weedy, especially so in riparian areas and 

along roadsides. In Arizona, the Jerusalem Thorn is native to the Castle Dome Mountains in Yuma County 

and the foothills of the Baboquivari, Coyote and Quinlan Mountains in Pima County. The foliage and 

pods are browsed by wildlife. This plant was observed as an escaped and naturalized ornamental. 

Parkinsonia aculeata is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 16, 18, 26 

(color photograph), 28 (color photograph), 43 (021310), 46 (Page 407), 48, 52 (color photograph), 53, 58, 

63 (021310 - color presentation), 77, 80 (This species is listed as a Poisonous Cropland and Garden Plant. 

“This ornamental shrub or small tree has been reported to accumulate toxic levels of nitrate.”), 85 

(021310 - color presentation), 91, 115 (color presentation), 127, HR* 

Parkinsonia florida (G. Bentham ex A. Gray) S. Watson: Blue Paloverde 

SYNONYMY: Cercidium floridum G. Bentham, Cercidium floridum G. Bentham var. floridum. 

COMMON NAMES: Blue Palo Verde, Blue Palo-verde, Blue Paloverde, Caro (Mayo), Palo Verde 

(Spanish for Green Pole, Green Stick or Green Tree), Paloverde, Stedak U’us (Pima), Studuk U’us (Bajo 

Pima). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial deciduous shrub or tree (40 inches to 40 feet in height); the 

bark may be blue-green, green, yellow or yellow-green, and gray on the older trunks; the leaves are bluegreen; 

the flowers (¾ to 1 inch in width) are yellow or seldom white; flowering generally takes place 

between early March and mid-June (additional records: two for early February, two for mid-August, two 

for early September, one for late September, one for early October, two for mid-October, one for late 

October, two for early November, one for mid-November and one for early December); the mature fruits 

(1½ to 4 inches in length) are light brown. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; mountainsides; mesas; along canyons; canyon walls; sandy canyon bottoms; 

buttes; gravelly-clayey ridges; foothills; rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly-loamy and sandy hills; bajadas; 

rocky, rocky-sandy and sandy slopes; sand hills; sand dunes; rocky-sandy, cindery, sandy and sandy-silty 

flats; valley floors; valley bottoms; coastal slopes; along rocky-gravelly-sandy, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

roadsides; along gravelly arroyos; along sandy bottoms of arroyos; rocky draws; seeps; streambeds; 

creekbeds; along rivers; along riverbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy washes; drainages; watercourses; playas; along rocky and sandy banks of arroyos, rivers and 

washes; edges of draws and washes; margins of rivers and washes; gravelly sand bars; benches; gravelly 

terraces; loamy bottomlands; clayey lowlands; sandy-loamy floodplains; mesquite bosques; fencerows; 

catchments; stock tanks; along canals; along canal banks; gravelly-sandy riparian areas, and disturbed 

areas growing in dry rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy, rocky-sandy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy ground; gravelly loam, sandy loam and loam ground; gravelly clay and clay ground, and sandy silty 


and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored 

native habitat, it has a very showy display of yellow flowers in very showy in late March and April. This 

plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be investigated to 

determine its value as a home garden or commercial food crop; it was also noted as having been used for 

shelter and for tools. The Blue Paloverde may be useful in controlling erosion. Bighorn Sheep (Ovis 

canadensis), Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and other wildlife browse the fruits, leaves and twigs and 

the seeds are eaten by birds and rodents and used by Bruchid Beetles. Parkinsonia florida is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13 (recorded as Cercidium floridum Bentham, 

color photograph of habitat Plate S.2), 15, 16 (recorded as Cercidium floridum Benth.), 18, 26 (recorded 

as Cercidium floridum, color photograph), 28 (recorded as Cercidium floridum, color photograph), 43 

(021310 - Cercidium floridum Benth. ex A. Gray, Parkinsonia florida S. Watson), 46 (recorded as 

Cercidium floridum Benth., Page 407), 48, 52 (recorded as Cercidium floridum Benth. ex Gray, color 

photograph), 53 (recorded as Cercidium floridum Benth.), 58, 63 (021310 - color presentation), 77 

(recorded as Cercidium floridum Benth.), 85 (021410 - color presentation), 86 (recorded as Cercidium 

floridum, color photograph), 91 (recorded as Cercidium floridum Benth.), 115 (color presentation), 127, 

HR*

Parkinsonia microphylla J. Torrey: Yellow Paloverde 

SYNONYMY: Cercidium microphyllum (J. Torrey) J.N. Rose & I.M. Johnston. COMMON 

NAMES: Dipua, Foothill Palo Verde, Foothill Paloverde, Hillside Paloverde, Horsebean, Kuk Cehedagi 

(Tohono O’odham), Little Horsebean, Littleleaf Horsebean, Little Leaf Paloverde, Little-leaf Palo Verde, 

Little-leaf Palo-verde, Little-leaf Paloverde, Littleleaf Palo Verde, Littleleaf Paloverde, Palo Verde 

(Spanish for Green Pole, Green Stick or Green Tree), Palo-verde, Paloverde, Yellow-Palo-verde, Yellow 

Paloverde. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial drought deciduous shrub or tree (40 inches to 26 feet in 

height with a crown diameter of 12 to 18, one plant was described as being 6 feet in height and 7 feet in 

width, one plant was described as being 9 feet in height and width, one plant was described as being 16 

feet in height and width); the bark is green, olive-green or yellow-green, and gray on older trunks; the 

ends of the leafy branchlets are spine-like; the small leaflets are green, greenish-gray or yellow-green; the 

flowers (½ inch in width) are lemon-yellow, whitish & yellow, yellow, yellow-green or yellow & white; 

the styles are pale yellow or pale yellow-green; the filaments are pale yellow or pale yellow-green; the 

anthers are orange; flowering generally takes place between mid-March and mid-June (additional records: 

one for mid-August and one for mid-October); the mature seedpods (2 to 3 inches in length) are light 

brown or tan. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky 

mountaintops; mesas; cliffs; rocky walls; rocky canyons; canyon walls; canyon bottoms; bluffs; buttes; 

ledges; ridges; bouldery and rocky foothills; bases of foothills; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; rocky and 

sandy slopes; alluvial fans; rocky, gravelly and gravelly-silty bajadas; boulder fields; bouldery and rocky 

outcrops; plains; gravelly and sandy flats; valley floors; sandy valley bottoms; along rocky and gravelly 

roadsides; within gravelly-sandy arroyos; along and in rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; 

drainages; rocky-sandy banks of arroyos and rivers; along edges of washes; margins of arroyos and 

washes; rocky sand bars; coves; gravelly terraces; floodplains; ditches; riparian areas, and disturbed areas 

growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; sandy loam, 

clay loam and loam ground; clay ground, and gravelly silty ground, occurring from sea level to 4,000 feet 

in elevation in the grassland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an 

attractive component of a restored native habitat and may live to be more than 400 years of age. This 

plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be investigated to 

determine its value as a home garden or commercial food crop. To reduce water loss during extended 

periods of drought a tree may undergo a natural drought-pruning process where entire branches die back 

The Foothill Paloverde is a common “nurse plant” of the Saguaro or Giant Cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) 

and provides a sheltered microhabitat in which other desert plants are able to become established. Bighorn 

Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), jackrabbits and other small mammals 

browse the fruits, leaves and twigs; the Collard Peccary (Peccari tajacu) feed on the fruit, and the seeds 

are used by Bruchid Beetles. The Foothill Paloverde is considered a significant foraging site for birds; it is 

used as a nesting site by the Black-tailed Gnatcatcher (Polioptila melanura) and Verdins, and as a 

roosting site by Gambel’s Quail (Callipepla gambelii subsp. gambelii). The Costa’s Hummingbird 

(Calypte costae) has been observed visiting the flowers. Parkinsonia microphylla is native to southwestcentral 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 10, 13 (recorded as Cercidium microphyllum, color 

photograph in habitat Plate T.1), 15, 16 (recorded as Cercidium microphyllum (Torr.) Rose & Johnst.), 18, 

26 (recorded as Cercidium microphyllum, color photograph), 28 (recorded as Cercidium microphyllum, 

color photograph), 43 (021410 - Cercidium microphyllum Rose & I.M. Johnst.), 46 (recorded as 

Cercidium microphyllum (Torr.) Rose & Johnston, Page 407), 48, 52 (recorded as Cercidium 

microphyllum (Torr.) Rose & I.M. Johnst., color photograph), 53 (recorded as Cercidium microphyllum 

(Torr.) Rose & Johnst.), 63 (021410 - color presentation), 77 (recorded as Cercidium microphyllum (Torr.) 

Rose & Johnst.), 85 (021410 - color presentation), 86 (note under Cercidium floridum), 91 (recorded as 

Cercidium microphyllum (Torr.) Rose & I.M. Johnston), 115 (color presentation), 127, 134, 138, WTK 

(July 4, 2005)* 

Cercidium microphyllum (see Parkinsonia microphylla)

Prosopis velutina E.O. Wooton: Velvet Mesquite 

SYNONYMY: Prosopis juliflora (O. Swartz) A.P. de Candolle var. velutina (E.O. Wooton) C.S. 

Sargent. COMMON NAMES: Algarroba, Chachaca, Fluweelprosopis (Afrikaans), Kvi (or possibly Kui - 

Tohono O’odham), Mesquite, Mezquite, Mizquitl, Velvet Mesquite. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial deciduous shrub or tree (2 to 56 feet in height, one plant was reported to be 6½ feet in height 

with a canopy 6½ feet in width, one plant was reported to be 13 feet in height with a canopy 16½ feet in 

width, one tree was reported to be 20 feet in height and 40 feet in width); the bark on the trunk and older 

branches is dark brown, dark brownish-green or dark gray; the leaves are gray-green; the flowers 

(cylindrical spikes 2 to 5 inches in length) are cream, cream-yellow, green-yellow, greenish-white, pale 

yellow, yellow, yellow-green or yellowish-green; flowering generally takes place between mid-March and 

late August (additional records: one for early October and one for early November); the mature seedpods 

(3 to 8 inches in length) are red, tan, yellow or mottled. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has 

been reported from mountains; mesas; plateaus; canyons; along sandy canyon bottoms; rocky bases of 

cliffs; buttes; rocky and sandy ridges; foothills; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; rocky and rocky-loamy 

slopes; alluvial fans; gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; rocky plains; gravelly and sandy flats; sandy valley 

floors; valley bottoms; along rocky-gravelly-loamy, gravelly-clayey-sandy-loamy and silty-clayey 

roadsides; along and in sandy arroyos; rocky-gravelly-loamy draws; seeps; springs; around seeping 

streams; along streams; along rocky streambeds; along creeks; creekbeds; along rivers; along rocky-sandy 

riverbeds; along and in rocky, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; along drainages; within drainage ways; 

playas; cienegas; banks of streams, creeks and rivers; gravelly and sandy edges of rivers, washes and 

ponds; sandy-loamy benches; gravelly and gravelly-sandy terraces; bottomlands; floodplains; mesquite 

bosques; along fencelines; around stock tanks; around reservoirs; along canals; canal banks; ditches; 

along ditch banks; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam, rocky-gravelly loam, gravelly-clayey-sandy 

loam, sandy loam, clayey loam and loam ground; silty clay ground, and sandy silty, clayey silty and silty 

ground, occurring from 100 to 6,300 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and 


habitat, it may live to be more than several hundred years of age. This plant was reported to have been 


garden or commercial food, beverage, fiber and/or dye or paint (boiled resin used as a pottery paint) crop; 

it was also noted as having been used as fuel, as a tool, as toys, as a drug or medication and as a guide for 

determining a planting season. The Velvet Mesquite is a common “nurse plant” of the Saguaro or Giant 

Cactus (Carnegiea gigantea). Much of the mesquite forest (bosques) originally found along the desert 

water courses have been lost to fuel wood cutting and clearing for agricultural fields and commercial and 

residential development. Velvet Mesquite Bosques were small, open, park-like woodlands with the Velvet 

Mesquite often occurring in nearly pure stands and interspersed with other common species such as the 

Netleaf Hackberry (Celtis laevigata var. reticulata), Catclaw Acacia (Acacia greggii var. greggii), 

Mexican Elder (Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis), Desert Hackberry (Celtis ehrenbergiana), Greythorn 

(Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens), Wolfberry (Lycium spp.), Four-wing Salt-bush (Atriplex canescens) 

and Vine Mesquite Grass (Panicum obtusum). The Velvet Mesquite provides food and shelter for many 

species of wildlife. The plant is a food source for quail, Desert Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus crooki) 

and Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana). Coyotes (Canis latrans), Round-tailed Ground 

Squirrels (Spermophilus tereticaudus), Desert Cottontails (Sylvilagus audubonii) and many other wild 

animals feed on the seed pods. Velvet Mesquite is the host for a Drywood Termite (Incisitermes banksi). 

Bruchid Beetles feed on the fruits and seeds. Prosopis velutina is native to southwest-central and southern 

North America. *5, 6, 13 (recorded as Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. var. velutina (Wooton) Sarg., color 

photograph), 15, 16, 18, 26 (color photograph), 28 (color photograph), 43 (071609), 46 (recorded as 

Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. var. velutina (Wooton) Sarg., Page 402), 48, 52 (color photograph), 53 

(species: recorded as Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.), 58, 63 (021610), 68, 77, 80 (This species is listed as a 

Rarely Poisonous and Suspected Poisonous Range Plant. “Heavy, long-continued consumption of pods 

and leaves of these common desert shrubs may cause rumen impaction and poisoning.”), 85 (021610 -

color presentation), 91), 115 (color presentation), 127, 134, ADS (Arizona Daily Star, Sunday, July 26, 

2009, Tucson & Region, B1: Mesquite Pods are of Consuming Interest), 138* 

Prosopis juliflora var. velutina (see Prosopis velutina) 

Senna covesii (A. Gray) H.S. Irwin & R.C. Barneby: Coves’ Cassia 

SYNONYMY: Cassia covesii A. Gray. COMMON NAMES: Coves Cassia, Coves’ Cassia, Cove 

Senna, Dais, Daisillo, Desert Senna, Hojasen, Kau Ohasen (Yaqui), Rosemaria, Rattlebox, Rattlebox 

Senna, Rattleweed, Senna. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or subshrub (10 to 32 inches 

in height); the leaves are gray or gray-green; the flowers (½ to 1 inch in width) golden, orange-yellow, 

rusty-yellow, pale yellow, yellow, yellow-orange or yellow with reddish veins; flowering generally takes 

place between early March and early December (additional records: one for early February and two for 

mid-February); the mature seedpods (1 to 2 inches in length) are brown. HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; canyons; canyonsides; gravelly canyon bottoms; 

along rocky and rocky-sandy ridges; ridgetops; foothills; rocky hills; rocky and sandy hillsides; along 

rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-clayey and gravelly slopes; alluvial fans; gravelly bajadas; amongst grasses; 

sandy-loamy plains; gravelly, sandy and silty flats; basins; valley floors; along rocky, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy roadsides; sandy bottoms of arroyos; gulches; along streams; streambeds; creeks; sandy 

creekbeds; along rivers; sandy riverbeds; along and in bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy washes; gravelly drainage ways; waterholes; around ponds; gravelly-sandy banks of 

rivers and washes; margins of washes; gravel bars; sandy beaches; sandy loamy benches; gravelly 

terraces; sandy, sandy-loamy, loamy and silty floodplains; mesquite bosques; gravelly and sandy riparian 

areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy ground; rocky-clayey loam, sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam and loam ground; rocky clay 

ground, and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 6,700 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, 


component of a restored native habitat. The Cove Cassia is a larval food plant of the Cloudless Sulfur 

(Phoebis sennae) and Sleepy Orange (Eurema nicippe) and is used for food by Gambel’s Quail 

(Callipepla gambelii gambelii). Senna covesii is native to southwest-central and southern North America. 

*5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (recorded as Cassia covesii, color photograph), 43 (021710), 46 (recorded as Cassia 

covesii Gray, Page 406), 63 (021710), 68, 77, 82, 85 (021710 - color presentation), 115 (color 

presentation), WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Vachellia constricta (see Acacia constricta) 

Fouquieriaceae: The Ocotillo Family 

Fouquieria splendens G. Engelmann: Ocotillo 

SYNONYMY: Fouquieria splendens G. Engelmann subsp. splendens G. Engelmann. 

COMMON NAMES: Albarda, Barda, Barda, Candle Bush, Candlewood, Coach Whip, Coach-whip, 

Coachwhip, Coachwhip Cactus, Flamingsword, Jacob’s Staff, Monkey-tail, Ocotillo, Ocotillo del Corral, 

Slimwood, Vine-cactus, Vine Cactus. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial cold- and drought-deciduous 

semi- and stem-succulent shrub (5 to 33 feet in height with a crown width of 5 to 15 feet); the stems 

(cluster of 5 to 100 wand-like stems branching from the base) are gray, gray & dark gray, gray-green or 

green; the leaves are green; the flowers (2 to 10 inch long clusters at the tips of the stems) may be coralred, 

cream, cream-white, orange, orange-red, pinkish-purple, red, reddish-orange, red & yellow, salmon, 

scarlet, scarlet-coral, white or yellow; flowering generally takes place over a period of 50 to 60 days 

between early February and early June (additional records: two for late June, two for early July, one for 

mid-July, one for late July, one for early August, one for late August, two for mid-September, one for late 

September, one for mid-October, two for late October, two for early November and two for early

December); the mature fruits are capsules containing winged seeds. HABITAT: Within the range of this 

species it has been reported from mountains; mountainsides; gravelly-sandy and sandy mesas; crags; 

canyon rims; cliffs; bouldery and rocky canyons; crevices in rocks; gravelly ridges; rocky ridgetops; 

ridgelines; foothills; rocky and rocky-sandy hills; rocky hilltops; rocky and gravelly hillsides; bedrock, 

bouldery-cobbly, rocky, rocky-gravelly, shaley-sandy, stony, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and gravelly-loamy 

slopes; alluvial fans; rocky and sandy bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders; lava flows; sand hills; 

sand dunes; dune swales; gravelly outwash fans; gravelly and sandy plains; gravelly and gravelly-sandy 

flats; basins; rocky and sandy valley floors; valley bottoms; along gravelly roadsides; rocky arroyos; 

gullies; along rivers; along sandy washes; bedrock, bouldery-cobbly and sandy banks of rivers and 

washes; rocky-sandy shores of lakes; benches; along floodplains and riparian areas growing in dry desert 

pavement; bouldery, bouldery-cobbly, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley-sandy, stony, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; gravelly loam ground, and clay ground, occurring from sea level to 




as a home garden or commercial food, beverage and/or fiber crop; it was also noted as having been used 

as a fuel, tool, drug or medication, ceremonial item and as an ornamental landscape plant. Older plants 

may be 150 to 200 years of age. This “vase-shaped” plant has been described by Benson and Darrow as 

being “one of the most distinctive shrubs in the Southwestern Deserts, and it is one of the plants giving 

outstanding character to the flora of the region”. Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis subsp. 

mexicana), Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Whitetailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus subsp. 

couesi) browse this plant. The Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris), Butterflies, Carpenter 

Bee (Xylocopa californica), Costa’s Hummingbird (Calypte costae), Finches, Orioles, Rufous 

Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus), Solitary Bees, Syrphid Flies, Verdins, and Warblers have been 

observed visiting the flowers. The Ocotillo is a preferred food plant of the Costa’s Hummingbird. 

Fouquieria splendens is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 10, 13 (color 

photograph: Plate N), 15, 16, 18, 26 (color photograph), 28 (color photograph), 43 (080309), 45 (color 

photograph), 46 (Page 640), 48, 58, 63 (021810 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #27), 85 

(021810 - color presentation), 86 (color photograph), 91, 106 (021810 - color presentation), 107, 115 

(color presentation), 127, 138, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Fouquieria splendens subsp. splendens (see Fouquieria splendens) 

Geraniaceae: The Geranium Family 

Erodium cicutarium (C. Linnaeus) C.L. L'Héritier de Brutelle ex W. Aiton (subsp. cicutarium is the 

subspecies reported as occurring in Arizona): Redstem Stork’s Bill 

COMMON NAMES: Afilaree, Agujitas (Hispanic), Alfilaree, Alfilaria, Alfilerilla, Alfirerillo 

(Hispanic), Arete (Hispanic), Clocks, Common Stork’s Bill, Cranesbill, Cutleaf Filaree, Filaree, Heronbill, 

Heronbill, Heron’s-bill, Pikuku Jasi (Purépecha), Pin-clover, Pinclover, Pingrass, Purple Filaree, 

Red-stem Filaree, Redstem Filaree, Redstem Stork’s Bill, Redstem Stork’s-bill, Storksbill, Semuchi 

(Hispanic), Storksbill. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual or biennial forb/herb (prostrate to 1 foot in 

height/length); the flowers may be blue, blue-violet, fuchsia, lavender, lavender-pink, lilac, magenta, 

magenta-lavender, magenta-rose, pink, pink-lavender, pink-magenta, pink-purple, pinkish-violet, purple, 

purple-pink, rose-lavender or violet; flowering generally takes place between late December and early 

August (additional records: one for late August, one for early September, two for late September, five for 

early October, one for mid-October and one for early November). HABITAT: Within the range of this 

species it has been reported from rocky mountains; bouldery mountainsides; gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy mesas; plateaus; along and in rocky canyons; bouldery-gravelly-sandy canyon bottoms; clayeycindery 

talus slopes; buttes; knolls; rocky ledges; bouldery and gravelly ridges; ridgetops; meadows;

cinder cones; rocky and sandy foothills; bouldery and rocky hills; rocky-gravelly hilltops; bouldery, 

rocky, rocky-gravelly and gravelly hillsides; bouldery, rocky, rocky-pebbly-clayey-loamy, rocky-loamy, 

rocky-loamy-clayey, rocky-clayey, stony, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-loamy, gravellyclayey, 

sandy, sandy-clayey-loamy, loamy and clayey slopes; rocky alluvial fans; sandy bases of alluvial 

fans; rocky and gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; lava flows; sand and sandy-clayey 

dunes; steppes; prairies; plains; gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and loamy flats; rocky basins; valley 

floors; valley bottoms; coastal plains; along cindery railroad right-of-ways; rocky roadbeds; along rocky, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy and sandy roadsides; along rocky-sandy arroyos; along bottoms of 

arroyos; gravelly draws; gulches; ravines; seeps; springs; along streams; streambeds; along creeks; along 

sandy creekbeds; sandy riverbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

washes; along and in sandy and silty drainages; in rocks around ponds; silty lakebeds; gravelly 

depressions; swales; banks of rivers, ponds and lakes; rocky, sandy and muddy edges of springs and 

washes, salt marshes and washes; shores of lakes; rocky-sandy and stony loamy benches; rocky terraces; 

sandy and loamy bottomlands; sandy floodplains, mesquite bosques; margins of stock tanks; along 

ditches; recently burned areas; riparian areas; waste places, and disturbed areas growing in moist, damp 

and dry bouldery, bouldery-gravelly-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, stony, cindery, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-pebbly-clayey loam, rocky loam, stony loam, gravelly loam, 

gravelly-sandy loam, gravelly-sandy-clayey loam, sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam, clayey loam, siltyclayey 

loam and loam ground, and rocky clay, rocky-loamy clay, gravelly clay, sandy clay and clay 


desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: EXOTIC Invasive Plant that poses a significant 

threat to our native biotic communities. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of 

North America; it was noted as having been used for food, as fodder, for protection (dried and powdered 

plant parts were mixed with watermelon seeds during storage and planting to prevent disease), as a drug 

or medication and as a ceremonial item. The fruits are collected by Harvester Ants. Erodium cicutarium 

is native to northern, central, eastern and southern Europe; northern, western, central and southern Asia, 

and northern Africa. *5, 6, 15, 16, 22 (color photograph), 28 (color photograph), 30, 43 (021910 - 

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton), 46 (Page 486), 58, 63 (021910 - color presentation), 77, 80 

(This species is listed as a Secondary Poisonous Range Plant. “Filaree is a valuable forage plant that 

furnishes good forage in both the green and dry state. However, plants occasionally develop high 

concentrations of nitrate that may cause loss of livestock. In Arizona, there have been several instances of 

heavy death loss in cattle showing typical symptoms of nitrate poisoning that have been associated with 

high nitrate content in Filaree plants. ... Danger is highest during the flush period of growth. ... Control of 

Filaree is not generally desirable because of its forage value, therefore, animals may need to be moved to 

less dangerous pastures during the critical period.” See text for additional information.), 85 (021910 - 

C.H. Bowen reported the following in a collection record dated May 13, 1920: “This plant is a native of 

the Mediterranean region having spread from there over large portions of Europe, Asia, Africa and North 

and South America. It is believed to have been introduced into the western hemisphere by the early 

Spanish explorers either in Mexico or Central America and later in California from whence it has spread 

over considerable areas principally in California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico. It seems to 

thrive best between elevations of 1500 and 4500 feet and where abundant is often considered to double 

the spring carrying capacity of the range. Relished by all classes of stock especially by sheep.”, color 

presentation), 86 (color photograph), 101 (color photograph), 115 (color presentation), 127, 138* 

Erodium texanum A. Gray: Texas Stork’s Bill 

COMMON NAMES: Alfilerilla, Bull Filaree, Desert Storksbill, Desert Stork’s Bill, False Filaree, 

Heron Bill, Heron-bill, Heron’s Bill, Large-flowered Stork’s Bill, Pine Needle, Stork’s Bill, Texas Filaree, 

Texas Fillarie, Texas Stork’s Bill, Tufted Filaree. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual or biennial forb/herb 

(prostrate to ascending 2 inches to 2 feet in height/length); the basal rosette leaves are green with red 

spots; the flowers may be lavender, magenta, pink-purple, purple-magenta, reddish-purple, rose-magenta, 

purple, purplish-red, rose-magenta, rose-pink, violet or violet-red; flowering generally takes place

etween late January and mid-May (additional records: one for early June, one for mid-September and 

one for early October); the fruits are reddish. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; pebbly-sandy-silty and sandy mesas; stony canyons; gorges; bases of cliffs; 

buttes; rocky ledges; rocky and chalky ridges; ridgetops; meadows; foothills; rocky and sandy hills; 

hillsides; bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rocky-cobbly-sandy, rocky-loamy, stony, gravelly, gravellysandy-loamy 

and sandy slopes; rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-loamy and sandy bajadas; bouldery and 

rocky outcrops; amongst boulders; sandy lava flows; sandy lava fields; dunes; berms; prairies; gravelly, 

sandy-loamy clayey-loamy plains; rocky, stony, stony-chalky, gravelly, pebbly-sandy-silty and sandy 

flats; basins; valley floors; along gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-loamy and sandy roadsides; rocky 

arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; gulches; gullies; creekbeds; riverbeds; along and in gravelly, sandy and 

sandy-silty washes; along gravelly drainages; silty lakebeds; marshes; silty depressions; swales; banks of 

creeks and creekbeds; benches; gravelly, gravelly-sandy and gravelly-sandy-loamy terraces; beds of siltyclayey 

impoundments; margins of stock tanks; canals; canal banks; sandy riparian areas, and disturbed 

areas growing in muddy and damp and dry rocky and sandy desert pavement; bouldery, boulderygravelly, 

rocky, rocky-cobbly-sandy, rocky-sandy, stony, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; 

rocky loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, gravelly-clayey loam, sandy loam, clayey loam and 

loam ground; silty clay ground; pebbly-sandy silty, sandy silty and silty ground, and chalky ground, 


wetland ecological formations. NOTES: These low growing and sprawling or widely spreading plants 

may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. The Texas Stork’s Bill is browsed by food by 

quail. Erodium texanum is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 43 

(022010), 46 (Page 486), 58, 63 (022010 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #76), 85 (022110 - 

color presentation), 86 (note), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Hydrophyllaceae: The Waterleaf Family 

Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia (G. Bentham) E.L. Greene (var. bipinnatifida (J. Torrey) L. Constance is 

the variety reported as occurring in Arizona): Spotted Hideseed 

COMMON NAMES: Common Eucrypta, Green Spotted Hideseed, Spotted Hideseed, Torrey 

Eucrypta. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (sprawling or trialing stems 4 to 40 inches in 

height); the bell-shaped flowers are pale blue, blue, cream-white, lavender, pale purple, white or whiteblue; 

flowering generally takes place between mid-January and early June (additional records: four for 

late June and one for mid-September). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported 

from mountains; rocky mountainsides; sandy mesas; plateaus; rock cliffs; rocky canyons; canyon walls; 

along rocky, sandy and sandy-loamy canyon bottoms; talus; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; buttes; 

rocky knobs; ledges; rocky ridges; ridgetops; sandy meadows; bouldery and rocky hills; stony-sandy-silty 

and clayey hilltops; rocky and clayey hillsides; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-loamy, 

gravelly-clayey, sandy and clayey slopes; bouldery-stony-gravelly-sandy and rocky alluvial fans; sandy 

bajadas; amongst boulders and rocks, rocky and shaley outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; bases of 

boulders; sand dunes; sandy-loamy and clayey plains; gravelly and sandy flats; basins; sandy valley 

floors; coastal plains; along rocky and rocky-gravelly roadsides; arroyos; gullies; ravines; seeps; springs; 

along seeping streams; along creeks; along sandy creekbeds; along rivers; along and in rocky-sandy, 

gravelly-sandy, gravelly-sandy-silty and sandy washes; within drainages; vernal pools; rocky depressions; 

along banks of washes; along rocky edges of streams and rivers; shores of lakes; benches; sandy terraces; 

floodplains; riparian areas and disturbed areas growing in the shade of rocks or shrubs or trees in dry 

bouldery, bouldery-stony-gravelly-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy ground; gravelly loam, sandy loam and loam ground; gravelly clay and clay ground, and 

stony-sandy silty and gravelly-sandy silty ground, occurring from sea level to 7,600 feet in elevation in 

the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: The foliage may 

be sweet-scented. Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia is native to southwest-central and southern (Baja

California) North America. *5, 6, 16, 43 (072209), 46 (Page 698), 63 (022110), 77, 85 (022110 - color 


Eucrypta micrantha (J. Torrey) A.A. Heller: Dainty Desert Hideseed 

COMMON NAMES: Dainty Desert Hideseed, Peluda, Small-flower Eucrypta, Smallflower 

Eucrypta, Small-flower Eucrypta Small-flowered Eucrypta. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb 

(stems may appear to be vining, 2 inches to 1 foot in height); the leaves are dark green; the cup-shaped 

flowers may be pale blue-purple, blue, blue-magenta, blue-purple, pale lavender, pale pink-lavender, 

purple, reddish-purple with a yellow throat, pale violet, violet or white; the anthers are blue; flowering 

generally takes place between mid-January and mid-June (additional record: one for late October). 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; gravelly mesas; cliffs; 

along canyons; rocky canyon walls; bouldery and rocky canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; knolls; ledges; 

rocky ridges; bouldery ridgetops; cinder cones; foothills; rocky and gravelly-sandy hills; rocky and sandyloamy 

hillsides; bases of hillsides; bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rocky-stony, rocky-gravelly, rockysandy, 

rocky-clayey, gravelly, gravelly-loamy, gravelly-silty and sandy slopes; alluvial fans; sandy 

bajadas; amongst boulders and rocks; bases of rocks; lava flows; sand hills; sand dunes; sandy plains; 

gravelly flats; basins; valley floors; along railroad right-of-ways; along gravelly roadsides; within rocky, 

rocky-sandy and sandy arroyos; along draws; gulches; ravines; along streams; along rivers; along and in 

rocky, rocky-sandy, rocky-silty, cobbly-silty-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; along 

drainages; lakebeds; sandy and clayey depressions; along gravelly-sandy and sandy banks of rivers and 

washes; edges of washes and lakes; sand bars; benches; gravelly terraces; sandy bottomlands; floodplains; 

riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, rocky, 

rocky-stony, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; 

bouldery-sandy-clayey loam, cobbly-silty loam, gravelly loam, sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam and silty 

loam ground; rocky-clayey and clayey ground, and rocky silty, gravelly-sandy silty and gravelly silty 

ground often n the shade of boulders, rocks, shrubs and trees, occurring from 100 to 8,300 feet in 


Eucrypta micrantha is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (color 

photograph), 43 (022110), 46 (Page 697), 58, 63 (022110 - color presentation), 77, 85 (022110 - color 


Phacelia crenulata J. Torrey ex S. Watson: Cleftleaf Wildheliotrope 

COMMON NAMES: Caterpillar Weed, Cleftleaf Wildheliotrope, Common Phacelia, Desert 

Heliotrope, Scalloped Phacelia, Scorpion-weed, Wild-heliotrope. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual 

forb/herb (3 to 18 inches in height); the leaves are dark green; the bell-shaped flowers may be blue, bluelavender, 

blue-magenta, blue-purple, dark blue-violet, cream-white, indigo-purple, lavender-blue-purple, 

lavender-purple, magenta-lavender, pink-purple, purple, purple-blue, purple-white, rose-purple, pale 

violet, violet, violet-purple, violet-white or white; flowering generally takes place between early January 

and early July (additional records: one for early August, one for early September, one for mid-October 

and two for mid-December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; gravelly-clayey mountainsides; rocky mesas; plateaus; gravelly rims of canyons; cliffs; 

canyons; scree; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; buttes; bouldery-gravelly knolls; ledges; bouldery-gravelly, 

rocky and clayey ridges; ridgetops; cinder cones; foothills; rocky hills; rocky-gravelly hilltops; rocky, 

rocky-gravelly and gravelly hillsides; along sandy escarpments; bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy-loamy, 

shaley, shaley-stony, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and clayey slopes; rocky alluvial fans; 

gravelly and gravelly-sandy bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; lava flows; lava fields; 

sand dunes; sandy outwash fans; barren breaks; plains; gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy, loamy and silty 

flats; basins; sandy valley floors; railroad right-of-ways; along rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and 

sandy-loamy roadsides; arroyos; draws; gulches; gullies; along creeks; creekbeds; along rivers; sandy 

riverbeds; along and in bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy washes; drainages; silty lakebeds; depressions; gravelly and sandy banks of rivers and washes;

shores of lakes; sandy beaches; benches; gravelly and gravelly-sandy terraces; floodplains; gravelly-sandy 

riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, rocky, 

rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley, shaley-stony, shaley-sandy, stony, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy 

and sandy ground; rocky-sandy loam, cobbly-silty loam, gravelly loam, sandy loam, clayey loam and 

loam ground; gravelly clay, sandy clay and clay ground, and sandy silty ground, occurring from sea level 

to 7,500 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 


was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted that it was used as a 

veterinary aid. Phacelia crenulata is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 16, 

28 (color photograph), 43 (022410), 46 (Page 704), 63 (022410 - color presentation), 77, 80 (Phacelia 

(Phacelia crenulata and Phacelia pedicellata) is listed as a Rarely Poisonous and Suspected Poisonous 

Range Plant. “These annual forbs have caused liver damage in horses, hogs and cattle. Also their 

glandular hairs may cause severe dermatitis to susceptible persons.”), 85 (022410 - color presentation), 

115 (color presentation), 127, 138 (recorded as Phacelia cf. crenulata)* 

Phacelia distans G. Bentham: Distant Phacelia 

SYNONYMY: Phacelia distans G. Bentham var. australis A. Brand. COMMON NAMES: Blue 

Phacelia, Caterpillar Phacelia, Caterpillar Weed, Distant Phacelia, Distant Scorpion-weed, Fern-leaf 

Phacelia, Scorpion-weed, Wild Heliotrope. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual or perennial forb/herb (3 

to 40 inches in height, one plant was reported to be 20 inches in height and 20 inches in width); the fernlike 

leaves are green, the flowers may be light blue-purple, blue, blue-lavender, blue-lavender-purple, 

blue-pink, blue-purple, blue-violet, bluish-lavender, bluish-white, pale lavender, lavender, lavender-blue, 

lavender-pink, light purple, purple, purplish-blue, dark purplish-blue, pale violet, violet-blue or white; 

flowering generally takes place between mid-January and late June (additional records: one for mid-July, 

one for late July, one for early August, one for early September, two for early November, one for mid- 

November and two for late November). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported 

from mountains; rocky mountainsides; gravelly-loamy mesas; sandy plateaus; rocky and rocky-silty 

canyons; bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly-sandy and sandy canyon bottoms; chasms; scree; bases of 

cliffs; rocky knobs; rocky ridges; sandy ridgetops; meadows; foothills; bouldery and rocky hills; hilltops; 

bouldery and rocky hillsides; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, rocky-clayey-loamy, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy-loamy, gravelly-loamy, sandy, clayey and silty-clayey slopes; rocky, rocky-gravelly, 

rocky-sandy and rocky-sandy-loamy alluvial fans; gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy bajadas; bouldery 

and rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; bases of rocks; sand dunes; sandy-loamy plains; 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and clayey flats; basins; rocky and gravelly valley floors; coastal plains; 

sandy coastal strands; sandy railroad right-of-ways; along gravelly and sandy roadsides; along arroyos; 

along bottoms of arroyos; rocky draws; ravines; seeps; springs; along streams; sandy streambeds; along 

creeks; creekbeds; along and in bouldery-gravelly-sandy, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy washes; in gravelly-sandy and sandy drainages; sandy lakebeds; ponds; bogs; rocky-sandy 

depressions; sandy banks of arroyos, streams, creeks, rivers and washes; along gravelly-sandy edges of 

streams and washes; margins of washes; along rocky-sandy and rocky-loamy benches; sandy and siltyloamy 

terraces; loamy bottomlands; sandy floodplains; along canals; bouldery-sandy and sandy riparian 

areas; recently burned areas of woodland, chamise chaparral and sage scrub, and disturbed areas often 

reported as growing in the shade of boulders, shrubs and trees in moist and dry desert pavement; 

bouldery, bouldery-gravelly-sandy bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy ground; rocky loam, rocky-sandy loam, rocky-clayey loam, gravelly loam, gravellysandy 

loam, sandy loam, silty loam and loam ground; silty clay and clay ground, and rocky silty ground, 




could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food crop. Phacelia distans 

is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43

(022410 - Phacelia distans var. australis Brand), 46 (Page 703), 58, 63 (022410 - color presentation), 77 

(color photograph 29), 85 (022410 - color presentation), 86 (color photograph), 115 (color presentation), 

127, 138* 

Phacelia distans var. australis (see Phacelia distans) 

Pholistoma auritum (J. Lindley) N. Lilja: Blue Fiestaflower 

COMMON NAMES: Arizona Fiestaflower, Arizona Pholistoma, Blue Fiesta Flower, Blue Fiestaflower, 

Desert Fiestaflower, Fiesta-flower, Sticky Waterleaf. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual 

forb/herb or vine (clambering, sprawling or trailing stems 3 to 40 inches in height/length, one dense patch 

of this plant was reported to be about 10 feet in diameter); the flowers are pale blue-lavender, blue, bluelavender, 

blue-purple, blue-purple-lavender, bluish-purple, light lavender-blue, lavender, pink-purple, 

purple, purplish-blue, violet, violet-purple or white; flowering generally takes place between mid-January 

and mid-May (additional records: one for early June, one for mid-June and two for mid-July). HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountainsides; rocky canyons; 

canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; crevices in boulders and rocks; bluffs; rocky ledges; ridges; rocky 

ridgetops; meadows; rocky foothills; rocky and gravelly hills; rocky and gravelly hillsides; bouldery, 

rocky, sandy and loamy slopes; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; sandy basins; valley floors; 

coastal bluffs; along roadsides; along arroyos; ravines; seeps; springs; along streams; along creeks; 

creekbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; within sandy 

drainages; along (rocky and sandy) banks of streams, creeks, rivers and washes; loamy bottomlands; 

floodplains; ditches; rocky riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in moist, damp and dry bouldery, 

rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam and loam ground, and clay 

ground often reported as growing beneath shrubs and trees and in shaded and sheltered areas, occurring 

from sea level to 6,300 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. NOTE: Pholistoma auritum is native to southwest-central and southern North 

America. *5, 6, 43 (022510 - Pholistoma aurita (Lindl.) Lilja), 46 (Page 697), 63 (022510), 77, 85 

(022510 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation)* 

Krameriaceae: The Ratany Family 

Krameria erecta C.L. von Wildenow ex J.A. Schultes: Littleleaf Ratany 

SYNONYMY: Krameria parviflora G. Bentham. COMMON NAMES: Chacate, Coashui, 

Littleleaf Krameria, Little-leaf Kramaria, Littleleaf Ratany, Pima, Pima Ratany, Purple Heather, Range 

Ratany, Range Ratany, Range Rhatany, Small-flower Ratany, Spiny Little-leaf Kramaria, Sticky Littleleaf 

Kramaria, Wood Ratany. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (2 to 40 inches 

(possibly to 79 inches) in height, one plant was reported to be 8 to 10 inches in height and 3 feet in width, 

one plant was reported to be 12 inches in height and 16 inches in width, one plant was reported to be 20 

inches in height and 6½ feet in width); the older stems may be gray or greenish; the leaves are blue-graygreen, 

gray, gray-green, gray-red or greenish; the flowers may be burgundy, lavender-purple, magenta, 

maroon, maroon-magenta, maroon-purple, maroon-red, pink, pink-purple, purple, dark purple, purplemagenta, 

purple-pink, purple-red, reddish, red-purple, reddish-violet, rose-pink, rose-purple, scarletpurple, 

violet-red and white turning pink; flowering generally takes place between early March and late 

November (additional record: one for early January). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has 

been reported from mountains; mountainsides; rocky, sandy and sandy-loamy mesas; along cliffs; 

bouldery and rocky canyons; canyon sides; rocky canyon bottoms; buttes; clayey knolls; sandy ledges; 

rocky and rocky-gravelly ridges; bouldery and rocky ridgetops; rocky-gravelly ridgelines; foothills; rocky, 

gravelly and sandy hills; rocky-gravelly hilltops; rocky, rocky-sandy, rocky-sandy-loamy and gravelly 

hillsides; bedrock, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy, sandy and 

sandy-clayey-loamy slopes; gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; boulderfields;

lava flows; sand dunes; gravelly, gravelly-sandy-loamy, gravelly-loamy and sandy plains; rocky, gravelly, 

pebbly-sandy and sandy flats; basins; valley floors; gravelly-loamy roadsides; arroyos; along bottoms of 

arroyos; rocky draws; gulches; along creeks; along rivers; along and in rocky-gravelly, gravelly and sandy 

washes; along and in rocky drainages; playas; depressions; banks of rivers and washes; sandy edges of 

washes and drainage ways; benches, and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky-sandy, 

rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, cindery, gravelly, pebbly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-sandy loam, 

gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, gravelly-sandy-clayey loam, gravelly-clayey loam, sandy loam and 

sandy-clayey loam ground; silty clay and clay ground; sandy silty ground, and chalky ground, occurring 

from sea level to 5,700 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 


This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be 

investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial dye crop; it was also noted as having 

been used as a drug or medication. The roots of this plant form grafts with other Littleleaf Ratany plants, 

as well as, other species. This plant is browsed by Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus crooki) and Whitetail 

Deer (Odocoileus virginianus couesi) and pocket mice, rattlesnakes, whiptails and other animals use the 

plant for cover. Krameria erecta is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 

16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (022610 - Krameria erecta Wild. ex Schult., Krameria erecta Wild. ex 

Schult. & Schult.f.), 46 (recorded as Krameria parviflora Benth., Page 404), 48 (genus), 58, 63 (022610 - 

color presentation), 77 (color photograph #30), 85 (022610 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 

127, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Krameria parviflora (see Krameria erecta) 

Krameria grayi J.N. Rose & J.H. Painter: White Ratany 

COMMON NAMES: Chacate, Cosahui, Crimson-beak, Gray’s Krameria, Gray Ratany, Gray’s 

Ratany, Range Ratany, Ratany, White Ratany, White Rhatany. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial 

subshrub or shrub (8 inches to 5 feet in height and to 5 feet in width, one plant was reported to be 18 

inches in height with a crown 24 inches in width, one plant was reported to be 2 feet in height with a 

crown 30 inches in width, one plant was reported to be 28 inches in height with a crown 40 inches in 

width, one plant was reported to be 30 inches in height with a crown 36 inches in width, one plant was 

reported to be 4 feet in height with a crown 5 feet in width); the foliage is blue-gray, blue-green, gray, 

grayish-purple or purple, the flowers may be lavender, deep lavender, magenta, maroon, maroon-purple, 

pink, pinkish-purple, light purple fading to white, purple, dull raspberry-red, red-purple, red-violet, 

reddish-purple, rose, rose-purple, violet, violet-purple or white turning pink or purple; flowering generally 

takes place between mid-March and mid-July and again between early September and late November 

(additional records: one for mid-February, two for mid-August and one for mid-December). HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountainsides; rocky mesas; 

bouldery canyons; rocky canyon bottoms; rocky talus slopes; rocky ledges; ridges; rocky ridgetops; 

bouldery and rocky foothills; rocky and gravelly-sandy hills; hilltops; rocky and gravelly hillsides; 

bedrock, bouldery, bouldery-rocky-sandy, bouldery-cobbly, rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy, gravelly and 

sandy slopes; gravelly-sandy and sandy alluvial fans; gravelly and sandy bajadas; bouldery and rocky 

outcrops; amongst boulders; sand dunes; sandy plains; rocky, gravelly, sandy and sandy-clayey-loamy 

flats; loamy basins; sandy valley floors; beach dunes; along rocky roadsides; along arroyos; rocky gullies; 

around seeping streams; along and in gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; cienegas; swampy 

areas; benches; rocky terraces; bottomlands; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert 

pavement; bouldery, bouldery-rocky-sandy, bouldery-cobbly, rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy, shaley, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground and sandy-clayey loam and loam ground, occurring from sea 

level to 4,400 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat, the flowers 

are reported to be fragrant. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North 

America and could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial dye crop; it

was also noted as having been used as a drug or medication. The roots of this plant form grafts with other 

White Ratany plants, as well as, other species. White Ratany is browsed by Black-tailed Jack Rabbits 

(Lepus californicus), Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana), Mule Deer (Odocoileus 

hemionus crooki) and Whitetail Deer (Odocoileus virginianus couesi) and the Scaled Quail (Callipepla 

squamata) feeds on the seeds. Krameria grayi is native to southwest-central and southern North America. 

*5, 6, 13, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (022610), 46 (Page 404), 48 (genus), 63 (022610 - color 

presentation), 77, 85 (022610 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 127, 138, WTK (July 4, 

2005)* 

Lamiaceae (Labiatae): The Mint Family 

Hyptis emoryi J. Torrey: Desert Lavender 

COMMON NAMES: Bee Sage, Bee-sage, “Chia” (name given to the seeds of this plant, and also 

to the seeds of several species of Salvia, which are used in cooking), Desert Lavender, Desert-lavender, 

Lavender, Mariola (Yaqui), Salvia. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen shrub (8 inches to 15 

feet in height, one plant was reported to be 8 feet in height and 8 feet in width); the leaves are gray, graygreen, 

grayish-white or green-gray; the flowers may be blue, blue-lavender, blue-purple, blue-violet, dark 

blue, lavender, pink-purple, purple, purple-indigo, violet, violet-blue or white; the styles are purple; the 

filaments are white; the anthers are purple; flowering generally takes place between mid-January and mid- 

June and between early September and mid-June (additional records: one for early July, one for mid-July 

and two for mid-August). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from rocky 

mountains; rocky mountainsides; bouldery-clayey-loamy mesas; along and in bouldery, rocky and rockysandy 

canyons; along rocky, gravelly and sandy canyon bottoms; rocky talus slopes; bases of cliffs; 

crevices in rocks; buttes; ledges; rocky and gravelly ridges; bouldery ridgetops; rocky foothills; rocky 

hills; rocky, rocky-gravelly and gravelly hillsides; bouldery, bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-gravelly-loamy, 

stony and sandy slopes; rocky alluvial fans, bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; sand 

dunes; rocky-gravelly and sandy plains; gravelly flats; coastal plains; coast lines; along roadsides; rocky 

and rocky-gravelly arroyos; along rocky and gravelly bottoms of arroyos; troughs; along seepage streams; 

along streambeds; bouldery-rocky-sandy creekbeds; along and in bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, boulderygravelly-sandy, 

rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; within rocky and rocky-gravelly 

drainages; rocky banks of streams and washes; along sandy edges of washes; along margins of washes 

and drainage ways; gravelly shores; floodplains; bouldery-cobbly-sandy riparian areas, and disturbed 

areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-rocky-sandy, bouldery-cobbly-sandy, boulderygravelly, 

bouldery-gravelly-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, stony, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy ground; bouldery-clayey loam, rocky-gravelly loam, rocky-sandy loam, sandy loam and clayey 

loam ground, and rocky clay and clay ground, occurring from sea level to 6,000 feet in elevation in the 


an attractive component of a restored native habitat, but is sensitive to frosts. This plant was reported to 

have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted as having been used as a drug or 

medication. The foliage is fragrant, having the odor of lavender or turpentine. Native bees and 

hummingbirds visit the flowers and the seeds provide food for wildlife. Hyptis emoryi is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 16, 18, 28 (color photograph), 43 (022710), 46 

(Page 748), 48, 63 (022710), 77 (color photograph #31), 85 (022710 - color presentation), 91, 115 (color 


Monardella arizonica C.C. Epling: Arizona Monardella 

COMMON NAMES: Arizona Monardella, Arizona Mountainbalm, Bee Balm. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or subshrub (ascending stems 6 to 32 inches in height and about the same 

in width, one plant was described as being 26 inches in height and width); the flowers are cream-lavender, 

pale lavender, pink, pink-purple, white-lavender or white with a purple line on the petals; the anthers are

pale purple or purple; flowering generally takes place between early April and early January (flowering 

records: one for early January, two for early April, three for late April, three for mid-May, one for late 

June, one for mid-July, two for mid-August, one for mid-September, four for late September, one for late 

October, one for early November and one for late December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species 

it has been reported from mountains; mountaintops; along canyons; along canyon walls; rocky canyon 

bottoms; within crevices in bedrock, boulders and rocks; bases of cliffs; rocky ledges; rocky slopes; rocky 

outcrops; amongst rocks; springs; riverbeds; along washes; within drainages, and riparian areas growing 

in bouldery and rocky ground, occurring from 2,000 to 5,800 feet in elevation in the scrub, desertscrub 

and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native 

habitat. The herbage is very aromatic and has an odor reminiscent of sweet turpentine. Monardella 

arizonica is native to southwest-central North America, this plant is endemic to Arizona. *5, 6, 18 

(genus), 43 (070710), 46 (Page 747), 63 (070710), 85 (070710 - color presentation of dried material, 

unable to access species information), 138* 

Salvia columbariae G. Bentham var. columbariae: Chia 

COMMON NAMES: Chia, Desert Chia, Desert Sage. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual 

forb/herb (4 to 24 inches in height); the flowers are blue, bluish-purple or purple; flowering generally 

takes place between January and June. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported 

from mountains; mesas; along cliffs; canyons; canyon bottoms; buttes; rocky ridges; hills; hillsides; 

bouldery, rocky and gravelly slopes; gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; plains; gravelly and sandy flats; 

gravelly roadsides; arroyos; creekbeds; along and in gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; banks of 

arroyos; loamy bottomlands; floodplains; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry rocky, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; sandy loam ground; rocky clay ground, and silty ground, 

occurring from 1,000 to 4,700 feet in elevation in the scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formation. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. The species, 

Salvia columbariae, was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America and could be 

investigated to determine its value as a home garden or food, beverage, spice and/or fiber crop; it was also 

noted as having been used as a drug or medication. Salvia columbariae var. columbariae is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 18 (genus), 28 (species, color photograph of the 

species), 46 (species, Page 741), 48 (genus), 63 (022710), 85 (022710), 86 (species, color photograph of 

the species), 115 (color presentation of the species), 127 (species), HR* 

Malpighiaceae: The Barbados-cherry Family 

Janusia gracilis A. Gray: Slender Janusia 

COMMON NAMES: Desert Vine, Fermina, Slender Janusia. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

perennial deciduous forb/herb or vine (clambering, climbing, scrambling or twining stems 16 inches to 10 

feet in length, one plant was reported to have been 16 inches in height with a crown 10 inches in 

diameter); the leaves are grayish-green or reddish; the flowers (to ½ inch in width) are orange-yellow or 

yellow; flowering generally takes place between early March and mid-November (additional records: two 

for early January, one for late January, one for early December, one for mid-December and one for late 

December); the winged fruits (paired samaras) are pink, purple-red, red, red-green or reddish. HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mountaintops; rocky 

mountainsides; mesas; cliffs; rocky canyons; sandy canyon bottoms; gravelly-sandy bases of cliffs; 

amongst crevices; rocky buttes; rocky knolls; rocky and gravelly ridges; rocky ridgetops; foothills; rocky 

hills; rocky hillsides; along bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-clayey-loamy and gravelly 

slopes; alluvial fans; gravelly bajadas; volcanic plugs; bouldery and rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; 

plains; gravelly flats; basins; valley floors; rocky-gravelly roadsides; along rocky arroyos; bottoms of 

arroyos; draws; within gullies; ravines; along streams; along rocky streambeds; along creeks; boulderyrocky-sandy 

creekbeds; along and in gravelly and sandy washes; along drainages; waterholes; palm oases;

ocky banks of streams; edges of washes; benches; floodplains, and riparian areas growing in dry 

bouldery, bouldery-rocky, bouldery-rocky-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy ground and rocky-clayey loam and clayey loam ground, occurring from sea level to 7,000 feet in 


This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. It is small woody vine often 

reported as scrambling over rocks, twining among shrubs or forming small tangled shrublets. Slender 

Janusia is browsed by the Sonoran Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizi), Desert Mule Deer (Odocoileus 

hemionus subsp. crooki) and Whitetail Deer (Odocoileus virginianus subsp. couesi). Janusia gracilis is 

native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 

(030310), 46 (Page 497), 48, 58, 63 (030310 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #83), 85 (030310 

- color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Malvaceae: The Mallow Family 

Abutilon P. Miller: Indian Mallow 

COMMON NAME: Indian Mallow. *43 (062710), 46 (Pages 538-540), 63 (062710 - color 

presentation), WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Abutilon crispum (see Herissantia crispa) 

Abutilon incanum (J.H. Link) R. Sweet: Pelotazo 

SYNONYMY: Abutilon incanum (J.H. Link) R. Sweet subsp. incanum (J.H. Link) R. Sweet, 

Abutilon incanum (J.H. Link) R. Sweet subsp. pringlei (B.P. Hochreutiner) R.S. Felger & R.T. Lowe, 

Abutilon pringlei B.P. Hochreutiner. COMMON NAMES: Hoary Abutilon, Hoary Indian Mallow, Indian 

Mallow, Pelotazo (Spanish), Pelotazo Chico, Pringle Abutilon, Pringle’s Abutilon, Pringle Indian Mallow, 

Shrubby Indian Mallow, Tronadora. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen forb/herb or 

subshrub (8 inches to 7 feet, sometimes up to 13 feet, in height, one plant was reported to be 8 inches in 

height with a crown 8 inches in width, one plant was reported to be 12 inches in height with a crown 16 

inches in width, one plant was reported to be 30 inches in height with a crown 30 inches in width); the 

stems are gray, the leaves are grayish or gray-green; the flowers may be cream, cream & red, lavender, 

pale orange, orange, orange-red, orange-yellow, orange-yellowish, peach & maroon, light pink, pink, dark 

red, salmon, white, white & pink, yellow-orange, yellowish-pink, yellow, yellow-gold or yellow-salmon 

sometimes with dark crimson, maroon, deep maroon, purple, red dark red centers (basal spots); flowering 

may take place throughout the year between early January and late December. HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from bouldery and rocky mountains; mountaintops; bases and 

lower slopes of mountains; rocky crags; rocky mesas; rocky crags; rocky cliffs; rocky canyons; along 

bouldery, bouldery-sandy and rocky canyon bottoms; rocky and clayey-loamy talus slopes; crevices in 

rocks; buttes; knolls; ridgetops; rocky ridgelines; foothills; rocky and stony hills; rocky and gravelly 

hillsides; bouldery-rocky-sandy, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly and gravelly-sandy slopes; volcanic plugs; 

rocky outcrops; amongst boulders; gravelly plains; gravelly and sandy flats; basins; valley floors; coastal 

plains; gravelly roadsides; along rocky arroyos; rocky bottoms of arroyos; around seeping streams; along 

and in rocky streambeds; along and in gravelly, sandy and clayey-loamy washes; within drainages; 

swales; banks of lakes; beaches; benches; mesquite bosques; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing 

in wet and dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky-sandy, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-sandy, stony, gravelly, 

pebbly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; gravelly-sandy loam and clayey loam ground, and 

rocky clay and clay ground, occurring from sea level to 6,200 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive 


North America; it was noted as having been used as a drug or medication. Abutilon incanum is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America and possibly to the North-central Pacific Islands (Hawaii).

*5, 6, 13, 15, 16 (recorded as Abutilon incanum (Link.) Sweet subsp. pringlei (Hochr.) Felger & Lowe), 

18 (genus), 28 (color photograph), 43 (030410 - Abutilon incanum subsp. pringlei (Hochr.) Felger), 46 

(recorded as Abutilon pringlei Hochr., Page 539 and Abutilon incanum (Link) Sweet, Page 539), 63 

(030410 - color presentation), 77 (recorded as Abutilon incanum (Link.) Sweet ssp. pringlei (Hochr.) 

Felger & Lowe), 85 (030410 - color presentation), 91, 115 (color presentation), 127, 138* 

Abutilon incanum subsp. incanum (see Abutilon incanum) 

Abutilon incanum subsp. pringlei (see Abutilon incanum) 

Abutilon malacum S. Watson: Yellow Indian Mallow 

COMMON NAMES: Indian Mallow, Yellow Abutilon, Yellow Indian Mallow. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (12 to 40 inches in height); the leaves are grayish or gray-green; 

the flowers are golden, light orange, orange, orange-yellow, dull tan-apricot, yellow or yellow-orange; 

flowering generally takes place between mid-January and early December ( flowering records: one for 

mid-January, two for late February, two for early March, one for late March, four for early April, four for 

mid-April, one for late April, two for early May, two for mid-May, two for early June, one for mid-June, 

one for early July, five for mid-August, three for late August, three for early September, eight for mid- 

September, seven for late September, one for early October, three for mid-October, one for late October, 

two for late November and two for early December. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has 

been reported from mountains; bases of mountains; cliffs; rocky canyons; hilltops; bouldery rocky 

hillsides; bouldery and rocky slopes; bajadas; amongst rocks; bases of boulders; gravelly-loamy 

roadsides; along arroyos; along bottoms of arroyos; rocky ravines; springs; along rocky and sandy 

washes; along drainages, and floodplains growing in dry bouldery, rocky, gravelly and sandy ground and 

gravelly loam ground, occurring from 1,700 to 4,900 feet in elevation in the scrub, grassland and 

desertscrub ecological formations. NOTE: Abutilon malacum is native to southwest-central and southern 

North America. *5, 6, 18 (genus), 43 (072010), 63 (072010), 77, 85 (080710 - color presentation)* 

Abutilon pringlei (see Abutilon incanum) 

Gayoides crispum (see Herissantia crispa) 

Herissantia crispa (C. Linnaeus) G.K. Brizicky: Bladdermallow 

SYNONYMY: Abutilon crispum (C. Linnaeus) F.K. Medikus, Gayoides crispum (C. Linnaeus) 

J.K. Small. COMMON NAMES: Bladder Mallow, Bladder-mallow, Bladdermallow, Curly Abutilon, 

False Indian Mallow, Netvein Herissantia. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual or perennial forb/herb or 

subshrub (prostrate, sprawling or trailing stems 8 inches to 4 feet in height/length); the leaves are light 

green; the flowers are cream, pale orange-cream, orange, orange-cream, orange-yellow, pink-orange, pale 

peach, salmon, white, light yellow, light yellow-orange, yellow or yellowish; the anthers are yellow; 

flowering generally takes place between mid-January and mid-May and again between early August and 

late December (additional records: one for late June, two for early July and one for mid-July); the fruit is 

green. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mesas; 

rocky cliffs; rocky canyons; along gravelly canyon bottoms; rocky talus slopes; bases of cliffs; crevices in 

rocks; rocky ledges; ridgetops; rocky and stony hills; bouldery-rocky and rocky hillsides; bouldery and 

rocky slopes; rocky and sandy alluvial fans; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; sandy 

bases of boulders and rocks; sand dunes; plains; gravelly flats; valley bottoms; coastal beaches; along 

roadsides; gravelly streambeds; sandy creekbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy washes; bouldery drainages; edges of arroyos; sandy beaches; benches; floodplains; 

riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rockysandy, 

stony, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground and clayey loam ground, occurring from sea level 

to 4,800 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological

formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. The 

Bladdermallow is a food and nesting plant of the caterpillar of the Erichson’s White-skipper (Heliopetes 

domicella). Herissantia crispa is native to south-central and southern North America and coastal islands 

in the Caribbean Sea. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (030410), 46 (recorded as Gayoides 

crispum (L.) Small, Page 540), 48 (genus), 58, 63 (030410 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph 

#37), 85 (030410 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Hibiscus biseptus S. Watson: Arizona Rosemallow 

COMMON NAMES: Arizona Rosemallow, Malvita, Sonoran Rose Mallow. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial forb/herb, subshrub or shrub (erect stems 18 to 40 inches in height, one plant was 

described as being 18 inches in height and 14 inches in diameter); the leaves may turn red-green before 

falling; the flowers are cream-yellow, lavender, white with red centers; light yellow, yellow with a 

purplish or violet basal spot or yellowish-white with a purple center; flowering generally takes place 

between early August and mid-October (additional records: one for early April, one for early May, one for 

mid-December and one for late December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; mountaintops; rocky canyons; canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; crevices in 

rocks; ledges; rocky hills; hilltops; hillsides; rocky and gravelly slopes; rocky bajadas; amongst boulders; 

sandy-silty plains; flats; along roadsides; within gravelly-sandy arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; along 

washes; at waterholes; edges of ponds; floodplains, and riparian areas growing in wet and dry bouldery, 

rocky, gravelly and gravelly-sandy ground; gravelly-sandy loam ground, and sandy silty ground, 



native habitat. Hibiscus biseptus is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 

43 (072010), 46 (Page 553), 48 (genus), 58, 63 (072010), 77 (color photograph #38), 85 (080810 - color 


Hibiscus coulteri W.H. Harvey ex A. Gray: Desert Rosemallow 

COMMON NAMES: Coulter Hibiscus, Desert Hibiscus, Desert Rose Mallow, Desert Rosemallow, 

Desert Rosemallow, Pelotazo. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (3 inches 

to 7 feet in height; one plant was reported to be 18 inches in height with a crown 6 inches in width); the 

foliage may be green, dark green with reddish margins or green-purple; the flowers are pale lemon, 

lemon, lemon-yellow, peach, yellow, yellowish-purple or white-pink with or without a blackish, purplish 

or red basal spot (area at base of the petal); flowering generally takes place between early March and late 

May and between late July and late December (additional records: one for mid-January, one for mid- 

February and one for early July, it has been reported that flowering may take place throughout the year; 

however, the flower buds may be killed by frost). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; rocky mountainsides; bouldery, bouldery-gravelly-loamy and rocky canyons; 

canyon walls; rocky canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; ridges; rocky ridgetops; foothills; 

rocky hills; rocky hillsides; along bedrock, rocky, rocky-clayey-loamy, gravelly and gravelly-loamy 

slopes; gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders; flats; along rocky and sandy arroyos; 

gulches; gullies; ravines; along rocky, gravelly, sandy and humus-loamy washes; within bouldery and 

cobbly drainages; banks of lakes, and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, cobbly, gravelly and 

sandy ground and bouldery-gravelly loam, rocky-clayey loam, gravelly loam and humusy loam ground, 

occurring from 400 to 5,000 feet in elevation in the scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. Hibiscus 

coulteri is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 16, 28 (color photograph), 

43 (030510 - Hibiscus coulteri Harv. ex A. Gray), 46 (Page 553), 48 (genus), 63 (030510), 58, 77, 85 

(030510 - color presentation), 86 (color photograph), 115 (color presentation)* 

Hibiscus denudatus G. Bentham: Paleface

SYNONYMY: Hibiscus denudatus G. Bentham var. involucellatus A. Gray. COMMON 

NAMES: Naked Hibiscus, Pale Face, Paleface, Pale Face Mallow, Paleface Rosemallow, Rock Hibiscus, 

xKwáa (Seri). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub (10 to 56 inches in height); the leaves are 

pale green or yellowish-green; the flowers (to 2 inches in diameter) may be blue, blue-pink, bluish-purple, 

creamy white, pale lavender, lavender, lavender-blue-pink, lavender-pink, orangish, light pink, pink, pinklavender, 

pink-violet, pink-white, pale purple, purple, violet, white aging lavender, whitish or whitishpink 

sometimes with a maroon, red, red-burgundy, reddish or rose basal spot (colored spot at the base of 

the petal); the stigmas may be red-burgundy; the anthers may be red-burgundy; flowering generally takes 

place between early February and late May and between late July and late December. HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; mountaintops; rocky mountainsides; 

mesas; rock cliffs; rocky and clayey canyons; walls of canyons; bouldery and gravelly canyon bottoms; 

talus slopes; crevices in rocks; buttes; rocky ridgetops; foothills; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; bedrock, 

bouldery, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-sandy and gravelly slopes; alluvial fans; gravelly bajadas; rocky 

and rocky-shaley outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; rocky coves; lava flows; plains; rocky, gravelly, 

sandy and silty flats; rocky and sandy valley floors; coastal sand dunes; coastlines; coastal beaches; 

roadbeds; along sandy roadsides; arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; draws; gullies; within rocky ravines; 

springs; along and in bouldery, rocky, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; rocky drainages; rocky bowls; 

sandy edges of washes; margins of arroyos, and gravelly-sandy riparian areas growing in dry rocky desert 

pavement; bouldery, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-shaley, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy ground; clay ground, and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 5,200 feet in elevation 

in the grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive 

component of a restored native habitat. This plant is browsed by rabbits. Hibiscus denudatus is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13 (color photograph, Plate M.1.), 15, 16, 28 (color 

photograph), 43 (030510), 46 (Page 553), 48 (genus), 63 (030510 - color presentation), 77 (color 

photograph #39), 85 (020510 - color presentation), 86 (color photograph), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Hibiscus denudatus var. involucellatus (see Hibiscus denudatus) 

Horsfordia newberryi (S. Watson) A. Gray: Newberry’s Velvetmallow 

COMMON NAMES: Newberry Velvetmallow, Newberry’s Velvetmallow, Orange Velvet Mallow, 

Orange Velvet-mallow, Yellow Felt Plant, Yellow Feltplant. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial 

subshrub or shrub (40 inches to 10 feet in height); the flowers are yellow; flowering generally takes place 

between March and October; however, flowering taking place throughout the year has also been reported. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; canyons; ridges; rocky 

hillsides; rocky slopes; alluvial fans; bajadas; basins, and along washes growing in dry rocky ground, 

occurring from 1,000 to 3,500 feet in elevation in the desertscrub ecological formation. NOTES: The 

plants are covered with dense yellowish hairs. Horsfordia newberryi is native to southwest-central and 

southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 43 (070710 - Horsfordia newberryi A. Gray), 46 (Page 540), 63 

(070710), 77, 85 (070710 - color presentation of dried material), 91, 138* 

Sphaeralcea A.F. Prouvençal de Saint-Hilaire: Globemallow 

COMMON NAME: Globemallow. *43 (070710), 46 (Pages 540-547), 63 (070710 - color 


Nyctaginaceae: The Four-o’clock Family 

Allionia incarnata C. Linnaeus: Trailing Windmills 

COMMON NAMES: Allionia, Guapile, Herba de la Hormiga, Pink Three-flower, Pink 

Windmills, Trailing Allionia, Trailing Four O’Clock, Trailing Four-o’clock, Trailing Windmills, Umbrella 

Wort, Windmills. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual or perennial forb/herb (prostrate with trailing stems

4 to 14 inches in height and 4 inches to 10 feet in length, one plant was described as being 4 inches in 

height and 12 by 20 inches in width); the stems may be reddish; the sticky foliage has been described as 

being gray-green or green above and silvery beneath; the flowers may be blue, fuchsia; lavender, 

lavender-pink, lavender-rose, magenta, magenta-pink, magenta-rose, pink, pink-lavender, pink-purple, 

pink-violet, purple, purple-blue, purplish-pink, red-violet, reddish-purple, rose, rose-pink, rose-purple, 

violet, violet-magenta, violet-pink or white; flowering generally takes place between mid-January and 

mid-December. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky 

mountainsides; rocky and rocky-sandy mesas; rims of canyons; rocky and shaley canyons; along gravelly 

canyon bottoms; buttes; knolls; shaley ridges; rocky ridgetops; sandy foothills; rocky, rocky-sandy and 

gravelly hills; rocky-gravelly hilltops; rocky and gravelly hillsides; along bedrock, rocky, rocky-gravelly, 

rocky-sandy, shaley, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy-silty slopes; rocky alluvial fans; rocky and 

gravelly-sandy bajadas; amongst boulders and rocks; lava hills; sandy lava flows; sand hills; sand dunes; 

sand hummocks; debris fans; llanos; sandy and clayey-loamy plains; rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy flats; silty basin floors; gravelly-sandy valley floors; sandy roadbeds; along rocky, 

rocky-gravelly-sandy, rocky-gravelly-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy-loamy, sandy and sandy-loamy 

roadsides; rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy and sandy arroyos; rocky bottoms of arroyos; within draws; within 

rocky ravines; streambeds; along and in gravelly-sandy creekbeds; along rivers; along and in riverbeds; 

along and in bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-sandy, cobbly-gravelly-sandy, cobbly-pebbly, gravelly and 

sandy washes; silty lakebeds; marshy areas; sandy-silty depressions; along clayey banks of arroyos, rivers 

and washes; edges of rivers and washes; rocky margins of arroyos; sandy benches; shelves; gravelly 

terraces; sandy bottomlands; sandy floodplains; lowlands; sandy mesquite bosques; edges of levees; along 

canals; canal banks; gravelly-sandy and sandy riparian areas; waste places, and disturbed areas growing in 

dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-gravelly-sandy, rocky-sandy, 

shaley, cobbly-gravelly-sandy, cobbly-pebbly, cindery; gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rockygravelly 

loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, sandy loam and clay loam ground; rocky clay and 

clay ground, and gravelly-sandy silty, sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 8,300 feet 

in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: 

This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted as having 

been used as a drug or medication. Allionia incarnata is native to southwest-central and southern North 

America; Central America; South America, and coastal islands in the Caribbean Sea. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 

(color photograph), 43 (031010), 46 (Page 274), 58, 63 (031010 - color presentation), 68, 77 (color 

photographs #41 and #86), 85 (031010 - color presentation), 86 (color photograph), 115 (color 


Boerhavia scandens C. Linnaeus: Climbing Wartclub 

SYNONYMY: Commicarpus scandens (C. Linnaeus) P.C. Standley. COMMON NAMES: Bush 

Spiderling, Climbing Wartclub, Miona, Pega-polla. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or 

vine (1 to 8 feet in height); the small flowers are cream, cream-white, pale green, green, greenish, 

greenish-white, greenish-yellow, white, whitish-green or yellow-pink; flowering generally takes place 

between mid-April and mid-November (additional record: one for early January, two for mid-March, one 

for mid-December and one for late December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; mesas; bouldery and rocky canyons; canyon walls; canyon bottoms; rocky 

talus; bases of cliffs; buttes; rocky ledges; foothills; rocky hills; rocky hilltops; rocky hillsides; boulderygravelly, 

rocky and gravelly slopes; gravelly alluvial fans; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders; 

sand dunes; sandy flats; basins; valley floors; beach dunes; coastal plains; amongst sea-worn boulders; 

along gravelly-sandy and sandy roadsides; in arroyos; rocky bottoms of arroyos; draws; along 

streambeds; along creeks; along and in gravelly washes; within rocky drainages; within drainage ways; 

edges of washes; along margins of washes; sandy beaches; benches; sandy floodplains; mesquite bosques; 

fencerows; rocky riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in damp and dry bouldery, boulderygravelly, 

rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground and gravelly loam ground, occurring from sea 

level to 5,000 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland

ecological formations. NOTES: Often reported as growing up through and supported by shrubs. 

Boerhavia scandens is native to southwest-central and southern North America; Central America; South 

America, and coastal islands in the Caribbean Sea. *5, 6, 15, 16, 43 (031110), 46 (recorded as 

Commicarpus scandens (L.) Standl., Page 277), 58, 63 (031110 - color presentation), 77 (recorded as 

Commicarpus scandens (L.) Standl., color photograph #43 labeled Commicarpus scandens), 85 (031210 - 

color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Commicarpus scandens (see Boerhavia scandens) 

Oleaceae: The Olive Family 

Menodora scabra A. Gray: Rough Menodora 

SYNONYMY: Menodora scoparia G. Engelmann ex A. Gray. COMMON NAMES: Broom 

Menodora, Rough Desert Olive, Rough Menodora, Twinberry, Twinfruit, Yellow Menodora. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial deciduous forb/herb or subshrub (6 inches to 4 feet in height, one 

plant was described as being 12 inches in height with a crown 16 inches in width, one plant was described 

as being 12 to 16 inches in height with a crown 8 to 12 inches in width); the older bark is dark gray; the 

stems are green or green-yellow; the leaves are grayish-green, green or green-yellow; the flowers are 

white or yellow; flowering generally takes place between mid-March and late November (additional 

record: one for mid-February). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; rocky mountaintops; rocky and stony mountainsides; bouldery crags; bouldery mesas; rocky 

canyons; along rocky and gravelly canyon bottoms; gorges; talus slopes; rocky buttes, rocky-sandy and 

sandy ridges; rocky ridgetops; meadows; foothills; talus hills; rocky, sandy and clayey hills; rocky and 

gravelly hilltops; rocky and gravelly-clayey hillsides; sandy edges of escarpments; bedrock, bouldery, 

rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, rocky-clayey-loamy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy-loamy, 

gravelly-loamy, sandy, clayey and clayey-loamy slopes; gravelly and sandy bajadas; rocky outcrops; 

amongst rocks; sandy plains; rocky, cindery, gravelly, sandy, clayey and clayey-loamy flats; cindery 

valley floors; along rocky-gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy, rocky-sandy-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

gravelly-sandy loamy roadsides; sandy arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; gullies; springs; creekbeds; along 

gravelly, sandy and humusy-loamy washes; drainages; clayey edges of washes and drainage ways; along 

margins of washes; benches; rocky-sandy terraces; floodplains; bouldery-cobbly-sandy riparian areas, and 

disturbed areas growing in dry rocky desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-cobbly-sandy, rocky, rockygravelly, 

rocky-sandy, shaley, shaley-sandy, stony, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; 

rocky-gravelly-sandy-clayey loam, rocky-sandy loam, rocky-clayey loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy 

loam, sandy-clayey loam, clayey loam and humusy loam ground, and gravelly clay, silty clay and clay 

ground, occurring from 1,100 to 8,000 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland scrub, grassland and 

desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored 

native habitat. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was 

noted as having been used as a drug or medication. Rough Menodora is an important browse plant for 

wildlife. Menodora scabra is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 

28 (color photograph), 43 (031310), 46 (recorded as Menodora scabra Gray, Page 644 and Menodora 

scoparia Engelm., Page 644), 48, 63 (031310 - color presentation), 77, 85 (031310 - color presentation), 

86 (color photograph), 115 (color presentation), 127* 

Menodora scoparia (see Menodora scabra) 

Onagraceae: The Evening-primrose Family

Camissonia boothii (D. Douglas) P.H. Raven subsp. condensata (P.A. Munz) P.H. Raven: Shredding 

Suncup 

SYNONYMY: Oenothera decorticans (W.J. Hooker & G.W. Arnott) E.L. Greene var. condensata 

P.A. Munz). COMMON NAMES: Booth Evening-primrose, Booth Suncop, Shredding Suncup, Woody 

Bottle-washer. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (to 20 inches in height); the leaves are dark 

green marked with reddish-purple; the flowers are white fading to pink; flowering generally takes place 

between February and May. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from hills; 

plains; flats; valley floors; roadsides, and sandy washes growing in dry desert pavement and sandy 

ground, occurring from sea level to 2,500 feet in elevation in the desertscrub ecological formation. 

NOTE: Camissonia boothii subsp. condensata is native to southwest-central North America. *5, 6, 28 

(color photograph), 43 (070710 - Camissonia boothii subsp. condensata (Munz) P.H. Raven, Oenothera 

decorticans Greene var. condensata Munz), 46 (recorded as Oenothera decorticans (Hook. & Arn.) 

Greene var. condensata Munz, Page 600), 48 (genus, Oenothera), 63 (070710), 85 (070710 - color 

presentation of dried material, unable to acce3ss species information), HR* 

Oenothera decorticans var. condensata (see Camissonia boothii subsp. condensata) 

Plantago fastigiata (see Plantago ovata) 

Plantago insularis (see Plantago ovata) 

Plantaginaceae: The Plantain Family 

Plantago insularis var. fastigiata (see Plantago ovata) 

Plantago ovata P. Forsskål: Desert Indianwheat 

SYNONYMY: Plantago fastigiata E.L. Morris, Plantago insularis A. Eastwood, Plantago 

insularis A. Eastwood var. fastigiata (E.L. Morris) W.L. Jepson. COMMON NAMES: Ataxén (Seri, also 

shown as being spelled Hataxén for Plantago ovata var. fastigiata (Morris) Meyers & Liston), Blond 

Psyllium, Blonde Espaghula, Desert Indian Wheat, Desert Indian-wheat, Desert Indianwheat, Fleaseed, 

Fleawort, Hataxén (Seri, also shown as being spelled Ataxén for Plantago ovata var. fastigiata (Morris) 

Meyers & Liston), Indian Plantago, Indian Plantain, Indian Wheat, Indian-wheat, Indianwheat, Ispaghul, 

Ispaghula, Muumshum (Gila River Pima), Psyllium, Spogel Seeds, Tanchagem-ovada (Portuguese), 

Transagem-ovada (Portuguese), Woolly Plantain. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (2 to 14 

inches in height); the basal leaves are gray-green or grayish; the flowers are cream, pinkish, tan with 

reddish-brown mid-stripes, white or white-green; flowering generally takes place between mid-December 

and early June (additional records: one for early July, one for mid-July, one for early August, one for early 

September, one for late October, one for early November and two for mid-November). HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountaintops; rocky and rocky-sandy 

mesas; bouldery and rocky canyons; rocky canyon bottoms; sandy talus slopes; buttes; ledges; ridges; 

rocky ridgetops; meadows; foothills; rocky, gravelly-sandy and sandy hills; bouldery and rocky hillsides; 

along bedrock, rocky, rocky-sandy, rocky-loamy, rocky-silty-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravellyloamy 

and sandy slopes; rocky and sandy alluvial fans; rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy bajadas; 

rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; lava flows; lava fields; sand hills; sand dunes; ridges on 

sand dunes; sand hummocks; rocky embankments; gravelly-sandy-loamy and sandy plains; rocky-sandy, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy-loamy, gravelly-silty-loamy, sandy and silty flats; sandy basins; gravelly and 

sandy valley floors; valley bottoms; sandy coastal plains; along rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly-sandy, 

gravelly-sandy-loamy and sandy roadsides; gulches; seeps; along creeks; along rivers; riverbeds; along 

and in rocky, rocky-sandy, stony-sandy, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-sandy-silty, sandy and clayey washes; 

drainages; gravelly drainage ways; silty lakebeds; silty depressions; gravelly and sandy banks of streams,

creeks, washes and lakes; gravelly and sandy edges of rivers, washes and lakes; margins of washes; sandy 

shores of lakes; gravelly mudflats; benches; gravelly, gravelly-sandy sandy terraces; floodplains; along 

canals; canal banks; along edges of canals; along ditch banks; gravelly-sandy riparian areas, and disturbed 

areas growing in wet, moist and dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, stony-sandy, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam, rocky-silty loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, 

gravelly-clayey loam, gravelly-silty loam and sandy loam ground; gravelly-sandy clay and clay ground, 

and gravelly-sandy silty ground, occurring from sea level to 6,700 feet in elevation in the forest, 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: EXOTIC Invasive 

Plant. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted as 

having been used for food, fodder and as a drug or medication. Plantago ovata plant is native to 

southwestern Europe; western and southern Asia, and northern Africa. *5, 6, 15, 16 (Plantago insularis 

Eastw.), 43 (072509), 46 (Plantago insularis Eastw., Page 805), 48 (genus), 63 (031810 - color 

presentation), 77 (Plantago fastigiata Morris), 85 (031810 - includes records for Plantago ovata var. 

fastigiata (Morris) Meyers & Liston, color presentation of dried material), 115 (color presentation), 127, 

138 (recorded as Plantago insularis)* 

Plantago ovata var. fastigiata (see footnote 85 under Plantago ovata) 

Polemoniaceae: The Phlox Family 

Eriastrum diffusum (A. Gray) H.L. Mason: Miniature Woollystar 

COMMON NAMES: Blue Star, Diffuse Eriastrum, Diffuse Woolstar, Miniature Starflower, 

Miniature Wool Star, Miniature Woollystar, Miniature Woolstar, Woollystar, Starflower. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial annual forb/herb (1½ to 14 inches in height); the stems are reddish-brown; the foliage is 

grayish-green; the flowers may be pale blue, light blue & yellow, blue, blue-lavender, cream, pale 

lavender, lavender, purple, purple-blue, pale violet, violet or white; flowering generally takes place 

between mid-February and mid-July (additional record: one for mid-August). HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; sandy mesas; cliffs; rocky canyons; rockygravelly-sandy 

and sandy canyon bottoms; buttes; rocky knolls, rocky ledges; sandy ridges; rocky-sandy 

and gravelly ridgetops; sandy clearings in woodlands; sandy foothills; bouldery, rocky and sandy hills; 

hilltops; rocky hillsides; bedrock, rocky, rocky-sandy, rocky-sandy-loamy, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

slopes; rocky-sandy alluvial fans; gravelly bajadas; rocky outcrops; sand hills; sandy dunes; plains; stony, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy-clayey and sandy flats; basins; valley floors; valley bottoms; along stony, 

gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy, gravelly-clayey, sandy and clayey roadsides; sandy arroyos; gulches; 

springs; along creeks; along rivers; sandy riverbeds; along and in rocky, stony-gravelly, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy washes; rocky-sandy and gravelly drainages; along and in rocky-sandy, gravelly and 

gravelly-sandy drainage ways; sandy-silty playas; banks of creeks, rivers, riverbeds and washes; among 

clumps of grasses at the sandy edges of arroyos; channel bars; benches; shelves; terraces; bottomlands; 

sandy floodplains; silty-loamy stock tanks; along canals; sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas 

growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy, rocky-sandy, stony, stonygravelly, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-sandy loam, gravelly-sandy loam, gravellysandy-clayey 

loam, gravelly-silty-clayey loam, clayey loam and silty loam ground; rocky clay, gravellysandy 

clay and gravelly clay ground, and sandy silty ground, occurring from 400 to 7,500 feet in elevation 

in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This 

plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. Eriastrum diffusum is native to 


(Page 685), 58, 63 (031810 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #49), 85 (031810 - color 


Gilia sinuata D. Douglas ex G. Bentham: Rosy Gilia

SYNONYMY: Gilia inconspicua (J.E. Smith) R. Sweet var. sinuata (D. Douglas ex G. Bentham) 

A. Gray. COMMON NAMES: Bare-base Gilia, Cinder Gilia, Gilia, Gily-flower, Rosy Gilia. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (2½ to 15 inches in height, plants were observed and 

described as being 4 to 10 inches in height and 2 to 4 inches in width); the foliage is medium green; the 

flowers are pale blue-violet, blue, blue-lavender, blue-purple, blue-yellow, bluish-white, cream, lavenderpink, 

pink, purple, violet, white or pale yellow; the anthers are blue; flowering generally takes place 

between early March and early July (additional records: one for mid-February and one for mid- 

September). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; 

sandy plateaus; cliffs; sandy canyons; sandy canyon bottoms; bluffs; rocky-gravelly-sandy sides of buttes; 

gravelly ridges; ridgetops; meadows; foothills; rocky, rocky-sandy-silty and gravelly hills; hilltops; rocky 

hillsides; rocky, gravelly, sandy and clayey slopes; gravelly and sandy alluvial fans; bajadas; lava flows; 

lava fields; sand dunes; sandy breaks; sandy and silty-loamy plains; gravelly, sandy and silty flats; sandy 

valley floors; valley bottoms; along rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy, gravelly and gravellysandy 

roadsides; sandy arroyos; along creeks; along and in gravelly-sandy and sandy creekbeds; along 

rivers; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; drainages; in sandy-silty 

drainage ways; silty lakebeds; rocky and sandy banks of creeks, creekbeds and washes; edges of washes 

and dry lakes; sandy bottomlands; sandy benches; cobbly-sandy terraces; gravelly-sandy and silty riparian 

areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-gravelly-sandy, rockysandy, 

cobbly-sandy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly-sandy-clayey 

loam, gravelly loam and silty loam ground; clay ground, and rocky-sandy silty, sandy silty and silty 

ground, occurring from 1,500 to 7,900 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, 

desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant was reported to have been utilized by 


commercial food crop. Gilia sinuata is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 

15, 18 (genus), 43 (031910 - Gilia inconspicua var. sinuata (Douglas ex Benth.) Brand), 46 (Page 691), 

63 (031910 - color presentation), 85 (031910 - color presentation of dried material), 127, 138 (recorded as 

Gilia cf. sinuata)* 

Gilia inconspicua var. sinuata (see Gilia sinuata) 

Gilia stellata A.A. Heller: Star Gilia 

COMMON NAMES: Gilia, Star Gilia, Star Gily-flower. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual 

forb/herb (3 to 28 inches in height); the flowers may be blue, blue-yellow, blue-lavender, blue-pinklavender, 

blue-white, cream, lavender, lavender-pink, lavender with dark purple stripes, lavender-pink, 

lavender-yellow, magenta, pink, pink-lavender, purple, purple-lavender, purplish-blue, pale violet, yellow, 

white, white-lavender or whitish-purplish; flowering generally takes place between late January and early 

June. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky 

mountainsides; mesas; rocky cliffs; along rocky canyons; gravelly-sandy and sandy canyon bottoms; 

gorges; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; cobbly knoll; sandy ridges; ridgetops; foothills; rocky hills; sandy 

hilltops; rocky and gravelly hillsides; bouldery, rocky; cobbly-sandy-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-sandyclayey, 

sandy, sandy-loamy and clayey slopes; alluvial fans; gravelly and gravelly-sandy bajadas; rocky 

and shaley outcrops; amongst boulders; sand hills; breaks; plains; gravelly and sandy flats; basins; valley 

floors; valley bottoms; rocky, gravelly and sandy roadsides; sandy arroyos; ravines; springs; along 

streams; streambeds; along creeks; sandy creekbeds; along and in bedrock, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy, sandy and sandy-clayey-loamy washes; along and in gravelly and gravelly-sandy drainage 

ways; around pools; sandy banks of rivers and washes; along rocky-sandy edges of washes; margins of 

rivers and washes; shores of lakes; sand bars; gravelly and sandy benches; terraces; loamy floodplains; 

gravelly-sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, 

rocky-sandy, shaley, cobbly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; cobbly-sandy loam, sandy loam, 

sandy-clayey loam, clayey loam, silty loam and loam ground; gravelly-sandy clay and clay ground, and 

gravelly-sandy silty ground, occurring from 700 to 5,000 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub,

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: Gilia stellata is native to southwestcentral 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 16, 18 (genus), 43 (031910), 46 (Supplement Page 1066), 63 

(031910 - color presentation), 77, 85 (031910 - color presentation of dried material), HR* 

Polygalaceae: The Milkwort Family 

Polygala macradenia A. Gray: Glandleaf Milkwort 

COMMON NAMES: Glandleaf Milkwort, Milkwort, Purple Milkwort. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial subshrub (4 to 12 inches in height, one plant was described as being 10 inches in 

height and 12 inches in width); the foliage is green or green-gray; the flowers may be blue, blue-purple, 

pink-purple, light purple, purple, purple-greenish-yellow, purple-rose, purple & white, purple & yellow & 

white, purplish, reddish, white or white tipped with pink & green; flowering generally takes place 

between late February and early June and again between early August and late November (additional 

records: one for mid-January, two for late June and one for early July). HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from mountains; bouldery and rocky mountaintops; rocky mountainsides; 

cliffs; cobbly canyons; rocky and clayey canyon bottoms; crevices in rocks; bluffs; ridges; foothills; rocky 

and rocky-clayey hills; rocky hilltops; rocky, rocky-gravelly-loamy, rocky-clayey and gravelly hillsides; 

bedrock, rocky, rocky-clayey and gravelly slopes; bajadas; amongst boulders and rocks; gravelly flats; 

basins; arroyos; springs; rocky washes; rocky-gravelly drainages; benches, and shelves growing in dry 

desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, cobbly and gravelly ground; rocky-gravelly loam 

ground, and rocky clay and clay ground, occurring from 1,500 to 4,700 feet in elevation in the scrub, 

grassland and desertscrub ecological formations. NOTES: This plant is reportedly grazed by Desert 

Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis subsp. mexicana). Polygala macradenia is native to southwest-central 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 18 (genus), 43 (032110), 46 (Page 499), 63 (032110), 77, 85 

(032110 - color presentation of dried material), 138* 

Polygonaceae: The Buckwheat Family 

Chorizanthe brevicornu J. Torrey (var. brevicornu is the variety reported as occurring in Arizona): 

Brittle Spineflower 

COMMON NAMES: Brittle Spine Flower, Brittle Spineflower, Sagebrush Chorizanthe, Shorthorn 

Spine-flower. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (2 to 20 inches in height and 2 to 12 

inches in width, one plant was described as being 7 inches in height and 10 inches in width); the basal 

rosette of leaves may be lime, maroon, reddish or yellow-green; the small inconspicuous flowers are 

green, greenish-white, white, yellow-green or yellowish-white; flowering generally takes place between 

early January and late May (additional record: one for mid-June, flowering may continue into July). 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; rocky and rockygravelly 

canyons; sandy and sandy-loamy canyon bottoms; rocky talus slopes; gravelly ridges; ridgetops; 

rocky foothills; rocky and rocky-sandy hills; hilltops; rocky hillsides; bedrock, bouldery, rocky, rockygravelly-loamy, 

rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-loamy and sandy slopes; rocky alluvial 

fans; gravelly bajadas; rock, and shaley outcrops; amongst boulders, rocks and gravels; boulder fields; 

lava flows; sand dunes; gravelly-loamy breaks; plains; rocky-sandy, gravelly, sandy and silty flats; basins; 

gravelly valley floors; along rocky-gravelly, gravelly and sandy roadsides; arroyos; springs; along creeks; 

creekbeds; along rivers; rocky-cobbly-sandy river beds; along and in gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

washes; cobbly drainages; gravelly-sandy banks of rivers and washes; edges of washes; margins of 

washes; benches; gravelly-sandy and sandy terraces, and riparian areas growing in dry desert pavement; 

bouldery, rocky, rocky-cobbly-sandy, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, cobbly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy ground; rocky-gravelly loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, sandy loam and silty loam 

ground, and sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 10,000 feet in elevation in the

woodland, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: Chorizanthe brevicornu is 

native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 43 (032210), 46 (Pages 229-230), 

63 (032210 - color presentation), 77, 85 (032210 - color presentation), 138* 

Chorizanthe rigida (J. Torrey) J. Torrey & A. Gray: Devil’s Spineflower 

COMMON NAMES: Devil’s Spineflower, Devil’s Spiny-herb, Rigid Spineflower, Rigid Spiny 

Herb, Spine Herb, Spiny Chorizanthe, Turkshead, Turk’s Rug. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual 

forb/herb (1 to 8 inches in height and ½ to 4 inches in width); the minute flowers are green, white, yellow 

or yellow-green; flowering generally takes place between early February and late May (additional 

records: two for early January, two for mid-January and one for late July). HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from mountains; mountainsides; gravelly mesas; gravelly canyons; 

canyon walls; canyon bottoms; rocky ridges; foothills; rocky, gravelly and sandy hills; rocky and rockygravelly 

hilltops; rocky and sandy hillsides; rocky, stony, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy slopes; rocky 

alluvial fans; gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy bajadas; shaley outcrops; amongst rocks; lava flows; 

rocky-sandy and sandy lava fields; sand dunes; gravelly plains; rocky, stony, stony-chalky, gravelly, 

sandy, sandy-silty and chalky flats; basins; gravelly valley floors; along gravelly and sandy roadsides; 

ravines; springs; along rivers; along and in rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; gravelly 

drainages; gravelly and gravelly-sandy edges of washes; benches; gravelly-sandy riparian areas, and 

disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery-rocky-gravelly, rocky, rocky-sandy, shaleysandy, 

stony, stony-chalky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and chalky ground; rocky clay and clay 

ground, and sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from 200 to 5,000 feet in elevation in the desertscrub 

and wetland ecological formation. NOTES: Becomes stiff and bur-like when dried. Chorizanthe rigida is 

native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 (032210), 

46 (Page 230), 63 (032210 - color presentation), 77, 85 (032210 - color presentation of dried material), 

138* 

Eriogonum clutei (see Eriogonum deflexum var. deflexum) 

Eriogonum deflexum J. Torrey (var. deflexum is the variety reported as occurring in Arizona): 

Flatcrown Buckwheat 

SYNONYMY: (for E.d. var. deflexum: Eriogonum clutei P.A. Rydberg, Eriogonum deflexum J. 

Torrey var. turbinatum (J.K. Small) J.L. Reveal). COMMON NAMES: Flatcrown Buckwheat, 

Flatcrowned Wild Buckwheat, Flat-topped Buckwheat, Skeleton Weed, Skeleton-weed, Skeletonweed, 

Skeleton Weed Eriogonum. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (2 inches to 2 feet in height); 

the stems are blue-gray, gray-green, green or purple-red; the basal rosette of leaves is blue-gray, graygreen 

or green; the small flowers are cream, cream-pink, pink, pink-white, pinkish, pinkish-purplelavender-white, 

white or whitish-pink; flowering generally takes place between mid-January and late 

December; the fruits may be bright pink. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported 

from mountains; mesas; plateaus; cliffs; rocky canyons; rocky, gravelly and sandy canyon bottoms; 

gorges; bouldery scree; talus slopes; rocky sides of buttes; ridgelines; rocky foothills; rocky and rockygravelly 

hills; rocky, gravelly and clayey hillsides; rocky, stony-cobbly-sandy, cindery, gravelly, sandy, 

sandy-clayey and clayey slopes; alluvial fans; bajadas; rocky outcrops; cobbly, cobbly-sandy and sandy 

debris fans; pebbly and sandy plains; rocky, gravelly and sandy flats; basins; valley floors; valley 

bottoms; roadbeds; along gravelly and sandy roadsides; within gravelly and sandy arroyos; sandy bottoms 

of arroyos; gulches; gravelly ravines; springs; along streams; streambeds; along creeks; creekbeds; 

gravelly and sandy riverbeds; along and in cobbly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy, sandy-clayey and 

clayey washes; drainages; drainage ways; sandy banks of rivers; gravelly edges of marshes; sand bars; 

terraces; sandy bottomlands; floodplains; along ditches; along canal banks; gravelly-sandy and sandy 

riparian areas; waste places, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rockygravelly, 

rocky-sandy, shaley, stony-cobbly-sandy, cobbly, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, pebbly and 

sandy ground; rocky loam and gravelly loam ground, and sandy clay and clay ground, occurring from sea

level to 7,200 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. Eriogonum 

deflexum is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 16, 18 (genus), 43 (032310), 

46 (Page 239), 48 (genus), 63 (032310 - color presentation of seed), 68, 77, 85 (032310 - color 


Eriogonum deflexum J. Torrey var. deflexum: Flatcrown Buckwheat 

SYNONYMY: Eriogonum clutei P.A. Rydberg, Eriogonum deflexum J. Torrey var. turbinatum 

(J.K. Small) J.L. Reveal. COMMON NAMES: Flatcrown Buckwheat, Flatcrowned Wild Buckwheat, 

Flat-topped Buckwheat, Skeleton Weed, Skeleton-weed, Skeletonweed, Skeleton Weed Eriogonum. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (2 inches to 2 feet in height); the stems are blue-gray, graygreen, 

green or purple-red; the basal rosette of leaves is blue-gray, gray-green or green; the small flowers 

are cream, pink, pink-white, rose-white or white; flowering generally takes place between mid-January 

and late December; the fruits may be bright pink. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; mountainsides; gravelly mesas; plateaus; rocky cliffs; bouldery canyons; rocky 

and sandy canyon bottoms; shaley talus slopes; bluffs; rocky sides of buttes; rocky ridges; ridgelines; 

rocky foothills; talus hills; rocky and gravelly hillsides; rocky, rocky-sandy, shaley, cindery, gravelly, 

gravelly-loamy, sandy and clayey slopes; rocky-gravelly bajadas; amongst boulders; sand dunes; cobbly 

and sandy debris fans; gravelly, sandy and sandy-silty flats; basins; valley bottoms; roadbeds; along 

gravelly, gravelly-loamy and sandy roadsides; sandy arroyos; sandy draws; gullies; gravelly ravines; 

around seeping streams; along creeks; along gravelly-sandy creekbeds; along rivers; gravelly riverbeds; 

along and in bouldery, rocky-sandy, rocky-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and sandy-clayey 

washes; drainages; depressions; swales; banks of rivers; sand bars; sandy bottomlands; banks of 

reservoirs; along canal banks; along ditches; sandy riparian areas; waste places, and disturbed areas 

growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley, cobbly, cindery, 

gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam, gravelly loam and gravelly-clayey loam ground; 

sandy clay and clay ground, and sandy silty ground, occurring from sea level to 7,200 feet in elevation in 


be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. Eriogonum deflexum var. deflexum is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15 (Eriogonum deflexum Torrey var. turbinatum 

(Small) Reveal), 18 (genus), 43 (032310 - Eriogonum deflexum var. turbinatum (Small) Reveal), 46 

(Eriogonum clutei Rydb. and Eriogonum deflexum Torr., Page 239), 48 (genus), 58 (Eriogonum deflexum 

Torrey var. turbinatum (Small) Reveal), 63 (032310), 68, 85 (032310 - color presentation of dried 

material)* 

Eriogonum deflexum var. turbinatum (see Eriogonum deflexum var. deflexum) 

Eriogonum fasciculatum G. Bentham var. polifolium (G. Bentham) J. Torrey & A. Gray: Eastern 

Mojave Buckwheat 

SYNONYMY: Eriogonum polifolium G. Bentham. COMMON NAMES: Bladderstem, 

Buckwheat, California Buckwheat, California Wild Buckwheat, Desert Trumpet, Eastern Mojave 

Buckwheat, Flat-top, Flat-top Buckwheat, Flat-top Buckwheat-brush, Flat-topped Buckwheat, Flat-topped 

Buckwheat Brush, Flat-topped Buckwheatbrush, Indian Pipe-weed, Maderista, Mohave Desert California 

Buckwheat. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (compact to spreading decumbent 

stems 4 to 40 inches in height with crowns 8 inches to 10 feet in width, one plant was reported to be 1 

foot in height and 2 feet in width, one plant was reported to be 16 inches in height and 2 feet in width, 

plants were observed and described as being 18 inches in height and 2 feet in width, plants were observed 

and described as being 20 inches in height and 18 inches in width, plants were observed and described as 

being 20 inches in height and 3 feet in width); the bark is gray; ; the stems are greenish-coral; the leaves 

are gray, grayish or gray-green; the flowers may be cream, cream-pink, cream-white-pink, pale pink, pink, 

pinkish, pinkish-white, reddish-pink, white, white with pink veins, white-pink, white-pinkish, white-rose

or whitish; flowering generally takes place between late November and mid-August (additional records: 

one for mid-September, one for late September, one for early October, three for mid-October, two for late 

October and one for early November, flowering taking place year-round has also been reported). 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; rocky 

mountaintops; mountainsides; rocky mesas; rims of canyons; rocky cliffs; rocky canyons; canyon 

bottoms; scree; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; crevices in bedrock; buttes; ledges; rocky ridges; rocky 

ridgetops; foothills; bouldery and rocky hills; rocky hillsides; bases of hillsides; bouldery, boulderyrocky-gravelly, 

rocky, rocky-sandy, stony-gravelly-sandy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

slopes; rocky-gravelly alluvial fans; stony-gravelly-sandy bajadas; bouldery and rocky outcrops; amongst 

rocks; boulderfields; lava flows; sandy lava beds; sand dunes; gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy flats; 

valley floors; clayey roadsides; rocky arroyos; gullies; along creeks; creekbeds; along and in rocky, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; along drainage ways; gravelly depressions; gravelly-sandy banks of 

streams and rivers; edges of washes; gravelly and gravelly-sandy benches; gravelly terraces; floodplains; 

shores of reservoirs; riparian areas; recently burned areas of coastal sage scrub, and disturbed areas 

growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky-gravelly, bouldery-gravelly-sandy, rocky; rocky-gravelly, rockysandy, 

stony-gravelly-sandy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground and clay ground, 

occurring from 100 to 8,200 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and 


habitat. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted as 

having been used as a drug or medication; the leaves were used to line acorn granaries prevent the stored 

acorns from getting wet, and the wood was used to pierce ears. Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium is 

native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 18 (genus & species), 28 (color 

photograph), 43 (072210), 46 (Page 242), 48 (genus), 63 (072210 - color presentation), 85 (072310 - 

color presentation of dried material), 115 (color presentation of the species), 127* 

Eriogonum inflatum J. Torrey & J.C. Frémont: Desert Trumpet 

COMMON NAMES: Bladder Stem, Bladderstem, Bottle-stopper, Cigarette Plant, Desert 

Trumpet, Indian Pipe-weed, Indian Pipeweed, Indianpipe Weed, Native American Pipeweed. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual or perennial forb/herb (stems 8 inches to 5 feet in height); this plant 

has a basal rosette of gray-green, green or red leaves; the flowering stems and branches are grayish, graygreen, 

green, purple-red or yellowish-green; the flowers are greenish-yellow, orange-yellow, pink or 

yellow; flowering generally takes place between early March and late November (additional records: one 

for mid-January, one for early February and one for mid-February, flowering has also been reported as 

occurring year round). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; 

rocky-clayey mesas; plateaus; rocky canyons; talus slopes; rocky buttes; rocky ledges; rocky ridges; 

ridgelines; crater walls; foothills; rocky hills; gravelly crests of hills; rocky and gravelly hillsides; 

bouldery, rocky, gravelly and sandy slopes; gravelly and gravelly-sandy bajadas; gypsum outcrops; rocky 

coves; sand dunes; plains; flats; rocky valley floors; along gravelly roadsides; along rocky and gravelly 

arroyos; along rivers; along and in bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

washes; rocky banks of rivers; gravelly terraces; sandy bottomlands; floodplains; riparian areas, and 

disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, shaley, gravelly, gravellysandy 

and sandy ground, and rocky clay ground, occurring from sea level to 6,600 feet in elevation in the 

woodland, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant was reported to 


a home garden or commercial food crop; it was also noted as having been used as tools (used as pipes and 

drinking tubes) and as a drug or medication. The Desert Trumpet is a food plant for the larva and adult 

forms of the Desert Metalmark Butterfly (Apodemia palmerii subsp. deserti). Eriogonum inflatum is 

native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 18 (genus), 28 (color photograph), 43 

(070810 - Eriogonum inflatum Torr.), 46 (Pages 237-238), 48 (genus), 63 (070810 - color presentation), 

77 (plants observed had yellow flowers and stems that were not inflated), 85 (070810 - color presentation,

unable to access species information), 86 (color photograph), 106 (070810 - Apodemia palmerii), 127, 

138* 

Eriogonum polifolium (see Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium) 

Primulaceae: The Primrose Family 

Androsace occidentalis F.T. Pursh: Western Rockjasmine 

SYNONYMY: Androsace occidentalis F.T. Pursh var. arizonica (A. Gray) H. St. John. 

COMMON NAMES: Rock Jasmine, Rock-jasmine, Western Fairy Candelabra, Western Androsace, 

Western Rock Jasmine, Western Rock-jasmine, Western Rockjasmine. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial 

annual forb/herb (1 to 5 inches in height); the basal rosette leaves may be reddish; the minute flowers (1/8 

inch in diameter) may be pink, purple, red, white or white with a pink or red tinge; flowering generally 

takes place between early February and mid-May. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; rocky mountainsides; rocky mesas; cliffs; sandy canyons; along bedrock and 

sandy-loamy canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; crevices in rock; gravelly ledges; ridges; ridgetops; shaded 

rock niches; meadows; rocky foothills; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; rocky, rocky-gravelly-loamy, rockysandy, 

rocky-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-loamy and sandy slopes; rocky-sandy alluvial fans; 

bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; rock niches; rocky and silty flats; basins; sandy 

valley floors; along roadsides; within bedrock arroyos; along rocky draws; seeps; springs; around seeping 

streams; along rocky and sandy streams; sandy streambeds; along creeks; along and in sandy creekbeds; 

along rivers; riverbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly and sandy washes; drainages; 

depressions; rocky and gravelly banks of rivers and washes; channel bars in rivers; terraces; sandy 

bottomlands; floodplains; rocky mesquite bosques; banks of stock tanks; gravelly-sandy riparian areas, 

and disturbed areas growing in muddy and wet, moist, damp and dry rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky loam, rocky-gravelly loam gravelly loam and sandy loam 

ground; sandy clay ground, and silty ground, occurring from 1,000 to 11,500 feet in elevation in the 


was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted as having been used 

as a drug or medication. Androsace occidentalis is native to central and southern North America. *5, 6, 

15, 16, 43 (072809), 46 (Page 636), 58, 63 (032710 - color presentation), 77, 85 (032710 - color 

presentation of dried material), 127, 138* 

Androsace occidentalis var. arizonica (see Androsace occidentalis) 

Ranunculaceae: The Buttercup Family 

Anemone tuberosa P.A. Rydberg (var. tuberosa is the variety reported as occurring in Arizona): 

Tuber Anemone 

COMMON NAMES: Desert Anemone, Desert Thimbleweed, Desert Windflower, Tuber 

Anemone, Windflower. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial (tuberous) perennial forb/herb (4 to 20 inches in 

height); the stems may be purplish; the flowers may be cream & pink, creamy-white, pink, pinkish, 

pinkish-purple, pinkish-white, purple, white, white-blue, white-lavender, white-pink, white-purple and 

whitish-yellow; flowering generally takes place between early January and late May. HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been reported from reported from mountains; rocky mountainsides; mesas; 

cliffs; rocky canyons; rocky canyon walls; rocky canyon bottoms; gorges; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; 

crevices in rocks; buttes; rocky promontories; along bouldery and rocky ridges; rocky ridgetops; foothills; 

bouldery-rocky and rocky hills; rocky hilltops; bouldery and rocky hillsides; rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy, 

rocky-gravelly-loamy, rocky-clayey, gravelly and gravelly-loamy slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops;

amongst rocks; volcanic dikes and plugs; sandy lava flows; rocky barrens; rocky and sandy flats; rocky 

basins; along rocky roadsides; along rocky draws; seeps; springs; along creeks; creekbeds; along and in 

gravelly washes; within bouldery-cobbly and cobbly drainage ways; along banks of streams and washes; 

rocky benches; terraces, and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky, bouldery-cobbly, 

rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-gravelly-sandy, cobbly, cindery, gravelly and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly 

loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-clayey loam and sandy loam ground, and rocky clay and clay ground, 

occurring from 1,400 to 8,600 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and 


habitat. Anemone tuberosa is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 18 

(genus), 28 (color photograph), 43 (072309), 46 (Page 311), 58, 63 (032810 - color presentation), 77 

(color photograph #90), 80 (Species in the genus Anemone are considered to be Rarely Poisonous and 

Suspected Poisonous Range Plants. “These perennial forbs have been suspected of causing poisoning of 

livestock and have caused hairballs in the digestive tract of sheep.”), 85 (042010 - color presentation), 86 

(color photograph), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Delphinium scaposum E.L. Greene: Tall Mountain Larkspur 

COMMON NAMES: Bare-stem Larkspur, Barestem Larkspur, Desert Larkspur, Espuelita, 

Larkspur, Low Larkspur, Naked Delphinium, Tall Mountain Larkspur, Tcoro’si (Hopi), Wild Delphinium. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb (6 inches to 4 feet in height); the leafless stems may be 

reddish; the basal leaves are gray-green, dark green or yellow-green; the flowers (to 1 inch in width) may 

be blue, blue & cream-white, blue-purple, blue-purple-white, blue-violet, blue-white, dark blue, lavenderblue-purple, 

purple, dark purple-blue, dark purple-blue & white, purple-blue, royal blue-white, deep royal 

blue, violet, violet-blue or white; flowering generally takes place between early March and early July 

(additional record: one for early January). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from mountains; bouldery, gravelly and sandy mesas; plateaus; along rocky rims of canyons and 

gorges; rocky, rocky-sandy and sandy canyons; sandy canyon bottoms; gorges; talus slopes; bases of 

cliffs; bluffs; buttes; knolls; rocky ledges; ridges; clearings in forests; meadows; rocky foothills; rocky 

and sandy hills; rocky and sandy-loamy hillsides; bouldery-rocky-gravelly, rocky, gravelly, gravellyloamy, 

gravelly-sandy-loamy, gravelly-clayey-loamy, loamy and clayey slopes; bajadas; bouldery 

outcrops; sand dunes; gravelly and clayey flats, basins; valley floors; along rocky, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy roadsides; arroyos; gravelly gullies; along seeping washes; along streams; streambeds; along rivers; 

along washes; drainages; along water courses; gravelly-silty-clayey and gravelly-clayey depressions; 

rocky banks of washes; rocky edges of washes; shores of lakes; sandy beaches; benches; gravelly-sandy 

terraces; sandy bottomlands, and riparian areas growing in dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky-gravelly, rocky, 

rocky-sandy, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, 

gravelly-clayey loam, sandy loam and loam ground, and rocky clay, gravelly clay, gravelly-silty clay and 

clay ground, occurring from 1,900 to 8,900 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, 


restored native habitat. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America 

and could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial dye crop; it was also 

noted as having been used in ceremonies; as a toy or in games, and as a drug or medication. The Tall 

Mountain Larkspur is reportedly visited by butterflies. Delphinium scaposum is native to southwestcentral 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 18 (genus), 28 (color photograph), 43 (042110), 46 

(Pages 308-309), 48 (genus), 58, 63 (042110 - color presentation including habitat), 68, 77 (color 

photograph #91), 80 (This species is listed as a Major Poisonous Range Plant; however, “All species of 

Larkspur in Arizona should be considered potentially dangerous. ... The most toxic period of growth is 

when the plant is young and prior to flowering” - May and June for Low Larkspur (Delphinium nelsoni, 

Delphinium scaposum and Delphinium virescens) and May through July for Tall Larkspur (Delphinium 

scopulorum). “Plants remain dangerous throughout their life. Cattle are the principle livestock poisoned 

by larkspur. Sheep apparently graze larkspur without harm. ... Since cattle will graze on larkspur even 

though other forage is available, management to keep them away from heavily infested areas during this

period is the best control technique.” See text for additional information.), 85 (042210 - color 

presentation), 115 (color presentation), 127, 138* 

Rhamnaceae: The Buckthorn Family 

Condalia lycioides var. canescens (see Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens) 

Ziziphus obtusifolia (W.J. Hooker ex J. Torrey & A. Gray) A. Gray var. canescens (A. Gray) M.C. 

Johnston: Lotebush 

SYNONYMY: Condalia lycioides (A. Gray) A. Weberbauer var. canescens (A. Gray) W. 

Trelease. COMMON NAMES: Abrojo, Bachata, Barbachatas, Buchthorn, Clepe, Garrapata, Garumbullo, 

Gray-leafed Abrojo, Gray-leaved Abrojo, Gray-thorn, Greythorn, Gumdrop Tree, Lotebush, Oschuvapat 

(Pima), Palo Blanco, Southwestern Condalia, White Crucillo. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial 

drought deciduous shrub or tree (3 to 13 feet in height, one plant was reported to be 40 inches in height 

with a crown 18 inches in width, one was reported to be plant 7 feet in height with a crown 7 feet in 

width, one plant was reported to be 10 feet in height with a crown 10 feet in width, one plant was reported 

to be 13 feet in height with a crown 13 feet in width); the stems are bluish, gray, gray-green, green or 

whitish with the twigs ending in stout thorns; the leaves are gray-green, green or yellow-green, the 

inconspicuous flowers are cream, green, greenish-white, yellow, yellow-green or whitish-green; flowering 

generally takes place between mid-May and late November (additional records: one for late January, one 

for mid-March, one for late March, one for mid-April and one for late April); the ripe fruits are black, 

blue-purple, dark blue or purple. HABITAT: Within range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; mesas; rocky canyons; along canyon bottoms; scree; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; crevices in 

rocks; buttes; ridges; ridgelines; foothills; rocky hills; hilltops; rocky hillsides; rocky and gravelly slopes; 

rocky alluvial fans; gravelly bajadas; amongst boulders, rocks and gravels; sandy-silty plains; rocky and 

gravelly flats; basins; rocky valley floors; gravelly and gravelly-loamy roadsides; arroyos; bottoms of 

arroyos; gulches; ravines; bouldery bottoms of ravines; seeps; in clay around springs; rivulets; along 

streams; along rocky streambeds; along creeks; along gravelly-sandy creekbeds; along gravelly and 

gravelly-sandy rivers; riverbeds; along and in rocky and sandy washes; drainages; marshes; along rocky 

banks of streams, creeks, rivers and washes; gravelly-sandy edges of arroyos and creeks; beaches; sandy 

benches; terraces; bottomlands; floodplains; mesquite bosques; along fencerows; along canals; gravellysandy 

riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, bouldery-sandy, 

rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-gravelly-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; cobbly-gravelly 

loam, gravelly loam and gravelly-clayey loam ground; sandy clay and clay ground, and sandy silty 




could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food, fodder and/or beverage 

(Ziziphus obtusifolia) crop; it was also noted as having been used as a tool, as a drug or medication and as 

a commodity used in personal hygiene. The flowers are visited by orange-winged Spider Wasps. Gray 

Foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), Raccoons (Procyon lotor), Ringtails (Bassariscus astutus), Gambel’s 

Quail (Callipepla gambelii), Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata), Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos), 

Northern Orioles (Icterus bullockii), Phainopeplas (Phainopepla nitens), Band-tailed Pigeons (Columba 

fasciata), White-necked Ravens (Corvus cryptoleucus), Curved-billed Thrashers (Toxostoma curvirostre), 

Golden-fronted Woodpeckers (Melanerpes aurifrons), White-winged Doves (Zenaida asiatica) and other 

birds feed on the fruit. The plants numerous spines provide an impenetrable refuge for birds and many 

species of birds make use of the Lotebush as a preferred nesting site. Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens 

is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13 (color photograph), 15, 16, 28 

(species, color photograph of species), 43 (042210), 46 (recorded as Condalia lycioides (Gray) Weberb.

var. canescens (Gray) Trel., Page 530), 58, 63 (042210), 77, 85 (042310 - color presentation of dried 

material), 91, 127, HR* 

Rubiaceae: The Madder Family 

Galium proliferum A. Gray: Limestone Bedstraw 

COMMON NAMES: Bedstraw, Desert Bedstraw, Great Basin Bedstraw, Limestone Bedstraw, 

Slender Bedstraw, Spreading Bedstraw. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual forb/herb (4 to 12 inches in 

height); the herbage is dark green; the minute flowers are white or pale yellow; flowering generally takes 

place between early February and mid-May (additional records: two for mid-January and one for early 

December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; 

mountainsides; mesas; rocky canyons; rocky and sandy canyon bottoms; along crevices in rocks; rockygravelly-sandy 

ledges; rocky and shaley-clayey ridges; rocky ridgetops; foothills; rocky hills; rocky 

hillsides; along and on bedrock, bouldery, bouldery-cobbly-sandy, rocky, rocky-clayey and gravelly 

slopes; rocky bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; rocky and sandy flats; basins; rocky 

roadsides; rocky arroyos; gravelly and gravelly-sandy bottoms of arroyos; gravelly draws; along streams; 

along streambeds; creeks; creekbeds; along rivers; along gravelly riverbeds; along and in bedrock, rockysandy 

and sandy washes; along and in rocky drainages; rocky banks of rivers; edges of washes; gravellysandy 

and sandy margins of arroyos and watercourses; floodplains; along rocky fencelines; riparian areas, 

and disturbed areas growing in wet, moist and dry bouldery, bouldery-cobbly-sandy, rocky, rockygravelly-sandy, 

rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; clayey loam ground, and rocky 

clay and shaley clay ground, occurring from 700 to 6,600 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: Galium proliferum is native to 

southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 18 (genus), 43 (042310), 46 (Page 812), 58, 

63 (042310), 77, 85 (042310 - color presentation of dried material), 138* 

Galium stellatum A. Kellogg (subsp. eremicum (M.L. Hilend & J.T. Howell) F. Ehrendorfer is the 

subspecies reported as occurring in Arizona): Starry Bedstraw 

SYNONYMY: (for G.s. subsp. eremicum: Galium stellatum A. Kellogg var. eremicum M.L. 

Hilend & J.T. Howell). COMMON NAMES: Bedstraw, Desert Bedstraw, Shrubby Bedstraw, Starry 

Bedstraw. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or subshrub (6 to 40 inches in height, one 

plant was reported to be 20 inches in height with a crown 14 inches in width); the bark is gray; the stems 

are reddish; the leaves are dark green; the flowers are cream, gray-yellow, greenish, greenish-yellow, 

white, yellow-green, yellowish or yellowish-cream; flowering generally takes place between mid- 

February and mid-June (additional records: one for early July, one for mid-August, one for early 

September, two for mid-September, one for late October and one for late November). HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; rocky mountainsides; mesas; rocky 

cliffs; rock walls; rocky canyons; rocky canyon walls; bouldery-gravelly-sandy and sandy canyon 

bottoms; chasms; gorges; bases of cliffs; talus slopes; crevices in boulders and rocks; pockets of soil; 

bluffs; tops of bluffs; buttes; ledges; rocky and shaley ridges; gravelly-clayey ridgetops; rocky and shaley 

foothills; rocky and gravelly hills; rocky, rocky-shaley, rocky-gravelly and gravelly hillsides; bouldery, 

bouldery-rocky, rocky, rocky-gravelly-loamy, cindery and gravelly-loamy slopes; gravelly-sandy bajadas; 

bouldery and rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; bases of rocks; rocky alcoves; bouldery-sandy 

grottos; lava flows; valley floors; along roadsides; along arroyos; rocky gulches; gravelly ravines; seeps; 

springs; along streams; rivers; along and in bouldery, bouldery-rocky-sandy, rocky and sandy washes; 

bouldery-cobbly drainages; drainage ways; sandy banks of creeks and rivers; margins of drainages; shores 

of rivers; bouldery-sand bars; rocky beaches; debris fans; sandy terraces, and riparian areas growing in 

dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky, bouldery-rocky-sandy, bouldery-cobbly, bouldery-gravelly-sandy, 

bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-shaley, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley, cindery, gravelly and sandy 

ground and rocky-gravelly loam and gravelly loam ground, occurring from 1,100 to 4,500 feet in


Galium stellatum is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 16, 18 (genus), 28 

(color photograph), 43 (042310 - Galium stellatum Kellogg, Galium stellatum subsp. eremicum (Hilend & 

J.T. Howell) Ehrend., Galium stellatum var. eremicum Hilend & J.T. Howell), 46 (Page 811), 63 

(042310), 85 (042310 - color presentation), 138* 

Galium stellatum var. eremicum (see Galium stellatum subsp. eremicum) 

Salicaceae: The Willow Family 

Populus fremontii S. Watson subsp. fremontii: Frémont Cottonwood 

SYNONYMY: Populus arizonica C.S. Sargent Populus fremontii S. Watson var. arizonica (C.S. 

Sargent) W.L. Jepson, Populus fremontii S. Watson var. macdougalii (J.N. Rose) W.L. Jepson, Populus 

fremontii S. Watson var. pubescens C.S. Sargent, Populus fremontii S. Watson var. thornberi C.S. Sargent, 

Populus fremontii S. Watson var. toumeyi C.S. Sargent. COMMON NAMES: Alamo (Spanish), Alamo 

Cottonwood, Arizona Cottonwood, Cordate-leaved Cottonwood, Cottonwood, Frémont Cottonwood, 

Frémont Poplar, Frémont’s Cottonwood, Rio Grande Cottonwood, Western Cottonwood. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial deciduous tree (10 to 112 feet in height with a wide and flat-topped 

crown); the older bark is brownish, gray, gray-brown, grayish-white, pale tan or whitish; the branches are 

gray-brown to reddish-brown; the twigs are yellow before turning a bone-white, pale gray, tan or tannishwhite; 

the leaves are a shiny bright green or yellow-green turning golden-yellow or lemon-yellow in 

autumn; the flowers (catkins with the male (1 to 3¼ inches in length) and female (2 to 5 inches in length) 

on separate trees) may be greenish-yellow, reddish or yellowish-green; flowering generally takes place 

between early February and early May; the cottony seeds are fuzzy and white. HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; plateaus; along canyons; canyon 

bottoms; foothills; along bouldery hills; bouldery-loamy and rocky slopes; gravelly and clayey flats; 

basins; valley floors; springs; along streams; streambeds; along creeks; sandy-loamy creekbeds; along 

rivers; sandy-clayey-loamy riverbeds; along washes; drainages; waterholes; oases; cienegas; along banks 

of streams, creeks and rivers; edges of ponds and lakes; margins of playas; along shores of lakes; gravel 

and sand bars; terraces; bottomlands; floodplains; mesquite bosques; stock tanks; edges of reservoirs; 

along ditches; bouldery-gravelly-sandy riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in areas where 

subsurface water is available in bouldery, bouldery-gravelly-sandy, bouldery-loamy, rocky, gravelly and 

sandy ground; sandy loam and sandy-clayey loam ground; clay ground, and sandy silty ground, occurring 

from sea level to 9,500 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 


The species, Populus fremontii, was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America 

and could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or commercial food and/or fiber crop; it 

was also noted as having been used as an indicator of planting seasons; as tools; as musical instruments, 

fuel and as a drug or medication. The Frémont Cottonwood may have a life span of more than 130 year of 

age. It reaches reproductive maturity in 5 to 10 years. Use as a specimen plant in a large area and as a revegetation 

plant for the areas immediately adjacent to the main channel of streams, creeks, and rivers. 

Consider planting male trees if the “cotton” produced by female trees is objectionable. The cottonwood 

provides food for Beavers, Elk, Deer, and squirrels, and the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), 

Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni), Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii) 

build nests in the crown. Cottonwood bark is a principle food of the American Beaver (Castor 

canadensis), and the stems of poplars are used in the construction of their dams. The trees are sometimes 

parasitized by the Yellow (or Colorado Desert) Mistletoe (Phoradendron macrophyllum subsp. 

macrophyllum). Native stands of Cottonwood Trees have been decimated due to the altering of natural 

water flows, the clearing and development of the flood plains, stream channelization and the loss of 

suitable recruitment sites. Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii is native to southwest-central and southern

North America. *5, 6, 13, 15, 18 (species), 26 (species, color photograph of species), 28 (species, color 

photograph of the species), 43 (042410), 46 (Pages 208-209), 48 (species), 52 (species, color photograph 

of the species), 53 (species), 58 (species), 63 (042410 - color presentation of bark), 85 (042410), 115 

(color presentation of the species), 127 (species), HR* 

Populus arizonica (see Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii and/or Populus fremontii subsp. mesetae) 

Populus fremontii var. arizonica (see Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii) 

Populus fremontii var. macdougalii (see Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii) 

Populus fremontii var. pubescens (see Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii) 

Populus fremontii var. thornberi (see Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii) 

Populus fremontii var. toumeyi (see Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii) 

Scrophulariaceae: The Figwort Family 

Maurandella antirrhiniflora (F.W. von Humboldt & A.J. Bonpland ex C.L. von Willdenow) W.H. 

Rothmaler: Roving Sailor 

SYNONYMY: Maurandya antirrhiniflora F.W. von Humboldt & A.J. Bonpland ex C.L. von 

Willdenow. COMMON NAMES: Blue Snapdragon Vine, Climbing Snapdragon, Little Snapdragon Vine, 

Roving Sailor, Snapdragon Maurandya, Snapdragon Vine, Twining Snapdragon, Vine Blue Snapdragon, 

Violet Twining, Violet Twining Snapdragon. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb or vine 

(climbing or twining stems 1 to 8 feet in length, one plant was described as being a climbing vine 3 feet 

by 2 feet); the arrowhead-shaped leaves are a bright green; the flowers are blue, blue-lavender, bluepurple, 

blue-violet, blue & white, lavender, lavender-white, lilac, magenta, magenta-lilac, magenta-pink, 

magenta-purple, maroon-pink, pink, pink-fuchsia, pink-purple, light purple, purple, dark purple, purpleblue, 

purple-lilac, purple-pink, purple-red, purple-rose, purple & white, purple & yellow, pale purplish, 

bright red, reddish-lavender, reddish-pink, reddish-purple, red-rose, rose, rose-pink, rose-purple, rose-red, 

pale violet or white; flowering generally takes place between late March and early November (additional 

records: one for late February and one for early March); the fruit is cup-shaped. HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; bouldery and gravelly mesas; cliffs; rims of 

canyons; bouldery, rocky and gravelly-loamy canyons; along canyon walls; bouldery, rocky and cobbly 

canyon bottoms; gorges; bases of cliffs; gravelly talus slopes; crevices in rocks; rock walls; rocky ledges; 

rocky-gravelly meadows; cinder cones; foothills; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; bedrock, bouldery, rocky, 

rocky-gravelly, rocky-gravelly-sandy-loamy, rocky-sandy, stony, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, 

gravelly-loamy, sandy and sandy-clayey-loamy slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders, rocks 

and pebbles; rocky alcoves; debris fans; sandy lava flows; flats; valley floors; along gravelly-loamy 

roadsides; within arroyos; clayey bottoms of arroyos; draws; gulches; seeps; rocky springs; along streams; 

along and in rocky and gravelly streambeds; along creeks; rocky creekbeds; along rivers; riverbeds; along 

and in rocky, shaley, gravelly and sandy washes; drainages; drainage ways; watercourses; along sandy 

waterfalls; in shallow pools; along rocky and sandy banks of arroyos, streams, creeks, rivers and washes; 

edges of washes and lakes; along margins of arroyos and washes; pebbly shores of lakes; gravel bars; 

benches; shaley and sandy terraces; floodplains, and bouldery riparian areas growing in wet, moist and 

dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, shaley, stony, cobbly, cobbly-gravelly, cindery, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy, pebbly and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly-sandy loam, gravelly loam, sandy-clayey loam 

and clayey loam ground; clay ground, and silty ground often observed growing in the shade under and in 

shrubs and trees and amongst rocks, occurring from 1,200 to 8,800 feet in elevation in the woodland,

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive 

component of a restored native habitat. The vines will die back to the ground in the winter months. 

Maurandella antirrhiniflora is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 

(recorded as Maurandya antirrhiniflora, color photograph), 43 (042710), 46 (recorded as Maurandya 

antirrhiniflora Humb. & Bonpl., Page 767), 58, 63 (042710 - color presentation), 77 (recorded as 

Maurandya antirrhiniflora, color photograph #93), 85 (042710 - color presentation including habitat), 86 

(recorded as Maurandya antirrhiniflora, color photograph), 115 (color presentation), 138* 

Maurandya antirrhiniflora (see Maurandella antirrhiniflora) 

Penstemon parryi (A. Gray) A. Gray: Parry’s Beardtongue 

COMMON NAMES: Desert Penstemon, Parry Beardtongue, Parry’s Beardtongue, Parry 

Penstemon, Parry’s Penstemon, Pichelitos, Varita de San Jose, Wind’s Flower. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial forb/herb (2 to 5 feet in height and 1 to 3 feet in width); the flowers may be lavender, 

magenta, pink, pinkish-lavender, pinkish-purple, purple, purple-magenta, pink, red, rose-magenta, rosepink 

or scarlet; flowering generally takes place between mid-February and late June (additional records: 

one for mid-July, one for late July and one for early August). HABITAT: Within the range of this species 

it has been reported from mountains; rocky mountainsides; rocky canyons; rocky canyon bottoms; bases 

of cliffs; rocky ridgetops; meadows; foothills; rocky hills; rocky, rocky-gravelly and gravelly hillsides; 

alpine fell fields; rocky slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; plains; gravelly flats; basins; 

railroad right-of-ways; along gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy and clayey roadsides; rocky and sandy 

arroyos; gullies; seeps; around streams; streambeds; sandy creekbeds; along and in rocky and sandy 

washes; in drainages; along banks of rivers and washes; margins of rivers; benches; floodplains; riparian 

areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

ground; gravelly-sandy loam and clayey loam ground, and clay ground, occurring from 900 to 11,500 feet 

in elevation in the tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. The Broadbilled 

Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris) and Costa’s Hummingbird (Calypte costae) have been 

observed visiting the flowers. Penstemon parryi is native to southwest-central and southern North 

America. *5, 6, 10, 15, 16, 18, 28 (color photograph), 43 (072909), 46 (Page 773), 48 (genus), 58, 63 

(042810 - color presentation), 77 (color photograph #95), 80 (Species of the genus Penstemon are 

considered to be Rarely Poisonous and Suspected Poisonous Range Plants. “Species of Penstemon are 

facultative or secondary selenium absorbers.”), 85 (042810 - color presentation), 86 (color photograph), 

115 (color presentation)* 

Simaroubaceae: The Quassia-wood Family 

Castela emoryi (A. Gray) R.V. Moran & R.S. Felger: Crucifixion Thorn 

SYNONYMY: Holacantha emoryi A. Gray. COMMON NAMES: Cascara Amarga, Castela, 

Chaparro Amargosa, Corona de Cristo (Spanish), Crucifixion Thorn, Emory Crucifixion Thorn, 

Holacantha (Latin for allthorn), Rosario. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial deciduous (leafless most 

of the year) shrub or tree (3 to 16½ feet in height); the color of the stems and stout branches has been 

described as being blue-green, gray-green or dark green; the flowers are cream-yellow, gray-green, 

greenish-yellow, rose-pink (salmon) or yellow; flowering generally takes place between mid-April and 

early August (additional records: two for late September and one for mid-November); the persistent fruits 

are green changing to yellow, red, dark brown and finally black as they ripen. HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky canyons; hills; cobbly-gravelly and 

sandy slopes; bajadas; sand dunes; gravelly-silty plains; sandy and silty flats; valley floors; gravelly-silty 

valley bottoms; roadsides; along and in rocky, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; around lakes; sandy, 

sandy-silty and silty lakebeds; silty playas; shallow depressions; margins of dry lakes and playas;

mudflats; bottomlands; floodplains; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in damp and dry desert 

pavement; rocky, cobbly-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; sandy clay and clay 

ground, and gravelly silty, sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from sea level to 2,400 feet in elevation 

in the desertscrub ecological formation. NOTES: This plant may be an attractive component of a restored 

native habitat. This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was 

noted as having been used as a drug or medication. The branches are heavily armed with thorns; the fruits 

remain on the plant for five to seven years. This is a PERIPHERAL-DISJUNCT POPULATION. Castela 

emoryi is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 8, 13, 28 (color photograph), 43 

(052010), 46 (recorded as Holacantha emoryi Gray, Pages 495-496), 48, 53 (recorded as Holacantha 

emoryi A. Gray), 63 (052010), 85 (052010 - color presentation), 91, 127, HR* 

Holacantha emoryi (see Castela emoryi) 

Simmondsia californica (see Simmondsia chinensis) 

Simmondsiaceae: The Jojoba Family 

Simmondsia chinensis (J.H. Link) C.K. Schneider: Jojoba 

SYNONYMY: Simmondsia californica T. Nuttall. COMMON NAMES: California Coffee Berry, 

California Jojoba (Hispanic), Coffee Berry, Coffeeberry, Coffee Bush, Coffee-bush, Deernut, Goat Nut, 

Goat-nut, Goatnut, Gray Box Bush, Ioligam (Tohono O’odham), Jojoba, Pignut, Pnaokt (Seri), Quinine 

Plant, Quinine-plant, Sheepnut, Wild Hazel, Wild-hazel. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen 

shrub (8 inches to 13 feet in height, one plant was reported to be 2 feet in height and 6½ feet in width, 

plants were reported to be 4 feet in height and 6 feet in width, plants were reported that were 5¼ feet in 

height and 5 feet in width); the stems are greenish-tan aging to reddish-brown and gray; the leaves are 

blue-gray, gray-green or green; the flowers (male and female flowers are borne on separate plants) are 

green, greenish-yellow, greenish-white, yellow or yellow-green; flowering may vary considerably from 

year to year but generally takes place between late December and mid-August (additional records: one for 

early August, one for mid-August, ten for late September, one for early October, three for mid-October, 

four for late October, two for early November, four for mid-November, two for late November and two 

for early December, peak blooms occur February through April); the ripe fruits are tan. HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountainsides; rocky mesas; 

plateaus; cliffs; rocky cliff faces; bouldery and rocky canyons; along rocky and gravelly canyon bottoms; 

bouldery and rocky ridges; rocky ridgetops; rocky foothills; rocky hills; hilltops; rocky, rocky-clayey and 

gravelly hillsides; bouldery, rocky, gravelly, sandy, sandy-loamy and clayey slopes; alluvial fans; bajadas; 

piedmonts; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; rocky coves; dunes; sandy flats; basins; valley 

floors; coastal terraces; coastal beach dunes; coastal beaches; along rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly-sandy 

and clayey roadsides; along rocky arroyos; along rocky bottoms of arroyos; draws; along sandy gullies; 

rocky ravines; seeps; around springs; around seeping streams; runnels; along streams; along and in 

streambeds; along creeks; creekbeds; along and in rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; 

rocky-clayey drainages; along and in drainage ways; gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy banks of creeks 

and washes; along edges of arroyos and washes; rocky margins of arroyos; rocky and gravelly terraces; 

loamy bottomlands; floodplains; mesquite bosques; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry 

desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; sandy loam 

and loam ground, and rocky clay and clay ground, occurring from sea level to 5,400 feet in elevation in 


be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. This plant was reported to have been utilized by 


commercial food and/or beverage crop; it was also noted as having been used as a drug or medication. 

This plant may live to be from 100 to over 200 years of age. Jojoba is an important browse plant for

wildlife and is browsed by Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis 

subsp. mexicana) and Jackrabbits (Lepus sp.), and Collard Peccary (Peccari tajacu subsp. sonoriensis), 

Desert Mule Deer, ground squirrels, desert chipmunks, pack rats, gophers; mice (including the Bailey’s 

Pocket Mouse (Chaetodipus baileyi subsp. baileyi), rabbits and other mammals and birds feed on the 

seeds. The Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) may also be included as a member of the Box Family 

(Buxaceae). Simmondsia chinensis is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 16, 

18, 26 (color photograph), 28 (color photograph), 43 (042910 - Simmondsia chinensis C.K. Schneid.), 46 

(included as a member of the Box Family (Buxaceae), Page 521), 48, 58, 63 (042910 - color 

presentation), 77, 85 (042910 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation), 127, 134, HR* 

Solanaceae: The Potato Family 

Lycium C. Linnaeus: Desert-thorn 

COMMON NAMES: Desert-thorn, Lycium, Thornbush, Wolfberry. *43 (052010), 46 (Pages 749- 

752), 63 (040207), WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Lycium andersonii A. Gray: Water Jacket 

COMMON NAMES: Anderson Desert Thorn, Anderson Lycium, Anderson Thornbush, 

Anderson’s Thornbush, Anderson Wolfberry, Barchata, Boxthorn, Cacaculo, Desert-thorn, Desert 

Wolfberry, Manzanita, Narrowleaf Wolfberry, Squawberry, Tomatillo, Water Jacket, Water-jacket, 

Wolfberry, Wright Desert Thorn, Wright Lycium. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial droughtdeciduous 

shrub (1 to 10 feet in height and about the same in width, one plant was described as being 2 

feet in height and width with a trunk diameter of 1 inch, one plant was described as being 3 feet in height 

and width with a trunk diameter of 1½ inches, one plant was described as being 4 feet in height and 6½ 

feet in width); the thorn-tipped older branches are grayish; the newer growth is brownish; the spatulashaped 

leaves are dark green; the flowers (to ½ inch in length) may be light blue, blue, blue-lavender, pale 

bluish-cream, cream, cream-white, pale lavender, lavender, pink, light purple, purple, dark purple, pale 

violet, white, whitish or whitish with a pink tinge; flowering generally takes place between late 

September and late May (additional records: two for mid-June, four for late June, one for early July, one 

for mid-July, two for late July, one for early August, four for late August and two for early September); 

the juicy fruits (to 3/8 inch in length) are orange, orange-red, bright red, reddish-orange or salmon. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; shaley mountainsides; 

sandy mesas; plateaus; cliffs; rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, sandy and sandy-loamy canyons; along 

canyon walls; rocky and sandy canyon bottoms; gorges; along bases of cliffs; rocky talus; crevices in 

rocks; bluffs; buttes; knolls; rocky ledges; ridges; foothills; hills; rocky hillsides; bouldery-gravelly, 

rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, rocky-clayey, shaley, cindery, gravelly and sandy slopes; alluvial fans; 

gravelly bajadas; amongst boulders and rocks; rocky alcoves; lava flows; sand dunes; pockets of windblown 

silt-like soils; gravelly and sandy plains; cindery, gravelly, sandy, sandy-silty and clayey flats; 

loamy basins; cindery valley floors; loamy valley bottoms; along railroad right-of-ways; along sandy 

roadsides, along rocky, gravelly and sandy arroyos; rocky draws; gullies; seeps; in shale and clay around 

springs; creekbeds; along rocky-sandy rivers; rocky riverbeds; along and in muddy and rocky, rockygravelly, 

rocky-sandy, rocky-clayey, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, sandy, sandy-silty washes; drainages; 

within drainage ways; playas; boggy areas; swales; along rocky and sandy banks of arroyos and washes; 

along sandy edges of streambeds and washes; along sandy-loamy margins of washes and ponds; shores of 

rivers; rocky benches; shaley and sandy terraces; sandy and loamy bottom lands; flood plains; mesquite 

bosques; fence lines; canals, and shaley and gravelly-sandy riparian areas growing in dry desert 

pavement; bouldery, bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-gravelly-sandy, rocky-sandy, shaley, 

cobbly, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; sandy loam, silty loam and loam ground; 

rocky clay and clay ground, and sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from 300 to 5,800 feet in 

elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES:

This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat. This plant was reported to have 


home garden or commercial food and/or beverage crop. The Black-chinned Hummingbird (Archilochus 

alexandri) and Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris) have been observed visiting the flowers 

and birds and mammals feed on the berries. The Anderson Lycium provides resting and feeding cover for 

small wildlife including the Masked Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus subsp. ridgwayi). Lycium 

andersonii is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 18, 28 (color 

photograph), 43 (043010), 46 (Pages 751-752), 58, 63 (043010 - color presentation), 77, 85 (041030 - 

color presentation), 127, 138* 

Lycium berlandieri M.F. Dunal: Berlandier’s Wolfberry 

COMMON NAMES: Berlandier Lycium, Berlandier Wolfberry, Berlandier’s Wolfberry, 

Boxthorn, Huichutilla, Terrac Wolfberry, Wolfberry. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial droughtdeciduous 

shrub (20 inches to 10 feet in height, one plant was reported to be 3 feet in height with a crown 

3 feet in width); the bark on the stems and branches may be almost black, brown, dark brown, gray, graybrown, 

purple-brown, dark red or reddish; the leaves are dark green; the bell-shaped flowers may be 

bluish, cream, cream-white, cream-yellow, pale green, lavender, purple, tan, white, whitish or pale 

yellow; flowering generally takes place between early February and early September (additional records: 

one for early January, two for late September, three for early October, one for mid-October, two for late 

November, one for early December and one for late December); the mature fruits are orange, red or redorange. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky canyons; 

bouldery and rocky canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; rocky talus slopes; crevices; buttes; ledges; rocky 

ridgetops; rocky foothills; rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy hills; rocky hillsides; bedrock and 

rocky slopes; rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy bajadas; bouldery and rocky outcrops; amongst 

boulders and rocks; boulderfields; prairies; plains; gravelly and gravelly-sandy flats; rocky-gravelly 

basins; valley floors; along gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy roadsides; along rocky arroyos; ravines; around 

streams; along and in sandy washes; playas; clayey-loamy terraces; mesquite bosques; ditches, and 

riparian areas growing in dry desert pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy 

and sandy ground; gravelly-sandy-clayey loam, sandy loam and clayey loam ground, and loamy clay 

ground, occurring from 100 to 5,700 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland and desertscrub 

ecological formations. NOTES: This spiny shrub may be an attractive component of a restored native 

habitat. The Berlandier Lycium may live to be more than 90 years of age. The Costa’s Hummingbird 

(Calypte costae) has been observed visiting the flowers and Gambel’s Quail (Callipepla gambelii subsp. 

gambelii) uses the plant for cover, feeding and roosting. Lycium berlandieri is native to southwest-central 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 10, 13, 16, 18 (genus), 28 (species, color photograph of species), 43 

(043010), 46 (Page 752), 63 (043010), 85 (043010 - color presentation), 115 (color presentation)* 

Nicotiana obtusifolia M. Martens & H.G. Galeotti var. obtusifolia: Desert Tobacco 

SYNONYMY: Nicotiana trigonophylla M.F. Dunal. COMMON NAMES: Coyote Tobacco, 

Desert Tobacco, Punche (a Punch), Tabaquillo (Little Tobacco), Tabaquillo de Coyote, Wo’i Viva (Yaqui). 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual, biennial or perennial forb/herb or subshrub (1 to 3½ feet in height); 

the leaves are gray-green or dark green; the flowers may be cream, cream & pale green, cream-green, 

cream-white, cream-yellow, greenish, greenish-white, greenish-yellow, deep purple, lemon-yellow, pale 

white, white, yellow, yellow-cream, yellow-green, yellow-white or yellowish-greenish; flowering 

generally takes place between late February and early November (additional records: one for mid-January, 

one for late November, one for mid-December and one for late December, flowering probably takes place 

throughout the rest of the year). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

mountains; bouldery and rocky-gravelly mountaintops; plateaus; along rims; cliffs; rocky and gravellyloamy 

canyons; canyon walls; along canyon bottoms; gorges; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; along crevices 

in boulders and rocks; rocky bluffs; rocky buttes; rocky ledges; bouldery ridges; bouldery ridgetops; 

edges of meadows; craters; cinder cones; foothills; rocky hills; hilltops; bouldery-rocky and rocky

hillsides; bouldery escarpments; bouldery, bouldery-rocky, bouldery-gravelly, rocky, rocky-gravellysandy-clayey, 

cindery, gravelly-sandy, sandy-loam and sandy-clayey slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; 

amongst boulders, rocks and stones; bases of boulders and rocks; sandy lava flows; dunes; debris fans; 

rocky plains; sandy flats; basins; valley floors; valley bottoms; rocky-sandy coastal shores; along railroad 

right-of-ways; along rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy-clayey-loamy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-sandyclayey-loamy 

and sandy roadsides; along sandy-loamy arroyos; arroyo walls; arroyo bottoms; in sand and 

loam around springs; along streams; along gravelly-sandy and sandy streambeds; rocky creeks; sandy 

creekbeds; bouldery-sandy and sandy riverbeds; along and in bedrock, rocky, rocky-sandy, gravelly-sandy 

and sandy washes; drainages; bouldery drainage ways; sandy waterholes; marshy areas; rocky, cobbly, 

sandy and silty banks of creeks, rivers and washes; edges of lakes; rocky-sandy shores of lakes; mudflats; 

gravelly and sandy terraces; bottomlands; floodplains; ditches; ditch banks; sandy riparian areas; waste 

places, and disturbed areas growing in moist, damp and dry bouldery, bouldery-rocky, bouldery-gravelly, 

bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, cobbly, cindery, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy 

ground; rocky-gravely-sandy-clayey loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy-clayey loam, sandy loam, 

clayey loam and loam ground; rocky-gravelly-sandy clay and sandy clay ground, and silty ground, 


wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples 

of North America; it was noted as having been used for food, beverage and/as a as a drug or medication. 

The flowers are utilized by hummingbirds when other nectar-rich sources are not available. Nicotiana 

obtusifolia var. obtusifolia is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 15 (recorded 

as Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal), 16 (recorded as Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal), 28 (recorded as 

Nicotiana trigonophylla, color photograph), 43 (050310), 46 (recorded as Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal, 

Page 761), 58 (recorded as Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal), 63 (050310 - color presentation), 68, 77 

(recorded as Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal), 80 (This species is listed as a Secondary Poisonous Range 

Plant. “The poisonous principle is the highly toxic nicotine and other alkaloids which are poisonous to all 

classes of livestock and to humans. The plants are generally unpalatable to range livestock but frequent 

losses have been reported. ... Since wild tobaccos are generally unpalatable and grow predominantly in 

waste places, range improvement to reduce waste areas and to provide ample forage is the best means of 

preventing losses.”), 85 (050310 - color presentation), 86 (recorded as Nicotiana trigonophylla, color 

photograph), 115 (color presentation of the species), 127, 138* 

Nicotiana trigonophylla (see Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia) 

Sterculiaceae: The Cacao Family 

Ayenia microphylla A. Gray: Dense Ayenia 

COMMON NAMES: Ayenia, Dense Ayenia, Littleleaf Ayenia, Shrubby Ayenia. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (8 inches to 5 feet in height); flowering generally takes place 

between mid-July and mid-September (additional records: one for mid-April, two for late April, two for 

early May and one for early December). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported 

from mountains; mesas; canyons; bases of cliffs; sandy ledges; foothills; rocky hills; hilltops; rocky 

hillsides; bedrock and rocky slopes; amongst boulders and rocks; plains; gravelly flats; basins; along 

roadsides; arroyos, and washes growing in dry bouldery, rocky and gravelly ground, occurring from 500 

to 5,100 feet in elevation in the desertscrub ecological formation in the scrub, grassland and desertscrub 

ecological formation. NOTE: Ayenia microphylla is native to southwest-central and southern North 

America. *5, 6, 15, 16, 43 (050710), 46 (Page 555), 63 (050710), 77, 85 (050710 - color presentation of 

dried material)* 

Tamaricaceae: The Tamarix Family

Tamarix ramosissima C.F. von Ledebour: Saltcedar 

COMMON NAMES: Atarfe, Perstamarisk (Afrikaans), Pink Tamarisk, Pino Salado, Salado, Salt 

Cedar, Salt-cedar, Saltcedar, Talaya, Tamarisco, Tamarisk, Tamarix, Tamariz, Taray. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial winter deciduous or evergreen shrub or tree (2 to 33 feet in height, one shrubby tree 

was recorded as being 20 feet in height with a crown 20 feet in width); the bark is red or reddish-brown; 

the scale-like leaves are grayish-green; the flowers may be pale lavender, lavender-pink, pale pink, pale 

pink-purple, pink, deep pink, pink-lavender, pink-white, pinkish-purple, purple, purple-pink, red, deep 

rose, white or white-pink; flowering generally takes place between early March and late November 

(additional records: one for early January, two for early February and one for mid-December). HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; plateaus; rocky and stony canyons; 

bouldery-gravelly-sandy and sandy canyon bottoms; meadows; bluffs; ledges; foothills; rocky and 

cindery slopes; rocky outcrops; sand dunes; hummocks; plains; sandy flats; sandy basins; valley floors; 

along sandy roadsides; along and in sandy arroyos; along bottoms of arroyos; draws; seeps; around 

springs; along streams; streambeds; along creeks; along and in bouldery-cobbly-sandy, rocky, rockysandy 

and sandy creekbeds; in clayey-loams along rivers; sandy and sandy-loamy riverbeds; along and in 

bouldery-sandy and sandy washes; along rocky-loamy drainages; around pebbly-sandy waterholes; 

lagoons; lakebeds; playas; silty marshy areas; saltwater marshes; clayey depressions; along sloughs; 

clayey banks of streambeds and rivers; rocky-sandy, gravelly and sandy edges of arroyos, streams, rivers, 

washes, pools, ponds, lakes and bogs; along muddy, rocky, sandy and clayey margins of creeks, pools, 

ponds and lakes; clayey shores of lakes; mudflats; sand bars; sandy-clayey beaches; sandy benches; sandy 

terraces; rocky bottomlands; floodplains; margins of stock tanks (charcos); reservoirs; canals; canal 

banks; along edges of canals; sandy ditches; ditch banks; rocky-gravelly-sandy, rocky-sandy and sandy 

riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in wet and moist bouldery-cobbly-sandy, bouldery-gravellysandy, 

rocky, rocky-gravelly-sandy, rocky-sandy, stony, cindery, gravelly, pebbly-sandy and sandy 

ground; rocky loam, sandy loam and clayey loam ground; sandy clay and clay ground, and sandy silty 


desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: EXOTIC Invasive Plant that poses a significant 

threat to our native biotic communities. Saltcedar is similar to and may be confused with Smallflower 

Tamarisk (Tamarisk parviflora DC.), Tamarisk flowers are 5-petaled and Smallflower Tamarisk flowers 

are 4-petaled, and the bark on the stems of Saltcedar is reddish-brown whereas on Smallflower Tamarisk 

it is brown to deep purple. Some Arizona populations of Tamarix ramosissima may have historically been 

referred to as Tamarix pentandra. Some botanists consider Tamarix ramosissima to be a synonymous with 

Tamarix chinensis. Tamarix ramosissima is native to eastern Europe and western and central Asia. *5, 6, 

13, 18 (note under Tamarix chinensis), 22 (color photograph), 26 (note), 43 (050810), 46 (genus, no 

record of species, Page 557), 58, 63 (050810 - color presentation), 77, 85 (050810 - color presentation), 

91, 101 (color photograph), 109 (color photograph of a Tamarix), HR* 

Ulmaceae: The Elm Family 

Celtis ehrenbergiana (J.F. Klotzsch) F.M. Liebmann: Spiny Hackberry 

SYNONYMY: Celtis pallida J. Torrey, Celtis tala J. Gillies ex J. É. Planchon var. pallida (J. 

Torrey) J. É. Planchon. COMMON NAMES: Acebuche, Bainoro, Capul, Desert Hackberry, Garabato, 

Garambullo, Granjeno (Spanish), Huasteco, Kunwo (Yaqui), Palo de Aguila, Rompecapa, Shiny 

Hackberry, Spiny Hackberry. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen shrub or tree (3 to 20 feet 

in height, one plant was reported to be 7 feet in height with a crown 7 feet in width); the bark is gray; the 

thorny branches are whitish-gray; the leaves are dark green; the inconspicuous flowers may be green, 

greenish-yellow, white-green or yellow, flowering generally takes place between early March and late 

October (possibly flowering into November); the ripe fruits are orange, bright red, reddish-orange or 

yellow. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; rocky

and rocky-gravelly canyons; canyon bottoms; rocky bases of cliffs; ridges; rocky ridgetops; foothills; 

rocky hills; rocky hillsides; bedrock, bouldery, rocky and gravelly slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; 

amongst boulders; coves; plains; gravelly-sandy and sandy flats; rocky-gravelly basins; along roadsides; 

rocky arroyos; rocky bottoms of arroyos; draws; gullies; seeps; springs; along seeping streams; along 

streams; along and in streambeds; in sand along creeks; along rivers; bouldery-cobbly-sandy riverbeds; 

along and in gravelly and sandy washes; within drainages; banks of arroyos, rivers, washes and drainages; 

along margins of arroyos and washes; benches; gravelly terraces; gravelly-clayey floodplains; mesquite 

bosques; around stock tanks; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry desert pavement; 

bouldery, bouldery-rocky, bouldery-cobbly-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and 

sandy ground, and gravelly clay ground, occurring from sea level to 5,600 feet in elevation in the scrub, 


component of a restored native habitat. The small fruits are reportedly juicy and sweet. The Desert 

Hackberry may live to be more than 88 years of age and may be useful in controlling erosion. The Desert 

Hackberry is a larval food plant for the American Snout (Libytheana carinenta) and Empress Leilia 

(Asterocampa leilia) and is browsed by deer; it provides a nesting site for the White-wing Dove (Zenaida 

asiatica), and cover for Gambel’s Quail (Callipepla gambelii gambelii) and other birds and mammals. 

The fruits are eaten by many birds, small desert mammals, coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes and javelinas 

(Peccari tajacu). Celtis ehrenbergiana is native to south-central and southern North America; Central 

America and coastal islands in the Caribbean Sea, and western, eastern and southern South America. *5, 

6, 13 (recorded as Celtis tala Gillies var. pallida (Torrey) Planch.), 15 (recorded as Celtis pallida Torr.), 

16 (recorded as Celtis pallida Torr.), 18, 26 (recorded as Celtis pallida, color photograph), 28 (recorded as 

Celtis pallida, color photograph), 43 (050810), 46 (recorded as Celtis pallida Torr., Page 220), 48, 58 

(recorded as Celtis pallida Torr.), 63 (050810), 77 (recorded as Celtis pallida Torr.), 85 (050810, also 

recorded as Celtis pallida var. pallida Torrey), 91 (recorded as Celtis pallida Torr.), 115 (color 


Celtis pallida (see Celtis ehrenbergiana) 

Celtis pallida var. pallida (see footnote 85 under Celtis ehrenbergiana) 

Celtis tala var. pallida (see Celtis ehrenbergiana) 

Urticaceae: The Nettle Family 

Parietaria C. Linnaeus: Pellitory 

COMMON NAMES: Pellitory. *43 (070810), 46 (Page 223), 63 (070810), 138* 

Verbenaceae: The Verbena Family 

Aloysia wrightii (A. Gray) A.A. Heller: Wright’s Beebrush 

SYNONYMY: Lippia wrightii A. Gray. COMMON NAMES: Altamisa, Bee Brush, Beebrush, 

Lemon Verbena, Mexican Oregano (a common name which is also applied to Aloysia lycioides which is 

the Mexican Oregano of commerce), Mintbush Lippia, Oreganillo, Vara Dulce, Wild Lemon Verbena, 

Wright Aloysia, Wright Beebrush, Wright’s Beebrush, Wright Aloysia, Wright Lippia. DESCRIPTION: 

Terrestrial perennial drought-deciduous or semi-evergreen shrub (20 inches to 6½ feet in height and about 

the same in width); the small flowers, located in dense elongate spikes (¾ to 2¾ inches in length and ½ 

inch in width) are cream-white or white; flowering generally takes place between early March and early 

May and between mid-July and mid-December (additional record: one for early January). HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky and clayey mesas; cliffs; rims

of gorges; bedrock, bouldery-sandy, rocky, gravelly and gravelly-loamy canyons; along rocky canyon 

bottoms; gorges; rocky and gravelly bases of cliffs; talus slopes; crevices in rocks; buttes; rocky ledges; 

ridges; rocky ridgetops; clearings in woodlands; rocky foothills; rocky hills; rocky and rocky-clayey 

hillsides; bedrock, bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly-loamy, rocky-sandy-clayey-loamy, stony, gravelly and 

gravelly-sandy-loamy slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst rocks; sandy lava flows; lava beds; debris 

fans; breaks; plains; rocky flats; basins; rocky valley floors; along roadsides; along rocky arroyos; 

bottoms of arroyos; within rocky draws; within ravines; along streams; creekbeds; along rivers; along and 

in bouldery, rocky, cobbly, gravelly and sandy washes; in drainages; marshy areas; rocky banks of rivers 

and washes; edges of arroyos and washes; rocky margins of arroyos; rocky-sandy shores of lakes; gravel 

bars; terraces; floodplains; along ditches, and riparian areas growing in damp and dry rocky desert 

pavement; bouldery, bouldery-rocky, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, rocky-sandy, cobbly, 

cindery-sandy, gravelly and sandy ground; rocky-gravelly loam, rocky-sandy-clayey loam, gravelly loam 

and gravelly-sandy loam ground, and rocky clay and clay ground, occurring from 1,000 to 7,500 feet in 


This plant may be an attractive component of a restored native habitat, and has been suggested for use as 

an informal hedge; in herb gardens, and natural landscapes. This plant was reported to have been utilized 

by native peoples of North America and could be investigated to determine its value as a home garden or 

commercial beverage crop; it was also noted as having been used as a drug or medication. The Wright 

Beebrush may live to be more than 72 years of age. is native to southwest-central and southern North 

America. *5, 6, 13 (Lippia wrightii A. Gray), 15, 16, 18, 43 (050910 - Aloysia wrightii A. Heller), 46 

(Page 729), 58, 63 (050910 - color presentation), 77, 85 (050910 - color presentation), 91, 127, 138 

(recorded as Aloysia wrightii)* 

Lippia wrightii (see Aloysia wrightii) 

Viscaceae (Loranthaceae): The Christmas Mistletoe Family 

Phoradendron californicum T. Nuttall: Mesquite Mistletoe 

SYNONYMY: Phoradendron californicum T. Nuttall var. distans W. Trelease. COMMON 

NAMES: American Mistletoe, Desert Mistletoe, Mesquite American Mistletoe, Mesquite Mistletoe, Toji, 

Western Dwarf Mistletoe. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (8 inches to 5 feet in 

height, one clump was described as being 16 inches in length and 36 inches in width); the stems (16 to 40 

inches in length) may be brown, green, green-reddish, dark olive-green, reddish, red-brown, yellow-green 

or yellowish; the fragrant flowers are greenish-yellow; flowering generally takes place between late July 

and early June (additional records: one record for late June and one record for early July); the fruits may 

be orange, orange-pink, pink, pink-red, pale red, reddish, red-orange, white, white-pink or white-reddish 

with the older berries turning brown-red or red. HABITAT: Partial parasite observed growing on 

Whitethorn Acacia, Desert Ironwood and Foothill Paloverde, and commonly reported as growing on: 

Acacia spp. (Acacia constricta, Whtitethorn Acacia; Acacia farnesiana, Sweet Acacia, and Acacia 

greggii, Catclaw Acacia); Condalia spp. (Condalia globosa, Bitter Snakewood and Condalia warnockii, 

Kearney Snakewood); Larrea tridentata, Creosote Bush; Olneya tesota, Desert Ironwood; Parkinsonia 

spp. (Parkinsonia aculeata, Jerusalem Thorn; Parkinsonia florida, Blue Palo Verde; Parkinsonia 

microphylla, Yellow Palo Verde, and Parkinsonia praecox, Sonoran Palo Verde); Prosopis spp. (Prosopis 

glandulosa, Honey Mesquite; Prosopis pubescens, Screwbean Mesquite, and Prosopis velutina, Velvet 

Mesquite); Simmondsia chinensis, Jojoba, and Ziziphus obtusifolia, Lotebush, occurring from sea level to 


NOTES: This plant was reported to have been utilized by native peoples of North America; it was noted 

as having been used as a food (berries) and as a drug or medication. When removing the Mesquite 

Mistletoe from the trees and shrubs on your property don’t remove all of it, consider leaving some of the 

plants for the wildlife. The Phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens) feeds on the berries and disperses the seeds

to other host plants and Verdins nest in the stems. Phoradendron californicum is native to southwestcentral 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 13 (color photograph), 15, 16, 28 (color photograph), 43 

(051710 - Phoradendron californicum var. distans Trel. in Trel.), 46 (recorded as Phoradendron 

californicum Nutt., Page 224 and Phoradendron californicum Nutt. var. distans Trelease, Page 224), 58, 

63 (051410 - color presentation), 77, 80 (Species of the genus Phoradendron are considered to be Rarely 

Poisonous and Suspected Poisonous Range Plants. “Cattle may be killed by browsing these parasitic 

forbs, but plants are unpalatable and poisoning is rare. Also children may be poisoned by eating the 

berries.”), 85 (051410 - color presentation), 97, 115 (color presentation), 127, WTK (July 4, 2005)* 

Phoradendron californicum var. distans (see Phoradendron californicum) 

Zygophyllaceae: The Creosote-bush Family 

Fagonia californica subsp. laevis (see Fagonia laevis) 

Fagonia californica subsp. longipes (see Fagonia laevis) 

Fagonia laevis P.C. Standley: California Fagonbush 

SYNONYMY: Fagonia californica G. Bentham subsp. laevis (P.C. Standley) I.L. Wiggins, 

Fagonia californica G. Bentham subsp. longipes (P.C. Standley) R.S. Felger, Fagonia longipes P.C. 

Standley. COMMON NAMES: California Fagonbush, California Fagonia, Smooth-stemmed Fagonia. 

DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (4 inches to 2 feet in height, plants reported to be 

4 to 6 inches in height had a crown 8 to 10 inches in width, one plant was described as being 12 inches in 

height with a crown 18 inches in width); the leaves are dark green; the flowers lavender, lavender-pink, 

magenta, pink, purple, purple-pink or reddish-lavender; flowering generally takes place between mid- 

January and late May and late September to early December (additional records: two for mid-June and 

two for late July). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky 

mountainsides; rocky and sandy mesas; cliffs; canyons; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; buttes; craters; 

rocky hills; rocky hillsides; rocky and gravelly slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and 

rocks; flats; valley floors; roadsides; arroyos; rocky and gravelly arroyo bottoms; along and in gravellysandy 

and sandy washes; banks of washes; benches, and sandy flood plains growing in dry desert 

pavement; bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, stony, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; stony-clayey 

loam and gravelly-sandy loam ground, and alkaline clay ground, occurring from sea level to 3,200 feet in 

elevation in the desertscrub ecological formation. NOTE: Fagonia laevis is native to southwest-central 

and southern North America. *5, 6, 13, 28 (color photograph), 43 (070810), 46 (recorded as Fagonia 

californica Benth., Page 490), 63 (070810 - color presentation), 77, 85 (070810 - color presentation of 

dried material, unable to access species information), 86 (recorded as Fagonia californica, color 

photograph), 138 (recorded as Fagonia californica subsp. longipes)* 

Fagonia longipes (see Fagonia laevis) 

Larrea divaricata (see Larrea tridentata var. tridentata) 

Larrea divaricata subsp. tridentata (see Larrea tridentata var. tridentata) 

Larrea tridentata (A.P. de Candolle) F.V. Coville var. tridentata: Creosote Bush 

SYNONYMY: Larrea divaricata auct. non A.J. Cavanilles, Larrea divaricata A.J. Cavanilles 

subsp. tridentata (A.P. de Candolle) R.S. Felger & C.H. Lowe. COMMON NAMES: Chaparral, Coville 

Creosotebush, Creosote Bush, Creosote-bush, Creosotebush, Gobernadora, Greasewood (erroneously 

called), Guamis, Hediondilla (Spanish - for Little Bad Smeller). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial

evergreen shrub (20 inches to 13 feet in height and about the same in width); the bark is gray; the leaves 

are bright glossy green or yellow-green; the flowers (½ to 1 inch in diameter) are yellow or yellow-white; 

flowering takes place throughout the year with the peak blooming periods occurring in the spring, 

between March and April, and then again between November and December; the round, fuzzy fruits (¼ 

inch in diameter) are gray, reddish, white or rust colored. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it 

has been reported from mountains; rocky, gravelly and sandy mesas; plateaus; rims of canyons; sandy 

canyons; canyon bottoms; talus slopes; sandy pockets of soil; rocky ridges; foothills; hills; hillsides; 

rocky and gravelly slopes; alluvial fans; gravelly and sandy bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders 

and rocks; sand dunes; sandy plains; cindery-gravelly, gravelly and sandy flats; valley floors; sandy 

roadsides; arroyos; bottoms of arroyos; riverbeds; along and in gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; sandy 

banks of streams, creeks and rivers; edges of washes; gravelly and sandy terraces; floodplains; mesquite 

bosques; riparian areas, and disturbed areas growing in dry bouldery, rocky, rocky-sandy, stony, gravelly, 

gravelly-sandy and sandy ground; rocky-clayey loam and clayey loam ground; sandy clay ground, and 

rocky-sandy silty and silty ground, occurring from below sea level to 5,000 feet in elevation in the 


an attractive component of a restored native habitat. This plant was reported to have been utilized by 

native peoples of North America; it was noted as having been used as a building material, as tools, in the 

making of brooms, brushes and musical instruments, as a drug or medication and in body art. Older stems 

of the Creosote Bush may be 40 to 90 years of age. Using Creosote Bush in the restoration of disturbed 

sites may increase water infiltration and storage, transplants recommended over spot-seeding and rodent 

protection for the transplanted seedlings is necessary. When planting a Creosote Bush consider planting a 

small Desert Night-blooming Cereus (Peniocereus greggii var. transmontanus) at the base of the plant. 

The branches will provide support and the roots will protect the tuber of the cereus from hungry Javelinas. 

The Creosote Bush is the characteristic plant of the southwestern deserts in North America with its 

distribution very closely delineating the desert regions. As the Creosote Bush ages the older central stems 

of the plant die off and new stems form at the outer edge of the crown. New stems are not created at the 

center of the plant. As the crown of the plant expands a “clonal ring”, made up of genetically identical 

individual shrublets, develops which continues the outward expansion of the ring eventually reaching 

several yards in diameter. It has been estimated that some of the older rings approach from 9,400 to 

11,700 years of age. The Creosote Bush provides cover for many animals; Lac Scale insects (Tachardiella 

larreae), jackrabbits, desert woodrats and other small mammals feed on this plant; stem galls are 

produced in response to the Creosote Gall midge (Asphondylia sp.), and the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus 

agassizi) often digs its shelter under the base of the plant where the roots help to stabilize the soil. Larrea 

tridentata var. tridentata is native to southwest-central and southern North America. *5, 6, 13 (color 

photograph), 16, 18, 26 (species, recorded as Larrea tridentata, color photograph of species), 28 (species, 

recorded as Larrea tridentata, color photograph of species), 43 (051710 - Larrea tridentata Coville, 

Larrea divaricata Cav. subsp. tridentata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Felger), 46 (species, recorded as Larrea 

tridentata (DC.) Coville: “An outstanding xerophyte and a very important element of the perennial desert 

flora in southern and western Arizona. ... Creosote-bush has a strong characteristic odor, especially 

noticeable when the foliage is wet. The plant is ordinarily not touched by livestock, although it is reported 

that sheep, especially pregnant ewes, have been killed by partaking of it. This plant is reported to cause 

dermatitis in exceptional persons who are allergic to it.”, Page 491), 48, 63 (051610 - color presentation), 

77 (color photograph #101), 80 (This species is listed under Rarely Poisonous and Suspected Poisonous 

Range Plants. “Early reports accusing this common desert shrub of being poisonous have been proven 

wrong.”), 85 (051610 - color presentation), 91, 101 (species, color photograph of species), 107, 115 (color 

presentation), 127, 138 (recorded as Larrea divaricata), WTK (July 4, 2005)*

LISTING OF ANIMALS 

STRICTLY ENFORCED LAWS PROTECT MANY OF ARIZONA’S NATIVE 

ANIMALS FROM COLLECTION AND FROM BEING DISTURBED OR KILLED 

Operation GAME THIEF: 602-942-3000 

Kingdom Animalia: The Animal Kingdom 

Subkingdom Metazoa: The Multicellular Animals 

Section Deuterostomia: The Deuterostomes 

Phylum Chordata: The Chordates 

Subphylum Vertebrata: The Vertebrates 

CLASS AVES: The BIRDS 

Columbidae: The Dove and Pigeon Family 

Zenaida macroura (C. Linnaeus): Mourning Dove 

SYNONYMY: Zenaidura macroura (C. Linnaeus). COMMON NAMES: Hohhi (Tohono 

O’odham), Huilota (Hispanic), Paloma Triste (Hispanic), Mourning Dove, Turtle Dove, Wild Dove. 

HABITS: Feeds on fruit, insects and seeds. Nests are loose platforms made of forbs, grasses, leaves, 

rootlets, sticks and twigs located in cacti, shrubs, trees and on the ground. HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. *14 (subspp. carolinensis (C. Linnaeus) and marginella (S.W. Woodhouse) - 

071806), 20, 55, 69, 73, 84, 93, 106 (071806), HR* 

Zenaidura macroura (see Zenaida macroura) 

CLASS MAMMALIA: The MAMMALS 

Antilocapridae: The Pronghorn Family 

Antilocapra americana G. Ord: Pronghorn 

COMMON NAMES: American Pronghorn, “Antelope”, Chihuahuan Pronghorn, Chihuahuan 

Pronghorn Antelope, Prong-horn, Pronghorn, Pronghorn Antelope, Prong-horned Antelope, Sonoran 

Pronghorn, Sonoran Pronghorn Antelope. HABITS: Feeds on cacti, forbs, grasses and shrubs. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, scrub, 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *8, 14 (113006 - subspp. americana (Ord), 

mexicana Merriam and sonoriensis Goldman), 55 (Antilocapra americana Ord. Prong-horned Antelope. 

Formerly widely distributed in grassland areas throughout the state; presently restricted to areas of 

favorable habitat.), 65, 73, 106 (052806), 100 (color photograph), 110 (Historic Range: Southwest

Arizona, south of the Bill Williams River and east to the Santa Cruz River. In Mexico, the northern part of 

the State of Sonora.), 118 (Antilocapra americana americana (Ord) - Distribution: mapping and records 

for northeastern and northwestern Arizona; Antilocapra americana mexicana Merriam - Distribution: 

Southeastern Arizona, and Antilocapra americana sonoriensis Goldman - Distribution: Southwestern 

Arizona. Figure 111, Page 255)* 

Antilocapra americana subsp. mexicana C.H. Merriam: Chihuahuan Pronghorn 

COMMON NAMES: “Antelope”, Chihuahuan Pronghorn, Chihuahuan Pronghorn Antelope, 

Prong-horn, Pronghorn, Pronghorn Antelope, Prong-horned Antelope. HABITS: The species feeds on 

cacti, forbs, grasses and shrubs. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the 

woodland, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: EXTIRPATED from 

southeastern Arizona, several reintroductions have taken place. *8 (Historically throughout south-eastern 

and south-central Arizona.), 14 (113006 - historically occurred in grass-shrub valleys and grasslands of 

southeastern and south-central Arizona), 55 (species: Antilocapra americana Ord. Prong-horned 

Antelope. Formerly widely distributed in grassland areas throughout the state; presently restricted to areas 

of favorable habitat.), 65 (species), 73 (species), 100 (color photograph of species), 106 (052806 - 

species), 118 (Antilocapra americana mexicana Merriam - Distribution: Southeastern Arizona. Figure 

111, Page 255)* 

Bovidae: The Cow, Sheep and Allies Family 

Ovis canadensis G. Shaw: Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep 

COMMON NAMES: Berrego Cimarron (Hispanic), Bighorn, Bighorn Sheep, Desert Bighorn, 

Desert Bighorn Sheep, Mountain Sheep, Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep. HABITS: Feeds on agave, 

brittle bush, bursage, bush muhly, cacti, catclaw, cholla, coffeeberry, desert fluffgrass, desert ironwood, 

desert thorn, fairy duster, filaree, galleta, grama, jojoba, mesquite, mallow, Nevada joint fir, plantain, 

prickly-pear, ratany, ricegrass, saguaro, saltbush, threeawn and turpentine broom. Young are dropped in 

small scraped out depressions located in protected places on inaccessible peaks. HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from the tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub 

and wetland ecological formations. *14, 55 (Ovis canadensis Shaw. Bighorn. Probably formerly 

statewide in mountainous or rocky situations; presently restricted to scattered low desert mountains.), 65, 

73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (052906), 118 (Ovis canadensis mexicana Merriam - Distribution: 

Probably formerly statewide in mountainous situations. Figure 112, Page 257), HR* 

Ovis canadensis subsp. mexicana C.H. Merriam: Desert Bighorn Sheep 

COMMON NAMES: Berrego Cimarron (Hispanic), Berrego Cimarron del Desierto (Hispanic), 

Bighorn, Bighorn Sheep, Desert Bighorn, Desert Bighorn Sheep, Mountain Sheep, Rocky Mountain 

Bighorn Sheep. HABITS: The species feeds on agave, brittle bush, bursage, bush muhly, cacti, catclaw, 

cholla, coffeeberry, desert fluffgrass, desert ironwood, desert thorn, fairy duster, filaree, galleta, grama, 

jojoba, mesquite, mallow, Nevada joint fir, plantain, prickly-pear, ratany, ricegrass, saguaro, saltbush, 

threeawn and turpentine broom; young are dropped in small scraped out depressions located in protected 

places on inaccessible peaks. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the 

tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14, 55 

(species: Ovis canadensis Shaw. Bighorn. Probably formerly statewide in mountainous or rocky 

situations; presently restricted to scattered low desert mountains.”), 65 (species), 73 (species), 100 (color 

photograph of species, species record), 106 (072306), 118 (Ovis canadensis mexicana Merriam - 

Distribution: Probably formerly statewide in mountainous situations. Figure 112, Page 257)* 

Canidae: The Dog and Allies Family

Canis latrans T. Say: Coyote 

COMMON NAME: Coyote, Prairie Wolf. HABITS: Feeds on amphibians, berries, birds, carrion, 

fruits, gophers, insects, mice, rabbits, reptiles and squirrels. The young are born in dens that may be dug 

in the ground or located in caves. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

the tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14, 55 

(Canis latrans Say. Coyote. Statewide (120 - 9,100 feet).), 65 (color photograph), 73, 100 (color 

photograph), 106 (052906), 118 (Canis latrans mearnsi Merriam - Distribution: Statewide. Figure 87, 

Page 217)* 

Canis latrans subsp. mearnsi Merriam: Coyote 

COMMON NAME: Coyote. HABITS: The species feeds on amphibians, berries, birds, carrion, 

fruits, gophers, insects, mice, rabbits, reptiles and squirrels. The young are born in dens that may be dug 

in the ground or located in caves. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

the tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 

(species), 55 (species: Canis latrans Say. Coyote. Statewide (120 - 9,100 feet).), 65 (color photograph of 

species, species record), 73 (species), 100 (color photograph of species, species record), 106 (052906 - 

species), 118 (Canis latrans mearnsi Merriam - Distribution: Statewide. Figure 87, Page 217)* 

Urocyon cinereoargenteus (J.C. von Schreber): Common Gray Fox 

COMMON NAMES: Common Gray Fox, Gray Fox, Zorra Gris (Hispanic). HABITS: The 

species feeds on birds, desert cottontails, hackberry and prickly-pear fruits, grasses, insects (crickets and 

grasshoppers), juniper berries, lizards, manzanita berries, nuts, small rodents and snakes. Nests are made 

of bark, grasses and leaves and located in underground burrows, small caves, piles of rock, amongst 

boulders, crevices in cliffs and in hollows in trees. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 

NOTE: The Gray Fox climbs trees. *14 (082608 - subsp. scottii (Mearns)), 55 (Urocyon 

cinereoargenteus (Schreber). Gray Fox. Statewide with the possible exception of the northeast portion 

(120 - 5,800 feet).), 65 (species, color photograph), 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (052906 - species 

with a listing of 16 subspecies), 118 (Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii Mearns - Distribution: Probably 

statewide. Figure 90, Page 222)* 

Urocyon cinereoargenteus subsp. scottii Mearns: Common Gray Fox 

COMMON NAMES: Common Gray Fox, Gray Fox, Zorra Gris (Hispanic). HABITS: The 

species feeds on birds, desert cottontails, hackberry and prickly-pear fruits, grasses, insects (crickets and 

grasshoppers), juniper berries, lizards, manzanita berries, nuts, small rodents and snakes. Nests are made 

of bark, grasses and leaves and located in underground burrows, small caves, piles of rock, amongst 

boulders, crevices in cliffs and in hollows in trees. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 

NOTE: The Gray Fox climbs trees. *14 (082608 - subsp. scottii (Mearns)), 55 (species: Urocyon 

cinereoargenteus (Schreber). Gray Fox. Statewide with the possible exception of the northeast portion 

(120 - 5,800 feet).), 65 (species, color photograph of species), 73 (species), 100 (species, color 

photograph of species), 106 (052906 - species with a listing of 16 subspecies), 118 (Urocyon 

cinereoargenteus scottii Mearns - Distribution: Probably statewide. Figure 90, Page 222)* 

Vulpes macrotis C.H. Merriam: Kit Fox 

COMMON NAMES: Kit Fox, Zorra del Desierto (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on berries, birds, 

cottontail rabbits, crickets, grasses, grasshoppers, ground squirrels, jack rabbits, kangaroo rats, lizards and 

pocket mice. The young are born in dens in underground burrows that have been excavated in soft soils. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the woodland, scrub, grassland,

desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: Vulpes velox (T. Say): The Swift Fox is generally 

considered a separate species by most authors. *14 (050907 - subspp. macrotis Merriam and 

neomexicanus Merriam), 55 (Vulpes macrotis Merriam. Kit Fox. Widely distributed at lower elevations 

throughout the southern part of the state (120 - 5,000 feet).), 65, 73, 78, 100 (color photograph), 106 

(052906), 118 (Vulpes macrotis arispus Elliot - Distribution: Lower elevations in western and southern 

part of the state. Vulpes macrotis neomexicana Merriam - Distribution: Extreme southeastern Arizona. 

Figure 89, Page 220)* 

Vulpes velox (see Note under Vulpes macrotis) 

Cervidae: The Deer and Allies Family 

Odocoileus hemionus (C.S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz): Mule Deer 

COMMON NAMES: Black-tailed Deer, Burro, Desert Mule Deer, Mule Deer, Venado Pardo 

(Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on acorns, beans, branches, fruits, leaves or needles, nuts, seeds and/or twigs 

of aspen, barberry, bitterbrush, blackberry, buckbrush, buckwheat, calliandra, ceanothus, catclaw, cedar, 

cliffrose, dogwood, Douglas fir, huckleberry, joint fir, jojoba, juniper, mountain mahogany, 

mountainlover, oak, pinyon, ponderosa pine, poplar, sagebrush, saltbush, serviceberry, thimbleberry, 

white fir, wild cherry, willow and yew, and grasses lupines, mistletoe, moss, mushrooms, salal, sedges and 

spurges. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the tundra, forest, 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14, 55 (Odocoileus 

hemionus (Rafinesque). Black-tailed or Mule Deer. Statewide, but not of uniform distribution (250 - 

9,000 feet).), 65, 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (052906), 118 (Odocoileus hemionus crooki (Mearns) - 

Distribution: Northeastern, central and southeastern part of the state. Figure 109, Page 252)* 

Odocoileus hemionus subsp. crooki (Mearns): Mule Deer 

COMMON NAMES: Black-tailed Deer, Burro, Desert Mule Deer, Mule Deer, Venado Pardo 

(Hispanic). HABITS: The species feeds on acorns, beans, branches, fruits, leaves or needles, nuts, seeds 

and/or twigs of aspen, barberry, bitterbrush, blackberry, buckbrush, buckwheat, calliandra, ceanothus, 

catclaw, cedar, cliffrose, dogwood, Douglas fir, huckleberry, joint fir, jojoba, juniper, mountain mahogany, 

mountainlover, oak, pinyon, ponderosa pine, poplar, sagebrush, saltbush, serviceberry, thimbleberry, 

white fir, wild cherry, willow and yew, and grasses lupines, mistletoe, moss, mushrooms, salal, sedges and 

spurges. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the tundra, forest, 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (species), 55 (species: 

Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque) Black-tailed or Mule Deer. Statewide, but not of uniform distribution 

(250 - 9,000 feet).), 65, 73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (052906 - species), 

118 (Odocoileus hemionus crooki (Mearns) - Distribution: Northeastern, central and southeastern part of 

the state. Figure 109, Page 252)* 

Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann): Coues’ White-tailed Deer 

COMMON NAMES: Arizona Whitetail, Coues’ Deer, Coues’ White-tailed Deer, Desert 

Whitetail, Maso (Yaqui), Fantail, Sonora White-tailed Deer, Sonoran Fantail, Venado Cola Blanca 

(Hispanic), Virginia Deer, Whitetail, White-tailed Deer, Whitetail Deer. HABITS: The species feeds on 

fungi, grass and acorns, branches, buds, cones, fruits, leaves, mast, needles and /or twigs of alder, 

barberry, buckbrush, calliandra, catclaw acacia, Emory and scrub oaks and other evergreen oaks, 

hackberry, hemlock, holly-leaf buckthorn, juniper, mesquite, mountainlover, Oregon-grape, pinyon, 

ratany, sagebrush, skunkbush, spiderwort, spruce, willow, yellow-leaf silktassel. Young are generally 

dropped along ridges and hillsides. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14, 55 

(Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann). White-tailed Deer. Southeastern Arizona (1,200 - 9,000 feet).),

65, 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (052906), 118 (Odocoileus virginianus couesi (Coues & Yarrow) - 

Distribution: Southern Arizona. Figure 110, Page 254)* 

Odocoileus virginianus subsp. couesi (E. Coues & Yarrow): Coues’ White-tailed Deer 

COMMON NAMES: Arizona Whitetail, Coues’ Deer, Coues’ White-tailed Deer, Desert 

Whitetail, Fantail, Maso (Yaqui), Sonora White-tailed Deer, Sonoran Fantail, Venado Cola Blanca 

(Hispanic), Virginia Deer, Whitetail, White-tailed Deer, Whitetail Deer. HABITS: The species feeds on 

fungi, grass and acorns, branches, buds, cones, fruits, leaves, mast, needles and /or twigs of alder, 

barberry, buckbrush, calliandra, catclaw acacia, Emory and scrub oaks and other evergreen oaks, 

hackberry, hemlock, holly-leaf buckthorn, juniper, mesquite, mountainlover, Oregon-grape, pinyon, 

ratany, sagebrush, skunkbush, spiderwort, spruce, willow, yellow-leaf silktassel. Young are generally 

dropped along ridges and hillsides. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14, 55 (species: 

Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann). White-tailed Deer. Southeastern Arizona (1,200 - 9,000 feet).), 

65, 73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (052906 - species), 118 (Odocoileus 

virginianus couesi (Coues & Yarrow) - Distribution: Southern Arizona. Figure 110, Page 254)* 

Felidae: The Cat Family 

Felis concolor (C. Linnaeus): Mountain Lion 

SYNONYMY: Puma concolor (C. Linnaeus). COMMON NAMES: American Lion, Brown 

Tiger, California Lion, Cat-a-Mountain, Catamount, Catamount Cat (a mountain Red Tiger), Cougar, Deer 

Tiger, El Leon (Mexico), Florida Panther, Ghost Cat, Indian Devil, King Cat, Leon de Montana 

(Hispanic), Mexican Lion, Mountain Lion, Mountain Screamer, Painted Cat, Painter, Panther; Puma 

(Indian), Ted Tiger (Belize), Silver Lion, Sneak Cat, Sucuarana (Brazil), Yuma Mountain Lion. HABITS: 

Feeds on beavers, bighorn sheep, birds, black bears, bobcats, cottontail rabbits, coyotes, deer (its major 

prey species in Arizona), elk, jackrabbits, javelina, livestock, porcupines, pronghorn, raccoons, skunks 

and small mammals. Kittens are born in dens located in protected areas such as shallow caves, crevices, 

downed logs, rock shelters and impenetrable thickets. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has 

been reported from the tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. NOTES: Running should be curtailed in areas where Mountain Lions are known to frequent, 

a person running may elicit an attack response from a nearby Mountain Lion. Mountain Lions are 

extremely agile and have great jumping power and have been reported as being able to leap to a height of 

18 feet into a tree. *8 (Puma concolor (Linnaeus)), 14 (091108 - Puma concolor subspp. azteca 

(Merriam); hippolestes (Merriam); kaibabensis (Nelson and Goldman), and stanleyana (Goldman). The 

Yuma Mountain Lion (Felis concolor browni) is included as a separate record.), 55 (Felis concolor 

Linnaeus. Mountain Lion. Statewide (200 - 8,000 feet).), 65, 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (052906), 

118 (Felis concolor azteca Merriam - Distribution: Statewide except extreme western and northwestern 

parts; Felis concolor browni (Merriam) - Distribution: Southwestern part of the state, and Felis concolor 

kaibabensis Nelson and Goldman - Distribution: Northwestern Arizona, north and west of the Colorado 

River. Figure 105, Page 245)* 

Felis onca subsp. arizonensis (see Panthera onca subsp. arizonensis) 

Felis pardalis subsp sonoriensis (see Leopardus pardalis subsp sonoriensis) 

Felis rufus (see Lynx rufus) 

Felis rufus subsp. baileyi (see Lynx rufus subsp. baileyi)

Leopardus pardalis subsp sonoriensis Goldman: Ocelot 

SYNONYMY: (Felis pardalis Linnaeus, Felis pardalis subsp. sonoriensis Goldman). 

COMMON NAMES: Jaguatirica (Brazil), Manigordo (Costa Rica), McKenney’s Wildcat, Ocelot, Painted 

Leopard, Tigrillo. HABITS: (Feeds on amphibians, lesser anteaters, armadillos, birds, fish, insects, land 

crabs, small to medium-sized mammals (including mice, rats and rabbits among others) and reptiles 

(including lizards, snakes and land tortoises). Kittens are born in a nest lined with grass or other materials 

located in rocky bluffs, caves, rocky dens, hollow logs or dense thickets. HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. NOTE: EXTIRPATED. *8 (species), 14 (091108 - subsp sonoriensis), 55 (species: Felis 

pardalis Linnaeus. Ocelot. Formerly southeastern Arizona as far north as Fort Verde; no recent records.), 

100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (091108 - includes a listing with location of subspecies), 

118 (Felis pardalis subsp. sonoriensis Goldman - Distribution: Formerly southeastern Arizona as far north 

as Ft. Verde. Figure 104, Page 244)* 

Lynx rufus (J.C. von Schreber): Bobcat 

SYNONYMY: Felis rufus (J.C. von Schreber). COMMON NAMES: Bobcat, Gato Montes 

(Hispanic), Wildcat. HABITS: Feeds on almost any meat source available including ground nesting 

birds, carrion, domestic cats, cottontail rabbits, deer, foxes, jackrabbits, lizards, small mammals, 

opossums, porcupines, raccoons, reptiles, rodents, bighorn sheep, skunks and woodchucks. Shelter may 

be taken in a rock cleft, thickets or on the branches of trees. Young are born in dens located in rocky 

caves, rock shelters, recesses and protected areas with nests made of leaves and other dry plant material. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (091108 - Lynx rufus baileyi Schreber), 55 

(Lynx rufus (Schreber). Bobcat. Statewide (120 - 9,300 feet).), 65, 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 

(052906), 118 (Lynx rufus baileyi Merriam - Distribution: Statewide. Figure 106, Page 247)* 

Lynx rufus subsp. baileyi Merriam: Bobcat 

SYNONYMY: Felis rufus subsp. baileyi Elliot. COMMON NAMES: Bobcat, Gato Montes 

(Hispanic), Wildcat. HABITS: Feeds on almost any meat source available including ground nesting 

birds, carrion, domestic cats, cottontail rabbits, deer, foxes, jackrabbits, lizards, small mammals, 

opossums, porcupines, raccoons, reptiles, rodents, bighorn sheep, skunks and woodchucks. Shelter may 

be taken in a rock cleft, thickets or on the branches of trees. Young are born in dens located in rocky 

caves, rock shelters, recesses and protected areas with nests made of leaves and other dry plant material. 


grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (091108 - Lynx rufus baileyi Schreber), 55 

(species: Lynx rufus (Schreber). Bobcat. Statewide (120 - 9,300 feet).), 65, 73 (species), 100 (species, 

color photograph of species), 106 (052906 - spies), 118 (Lynx rufus baileyi Merriam - Distribution: 

Statewide. Figure 106, Page 247)* 

Panthera onca subsp. arizonensis Goldman: Jaguar 

SYNONYMY: Felis onca subsp. arizonensis Goldman. COMMON NAMES: Black Panther, 

Blank Panther, Jaguar, Jaguar (Hispanic), Jaguarete (Spanish), Yaguar. HABITS: Feeds on armadillos, 

birds, caiman, capybaras, deer, fish, frogs, livestock, pacas, peccaries (javelina), mice, rabbits, tapirs, 

turtles and other vertebrates. Young are born in dens located in caves, rocky areas, dense brush and 

thickets. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: EXTIRPATED from Arizona. 

*8, 14 (091008 - Panthera onca subsp. arizonensis Goldman), 55 (species: Felis onca Linnaeus. Jaguar. 

Probably formerly rare throughout the state. Today an occasional individual is found in the southern part 

of the state.), 65 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (052906), 118 (Felis onca 

arizonensis Goldman - Distribution: Probably formerly rare throughout the state. Today an occasional 

individual found in the southern part of the state. Figure 104, Page 244)*

Puma concolor (see Felis concolor) 

Geomyidae: The Pocket Gopher Family 

Thomomys bottae subsp. modicus Goldman: Botta’s Pocket Gopher 

COMMON NAMES: Botta’s Pocket Gopher, Southwestern Pocket Gopher, Tuza de Botta 

(Hispanic), Valley Pocket Gopher. HABITS: The species feeds on bulbs, grasses, herbaceous plants, roots 

and tubers. Young are born in nests in underground burrows. HABITAT: Within the range of this species 

it has been reported from the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. *14 (051107 - species, several varieties listed), 55 (species: Thomomys bottae (Eydoux and 

Gervais). Valley Pocket Gopher. Widely distributed throughout the state at all elevations.), 65 (species), 

73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (052906 - species), 118 (Thomomys bottae 

modicus Goldman - Distribution: Known from the Santa Cruz and Altar Valleys. Figure 46, Page 107)* 

Heteromyidae: The Kangaroo Rat and Pocket Mouse Family 

Chaetodipus baileyi subsp. baileyi C.H. Merriam: Bailey’s Pocket Mouse 

SYNONYMY: Perognathus baileyi subsp. baileyi C.H. Merriam. COMMON NAMES: Bailey’s 

Pocket Mouse, Raton de Bailey (Hispanic). HABITS: The species feeds on vegetation, and fruits and 

seeds of cacti, grasses and other herbs. Nests are located underground burrows. HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from the woodland, scrub, grassland, and desertscrub ecological 

formations. *14 (082508 - subsp. baileyi Merriam), 55 (species: Perognathus baileyi Merriam. Bailey’s 

Pocket Mouse. Widely distributed in the southern part of the state (900 - 4,700 feet).), 65 (genus), 73 

(species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (082508), 118 (Chaetodipus baileyi baileyi 

Merriam - Distribution: Grasslands of southeastern Arizona. Figure 51, Page 133)* 

Chaetodipus hispidus subsp. conditi Allen: Hispid Pocket Mouse 

SYNONYMY: Perognathus hispidus subsp. conditi Allen S.F. Baird. COMMON NAME: Hispid 

Pocket Mouse. HABITS: The species feeds on insects (grasshoppers), leaves and seeds. Nests are 

constructed of grasses and located in underground burrows. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it 

has been reported from the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. 

*14 (082508 - subsp. conditi), 55 (species: Perognathus hispidus Baird. Hispid Pocket Mouse. Locally 

common in grasslands of southeastern part of the state; an isolated population occurs near Camp Verde 

(3,200 - 5,000 feet).), 65 (genus), 73 (species), 100 (species), 106 (082508 - species), 118 (Perognathus 

hispidus conditi Allen - Distribution: Grasslands of southeastern Arizona. Figure 51, Page 132)* 

Chaetodipus intermedius subsp. intermedius C.H. Merriam: Rock Pocket Mouse 

SYNONYMY: Perognathus intermedius subsp. intermedius C.H. Merriam. COMMON 

NAMES: Raton de Rocas de Bosla (Hispanic), Rock Pocket Mouse. HABITS: The species feeds on 

seeds. Burrows are dug in soil near to or under rocks. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has 

been reported from the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 

(051007), 55 (species: Perognathus intermedius Merriam. Rock Pocket Mouse. Widely distributed in 

rocky areas in the Colorado River valley, western and southern Arizona (120 - 6,000 feet).), 65 (genus), 

73 (species - Perognathus intermedius), 100 (species), 106 (051007 - species), 118 (Chaetodipus 

intermedius intermedius Merriam - Distribution: Known from Mohave County southward and eastward, 

across most of the state to Cochise County. Figure 54, Page 141)* 

Chaetodipus penicillatus subsp. pricei (S.W. Woodhouse): Desert Pocket Mouse

SYNONYMY: Perognathus penicillatus subsp. pricei S.W. Woodhouse). COMMON NAMES: 

Desert Pocket Mouse, Raton de Desierto (Hispanic), Sonoran Desert Pocket Mouse. HABITS: The 

species feeds on seeds of creosote bush, grass, greythorn, herbs and mesquite. The nest is made in 

underground burrows. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the scrub, 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (051007), 55 (species: Perognathus 

penicillatus Woodhouse. Desert Pocket Mouse. Widely distributed in desert and low grasslands of 

southern and western Arizona (120 - 5,200 feet).), 65 (genus), 73 (species, Perognathus penicillatus), 100 

(species, color photograph of species), 106 (051007 - species), 118 (Perognathus penicillatus pricei Allen 

- Distribution: Known from south-central Arizona. Figure 53, Page 137)* 

Dipodomys merriami subsp. merriami Mearns: Merriam’s Kangaroo Rat 

COMMON NAMES: Merriam’s Kangaroo Rat, Rata de Nopalera Merriam (Hispanic). HABITS: 

The species feeds on ants, green plant material and seeds of creosote bush, grama grass, mesquite, ocotillo 

and purselane. Nests are made in underground burrows often located under bushes. HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been reported from the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and 

wetland ecological formations. *14 (051007), 55 (species: Dipodomys merriami Mearns. Merriam’s 

Kangaroo Rat. Widely distributed in western and southern parts of the state (120 - 5,000 feet).), 65 

(species, color photograph of species), 73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 

(genus with a listing of species), 118 (Dipodomys merriami merriami Mearns - Distribution: Occurs 

throughout most of the western and southern part of the state. Figure 56, Page 145)* 

Dipodomys spectabilis subsp. perblandus Goldman: Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat 

COMMON NAMES: Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat, Kangaroo Rat, Rata de Nopalera (Hispanic). 

HABITS: The species feeds on grasses, forbs, succulent plants, insects, rodents and seeds. Nests are made 

up of chaff, stems and leaves of grass located in underground burrows in firm soils. HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and 

wetland ecological formations. *14 (051007), 55 (species: Dipodomys spectabilis Merriam. Banner-tailed 

Kangaroo Rat. Locally common in grasslands of southeastern Arizona (1,300 - 5,000 feet).), 65 (species, 

color photograph), 100 (species, color photograph), 106 (genus, listing of species), 118 (Dipodomys 

spectabilis perblandus Goldman - Distribution: Known from the grasslands of southern Pinal and Pima 

County. Figure 55, Page 143)* 

Perognathus amplus subsp. taylori Goldman: Arizona Pocket Mouse 

COMMON NAME: Arizona Pocket Mouse. HABITS: The species feeds on green plants, insects 

and seeds. Nests are located in underground burrows. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has 

been reported from the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *55 

(species: Perognathus amplus Osgood. Arizona Pocket Mouse. Locally common in desert areas on southcentral, 

western and north-central parts of the state (500 - 5,100 feet).), 65 (genus), 73 (species), 100 

(species, color photograph of species), 118 (Perognathus amplus taylori Goldman. Distribution: Known 

from south central Arizona. Figure 50, Page 129)* 

Perognathus flavus subsp. flavus S.F. Baird: Silky Pocket Mouse 

COMMON NAME: Silky Pocket Mouse. HABITS: The species feeds on seeds and invertebrates 

(though very few are taken). Nests are located in underground burrows. HABITAT: Within the range of 


formations. *14 (082508 - subsp. flavus (Baird)), 55 (species: Perognathus flavus Baird. Silky Pocket 

Mouse. Locally common in grasslands throughout the state (2,900 - 6,500 feet).), 65 (genus), 73 

(species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (082508), 118 (Perognathus flavus flavus Baird 

- Distribution: Southeastern part of the state. Figure 48, Page 124)* 

Perognathus baileyi subsp. baileyi (see Chaetodipus baileyi subsp. baileyi)

Perognathus hispidus subsp. conditi (see Chaetodipus hispidus subsp. conditi) 

Perognathus intermedius subsp. intermedius (see Chaetodipus intermedius subsp. intermedius) 

Perognathus longimembris subsp. pimensis Huey: Little Pocket Mouse 

COMMON NAME: Little Pocket Mouse. HABITS: Feeds on greens and seeds. HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from the scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. *14 (082308), 55 (recorded as Perognathus longimembris (Coues). Little Pocket 

Mouse. Known from scattered localities in the western part of the state (500 - 4,500 feet).), 65 (genus), 73 

(species), 85 (052906), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (082308), 118 (recorded as 

Perognathus longimembris pimensis Huey - Distribution: Southcentral part of the state. Figure 49, Page 

127)* 

Perognathus penicillatus subsp. pricei (see Chaetodipus penicillatus subsp. pricei) 

Leporidae: The Hare and Rabbit Family 

Lepus alleni subsp. alleni Mearns: Antelope Jack Rabbit 

COMMON NAME: Antelope Jack Rabbit. HABITS: The species feeds on cacti, Catclaw Acacia, 

grasses, herbs and the bark, buds and leaves of mesquite. Young are born in a nest that is usually located 

above ground. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the woodland, scrub, 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (species), 55 (species: Lepus alleni 

(Mearns). Antelope Jack Rabbit. Occurs in the central third of the southern half of the state.), 65 (species), 

73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (052906 - species), 118 (Lepus alleni subsp. 

alleni Mearns - Distribution: Occurs in the central third of the southern half of the state. Figure 31, Page 

68)* 

Lepus californicus (J.E. Gray): Black-tailed Jack Rabbit 

COMMON NAMES: Black-tailed Jack Rabbit, “Jackass Rabbit”. HABITS: Feeds on grass, 

mesquite leaves and prickly-pear cacti. Young are born in nests located either above or below ground in 

forms that have been lined with breast hair, after birth the young are moved to separate nests and cared for 

individually by the female. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the 

forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14, 55 (Lepus 

californicus Gray. Black-tailed Jack Rabbit. Statewide.), 65, 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (052906), 

118 (Lepus californicus deserticola Mearns - Distribution: Occurs in the western half of the state; Lepus 

californicus eremicus J.A. Allen - Distribution: Southeastern Arizona, and Lepus californicus texianus 

Waterhouse - Distribution: Occurs in the northeastern quarter of the state. Figure 32, Page 69)* 

Lepus californicus subsp. eremicus J.A. Allen: Black-tailed Jack Rabbit 

COMMON NAMES: Black-tailed Jack Rabbit, “Jackass Rabbit”. HABITS: The species feeds on 

grass, mesquite leaves and prickly-pear cacti. Young are born in nests located either above or below 

ground in forms that have been lined with breast hair, after birth the young are moved to separate nests 

and cared for individually by the female. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported 

from the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 

(species), 55 (species: Lepus californicus Gray. Black-tailed Jack Rabbit. Statewide.), 65 (species), 73 

(species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (052906 - species), 118 (Lepus californicus 

eremicus J.A. Allen - Distribution: Southeastern Arizona. Figure 32, Page 69)* 

Sylvilagus audubonii (S.F. Baird): Desert Cottontail

COMMON NAME: Desert Cottontail. HABITS: Feeds on green plants, cacti, bark and twigs. 

Young are born into nests lined with forbs, grasses and the female’s fur which are located on the ground 

and in brush piles, piles of rocks, and burrows abandoned by other animals. HABITAT: Within the range 

of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. *14, 55 (Sylvilagus audubonii (Baird). Desert Cottontail. Common at elevations 

below 6,000 feet throughout the state.), 65, 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (052906), 118 (Sylvilagus 

audubonii arizonae (J.A. Allen) - Distribution: Widely distributed at elevations up to 6,000 feet in the 

western half of the state; Sylvilagus audubonii minor (Mearns) - Distribution: Known only from the 

southeastern part of the state, and Sylvilagus audubonii warreni Nelson - Distribution: Known only from 

the northeastern part of the state. Figure 34, Page 74)* 

Sylvilagus audubonii (S.F. Baird) subsp. arizonae: Desert Cottontail 

COMMON NAME: Desert Cottontail. HABITS: The species feeds on green plants, cacti, bark 

and twigs. Young are born into nests lined with forbs, grasses and the female’s fur which are located on 

the ground and in brush piles, piles of rocks, and burrows abandoned by other animals. HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, 

desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (species), 55 (species: Sylvilagus audubonii (Baird). 

Desert Cottontail. Common at elevations below 6,000 feet throughout the state.), 65 (species), 73 

(species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (052906 - species), 118 (Sylvilagus audubonii 

arizonae (J.A. Allen) - Distribution: Widely distributed at elevations up to 6,000 feet in the western half 

of the state. Figure 34, Page 74)* 

Mephitidae: The Skunk Family 

Conepatus leuconotus subsp. venaticus (Goldman): Common Hog-nosed Skunk 

SYNONYMY: Conepatus mesoleucus subsp. venaticus Goldman. COMMON NAMES: 

Common Hog-nosed Skunk, Hog-nosed Skunk, Hognose Skunk, Rooter Skunk, Zorrillo Nariz de Puerco 

(Hispanic). HABITS: The species feeds on arachnids, birds, insects, small mammals, mollusks, plant 

material, reptiles and worms. These skunks take refuge in caves, crevices in rocks and in the ground. 

Rocky areas are used for denning with the young born beneath rocks, grasses are used for nesting. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, 

desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (072306 - subsp. venaticus (Goldman)), 55 (species: 

Conepatus mesoleucus Lichtenstein. Hog-nosed Skunk. Southeastern part of the state (2,000 - 6,000 

feet).), 65 (species), 73 (species: Conepatus mesoleucus), 100 (species record (Conepatus mesoleucus), 

color photograph of species), 106 (072306 - genus), 118 (Conepatus mesoleucus venaticus Goldman - 

Distribution: South central and southeastern Arizona. Figure 102, Page 241)* 

Conepatus mesoleucus subsp. venaticus (see Conepatus leuconotus subsp. venaticus) 

Mephitis macroura subsp. milleri (Mearns): Hooded Skunk 

COMMON NAMES: Hooded Skunk, Zorrillo (Hispanic). HABITS: The species feeds on small 

birds, insects and other invertebrates, rodents and plant material. The young are born in a dens located in 

burrows or among rocks. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (050807 - subsp. milleri 

(Mearns)), 55 (species: Mephitis macroura (Lichtenstein). Hooded Skunk. Southeastern part of the state 

(2,000 - 6,000 feet).), 65 (species), 73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (053006 - 

genus), 118 (Mephitis macroura milleri (Mearns) - Distribution: South central and southeastern Arizona. 


Mephitis mephitis (J.C. von Schreber): Striped Skunk

COMMON NAMES: Striped Skunk, Zorrillo Rayado (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on 

amphibians, berries, the eggs of ground nesting birds, carrion, crayfish, earthworms, fishes, fruits, insects 

(beetles, crickets and grasshoppers among others), mollusks, plant material, reptiles, rodents, snails and 

spiders. The young are born in nests made of dried grasses and leaves located in dirt banks, underground 

burrows abandoned by other animals, downed logs, pits and rock outcrops. HABITAT: Within the range 

of this species it has been reported from the tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and 

wetland ecological formations. NOTES: The Striped Skunk is most active dusk through dawn. This 

species is the chief carrier of rabies in the United States and those active during the daylight hours 

frequently being found to be rabid. *14 (082308 - subspp. estor Merriam, hudsonica (Richardson) and 

varians (Gray)), 55 (Mephitis mephitis (Schreber). Striped Skunk. Statewide (300 - 9,000 feet).), 65 (color 

photograph), 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (053006 - genus), 118 (Mephitis mephitis estor Merriam - 

Distribution: Statewide. Figure 100, Page 239)* 

Mephitis mephitis (J.C. von Schreber) subsp. estor Merriam: Striped Skunk 

COMMON NAMES: Striped Skunk, Zorrillo Rayado (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on 

amphibians, berries, the eggs of ground nesting birds, carrion, crayfish, earthworms, fishes, fruits, insects 

(beetles, crickets and grasshoppers among others), mollusks, plant material, reptiles, rodents, snails and 

spiders. The young are born in nests made of dried grasses and leaves located in dirt banks, underground 

burrows abandoned by other animals, downed logs, pits and rock outcrops. HABITAT: Within the range 

of this species it has been reported from the tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and 

wetland ecological formations. NOTES: The Striped Skunk is most active dusk through dawn. This 

species is the chief carrier of rabies in the United States and those active during the daylight hours 

frequently being found to be rabid. *14 (082308 - subsp. estor Merriam), 55 (species: Mephitis mephitis 

(Schreber). Striped Skunk. Statewide (300 - 9,000 feet).), 65 (species, color photograph of species), 73 

(species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (053006 - genus), 118 (Mephitis mephitis estor 

Merriam - Distribution: Statewide. Figure 100, Page 239)* 

Spilogale gracilis Merriam: Western Spotted Skunk 

SYNONYMY: Spilogale putorius subsp. gracilis Merriam. COMMON NAMES: Spotted Skunk, 

Western Spotted Skunk, Zorillo Pinto (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on arachnids, berries, birds and bird 

eggs, carrion, fruits, insects, small mammals, scorpions and seeds. Dens are made in rock crevices and 

hollow logs. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (051107 - Spilogale putorius subsp. 

gracilis Merriam is a synonym for Spilogale gracilis C. Linnaeus the Western Spotted Skunk. Spilogale 

putorius subsp. leucoparia is a synonym for Spilogale putorius C. Linnaeus the Eastern Spotted Skunk), 

55 (Spilogale putorius (Linnaeus). Spotted Skunk. Probably statewide (120 - 7,000 feet).), 65 (Spilogale 

putorius), 73 (Spilogale gracilis), 100 (Spilogale gracilis, color photograph), 106 (053006 - genus), 118 

(Spilogale putorius gracilis Merriam - Distribution: Probably statewide. Figure 99, Page 237)* 

Spilogale putorius (see footnotes 14, 55, 65 and 85 under Spilogale gracilis) 

Spilogale putorius subsp. gracilis (see Spilogale gracilis) 

Molossidae: The Free-tailed Bat Family 

Eumops perotis subsp. californicus (Merriam): Greater Western Mastiff Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Bonnet Bat, Greater Western Bonneted Bat, Greater Mastiff Bat, Greater 

Western Mastiff Bat, Mastiff Bat, Murcielago Mastiff (Hispanic), Western Mastiff Bat. HABITS: The 

species feeds on crickets, long-horned grasshoppers, moths and other small insects. Roosts in crevices and 

shallow caves in cliffs and rock walls at lower elevations. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it

has been reported from the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. *8, 14 (051107), 55 (species: Eumops perotis (Schinz). Western Mastiff Bat. Rare; in small 

colonies in rock crevices at lower elevations in the western and southern part of the state.), 65 (species), 

73 (species), 92 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (053006 - family), 118 

(Eumops perotis californicus (Merriam) - Distribution: Probably throughout southern Arizona in the 

Lower Sonoran Life Zone. Figure 29, Page 65)* 

Nyctinomops femorosaccus (C.H. Merriam): Pocketed Free-tailed Bat 

SYNONYMY: Also recorded as Nyctinomops femorosacca (C.H. Merriam), Tadarida 

femorosacca (Miller). COMMON NAMES: Pocketed Free-tailed Bat, Murcielago Cola en Bolsa 

(Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on ants, leafhoppers, moths, wasps and other insects. Roosts in rocky 

crevices. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *8, 14, 55 (Tadarida femorosacca 

(Merriam). Pocketed Free-tailed Bat. Rare; found at lower elevations in the western and southern part of 

the state.), 100, 106 (053006 - family), 118 (Tadarida femorosacca (Miller) - Distribution: Probably 

occurs throughout the Lower Sonoran Life Zone of southern Arizona. Figure 27, Page 63)* 

Nyctinomops macrotis (J.E. Gray): Big Free-tailed Bat 

SYNONYMY: Tadarida macrotis (J.E. Gray), Tadarida molossa (Pallas). COMMON NAMES: 

Big Free-tailed Bat, Murcielago Cola Libre (Hispanic), Murcielago Cola Suelta Mayor (Spanish) 

HABITS: Feeds on insects. Roosts in rocky cliffs, crevices, fissures, caves and holes in trees. HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, 

desertscrub and wetland ecological formations ecological formations. *8, 14, 42 (053006), 55 (Tadarida 

molossa (Pallas). Big Free-tailed Bat. Rare; statewide, mainly at elevations below 5,000 feet.), 73, 100 

(color photograph), 106 (053006 - family), 118 (Tadarida molossa (Pallas) - Distribution: Probably occurs 

throughout the Lower Sonoran Life Zone of Arizona. Figure 28, Page 64)* 

Tadarida brasiliensis (I.G. Saint-Hilaire) (subsp mexicana (Saussure) is the only subspecies reported 

as occurring in Arizona): Brazilian Free-tailed Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Brazilian Free-tailed Bat, Guano Bat, Mexican Free-tail Bat, Mexican Freetailed 

Bat, Murcielago Braziliano (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on ants, beetles, leafhoppers, moths and 

other small insects. Roosts in caverns; caves; crevices in rocks; fissures in cliffs; buildings; mines, and 

under bridges. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *8, 14, 55 (Tadarida brasiliensis 

(I.Geof. St.-Hilaire). Mexican Free-tailed Bat. Locally abundant throughout the state, especially at 

elevations below 5,000 feet.), 65, 73, 92, 100 (color photograph), 106 (053006), 118 (Tadarida 

brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure) - Distribution: Probably statewide in some part of the year. Figure 26, 

Page 62)* 

Tadarida brasiliensis (I.G. Saint-Hilaire) subsp mexicana (Saussure): Brazilian Free-tailed Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Brazilian Free-tailed Bat, Guano Bat, Mexican Free-tail Bat, Mexican Freetailed 

Bat, Murcielago Braziliano (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on ants, beetles, leafhoppers, moths and 

other small insects. Roosts in caverns; caves; crevices in rocks; fissures in cliffs; buildings; mines, and 

under bridges. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *8, 14, 55 (species: Tadarida 

brasiliensis (I.Geof. St.-Hilaire). Mexican Free-tailed Bat. Locally abundant throughout the state, 

especially at elevations below 5,000 feet.), 65 (species), 73 (species), 92 (species), 100 (species, color 

photograph of species), 106 (053006), 118 (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure) - Distribution: 

Probably statewide in some part of the year. Figure 26, Page 62)* 

Tadarida femorosacca (see Nyctinomops femorosacca)

Tadarida macrotis (see Nyctinomops macrotis) 

Tadarida molossa (see Nyctinomops macrotis) 

Muridae: The Mouse and Rat Family 

Neotoma albigula subsp. albigula Hartley: White-throated Wood Rat 

COMMON NAMES: Packrat, White-throated Packrat, Trade Rat, White-throated Wood Rat. 

HABITS: The species feeds on cacti, forbs, fruits, juniper, leaves, mesquite beans, seeds and yucca. Nests 

are built under mesquite, cholla and prickly-pear cacti, or in rocky crevices using sticks, pieces of cholla 

and prickly-pear cacti, and rubbish, sometimes with underground burrows. HABITAT: Within the range 

of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. *14 (051107 - subsp. albigula), 55 (species: Neotoma albigula Hartley. Whitethroated 

Wood Rat. Widely distributed at elevations below 7,000 feet throughout all of the state south of 

the Colorado River (120 - 8,000 feet).), 65 (species, color photograph of species), 73 (species), 100 

(species, color photograph of species), 106 (053006 - genus), 118 (Neotoma albigula albigula Hartley - 

Distribution: Occurs commonly south of the Mogollon Rim. Figure 76, Page 193)* 

Onychomys torridus subsp. torridus (E. Coues): Southern Grasshopper Mouse 

COMMON NAMES: Raton Chapulinero del Sur (Hispanic), Scorpion Mouse, Southern 

Grasshopper Mouse. HABITS: The species feeds on arthropods, beetles, grasshoppers, insects, lizards, 

other species of mice, scorpions, seeds and small vertebrates. Nests are located in underground burrows. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the woodland, scrub, grassland, 

desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (020307 - subsp. torridus), 55 (species: Onychomys 

torridus (Coues). Southern Grasshopper Mouse. Widely distributed in the western and southern parts of 

the state (120 - 5,000 feet).), 65 (genus), 73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 

(053006 - genus, listing of species), 118 (Onychomys torridus torridus (Coues) - Distribution: 

Southeastern quarter of the state. Figure 62, Page 161)* 

Peromyscus eremicus subsp. eremicus (S.F. Baird): Cactus Mouse 

COMMON NAMES: Cactus Mouse, Raton de Cactaceas (Hispanic). HABITS: The species 

feeds on flowers, small fruits, insects, green plant material and seeds. Nests are made within the 

abandoned burrows of other animals, clumps of cacti and among rocks. HABITAT: Within the range of 


formations. *14 (species), 55 (species: Peromyscus eremicus (Baird). Cactus Mouse. Widely distributed 

in western and southern Arizona (120 - 6,000 feet).), 65 (genus), 73 (species), 100 (species, color 

photograph of species), 106 (053006 - genus), 118 (Peromyscus eremicus eremicus (Baird) - Distribution: 

Almost all of the western and southern part of the state. Figure 67, Page 171)* 

Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner): Deer Mouse 

COMMON NAMES: Deer Mouse, Raton Venado (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on bark, berries, 

bones, centipedes, earthworms, small fruits, fungi, insects, leaves, nuts and snails. Nests are built in 

buildings, underground burrows, rock crevices debris, in and under logs, and clumps of vegetation. 


grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (050907 - subspp. blandus (Osgood) and 

rufinus (Merriam)), 55 (Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner). Deer Mouse. Statewide (120 - 11,400 feet).), 

65 (genus), 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (053006 - genus), 118 (Peromyscus maniculatus blandus 

Osgood - Distribution: Extreme southeastern part of the state; Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus (Merriam)

- Distribution: Higher elevations throughout the state, and Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis (Le 

Conte) - Distribution: Grasslands at lower elevations throughout the state. Figure 69, Page 177)* 

Peromyscus maniculatus subsp. sonoriensis (Le Conte): Deer Mouse 

COMMON NAMES: Deer Mouse, Raton Venado (Hispanic). HABITS: The species feeds on 

bark, berries, bones, centipedes, earthworms, small fruits, fungi, insects, leaves, nuts and snails. Nests are 

built in buildings, underground burrows, rock crevices debris, in and under logs, and clumps of 

vegetation. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the tundra, forest, 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (050907 - species, and 

subspp. blandus (Osgood) and rufinus (Merriam)), 55 (species: Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner). Deer 

Mouse. Statewide (120 - 11,400 feet).), 65 (genus), 73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of 

species), 106 (053006 - genus), 118 (Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis (Le Conte) - Distribution: 

Grasslands at lower elevations throughout the state. Figure 69, Page 177)* 

Peromyscus merriami subsp. merriami Mearns: Merriam’s Mouse 

COMMON NAMES: Merriam’s Mouse, Mesquite Mouse. HABITS: The species probably feeds 

on invertebrates and seeds. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (082308), 55 (species: Peromyscus 

merriami Mearns. Merriam’s Mouse. Known from scattered localities is Pinal, Pima and Santa Cruz 

counties (1,600 - 3,600 feet).), 73 (note on species), 100 (species), 106 (072306 - genus, listing of 

species), 118 (Peromyscus merriami merriami Mearns - Distribution: Known from mesquite bosque 

situations in southern Arizona. Figure 68, Page 174)* 

Reithrodontomys megalotis (Baird): Western Harvest Mouse 

COMMON NAME: Western Harvest Mouse. HABITS: Feeds on arachnids, grasses, insects 

(larvae and adults) and seeds of grasses, forbs and shrubs. Spherical nests are made of woven plant 

material and lined with plant fibers and can be located near the ground or above the ground in dense 

vegetation. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (050907 - subspp. arizonensis; 

aztecus J.A. Allen, and megalotis (Baird)), 55 (Reithrodontomys megalotis (Baird). Western Harvest 

Mouse. Statewide (120 - 8,000 feet).), 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (053006), 118 (Reithrodontomys 

megalotis arizonensis (Allen) - Distribution: Known only from the region of the type locality (Chiricahua 

Mountains); Reithrodontomys megalotis aztecus (Allen) - Distribution: Extreme northeastern part of state, 

and Reithrodontomys megalotis megalotis (Baird) - Distribution: At medium and low elevations statewide 

except extreme northeastern part of the state. Figure 64, Page 164)* 

Reithrodontomys megalotis subsp. megalotis (Baird): Western Harvest Mouse 

COMMON NAME: Western Harvest Mouse. HABITS: The species feeds on arachnids, grasses, 

insects (larvae and adults) and seeds of grasses forbs and shrubs. Spherical nests are made of woven plant 

material and lined with plant fibers and can be located near the ground or above the ground in dense 

vegetation. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (050907 - subsp. megalotis 

(Baird)), 55 (species: Reithrodontomys megalotis (Baird). Western Harvest Mouse. Statewide (120 - 8,000 

feet).), 73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (053006), 118 (Reithrodontomys 

megalotis megalotis (Baird) - Distribution: At medium and low elevations statewide except extreme 

northeastern part of the state. Figure 64, Page 164)* 

Mustelidae: The Weasel and Allies Family 

Taxidea taxus (J.C. von Schreber): American Badger

COMMON NAMES: American Badger, Badger, Badger Tejon (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on 

ground dwelling birds (and eggs), carrion, insects, rodents and snakes. Young are born in dens in 

underground burrows. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the tundra, 

forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (050907 - subsp. 

berlandieri Schreber), 55 (Taxidea taxus (Schreber). Badger. Statewide (120 - 7,000 feet).), 65, 73, 100 

(color photograph), 106 (053006), 118 (Taxidea taxus - Distribution: Statewide. Figure 98, Page 235)* 

Phyllostomidae: The Leaf-nosed Bat Family 

Leptonycteris curasoae subsp. yerbabuenae (Martinez & Villa-R.): Southern Long-nosed Bat 

SYNONYMY: Leptonycteris nivalis sanborni D.F. Hoffmeister, Leptonycteris sanborni 

(Saussure). COMMON NAMES: Lesser Long-nosed Bat, Little Long-nosed Bat, Mexican Long-nosed 

Bat, Murcielago de Sanborn (Hispanic), Sanborn’s Long-nosed Bat, Sanborn’s Southern Long-nosed Bat, 

Southern Long-nosed Bat. HABITS: The species feeds on insects, nectar, pollen and the nectar and softbodied 

fruits of agaves and cacti. Roosts are located in caves, rock crevices, abandoned mines and 

tunnels. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the woodland, scrub, 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: Long-nosed bats are pollinators of 

Agaves, Cardons, Organ Pipe Cacti and Saguaros. *8, 14 (050907 - Populations may be compromised by 

roost-site disturbance, loss of food sources and direct killing by humans.), 35 (This species is vulnerable 

to disturbances at roosting sites by cave explorers.), 55 (species: Leptonycteris nivalis (Saussure). Longnosed 

Bat. Locally common in moist caves. Known from Pinal, Pima, Santa Cruz and Cochise Counties.), 

92 (Leptonycteris sanborni), 100 (species, color photographs - Leptonycteris curasoae and Leptonycteris 

nivalis), 106 (053006), 110 (Leptonycteris sanborni), 118 (Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis (Saussure) - 

Distribution: Known only from the southeastern part of the state. Figure 9, Page 35)* 

Leptonycteris nivalis (see footnote 55 under Leptonycteris curasoae subsp. yerbabuenae) 

Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis (see footnote 118 under Leptonycteris curasoae subsp. yerbabuenae) 

Leptonycteris nivalis sanborni (see Leptonycteris curasoae subsp. yerbabuenae) 

Leptonycteris sanborni (see Leptonycteris curasoae subsp. yerbabuenae) 

Macrotus californicus S.F. Baird: California Leaf-nosed Bat 

COMMON NAMES: California Leaf-nosed Bat, Leaf-nosed Bat, Leafnose Bat, Waterhouse’s 

Leaf-nosed Bat, Murcielago de California (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on beetles, butterflies, caterpillars, 

cicadas, crickets, dragonflies, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, moths and other insects. Roosts are located in 

caves and abandoned mine tunnels. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

the grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *8, 14 (050907 - subspp. californicus 

(Audubon & Bachman) and stephensi (Dalquest)), 55 (Macrotus californicus Baird. Leaf-nosed Bat. 

Locally common in shallow caves, mine tunnels and under bridges. Occurs widely at lower elevations in 

the western and southern parts of the state.”), 73, 92, 100 (color photograph), 106 (053006), 118 

(Macrotus californicus Baird - Distribution: Known from lower elevations in the southern and western 

parts of the state. Figure 7, Page 32)* 

Bassariscus astutus (M.H. Lichenstein): Ringtail 

Procyonidae: The Raccoon and Allies Family

COMMON NAMES: Band-tailed Cat, Cacomistle, Civet Cat, Coon CatGato Minero (Hispanic), 

Miner’s Cat, Ringtail, Ringtail Cat, Ring-tailed Cat. HABITS: Feeds on berries, birds, fruits, carrion, 

crickets, eggs, insects, lizards, small mammals, snakes and spiders. Nests are made of grass located in 

dens in underground burrows, caves, cliffs, rocky outcrops, cavities in logs, stumps and trees and manmade 

structures. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *8 (subspp. arizonensis; 

nevadensis, and yumanensis), 14 (050907 - subspp. arizonensis Goldman; flavus Rhoads; nevadensis, and 

yumanensis Huey), 55 (Bassariscus astutus (Lichenstein). Ringtail. Statewide (120 - 6,500 feet).), 65 

(color photograph), 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (051107), 118 (Bassariscus astutus arizonensis 

Goldman - Distribution: Statewide except extreme southeastern and southwestern parts; Bassariscus 

astutus flavus Rhoads - Distribution: Extreme southeastern part of the state, and Bassariscus astutus 

yumanensis Huey - Distribution: Southwestern Arizona. Figure 93, Page 227)* 

Bassariscus astutus subsp. arizonensis Goldman: Ringtail 

COMMON NAMES: Band-tailed Cat, Cacomistle, Civet Cat, Coon CatGato Minero (Hispanic), 

Miner’s Cat, Ringtail, Ringtail Cat, Ring-tailed Cat. HABITS: The species feeds on berries, birds, fruits, 

carrion, crickets, eggs, insects, lizards, small mammals, snakes and spiders. Nests are made of grass 

located in dens in underground burrows, caves, cliffs, rocky outcrops, cavities in logs, stumps and trees 

and man-made structures. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the 

forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *8, 14 (050907), 55 

(species: Bassariscus astutus (Lichenstein). Ringtail. Statewide (120 - 6,500 feet).), 65 (species, color 

photograph of species), 73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (053106 - species), 

118 (Bassariscus astutus arizonensis Goldman - Distribution: Statewide except extreme southeastern and 

southwestern parts. Figure 93, Page 227)* 

Nasua narica (C.H. Merriam): White-nosed Coati 

COMMON NAMES: Antoon, Chula, Chulo, Coati (Indian Name), Coatimundi, El Gato Solo 

(Los Gatos en Familia), Pizote, White-nosed Coati. HABITS: Feeds on the berries of juniper and 

manzanita, birds, carrion, eggs, fruits, insects (including among others crickets and grasshoppers) and 

other invertebrates, prickly pear fruit, lizards, small mammals, nuts, snakes, tubers, worms and yucca 

fruits. Young are born in dens located in caves, crevices in rocks, mines shafts and cavities among tree 

roots. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the forest, woodland, scrub, 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (091008), 55 (Nasua narica (Linnaeus). 

Coati. In woodland situations in the Graham, Chiricahua, Huachuca, Patagonia and Pena Blanca 

mountains (5,000 to 7,500 feet).), 65, 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (053106), 118 (Nasua narica 

pallida Allen - Distribution: Mountains of southern and southeastern part of the state. Figure 95, Page 

230)* 

Procyon lotor subsp. mexicanus Baird: Common Raccoon 

COMMON NAMES: Common Raccoon, Mexican Raccoon, Northern Raccoon, Raccoon, 

Racuno (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on annelid worms, berries, birds, nestlings and eggs, carrion, 

crayfishes, small fishes, frogs, fruits, insects, small mammals, nuts, shellfish, turtles and turtle eggs and 

vegetables. Nests are made of leaves located in dens in small caves, amongst boulders, rocky crevices in 

cliffs and cavities in trees. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the 

tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: 

Racoons are never very far from permanent water. *14 (090108 - subspp. fuscipes (Mearns); hirus 

(Nelson & Goldman); mexicanus (Baird), and pallidus (Merriam)), 55 (species: Procyon lotor (Linnaeus). 

Raccoon. Riparian situations along the Colorado, Little Colorado and Gila River systems and in the 

grasslands of the southeastern portion of the state (120 - 6,900 feet).), 65 (color photograph), 73 (species), 

100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (053106), 118 (Procyon lotor mexicanus Baird - 

Distribution: Southeastern Arizona. Figure 94, Page 229)*

Sciuridae: The Squirrel and Allies Family 

Ammospermophilus harrisii (J.J. Audubon & Bachman): Harris’ Antelope Squirrel 

SYNONYMY: Citellus harrisii (J.J. Audubon & Bachman). COMMON NAMES: Ardilla de 

Tierra Harris (Hispanic), Harris Antelope Squirrel, Harris’ Antelope Squirrel, Yuma Antelope Squirrel. 

HABITS: Feeds on fruits, insects, plants and seeds. Dens are located in underground burrows. HABITAT: 

Within the range of this species it has been reported from the grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. *14 (082308), 55 (Citellus harrisii (Audubon & Bachman). Harris Antelope 

Squirrel. Southern and western parts of the state at elevations below 6,500 feet.), 65 (color photograph), 

73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (053106 - genus), 118 (Citellus harrisii harrisii (Audubon & Bachman) - 

Distribution: Southern and western Arizona except for most of Yuma County. Citellus harrisii saxicola 

(Mearns) - Distribution: Southwestern Arizona. Figure 38, Page 85)* 

Citellus harrisii (see Ammospermophilus harrisii) 

Citellus harrisii subsp. harrisii (see footnote 118 under Ammospermophilus harrisii) 

Citellus harrisii subsp. saxicola (see footnote 118 under Ammospermophilus harrisii) 

Citellus tereticaudus (see Spermophilus tereticaudus) 

Citellus tereticaudus subsp. neglectus (see footnote 118 under Spermophilus tereticaudus) 

Citellus variegatus (see Spermophilus variegatus) 

Citellus variegatus subsp. grammurus (see Spermophilus variegatus subsp. grammurus) 

Spermophilus tereticaudus S.F. Baird: Round-tailed Ground Squirrel 

SYNONYMY: Citellus tereticaudus S.F. Baird. COMMON NAME: Round-tailed Ground 

Squirrel. HABITS: Feeds on buds of burroweed and mesquite, cacti, green vegetation, insects, seeds of 

creosote bush, mesquite, flowers of ocotillo, paloverde, plantain, and saltbush, observed visiting road kill 

and taking scavenging Gambel’s Quail chicks; nests are made of plant fibers and stems and located in 

dens in underground burrows. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the 

desertscrub ecological formation. *14, 55 (Citellus tereticaudus Baird. Round-tailed Ground Squirrel. 

Lower Sonoran Life-zone of the western part of the state (below 3,200 feet).), 65, 73, 100 (color 

photograph), 106 (053106 - genus), 118 (Citellus tereticaudus neglectus (Merriam) - Distribution: Lower 

Sonoran Life Zone of southwestern Arizona. Figure 39, Page 90)* 

Spermophilus variegatus (Erxleben): Rock Squirrel 

SYNONYMY: Citellus variegatus (Erxleben). COMMON NAMES: Ardilla Coluda (Hispanic), 

Rock Squirrel. HABITS: Feeds on acorns, berries, small birds, chicks and eggs, carrion, insects, fruits, 

small mammals, nuts and seeds. Nests are made of leaves, pine needles and plant fibers and located in 

dens in underground burrows between boulders, rock crevices and talus. HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from the tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and 

wetland ecological formations. *14, 55 (Citellus variegatus (Erxleben). Rock Squirrel. Statewide, 

especially at elevations below 6,000 feet.), 65 (color photograph), 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 

(053106 - genus), 118 (Citellus variegatus grammurus (Say) - Distribution: Statewide, especially 

common below 6000 feet. Figure 37, Page 82)*

Spermophilus variegatus subsp. grammurus (Erxleben): Rock Squirrel 

SYNONYMY: Citellus variegatus subsp. grammurus (Say). COMMON NAMES: Ardilla 

Coluda (Hispanic), Rock Squirrel. HABITS: The species feeds on acorns, berries, small birds, chicks and 

eggs, carrion, insects, fruits, small mammals, nuts and seeds burrows. Nests are made of leaves, pine 

needles and plant fibers and located in dens in underground burrows between boulders, rock crevices and 

talus. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from the tundra, forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14, 55 (species: Citellus variegatus 

(Erxleben). Rock Squirrel. Statewide, especially at elevations below 6,000 feet.), 65 (species, color 

photograph of species), 73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (053106 - genus), 

118 (Citellus variegatus grammurus (Say) - Distribution: Statewide, especially common below 6000 feet. 


Soricidae: The Shrew Fmaily 

Notiosorex crawfordi (E. Coues): Crawford’s Desert Shrew 

COMMON NAMES: Crawford’s Desert Shrew, Crawford’s Gray Shrew, Desert Shrew, Gray 

Shrew, Musarana del Deseirto Crawford (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on centipedes, insects, lizards, 

small mice, scorpions, sowbugs and spiders. Nests are made of shredded bark and leaves and located in 

packrat dens or under dead agaves. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (050907 - subsp. 

crawfordi (Coues)), 55 (Notiosorex crawfordi (Coues). Desert Shrew. Locally common, widely 

distributed statewide at elevations below 6,000 feet, especially in riparian situations.), 65, 73, 100 (color 

photograph), 106 (051107), 118 (Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi (Coues) - Distribution: Probably occurs 

statewide at elevations below 6000 feet. Figure 5, Page 30)* 

Notiosorex crawfordi subsp. crawfordi (E. Coues): Crawford’s Desert Shrew 

COMMON NAMES: Crawford’s Desert Shrew, Crawford’s Gray Shrew, Desert Shrew, Gray 

Shrew, Musarana del Deseirto Crawford (Hispanic). HABITS: The species feeds on centipedes, insects, 

lizards, small mice, scorpions, sowbugs and spiders. Nests are made of shredded bark and leaves and 

located in packrat dens or under dead agaves. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 

(050907 - subsp. crawfordi (Coues)), 55 (species: Notiosorex crawfordi (Coues). Desert Shrew. Locally 

common, widely distributed statewide at elevations below 6,000 feet, especially in riparian situations.), 65 

(species), 73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (051107 - species), 118 

(Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi (Coues) - Distribution: Probably occurs statewide at elevations below 

6000 feet. Figure 5, Page 30)* 

Dicotyles tajacu (see Peccari tajacu) 

Tayassuidae: The Javelina Family 

Dicotyles tajacu subsp. sonoriensis (see Peccari tajacu subsp. sonoriensis) 

Pecari angulatus (see footnote 65 under Peccari tajacu subsp. sonoriensis) 

Peccari tajacu (C. Linnaeus): Collared Peccary 

SYNONYMY: Dicotyles tajacu (C. Linnaeus), Tayassu tajacu (C. Linnaeus). COMMON 

NAMES: Collared Peccary, Jabalina (Hispanic), Javelina, “Musk Hog”, Peccary. HABITS: Feeds on 

agaves, amphibians, berries, bulbs, fruits, fungi, grasses, insects, mesquite beans, nuts, roots, palm nuts,

succulent plants, prickly-pear and other cacti, reptiles, rodents, roots, sotol, tubers and worms. Javelina 

bed down during the day in thick brush and prickly-pear thickets and at night in burrows usually under 

the roots of trees. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (050907 - subspp. angulatus (Cope) 

and sonoriensis (Mearns)), 55 (Tayassu tajacu (Linnaeus), Javelina. Southeastern and central parts of the 

state (1,200 - 6,000 feet).), 65 (Pecari angulatus), 73 (Dicotyles tajacu), 100 (Tayassu tajacu, color 

photograph), 106 (051107 - Tayassu tajacu), 118 (Tayassu tajacu sonoriensis (Mearns) - Distribution: 

Southern part of the state. Figure 107, Page 249), HR* 

Peccari tajacu subsp. sonoriensis (Mearns): Collared Peccary 

SYNONYMY: Dicotyles tajacu subsp. sonoriensis (Mearns), Tayassu tajacu subsp. sonoriensis 

(Mearns). COMMON NAMES: Collared Peccary, Jabalina (Hispanic), Javelina, “Musk Hog”, Peccary. 

HABITS: The species feeds on agaves, amphibians, berries, bulbs, fruits, fungi, grasses, insects, mesquite 

beans, nuts, roots, palm nuts, succulent plants, prickly-pear and other cacti, reptiles, rodents, roots, sotol, 

tubers and worms. Javelina bed down during the day in thick brush and prickly-pear thickets and at night 

in burrows usually under the roots of trees. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been 

reported from forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 

(050907 - subsp. sonoriensis (Mearns)), 55 (species: Tayassu tajacu (Linnaeus). Javelina. Southeastern 

and central parts of the state (1,200 - 6,000 feet).), 65 (species: Pecari angulatus), 73 (species: Dicotyles 

tajacu), 100 (species: Tayassu tajacu, color photograph of species), 106 (051107 - species: Tayassu 

tajacu), 118 (Tayassu tajacu sonoriensis (Mearns) - Distribution: Southern part of the state. Figure 107, 

Page 249)* 

Pecari angulatus (see footnote 65 under Peccari tajacu) 

Pecari angulatus (see footnote 65 under Peccari tajacu and Peccari tajacu subsp. sonoriensis) 

Tayassu tajacu (see Peccari tajacu) 

Tayassu tajacu subsp. sonoriensis (see see Peccari tajacu subsp. sonoriensis) 

Ursidae: The Bear Family 

Ursus americanus subsp. amblyceps (Baird): Black Bear 

SYNONYMY: Euarctos americanus subsp. amblyceps (Baird). COMMON NAMES: American 

Black Bear, Black Bear, Cinnamon Bear, Oso Negro (Hispanic). HABITS: The species feeds on acorns, 

ants, beetles, berries, buds, carrion, crickets, currants, fish, fruits, grapes, grubs, insects, leaves, pinyon 

nuts, prickly-pear fruit, raspberries, sprouts, small to medium-size mammals and other vertebrates and 

twigs. Shelter is taken in dense cover and they climb trees to escape danger. Nests are made of grasses 

leaves, mud and sticks located in a den. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported 

from the tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 

(050907 - subsp. amblyceps (Baird)), 55 (species: Euarctos americanus (Pallas). Black Bear. Formerly 

common throughout the mountainous areas of the state, now greatly reduced in numbers and 

distribution.), 73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (050907 - includes a listing of 

subspecies and their distribution), 118 (Euarctos americanus amblyceps (Baird) - Distribution: Probably 

formerly occurred throughout the state, at least in mountainous areas. Figure 91, Page 224)* 

Euarctos americanus subsp. amblyceps (see Ursus americanus subsp. amblyceps) 

Ursus arctos subsp. horribilus Ord: Grizzly Bear

SYNONYMY: Ursus horribilus Ord. COMMON NAMES: Apache Grizzly, Arizona Grizzly, 

Grizzly Bear, Navajo Grizzly, New Mexico Grizzly, Oso Gris (Hispanic), Silvertip Bear, Sonora Grizzly, 

Texas Grizzly. HABITS: The species feeds on berries, carrion, fish (bass, salmon, trout), fungi, grasses, 

insects (Army Cutworm moths), leaves, large mammals (Bison, Black Bear, Caribou, Deer, Elk, Moose, 

Mountain Goats) and small mammals (rodents), nuts (Whitebark Pine nuts), roots and sprouts. The 

Grizzly Bear beds down in depressions in thickets. Dens are excavated from under rocks or located in 

caves, crevices or hollow trees. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from 

tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: The 

last confirmed “kill” in Arizona was made on the slopes of Mount Baldy (Apache County) in the summer 

of 1939. Grizzly Bears were killed-off by American immigrants because of the risks posed to humans and 

livestock. The Grizzly Bear has been EXTIRPATED from Arizona. *14 (050907 - Ursus arctos subspp. 

horriaeus (Baird) and perturbans (Merriam)), 39 (Ursus horribilus - included the following note when 

referring to Grizzly Bears in the Tucson Area “Jack O’Connor told us of a kill in the Catalinas in 1915. 

Up until 1912, there were quite a few grizzly bears in the Catalinas and also the Galiuros. The Santa Cruz 

River bottom was a favorite hangout of these bears, all the way from Nogales to the Tucson area. We have 

a few authentic reports of desert grizzlies, but Jack talked with some old timers who hunted them in the 

river bottom.” The following dates of last known “kills” were provided: Arizona on September 13, 1935 

(however, there was a possible sighting in 1936); California in August 1922; New Mexico has two “last” 

kills one in the spring of 1923 and the other in 1933; Texas on November 2, 1890, and Utah on August 22, 

1923. A grizzly bear was killed in the Sierra del Pinitos in Sonora Mexico, a few miles southeast of 

Nogales, Arizona, on June 18, 1955. This booklet included the listing of six subspecies taken in Arizona: 

Ursus horribilus apache, the Apache Grizzly; Ursus horribilus arizonae-merriam, the Arizona Grizzly; 

Ursus horribilus baird, the New Mexico Grizzly; Ursus horribilus kennerlyi, the Sonora Grizzly; Ursus 

horribilus navajo, the Navajo Grizzly, and Ursus horribilus texensis, the Texas Grizzly), 40 (Ursus arctos 

- Grizzly Bears were historically present in the Rincon and Santa Catalina Mountains and along the Santa 

Cruz River bottom from Nogales to Tucson), 55 (Ursus horribilus Ord. Grizzly Bear. Formerly 

throughout the mountainous areas of the state, now extinct in Arizona.), 73 (Ursus horribilus), 100 

(species: Ursus arctos, color photograph), 106 (051207 - Ursus arctos subsp. horribilus Ord), 118 (Ursus 

horribilus - Distribution: Formerly statewide, now extinct in Arizona. Figure 92, Page 225)* 

Ursus arctos (see footnotes 14 and 100 under Ursus arctos subsp. horribilus) 

Ursus horribilus (see Ursus arctos subsp. horribilus) 

Ursus horribilus apache (see footnote 39 under Ursus arctos subsp. horribilus) 

Ursus horribilus arizonae-merriam (see footnote 39 under Ursus arctos subsp. horribilus) 

Ursus horribilus baird (see footnote 39 under Ursus arctos subsp. horribilus) 

Ursus horribilus kennerlyi (see footnote 39 under Ursus arctos subsp. horribilus) 

Ursus horribilus navajo (see footnote 39 under Ursus arctos subsp. horribilus) 

Ursus horribilus texensis (see footnote 39 under Ursus arctos subsp. horribilus) 

Antrozous pallidus (J.L. Le Conte): Pallid Bat 

Vespertilionidae: The Plain-nosed Bat Family

COMMON NAMES: Murcielago Palid (Hispanic), Pallid Bat. HABITS: Feeds on flightless 

arthropods on the ground, insects, lizards and nectar. Roosts under bridges, buildings, in caves, crevices in 

cliffs, rocky outcrops, under slabs of rocks, hollow trees and tunnels. HABITAT: Within the range of this 

species it has been reported from forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. *8, 14, 55 (Antrozous pallidus (Le Conte). Pallid Bat. Locally common throughout the 

state.), 73, 92 (color photograph), 100 (color photograph), 106 (053106), 118 (Antrozous pallidus pallidus 

(Le Conte) - Distribution: Statewide. Figure 25, Page 60)* 

Antrozous pallidus subsp. pallidus (J.L. Le Conte): Pallid Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Murcielago Pallid (Hispanic), Pallid Bat. HABITS: The species feeds on 

flightless arthropods on the ground, insects, lizards and nectar. Roosts under bridges, buildings, in caves, 

crevices in cliffs, rocky outcrops, under slabs of rocks, hollow trees and tunnels. HABITAT: Within the 

range of this species it has been reported from forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. *8, 14, 55 (species: Antrozous pallidus (Le Conte). Pallid Bat. Locally common 

throughout the state.), 73 (species), 92 (species, color photograph of species), 100 (species, color 

photograph of species), 106 (053106 - species), 118 (Antrozous pallidus pallidus (Le Conte) - 

Distribution: Statewide. Figure 25, Page 60)* 

Corynorhinus townsendii (see Plecotus townsendii) 

Corynorhinus townsendii subsp. pallescens (see Plecotus townsendii subsp. pallescens) 

Eptesicus fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois): Big Brown Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Big Brown Bat, Murcielago Cafe’ Grande (Hispanic). HABITS: The 

species feeds on insects. Roosts under bridges, in buildings, caves, crevices in cliff faces, mines and holes 

in saguaros and trees. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from tundra, forest, 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14, 55 (Eptesicus fuscus 

(Palisot de Beauvois). Big Brown Bat. Locally common throughout the state.), 73, 92 (color photograph), 

100 (color photograph), 106 (053106), 118 (Eptesicus fuscus pallidus (Young) - Distribution: Statewide. 


Eptesicus fuscus subsp. pallidus (Young): Big Brown Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Big Brown Bat, Murcielago Cafe’ Grande (Hispanic). HABITS: The 

species feeds on insects. Roosts under bridges, in buildings, caves, crevices in cliff faces, mines and holes 

in saguaros and trees. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from tundra, forest, 

woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14, 55 (species: Eptesicus 

fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois). Big Brown Bat. Locally common throughout the state.), 73 (species), 92 

(species, color photograph of species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (053106 - species), 

118 (Eptesicus fuscus pallidus (Young) - Distribution: Statewide. Figure 20, Page 52)* 

Euderma maculatum (J.A. Allen): Spotted Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Death’s Head Bat, Jackass Bat, Murcielago Pinto (Hispanic), Pinto Bat, 

Spotted Bat. HABITS: Feeds on insects. Roosts in cracks and crevices in caves, cliffs and ledges, and 

under loose rock in rocky situations, possibly in close proximity to water. HABITAT: Within the range of 

this species it has been reported from forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. NOTE: This bat is rarely encountered. Riparian habitats seem to be important. *8, 

14 (053007), 55 (Euderma maculata (J.A. Allen). Spotted Bat. Extremely rare; known from four 

specimens, Maricopa and Yuma counties.), 73, 92, 100 (color photograph), 106 (072306), 118 (Euderma 

maculata (J.A. Allen) - Distribution: Can be expected almost anywhere in the state although recorded 

from only four localities. Figure 23, Page 57)*

Lasionycteris noctivagans (J.L. Le Conte): Silver-haired Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Murcielago Plateado (Hispanic), Silver-haired Bat. HABITS: Feeds on 

caddis flies, flies, moths and other insects. Uncommon tree dwelling bat found under bark, in bird nests, 

dead trees, fissures in rock ledges, tree hollows, and woodpecker holes. HABITAT: Wthin the range of 

this species it has been reported from tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. *8, 14, 55 (Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte). Silver-haired Bat. Uncommon 

solitary tree-dwelling bat found throughout the state at elevations above 5,000 feet), 73, 92 (color 

photograph), 100 (color photograph), 106 (053106 - family), 118 (Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte) - 

Distribution: Probably statewide, at least during certain seasons of the year. Figure 18, Page 48)* 

Lasiurus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois): Hoary Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Hoary Bat, Murcielago (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds primarily on moths. 

Roosts in buildings, caves, mines, in dense foliage in shrubs and trees and under leaves on the ground. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *8, 14 (091308 - Lasiurus cinereus cinereus 

(Palisot de Beauvois)), 55 (Lasiurus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois). Hoary Bat. Uncommon tree dwelling 

bat found throughout the state in the region of trees.), 73, 92 (color photograph), 100 (color photograph), 

106 (genus - 053106), 118 (Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Beauvois) - Distribution: Statewide. Figure 22, 

Page 55)* 

Lasiurus cinereus subsp. cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois): Hoary Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Hoary Bat, Murcielago (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds primarily on moths. 

Roosts in buildings; caves; mines; in dense foliage in shrubs and trees, and under leaves on the ground. 

HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, 

grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *8, 14 (091308 - Lasiurus cinereus cinereus 

(Palisot de Beauvois)), 55 (species: Lasiurus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois). Hoary Bat. Uncommon tree 

dwelling bat found throughout the state in the region of trees.), 73, 92 (species, color photograph of 

species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 106 (053106 - genus), 118 (Lasiurus cinereus 

cinereus (Beauvois) - Distribution: Statewide. Figure 22, Page 55)* 

Myotis californicus (J.J. Audubon & Bachman): California Myotis Bat 

COMMON NAMES: California Bat, California Myotis, California Myotis Bat, Murcielago de 

California (Hispanic). HABITS: Feeds on arachnids and insects. Roosts in crevices and cracks in cliffs 

and canyon walls, caves, mine shafts and manmade shelters. HABITAT: Within the range of this species 

it has been reported from forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological 

formations. *8 (Myotis californicus N. Miller), 14 (051007 - subspp. californicus (Audubon & Bachman) 

and stephensi (Dalquest)), 55 (Myotis californicus Audubon & Bachman. California Myotis. Locally 

common throughout the state.), 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (053106 - genus), 118 (Myotis 

californicus californicus (Audubon & Bachman) - Distribution: Eastern and southeastern Arizona, and 

Myotis californicus stephensi Dalquest - Distribution: Northern and western part of the state. Figure 16, 

Page 45)* 

Myotis californicus (J.J. Audubon & Bachman) subsp. stephensi: California Myotis Bat 

COMMON NAMES: California Bat, California Myotis, California Myotis Bat, Murcielago de 

California (Hispanic). HABITS: The species feeds on arachnids and insects. Roosts in crevices and 

cracks in cliffs and canyon walls, caves, mine shafts and manmade shelters. HABITAT: Within the range 

of this species it has been reported from forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland 

ecological formations. *8 (species: Myotis californicus N. Miller), 14 (051007 - subspp. californicus 

(Audubon & Bachman) and stephensi (Dalquest)), 55 (species: Myotis californicus Audubon & Bachman. 

California Myotis. Locally common throughout the state.), 73 (species), 100 (species), 106 (genus -

053106), 118 (Myotis californicus stephensi Dalquest - Distribution: Northern and western part of the 

state. Figure 16, Page 45)* 

Myotis velifer subsp. brevis Vaughan: Cave Myotis Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Cave Bat, Cave Myotis, Cave Myotis Bat, Mexican Brown Bat, Murcielago 

de Cueva (Hispanic), Southwestern Cave Myotis. HABITS: The species feeds on small moths and other 

small insects. Roosts in holes and pockets in caves, crevices, bridges, buildings, abandoned mine shafts, 

tunnels, and trees. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *14 (051007), 55 (species: Myotis 

velifer (J.A. Allen). Cave Myotis. Locally abundant in summer months at lower elevations (below 5,000 

feet) throughout the southern and western parts of the state.), 73 (species), 92 (species), 100 (species, 

color photograph of species), 106 (053106 - genus), 118 (Myotis velifer brevis Vaughan - Distribution: 

Probably statewide. Figure 11, Page 37)* 

Myotis yumanensis (H. Allen): Yuma Myotis Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Murcielago de Yuma (Hispanic), Yuma Myotis, Yuma Myotis Bat. 

HABITS: Feeds on small insects. Roosts in caves, crevices and swallow nests in cliffs and rocky walls, 

tree cavities, under bridges and in buildings in close proximity to water. HABITAT: Within the range of 


ecological formations. *8, 14 (072306 - subsp. yumanensis), 55 (Myotis yumanensis (H. Allen). Yuma 

Myotis. Locally common, statewide in distribution.), 73, 100 (color photograph), 106 (072306 - genus 

with a listing of species), 118 (Myotis yumanensis yumanensis (H. Allen) - Distribution: Probably 

statewide at low and medium elevation. Figure 10, Page 36)* 

Myotis yumanensis subsp. yumanensis (H. Allen): Yuma Myotis Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Murcielago de Yuma (Hispanic), Yuma Myotis, Yuma Myotis Bat. 

HABITS: Feeds on small insects. Roosts in caves, crevices and swallow nests in cliffs and rocky walls, 

tree cavities, under bridges and in buildings in close proximity to water. HABITAT: Within the range of 


ecological formations. *8, 14 (072306 - subsp. yumanensis), 55 (species: Myotis yumanensis (H. Allen). 

Yuma Myotis. Locally common, statewide in distribution.), 73 (species), 100 (species, color photograph 

of species), 106 (072306 - genus, listing of species), 118 (Myotis yumanensis yumanensis (H. Allen) - 

Distribution: Probably statewide at low and medium elevation. Figure 10, Page 36)* 

Pipistrellus hesperus (H. Allen): Western Pipistrelle Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Canyon Bat, Flittermouse, Murcielago del Poniente (Hispanic), Western 

Pipistrelle, Western Pipistrelle Bat. HABITS: Feeds on insects. Roosts in buildings, crevices in canyon 

walls, caves, cliffs, rocky outcrops, under rocks and in mine shafts. HABITAT: Within the range of this 


formations. *8 (Pipistrellus hesperus N. Miller), 14 (051007 - subspp. hesperus (H. Allen) and maximus 

(Hatfield)), 55 (Pipistrellus hesperus (H. Allen). Western Pipistrelle. Common throughout the state.), 73, 

100 (color photograph), 106 (053106 - genus), 118 (Pipistrellus hesperus apus Elliot - Distribution: 

Southeastern Arizona, and Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus (H. Allen) - Distribution: Northern and western 

Arizona. Figure 19, Page 49)* 

Pipistrellus hesperus (H. Allen) subsp. apus Elliot: Western Pipistrelle Bat 

COMMON NAMES: Canyon Bat, Flittermouse, Murcielago del Poniente (Hispanic), Western 

Pipistrelle, Western Pipistrelle Bat. HABITS: Feeds on insects. Roosts in buildings, crevices in canyon 

walls, caves, cliffs, rocky outcrops, under rocks and in mine shafts. HABITAT: Within the range of this 


formations. *8 (species: Pipistrellus hesperus N. Miller), 14 (051007), 55 (species: Pipistrellus hesperus

(H. Allen). Western Pipistrelle. Common throughout the state.), 73 (species), 100 (species, color 

photograph of species), 106 (053106 - genus), 118 (Pipistrellus hesperus apus Elliot - Distribution: 

Southeastern Arizona. Figure 19, Page 49)* 

Plecotus townsendii (Cooper) (subsp. pallescens is the subspspecies reported as occurring in 

Arizona): Pale Townsend’s Big-eared Bat 

SYNONYMY: (for P.t. subsp. pallescens: Corynorhinus townsendii subsp. pallescens (Frost)). 

COMMON NAMES: Lump-nosed Bat, Mule-eared Bat, Murcielago de Townsend (Hispanic), Pale 

Townsend’s Big-eared Bat, Western Big-eared Bat, Western Long-eared Bat, Western Lump-nosed Bat. 

HABITS: The species feeds on small moths and other small insects; roosts on open ceilings in caves and 

rock shelters, and under bridges and in water diversion tunnels, abandoned mines, mine tunnels and 

buildings. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from tundra, forest, woodland, 

scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: The Pale Townsend’s Big-eared 

Bat is a rather sedentary species that is extremely sensitive to human disturbance and the vandalism of 

roost caves. *14 (053007), 55 (Plecotus townsendii (Cooper). Lump-nosed Bat. Locally common 

throughout the state at elevations above 5,000 feet; rare at lower elevations.), 73, 92 (color photograph), 

100 (color photograph), 118 (Corynorhinus townsendii pallescens Miller - Distribution: Probably more or 

less state wide but more abundant in the Upper Sonoran and Transitional Life Zones. Figure 24, Page 

58)* 

Plecotus townsendii subsp. pallescens (Miller): Pale Townsend’s Big-eared Bat 

SYNONYMY: Corynorhinus townsendii subsp. pallescens (Frost). COMMON NAMES: Lumpnosed 

Bat, Mule-eared Bat, Murcielago de Townsend (Hispanic), Pale Townsend’s Big-eared Bat, 

Western Big-eared Bat, Western Long-eared Bat, Western Lump-nosed Bat. HABITS: The species feeds 

on small moths and other small insects; roosts on open ceilings in caves and rock shelters, and under 

bridges and in water diversion tunnels, abandoned mines, mine tunnels and buildings. HABITAT: Within 

the range of this species it has been reported from tundra, forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub 

and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: The Pale Townsend’s Big-eared Bat is a rather sedentary 

species that is extremely sensitive to human disturbance and the vandalism of roost caves. *14 (053007), 

55 (species: Plecotus townsendii (Cooper). Lump-nosed Bat. Locally common throughout the state at 

elevations above 5,000 feet; rare at lower elevations.), 73 (species), 92 (species, color photograph of 

species), 100 (species, color photograph of species), 118 (Corynorhinus townsendii pallescens Miller - 

Distribution: Probably more or less state wide but more abundant in the Upper Sonoran and Transitional 

Life Zones. Figure 24, Page 58)* 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

I would like to thank Matthew B. Johnson for his review of several of the listings, his input into the 

layout, his numerous trips into the field to assist in the identification of species and above all for his 

continued support for this project. I would also like to thank Philip D. Jenkins, Assistant Curator, and the 

Botanists of the University of Arizona Herbarium for years of assistance with plant identifications. I 

would also like to thank Neva Connolly and Bill Singleton with the Pima County Department of 

Transportation and Flood Control District for being willing and able to present the listings on the Sonoran 

Desert Conservation Plan website. Extensive revisions made to the individual species records were made 

possible by the Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet) and the National Plants 

Database: USDA, NRCS.

(1) General Mapping: 

FOOTNOTES and REFERENCES 

for the Species Distribution Listings compiled for Arizona 

Arizona Atlas & Gazetteer. 2002. DeLorme. 

www.delorme.com 

National Geographic Arizona Seamless USGS Topographic Maps. Maps created with TOPO! R C 2002 

National Geographic. 

Tucson Metropolitan Street Atlas 2005 Edition. Wide World of Maps, Inc., Phoenix, Arizona. 

www.maps4u.com 

(2) Physiographic Province Mapping: 

Walker, Henry P. and Don Bufkin. 1979. Historical Atlas of Arizona, University of Oklahoma Press, 

Norman, Page 4A and Map. 

(3) Soils Mapping: 

Arizona General Soil Map, July 1975, United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation 

Service and the University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, compiled by J.E. Jay, Y.H. 

Havens, D.M. Hendricks, D.F. Post and C.W. Guernsey. 

Richardson, M.L. and M.L. Miller. March 1974. United States Department of Agriculture - Soil 

Conservation Service in cooperation with the Pima County Natural Resource Conservation District, 

Report and Interpretations for the General Soil Map of Pima County, Arizona and General Soil Map Pima 

County Arizona. Arizona General Soil Map, July 1975, United States Department of Agriculture - Soil 

Conservation Service and the University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, compiled by J.E. 

Jay, Y.H. Havens, D.M. Hendricks, D.F. Post and C.W. Guernsey. 

(4) Biotic Communities Mapping and Definitions 

Ecological formations used in the listings follow those presented in the mapping for the Biotic 

Communities of the Southwest. 

Brown, David E. 1982. Biotic Communities of the American Southwest – United States and Mexico, 

Desert Plants, Volume 4, Numbers 1-4, Published by the University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson 

Southwestern Arboretum, Tucson, Arizona. 

Brown, David E. and Charles H. Lowe. Revised June 1983. Biotic Communities of the Southwest, August 

1980, General Technical Report RM-78, United Stated Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky 

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Brown, David E., Charles H. Lowe and Charles P. Pase. June 1980. A Digitized Systematic Classification 

for Ecosystems with an Illustrated Summary of the Natural Vegetation of North America, United States 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-73 

(5) Nomenclature: 

for Plants: 

Generally follows that presented by The Biota of North America Program of the North Carolina 

Botanical Garden (BONAP) with A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United 

States, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, Full Index 1998. 

http://www.bonap.org/ 

http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/b98/check98.htm 

The International Plant Names Index (2004, 2005) 

Published on the Internet: 

http://www.ipni.org [accessed 2004, 2005, 2006] 

(http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA 

for Vertebrate Animals: 

Section on Arizona Habitats, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona and E. Lendell 

Cockrum. 1960. The Recent Mammals of Arizona: Their Taxonomy and Distribution, The 

University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona. 

Biota Information System of New Mexico (BISON-M), New Mexico Game and Fish, New 

Mexico Natural Heritage Program 

http://nmnhp.unm.edu/bisonm/bisonquery.php 

for Invertebrate Animals: 

Arizona Game and Fish Department. Unpublished Abstracts Compiled and Edited by the 

Heritage Data Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. 

http://www.gf.state.az.us/w_c/edits/species_concern.shtml 

Biota Information System of New Mexico (BISON-M), New Mexico Game and Fish, New 

Mexico Natural Heritage Program 


(6) Growth Habits of Plants: 

Generally coincides with that presented by the National Plants Database. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The 

PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 

70874-4490 USA 

Common names identified in the USDA NRCS database have been printed in bold lettering: A few of the 

plants were not provided with a common name in the USDA NRCS database and additional resources 

were used, including:

Arizona Game and Fish Department. Unpublished Abstracts Compiled and Edited by the 

Heritage Data Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. *8* 

Sunset Western Garden Book Kathleen N. Brenzel, 2001, Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo 

Park, California. *18* 

(7) Arid Zone Trees, A Resource for Landscape Professionals, dedicated to providing quality trees to the 

Landscape Industries that are appropriate to the Desert Southwest 

http://www.aridzonetrees.com/index.htm 

(8) Arizona Game and Fish Department. Unpublished abstracts compiled and edited by the Heritage Data 

Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. 

http://www.gf.state.az.us/w_c/edits/species_concern.shtml 

Amphibians: 2002. Bufo microscaphus, Arizona Toad; 2005. Bufo retiformis, Sonoran Green 

Toad; 2001. Eleutherodactylus augusti subsp. cactorum, Western Barking Frog; 2003. Gastrophryne 

olivacea, Great Plains Narrow-mouthed Toad; 2002. Hyla arenicolor, Canyon Treefrog; 2003. Pternohyla 

fodiens, Lowland Burrowing Treefrog; 2001. Rana chiricahuensis, Chiricahua Leopard Frog, and 2001. 

Rana yavapaiensis, Lowland Leopard Frog. 

Arachnids: 2004. Albiorix anophthalmus, a cave obligate Pseudoscorpion. 

Birds: 2003. Accipiter gentilis, American Goshawk; 2003. Aimophila quinquestriata, Five-striped 

Sparrow; 2002. Aimophila ruficeps subsp. rupicola: Yuma Rufous-crowned Sparrow; 2001. Ammodramus 

bairdii, Baird’s Sparrow; 2001. Ammodramus savannarum subsp. ammolequs, Arizona Grasshopper 

Sparrow; 2001. Anthus spragueii, Sprgaue’s Pipit; 2002. Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle; 2000. 

Asturina nitida, Northern Grey Hawk; 2001. Athene cunicularia subsp. hypugaea, Western Burrowing 

Owl; 2001. Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk; 2001. Buteo swainsoni, Swainson’s Hawk; 2005. 

Buteogallus anthracinus, Common Black-hawk; 2003. Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara; 2002. 

Ceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher; 2001. Chloroceryle americana, Green Kingfisher; 2002. Coccyzus 

americanus subsp. occidentalis, Western Yellow-billed Cuckoo; 2001-08-27. Colinus virginianus subsp. 

ridgwayi, Masked Bobwhite; 2002. Dendrocygna autumnalis, Black-bellied Whistling-duck; 2001. 

Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous Whistling-duck; 2002. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink; 2002. Egretta 

thula, Snowy Egret; 2002. Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite; 2003 Empidonax fulvifrons subsp. 

pygmaeus, Northern Buff-breasted Flycatcher; 2003. Empidonax hammondii, Hammond’s Flycatcher; 

2002. Empidonax traillii subsp. extimus, Southwestern Willow Flycatcher; 1998. Falco peregrinus subsp. 

anatum, American Peregrine Falcon; 2001. Glaucidium brasilianum subsp. cactorum, Cactus Ferruginous 

Pigmy-owl; 2002. Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle; 2004. Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead Shrike; 

2005. Otus flammeolus, Flammulated Owl; 2002. Pandion haliaetus, Osprey; 2002. Plegadis chihi, 

White-faced Ibis; 2002. Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped Gnatcatcher; 2001. Rallus longirostris P. 

Boddaert subsp. yumanensis, Yuma Clapper Rail; 2002. Setophaga ruticilla, American Redstart; 2005. 

Strix occidentalis subsp. lucida, Mexican Spotted Owl; 2001. Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon; 2003. 

Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical Kingbird, and 2002. Vireo bellii subsp. arizonae, Arizona Bell’s Vireo. 

Dicots: 2000. Abutilon parishii, Pima Indian Mallow; 2004. Ammoselinum giganteum, Sand 

Parsley; 2003. Amoreuxia gonzalezii, Saiya; 2003. Amsonia kearneyana, Kearney’s Blue Star; 2004. 

Arenaria aberrans, Mt. Dellenbaugh Sandwort; 1995. Aster potosinus, Lemmon’s Aster; 2004. Berberis 

harrisoniana, Kofa Barberry; 2000. Boerhavia megaptera, Tucson Mountain Spiderling; 2004. Bursera 

fagaroides, Torch Wood Copal; 2003. Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum, Chiltepin; 2005. Castela 

emoryi, Crucifixion Thorn; 2004. Cirsium mohavense, Mohave Thistle; 2001. Cleome multicaulis, Playa 

Spider Plant; 2001. Colubrina californica, California Snakewood; 2001. Coryphantha scheeri var.

obustispina, Pima Pineapple Cactus; 2005. Coryphantha scheeri var. valida, Slender Needle Corycactus; 

2004. Croton wigginsii, Dune Croton; 2005. Cryptantha ganderi, Gander’s Cryptantha; 2001. Dalea 

tentaculoides, Gentry Indigo Bush; 2005. Desmanthus covillei, Coville Bundleflower; 2004. 

Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. nicholii, Nichol Turk’s Head Cactus; 2005. Echinocactus 

polycephalus, Cotton-top Cactus; 2005. Echinocereus fasciculatus, Magenta-flower Hedgehog Cactus; 

2003. Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus, Arizona Hedgehog Cactus; 2004. Echinomastus 

erectocentrus var. acunensis, Acuna Cactus; 2003. Echinomastus erectocentrus var. erectocentrus, 

Needle-spined Pineapple Cactus; 2001. Erigeron arisolius, Arid Throne Fleabane; 2003. Eriogonum 

capillare, San Carlos Wild-buckwheat; 2005. Eriogonum ericifolium var. ericifolium, Heathleaf Wildbuckwheat; 

2004. Euphorbia gracillima, Mexican Broomspurge; 2005. Euphorbia platysperma, Dune 

Spurge; 2005. Ferocactus cylindraceus var. cylindraceus. California Barrel Cactus; 2001. Graptopetalum 

bartramii, Bartram Stonecrop; 2000. Hackelia ursina, Chihuahuan Stickseed; 2000. Hedeoma dentata, 

Mock-pennyroyal; 2000. Hermannia pauciflora, Sparseleaf Hermannia; 2001. Heterotheca rutteri, 

Huachuca Golden Aster; 2005. Ibervillea tenuisecta, Texas Globe Berry; 2000. Ipomoea tenuiloba, 

Trumpet Morning-glory; 2003. Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. recurva, Huachuca Water Umbel; 2000. 

Lupinus huachucanus, Huachuca Mountain Lupine; 2004. Mammillaria mainiae, Counter Clockwise 

Fishhook Cactus; 2004. Matelea cordifolia, Sonoran Milkweed Vine; 2006. Passiflora arizonica, Arizona 

Passionflower; 2003. Pectis imberbis, Beardless Chinch Weed; 2005. Peniocereus striatus, Dahlia Rooted 

Cereus; 2004. Penstemon superbus, Superb Beardtongue; 2005. Perityle ajoensis, Ajo Rock Daisy; 2005. 

Petalonyx linearis, Longleaf Sandpaper-plant; 2004. Pholisma sonorae, Sand Food; 2004. Plagiobothrys 

pringlei, Pringle Popcorn-flower; 2005. Rhus kearneyi, Kearney Sumac; 2005. Stenocereus thurberi, 

Organ Pipe Cactus; 2005. Stephanomeria schottii, Schott Wire Lettuce; 2004. Stevia lemmonii, Lemmon’s 

Stevia; 2004. Tragia laciniata, Sonoran Noseburn; 2004. Tumamoca macdougalii, Tumamoc Globeberry; 

2005. Vauquelinia californica subsp. sonorensis, Sonoran Mountain Rosewood, and 2004. Viola 

umbraticola, Shade Violet. 

Ferns: 1997. Cheilanthes pringlei, Pringle Lip Fern and 2003. Notholaena lemmonii, Lemmon 

Cloak Fern. 

Fishes: 2002. Agosia chrysogaster, Longfin Dace; 2002. Catostomus clarki, Desert Sucker; 2002. 

Catostomus insignis, Sonora Sucker; 2001. Cyprinodon eremus, Quitobaquito Pupfish; 2001. Cyprinodon 

macularius, Desert Pupfish; 2002. Gila intermedia, Gila Chub; 2002. Gila robusta, Roundtail Chub; 

2001. Poeciliopsis occidentalis subsp. occidentalis, Gila Topminnow, and 2001. Poeciliopsis occidentalis 

subsp. sonorensis, Yaqui Topminnow. 

Gastropods: 2003. Tryonia quitobaquitae, Quitobaquito Tryonia. 

Insects: 2001. Agathymus aryxna, Arizona Giant Skipper; 2001. Agathymus polingi, Poling’s 

Giant Skipper; 2004. Anthocharis cethura, Desert Orangetip; 2001. Calephelis rawsoni subsp. 

arizonensis, Arizona Metalmark; 2002. Heterelmis stephani, Stephan’s Heterelmis Riffle Beetle; 2001. 

Limenitis archippus subsp. obsoleta, Obsolete Viceroy Butterfly, and 2001. and Neophasia terlootii, 

Chiricahua Pine White. 

Mammals: 2002. Antrozous pallidus, Pallid Bat; 2002. Antilocapra americana subsp. mexicana, 

Chihuahuan Pronghorn Antelope; 2002. Antilocapra americana subsp. sonoriensis, Sonoran Pronghorn 

Antelope; 2004. Bassariscus astutus, Ringtail; 2001. Canis lupus baileyi, Mexican Gray Wolf; 2003. 

Choeronycteris mexicana, Mexican Long-tongued Bat; 2004. Eptesicus fuscus, Big Brown Bat; 2003. 

Euderma maculatum, Spotted Bat; 2002. Eumops perotis subsp. californicus, Greater Western Bonneted 

Bat; 2003. Eumops underwoodi, Underwood’s Mastiff Bat; 2004. Herpailurus yaguarondi, Jaguarundi; 

2004. Lasionycteris noctivagans, Silver-haired Bat; 2003. Lasiurus blossevillii, Western Red Bat; 2004. 

Lasiurus cinereus, Hoary Bat; 2004. Leopardus pardalis subsp sonoriensis, Ocelot; 2003. Leptonycteris

curasoae subsp. yerbabuenae, Lesser Long-nosed Bat; 2002. Lontra canadensis subsp. sonora, 

Southwestern River Otter; 2001. Macrotus californicus, California Leaf-nosed Bat; 2003. Myotis 

auriculus, Southwestern Myotis; 2004. Myotis californicus, California Myotis; 2003. Myotis ciliolabrum, 

Western Small-footed Myotis; 2003. Myotis occultus, Fringed Myotis; 2003. Myotis yumanensis, Yuma 

Myotis; 2003. Nyctinomops femorosacca, Pocketed Free-tailed Bat; 2003. Nyctinomops macrotis, Big 

Free-tailed Bat; 2003. Myotis thysanodes, Fringed Myotis; 2002. Myotis velifer, Cave Myotis; 2004. 

Panthera onca, Jaguar; 2004. Pipistrellus hesperus, Western Pipistrelle; 2007. Puma concolor, Mountain 

Lion; 2005. Sciurus arizonensis, Arizona Gray Squirrel; 2003. Sigmodon ochrognathus, Yellow-nosed 

Cotton Rat, and 2004. Tadarida brasiliensis, Brazilian Free-tailed Bat. 

Monocots: 2005. Agave x ajoensis, Ajo Agave; 2003. Agave murpheyi, Hohokam Agave; 1994. 

Agave parviflora subsp. parviflora, Santa Cruz Striped Agave; 2005. Agave schottii var. treleasei, 

Trelease Agave; 2005. Agave utahensis var. kaibabensis, Kaibab Agave; 2005. Allium bigelovii, Bigelow 

Onion; 1999. Allium gooddingii, Goodding Onion; 2005. Allium parishii, Parish Onion; 2004. Carex 

chihuahuensis, Chihuahuan Sedge; 2000. Carex ultra, Arizona Giant Sedge; 2004. Cathestecum erectum, 

False Grama; 2004. Hexalectris revoluta, Chisos Coral-root; 2005. Hexalectris spicata, Crested Coral 

Root; 2001. Lilium parryi, Lemon Lily; 2005. Listera convallarioides, Broadleaf Twayblade; 2000. 

Muhlenbergia xerophila, Weeping Muhly, and 2005. Schiedeella arizonica, Fallen Ladies’-tresses. 

Reptiles: 2001. Aspidoscelis burti subsp. stictogrammus, Giant Spotted Whiptail; 2003. 

Aspidoscelis burti subsp. xanthonotus, Redback Whiptail; 2002. Chionactis occipitalis subsp. klauberi, 

Tucson Shovel-nosed Snake; 2003. Chionactis palarostris subsp. organica, Organ Pipe Shovel-nosed 

Snake; 2001. Crotalus lepidus subsp. klauberi, Banded Rock Rattlesnake; 2001. Gopherus agassizi, 

Desert Tortoise; 2002. Heloderma suspectum subsp. cinctum, Banded Gila Monster; 2002. Heterodon 

nasicus subsp. kennerlyi, Mexican Hog-nosed Snake; 2005. Kinosternon sonoriense, subsp. 

longifemorale, Sonoyta Mud Turtle; 2003. Lichanura trivirgata subsp. gracia, Desert Rosy Boa; 2003. 

Phrynosoma mcallii, Flat-tailed Horned Lizard; 2005. Sauromalus ater, Common Chuckwalla; 2001. 

Thamnophis eques subsp. megalops, Mexican Garter Snake; 2003. Uma rufopunctata, Yuma Desert 

Fringe-toed Lizard, and 2003. Xantusia arizonae, Arizona Night Lizard. 

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Le Jardin de Mère Nature dans une Petite Planète - Pima County

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