THE FLORA OF THE MALAY· PENINSULA

THE FLORA OF 

THE MALAY· PENINSULA

THE FLORA 

OF THE 

MALA Y PENINSULA 

BY 

HENRY N. RIDLEY, C.M.G., F.R.S., F.L.S. 

LATE DIRECTOR OF GARDENS AND FORESTS, 

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS 

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY 

J. HUTCHINSON, F.L.S. 

VOL. IV.-MONOCOTYLEDONES 

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF 

THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES 

A. ASHER & CO. 

AMSTERDAM 

HOLLAND 

REPRINT 1967 

L. REEVE & CO. 

BROOK Nr. ASHFORD 

GREAT BRITAIN

PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

CONTENTS 

ORDER >'AGE 

CXXXV. HYDROCHARlDElE 1 

CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE 4 

CXXXVII. ZJNGIBERACElE 233 

CXXXVIIl. MARANTACElE 285 

CXXXIX. CANNACElE 291 

CXI •• LOWIACElE 291 

CXLI. MUSACElE • 293 

CXLII. APOSTASIACElE 295 

CXLIII. AMARYLLIDACElE 298 

CXLlJIA. BURMANNIACElE 303 

CXLIV. TACCACElE 309 

CXLV. DIOSCOREACElE 3 II 

CXLVI. ROXBURGHIACElE 320 

CXLVII. L1LIACEJE • 321 

CXLVIII. PONTEDERIACElE 344 

CXLlX. PHILYDRACEJE 346 

CL. XYRIDElE • 347 

CLI. COMMELINACElE • 349 

CLII. ALISMACElE 362 

CLIIl. TRIURIDEJE 363 

CLIV. NAIADACElE 365 

CLIVA. POTAMOGETONACEJE 367 

eLY. FLAGELLARIACEJE 367 

INDEX . - 371 

ERRATA 384

FLORA OF THE MALAY PENINSULA 

VOLUME IV 

ORDER CXXXV. HYDROCHARIDE1E. 

Aquatic herbs; stems short stoloniferous or elongate, leafy. 

Leaves linear-Ianceolate or broadly ovate. Flowers regular usually 

unisexual enclosed in a spathe. Sepals free 3; petals white or 

yellow. Stamens 3 to 1Z; filaments short. Ovary inferior, 1celled; 

placentas parietal 3 to 6; ovules numerous; style divided. 

Fruit usually baccate, rarely dehiscing. Seeds numerous. Species 

about 50, whole world. (Ridl., Materials for a Flora of the Malay 

Peninsula, vol. L) 

Fresh-water species. 

Stems elongate leafy; leaves whorled I. HYDRILLA 

Stems elongate leafy; leaves alternate 2. ENHYDRIAS 

Stem short; leaves radical. 

Leaves linear; flowers very small; petals linear . 3. BL YXA 

Leaves large ovate petioled; flowers large; petals 

ovate . . 4. OTTELIA 

Marine. rhizome creeping. 

Leaves long linear; male flowers very numerous in a 

large spathe • • . 5 ENllALUS 

Leaves small ovate; males solitary 6. HALOPHILA 

1. HYDRILLA, L.C. Rich. 

Submerged elongate leafy plant. Leaves short in whorls of 3 

or 4 or below opposite. Flowers in axillary spathes, solitary. 

Males short-pedicelled; sepals ovate; petals narrower; stamens 3; 

anthers ovate. Female sessile, spathe tubular. Ovary except 

long. beak enclosed in spathe; styles 3 (rarely z) linear. Fruit 

narrow. Seeds oblong. One or two species; all Old World tropics. 

(I) H. verticillata Presl. Bot. Bemerk. IIZ; Ridl., Mat. i. 3. 

Serpicula verticillata Roxb. Carom. Pl. t. 164. 

Stem 6 to 1Z in. long, slender. Leaves 'z5 in. long, oblong 

acute, toothed. Bab. Rare. Kelantan in the river at Kamposa. 

2. ENHYDRIAS, Ridl. 

Stems long, leafy. Leaves alternate, narrow linear. Flowers 

solitary, in tubular spafhes, bisexual. Perianth-tube long, slender. 

Fl.M.P .• .J B

Blyxa.] CXXXV. HYDROCHARIDElE. 3 

(I) B. malayana Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 358; AI at. i. 4. 

Rootstock short, stout. Leaves 14 in. long, '3 in. wide. Flower 

bisexual, 4 in. long. Petals white, I in. long, toothed. Stamens 3. 

Fruit 2'5 in. long, enclosed in spathe. Seeds elliptic-oblong blunt 

muricate, '05 in. long. Hab. Common in ponds and ditches. 

Singapore, Garden Lake; Chan Chu Kang. lohor, Kota Tinggi. 

Malacca, Tanjong Kling; Bukit Sabukor. Pahang, Kwala Pahang. 

Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Penang, Telok Bahang. 

4. OTTELIA., Pers. 

Stemless aquatics. Leaves floating ovate-lanceolate or oblong 

cordate petioled. Flowers solitary in a tubular broad-winged 

FIG. 16I.-Enhalus Koenig-ii. 

spathe, large showy, fugacious. Sepals 3 linear or oblong. Petals 

ovate or orhicular, white (or yellow). Stamens 6 to IS. Anthers 

linear. Ovary oblong beaked; style linear bifid. Fruit oblong, 

6-valved dehiscing. Seeds numerous, testa pulpy. Species 6 or 

more, tropics. 

(r) O. alismoides Pcrs., Syn. i. 400; Ridl. Mat. i. 5. Damasonium 

indicum, Roxb. Cor. Pl. ii. 45, t. 18S; Bot. Mag. t. 120I. 

Leaves ovate 'often cordate acute, thin, 6 in. long, 4 in. wide; 

petioles 3-angled, 6 in. long. Scape 4 to 6 in. long. Spathe green, 

narrow or ovate, I in. long or more. Perianth-tube little longer. 

Sepals blunt, '25 in. long. Petals clawed ovate, r in. long. white 

tinted pink or violet. Stamens 6 to IO. Fruit linear-oblong

CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 5 

saprophytes; or epiphytes with short or long stems, the branches 

of which maybe swollen and fleshy (pseudobulbs), the leaves usually 

coriaceous flat, distichous or terete or rarely (Tceniophyllum) absent. 

Inflorescence axillary or terminal racemose, spicate or panicled. 

Perianth superior, of three sepals petaloid, the two lateral ones 

sometimes connate into a spur or sac (mentum). Petals 3, two 

similar, the third opposite the column very different, often lobed 

and spurred and bearing calli, processes of various shapes (the lip, 

labellum). Stamens and style united into a column opposite the 

lip, long or short, erect on the top of the ovary, often prolonged 

into a foot to which the lip is adnate. Anther I terminal or 2 

(Cypripedium) adnate to the top of the column or stalked. Pollengrains 

cohering in 2, 4, 6, or 8 waxy or powdery masses (pollinia) 

attached to I or 2 thin, flat, or terete stalks (caud£cles) with an 

adhesive disc below, or caudicles and disc absent. The other two 

stamens are represented by wings or arms of the column. Stigmas 

3, one forming a fiat, round or triangular, often bifid beak or plate 

below the anther, the rostellum, the other two forming a viscid mass 

sunk in a hollow of the column below the rostellum or rarely protruding. 

Ovary inferior usually twisted, I-celled; ovules numerous. 

Fruit capsular, rarely baccate (Vanilla) elliptic, pear-shaped 

or cylindric, dehiscing Qften in 3 valves. Seed minute. Species 

over 5000, whole world, rare in desert regions, most abundant in 

the tropics. 

TRIBES. 

Fertile anther I. 

Pollinia waxy, 2 to 8 with no caudicles or 

disc, terrestrial or epiphytic wlth or 

without pseudo bulbs .' . . I. EPIDENDREiE 

Pollmia waxy, 2 to 4 wlth I or 2 caudicles 

and I to 2 dlscs; eplphytlc or 

terrestrial. • . . . II. VANDEiE 

Pollinia mealy wlth I or 2 caudicles and 

I disc, herbs terrestrial, no pseudobulbs. 

• • • . • III. NEOTTIElE 

Pollima mealy 2 caudicles and 2 discs, 

terrestrial. • 

IV. O>:'HaYDElE 

Fertile anthers 2; lip saccate; terrestrial 

herbs • ./ V. CYPRIPEDIElE 

Tribe 1. EPIDENDRElE. 

1. MALAXElE. Terrestrial or eplphytic. Flowers small in a terminal 

raceme. Column footless. Pollinia 2 to 4, no disc. 

Column short. 

o Terrestrial, pseudobulbous; leaves broad 

herbaceous. . • • . I. MICROSTYLlS 

Epiphytic; leaves distichous, fleshy, no 

rhizome 2. OBERONIA 

Column long. 

Leaves and - flowers as in Oberonia but a 

long rhizome 3. HIPPEOPHYLLUM

6 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 

terrestrial; column 

. . 

epiphytic, pseudo- 

Leaves broad and thin, 

arms short 

Column with long arms; 

bulbous 

4. LIPARIS 

5. PLATYCLINlS 

II. DENDROBIEJE. Epiphytic rarely terrestrial, often pseudobulbous. 

Inflorescence lateral or terminal usually racemose. Column WIth a long foot. 

Pollinia 1. 

Leaf I, coriaceous on a long slender pseudobulb; 

flower I • • . • 6. DIPLOCAULOBIUM 

Leaves 2, conaceous on a conic pseudobulb; 

flowers many terminal. • . 7. SARCOPODIUM 

Leaf I, on a jlseudobulb; stem much branched 

wlth many pseudo bulbs ; flowers 

appearing singly, very fugacious . B. DESMOTRICHUM 

Rhizome short or 0; stems many, not branched; 

racemes axillary . . 9. DENDROBIUM 

Pseudobulbs conic or globose, I-leaved; 

raceme I, many-flowered from 

rhizome; arms of column short 

erect; column not hooded; fruit 

elliptic • •• 10. BULBOPHYLLUM 

Arms of column long from side; column 

hooded; fruit 3-angled • I I. DENDROCHILUM 

III. ERIEJE. Pollinia B. Column short (except No. 15). Lateral sepals 

forming a mentum. 

Stems usually swollen; flowers glabrous or 

woolly; racemes lateral; lea ves 

sub-terminal • . • . 12. ERIA 

Stems tall leafy not swollen (rarely short), all 

red hairy; racemes lateral . . 13. TRICHOTOSIA 

Sepals connate in a tube, pseudobulbs small; 

leaf I. • • 14. PORPAX 

Sepals free spreading; column long, pseudobulbs 

large, 2-leaved IS. TYLOSTYLIS 

Small tufted eplphytes with racemes of 

minute flowers •• 16. PHREATIA 

Tall leafy plants; flowers very small in 

terminal heads 17. AGROSTOPHYLLUM 

Slender, tall leafy plants; flowers in lateral 

racemes . . . . . lB. POJEPHYLLUM 

Leafy tufted or branched plants; flowers small 

In axillary tufts; column arms 

long 19. CERATOSTYLIS 

IV. BLETlEJE. Terrestrial, rarely epiphytic. 

florescence on tall rarely short lateral racemes. 

no disc. 

Column wlth side arms • 

Column wlth no side arms. 

Lip 3-lobed, spurred. . . 

Lip entire, not spurred . . 

Column prolonged at base into a foot. 

Lip spurred; leaves elhphc or lanceolate on 

a long petIole; scape tall from 

rhizome. 

Stems of conic pseudobulbs 

Stems not pseudobulbous • • • 

Lip spurred; scape short; leaves solitary, 

ovate cordate, no pseudo bulbs 

Leaves herbaceous. In 

Cohlllln long. Polhma 2, 

20. CHRYSOGLOSSUM 

2 I. COLLABIUM 

22. DIGLYPHOSA 

23. ASCOTAINIA 

24. TAINIA 

25. NEPHELAPHYLLUM

8 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE..E. 

Stem elongate; lea ires distichous; racemes 

long, aXillary ••• 47. DIPODIUM 

Leafy stems usually elongate; scapes from 

base very tall; flowers large. . 48 GRAMMATOPHYLLUM 

Stems leafy, flattened; flowers usually terminal 49. BROMHEADIA 

III. POLYSTACHYlE. Stems erect leafy. Raceme or panicle terminal. 

Flowers small. Sepals forming a mentum. Column with a foot 

50. POLYSTACHYA 

IV. SARCANTHElE. Epiphytes, sterns terete or flattened, often long. 

Leaves coriaceous distichous articulate with the sheaths. Racemes or 

panicles axillary. Pollinia 2 or 4 on a single caudiclc. 

Lip spurless. 

No column foot. Lip entire. 

Lea ves terete 

Leaves lanceolate flat . 

Column with a short foot; lip lobed; flowers 

large. 

Lip obscurely 3-lobed, no callus 

Lip dIStinctly 3-lobed, With callus. 

Stem long, callus not forked 

Stem short, callus forked 

Lip 5-lobed.. '" 

Column foot long. lateral sepals adnate to it; 

bp 3-lobed, side lobes erect, flowers 

medlUm. 

Stem short; leaves broad, callus forked 

Stem tall; leaves narrower; callus not 

forked 

Lip spurred. 

Column footless. 

Flowers large, laxly racemed or panicled; 

column short. 

51. LurSIA 

52. ADENONCOS 

53. ACAMPE 

54 STAUROPSIS 

55. PHALlENOPSIS 

56 .. STAUROCHILUS 

57. KINGIELLA 

58. DORITIS 

Midlobe of lip large • . . . 59. VANDA 

Midlobe small; sepals and petals curved, 

spathulate . ... 60. ARACHNIS 

Midlobe small; sepals and petals lanceolate 

acute 61. RENANTHERA 

Column long slender; leaves terete 62. RENANTHERELLA 

Column short. 

Flowers small, solitary; lip 3- to 5-lobed 

often pubescent .. 63. TRICHOGLOTTIS 

Flowers in dense racemes showy; lip 

entire, stem short • 64. RHYNCHOSTYLIS 

Flowers small, solitary, racemed or 

pamcled; lip 3-lobed with callus in 

the spur mouth; caudicle narrow . 65. SACCOLABIUM 

Flowers small solitary; leaves very closeset; 

lip entire, no callus 66. MICROSACCUS 

Leafless WIth numerous roots; stem very 

short. • • • • • 67. TlENIOPHYLLUM 

Flowers few medium; caudicle as broad as 

the large diSC 

Column foot long. 

Spur horizontal • 

Spur small; stem short 

Flowers large; stem long. . 

Lip saccate not mobile. 

Stem elongate; bracts flat distichous 

Stem short i bracts not distichous 

68. PELATANTHERIA 

69. SARCOCHILUS 

70. ASCOCHILUS 

71. AERIDES 

72. THRIXSPERMUM 

73. DENDROCOLLA

CXXXVI. ORCHIDE...E. 9 

V. NOTYLINElE. Epiphytes pseudobulbous. Leaves I or few. Racemes 

or panicles from base of pseudobulbs. Column long. 

Leaves several; IIp adnate to column half-way; 

flowers small . • • • 74. ACRIOPSIS 

Leaf I; lip forming a tube with column 

foot; flowers medlUm size 75. THECOSTELE 

VI. PODOCHILINlE. Stems slender, leafy, not pseudobulbous. Leaves 

distichous. Racemes lateral or sub-termmal. Flowers small. Pollinia 4 

to 8 attached to I or 2 calyptnform caudlcles. Rostellum long bifid. 

Pollmia 4; lip clawed, erect; small plants 

with very slender stems • . 76. PODOCHILUS 

Pollinia 8; lip saccate adnate to column; 

stiff rather tall plants, stout 77. ApPENDICULA 

VII. THELASINlE. Stems pseudobulbous or not. Leaves few or many, 

distichous. Flowers very small m racemes. Lip sessile at column base. 

Rostellum long erect; pollinia globose 78. THELASIS 

Tribe III. NEOTTIElE. 

Terrestrial herbs, often saphrophytic and leafless. Flowers in a terminaJ 

raceme, rarely lateral on a leafy stem. Pollima 2, mealy with 2 caudicles 

and 2 discs. Column long or short. Rostellum long bifid. 

I. VANILLElE. ClImbing leafy plants. Flowers axIllary. Fruit baccate. 

Column elongate; flowers large . . • . 79. VANILLA 

II. GALEOLElE. Leafless scandent or erect plants. Flowers medium. 

Fruit capsular 80. GALEOLA 

III. POGONllE. Erect herbs. Column usually long. Anther reclining. 

Flowers termmal. 

Tuberous herbs with one leaf. 

Flowers racemose appearing after leaf is 

gone. • • •• 81. APLOSTELLIS 

Flower solitary in leaf axil; plant small . 82. CORYSANTHES 

Leafless saprophytes hardly or not branched. 

Sepals free, IIp free from column. 

LIp 3-lobed, capsules on short pedicels . 83. APHYLLORCHIS 

Lip entire; capsules on a long fleshy pedicel 

longer than stem. . . . 84. DIDYMOPLEXIS 

Lip adnate to column face, hairy; stems 

black wiry. . . . • 85. LECANORCHIS 

Upper sepal adnate to petals, lower connate 

below IIp; stem fleshy . 

Sepals all connate 

IV. GOODYERElE. Anther vertical, long acute. 

attached to 2 caudicles and a disc. Column short. 

Stems tall leafy, shrubby; inflorescence axillary 

or terminal. /' 

86. LEucoLENA 

87. GASTRODIA 

Pollinia 2 to 4 granular 

Panicies aXIllary; flowers long narrow. • 88. CORYMBIS 

Racemes short aXIllary or terminal; flowers 

short. . . . . . 89. TROPIDIA 

Stem short ascendmg succulent; leaves membranous 

fleshy; racemes termmal 

peduncled; flowers small. 

-Lip spurred. 

Spur bifid . 

Spur not bifid. 

Lip entire, with.2 pendulous glands in 

spur. . • . 

Lip short 3-lobed, not clawed 

90. PHYSURUS 

91. VRYDAGZYNEA 

92. CYSTORCHIS

I2 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE..£. [Microstylis. 

long, 1'20 in. wide or less. Raceme 4 in. tall, nude below with 

about 6 flowers, distant at the top. Bracts lanceolate acuminate 

deflexed, '1 in. long. Pedicel and ovary slender, '3 in. long. Sepals 

and petals linear narrow, '25 in. long. Lip oblong-orbicular, base 

broad truncate, no auricles, edge toothed, teeth rather long 

acuminate, '25 in. across, green, strongly veined. Column short, 

arms short blunt emerald green. Hab. Lankawi, Kwala Kwah 

(Haniff). 

The original M. macrochila Rolfe, is considerably larger than this, the 

lip being 1 m. long and dark red. It is a native of Siam. 

(5) M. congesta Rchb. fil. Walp. Ann. vi. 206; King, Ann. Bot. 

Gard. Calc. viii. 19, pl. 23; Ridl. Mat. i. 14. 

Stem swollen at base, 2 in. tall. Leaves 4 to 5 unequal ovate 

to ovate-Ianceolate acuminate, largest 6 to 7 in. long, 2 in. wide. 

Raceme 8 to 12 in. long, basal half nude. Flowers very small 

crowded yellow or crimson. Sepals oblong, laterals broader. 

Petals linear. Lip, auricles 0, 3-lobed, side lobes broad blunt, 

median longer narrower. / Capsule '5 in. long, oblong obconic ribs 

crenulate. Hab. Common in dry woods, Singapore, Bukit Timah; 

Kranji. Malacca, Batu Tiga; Mount Ophir and Sungei Hudang 

(Derry). Pahang, Selinsing (Machado). Perak, Thaiping Hills at 

2500 ft. altitude. Penang Hill and Pulau Betong (Curtis), Lankawi 

(Curtis). Setul. Distrib. India, Cochin-China. Borneo, China, 

Australia. Natwe name: Sigundol hutan. 

(6) M. flavoviridis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 37. 

Stem weak ascending, whole plant II in. long. Leaves scattered 

lanceolate, 2 in. long, '75 in. wide, narrowed to petiole, '5 in. 

long. Raceme few-flowered; flowers distant small. Bracts -12 in. 

long, very narrow. Flowers '12 in. wide, greenish yellow turning 

light red; pedicels slender longer than bract. Upper sepal linear, 

laterals deflexed wider oblong blunt. Petal narrower oblong. Lip 

sub-triangular oblong; auricles long acute, limb triangular-Ianceolate 

narrowed to retuse lip. Hab. Very rare, Perak, Gunong Kerbau 

on Gunong Bal, at 4500 ft. altitude (Haniff). 

(7) M. micrantha Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 688; Ie. Pl. t. 1834; 

Ridl. Mat. i. 14. 

Stem not swollen, slender creeping, 6 in. long or more. Leaves 

sub-distichous, lanceolate or ovate-Ianceolate, acute crisped coppery, 

2 to 4 in. long, '75 in. wide; petioles purple, '5 in. long. Scapes 

1 to 2 slender, 6 to 8 in. long. Flowers very small, scattered. 

Sepals lorate blunt, purplish. Petals a little smaller. Lip ovate, 

auricles lorate blunt large, teeth at tip 4, short acute and median 

one blunt, bright yellow. Column green, arms rounded. Capsule 

oblong, '5 in. long. Hab. On rocks, and among dead leaves in damp 

forest, Singapore, Changi; Selitar. Johor, Batu Pahat; Tempayan 

River, Malacca (Derry). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Hervey, Scortechini). 

Distrib. Borneo.

M icrostylis. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDEA!. 13 

(8) M. nemoralis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, 

P·47· 

Stem 6 in. long, purple creeping, ascending fleshy. Leaves 

ovate acuminate, 4 to 9, red, base round, 3 to 4 in. long, 2 in. wide. 

Raceme 5 in. tall; rachis angled. Flowers '25 in. wide, crowded. 

Sepals elliptic broad, tip round, lateral ones broader. Petals linear 

blunt, all red. Lip orange yellow, auricles broad round, limb 

obovate, quadrate with 2 round angle lobes and 5 acute teeth 

between. Hab. Very rare, in wet mud in dense forest, Johor, 

Sedenak (Ridley). Perak (Scortechini). 

2. OBERONIA, Lind!. 

Small epiphytes, stem usually short, coverec;l with distichous 

fleshy equitant leaves. Spike terminal slender, covered with 

minute green yellow or red flowers; bracts short oblong; petals 

and sepals ovate deflexed. Lip entire or lobed, with a nectar depression 

(fovea) at base. Column very short, arms short. Pollinia 4 

on a viscid disc. Capsule globose or elliptic. Species about 60, 

Old World tropics and Japan. 

§ 1. Acaules. No distinct stem. 

Lip entire fla.t ovate. . 

Lip entire triangular oblong 

Lip concave emarginate 

Lip bilobed toothed. 

Lip bifid oblong . 

(I) O. lunata 

(2) O. Prainiana 

(3) O. subnavieularis 

(4) O. iridifolia 

(5) O. gracillima 

(6) O. rosea 

(7) O. stenophylla 

Lip 3-lobed, edges entire . 

Lip 3-lobed. Side lobes toothed 

Lip 4-lobed. 

Side-lobes entire short (8) O. aurantiaca 

Side-lobes fimbriate (9) O. insectifera 

§ 2. Caulescentes. Stem distinct elongate entirely leafy. 

Lip entire or bifid; petals entire. 

Lip oblong retuse ocre entire • • . • (10) O. aneeps 

Lip linear narrowly bifid; stems 7 in. long. 

narrow. . . . • • • (II) O. sinuosa 

Lip bilobed at tiP. toothed; stem short. I in. 

long. . • • • ., (12) O. miniata 

Lip oblong bifid toothed; stem 12 in. long . (13) O. grandis 

Lip bifid With long curved crenulate auricles /(14) O. porphyrochUa 

Petals toothed. 

Lip oblong or ovate serrate; stem 3 to 6 in. 

long . . . . . . 

Lip ovate-elliptic with few teeth; stem very 

short. . • • . 

Lip ovate lacmiate; stem I in. long . 

Lip spathulate. tip ovate bilobed rounded 

Lip 3-lobed; petals entire. 

Stems short, I to 3 in. long. 

Midlobe obcuneate broad erose 

Midlobe quadrate bifia- . . 

Midlobe oblong with 2 short lobes 

(15) O. eiliolata 

(16) O. Bertoldi 

(17) O. brunneseens 

(18) O. spathulata 

(19) O. intermedia 

(20) O. gracilis 

(21) O. flava

14 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Oberont"a. 

I 

Midlobe with 2 long narrow lobes (22) O. caudata 

Midlobe narrow tip bilobed .. (23) O. Rolfeana 

Stems 13 in. long; mid lobe entire lanceolatc (24) O. pendula 

Stem bare at base from fall of leaves . (25) O. condensata 

(I) O. lunata Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 17; Ridl. Mat. 

i.16. O. biauritaHook. fit. F.B.I. vi. 180; Ic. Pl. t. 2317. O. dissitiflora 

Ridl. Jount. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 218. 

Stemless. Leaves few ensiform or falcate, 3 to 5 in. long, '3 to 

'5 in. wide; spike 3 to 5 in. long. Bracts ovate dentate. Flowers 

'25 in. wide, white or yellow in dense whorls. Sepals ovate-Ianceolate. 

Petals linear-Ianceolate. Lip ovate entire or obscurely 

trilobed, tip round toothed. Capsule sessile, 3-angled. Hab. 

On trees, Singapore, Bukit Timah; Selitar; Kranji. Distrib. 

Java. 

(2) O. Prainiana King, ]oum. As. Soc. Bellg. lxiv. 331; Anll. 

Bot. Gard. Calc. 8, pl. I. 

Leaves falcate, '5 to '75 in. long, ·25 in. wide. Spike slender, 

4 in. long. Flowers whorled bright brown minute. Bracts oblong 

entire as long as ovary. Sepals oblong blunt. Petals elliptic 

lanceolate serrate. Lip triangular or oblong; edges toothed. Hab. 

Negri Sembilan, Siliau (G. Williams). Perak (Scortechini). Penang, 

Penara Bukit (Curtis). Distrib. Sikkim, Siam. 

(3) O. subnavicularis King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. ii. 579; 


Leaves ensiform, oblique acuminate, ·75 to 6 in. long, '25 to 

·5 in. wide. Spike hardly as long; peduncle terete. Flowers very 

densely crowded, '05 in. wide. Bracts lanceolate erose. Sepals 

ovate blunt. Petals narrow oblong truncate. Lip as long, as 

broad concave, edges coarsely retro-serrate, tip emarginate with 

central tooth. Hab. Very rare, Perak, no locality (Scortechini). 

(4) O. iridifolia Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. IS; Ridl. Mat. 

i. 16. 

Leaves ensiform acute, 3 to 5 in. long, '5 to I in. wide. Spike 6 

to 10 in. long, densely flowered. Flowers minute, green or yellow. 

Bracts broad toothed sheathing ovary. Sepals ovate toothed. 

Petals as large or less. Lip orbicular-ovate shortly bifid at tip, 

toothed all round. Hab. Local, Lankawi, Pulau Hujong Duri 

(Curtis). Distrib. India and Siam, Java. 

(5) o. graciUima Ridl. ]OUY1I. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 43, p. 93; 

Mat. i. 17. 

Leaves 4 or 5 ensiform acute, 1'5 in. long, ·12 in. wide. Spike 

very slender, 3 to 4 in. long, base nude. BraCts lanceolate acute 

longer than ovary. Flowers minute whorled, 5 to 6 in a whorl. 

Sepals oblong blunt entire. Petals broader ovate toothed all 

whitish. Lip orange oblong, tip acute bifid with a wide sinus 

between lobes, and short round auricles at base. Hab. Very rare, 

Tringganu, Bundi (Rostados).

16 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Oberonia 

Sepals short oblong blunt. Petals linear. Lip narrow elongate 

linear bifid at tip, lobes acute. Capsule elliptic, '12 in. long. Hab. 

Rare, Negri Sembilan at Siliau (Williams). Distrib. Borneo. 

(12) O. miniata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1843, Misc. 8; Ridl. Mat. i. 

I.e. 18. 

Stem I to 1'5 in. long. Leaves ensiform acute about 8, I in. 

long, '25 in. wide. Spike slender, 1'5 to 8 in. long, base nude 

puberulous. Flowers '05 'in. wide, lax pedicelled red or yellow. 

Bracts lanceolate shorter than 

pedicels. Sepals ovate ciliate. 

Petals narrower. Lip, base 

broad, sides dilate upcurved, 

limb narrow oblong dilate towards 

tip, toothed, bilobed. 

Hab. Rare, Singapore, Kranji 

(Ridley). 

(13) O. grandis Ridl. J ourn. 

Linn. Soc. xii. 297. 

Stems I ft. long. Leaves 

ensiform acuminate curved, 6 in. 

long, '5 in. wide. Spike as long. 

Flowers '06 in. wide, dense at 

base, whorled above, yellow, 

Bracts lanceolate cuspidate. 

Sepals ovate acute. Petals oblong 

lanceolate narrower. Lip 

oblong-ovate, tip bifid, edges 

shortly toothed, fovea ovate. 

Capsule oblong-globose, '12 in. 

long. Hab. Selangor, Ulu Langat 

(Kloss). 

(14) O. porphyrochila 

Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 

JK. 

220; Mat. i. 19. 

FIG. 162.-Oberonia ciliolata. Stem short. Leaves lorate 

acuminate falcate flaccid, 6 in. 

long, '5 in. wide. Spike over 4 in. long, slender. Flowers '05 in. 

across, crowded at base, fascicled towards tip. Bracts linear acute. 

Sepals ovate obtuse yellow. Petals linear narrower. Lip, midlobe 

bilobed toothed, purple. Hab. Rare in mountain forests, Pahang, 

Telom. Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). 

(IS) O. ciliolata Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 181; Ie. Pl. 2318; Mat. 

i.I9· 

Stems 3 to 6 in. long. Leaves 9 to 14, ensiform acute, '75 to 

2 in. long, '25 in. wide. Spike 4 to 6 in. long, flowered to base. 

Flowers '05 in. long, white whorled. Bracts oblong toothed apiculate. 

Sepals ovate ciliate. Petals lanceolate, toothed, ciliate.

Oberonia.] CXXXVI. ORL.HIDElE. 17 

Lip oblong-quadrate, or ovate retuse, serrate. Capsule pedicelled 

puberulous. Hab. On mangroves and orchard trees, not rare. 

Singapore, Kranji; Changi; Bukit Timah Road. Malacca, Sungei 

Kesang; Sungei Rambei (Derry). Tringganu, -Bundi (Rostados). 

(16) O. Bertoldi King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi, 2, p. 581; 


Stem very short. Leaves coriaceous narrow lanceolate acuminate, 

'5 to 1'5 in. long, '25 in. wide. Spike longer, base nude slender. 

Flowers '05 in. wide in whorls of 6. Bracts lanceolate serrate. 

Sepals elliptic-oblong. Petals lanceolate serrate. Lip larger oblongovate 

with one to two teeth on each side, tip bifid toothed. Hab. 

Very rare, Perak. No locality (Scortechini). 

(I7) O. brunnescens Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 220. 

Stem I in. long. Leaves cultrate falcate, '75 in. long, '12 in. 

wide. Spike 4 in. long, slender, base nude. Flowers scattered, 

'05 in. across, reddish brown. Bracts ovate acute. Sepals ovateoblong. 

Petals broad ovate toothed. Lip ovate laciniate not lobed. 

Capsule ellipsoid pear-shaped, '12 in. long. Hab. Rare. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills (Ridley). _ 

(18) O. spathuIata Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 

Caulescent, stem 7 in. tall. Leaves distichous lanceolate 

acuminate, 2 in. long, '25 in. wide at base. Spike floriferous to 

base, 4 in. long. Flowers minute fawn-coloured in tufts of 3. 

Bracts lanceolate fimbriate as long as ovary. Sepals broad ovate, 

edges shortly fimbriate. Lip oblong spathulate, base broad, limb 

abruptly dilate rounded bilobed. Hab. Pahang, Fraser Hill 

(Burkill and Holttum) Distrib. Java, Borneo, Celebes. 

(19) O. intermedia King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2, 

p. 579· 

Stem I to 3'5 in. long. Leaves sub-falcate acute, I to 2'5 in. 

long, '5 in. wide. Spike slender, decurved, 4'5 in. long. Flowers 

'05 in. wide. Bract lanceolate, shorter than ovary. Sepals ovate 

acute. Petals linear-oblong acute. Lip 3-lobed longer, broad 

oblong, side-lobes round, tip broad obscurely notched. Hab. Very 

rare. Perak, no locality {Scortechini}. 

(20) O. gracilis Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 685; Ridl. Mat. i. 20. 

Stems 6 to 8 in. long, flexuous. Leaves straight lanceolate acute, 

I in. long. Spike 4 to 6 in. long, few flowered. Flowers subsessile, 

'05 in. wide, reddish. Bracts ovate-triangular very short. Upper 

sepal orbicular, laterals ovate. Petals linear. Lip with two oblong 

cylindric blunt side-lobes, midlobe quadrate bluntly 2-lobed. Hab. 

Perak, Kinta River (Kunstler). 

-(21) O. £lava Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 64. 

Stem I in. long, flexuous. Leaves narrow linear falcate acuminate, 

2 in. long, '1 in. through. Scape slender 6 in. long, base onethird 

nude. Flowers-minute yellow dense. Bracts narrow lanceolate. 

Sepals ovate, blunt. Petals narrower lanceolate. Lip 3-lobed 

Fl.M.P.,,. c

18 CXXXVI. 6RCHIDElE. [Oberonia. 

side-lobes broad ovate blunt, midlobe much larger oblong with 2 

short acute lobes. Hab. Forests, Pahang, Telom (Ridley). 

(22) O. caudata King Jaunt. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2, p. 58!; 


Stems 1'5 in. long. Leaves 4 to 5 distant linear ensiform falcate, 

'75 to 2 in. long, '15 in. wide. Spike lax decurved, 2 in. long. 

Flowers '05 in. wide. Bracts ovate entire. Sepals ovate-oblong 

acute pale red. Petals linear acuminate. Lip longer, side-lobes 

ovate acuininate, midlobe narrow deeply bilobed, lobes caudate 

acuminate. Hab. Rare, Perak. No locality (Scortechini). 

(23) O. RoHeana King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2, p. 581; 


Stem I in. long. Leaves ensiform acute falcate, ·6 to 1 in. long, 

'25 in. wide. Spike 1·8 to 3 in. long, slender puberulous. Flowers 

sparse, '05 in. across, orange. Bracts oblong erose. Sepals ovate 

blunt. Petals linear entire. Lip larger, base broad concave, sidelobes 

round erect, midlobe narrow, tip bilobed. Hab. Very rare. 

Perak, no locality (Scortechini). 

(24) O. pendula Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 38. 

Stems 4 to 13 in. long, slender pendulous. Leaves remote linear 

ensiform acute, I in. long, '1 in. wide. Spike 4 in. long, slender. 

Flowers yellow in close whorls. Bracts lanceolate as long as flowers 

Sepals ovate-triangular. Petals narrower linear. Lip 3-lobed, 

side-lobes short triangular acute, midlobe lanceolate sub-acute. 

Hab. Rare. On trees in forests, at 3000 ft. altitude. Selangor, 

Sempang Mines (Ridley). 

(25) O. condensata Ridl. Jaunt. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 322. 

Stems several, 1 to 2 in. long, bare below with numerous roots. 

Leaves fleshy linear acute, '75 in. long, '12 in. wide. Raceme 

floriferous to base. Bracts lanceolate long-acuminate. Flowers 

yellow, '08 in. wide. Sepals ovate blunt. Petals lanceolate much 

narrower. Lip as long quite entire elongate triangular. Bab. On 

trees by streams, very local, Pahang, Gunong Tahan at 5500 ft. 

altitude (Robinson, Ridley). 

3. HIPPEOPHYLLUM, Schlechter. 

Epiphytes with the appearance of Oberonia, but rhizome long· 

creeping with distant tufts of leaves, ensiform falcate, articulate at 

base. Racemes long slender with numerous very small flowers 

and persistent bracts. Sepals lanceolate. Petals narrower. Lip 

3-lobed not auricled, base broad. Column rather long slender with 

broad wings. Species about 6, Malay islands. 

(I) H. Scortechinii Schlechter Engl. Jahrb. xliv. Beibl. 104, 

p. 13. Oberonia Scortechinii Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 683; Ridl. Mat. i. 17. 

Rhizome long-creeping with leaf tufts 1'5 in. apart. Leaf 9 to 

10 in. long, '25 to '3 in. wide, ensiform narrowed to tip. Scape 12 

to 18 in. long, rather slender, entirely covered with very small

20 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE£. [Liparis. 

red-purple. Sepals linear blunt. Petals narrower. Lip orbicularoblong 

sub-acute toothed, with 2 short semi-orbicular lamell

22 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Liparis. 

>25 in. long. Pedicels'5 in. long. Flowers '25 in. long, 

deep crimson. Sepals narrow lanceolate acute. Petals narrower. 

Lip cuneate-oblong truncate with 3 or 4 long teeth at the angles. 

Column arched, arms incurved. Hab. On dripping rocks in forest, 

Malacca, Mt. Ophir. Selangor, Semangkok Pass. Perak, Thaiping 

Hills (Wray); Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). Penang, Waterfall 

Hill (Maingay); Bukit Laksamana (Curtis). Kedah Peak. 

(8) L. parvula Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 226; Mat. i. 23. 

Microstylis parvula Hook. fil. Ic. Pl. t. 1827. 

Stem short globose. Leaf I, ovate acute, 2 in. long, I in. 

lunt. Raceme 3 in. long. Bracts lanceolate acuminate. Flowers 

rather crowded, '12 in. wide, deep crimson. Sepals oblong blunt. 

Petals narrow. Lip narrow pandurate with 2 narrow tails and a 

sinus between. Hab. Local on dripping rocks, Perak, Thaiping Hills 

(Kunstler). 

(9) L. furcata Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. l.c.; Mat. i. 23. Microstylis 

furcata Hook fil:Ic. Pl. I827A. 

Stem very small sub-globose. Leaf I ovate acute, 2 in. long, 

I in. wide. Raceme slender, 4 to 6 in. long, base nude. Flowers 

numerous, '12 in. wide. Bracts lanceolate acute short. Pedicels 

'12 in. long. Sepals oblong blunt. Petals linear-Iorate. Lip not 

clawed narrow oblong bifid, lobes diverging toothed with a median 

tooth. Capsule elliptic, '25 in. long. Hab. Perak, Thaiping Hills 

at 4000 ft. altitude. 

(10) L. latifolia Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pt. 30; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 23. L. robust a Hook. fit. Ic. Pl. 2012. L. Scortechini 

Hook. fit. I c. Pt. 2009. 

Stem about 3 in. long. Leaf I, elliptic-Ianceolate very coriaceous 

with 14 strong ribs, 12 in. long, 3 in. wide. Raceme 10 to 14 in. 

long. Flowers numerous, '5 in. across. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, 

'25 in. long. Pedicels'5 in. long. Sepals narrow linear. Petals 

narrower, all yellowish. Lip, base narrow, limb obovate bilobed 

toothed orange, 2 short erect calli. Column slender arched. Capsule 

obconic, 1 in. long. Hab. Epiphytic at 4000 ft. altitude. Mountain 

forests, not rare, Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Perak, Thaiping 

Hills, Gunong Hijau. Distrib. Java, Borneo. 

(II) L. lacerata Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxii. 284; Mat. i. 

24· Pseudobulb conic, 2 in. long, '5 in. through. Leaf lanceolate 

to elliptic-lanceolate, 6 to 9 in. long, '75 to 1'5 in. wide. Raceme 

slender, 6 to 12 in. long. Flowers numerous, '25 in. wide. Bracts 

narrow lanceolate, '13 in. long. Pedicel and ovary 'S in. wide. 

Sepals oblong blunt. Petals smaller white. Lip oblong broad, 

bilobed many-toothed, orange. Column curved. Capsule elliptic, 

'5 in. long. Hab. Perak, Thaiping Hills. Dindings, Pulau Rumpia, 

SembiIan isles (Kloss). Lankawi, Gunong Raya (Curtis). Distnb. 

Tenasserim, Borneo.

Liparis.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 23 

(12) L. elegans Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 30; Ridl. Mat. i. 

24. L. crenulata Lindt. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. t.c. L. gracilis Hook. 

fil. Ic. Pl. t. 2011. 

Pseudobulbs conic-cylindric, I in. long. Leaves 2, ellipticoblanceolate, 

6 to 9 in. long, I to 1'25 in. wide. Raceme 12 to 18 in. 

long, stiff, base nude. Flowers'l in. across, very numerous. Bracts 

lanceolate acute, '12 in. long. Sepals oblong, laterals curved blunt. 

Petals narrower, all green. Lip oblong retuse orange, calli 2. 

Column curved green. Capsule elliptic, '25 in. long. Hab. Epiphyte 

on trees and on rocks, common, Singapore, Kranji; Sungei Buluh. 

Johor, Gunong Banang. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca, Nyalas; Mt. 

Ophir. Perak, Thaiping Hills, Waterfall (Wray). Penang, Moniot's 

Road (Curtis). Kedah Peak. Lankawi, Kwala Malacca (Curtis). 

Distrib. Borneo. 

(13) L. parvifiora Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 31. L. 

flaccida Rehb. fit. Linncea, xii. 45; Ridl. Mat. i. 24. 

Pseudo bulb cylindric, 1'5 to 3 in. long. Leaves narrow longlanceolate 

acute, 6 to 12 in. long, '25 to '75 in. wide. Raceme 

slender decurved, 6 to 12 in. long. Flowers very small copious. 

Bracts '12 in. long, lanceolate acute. Pedicel and ovary '25 in. 

long. Sepals oblong, laterals falcate blunt greenish white. Petals 

smaller. Lip oblong abruptly de curved in the middle, bifid, edges 

ciliate, orange, calli 2 small. Column curved. Capsule elliptic, 

'5 in. long. Hab. Not rare, on lofty trees, Malacca, Machap 

(Derry). Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, DIu Bubong (Kunstler). 

Distrib. Siam, Java, Borneo. 

(14) L. longipes Lindl. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 31, t. 35; Ridt. 

Mat. i. 25. 

Pseudobulbs short ovoid, 1 to 2 in. long, or elongate to 6 in. long. 

Leaves linear-obovate, oblong blunt or acute, 4 to 8 in. long, I in. 

wide. Raceme erect, 6 in. long. Flowers copious crowded above 

very small. Bracts linear acuminate, '12 in. long. Sepals oblong. 

Petals linear greenish white. Lip ovate acute, de curved in middle, 

orange or green, calli o. Column curved. Bab. Rare. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills (Derry); Batang Padang (Wray); Sungkai River 

(Curtis). Penang (Porter). Distrib. India, Malay isles, Polynesia, 

China. 

(15) L. comosa Ridl. ] ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 229; Mat. i. 25. 

A dwarf plant; pseudobulbs crowded conic, ·6 in. long. Leaves 

narrow lanceolate acute, 4'5 in. long, '25 in. wide. Raceme erect, 

6 in. long. Flowers small numerous green. Sepals lanceolate 

lorate, laterals broader. Petals linear. Lip sub-quadrate oblong tip 

round, no calli. Column slightly arched above. Capsule ellipsoidsubglobose, 

'12 in. long. Hab. Not rare, in mountains at 1500 to 

4000 ft. altitude, Pahang, Telom (at 4000 ft. altitude). Selangor, 

Menuang Gasing (Kloss)'.' Perak, Thaiping Hills; Temengoh 

(Ridley).

24 CXXXVI. ORCHlDE1E. [Liparis. 

(16) L. compressa Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 32; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 25. 

Rhizome creeping; pseudobulbs sub-globose. Leaf I, coriaceous, 

base sheathing the pseudobulbs, linear-Ianceolate acute, 9 to 15 in. 

long, I in. wide. Scape slender, 6 to 8 in. long. Bracts at 

top distichous imbricating. Flowers opening singly, red brown; 

pedicel '5 in. long. Sepals lanceolate. Petals narrow linear. Lip 

'5 in. long, obcuneate fan-shaped, claw narrow, limb tip broad 

truncate crenulate, calli 2. Column slender curved. Hab. Not 

common, Perak, Thaiping Hills at 4000 to 5000 ft. altitude (Curtis, 

Scortechini); Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). Distnb. Sumatra, 

Borneo, Java, Celebes. 

(17) L. disticha Lindt. Bot. Reg. sub. t. 882; Ridl. Mat. 26. 

Rhizome long slender branching, pseudo bulbs pear-shaped, '25 

in. long. Leaf 1, linear acute, 5 to 10 in. long, '25 in. wide or less. 

Scape slender winged, 4 to 6 in. long. Raceme'5 to '75 in. long. 

Bracts '12 to '25 in. long, distichous. Flowers·s in. wide. Sepals 

oblong narrow. Petals linear yellowish. Lip '25 in long, acre, 

obovate retuse with 2 tubercles at base. Column broadly winged 

slightly curved. H abo Common on mangroves, and on forest trees 

up to 5000 ft. altitude. Singapore, Kranji; Sungei Buluh. Johor, 

Kwala Kahang (Kelsall). Pahang, Kota Glanggi. Selangor. 

Menuang Gasing (Kloss); Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). 

Perak, Thaiping Hills; Bujong Malacca (Kunstler, etc.). Penang 

(Maingay). Lankawi (Curhs). Dxstrib. Mascarene isles, Ceylon. 

Tenasserim, Malay isles. 

5. PLA TYCLINIS, Benth. 

Tufted epiphytes with numerous obconic pseudo bulbs crowded 

on a rhizome. Leaves single, lanceolate or linear, petioled. Raceme 

terminal on a long peduncle slender. Bracts stiff broad convolute. 

Flowers small green. white or brown. Sepals and petals narrow. Lip 

sessile or nearly fiat, oblong or pandurate with two keels or calli at 

base. Column slender or short and broad. arms long, tip of column 

hooded. Anther 2-celled. Pollinia 4, waxy ovoid. Species about 

20, Malay Peninsula and islands. 

Bracts broad oblong. • 

Bracts narrow lanceolate acute 

Column and arms long. 

Column arms long from middle 

Column arms from near the base . 

Arms much shorter than column. . 

Arms as long acuminate; leaves 12 in. long . 

Arms as long acumInate, leaves 3 m. long. 

Arms as long toothed 

Column and arms short. 

Arms from near sbgma acute 

Lea ves thin grassy 

(1) P. longifolia 

(2) P. gracilis 

(3) P. linearifolia 

(4) P. linearis 

(5) P. pulchella 

(6) P.odorata 

(7) P. graminea

Platyclinis.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 

distant. Leaf coriaceous elliptic-Ianceolate blunt, base narrowed, 

4'5 in. long, 1'5 in. wide or smaller; petioles '5 in. long. Scape 

nodding, 4 to 6 in. long, basal half nude. Bracts lanceolate blunt. 

Flowers numerous fleshy. Sepals broad lanceolate blunt. Petals 

shorter. Lip fleshy, side-lobes minutely toothed, tips free lanceolate 

acuminate, ridges 2, short from base to near middle of lip, midlobe 

ovate acuminate toothed. Column short straight, hood oblong tall 

toothed, arms short from near stigma, broad acuminate. Hab. 

Perak, Gunong Kerbau at 6500 ft. altitude (Robinson). 

(9) P. Kingii Hook. /il. F.B.I. v. 708; Ic. Pl. t. 2015. 

Pseudo bulbs elliptic-oblong, I in. long. Leaf lanceolate-linear 

acuminate, 6 to 10 in. long, '25 in. wide. Racemes 9 in. long, 

lower half nude. Flowers about 24, pale green, lip darker, '25 in. 

wide. Bracts lanceolate twice as long as ovary. Sepals lanceolate 

acute. Petals wider. Lip side-lobes broad round, midlobe ovate 

or lanceoiate with 2-curved calli at base. Column very short, 

broad arms short toothed from upper part, hood long entire. Hab. 

Mountains, Pahang, Gunong Tahan. Perak, Thaiping Hills (all 

collectors); Gunong Kerbau (Robinson). Distrib. Borneo. 

(10) P. sarawakensis Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 267. 

Pseudobulbs oblong, '75 in. long. Leaf lanceolate, 7 in. long, 

'75 in. wide; petioles I in. long. Racemes 8 in. long. Bracts 

lanceolate acute. Sepals lanceolate acute. Petals blunt, all 

greenish yellow. Lip side-lobes sub-quadrate toothed, midlobe 

oblong ovate cuspidate, green, a double keel at base. Column 

short, hood large, arms very short oblong toothed. Hab. Rare. 

Perak, Thaiping Hills (Curtis). Distrib. Borneo. 

6. DIPLOCAULOBIUM, Rchb. fi1. 

Epiphytes pseudobulbs slender crowded. Leaf I, coriaceous. 

Flower solitary terminal from an ovate or lanceolate bract on a 

long slender peduncle. Sepals and petals lanceolate caudate, 

mentum short blunt. Lip 3-lobed, side-lobes erect falcate, midlobe 

longer, base narrowed, tip abruptly dilate with 2 keels. 

Column very short. Species about 30, Amboina, Papua, Polynesia, 

I in Singapore and Borneo. 

(I) D. longicolle Kranzl. Pflanzen reich. iv. 50, p. 340. Dendrobium 

longicolle Lmdl. Bot. Reg. 1840; Mt·sc. 127; Ridl. Mat. i. 34. 

Rhizome short; pseudobulb in large clumps flattened, clubshaped, 

4 to 8 in. long, '12 in. through at base. Leaf lanceolate 

unequally bilobed, 5 in. long, I in. wide. Bracts brown lanceolate 

acute, I in. long. Pedicel 3 in. long. Sepals 1'5 in. long, '25 in. 

wide at base, yellow, tipped red, mentum '25 in. long. Petals 

similar smaller. Lip yellow, side-lobes '25 in. long, midlobe cordate, 

edge crisped, base narrowed. Column yellow. Hab. Rare. On 

tree-stumps and on ·the ground, woods near the sea, Singapore 

(Cuming); Sungei Morai (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo.

30 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [ Desmotrlchum. 

(2) D. Kelsalli Ridl. Dendrobium Kelsalli Ridl. Journ. Lin1t. 

SOC. xxxii. 237. 

Stems much branched, IS in. long; pseudo bulbs fusiform, I in. 

long, '12 in. through. Leaf lanceolate sub-obtuse, 1'5 in. long, 

'25 in. wide. Flowers'5 in. wide. Upper sepals ovate blunt, 

laterals much larger; mentum large blunt. Petals smaller lorate, 

pale green. Lip side-lobes broad blunt greenish, disc crimson purple 

with 3 keels, midlobe horseshoe-shaped orange. Hab. On trees in 

mountains, Johor, Pulau Aor (Feilding). Pahang, Gunong Tahan 

at 3000 to 6000 ft. altitude; Kluang Terbang (Barnes). Malacca, 

Mt. Ophir. Perak, Thaiping Hills. Kedah Peak. 

(3) D. Ardeni Ridl. Dendrobium Ardeni Ridl. Jaunt. As. 

Soc. 50, p. 132. 

Stems slender branched; pseudo bulbs cylindric, slightly flattened 

olive-green, 1'5 in. long, '26 in. through. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 

3 to 4 in. long, '25 to '5 in. wide. Flowers nearly '5 in. wide. 

Sepals oblong, laterals recurved blunt cream faintly purple-veined. 

Mentum short broad conic. Petals linear acute. Lip as in Kelsalli 

but side-lobes short round pink; midlobe clawed with a round 

bilobed limb, disc and claw violet pink, limb creamy yellow, 2 

large fleshy semi-elliptic deep purple cushions on disc. Column 

lemon yellow. Hab. Rare, Johor, Kukub; Tempayan River 

(Ridley). 

(4) D. criniferum Lindl. Bot. Reg. Misc. 41. 

Large plant, 2 ft. tall, much branched; pseudobulbs linear 

oblong flattened, 2 in. long, '25 in. through. Leaf elliptic or ovateelliptic 

blunt, 3 in. long and wide. Flowers in pairs; pedicel and 

ovary '75 in. long. Sepals '36 in. long, lanceolate acute, pale 

yellow; mentum short and broad. Lip as long, side-lobes falcate 

acute yellow with crimson lines, midlobe spotted purple, keels 2, 

crimson running to midlobe and there sinuous, midlobe linear 

waved, tip covered with yellow filaments. Column short, white 

spotted purple. Hab. Mangrove trees, common, Singapore, Kranji; 

Changi. Johor, Batu Pahat. Negri Sembilan, Siliau (Williams). 

Distrib. Rhio, Java. Borneo, Papua. 

This may be the plant intended by Blume under Dendrobitlm comattlm, 

which would be its earliest name, but J am not sure of this. 

(5) D. flIIlbriatum Bl. Bijd. 320. Dendrobium flabellum Rchb. 

/il. Xenia Orch. ii. 75, t. lI8; Ridl. Mat. i. 36. D. Kunstleri 

Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 714. 

Large much-branched plant; pseudobulbs ovate flat, olive or 

purplish, 4 in. long, I in. wide, '5 in. thick. Leaf ovate to lanceolate 

blunt, 5 to 6 in. long, 2 in. wide. Flowers I in. wide; pedicels 

'5 in. long. Bracts 2 ovate-Ianceolate soon broken into fibres. 

Sepals lanceolate acute, mentum conic sub-acute as long. Petals 

linear, all cream, spotted pink. Lip base linear, side-lobes narrow 

acute, straw colour, tips rosy, midlobe pandurate oblong, sides

3Z CXXXVI. ORCHlDEA:

34 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [ Dendrobium. 

Flowers very small pink; raceme secund dense (43) D. secundum 

Flowers medlUm to large. 

Lip entire spathulate; flowers medium, pink (44) D. cornutum 

LIp spathulate toothed; flowers small, pmk (45) D. regIe 

LIp short rounded toothed; flowers green; 

mentum long. . . . . (46) D. virescens 

LIp short, tip pandurate entire, striped red; 

mentum long. . • • 

Lip entire obovate large. 

Flowers orange large, tip rounded. . 

Flowers white, lip truncate, buff and white 

Flowers whIte, tIp entire, I in. wide . 

Flowers whIte, tip of IIp bIlobed, I in. wide 

Flowers whIte smaller, '5 in. wide, leaf 

(47) D. serpens 

(48) D. crooatum 

(49) D. Derryi 

(50) D. lepidum 

(51) D. calicopis 

broad. . . .. (52) D. hymenopterum 

LIP blade quadrate crenulate, rosy . (53) D. roseatum 

Lip blade abruptly pandurate bIiobed, 

white. . . . . . 

Lip blade quadrate fimbriate, whIte 

LIp blade oblong undulate, yellow . 

(54) D. Foxii 

(55) D. clarissimum 

(56) D. chloroleucnm 

LIP blade lanceolate, deep yellow spotted 

red . . .. (57) D. subflavidum 

LIp 3-lobed. 

Flowers small, mentum long • 

(58) D. tropreoliflorum 

Flowers large. 

Leaves broad. . . . . (59) D. megaceras 

Leaves narrow. Callus 0, side-lobes upcurved 

. . ., (60) D. exilicaule 

Callus a retrorse spme on claw of lip. 

Leaves broad ellIptic, I in. wIde (61) D. kentrochilum 

Leaves lanceolate, '75 in. wide (62) D. sanguinolentum 

§ 10. Stachyobium. Dwarf plants. Stems cylindric tufted. Leaves narrow 

thm. Flowers solItary or racemose, small or medlUm, usually whIte. 

Mentum rather long or short. Lip wIth a flat keel. 

Flower I; leaves lanceolate. . . . (63) D. trinervium 

Raceme many-flowered; leaves linear-Ianceolate (64) D. erireflorum 

§ II. Specws(1J. Stems stout cylindric or clavate. Flowers III racemes 

from old stems showy large. Lip broad convolute. Mentum short 

Stems terete. 

Lip ovate lanceolate, yellow. 

(65) D. aureum 

Lip convolute saccate. 

Petals and sepals rose-pink; lip pale yellow 

convolute. . . . 

(66) D. Pierardi 

Flowers purplish whIte, tips darker. . (67) D. Haniffli 

Flowers purple; hp pubescent, centre dark. (68) D. superbum 

Flowers yellow, hp purple orbicular villous, 

two purple spots at base. . (69) D. Dalhousieanum 

Lip 3-lobed, SIde-lobes erect, mIdlobe ovate, 

green and scarlet (70) D. cruentum 

Stems fUSIform. 

Raceme 9 in long; flowers yellow . . (71) D. aggregatum 

Raceme shorter, sepals and petals rose twisted, 

lip cream yellow (72) D. tortUe 

(1) D. pwnilum Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 479. D. quadrangulare 

Ridl. Mat. i. 35 (not of Parish). 

Pseudobulbs tufted cylindric or dilate upwards, 2 in. long, 

yellow. Leaves 2 at top lanceolate blunt or elliptic bilobed, 1'25 in.

Dendrobium] . CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 35 

long, ·5 in. wide. Flowers I or 2 from terminal tuft of bracts; 

pedicels ·5 in. long. Upper sepal ovate-Ianceolate, laterals ovate; 

mentum blunt curved, ·25 in. long. Petals narrower linear all 

pale straw colour or veined with red. Lip oblong entire yellow 

with red edges or red veined, tip dilate toothed with round orange 

callus in centre. Hab. Common on orchard trees. Singapore; 

Kranji; Selitar. Johor, Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall); Batu Pahat. 

Pahang, Pekan. Selangor, Kajang. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Kupayiang 

(Cantley). Perak, Thaiping (Curtis); Temengoh. Penang 

Pulau Tikus (Curtis); Tringganu (Rostados). Kelantan, Kwala 

Aring (Yapp), stems 3 in. long. Dlstrib. Burma, Borneo. Natwe 

name: Sakat Kalumbai. Use: As a drug in dropsy. 

(2) D. serra Lmdl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 3; R1dl. Mat. i. 38. 

Aporum micranthum GnfJ. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 376. 

Stems tufted, flattened occasionally branched, 6 to 24 in. long, 

base covered With leaves, tip with sheaths only. Leaves distichous 

ovate acute laterally flattened articulate at base, ·75 in. long, 

·25 in. wide, green or red. Racemes from the leafless part, rarely 

below, covered with copious brown bracts. Flowers ·12 in. wide, 

pure white. Sepals ovate-Ianceolate recurved; mentum long, 

narrow blunt. Petals linear. Lip linear-oblong tip of 2 parallel 

blunt linear lobes with a small forked callus at their base. Column 

rather long. Capsule pear-shaped, ·25 in. long. H abo Common 

in woods on trees, Singapore (Wallich). Changi, etc. Johor, 

Batu Pahat. Pahang, Pekan. Perak, Uiu Temengoh. Distrib. 

Borneo, Java. 

(3) D. rhodostele Ridl. Trans: Lmn. Soc. Ser. ii. vol. iii. 

360; Mat. i. 38. 

Stem 12 to 15 in. long, like that of D. serra. Leaves lanceolate 

or ovate-Ianceolate acute, ·75 to I in. long, ·25 in. wide. Flowers 

very small, white. Sepals ovate blunt; mentum short broad 

blunt. Petals linear acute. Lip linear-oblong, midlobe bilobed 

rounded broader. Column rather larger than in D. serra, pink. 

Pollinia narrow linear. Capsule pear-shaped, ·25 in. long. Hab. 

Rare. Pahang, Tahan valley (Ridley). 

(4) D. rosellum Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 168; Mat. i. 39. 

Habit of the two preceding. Stems branched, over I ft. 

long. Leaves ovate acute rather distant, ·5 to ·75 in. long, ·75 in. 

wide. Flowers pink, ·75 in. wide. Upper sepals ovate, laterals 

wider, mentum long straight, tip thicker. Petals small ovatelanceolate. 

Lip long narrow, side-lobes very short, midlobe obovate 

with oblong grooved callus at base yellow, tip bilobed, lobes broad 

round. Column rather long. Hab. Rare, Johor, Gunong Pantai 

(Ridley). Dtstrib. Borneo, common. 

(5) D. eulophotum Lindl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. iii. 5 ; Rtdl. Mat. i. 39. 

Stems 4 to 16 in. tall, leafy to top. Leaves lanceolate acute, 

·5 to I in. long, ·12 in. wide; sheaths·5 in. long. Racemes axillary,

CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.E. [ Dendrobifem. 

sub-acute, '5 in. long and nearly as wide. Racemes terminal short 

broad. Bracts many. Flowers fleshy, yellowish spotted pink, 

vanilla-scented. Upper sepal short blunt, '25 in. long, laterals 

widely ovate larger, mentum short and broad. Petals loratespathulate. 

Lip oblong shorter than sepals, nearly entire, tip 

bilobed rounded ciliate, an orange yellow centre bar ending in a 

small callus. Column short yellow, an orange spot at base. Hab. 

Common on trees in woods, Singapore, Changi, etc., Johor, Batu 

Pahat (Kelsall). Pahang, Kwala Pahang; Kota Glanggi. Malacca, 

Jasin; Sungei Baru Ulu; Tanjong Kling and Ayer Panas (Griffith). 

Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Williams). Selangor, Rawang (Kloss). 

Perak, Gunong Hijau (Scortechini); Ulu Leding (Wray). Dlstrib. 

Cochin-China, Borneo. 

(13) D. prostratum Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxiii. 248; Mat. 

ii. 4I. 

Stem creeping and rooting, branched flat. Leaves '25 in. long 

and nearly as wide, oblong triangular sub-acute or blunt fleshy 

deep green or red. Flowers as in D. leon is but smaller, pale yellow 

or dotted red. Upper sepal ovate blunt, laterals much larger 

ovate sub-falcate, mentum short broad curved. Petals much 

smaller spathulate. Lip oblong, tip dilate retuse; keel on disc 

orange with small erect quadrate callus. Hab. On branches of 

trees, mangroves and woods, Singapore, Kranji. Selangor, Sepang. 

Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi;. Siliau and Port Dickson 

(Williams). Distrlb. Borneo. 

(14) D. teres Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840; Misc. 51; Hool. Ann. 

Bot. Calc. v. pI. Il2; Ridl. Mat. i. 42. 

Stems few stiff, 10 to IS in. tall. Leaves distant terete blunt, 

2 to 4 in. long, '12 in. through, sheaths 1'25 in. long. Flowers 

'75 in. long, opening singly from tufts of bracts on the bare tip 

of stem, white; pedicel and ovary '5 in. long. Sepals lanceolate 

acute sub-equal, '5 in. long; mentum over '26 in. long, blunt 

conic. Petals narrower. Lip shorter, 3-lobed, side-lobes ovateoblong 

acute, veined orange, midlobe narrower lanceolate acuminate, 

keels 3, flame-colour. Hab. Not common, Singapore, Toas; 

Selitar. Johor, Kota Tinggi. Negri Sembilan, Gunong Angsi 

(Williams). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Curtis). Penang (Curtis). 

Dis/rzb. Borneo. 

(IS) D. acerosum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1841; Misc. 86; R;dl. 

Mat. i. 43. 

Stems slender flexuous, 12 to IS in. long. Leaves recurvcd, 

laterally flattened pungent, I to 1'5 in. long, sheaths '5 in. long, 

mouth black. Flowers '25 in. long, solitary from the bare top 

axillary cream-colour with or without pink veins. Bracts ovatelanceolate, 

small. Upper sepal lanceolate very small, laterals 

triangular blunt; mentum stout blunt, twice as long as upper 

sepal. Petals narrower linear. Lip spreading obcuneate-obovate,

Dendrobium.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE1E. 39 

tip crisped bilobed, white, centre bar thickened, tip yellow. Hab. 

Not rare, on trees. Singapore, Kranji; Changi. Johor, Kwala 

Kahang (Kelsall); Tana Runto. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca 

(Griffith). Negri Sembilan, Port Dickson (Williams). Penang. 

Distnb. Tenasserim, Siam, Sumatra, Borneo. 

(16) D. kentrophyllum Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 725; Ic. Pl. t. 

2021; Ridl. Mat. i. 42. 

Stems tufted stout, 4 to 8 in. long. Leaves sub-terete straight 

thick acute, '5 to 1 in. long, sheaths '25 in. long. Flowers lateral 

on the terminal leafless portion, '5 in. long. Upper sepal ovateoblong, 

laterals blunt; mentum more than twice as long as the 

upper sepal stout incurved narrowed to tip. Lip spathulate longclawed 

bilobed. Capsule pear-shaped on slender pedicel, '12 in. 

long. Hab. Rare and little known. Pahang, Tahan River. Perak, 

Gunong Hijau (Scortechini). 

(17) D. subulatum Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 726; Ridl. Mat. i. 43. 

Podochilus bicolor Mlq. ChOIX t. 22, f. 3. 

Stems tufted numerous, 2 to 6 in. tall, slender. Leaves narrow 

pungent slightly flattened recurved, '5 in. long, sheaths '25 in. long. 

Flowers solitary from the axils of the leafless part, nearly '5 in. 

long. Upper sepals small lanceolate blunt, laterals triangular 

acute; mentum twice as long, all white veined pmk. Petals 

linear. LIP oblong truncate, tip broad shortly 3-lobed white, a 

yellow spot at tip. Hab. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Kranji. Johor. 

Selangor, Batu Caves; Kwala Lumpur. Perak (Scortechini). 

Penang, Western Road (Curtis). Dtstrlb. Java, Borneo. 

(18) D. flexile Ridl. ] ourn. Lmn. Soc. xxxii. 251; Mat. 

i. 42. 

Stems numerous, 3 in. long, slender, flexuous, pendulous. Leaves 

terete acuminate acute appressed to stem, '75 in. long. Flowers 

sub-terminal, '5 in. long, white. Upper sepals small lanceolate 

acute, laterals ovate triangular acute; mentum much larger, 

curved blunt. Petals small linear. Lip, claw linear entire, limb 

obovate round, tip obscurely 3-lobed, edge toothed, a central' 

orange spot. Hab. Not common, on trees low down. Singapore, 

Bukit Timah. Johor, Pulau Aor (Feilding). 

(19) D. calcaratwn Lmdl. Bot. Reg. 1840, Misc. 219. D. 

conostalix Rchb. fil. Walp. Ann. vi. 292; Rtdl. Mat. i. 43. D. 

Teysmanni Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 540. D. Lobbii Teysm. and 

Binn. Nat. Ttjdr. Ned. Ind. iii. 339. 

Terrestrial herb with erect slender wiry stems, 1 to 2 it. tall. 

Leaves narrow linear, tip unequally bilobed, stiff, 3 in. long, '25 in. 

wide; sheaths 1'5 in. long, hairy. Flowers'5 in. long in axillary 

pairs. Bracts small ovate. Upper sepal ovate with 3 olive streaks, 

laterals larger acute; mentum very long straight blunt. Lip base 

narrow, yellowish white-,-side-Iobes tooth-like acute, midlobe round 

retuse. Column short, base dilate, arms erect tooth-like. Capsule

CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. [Dendrobium. 

I in. long, elliptic; pedicel '25 in. long. Hab. In shallow water, 

ditches and swamps, Singapore, Changi. Malacca, Bukit Bruang 

(Curtis). Distrtb. Labuan. Native names: Rumput; Rajah 

Sari. 

(20) D. villosulum Wall. Cat. 2006; Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 728; 

Ridl. 111 at. i. 44. 

Terrestrial stems, graceful terete, sometimes branched, 2 to 

3 ft. tall. Leaves linear-Ianceolate unequally bilobed, 2 in. long, 

nearly '25 in. wide, sheaths I in. long, black pubescent. Flowers 

solitary pendulous from sheaths '5 in. long. Sepals lanceolate 

acute, yellowish with pale red network, mentum '5 in. long, narrow 

blunt straight. Petals narrow linear recurved. Lip shorter, 3-lobed, 

side-lobes narrow erect, blunt, midlobe orbicular, primrose yellow. 

Column shori, base thicker. Hab. Terrestrial on dead leaves, 

up to 4000 ft. altitude. Singapore, Bajau; Sungei Buluh. Malacca, 

Mt. Ophir. Negri Sembilan, in old rubber ground Siliau (Williams). 

Penang Hill at 3000 ft. altitude (Porter, etc.), Kedah Peak. 

(21) D. pachyglossum Par. and RcM. fil. Tra1ls. Linn. Soc. 

xxx. 149; Hook fit. Anll. Bot. Card. Calc. v. 8, pI. 12; Rtdl. Mat. 

i. 44. D. abietinum Ridl. J OIlYll. LlIlll. Soc. xxxii. 252. 

Epiphytic stems slender, I ft. long. Leaves linear acute, 4 in. 

long, '12 in. wide, sheaths '25 in. long. Flowers'5 in. wide in pairs 

on short lateral racemes. Sepals oblong blunt, laterals wider 

greenish with red streaks, mentum '25 in. long, white. Petals 

narrow linear acute. Lip fleshy spathulate, side lobes hardly 

distinct, midlobe emarginate pale green, keels 2. Column narrow. 

Hab. Mountain forests on trees, at 2000 to 4000 ft. altitude, Pahang, 

Gunong Tahan. Perak, Thaiping Hills at 2000 ft. altitude. Kedah 

Peak. Lankawi, Gunong Raya. Dtslnb. Tenasserim. 

§ 5. Bambllscefolue. 

(22) D. gemellum Lindl. Cell. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 8r; Ridl. Mat. 

i. 44. 

Epiphyte 2 to 3 ft. tall, flattened above. Leaves lanceolate 

lorate unequally bilobed thin light green, 4 in. long, '3 to '5 in. wide, 

sheaths '75 in. long, wrinkled. Raceme from centre of an internode 

very short enclosed in oblong blunt bracts. Flowers 2, yellowish 

unexpanded, '5 in. long, pedicel '5 in. long; ovary '12 in. long. 

Upper sepal lanceolate blunt, laterals larger triangular-Ianceolate; 

mentum as long, thick curved. Petals linear-Ianceolate acute. 

Lip shorter narrow spathulate entire thin. Capsule ovoid, '5 in. 

long. Hab. On trees. Singapore, Serangoon. Malacca, Bukit 

Bruang (Griffith). Perak, Thaiping. Jalor, Biserat (Gwynne 

Vaughan). Lankawi (Curtis). Distrib. Siam, Java, Sumatra, 

Borneo. 

(23) D. pensile Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 253; Mat. i. 5. 

Stems numerous pendulous, 2 to 3 ft. long, terete. Leaves 

numerous ovate-Ianceolate fleshy distichous, 3 in. long, '75 in. wide.

44 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Dendrobium. 

(34) D. metachilinum RcM. fil. Bonplandia iii. 1855, p. 222; 


Stems stout, over 1 ft. long, deeply grooved. Leaves broad 

lanceolate, tips very unequally bilobed, 3 in. long, '36 in. wide; 

sheaths 1 in. long. Racemes from upper axils very short, 3- to 

4-flowered. Bracts ovate acute, very small. Ovary and pedicel 

'5 in. long. Sepals oblong-Ianceolate acute, '5 in. long; mentum 

'5 in. long, straight, slender acuminate. Petals linear-spathulate, 

burnt sienna colour with darker veining. Lip narrow with a long 

claw and small tooth-like side-lobes, midlobe small ovate fleshy 

carunded, brown with 2 keels on disc. Hab. very rare, Malacca 

(Cuming) ; Bukit Jelutong (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Siliau 

(Williams). 

The long mentum and narrow, long-clawed lip cause the flower to resemble 

a Pedllonum. 

(35) D. pandaneti Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 257; Mat. 

i. 47. 

Rhizome long creeping vertically on trunks of palms and pandans, 

branched. Stems 8 to 12 in. long, weak. Leaves thin lanceolate 

acuminate unequally bifid, 3 in. long, '75 in. wide, sheaths '5 in. 

long. Racemes in upper axils '25 in. long. Flowers few, 1 in. 

across. Pedicel and ovary 1 in. long. Sepals lanceolate acute; 

mentum slender blunt, shorter. Petals linear acute, all white. 

Lip base narrow linear, side-lobes short blunt incurved, midlobe 

fleshy, orange red with three orange keels on disc. Column straight, 

olive brown; arms large incurved ahd often bearing a half-anther 

on each. Capsule on pedicel '5 in. long, elliptic, pear-shaped fawncolour. 

Hab. Climbing on trunks of palms and pandans. Singapore, 

Jurong; Bukit Mandai. Johor, Pulau Kukub; Batu Pahat. 

Dzstrib. Sumatra. 

(36) D. euphlebium Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 7; RcM. fil. 

Xenia Orch. ii. 26 t. 110; Ridl. Mat. i. 49. 

Stems 6 to 9 in. tall, thickened upwards from a slender base, 

waved. Leaves terminal 2 lanceolate acuminate, 3 in. long, '75 in. 

wide, shortly petioled. Flowers solitary pendulous below the leaves, 

with a small yellow ovate bract. Upper sepal ovate-oblong blunt, 

laterals broad triangular ovate; mentum short. Petals lanceolatespathulate, 

all white. Lip base narrow, side-lobes erect short, 

midlobe broad orbicular, depressed, yellow with pink veins and 

streaks, a small callus on claw-base. Capsule obconic, 1 in. long. 

Hab. On mangrove trees and hill woods, Singapore, Kranji; Selitar. 

Johor, Gunong Pantai; Batu Pahat. Negri Sembilan, base of 

Gunong Angsi (Williams). Distrib. Borneo, Java. 

(37) D. caUibotrys Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 258. 

Stems sub-terete, 6 in. long or more, '25 in. thick. Leaves few 

at top lanceolate, 4 in. long, 1 in. wide; nerves 6. Racemes 1 in.

De_ndrobtum.J CXXXVI. ORCHIDEAl:. 47 

Batu Putih (Wray); Gunong Inas (Yapp). Kedah, Gunong 

Bintang (Kloss). 

(45) D. regIe R:il. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 260; Mat. i. 51. 

Stems slender, 2 ft. long. Leaves lanceolate sULl-acute, 3 in. 

long, '75 in. wide. Racemes '25 in. long. Flowers many, '5 in. 

long, dark pink; pedicels '2 in. long. Bracts lanceolate acute. 

Upper sepal oblong blunt, '25 in. long, laterals lanceolate-ovate, 

blunt; mentum terete curved, blunt, '25 in. long. Petals shorter, 

broader. Lip spathulate, limb round toothed. Anther conic dark 

crimson. Hab. On trees, Johor, Batu Pahat. Perak, Thaiping 

Hills at about 2500 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

(46) D. virescens Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 259; Mat. 51. 

Stems weak, over 1 ft. long, internodes '75 in. long. Leaves 

thin lanceolate acuminate, 4 in. long, 1 in. wide. Racemes lax,. 

2'5 in. long. Flowers 12, I in. long, greenish yellow, pediceL 1 in. 

long. Upper sepal ovate acute, '25 in. long, laterals wider; mentum 

'75 in. long, cylindric, blunt. Petals shorter. Lip spathulate, claw 

narrow, blade round toothed, margins of claw thickened with a 

transverse bar. Hab. Perak, Thaiping (Curtis). Legeh, at Tomoh 

(Machado). 

(47) D. serpens Hook. fil. Atm. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. 10, pI. 16; 

Rid!. Mat. i. 51. D. panduriferum var. serpens Hook. fit. F.B.I. 

vi. 186. 

Stems 2 to 3 ft. long, flexuous weak, internodes I to 1'5 in. 

long. Leaves elliptic, tip very unequally lobed, 3 in. long, I in. 

wide. Racemes 1'5 in. long. Flowers 6 to 8, about I in. long. 

Sepals broad ovate, yellow streaked red; mentum twice as long, 

terete bb,mt, straight green. Petals wide obovate. Lip, claw long 

linear, blade pandurate with a callus across base, Hab. Rare. 

Perak (Kunstler); Ulu Temengoh on an island in the Kertai River 

(Ridley). 

(48) D. crocatum Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 185; Ann. Bot. Gard. 

Calc. v. 9, pI. 14. D. pyropum Ridt. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 362. 

Stems I to 3 ft. through. Leaves lanceolate acute, unequally 

bilobed, 3 to 4 in. long, I in. wide. Racemes'5 in. long, 2- to 

3-flowered. Flowers 2 in. long, orange. Sepals lanceolate acute, 

'5 in. long; mentum straight cylindric acuminate. Petals as large 

as sepals. Lip spathulate, claw linear, blade ovate denticulate 

crisped, a double keel on the claw. Hab. On trees often high up, 

sporadic. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. Pahang, Tahan River. 

Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Braddon). Selangor, Ulu Gombak. 

Perak, _Larut (Kunstler). 

(49) D. Derryi Ridl. Mat. i. 52. 

Stem stout enlarged upwards red, 8 to 10 in. long, internodes 

1'5 in. long. Leaves ob!Qng blunt, 3 in. long. Flowers on old 

stems I in. acrosS:i- pedicel and ovary '75 in. long. Sepals oblonglanceolate 

blunt, ochreous; mentum straight blunt horizontal,

Dendrobium. ] (;XXXVI. ORCH1DEk:. 49 

(54) D. Foxii Ridl. J ourn. Bot. 1900, 70; Mat. i. 53. 

Stems slender, 3 ft. long, red. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 

4 in. long, I in. wide. Racemes'5 in. long. Flowers 7 to 10, rosy 

white, I in. across; pedicels I in. long. Sepals ovate acute, laterals 

more blunt curved, ·6 in. long; mentum thick curved dilate towards 

the acuminate tip. Petals oblong obovate fimbriate, nearly '75 in. 

long. Lip, claw narrow, linear, limb abruptly pandurate bilobed, 

rounded fimbriate, white. Column arms short blunt, orange. 

Hab. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Fox). 

(55) D. clarissimum Ridl. J ourn. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 65. 

Stem about I ft. long, flexuous, '26 in. through. Leaves thin 

lanceolate acute, 2 to 4 in. long, base round, '5 in. wide. Raceme 

sub-terminal of 4 or 5 flowers on a raceme 2 in. long, white, I in. 

wide. Pedicel 1'5 in. long. Sepals ovate acute, broad; mentum 

I in. long, cylindric then dilate, tip acute. Petals obovate blunt, 

larger, tip slightly rosy. Lip, claw linear, limb quadrate, edge 

fimbriate. Column arms orange. Hab. Mountain forests, rare, 

Pahang, Telom near the cascade, only a few plants seen 

(Ridley). 

(56) D. chloroleucum Ridl. Jaunt. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, 

P·38. 

Stem slender, 2 ft. long, '12 in. through, internodes 2 in. long. 

Leaves thin lanceolate acute, 4 in. long, '36 in. wide. Flower I on 

pedicels '75 in. long; peduncles I in. long. Sepals lanceolate, 

'5 in. long; mentum long, curved acuminate blunt, I in. long. 

Petals narrower, all cream colour, greenish at back, tip of sepals 

and mentum. Lip entire spathulate, 1'25 in. long, claw linear 

with a V-shaped keel at base, limb oblong narrowed into claw, 

edges undulate, '5 in. wide, canary yellow. Column base green, 

arms orange. Hab. Perak, Gunong Kerbau (Haniff). 

(57) D. suhflavidum Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 130. 

Stem slender, 18 in. long, '12 in. thick, internodes 2 in. long. 

Leaves lanceolate acuminate acute, 3 in. long, I in. wide, 5-nerved. 

Racemes from old stems, '75 in. long. Flowers 2, cream-colour 

spotted crimson, 1'5 in. long, '5 in. wide. Sepals, upper lanceolate. 

laterals triangular much wider; mentum horn-shaped, tip curved. 

Lip lanceolate, claw narrow, limb entire blunt, '5 in. wide, deeper 

yellow spotted red-brown. Hab. Local. Pahang, Gunong Tahan 

at 3000 to 6000 ft. altitude (Robinson, Ridley). 

(58) D. tropreoliflorum Hook. fil. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. 

pI. 17; Ridl. Mat. i. 62. 

Stem elongate flexuous thickened above, I ft. long. Leaves 

linear-oblong acute, 2'5 in. long, I in. wide. Raceme I to 2 in. 

long. Flowers 6 or more, I in. long. Sepals triangular-ovate 

acute, '25 to '5 in. long, deep purple; mentum 4 times as long, 

yellow. Petals obovate round acute, deep purple. Lip as long as 

sepals, claw linear gradually dilate to the lateral lobes, between 

FI.M.P , •. )l:

50 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Dendrobium. 

which is a semi-lunar callus, limb obovate apiculate. Hab. Perak, 

no locality given (Kunstler). 

(59) D. megaceras Hook. fit. F.B.I. v. 731; Ie. Pl. 2031; 


Stems slender, 2 ft. long, internodes 1 to 1'25 in. long. Leaves 

oblong-Ianceolate acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, '75 to 1 in. wide. 

Racemes short. Flowers few, 1'5 in. long, yellowish. Sepals 

elliptic-oblong blunt; mentum 2 or 3 times as long, cylindric nearly 

straight, pinkish. Petals obovate. Lip cuneate, 3-lobed, claw 

gradually dilate to limb, an elongate keel at base, side-lobes subtruncate 

crenulate, midlobe sub-orbicular retuse crenate. Hab. 

Malacca, no locality (Maingay). 

Near D. stlb/lavldum Rid!., but the flowers are rather smaller and lip 

crenulate ; mentum somewhat clubbed blunt. 

(60) D. exilicaule Ridl. D. tenuicaule Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. 

Soc. S. Br. 39, p. 73 (not of Hooker). 

Stems very slender, weak, 1 ft. long. Leaves linear-Ianceolate, 

3 in. long, '25 in. wide. Flower one, '75 in. wide. Pedicel and 

ovary '5 in. long. Sepals ovate acute; mentum '75 in. long, 

cylindric, tip recurved acute. Petals broad ovate. All pink, tips 

darker. Lip clawed, long and narrow, side-lobes broad upcurved, 

midlobe ovate shortly bifid, edge crisped, white with pink central 

lines. Hab. Lankawi, Ayer Hangat (Curtis). 

(61) D. kentrochilum Hook. fit. F.B.I. vi. 731; Ie. Pl. 2030. 

Stems rather stout flexuous. Leaves broad elliptic coriaceous 

blunt, base very shortly narrowed, 3 in. long, 1 in. wide. Flowers 

'34 in. wide, cream colour. Upper sepal ovate blunt, laterals 

oblong blunt larger; mentum '36 in. long. Lip obovate slightly 

trilobed, claw medium with a retrorse spur. Column arms erect 

curved acute. Hab. Very rare. Perak, Batang Padang valley at 

2000 ft. altitude (Wray). 

Near D. sangltino!entum, but the leaves are quite different, the flower 

smaller, and the mentum short. 

(62) D. sanguinolentum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1842; Misc. 73, 1843, 

t. 6; Ridl. Mat. i. 55. 

Stems fairly stout, 1 to 2 ft. long, flexuous. Leaves lanceolate 

sub-acute, 2 in. long, '75 in. wide. Racemes 1 to 1'5 in. long. 

Flowers 4 to 6, showy, 1 in. across. Sepals ovate blunt, '2 in. 

long; mentum '75 in. long, terete, tip dilate curved. Petals broad 

ovate blunt, '5 in. long, all cream colour, tipped violet crimson. 

Lip shorter, base narrow with a reflexed spine-like callus, limb 

suddenly dilate, quadrate-round, edge waved, cream colour tipped 

violet-crimson with a central yellow patch. 

var. D. eerinum. D. cerinum Rehb. fil. Gard. ekron. xii. 554. 

Flowers entirely yellowish ochre. Both forms grow together on 

trees at about 2500 to 3000 ft. altitude. Hab. Selangor, Semangkok 

Pass. Penang Hill (Curtis). Kedah Peak. Distrib. Borneo.

Dendrobium. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDEAl:. 51 

(63) D. trinervium Ridl. Joum. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 242. 

Dwarf; stems 3 in. tall, '25 in. thick, crowded flexuous. Leaves 

lanceolate fleshy unequally acutely bilobed, 2'5 in. long, '5 in. 

wide. Flower solitary; peduncle '25 in. long. Bract minute ovatelanceolate 

acute. Upper sepal ovate-oblong acute, laterals much 

larger; mentum blunt as long. Petals smaller lanceolate, all white. 

Lip oblong-pandurate retuse, yellow spotted, red at base, keels 3, 

bright green thickened at the tip on midlobe, '75 in. long and 

half as wide. Hab. Setul (Haniff fide Burkill). Distrib. Southern 

Siam. 

(64) D. erireflorum Griff. NotultB, iii. 316; Ic. Pl. As. t. 307. 

Stem 3 to 8 in. long, with large basal sheaths below. Leaves 

rather thin, linear-Ianceolate, 2 in. long, '25 in. wide. Racemes 

axillary lax, 6- or more-flowered, 2 in. long. Flowers'5 in. long, 

white or yellowish. Sepals lanceolate; mentum incurved. Petals 

narrow lanceolate, whitish, three purple lines. Lip nearly as long. 

broad ovate, lobes fimbriate serrate, mid lobe broad undulate, disc 

crested, yellowish veined purple. Hab. Kedah Peak (Burkill). 

Distrib. Himalaya. 

(65) D. aureum Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 77; Bot. Reg. 

1839, t. 20. D. heterocarpum Walt'. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 84, t. 196; 

Bot. Mag. t. 4708 and 4970. 

Stems sub-terete thickened upwards, 9 to 36 in. tall. Leaves 

oblong-Ianceolate, 4 to 5 in. long, '5 in. wide. Flowers 1 to 3 on a 

short peduncle from leafless stems, 2 to 2'5 in. across, pale yellow, 

fragrant. Sepals linear-oblong acute; mentum large conic truncate. 

Petals ovate-Ianceolate. Lip ovate-Ianceolate acute, tip 

recurved, sides incurved, disc pubescent, orange, streaked yellow. 

Column orange red. H abo V cry rare; once found in hill forests. 

Perak, Thaiping Hills (Stephens). Distrib. India, Java, Philippines. 

(66) D. Pierardi Roxb. Hook. Exot. Flora, t. 9; F.B.I. V. 738; 

Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1756; Bot. Mag. t. 2584. . 

Stems slender, 2 to 3 ft. long. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 

2 to 4 in. long, thin. Flowers 2 to 3 on short peduncle from leafless 

stems I to 2 in. across. Sepals oblong-Ianceolate; mentum short. 

Petals broader oblong, all rose pink. Lip orbicular cucullate 

pubescent ciliate, base tubular, primrose yellow. Hab. Selangor. 

Between Kwala Kubu and Tanjong Malim (Williams). Distrib. 

Himalayas to Tenasserim. 

(67) D. Haniffii Ridl. 

Stems slender, 18 in. tall, yellow with tubular leaf sheaths 

1'5 in. long. Leaves linear-oblong unequally bilobed at tip. thin, 

4'5 in. long, '3 in. wide, lower ones shorter and broader, sheaths 

1'25 in. long. Flowe(s 2 on an axillary raceme from the bare stem; 

peduncle 1'5 in. long"'''"with 4 papery sheaths at base; pedicels 

1'5 in. long. Sepals lanceolate, 1 in. long, '15 in. wide, twisted.

Dendrobium.J CXXXVI. ORCHIDE...E. 53 

on leafless stems 3- to 6-flowered; 3 to 3'5 in. wide. Sepals and 

petals oblong, undulate and twisted, rose lilac; mentum conic. 

Lip sub-saccate, limb orbicular erose pubescent and ciliate, light 

yellow. Hab. Rare. Penang. A large clump at Balik Pulau 

(Haniff). Distrib. Burma, S. Siam. 

Often cultivated, possibly a garden escape. 

10. BULBOPHYLLUM, Thouars. 

Epiphytes with creeping rhizome and one jointed pseudobulb. 

Leaf one, sub-terminal on the pseudobulb coriaceous, oblanceolate, 

ovate or lineate. Flowers one to many in a raceme, peduncled from 

the rhizome close to the pseudobulb. Sepals lanceolate, similar, 

or laterals larger. Petals smaller. Lip fleshy curved or flat, 

tongue-shaped movable on the end of the column foot. Column 

short, thick, with a long curved foot to which the lateral sepals 

are usually adnate, arms short or long erect, entire or bifid. Anther 

conic or flat. Pollinia 2 to 4 ovoid or elliptic in unequal pairs. 

Species about 400, all tropics. 

§ I. Sestochzlus. Flowers large, solitary (rarely 2 or more) on a long 

peduncle, spreading. Sepals sub-equal; petals nearly as large. 

Lip flat narrow linear-oblong. . . . (I) B. patens 

Lip flat long narrow acuminate; flowers 2'5 in. 

long . . . . . . 

Lip flat hastate blunt; flowers rather small, 

yellow . 

Lip ovate acute curved. 

(2) B. megalanthum 

(3) B. pileatum 

Flower large pink

Bulbophyllum. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 55 

Pseudobulb o. 

Flowers small crowded in a small head 

deep crimson (46) B. botryophonun 

§ 7. Intervallat(IJ. Peduncle long; raceme elongatmg with the opening 

of I flower at a bme. Bracts stiff persistent. Flowers large. 

Flowers opening wide . •. (47) B. stella 

Flowers cleistogamous not opemng • (48) B. cleistogamuIll 

§ 8. Oxysepalum. Stems long pendent branched or not with pseudo bulbs 

appressed to stem. Flowers in short racemes or solitary on short peduncle, 

but resembling those of Diphyes. 

Stems slender Ipuch branched; pseudo bulbs very 

small .. . . . . (49) B. clandestinum 

Stems stout; pseudobulbs rather large; flowers 

showy orange . • . . (50) B. capitatum 

§ 9. Difhyes. Rhizome creeping horizontal. Pseudobulbs'usually distant 

large sma! or o. Racemes peduncled long or short lax. Flowers thm small 

pale yellow or tipped orange. 

Sepals equal or nearly, acuminate caudate. 

Racemes short; flowers few at the end of short 

scape. 

Scape very short hidden in sheaths 

Scape short. 

Sepals equal acute, tipped orange 

Sepals unequal blunt. . 

Base of laterals not gibbous 

Base gibbous. . . . . 

(51) B. brevipes 

(52) B. concinnum 

(53) B. pauIlum 

(54) B. modestum 

(55) B. vermiculare 

Sepals acummate, whlte,lower ones slightly 

the longer, '25 m. long. . . (56) B. ochranthum 

Pseudobulbs flattened very short on a sub- 

erect stem; raceme obconic, very 

short . . 

Raceme elongate many-flowered. 

(57) B. sarcanthoides 

Pseudo bulb 0 or very small 

Sepals acummate caudate, laterals not 

gibbous . . (58) B. adenopetalum 

Pseudobulbs small globose. 

Lateral sepals gibbous. 

Leaf linear, 4 by '5 in.; flowers IS . (59) B.leptosepalum 

Leaf oblanceolate, 6 to 8 in. by '75 in.; 

flowers very numerous . . (60) B. montigenum 

Sepals not acuminate·caudate laterals not 

gibbous. 

Pseudobulbs very small globose; raceme 

very long • (61) B. odoratum 

Lateral sepals gibbous. 

Leaf linear • 

(62) B. linearifolium 

Leaf oblanceolate. 

Scape shorter than leaf. . . (63) B. apodum 

Scape longer than leaf, tall, 7 in. long 

with a sheath half·way . . (64) B. selangorense 

Scape 2 in. tall; leaves I in. long, 

fleshy elliptic . . . (65) B. viridescens 

Pseudobulbs large conspicuous crowded. 

Pseudobulbs globose or ovoid; raceme I to 

2 m. long - . . •. (66) B. glObulUS 

Pseudobulbs cylindric small; raceme 8 in. 

long; sepals gibbous • (67) B. arachnites

56 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [ Bulbophyllllffl. 

Pseudobulbs oblong conic distant; raceme 

6 m. long; flowers tipped orange (68) B. flammuliferum 

§ 10. Cfrrhopetalum. Lower sepals much longer usually differing in 

shape from upper one. 

Flower I large. 

Lower sepals long-caudate . (69) B. fascinator 

Lower sepals not caudate. 

Lower sepals broad shortly subulate, pink (70) B. Blumei 

Lower sepals oblong blunt or sub-acute. 

Lip large halry; petals as long as upper sepal (71) B. breviscapum 

L1p small; petals very small. . . (72) B. restrepia 

Flowers few in a short termmal raceme sub-whorled. 

Pseudobulbs elhptic lying flat on the rhlzome 

and adnate to it. " (73) B. planibulbe 

Flowers capitate very numerous. 

Head large, 1"5 in. through; flowers 6 in long, 

white spotted pink. " (74) B. meduslB 

Head small, flowers 1'5 in. long, yellow. (75) B. vaginatum 

Flowers in a distinct whorl. 

Lateral sepals long caudate fihform at bp (76) B. psittacoides 

Lateral sepals flat to the end. 

Sepals and petals glabrous. 

Flowers 5 in a whorl, lateral sepals '36 in. 

long, free . . . . . (77) B. rhizophoreti 

Flowers 10 in a whorl, upper sepal and 

petals connate half-way . 

(78) B. punctatissimum 

Lateral sepals connate half-way, '75 in. 

long . . . . 

(79) B. perakense 

Lateral sepals connate at tip only. 

Leaf 6 m. long; flowers whlte spotted 

pink . • . . . . (80) B. rupicolum 

Leaf 1 to 2 in. long; sepals orangered; 

petals purple.. (81) B. Skeatianum 

Lateral sepals quite free, yellow (82) B. purpurascens 

Upper sepal and petals hairy. 

Lower sepals free. 

Lower sepals base broad then narrow, 

then dtlate, bp acute . . . (83) B. Annandalei 

Lower sepals linear-oblong acute, pink. (84) B. campanulatum 

Lower sepals narrow long-acuminate, 

reddish-yellow . . , • 

Lower sepals very narrow linear, pink . 

Lateral sepals connate half-way, tips 

free acummate . . , 

Lateral sepals connate altogether. 

(85) B. acuminatum 

(86) B. microbulboD 

(87) B. semibifldum 

Lateral sepals very narrow linear. 

yellow, tips not free. . . (88) B. Makoyanum 

Lateral sepals linear acuminate pale 

red, bps free setaceous . . (89) B. stenophyllum 

Lateral sepals oblong blunt. '75 in. long. 

Scape 2 to 4 in. long, flesh pink 

spotted or cnmson purple. . (90) B. pulchellum 

Scape 8 in. long, flesh pink spotted. (91) B. Griflithianum 

Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate. I in. 

long. orange ochre (92) B. ochraceum 

§ I I. Pahudia. Flowers very large in a large whorl. Sepals equal or 

nearly 50. long acuminate or caudate. 

Sepals long acummate. 6 in. long (93) B. maximum

60 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE..B. [Bulbophyllum. 

(9) B. memhranifolium Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 706; Ridl. Mat. 

i. 65. B. sanguineo-maculatum Ridt. J ourn. Lmn. Soc. xxxii. 

265. Rhizome slender; pseudobulbs sub-cylindric narrow, r to 1'5 in. 

long, distant. Leaf 6 to 10 in. long, elliptic-Ianceolate membranous. 

Peduncle stout, 2 in. long. Flower 1'5 in. across. Sepals ovateoblong 

or lanceolate blunt, laterals deflexed. Petals smaller ovatelanceolate, 

all green spotted red. Lip small stipitate tongue-shaped, 

tip decurved verrucose. Column arms bifid, the lower lobes longer, 

deflexed. Capsule 1'5 in. long, green spotted purple. Hab. On 

trees. Selangor, Rwala Lumpur (Curtis). Perak, Gunong Batu 

Putih (Wray). 

(10) B. siamense Rchb. fit. Gard. Chron. 1867, p. 372. B. 

Lobbii Lindt. Rtdl. Mat. i. 64; Saunders Refug. Bot. t. II6. 

Rhizome stout; pseudo bulbs crowded ovoid. Leaf linearoblong 

acute, 4 to 8 in. long, 1 in. wide; petiole '5 in. long or 

less. Flower wide open, ochre-yellow veined red. Upper sepal 

lanceolate acute, laterals deflexed falcate broader, 2 in. long. Petals 

lanceolate. Lip broad ovate recurved often speckled red. Column 

broad, arms obscure. Hab. Rare. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Stephens). 

Distrtb. Tenasserim, Siam. 

(II) B. rugosum Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 266; Mat. 

i. 65. 

Rhizome slender branched; pseudo bulbs numerous crowded 

cylindric, 2 in. long, '5 in. through. Leaf oblanceolate acute, 6 in. 

long, 1'5 in. wide. Peduncle'5 in. long; pedicel and. ovary r in. 

long. Flower'5 in. across, hardly expanding. Sepals lanceolate 

acute, pale yellOW with many longitudinal grooves 1 in. long. 

Petals shorter, yellowish white. Lip fleshy oblong, tip decurved, 

base excavate, reddish pink, '25 in. long. Column arms long 

decurved blunt. Hab. On trees in woods, Singapore, Chan Chu 

Rang (Ridley). 

(12) B. pustulatum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, 

p. 74; Mat. i. 65· 

Stem stout; pseudobulbs crowded oblong conic, '5 in. long. 

Lip elliptic-Ianceolate acute, 4 in. long, 1 in. wide; petiole '5 in. 

long. Flower 1 in. wide; pedicel slender, '5 in. long. Upper 

sepal lanceolate acute, laterals much wider ovate blunt. Petals 

lanceolate acute, nearly as large as upper sepal, yellow with red 

stripes. Lip fleshy ovate-cordate, '25 in. long, dark maroon, 

2 raised rounded lobes at base and mass of papilla! on disc. Column 

foot long, tip free, arms triangular blunt. Hab. Very rare. Climbing 

on trees in forest, Malacca, base of Mt. Ophir (Ridley). 

(13) B. micl'oglossum Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 325. 

Stem slender, long creeping; pseudobulbs conic, '5 in. long, 

'25 in. thick. Leaf elliptic blunt, 1'75 in. long, '5 in. wide. 

Peduncle 1'75 in. long. Upper sepal elliptic hooded, laterals ovate-

Bulbophyllum. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE..E. 61 

lanceolate falcate blunt, '5 in. lang. Petals broad oblong-Ianceolate 

blunt nearly as large, all dull yellow lined and spotted red. 

Lip very small, pink fleshy, base broadly emarginate, sides compressed, 

tip decurved, hardly '25 in. long. Column foot long, free, 

sides winged, arms obscure. Hab. Pahang, Gunong Tahan at 4000 

to 5000 ft. altitude (Robinson). 

(14) B. subumbellatum Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 274; 

Mat. i. 66. 

Rhizome slender; pseudo bulbs crowded or IIp to 5 in. apart 

cylindric, 2 in. long. Leaf lanceolate acute, 5 to 6 in. long, 1'25 

in. wide. Peduncle 4 in. long, with 4 or 5 ovate cuspidate sheaths. 

Flowers 2 or 3, 2 in. long in a very short raceme; pedicels '75 in. 

long. Bracts '25 in. long. Upper sepal ovate acute, I in. long, 

'36 in. wide, laterals twisted. Petals much smaller, broad ovate. 

All greenish yellow spotted red. Lip stipitate tongue-shaped acute 

curved, '5 in. long. Column foot long, slender, arms very short. 

Hab. Johor, Rulu Batu Pahat (Kelsall); Tanjong Kupang (Ridley). 


(15) B. hispidum R£dl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 268; Mat. 

i. 67. 

Rhizome stout long; pseudobulbs 3 in. apart, conic I in. long. 

Leaf lanceolate blunt, 3 to 6 in. long, 2 in. wide; petiole I in. 

long. Peduncle 'S in. long. Flowers 8, in a dense raceme 'S in. long ; 

with rachis thickened; I in. across, deep red fO!tid. Sepals ovate 

sub-acute hairy on edge, laterals connate. Petals lanceolate falcate, 

edge' hairy. Lip thick not stipitate, with a short, thick 

claw, blade deflexed, broad blunt tongue-shaped, warty with 

2 hooked processes near base and 2 keels red. Column rather 

long, foot short, arms short erect, pale red-spotted. Anther conic 

yellow. Hab. Rare. Kedah Peak at 4000 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

(16) B. araniferum Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. v. 47. 

Rhizome long creeping, almost covered with adnate pseudobulbs, 

oblong horizontally appressed, tips only upcurved, 'S in. 

long. Leaf elliptic-Ianceolate acute petioled, 1'5 in. long, '25 in. 

wide. Scape slender, 2'5 in. long, with a lanceolate acuminate 

sheathing bract. Pedicel and ovary '75 in. long. Sepals subequal 

very narrow linear acuminate caudate, 1'25 in. long. Petals 

linear blunt, shorter. Lip tongue-shaped acuminate blunt, orange 

colour, base cordate, lip curved, a groove in centre. Column arms 

subulate. Hab. Very rare, Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah 

(Robinson). 

(17) B. catenarium Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 235. 

Rhizome filiform; pseudobulbs appressed tips upcurved. Leaf 

'25 in. long, elliptic blunt. Scape filiform, I in. long. Pedicel 

I in. long. Flower '25 in. wide, orange. Upper sepal lanceolate 

blunt, laterals longer' and broader streaked red. Petals one-third 

of their length, one red streak, lanceolate. Lip ovate acute, papil-

62 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE..E. [ Bulbophyllum. 

lose dark red. Column arms erect acute. Capsule elliptic. Hab. 

Singapore, on mangroves, Kranji; Chan Chu Kang. Selangor, 

Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Pahang, Kluang Terbang (Barnes); 

Perak, Thaiping Hills (Curtis). Distrib. Borneo. 

(18) B. titania Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 325. 

Rhizome long; pseudobulbs closely appressed to it, oblong, 

tips cun'ed up, nearly '5 in. long. Leaf lanceolate, '5 in. long, 

'12 in. wide, base narrowed. Peduncle capillary 1'5 in. long. 

Bract funnel-shaped, '12 in. long. Sepals lanceolate, '18 in. long, 

laterals wider. Petals minute one-quarter length of sepallanceolate, 

all orange. Lip tongue-shaped, deep orange, bent in middle, threequarters 

length of sepal. Column thick, arms setaceous long. 

Hab. Pahang, Gunong Tahan, in moss (Robinson). 

(19) B. tinea R£dl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 66. 

Rhizome filiform; pseudobulbs prostrate, tips ascending '12 in. 

long and as distant. Leaf oblanceolate spathulate, blunt, I in. 

long, '12 in. wide. Peduncle filiform, 3 in. long. Flower'5 in. 

wide, orange-yellow streaked darker. Upper sepal lanceolate, 

laterals semi-ovate blunt broader. Petals very small, yellow, 

midrib green. Lip fleshy blunt oblong flat, reddish purple. Arms 

of column subulate. Hab. Rare. Pahang, Gunong Berumbun, 

Telom at 6000 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

(20) B. minutulum Rtdl. 

Rhizome short, slender, covered with the prostrate ellipticoblong 

pseudo bulbs, '05 in. long. Leaves elliptic acute, '1 in. 

long, coriaceous. Scape filiform, '3 in. long. Bract cupular 

truncate minute. Flower'I in. long, very pale-straw colour almost 

white. Sepals broad lanceolate-ovate acute equal. Petalobovate, 

much shorter. Lip ovate tongue-shaped blunt straw colour with a 

touch of pink beneath. Column short, arms slender horn-shaped 

longer than the anther. Hab. Mountains, rare, Pahang, Fraser 

Hill on a bank (Burkill and Holttum). 

The most minute species I have seen. 

(21) B. dryas Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 175 .. 

Rhizome very long and slender, no pseudobulbs. Leaves'5 in. 

apart, ovate fleshy reddish covered with sh.:>rt black hairs, '25 in. 

long, '18 in. wide. Peduncle filiform, I in. long. Bract cupshaped 

amplexicaul. Pedicel '12 in. long. Sepals elliptic-ovate 

blunt, '25 in. long, primrose yellow. Petals half as long, paler. 

Lip oblong-ovate, blunt flat dull red, edges paler, 2 low keels in 

centre. Column arms broad round, short. Hab. Rare, Pahang, 

Gunong Taban (Ridley). 

(22) B. striatellum Ridl. Ann. Bot. iv. 335; Mat. i. 67. 

Rhizome filiform; pseudobulbs conic curved, '5 in. long and as 

distant. Leaf lanceolate acute, 2 in. long, '5 in. wide. Scape 

filiform, little more than '5 in. long. Flower nodding yellow;

Bulbophyllum. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDEiE. 

pedicel I in. long. Sepals oblong or oblong-Ianceolate caudate 

with 3 red veins '5 in. long. Petals ovate-oblong round, tip spotted 

red, 2 red spots at base. Column arms short, blunt. Hab. Local. 

Singapore, on mangroves, Kranji; Chan Chu Kang (Ridley). 

(23) B. oreas Ridl. 

Rhizomes filiform forming a mat; pseudobulbs '25 in. apart, 

conic, base flattened, '1 in. long. Leaf lanceolate sub-acute, '2 in. 

long, '08 in. wide. Peduncles filiform, '5 in. long. Bract funnelshaped 

with setaceous point at one side. Flower solitary. Pedicel 

and ovary '1' in. long. Sepals lanceolate caudate, bases broad, 

'1 in. long. Petals oblong-ovate, little longer than the column. 

Lip lanceolate, base broad, sides involute, tip elongate linear, 

'06 in. long. Column short and thick, arms ovate oblique, broad 

with 2 points. Anther semi-globose. Hab. Mountains. Pahang, 

Gunong Tahan at 5500 to 7000 ft. altitude (Haniff). 

(24) B. pan Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 176. 

Rhizome short white corky; pseudobulbs conic purplish, '5- in. 

long. Leaf 1'5 to 2 in. long, '25 in. wide, oblanceolate acute, petioled. 

Peduncle filiform, 3 in. long, red. Sepals oblong obtuse, '5 in. 

long, red with darker stripes. Petals one-quarter of the length 

oblong, edges toothed, tipped black. Lip short broad, flat blunt 

tongue-shaped grooved down centre, deep purple, base greenish. 

Column whitish stout, arms long, slender, curved. Hab. On trees 

in dense woods, mountains, Pahang, Gunong Tahan at 5500 ft. 

altitude (Ridley). 

(25) B. c:eneum Burkitt MSS. 

Rhizome very slender; pseudobulbs '25 in. apart, conic curved, 

'25 in. long. Leaf linear narrowed at base, '75 in. long, '08 in. 

wide. Scape filiform, 2 in. long. Bract funnel-shaped with an 

acute point. Pedicel"'I in. long. Flower solitary, purple. Sepals 

lanceolate acute, '15 in. long. Lip oblong blunt dark purple, 

three-quarters the length of the sepals. Hab. Mountains at 4000 

to 4370 ft. altitude, rare. Pahang, Fraser Hill (Sempang) (Burkill 

and Holttum). 

Closely allied to B. pan RidJ.. but leaves and flower very much smaller. 

I have only seen one flower, which was too much crushed to see the column 

and petals. 

(26) B. nematocaulon Ridl. 

Rhizomes filiform long; pseudo bulbs '25 in. apart, oblong 

curved, '15 in. long. Leaf elliptic-lanceolate, '24 in. long, '08 in. 

wide. Peduncle slender, '5 in. long, with a funnel-shaped bract 

below the pedicel. Flower '25 in. wide. Sepals lanceolate .acute 

sub-equal. Petals white, half as long lanceolate, tip rounded, base 

narrowed, acute. Lip shorter than sepals entire lanceolate with 

a very short claw. Column broad, arms short broad bifid erect 

blunt. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). Pahang, Fraser Hill (Burkill 

and Holttum).

Bulbophyllum. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE...E. 

wide or more. Peduncle very short. Flower 1. Sepals ovatelanceolate 

acute pink, '5 in. long. Petals reduced to 6 or 7 clubbed 

terete threads, base white, tip grey, less than '25 in. long. Lip 

elliptic-Ianceolate sub-acute warted deep purple. Column stout, 

foot shorter pinkish, above deep purple, arms erect long acute. 

Anther with long upcurved beak. Hab. Rare. Negri Sembilan, 

Siliau (Williams). Perak, Tapah (Curtis); Teluk Anson (Williams). 

Distrib. Java. 

(31) B. tenerum Ridl. Jottrn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, p. 75; 

Mat. i. 68. 

Rhizome filiform; pseudo bulbs ovoid, '25 in. long, '25 in. 

apart. Leaf oval, '5 in. long, sessile. Peduncle red, 2 in. tall. 

Flowers terminal 3; pedicel '25 in. long. Upper sepal lanceolate 

acuminate, laterals much longer, slightly gibbous at base purple, 

bases green. Petals ovate-elliptic much smaller, green. Lip small 

recurved, acute purple. Column thick purple, foot as long, green; 

arms long linear acute curved .. Hab. Rare. Lankawi (Curtis). 

(32) B. hirtulum Rtdl. Journ. Bot. 1900, p. 71; Mat. i. 68. 

Rhizome slender; pseudo bulbs globular crowded, hardly '25 in. 

long. Leaf oblong-Ianceolate blunt, 1'5 in. long, '5 in. wide. Scape 

slender, 2 in. long. Flowers two, '25 in. long; pedicels with ovary 

short, red. Upper sepal ovate-Ianceolate acute, laterals wide! 

falcate pubescent white tinted purple. Petals narrow linear 

shorter, white with brown veins and cilia on edges. Lip tongueshaped 

straight, deep red, hairy. Column short broad, green, base 

red, arms very short, rounded; anther hat-shaped orange. Hab. 

Rare. Penang Hill at 2000 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

(33) B. cincinnatum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, 

p. 75; Mat. i. 69. 

Pseudo bulb very small. Leaf elliptic blunt, 4 in. long, 2 in. 

wide. Peduncle very slender, 2 in. long. Flowers 2, terminal, 

'12 in. long. Bracts ovate. Ovary and pedicel '25 in. long. Sepals 

lanceolate sub-acute, sub-equal, brown hairy. Petals brown 

linear-oblong, falcate blunt hairy. Lip oblong blunt with long white 

hairs. Column short, foot as long, arms short. H abo Rare. Perak, 

Batu Tujoh (Curtis). 

(34) B.limbatum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840; Misc. 74; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 69. .- 

Rhizome stout; pseudo bulb flattened, about 1 in. long. Leaf 

large ovate. Peduncle stout, 4 in. long. Flowers many, distant, 

25 in. long; pedicel and ovary short and thick. Sepals ovate blunt, 

edges ciliate dark purple. Petals spathulate villous, purple. Lip 

fleshy ovate blunt concave, edges scabrid, dull green tinted purple. 

Hab. Singapore (Hart. Loddiges). 

Only known from a cultivated plant in Lmdley's Herbarium. 

(35) B. lasianthumLindl. Gard. ehron. 1855, p. 53; De Vriese, 

Ill. Orch. Nederl. Ind. i. pI. 12, fig. 1; Ridl. Mat. i. 70. 

Fl.M.P.,4 F

66 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. l Butbopkyllum. 

Rhizome very stout woody, '25 in. thick; pseudo bulbs cylindric, 

2'5 to 3 in. long, 3 in. or more apart. Leaf lanceolate acute, 9 in. 

long, 3 in. wide; petiole I in. long. Peduncle 4 to 10 in. long, 

base covered with red sheaths. Flowers about IS, purple, hairy, I in. 

long, fretid. Bracts lanceolate acute, '5 in. long. Ovary and pedicel 

'5 in. long. Upper sepal linear-oblong, laterals as long ovate concave 

at base. Petals lanceolate acuminate. Lip glabrous half as long 

lanceolate acute. Capsule cylindric, 1'5 in. long. Hab. On trees 

and rocks. Johor, Kukub on trees (Ridley). Negri Sembilan, 

Siliau (Williams). Perak (Scortechini). Penang Hill and Bukit 

Laksamana (Curtis). Distrib. Sumatra. 

(36) B. Wrayi Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 766; Ie. Pl. 2044; Rtdl. 

Mat. i. 69. 

Rhizome woody, stout; pseudo bulbs conic, I in. long, I in. 

apart. Leaf elliptic thinly coriaceous blunt, 8 in. long, 2'5 in. 

wide; petiole 4 in. long. Peduncle stout, 12 to 18 in. long; racemes 

6 in. long. Flowers many, sub-whorled, green with pink spots, 

'5 to ·6 in. across, or half as big. Bracts short ovate. Pedicels 

'25 in. long. Sepals lanceolate, laterals falcate. Petals broad 

oblong blunt, half as long. Lip 3-lobed, claw short narrow, side 

lobes round with 2 bosses between, midlobe lanceolate, base narrow. 

Column broad-winged, arms acute. Anther large elliptic with a 

long fleshy pustular conic process on top. Hab. Mountains at 2500 

to 8000 ft. altitude, Pahang, Gunong Berumbun (Wray). Perak, 

Thaiping Hills (Derry). 

(37) B. alcicorne Par. and Rehb. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 

151; Ridl. Mat. i. 70. 

Rhizome long woody, '12 in. thick; pseudobulbs globose small, 

'12 in. apart. Leaf oblanceolate, blunt, fleshy, coriaceous, 3 to 

4 in. long, '5 in. wide; petiole I in. long. Peduncle graceful, 

5 in. long, pink; raceme decurved, I in. long. Flowers 20 crowded 

appressed to rachis. Bracts very small. Ovary and pedicel very 

short. Upper sepal nearly '25 in. long, lanceolate acute, white 

tipped and veined purple, laterals little longer linear oblong pink. 

Petals half as long ovate cuspidate toothed, white, teeth and nerves 

purple. Lip short-clawed, blade straight oblong blunt, edge ciliate 

yellowiSh, claw pink. Column white, foot shorter, arms bifid, lobes 

linear-oblong 2-toothed. Capsule elliptic, '36 in. long. Hab. 

Penang Hill at 2400 to 3000 ft. altitude (Fox and Curtis). Distrib. 

Tenasserim. 

(38) B. musciferum Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 176. 

Rhizome 2 in. long; pseudo bulbs oblong-conic, '5 in. long, 

approximate. Leaf oblanceolate to linear-Ianceolate, sub-acute or 

blunt, 2 to 5 in. long, '25 to '5 in. wide; petiole '25 to '5 in. long; 

peduncle slender, I ft. long; raceme deflexed, I in. long, densely 

flowered. Bracts triangular-Ianceolate or ovate acuminate, longer

72 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEiE. [Bulbophyllum. 

Sepals lanceolate acuminate. Petals short, oblong ciliate blunt. 

Lip tongue-shaped, blunt channelled, ciliate. Column arms short, 

blunt. Hab. Singapore (cult Loddiges' Garden). Perak, Kamuning 

(Machado). 

(59) B. leptosepalum Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 767; Ic. Pl. 2045; 

Ridl. Mat. 76. 

Tufted plant; pseudo bulbs very small crowded. Leaf linear 

acute, base narrowed, 4 in. long, '5 in. wide. Raceme slender, 

3 in. long. Flowers IS scattered, white, '25 in. long. Sepals 

lanceolate caudate, laterals gibbous at base. Petals linear-Ianceolate 

much shorter. Lip lanceolate, side-lobes erect obscure, midlobe 

narrow fleshy pustular. Column short, foot long, arms narrow 

acuminate. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). Penang Hill (Curtis). 

(60) B. montigenum Rtdl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iv. 235; Mat. i. 76. 

B. oblanceolatum King. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 586. 

Rhizome nearly '25 in. through; pseudo bulbs o. Leaf oblanceolate 

or oblong-oblanceolate sub-acute, 6 to 8 in. long, '75 in. wide; 

petiole I to 3 in. long. Raceme 5 in. long, basal inch nude. Flowers 

numerous scattered, '25 in. long. Bract lanceolate as long as 

ovary. Sepals lanceolate acuminate, laterals gibbous at base. 

Petals less than one-third length, fleshy papillose, lanceolate blunt. 

Lip as long oblong-Ianceolate entire blunt pubescent. Column very 

small, foot longer, arms erect acute. Hab. Mountains. Pahang, 

K'luang Terbang (Barnes). Selangor, Bukit Fraser (Burkill). 

Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray); Thaiping Hills at 4000 ft. 

altitude. 

(61) B. odoratum Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 54; Ridl. Mat. i. 77. 

Rhizome long; pseudobulbs very small globose. Leaf 7 to 8 in. 

long, I in. wide, oblanceolate blunt; petiole 3 in. long. Raceme 

16 in. long, stout. Flowers very numerous to base, orange turning 

white, fragrant. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, '12 in. long. Sepals 

lanceolate sub-acute. Petals very small ovate-Ianceolate. Lip 

very small curved obscurely 3-lobed, ovate, sides upcurved, midlobe 

tongue-shaped, flat blunt. Column thick, foot oblong, arms 

entire or 2-toothed, erect acute. H abo Pahang, Tahan River. 

Perak, Temengoh (Ridley). Kelantan Kwala Endong (Haniff). 

Distrib. Java, Borneo. 

(62) B. linearifolium Ktng, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.lxvi. ii. 3, 

586. Rhizome stout; pseudo bulbs obsolete, '5 in. apart. Leaf 

linear acute, 4 to 6 in. long, '36 to '5 in. wide; petiole I to 2 in. 

long. Peduncle I to 1'5 in. long. Raceme very lax, 3 to 4 in. 

long. Flowers '12 in. long, yellow. Bracts lanceolate acuminate. 

Sepals lanceolate blunt, laterals broader falcate, gibbous at base. 

Petals linear half as long. Lip oblong fleshy acute or blunt. Column 

arms broad lanceolate blunt. Hab. Perak (Scortechini); Bujong 

Malacca. Kedah Peak (Burkill).

Bulbophyllum.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.lE. 75 

Leaf sub-sessile, elliptic-oblong blunt, 1·25 to 2 in. long. Flower 1. 

Bracts ovate-Ianceolate, ·13 in. long. Upper sepal lanceolateoblong 

acute incurved, ·6 to ·75 in. long, laterals connate at base, 

oblong blunt deflexed, base twisted, 1 in. long, yellow spotted red. 

Petals lanceolate acute, as long as upper sepal, purple. Lip fleshy, 

·25 in. long, base wide cordate covered with long hairs. Column 

arms curved porrect, a short erect boss at top. Hab. Perak (cult. 

at Glasnevin and Kew). 

(72) B. restrepia Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 365; Mat. i. 78. 

Rhizome short; pseudo bulbs crowded cylindric, ·75 in. long. 

Leaf obovate petioled, 2 in. long, 1 in. wide. Peduncle filiform, 

4 in. long. Flower 1. Upper sepal linear tapering clubbed, ·5 in. 

long, laterals lanceolate acuminate, sub-falcate, edges at base and 

tip connate, 1 in. long, ·25 in. wide at base, pale green, edges brown 

speckled pink at base. Petals very small edged brown. Lip 

small ovate, decurved white spotted pink above. Column short, 

foot very short, green, arms bifid. Hab. Rare. Pahang, Pekan, 

on bushes (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. 

(73) B. planibulbe Rtdl. Mat. i. 79. Cirrhopetalum planibulbe 

Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 364, pI. lxiv. 

Rhizome long, slender; pseudobulbs elliptic-oblong lying flat 

on rhizome 3 in. apart, purple, 1 in. long, ·25 in. wide. Leaf 

elliptic-oblong blunt, I in. long, ·25 in. wide. Peduncle 4 in. long, 

slender purple. Flowers at end 4 or 5. Pedicels 1 in. long. Bract 

lanceolate, ·25 in. long. Upper sepallanceolate caudate, 1 in. long, 

laterals deflexed, 2 in. long, yellow spotted red on back and edges. 

Petals short obovate-sub-spathulate yellow. Lip recurved fleshy 

tongue-shaped acute, channelled orange. Column yellow, foot very 

short purple, arms subulate as long as petals. Hab. On tree trunks. 

Pahang, Pekan. Kedah, Van (Ridley). 

(74) B. medusre Rchb. fil. Walp. Ann. vi. 262; Ridl. Mat. i. 79. 

Cirrhopetalum medUSa! Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1842, t. 12; Bot. Mag. 

t. 4977. 

Rhizome very stout; pseudobulbs angled conic, 1 in. long, 

very thick. Leaf 6 in. long, I in. wide, o blanceolate , petiole short; 

peduncle 4 to 5 in. long; sheaths large loose. Flowers very many 

in a globose head 1·5 in. through. Bracts at,base lanceolate pale, 

·5 in. long, those of flowers longer than ovary. Sepals caudatelanceolate, 

upper 1 in. long, lower ones 6 in. long, white with pink 

spots or; all white. Petals lanceolate acuminate, pinkish or white 

much shorter. Lip shorter lanceolate acute, yellowish. Column 

thick, .. arms long lanceolate acuminate porrect. Hab. On rocks 

and trees, not rare. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Bukit Mandai. 

Johor, Tengarah (Kelsall); Tebrau River. Pahang, Tahan River. 

Malacca, Jasin .. Negri _Sembilan, Siliau (Williams). Dindings, 

Lumut. Perak, Waterfall Hill (Wray). Penang (Curtis). Kelantan, 

Kwala Lebir (Gimlette), flowers white. Distrtb. Siam, Borneo.

CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.£. [ Bulbophyllum. 

3 in. long. Flowers 10 in a whorl. Bracts ·25 in. long. Pedicels 

filiform, ·5 in. long. Upper sepal ovate acute, minutely mucronate, 

lower ones ·36 in. long, connate near tip only, tip shortly bifid. 

Petals glabrous half as long as upper sepal, ovate toothed. All 

white closely pink-spotted. Lip tongue-shaped linear blunt. 

Column white, foot pink spotted. Hab. On rocks. Setul, Bukit 

Rajah Wang (Ridley). . 

(81) B. Skeatianum Ridl. Joum. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 177. 

Pseudobulbs crowded obpyriform, I in. long, purple. Leaf 

linear-lanceolate blunt, I to 2 in. long, ·25 to ·36 in. wide. Scape 

5 in. long or less, slender purple. Bracts linear acuminate. 

Flowers 9 to 12 in a half whorl. Pedicels I in. long. Upper 

sepal ovate blunt, purplish red with red streaks, lower sepals bright 

red to orange red, linear acuminate, connate towards tip, I in. 

long. Petals ovate blunt deep red, purple as long as upper sepal. 

Lip tongue-shaped orange. Hab. Local on tree boughs. Pahang, 

Gunong Tahan, at 3000 to 5500 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

(82) B. purpurascens J"eysm. and Binn. Natur. Tidschr. xxiv. 

308. B. citrinum Rzdl. Mat. i. 75. Cirrhopetalum citrinum 

Ridl. J ourn. Lmn. Soc. xxxi. 279. 

Rhizome rather slender; pseudobulbs crowded to I in. apart, 

conic, hardly I in. long. Leaf obovate blunt, fleshy dark green or 

purple, 1·5 in. long, ·75 in. wide. Peduncle filiform shorter or 

longer. Flowers 10 crowded in a head, whorled, lemon yellow, 

nearly ·5 in. long. Bracts linear acute as long as pedicels. Upper 

sepal ovate-Ianceolate acute, laterals lanceolate-linear twice as 

long. Petals ovate acuminate or lanceolate acute, shorter than 

upper sepal. Lip curved sub-acute, 2-keeled. Column foot short, 

arms short broad blunt. Capsule elliptic, ·5 in. long. Hab. Common. 

Singapore, Tanjong Gol; Sungei Buluh. Johor, Sungei 

Bau. Malacca, Mt. Ophir; Cape Rachado (Williams). Perak, 

Thaiping. Distrib. S. Siam, Borneo. Java. Sumatra. 

(83) B. Annandalei Ridl. 

Rhizome moderately thick; pseudobulbs approximate truncate 

conic, ·5 in. long. Leaf coriaceous lanceolate blunt, narrowed to 

petiole, 4 in. long, ·6 in. wide; petiole ·25 in. long. Scape 3 in. 

tall. Flowers 2, deep crimson colour, faintly striped brown. Upper 

sepal ovate, ·5 in. long, ·24 in. wide, sub-acute, edge ciliate, lower 

sepals free except at base, I in. long, base dilate then narrowed, 

blade lanceolate acuminate, ·25 in. long. Petals ovate, ·25 in. 

long, edges fimbriate. Lip tongue-shaped curved fleshy large. 

Hab. Naung Chik, Bukit Besar. On a log across a stream at 

2000 ft. altitude (Annandale and Robinson). 

(84) B. campanulatum Rolfe, Kew Bulletin 1909, p. 62; Bot. 

Mag. t. 8281; Orch. Review 1910, 73, t. 6. B. auratum Rfdl. Mat. 

i. 82. Cirrhopetalum auratum Ridl. not Lindl. 

Rhizome short; pseudobulbs crowded ovoid grooved and

Bulbophyllum. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDEAl:. 79 

wrinkled, '75 in. long, '5 in. through. Leaf oblanceolate petiolate, 

blunt, purple beneath, 6 in. long, 1 in. wide. Peduncle 6 in. tall, 

nodding, pink-flowered, 8 in a whorl. Upper sepal ovate aristate, 

yellow with 5 crimson stripes, edges hairy, laterals nearly 1 in. long, 

free, '5 in. across, pink linear oblong. Petals lanceolate aristate, 

yellow, 3 crimson stripes as long as upper sepal. Lip oblong acute, 

recurved. Column arms obscure. Hab. Rare. On trees overhanging 

the river, Selallgor, Sepan (Ridley). Dlstr.b. Sumatra 

The figure in Bot. Mag. IS not very good. In our specimen the petals and 

sepals were much more yellow than In the Kew plant. 

(85) B. acuminatum Ridl. Mat. i. 81. Cirrhopetalum acuminatum 

Ridl. ] ourn. Llnn. Soc. xxxii. 282. 

Pseudobulbs fusiform conic, 1 in. apart, '5 in. -long. Leaf 

lanceolate acuminate 3 in. long, 1 in. wide. Scape 6 in. long, 

slender. Flowers 5 in a half circle. Upper sepals aristate, ovate, 

ciliate orange with red stripes, laterals 1 in. long, narrow elongate 

acuminate free, reddish, tipped yellow. Petals ovate ciliate longpointed 

orange, red striped. Lip short blunt slightly curved, 

greenish spotted purple. Column rather long, arms short. Hab. 

Rare. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley). 

(86) B. microbulbon Ridl. Mat. i. 82. Cirrhopetalum microbulbon 

Ridl. ] ount. Lw1t. Soc. xxxii. 283. 

Rhizome slender; pseudobulbs '12 in. long, globose, 1 in. apart. 

Leaf elliptic or obovate blunt, 1'5 to 1'75 in. long, '75 in. wide. 

Scape filiform, 5 in. long. Flowers small, 8 in a whorl. Bracts 

very small lanceolate acuminate. Upper sepal ovate cuspidate, 

edge ciliate, laterals very narrow linear free, '5 in. long, pink. 

Petals as long as upper ,sepal lanceolate cuspidate ciliate. Lip 

minute ovate. Hab. Singapore, Sungei Buru (Ridley). 

(87) B. semibifldum Ridl. Mat. i. 82. Cirrhopetalum semibifidum 

Ridt. ] ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 284. 

Rhizome slender; pseudobulbs conic, angled, '5 to '75 in. apart, 

'25 in. long. Leaf lanceolate, 1'5 in. long, '5 in, wide. Scape 

very slender, 4 in. long, crimson. Flowers 5 in a whorl. Bracts 

linear acuminate, red; pedicel and ovary '12 in. long. Upper 

sepal ovate acuminate, edge hairy, rosy with darker streaks, laterals 

1'5 in. long, connate for half their length, tips lorate acuminate 

widely separate deep crimson. Petals ovate-Ianceolate falcate 

acuminate, edge hairy. Lip tongue-shaped, curved rosy. Column 

rather long, yellow, arms short rounded. Hab. On trees near the 

sea. Singapore, Kranji (Ridley). 

(88) B. Makoyanum Ridt. Mat. i.81. Cirrhopetalum Makoyanum 

Rchb. fit. Gard. ehron. 1879, p. 243; Hook. fit. Bot. Mag. 

t. 7259. 

Rhizome slender; pseudobulbs 1 in. apart, ovoid, nearly r in. 

long. Leaf elliptic blunt or lanceolate, 3 to 6 in. long, '5 to 1 in. 

wide; petiole short. Peduncle slender, red, 7 to 8 in. tall. Flowers

80 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. [Bulbophyllum. 

II in a whorl. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, '12 in. long. Ovary 

and pedicel '25 in. long. Upper sepal ovate acuminate red, edges 

yellow hairy, laterals connate, long narrow linear, 2 in. long, yellow 

spotted red. Petals ovate acuminate, yellow red spotted or all 

red hairy. Lip fleshy curved, blunt grooved yellow edged, red or 

all red. Hab. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley). 

var. Brienianum Ridl. Cirrhopetalum Brienianum Rolfe, Kew 

Bulletin, 1893, p. 62. Upper sepal and petals brown, lower sepals 

yellow. johor, Gunong Pantai. Perak, Thaiping; Teluk Anson 

(Williams). Distrtb. Borneo. 

(89) B. stenophyllum Rt"dl. Mat. i. 83. Cirrhopetalum linearifolium 

R£dl. J ourn. Lmn. Soc. xxxii. 283. 

Rhizome long slender; pseudo bulbs conic-cylindric, 2 in. apart, 

'3 in. long. Leaf narrow linear-Ianceolate blunt, 4 in. long, '5 in. 

wide. Scape 6 in. 'long, reddish. Flowers few, small. Bracts 

linear acute, '25 in. long. Upper sepal lanceolate acute, greenish 

dark purple streaks, edge hairy, laterals almost entirely connate, 

linear acuminate, tips setaceous pale red, 'S in. long. Petals 

triangular lanceolate acuminate, green purple streaked. Lip tongueshaped 

curved, sub-acute purple. Hab. Singapore, Changi; Chan 

Chu Kang (Ridley). 

(90) B. pulchellum Ridl. Mat. i. 83. Cirrhopetalum concinnum 

Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 190; Ie. Pl. t. 2060 B. 

Rhizome slender; pseudobulbs crowded conical, 3-angled, 

1 in. long. Leaf narrow oblanceolate, blunt petioled, 3 to 6 in. 

long, '5 in. wide. Scape slender, 2 to 4 in. long. Flowers about 

12 in a whorl. Bracts narrow linear, setaceous, half as long as 

ovary. Upper sepal ovate aristate, edge ciliate, yellowish densely 

spotted red, laterals almost quite connate, oblong-oblanceolate 

blunt. Petals lanceolate aristate hairy on edge, all same colour. 

Lip thick curved, deep purple, yellow tip. Column thick, foot as 

long, arrns short broad, rounded. Hab. Common on trees. Singapore, 

Chan Chu Kang. johor, Tana Runto. Negri Sembilan, 

Siliau (Williams). Selangor, Sepan. Kelantan Kelumpur (Haniff). 

Distrib. Islands south of Singapore. 

var. purpureum Ridl. Whole flower crimson purple, sepals 

shorter, broader. Hab. Perak, Thaiping. Penang Hill (Curtis), 

also Siam. 

var. braehysepalum Ridl. Flowers very small, lateral sepals 

connate above only, tips round, '25 in. long, crimson purple. Hab. 

Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). 

(91) B. Griffithianum Par. and Rehb. fil. Trans. Lin1t. Soc. 

xxx. 153; Ridl. Mat. i. 83. Cirrhopetalum gamosepalum Griff. 

NotultB iii. 296; Hook. fil. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. 17, pI. 26. 

Rhizome moderately stout; pseudobulbs 1 in. apart, conic 

grooved, '5 to '75 in. tall. Leaf oblong-Ianceolate blunt or oblanceolate, 

4 in. long, 1'12 in. wide. Scape 8 in. tall, slender. Flowers

Bulbophyllum.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. 81 

8 to 10 in a whorl. Bracts linear-lanceolate setaceous red. Upper 

sepal ovate aristate, hairy, yellowish brown or pink spotted darker, 

laterals connate oblong blunt, '75 in. long, '13 in. wide, reddish or 

pink with darker spots or suffused rosy. Petals as long as upper 

sepal, lanceolate aristate hairy. Lip very small recurved channelled 

with 3 ribs yellow tip purple or brown. Column foot hardly as 

long, yellowish or pink spotted, arms short rounded. Hab. Trees 

in low country. Singapore, Bajau. johor, Kwala Kahang (Kelsall). 

Malacca, Sungei Rambei. Negri Sembilan, Siliau (Williams). 

Dtstrib. Tenasserim, Borneo. 

(92) B. ochraceum Ridl. Mat. i. 84. Cirrhopetalum ochraceum 

Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1898, p. 212. 

Rhizome long; pseudobulbs crowded, conic, 4-angled, 1'5 in. 

long, '5 in. thick. Leaf oblanceolate blunt, 7 in. long, I in. wide. 

Scape stout, 10 in. long, red. Flowers about 10. Bracts lanceolate 

long-acuminate. Upper sepal ovate acuminate reddish, edge 

hairy, laterals connate for whole length oblong-lanceolate, I in. 

long, '25 in. wide, orange-ochre red spotted. Petals lanceolate, 

edges hairy red. Lip tongue-shaped, recurved olive. Column 

long, foot slender, arms large thin, triangular. Hab. Very rare. 

Selangor, Semangkok Pass (Ridley). 

(93) B. maximum Ridl. Mat. i. 79. Cirrhopetalum maximum 

Rldl. J ourn. Bot. March 1900, p. 70. 

Rhizome long stout; pseudo bulbs distant, narrow oblong, 

5 in. long. Leaf lanceolate, r ft. long, 4 in. wide; petiole r·s in. 

long. Peduncle r ft. long. Flowers in a terminal whorl I ft. 

across, each over 6 in. long; pedicel r in. long, stout. Bracts 

lanceolate acuminate, r in. long. Sepals lanceolate cordate. Petals 

similar, all apple green. Lip tongue-shaped fleshy acute, cream 

colour with violet centre. Column oblong, broad cream marked 

mauve, arms 4, 2 erect, 2 broad, t:lick horizontal violet. Hab. 

Local. Perak, Bujong Malacca on trees (Ridley, Curtis). 

11. DENDROCHILUM, Blume. 

Rhizome woody creeping branched; pseudo bulbs usually distant. 

Leaf solitary coriaceous. Raceme slender from the rhizome near 

the pseudobulb with dry sheaths at base. Flowers numerous very 

small, white. Sepals narrow equal, laterals adnate to columnfoot. 

·Column rather tall with lateral arms, top hooded. Anther 

2-celled, pollinia 4, ovoid united by a viscid mass. Capsule subglobose 

or 3-angled. Species about 15, Malay Peninsula and islands. 

Lip lanceolate. 

Leaf lanceolate • . . 

Leaf narrow linear very coriaceous 

Lip oblong sub-spathulaJ:c . 

Lip pandurate. 

Leaf obovate coriaceous thick 

Leaf elliptIc thin coriaceous 

Fl.M.P •• 4 

(I) D. album 

(2) D. angustifolium 

(3) D. spathulatum 

(4) D. crassum 

(5) D. ellipticum G

82 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [ Dendrochilu111. 

(1) D. album Rldl. jaunt. Linn. Soc. xxxii 287; Mat. i. 85. 

Bulbophyllum pteriphilum Rolfe, Kew Bul/etm 1894, p. 391. D. 

pallidiflorum (flavens) Hook. /il. F.B.I. vi. 782, not pallidifiavens Bl. 

Pseudobulbs conic, 1 in. apart, 1 in. long. Leaf elliptic-Ianceolate 

blunt, 3 to 4 in. long, '75 to 1 in. wide; petiole'5 in. long 

Racemes slender, 1 in. long, with membranous bracts at base. 

Flowers numerous white. Sepals sometimes tipped orange, '25 in. 

across. Bracts very small. Sepals linear blunt, tips thickened. 

Petals similar smaller. Lip shorter lanceolate sub-acute, keels 2. 

Column arched, upper edge prolonged lanceolate retuse, arms linear 

acuminate. Hab. Mountains, common. Selangor, Gunong Semangkok. 

Perak, Thaiping Hills, Gunong Hijau (Kunstler, etc.); 

Ulu Bera (Kunstler); Gunong Kerbau at 6000 ft. altitude (Robinson). 

Distrib. Tenasserim, S. Siam. 

(2) D. angustifolium Rldl. jouYlt. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, 

p. 77; Mat. i. 85. 

Rhizome stout; pseudobulbs 1 to 1'5 in. apart, sub-cylindric, 

'5 to '75 in. long. Leaf narrow linear-Ianceolate, 2 in. long, '25 in. 

wide, blunt. Raceme solitary or several on a stout short peduncle 

3 to 4 in. long. Flowers greenish white, '12 in. long. Bracts ovate 

sub-acute, half as long as ovary. Sepals linear-Ianceolate. Petals 

narrower. Lip narrow lanceolate blunt, 2 thick ridges at base and 

a lower one between. Column short, upper edge hooded minutely 

toothed, arms linear from near base Capsule sub-globose ovoid, 

3-angled, '5 in. long. Hab. Mountains, Pahang, K'luang Terbang 

(Barnes) ; Gunong Tahan. Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall); 

Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). Perak, Gunong Kerbau 

(Robinson). 

(3) D. spathulatum Ridl. journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 50, 

P·134· 

Rhizome much branched, slender; pseudo bulbs cylindric, 1 in. 

long, 'r in. through. Leaf elliptic-Ianceolate blunt, ahuptly 

narrowed at base, 2 in. long, '5 in. wide. Raceme 2 in. long, floriferous 

to base. Bracts minute ovate. Flowers '1 in. across. 

Sepals linear blunt fleshy. Petals shorter. Lip less than half as 

long oblong at base with 2 keels, tip sub-spathulate round. Column 

very short, hood oblong as long as the rest of the column, arms 

from near anther lanceolate subulate, as long as hood. Capsule 

'S in. long and nearly as wide, turbinate triquetrous. Hab. Pahang, 

Tahan River (Ridley). Dlstrib. Sumatra. 

(4) D. crassum Ridl. !OUYlt. Ltnn. Soc. xxxii. 288; Mat. i. 85. 

Rhizome '25 in. thick; pseudo bulbs cylindric, '5 in long. Leaf 

elliptic blunt, thick, 4 in. long, 1'5 in. wide; petiole '25 in. long. 

Raceme 3 to 4 in. long, entirely floriferous. Bract ovate-Ianceolate, 

two-thirds the length of pedicel. Sepals oblong blunt fleshy, '12 in. 

long and as wide, green. Petals obovate blunt, green. Lip white 

pandurate. tip broad obovate, 2-keeled. Column-foot very short,

Dendrochilum. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 

upper edge broad round entire, arms lanceolate acute, falcate. 

Hab. Rare. Perak, Hermitage Hill (Ridley). , 

(5) D. ellipticumRidl.Joztrn. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, p. 78; Mat. i. 85. 

Rhizome long woody branched; pseudo bulbs slender, conic 

cylindric curved, '75 in. long. Leaf thin coriaceous elliptic-oblanceolate 

blunt, 3 in. long, I in. wide Raceme 3 in. long, sheaths at 

base large. Flowers '12 in. long, fleshy. Bracts ovate acute 

nearly as long as ovary. Sepals lanceolate acute, tip thickened 

terete. Petals ·narrower. Lip pandurate blunt pustular, a pustular 

mass at base. Column hood large, 3-toothed, arms from the middle 

linear, longer than the hood. H abo Rare. Singapore, Sembawang 

(Ridley). 

12. ERIA, Lindl. 

Epiphytes or rock plants, rarely terrestrial. Stems slender or 

stout, or with the lower or all internodes swollen into a pseudobulb. 

Leaves lanceolate usually coriaceous, numerous, or 2 or 3 only at 

the top of the stem. Inflorescence racemose axillary or subterminal, 

rarely panicled. Flowers I to very many, small or 

medium white, red or yellow, glabrous or white-tomentose. Sepals 

unequal, laterals forming a mentum by attachment to the column 

foot. Petals narrower. Lip sessile on the end of the foot, usually 

3-lobed. Column short, broad, rarely long, foot usually long, 

arms round incurved. Pollinia 8, pyriform or ovoid attached to 

a disc in fours, often unequal. Capsule usually narrow cylindric. 

Species about 200, tropical Asiatic. 

§ I. Enura. Stems leafy usually tall with dl5tlchous long narrow leaves. 

Flowers very woolly, small and numerous m sub-termmal woolly racemes. 

Stems short; leaves lanceolate. 

Flower spike lateral. (I) E. pudica 

Flower spike termmal . . . . (2) E.lancifolia 

Stem 2 to 4 III tall, raceme I to 3 III long; 

leaves lmear . . . . . (3) E. obliqua 

Stems I to 3 ft. tall, broad; leaves long; 

racemes long. 

Flowers '5 Ill. long, sparsely pubescent . (4) E. larutensis 

Flowers '2 m. long or less, very woolly, 

whitIsh, purple spotted. 

Lip midlobe of 2 linear lobes (5) E. bidens 

Lip midlobe of broad toothed lobes (6) E. iridifolia 

Lip mldlobe entire remform clawed (7) E. Ridleyi 

Lip mid lobe entire oblong .. (8) E. tahanen.is 

LIp mid lobe oblong retuse, flowers yellow (9) E. citrina 

§ 2. lIfycaranthes. Stems leafless below Leaves 2 or 3 at top Racemes 

sub-termmal woolly. Flowers small, white. 

Flowers III whorls; lip entire saccate. . (10) E. longifolia 

Flowers not whorled; lip spathulate 3-lobed. (I I) E. Earine 

§ 3. DllcchwpstS. Stems tall leafy glabrous. 

Flowers III a large pa11lcle term111al With 

white bracts . __ .. . (12) E. Scortechinii 

§ 4. Cyltndrolobus Stems tall leafy Leaves usually thm Racemes 

usually short, lateral, few-flowered Flowers glabrous. 

Racemes 4- to 6-flowered. Leaves broad (13) E. leptocarpa

86 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Eria. 

3-angled pubescent, '5 in. long. Hab. Trees over rivers. Johor, 

Batu Pahat. Pahang, Tahan River. Perak, Batang Padang 

(Kunstler). 

(3) E. obliqua Lindl. fount. Linn. Soc. iii. 1839, p. 55; Ridl., 

Mat. i. p. 89. 

Little tufted plant, 2 to 4 in. tall. Leaves linear-Ianceolate 

bilobed, 2 in. long, '25 in. wide. Racemes I to 3 sub-terminal 

erect, 3 in. long, woolly, base nude. Flowers 20 or more crowded, 

very small. Sepals ovate white woolly. Petals narrower lorate. 

Lip as long, 3-lobed, side-lobes falcate, ovate acute, midlobe cordate 

acute, a conic yellow callus in middle, white with a row of violet 

spots on the side lobes. Column short, abruptly dilate above, 

white. Anther pink. Capsule terete, '5 in. long. Hab. Mangroves 

and other trees. Singapore (Cuming), Kranji (Ridley). 

Johor, Batu Pahat; Tempayan River (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. 

(4) E. larutensis Ridl. 

Stem tall stout compressed. Leaves oblong-Ianceolate acuminate, 

thinly coriaceous; nerves elevate; 6 in. long, 1'25 in. wide. 

Racemes sub-terminal 4, over I ft. long, covered with small tufts 

of white hairs. Flowers very numerous. Bracts lanceolate reflexed, 

'05 in. long. Pedicel and ovary hairy, '25 in. long. Upper 

sepal small oblong blunt, laterals large, nearly '5 in. long, oblong 

lanceolate broad at base; mentum as long as sepal; all sprinkled 

with tufts of white hairs. Petals small linear-oblong. Lip'5 in. 

long, side-lobes long oblong blunt, midlobe fan-shaped small with 

a large blunt hairy callus on the lip and a conic woolly callus at 

the base of the lip. Column very small, foot long. Hab. Rare. 

Perak, Thaiping Hills (Curtis and Derry). . 

(5) E. bidens Ridl. foum. Lnm. Soc. xxxii. 289. 

Stems tufted, 12 in. tall, stout leafy. Leaves 9 to 18 in. long, 

1'5 in. wide, lorate distichous bilobed. Racemes 3 solitary in 

upper axils, over 12 in. long, woolly. Flowers numerous, '25 in. 

wide. Bracts ovate acuminate, '12 in. long. Upper sepal ovate 

blunt, laterals broad ovate, mentum short; all woolly outside, 

greenish spotted and tipped purple. Petals linear pink. Lip 

greenish yellow, side-lobes round blunt; midlobe of 2 linear processes, 

disc white raised with 2 red keels. Capsule terete, I in. 

long. Hab. Mountain forests on rocks and trees. Pahang, Telom; 

Bukit Fraser (Burkill). Perak, Thaiping Hills at 3000 to 4000 it. 


(6) E. iridifolia Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 790; Ic. Pl. 2067; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 90. 

Stems leafy, 12 in. long or less, tufted. Leaves 9 to 18 in. 

long, '75 in. wide. Scapes 18 in. long, pubescent. Flowers 

numerous, '5 in. long. Bracts ovate reflexed. Upper sepal oblongovate 

blunt, laterals much broader, ovate blunt oblique, backs 

chestnut-red pubescent, front yellow blotched red. Lip side-

CXXXVI. ORCHIDEiE. 

lobes oblong-ovate blunt yellow red-spotted, midlobe bifid, lobes 

laciniate, callus at base 3-lobed white, broad white band on disc 

with 2 yellow ridges, centre of midlobe thick white. Hab. Mountain 

forests. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray); Bujong Malacca 

(Ridley). 

(7) E. Ridleyi Rolfe, Joum. Linn. Soc. xlii. ISO. E. major 

Ridl. Mat. i. go (not of Trans. Ltnn. Soc. iv. 237). E. Kingii Hook. 

fil. F.B.I. vi. 790; I c. Pl. 2066. 

Stems tufted, over I ft. long, flattened, nearly ·5 in. through. 

Leaves lanceolate acuminate unequally bilobed, 7 in. long, ·75 in. 

wide, thin. Racemes 4, woolly, I ft. long. Flowers very numerous, 

·12 in. long; pedicel and ovary '25 in. long. Bracts ovate 

acuminate, '12 in. long. Upper sepal elliptic, laterals broader 

blunt, backs woolly greenish yellow mside, mentum broad, round 

short. Petals oblong blunt. Lip side-lobes sub-falcate, oblong 

white with pink spots, midlobe clawed reniform, deep purple with 

a white powdery callus and a lobed one at the base of lip. Column 

short, foot long, white edged purple. Capsule elliptic, ·25 in. long. 

Hab. On trees in mountain forests, at 3000 ft. altitude and upwards, 

Pahang, Kluang Terbang (Barnes); Telom. Selangor, Semangkok 

Pass. Perak, Thaiping Hills at 3800 to 5000 ft. altitude (all collectors). 

lalor, Bukit Besar (Gwynne-Vaughan). 

(8) E. tahanensis Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 177. 

Stems I ft. tall, ·25 in. through, leafy. Leaves coriaceous, 

linear-acuminate, 4 in. long, '25 in. wide, sheaths I in. long, flattened. 

Racemes 2 to 3, lax many-flowered, 8 in. long; rachis 

white woolly. Bracts lanceolate caudate, '1 in. long. Pedicel 

and ovary slender woolly, '25 in. long. Upper sepal ov

Eria.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. 89 

Bracts ovate-Ianceolate, '25 to '5 in. long. Pedicels and ovary 

'5 to I in. long. _ Upper sepal lanceolate, laterals ovate-Ianceolate 

falcate acwninate, '3 in. long, yellow mottled brown outside, strawcolour 

inside. Petals linear oblong blunt. Lip spathulate, clawed, 

side-lobes short, midlobe round with 3 mealy keels on disc between 

side lobes. Capsule cylindric blunt angled, 3 to 4 in. long, very 

slender. Hab. On trees at 800 ft. altitude. Perak, Kal (Kunstler) ; 

Tanjong Malim (Williams). Distrib. Borneo. 

(14) E. pendula R1dl. journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. By. 39, p. 78; 

Mat. i. 92. 

Stems terete, 2 to 3 ft. long, '25 in. through. Leaves narrow 

linear-Ianceolate acuminate, 4 in. long, '25 in. wide; sheaths dilate 

upwards, '75 to I in. long. Racemes hardly '5 in. long, with several 

acute lanceolate red-brown bracts '5 in. long. Flower solitary, 

white, nearly I in. wide; pedicel and ovary '5 in. long. Upper 

sepal oblong blunt, laterals broad ovate reflexed; mentmn short 

very broad blunt. Petals oblong rounded as broad as upper sepal. 

Lip short-clawed broad, obovate round, side-lobes obscure, midlobe 

broad, 2 curved lamina! on disc. Column foot long. Hab. 

Selangor, Batu Caves (Kelsall). Perak (Scortechini). Dlstrib. 

Borneo. 

(15) E. pilifera Rldl. jOllrn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 299. 

Stems weak sub-terete, 18 in. long. Leaves dun, lanceolate 

acuminate unequally bilobed, 3 in. long, '25 in. wide, sheaths nearly 

I in. long. Racemes very short, few-flowered, with 4 empty 

yellow pubescent bracts '12 in. long at base. Ovary and pedicel 

'36 in. long, pubescent. Flowers nearly '5 in. long, white. Upper 

sepal lanceolate blunt, laterals straight or falcate acute; mentum 

short blunt. Petals lanceolate, all white. Lip shorter, narrow 

obcuneate, side-lobes round, midlobe hardly longer oblong, obscurely 

3-lobed covered wi_th yellow papillose hairs, a yellow line towards 

base. Column curved with an orange spot on base. Pollinia 4 

large and 4 very small. Capsule terete, 2 in. long. Hab. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills (Ridley). DistYlb. Sumatra. 

(16) E. floribunda Lmdl. Bot. Reg. 1843; Misc. 43. t. 23; 


Stems tufted, 5 to 9 in. tall, '25 in. through, grooved. Leaves 

at top linear-Ianceolate, 5 to 8 in. long, '75 to 1 in. wide. Racemes 

from below leaves 3 in. long, densely floriferous, axillary. Axillary 

bract ovate brown. Floral bracts ovate acute, reflexed. Flowers 

'25 in. long, white. Upper sepal ovate acute, laterals oblique 

triangular; mentum twice as long. Petals lanceolate acute. Lip, 

side-lobes acute, midlobe spathulate, apex broad truncate. Column 

short, foot long. Capsule terete, '5 in. long. Hab Common on 

trees, Singapore (Wallich); Sungei Buluh; Selitar. Johor, Tana 

Runto. Pahang, Tahan River. Selangor, Sepan (Ridley). Negri 

Sembilan, Port Dickson (Williams). Perak (Scortechini); Larut


(Kunstler). Kedah Peak at 3000 ft. altitude. Pulau Terutau 

(Curtis). Distrib. Borneo. 

(17) E. dens a Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 281; Mat. i. 96. 

Stems tufted, cylindric, 8 in. long, I in. thick. Leaves 4 at 

top lanceolate lorate, II in. long, 2 in. wide. Racemes dense, 

9 in. long; rachis pubescent. Flowers small, white or pink. Upper 

sepal ovate, laterals ovate-triangular. Petals ovate narrower. 

Lip side-lobes falcate acute, midlobe spathulate, tip obscurely 

retuse, 3-lobed. Column foot long, white edged red. Anther red. 

Hab. Selangor, Sempang Mines. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Ridley); 

Hermitage Hill (Curtis), Kedah Peak. Distrtb. Borneo. 

The low-land form has white, the high-hill form dull pmk flowers. 

(18) E. saccata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 39. 

Stems sausage-shaped cylindric, 4 in. long, I in. through. Leaf 

lanceolate acute narrowed to petiole, 8 in. long, 1·5 in. wide. Spike 

4 in. long, rachis black hairy. Bracts ovate reflexed. Flowers 

numerous dense yellowish white. Ovary and pedicel ·5 in. long, 

purple hairy. Upper sepal ovate blunt white, ·2 in. long, laterals 

broad ovate; mentum nearly ·5 in. long. Petals shorter ovatetriangular, 

pink. Lip as long as sepals, claw broad oblong, white 

centre pink, channelled, limb orbicular, edge undulate, fleshy 

pustular, reddish, centre yellow. Column pink, foot straight tipped 

orange, arms acute subulate; anther purple black. Hab. Rare, 

Perak, Gunong Kerbau (Mohammed Haniff). 

(19) E. tenuiflora Ridl. Journ. Lmn. Soc. xxxii. 291; Mal. 

i. 97. 

Rhizome long, woody. Stems terete, 6 to 8 in. long, ·25 in. 

thick. Leaves at top lanceolate acute, 3 to 4 in. long, "75 in. wide. 

Racemes 3 to 4, slender lax. Flowers thin, numerous glabrous 

yellow, ·25 in. long; pedicels as long. Bracts ·12 in. long. Sepals 

lanceolate acute, no mentum. Petals similar shorter. Lip shorter 

entire lanceolate acute, yellow with red central blotch. Hab. On 

trees, sea level to 4000 ft. altitude, Singapore, Galang; Sungei Morai, 

Toas. Johor, Batu Pahat. Pahang, Pekan; Telom (Ridley), 

Perak, Hermitage Hill (Curtis). Penang Hill. Kedah Peak (Robinson). 


(20) E. cepifolia Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 382; Mat. 

i. 97. 

Stems tufted, 3 in. tall, suddenly thickened upwards from a 

narrow base, green. Leaves 4 from the thickened part terete 

acute, 6 in. long. Racemes axillary slender, 6 in. long, pubescent. 

Flowers numerous small white. Bracts lanceolate minute. Sepals 

ovate pubescent, laterals triangular-ovate blunt; mentum short. 

Petals lanceolate narrower. Lip side-lobes small acute erect, midlobe 

obcuneate spathulate. Column short thick violet. Hab. 

Perak (Scortechini). Dtsirib. Borneo.

92 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. [Eria. 

midlobe ovate yellow truncate, three red keels on disc, mid-one 

prolonged to midlobe. Column straight, foot long. Hab. Selangor, 

near Klang. Kedah Peak (Robinson). 

(25) E. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 798; Ie. Pl. 2072. 

Pseudobulbs tufted fusiform, 1 in. long. Leaves 2, linear 

acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, '5 in. wide; base narrow. Racemes 2 

to 3 in. long. Flowers'5 in. across. Bracts oblong, greenish white. 

Upper sepal oblong, laterals triangular-ovate falcate acute; mentum 

short round. Petals linear-oblong as long, all white. Lip obovate, 

side-lobes crenulate, midlobe small, round bilobed, a woolly callus 

in centre, 3 keels between side-lobes green with purple spot at base. 

Hab. Local on high trees, Penang (Maingay). On a tree between 

the Crag Hotel and. Government Bungalow. Fl. March 

(Ridley). 

(26) E. saccifera Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 797; Ie. Pl. t. 2071. 

Stems cylindric crowded, 3 in. long. Leaves 2 to 8 oblanceolate 

acuminate, 12 in. or more long, 1 to 1'5 in. wide, petioled. Raceme 

sub-terminal slender, 6 in. long. Flowers'5 in. long. glabrous, 

dull pink claret and yellow. Bracts oblong-Ianceolate. Upper 

sepal ovate-oblong, laterals very broad round; mentum 3 times as 

long as upper sepal, saccate. Pdals elliptic acute. Lip entire 

clawed spathulate tomentose. Column very short, foot long. Hab. 

Rare, Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). 

(27) E. recurvata Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 797; Ie. Pl. 2070; 


Stems thick cylindric, 2 to 5 internodes, 4 to 6 in. tall, ·6 in. 

through. Leaves 3 to 5, elliptic lanceolate, narrowed to petiole, 

·6 to 8 in. long, 1'5 to 2 in. wide. Raceme lateral, 6 in. long, 

pubescent. Bracts ovate yellow, 5 in. long. Flowers·6 in. wide. 

Sepals recurved falcate lanceolate acuminate, yellow striped purple; 

mentum large rounded. Petals lanceolate acuminate yellow 

striped purple. Lip side-lobes short round, pale purple, midlebe 

obcordate yellowish, 2 keels on disc, retuse with a short point. 

Hab. Perak (Kunstler). 

Drawing known only. 

(28) E. Braddoni Rolfe, Oreh. Rev. xv. 248. E. latibracteata 

Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 293. (Fig. 166, p. 93.) 

Stems terete, 1 ft. long, '25 in. thick. Leaves 4, lanceolate 

acute plicate thin, 7 in. long, 1'75 in. wide. Racemes 2 to 3 compact 

sessile, 2 in. long. Bracts ovate acute, nearly '5 in. long, 

green. Flowers 12, nearly glabrous, '5 in. long. Upper sepal 

lanceolate acute, laterals falcate keeled; mentum short broad, 

white, bases red. Petals shorter broader ovate blunt, white. Lip 

shorter, side-lobes curved blunt, madder pink, midlobe broad 

round ovate retuse, white, 2 raised keels and 2 raised nerves between 

on disc ending in a madder patch on midlobe. Column rather

Eria.] CXXXVI. ORCHlDE}E. 93 

long, foot short. Hab. Rare. Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Dr. 

Braddon). 

Kranzlin refers this to Reichenbach's E. hemimelama by guess, without 

having seen a specimen of either species. 

(29) E. carnea Ridl. jotlrn. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 68. 

Stems tufted, 8 in. tall, '25 in. through, cylindric. Leaves 

FIG. 166.-Eria Braddoni. 

elliptic:lanceolate acuminate acute, narrowed at base, 6 in. long, 

I in. wide. Racemes 2 in uppermost axils, 3 in. long, 12-flowered, 

with an acuminate papery bract 1'5 in. long at base. Bracts 

lanceolate, ·3 in. long. Pedicels·s in. long, pubescent. Upper 

sepal narrow- lanceolate-linear acute, '5 in. long, laterals broad 

falcate acuminate; mentum round. Petals narrower linear curved,


all flesh-colour. Lip side-lobes broad ovate falcate papillose, 

midlobe ovate-orbicular acute, 2 ridges on base of side-lobes, 

3 undulate to midlobe, centre yellow. Hab. On trees over river. 

Pahang, Telom (Ridley). 

(30) E. carunculata Ridl. Joum. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 326. 

Stems sub-terete, 2 in. long. Leaves lanceolate, base narrowed, 

tip acute, 5 in. long, '1 in. wide. Raceme 5 in. long. Flowers 

small crowded, '12 in. long. Bracts ovate reflexed: rachis 

tomentose. Upper sepal ovate, laterals triangular-ovate blunt 

mentum short round, all pubescent, brownish white. Petals 

ovate rounded. Lip longer, side-lobes ovate-Ianceolate, edges 

appressed fleshy, midlobe clawed obovate 3-lobed, lobes rounded, 

edged flesh colour. Column sub-quadrate. Hab. Mountains 

on rocks. Pahang, Gunong Tahan at 5000 to 6000 ft. altitude 

(Robinson) . 

(31) E. ramulosa Ridl. Joum. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, 

p. 39· 

Rhizome creeping branched cylindric; stems 6 in. long, '25 in. 

through, covered with silvery gr«y epidermis. Leaves 2, lanceolate 

acute, base narrowed, 3 in. long, '75 in. wide, thin. Raceme 2 in. 

from below leaves. Flowers 6. Bracts '25 in. long, oblong cream 

white. Pedicels with ovaries '25 in. long, red scurfy. Upper 

sepallanceolate acute, '25 in. long, laterals falcate; mentum short, 

flesh colour; nerves pink. Petals lanceolate-linear, falcate narrow. 

Lip side-lobes falcate pubescent, pink, midlobe reniform bilobed, 

a tooth in the notch, a whitish purple raised line between lobes, 

ending on base of midlobe in a purple short keel on each side, base 

brown purple, tip pink. Column foot short white. Hab. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills (Long). 

(32) E. nutans Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840; Misc. 83; Ridl. Mat. i. 

103. Rhizome short; stems I ft. tall, '5 in. through, cylindric tufted 

covered with brown sheaths. Leaves 2 or 3, lanceolate acuminate 

acute, 6 in. long, I in. wide. Flower I, nodding from above, leaves 

with a large brown bract '5 in. long. Peduncle'S in. long; pedicel 

'5 in. long. Upper sepal oblong blunt, laterals ovate falcate, 

mentum thick curved blunt. Petals lanceolate, blunt, all white. 

Lip side-lobes falcate acute, mid lobe obovate obscurely 3-lobed at 

tip, white tinted pink, keels 3, median running on to the midlobe. 

laterals 3 crisped to base of midlobe. Column long curved, foot 

short, white, an orange cushion at base of foot. Capsule cylindric, 

3 in. long, '25 in. thick. Hab. Common on mangroves and other 

trees up to 6000 ft. altitude. Singapore, Toas; Kranji. Johor, 

Tanah Runto (Ridley); Ulu Batu Pahat (Kelsall). Malacca, Mt. 

Ophir. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Robinson). Negri Sembilan, 

Port Dickson (Williams). Perak, Bujong Malacca. Penang (Maingay). 

Kedah Peak. Disirtb. Lingga.

96 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.£. [Eria. 

(37) E. stellata Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 904; Bot. Mag. t. 3605; 

Ridl. Mat. i. 98. Dendrobium perakense Hook. fil. F.B.I. V. 712, 

I e. Pl. 2019. 

Stems short, 2 in. long. Leaves lanceolate acute or oblanceolate 

jointed to a prolongation of sheath petioled, I ft. long, 1'75 to 2 in. 

wide. Raceme lateral erect, 18 to 30 in. long. Flowers scattered, 

·75 in. wide. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, '75 to I in. long. 

Sepals lanceolate acuminate, white, backs pubescent, mentum 

short. Petals smaller. Lip side-lobes erect round, white edges 

crimson with 3 raised veins yellow, on disc, midlobe linear-oblong 

or lanceolate acute, yellowish white. Column broad white, edges 

crimson. Hab. On orchard trees. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. 

Pahang, Kota Glanggi. Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Williams). 

Perak (Scortechim); Temengoh (Ridley). Distrib. Tenassenm to 

New Gumea. 

(38) E. striolata Rehb. fil. Ill. Hort. 1888, 35, t. 48; Ridl. 

Mat. 1. 99. 

Pseudobulbs globose crowded, 1·5 in. long, ·75 in. thick. Leaves 

2 lanceolate acute, base narrowed, 9 in. long, 1'75 in. wide. Scape 

erect, 15 in. tall. Flowers scattered, I in. wide. Bracts ovate to 

lanceolate acute, '5 in. long. Sepals lanceolate acute white, 

striped pink. Petals linear-Ianceolate, greenish white. Lip sidelobes 

blunt round, white, edge and veins pink, midlobe narrow 

linear acute greenish tipped pink. Capsule elliptic, '5 in. long. 

Hab. Singapore, Kranji. Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley). Negri 

Sembilan, Seremban (Williams). Distrib. Borneo, Sumatra, New 

Guinea. 

(39) E. elata Hook. fil. Ie. Pl. 1848; F.B.I. v. 794; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 99. 

Pseudobulbs elongate thick, 4 in. long. Leaves 2, oblanceolate, 

I ft. long, coriaceous. Scape stout, 9 in. long. Bracts longer 

than ovary ovate acuminate, '75 in. long, '25 in. wide. Flowers 

large distant; pedicel and ovary ·25 in. long with base of sepals 

pubescent. Upper sepal lanceolate, laterals falcate lanceolate 

acute, mentum blunt. Petals linear-oblong blunt falcate. 

Lip side-lobes in curved blunt, midlobe shorter, hairy, disc with 

3 raised ridges. Column slender, foot pubescent. Capsule cylindric 

angled, I in. long, erect. Hub. Rare. Selangor, Gunong 

Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson) at 5000 ft. altitude. Perak 

(Scortechini) . 

(40) E. aeridostachya Rehb. fil. Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. 

iii. 48; Ridl. Mat. i. 97. 

Rhizome stout; stems 2 in. long, crowded thick covered with 

coriaceous sheaths. Leaves 3 or 4, stiff coriaceous broad lanceolate, 

18 in. long, 2 in. wide. Scapes from upper axils I ft. long, base 

nude pubescent, raceme dense. Flowers brown small, pubescent 

outside. Upper sepal ovate-oblong, laterals triangular-ovate,

Eria.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.£. 97 

mentum twice as long. Petals linear-lorate blunt falcate. Lip 

oblong blunt, tip round crisped pubescent. Capsule elliptic, '25 in. 

long. Hab. Singapore, Bukit Mandai. Johor, Tanah Runto. 

Malacca. Perak, Thaiping at 3000 to 4000 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

Kedah, Gunong Bintang (Kloss). 

(41) E. brunea Ridl. Joum. Ltnn. Soc. xxxii. 297; Mat. i. 

98. Leaves narrow lanceolate acute, base narrow, 9 in. long, '75 in. 

wide. Scapes 8 to 10 in. long, lower half nude red woolly, raceme 

v'ery dense. Flowers brown woolly outside, yellowish within. 

Bracts ovate acute, very small. Sepals sparsely red-tomentose 

outside. Upper one elliptic blunt, laterals much larger ovate 

oblique; mentum long. Petals linear blunt curved. Lip thin, 

claw long, limb ovate-spathulate undulate. Hab. Selangor, 

Bukit Hitam. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Ridley); Hermitage Hill 

(Cur:tis). 

(42) E. linearifolia Rtdl. 

Pseudo bulbs crowded, I in. long. Leaves stiff coriaceous 

lanceolate-linear, I ft. long, '35 in. wide, keel stout. Scape 7 in. 

long, rather slender, racemose' part, 3'5 in. long. Flowers barely 

'2 in. long, red-woolly; pedicels '1 in. long, brown hairy pale 

greenish straw colour. Sepal upper elliptic-Ianceolate blunt, 

laterals broad ovate blunt, mentum clubbed. Petals thin smaller 

elliptic blunt. Lip obovate-oblanceolate, base rather thin, tip 

fleshy broad undulate. Column short. Anther apparently purple. 

Hab. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). 

(43) E. eras sipes R£dl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 327. 

Rhizome woody; pseudobulbs crowded conic, covered with 

dark brown sheaths, I in. long. Leaves 2, linear-Ianceolate acute, 

5 in. long, '5 in. wide. Scape I ft. long, lower half nude, silvery 

tomentose. Raceme densely red silvery tomentose. Bracts minute 

lanceolate acuminate. Sepals upper ovate blunt, laterals semiorbicular 

pubescent; mentum short, straight clubbed. Petals 

small narrow lanceolate curved. Lip short oblong fan-shaped, tip 

round undulate. Capsule. oblanceolate. Hab. On low bushes or 

on the ground. Pahang, Gunong Tahan at 5000 ft. altitude. 

(44) E. reptans Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 327. 

Rhizome long creeping stout woody; pseudobulbs I in. apart, 

cylindric, I in. long, covered with silvery sheaths. Leaf I, narrow 

lanceolate linear sub-acute very coriaceous, 6 in. long, '5 in. wide. 

Scape I ft. long, basal 7 in. nude. Raceme dense, 4 in. long, all 

Ted tomentose. Upper sepal oblong hooded, laterals ovate-triangular 

falcate, tomentose outside, pale yellow inside: mentum '25 in. 

long, straight cylindric clubbed. Petals broad ovate-Ianceolate. 

Lip oblong rounded, edges undulate, central bar fleshy papillose. 

Hab. On rocks at. 5000 to 6000 ft. altitude. Pahang, Gunong 

Tahan (Robinson). 

Fl.M.P.,4 H

98 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. LEria. 

(45) E. dasystachys Rtdl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxiii. 296; 

Mat. i. 98. 

Rhizome thick woody; pseudobulbs 3 in. long, conic-cylindric. 

Leaves 4, oblanceolate narrowed to petioles, 8 in. long, '5 in. wide. 

Scapes two, 7 to 8 in. tall, base nude with 2 or 3 ovate bracts. 

Raceme dense, 3 in. long. Flowers rusty pubescent, '25 in. long. 

Bracts '25 in. long, ovate-Ianceolate acute. Sepals ovate acute, 

mentum as long, conic blunt. Petals linear acuminate. Lip claw 

linear, side-lobes short round crisp, midlobe larger ovate blunt crisp. 

Hab. Rare, on low trees. Pahang, Kwala Pahang (Ridley). 

(46) E. lorifolia Ridl. Journ. Lznn. Soc. xxxii. 296; Mat. 

i·98. 

Rhizome nearly I in. thick; pseudobulbs I in. long. Leaves 

lorate acute, 15 in. long, I to 1'25 in. wide. Scapes 18 to 24 in. 

long, lower half nude glabrous; raceme pubescent lax. Flowers 

very many, '2,5 in. long. Bracts minute ovate. Sepals red pubescent 

outside. Upper one short ovate, laterals broader, mentum 

long clubbed, yellowish white inside. Petals wider ovate purple 

at base. Lip shorter oblong, side-lobes very short, midlobe longer 

blunt undulate. Hab. Mountains. Pahang, Gunong Tahan. 

Selangor, Bukit ,Kutu. Kedah Peak (Ridley). 

(47) E. crassifolia Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 55. 

Rhizome stout woody; pseudo bulbs crowded cylindric, 3 in. 

long, '4 in. through, covered with brown coriaceous truncate sheaths. 

Leaves very coriaceous lanceolate blunt narrowed to base, 7 in. 

long, '5 in. wide or less. Scapes with a large pale papery sheathing 

bract at base. Scape 6 to 18 in. long, lower half nude; raceme 

long dense brown tomentose. Bracts minute. Upper sepal oblong 

blunt, laterals broad triangular yellow inside; mentum cylindric 

conic blunt. Petals linear-oblong blunt. Lip base very shortly 

narrowed, li!Ilb oblong faintly 3-lobed, round truncate. Hab. 

Mountains. Perak, Gunong Kerbau at 4000 to 6000 ft. altitude 

(Robinson); Gunong Inas (Yapp). 

(48) E. albido-tomentosa Lindl. Gen. and Sp. arch. Pl. 66; 

Rchb. fil Xenia Orchid ii. t. 136; Ridl. Mat. i. 99. 

Rhizome long; pseudobulbs ovoid compressed, 2 in. long, I in. 

apart or more. Leaves 3, lanceolate acute, 5 in. long, 1'5 in. wide. 

Scapes from lowest node of pseudobulb 6 to 8 in. long; rachis 

woolly. Flowers scattered woolly outside. Bracts lanceolate, 

'5 in. long. Sepals'5 in. long, outside woolly, inside sea-green; 

upper lanceolate acute, laterals wide triangular acute spotted red 

at base, mentum short blunt. Petals '25 in. long, linear-Ianceolate 

acute. Lip pandurate-Ianceolate, lobes oblong blunt, midlobe 

oblong blunt densely spotted purple, a yellow V-shaped callus with 

dark purple spot in fork on midrib. Column white a pink spot 

at base. Hab. Kedah Peak. Lankawi (Curtis). Dlstrib. Siam, 

Java.

Eria.] cxxxvr. ORCHIDE...E. 

(49) E. teretifolia Gri(j. Notuta, iii. 298; Ic. Pl. As. t. 3000; 

Ridl. Mat. i. 101. E. pellipes Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 802. 

Pseudobulbs conic crowded on slender rhizome. Leaf I, terete, 

4 to 5 in. long. Scape in basal sheath woolly, 2 in. long. Flowers 

I or 2, pale lemon. Bracts ovate, '12 in. long. Pedicel '75 in. 

long. Upper sepallanceolate, '5 in. long, laterals broad triangular; 

mentum large round, all woolly outside, rather large round. Petals 

linear woolly. Lip dull red. Hab. Mountains, on trees at 2000 

to 6000 ft. altitude, more rarely in mangroves. Singapore, Kranji. 

Pahang, Telom; Gunong Tahan. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Griffith). 

Perak, Thaiping Hills (Curtis); Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). 

Kedah Peak. Distrtb. Borneo. 

(50) E. leiophylla Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 57; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 100. 

Rhizome branching; pseudobulbs obovate narrowed above 

into a stalk covered with a reticulate sheath below, 3 in. long, 

I in. through, 2 in. apart. Leaves 2, lanceolate or lorate coriaceous, 

4 in. long, '75 to I in. wide. Flower I, scape 2 in. long 

in a long sheath. Upper sepal lanceolate, laterals broad triangular 

acute, '5 in. long; mentum thick long, inside ochre, outside red 

pubescent. Petals narrower, light yellow lorate-Ianceolate blunt 

pubescent. Lip lanceolate, side-lobes obscure, central ridge and 

disc of midlobe papillose deep purple. Column tall yellow, foot 

short, arms'incurved. Hab. Local. Penang, rocks on the hill at 

2500 ft. altitude (Maingay, Curtis). Distrib. Java, Borneo. 

(51) E. pannea Lmdl. Bot. Reg. xxviii. 1842; Misc. 79; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 100; King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii. 175. 

Rhizome long wiry; stems hardly swollen, '5 in. long, 2 in. 

apart. Leaves 3, narrow liuear curved acuminate fleshy subterete, 

3 to 7 in. long. Scape from axil of an upper leaf I in. long, 

woolly. Flowers 3; bract large ovate. Upper sepal lanceolate 

acute, laterals triangular, '5 in. long, ochre, woolly outside; mentum 

short blunt. Petals shorter lanceolate yellow. Lip entire, oblong 

acute fleshy, purple, centre nearly yellow. Column slender, green. 

Capsule fusiform, I in. long. Hab. On trees. Singapore, Kranji; 

Serangoon. Johor, Batu Pahat. Malacca, Bukit Bruang (Derry). 

Pahang, Tahan River. Negri SembiIan, Siliau and Port Dickson 

(Williams). Perak (Scortechini). Penang Hill (Curtis). Distrib. 

Borneo, Himalayas, Tenasserim. Native name: Kura Kubong. 

13. TRICHOTOSIA, Blume. 

Tall or short, sometimes woody plants, densely hairy leafy, no 

pseudobulbs. Leaves fleshy sessile alternate. Flowers hairy 

sessile in small or long axillary racemes, I to many, covered with 

red hairs outside. Sep',!ls as in Eria but usually sub-equal; mentum 

moderately long. Petals narrower. Lip usually sub-entire, base 

narrow, limb quite entire or obscurely 3-lobed; midlobe sometimes

102 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. [Trichotosia. 

Singapore, Kranji; Jurong. Johor, Batu Pahat. Malacca, Mt. 

Ophir; Nyalas (Goodenough). Perak (Scortechini). Lankawi, 

Telaya Tujoh (Haniff). Distnb. Lingga, Karimata. 

Hooker's E. montzcola var. hil'suta is merely this plant wIth thmner rather 

long lanceolate leaves; perhaps a jungle form. 

(6) T. rotundifolia Kranzl. l,c. 145. Eria rotundifolia Ridl. 

]fJurn. Roy. As. Soc. S. By. 39, p. 78. 

Rhizomes very slender matted, white-hairy. Stems '12 in. tall. 

Leaves thick, fleshy obovate blunt white-hairy, '25 in. long, '12 in. 

wide. Flowers '25 in. long, solitary on short pedicel with 2 cupular 

bracts, upper one longer than the white-hairy ovary. Upper sepal 

oblong-ovate, laterals broader; mentum very short, large rounded. 

Petals oblong blunt. Lip side-lobes small, midlobe round toothed, 

greenish }Cllow, a central ochre bar and purple spots on each side. 

Column short, foot long, olive green. Anther orange. Hab. 

Penang, above Waterfall (Curtis). Lankawi, Burau Bay on a 

tree. 

Allied to E. dasyphylla Par. 

(7) T. aporina Kranzl. l.c. ISO. Eria aporina Hook. fil. F.B.I. 

v. 308; I c. Pl. 2081; Ridl. Mat. i. 94. 

Stems 2 to 6 in. long, densely villous hairy. Leaves lanceolate 

crowded, '25 to '5 in. long. Bracts small ovate acute. Flowers 

glabrescent, '5 in. long. Sepals broad ovate blunt, mentum as 

long. Petals narrow sub-spathulate. Lip broad-clawed, pandurate 

ciliate, side-lobes small rounded; midlobe retuse. Hab. Mountain 

forests. Selangor, Bukit Kutu. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih 

(Kunstler); Thaiping Hills. Kedah Peak (Williams). 

(8) T. hispidissilna Kranzl. l.c. 136. Eria hispidissima Ridl. 

Iourn. Bot. xxxiv. 213; Mat. i. 94. 

Slender, 6 in. tall. Leaves linear acuminate dense silky hairy, 

'5 to '75 in. long, '12 in. wide. Racemes flexuous hairy, '75 in. 

long. Flowers 5 to 6, sessile, '12 in. long. Bracts lanceolate-ovate. 

Sepals lanceolate hairy outside. Petals lanceolate. Lip oblong 

entire. Capsule '12 in. long, hairy. Hab. Rare. Selangor, Ulu 

Langat (Goodenough). 

(9) T. microphylla Bl. Biidr. 243. 

A small long-creeping plant. Stems, leaves, sepals and fruit 

long-hairy, ascending stems 3 to 6 in. long. Leaves fleshy elliptic 

blunt, shortly narrowed at the base, '25 in. long, '1 in. wide. Flowers 

solitary, sub-terminal, '5 in. wide; pedicel very short. Upper sepal 

lanceolate, lower ones broadly oblong ovate, base broadly rounded, 

all hairy. Petals linear-oblong glabrous. Lip obovate-spathulate, 

retuse, claw rather long. Column short with a long foot. Hab. 

Mountains at 4000 to 4370 ft. altitude. Rare. Pahang, Fraser 

Hill (Sempang Mines), Semangkok Pass (Burkill and Holttum). 

Dis/rib. Borneo, Java, Sumatra.

106 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Phreatia. 

(3) Ph. microtidis Lindl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. iii. 6I. 

Small plant, 2 in. tall or less, no pseudobulbs. Leaves linear 

fleshy, 1 in. long, '05 in. wide. Scape 1 in. long, base nude; bracts 

lanceolate acuminate. Sepals triangular-ovate keeled. Petals ovate 

shortly cuspidate. Lip base sub-quadrate round, limb orbicular. 

Hab. Mountains at about 4000 ft. altitude. Perak, Gunong Inas 

(Yapp); Bujong Malacca (Ridley). Distr;b. Java and Sumatra, 

(4) Ph. crassifolia Ridi. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 69, 

Stems very short, '5 in. long. Leaves 6, fleshy linear curved, 

1'25 in. long, 'I in. wide, Scapes 1'5 in. long, with a few lanceolate 

sheathing leaves. Flowers numerous crowded, white. Bracts 

lanceolate acuminate, longer than flowers. Ovary papillose. 

Sepals ovate blunt; mentum short saccate. Petals lanceolate 

blunt, nearly as broad. Lip ovate sub-acute cordate. Column 

very short, foot at top free. Hab. Mountains. Pahang, Telom 

(Robinson) ; Gunong Tahan; Bukit Fraser (Burkill). Perak, 

Thaiping Hills (Ridley). 

(5) Ph, nana Hook, fil. F.B.I. v. 8Il; Ic. Pl. 2084 

Stems tufted, 1'5 to 2 in. long. Leaves narrow ensiform acute, 

'5 to '75 in. long, '09 in. wide. Scapes capillary as long as leaves. 

Bracts ovate acute. Flowers '05 in. long. Sepals broad ovate. 

Petals blunt. Lip ovate blunt. H abo Mountain forests at 4000 to 

5000 ft. altitude. Pahang, Gunong Tahan. Perak, Larut (Kunstler); 

Gunong Kerbau. Penang, Richmond Pool (Ridley). 

(6) Ph.listrophoraRidl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii.307; Mat. i. 107. 

Rhizome long; stem 1 in. tall. Leaves 6 in. long, hardly 

'25 in. wide, lanceolate acute unequally bilobed, narrowed to a 

petiole. Scape 7 to 8 in. long, more than half nude. Flowers 

small white fragrant. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, '12 in. long. 

Sepals ovate acute, Petals oblong-ovate. Lip with a linear claw 

and reniform limb. Rostellum 2-toothed. Capsule oblong, '2 in. 

long. Hab. 'Mountains at 3000 to 5000 ft. altitude. Selangor, 

Sempang Mines, Gunong Semangkok. Perak, Thaiping Hills 

(Ridley). Lankawi, Gunong Raya (Curtis). 

(7) Ph, linearis Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 14. 

Rhizome 1 in. long, closely covered with globose-conic pseudobulbs, 

'5 in. long. Leaves 2 or 3, narrow linear blunt, 4 in. long, 

'12 in. wide, midrib prominent, coriaceous narrowed to petioles. 

Scape 6 in. long, half nude with about 4 smallianceolate acuminate 

leaves. Flowers minute rather distant. Bracts narrow lanceolate 

subulate, 'I in. long. stouter than ovary. Sepals ovate. Petals 

narrower oblong. Lip sessile ovate entire blunt shorter. Hab, 

Selangor, Ulu Langat (Kloss). 

17. AGROSTOPHYLLUM, Bl. 

Stems tufted leafy, usually flattened. Leaves distichous, thinly 

coriaceous grassy or short oblong bilobed at tip; sheaths usually

Agrostophyllum.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE..E. 

flat. Flowers small, white in dense terminal heads. Sepals upper 

lanceolate or ovate, laterals wider, forming a mentum. Petals 

smaller. Lip saccate at base, with low side-lobes, often a transverse 

callus in front; mid lobe longer broad ovate. Column broad, no 

foot. Pollinia 8, attached to a small disc. Species about IS, 

Indo-Malaya, Polynesia, Seychelles. 

§ I. Eu-agrostophyllum. Leaves long, grassy. 

Flower-heads large compact. 

Stem broad flat . . . (I) A. majus 

Stem terete at base slender. . (2) A. callOsum. 

Head of small flexuous spikelets, lax . . . (3) A. glwnaceum 

§ 2. Appendiclilopsis. Leaves short oblong bilobed; stems long slender terete. 

Leaves ·25 in. long; stem 1 ft. long erect . • (4) A. bicuspidatum 

Leaves ·75 in. long; stems very long pendulous . (5) A. Basseltii 

(I) A. majus Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 824; Ie. Pl. 2096; Ridl. 

:M at. i. 108. 

Stems numerous, 2 to 3 ft. long, ·5 in. wide, forming a large 

clump. Leaves lanceolate lorate blunt, 8 in. long, ·5 in. wide, 

rather thin; sheaths flat, 2 in. long. Heads of flowers dense, I in. 

across. Outer bracts hroad ovate, floral bracts small. Flowers 

numerous, ·25 in. wide, white. Sepals ovate acute keeled. Petals 

much narrower, linear. Lip saccate, side-lobes low incurved almost 

meeting a transverse bar in front madder red, limb ovate, white. 

Hab. Common. Singapore, Selitar, Kranji (Ridley). Pahang, 

Pekan; Telom. Perak, Goping (Kunstler); Thaiping Hills. Distrib. 

Sumatra. 

(2) A. callosum Rehb. fit. Seem. Fl. Vito 296; Ridl. Mat. i. 108. 

Stems woody, terete below slightly flattened above, 2 to 5 ft. 

tall in a tuft. Leaves linear blunt, 4 to 7 in. long, ·25 in. wide; 

sheaths I in. long, edged black. Heads of flowers ·5 to 1·5 in. wide, 

dense. Flowers ·25 .in. wide. Sepals ovate-orbicular. Petals 

orbicular. Lip 3-lobed, midlobe orbicular emarginate with a 

-large divided callus near base. Hab. Rare. Selangqr, Bukit 

Hitam (Kelsall); Rawang. Distrib. Sikkim, Burma. 

(3) A. glumaceum Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 821; Ie. Pl. 2095; 


Stems tufted short flat, 6 in. long, ·5 in. wide. Leaves distichous, 

lower sheath-like, upper two with flat sheaths 2 in. long 

and thin grassy leaves linear acuminate, 2 ft. long, ·5 in. wide. 

Head 1·5 in. wide, lax; racemes very numerous, flexuous. Flowers 

white. Ovary short covered with black wool. Bracts ovate 

mucronate. Sepals ovate. Petals linear. Lip base saccate, sidelobes 

acute, limb large ovate. Column tall, arms triangular acute, 

edged crimson. Stigma with a tongue-shaped process. Antherbeak 

orange. Capsule narrow oblong, ·25 in. long. Hab. On trees 

by streams. Negri Sembilan, Labu Reservoir, Seremban (Williams). 

Sungei Ujong (Cantley). Selangor, Rawang; Semangkok Pass, 

Ulu Gombak (Ridley). Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstlerl.

Ceratostylis.] C:XXXVI. ORCHIDE...E. 109 

19. CERATOSTYLIS, Bl. 

Small tufted epiphytes not pseudobulbous; stems simple or 

branched. Leaves 1 or 2, narrow coriaceous or fleshy. Flowers 

very small rarely medium solitary or in a tuft white or pink, lateral 

sepals forming a mentum. Petals narrower. Lip adnate to column 

foot by the claw, blade entire fleshy. Column short, tip broad; 

stigma very large with two long arms. Column foot long; anther 

2-celled. Pollinia 8. Species 20 or more, Indo-Malaya, Polynesia. 

Stems simple succulent, rush-like. 

Leaf terete . . . . (I) C. subulata 

Stems simple erect; leaf lanceolate . . . (z) C. lancifolia 

Stems very short tufted not branched; flowers from 

between leaves. 

Flower' 5 in. across; leaves lanceolate • . (3) C. erimoides 

Petals ovate obhque cnmson, hp claw linear. (4) C. cryptantha 

Petals lanceolate acuminate whlte tlpped purple; 

hp base broad. . " (5) C.linearis 

Petals lanceolate white; hp narrow. (6) C.linearifolia 

Stems branched. 

Leaves large lanceolate reticulate (7) C. robusta 

Leaves linear rehculate. . . . . (8) C. clathrata 

Leaves elhptic-Ianceolate; sheaths punctate . (9) C. puncticulata 

Stems long pen(lulous; flower heads scattered on stem (10) C. pendula 

(1) C. subulata Bl. Bijdr. 304. C. gracilis Ridl. Mat. i. 106 

(not Blume). C. malaccensis Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 825; Ie. Pl. 20g8. 

Stems tufted terete with brown sheaths at base, 3 to-g in. long. 

Leaf 1, erect terminal terete, '5 to 1'5 in. long. Flowers in a lateral 

tuft from leaf base, produced singly, '25 in. long, pale pink, pubescent. 

Bracts ovate. Sepals lanceolate blunt; mentum globose. 

Petals smalllanceolate yellowish. Lip shoe-shaped pubescent, claw 

short. Column short, foot as long, arms longer than column. 

Capsule oblong sub-sessile. Hab. Common on trees and rocks. 

Johor, Batu Pahat. Pahang, Gunong Tahan on rocks (whole 

plant yellow).; Telom. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Griffith). Selangor, 

Menuang Gasing (Robinson); Semangkok Pass (Ridley). Perak, 

Thaiping Hills; Teluk Anson (Williams). Province Wellesley, I 

Bukit Sera yah. Kedah Peak. Pulau Adang. Distrib. Java. 

I suppose this to be Blume's C. subulata. Specimens of C. gracilis Bl. 

from Blume, in Herb. Kew, have flat, not terete leaves, as Blume descnbes. 

But I have seen no specimen of our species from Java. 

(2) C. lancifolia Hook. (it. F.B.I. v. 826; Ie. Pl. 2102; Ridl. 

Mat. i. IIO. 

Stems tufted, 2 to 4 in. long, covered with sheaths. Leaf 1, 

narrow linear-Ianceolate acute, 1 to 3'5 in. long, '25 in. wide. 

Flowers opening singly, '3 in. wide; pedicel and ovary pubescent 

filiform, '5 in. long. Sepals oblong-Ianceolate acute. Petals 

smaller; mentum short bilobed. Lip narrow, base oblong, tip 

thick dagger-shaped< Column arms long, oblong blunt. Hab. 

Selangor, Menuang Gasing (Kloss); Pahang, Bukit Fraser (Burkill). 

Perak (Scortechini).

IIO cxxxvr. ORCHIDEAJ:. [C eratostylis. 

(3) C. erireoides Hook. fil. Ic. Pl. 2074 B; Ridl. Mat. i. lIO. 

Eria pygmrea Hook. /il. F.B.I. v. 804. 

Dwarf tufted plant; stems'5 in. long. Leaf I, linear-oblanceolate 

blunt thick, 1'5 to 2 in. long, '25 in .. wide. Scape as long 

filiform, I-flowered. Flower'5 to ·6 in. wide, tomentose. Sepals 

ovate-Ianceolate; mentum short. Petals oblanceolate acute. Lip 

much shorter, base saccate, limb tongue-shaped with 2 pubescent 

keels. Hab. Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). 

Perak, without locality (Wray and Scortechini). 

(4) C. cryptantha Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 309 ; Mat. i. IIO. 

Dwarf tufted plant; stems '5 in. long. Leaves 2, linear subacute, 

5 in. long, '12 in. wide. Scape filiform, '36 in. long, woolly. 

Flower I, '25 in. long ; pedicel woolly. Bract minute ovate. Sepals 

ovate blunt pubescent, white. Petals ovate mucronate oblique, 

crimson, mucro and midrib white. Lip-claw long linear, side-lobes 

blunt broad, midlobe reniform, cream colour with fleshy ovate 

callus on disc. Column short, foot long slender; arms incurved 

obscure. Capsule elliptic, '25 in. long. Hab. On trees at 2000 ft. 

altitude. Selangor, Semangkok (Curtis). Perak, Thaiping Hills; 

Hermitage Hill (Ridley). Penang Hill (Curtis). 

(5) C. linearis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 40. 

Tufted plant, a short rhizome with close tufts of 2 leaves. 

Leaves linear, fleshy channelled, 2'5 in. long, '1 in. wide. Flower 

'2 in. long on a pedicel '25 in. long, white hairy. Peduncle '25 in. 

long. Bract long lanceolate acuminate. Sepals white pubescent 

oblong, mentum cylindric blunt as long as ovary. Petals lanceolate 

acuminate, white with purple blotch on tip. Lip base broad, sidelobes 

short upcurved, midlobe ovate blunt white. Column short, 

broad, top edged purple. Capsule elliptic, '25 in. long. Hab. 

Rare. On mangrove and other trees. Singapore, Pasir Panjang. 

Kelantan, Chaning Woods (Ridley). 

(6) C. linearifolia Ridl. 

Stems short, thick, I in. long, covered with pale reticulate 

sheaths. Leaf I, elongate linear-Ianceolate coriaceous, 6 to 8 in. 

long, '25 in. wide, tip unequally bifid, base long narrowed to a 

petiole. Flower I, white on a pedicel '5 in. long, hairy. Bract 

ovate acuminate, '08 in. long. Sepals narrow lanceolate long 

acuminate, .3 in. long, spur scrotiform. Petals as long narrower. 

Lip as long narrow, side-lobes round short erect, midlobe much 

longer linear acuminate fleshy. Column short thick, arms roundoblong, 

large. Hab. Pahang, Fraser Hill (Burkill and Holttum). 

Lankawi, Gunong Raya (Haniff). 

(7) C. robusta Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 827; I c. Pl. t. 2103; Ridl. 

Mat. i. III. 

Stems stout branched, 8 to IO in. tall, sheaths '5 to '75 in. long, 

reticulate silvery. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long, '5 in. wide, lanceolate 

acuminate. Flower I, woolly, pale yellow, '5 in. long; pedicel

C eratostylis.] CXXXVI. ORCHlDE.:E III 

pubescent. Sepals ovate blunt pubescent; mentum spur-like, tip 

enlarged bilobed. Petals elliptic-Ianceolate, blunt. Lip spathulate 

acute fleshy, claw long. Column arms tall erect. Hab. Rare. 

Mountains at 4900 ft. altitude. Perak, Ulu Batang Padang (Wray). 

(8) C. clathrata Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 825; Ic. Pl. 2099; Rtdl. 

Mat. i. III. 

Stems curved erect or ascending, much branched, 3 to 4 in. 

long; sheaths silvery brown, reticulate short blunt. Leaves 

linear fleshy, '5 to I in. long. Flowers minute on pilose pedicels. 

Bract ovate. Upper sepal oblong, laterals ovate gibbous pilose. 

Petals oblong-Ianceolate. Lip base saccate, limb obcordate, truncate 

emarginate, Z keels. Column arms short round. Hab. Mountains. 

Pahang, K'luang Terbang (Barnes); Bukit Fraser (Burkill). 

Perak, Batang Padang (Wray). 

(9) C. puncticulata Rtdl. Joum. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 37, 

p. 79; Mat. i. III. 

Stems slender, weak, curved, 3 to 4 in. long, little branched; 

sheaths ampliate mucronate, puncticulate. Leaves narrow ellipticlanceolate 

blunt petioled, Z in. long, ·z5 in. wide. Flowers in 

pairs; pedicels slender. Sepals lanceolate acute. Lip spathulate, 

tip thickened acute. Hab. Very rare. Perak, Thaiping Hills at 

5000 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

(10) C. pendula Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 8z6; Ic. Pl. Z100; Ridl. 

Mat. i. III. 

Stems tufted, pendulous and rooting, 3 to IZ in. long; sheaths 

chestnut. Leaves linear blunt, I in. long, ·z5 in. wide, coriaceous. 

Flowers in distant tufts of ovate mucronate bracts, white minute. 

Ovary and pedicel pubescent. Sepals ovate acute. Petals lanceolate. 

Lip ovate-Ianceolate, base pubescent, yellowish in centre, 

clawed. Column arms thick, round. Hab. On lofty trees in forests. 

lohor, Batu Pahat. Pahang, Pekan. Selangor, Ginting Peras; 

Kajang. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Penang, West Hill. 

Distrib. Borneo, Celebes, Philippines. 

20. CHRYSOGLOSSUM, Bl. 

Terrestrial, rhizome creeping; pseudobulbs cylindric-conic with 

one herbaceous petiolate leaf. Scape usually .... tall from rhizome, 

raceme lax. Sepals and petals sub-similar, but lateral sepals 

falcate. Lip 3-lobed adnate to short column foot, no spur. Column 

tall arched, foot very short, arms linear-oblong from middle of the 

column. Anther z-celled. Pollinia z. Species 8, Indo-Malayan, 

Polynesia. 

(I) C. villosum Bl. Bijdr. 338; Orch. Arch. Ind. 16z, t. 47; 

Ridl. Mat. i. lIZ. 

Leaf ovate villous, 6 to 9 in. long, 3 to 5 in. wide; petiole very 

short and thick. Scapes IZ to 18 in. tall. Flowers distant, 9 or 10, 

about I in. wide. Sepals and petals oblong blunt curved apiculate

Ascotainia.] CXXXVI. ORCHlDE.iE. 

1 ft. long, 3 in. wide; petiole 4 to 5 in. long. Scape 1'5 ft. tall. 

Flowers 9 to 10, I to 2 in. across. Sepals acute. Petals shorter, 

pale yellow veined purple. Lip shorter, side-lobes round, midlobe 

ovate, buff or nearly white spotted violet, with 3 ribs, spur yellow. 

Column broad boat-shaped, spotted violet. Anther yellow, 2 crimson 

spots. Hab. On grassy banks. Penang Hill (Curtis). Kedah, 

Gunong Geriang. Distrib. Java and Amboina. 

FIG. 167.-Ascotainia penangiana. 

24. TAINIA, Bl. 

Terrestrial herbs; stems succulent creeping. Leaves ovate or 

lanceolate petiolate solitary. Scape tall erect with few flowers 

from creeping stem. Sepals lanceolate, laterals forming a mentum 

adnate to column foot. Petals similar. Lip spurred adnate to 

column foot, entire or 3-lobed. Column tall, foot short, arms very 

short. Anther bilobed at top. Pollinia 8, very unequal. Specie'S 

10, Indo-Malaya. 

Sepals long caudate acuminate. 

-Flowers pale yellow; leaves I to 3 on the rhizome (I) T. speciosa 

Flowers purple; leaves numerous approximate. (2) T. Maingayi 

Sepals lanceolate acute. 

Leaves large; raceme long. many-flowered. . (3) T. latilingua 

Leaves small short. ovate; scape very slender 3- or 

4-flowered . . . . . . (4) T. vegetissima 

PI.M.P .• 4 I

II6 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE..£. [Jf ischobulbum. 

wide. Bracts linear acuminate longer than pedicel. Sepals lanceolate 

acute. Petals wider. Lip ovate, side-lobes broad erect rounded 

purple, midlobe short acute, dark brown with 8 raised nerves and 

3 keels. Column stout, wings rather large. Hab. Mountains on 

banks in forest, rare at about 4500 ft. altitude. Perak, Thaipmg 

Hills (Kunstler, Curtis, etc.); Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). 

27. ACANTHEPHIPPIUM, Bl. 

Terrestrial plants with a cylindric pseudobulb and few large 

herbaceous ovate leaves, ribbed and plicate petioled. Raceme short 

from the base of pseudo bulb, base covered with large sheaths. 

Flowers large ventricose. Sepals cohering, tips recurved, laterals 

adnate to foot of column; mentum large saccate. Petals narrow 

erect. Lip very small stipitate on column foot, side-lobes broad 

erect, midlobe recurved, a callus on disc. Column short, stout, 

foot very long. Pollinia 8 erect. Species 5 or 6, Indo-Malaya, 

China. 

(1) A. javanicum Bl. Btjdr. 353; Fl. ] avo Orch. Arch. 156, 

t. 49; Bot. Mag. t. 4492. 

Stem about 4 in. long. Leaves oblong-Ianceolate acute at both 

ends, 1'5 to 2 ft. long, 6 to 7 in. wide. Raceme stout, 4 in. long. 

Bracts large ovate acuminate green ribbed. r'5 in. long. Pedicel 

and ovary shorter. Flower 2 in. long. Sepals yellowish striped 

pink. Petals nearly as broad. Lip claw long, side-lobes oblong, 

truncate, rosy white, disc 4 lamella! toothed, in middle of lip. 

Anther conic. Capsule 3 in. long, clubbed. Hab. Woods. Negri 

Sembilan, Tampin (Burklll). Distrzb. Java. 

28. PACHYSTOMA, Bl. 

Terrestrial herb, with underground rhizome. Leaves 1 or 2, 

post-floral, lanceolate narrow, plicate. Scape tall, slender; flowers 

pendulous racemed. Bracts large scarious. Sepals sub-equal, 

laterals adnate to column base. Petals narrow spathulate. Lip 

sessile erect, side-lobes oblong, midlobe short, disc with 3 to 5 

fimbriate or crested ridges. Column slender. no foot. Anther 

4-celled. Pollinia 8. pear-shaped. Species 6 to 8, Indo-Malaya, 

Africa, Australia, but nearly all might be considered one species. 

(r) P. sessile RcM. fil. Bonplandta, iii. 250; Hook. til. F.B.I. 

V.812. 

Rhizome I to 2 in. long. Leaf I, very narrow. Scape 2 to 

3 ft. tall, with lanceolate acuminate sheath leaves. Flowers about 

20, rather distant, pink. Bracts lanceolate long-acuminate caudate, 

'5 in. long. Pedicel and ovary '25 in. long, pubescent. Sepals 

'25 in. long, lanceolate long-acuminate pubescent, pink. Petals 

very narrow linear. Lip shorter, yellow. Hab. Local on sandy 

heaths. Lankawi, Bucau (Robinson). Setul heath. Distrtb. In·dia.

nB CXXXVI. ORCHIDEA>. [Spathoglottis. 

(3) S. affinis De Vriese, Ill. Orch. 2, pl. 15; ]. J. Smith, Orch. 

van] ava, pl. cix. 

Rhizome 2 in. long. Leaves 5 in a tuft, very narrow linear 

acuminate, the longest 6 in. long, '1 in. wide. Scape lateral, 

appearing with the young leaves, 16 in. tall, pubescent, with a few 

sheathing leaves, uppermost one bract-like. Bracts lanceolate 

acuminate pubescent, '5 in. long, upper ones shorter. Flowers 7 

or 8, yellow. Ovary and pedicel very slender, '75 in. long, pubescent. 

Sepals pubescent lanceolate acuminate, '5 in. long. Petals 

lanceolate acute, broader glabrous. Lip'6 in. long, side-lobes erect 

oblong rounded truncate broad, '25 in. long, claw of midlobe narrow 

pubescent, dilated at end into a triangular rounded retuse portion 

and with 2 short pubescent lateral lobes at base. Column slender, 

arched, '5 in. long. Hab. Mountains, Kedah Peak. at 2000 ft. 

altitude (Haniff). Distrib. Java. 

(4) S. Handingiana Par. and RcM. fit. Otia. Ramb. i. 45; 

Ridl. Mat. i. no. 

Pseudobulbs small globose. Leaves 2 or 3, lanceolate acuminate, 

4'5 to 5 in. long, '75 to '1 in. wide or less. Scape slender, 

8 in. long, purple. Flowers few, scattered, I in. wide, crimson or 

pale rose; pedicels 1'5 in. long. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, 

'25 in. long, red. Upper sepal lorate-Ianceolate, laterals larger. 

Petals lanceolate acute oblique. Lip side-lobes triangular blunt, 

midlobe linear acuminate, calli 2, club-shaped truncate yellow. 

Column arched dilate above. Capsule cylindric. Hab. Rare. Lankawi 

isles (Curtis). Distrtb. Burma, Siam. 

30. CALANTHE, R. Br. 

Terrestrial herbs with a short or rarely long rhizome. Leaves 

broad herbaceous plicate in a large tuft. Scapes from the tuft of 

leaves tall, many-flowered. Flowers medium-sized to rather small, 

white, violet or yellow. Sepals and petals all similar lanceolate. 

Lip adnate to base of column, fiat, 3- or 4-lobed, disc with lamellre 

or calli arranged in rows, at the base, spur usually long (absent in 

C. gracilis). Column short horizontal adnate to lip base (except 

C. gracilis). Anther conic; pollinia 8 waxy, adhering in pairs to 

a disc. 

Bracts ovate persistent short; flowers white or tmted 

vIOlet. Plant nearly glabrous 

LIp with 4 lmear lobes . . . . . 

LIp, mldlobe deeply bIfid, lobes oblong spathulate 

Lip mid lobe obovate, lobes round fimbriate . 

Plant pubescent; mldlobe deep bIfid, lobes spathulate 

. . 

Bracts lanceolate caducous. 

Leaves narrow; flowers few lax. 

Flowers white 

Flowers orange. . 

Leaves broad; raceme dense. 

(I) C. veratrifolia 

(2) C. Cecilia! 

(3) C.ovata 

(4) C. pubescens 

(5) C. angustifolia 

(6) C. aurantiaca

Calanthe.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 

Flowers white; midlobe broad reniform • 

Flowers yellow or orange. 

Bracts 2 in. long, comose in bud; flowers 

(7) C. albolutea 

small; midlobe ovate retuse. . . (8) C. Forstermanni 

Bracts I in. long; flowers medium orange; 

midlobe obovate, spur clubbed . . (9) C. speciosa 

Bracts I in. long ; flowers medium orange; 

midlobe oblong acute, spur hooked. . (ro) C. curculigoides 

Scapes lateral. 

Leaf one only; flowers pink few; mldlobe spathulate, 

spur short . . . . . (II) C. monophylla 

Leaves several on a leafy stem; mldlobe suborbicular, 

no spur . (12) C. gracilis C 

(1) C. veratrifolia R. Br. Bot. Reg. sub. t. 573; Lindl. Bot. 

Reg. t. 720; Bot. Mag. 2615; Ridl. Mat. i. 120. C. diploxiphion 

Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 849; I c. Pl. 2III. 

Stems short, I in. long. Leaves several lanceolate ovatelanceolate 

acuminate, 12 to 18 in. long, 3 to 6 in. wide; petiole 

3 to 6 in. long. Scape I to 2 ft. long, pubescent, nude below, 

raceme dense or lax, many-flowered. Bracts '75 in. long. Flowers 

white, ·75 in. wide; ovary and pedicel 2 in. long or less. Sepals 

ovate acute or elliptic-obovate. Petals oblong or lanceolate. Lip 

I in. long, side-lobes linear, midlobe longer with 2 linear oblong 

lobes, callus or disc of conJ?-ate tubercles in 3 rows, yellow or red. 

Spur slender clubbed, '75 lD. long. Hab. Low wet woods, often 

abundant, Johor, Sedili River; Kukub woods. Pahang, Telom; 

Gunong Senyum (Evans, Robinson), Selangor, Menuang Gasing 

(Kloss). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill. Perak, Thaiping Hills 

(Hervey, Curtis); Goping (Kunstler). Dzstrib. Indo-Malaya, Australia. 

' 

The whole plant is somewhat variable; one form has silvery grey leaves, 

the others dark green. The raceme is densely conic or drawn out and elongate, 

and the flowers vary In Size, and the IIp in width of Its lobes; the callus 

yellow or red. This is a popular pot plant. 

(2) C. Cecilire Rchb. fil. Card. Chron. 1883, i. 432; Ridl. Mat. 

i. 126. C. Wrayi Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 850. 

Stem short. Leaves elliptic-Ianceolate blunt, I ft. long, 4 in. 

wide; petioles 3 to 6 in. long. Scape 12 to 18 in. long, pubescent; 

raceme short dense. Flowers I in. across, white tinted violet 

rarely all over violet. Bracts persistent ovate, ·25 in. long. Ovary 

and pedicel I in. long. Sepals broad elliptic-ovate. Petals obovate. 

Lip side-lobes oblong blunt, midlobe deeply bifid, lobes spathulate 

round, callus horseshoe-shaped, yellow, 3 papillose ridges on disc, 

spur 2 in. long, slender, curved upwards. Hab. Local, sometimes 

abundant in damp forest, Pahang, Kota Glanggi (flowers aU over 

violet); Gunong Tahan, Vlu Telai (Robinson). Selangor, Batu 

Caves; Bukit Hitam_(Kelsall). Sungei Vjong, Pantai Reservoir, 

Seremban (Williams). Perak, Hermitage Hill; Sungei Siput, Kinta 

(Curtis). Native name: Suboi. 

II9

I20 ex XXVI. ORCHIDE.£. [ Calanthe. 

(3) C. ovata Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 69. 

Leaves several obovate-Ianceolate cuspidate, base narrowed, 

8 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles 6 in. long. Scape 30 in. tall; raceme 

4 in. long. Flowers about 25. Bracts ovate cuspidate pubescent 

persistent, '25 in. long, lower ones lanceolate. Pedicels'5 in. long. 

Sepals ovate cuspidate. Petals narrower sub-spathulate, white, 

'5 in. long. Lip little longer, 4-lobed, side-lobes erect, oblong 

round, midlobe obovate bilobed, lobes round fimbriate, spur filIform, 

'5 in long; callus horseshoe-shaped, yellow. Column violet. 

Fruit elliptic, '5 in. long. Hab. Rare, Mountain woods by streams, 


(4) C. pubescens Ridl. Ke1CJ Bulletill, I923, p II7. 

Leaves herbaceous pubescent beneath, elliptic acuminate 

narrowed to base; nerves elevate 7; I ft. long, 4 in. wide; petioles 

6 in. long, densely velvety pubescent. Inflorescence 18 in. tall, 

pubescent, raceme 6 in. long. Flowers numerous crowded. Bracts 

persistent, lanceolate acuminate, upper ones ovate acuminate, 

pubescent, '5 in. long, '12 in. wide at base. Pedicels I in. long, 

pubescent. Sepals oblong-ovate acutely acuminate puberulous 

outside. Petals similar smaller. Lip side-lobes oblong rounded at 

tip short, midlobe deeply bilobed with a narrow claw, lobes spathulate 

with a long narrow claw, rounded at the tip, calli of 7 or 8 

short tubercles in a line on the narrow claw of the lip, upper ones 

connate, spur very slender, nearly filiform, '5 in. long. Column 

base narrower, top dilate. Hab. Jungle at 2000 ft. altitude. Jalor, 

Bukit Besar (Gwynne-Vaughan). 

(5) C. angustifolia Lindl. Cell. and Sp. arch. PI. 251; Ridl. 

Mat i. I21. C. phajoides RcM. {il. Xenia arch. i. 207, t. 79; Hook. 

fit. I c. Pt. 1864. 

Rhizome long slender. Leaves narrow lanceolate acuminate 

both ends, 18 in. long, I in. wide in distant tufts; petioles I ft. 

long. Scapes 4 to 12 in. long, slender, a large sheathing bract near 

base; raceme lax or dense, 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers white. Bracts 

lanceolate acuminate, 1'5 in. long, caducous; pedicel and ovary 

'5 in. long. Sepals oblong acute. Petals broad. Lip sub-equally 

4-lobed, midlobe retuse, 2 triangular plates at base yellow, spur 

curved clubbed, '25 in. long. Capsule '75 in. long. Hab. Mountain 

forests at 3000 to 5000 ft. altitude. Pahang, K'luang Terbang 

(Barnes); Telom, Gunong Berumbun; Bukit Fraser (Burkill). 

Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler, Curtis); Bujong Malacca. 

Kedah Peak (Robinson and Kloss). Distrib. Java. 

var. /lava Rid!. Flowers yellow ochre. Leaves broader. Petals 

and sepals shorter and bounter. Lip more deeply cleft. Pahang, 

Gunong Berumbun (Ridley). 

POSSIbly a hybrid with C al'holutea. 

(6) C. aurantiaca Rzdl. Joum. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, p. 80; 

Mat. i. 122. 

Leaves narrow lanceolate acuminate, I ft. long, '75 in. wide;

122 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE...E. [Calanthe. 

7'5 in. long. Scape I to 2 ft. long; raceme dense. Flowers 

numerous, orange with red lip. Bracts lanceolate acute, caducous, 

1'5 in. long. Pedicels with ovaries '25 in. long. Sepals and 

petals ovate-Ianceolate acute, '5 in. long. Lip as long, adnate to 

column base, side-lobes waved erect, blunt, midlobe oblong acute, 

spur '25 in. long, slender, tip hooked. Hab. In low wet woods to 

2000 ft. altitude. Singapore (Wallich), Bukit Timah; Selitar. 

johor, Kwala Tebing Tinggi; Gunong Pulai (Ridley). Perak, 

Maxwell's Hill (Wray). Distrtb. Sumatra. 

Formerly very abundant m Singapore, but largely extermmated by forest 

destruction. : 

(II) C. monophylla Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 70. 

Leaf I, ovate acute slightly narrowed at base, 6 to 7 in. long, 

3 in. wide; petiole 3 to 6 in. long. Scape lateral, 7 to 9 in. tall, 

glabrous. Flowers 4 to 5, nodding. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, 

'12 in. long. Ovary and pedicel nearly I in. long. Sepals and 

petals ovate cuspidate, '5 in. long, rosy. Lip 3-lobed, side-lobes 

oblong acute, midlobe narrow spathulate bilobed lobes rounded, spur 

very short straight. Fruit elliptic, base narrowed, I in. long. 

Hab. Very rare. Mountain woods at 4000 ft. altItude. Pahang, 

Telom (2 plants only seen) (Ridley). 

The pendent flowers do not expand, and it appears to be self-fertilised. 

(12) C. gracilis Lindl. Wall. Cat. 7341; Gen. and Sp. Orch. 

Pl. 251; Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 855; Bot. Mag. t. 4714. Limatodes 

gracilis Lindl. Fol. Orch. I. 

Stems ascending leafy, I ft. tall or more. Leaves glabrous 

elliptic lanceolate narrowed at both ends acuminate, 5 or 6 on a 

stem, 7 in. long, 1'5 in. wide. Scape lateral, 2 ft. tall, slender 

pubescent. Flowers about 15, distant. Bracts linear caducous; 

pedicel and ovary pubescent, 1'25 in. long. Sepals and petals 

narrow linea,.- acuminate, white, '5 to '75 in. long. Lip oblong, 

'25 in. long, side-lobes lanceolate acuminate, yellow, midlobe longer 

oblong, crisped, tip wider rounded retuse, 2 velvety patches on 

disc, no spur. Column free from lip. Hab. Mountains, Kedah 

Peak, at 3800 ft. altitude (Robinson and Kloss). Distrib. Indo- 

China. ' 

Our form has a much more pubescent inflorescence than the Indian one, 

and the side-lobes of the lip are more acummate. The flowers of the Indian 

form are usually yellOWish green. A very abnormal species of the genus. 

31. PREPTANTHE, Rchb. fil. 

Epiphytic or rock plants; pseudobulbs large conic grey. Leaves 

appearing before flowers on the top of the pseudobulb, several 

broad lanceolate herbaceous. Scape tall, hairy from side of the 

leafless pseudobulb. Flowers numerous, at the apex pink or white. 

Bracts conspicuous. Sepals and petals broad, lanceolate spreading. 

Lip 3- or 4-lobed, adnate to column at base, spurred, no callus.

Preplanthe.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 123 

Column short, horizontal. 

Asia. 

Pollinia 8. Species 3 or 4, tropical 

Flowers 2 m. wide, white; mldlobe of IIp obcordate . 

Flowers 1'5 in. Wide, pink, mldlobe bllobed . 

(I) P. vestita 

(2) P. mbens 

(I) P. vestita Rchb. fil. in Fl. des Serres, viii. 245. Calanthe 

vestita Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 250; Bot. Mag. t. 4671; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 123. 

Epiphytic; pseudo bulbs ovoid blunt angled, grey, 2'5 in. long. 

Leaves appearing after flowering, lanceolate, 12 to 18 in. long, 3 in. 

wide. Scape from side of pseudobulb 12 to 18 in. long, villous. 

Bracts persistent, ovate, '75 to I in. long. Flowers about 12 in 

lax raceme white; pedicel and ovary 1'5 in. long. Sepals ovatelanceolate, 

I in. long. Petals broad oblong. Lip side-lobes 

cuneate obovate, midlobe fan-shaped obcordate, white with red or 

yellow eye, spur very long slender. Hab. Very rare. Selangor, 

top of Batu rocks (one plant). Pulau Adang, Pulau Nipis, pseudobulbs 

apparently of this on a fallen bough (Ridley). Distrib. 

Tenasserim, Borneo. Celebes. 

(2) P. rubens Ridl Calanthe rubens Ridl. Gard. Chron. 1890, 

i. 576; Mat. i. 123. 

Pseudobulbs conic grooved, 6 in. long. Leaves 12 to 20 in. 

long, 5 to 6 in. wide, ovate-Ianceolate. Scape 2 ft. long, woolly 

pubescent. Flowers rose pink or white. Bracts ovate acuminate 

pubescent, I in. long. Pedicel and ovary 2 in. long. Sepals lanceolate 

acuminate, '75 in. long. Petals shorter. Lip side-lobes oblong, 

erect blunt, midlobe linear-oblong bilobed blunt, base of lip darker, 

raised lines, spur filiform, '5 in. long. Hab. On rocks, Lankawi 

islands (Curtis). Pedis, Bukit Lagi (Ridley). 

Like P. vestlta, but flowers much smaller and usually pmk. 

32. PHAIUS, Lour. 

Large terrestrial herbs. Leaves herbaceous plaited. Scape 

from rhizome or racemes axillary few-flowered from leafy stem. 

Flowers large showy. Sepals and petals lanceolate equal free. Lip 

adnate to column base embracing it convolute gibbous at base or 

spurred.. Column long stout, no foot. Antner 4-celled. Pollinia 8, 

attached by fours to a disc. Species 14, Old World Tropics. 

Scape from base of pseudobulb tall, racemose; flowers large. 

Sepals and petals acute . . . . . (I) Ph. Wallichii 

Sepals and petals obtuse . (2) Ph. callosus 

-(I) Ph. Wallichii Lindl. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 46, t. 158. 

P. Blumei Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch., 127; Bl. Fl. Jav. Orch. Arch. 

Ind. 2, t. I. P. bicolor_Lindl. l.c.; Bot. Mag. t. 4078. 

Pseudo bulbs I to' 1'5 in. through. Leaves elliptic-Ianceolate 

acuminate, I to 2 ft. long, 2'5 to 8 in. wide; petioles 8 to 10 in.

1·httnia.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE£. 125 

34. THUNIA, Rchb. fiI. 

Stems tall, leafy. Leaves distichous, narrow acuminate. Flowers 

large in a pendulous terminal short raceme large white (or purple). 

Bracts nearly as long as flowers, persistent. Sepals and petals 

narrow acuminate. Lip convolute spurred, margm fimbriate. 

Column tall, no foot. Pollinia 8, two outer pairs longer than 

inner ones. Species 4 or 5, Indian, Siamese and Chinese. 

(I) Th. alba Rchb. fil. Bot. Zeit. 1852,764. Phaius albus Lindl. 

TV all. Cat. 3749; Bot. Mag. 3991. 

Stems 18 in. tall or more, fleshy, glaucous. Leaves linearlanceolate 

acuminate glaucous, 6 in. long, I in. wide. Raceme 

3 in. long. Flowers 4 to 8. Bracts 1'5 to 2 in. long, narrow boatshaped. 

Sepals and petals oblong-Ianceolate acuminate, 2'5 to 

3'5 in. long, white. Lip much shorter, white with purple pink 

veins, edge crisped fimbriate. Column long, straight, wings rather 

large. Hab. Setul, Bukit Rajah Wang (Haniff). Distrib. Sikkim, 

Burma, Siam. 

35. ARUNDINA, BI. 

Terrestrial woody herbs with narrow grassy leaves. Flowers 

showy in a short simple or sparingly branched terminal raceme. 

Bracts ovate persistent. Sepals lanceolate. Petals wider. Lip 

3-lobed convolute round column, midlobe round, crisped, 2 or more 

raised nerves on disc. Column tall dilate above winged; anther 

helmet-shaped. Pollinia 8, in pairs on a disc. Capsule oblong. 

Species 5 or 6; Indo-Malaya, China. 

Flowers large pmk; petals ovate very broad; no 

yellow on lip or very famt . . . . (I) A. bambusifolia 

Flowers smaller; sepals and petals white, or tinted 

rose, a yellow patch on IIp . . . . (2) A. speciosa 

Flowers very small, pmk; leaves very narrow, 

revolute when dry. . . . . . (3) A. revoluta 

(I) A. bambusifolia Lilldl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 125. A. 

speciosa Ridl. Mat. i. 124 (not of Blume). A. densa Lindl. Bot. 

Reg. xxviii. t. 38. 

Stems 3 to 7 ft. tall. Leaves linear acuminate, 2 to 8 in. long, 

'3 to '5 in. wide. Raceme not or rarely branched, 6 to 8 in. long, 

few-flowered. Bracts ovate acuminate. Flowers very large; pedicel 

I in. long. Sepals lanceolate rose pink, I in. 'long. Petals broader, 

1'75 in. long, I in. wide, ovate cuspidate. Lip as long, deep pink 

(not yellow in centre), kecIs on lip 3. Capsule 3 in. long. Hab. 

Rocky spots in mountains, especially in gravelly islands in streams. 

Common. Johor, Gunong Janeng (Kelsall); Endau River. Pahang, 

Tahan River; Gunong Tahan (Ridley). Malacca, Mt. Ophir (all 

collectors). Perak, Gunong Kerbau (Robinson); Batang Padang 

valley (Wray). Dzstrzb. Himalayas. 

The lowland and gravelly island forms have often smaller flowers with 

occasIOnally some yellow in the lip and narrower leaves. The Ophir and 

Kerbau flowers are very large and deep coloured.

126 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE..E. [Arundina. 

(2) A. speciosa Bl. Bijdr. 401, t. 73. A. Philippii Rchb. fil. 

var. malayana Ridl. Mat. i. 124. 

Stems very slender, 3 ft. long or even less. Leaves linear 

acuminate, 4 to 6 in. long, '25 in. wide. Flowers much smaller 

than in A. bambuszfoha, about I in. long, pale pink to white, with 

the lip only mauve at the tip with distinct central yellow bar. 

Sepals lanceolate, '2 in. wide. Petals lanceolate-ovate acute, I in. 

long, '5 in. wide. Lip rather narrow, '5 in. wide at the tip; keels 

two. Capsule 2 in. long. Hab. Not common. Kedah Peak on 

precipices (a form with brown streaks on sides of lip and dark 

crimson tip). Setul (Haniff); flowers nearly white, lip tip pale 

mauve. Distrib. Java, Burma. 

This is commonly cultivated in Singapore, producing bulbIls from the 

stem. It has run wild or been planted on raIl-banks near Kwala Lumpur, 

Negri Sembilan and other places. The Hongkong plant commonly cultivated, 

distmguished by its very deep cnmson tip to the lip, is probably Blume's 

chtnensts, whIch is descnbed, however, by him as having five ribs on the lip, 

which I have never seen many Arundtna flower. It IS also the A Phlltppu 

and Meyemi of Rchb fil. It is closely allIed to A. spectosa, but beSIdes the 

deep-coloured apex of IIp, does not produce bulbIls, as that speCIes does. 

(3) A. revoluta Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 858; Rzdl. Mat. i. 124. 

Stems slender, 2 to 3 ft. tall. Leaves linear long-acuminate, 

rather stiff and crowded, 4 to 7 in. long, '13 to '24 in. wide. Raceme 

I to 2 in. long. Bracts ovate acute, '12 in. long. Flowers few, 

2'25 in. wide, pale violet rose. Sepals lanceolate acute, '25 in. 

wide. Petals oblong acute as long, nearly twice as broad. Lip 

little longer, side-lobes indistinct, midlobe bilobed with a tooth in 

notch, keels 2 and median one very low, pale rose, edge veined 

purple, a pale yellow central blotch. Column pinkish white. 

Capsule 1'12 in. long. Hab. Rare. Perak, Thaiping Waterfall (all 

collectors) . 

36. DILOCHIA, Lindl. 

Epiphytic or terrestrial; stems stout, tall leafy. Leaves coriaceous 

broadly lanceolate. Inflorescence terminal panicled or 

racemose. Bracts large, coriaceous. Flowers medium size. Sepals 

and petals lanceolate. Lip 3-lobed with 5 crests. Column tall 

curved, with anthers. Capsule globose opening by slits half-way 

down. Species 4, Malay Peninsula and islands. 

Bracts lanceolate acute; flowers in a long raceme (I) D. Wallichii 

Bracts ovate blunt; flowers panicled (2) D. Cantleyi 

(I) D. Wallichii Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 38; Bl. Fl. Jav. 

Orch. Ind. Arch. t. 8 and 5A; Ridl. Mat. i. 125. Arundina Wallichii 

Rchb. fil. Xen. Orch. ii. 13, t. 105, figs. 13 to IS· 

Stems 1'5 to 5 ft. tall. Leaves ovate-Ianceolate acuminate, 

7 in, long, 1'5 in. wide; petioles '5 in. long, sheaths ribbed, r in. 

long. Racemes I to 3, erect lax, 6 to 9 in. long. Bracts lanceolate 

acute persistent, r in. long. Pedicel and ovary '75 in. long. Sepals

Dilochia.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. 1Z7 

and petals oblong-Ianceolate, ochre yellow inside, red to purplish 

violet outside, 5 in. long. Lip yellow or yellowish green marked 

red or purplish violet, sides revolute round; midlobe broad round. 

Column tall. Capsule globose, 1 in long; pedicel 1 in. long. Hab. 

Epiphytic or on rocks. Singapore (Wallich). Perak, Thaiping 

Hills (Derry, Curtis). Distrzb. Borneo, Sumatra, Java. 

(z) D. Cantleyi Rtdl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 33z; Mat. 

i. 1z5. Arundina Cantleyi Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 858; I c. Pl. ZIIZ. 

FIG. I68.-DIlochm Walhchli. 

Terrestrial. Stems Z to 8 ft. tall, purple. Leaves ovate acuminate, 

sub-erect, edged purple, 1'5 in. long, 1 in. wide (longer and 

thinner in forest). Uppermost leaves bract-like cymbiform pink, 

purplish r white. Racemes from 3 to 9, often branched, 3 in. long 

or more. Floral bracts boat-shaped, white or pink. Ovary and 

pedicel purple. Flowers l'z5 to 1'5 in. wide. Sepals oblong 

lanceolate falcate. Petals linear-oblong cream-white. Lip oblong, 

'5 in. long, side-lobes short round, tip truncate, 5 raised veins, dull 

purple-pink with cream edge or dark purple with yellow edge. 

Column yellow str.iped pink. Capsule pendulous, ovoid or globose, 

1 in. long, green with a purple bar on each fertile segment and a

128 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. [Dilochia. 

narrow one between. Hab. Mountains at 4000 to 7000 ft. altitude. 

On rocks, and the ground. Pahang, Gunong Tahan; Telom. 

Selangor, Menuang Gasing (Kloss). Perak, Gunong Bubu (Cantley); 

Gunong Inas (Yapp); Gunong Kerbau; Ulu Batang Padang 

(Wray). Distrib. Borneo. 

37. C

132 CXXXVI. OnCHIDE..£. [Ccelogyne. 

10 in. long, drooping, basal 4 in. covered with large bracts. Flowers 

IS to 20, fragrant, large. Bracts oblong, '75 in. long. Ovary and 

pedicel 1 in. long. Sepals oblong-Ianceolate. Petals linearlanceolate, 

white. Lip side-lobes long ovate, midlobe clawed, 

oblong blunt, crisp with an orange warty ridge. Capsule elliptic 

2 in. long; wings low. Hab. On trees over streams and on rocks. 

Perak, Thaiping Hills; Temengoh River, Sungei Kertai. Distrib. 

Sumatra, Borneo. 

A well-known pot-plant, very fragrant. 

(7) C. longibractata Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 194; Ann. Bot. 

Card. Calc. vol. 26, t. 39; Ridl. Mat. i. 129. C. casta RIdl. J ourn. 

Linn. Soc. xxxii. 322. 

Pseudobulbs conic, ribbed, 3 in. long, approximate. Leaves 

narrow lanceolate acute, 8 in. long, 1'25 in. wide; petioles 6 in. 

long. Raceme erect, base covered with green sheathing leaves 

I to 3 in. long, 2 upper ones foliaceous; rachis flexuous, 6 in. long. 

Flowers 5, whIte, 3 m. across. Bracts lanceolate acuminate papery, 

2 in. long, narrow. Sepals lanceolate acuminate acute. Petals 

narrower. Lip shorter, side-lobes ovate blunt yellow veined orange, 

midlobe ovateqcuspidate, edge at base crisp, white, a basal yellow 

spot, keels 3, crisp, 2 more on midlobe. Column dark orange, 

hood truncate, 2-toothed. Hab. Pahang, Gunong Tahan. Selangor, 

Semangkok Pass (Ridley). Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Negri 

Sembilan, Siliau, Seremban (Williams). Perak, Thaiping Hills 

(Kunstier, Derry). Kedah, Gunong Bintang (Kloss). 

A charming and fragrant plant. 

(8) C. stenophylla Ridl. C. angustifolia RIdl. J ourn. Linn. 

Soc. xxxii. 322; Mat. i. 130 (not of Parish or Wight). 

Pseudobulbs 2'5 in. long, conic. Leaves lanceolate acute, 

3-nerved, 10 in. long, I in. wide; petioles 3 in. long. Raceme 

6 in. long, base for 1 in. loosely sheathed; rachis slender. Flowers 

small, about 6. Bracts lanceolate acute. Sepals lanceolate-Iorate, 

sub-acute, 1 in. long. Petals much narrower spathulate-linear, 

all cream colour. Lip '75 in. long, side-lobes long blunt, brown 

inside, midlobe qbovate-oblong, round edge undulate, keels 3, 

sinuate white, edge yellow spotted brown. Column arched cream 

tinted brown, hood round. Hab. Rare. Lankawi (Curtis). 

Erroneously referred to a. vanety of cmnamomea, Teysm. (not Lind!.) 

by Pfitzer. 

(9) C. Foersterrnanni RcM. fil. Card. Chron. 1886, ii. 262; 

Ridl. Mat. 130. C. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.B.I. V. 831. 

Large plant; pseudo bulbs elongate conic grooved, 5 in. long, 

I in. through. Leaves lanceolate acute, 8 to IS in. long, 2 to 

2'5 in. wide; petioles 3 to 4 in. long. Raceme nodding, 2 ft. long, 

base sheathing. Flowers large, white, 7 or more. Bracts lanceolate 

acute, 3 in. long. Pedicel and ovary 1'5 in. long. Sepals

I34 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. [Calogyne. 

(I3) C. Cumingii Lindt. Bot. Reg. 1840; Misc. 76; Bot. Reg. 

1841, t. 29; Bot. Mag. t. 4645; Ridl. Mat. i. 131. 

Pseudobulbs globose-conic wrinkled crowded, 1'5 in. long, I in. 

through; rhizome stout. Leaves lanceolate acute, 6 in. long, I in. 

wide. Raceme from among leaves 3 to 5 in. long. Flowers few, 

white, 3 in. across, fragrant. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, I in. 

long. Sepals oblong-Ianceolate acute. Petals much narrower 

lanceolate. Lip side-lobes oblong blunt, white with orange below 

tips, midlobe large broad erose or entire sub-acute centre orange, 

keels 3, crisped, toothed on midlobe. Hab. In the low country on 

the tops of very lofty trees, and at 3000 ft. altitude, in large masses 

several feet across on rocks. Singapore (Cuming); Bukit Timah. 

Malacca, Mt. Ophir; Pulau Brawang (Derry). Pahang, Tahan 

River. Perak, Thaiping Hills; Waterloo (Curtis). 

(14) C. speciosa Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pt. 39; Bot. Mag. 

t. 4889; Ridl. Mat. i. 132. 

Pseudobulbs ovoid angled crowded, 1'5 in. long. Leaf I, 

elliptic or lanceolate acute, 4 to 9 in. long, 1'5 to 2 in. wide; petiole 

r to 2 in. long. Raceme from axil of young leaf 4 in. long. Flowers 

I or 2, large; brads lanceolate caducous. Sepals oblong-Ianceolate 

acute, 2'5 in. long, buff, flesh colour or greenish. Petals narrow 

linear. Lip large, side-lobes blunt toothed, midlobe with a broad 

claw tip broad oblong with 2 undulate crests yellowish blotched 

red brown, tip and edge white. Column tall. Capsule 2'5 in. 

long, ovoid, strongly winged. Hab. On trees in woods, usually 

sporadic, not rare. Singapore, Diu Sumbawang. Johor, Sungei 

Tebrau. Pahang, Tras Route (Barnes); Tahan River. Negri 

Sembilan, Pantai (Williams). Selangor, Semangkok Pass; Menuang 

Gasing (Kloss). Perak, Thaiping Hills (common); Gunong Batu 

Putih (Wray); Gunong Kerbau (Robinson). Penang Hill, West 

Hill (Curtis); Richmond Pool. D1strib. Borneo, Java. 

The keels and edge sometimes fimbriate. 

(IS) C. xyrekes Ridl. Joum. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 181. 

Pseudobulbs oblong, 4-angled, 2 in. long. Leaves obovate to 

lanceolate, sub-acute, base long narrowed, I ft. long, 3 in. wide; 

petioles 4 in. long. Raceme 2- or 3-flowered. Sepals 2 in. long, 

pinkish. Petals very narrow linear, 1'5 in. long. Lip side-lobes 

rounded entire, midlobe '5 in. long, oblong round at tip, narrowed, 

keels 2, low deep brown, base of midlobe sepia brown edged flesh 

colour, side-lobes dark brown spotted white. Rostellum lanceolate. 

Hab. Pahang, Gunong Tahan, Teku River woods (Ridley). 

Leaves and pseudobulbs larger than in C. speclOsa, midlobe of lip much 

smaller. Perhaps a local form. 

(16) C. xanthoglossa Ridl. Jount. F.l'ff.S. Mus. vi. 180. 

Rhizome woody; pseudobulb conic, 4-angled, 1'5 in. long. 

Leaf I, oblanceolate acuminate, 7 in. long, nearly 2 in. wide; petiole

CXXXVI ORCHIDE}E. [Ca1logyne. 

Malacca. Kedah Peak (Haniff), a form with the flowers pale 

green with 4 unequal sinuous ridges, possihly distinrt. 

(20) C. prasina Ridl. jOllY1t. Linn. Soc. xxii. 326; Mat. i. 133. 

Rhizome long slender; pseudo bulbs distant fusiform, 2 in. 

long. Leaves ovate or elliptic acute, 5 in. long, 1'25 in. wide; 

petioles '5 in. long. Raceme 6 in. long, flexuous. Bracts lanceolate 

acuminate, I in. long. Flowers 5, green, '75 in. wide; pedicels 

'5 in. long. Sepals lanceolate acute. Petals shorter filiform, base 

lanceolate. Lip much longer pandurate, side-lobes short, round, 

midlobe longer, base narrow, oblong, keels 2, thick. Column 

short, hood round. Hab. Local on trees and on the ground. Kedah 

Peak at 3000 to 4000 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

(21) C. carnea Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 838; Ie. Pl. 2107; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 134. 

Rhizome long, stout; pseudobulbs distant fusiform, I to 2 in, 

long. Leaves elliptic-Ianceolate, 2 to 4 in. long, '5 to I in. wide; 

petioles '5 to I in. long. Raceme slender, 8 to 9 in. long, base 

flattened, upper part flexuous. Bracts lanceolate acute, I in. long. 

Flowers 18 to 20, white or brown, '5 in. long. Petals linear-filiform. 

Lip longer, side-lobes round blunt, midlobe round blunt or retuse, 

keels 2, short, yellow. Capsule oblanceolate, I in. long, rather 

strongly winged. Hab. On rocks or mo'lS, tree stumps or low 

bushes at 4000 ft. to 6000 ft. altitude. Pahang, Kluang Terbang 

(Barnes) ; Gunong Tahan; Telom. Selangor, Sempang Mines 

(flower sienna brown); Menuang Gasing (Kloss); Mengkuang 

Lebah (Robinson). Perak, Gunong Kerbau (Robinson), Gunong 

Inas (Yapp); Kedah, Gunong Bintang (Kloss). 

The petals in Ie Pl. 2107 are figured much too broad. 

(22) C. stenochila Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 837; Ie. Pl. 2106; 


Rhizome very stout; pseudobulbs terete, 3 in. distant, I to 

2 in. long. Leaves elliptic-oblong, I to 2 in. long, '5 to ·6 in. wide. 

Raceme 8 in. tall. Flowers brownish flesh-colour, 1'5 in. wide. 

Sepals lanceolate acute, '75 in. long. Petals narrow linear. Lip 

narrow, side-lobes long, blunt, midlobe orbicular with 3 keels. 

Column hood truncate. Hab. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Ridley). 

Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray), one very small specimen with 

a smaller flower than the Tahan plant. 

38. CRINONIA, Blume. 

Rhizomatous with pseudobulbs. Leaves 2, coriaceous narrow 

lanceolate. Scapes from base of pseudo bulbs, base covered with 

sheaths. Raceme slender of many small flowers. Sepals, upper 

one concave, laterals oblique larger. Petals broad. Lip clawed, 

claw descending, limb obscurely 3-lobed or entire, concave, with

Crinonia.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE1E. 137 

2 calli. Column short thick, foot distinct, curved, attached to 

claw of lip, hood very flat. Anther flat; pollinia 4 obovate. 

Species 4, Malayan. 

Leaves linear acununate. 

Pseudobulbs elhpsoid globose .. (I) C. carnea 

Pseudobulbs elongate cylindric; flowers white (2) C. Elizabethiana 

Leaves lanceolate 

Pseudo bulbs cylindric; flowers pink (3) C. parviflora 

(I) C. carnea Bl. Bijdr. 339; P(itzer, P/fanzenr. 135, fig. 46, 

A.B. Pholidota carnea Lindt. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 37. 

Rhizome branches elongate; pseudo bulbs parallel to it thick 

oblong or ovate, I'5 in. long, tips upturned. Leaves narrow linear, 

3 in. long, '12 in. wide; petioles slender, '5 in. long. Scape slender, 

3 in. long; flowers distant, '15 in. across, flesh colour. Sepals 

ovate sub-acute. Petals shorter, broad blunt. Lip as long saccate, 

claw short, obscurely 3-lobed. Hab. Mountains at high altitudes. 

Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). Perak, Gunong 

Kerbau at 4200 ft. altitude (Robinson); Gunong Inas (Yapp). 

Distrib. Sumatra, Java. 

(2) C. Elizabethiana Ridl. Pholidota Elizabethiana Rldl. 

Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 181. 

Rhizome 6 in. long, woody; pseudobulbs elongate cylindric, 

2 in. long. Leaves linear narrowed at top and long narrowed at 

base, 9 in. long, '25 in. wide. Scapes 4 to 5 in. long. Flowers 

many distichous small whIte. Bracts '12 in. long. Ovary and 

pedicel '1 in. long. Upper sepal lanceolate, lower gibbous at base 

keeled. Petals oblong or ovate-oblong. Lip, base cymbiform with 

short blunt lobes, midlobe sub-orbicular crisp, obscurely 3-lobed, 

with 2 semi-linear fleshy ridges between side lobes. Column short, 

and broad, arms tooth-like. Hab. High mountains. Pahang, 

Gunong Tahan at 7IOO ft. altitude; Gunong DIu Riang at 6000 ft. 


(3) C. parviflora Pjitzer, Pllanzenr. I36. Pholidota parviflora 

Hook. Ie. Pl. I89I; Ridl. Mat. 135. Ph. micrantha Hook. /il. 

F.B.I. v. 847. 

Rhizome thick; pseudobulbs cylindric or ovoid, I to 1'5 in. 

long. Leaves elliptic-Ianceolate acute, 1'5 to 3 in. long, '5 in. 

wide or more. Scape slender flexuous, 5 in. long. Bracts lanceolate. 

F,lowers 'I2 in. wide, about. 35. Sepals ovate or ovateoblong 

acute. Petals smaller, all greenish pink turning pink. 

Lip boat-shaped, limb ovate, greenish white yellow with one or a 

double callus on centre, a raw sienna line in front. Column red. 

Capsule '25 in. lpng. Hab. Mountains, Pahang, Gunong Tahan at 

7000 ft. altitude (Robinson); Telom. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Derry, 

Long) ; GunQng Kerbau (Robinson); Chabang (Scortechini). 

Kedah, Gunong Bintang (Kloss). 

var. pwntla Ridl. Pseudobulbs crowded conic oblong, '5 in.

("hetonanthera.J CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 139 

small. Upper sepal oblong-lanceolate, laterals broader, all blunt. 

Petals linear or broad oblong. Lip base boat-shaped, midlobe 

oblong bilobed deflexed, calli 2. Column curved, hood broad. 

Anther flat 4-celled; pollinia 4, sub-globose. Rostellum long bifid. 


(I) C. gibbosa Bl. Bijdr. 383. Pholidota gibbosa De Vriese. 

Ill. Orch. t. 10; Ridl. Mat. i. 135. 

Rhizome branched; pseudobulbs oblong-conic, 2 to 3 in. long. 

Leaves lanceolate or obovate with long point, 6 to 7 in. long, I to 

3 in. wide; petioles I in. long. Scape 10 to 12 in. long, basal half 

nude. Flowers about 20. Bracts oblong-ovate, brown, '25 in. 

long. Sepals '25 in. long, with petals white. Lip base oblong, 

a pair of curved teeth at base, white, pinkish at base. Column hood 

waved, edged brown. Anther red. Hab. Pahang, K'luang Terbang 

(Barnes). Distrib. Sumatra and Java. 

41. PHOLIDOT A, Lind!. 

Rhizome short with crowded ovoid pseudo bulbs or erect with 

narrow distant pseudobulbs. Leaves 2. Scapes from top of 

pseudo bulb rachis often flexuous. Bracts distichous, dry yellowish. 

Flowers small, pink or white. Sepals concave. Petals flat. Lip 

sessile on column base, the base saccate oblong, terminal lobe 

usually bilobed. Column short-hooded. Anther 2-celled beaked. 

Pollinia 4, cohering by a disc. Species about 30, Indo-Malayan. 

Pseudobulbs ovoid crowded on a short rhizome. 

Spike long; bracts semi-Circular persistent. (r) P. imbricata 

Pseudobulbs distant on a pendulous stem, cylindric. 

Bracts lanceolate . . .. (2) P. decurva 

Pseudobulbs crowded; raceme dense erect. 

Bracts elliptic (3) P. grandis 

(I) P. imbricata Lindl. Hook. Exot. Flora ii. t. 138; Bot. Reg. 

t. 1213, 1777; Ridl. Mat. i. 135. 

Pseudo bulbs crowded conic, dark green, I to 3 in. long. Leaf I, 

elliptic-lanceolate, 6 to 12 in. long; petiole I in. long or more. 

Raceme pendulous,. 12 in. long; peduncle slender. Bracts distichous 

semi-circular, '3 in. wide, persistent. Flowers numerous 

crowded pale flesh-colour, '25 in. long. Upper sepal orbicular, 

laterals boat-shaped, keeled. Petals linear-oblong, falcate. Lip 

boat-shaped, terminal lobe rounded bilobed. Hab. Sporadic on 

rocks and trees. Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Bujong Malacca 

(Kunstler); Batu Kurau (Scortechini). Lankawi (Curtis). Distrib. 

India, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Borneo. 

(2) P. decurva Ridl. Joum. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 328. 

Stems elongate branched; pseudobulbs terete, 3 to 4 in. long. 

Leaves 2, obovate or oblanceolate acute, 4 in. long, 1'5 in. wide. 

Raceme 6 in. Jong, sfender decurved above flexuous. Bracts 

lanceolate acute caducous. Flowers numerous, nearly I in. across.

CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Pho/idota. 

Sepals ovate or oblong subacute. Petals smaller oblong, all fleshcolour. 

Lip boat-shaped, edges incurved, keels 5, thick, terminal 

lobe sub-quadrate bilobed, flesh-rose-colour, base orange. Column 

oblong pink. Rostellum ovate acute. Hab. Perak (Curtis). 

(3) P. grandis Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Soc. xlix. 32. 

Pseudo bulbs crowded elliptic or conic, 2 to 3 in. long, angled. 

Leaves 2, oblong-oblanceolate acute, 1 ft. long; petioles 13 in. 

long. Scape erect from base of pseudobulb, 8 in. tall, lower half 

nude green spotted red. Raceme dense, many-flowered. Bracts 

caducous elliptic, '5 in. long, green. Sepals ovate blunt apple 

green. Petals smaller oblong white. Lip base saccate, edge raised 

undulate, side-lobes broad, midlobe irregularly oblong rounded 

bifid, edge white. Column short, hood broad truncate retuse green. 

Anther orange semi-orbicular. Hab. Selangor, Semangkok Pass 

(Ridley). 

42. CLADERIA, Hook. fiI. 

Terrestrial, climbing a short way up trees. Leaves few ovate 

lanceolate plicate. Scape terminal erect, sometimes branched; 

rachis with short stiff bracts. Flowers large. Sepals oblong subacute, 

laterals oblique gibbous at base. Petals falcate, oblanceolate. 

Lip concave, 3-lobed. Column long. curved, foot and arms 

absent. Anther helmet-shaped. Pollinia 2, elliptic acute, no disc. 

Species 2 or 3, Malayan. 

(1) C. viridiflora Hook. /il. F.B.I. v. 810; Ie. Pl. 2083; Rtdl. 

Mat. i. 136. 

Rhizome long slender. Leaves in distant tufts, 6 to 12 in. long, 

1 to 2'5 in. wide, green mottled darker. Scape 6 in. tall; raceme 

lengthening to 6 in. with a long lanceolate leaf below it. Bracts 

'12 in. long. Flowers 1 in. long, green reticulately veined. Lip 

side-lobes long subacute, midlobe orbicular retuse, base pubescent 

a club-shaped ridge on disc. Capsule oblong, 3 in. long, '5 in. 

through. Hab. Common in dry woods. Singapore, Garden Jungle; 

Bajau. Johor, Kampong Simpai (Kelsall); Batu Pahat. Pahang, 

Tahan River. Malacca (Maingay). Negri Sembilan, Siliau and 

Port Dickson (Williams). Perak, Sungei Rayah (Kunstler). 

Penang Hill. Dlstnb. Sumatra, Borneo. 

TRIBE II. VANDEJE (GENERA 43-70). 

43. EULOPHIA, Br. 

Terrestrial glabrous herbs tuberous or pseudobulbous. Leaves 

several appearing with or after the flowers. Scape lateral or subterminal. 

Sepals and petals free. Lip from column base saccate 

or spurred, side-lobes erect. Column long or short, base broad, no 

foot. Anther 2-ceIIed. Pollinia 2 or 4, sessile or attached by a

Eulophia.] C){XXVI. ORCHIDElE. 

short caudicle to a disc. Species numerous especially III Africa, 

Indo-Malaya. 

Pseudo bulb short; leaves broad herbaceous; scape 

termmal; column short broad; sepals gIbbous 

at base . . . . . . . (I) E. squalida 

Pseudobulb large; leaves lmear grassy; scape 

lateral. 

Leaves narrow; scape branched; bp SIde-lobes 

blunt . . . . . . . (2) E. graminea 

Leaves lanceolate lmear; scape simple; IIp sidelobes 

acute . . . (3) E. Keithii 

Pseudo bulb rhIzomatous, no leaves (4) E. macrorrhiza 

(1) E. squalida Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1841; Misc. 77; Ridl. Mat. 

i. 137. E. elata Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 3. 

Pseudo bulb conic short. Leaves appearing with the flowers, 

lanceolate acuminate, 12 to 18 in. long, 1'5 in. wide. Scape I to 

1'5 ft. tall. Flowers numerous. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, 

'5 in. long. Ovary and pedicel 1 in. long. Upper sepal lanceolate 

cuspidate, laterals prolonged at base into a conic mentum '25 in. 

long, brownish green, '5 in. long. Petals ovate-oblong crisp, veins 

on disc thick 4, base of lip ochreous, side-lobes veined ochre, tip 

pale lilac. Column broad with large opening to mentum, spur 

white streaked pink. Anther conic with 2 white or crimson knobs. 

Capsule fusiform, 2 in. long. Hab. Common in open grassy country. 

Singapore, Tanglin; Chan Chu Rang. Johor, Batu Pahat; Rota 

Tinggi (Ridley); Sedili River (Nanson). Malacca, Machap (Derry). 

Negri Sembilan, in old rubber fields (Williams). Perak (Scortechini). 

Penang Hill (Curtis). Distrib. Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Celebes. 

Hooker's E. elata is based on ScortechmI's specimen 2023, which is E. 

squaltda, but Scortechmi's drawing 2023 is of E. nzacrorrkiza. 

(2) E. graminea Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 182; Ridl. Mat. 

i. 137. E. inconspicua Griff. NotulCB, 349; Ie. Pl. As. t. 326. 

Pseudobulbs conic, 4 in. long, I in. thick, green. Leaves linear 

acute, 6 in. long, '25 in. wide. Scapes lateral, I to 3 ft. tall, slender 

branched. Flowers numerous, I in. long. Bracts '12 in. long, 

linear acuminate. Sepals lanceolate-linear acute. Petals little 

broader green with brown reticulations. Lip side-lobes blunt; 

midlobe obovate undulate crisp, white veined violet, white-hairy; 

nerves on disc 3, spur short clubbed. Column slender erect. 

Anther broad 2 purple processes at top. Capsule elliptic, 3 in. 

long. ',Hab. Common in fields and open sandy spots. Singapore 

(Wallich, Cuming). Chan Chu Rang. Johor, Batu Pahat (Kelsall). 

Malaq::a. Bukit Sabukor (Derry); Pulau Besar (Maingay). Pahang, 

Sungei Meang. Negri Sembilan, SiIiau (Williams). Kelantan 

near Kota Bharu (Ridley). Selangor, Rawang (Kloss). Perak 

(Scortechini). Penang (Curtis). Pulau Adang. Lankawi, Kwah 

(Curtis). Pedis. Setul. Distrib. India, Siam. Native name,' 

Bawang Hantu.

CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. [Eulophia. 

(3) E. Keithii Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 333; Mat. i. 138. 

Pseudobulbs 3 to 5 in. long, I in. through, cylindroconic. Leaves 

linear acuminate, 2·5 in. long, ·3 in. wide. Scape 1·2 in. tall, 

simple. Flowers 9, about 1·5 in. wide. Bracts ·12 in. long, lanceolate 

acute; pedicels I in. long. Sepals ·75 in. long, linear acute. 

Petals broader, all green. Lip green except midlobe white with 

brown reticulations, side-lobes falcate, midlobe obovate retuse 

crisp, keels 3 undulate ending in a conic yellow callus, spur clubbed, 

·25 in. long. Column broad winged; anther with 2 recurved red 

processes .. Hab. Limestone rocks. Kedah, Gunong Geriang. 

Pulau Adang group, Pulau Butang, and Pulau Tengah (Ridley). 

Lankawi isles (Curtis). Pedis, Bukit Lagi. Distrib. Siam. 

(4) E. macrorrhiza Bl. Orch. 183, t. 63, figs. 2AB, 66B. 

Saprophytic leafless; rhizome very large, fleshy oblong. Scapes 

I or 2, about 2 ft. tall, dull reddish, stout. Flowers about I in. 

long, rather distant. Bracts subulate linear, over I in. long. 

Sepals oblong-Ianceolate not gibbous at base. Petals broader and 

shorter, all dull red. Lip saccate at base, shortly broad spurred, 

side-lobes long, rather narrow, midlobe short ovate blunt, pink 

with a purple base and central whitish bar spur white. Column 

tall curved, with a short blunt hood. Hab Rare. Perak (Scortechini 

drawing); on the track to Jor in Ulu Batang Padang (Ridley). 

Distrib. Java. 

44. GEODORUM, Jack. 

Terrestrial herbs with a tuberous rhizome and broad thin leaves. 

Scape from rhizome. Flowers medium in decurved racemes pink, 

yellow or white. Bracts narrow. Sepals and petals similar Ian ceolate 

acute. Lip sessile on column, base entire boat-shaped with a 

central ridge and callus. Column stout short, with low wings. 

Anther ovate. Pollinia 2, on a strap-shaped caudicle. Capsule 

large elliptic pendulous. Species 5 or 6, Indo-Malaya, Australia. 

Sepals blunt; flowers pink, ·s in. long, opening. . (I) G. purpureum 

Sepals lanceolate acute; flowers cream, 1·5 in. wide, 

expanded . . (2) G. citrinum 

(I) G. purpureum Br. Ait. Hort. Kew, Ed. ii. v. 207; King, 

Ann. Bot. Card. Calc. viii. 181, t. 245 (var. album); Ridl. Mat. i. 

138. G. fucatum Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1687. 

Pseudobulbs small; stem 3 to 4 in. tall. Leaves ovate-Ian ceolate 

acuminate, 9 to 12 in. long, 3 in. wide. Scape 18 in. tall; 

raceme 2 in. long, decurved. Bracts .36 in. long. Flowers pink 

(or white), ·5 in. long, not spreading. Sepals oblong blunt. Petals 

little broader. Lip oblong entire or emarginate, pink dotted darker, 

a central yellow patch, callus at base conic. Hab. In grass-fields 

and waste ground. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Griffith); Relau (base of 

Ophir); Bukit Sadanen (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Siliau (Williams). 

Dutrib. India, Siam, Borneo, Java.

144 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Plocoglottis. 

truncate with rather a long point. Hab. Mountain forests. Selangor, 

Ginting Bidai (Kloss). Perak, Bujong Malacca (Kunstler). Dzstrib. 

Java, Sumatra. 

(3) P. porphyrophylla Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 368; Journ. 

Linn. Soc. xxxii. 317; Mat. i. II3. Rhizomeshort; pseudobulbs 

slender, 3 in. long. Leaf I or 

2 elliptic-Ianceolate acute, 

strongly nerved purple, 8 to 

18 in. long, 3 to 3'5 in. wide; 

petioles 1 to 6 in. long. Scape 

I to 3 ft. tall, raceme lax pubescent. 

Bracts ovate acuminate. 

Flowers about 30. Upper 

sepal locate, more than '5 in. 

long, yellow, laterals oblique 

oblong falcate, yellow, inner 

edges dark polished pink pubescent. 

Petals narrow linear 

acuminate. Lip '25 in. long, 

quadrate, edges at base upcurved, 

yellow, spotted black, 

fimbriate, tip very broad, with 

2 purple horns on disc. Column 

as large as lip, yellow, above 

crimson. Capsule 1'5 in. long, 

oblong. Hab. Common in 

sandy woods usually near the 

FIG. 17o.-Plocoglottis sea. Singapore, Kranji; Selitar. 

porphyrophylJa. Johor, Tana Runto; VIu 

Kahang (Kelsall). Pahang, 

Pekan. Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi. Dindings, Lumut. 

Kedah (an entirely green form). Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo. 

Conspicuous on account of its beautIful purple leaves, looking like pieces 

of stamed glass when the settmg sun shines through them. The extraordmary 

adaptatIOn for fertilisation IS descnbed by me 10 J ourn. Linn. Soc., above 

quoted, and by Burklll. 

(4) P. fcetida Rzdl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 319; Mat. i. 133. 

Rhizome stout. Leafy stems, 3 ft. long. Leaves several broad 

lanceolate acute, 3- to s-nerved, 6 in. long, 1'5 to 1'75 in. wide; 

petioles short or o. Scape 2 to 4 ft. long, pubescent. Flowers 

about 20, fretid. Bracts ovate, '25 in. long. Upper sepal '75 in. 

long, ovate-Ianceolate acute, laterals twisted deflexed. Petals 

as long lanceolate acute. All orange spotted red. Lip as long and 

as wide, quadrate fleshy, 3-toothed, yellow. Hab. In wet spots 

in forest. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Johor, Tanjong Kupang. 

Malacca, Jus (Goodenough). Selangor, Rawang; Kwala Lumpur

Plocoglottis. ] CXXXVl. ORCHIDE.£. 145 

(Curtis); Sungei Buluh. Dindings, VIu Bruas (Curtis). Perak, 

VIu Bubong (Kunstler); Asam Kumbong (Wray). Native name: 

Gulumbak. 

46. CYMBIDIUM, Sw. 

Epiphytes rarely terrestrial; stems short leafy sometimes pseudobulbous. 

Leaves usually long narrow and coriaceous, sometimes 

ovate and thin. Scape pendulous or erect racemose. Flowers 

medium to large. Sepals and petals sub-equal. Lip sessile at 

column, base concave, lobes erect. Column long, footless. Pollinia 

2, sub-triangular on a broad reniform disc. Species 30, Asia, 

Africa, Australia. 

Sterns short flattened; leaves long linear. 

Leaves stiff conaceous; scape pendulous. 

Leaves broad; scape long 

Leaves narrow; scape short 

Leaves very narrow; scape erect 

(I) C. Finlaysonianum 

(2) C. pubescens 

(3) C. rectum 

Leaves thm, scape erect. . 

Lip mldlobe ovate mucronate (4) C. Dayanwn 

Lip midlobe oblong truncate .. (5) C. Munronianwn 

Stern fleshy; leaves ovate-Ianceolate petioled . (6) C.lancifoliwn 

Pseudobulbs large; leaves 2 oblong; flowers large (7) C. stapelirefiorum 

(I) C. Finlaysonianum Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 164; 

Ridl. Mat. i. 139. C. pendulum Bot. Reg. 1840, t. 25; Williams, 

Orch. Album. x. 437. 

Stems very short, flattened forming large masses several feet 

through. Leaves lorate, stiff coriaceous, I 0 3 ft. long, 1·5 in. 

wide, tip round bilobed. Raceme pendulous, 2 it. long. Flowers 

about 20, distant. Bracts ovate, sub-acute, ·12 in. long. Ovary 

and pedicel 1·25 in. long. Sepals oblong blunt, I in. long or more. 

Petals lanceolate blunt, olive yellow tinted red. Lip side-lobes 

long acute, dark pink, midlobe obovate retuse blunt white, a yellow 

line at base, 2 crimson spots and a patch at tip, keels 2, crimson 

purple. Column stout deep pink. Capsule 2 in. long, elliptic. 

Hab. Common in low country on trees and stumps. Singapore, 

Chan Chu Kang; Pulau Ubin. Johor, Tanjong Kupang; Batu 

Pahat. Pahang, Kwala Pahang. Malacca, Merlimau (Derry). 

Selangor, Kwala Selangor. Perak, Penang (Porter); Telok Bahang 

(Curtis). Distrib. Borneo. Native names: /Sakat Panggan Daun; 

Bunga Chandarek. 

(2) C. pubescens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840; Misc. 75, 1841, t. 38; 


Habit of C. Finlaysonianum, but leaves 18 in. long, ·36 in. wide, 

linear, stiff. Raceme pendulous, I it. long. Flowers I in. across, 

about 16. Sepals and petals linear-Ianceolate greenish with dark 

purple central bar. Lip base saccate, lobes acute; midlobe oblong 

entire, yellow marked purple, pubescent, 2 median ridges broken 

into 4. Capsule elliphc, 2 in. long. Hab. On trees near coast. 

Pl.M.P.,4 L

q6 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEA>. [Cymbidium. 

Not rare. Singapore (Cuming); Sungei Jurong. Johor, Sungei 

Ban, Batu Pahat. Perak, Temengoh (Ridley). Landawi isles, 

Kwah (Curtis), Perlis Kanga. Distrib. Siam, Borneo. 

Intermediate forms between this and the preceding occur, perhaps hybrids. 

(3) C. rectum Ridl. 

Habit of C. pubescens, but leaves erect, very stiff semi-terete, 

deeply grooved, coriaceous, 18 in. long, '25 in. wide, obtusely 

unequally bilobed. Scapes erect, I ft. long. Flowers few distant. 

Bracts short ovate acute. Ovary and pedicel I in. long. Sepals 

lanceolate, '75 in. long. Petals narrower, yellowish with a purple 

central band. Lip hardly lobed, side-lobes obscure rounded, 

midlobe ovate blunt, white with central yellow bar and a crimson 

spot near the tip, side lobes spotted crimson inside and on outside 

edge. Column straight rather broad, white densely spotted in 

front, back purple pink. Anther broad blunt, yellow. Pollinia 

2, connate at top broad semi-orbicular, disc semi-lunar. Hab. Negri 

Sembilan, Siliau, Seremban (Williams). Perak, Thaiping Hills? 

First cultivated in the Gardens at Singapore, and believed to have been 

collected in Perak. 

(4) C. DayaJ;lum Rchb. fil. Gard. Chron. 1869, p. 710. C. acutum 

Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 334; Mat. i. 140. C. Simonsianum 

King and Pantling, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii. 188, pl. 250. 

Tufted epiphyte; rhizome tbick. Leaves narrow grassy not 

articulate, I ft. long, '25 in. wide. Scape erect or nodding. Flowers 

few. Bracts ovate acute. Pedicel and ovary I in. long. Sepals 

lanceolate acute white with median purple band I in. long. 

Petals shorter. Lip shorter, side-lobes long blunt, white, edges and 

veins crimson, disc yellow with 2 keels thickened at tip, midlobe 

ovate mucronate, deep crimson, central yellow spot. Column 

straight violet. Capsule fusiform beaked, 3 in. long. Hab. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills; Waterloo (Ridley). Distrib. Sikkim, Assam. 

(5) C. Munronianum King, Journ. As. Soc. lxiv. 338; Ann. 

Bot. Gard. Calc. viii. pt. 249. 

Tufted plant; stem about 2 in. long. Leaves grassy linear 

acuminate articulate, 20 in. long, '5 in. wide. Scape 14 in. long, 

with few distant flowers, base with lanceolate acuminate narrow 

sheaths. Bracts narrow lanceolate acuminate, '75 in. long or less. 

Pedicels 1'5 in. long. Flowers 2 in. wide. Sepals lanceolate acute, 

yellowish, green with purple lines. Petals ovate broader. Lip 

oblong, side-lobes hardly distinct incurved, midlobe oblong truncate, 

pinkish dotted darker. Column rather broad, yellowish with 

pink dots. Hab. Setul, Bukit Bunga (Haniff). Lankawi, Kwah 

(Haniff). Distrib. Sikkim. 

(6) C. lancifolium Hook. Exot. Flora, t. 51; Lodd, Bot. Calc. 

i. 927; Hook. fil. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 185, t. 247; Ridl. Mat. i. 141. 

Terrestrial, stems I to 2 in. long, fleshy cylindric. Leaves 3,

Cymbidium.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE..E. 147 

lanceolate acuminate, 6 to 8 in. long, I in. wide, base narrowed to 

petioles, I in. long. Scape erect. Flowers 5 in lax raceme, I in. 

across. Bracts short ovate. Sepals oblong-Ianceolate acute green. 

Petals broader with a central pink dotted line. Lip pandurate 

entire fiat, tip broad, white, edge at base and some blotches crimson, 

a broad raised ridge from base, Z short blunt ones in centre. Column 

broad stout green spotted pink. Hab. In forests, sporadic and 

uncommon up to 3500 ft. altitude. Malacca, Bukit Sadanen 

(Derry). Perak, Bujong Malacca; Gunong Batu Putih (Wray); 

Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Dlstrib. India, China, Japan, Malay 

isles . 

. (7) C. stapelireflorum Teysm. alld Binn. Nat. Tijdsch. xxiv. 

ZI9· C. Huttoni Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 5676; Ridl. Mat. i. 141. 

C. Stephensi Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1900, p. 71. 

Large epiphyte with big ovoid pseudobulbs, 3 to 5 in. long. 

Leaves z, oblong blunt thick coriaceous, 8 in. long, 4 in. wide. 

Raceme pendulous, 6 to 8 in. long with 10 large flowers I in. across. 

Bracts widely triangular. Sepals ovate-oblong acummate yellowish 

densely spotted in lines with chocolate. Petals falcate chocolate. 

Lip 3-lobed, lobes broad blunt, midlobe round-orbicular channelled 

in centre. Column thIck curved. H abo Rare in mountain forests, 

Perak, Thaiping Hills (Stephens). Dtstrib. Sumatra, Java. 

47. DIPODIUM, Lindl. 

Stems leafy, terrestrial or climbing (or in Australia leafless). 

Leaves linear articulated, rather thin distichous. Racemes axillary 

lax, long peduncled. Flowers showy rather large. Sepals and 

petals similar, spreading. Lip adnate to column base, side-lobes 

small. Column short broad, wings large. Anther small. Pollinia 

2, caudicles 2 linear, disc round. Species 6, Malaya, Australia, 

Polynesia. 

Stem scandent; hp and sepals broad blunt . (I) D. pictum 

Stem erect; sepals narrow; hp narrow acute . (2) D. paIudosum 

(I) D. pictum Rchb. Xen. Orch. ii. IS and ZO, t. 107; Bot. Mag. 

t. 7951; Ridl. Mat. i. 141. Wailesia picta Lwdt. Journ. Hart. Soc. 

iv. z6z. (Fig. 171, p. 148.) " 

Stem climbing on trees from the ground and clasping by roots, 

Z to 7 ft. tall. Leaves 8 in. long, I in. wide. Scape 10 to 1Z in. 

long. Flowers 1'5 in. wide. Sepals oblong blunt, laterals oblique. 

Petals broader. All yellowish in front, with Indian red blotches 

on the back. Lip shorter oblong, side-lobes very small acute, 

white with pink spots and 3 pink keels woolly, especially on tip 

and keels. Column short broad orange, base woolly. Capsule 

broad elliptic, Z in. tong. Hab. In forests, creeping on ground 

and then climbing up trees. Singapore, Kranji; Changi. Malacca 

(Griffith); Mt. Ophir. Pahang, Tahan River; Telom. Selangor,

CXXXVI. ORCHIDEiE. [Dipodium. 

Bukit Kudah; Semangkok. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Curtis); 

Tapah (Wray). Distrib. Sumatra, Java. 

This is rather variable in flowers in colour and form of lip. 

(2) D. paludosum Rchb. fil. Xett. Orch. ii. IS; Bot. Mag. t. 

7464; Williams, Orch. Album, t. 422. 

FIG. 17I.-Dipodium pictum. 

Stem erect, I to 2 ft. tall. Leaves linear erect, 6 in. long, ·25 in. 

wide. Scape I ft. tall. Flowers about IS, 1·5 in. wide. Bracts 

small ovate. Petals and sepals oblong-Ianceolate, blunt, white 

with pink spots. Lip cuneate-oblong, narrow acute, with 2 short 

tooth-like side-lobes, white blotched purple, hairy. Hab. Rare.

CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.-E. 

Slender; flowers orange . . 

Rock plant, stems tall; raceme lateral 

EpIphytes; flowers terminal. 

Stems tall; raceme elongate . . . . 

Stems short; leaves narrow acute; racemes terminal 

short. 

Leaves ensiform erect . 

Leaves ensiform curved . 

Leaves lanceolate acute short . 

Leaves very narrow, long recurved 

[ Bromheadia. 

(2) B. sylvestris 

(3) B. rupestris 

(4) B. alticola 

(5) B. pungens 

(6) B. aporoides 

(7) B. brevifolia 

(8) B. scirpoidea 

(1) B. palustris Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvii. 1841; Misc. 184; Hook. 

Bot. Mag. t. 400I. 

Stems tall wiry, I to 8 ft. tall. Leaves lanceolate blunt, 5 to 

6 in. long, 1 to 1'5 in. wide. Racemes terminal gradually elongating, 

3 to 12 in. long. Bracts distichous boat-shaped acute, '12 in. long. 

Flowers appearing singly fragrant, 3 in. across. Sepals lanceolate 

acute. Petals shorter, all white or tinted pink. Lip side-lobes 

lanceolate sub-acute, white veined violet, a median pubescent line 

on disc, midlobe obovate-oblong centre yellow mealy, edges white, 

base spotted violet. Column white, hood emarginate. Capsule 

sessile, 2'5 in. long. Hab. In open grassy spots, often very tall 

on wet rocks. Common. Singapore (common). Johor, Batu 

Pahat, Malacca (Cuming); Mt. Ophir (Derry). Dindings, Sembilan 

isles (Kloss). Perak, Thaiping Waterfall; Asam Kumbang (Wray). 

Legeh, Tomoh. (Machado). Kedah Peak. Setul Heath. Distrib. 

Co chin China, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Papua. Native name: 

Suraman. 

(2) B, sylvestris Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 337; Mat. i. 144. 

Habit of preceding but stems weak and slender, I to 6 ft. tall. 

Leaves lanceolate thin, 5 in. long, '75 in. wide, top unequally bifid. 

Racemes I or 2. Flowers I in. wide, smaller orange colour. Sepals 

lanceolate acuminate. Petals wider. Lip side-lobes erect blunt 

yellowish, veined crimson, edge white, midlobe ovate acute, white, 

centre orange. Column slender, curved yellow, base spotted crimson 

hood entire. Hab. In shady woods seldom flowering. Singapore, 

Kranji. Johor, Gunong Pantai and Gunong Pulai (Ridley). Dtstrib. 

Borneo. 

(3) B. rupestris Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 34I. 

Terrestrial; stems 5 ft. tall, flattened. Leaves lorate-Ianceolate 

fles.hy, 4 in. long, '75 in. wide. Flowers 3 or 4 in a lateral tuft, 

2 in. across. Ovary and pedicel I in. long. Sepals lanceolate 

blunt pale yellow or cream colour, backs tinted red. Petals shorter 

broader, pale yellow. Lip as long as sepals, side-lobes long falcate 

acute, white veined crimson, midlobe fleshy lanceolate oblong, 

sides in curved white red dotted edge crisped, raised bar of lip yellow. 

Column yellow, hood round, base pink. Hab. On rocks at 4000 ft. 

altitude. Malacca, Mt. Ophir. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Ridley). 

Kedah Peak (Haniff).

152 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Bromheadia. 

long, crowded in a terminal head with ovate bracts imbricate. 

Flowers I in. across; pedicels '25 in. long. Sepals lanceolate acute, 

yellowish. Petals broader pale yellow. Lip side-lobes ovate 

yellowish dotted purple, midlobe yellow, 2 pink spots. Column 

thin broad. Hab. Not common. Johor, Tebing Tinggi. Pahang, 

Tahan River. Negri Sembilan, Siliau (Williams). Perak, Ipoh. 

(Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. 

50. POLYSTACHYA, Lind!. 

Epiphytes with short pseudobulbs. Leaves lanceolate thinly 

coriaceous. Inflorescence terminal erect, stem covered with papery 

bracts in the axils of which are one or more racemes or panicles 

of small green (or purple or yellow) flowers sub-sessile. Upper 

sepals lanceolate, laterals triangular adnate to the column foot. 

Petals very narrow. Lip jointed on the column foot clawed 

lobes small. Column short broad, foot long. Anther 1- to 2-celled. 

Pollinia 4 ovoid with (usually) a broad disc. Capsule small ellipsoid. 

Species 100, all tropics. Chiefly African. 

All our species are very closely allied and show very little difference from 

the BrazllIan P. luteola Lindl. 

Llp narrow. side·lobes oblong; midlobe ovate ( I) P. singapnrensis 

Lip broad, slde·lobes short. midlobe oblong, 

much longer . . . . . . (2) P. penangensis 

Lip broad. slde·lobes short; mld-Iobe oblong. 

much longer (3) P. siamensis 

(I) P. singapurensis Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 343; Mat. 

i.I46. 

Pseudo bulbs globose, '25 in. long. Leaves oblong-Iorate, 2 to 

4 in. long, I in. wide. Inflorescence 2 to 6 in. long; rachis of 

racemes pubescent. Flowers yellowish green. Bracts ovate acumi· 

nate. Sepals bullate. Petals linear-spathulate. Lip narrow thin, 

side-lobes falcate linear acute, midlobe longer ovate pulverulent, 

spotted pink inside. No rostellum. Hab. Rare. On trees near 

the sea. Singapore, Sungei Morai (Ridley). 

(2) P. penangensis R1dl.l.c. 344; Mat. i. 146. 

Pseudo bulbs conic, I in. long. Inflorescence 5 to 10 in. long. 

Racemes branched, I in. long. Flowers greenish yellow. Sepals 

and petals acute. Petals spathulate. Lip broad, side-lobes short 

ovate, midlobe ovate blunt hardly longer, pubescent yellow with a 

brown median line. Capsule'5 in. long, reticulate between tbe 

ribs. Hab. Local. Penang Hill at 1800 ft. altitude (Curtis). 

(3) P. siamensis Ridl. l.c. 343; Mat. i. 146. 

Pseudobulbs '5 to I in. long. Leaves 5 in. long, '5 to I in. wide. 

Inflorescence 4 to 12 in. long; rachis pubescent. Flowers larger 

and more fleshy than preceding. Bracts ovate subulate. Sepal 

upper ovate-Ianceolate, laterals triangular green. Petals narrower, 

falcate acute white. Lip obovate broad, mealy, side-lobes small

Polystachya.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 153 

narrow falcate blunt, midlobe much longer, broad round retuse. 

Capsule narrow ellipsoid not reticulate, '36 in. long. Hab. Dindings, 

at Lumut. Lankawi, Kwah; Burau. Nangchik, Bukit Besar 

at 2500 ft. altitude (Annandale). Kedah, at Krau (Williams). 

51. LUISIA, Gaud. 

Epiphytes; stems stiff. Leaves long terete. Flowers few, 

small in short, lateral spikes. Bracts very short, thick persistent. 

Sepals oblong. Petals oblong, often longer and narrower. Lip 

sessile on column base, side-lobes small, midlobe oblong or round, 

flat, spurless. Column very short. Anther 2-celled. Species IS, 

Indo-Malay, Polynesia. 

Petals lIttle longer than sepals 

Petals much longer than sepals. 

Lip shorter than sepals 

Lip longer than sepals . 

(I) L. brachystachys 

(2) L. antennifera 

(3) L. tristis 

(r) L. brachystachys Bl. Rumphia iv. 30; Rehb. fil. Xen. 

Orch. i. 204, t. 87, fig. r; Ridl. Mat. i. r47. 

Stem stout, 3 in. long, 'r2 in. through. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, 

blunt; sheaths '5 in. long. Raceme '25 in. long. Flowers 3 or 

4; pedicels and ovary '25 in. long. Upper sepal oblong, '12 in. 

long, laterals lanceolate. Petals lanceolate sub-acute, broad, little 

larger than sepals, all green edged pink. Lip oblong-ovate blunt 

entire, dark crimson. Column short crimson, arms round and 

blunt. Capsule '75 in. long. Hab. Lankawi isles (Curtis). Adang 

isles, Pulau Rawei. Perlis, Bukit Lagi. Distrzb. India, Siam. 

(2) L. antennifera Bl. Rumphia iv. 50; Rehb. fil. Xen. Oreh. 

i. 265. t. 78, fig. 2; Ridl. Mat. i. 148. 

Stem 2 ft. tall. Leaves blunt, 4 to 5 in. long, sheaths '5 to 

1 in. long. Racemes stout, '5 to r in. long. Flowers'5 in. wide. 

Sepals sub-acute. Petals longer, narrow linear, base broader, all 

greenish. Lip shorter oblong-ovate purple. Column thick purple. 

Anther flat oblong yellow. Capsule 1'5 in. long. Hab. On low 

trees. Pahang, Pulau Chengei, Pahang River. Negri Sembilan 

near Port Dickson (Williams). Perak, Kurau (Scortechini); 

Batang Padang (Kunstler). Distrib. Java, Borneo. 

(3) L.,tristis Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 25; Ridl. Mat. i. 148. 

Stem long and stout. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long, sheaths '75 in. long. 

Raceme I to 2 in. long. Flowers 3 or more. Upper sepal oblong 

blunt hooded, '5 in. long, laterals oblique triangular-Ianceolate 

acute, densely pink spotted. Petals linear, base broad, twice as 

long,- white tipped pink. Lip longer than sepals, base oblong, 

limb ovate-cordate blunt purple. Hab. Rare. Negri Sembilan, 

Port Dickson (Williams). Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis). Distrib. 

New Caledonia.-

154 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEA>. [A den on COS. 

52. ADENONCOS, Bl. 

Small epiphytes. Leaves linear or oblong fleshy. Racemes very 

short few-flowered. Flowers small. Sepals lanceolate. Petals 

smaller. Lip flat, fleshy entire or side-lobes very small, no spur. 

Column short, arms small. Anther I-celled. Pollinia 4, a linear 

caudicle and large disc. Capsule oblong or elliptic. Species 5 

or 6, Malayan. 

Leaves flat blunt lorate, 2 to 3 in. long; flowers green. (1) A. major 

Leaves thick fleshy lmear-oblong aaute, 1 in. long; 

flowers green . . . . (2) A. virens 

Leaves terete very narrow; lip purple (3) A. parviflora 

(I) A. major Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 350; Mat. i. 

148. 

Stems 6 to 10 in. long. Leaves lorate blunt, 2 to 3 in. long, '36 

in. wide, sheaths '25 in. long. Flowers sessile solitary, green, '25 in. 

wide. Bracts 3, ovate as long as ovary. Sepals ovate-Ianceolate 

acute, '25 in. long. Petals much smaller linear acute. Lip obovateobcuneate, 

side-lobes minute, midlobe broad, tip round, keel papillose. 

Capsule oblong, '25 in. long. Hab. Hill woods, Johor, Batu Pahat. 

Pahang, Kota Glanggi. Kedah Peak (Ridley). 

(2) A. virens Bl. Bijdr. 381; Ridl. Mat. i. 149. 

Stem 2 to 6 in. long. Leaves linear-oblong acute, recurved 

fleshy, I in. long, '12 in. wide; sheaths '12 in. long. Racemes short, 

3- to 4-flowered. Flowers very small fragrant. Bracts ovate 

minute. Pedicel and ovary as long. Sepals Ian ceo late acuminate, 

laterals sub-falcate. Petals smaller. Lip entire cordate acute, 

a granular callus at ba.se. Hab. Common on trees, mangroves, etc., 

up to 3900 ft. altitude. Singapore, Kranji, mangroves. Johor, 

Tanjong Kupang. Negri Sembilan, Port Dickson (Williams). 

Selangor, Petaling; Ginting Bidai; Batu Caves (Ridley). Perak, 

Gunong Inas (Yapp). Dtstrib. Borneo, Java. 

(3) A. parviflora Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 350; Mat. i. 149. 

Stem 2 to 4 in. tall. Leaves linear acute thick recllrved, I to 

2 in. long, very narrow. Flowers very small sessile. Sepals ovateoblong 

acute, hardly '12 in. long. Petals linear smaller, all ochre. 

Lip ovate acute purple, side-lobes erect blunt short. Capsule 

'25 in. long. Hab. Very rare. Selangor, Batu Caves (Kelsall). 

53. ACAMPE, Lindl. 

Stems stout. Leaves coriaceous lorate. Racemes short stout. 

Flowers medium. Sepals and petals sub-similar connivent. Lip 

spurless or nearly so, 3-lobed, often pubescent. Column thick 

conic. Pollinia with a narrow caudicle and oval disc. Species 

8 or 9, Indo-Malayan and African. 

Some of the species included by authors have a distinct and rather large 

spur, and seem to me indIstinguishable from Saccolabzum.

Acampe.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 155 

(I) A. penangiana Rid!. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 358; Mat. 

i. 149. 

Stem short and thick. Leaves lorate stiff, 7 in. long, I'S in. 

wide. Raceme 2'S in. long; peduncle thick. Sepals'S in. long, 

oblong-ovate broad blunt. Petals narrower spathulate, all yellow 

with red spots on back and red bars in front. Lip spurless, sidelobes 

curved long blunt, midlobe ovate yellow with 3 red streaks 

on side lobes, disc pubescent. Column base broad, yellow with 

2 pink spots, arms short erect. Hab. Penang, Government Hill 

(Curtis). Terutau (Curtis). Lankawi (Williams). 

54. STAUROPSIS, Benth. 

Stems very stout, tall or short. Leaves very thick lorate 

bilobed at tip. Raceme lateral short tall. Flowers large fleshy 

showy. Sepals oblong. Petals little smaller. Lip adnate to 

base of column short spurless, side-lobes short, midlobe oblong, 

an oblong callus at base. Column short, broad, no foot, wings or 

arms. Rostellum bifid, entire or lobed processes from below stigma. 

Anthers conic I-celled. Pollinia 2, on a broad caudicle, disc reniform. 

Species 10, Malayan and Indian, China, Polynesia. 

(I) S. gigantea Benth. Gen. Plant iii. S72; Ridl. Mat. i. ISO. 

Yanda gigantea Lindt. Walt. Cat. 7326; Bot. Mag. 5189. 

Stems 2 ft. tall or more, very stout. Leaves lorate, I to 2 ft. 

long, 2 to 3 in. wide. Raceme 6 to IS in. long. Flowers 12 to IS, 

about 2 in. wide. Upper sepal oblong blunt, laterals falcate yellow 

with red blotches. Petals narrower spathulate blunt. Lip half 

as long, base boat-shaped, pink, midlobe fleshy oblong with 3 low 

ridges yellow, callus conic; stigmatic process retuse. Capsule 

oblong, 4 in. long, I'S in. through. Hab. On trees and rocks. 

Lankawi isles, Kwah. Terutau (Curtis). Perlis, Kanga. Distrib. 

Burma, Siam. 

55. PHALlENOPSIS, Bl. 

Epiphytes with short stems. Leaves oblong or obovate few, 

coriaceous. Racemes short or long pedicelled, sometimes several. 

Flowers often showy. Sepals sub-equal. Yetals often larger. 

Lip spurless clawed or adnate to column base, side-lobes erect, 

usually with a forked or entire callus. Column rather long; anther 

2-celled, caudicle linear or spathulate with a disc. Species about 

25, India, Indo-China, Malaya. 

Scape short; flowers large showy. 

Llp glabrous . 

Lip pubescent. . . 

Scape long; rachls flat elongating 

Scape long; rachis not broad and flat. 

Flowers small; ffildlobe acute. . . 

Flowers large yellow; mldlobe obovate round 

(I) P. violacea 

(2) P. sumatrana 

(3) P. comu-cervi 

(4) P. muscicola 

(5) P. fuscata

P halcenopsis.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.£. 157 

6 to 8 in. long, sometimes branched;' rachis not thickened. Flowers 

I in. across. Sepals lanceolate acute. Petals sub-spathulate acute, 

white spotted chestnut. Lip side-lobes 4-angled, tooth-like, yellow 

spotted chestnut, midlobe narrow, tongue-shaped, tip decurved 

rosy, an oblong bifid callus between side-lobes, a lanceolate blunt 

one at base of midlobe. Capsule linear narrow, 3 in. long. Hab. 

Very rare in dense dripping forest on mossy -trees. Pahang, Tahan 

River (Ridley). 

(5) P. fuscata Rchb. fil. Gard. Chron. 1874, ii. 6; Rolfe Orch. 

Rev. 1905, p. 226. P. Kunstleri Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 30; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 152. P. Denisiana Cogn. Dict. Ic. Orch. Phal. 6. 

Leaves obovate-Ianceolate or elliptic acute, 4 to 9 in. long, 

2'5 to 3 in. wide. Scape 15 in. long or less. Racemes I to 4 in. 

thick, not flat, 3 in. long. Flowers 1'5 in. wide. Upper sepals 

lanceolate blunt, yellow with or without a red bar, laterals oblique 

with a transverse red bar, or all red at base, tip yellow. Petals 

spathulate or obovate. Lip side-lobes oblong truncate toothed white, 

midlobe obovate, tip round orange, central bar white elevate, 3 or 

more Indian red streaks on each side, callus bifid at base. Column 

narrowed, middle greenish, hood ovate. Hab. On trees. Johor, 

Sungei Tebrau forests. Perak, hot springs near Ipoh; Tapah; 

Sungei Siput (Curtis). Dindings (Curtis). Distrib. Phillippines 

(fide Cogniaux). 

56. STAUROCHILUS, Rid!. 

Big epiphyte, climbing. Leaves lorate coriaceous bilobed. 

Raceme long. Flowers large expanded. Sepals oblong, laterals 

falcate. Petals narrower. Lip spurless, side-lobes short erect, 

midlobe 3-lobed. Column short thick, arms erect. Anther ovate, 

beaked. Pollinia 2 on a spathulate caudicle, disc elliptic. Species I, 

Siam and Malay Peninsula. 

(I) S. fasciatus Rtdl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 350; Mat. i. 

153. Trichoglottis fasciata Rchb. fil. Card. Chron. 1872, p. 699; 

Wtlliams, Orchl Album, V.t. 208. 

Stem stout, 2 ft. tall or more. Leaves 5 in. long, '5 to '75 in. 

wide, blunt sheaths, '5 in. long. Raceme 4 to 6 in. long; rachis 

grooved. Bracts ovate acute persistent. Flowers 2 in. wide, 

fragrant. Sepals acute. Petals spathulate; yellow banded red. 

Lip '5 in. long, white slightly pubescent, side-lobes acute, midlobe 

of 3 equal lobes, callus at base linear-oblong toothed. Column red. 

Hab. On rocks and trees. Lankawi. Terutau (Curtis). Distrib. 

Siam. 

57. KINGIELLA, Rolfe. 

Epiphytic plants with the habit of Phalcenopsis. Leaves oblanceolate 

blunt, brQa_d. SCElpes tall branched; flowers small. Upper 

sepal oblong, laterals larger curved. Petals smaller. Lip sidelobes 

erect, obovate, midlobe obcordate, base of lip adnate to foot 

of column and forming a mentum. Species about 5, Indo-Malaya.

CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Kil1giella. 

(1) K. decumbens Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 1917. Doritis Wightii 

Benth. Gen. Pl. iii. 574. Phalrenopsis Wightii RcM. fil. Bot. Zeit. 

1862; Hook. fil. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. 59, viii. t. 265; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 153. P. alboviolacea Rtdl. Trans. Lmn. Soc. iii. 373. 

Leaves 2 to 3, thin coriaceous, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide. Scape 7 in. 

long; rachis thickened. Flowers '75 in. wide. Sepals and petals 

white (or yellow) tipped green. Lip side-lobes white with violetrose 

streaks, oblong truncate, midlobe obcordate retuse, violet 

pink, callus bifid white between side-lobes. Hab. On trees, 

widely spread but not common. Malacca, Bukit Bangkang 

(Derry). Pulau Tiuman (Nanson). Negri Sembilan, Siliau 

(Williams). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Stephens). Lankawi (Curtis). 

Dlstrib. India, Burma, Ceylon, Hainan. 

58. DORITIS, Lindl. 

Usually terrestrial. Leaves few,oblanceolate coriaceous blunt. 

Scape tall erect, raceme lax, many-flowered. Flowers pink or 

white, medium. Upper sepal oblanceolate, lower ovate oblique 

adnate to column foot. Petals obovate. Lip clawed, 2 narrow 

processes below the broad erect side-lobes, midlobe ovate. Column 

broad, dilate at base. Anther long-beaked; pollinia globose, 

caudicle long spathulate, disc rhomboid. Species I, Burma, 

Cochin China, Siam. 

(1) D. pulcherrima Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 178. Phalrenopsis 

Esmeralda Rchb. Gard. Chron. 1874, p. 582; WIlliams,Orch. 

Album, vii. t. 21; Bot. Mag. t. 7196; Rldl. Mat. i. 152. 

Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, 1'75 to 2 in. wide. Scape 1 to 2 ft. tall. 

Flowers I in. wide, purple crimson rose or white. Lip side-lobes 

yellow or pink, midlobe dark pink. H abo On the ground beneath 

bushes on sandy heaths. Tringganu (Yapp). Lankawi (CurHs), 

Kedah Peak at 2000 ft. altitude (Haniff). Setul Heath (Dr. 

Ellis). Patani (Annandale). 

59. VANDA, Lindl. 

Terrestrial (or epiphytic) plants, often tall, scandent. Leaves 

coriaceous (flat) or terete. Flowers large showy in racemes or 

panicles. Sepals and petals sub-equal. Lip large, base saccate 

or spurred, side-lobes large or small. Column short. Species about 

30, Asia and Australasia. 

(1) V. Hookeriana Rchb. fil. Bonplandia 1856, p. 324; Wzlliams, 

Orch. Album. t. 73; Rtdl. Mat. i. 154. 

Scandent stems slender, 12 ft. long. Leaves terete, 2 to 3 in. 

long. Flowers large thin, 2 to 3 in. wide, in racemes or fewbranched 

panicles; peduncles 6 to 8 in. long. Upper sepal obovate 

pale rose, laterals much larger oblique oblong white. Petals 

broad obovate twisted pale rose. Lip 1'5 in. long, side-lobes oblong 

acuminate blunt deep purple, midlobe 3-lobed, side-lobes oblong,

Vanda.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 159 

tips enlarged, midlobe oblong-obovate, white or rose dotted crimson, 

spur very short, callus conic white. Column with a long foot. 

Hab. Local. Scrambling over bushes in open swamps. Johor, 

Kwala Batu Pahat (Kelsall). Perak, Kinta valley (all collectors). 


The" Kmta weed." 

60. ARACHNIS, Bl. 

Stems very long scandent. Leaves linear-oblong blunt. Inflorescence 

large panicled. Sepals and petals spreading spathulate, 

lower ones incurved. Lip much shorter articulate at. base of 

column, side-lobes broad truncate, midlobe tongue-shaped, base 

of lip between side-lobes shortly spurred. Species about 5, 

Malayan. 

Flowers yellow and brown, lower sepals falcate . • (1) A. moschifera 

Flowers salmon pink, lower sepals not falcate . • (2) A. Maingayi 

Flowers white, smaller, lower sepals not falcate. • (3) A. alba 

(I) A. moschifera Bl. 13tjdr. 365, t. 26. Arachnanthe moschifera 

Bl. Rumphza, iv. t. 196, 199. Renanthera arachnitis Lindl. 

Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 217; Rldl. Mat. i. ISS. 

Stems 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves 6 in. long, 1'5 in. wide, stiff. 

Panicles several feet long. Flowers 3 in. wide, tip of upper sepal 

musk-scented. Upper sepal linear-oblong spathulate, laterals 

shorter falcate. Petals linear abruptly falcate, yellow blotched 

chocolate. Lip'5 in. long, side-lobes quadrate yellow or white 

splashed red, edges purple brown, midlobe oblong cuneate pink 

with a large conic acute callus near tip. Hab. Selangor, Port 

Swettenham (Williams). Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Penang, 

rocks at Ayer Hitam (Haniff). Dislrtb. Java, Borneo. Native 

names: Angrek Bunga Kasturi; Scorpion orchid. 

(2) A. Maingayi Schlechter, Fedde Rep. x. 197. Arachnanthe 

Maingayi Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 28. Renanthera Maingayi Ridl. ]oum. 

Linn. Soc. xxxii. 353. 

Stems as A. moschtfera, but leaves thinner and more flaccid, 

5 in. long, 1'5 in. wide. Sepals linear, laterals not falcate, 1'5 in. 

long. Petals broadly dilate short at tip. 1\11 mottled and barred 

salmon-pink and white. Lip side-lobes rounded spreading, midlobe 

oblong, tip ovate pink striped with darker, and yellow blotches 

on side-lobes. Hab. Johor, Batu Pahat (Kelsall). Malacca (Maingay) 

.. Distrib. Islands south of Singapore. 

Commonly cultivated in gardens. 

(3) A. alba Schlechter, Fedde Rep. x. 197. Arachnanthe alba 

Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 369. Renanthera alba Ridl. ]of-trn. Linn. 

Soc. xxxii. 353. R. HQokeriana Rchb. fil. Xen. Orch. ii. 42. 

Stems IS to 20 ft.· tall. Leaves lorate blunt hard brittle often 

toothed at base, 3 in. long, l'S in. wide. Panicles long. Flowers

Renantherella.] cxxxvr. ORCHIDEJE. 161 

62. RENANTHERELLA, Rid!. 

Scrambling epiphyte, stems long. Leaves semi-terete. Racemes 

short flexuous. Flowers small. Sepals oblanceolate, laterals 

oblique. Petals narrower linear. Lip side-lobes erect, midlobe 

linear recurved, calli 2 quadrate, spur short conic. Column long, 

slender, arched. Anther conic; pollinia 2, caudicle broad spathulate, 

disc oblong. Capsule obconic. Species I, endemic. 

FIG. 172.--Renantherella histrionica. 

(I) R. histrionic a Ridl. Journ. Linn. S6c. xxxii. 355; Mat. i. 

157. Renanthera histrionica Rchb. fil. Card. ehron. 1878, p. 74· 

Stem about 2 ft. long, slender. Leaves linear-lanceolate semiterete 

acuminate, 3 in. long. Raceme lax, 4 in. long. Bracts short 

ovate. Flowers few, I in. wide. Sepals and petals yellow with red 

spots. Lip yellow, calli white. Capsule I·S in. long. Hab. On 

mangroves and other trees, sea level to 4000 ft. altitude. Singapore, 

Serangoon; Pasir Panjang. Malacca, Mt. Ophir. Negri Sembilan, 

Tampin Hill; Gunong Angsi (Williams). Perak, Gunong Keledang 

(Curtis). - 

FI.M.P ...

CXXXVI. ORCHIDE..E. LTrichoglottis. 

63. TRICHOGLOTTIS, Bl. 

Stems rather tall. Leaves coriaceous lanceolate lorate. Flowers 

small solitary; pedicels short. Sepals and petals similar spreading. 

Lip base hoat-shaped or spurred, side-lobes 2 or 4, erect horn-like 

pubescent. Column short thick, no foot, arms short erect. Anther 

ovate; pollinia 2, caudide linear, disc large. Species 36, Malay, 

Andamans, Siam. 

Lip with one pair of side-lobes; flowers large 

(1) .T. retusa 

Lip with 2 p;l.US of side-lobes; flowers small. 

Base of lip boat-shaped. . .. (2) T. Bcaphigera 

Base of lip spurred (3) T. tetraceras 

(I) T. retusa Bl. Bijdr. 360, fig. 8; R£dl. Mal. i. IS7. 

Stem stout, 3 ft. long or more. Leaves thick lorate hlunt bilobed, 

S in. long, ·S in. wide; sheaths reticulate, ·S in. long. Flowers ·7S in. 

wide; pedicel and ovary ·S in. long. Sepals lanceolate acute. 

Petals narrower, yellow, marked with pale red. Lip base bbatshaped, 

side-lobes with long recurved points, midlobe oblong 

lanceolate pubescent, white tinted pink. Column half as long as 

lip, top dark crimson. Hab. Limestone rocks. Pahang, Kota 

Glanggi. Selangor, Batu Caves (Kelsall). lalor, Bukit Tapang 

(Gwynne-Vaughan). Distrib. Siam, Cochin-China, lava, Borneo. 

(2) T. scaphigera Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 3S7; R£dl. 

Mat. i. IS7. 

Stem weak, 2 ft. long. Leaves lanceolate acute, base narrowed, 

3 in. long, ·S in. or less wide; shellths·S in. long. Flowers·s in. 

wide. Sepals and petals oblanceolate blunt pubescmt. All yellow 

blotched red. Lip base boat-shaped, side-lobes short blunt with a 

hairy callus at base, midlobe trifid, lateral lobes linear, mid one 

shorter rounded, a large pubescent callus in centre. Column short, 

arms long hairy. Anther pubescent. Hab. Perak (Scortechini), 

Waterloo (Curtis). Penang Hill (Curtis); Batu Hitam. Naung 

chik, Bukit Besar (Annandale) 

(3) T. tetraceras R£dl. l.c.; Mat. i. IS8. 

Stem weak, over I ft. long. Leaves 3 in. long, ·S in. wide, 

lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed; sheath·S in. long. Flowers 

·S in. wide. Sepals ochre oblong-ovate. Petals smaller ligulate. 

Lip flat, side-lobes tooth-like, 2 longer lobes in front, midlobe 

lanceolate-ovate blunt, 2 short and 2 long keels running from sidelobes 

to tip ending in a pubescent callus, spur acuminate blunt, a 

fleshy linear truncate callus in mouth. All white. Column short, 

arms tOQth-like. Hab. On rocks. Lankawi, Goa Chirita (Curtis). 

Perlis, Tebing Tinggi, a form with narrower lip and longer spur. 

Cleisostoma tenuicaule, King, Jou,n. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. Ii. 596. Saccolabium 

Pantlingii Ridl. Mat i. 162, is based on a plant cultivated in Calcutta 

Gardens, and said to have been collected in Petak by Kunstler. The drawing 

of it, all I have seen, resembles a T,ichoglottu like the above species.

Rhynchostylis.] CXXXVI. o RCHIDE.E. 

64. RHYNCHOSTYLIS, Bl. 

Epiphytes; stems short st.out. Leavp.s coriaceous lorate bilobed. 

Raceme short stout dense-flowered. Flowers small pink or whit.e. 

Sepals and petals subequal. Lip adnate to column, base spurred, 

no side-lobes; midlobe clawed. Column short stout, no foot. 

Anther flat beaked. Pollinia 2, semi-ovate, caudicl!:' linear, disc 

ovate. Rostellum bifid. Species 2, Indo-Malaya. 

Leaves very broad bluntly bllobed; IIp pandurate (I) R. gigantea 

Leaves narrow, lobes acute; IIp cuneiform (2) R. retusa 

(I) R. gigantea Rtdl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 356; Mat. i. 

158. Saccolabium giganteum Lindl. Gell. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 221; 

Bot. Mag. t. 5635. 

Leaves I ft. long, 2 to 3 in. wide, very thick. Racemes 9 to 

12 in. long, very dense-flowered. Flowers I in. wide, white or 

spotted pink, lip violet pink. Upper sepal ovate blunt, base narrow. 

Petals oblanceolate blunt. Lip pandurate retuse, a blunt tooth in 

notch and conic process beneath tip, spur straight flattened. Capsule 

I'S in. long. Hab. Very rare in Peninsula. Singapore, Selitar on 

a lofty Hopea (Ridley). Pulau Aor, east coast of Johor. Distrib. 

Cochin-China, Siam. 

(2) R. retusa Bl. Bijdy. 286, t. 49; Ridl. Mat. 1. 158. Sacrolabium 

guttatum and S. prcemorsum L11ldl.Orch. Pl. 220, 221; Bot. 

Mag. t. 4108. S. Blumei Lindl. Sert. Orch. t. 47. 

Leaves elongate 100'ate obliquely bilobed, lohes acut.e, 10 to 20 in. 

long, ·6 to 2 in. wide. Racemes 4 to 20 in. long; flowers·s to ·6 in. 

wide, white blotches rosy purple. Sepals orbicular-ov

CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. [Saccolabium. 

linear, very rarely longer. Species about 200, Africa, Indo-Malaya, 

China. 

I am quite unable to keer separate the genera Cletsostoma and Sareanthus, 

based on the development 0 the calh in the spur, but keep them as sections. 

§ I. Caleeolaria. Racemes usually short. Lip basm-shaped, with no side- 

lobes or callI. 

Terrmnallobe denticulate; leaves coriaceous 

Terminal lobe entire; leaves thickly conaceous . 

Lip saccate entire acuminate; flowers very small; 

leaves lanceolate . 

§ 2. Cleisostoma. Spur short broad, subglobose. 

red. 

Leaves lorate bilobed. 

Stem tall chmbing; panicle wide spreadmg; 

midlobe ovate. . . 

Stem short and thick; panicle lax; mldlobe 

hastate tongue-shaped . . . . 

Stem stout short; panicle With 2 branches only; 

midlobe ovate. . . . . 

Stems short; flowers in a raceme or with I to 2 

branches. 

Callus m mouth bifid. 

Scape several inches long; flowers fairly 

large . . . . 

Scape very short; flowers small . . 

Callus of 2 rIdges at base of mldlobe, elevated 

ndge m spur . . . . 

Callus crescent-shaped, side-lobes ovate 

Callus semi-circular, side-lobes truncate 

Calli 0; leaves flaccid, spur cyhndric 

Lip boat-shaped; midlobe large ovate 

(I) S. bigibbum 

(2) S. patinatum 

(3) S. minimiflorum 

Flowers yellow spotted 

(4) S. latifolium 

(5) S. suftusum 

(6) S. validum 

(7) S. hortense 

(8) S. parvum 

(9) S. setulense 

(10) S. Hobsonii 

(II) S. uteriferum 

(12) S. sylve3tre 

(13) S. rugosulum 

§ 3. Sareanthus. Spur hom-shaped; midlobe fairly large, callus entire 

or lobed on back of spur With a rIdge from front wall more or less diViding 

the spur m 2. Flowers brown-red With greemsh central lme, lip VIOlet or 

white. 

Leaves terete. 

Leaves slender, spur not septate 

Leaves thick, spur septate or partly so. 

Mldlobe triangular blunt, callus anchor-shaped 

Midlobe ovate acute. . . 

Leaves flat, the point terete subulate . . 

(14) S. halophilum 

(IS) S. Machadonis 

(16) S. Kunstleri 

(17) S. secundum 

Leaves flat, tip acute bilobed, base sub-petiolate. 

Stem very tall climbing . .. (18) S. Scortechinii 

Leaves fiat bluntly bilobed not narrowed at base. 

Stem stout; racemes long 

(19) S. densiflorum 

Stem short, 3 to 6 in. tall. 

Midlobe ovate septum complete . 

(20) S. pensile 

Midlobe ovate, septum o. . . . (2I) S. fissicors 

Midlobe reniform, spur with 2 pubescent keels (22) S. bicarinatum 

§ 4. Eu-saeeolabium. Spur long in proportion to sepals, no septum. 

Raceme very short of 2 or 3 very small flowers; 

stems long slender. 

Lip midlobe linear bifid small 

Lip midlobe lanceolate entire 

(23) S. tenuicaule 

(24) S. miserum

Saccolabium.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 

Lip midlobe oblong spathulate. (25) S. cornigerum 

Racemes elongate of many very small flowers; 

leaves linear. 

Leaves very narrow; flowers whIte. 

Raceme branched, I in. long 

Raceme branched, 6 in. long . 

Leaves'3 in. wide; flowers small yellow. 

Leaves terete, spur globose pinched in above 

Leaves linear bilobed. 

Raceme dense erect; flowers· 5 in. long, bright 

(26) S. perpusillum 

(27) S. minutiflorum 

(28) S. penangianum 

(29) S. sacculatum 

orange . . . . . . (30) S, miniatum 

Raceme dense pendulous; flowers '5 in long, 

yellow . . .• (31) S. saxicolum 

Raceme slender; flowers '25 lD long. 

Stem flattened; leaves flaccid undulate; 

flowers yellow WIth red bands . . 

Leaves 4 in. long; flowers '25 lD. long, white 

and VIolet, spur short thick. . . 

Leaves 1'5 In. long; flowers few In a secund 

lax raceme, whIte and violet, spur 

(32) S, undulatum 

(33) S. flssum 

clubbed . . ., (34) S. secundifiorum 

Leaves lanceolate thln, broad falcate, few. 

Flowers '5 In. wide, spur as long clubbed (35) S. angrrecum 

Flowers mlnute, spur broad blunt. . . (36) S. myosurus 

Flowers numerous in tall long peduncled 

pamcles. 

Pamcle pubescent; flowers very small violet (37) S. pubescens 

Pamcle glabrous; sepals free. 

Flowers numerous small, '25 in. wide, spur 

not septate . . . . . (38) S. ionosmum 

Flowers numerous, '5 in. wide, white, spur 

septate . . . . . . (39) S. arachnanthe 

Flowers few; lower sepals ad nate to column 

beneath (40) S. adnatum 

(I) S. bigibbum Rchb. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 5766; Otia Hamb. 43; 

Hook. fit. F.B.I. vi. 61. 

Stem very short. Leaves oblong or linear falcate acuminate, 

3 to 6 in. long, '25 in. wide. Raceme'5 in. long. Flowers'5 in. 

wide. Sepals and petals blunt spathulate yellow. Lip saccate, 

terminal lobe reniform toothed, ciliate white with a yellow dotted 

mass in middle. Column short, thick, arms incurved. Capsule 

oblong, '5 in. long. Hab. Rather common. Pahang, Kluang 

Terbang (Barnes); Gunong Tahan. Selangor, Menuang Gasing 

(Kloss). Perak, Thaiping Hills; Gunong Kerbau (Haniff). DiS/rib. 

Burma. 

(2) S. patinatum Ridl. Jottrn. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, p. 84. (S. 

catinatum misprint in Mal. i. 164.) 

Stem hardly I in. long. Leaves 2 or 3, very coriaceous oblong 

blunt bilobed, 7 in. long, 2 in. wide. Raceme very short. Flowers 

about 6, '75 in. wide. Sepals obovate-spathulate blunt. Petals 

narrower, all yellowish with red spots. Lip saccate round, terminal 

lobe ovate, triangular glabrous, white spotted violet. Capsule 

elliptic, base narrowed, 2 in. long. H abo Rare. Pahang, Kota

166 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Saccolabi!tm. 

Glanggi. Perak (Kunstler, picture in Herb. Kew). Distrib. 

Borneo. 

(3) S. minimiflorum Hook. fit. F.B.I. vi. 59; I c. Pl. 2133. 

S. cortina tum Ridt. Journ. Bot. 1898, p. 215. 

Stem '25 to '5 in. long. Leaves 4 to 7 oblong lanceolate oblique, 

2 in. long, '5 in. wide, narrowed to a petiole. Racemes slende'r 

erect, 4 in. long. Flowers numerous minute. Bracts lanceolate 

acuminate. Sepals narrow lanceolate acuminate red. Petals broader 

blunt. Lip saccate entire acuminate, a globose tubercle in mouth. 

Anther beaked. Rostellum large bifid, lobes semi-ovate. Capsule 

elliptic. Hab. Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak (Scortechini). Sandon, 

Kaw Nong (Robinson). 

(4) S. latifolium Rtdl. Mat. i. 165. Cleisostoma la.tifolium 

Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840; Misc. 60. C. fuscum Lindt. Journ. Hort. Soc. 

1850, p. 80. 

Stem tall straggling stout. Leaves oblong blunt bilobed, 4 to 

6 in. long, 1'5 in. wide. Panicle much branched purple spotted, 

1 ft. long or more, the peduncle stout, nearly 10 in. long, branches 

4 in. long or less. Flowers numerous, '5 in. wide. Sepals oblong 

blunt. Petals broader sub-spathulate. All lemon-yellow, backs 

spotted red. Lip side-lobes oblong quadrate, midlobe short ovate 

acute, all yellow, sometimes dotted red, spur large scrotiform retuse. 

Column very short. Anther ovate beaked. Capsule cylindric, 

1 in. long. Hab. Malacca (Maingay, Griffith); Brisu (Derry). 

Pahang, Temerloh. Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Williams). 

Selangor, Batu Caves (Kelsall). Perak, Thaiping (Wray). Distrib. 

Sumatra. 

var. striatum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 60, p. 199. 

Leaves linear narrow, 7 in. long, '5 in. wide, hardly bilobed. 

Panicle 1 ft. long; branches ascending. Side-lobes of lip larger 

than in type. Hab. Selangor, Batu Caves (Kelsall). Setul, Bukit 

Rajah Wang (Ridley). 

var. parviflorum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 41. 

Leaf 9 in. long, 1'5 in. wide. Panicle 18 in. long. Flowers 

hardly '25 in. across, nearly all bright yellow, sepals edged red, callus 

in spur-mouth broad oblong toothed. Hab. Selangor, Sempang 

Mines, Semangkok. Perak, Matang Road, Thaiping (Goldham). 

(5) S. sufiusum Ridl. J ourn. Roy. A s. Soc. S. Br. 34, p. 189; 

Mat. i. 166. 

Stem stout, 6 in. long, '5 in. through. Leaves lorate blunt 

unequally bilobed, 6 in. long, 1 in. through. Panicle lax, 3- to 

4-branched, 18 in. long. Flowers numerous, '25 in. long; pedicel 

'12 in. long. Sepals lanceolate acute yellow suffused brown. Petals 

narrower linear. Lip side-lobes oblong blunt, midlobe hastate 

tongue-shaped, blunt, an erect tooth near tip, callus in spur mouth 

large decurved with 2 ribs atJaching it to back wall, spur cylindric, 

horizontal. Hab. Rare. Perak, Kamuning, Sungei Siput (Machado).

Saccolabium. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.E. 

(6) S. validum Ridl. Mat. i. 166. 

Stem 4 in. long, '5 in. through. Leaves ovate, 6 in. long, '75 in. 

wipe. Panicles 9 in. long, slender; peduncles 2 in. long, branches 2. 

Flowers numerous remote. Pedicels '25 in. long. Sepals lanceolate 

sub-acute. Petals smaller, all dull yellow with red purple centre 

blotch. Lip side-lobes short oblong-rhomboid blunt, midlobe 

short ovate, spur horizontal blunt cylindric, callus in mouth quadrate 

decurved. Hab. Rare. Perak, Kamuning (Machado). 

(7) S. hortense Ridl. J oum. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, p. 83; Mat. 

i. 166. 

Stem stout, I to 2 in. long. Leaves lorate blunt unequally 

bilobed, 4 to 6 in. long, '75 to I in. wide. Scapes erect, '5 to 6 in. 

long, branches 2 to 5, about '5 in. long at top. Flowers '25 in. 

wide. Sepals oblong blunt, laterals broader. Petals narrower, 

yellow edges, red. Lip yellow, side-lobes small erect with 2 subacute 

points, midlobe ovate acute, spur scrotiform broad red, callus 

in mouth a thin bifid lamina. Anther abruptly truncate beaked. 

Rostellum entire. Capsule elliptic-oblong, 1 in. long. Hab. Common 

on orchard trees. Singapore, Jurong. Johor, Tana Runto. 

Pahang, Pianggu Endau (Evans). Malacca, Sungei Rambei (Derry). 

Perak (Scortechini). Penang, Pulau Tikus. Dzslrtb. Borneo. 

(8) S. parvum Ridl. Mat. i. 167. Cleisostoma parvum Ridl. 

J oltrn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 366. 

Stem 1 in. long. Leaves lanceolate rather thin acute, r'5 in. 

long, nearly '25 in. wide. Raceme '25 in. long. Flowers few, '12 in. 

long. Upper sepal lanceolate, laterals larger ovate. Petals lorate. 

Lip side-lobes quadrate, midlobe broad ovate, spur oblong saccate, 

callus lorate bifid. Rostellum linear. Hab. Rare. Pahang, Kota 

Glanggi (Ridley). 

(9) S. setulense Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. Ig8. 

Stems 1 in. long. Leaves lorate retuse, 6 to 7 in. long, '75 in. 

wide. Scapes racemose sometimes branched, slender, 4 to 6 in. 

long. Flowers numerous yellow small. Upper sepal linear-spathulate, 

laterals oblong broader, blunt, enlarged to tip. Petals 

spathulate linear. Lip, side-lobes short round, midlobe ovate 

papillose, spur scrotiform, calli 2 elevate fleshy ridges at base of 

mid-lobe, over spur mouth, a thin toothed lamina, and an elevated 

ridge along lower face of spur inside. Anther skull-shaped, with a 

long linear beak. Capsule elliptic, '25 in. long. Hab. SetuI, on 

trees and rocks, Bukit Rajah Wang (Ridley). Distrib. South Siam. 

(ro) S. Hobsonii Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 57, p. 97. 

Stems very short and stout, 2 in. long. Leaves oblong, 6 to 

8 in. long, 3 in. wide, bases broad unequally bilobed at tip. Panicle 

or raceme 4 in. long, floriferous to base. Flowers dense sessile. 

Bracts lanceate caudate. Sepals and petals ovate blunt lemon 

yellow with red purple-spots in lines at base. Lip, side-lobes ovate 

distinct, mid lobe short ovate, spur large scrotiform, an oblique low

168 CXXXVI. o RCHIDE...E. [Saccolabium. 

ridge on each side of mouth, a thin crescent-shaped callus at back. 

Anther hemispheric, beak upcurved. Hab. Perak, Lenggong and 

Slim (Ridley, Hobson). 

(II) S. uteriferum Ridl. Mat. i. 167. Cleisostoma uteriferum 

Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 74; Ann. Bot. Card. Calc. v. 56, pl. 84. 

Stemless. Leaves lorate round or retuse, edges undulate, 7 in. 

long, I in. wide. Scape shorter, 3 in. long, unbranched spicate. 

Sepals obovate-oblong dull yellow, base red. Petals smaller. Lip 

side-lobes truncate, midlobe very small ovate; spur a large subglobose 

sac contracted above, callus semicircular convex. Hab. 

Pahang, Kota Tongkat (Evans). Negri Sembilan, Seremban reservoir 

(Williams). Perak (Kunstler), a drawing. 

(12) S. sylvestre Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 57, p. 98. 

Stem weak, 3 to 8 in. long. Leaves linear-oblong acute, base 

slightly narrowed flaccid, 3 or 4 in. long, ·5 in. wide; sheath ribbed 

keeled, ·25 to ·5 in. long. Racemes 4 to 6 in. long, slender angled. 

Flowers nearly ·25 in. long, numerous distant. Upper sepal ovate 

cymbiform, laterals ovate-orbicular slightly falcate. Petals narrower 

oblong blunt. All yellow with red streaks. Lip side-lobes 

oblong truncate, midlobe linear acuminate; spur longer than 

pedicel cylindric dilate in middle, tip broad saccate, calli none. 

Hab. Perak, Temengoh, on tree-trunks (Ridley). 

(13) S.rugosulum Rldl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, p. 82; 

Mat. i. 165. 

Stem stout tall. Leaves linear narrowed at base, bilobed at tip. 

5 in. long, ·5 in. wide; sheath ·5 in. long, transversely wrinkled. 

Racemes short, ·5 in. long, a few cup-shaped sheaths at base. 

Flowers ·25 in. wide, yellow spotted red; pedicel·12 in. long. Sepals 

ovate coriaceous. Petals thinner. Lip boat-shaped, side-lobes 

very short oblong, midlobe large fleshy ovate grooved ending in a 

slender horn, bifid at tip; spur short conic blunt. Column large. 

Hab. Very rare. Kedah Peak (Ridley). 

(14) S. halophilum Ridl. Journ. Lmn. Soc. xxxii. 367; Mat. i. 

162. Stems 3 to 12 in. long, curved. Leaves terete pungent recurved 

sheaths ·24 in. long. Raceme slender. Sepals oblong blunt. 

Petals smaller olive tinted pink. Lip side-lobes ovate, blunt rosy 

violet, midlobe hastate blunt, spur horizontal not septate; callus 

obtriangular white. Anther ovate beaked. Pollinia globose, 

caudicle linear, disc broad hastate. Capsule .36 in. long. Hab. 

On trees by the sea, common. Singapore, Pulau Tekong; Sungei 

Morai. Johor, Tana Runto. Negri Sembilan, Port Dickson and 

Siliau (Williams). Dlstnb. Sumatra, Rhio, Borneo. 

(15) S. Machadonis Rldl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, p. 82; 

Mat. i. 163. 

Stems I ft. long. Leaves terete recurved, 3 in. long, pungent.

170 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Saccolabium. 

tip white; spur conic nearly straight shorter than ovary white, 

callus clubbed, septum thin nearly complete. Capsule oblong, 

'75 in. long. Hab. Johor, Temeoh River, Kota Tinggi. Pahang, 

Tahan River; Kota Glanggi. Perak (Scortechini); Batu Togoh 

(Wray); Teluk Anson (Williams). Penang (Curtis). 

(19) S. densiflorum Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 220; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 167. Cleisostoma spicatum Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub. t. 32; 

Hook. fil. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. 55, pl. 83; King, Ann. Bot. Gard. 

Calc. viii. 311. Sarcanthus castaneus Ridl. 1 rans. Linn. Soc. 

xxx. 136. 

Stem stout, I ft. long. Leaves oblong or linear, very coriaceous 

blunt bilobed, 6 in. long, 1 to 2 in. wide, sheaths 1 in. long. Raceme 

stout decurved, 4 to 8 in. long, sometimes branched; rachis pubescent. 

Bracts'5 in. long. Flowers'5 in. wide; pedicel and ovary 

'25 in. long. Sepals ovate-Ianceolate, blunt yellowish with 2 red 

bands or thickly dotted red. Petals lanceolate smaller. Lip sidelobes 

oblong blunt, midlobe lanceolate blunt yellow tinted red; 

spur '25 in. long, tip dilate bilobed; callus thin forked, septum more 

or less developed. Hab. Singapore, Dalvey Road. Selangor. 

Rawang. Perak (Scortechini). Penang Hill (Wallich, Curtis), 

Dtstrtb. India, Tenasserim, Borneo. 

(20) S. pensile Ridl. Mat. i. 168. Sarcanthus pensilis Ridl. 

Jount. Lmn. Soc. xxxii. 369. 

Stem 3 in. long, stout. Leaves lorate obtuse bilobed, 6 in. long, 

I in. thick. Raceme long slender, lower half nude. Flowers 

scattered, '5 in. across. Pedicels'5 in. long. Sepals oblong-ovate. 

Petals smaller oblanceolate blunt greenish tinted red. Lip pink, 

side-lobes horn-shaped, midlobe short ovate blunt; spur cylindric, 

septum complete, callus long thick blunt. Hab. Rare. Johor, 

Batu Pahat (Ridley). 

(21) S. ftssicors Rldl. Mat. i. 169. 

Stem 4 to 5 in. long. Leaves linear-oblong rounded emarginate, 

4 to 5 in. long, I in. wide, thick coriaceous. Raceme 10 in. long, 

very slender. Peduncle 6 in. long, nude purple. Flowers distant 

small; rachis black scurfy; pedicel and ovary '2 in. long, yellow 

green. Sepals ovate-oblong, '1 in. long, dark red brown. Petals 

linear. Lip side-lobes truncate yellowish, midlobe cordate acute 

centre violet, edge white; spur cylindric flattened white, nearly as 

long as pedicel; callus an oblong truncate fleshy decurved lamina, 

no septum. Column tall, violet. Anther truncate, emarginate in 

front. Hab. Rare. Perak, Kamuning (Machado). 

(22) S. bicarinatum Ridl. Mat. i. 169. Sarcanthus rostellatus 

Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1900, p. 13. 

Stem 6 in. long. Leaves lorate bilobed flaccid, 7 in. long, '75 in. 

wide. Panicles of few branches, 6 in. long. Flowers about 20, 

distant, '25 in. wide; pedicels '25 in. long. Sepal oblong-ovate 

blunt deep red, with a median green line. Petals linear. Lip

Saccolabium.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. I7I 

white, side-lobes blunt, midlobe reniform hastate, spur homshaped 

curved blunt, keels in spur 2 pubescent. Column short 

red. Anther yellow. Rostellum long, deeply bifid. Hab. Perak, 

Tambun near Ipoh (Ridley). 

(23) S. tenuicaule Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 360; Atm. Bot. Gard. 

Calc. v. 49, t. 74; Ridl. Mat. i. 161. 

Stems slender, 1 ft. long, flexuous. Leaves linear narrow acute, 

3 in. long, 'I2 to '36 in. wide; sheaths '25 in. long. Flowers 2 or 3 

on a short tubf'rcle about '12 in. long, yellow or white. Upper 

sepal lanceolate acute, laterals ovate acute. Petals ovate acute. 

Lip side-lobes oblong acute, midlobe much longer, linear bifid; 

spur thick curved blunt swollen at tip; no calli. Pollinia crescentshaped, 

caudicle linear with 2 arms above. H abo Selangor, Batu 

Caves. Perak (Scortechini); Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). Penang 

Hill (Curtis). 

(24) S. miserum Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 359; Mat. i. 

162. Stem over I ft. long, '1 to '12 in. through. Leaves linear, 5 in. 

long, '25 in. wide; sheaths'5 in. long. Racemes very short, 3- to 

4-flowered. Flowers very small yellow, lip white. Sepals ellipticovate, 

laterals a little broader. Petals smaller lanceolate-oblong. 

Lip side-lobes oblong-quadrate, midlobe ovate obtuse, a minute 

callus at base; spur short conic incurved. Column arms oval. 

Capsule elliptic, '5 in. long. Hab. Dindings, Gunong Tungul. 

Penang Hill (Curtis). Kedah, Baling (Williams). Lankawi (Curtis). 

Pulau Adang, Pulau Rawei. 

(25) S. cornigerum Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 361; Mat. i. 

162. Stem long, flexuous. Leaves lanceolate acute, 3'5 in. long, 

'5 in. wide; sheaths '36 in. long. Racemes 2- or 3-flowered. Ovary 

and pedicels '5 in. long. Sepals oblong-spathulate, '36 in. long. 

Petals broader brownish yellow. Lip yellowish white, side-lobes 

erect hom-like, midlobe oblong-spathulatC'; spur straight conic. 

Hab. Rare. Penang, West Hill (Curtis). 

(26) S. perpusillum Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 56; Ie. Pl. 2199A; 


A small tufted plant, 2 to 4 in. tall. Leaves nearly terete acute 

recurved, 1 to' 1'25 in. long. Racemes 1 in. long, covered with 

minute white pubescent flowers, withering yellow. Bracts minute 

lanceolate as long as pedicels. Sepals and petals ovate oblong. Lip 

side-lobes round, midlobe ovate fleshy; spur curved clubbed. 

Capsule '12 in. long, elliptic. Hab. On mangroves and other 

trees -by rivers. Singapore, Sungei Buluh. Johor, Tempayang 

River. Malacca, Sungei Kesang and Sungei Rambei (Derry). 

Perak, Thaiping (Curtis). 

(27) S. minutifiorum Ridl. JOUr1t. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 71. 

Stem 3 to 4 in. tall, rather stout. Leaves linear fleshy curved,

CXXXVI. ORCHIDEA>. [Sacco/abium. 

2-5 in. long, '1 in. wide, sheaths ribbed, '12 in. long. Panicle 6 in. 

long, very slender; peduncle 3 in. long; branches 4, slender, 3 in. 

long. Bracts lanceolate acuminate. Flowers numerous minute 

white. Upper sepal lanceolate, laterals ovate cuspidate keeled. 

Petals linear-oblong truncate. Lip side-lobes rounded indistinct, 

midlobe base narrow, tip dilate elliptic-ovate blunt, a round callus 

in centre, beneath a larger conic thickening; spur ellipsoid as long 

as lip, pendent. Hab. In mountain forests. Pahang, Telom on a 

fallen tree at 4000 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

(28) S. penangianum Hook fil. F.B.I. vi. 57; Ic. Pl. 2I29B; 

Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. 47, pl. 71; Ridl. Mat. i. 171. 

Stems 4 to 5 in. long, tufted. Leaves linear or narrow linearlanceolate, 

2'5 to 4 in. long, '3 in. wide. Raceme I to 1'5 in. long, 

pubescent. Bracts subulate. Flowers very small pubescent, '13 in. 

long, crowded yellow speckled red. Upper sepal obovate-oblong, 

laterals oblique. Petals much smaller. Lip side-lobes ovate, 

midlobe much smaller, ovate round; spur long swollen at top then 

narrowed and curved at blunt tip. Hab. Perak, Sungkei River 

(Curtis). Kedah Peak (Curtis). 

(29) S. sacculatum Ridl. Mat. i. 164. Sarcanthus sacculatus 

Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 368. 

Stem slender, 8 in. long. Leaves terete blunt, 6 in. long, '1 in. 

through; sheaths I in. long. Raceme slender, 3 in. long. Flowers 

scattered, very small. Sepals ovate sub-acute. Petals smaller 

lorate. Lip shortly clawed, side-lobes ovate, mid lobe linearhastate; 

spur rather large saccate pinched in above, dilate below; 

callus clubbed bilobed. Anther ovate not beaked. Capsule 

sausage-shaped triquetrous, '75 in. long. H abo Rare. Lankawi 

isles (Curtis). 

(30) S. miniatum var. citrinum Rchb. Gard. Chron. 1884, 

p. 542; Ridl. Mat. i. 170. 

Stem stout woody, 8 in. long. Leaves linear obtuse, very coriaceous, 

4 in. long, recurved, '5 in. wide, sheaths ribbed. Raceme 

3 to 4 in. long. Flowers densely crowded, nearly '5 in. long, orange 

yellow. Sepals obovate. Petals nearly as long and broad. Lip 

side-lobes round, midlobe long, narrow oblong acute, spur long 

subterete. Anther red ovate beaked. Hab. On trees. Lankawi 

islands (Curtis). Perlis, Ginting Kabok, Kanga (Ridley). Dlstrib. 

Siam. 

(31) S. saxicolum Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 374; Mat. i. 171. 

S. ftaveolum Rzdl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 360. 

Stem I ft. long or more. Leaves linear blunt equally bilobed, 

base narrowed, 3 in. long, '12 in. wide; sheaths ribbed, '75 in. long. 

Racemes slender, 2 to 3 in. long, base nude. Bracts ovate acute 

diftexed. Flowers numerous, '5 in. long; pedicels '25 in. long. 

Sepals ovate blunt yellow, red keel. Petals very small oblong acute 

oblique. Lip, side-lobes round, midlobe very small triangular-

174 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.E. [Saccolabium. 

Scapes slender, 3 in. long, scabrid, racemes I in. long, thickened. 

Bracts minute ovate. Flowers minute. Sepals lanceolate falcate. 

Petals narrower. Lip side-lobes oblong erect, midlobe ovatelanceolate 

shorter; spur broad blunt as long as ovary. Capsule 

cylindric, '5 in. long. Hab. Rare. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling 

(Ridley). 

This has the habit of a Dendrocolla and flowers of a Saccolablum. 

(37) S. puhescens Ridl. ]OUYlt. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 295. Cleisostoma 

Kunstleri Hook. Ic. Pl. 2335. 

Stem 6 in. tall, stout. Leaves lorate blunt unequally bilobed, 

4 to 12 in. long, I to 2 in. wide. Panicle tall erect, 15 in, long. 

pubescent above; branches at top 7, sometimes re-branched, 2'5 in. 

long. Flowers numerous crowded small, pale violet, '2 in. 

wide. Upper sepal oblong-Iorate, laterals decurved sub-spathulate 

falcate blunt. Petals narrower spathulate. Lip side-lobes oblong, 

very obscure, midlobe blunt tongue-shaped; spur rather large, 

curved forwards, callus a very obscure low double ridge. H abo 

Perak (Kunstler), drawing. Kedah, Bukit Sa blah (Williams). 


(38) S. ionosmum Ridl. Mat. i. 170. Cleisostoma ionosmum 

Ridl. ]ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 336 (not of Lindley). 

Stem 6 in. long. Leaves lorate blunt bilobed, 6 in. long, '75 

in. wide; sheaths '25 in. long. Panicles 8 in. long, much branched, 

bare part 3 in. long; branches slender, 2 in. long. Flowers very 

numerous small, '25 in. wide; pedicels as long. Sepals oblong 

blunt. Petals smaller olive yellow, transversely barred violet. 

Lip side-lobes triangular blunt, violet, midlobe ovate with a conic 

calli; spur long, straight blunt, white, a tongue-shaped callus in 

mouth. Column short violet; anther flat, tip bilobed. Hab. 

Perak, Thaiping Hills (Ridley). 

(39) S. arachnanthe Ridl. ]ourn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, 

p. 83; Mat. i. 171; Burkitt, Gard. Bull. ii. (1915), p. 48. 

Stem tall scandent. Leaves oblong blunt, 4 in. long, 1'5 in. 

wide; sheaths'5 in. long. Panicle 2 ft. long; peduncle long, nude 

purple. Flowers white, '5 in. wide, numerous on branches 3 to 4 in. 

long; pedicels long slender. Sepals and petals spreading, spathulate 

blunt, laterals falcate, white purple spotted at base. Lip side-lobes 

indistinct, midlobe ovate broad short; spur saccate round, callus 

in mouth notched. Hab. Perak and Kedah (Curtis). 

(40) S. adnatum Ridl. Sarcochilus adnatus Rtdl. ]oum. Linn. 

Soc. xxxii. 373. 

Stem tall and stout. Leaves lorate unequally bifid often red, 

6 in. long, I in. wide. Racemes 3 in. long; peduncle stout purple. 

Flowers 12 to 16, I in. long; pedicels as long. Upper sepal ellipticobovate 

blunt, laterals ad nate to column-foot and lip beneath, 

tips free round, yellow tipped maroon and spotted red. Petals

Sarcochilus. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. 179 

Flowers 3 or 4, ·5 in. wide. Sepals lanceolate acute. Petals subspathulate, 

narrower, all white. Lip side-lobes quadrate or linear 

crimson, midlobe very small retuse white with 2 yellow spots at 

base, spur short broad, clubbed. Column pale green. Anther 

ovate beaked yellow. Pollinia elliptic, caudicle broad triangularspathulate, 

disc triangular small. Capsule linear, 4 in. long. Hab. 

On trees and lianes, dense forest Bab. Singapore, Bukit Timah; 

Chan Chu Kang. Pahang, Pekan. Selangor, Batu Caves. Negri 

Sembilan, Labu Reservoir. Seremban (Williams). Perak. 

(4) S. cladostachys Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 35. 

Stem stout. Leaves lorate bifid crowded, 6 to 12 in. long, 1'5 to 

2 in. wide. Peduncles 1 to 2 in. long, rachis thickened. Flowers 

1'5 in. wide, cream-colour. Sepals and petals lanceolate acuminate. 

Lip shorter, side-lobes oblong blunt pale purple, midlobe bifid, 

lobes quadrate, spur globose spotted purple. Foot of column 

spotted purple, rather long. Hab. Perak (Kunstler, Scortechini, 

drawings only). 

(5) S. stenoglottis Hook. fil. F.B.I. Yi. 34; Rldl. Mat. i. 175; 

Hook. Ann. Bot. Card. Calc. v. 41, pI. 62. S. sigmoideus Rldl. 

Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 298. 

Stem stout, 3 in. long. Leaves oblong lorate broadly blunt, 

8 in. long, 1'5 in. wide. Raceme 3 in. long, thickened upwards. 

Flowers '5 in. wide, white. Sepals oblong obtuse, laterals broader. 

Petals lanceolate blunt, all white, base yellow with transverse 

crimson streaks. Lip shorter sigmoid, flattened laterally, side-lobes 

low with 2 short points, mid lobe ovate, spur long curved upwards, 

white. Column foot short. Pollinia reniform, caudicle oblanceolate, 

disc shield-shaped. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). Dis/rib. 

Borneo, Sumatra. 

(6) S. virescens Ridl. Joum. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 37, p. 85; 

Mat. i. 176. 

Stem very short. Leaves lanceolate sub-acute, 1'5 in. wide or 

less. Raceme 1 in. long. Flowers I in. wide. Sepals ovate acute. 

Petals narrow lanceolate. All light green. Lip very short white, 

side-lobes short rounded, midlobe represented by an orange 

callus, spur short broad conic. Column foot as long as column. 

Anther orange, beak triangular. Hab. Rare. Perak, Tapah 

(Aeria), a drawing only seen; Tanjong Malim (Williams). 

(7) S. tanyphyllus Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 372. _ 

Stem hardly 1 in. long, stout. Leaves 4 or 5 lorate, 1 to 2 ft. 

long, 1'5 in. wide, unequally blunt bilobed. Racemes 4 to 5 in. 

long, hardly dilate. Bracts lanceolate. Flowers white large on 

pedicels 1 in. long. Sepals lanceolate acuminate. Petals broader 

lanceolate. Lip shorter, clawed, side-lobes lorate falcate large, 

midlobe shoe-shaped blu!!t, a large keel at base. Rostellum long 

bifid acuminate. Capsule oblong, 1'5 in. long. Hab. Rare on 

limestone rocks. Pahang, Kota Glanggi (Ridley).

Ascochilus.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 181 

small, spur cylindric pendulous or porrect thick. Column tall and 

slender, foot narrow as long or longer. Anther beaked. Pollinia 

2, globose; caudicle linear, disc small. Capsule narrow cylindric. 

Species 5 to 6, Andamans, Siam, Malaya. 

Stem elongate; leaves terete straight long. . (I) A. teres 

Stem 4 ill long; leaves terete strongly recurved. (2) A. capricomis 

Stem short; leaves broad. 

Lip 4-lobed. . . (3) A. hirtulus 

Lip 3-lobed; flowers small. 

Sepals narrow acute yellow, glabrous (4) A. siamensis 

Sepals broad barred red, hairy . (5) A. hirsutus 

Flowers minute; sepals lanceolate (6) A. minutifiorus 

(I) A. teres Ridl. jotlm. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, p. 85; Mat. i. 

178. 

Stem slender, 6 in. long or more. Leaves terete acute, 4'5 in. 

long, '12 in. thick; sheaths ribbed and wrinkled, '5 in. long. Raceme 

slender, 4 in. long. Flowers few remote, '25 in. wide. Upper 

sepal oblanceolate hooded, laterals oblique-ovate much larger. 

Petals broad spathulate oblique. Lip side-lobes falcate lanceolate, 

midlobe hast ate, basal lobes rounded, spur curved blunt. Column 

as long as foot. Hab. Rare. Johor, Bukit Banang near Batu 

Pahat (Ridley). 

(2) A. capricornis Ridl. 

Stems tufted branched, 4 in. tall. Leaves rigid terete recurved 

blunt, I in. long; sheaths'2 in. long, strongly ribbed and cancellate. 

Racemes 2 to 2'5 in. long, lax. Bracts ovate sheathing persistent. 

Pedicels '25 in. long. Sepals oblong rounded, upper one magenta. 

laterals falcate broad, brownish green mottled red. Petals oblong 

blunt as long, '1 in. long. Lip shortly clawed, side-lobes erect 

triangular, midlobe porrect much longer triangular-Ianceolate 

acuminate, spur scrotiform, an oblong thick blunt callus in mouth of 

spur. Column tall, winged above. Hab. Pahang, Gunong Senyum 

(Evans). 

(3) A. hirtulus Ridl. journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 375; Mat. i. 178. 

Sarcochilus hirtulus Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 89; Ic. Pl. t. 2121. 

Stem '5 in. long. Leaves falcate linear acute, 2 to 3 in. long. 

Scape '5 in. long, muricate; raceme very short. Flowers nearly 

'5 in. wide. Upper sepal lanceolate, laterals adnate to column, 

much larger oblanceolate. Petals linear-Ianceolate, all cream with 

pink spots. Lip, side-lobes linear curved, midlobe bilobed, lobes 

linear, spur curved short blunt. Column tall slender, foot narrow. 

Capsule narrow cylindric, 1'5 in. long. Hab. In damp rocky spots. 

Pahang, Rota Glanggi. Malacca (Maingay). Negri Sembilan, 

Siliau (Williams). Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Larut (Runstler). 

Penang Waterfall. Lankawi (Curtis). Relantan, Chaning. 

(4) A. siamensis Ridl. journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 375; Mat. i. 178. 

Stem I in. long. Leaves 5 in. long, hardly '5 in. wide, lorate 

falcate acute. Scapes 3 in. long, muriculate; racemes very short.

CXXXVI. ORCHID EA>. [A scochilus. 

Flowers '25 in. wide. Upper sepal elliptic-Ianceolate acute, laterals 

much larger rhomboid obhque keeled acute. Petals linear-Ianceolate 

curved, all ochre. Lip white, side-lobes oblong round, midlobe 

tongue-shaped, small blunt, spur long slender cylindric. Column 

sigmoid, foot long slender, arms short blunt erect. Hab. Negri 

Sembilan, Sendayan forest (Williams). Lankawi isles (Curtis). 

Dlstrib. Siam. 

(5) A. hirsutus Ridl. Mat. i. 179. Sarcochilus hirsutus Hook. 

fil. F.B.I. vi. 38; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. 44, pI. 67. 

Stem short stout. Leaves lorate, narrowed at the base, 4 to 8 in. 

long, I to 1'5 in. wide. Scapes pendulous hairy, I to 1'5 in. long. 

Flowers '75 in. across, 4 to 8, crowded at end; pedicels hairy, '25 in. 

long. Upper sepal oblong-obovate, laterals oblique larger, all 

hairy yellow with red bars and blotches. Petals lanceolate smaller. 

Lip, side-lobes oblong with 2 horn-shaped processes between, 

midlobe small truncate notched, spur large dilate at base then 

abruptly narrowed, all white, red blotches on side lobes and spur. 

Column foot fairly long. Hab. Perak (Kunstler). Teluk Anson 

(Curtis). 

(6) A. minutiflorus Ridl. /oltrn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, 

p.8S. 

Stem very short. Leaves linear-Ianceolate falcate acute, 3 in. 

long, '5 in. wide or less. Scape very slender, 1 in. long, pubescent; 

raceme very short. Bracts hooded ovate. Flowers '12 in. wide. 

Upper sepallorate-oblong, laterals lanceolate, yellow with red spots. 

Petals obcuneate yellow, a red spot at base. Lip, side-lobes large 

oblong truncate, midlobe very short truncate entire, spur short 

blunt scrotiform. Column tall curved, slender, foot hardly as long. 

Hab. Rare. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling (Ridley). 

71. AERIDES, Lour. 

Stems rather long. Leaves linear biIobed (or terete). Flowers 

in long racemes numerous (or few) showy. Sepals broad and spreading, 

laterals adnate to column foot. Petals broad. Lip adnate to 

end of column foot, side-lobes usually large (or absent), midlobe 

larger, spur pendent, calli o. Column short, foot short or long. 

Anther 2-cellcd. Pollinia 2, globose. Rostellum bifid. Capsule 

oblong. Species ro, Indo-Malaya, China. 

Flowers white or pinkish; lip mldlobc narrow 

acute. . . . .. . (I) A. odoratum 

Flowers rose purple; midlobe hast ate-ovate . (2) A. m'Ulti1l.orum 

(I) A. odoratum Lour. Fl. Cochillcliill e, 525; Bot. Mag. 4139; 

King. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii. pI. 282; Ridl. Mat. i. 180. 

Stems about I ft. long or more, stout. Leaves lorate, I ft. long, 

'5 in. wide. Scape I ft. long or less. Raceme lax. Flowers I in. 

wide on pedkels I in. long, fragrant white or pinkish dotted pink; 

spur usually tipped green. Upper sepal obovate blunt, laterals

Aerides.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.£. 

larger. Petals narrower. Lip large saccate, side-lobes long erect, 

curved, midlobe narrow acute, spur curved, horn-shaped. Capsule 

fusiform, 1 to 1'25 in. long. Hab. Not rare, especially on trees 

near the sea. Johor, Pulau Tinggi (Nanson). Malacca (Maingay). 

Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Perak. Kedah, Yan. Lankawi 

(Curtis). Dis/rib. Cochin-China, Indo-Malaya. 

Very variable. The peninsular form is A. viYens Lind!. Bot. Reg. 41, 

with flaccid leaves and short racemes, but the finer variety A. s"at'isnmum 

Lind!. does occur. This has the lip midlobe longer and emarginate. Var. 

biclispidatum Hook fil. F.B I. l.c. 47, with the lip bicuspldate at tip occurs 

in Perak and Malacca (Maingay). 

(2) A. multiflorum Roxb. Cor. Pl. iii. 63, t. 271; Hook. F.B.I. 

vi. 44. A. affine Wall. Cat. 7316; Bot. Mag. t. 4049. A. roseum 

Lindl. Paxt. Fl. Gard. ii. r09, t. 60. 

Stem stout, 4 to IO in. long. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long, bilobed. 

Racemes 6 to 12 in. long. Flowers '75 to 1'25 in. wide, rose purple 

(sometimes spotted darker). Sepals and petals sub-equal oblong 

round tipped. Lip twice as long, sides recurved, claw geniculate, 

bent, midlobe hastate-ovate, tip round, a 2-lobed callus on base, 

spur curved forward. Capsule·6 to 2 in. long, club-shaped. Hab. 

Kedah, Baling (Williams). Dtstrtb. India to Tenasserim. 

72. THRIXSPERMUM, Lour. 

Terrestrial or epiphytic. Stems long or rather short, rooting at 

intervals. Leaves oblong or lorate bilobed or ovate amplexicaul. 

Peduncles long, rarely short; racemes flat with persistent distichous 

bracts gradually lengthening. Flowers large or medium, 

opening 1 or 2 at a time. Sepals and petals sub-similar lanceolate 

or ovate blunt or elongate caudate filiform. Lip saccate, sidelobes 

falcate, midlobe fleshy with 1 or 2 calli on disc. Column 

foot short. Anther ovate. Pollinia 2, with small or large disG, 

caudide short or o. Capsule narrow elongate. 

Sepals and petals not caudate. 

Leaves ovate amplexicaul; sepals and petals 

ovate blunt . (I) T. lilacinum 

Leaves lanceolate or lorate. 

Sepals and petals lanceolate; flowers white. 

Peduncle short flat, raceme broad. ./ 

Midlobe large come . (2) T. calceolus 

Midlobe short blunt.. (3) T. pauci1lorum 

Peduncle slender; raceme narrow. 

Flowers small . .. (4) T. montanum 

Sepals and petals long filiform caudate. 

Lip 3-1obed. 

Lip and petals 2 in. long, yellow; lip dotted 

pink . . . . . . (5) T. arachnites 

Lip and petals 2'5 in.long,lanceolate to longacuminate 

yellow (6) T. Scortechinii 

Lip and petals_ '75' in. long; lip orange, 

pubescent (7) T. crassifolium

CXXXVI. ORCHIDEiE. [Thrixspermum. 

Lip and petals '75 in. long; lip violet . (8) T. iodochilus 

LIp and petals long whIte . (9) T. leucarachne 

LIp entIre cuspidate; flowers small (10) T. notabile 

(I) T. lilacinum Rchb. fil. Xen. Orch. ii. 121; Rldl. Mat. i. 181. 

Sarcochilus lilacinus Griff. Notulce, iii. 334; Ie. Pl. As. t. 320, fig. 2; 

Bot. Mag. t. 7754. 

Stems 3 to 6 ft. long or more. Leaves amplexicaul ovate 

distant, I in. long, '75 in. wide. Peduncles stiff, 4 to 10 in. long; 

racemes 3 to 6 in. long; bracts ovate, '25 in. long. Flowers I in. 

across, lilac or white. Sepals and petals ovate blunt. Petals 

smaller, spreading. Lip shorter, side-lobes falcate acute, midlobe 

blunt conic with an oblong callus on disc, base saccate. Capsule 

cylindric, 4 in. long, '25 in. thick. Hab. In grassy open swamps, 

terrestrial scrambling over bushes. Singapore, Holland Road; 

Selitar. Johor, Genuang. Pahang River, Pulau Chengei; Pekan. 

Malacca, Ayer Panas (Derry); Chabau. Selangor, Pudu (Goodenough); 

Port Swettenham (Williams). Perak, Thaiping; Changkat 

Jerin (Wray). Kelantan River near Chaning. Distrib. Borneo, 

Java. Natwe name: Rumput Sesudu Paya. 

var. montanum Rid!. A fairly stout, much-drawn-up plant with 

more distant lance_olate leaves and stouter peduncle with longer 

sheathing leaves and sepals and petals rather acute. Hab. Mountains 

at 4000 to 5000 ft. altitude, in forest. Pahang, Telom. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills near cottage. 

Perhaps Blume's ill-described T. amplexicaulzs I have never been able 

to find any flowers In a fit state to describe Blume descnbes the lip of 

hIS speCIes as muncate 

(2) T. calceolus Rchb. fil. Xema, Orch. ii. 122; Ridl. Mat. i. 181. 

Sarcochilus calceolus Lmdl. Bot. Reg. 1845, t. 19. S. brachystachys 

Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 41. 

Stems stout, 10 to 12 ft. long or less, slightly flattened. Leaves 

lanceolate coriaceous, 2 to 4 in. long, bilobed, sheaths '5 in. long. 

Racemes I in. long, one to three together, sessile. Bracts ovate 

cucullate, '25 in. long. Flowers 2 in. across, white fragrant; 

pedicels and ovary '5 in. long. Sepals broad lanceolate acute 

keeled. Petals narrower oblanceolate. Lip shoe-shaped, base 

saccate, side-lobes falcate acute, midlobe conic blunt, callus oblong 

truncate, retuse at top, all white except orange round callus, and small 

orange and crimson dots at base of lip. Capsule cylindric, 6 in. long. 

H abo In large clumps on rocks or trees, prostrate. Singapore, 

Jurong River; Pulau Tekong. Johor, Tana Runto; Batu Pahat. 

Pahang, Kwala Tenok, Tahan River. Negri Sembilan, Gunong 

Angsi; Siliau (Williams). Dindings, Telok Sera (Curtis). Panang 

Hill (Maingay); Telok Bahang (Curtis). Dzstrtb. Sumatra, Laos. 

(3) T. pauciflorum Ridl. Mat. 182. Sarcochilus pauciflorus 

Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 41. 

Stem ',2 in. through. Leaves oblong blunt, 2'3 to 3 in. long,

186 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE..£. [Thrixspermum. 

(7) T. crassifolium Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 41, p. 32; 

Mat. i. 183. 

Stem 6 in. tall, stout. Leaves crowded thick leathery oblong 

blunt, 4 in. long, 1'25 in. thick. Scapes 3 to 5 in. long, base purple; 

racemes 1'5 to 4 in. long. Bracts '25 in. long, close set. Sepals 

linear caudate, base broader, '75 in. long, bright yellow. Petals 

narrower linear caudate. Lip '25 in. long, pubescent orange tipped 

cherry scarlet, spur saccate, side-lobes arched blunt, midlobe 

fleshy blunt ovate, callus tongue-shaped. Fruit angled linear, 

'3 in. long. Hab. On old coffee trees, rare. Johor, Castlewood 

(Ridley). 

(8) T. iodochilus Ridl. 

Habit of T. arachnites,' stem about 4 in. long, covered with 

strongly ribbed sheaths. Leaves oblong-linear, 3 to 5 in. long, 

'5 in. wide. Racemes fiat, I in. long or more on peduncles 1'5 in. 

long. Bracts boat-shaped as in T. arachnites. Flowers on pedicels 

'3 in. long. Sepals and petals triangular-Ianceolate long caudate, 

tails filiform, very slender, '75 in. long, ochre yellow, spur pink 

short blunt, :12 in. long. Lip '25 in. long, linear narrow violet. 

Hab. Trees at 1000 ft. altitude. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga 

Pass (Ridley). 

(9) T. leucarachne Rtdl. Journ. Lin1t. Soc. xxxii. 379. 

Stem 4 to 5 in. long. Leaves broadly linear-Iorate blunt, 6 in. 

long, '5 in. wide. Peduncles 6 in. long; racemes rather short; 

bracts acute. Sepals and petals linear-acuminate caudate filiform 

white. Lip saccate at base, side-lobes elongate, falcate acute, 

midlobe lanceolate acute, white, base crimson, lobes and disc inside 

violet spotted pubescent; callus small papilliform violet. Hab. 

Lankawi (Curtis). Dtstrib. South Siam. 

(10) T. notabile Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 379; Mat. i. 

183. Sarcochilus (Ridleya) notabilis Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 42; Ic. 

Pl. 2126. 

Stem 2 in. long. Leaves broad lorate oblong, green or purple, 

3 in. long, '5 to I in. wide. Scapes very slender, 3 in. long, purple, 

raceme I in. long. Bracts acute ovate purple. Flowers '75 to 

I in. wide. Sepals linear very narrow acuminate caudate. Petals 

similar, all yellow or reddish. Lip saccate ovate cuspidate, sidelobes 

not distinct, yellow with pink spots. Column foot adnate to 

lip, not distinct. Hab. Not common. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang; 

Bukit Mandai. Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley). Perak, Teluk Anson 

(Williams). 

73. DENDROCOLLA, Bl. 

Small epiphytes; stems short. Leaves lorate or terete. Scapes 

erect; peduncle long; rachis thickened or not flattened. Bracts 

persistent not distichous. Flowers very fugacious small. Sepals 

and petals spreading. Lip broad convolute pubescent inside,

188 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Den drocolla. 

pedicels shorter. Upper sepal lanceolate acute, laterals wider 

ovate-Ianceolate. Petals narrow spathulate, all pale yellow. Lip 

much shorter, base saccate, side-lobes very short broad truncate, 

hairy, midlobe very small truncate, callus oblong retuse, all 

yellowish with an orange spot near callus. Column foot narrow. 

Capsule slender, cylindric, 5 in. long. Hab. On orchard trees and 

bushes, very common. Singapore, Tanglin; Bukit Timah, etc. 

Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga Pass. Pahang, Tahan River; Pekan. 

Perak, Kwala Kangsa; Chanderiang (Kunstler); Temengoh, 

Dindings, Bruas. Tringganu, Bundi (Rostados). 

(4) D. alba Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 44, p. 191; Mat. 

i. 185. 

Stems 3 to 4 in. long. Leaves lorate-Ianceolate, fleshy, I to 2 in. 

long, '25 in. wide. Peduncles 4 in. long; racemes '25 in. long, 

thickened. Bracts ovate acuminate. Flowers white, '75 in. wide; 

pedicels '25 in. long. Sepals lanceolate acute. Petals smaller. 

Lip '25 in. long, base saccate pubescent, side-lobes curved blunt 

edged with short clubbed hairs, midlobe little longer, round blunt 

excavate; callus oblong truncate; white, light brown blotches inside 

and on column foot. Hab. On coffee and other trees. Perak, 

Kamuning, near Sungei Sipau (Machado). Province Wellesley, 

Caledonia Estate (Ridley). 

(5) D. maculata Ridl. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 381; Mat. i. 186. 

Stem 3 in. long. Leaves linear. Peduncles 3 in. long; racemes 

as long; rachis thickened. Bracts ovate acute. Flowers'5 in. 

wide. Sepals lanceolate-spathulate, laterals dilate at base. Petals 

narrower, all yellow. Lip side-lobes round, toothed pubescent, 

yellow spotted crimson, midlobe linear yellow, base of lip saccate, 

callus oblong retuse in centre. Column short broad with involute 

wings, foot rather long. Hab. Rare. Singapore, Bukit Mandai, 

Chan Chu Kang (Ridley). 

(6) D. ciliata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 5. Br. 44, p. 192; 

Mat. i. 186. 

Stem I in. long. Leaves crowded about 6, elliptic blunt, base 

narrowed, 2'5 in. long, '75 in. wide. Peduncles 2 in. long; racemes 

hardly thickened. Bracts ovate acute minute. Flowers '25 in. 

wide; pedicels as long. Sepals oblong blunt. Petals smaller, 

ochre yellow. Lip as long, sid_e-Iobes oblong, white edged long 

hairs, midlobe short, conic fleshy. Pollinia ovoid, caudicle oblong 

flat, indent at sfdes, disc half as long. Hab. Rare. Perak, Kamuning, 

Sungei Siput (Machado). 

(7) D. carnosa Rzdl. Journ. Bot. 1898, p. 216; Mat. i. 186. 

Stem 2 in. long. Leaves narrow linear acute not bilobed, 3 in. 

long, '25 in. wide; sheaths '25 in. long. Peduncles slender, 3 in. 

long. Racemes thick, I in. long. Bracts ovate acute. Flowers 

'25 in. wide; pedicels as long. Sepals and petals oblong-ovate 

dull yellow. Lip shorter, side-lobes long and broad, base saccate,

Dendrocolla. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDEA':. 189 

midlobe fleshy ovate blunt, a woolly papilla at base. Hab. On 

Dacrydium trees at 2500 ft. altitude. Penang Hill (Curtis). 

(8) D. brachyglottis Rtdl. Sarcochilus brachyglottis Hook. 

fil. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. 42, 63. Thrixspermum brachyglottis 


Stem short. Leaves long oblanceolate acutely bifid, 4 to 8 in. 

long, I to 1'5 in. wide. Scape I in. long; raceme not thickened; 

bracts small ovate, not distichous. Flowers white, '5 in. wide. 

Sepals lanceolate sub-acute mucronulate on back. Petals lanceolate 

smaller. Lip not half as long, narrowed at the base, dilate saccate 

forwards, obcuneate with a fleshy terminal linear lobe. Column 

short thick footless with broad triangular acuminate arms. Anther 

beaked. Hab. Perak (Kunstler) drawing only. 

I am very dubIOUS as to which genus this should be referred to, having 

seen no specimen. 

(9) D. carinatifolia Ridl. JOUY1t. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 382; Mat. i. 

186. Sarcochilus carinatifolius Rtdl. Journ. As. Soc. 1891, p. 136. 

Stem 6 in. long, broad fiat. Leaves fieshy oblong blunt, 2 in. 

long, '5 to I in. wide. Peduncles slender, 6 in. long. Racemes 

I in. long, slightly thickened. Bracts rather distant lanceolate. 

Flowers '25 in. wide, white. Sepals lanceolate acuminate, laterals 

enlarged at base. Petals linear-Ianceolate. Lip saccate at base, 

side-lobes long linear acuminate, midlobe shorter, ovate, a blunt 

round callus, white, a yellow spot outside base. Capsule linear 

cylindric, 3 in. long. Hab. lohor, Kwala Sedili Besar and Pulau 

Aor (Feilding). Dtstrtb. Christmas Isle. 

(10) D. psiloglottis Ridl. Mat. i. 187. Sarcochilus psiloglottis 

Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 372. 

Stem 1'5 in. long. Leaves lorate, 2 in. long, '25 in. wide, 

bilobed blunt. Peduncles 3 in. long; racemes '25 in. long, not 

thickened. Bracts lanceolate acuminate recurved. Flowers '25 in. 

wide. Upper sepallanceolate acute, laterals triangular acute, pale 

yellow, with an orange spot at base. Petals sub-spathulate yellow. 

Lip, side-lobes long linear white, midlobe blunt recurved, fleshy, 

white with orange central spot. Capsule cylindric, 2 in. long. 

Hab. Rare. On trees. Pahang, Pekan (Ridley). 

, 74. ACRIOPSIS, Reinwdt. 

Pseudobulbous epiphytes. Leaves linear or oblong articulate. 

Scap_e racemose or panicles slender, lateral. Flowers small pink 

and white or yellow. Sepals and petals narrow spreading, lateral 

sepals sometimes connate. Lip spurless, adnate to column halfway 

up, 3-lobed, centraL callus. Column tall arched hooded curved, 

arms long slender, porrect. Anther ovate. Pollinia 2, narrow, a 

long slender caudicle and very small disc. Rostellum ovate entire.

190 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEA>. [A criopsis. 

Capsule globose. Species 6 or 7, Tenasserim, Siam, Malaya, 

Australia. 

Inflorescence panicled; leaves linear narrow. 

Lip lanceolate, side-lobes broad . (I) A. javanica 

Lip very narrow linear, side-lobes small (2) A. indica 

Inflorescence racemose. 

Leaves linear; flowers yellow; hp white (3) A. Ridleyi 

Leaves oblanceolate broad; flowers purple (4) A. purpurea 

(I) A. javanica Reinwdt. Flora 

Literat. IB2s, ii. 4; Rtdl. Mat. i. 

IB7. A. crispa Gnff. Notulce, iii. 

333; Ie. Pl. As. t. 3IB. 

Pseudobulbs crowded ovoid, I 

in. long. Leaves 2 or 3, narrow 

linear, 3 to 6 in. long, '3 to '25 in. 

wide. Panicle over I ft. long. Sepal 

lanceolate, laterals connate, white 

tipped crimson. Petals spathulate 

white, crimson central bar. Lip 

side-lobes broad flat round, midlobe 

lanceolate blunt with 2 little 

triangular keels in centre, white 

with violet crimson spots. Column 

pink. Capsule globose, 'S in. long. 

H abo Common in orchards and 

roadside trees. Singapore, Tanglin; 

Changi. Johor, Bukit Murdom 

(Kelsall); Batu Pahat. Malacca 

(Griffith). Pahang, Pekan. Selangor, 

Semangkok Pass. Sungei 

Ujong (Cantley). Perak, Thaiping 

Hills; Hermitage Hill. Penang, 

Balik Pulau (Curtis). Distrib. Tenasserim, 

Sumatra, Java. 

(2) A. indica Wtght, leones. t. 

1748; Ridl. Mat. i. I8B. 

Pseudobulbs dense crowded, '5 

in. long, covered with old sheaths. 

FIG. 174.-Acriopsis Ridleyi. Leaves linear, 3 in. long, '1 in. wide. 

Scape 6 to B in. long; branches of 

panicle several, 4 in. long. Flowers less than '13 in. wide. Sepals 

narrow linear-oblong, laterals connate. Petals broader oblong 

yellowish spotted red. Lip very narrow linear, 2 short lobes at 

base, callus near base of lip bilobed. Capsule·s in. long. Hab. 

Perak, Haram Para (Scortechini). Penang Hill (Maingay, Curtis). 

Setul (Ridley). Distrib. Tenasserim. 

(3) A. Ridleyi Hook fil. F.B.I. vi. 79; Ridl. Mat. i. 79· 

Pseudobulbs close on a stout rhizome, oblong-ovate, I in. long.

Acriopsis.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.£. 

Leaves 2 or 3 linear blunt, 4'5 in. lon'g, '25 in. wide. Scape 10 to 

13 in. long, base more than half nude. Flowers di!)tant racemose, 

15 to 20. Upper sepal linear, laterals spathulate connate. Petals 

broader, all yellow, spotted red. Lip white, side-lobes oblong, 

midlobe orbicular, base narrow, callus of 2 short keels on the 

claw of the midlobe crimson. Column white spotted crimson, 

arms long clubbed porrect. Hab. Singapore, Bukit Mandai (one 

plant only). Negri Sembilan, Labu Estate (Williams). Kedah 

Peak, at 3000 ft. altitude (Robinson). 

(4) A. purpurea Ridl. TrailS Linn. Soc. ii. 406; Mat. i. 188. 

Pseudobulbs crowded, '75 in. long, oblong. Leaves 2, oblanceolate, 

blunt coriaceous, 1'5 in. long, '5 in. wide. Scape 5 in. long. 

Flowers about 13, secund fleshy; pedicel and ovary '5 in. long, 

green and violet. Sepals narrow, laterals connate. Petals spathulate 

blunt, dark purple. Lip violet-rose, edged white, spathulate 

oblong truncate, side-lobes 2 small ears, callus square in centre of 

midlobe, white. Column purple, hood decurved. Capsule oblong, 

'5 in. long. Hab. Rare, Pahang, Pekan (Ridley). Dlslrtb. Borneo. 

75. THECOSTELE, Rchb. 

Epiphytes; pseudobulbs ovoid crowded. Leaf solitary large. 

Raceme pendulous from base of pseudobulb. Flowers numerous, 

small to medium size, pink and white. Sepals spreading, laterals 

oblique. Petals smaller. Lip, base adnate to base of column and 

forming a tube with it, limb clawed with two short or large sidelobes 

and a larger midlobe. Column slender curved with long arms. 

Pollinia 2, caudicles I or 2, disc broad. Capsule sub-globose threevalved. 

Species 6, Tenasserim, Malaya, Java. 

Flowers small, numerous on a long raceme. 

Side-lobes very small 

Side-lobes large clubbed. . . . 

Flowers 1 in. or more across, few on short raceme 

Side-lobes small; midlobe large . 

Side-lobes large falcate; mldlobe small. 

No extra hnear processes at base 

Two hnear processes at base 

(1) T. maculosa 

(2) T. Zollingeri 

(3) T. secunda 

(4) T. Maingayi 

(5) T. quinqueflda 

(I) T. maculosa Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ii, 374; Mat. i. 189. 

Collabium Wrayi Hook fil. F.B.I. v. 784;' Ie. Pl. 

Pseudobulbs conic, 4 in. long. Leaf lanceolate-oblong, I ft. 

long, 3 in. wide. Scape 12 to 18 in. long. Flowers small numerous. 

Upper sepal oblong sub-acute, laterals broader oblong oblique. 

Petals yery narrow lanceolate acuminate falcate; all yellowish 

with chestnut purple spots. Lip side-lobes curved very short, 

mid lobe pandurate ret use pubescent, white with dark crimson 

spots. Column slender, arII)s linear-Iorate. Capsule ovoid, beaked, 

'5 in. long. H abo Malacca "(Goodenough). Sungei Ujong, Burunang 

(Cantley). Pahang, Kwala Tahan. Perak, Thaiping, Waterfall

Podochilus.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. 193 

Column short, foot long. Rostellum triangular erect, bifid or 

bipartite. Anther erect. Pollinia 4 or 6, each pair enclosed in a 

calyptriform caudicle. Capsule ellIpsoid. Species about 12, Indo 

Malaya. 

Stems creeping branched, forming mats on trees. 

Leaves lInear appressed, very narrow; IIp 

cordate. . . . . . . (I) P. tenuis 

Leaves broader spreadmg ellIptic, IIp base 

round . . . . .. (2) P. microphyllus 

Stems tufted erect; leaves elliptlc, '25 Ill. long 

LIp 3-lobed . (3) P. lucescens 

(I) P. tenuis Lt'ndl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 235; Rtdl. Mat. 

i. 192. P. acicularis Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 82; Ie. Pl. 147. 

Slender tufted moss-like plant, branched, 3 to 12 in. long. 

Leaves linear acute, 'I2 in. long. Racemes very short. Flowers 

minute. Upper sepal ovate blunt, laterals larger oblique, mentum 

short round. Petals oblong blunt. Lip oblong-obovate blunt 

cordate with a horn on each side. Column arms ensiform truncate; 

anther ovate cordate at length bifid. Pollinia in pairs enclosed in 

a calyptriform caudicle, base linear, disc linear. H abo On wet 

mossy trunks and rocks. Pahang, Tahan River; Telom. Selangor, 

Semangkok Pass. Perak, Thaiping Hills, Waterfall; Temengoh; 

Sungei Rayah (Kunstler); Bujong Malacca; Gunong Inas, Sira 

Rimau (Yapp). Penang Hill. Kedah Peak. Dtstnb. Sumatra, 

Borneo. 

(2) P. microphyllus Lindl. Wall. Cat. 7335; Gelt. and Sp. 

Orch. Pl. 234. P. sciuroides RcM. fil. Bonplandla, V. 41; Rldl. 

Mat. i. I92. 

Slender usually much branched. Stems 4 to 8 in. long. Leaves 

oblong-elliptic spreading, '5 in. long, mucronate. Racemes or 

panicles terminal, '25 in. long. Flowers minute white. Sepals 

ovate, laterals oblique, mentum bilobed blunt. Petals nearly as 

long and broader with a median violet line. Lip oblong.ovate 

blunt. Anther lanceolate acute, pollinia 6 elongate pear-shaped, 

caudicle I, disc ovate red. Rostellum triangular-Ianceolate 

minutely bifid. Hab. On trees, often forming mats. Common, 

Singapore, Chan Chu Kang; Kranji. Johor, Bukit Pengaram; 

Gunong Pulai. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca, -'Mt. Ophir. Negri 

Sembilan, Gunong Angsi (Burkill). Perak, Bujong Malacca. 

Tringganu, Bundi (Rostados). Kedah Peak. Penang (Wallich); 

Bukit L::tksamana (Curtis); Richmond Pool. Dlstrib. Java. 

More erect than the preceding, with broad-spreading leaves. Lindley 

has 2 speCIes under P. lenuts, viz. \Vallich's Penang plant, and a Himalayan 

one, now P. khasyana Hook. fiI. 

(3) P. lucescens BLBijdr. 295, t. 12; Ridl. Mat. i. I93. 

Stems tufted erect, 6 in. fall, not branched. Leaves narrow, 

FI.M.P.4 0

194 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Podochilus. 

elliptic, '25 in. long or more, '12 in. wide, tip bluntly unequally 

bilobed. Racemes sub-terminal, '5 in. long, slender. Flowers 

minute white. Sepals and petals lanceolate blunt; mentum very 

short. Lip 3-lobed, side-lobes broad round, midlobe linear 

oblong with 3 raised ribs. Anther ovate blunt, pollinia 4, pyriform, 

caudicles calyptrate. Rostellum 3-lobed. Hab. Not common. 

Johor, Ulu Kahang (Holttum). Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). 

Lankawi, Gunong Raya at 2500 ft. altitude (Curtis); Dayong 

Bunting (Robinson). Pulau Adang (Ridley). Distrib. Tenasserim, 

Siam, Borneo, Java. 

77. APPENDICULA, Bl. 

Epiphytes occasionally on rocks. Stems erect, leafy terete or 

flat. Leaves distichous elliptic to lanceolate unequally bilobed, 

thinly coriaceous articulate with sheath. Flowers small in axillary 

and sub-termi,nal racemes. Bracts usually persistent and often 

reflexed. Upper sepallanceolate or ovate, laterals prolonged below 

into a mentum. Petals smaller. Lip base saccate adnate to 

column foot, usually quite entire, a callus usually horse-shoeshaped 

at base of lip. Column short thick, arms small, foot long or 

short. Anther ovate beaked. Pollinia 4 to 8, pear-shaped narrowed 

to a small disc. Rostellum ovate-Ianceolate bifid. Capsule 

small elliptic. Species about 40, Indo-Malayan. 

Stem flattened winged . . • . . (I) A. anceps 

Stems terete; racemes lax aXlllacy or subterminal. 

Leaves oblong broad blunt. 

Stem long pendulous; racemes long; lip 

spathulate . . (2) A. purpurasCeDS 

Stems erect stiff; racemes short. 

Flowers glabrous; hp with a callus. 

Callus square 

Callus hooked . . . . . 

Callus conic; leaves thick deep shining 

green . . . . 

Flowers hairy; leaves small close. . 

No callus; flowers glabrous; leaves oblong, 

'5 in. wide . . . . . 

(3) A. cornuta 

(4) A. UDcata 

(5) A. luclda 

(6) A. muricata 

(7) A. re1lexa 

No callus; flowery small glabrous; leaves very 

narrow linear. . . . . (8) A. rupestris 

Stems elongate sometimes branched; leaves 

usually narrow, I in. long or more with 

reflexed bracts. 

Leaves close-set oblong; lip ovate acute . . (9) A. deDSifoUa 

Leaves close-set oblong; hp hmb crescentshaped. 

. " (10) A. robusta 

Leaves narrow lanceolate rather thin. 

Lip oblong pandurate (II) A. pendula 

Lip cuneate. tip trilobed. . . . (12) A. lancifoUa 

Inflorescence terminal; bracts large, foliaceous, 

white, longer than flowers; bracts 

white . (13) A. torta

A ppendicula. ] cxxxvr. ORCHIDEiE. 195 

(I) A. anceps Bl. Bijdr. 299. A. Lewisii Griff. No/ltlce, ii. 

360; Ic. Pl. t. 337. A. complanata Rldl. Journ. Lt1t1t. Soc. xxxiii 

389. Podochilus anceps. Schlecht. Mem. Herb. Boiss. 2133; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 193. 

Stem 6 to 18 in. tall, flattened. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic, 

base round, tip unequally bifid, 1'75 to 2 in. long, 'S to '75 in. wide, 

sheaths, 'S to 1 in. long, flat. Racemes lateral and terminal, 

'S in. long; bracts blunt deflexed. Flowers greenish white. Sepals 

FIG. I75.-Appendicula corn uta 

ovate blunt, mentum short round. Petals- smaller. Lip ovate 

blunt, white, 2 purple streaks in spur, no callus. Anther acute, 

pustular crimson. Pollinia 6, pyriform. Rostellum acute ovate 

bifid. ,flab. Common. Singapore (Wallich). Johor, Gunong Banang, 

Batu Pahat; Gunong Pulai. Malacca, Batu Tiga (Derry). 

Selangor, Batu Caves; Rawang; Bukit Hitam (Kelsall); Ulu 

Gombak. Perak, Relau Tujor (Wray); Thaiping Hills. Penang Hill 

(all collectors). Kelantan, Kampong Parit (Haniff). Dlstrlb. Java. 

(2) A. purpurascens De Vrzese. Ill. t. 2, fig. I. Podochilus 

unciferus Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 81; Ic. Pl. t. 2145. 

Stems pendulous, 2 to 3 ft. long, slender often branched. Leaves

196 CXXXVI. OnCHIDElE. [Appendicula. 

elliptic b_· It, 1 in. long, ·5 in. wide. Racemes numerous axillary 

filiform flexuous, 1 in. long. Flowers·2 in. long. Upper sepal 

lanceolate sub-acute, laterals much wider ovate, mentum long 

clubbed. Petals oblong-Ianceolate. All white tipped violet rose. 

Lip entire spathulate truncate white tipped violet rose, callus 

at base linear, retuse. Pollinia 6 in 2 bundles in a calyptratepedicel 

disc round. Fruit elliptic, ·25 in. long. Hab. Mountains 

at about 2000 to 5000 ft. altitude. Pahang, Kota Glanggi; Telom. 

Selangor, Ulu Gombak. Perak, Thaiping Hill (all collectors), 

Gunong Inas (Yapp); Gunong Kerbau (Robinson). Dzslrtb. Java, 

Borneo to Philippines. 

(3) A. cornuta Bl. Bijdr. 302. A. bifaria Lindl. Hook. Kew 

Journ. vii. 35; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calc. viii. 248, 330. 

Podochilus cornutus Schlecht. Ic. 34; Ridl. Mat. i. 194. (Fig. 175, 

p. 195·) 

Stems tufted, 5 to 12 in. tall. Leaves oblong minutely bilobed, 

base half amplexicaul, ·75 to 1 in. long, ·25 in. wide; sheaths striate, 

·25 in. long. Racemes lateral and sub-terminal, ·25 in. long. 

Flowers ·25 in long, white. Sepals ovate, laterals oblique, mentum 

as long. Petals ovate-elliptic or obovate, smaller. Lip obscurely 

3-lobed, base oblong with a horseshoe-shaped ridge, midlobe 

ovate with a retuse callus in centre. Column short, foot long, arms 

erect acuminate. Pollinia 6 to 8 pyriform, disc lanceolate. Rostellum 

ovate acuminate bifid. Capsule oblong, ·25 in. long. Hab. 

Common up to 2000 ft. altitude. Singapore, Kranji; Bukit Timah. 

Malacca, Mt. Ophir. Pahang, Tahan River; Telom. Selangor, 

Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Dindings, Lumut. Perak, Thaiping 

(Scortechini); Gunong Kerbau (Robinson). Penang Hill. Kedah 

Peak. Dzstrtb. India, Hongkong, Malaya to Philippines. 

(4) A. uncata Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 390. Podochilus 

uncatus Ridl. Mat. i. 195. 

Stems over 1 ft. tall, tufted. Leaves lanceolate acute, 2 to 3 in. 

long, ·5 in. wide, sheaths ·5 in. long, ribbed. Racemes lateral and 

sub-terminal, ·5 in. long. Bracts strongly ribbed ovate reflexed. 

Flowers white. Sepals ovate acute; mentum rather large blunt. 

Petals ovate-Ianceolate. Lip oblong, tip round, callus on disc 

claw-shaped. Rostellum triangular bifid. Capsule oblong, 5 in. long. 

Hab. Singapore, Bukit Timah road. Selangor, Petaling (Ridley). 

(5) A. lucida Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 392. Podochilus 

lucidus Ridl. Mat. i. 195. 

Stems crowded, 6 in. long. Leaves cordate-ovate, deep green 

polished, ·75 in. long, ·5 in. wide; sheaths terete, ·25 in. long. 

Flowers whitish green in short axillary panicles. Bracts ovate 

brown. Sepals ovate blunt; mentum thick, short. Petals lanceolate 

smaller, all green with pale purple mid-line. Lip base 

oblong, limb ovate-orbicular white, a conic callus in centre. Column 

thick, arms indistinct. Pollinia 6, narrowed to ovate disc. Rostel-

A ppendieula.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDEiE. 197 

lum long, bifid. Hab. Singapore, Bukit Timah road; Kranji; 

Chan Chu Kang. Selangor, Sepang (Ridley). Distrib. Rhio, 

Borneo. 

(6) A. muricata Teysm. and Binll. Tljdsehr. Ned. Ind. xxiv. 

322. A. echinocarpa Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 83; Ie. Pl. t. 2152. 

Stems tufted, 6 in. tall. Leaves oblong blunt, '25 in. long, 

'15 to 2'5 in. wide; sheaths very short. Flowers few terminal 

white. Ovary hairy. Sepals lanceolate acute hairy; mentum 

hardly any. Petals lanceolate narrower. Lip violet oblong dilate, 

limb round with a short conic tooth. Column stout, arms long broad 

acuminate; stigma crimson. Pollinia 4 lanceolate, pedicel spoonshaped. 

Capsule '25 in. long, hairy. Hab. Mountains, Selangor, 

Bukit Hitam (Kelsall); Sempang Mines, Semangkok. Perak, 

Gunong Batu Putih (Wray); Bujong Malacca. Kedah Peak. 

Distnb. Java. 

(7) A. reflexa Bl. Bijdr. 30r. A. cordata Hook. fil. F.B.I. 

vi. 83; Ie. Pl. t. 2148. 

Stems over I ft. tall. Leaves thin coriaceous oblong-elliptic, 

II in. long, '5 in. wide, equally bilobed; sheaths nearly '5 in. long. 

Racemes axillary, '5 in. long, bracts at base lanceolate acuminate. 

Flowers crowded very small. Upper sepal lanceolate-ovate blunt, 

laterals larger ovate; mentum as long round. Petals linear smaller. 

All light green. Lip white, sides adnate to column, base with a 

horseshoe-shaped ridge, limb ovate acute recurved. Pollinia 6. 

Capsule sessile oblong, '25 in. long. Hab. Not common. Johor, 

Batu Pahat. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley), Perak (Scortechini). 

(8) A. rupestris Rldl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 391. Podochilus 

rupestris Mat. i. 194. 

Stems tufted on a short stout rhizome, unbranched, 8 in. tall. 

Leaves linear-Ianceolate, 1 in. long, '12 in. wide, minutely mucronate. 

Racemes sub-terminal, 1 in. long or less. Bracts sub-acute deflexed. 

Flowers very small, whitc. Upper sepal ovate-Ianceolate, laterals 

larger, mentum short, blunt. Petals smaller lanceolate. Lip 

oblong-elliptic blunt. Column short, no arms. Anther cordate 

blunt. Hab. In clefts of rock in mountain streams. Pahang, 

Tahan River (Ridley). Perak, Bujong Malacca (Curtis). 

(9) A. densifolia Ridl. Podochilus densifolius Rldl. J ourn. 

Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, p. 86. 

Stems over 1 ft. long. Leaves close-set distichous oblong blunt, 

base broad, 1 in. long, '5 in. wide; sheaths '25 in. long. Raceme 

terminal, 1 in. long, dense-flowered. Bracts ovate, reflexed. 

Flowers '13 in. long, white. Sepals ovate blunt, mentum long. 

Petals ovate. Lip ovatc acute, a fleshy callus in centre, and thickened 

ridge to tip. Rostellum long acuminate deeply bifid. Hab. Rare. 

Pahang, Tahan River (Rislley). 

(10) A. robusta Rldl. 

Stems 20 ft. tall, robust. Leaves coriaceous bronzed elliptic

Ig8 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.E. [A ppendicula. 

blunt closely distichous, 1'5 in. long, '75 in. wide, sheaths funnelshaped, 

ribbed obliquely truncate, '25 in. long. Racemes 1 in. long. 

few-flowered. Bracts reflexed lanceolate blunt, 1 in. long. Flowers 

small. Sepals broadly ovate, spur rather large blunt sac-shaped. 

Petals lanceolate half as wide. Lip broadly saccate, limb horseshoeshaped, 

bifid with in curved falcate points, a broad fleshy ovate 

callus pointing backwards below the limb in the sac. Column short 

and broad. Anther ovate short. Rostellum long lanceolate, tip 

minutely bifid. Stigma deep with a strongly elevated surrounding 

ridge. Hab. Terrestrial, mountain forest, Pahang, Upper Tras 

valley under Fraser Hill (Burkill and Holttum, 8856). 

Allied to A pendula Bl , but the broad blunt oblong leaves and bilobed 

IIp distmguish It from any form of this section. 

(II) A. pendula Bt. B'tjdr. 2g8. A. Maingayi Hook. fit. F.B.I. 

vi. 85. 

Stems 1 to 2'5 ft. tall. Leaves thin lanceolate-ovate unequally 

bilobed, 2 to 2'5 in. wide; sheaths'5 in. long. Racemes sub-terminal 

or axillary pendulous, 1 to 8 in. long. Bracts ovate reflexed persistent. 

Flowers small. Upper sepal lanceolate, laterals ovate, 

mentum short broad. Petals narrow lanceolate, all pale green. 

Lip oblong pandurate blunt with an inner crescent lamella white 

edged purple. Column short thick yellow purple-marked, arms 

very short. Anther ovate orange. Pollinia 8, very unequal on a 

small round disc. Hab. On rocks or trees, Perak (Scortechini). 

Penang Hill (Maingay, Curtis, etc.). lalor, Biserat (Gwynne 

Vaughan). Distrib. Borneo to New Guinea. 

(12) A. lancifolia Hook. fit. F.B.I. vi. 84; Ic. Pt. t. 2150. 

Stems 2 ft. tall, often branched. Leaves thin dark green sulcate, 

1'5 to 4 in. long, '25 to 1 in. wide; sheaths '25 to '5 in. long. 

Racemes terminal, 2 to 3 in. long. Bracts ovate-Ianceolate reflexed. 

Flowers '12 in. long, green or yellow. Sepals ovate acute, mentum 

short broad. Petals obovate-oblong blunt. Lip cuneate oblong, 

limb 3-lobed, lobes round, midlobe ovate sub-acuminate, a horseshoe-shaped 

lamina running to side-lobes. Column short, foot 

long, arms short truncate. Hab. Pahang, Telom. Selangor, Bukit 

Hitam; Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson); Menuang Gasing 

(Kloss). Perak, Gunong Batu Putih, at 3000 to 4000 ft. altitude 

(Kunstler); Thaiping Hills at 5000 ft. altitude. jalor, Bukit 

Besar at 3000 ft. altitude (Gwynne-Vaughan). 

This IS perhaps too near A. pendula. 

(13) A. torta Bt Bzjdr. 303; Rchb. fit. Xen. Orch. ii. II7, t. 138. 

A. rhodiola RcM. fit. l.c. II8. 

Stems tufted, 6 to 8 in. long, flattened. Leaves oblong round, 

'5 in. long; sheaths '12 in. long. Spike terminal, '25 in. long. 

Bracts distichous ovate leaf-like white, '25 in. long, recurved. 

Flowers hidden in bracts small yellowish white. Sepals lanceolate

200 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEA':. [Thelasis. 

node globose, upper cylindric, I in. long. Leaves 2, lower one small, 

upper 4 to 6 in. long, I in. wide, lanceolate or oblong petioled. 

Scape 6 to 10 in. long. Flowers green. Bracts lanceolate cuspidate. 

Sepals oblong blunt, not keeled. Petals smaller. Lip lanceolate 

sub-acute. Hab. Mountains. Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang 

Lebah (Robinson). Perak, Thaiping Hills; Bujong Malacca 

(Ridley). 

(4) T. carinata Bl. Btjdr. 386; Orch. Arch. Ind. 25, pl. 7, fig. 3. 

T. elata Hook fil. F.B.I. vi. 87. Oxyanthera elata Hook. fil. 

Ie. Pl. 2156; Ridl. Mat. i. 200. 

Pseudobulb none. Sheathing base of leaves 2 in. long, blade 

12 to 13 in. long, I in. wide, lorate blunt. Scape 12 to 18 in. long, 

racemose part 2 to 4 in. long. Flowers very numerous. Bracts 

lanceolate. Sepals lanceolate connivent acute. Petals smaller, 

all green tipped white. Lip with short erect side-lobes, mid lobe 

oblanceolate mucronate white. Column short. Rostellum much 

longer bifid. Pollinia 6, semi-globose on a slender pedicel. Capsule 

'12 in. long, fusiform, terminated by the withered perianth. Hab. 

Common on mangroves and other trees. Singapore, Sungei Buluh ; 

Kranji. Pahang, Pekan; Kota Glanggi. Selangor, Batu Caves 

(Ridley). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Hermitage Hill (Curtis). 

Kedah Peak (Robinson). Penang Hill (Maingay). Dlstrzb. Borneo, 


(5) T. decurva Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 87. Oxyanthera decurva 

Hook. fil. Ie. Pl. 2157. O. micrantha Rldl. Mat. i. 200. 

Leaves 4 or 5 lanceolate blunt or sub-acute; sheaths I to 1'5 in. 

long, blade 6 in. long, '5 in. wide. Scape very slender, 5 in. long, 

raceme '5 in. long, decurved. Flowers '12 in. long, fawn-colour. 

Bracts ovate blunt. Sepals and petals lanceolate blunt. Lip 

lanceolate acute. Pollinia 8. Rostellum very long bifid. Capsule 

fusiform, '12 in. long. H abo On mangroves and trees on river 

banks, Singapore, Kranji. Pahang, Tahan River. Penang Hill. 

Distrlb. Malay Isles. 

TRIBE III. NEOTTIE£ (GENERA 79-1°4) 

79. VANILLA, Sw. 

Fleshy climbers with ovate leaves or leafless. Racemes short 

stout axillary. Flowers usually large. Sepals and petals sub-equal 

spreading. Lip large 3-lobed or entire, flat or convolute. Column 

long, anther broad; pollinia granular. Rostellum entire or nearly 

so. Fruit long fleshy terete. Seeds minute globose. 

Species about 20, all tropical countries. 

Leaves large ovate·lanceolate. 

LIp explanate 3-lobed short. . 

Lip convolute entire long . . 

Leafless; flowers rather small, IIp pink 

(I) V. Griffithii 

(2) V. montana 

(3) V. aphylla

Vanilla.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 201 

(I) V. Griffithii Rchb. fil. Bonplandla ii. 88; Ridl. Mat. i. 201. 

V. tolypephora Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 276. 

Stem about 20 ft. long. Leaves fleshy lanceolate or ovatelanceolate, 

6 in. long, 3 in. wide or less. Raceme 2 in. long, stout. 

Flowers numerous opening singly, 2 in. wide, white. Sepals ovate. 

Petals linear-obovate. Lip side-lobes round, disc with chestnut 

nerves, midlobe bilobed rounded fan-shaped plicate with a woolly 

ball at base. Fruit 2'5 in. long, '5 in. through. Hab. Common in 

forests, Singapore, Changi; Pulau Ubin. Johor, Batu Pahat. 

Pahang, Pekan. Malacca, Panchur (Goodenough). Selangor, 

Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Perak, Thaiping Hills; Gunong Bubu 

(Kunstler). Dindings, Bruas. Penang, Waterfall; Telok Bahang 

(Curtis). Perlis, Kanga. Dtstnb. Karimun isles. Native names: 

Akar Punubal; Telinah Kerbau Bukit. Use: Flowers pounded 

with water rubbed on body for fever; leaves and stem, which contain 

an irritating latex, mashed, applied to the hair for strengthening it. 

Fruit sweet and edible. 

(2) V. montana Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. vi. 58. 

Long stout climber. Leaves lanceolate acuminate blunt, 5 to 

6 in. long, 2 to 2'25 in. wide. Racemes '25 in. long. Bracts orbicular. 

Flowers 3 in. long. Sepals oblanceolate sub-spathulate 

acute. Petals smaller. Lip base narrow, limb entire convolute 

trumpet-shaped, edge in centre fringed with processes, callus in 

mouth fan-shaped pectinate with acute linear teeth. Column 

hooded bilobed. Fruit oblong. Hab. Rare. Perak, Gunong 

Kerbau at 4400 to 5500 ft. altitude (Robinson). 

(3) V. aphylla Bl. Rumphia i. Ig8, t. 68. V. Parishii Rehb. fil. 

Otta Hamb. 39; Hook fil. F.B.I. vi. 90. 

Slender leafless climber several feet long. Flowers few on a 

short raceme about '5 in. long; pedicels 2 in. long. Sepals oblonglorate 

blunt, I in. long, pale greenish. Petals slightly narrower. 

Lip side-lobes convolute, midlobe longer plicate oblong-ovate 

pink, villous. Column slender as long as side-lobes. H abo On 

low bushes, sandy heaths, rare. Setul Heath (Ridley). Distrib. 

Tenasserim, Java. 

I presume V. Parishii to be the same thing; all I have seen of It is a 

sketch, but the flowers are said to be pure white. / 

80. GALEOLA, Lour. 

Terrestrial leafless yellow saprophytes with thick fleshy roots. 

Stems short or very long branched sarmentose. Panicles large 

spreading, or a simple raceme. Bracts ovate persistent. Flowers 

medium, lateral sepals larger than upper one. Lip saccate entire. 

Column long curved straight. Anther oblong decurved, cells 

narrow. Pollinia ovoi.d curved. Fruit long capsular. Seeds 

globose with a- broad circular wing. Species about 74, Indo 

Malaya, Australia, Japan.

202 cxxxvr. ORCHIDE..£. 

Stems long; panicle large. 

Stem stout furfuraceous 

Stem slender glabrous . 

Ste:r, short; flowers racemose 

[Galeola. 

(1) G. Hydra 

(2) G. altissima 

(3) G. javanicQ. 

(1) G. Hydra Rchb. Xella Orch. ii. 77; King, Ann. Bot. Gard. 

Calc. viii. 364, pl. 351; Ridl. Mat. i. 202. 

Stems very long stout furfuraceous. Panicle large. Flowers 

'75 in. wide. Sepals ovate acute, laterals oblique, larger yellow. 

FIG. I76.-Galeola Hydra 

Petals lanceolate white. Lip obscurely 3-lobed, toothed papillose 

within yellowish white with dull red streaks. Column curved, 

foot short. Capsule cylindric, 6 in. long, '5 to 1 in. through. Hab. 

In' open spaces among lalang and in cleared land. Singapore 

(Wallich), Kranji. johor, Gunong janing (Kelsall). Malacca, 

Tebong (Griffith); Bukit Besar, Mt. Ophir. Selangor, Batu 

Caves; Kajang; Kwala Lumpur (Curtis). Negri Sembilan, Siliau 

(Williams). Penang (Curtis). DIS/rib. Himalaya, Siam, java, 

Sumatra. 

Wray sends a curiously fasciated specimen.

204 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [A plostellis . 

'5 in. long. Flowers about 13, pale green, I in. long. Sepals 

and petals lanceolate acute, petals narrower, blunt. Lip 3-lobed, 

side-lobes blunt, midlobe ovate acute hairy, white with green 

lines. Hab. In grassy spots. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling. Perak, 

Padang Rengas; Thaiping (Wray). Pulau Adang. Perlis, Ginting 

Kabok, Kanga. Dz'st1'lb. India, Siam, Malaya. Natzve name,' 

Daun Satu Taun. 

(2) A. velutina Rz'dl. Pogonia velutina Par. and RcM. fil. 

Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 142; Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. II9. 

Leaf orbicular-cordate plicate, velvety both sides, purple, paler 

beneath, 5 to 6 in. wide; petiole short, '5 in. long. Scape 3 to 5 in. 

tall, with I or 2 flowers. Sepals and petals very narrow lanceolatelinear 

acuminate, quite acute. Lip shorter spathulate, white 

veined pink. Hab. Penang Hill, Mount Erskine, near the bungalow. 

Dzstrib. Tenasserim and Siam. 

(3) A. punctata Ridl. Pogonia punctata Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd. 

Bat. i. 32; Orch. Arch. Ind. 150, t. 49, fig. 2; Rzdl. Mat. i. 203. 

Stem I in. long. Leaf ovate or orbicular cordate, I to 2 in. 

long and as wide, green. Flowers solitary, I in. long, on a peduncle 

2 to 3 in. long; sheaths spotted pink. Bracts shorter than ovary. 

Ovary '5 in. long, purple. Sepals and petals narrow linear acuminate, 

pinkish spotted darker. Lip 3-lobed, white spotted violet, 

side-lobes short, midlobe lanceolate. Column long with thin wings, 

narrowed downward and ovate acuminate arms pointing downwards. 

Hab. In woods. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Chan Chu 

Kang. Johor, Sungei Tebrau. Perak, Temengoh (Ridley). Penang 

Waterfall (Curtis). Lankawi, Kwah. Terutau (Curtis). D1strzb. 

Java. 

82. CORYSANTHES, Bl. 

Very small tuberous herbs with I orbicular or ovate leaf and 

I large flower. Dorsal sepal cucullate curved, laterals and petals, 

when present, filiform. Lip large, base tubular erect with a broad 

recurved limb. Column short stout; stigma broad. Rostellum 

short. Anther 2-celled reniform or ovoid. Pollinia 2 elliptic. 

Capsule erect elliptic on a long-lengthened pedicel. Species about 

20, Indo-Malaya, Australia. 

LIp broad round toothed . . (I) C. picta 

LIp ovate acuminate toothed broad ., (2) C. mucronata 

Lip smaller entire or nearly. 11mb small defiexed (3) C. fomicata 

(I) C. picta Lzndl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. pl. 394; Blume, Orch. 

Arch. Ind. 174, t. 64; Ridl. Mat. i. 204. 

Whole plant 2 in. tall. Leaf cordate acute dark green, white 

veined, '5 in. long. Flower deep red, '5 in. long. Upper sepal 

cuneate, 3-toothed, laterals and petals 1'5 in. long. Lip ovate 

recurved with tubular base, edge of limb toothed. Capsule elliptic. 

Hab. Mountains in moss at about 4000 ft. altitude. Pahang,

206 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. [A phyllorchis. 

long, yellow dotted purple. Sepals oblong blunt, laterals deflexed. 

Petals narrower lanceolate acute, all straw colour. Lip paler ovate 

obtuse, sides elevate. Hab. In forest, often on jungle tracks. 

Not rare. Singapore, Tanglin; Bukit Timah. Pahang, Kwala 

Tenok, Tahan River; Telom. Perak, Bujong Malacca; Thaiping 

Hills (Fox); Batang Padang (Wray); Temengoh; Gunong Kerbau 

(Robinson); Ulu Selama (Yapp). Penang (Kunstler); near Waterfall 

and stone quarry (Haniff). Kedah, Gunong Bintang (Kloss). 

Distrib. Java, Philippines. 

84. DIDYMOPLEXIS, Griff. 

Succulent leafless saprophytes with cylindric rhizome. Stem 

short, deeply sunk in ground. Flowers small, racemose. Upper 

sepal and petals connate, tips free, lateral sepals connate. Lip 

insert on column-foot short entire. Column 2-winged, arms short 

erect. Anther ovate. Pollinia reniform. Capsule elliptic on 

much lengthened thick pedicel, much longer than stem. Species 

2 or 3, Indo-Malaya, Polynesia. 

(1) D. pallens Griff. Calc. JOUYlt. Nat. Hist. iv. 383, t. 17; 

King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii. 260, pl. 346; Rldl. Mat. i. 206. 

Rhizome '5 to 3 in. long; stem 3 to 6 in. long. Flowers few, 

'25 in. wide, pinkish white. Bracts small ovate. Upper sepal 

oblong-ovate blunt united to shorter petals, lateral sepals united 

half-way. Lip cuneate-oblong papillose. Capsule '5 to 1'5 in. 

long; pedicel 6 to 12 in. long, succulent. Hab. In thick forests. 

Singapore, Bukit Timah; Chan Chu Kang. Johor, Gunong Pantai. 

Perak (Scortechini, Wray). Penang, Richmond Pool. Kedah 

Peak. Jalor, Biserat (Gwynne Vaughan). Dislrtb. India, Malay 

isles. 

85. LECANORCHIS, Bl. 

Leafless saprophytes with black wiry stems and long fusiform 

roots. Raceme few-flowered. Flowers thin, the ovary slender, 

terminated by a toothed cup. Sepals and petals sub-equal. Lip 

adnate by its claw to the column, limb dilate. Column dilate 

upwards. Anther oblong, 2-celled terminal. Pollinia 2, elliptic 

granular, no caudicle. Species 3 or 4, Malayan and Japanese. 

(1) L. malaccensis Rldl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 377, t. 5; Ridl. 

Mat. i. 206. 

Stems solitary or several slender branched, 8 to 24 in. tall. 

Flowers I in. long, pale flesh colour. Sepals and petals lanceolatespathulate 

connivent. Lip, limb spathulate bearded, yellow, 

with 2 low keels from base to limb. Column slender, no rostellum. 

Capsule I in. long, narrow, terminated by a cup. Hab. In dense 

forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah, Bajau. Johor, Pengaram; 

Bukit Tenabang (Kelsall). Pahang, Tahan River. Malacca, 

Sadanen (Derry); Base of Mt. Ophir. Negri Sembilan, Gunong

:l08 CXXXVI. ORCItIDE..E. [Gastrodia. 

green and purple. All free to near base. Lip base narrow, sides 

involute cuneate above, 3-lobed, side-lobes broad blunt, midlobe 

narrow straight blunt, orange yellow. Column foot long. Rostellum 

broad, entire. Capsule elliptic, 1 in. long. Hab. In rotten 

trees in dense forest. Rare. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Pulau 

Damar; Selitar. Johor, Sungei Tebrau (Ridley). 

(2) G. Hasselti Bt. Mus. Bol. Lugd. Bat. ii. 175; Orch. Arch. 

Ind. 145, t. 52, figs. 5 to 8. 

A small plant, 6 in. to 2 ft. tall (Blume). Bracts ovate-Ianceolate. 

l

Corymbis.] CXXXVI. ORCHlDEJE. 2UY 

I in. long. Column'3 in. long. Hab. Limestone rocks, Perak, 

Kwala Dipang (Kunstler). 

A very little known plant. 

89. TROPIDIA, Bl. 

Stems wiry leafy. Leaves lanceolate acuminate membranous. 

Panicles or racemes short axillary or terminal. Flowers small, 

pale green or white. Sepals and petals lanceolate similar connivent. 

Lip entire, base saccate. Column short. Anther Ian ceolate. 

Pollinia 4 elongate pyriform with long slender caudicle and 

ovate disc. Rostellum triangular bifid. Capsule cylindric. Species 

6 or 7, Indo-Malaya, China, Polynesia, Jamaica. 

Racemes axillary and sub-termmal sessIle; bracts 

short . . . . . . . . (I) T. curculigoides 

Racemes peduncled; bracts 1'5 Ill. long or less . (2) T. Maingayi 

Spike termmal dense peduncled . (3) T. angulosa 

(r) T. curculigoides Lzndl. Wall. Cat. 7386; Gen. and Sp. 

Orch. pl. 497. T. squamata Bl. Orch. Arch. Ind. 123, t. 41; Ridl. 

Mat. i. z09. 

Stems slender or stout, 8 to IZ in. tall. Leaves lanceolate 

long-acuminate plicate, 6 to 9 in. long, I to 1'5 in. wide. Racemes 

axillary or sub-terminal sessile, '5 in. long, with many broad ovate 

ribbed bracts. Flowers '25 in. long, greenish white, vanilla-scented. 

Sepals lanceolate falcate. Petals narrower, linear falcate. Lip 

lanceolate, base saccate. Hab. Common in forests. Singapore, 

Bukit Timah; Bukit Mandai; Chan Chu Kang. Johor, Batu 

Pahat. Malacca, Mt. Ophir. Pahang, Telom. Selangor, Ginting 

Bidai; Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Perak, Thaiping Hills. Kedah 

Peak (Robinson and Kloss). Drstrib. India, Ceylon, Borneo. 

(z) T. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 93; Ridl. Mat. i. zog. 

Stem 12 to 18 in. tall. Leaves elliptic-Ianceolate acuminate, 

6 to 6'5 in. long, 1'5 in. wide, 7-ribbed. Spikes terminal and 

axillary, I in. long. Peduncle I to 2 in. long, flexuous. Bracts, 

lower ones '15 in. long, linear acuminate. Flowers '25 in. long, 

crowded. Sepals oblong-ovate blunt. Petals obliquely oblong. 

Lip ovate acute with 3 lamellate ribs. H abo Rare. Malacca, Mt. 

Ophir (Maingay, Griffith). 

(3) T.' angulosa Bl. Orch. Arch. Ind. lz2; King Ann. Bot. 

Gard. Calc. viii. z75, pl. 1365; Rtdl. Mat. i. z09. 

Stem branched, 8 to IZ in. long. Leaves Z or 3 terminal ovate 

acuminate, base round, 3 to 5 in. long, I to 3 in. wide. Spike 

terminal dense; peduncle 3 to 4 in. long. Bracts'5 to '75 in. long, 

narrow. Flowers nearly '75 in. long, greenish white. Upper 

sepal linear-Ianceolate acute, laterals lanceolate connate to near 

tips. Petals narrow blunt. Lip oblong-ovate blunt, 2 lamellatc 

nerves in centre, base ·spurred. Capsule '5 in. long. Hab. Rare. 

Perak, Ipoh (Curtis). DzstYlb. India, Burma, Fr:rmosa. 

FI.M.P.4· 

p

Vr)'dagzynea.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 211 

or glabrous, white tipped pink. Sepals lanceolate, laterals falcate 

broader. Petals shorter cohering to upper sepal. Lip much shorter 

oblong blunt, sides involute, spur sub-cylindric blunt, glands 

globose, pedicels free. Capsule nearly '5 in. long. Hab. In damp 

forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Chan Chu Kang. Johor, Batu 

Pahat; Gunong Pantai. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga. Perak 

(Scortechini); Gunong Inas (Yapp). 

(2) V. albida Bl. Orch. Arch. Ind. Pl. 75, t. 19, fig. 2. 

Stem rather stout, 7 in. long or more. Leaves distant ovate, 

narrowed at base, acute at tip, 2 in. long, 1'25 in. wide; petioles 

'5 to '75 in. long. Peduncle 2'5 in. long with a large broad Ian ceolate 

sheathing bract below spike. Spike in flower dense cylindric, 

I in. long. Bracts broad lanceolate nearly blunt. Sepals'I in. 

long, curved white oblong blunt. Petals shorter. Lip oblonglanceolate 

blunt, a papillose band in the middle, spur cylindricconic 

dilate in middle, glands short-pedicelled. Spike elongate in 

fruit to 5 in. long and pedicels longer. Capsule elliptic. Hab. 

Mountain woods. Pahang, Telom. Perak, Batang Padang Valley 

(Wray); Temengoh. Distrib. Java, Philippines. 

(3) V. tristriata Ridl. joltYn. Lwn. Soc. xxxii. 398; Mat. i. 

2II. 

Stem 3 in. tall. Leaves ovate acute, 1'5 in. long, '5 in. wide, 

olive-colour with 3 pink stripes. Spike sub-sessile shorter than 

leaves dense. Flowers white. Sepals lanceolate-oblong, laterals 

oblique. Petals adnate to upper sepal. Lip lanceolate-tongueshaped 

blunt, a pustular cushion in middle, spur long saccate, 

glands yellow globose, pedicels ad nate to spur for half their length. 

Hab. In wet woods, local. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. Johor, 

Sedenak. Perak (Scortechini). 

92. CYSTORCHIS, Bl. 

Terrestrial plants. Leaves ovate petioled or rarely absent. 

Flowers small pubescent. Upper sepals adnate to petals, laterals 

larger. Lip clawed, side-lobes involute, midlobe distinct or not, 

base spurred. Column short; stigma broad. Anther ovate. 

Pollinia 2, deeply grooved on an ovate disc. Species 3 or 4, 

Malayan. 

Leaves,ovate·lanccolatc . 

Leafless saprophyte 

(I) C. variegata Bl. 

38c; Ridl. Mat. i. 212. 

(I) C. variegata 

(2) C. aphylla 

Orch. Arch. Ind. 89, t. 24, figs. 3 and 

Whole plant 6 to 18 in. tall. Leaves ovate-Ianceolate acute 

crisped, olive green with lighter patches, 3 in. long, I in. wide or 

smaller; petioles, I in .. long or less. Scape spicate pubescent; 

flowers crowded small. Bracts lanceolate acuminate red, '5 in. 

long. Upper sepal green with adnate petals white with a trans-

212 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. [Cystorchis. 

verse orange bar, pubescent oblong-Ianceolate. Lip side-lobes 

involute orange, midlobe ovate, base narrowed, white. Hab. In 

damp woods. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang; Kranji. Johor, 

Gunong Pantai. Pahang, Tahan River. Selangor, Kwala Selangor. 

Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi. Perak, Batu Kurau (Curtis). 

Kedah Peak. 

var. purpurea RidI. C. javanica BI. I.c. 87. Leaves deep 

purple usually a smaller plant with smaller leaves. Hab. Singapore, 

Chan Chu Kang. Pahang, Tahan River woods. Perak 

(Scortechini). Distrib. Java, Borneo. 

(2) C. aphyUa Rldl. Joum. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 400; Mat. i. 

212. 

Saprophytic leafless plant, 6 in. tall, roots thick; stems covered 

with ovate acuminate sheaths. Flowers 4 or 5 in short terminal 

spike. Sepals lanceolate acuminate, '25 in. long. Petals shorter 

narrower. Lip lanceolate, base saccate, side-lobes involute hardly 

distinct, midlobe blunt. Anther ovate beaked curved upwards. 

Rostellum o. Hab. In forests scarce and difficult to find. Pahang, 

Gunong Tahan (Haniff). Malacca, Merlimau. Selangor, Semangkok 

Pass (Ridley). Distrib. Java, Borneo, Philippines. 

93. ANlECTOCHILUS, BI. 

Terrestrial herbs; stems ascending. Leaves ovate or lanceolate; 

petioled. Scapes glandular pubescent. Flowers medium 

size or small. Upper sepal adnate to petals forming a hood, laterals 

spreading. Lip adnate to column base, base saccate or spurred. 

Side-lobes erect or spreading; midlobe clawed, claw often pectinate, 

blade broadly bilobed, lobes divaricate or nearly entire, round. 

Column short with 2 wings in front. Anther lanceolate. Pollinia 

clubbed on a shield-like disc. Rostellum long bifid. Stigmata 2 

pustular on each side of rostellum. Species about 50, Indo-Malaya, 

China, including Odolltochilm, Myrmechis, and Cystopus. 

§ I. Eu-AntBctochtlU5. Stem short ascending with ovate leaves brownpurple 

veined with gold. Claw of hp fimbnate. 

Spur entire. 

Claw of lip horizontal, spur horizontal. . (I) A. Reinwardtii 

Claw at base parallel to column then geniculate; 

spur pendulous . (2) A. geniculatus 

Spur bifid at tip; lip horizontal (3) A. albolineatus 

§ 2. Odontoch,'us. Stem rather elongate; flowers numerous. Leaves 

green. 

Stem I ft. long; lip claw fimbriate, base saccate 

Stem 6 in. long; lip claw with 3 or 4 teeth, base 

saccate. . . . . . . 

(4) A. pectinatus 

(5) A. brevistylis 

Stem very slender; leaves very small brown, claw 

crenulate; hp spurred . . . . (6) A. calcaratus 

Stem short; flowers I or 2 large; lip claw entire, 

base saccate (7) A. macranthus

A nt1!ctochilu s.] ex XXVI. ORCHIDE..£. 2 13 

(I) A. Reinwardtii Bl. Orch. Arch. Ind. 48, t. 12, fig. 2; Belg. 

HorHc. 1861, t. 18; Ridl. Mat. i. 213. 

Stem I to 2 in. tall. Leaves orbicular or ovate, purple brown 

reticulated with gold, I to 2 in. long, I in. wide. Scapes 4 to 6 in. 

tall, 3 or 4 flowers at tip pubescent. Sepals dull red pubescent, 

upper one greenish attached to white petals '5 in. long, laterals 

ovate-lanceolate. Lip straight white, claw narrow fimbriate, blade 

transverse oblong, lobes round with median tooth, spur horizontal, 

2 masses of papillre inside. Hab. In dark forests. Perak, Thaiping 

Hills. Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Sumatra, Java. 

(2) A. geniculatus Rtdl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 406; R£dl. 

Mat. i. 213. 

FIG. 177.-An

CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [An(£ctochilus. 

wide, deep purple netted gold with a broad pale bar down centre; 

petioles '25 in. long. Flowers about 8. Sepals reddish or dark 

brownish red pubescent. Petals adnate to the upper sepal thin 

white. Lip white horizontal, claw short, a pair of oblong calli 

at base; filaments 6 to 8 on each side, limb of 2 short truncate lobes, 

spur curved rather long, tip bifid. Column with broad triangular 

wings and forked process from the centre. Anther ovate pubescent. 

Hab. In woods, rarely flowering. Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). 

Perak, Thaiping (Derry). Distrib. Burma. 

(4) A. pectinatus Ridl. Mat. i. 214. Odontochilus pectinatus 

Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 99; Ie. Pl. 2165· 

Stem I ft. long, internodes I in. long. Leaves crowded above, 

ovate oblique, 3 in. long, 1 in. wide, green; petioles '5 in. long. 

Spike 2 in. long, base nude; flowers about 10, '5 in. long. Upper 

sepal and petals adnate ovate pubescent, laterals ovate, green. 

Lip much longer, white, base saccate, two curved clubbed processes 

inside, side-lobes short round, claw with many filaments, lobes 

of limb falcate, blunt. Hab. Perak, Thaiping Hills, at 3000 to 

4000 ft. altitude (all collectors). 

(5) A. brevistylis Ridl. Mat. i. 214. Odontochilus brevistylis 

Hook. fit. F.B.I. vi. roo; Ie. Pt. 2166. 

Stem about 6 in. long. Leaves ovate acuminate oblique, 1'5 in. 

long; petioles '25 to '5 in. long. Peduncle 1 in. long, pubescent, 

with 3 or 4 flowers at top. Flowers'5 in. long, white. Upper sepal 

ovate, laterals obliquely ovate, with tuft of hairs at tip. Petals 

free semi-ovate acuminate. Lip base saccate (not spurred), claw 

with 3 or 4 falcate teeth, limb bifid, lobes semi-ovate round. Anther 

ovate. Bab. Rare. Pahang, Fraser Hill at 4000 to 4370 ft. altitude 

(Burkill and Holttum). Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). 

(6) A. calcaratus Rzdl. Mat. i. 214. Odontochilus calcaratus 

Hook. fit. F.B.I. vi. 99. 

A slender erect plant, 2 to 5 in. tall. Leaves ovate sessile or 

short-petioled, '25 to '3 in. long, brown, or green dashed with 

crimson and veined gold (Wray) or purple (Scortechini). Flowers 

2 or 3, white, '5 in. across. Sepals lanceolate, base connate in a 

mentum. Petals linear-Ianceolate free. Lip spurred, side-lobes 

curved, claw crenulate, limb of 2 quadrate truncate lobes. Column 

with a bifid elongate process descending into the spur. Pollinia 

with 2 caudicles. Hab. Rare on rocks in forest at about 3000 ft. 

altitude. Perak (no locality) (Scortechini, Wray); Hermitage Hill 

(Ridley). 

(7) A. macranthus Ridt. Mat. i. 215. Odontochilus macranthus 

Hook. fit. F.B.I. vi. 98; Ie. Pl. 2161. 

Stem nodose ascending, 4 in. long. Leaves lanceolate, I in. 

long, '5 in. wide or smaller. Flowers I or 2 terminal large, white 

sessile. Bracts lanceolate blunt adnate to the semi-ovate petals, 

laterals gibbous at base. Lip spathulate, sides involute, base

Ancectochilus.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 215 

saccate with 2 small processes, claw entire narrow, blade of 2 rounded 

crenulate lobes. Column with 2 lanceolate horizontal processes 

from the base. Anther lanceolate. Rostellum arms as long blunt. 

Hab. Local in dead leaves in forests at 2000 to 4000 ft. altitude. 

Perak, Thaiping Hills, Maxwell's Hill (Scortechini, Wray, Curtis, 

etc.). 

This really belongs to the genus CystoPlIs Bl., but I do not find that 

this genus can be kept distinct. 

94. DOSSINIA, Morren. 

Terrestrial herb. Leaves ovate pctioled. Scape tall; flowers 

small. Upper sepal adnate to petals. Lip adnate to base of column, 

saccate with 2 glands inside, side-lobes short; midlobe clawed, 

tip dilate. Column short with a boat-shaped process in front 

projecting into the lip-sac. Anther acuminate. Pollinia 2 in a 

single caudicle. Species 1, Malayan. 

(1) D. marmorata Morren, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iv. 171, t. 

195; Rldt. Mat. i. 215. 

Leaves ovate or ovate-elliptic, 2 to 3'5 in. long, 1'75 to 2'5 in. 

wide, deep velvety green marbled and veined with lighter colour; 

petioles short, sheaths broad reddish. Scape 1 ft. long or more, 

pubescent. Flowers numerous. Sepals ovate pink, laterals larger 

falcate. Lip longer, white bilobed. H abo Local. Penang, Telok 

Bahang (Curtis). Distrlb. Borneo. 

95. MACODES, Lind!. 

Terrestrial herbs. Leaves ovate petiolate. Spike tall, pubescent; 

flowers numerous small. Bracts lanceolate. Sepals and 

petals connivent. Lip saccate 3-lobed, spurless with 2 calli at base. 

Column short thick. Anther long. Pollinia long-stalked on very 

small disc. Rostellum bifid, lobes very long, curved. Two very 

large curved laminre from column below stigma. Species recorded 

about 6, Malay isles to Solomon isles. 

(1) M. petola Ltndl. Gen. alld Sp. arch. Pt. 497; Ri. arch. 

Arch. Ind. II9, pl. 31, fig. 2; Ridl. Mat. i. 215. 

Stem short. Leaves ovate rounded, 2 in. long, 1'25 in. wide, 

sometimes acute, dark green reticulated with gold; petioles '25 in. 

long. Flowering stem pubescent, 2 to 6 in. long; flowers about 

12. Sepals lanceolate blunt reddish, pubescent. Petals linear, 

shorter. Lip pandurate, twisted, side-lobes curved up; midlobe 

narrow, spathulate blunt, with 2 fleshy hooks at base. Hab. Not 

rare, in damp spots. Singapore, Chua Chu Kang. Johor, Gunong 

Pantai. Malacca, Mount Ophir. Selangor, Semangkok Pass. 

Perak, Gunong Keledang (Goldham). Kedah Peak. Distrib. 

Java, Lingga.

216 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE...E. [HfEmaria. 

96. HlEMARIA, Lindl. 

Creeping herbs with few ovate or lanceolate petioled leaves. 

Flowers rather large racemed white. Upper sepal ad nate to petals 

forming a large ovate hood, laterals oblong-ovate spreading. Lip 

saccate at base adnate to base and sides of column, terminal lobe 

broad oblong bilobed, lobes spreading. Column dilate upwards. 

Anther ovate acuminate. Pollinia long curved pyriform. Species 1, 

Malayan and Chinese. 

(1) H. discolor Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 490; Miq. Choix 

des Plantes t. 16; Ridl. Mat. i. 216. Ludisia discolor Bl. Orch. 

Arch. Ind. II3, pl. 34, figs. 2, 3 and 44. Goodyera discolor Ker, 

Bot. Reg. t. 271; Bot. Mag. 2055. 

Stem 4 to 12 in. tall, fleshy. Leaves deep velvety brown with 

pink midrib and 2 outer veins, I to 3 in. long, '75 to 1'5 in. wide. 

Spike 3 to 8 in. long, white pubescent. Ovary and pedicel white 

woolly, '75 in. long. Flowers fragrant. Lip twisted, side-lobes short 

erect, base with 2 small glands, terminal lobes divaricate. Anther 

yellow. Hab. On bare rocks, sometimes in great masses. Johor 

Pulau Tiuman; Pulau Aor; Pulau Tinggi. Penang Hill (Wallich) ; 

Pulau Betong (Curtis). Kelantan, Gunong, Kota Bharu. Setul, 

Bukit Rajah Wang in great masses. Dislrib. Tenasserim, Cochin 

China, China. 

var. Ordiana Williams. Leaf green with golden veins. 

var. OtletfE, H. OtletfE Rolfe, Ill. Hart. xxxviii. 31, pl. 124, with 

narrow lanceolate leaves dark purple. 

var. Dawsoniana H. Dawsoniana Bot. Mag. t. 7486. Leaves 

broad dark purple reticulate with gold. 

All these varieties grow together, except var. Ordzana, which occurs more 

rarely, on Pulau Aor. The type is a rather small· leaved state With plain 

purple brown leaves. It is often cultivated in gardens, and IS known to the 

Malays as Daun Low (after Sir Hugh Low). 

97. ZEUXINE, Lindl. 

Terrestrial herbs ascending. Leaves linear-Ianceolate to ovate. 

Flowers small spicate. Sepals sub-equal, upper one forming a hood 

with the petals. Lip adnate to column, saccate with calli inside tip, 

broad more or less bilobed. Column very short with lamellar or 

conic processes in front. Stigmas 2 distinct. Pollinia pyriform 

with an oblong disc. Species 60, tropical Asia and Africa. 

Leaves narrow hnear-Ianceolate (I) Z. sulcata 

Leaves ovate or lanceolate broad. 

Flowers '25 m long; leaves small ovate. . (2) Z. afIlnis 

Flowers '25 m. long; leaves 3 m. long, ovate 

acummate. . . . . . . (3) Z. reniformis 

Flowers very small numerous in a long spike, 2 calli 

m lip . . . . . . . (4) Z. clandestina 

Flowers very small, 12 10 spike, callus I bilobed . (5) Z, palustris

Zeuxine.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDEA':. 2I7 

Flowers very small, 20 in spike, callus of 2 crenulate 

ridges, claw with 2 lobes. . . . (6) Z. biloba 

Flowers 2 small; lip bllobed With oblong truncate 

lobes • • • . •• (7) Z. mpestris 

Flowers 5 or 6; lip tip round blunt . (8) Z. violascens 

(I) Z. sulcata Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 484; King, Ann. 

Bot. Gard. Calc. viii. 286, pl. 38I. 

Stem erect, 2 to I6 in. tall. Leaves linear-Ianceolate acuminate 

erect, I to 2 in. long, 'I2 in. wide. Raceme dense sub-sessile globose. 

Bracts lanceolate acuminate, '25 to '5 in. long. Flowers white, 

yellow or pink, 'I6 in. long. Sepals and petals oblong blunt. Lip 

yellow boat-shaped, with short pubescent claw and transverse oblong 

or bilobed limb. Hab. Rare. Malacca, Sungei Rambai (Derry). 

Distnb. Indo-Malaya, China. 

(2) Z. amnis Benth. Gen. Plant. iii. 600; Rldl. Mat. i. 2I7. 

Whole plant 6 to I2 in. tall. Leaves ovate or ovate-Ianceolate 

acute, I in. long, '5 in. wide. Scape 6 in. long, pubescent. Flowers 

many, '25 in. long. Upper sepal oblong blunt, laterals ovate pubescent 

green. Petals oblong. Lip, sac broad with 2 curved processes 

inside, claw narrow, limb bilobed, lobes spreading blunt yellow. 

Anther lanceolate. Hab. Rare. Penang Hill (Maingay, Haniff). 

Distnb. India. 

(3) Z. reniformis Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. I07; Ic. Pl. 2I73. 

Stem below leaves 6 to IO in. tall. Leaves ovate-Ianceolate, 

base round, top acuminate, 2 to 3.6 in. long, I in. wide; petioles 

'5 in. long. Scape 2 in. long, pubescent. Bracts'3 in. longer than 

ovary. Sepal '25 in. long, ovate sub-acute glabrous. Petals 

semi-ovate. Lip, sac hemispheric clawed, calli 2-toothed inside, 

terminal lobe reniform, crenate, 2 semi-ovate lamella! on its base. 

Hab. Perak (Scortechini). 

(4) Z. clandestina Bl. Orch. Arch. Ind. 70, pl. 39, fig. 4; Rldl. 

Mat. i. 2I8. 

Plant slender, I ft. tall or less. Leaves distant, 5, lanceolateovate, 

I'25 in. long, '36 in. wide; petioles '25 in. long. Scape slender 

hairy, 6 in. long, base nude. Flowers often numerous very small. 

Upper sepal adnate to petals forming an acute hood, laterals oblong 

green tipped white, hairy. Lip base saccate green, with 2 curved 

processes, side-lobes involute, limb white /bilobed spreading. 

Capsule '25 in. long. Hab. On stony paths and edges of woods. 

Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Timah. Negri Sembilan, Rubber 

Estates, Siliau (Williams). Penang Hill near Waterfall on the 

track, up to 2500 ft. altitude; Richmond Pool (Ridley). Distrib. 

Java. 

(5) Z. palustris Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 57, p. roo. 

Whole plant I5 in. tall. Leaves 4. ovate blunt 3-nerved, I in. 

long, '5 in. wide; petioles '25 in. long. Scape pubescent; raceme 

3 in. long; flowers I2. Bracts shorter than ovary. Sepals narrow

218 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Zeuxine 

lanceolate acute glabrous reddish. Petals white ad nate to upper 

one. Lip, base saccate narrowed to limb, which is bilobed, lobes 

oblong divaricate, callus in sac conic emarginate. Hab. Very 

rare. Perak, Temengoh in a grassy swamp, one plant (Ridley). 

(6) Z. biloba Rtdl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 73. 

Stem 6 to 7 in. tall. Leaves ovate-Ianceolate, base round, tip 

acute, 2'5 to 3 in. long, '75 to 1 in. wide; petioles '5 to '74 in. 

long. Scape 8 in. tall, pubescent, lower part nude. Flowers about 

20, lax. Upper sepal lanceolate blunt red-spotted at base, tip 

white, laterals oblong blunt red-hairy, '25 in. long. Petals linear 

blunt. Lip, base saccate, 2 short crenulate ridges inside, claw short 

channelled with a pair of triangular lobes on edge, limb large of 

2 white obovate round lobes. Hab. Rare. Mountain forests. 


(7) Z. rupestris Rtdl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, p. 86; 

Mat. i. 218. 

Plant slender, 6 to 8 in. tall. Leaves few lanceolate narrow 

blunt, '5 to '75 in. long, '12 in. wide. Scape slender pubescent. 

Flowers 2, terminal white. Sepals ovate hairy. Petals adnate 

to upper sepal. Lip with 2 linear processes in sac, claw minutely 

denticulate terete, limb of two oblong truncate lobes. Capsule 

'25 in. long. Hab. Rare, on the top of rocks in dead leaves at 

2500 ft. altitude. Penang Hill (Ridley). 

(8) Z. violascens Rtdl. Mat. i. 218. Hetreria purpurascens 

Bl. Orch. Ind. 105, pl. 37. Psychechilus purpurascens Bl. l.c. p. 71, 

pl. 18, fig. 3. 

Slender plant, 6 to 10 in. tall. Leaves lanceolate or ovatelanceolate 

acute purple with or without a central pink vein, '5 to 

1 in. long, '5 in. wide; petioles '12 in. long. Scape pubescent. 

Flowers 5 or 6 crowded at tip. Sepals oblong blunt, '2 in. long. 

Petals adnate to upper one. Lip as long as sepals, 2 curved processes 

in sac, sides involute, tip broader rounded obtuse. H abo 

Very rare, in wet forest, Johor, Tanjong Kupang (Ridley). Distrlb. 


98. CHEIROSTYLIS, Bl. 

Terrestrial herbs, with small flowers in a raceme. Sepals connate 

in a gibbous-based tube to middle. Petals narrow. Lip insert at 

base of column, base saccate erect, limb shortly clawed, then 

broadly dilate toothed, crenate or entire. Column short with 

2 appendages in front. Rostellum bifid; stigmas 2 lateral. Anther 

erect, pollinia 2, caudicle short, disc oblong. Species about 20, 

Indo-Malaya, China, Formosa. 

(1) Ch. flabellata Wight, Ic. v. 16; Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 105. 

C. Goldschmidtiana Schlechter Orclus, 1915, 4, pl. i. 

Whole plant 3 to 6 in. tall. Leaves ovate, '5 to 6 in. long, 

'25 in. wide, blunt. Scape slender with a few rather large sheathing

220 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEJE. [Goodyera. 

(3) G. rubens Bl. Orch. Arch. Ind. 43, pls. 9c, 9D.; Ridl. Mat. i. 

219. Stem stout, 8 in. tall or more. Leaves 8 or 9, rather distant 

oblong-lanceolate acuminate oblique, 3 to 7 in. long, I'S to 2'S in. 

wide. Scape I ft. tall, reddish pubescent. Flowers numerous 

sessile red. Bracts lanceolate subulate longer than ovary, 'S in. 

long. Sepals blunt acuminate puberulous. Petals adnate to 

upper one. Lip saccate, boat-shaped, tip acute, sac villous inside. 

Anther lanceolate; pollinia 2, clubbed tapering, on one caudicle 

to disc. Hab. Local, Perak, upper part of Badang Padang v:llley 

(Wray). Distrzb. Java. 

(4) G. folios a Hook fil. F.B.I. vi. II3; King, Ann. Bot. Gard. 

Calc. 281, pl. 374. Georchis foliosa Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. pl. 496. 

Whole plant about 6 to 12 in. tall. Leaves ovate-lanceolate 

oblique acute, I'S to 2'S in. long, I'2S in. wide; petioles'3 in. long. 

Spike sessile, 2 to 3 in. long, pubescent. Bracts'3 in. long, longer 

than the flowers. Flowers pink (white tinged) flesh colour (Wray). 

Sepals ovate-lanceolate blunt" '24 in. long. Petals half oblong. 

Lip base deep saccate hairy within. Anther lanceolate. Rostellar 

arms long slender. H abo Rare. Perak, Gunong Brumber Pahang 

at 7000 ft. altitude (Wray). Distnb. India, Burma. 

(S) G. cordata Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. II4; Ie. Pl. 2187; Ridl. Mat. 

i. 220. Georchis cordata Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. pl. 496. 

Stem slender ascending. Leaves about 4, ovate acute, crisped, 

I in. long, '7S in. wide; petioles'S in. long. Scape 3 to 4 in. tall. 

Flowers 2 to 8, red, ·S in. long. Sepals lanceolate acute acuminate 

greenish tipped red or all red. Petals adnate to upper sepals. 

Lip short oblong sub-acute, tip recurved, two hairy patches at base. 

Anthere lanceolate long-acuminate. Pollinia 4 clubbed, one caudicle. 

Rostellum long, lobes linear-lanceolate. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). 

Penang, Fern Hill (Ridley and Curtis). Distrib. India. 

(6) G. lanceolata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 39, p. 86; 

Mat. i. 220. 

Stem 9 in. tall. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, I'S in. long, 

'S in. wide. Scape 3'5 in. tall, pubescent, few-flowered. Bracts 

36 in. long, woolly-pubescent. Sepals lanceolate, laterals oblique, 

·S in. long, acuminate, reddish woolly-pubescent. Petals ad nate 

to upper sepals, reddish. Lip base saccate adnate to column, 

glabrous within with a tuft of digitate processes on each side, apex 

acuminate. Anther very long acuminate. Pollinia '2S in. long, 

clubbed, with 2 yellow caudicles connate half-way. Rostellum 

long, shortly acutely bifid. Hab. Mountains, very rare. Selangor. 

Semangkok Pass (Curtis). One specimen. 

100. RET lERIA, Bl. 

Terrestrial herbs, with a creeping ascending stem. Leaves 

ovate or lanceolate, petioled. Spike slender dense. Flowers small.

222 CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. [Hetceria. 

(3) H. elata Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. II6; Ic. Pl. t. 2191; Rldl. 

Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 74 (not of Materials i. 221). 

Stem below leaves I in. long. Leaves 3 or 4 ovate acuminate, 

base round, 4 in. long, 1'5 in. wide; petioles 2 in. long. Peduncle 

14 in. long; raceme dense, many-flowered, 4 in. long, pubescent. 

Bracts longer than ovary, '2 in. long. Sepals ovate blunt, '1 in. 

long. Petals oblong blunt, as long. Lip ovate saccate, sides 

towards tip involute, tip ovate, 4 cylindric processes in 2 pairs, 

and orbicular plate with 2 processes pointing backwards. Anther 

short pear-shaped, beak blunt. Rostellum broad with 2 short 

points, stigmatic wall broad with 2 short teeth. Capsule elliptic, 

'25 in. long. Hab. Local on banks in forests. Perak, Batang 

Padang valley (Wray); Gunong Berumbun, summit (Ridley). 

(4) H. pauciflora Rzdl. Journ. F.M.5. Mus. iv. 73. 

Stem 5 in. long. Leaves narrow' lanceolate acuminate, 2 in. 

long, '4 in. wide; petioles'I in. long, sheaths '25 in. long. Peduncle 

2'5 in long; raceme I in. long, with 6 flowers; rachis pubescent. 

Bracts as long as ovary, '1 in long. Sepals ovate blunt, glabrous 

red dotted white, '1 in. long. Petals white linear narrower. Lip 

shorter saccate ovate, tip rolled into a tube, 2 semi-ovate ridges 

at base, and 2 central short keels. Pollinia pyriform elongate 

with large thick elliptic disc. Stigma deep and wide with projecting 

round walls. Rostellum broad with 2 subulate points. H abo Rare. 


(5) H. nitida Ridl. J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 404; Mat. i. 222. 

Stem I ft. tall. Leaves ovate acute dark polished green, 3'5 in. 

long, 1'5 in. wide; petioles 1'25 in. long. Scape 9 in. long, pubescent. 

Spike dense, many-flowered. Flowers '25 in. long. Bracts 

red, '25 in. long. Sepals ovate blunt pubescent red. Petals free 

spathulate white. Lip adnate to column ovate boat-shaped, edges 

at tip involute to an acute point, a row of linear processes on each 

side in lip base. Column arms linear. Anther ovate beaked. 

Pollinia pyriform on a single caudicle, disc linear. Rostellar arms 

linear short. Hab. In damp woods. Singapore, Bukit Timah; 

Chan Chu Kang. Penang, Pulau Betong (Curtis). 

(6) H. ophirensis Ridl. H. elata Rldl. Mat. i. 221 (not of Hook. 

fil.). 

Stem 2 to 3 in. long. Leaves ovate acuminate, 3-nerved, 4 in. 

long, 1'25 in. wide; petioles slender, I in. long. Peduncle slender, 

I ft. long. Raceme 3 in. long. Flowers very small. Bracts 

lanceolate long acuminate. Sepals ovate. Petals linear falcate. 

Lip boat-shaped ovate, tip sub-acute with numerous short processes 

in sac. Anther ovate. Column arms rather long. Rostellum 

deeply bifid. Hab. Malacca, Mt. Ophir on Gunong Tunduk at 

3000 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

(7) H. elegans Rtdl. Journ. Ltnn. Soc. xxxviii. 330. 

Stem 3 in. long. Leaves ovate acuminate. 3-nerved, 3 in. long,

Hetceria.] CXXXVI. ORCHIDElE. 223 

I in. wide; petioles 1'5 in. long. Peduncle I ft. long; raceme 6 in. 

long, lax, white pubescent. Flowers greenish, hardly more than 

'08 in. long; pedicel and ovary '25 in. long. Sepals ovate blunt 

glabrous. Petals narrow linear, tip dilate. Lip oblong-ovate 

saccate with many fleshy clubbed processes in sac, and a fleshy 

wart on tip. Hab. Mountains. Rare. Pahang, Gunong Tahan 

at 5000 to 6000 ft. altitude (Robinson). 

(8) H. parvifolia Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. v. 39, p. 87; 

Mat. i. 222. 

Stem 2 in. tall. Leaves lanceolate acute sub-sessile, I in. long, 

'25 in. wide; sheaths '25 in. long. Scape slender pubescent, 5 

to 6 in. long; raceme 2 in. long. Flowers very small, '12 in. long. 

Upper sepal adnate to petals ovate acuminate pubescent, laterals 

lanceolate acute. Lip, base saccate, with minute cylindric processes 

inside, lanceolate acute, sides of tip involute forming a tube. Anther 

with a long narrow beak. Rostellar arms nearly as long linear 

truncate. Hab. Rare. Penang Hill (Ridley). 

101. HYLOPHILA, Lindl. 

Terrestrial herbs with long creeping stem. Leaves many, 

lanceolate petioled. Spike peduncled rather lax of many small 

flowers, pubescent. Upper sepal hooded attached to petals, laterals 

broad gibbous, forming a mentum. Lip a sub-globose sac with a 

small linear limb, and a callus in base of sac. Column very short, 

no arms. Anther long beaked. Pollinia pear-shaped, caudicle 

tapering to disc. Rostellum very long bifid. Species 4, Malay 

isles to New Guinea and Philippines. 

Spike long slender; flowers small. .. (r) B. mollis 

Spike dense subsessile; flowers '25 in long. (2) B.lanceolata 

(I) H. mollia Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 490; Bl. Orch. 

Arch. Ind. lI5, pis. 35, 36F; Rzdl. Mat. i. 223. 

Rhizome long, creeping ascending, 6 to 8 in. tall. Leaves 

numerous thin lanceolate acute polished green, 4 in. long, 1'25 in. 

wide; petioles 2 in. long. Peduncle 1'5 ft. tall or less, spicate part 

6 in. long. Flowers small, all sticky pubescent green. Bracts 

shorter than ovary, '25 in. long. Sepals '12 in. long, upper one 

saccate beaked, laterals ovate oblique. Lip globose saccate. 

Capsule elliptic sessile, '25 in. long. Hab. In wet forests, sometimes 

very abundant. Singapore (Wallich); Teban; Bukit Timah; 

Toa Payoh. Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). 

Distrib. Sumatra. 

(2) H. lanceolata Hook. F.B.I. vi. lIO; Ridl. Mat. i. 223. 

Dicerostylis lanceolata Bl. Orch. Arch. Ind. lI6, pl. 38, fig. I. 

Stem stout ,ascending, 6 in. tall. Leaves narrow lanceolate, 

caudate acuminate waved, 4 to 5 in. long, 1'25 to 1'5 in. wide; 

petioles I in. long. Spike 3 in. long, dense, nearly sessile. Flowers

224 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.£. [Hylophila. 

numerous white, glabrous or nearly. Sepals '25 in. long. Petals 

oblique ovate. Lip sac nearly globose. Hab. Rare. Perak 

(Scortechini); Bujong Malacca (Curtis). Distrib. Java. 

102. LEPIDOGYNE, Bl. 

A large stout plant with thick creeping stem and long sessile 

linear acuminate leaves. Scape tall covered with sheaths. Spike 

long and dense with long linear bracts. Flowers small pink. Upper 

sepal adnate to petals. Lip saccate, base adnate to column with 

several short processes inside, side-lobes short, terminal lobe linear. 

Column short; rostellum deeply bifid, lobes linear. Anther elongate 

lanceolate acuminate. Pollinia pear-shaped narrowed into caudicles, 

a narrow linear disc. Species 3, Malayan. 

(I) L. longifolia Bl. Orch. Arch. Ind. 94, pl. 25; Ridl. Mat. i. 

224· Leaves 12 to 18 in. long, 2 in. wide. Scape nearly 3 ft. long, 

spicate portion I ft. long. Flowers very numerous. Sepals 

lanceolate acuminate, '25 in. long. Capsule elliptic, '5 in. long. 

Hab. Local in woods. Johor, Pulau Kukub in the peat-woods 

(Ridley). Penang, Mt. Elvira (Curtis). Distnb. Lingga, Sumatra, 

Java, Phtlippines. 

In the peat-woods the ground is completely composed for a depth of 

20 ft or more of decaying leaves and sticks with hardly a trace of mmeral 

matter. 

103. STEREOSANDRA, Bl. 

Leafless slender saprophyte with swollen tuberous rhizome. 

Flowers secund pendulous. Bracts linear-Ianceolate. Pedicels 

short. Sepals and petals similar connivent. Lip as long and similar, 

entire with two round cushions at base. Column very short. 

Anther large. Pollinia elongate pyriform. No rostellum. Stigma 

transversely oblong on a distinct short style. Capsule elliptic. 

Species I or 2, Malayan, Siam. 

(I) S. javanica Bl. Mus. Bot. 2, p. 176; Orch. Arch. Ind. 30, t. 

10, fig. 3, t. II, fig. 9· (Fig. 178, p. 225·) 

Rhizome '5 to '75 in. long, '36 in. through, ringed. Stem IS in. 

long, pale with 4 or 5 sheaths. Flowers about 10 distant on purple 

pedicels. Sepals and petals '35 in. long, acuminate. All white 

with black-violet tips. Lip white, edges sinuate and tip deep blackviolet. 

Anther with 2 violet blotches. Capsule elliptic, '25 in. 

long. Hab. In woods very scarce and difficult to find. Singapore, 

Bukit Panjang on banks of a stream. Johor, near Castlewood 

(Ridley). Negri Sembilan (Williams). Perak, Temengoh. Penang 

Hill (Curtis). Distrib. Malay Isles. 

104. CRYPTOSTYLIS, R. Br. 

Terrestrial herbs with woolly roots. Leaves basal, I or 2, longpetioled. 

Scape lateral tall racemose at tip; flowers many. Sepals

C ryptostylis.] CXXxvI. ORCHIDEJE. 225 

and petals very narrow. Lip superior erect entire, base embracing 

column. Column very short. Anther oblong blunt. Pollinia 2 

pyriform, deeply lobed, with small disc or separate. Rostellum 

broad thick. Capsule elliptic. Species IS, Indo-Malaya, Polynesia 

and Australia, Formosa. 

(I) C. arachnites Bl. Oreh. Arch. Ind. 132, t. 45; Ridl. Mat. i. 

225. C. filiformis Bl. l.e. 133, t. 45, fig. 3· 

Leaves elliptic or ovate, 2'5 to 6 in. long, 1'5 to 3 in. wide; 

FIG. I 78.-Stereosandra javanica, 

/ 

petioles I to 4 in. long. Scape 6 to 30 in. tall.; raceme I to 6 in. 

long. \Sepals and petals '5 to '7 in. long, green linear. Lip '36 to 

'5 in. long, lanceolate narrow or wide, light brown with darker red 

spots. Capsule elliptic, '75 in. long. Hab. In woods from sea level 

to 5500 ft. altitude. COl1lmon. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Pulau 

Damar. Pahapg, Gunong Tahan. Malacca, Merlimau (Derry). 

Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall); Gunong Mengkuang Lebah 

(Robinson); Menuang_Gasing (Kloss). Perak, Thaiping Hills to 

5500 ft. altitude (Wray); Gunong Inas (Yapp), Penang Hill, 

F1.MP,,4 Q

226 CXXXVI. ORCHIDE...E. [Cryptostylis. 

Kedah, Peak; Gunong Bintang (Kloss). Distrib. India, Ceylon, 

Java, Sumatra. Native name: Bunga Bangkong. 

This plant is very variable in size of plant and breadth of the lip, and 

more than two s.pecies have been made of it. C. filt/ormis Bl. is a dwarf form 

with shorter petiole. 

TRIBE IV. OPHRYDElE (GENERA 105). 

105. HABENARIA, Linn. 

Terrestrial herbs. Leaves herbaceous. Flowers in a terminal 

spike or raceme. Sepals subequal or laterals longer spreading. 

Petals simple often connivent with upper sepal or bilobed. Lip 

adnate to column, base simple or 3-lobed, spurred. Anther adnate 

to top of column, 2-celled, bases of cells sometimes prolonged into 

tubes. Pollinia 2, clubbed or pear-shaped, granular, with a long 

or short caudicle and small disc to each. Staminodes I or 2 viscid 

processes on the face of the column below the anther. Rostellum 

erect entire. ,Capsule usually ellipsoid. Species about 400, whole 

world. 

Lip entire, spur long slender. .'. 

Lip trifid; petals undivided, spur long. 

Lip, side-lobes broad undivided. 

Midlobe broad deeply bifid yellow 

Midlobe broad retuse pink or white. . 

Lip, side-lobes broad I?ectinate; mid lobe small. 

Flowers 3 to 4 in. Wide, white. • . 

Lip, all lobes narrow linear. 

Leaves narrow lineai-lal1ceolate. 

(I) H. zosterostyloides 

(z) H. xanthochila 

(3) H. camea 

(4) H. SUSaDDlB 

Raceme few-flowered; sepals pink . (5) H. roseata 

Raceme few-flowered; flowers yellow . (6) H. acuifera 

Leaves lanceolate broad; flowers numerous 

in a lax raceme fairly large, a tall plant . (7) H. Kingii 

Leaves lanceolate narrow, flaccid; flowers 

very small in a lax raceme . . (8) H. inconspicua 

Lip trifid, spur long; petals bifid. 

Flowers crowded, medium, greenish white . (9) H. siDgapurensis 

Lip trifid; spur short saccate. 

Plant 4 to 5 ft. tall; spike dense; bracts long. (10) H. gigas 

Plant 2 ft. tall; raceme rather lax; flowers 

small; bracts as long as ovary 

Small plants I ft. tall or less. 

(I I) H. glaucescens 

Flowers small white; lip lobes linear . . (12) H. lacertifera 

Flowers very small green, lip lobes filiform. (13) H. monticola 

(I) H. zosterostyloides Hook. F.B.I. vi. 155. Ridl. Mat. i. 

226. Whole plant 2 ft. tall or less. Leaves, radical ovate acute, 

4 in. long, 2 in. wide, with petioles 2 in. long or more; cauline sessile 

lanceolate. Raceme lax; flowers medium green. Bracts lanceolate 

acute shorter than ovary, '25 to '5 in. long. Upper sepal ovate, 

laterals linear-oblong. Petals triangular ovate. Lip linear entire 

as long as sepals; spur cylindric acute. Ca{>sule sub-sessile elliptir-

228 CXXXVI. ORCHlnE...E. [ H abenaria. 

dull olive green with white spots or plain. Scape 6 to 12 in. tall. 

Bracts ovate-acuminate. Flowers 6 to 20, rose-pink or white, 

1 in. wide. Sepals ovate. Petals ovate. Lip 1 in long, sidelobes 

very broad round, midlobe reniform or nearly orbicular retuse, 

base narrowed. H abo Limestone rocks. Lankawi, K wah; Terutau 

(Curtis). 

var. minor Rid!. is a smaller form with plain leaves and white 

flowers. Dzstrtb. S. Siam. 

(4) H. Susannre Br. Prodr. 312; Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 137. 

H. gigantea Don. Prod. 24; Bot. Mag, t. 3374. 

A tall stout plant, 2 to 4 ft. tall. Leaves ovate-oblong, 2 to 6 in. 

long, 1'5 to 2 in. wide. Raceme 3- to S-flowered. Flowers 3 to 4 in. 

across, white fragrant. Upper sepal broad rhomboid, laterals 

blunt quadrate-oblong. Petals linear acute. Lip side-lobes very 

broad pectinate, midlobe linear, spur twice as long as ovary, 4 in. 

long, cylindric. Hab. Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). Setul (Haniff). 

Dzstrib. India, Burmah, China, Malay Isles. 

(5) H. roseata Ridl. Journ. Rqy. As. Soc. S. Br. 49, p. 

42 . 

Stem slender, 2 ft. tall. Leaves few, distant linear-acute, 3 in. 

long, '25 to '5 in. wide. Raceme lax, about 9-flowered. Upper 

sepal ovate blunt, boat-shaped, forming a hood with the oblong 

petals, pale rose pink, laterals oblique ovate blunt, 3-ribbed, spreading. 

Lip trifid to base, lobes narrow -linear, white, middle one 

longest, '5 in. long, spur slender, '75 in. long, slender geniculate 

in middle. Hab. Rare. Setul heath among bushes (Ridley). 

Distrib. Trang. 

(6) H. acuifera Wall. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 325; Hook. 

F.B.I. vi. 146. 

Rather slender plant, 6 to 15 in. tall, with scattered linearlanceolate 

leaves, 1'5 to 2'75 in. long, '25 in. wide, passing into 

narrow setaceous bracts. Spike short, 1'5 in. long, bracts longer 

than ovary. Flowers yellow, ·6 in. wide. Sepals oblong, upper 

one broad, laterals concave. Petals much smaller linear-oblong. 

Lip as long as sepals, side-lobes short subuIate, midlobe linear, 

spur slender slightly clubbed, half as long as ovary. Hab. Tringganu, 

Ismail Rantau (Down). Jalor, Biserat (Gwynne Vaughan). 

Distrib. Khasiya, Tavoy, Indo-China, China. 

(7) H. Kingii Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 144; Ridl. Mat. i. 227. 

H. Murtoni Hook fil. l.c. 

Whole plant I to 2'5 ft. tall; stem rather stout, 4-angled ciliate 

on angles. Leaves crowded towards base, lanceolate or ellipticlanceolate, 

6 to 10 in. long, 1'5 in. wide, undulate, shining green. 

Raceme 6 in. long, lax. Flowers numerous, whitish green. Bracts 

'75 in. long. Upper sepal hooded. obovate, '25 in. long; laterals 

deflexed cultrate triangular, falcate, base narrowed. Petals linear 

blunt. Lip 8-lobed, lobes narrow linear equal, spur arched, slender

H abenaria. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE.IE. 229 

cylindric dilate towards tip. Hab. Local, -usually on limestone 

rocks. Negri Sembilan, Labu Reservoir (Williams). Perak, 

near Gunong Mesah (Kunstler); Ipoh (Curtis); Gunong Pondok 

(Murton). Distnb. Siam. 

Murton's and Scortechim's plants have slightly smaller upper sepals, 

otherwlse they appear to me identical with Kunstler's, and come from the 

same district. They form Hooker's H. Murtoni. 

(8) H. inconspicua Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 75. 

Plant very slender, nearly 2 ft. tall. Leaves about 6, thin 

flaccid lanceolate acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, '5 to '75 in. wide, 

and 4 to 6 in. above the base. Raceme 6 to 8 in. long, slender with 

numerous sub-secund distant flowers, very small green. Sepals 

'1 in. long, upper one lanceolate, lower de flexed acuminate. Petals 

larger triangular. Lip 3-lobed, middle linear blunt, side-lobes 

filiform twice as long, spur cylindric, slightly dilate towards tip, 

'2 in. long. Hab. Rare in damp flat ground in forest. Pahang, 

Telom, at 4000 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

(9) H. singapurensis Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 410; 

Mat. i. 228. 

Whole plant 3 ft. tall, lower part bare of leaves. Leaves about 

12, lanceolate acuminate, 6 in. long, 1 in. wide, sheaths 1 in. long. 

Stem above glaucescent. Flowers numerous, crowded at tip. 

Bracts glaucous, '75 in. long. Pedicel and ovary 1 in. long. Upper 

sepal lanceolate-boat-shaped with a long point, laterals oblong 

oblique with a long point, greenish white, '36 in. long. Petals 

bifid with long olive green linear lobes. Lip 3-lobed nearly to base, 

lobes linear, midlobe shorter; spur slender cylindric, '75 in. long. 

Hab. In damp wet jungle swamps, local. Singapore, Chua Chu 

Kang; Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley). 

(10) H. gigas Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 160; Ridl. Mat. i. 227. 

Stem 4 to 5 ft. tall, hollow at base and nearly 1 in. through, 

nearly 3 ft. long below the leaves. Leaves elliptic acuminate, 

8 to 10 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide, petioled. Spike dense cylindric, 

8 in. long. Flowers small pale green. Bracts longer, '75 in. long. 

Upper sepal linear-oblong blunt; laterals longer lanctolate. Lip 

as long, bluntly trifid, spur short oblong. Capsule linear-oblong, 

'75 in. long. Hab. Mountain forests at 2000 ft. altitude. Selangor, 

Menuang' Gasing (Kloss). Perak, Batang Padang (Wray). 

(II) H. glaucescens Ridl. Journ. Lmn. Soc. xxxii. 412. 

Plant 2 ft. tall with large tubers 2 in. long. Leaves 3 above the base 

of stem, 5 in. long, 2 in. wide, ovate acute, dark green above, glaucous 

beneath. Raceme 8 in. long; flowers small, green, very numerous. 

Bracts '5 in. long, as long as ovary. Sepals linear pubescent, '25 

in. long, reddish green. Petals shorter wider, lanceolate olive. 

Lip trifid, lobes equal Janceolate blunt, spur saccate. Hab. Lankawi 

islands, Pulau Hujong Duri (Curtis). Dlstrib. Kasum, 

Tongka.

230 CXXXVI. ORCHIDEAl:. [HabmaTta. 

(12) H. lacertifera Benth. Fl. Hongkong 362. H. Maingayi 

King Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. ii. 604. Peristylus candidus 

J. J. Smith Orchid v. Java 36, pl. xviii. 

Whole plant 8 to 18 in. tall, roots tuberous. Leaves 2 or 3 at 

base of stem, lanceolate or elliptic-Ianceolate acute. Spike 6 to 9 in. 

long. Flowers small appressed, fragrant, white. Upper sepal 

ovate; laterals falcate oblong blunt, nearly '25 in. long. Petals 

oblong-Ianceolate shorter. Lip short broad with 3 short blunt 

lobes, central one longest, rarely central shortest, spur very short, 

conic pointed green. Hab. Common on roadsides and grassy open 

spots. Singapore, Tanglin; Jurong. Johor, Castlewood. Malacca, 

Sungei Ujong (Derry); Nyalas. Penang Hill. Distrib. Mergui, 

Tavoy, N. India, Sumatra, Lingga, Java, Borneo, Hongkong. 

(13) H. monticola Rzdl. Journ. Lznn. Soc. xxxii. 413; Mat. i. 

228. Whole plant 5 to 12 in. tall or It.ss, very slender, tubers oblong. 

Leaves basal, 3 or 4, lanceolate acute, 1'5 to 2'25 in. long, '5 in. 

wide. Stem slender, 3 to 6 in. long. Raceme lax, 1'5 in. long, 

of very small green flowers. Sepals oblong-ovate. Petals elliptic 

oblong shorter. Lip trifid with a short claw, side-lobes filiform 

nearly 2, midlobe much shorter, spur as long as sepals, bifid. 

Hab. Mountains on banks, not common. Malacca, Mt. Ophir. 

Penang Hill, near the Crag Hotel (Ridley). Kedah Peak (Haniff). 

TRIBE V. CYPRIPEDIElE (GENERA 106). 

106. PAPHIOPEDILUM, Pfitz. 

Herbs usually terrestrial. Leaves radical often tessellate. 

Scape I or 2 (or many) flowered. Flowers large. Sepals spreading, 

laterals connate beneath the lip. Petals free usually narrower 

and longer. Lip sessile, lateral lobes inflexed, short, midlobe large 

saccate. Column short terete; anthers 2 globose with a large disclike 

staminode between and covering them. Stigma round, discshaped. 

Capsule long and narrow, elliptic. 

Distrib. Tropical Asia, about 30 species, N. and E. India, Malay 

Isles to China. 

Terrestrial. Leaves oblong tessellate herbaceous. 

Petals as broad as petals not warted; flowers white (I) P. niveum 

Petals narrower than sepals; flowers purple and 

green and white. 

Edges warted with hairs on warts; upper sepal 

sub-acute or blunt . . . . (2) P. barbatum 

Edges warted, no hairs; upper sepal abruptly 

acuminate . . (3) P. Robinsonii 

Petals warted all over. . .. (4) P. superbiena 

Epiphytic, leaves lorate coriaceous plain green. 

Scape several flowered long . ., (5) P. Lowii

Paphtopedilum. ] CXXXVI. ORCHIDE..E. 233 

on base and in sinus. Hab. Rare. High up in tall trees. Selangor, 

Semangkok Pass near Sempang Mines (Curtis). Distrtb. Borneo. 

I have twice found plants of a small Paphwpedtlum with famtly tessellate 

leaves m sandy spots on the south shore of J ohor; no flowers were seen, and 

I failed to grow it. It appears to be allied to P. barbatum. 

ORDER CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACElE 

Herbs terrestrial, rarely epiphytic, rhizomatous aromatic. 

Leaves thinly membranous or rather fleshy, large ovate or lanceolate, 

usually petioled shortly, and ligulate, sheathing below. Flowers 

medium to large and showy, irregular, in panicles or dense cymes 

or heads, bracteate, terminal or from the rhizome, rarely (Plagiostachys) 

falsely lateral. Calyx tubular usually trifid. Corolla 

tubular with three linear or oblong lobes. Lip usually broad and 

differently coloured, entire or trilobed. Staminodes 2, petaloid or 

reduced to points at the base of the lip or absent. Stamen one, 

2-celled; anther terminal, the connective often prolonged into a 

crest or lateral spurs. Style slender filiform, lying between the 

anther-cells; stigma cup-shaped. Ovary superior 3-celled; ovules 

axile. Fruit capsular or sub-baccate. Seeds usually numerous 

aromatic, often arillate, albumen floury, Numerous in the tropics 

of the Old World, scanty in the New World. 

Staminodes broad petaloid 

Spike or panicle terminal on a leafy stem 

Filament filiform longer than the corolla. 

Lip adnate to the filament above the corolla; 

flowers small. . . . . 

Lip free, lobes entire; flowers large . . 

Lip adnate to corolla at base, lobes toothed; 

flowers medium . . . . 

Filament short broad; staminodes broader than 

petals. 

Anther dorsifixed versatile . • 

Anther-cells on a broad thin connective 

5taminodes not broader than petals. 

Anther thick terminal . . . . 

Spikes radical cone-llke. 

Flowers in a head of broad persistent herbaceous 

bracts. 

Staminodes larger or smaller than petals; 

, stamen not spurred . . . 

Staminodes not broader than corolla-lobes; 

stamen spurred . . . . 

_ Staminodes smaller; anther with long curved 

arms; bracts rigid. . . . 

Staminodes at IIp base; anther oblong 

• created; bracts papery . 

Staminodes small, absent 01' adnate to lip. 

Stamen with thin flat filament; lip large convolute; 

spike terminal in one species. 

1. GLOBBA 

2. HEDYCHIUM 

3. ODONTYCHIUM 

4. CAMPTANDRA 

5. KJEMPFERIA 

6. GASTROCHILUS 

7. HITCHENIOPSIS 

8. CURCUMA 

9. CONAMOMUM 

10. CARENOPHILA 

U. CosTl;rs

234 

CXXXVII. ZlNGIBERACEJE. 

Stamen filament thick fleshy; scapes radical. 

Anther with long curved beak; lip 3·lobed 

Anther with 3-curved arms; lip large broad 

Anther neither spurred nor crested. 

Lip narrow fleshy. 

Spikes liub-sesslle buried in ground ; capsule 

thin • . . . . 

Spikes on tall stout peduncles; capsule 

woody. . . . . 

Lip narrow deeply bifid; raceme radical 

Lip broad. 

Spike lateral from a leafy stem . . 

Panicle creeping horizontal with dIStant 

few-flowered spikes. • . . 

Panicle compact erect or pendulous from 

rhizome. . . . • . 

Anther with small round crest or none. 

Pamcle many branched terminal on a leafy 

stem 

1. GLOBBA, Linn. 

12. ZINGIBER 

13· AMOMUM 

14· HORNSTEDTIA 

IS· PH}J;:QMERIA 

16. GEOCHARIS 

17· PLAGIOSTACHYS 

18. ELETTARIOPSIS 

19· GEOSTACHYS 

20. ALPINIA 

Slender erect herbs with short rhizome. Leaves ovate or 

lanceolate. Inflorescence terminal, panicled lax. Flowers small, 

yellow, white or violet. Calyx tubular, 3-toothed. Corolla tube 

longer slender, lobes boat-shaped, reflexed. Staminodes similar. 

Lip base adnate to stamen forming a tube with it, limb narrow 

deflexed, often bilobed. Stamen filament long slender; anther 

decurved, ellipsoid, connective prolonged into a simple margin 

or 2 to 4 spurs. Style longer. Ovary I-celled. Capsule globose, 

small. Seeds arillate. Hab. In damp spots. Bulbils are produced 

in the inflorescence occasionally in nearly all species. Species about 

30, India, China, Malaya. 

§ I. Aplanthera. Anthers spuriess; flowers yellow. 

Lip entire . . . . . • . (I) G. Wallichii 

Lip bilobed (2) G. uliginosa 

§ 2. Cerata'l(lthera. Anther 2-spurred. Panicle lax slender. 

Flowers yellow. 

Anther-spurs narrow subulate from anther-base; 

staminodes about as long as corolla lobes. 

Leaves lanceolate narrow; calyx unequally 

3-toothed. . . . . 

Leaves lanceolate; calyx teeth equal . 

Leaves oblong; panicle stout and long . 

Leaves elliptic or ovate-Ianceolate; staminodes 

much longer than corolla lobes . 

Anther-spurs tnangular from whole side of 

anther . . . . . 

Panicle short and dense on long peduncle 

Flowers white or violet. 

Lip oblong-ovate entire . . . 

Lip bllobed obcuneate; leaves glabrous . 

Lip bllobed oblong; leaves glabrous. . 

(3) G. panicoides 

(4) G. fasciata 

(5) G. pendula 

(6) G. valida 

(7) G. montana 

(8) G. malaccensis 

(9) G. elegans 

(10) G. albi1lora 

(II) G. regalis • 

(12) G. leucantha 

Lip bilobed oblong; leaves pubescent broad. 

Lip bilobed Imear; leaves oblong-Ian ceo late 

hairy. (13) G. violacea

Globba.] CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACElE. 

§ 3. Marantella. Anther 4-spurred. Flowers yellow or orange. 

Leaves numerous. 

Panicle short dens" on a long peduncle. 

Leaves and peduncle hairy. • • • (14) G. aurantiaca 

Leaves glabrous; peduncle soft pubescent • (IS) G. perakeDSia 

Panicle elongate lax; bracts large persistent red 

or yellow. . • • . . (16) G. variabills 

Pamcle nodding; bracts green; flowers yellow; 

lip bilobed. 

Dwarf plant, bracts persistent; anther-spurs 

short unequal . . . . . (17) G. cernua 

Tall plant, bracts caducous; anther-spurs 

long. . .. . (18) G. macranthera 

Lip entire; bracts persistent . (19) G. brachycarpa 

Leaf single; panicle dense decurved . (20) G. UDifolia 

(I) G. Wallichii Bak. in Hook. fit. F.B.I. vi. 202; Ridt. Mat. 

Fl. Mal. Pen. ii. 3. 

About 2 ft. tall. Leaves lanceolate long-acuminate pubescent 

or hairy on midrib beneath and ligule and sheath,s in. long, 1'5 in. 

wide, sheath spotted purple. Panicle long slender; branches 

1 in. long, distant. Flowers few crowded at tips orange; bracts 

very small. Calyx campanulate, 2 long and 1 short lobes, '12 in. 

long. Staminodes linear-oblong, '15 in. long. Lip short linear 

entire, orange with a brown spot. Filament'5 in. long; anther 

spurless. Capsule globose smooth. Hab. Local. Perak, Thaiping 

Hills (Fox); Penang Hill (Wallich, Curtis, etc.). 

(2) G. uliginosa Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 613; Ridl. Mat. ii. 3. 

Stems slender, 2 ft. long or less. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 

3 in. long, 'S in. wide, pubescent beneath; sheaths spotted red hairy. 

Panicle slender; branches '25 in. long. Flowers 2 or 3 on each. 

Bracts oblong green. Calyx funnel-shaped, lobes rather long. 

Corolla tube '25 in. long, lobes ovate-oblong, upper one boatshaped, 

'5 in. long, orange. Staminodes oblong blunt. Lip narrow 

bilobed, orange with a black spot. Filament '25 to'5 in. long ; anther 

elliptic, no margin or spurs. Hab. Damp spots, but not common. 

Singapore, Bukit Mandai. Malacca, Chabau (Griffith); Alor 

Gajah. Perak, Thaiping Hills; Goping (Kunstler). Distrib. 

Sumatra, Banca, 

Closely resembles G. panicoides, Miq., except in th; spurless anther. 

(3) G. panicoides Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 614; Ridl. Mat. ii. 4. 

Stems few tufted, 9 to 24 in. long. Leaves narrow lanceolate 

acuminate to ovate, 1'75 to 5 in. long, '75 to 1'5 in. wide; ligule 

hispid; sheaths red spotted pubescent. Panicle slender; branches 

usually short. Flowers few orange. Calyx unequally 3-toothed, 

one tooth longer than the others, lanceolate blunt. Corolla-tube 

'5 in. long, lobes 'S in. long. Staminodes longer. Lip short oblong 

bilobed, central spot brqwn. Filament 1 in. long, connective 

developed all round, spurs two subulate. Capsule globose, '25 in. 

long. Hab. Common in damp low-lying spots. Singapore, Bukit 

235

Globba.] CXXXVII. 2INGIBERACE£. 237 

free above corolla entire. Filament'5 in. long, spurs triangular 

running whole length of anther. Hab. Rare. Kedah Peak and 

Yan (Ridley). 

(8) G. malaccensis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32 , p. 93; 

Mat. ii. 5. 

Two ft. tall or more. Leaves broad elliptic-Ianceolate acuminate 

glabrous, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles sometimes '5 in. long; 

ligule and sheath pubescent. Panicle short compact, on a long 

peduncle nude except for linear green bracts, lowest 2 in. long; 

branches '25 in. long. Calyx cylindric, '25 in. long, lobes short. 

Corolla-tube '25 in. long, lobes ovate, under '25 in. long, yellow. 

Staminodes blunt oblong as long. Lip short oblong entire. Filament 

'75 in. long. Anther-spurs 2 triangular subulate lateral. 

Capsule globose wrinkled, '25 in. long. Hab. Common' in woods. 

Johor, Gunong Pantai (King); Batu Pahat. Malacca, base of 

Mt. Ophir; Bukit Sadanen (Goodenough). Negri Sembilan, Bukit 

Kandang, and Bukit Sulu (Cantley). Selangor, Bukit Hitam 

(Kelsall). Perak, Bujong Malacca. Native names: Pua Rimbah; 

Pua Hudang; Pua Gajah. Use: In childbirth. 

(9) G. elegans Rtdl. J ourn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32 , p. 96; 

Mat. ii. 5. 

Over I ft. tall. Leaves lanceolate acuminate pubescent beneath, 

5 in.· long, 1'25 in. wide. Panicle slender; branches '5 in. long. 

Bracts persistent lanceolate green, '12 in. long. Flowers few, 

crowded at branch ends, white. Calyx-lobes unequal, '25 in. long. 

Corolla-tube '3 in. long, lobes oblong-ovate blunt. Staminodes 

similar. Lip oblong-ovate entire, central spot violet. Filament 

'5 in. long. Anther spurs 2 linear upcurved. Capsule globose, 

'4 in. long. Bab. Local. Dindings, Bruas and Gunong Tungul 

(Ridley). 

(10) G. albiflora Ridl. J ourn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 96; 

Mat. ii. 6. ' 

Three ft. tall. Leaves narrow lanceolate acuminate, glabrous 

green with silvery variegation when young, 8 in. long, I in. wide; 

sheath glabrous. Panicle 12 to 15 in. long, branches I in. long 

or less. Flowers white, I or 2 on branch-ends. Calyx tubular, 

lobes short lanceolate. Corolla-tube'5 in. long, lobes ovate boatshaped. 

Staminodes oblong-linear longer. Lip obcuneate bilobed, 

lobes rather long. Stamen filament, '75 in. long; anther-spurs 2, 

linear acuminate falcate, longer than anther. Hab. Local. Tringganu, 

Bundi (Rostados). Penang Hill, at 1200 ft. altitude (Curtis). 

Native name: Munkoa Bukit . 

. (II) G. regalis Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 75. 

Plant 4 ft. tall. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-Ianceolate longpointed, 

I ft. long, 3 in. wide, base and midrib on back hairy, tip 

scabrid ; ligule h_airy; sheath edged with hairs. Panicle 18 in. 

long; branches many, '5 in, long, with 2 or 3 flowers ivory-white.

CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACElE. [Globba. 

Calyx campanulate short and broad, '12 in. long, teeth short. 

Corolla-tube '25 in. long, pubescent, lobes boat-shaped violet. 

Staminodes shorter and broader. Lip narrow oblong bilobed. 

Stamen filament '5 in. long; anther-spurs 2 linear acuminate deflexed. 

All orange. Hab. By stream banks. Pahang, Telom 

(Ridley). Selangor, Menuang Gasing (Kloss) (sheaths red-spotted). 

12) G. leucantha Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 712; Ridl. Mat. 

ii. 6. G. pallidiflora and G. floribunda, Bak. in Hook. fil. F.B.I. 

vi. 203 and 204. G. stenothyrsa l'ar. Cumingii Bak. l.c. 204. 

Two ft. tall or less, roots with tuberous swellings. Leaves broad 

FIG. I8I.-Globba leucantha. 

lanceolate acute pubescent purple beneath, 8 in long, 3 in. wide; 

sheaths purple spotted hairy. Panicle lax; branches 2 in. long or 

more. Bracts ovate, white. Calyx tubular, '25 in. long, pubescent, 

2 teeth longer than third. Corolla-tube'5 in. long. lobes boatshaped, 

'25 in. long, white. Staminodes narrower oblong. Lip 

short oblong usually with purple central spot. Stamen filament 

1 in. long; anther cordate, spurs 2, slender subulate. Ovary white 

pubescent. Capsule '5 in. long. Bab. In woods. Singapore, 

Bukit Timah (abundant) ; Bidadari. Johor, Tana Runto; 

Gunong Pulai; Gunong Pantai (King). Dindings, Lumut. Perak, 

Larut (Kunstler). Distrib. Sumatra. 

Forms with the leaves on flowering stems suppressed occur. I think the 

type specimen of G. stenothyrsa var. Cl4mingn Bak. from Malacca, Cuming 

is young G. le14cantha.

CXXXVU. ZINGIBERACE£. [Globba. 

lobed, '25 in. long, spot chestnut. Anther-spurs 4, upper ones 

longest. Capsule sub-globose, wrinkled. Hab. Johor, Gunong 

Pantai; Gunong Pulai. Pahang, Tahan River and Rota Glanggi; 

Pulau Tiuman (Burkill). Selangor, Bukit Kutu. Perak, Thaiping 

Hills. Relantan, Chaning. Dlstrib. Lingga, Borneo. 

(17) G. cernua Bak. F.B.I. vi. 205; Rid!. Mat. ii. 8. 

Stems tufted, I ft. tall, base purple. Leaves ovate acuminate 

cuspidate glabrous except midrib, 4 in. long, 1'5 in. wide; petioles 

'25 in. long or less; sheath pubescent. Panicle short lax nodding, 

6 in. long, pubescent slender, with 6 lanceolate acute green bracts 

on the bare part. Flowers clustered on branch ends lemon yellow. 

Bracts ovate pale yellow. Calyx tubular, '25 in. long, lobes equal 

blunt. Corolla-tube '75 in. long, pubescent, lobes ovate, '25 in. 

long. Staminodes linear-oblong longer. Lip short oblong dilate 

towards bilobed tip, lobes acute, spot green. Anther-spurs 4, upper 

ones subulate, lower broader. Capsule green wrinkled. Bab. 

Hill woods, common where it occurs. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga. 

Selangor, Ginting Bidai; Semangkok Pass. Perak, Thaiping Hills 

(abundant); Goping (Kunstler); Gunong Kerbau (Robinson). 

(18) G. macranthera Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 76. 

Plant 3 ft. tall or more. Leaves ovate to ovate-Ianeeolate, 

glabrous, 5'5 in. long, '75 in. wide; sheath and ligule glabrous. 

Panicle very lax decurved, about 10 in. long; branches distant, 

'5 in. long. Bracts linear-oblong, '5 in. long. Calyx cylindric, 

teeth short lanceolate orange. Corolla-tube'5 in. long, lobes '25 in. 

long, ovate-Ianceolate yellow. Staminodes '75 in. long, linearoblong. 

Lip lobes divaricate yellow, central orange blotch. Stamen 

filament 1'5 in. long. Anther-spurs 4, long acuminate. Bab. 

Stream banks in forest, rare. Pahang, Telom (Ridley). 

(19) G. hrachycarpa Bak. in Book fil. F.B.I. vi. 205. 

Plant IS in. tall. Leaves pubescent beneath ovate acuminate, 

4'5 in. long, 1'5 in. wide; sheaths hairy. Panicle nodding, 

about 5 in. long; branches '5 in. long, all pubescent. Bracts on 

lower part, '25 in. long, oblong green. Flowers 4 or 5 at ends of 

branches, light yellow. Calyx funnel-shaped very short blunt, 

3-lobed or entire, '12 in. long. Corolla-tube '25 in. long, lobes ovate. 

Lip linear entire. Anther-spurs 4, equal triangular. Capsule pustular. 

Bab. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler, Curtis). 

I doubt if this is anything but a large form of G. cernua. Baker no doubt 

intended the name to be tl'achycarpa, on account of the pustular fruit, but It 

was incorrectly printed. 

(20) G. unifolia Ridt. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 44, p. 193. 

Rhizome creeping; stems 2 in. apart, 4 to 6 in. tall, covered with 

pubescent sheaths I in. long or less. Leaf I, ovate acute, glabrous, 

6 to 8 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles'5 to I in. long. Panicle dense 

decurved, 2 in. long, pubescent. Bracts oblong-ovate pubescent. 

Calyx funnel-shaped. teeth obscure unequally bilobed pubescent.

Odontychium. ] CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACE.E. 

(I) O. denticulatwn Schum. Pflanzenreich. Zingib. p. 59; 

Ridl. Mat. ii. II. Hedychium denticulatum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. 

Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 102. 

Stem 2 ft. tall. Leaves glabrous spinulose on edge, 8 in. long 

or more, 3 in. wide; sheath hairy. Panicle 1 ft. long. Bracts 1 in. 

long. Calyx'5 in. long. Corolla-lobes pinkish white, base green, 

1'75 in. long, laterals green. Lip green, base red. Stamen white. 

Staminodes red. Hab. Very local. In hill woods. Dindings, 

Lumut, abundant (Ridley). 

4. CAMPTANDRA, Rid!. 

Small glabrous herbs; stems few. Leaves few ovate petioled. 

Flowers several enclosed in a terminal green spathe, fugacious white 

or violet. Calyx tubular, lobes equal. Corolla-tube slender, lobes 

lanceolate or oblong. Lip obovate bilobed. Staminodes large 

obovate. Stamen shortly projecting; anther long curved dorsifixed, 

base with 2 parallel processes. Style slender. Capsule 

oblong. Seeds curved fusiform, aril lacerate. Species 5, Malay 

Peninsula, Borneo. 

Stems several; leaves 4 or 5, base narrowed . . (I) C. parvuIa 

Stems solitary; leaves 1 to 4 distant, base round, often 

cordate. 

Stems tall; leaves large cordate; corolla tube short (2) C. latifolia 

Stems shorter; leaves fewer peltate; corolla tube 

longer than spathe. . . . . . (3) C. ovat8 

Stems 2 or 3-leaved; corolla tube much longer than 

short spathe . (4) C. tahanensis 

(I) C. parvula Ridl. ] ourn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 104; 

Mat. ii. II. Krempferia parvula Bak. in Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 233. 

(Fig. 182, p. 244.) 

Stems several, 6 in. tall. Leaves 4 or 5, ovate acuminate 

oblique, 2 to 3 in. long, 1 in. wide; petioles 1 in. long. Spathe 

ovate acute, 1 in. long. Flowers 1 in. across, white. Calyx·s in. 

long. Corolla tube 'S in. long, lobes oblong truncate. Lip oblongorbicular 

bilobed crenulate, with a central yellow spot and some 

pink marks. Staminodes sub-spathulate, 'S in. long. H abo Common 

on rocks and banks in forest at 2000 to 4000 ft. altitude. 

Pahang, Tahan River; Telom. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga; 

Gunong Angsi (Holttum). Selangor, Bukit Kutu. Perak, Thaiping 

Hills; Bujong Malacca; Goping (Kunstler); Temengoh; Gunong 

Kerbau (Robinson). Tomoh (Machado). Penang Hill. Tringganu, 

Bundi (Rostados). 

The Temengoh plant has curiously fleshy leaves. 

(2) C. latifolia Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. By. 32, p. 105; 

Mat. ii. 12. 

Stem usually solitary succulent, base swollen. Leaves r to 

4, cordate acuminate,S in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles 1 in. long, dark

244 CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACE.E. [ Camptandra. 

purple. Spathe ovate green, 1'5 in. long. Flowers I in. across, 

white or violet. Calyx red spotted. Corolla tube 1'5 in. long, 

lobes lanceolate blunt. Staminodes oblong round. Lip orbicular 

bilobed, 1'5 in. across, white or violet with yellow basal ridges. 

Capsule'5 in. long. Hab. Hills, very local. Pahang, Gunong Berumbun 

near Telom. Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley). 

(3) C. ovata Ridl. Mat. ii. 12. 

Stems solitary, 3 to 6 in. tall, base covered with sheaths. Leaves 

2 or 3 pelt ate-ovate acuminate imequilateral, base round, 1'5 to 

3' 5 in. long, '75 to 2 in. wide; petioles I to 1'5 in. long. Peduncle 

FIG. I82.-Camptandra parvula. 

'5 to I in. long. Bract'5 to I in. long, urn-shaped, tip recurved. 

Flowers 2 or 3. Calyx dilate upwards. Corolla tube slightly longer 

than bract, lobes pale blue or white, '25 in. long. Capsule oblong 

grey dotted brown, thin. Hab. Rare. Selangor, Hulu Semangkok 

at 4000 ft. altitude (Burn-Murdoch); Gunong Mengkuang Lebah 

at 5600 ft. altitude (Robinson). 

(4) C. tahanensis Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 184. 

Herb 5 to 6 in. tall. Leaves 2 to 4, ovate acuminate caudate 

oblique, base cordate round, 3 to 3'5 in. long, 1'25 in. wide; petioles 

I in. long. Peduncle'5 to '25 in. long. Bract urn-shaped, '75 in. 

long, green, 2-flowered. Calyx '25 in. long, reddish. Corolla 

tube '5 in. long, projecting, lobes white, '75 in. long. oblong. Lip 

large, obovate with 2 semi-ovate yellow keels. Capsule oblong '25 in.

Camptandra.] CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACEJE. 245 

long. Hab. Rare. By streams at 5000 ft. altitude. Pahang, 

Gunong Tahan (Ridley). 

5. KlEMPFERIA, Linn. 

Herbs with tuberous aromatic rhizomes; stems usually very 

short. Leaves large thin. Spike short-peduncled, bracts few, thin. 

Flowers fugacious showy, white or violet. Calyx short, cylindric. 

Corolla tube slender, lobes narrow linear. Staminodes very large. 

Anther crested round, clawed spreading; lip similar bilobed. 

Stamen thin, flat included. Capsule oblong thin-walled. Species 

about 20, India, Burma, Siam, few in Malaya. Several species 

cultivated in gardens for the aromatic rhizomes. 

§ 1. Sincorus. Flowers appearing with the leaves. 

Flowers violet; leaves few basal. 

Leaves ovate broad short peboled. (I) K. pulchra 

Leaves oblong or lanceolate; petioles long (2) K. elegans 

Flowers white; leaves orbicular .. (3) K. galanga 

Leaves on a tall leafy stalk; lip violet . (4) K. cyanescens 

§ 2. Protanthium. Leaves disappearing before flowering, erect lanceolate. 

Flowers showy (5) K. rotunda 

(1) K. pulchra Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 107; 

Mat. ii. 13. 

Leaves 2 flat spreading ovate blunt dark olive black with grey 

markings, 7 in. long, 5 in. wide. Spike from between leaves 1 in. 

long covered with convolute bracts, inner ones about 20, thin 

lanceolate; peduncle 3 in. long. Calyx very thin. Corolla tube 

1 in. long, lobes linear blunt, '5 in. long. Staminodes rounded, 

broad mauve. Lip deeply bilobed, lobes oblong, mauve, base yellowish 

white. All flat forming a flower 1 in. across. Anther-crest 

long linear. Hab. On limestone rocks, growing in cracks. Kedah, 

Gunong Geriang. Jalor, Biserat (Gwynne-Vaughan), Lankawi 

(Curtis). Distrib. Siam. 

(2) K. elegans Wall. Cat. 6593 (sub Monolophus); Pl. As. Rar. 

i. 24, t. 27; Ridl Mat. ii. 13. 

Stem about 6 in. tall. Leaves 2, lanceolate-ovate blunt dark 

velvety, olive green,S in. long, 3 in. wide. Peduncle 1'5 in. long. 

Calyx spathaceous, limb long linear, 3-toothed. Corolla tube 

1'5 in. long, lobes linear acute, white. Staininodes ovate violet, 

base yellowish. Lip deep bilobed violet. Altogether about 1 in. 

across.' Hab. Limestone rocks. Kedah, Gunong Geriang. Lankawi 

(Curtis). Distrili. Pegu, Tenasserim. 

(3) K. galanga Linn. Sp. Pl. 2; Hort. Cliff. 2. 

With short stem and flat spreading, plain green leaves suborbicular, 

3 to 6 in. across, sub-sessile and white flowers appearing 

singly in the centre, about 1 in. across with a purple spot on the lip 

base. Hab. Occurs in 'old gardens and as an escape. Cultivated 

as a spice and known as Chekur.

CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACElE. [Ktempferia. 

(4) K. cyanescens Ridl. Elettariopsis cyancsccns Rt"dl. J ourn. 

Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 41, p. 82. 

Rhizome short, stout. Leafy stems, 27 in. tall, slender, glabrous. 

Leaves oblong-Ianceolate, long acuminate, thin, base gradually 

narrowed, 6 in. long, 1·25 in. wide; petioles very short or none. 

Flowers with the leaves in basal spikes 1 in. long; peduncle ·25 in. 

long. Bracts lower ones ovate, upper ones lanceolate, ·5 in. long, 

reddish white. Calyx slender tubular spathaceous split on one side, 

more than half-way with 3 small points. Corolla tube 2 in. long, 

slender, lobes lanceolate acute thin white, 1 in. long. Staminodes 

lanceolate acute as long but broader white. Lip large obovate 

bilobed, violet veined with white. Anther white hairy. Hab. 

Mountain forests, Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga (Napier, Ridley). 

(5) K. rotunda Linn. Sp. Pl. 3. 

Has erect lanceolate leaves I ft. long and beautifully marbled 

dark green and grey and purple beneath. The flowers appear when 

the leaves have died down, on a short thick scape, and are large 

and showy, lilac with purple on the lip. Native name: Kunchur. 

Valued as a spice and occasionally cultivated. 

6. GASTROCHILUS, Wall. 

Small herbs with rhizome. Stems short or long or none. Leaves 

lanceolate or ovate petioled, erect solitary or 3 or 4 in a tuft. Spikes 

axillary or from the rhizome; bracts numerous. Flowers thin 

opening singly white, yellow or red. Calyx tubular spathaceous. 

Corolla tube long and slender lobes oblong or lanceolate. Staminodes 

similar or larger. Lip oblong or obcuneate usually saccate or 

convolute, entire lobed. Stamen filament thick fleshy; anther 

oblong, crest rounded or lobed or o. Species about 30, Indo 

Malaya, Siam. 

§ I. Acranthi. Stems tall and leafy; spikes axillary in the upper leaves. 

Lip saccate. 

Petioles 2 in. long (I) G. albo-sanguinea 

Petioles short (2) G. pulcherrima 

§ 2. M esanthi. Rhizome short and thick; leaves in a tuft, the spike from 

between them. 

Large tufted plants; leaves large, spikes elongate. 

Bracts glabrous (3) G. plicata 

Bracts woolly . . . .. (4) G. Klossii 

Leaves several 10 a tuft, rhizome short and thick. 

Spike cylindric, bracts imbricate. 

Leaves pubescent on back. . 

Leaves glabrous. 

Spike 3 in. long; lip large connate . 

Spike 6 in. long; lip orbicular .' . 

Spike not cylindric; bracts not imbricate. 

Leaves glabrous; petioles short; corolla tube 

short; flowers yellow. . . • 

Leaves glabrous; petioles long; flowers white, 

tip of lip crimson, tube very long 

(5) G. Prainiana 

(6) G. lurida 

(7) G. tillandsioides 

(8) G. flava 

(9) G. longiflora

CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACElE. [Gastrochilus. 

wide, light yellow. Lip I in. long, oblong entire, tip round, yellow, 

a red band at base or in centre and red tip. Stamen white crestless. 

Bab. Woods. Johor. Pulau Tiuman (Burkill). Selangor, woods 

near Klang Gates. Kelantan, Kwala Lebir (Gimlette); Kwala Aring 

(Yapp); Chaning Woods (Ridley). 

(4) G. Klossii Ridl. Mat. ii. 16. 

Rhizome long. Leaves numerous, oblanceolate, base cuneate, 

sub-acute, inrequilateral, 9 in. across; petioles 7 in. long. Spikes 

3 in. long, I in. through; peduncles'S in. long. Bracts lanceolate 

acute woolly pubescent. Flowers in pairs. Corolla pubescent. 

Anther crest ovate. Hab. Johor, near Gunong Pulai (Kloss). 

(5) G. Prainiana Rtdl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. lIS; 

Mat. ii. 18. Krempferia Prainiana Bak. in Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 220. 

Leaves about 4 in a tuft, lanceolate acute narrowed to base, 

8 in. long, 1'5 in. wide, pubescent beneath; petioles 5 to 6 in. 

long. Spike shortly stalked, central. Bracts numerous oblong 

blunt. Corolla tube slender, I in. long, lobes oblong, under '5 in. 

long, white. Staminodes similar. Lip oblong cuneate blotched 

red inside. Anther crestless. Hab. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). 

Dtstrtb. Sumatra. 

(6) G. lurida Ridl. Mat. ii. 17. 

Leaves 2 or more in a tuft ovate-Ianceolate undulate glabrous, 

6 in. long, 1'5 to 2'5 in. wide; petioles 4'5 in. long. Spike subsessile, 

3 in. long, flat deep purple. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, 

l'S to 2 in. long. Calyx spathaceous, 'S in. long. Corolla tube 

thick, 1'5 in. long, lobes oblong blunt, '75 in. long, pinkish. Staminodes 

obovate retuse, '5 in. wide. Lip convolute, I in. long, tip 

broad dark pink. Anther crestless. Hab. Very rare. Lankawi 

(Curtis). 

(7) G. tillandsioides Bak. in Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 218; Ridl. 

Mat. ii. 18. 

Leaves oblong sub-acute, base round, green above, purple 

j.)eneath, 6 to 8 in. long; petioles nearly as long. Spike 6 in. long, 

sub-sessile. Bracts oblong, 20 to 30 imbricate. Calyx and corolla 

not described. Staminodes '25 to '3 in. long, white, linear-oblong. 

Lip orbicular cuneate, '5 in. long and wide, white with yellow spot 

in throat. Hab. Perak (Kunstler, cult. in Herb. Bot. Calc.). Rare 

and little known. 

(8) G. £lava Ridl. G. minor Ridl. Mat. ii. 17 (not of Baker). 

Rhizome short. Leaves 4 in a tuft, oblanceolate blunt, 4 in. 

long, 1'25 in. across, dark green with a median central bar; petioles 

1 in. long, sheaths red. Spike short central. Bracts yellowish. 

Flowers large, yellow, I in. across. Calyx tubular. Corolla tube 

as long as bract, lobes oblong blunt yellow. Staminodes oblong 

yellow, red spots at base. Lip I in. long, '5 in. wide, flat oblong 

blunt, yellow spotted red. Stamen long arched pink; anthercrest 

broad, obscurely 3-lobed. Hab. Perak, Batang Padang 

(Curtis); Bujong Malacca; Bukit Kapaiyung (Ridley).

CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACEiE. [Gastrochilus. 

broader. Lip oblong entire, tip round crisp. Anther-crest oval. 

Hab. Selangor, Semangkok Pass, on banks (Ridley). 

(14) G. scaphochlamys Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, 

p. II2; Mat. ii. 16; Scaphochlamys malaccana Bak. in Hook. fil. 

F.B.I. vi. 252. 

Rhizome long creeping. Leaves 2 or 3 in a tuft, lanceolate 

inrequilateral acute or blunt pubescent beneath, 6 to 7 in. long, 

1'5 in. wide; petioles 3 to 4 in. long, pubescent. Scape central, 

"5 to 9 in. long. Bracts spiral ligulate blunt distant pubescent 

green, sheaths red, I in. long, 'S in. wide. Flowers white, fragrant. 

Corolla tube I in. long, lobes oblong-Ianceolate, '5 in. long, as are 

staminodes. Lip obovate undulate bilobed, a central yellow bar. 

Anther-crest large orbicular. Hab. Muar, Bukit Muar (Feilding); 

Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Cuming, Griffith, etc.). 

(15) G. lancifolius Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, 

p. II2; Mat. ii. 16. 

Rhizome slender. Leaves in pairs lanceolate acuminate acute 

inrequilateral, 7 to 8 in. long, 2 in. wide; petiole 5 in. long. Spike 

central, 3 in. long. Bracts 5 or 6, oblong cuspidate distant, '5 to 

I in. long. Flowers in threes, small yellow. Calyx '75 in. long. 

Corolla tube I in. long, lobes linear, '25 in. long. Staminodes 

oblong round broader. Lip bilobed round, '5 in. long. Anthercrest 

cuneate trilobed. Hab. Rare. johor, Kwala Sembrong 

(Kelsall). Negri Sembilan, Senaling Forest Reserve (Holttum). 

(16) G. subbilobus Burkill MS. 

Rhizome moderately stout. Leaves crowded, ovate-Ianceolate 

slightly oblique, narrowed at the base, papillose beneath and with 

rather long sparse hairs, or glabrous; nerves fine, 6 pairs with 

many more slender nervules between; 4 to 6 in. long, 1·75 to 2 in. 

wide; petioles 3 to 4·5 in. long; sheaths I to 3 in. long. Racemes 

3 to 4'5 in. long, slender hairy. Bracts 5, lanceolate acuminate 

narrow, I in. long, hairy distant, 2-flowered. Corolla tube very 

slender, I in. long, lobes lanceolate, '3 in. long. Staminodes as 

long oblong blunt. All white. Lip broad obcuneate, tip broad 

sub-truncate, very shortly bilobed, white with a yellow central 

patch. Hab. johor, Pulau Tiuman, Joara Bay (Burkill). 

(17) G. lanceolatus Ridl. Mat. ii. 16. 

Rhizome slender woody. Leaves paired light green barred 

white lanceolate oblique, base narrow blunt, 4 in. long, glabrous; 

petioles 1'25 in. long. Bracts linear-Ianceolate narrow, '75 in. 

long. Flowers white. Calyx spathaceous. Corolla tube I in. long, 

lobes lanceolate, '25 in. long. Staminodes narrower. Lip obcuneate, 

'S in. long. Anther-crest broad truncate. Hab. Rare 

in forests, Johor, Gunong Pantai (Ridley). 

(18) G. longipes Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. II3; Mat. 

ii. 17. 

Rhizome far creeping. Leaves 2, elliptic-ovate sub-acute,

H itcheniopsis.] CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACE.£. 253 

I ft. long, 6 in. across, dark green above, purple and pubescent 

beneath; petioles 4 in. long. Spike from between leaves 4 in. 

long. Bracts few, I in. long, deep red. Corolla tube I in. long, 

white, lobes lanceolate acute, '5 in. long, white or light yellow. 

Staminodes oblong blunt. Stamens pubescent. Lip obovate bilobed 

denticulate yellow, with pink streaks at base. Stamen 

pubescent, crest none or very short. Hab. In forests locally 

abundant. Perak, Thaiping Hills; Tapah (Wray); Temengoh; 

Goping; Sira Rimau (Yapp); Dindings, GUllong Tungul (Ridley). 

Kedah Gunong Bintang (Kloss). 

var. rubra Rid!, Staminodes, lip and anther dark red. Perak, 

Kwala Dipang, base of limestone cliffs (Curtis, Ridley). 

Curcuma gral1d,f!OYa Wall. Bah. F.B.l v. 216. .. Malay Pemnsula," a 

drawing in Herb. Kew, looks suspiciously like thIS plant. 

(2) H. lanceolata Ridl. Curcuma lanceolata Ridl. Mat. ii. 22. 

Leaves 2 or 3 in a tuft, lanceolate sub-acute narrowed to base, 

midrib beneath hairy, 8 in. long, 2'5 in. wide; petioles 6 in. long. 

Peduncle 3 in. long. Spike obconic, I to 2 in. long. Bracts ovatelanceolate 

green acute, '75 in. long or less. Calyx '25 in. long. 

Corolla tube '5 in. long, lobes oblong, '25 in. long. Staminodes 

much smaller, pubescent. Lip oblong blunt white, tip yellowish, 

sides barred crimson. Filament pubescent; anther-crest small 

ovate. Hab. Wet spots in forest. Perak, Bujong Malacca (Curtis) ; 

Tapah; Chanderiang (Kunstler). 

(3) H. sylvestris Ridl. Curcuma sylvestris Ridl. Trans. Linn. 

Soc. iii. 378; Mat. ii. 22. 

Rhizome slender, far creeping. Leaf I, ovate acute, base round, 

glabrous, 8 in. long, 4 in. wide, purple beneath; petiole slender, 

18 in. long. Peduncle 4 to 6 in. long. Spike obconic, I'S in. long. 

Bracts broad ovate, tips recurved rosy. Flowers white. Corolla 

tube 'S in. long, lobes linear acute, '5 in. long. Staminodes broader 

lorate blunt. Lip oblong-obovate emarginate round, white, central 

bar yellow, with violet streaks. Anther oblong, crest broad recurved, 

violet. Hab. Very local, but abundant. Pahang, Tahan 

River woods to mouth of Teku River (Ridley). 

8. CURCUMA, Linn. /' 

Herbs usually with thick fleshy rhizomes, stems short or o. 

Leaves oblong thin usually tufted. Spikes peduncled. Bracts large 

ovate forming a cone, upper ones empty, lower ones containing 

several fugacious flowers with several bracteoles. Calyx short, 

cylindric toothed. Corolla tube funnel-shaped, lobes oblong or 

ovate. Staminodes petaloid. Lip orbicular or ovate. Stamen 

filament broad short, anther-cells linear, spurred at base. Style 

filiform; ovary 3-celled. -Capsule globose, 3-valved. Seed arillate. 

Species about 35, India, Siam, Malaya, Australia.

254 CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACE.tE. [Curcuma. 

(I) C. zedoaria Roscoe Scitam. t. 109; Ridl. Mat. ii. 21. C. 

zerumbet Roxb. As. Res. xi. 33; Corom. Pl. t. 101. 

Rhizome large fleshy, orange inside. Leaves paired, lanceolate 

green with a purple central splash, 18 in. long, 6 in. wide. Scape 

outside the leaf tuft; peduncle 18 in. long. Spike 6 in. long or 

more. Bracts about 20, lower ones green, tipped pink, upper ones 

lanceolate, deep crimson. Flowers 4 in a bract. Calyx '25 in. 

long, hairy. Corolla tube I in. long, yellowish white, lobes '5 in. 

long. Staminodes oblong. Lip oblong-obovate, bilobed yellowish, 

tipped orange. Anther spurred. Hab. Common in waste ground 

and abandoned cultivation. Singapore, Penang, Kedah. Distrib. 

India, Malay isles. Native name: Temu Kuning. 

CULTIVATED SPECIES. 

C. DOMESTICA Valeton Bull. J ard. Bot. Bttitellz. XXXVlll. 31. 

C. longa Koen., Ridl. and other authors. This is the local 

Turmeric, Kunyit of the Malay Peninsula. Native of 

Java. The original C. longa Linn. is altogether dubious. 

C. domestica has a rhizome deep orange colour inside, short 

leaves of a light green and a short spike of green bracts 

about 4 in. long, the uppermost usually tipped pink. Flowers 

pale cream with a strong yellow bar down the lip. It supplies 

the Turmeric used in curries and is also used as a dye. 

C. MANGGA Vaieton l.c. 50. Temu Pauh. Rhizome yellow inside 

with smell and taste of wild carrots. Leaves long with a 

purple splash in centre or entirely green. Spike produced 

outside the leaves. Lower bracts white, median green, 

terminal bracts violet red. Sparsely cultivated. 

I have never seen this in flower. 

C. XANTHORHIZA Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 25; Valeton i.c. 61. Tcmu Lawas. 

Rhizome deep orange inside. Leaves deep green with a purple 

central feather. Spike lateral, scape short. Bracts pale green 

edged red, uppermost red violet, base green striped. Distrib. 

Java. 

C. AERUGINOSA Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 27; Valeto1t l.c. 65. Tcmu hitam. 

Rhizome grey polished, inside bluish. Leaves glabrous green 

with purple central bar. Scape separate from leaves. Upper 

bracts hairy red violet lighter below, mucronate. Flowers 

short, broad. Petals and tube dark pink red, inner parts 

yellow, middle of lip deep yellow. Distrib. Java, Burma. 

9. CONAMOMUM, Ridl. 

Stout tall plants with a woody stilted rhizome. Leafy stems 

tall. Leaves oblong-Ianceolate. Scapes peduncled from rhizome

CXXXVII. 2INGIBERACE1E. [Carenophila. 

lip. Anther large oblong, crest large round entire. Ovary glabrous. 

Fruit globose, smooth, deep claret colour. Species I. 

(I) C. montana Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vol. iv. 78. 

Stems about 3 ft. tall. Leaves 12 to 15 in. long, 2 in. wide, 

woolly hairy beneath, sheath and ligule yellow woolly hairy. Spike 

5 in. long. Bracts ovate pink, uppermost 3 in. long. Calyx I in. 

long, pink. Corolla tube pink, lobes white, I in. long. Lip little 

longer entire edges upcurved white, speckled red. Fruit as big as 

a cherry. Hab. Rare. Pahang, summit of Gunong Berumbun, 

Telom at 6000 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

11. COSTUS, Linn. 

Stems tall, often spiral, sometimes branched. Leaves lanceolate, 

shortly petioled, ligule forming a complete ring. Spike terminal 

or on rhizome. Bracts stiff, often spiny. Calyx tubular 

trilobed. Corolla funnel-shaped, lobes large. Lip obovate usually 

entire, trumpet-shaped. Staminodes o. Stamen very broad and 

thin, crest long, acute or upcurved. Capsule woody splitting on 

one side. Species about 40, South America, Africa, Indo-Malaya, 

Australia. 

Spike terminal; flowers white. 

(I) C. speciosus 

Spike on rhizome, large. 

Bracts strongly spiny; flowers red. (2) C. globosus 

Bracts hairy not pungent; flowers yellow . . (3) C. Kingii 

Bracts broad hairy and pungent; whole plant 

hairy; flowers red. . . . . . 

Spike small; bracts glabrous thin . 

(I) C. speciosus Sm. Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 

ii.24· 

(4) C. velutinus 

(5) C. Kunstleri 

249; Ridl. Mat. 

Stems 6 to 10 ft. tall and up to I in. through, branched and 

spiral. Leaves 9 in. long, 3 in. wide, above glabrous, beneath 

more or less pubescent oblong acuminate. Spike ovate or oblong, 

terminal (very rarely on rhizome), 6 in. long or less. Bracts ovate 

mucronate, red, '75 in. long. Calyx short, red. Corolla '25 in. 

long, lobes 2 in. long, white, often tinged rose. Lip very large, 

4 in. long and wide, white, central bar yellow. Stamen 2 in. long, 

hairy on back, crest oblong acuminate, orange beneath. Hab. 

Common in damp open spots and edges of forests, from Singapore 

to Perlis. 

var. argyrophyllus Wall. Cat. 6555. A more slender woodland 

form, more branched, leaves silky on the back, flowers and spikes 

smaller. Lip entirely white smaller; petals often pink-tinted. 

Hab. In forests. Common. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. Native name: 

Tawar or S'tawar. Use: In ma.gic ceremonies. 

(2) C. globosus Bl. Enum. Pl. Jav. 62; Rull. Mat. ii. 25. 

Stems 6 to 8 ft. tall, rather slender. Leaves on one side of the 

stem, oblanceolate acuminate, midrib pubescent beneath, 7 in.

CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACE.E. [Zingiber. 

Lip 3-lobed; midlobe the longer. Stamen filament linear; anthercells 

linear, connective forming a long curved beak. Capsule thinwalled, 

three-valved. Seed black, arillate. Species 30, Indo-China, 

Malaya. 

The ginger plant .. Haliya" Zingiber officinale Rosc. is commonly cultivated 

in fields. It is about I ft. tall, with narrow leaves, the spike borne on 

a peduncle from the rhizome, rarely terminal; bracts green, flower yellow 

densely spotted black. 

Spikes with broad base and blunt tip; bracts recurved 

at tip. 

Leaf stems 4 to 7 ft. tall. 

Spikes cylindric, large; bracts broad . 

Spikes oblong large; bracts lanceolate . 

Leal stems slender, about 2 ft. tall. 

(I) Z. spectabile 

(2) Z. KUDStleri 

Spikes obconic; bracts narrow.. (3) z. Wrayi 

Spikes cylindnc-globose green turning red, 

blunt; midlobe entire . . . (4) Z. aromaticum 

Spikes ellipsoid brown; flowers pink; rhizome 

purple; lip bllobed . . . . (5) Z. Ottensi 

Spikes cylindnc acute purplish-green; midlobe 

bifid. . 

Spikes yellow cyhndric. 

Lip-midlobe pink bifid 

Leaf stems 6 ft. tall. 

Lip-midlobe entire creamy. 

Leaves 18 in. long; s:r.ike 7 in. long . 

Leaves 8 in. long; spike 4 to 5 in. long 

Spikes fusiform acuminate pink. 

(6) Z. Cassumunaar 

(7) Z. chrysostachys 

(8) Z. chryseum 

(9) Z. citrinum 

Lip-mldlobe bifid; plant slightly pubescent . (10) Z. gracile 

Lip-mldlobe entire lanceolate acute slightly 

pubescent. . . . . . (II) Z. Gri1B.thii 

Lip-mldlobe entire oblong blunt; plant woolly, 

very tall. . . . . . (12) Z. puberuIa 

(1) Z. spectabile Griff. Notulce, iii. 413; Ridl. Mat. ii. 26. 

Stems 7 ft. tall, ·S in. through. Leaves lanceolate mucronate, 

1 ft. long, 4 in. wide. Peduncles stout, 1 ft. long or more. Spike 

cylindric, over 1 ft. tall, thick. Bracts stiff ovate edges recurved, 

at first yellow, then scarlet. Calyx spathaceous, l·S in. long, 

white. Corolla tube l·S in. long, lobes lanceolate acute, as long, 

lower ones connate and adnate to lip. Lip shorter, side-lobes 

broad round, midlobe bifid, all lemon-yellow, mottled purple or 

black. Anther broad, yellow, appendage long, purple. Capsule 

1 in. long. Hab. Common and very showy, in forests. Malacca 

(Griffith); Panchur (Goodenough). Pahang, Tahan and Pahang 

Rivers. Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill. Selangor, Petaling. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills; Temengoh. Dindings, Lumut. Penang, Pulau 

Betong (Curtis). Perlis, Ginting Kabok. Distrib. Sumatra. 

(2) Z. KWlstleri King, in Ridl. !ourn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, 

p. 127; Mat. ii. 27. 

Rhizome very thick, 2 in. through. Stems 4 to 6 ft. tall. 

Leaves lanceolate acuminate, over 1 ft. long, 3 in. wide. Peduncle 

over 1 ft. tall, stout. Spike 3 to 6 in. long, 3 to 4 in. through,

260 CXXXVII. ZINGlBERACE..£. [Zingiber. 

(7) Z. chrysostachys Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, 

p. 129; Mat. ii. 28. 

Stems slender, 2 ft. tall, purplish. Leaves 10, lanceolate acuminate, 

5 in. long, 1'5 in. wide, ligule I in. long. Peduncles 2 in. 

long, thick. Spikes 4 in. long, cylindric. Bracts broad truncate 

retuse, yellow. Corolla white, lobes lanceolate acute, 1 in. long. 

Lip base narrow linear, lobes ovate blunt white, midlobe bifid 

dotted crimson. Anther-cells elliptic, pink-spotted. Hab. Local 

in dense woods. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Curtis, Wray). 

(8) Z. chryseum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32 , p. 149. 

Stems often tall, stout. Leaves oblong-Ianceolate caudate, dark 

green glabrous, base round, 18 in. long, 3'75 to 4 in. wide; ligule 

very short. Spikes cylindric acuminate, 7 in. long; peduncle as 

long. Bracts '75 in. across, rounded glabrous, lemon yellow. 

Calyx spathaceous oblique entire, 1 in. long. Corolla tube 2 in. 

long, lobes lanceolate acuminate, over 1 in. long, cream white. 

Lip side-lobes round, midlobe oblong blunt entire, 1 in. long, 

cream white. Hab. Very rare. Singapore, in a wood at Stagmount 

in 1908, cleared and burnt a year or so later. 

(9) Z. citrinum Ridl. J ourn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 129; 

Mat. ii. 28. 

Stems 1 ft. tall. Leaves broad lanceolate dark green, pubescent 

beneath, 8 in. long, 4 in. wide; ligule very short. Spike oblong 

blunt, 4 to 5 in. long; peduncle 3 in. long. Bracts broad round, 

lemon yellow (pink in fruit). Calyx '75 in. long, bifid. Corolla 

tube 2'5 in. long, lateral-lobes connate and adnate to lip, '75 in. long, 

yellowish. Lip side-lobes large oblong round, mid lobe lanceolate 

blunt, yellow. Hab. In woods. Johor, Gunong Janeng (Kelsall). 

Selangor, Ginting Peras; Ginting Bidai; Dusun Tua. Perak, DIu 

Bubong (Kunstler). Native name: Tepus Tenok. 

(10) Z. gracile Jack, Mal. Misc. I, NO.1; Ridt. Mat. ii. 29. 

Stems glabrous slender, 2 ft. tall or more. Leaves ovate or 

ovate lanceolate acute pubescent beneath, 6 in. long, 2'5 in. wide. 

Peduncle 6 to 12 in. long. Spike 4 to 6 in. long, cylindric acute, 

base narrowed. Bracts ovate blunt or acute pink. Calyx lobes 

long lanceolate acute. Corolla tube 1 in. long, lobes lanceolate 

acute, yellowish white. Lip side-lobes round, '5 in. long, midlobe 

deeply bifid acute. Capsule'5 in. long, elliptic. Hab. Woods 

not rare. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling; 

Tahan River. Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Goodenough); Mt. Ophir 

(Hullett). Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall); Kwala Lumpur. 

Perak, Batang Padang (Kunstler). Penang (Jack). 

var. datior Ridl. Taller and more slender,s ft. tall. Leaves 

narrow linear acuminate. Peduncle 18 in. long. Spike 7 to 8 in. 

long. Perak, Thaiping Hills (KunstIer). Penang Hill. 

(II) Z. Griffithii Bak. in Hook fil. F.B.I. vi. 246. 

About 3 ft. tall, '25 in. through. Leaves elliptic acuminate,

CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACElE. [Amomum. 

Anther-crest reniform, angles not prolonged. (5) A. lIavum 

Anther-crest very small or none; fruit spinous. 

Lip bilobed at tip; fruit oblong . 

Lip centre toothed; fruit large globose . 

Lip small boat-shaped; staminodes and crest 

very small, 3 lobed sometimes present . 

Lip broad; flowers in a dense sub·globose head 

Lip narrow spathulate; staminodes small 

Staminodes conspicuous. 

Spikes cylindric tall on tall peduncles. 

Bracts ovate not recurved at tip. 

Calyx truncate; peduncle and flowers 

(6) A. lappaceum 

(7) A. ochreum 

(8) A, uliginosum 

(9) A, cephalotes 

(10) A. Bolttumii 

tomentose pubescent. . . . (II) A. cylindraceum 

Calyx urceolate tnlobed; peduncle and 

flowers glabrous. . . . . (12) A. cylindrostachys 

Bracts with acute recurved tips; flowers 

small. . . . . . . (13) A. squarrosum 

Spike short on short peduncle, cylindric; stami- 

nodes linear setaceous . . . . 

(14) A. perakense 

Spikes obconic. 

Lip trilobed hastate. . . . . (IS) A. hastilabium 

Lip bifid at tip , . . . . . (16) A. macrodoDS 

Lip entire spoon-shaped; bracts papery brown (17) A. testaceum 

Lip entire oblong; flowers very small . (18) A. micranthum 

(I) A, xanthophlebium Bak. in Hook fil. F.B.I. vi. 241; Ridi. 

Mat. ii. 31, A. stenoglossum Bak. I.cc. 

Stems stout, 6 ft. tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate cuspidate, 

2 ft. long, 2 to 4 in. wide, glabrous; petioles 1 in. long. Spikes 

obconic, 6 in. long, 3 in. through or more. Peduncles 4 to 6 in. long. 

Bracts oblong, 2 in. long, 1 in. wide, red. Flower I in a bract. 

Calyx I in. long, trifid, brown pink. Corolla tube thick, 1'5 in. long, 

upper lobe ovate, lower oblong; all cherry red. Lip little longer 

obovate convolute, yellow, streaked red. Anther-crest round, upper 

angles horn-like. Capsule oblong, I in. long, pubescent. Hab. 

Common in lowland forest up to 3000 ft. altitude. Singapore, 

Bukit Timah; Bukit Mandai; Selitar. ] ohor, Gunong Pulai. 

Malacca (Maingay); Nyalas (Goodenough). Dindings, Pangkor. 

Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler); Bujong Malacca. Penang Hill 

(Curtis). Natwe name,' Tepus. Use,' Flowers as a sumbul in 

curries. 

(2) A. aurantiacum Ridi. 

Stem stout tall, glabrous. Leaves oblong acuminate subcoriaceous 

shortly narrowed at base; petioles short thick, ligule 

oblong truncate, longer. Spikes ovoid, 1'5 in. long; peduncles 

stout, 2 in. long, covered with ovate blunt round bracts pubescent, 

'75 in. long, '5 in. wide. Flowers large orange, lip centre red. 

Calyx spathaceous glabrous except the pubescent tips of the two 

lobes, I in. long. Corolla tube as long, lobes linear-oblong round, 

r'25 in. long. Lip obovate broad round, 1 in. long and nearly as 

wide. Stamens shorter, anther-crest small round, arms broad 

oblong curved truncate, 8-nerved; style hairy. Hab. Kelantan in 

Glam Wood Kota Bharu (Ridley).

Amomum.] CXXXVU. ZINGIBERACElE. 

(3) A. xanthoglosswn Ridl. 

Stem tall glabrous. Leaves oblong-Ianceolate cuspidate narrowed 

to the base glabrous, 15 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles slender, 

'5 in. long, ligule shorter, top round. Spikes obconic shortpeduncled, 

3 in. long, glabrous. Bracts smooth chartaceous oblong, 

tip round, upper ones with a short mucro, lower ones I in. long, 

·6 in. wide. Calyx tubular truncate, glabrous, '5 in. long. Corolla 

tube cylindric, silky hairy, I in. long, lobes oblong white. Lip 

broadly obovate, clawed, I in. wide, yellow inside, veined red at 

base. Stamen I in. long, no crest, but 2 elongate curved linear 

arms. Hab. Kelantan, Chaning Woods (Ridley). 

(4) A. spicewn Ridl. 

Plant forming a very large tuft of slender leafy sterns 6 ft. tall. 

Leaves narrow linear-oblong acuminate, base narrowed, 18 in. long, 

I in. wide; ligules oblong, rounded adnate to petiole, edges ciliate, 

'3 in. long. Spikes linear-oblong, 7 to 8 in. long, on a peduncle I in. 

long; rachis velvety. Flowers single, enclosed in three papery 

lanceolate acuminate bracts 1'25 in. long and with a long lanceolate 

dry papery outer bract 2 in. long, '3 in. wide, all distant 

imbricating. Calyx spathaceous, split in front, 1'5 in. long, buff. 

Corolla tube as short. Upper lobe broad oblong, 1'5 in. long, blunt, 

lower ones linear, red. Lip large obovate entire yellow finely 

punctate, red on both sides. Anther oblong, with a crest of two 

long curved arms, and a very short median process. Hab. Dense 

mountain forests. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga (Ridley); 

Gunong Angsi (Holttum). 

This is very unlike any other species in its drawn-out spike of long papery 

bracts, and has more of the appearance of a Geostachys. 

(s) A. flavwn RMI. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 133; 

Mat. ii. 31. 

Stems pubescenti 12 to 15 ft. tall. Leaves oblong-Ianceolate 

pubescent beneath, I ft. long, 2 in. wide. Spikes I in. long, 2'5 in. 

through, sub-globose on peduncles 1'5 in. long. Bracts bilobed, 

'5 in. long, pubescent. Corolla ochreous, upper lobe obovate 

hooded, laterals narrower lanceolate. Lip I in. across, obovate 

convolute, yellow, spotted red. Filament broad pale orange, 

anther-crest reniform. Hab. Penang Waterfall and Penara Bukit 

(Curtis). Distrib. Sumatra. 

(6) A. lappacewn Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 134; 

Mat. ih 31. 

Stems 6 ft. tall. Leaves oblong-Ianceolate cuspidate glabrous, 

18 in. long, 4 in. wide. Spikes cylindric, gradually elongating, 

rachis tomentose. Bracts oblong bifid, red, 1'5 in. long, I in. wide. 

Calyx tube I in. long, red. Corolla as long, lobes linear, 'S in. long. 

lobes linear, '5 in. long, .ochre yellow. Lip obovate round bilobed. 

Staminodes minute. Anther crest small round. Fruit oblong, 

'75 in. long, covered with conic subulate spines; pedicel '75 in. long.

CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACEAl:. [Amomum. 

Hab. Dense forests at about 3000 ft. altitude or less. Johor, Pulau 

Tinggi (Burkill). Pahang, Telom. Selangor, Ginting Peras. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills (Ridley). Use: Fruit eaten by Sakais. 

The plants originally descnbed by me had no staminodes or crest, but the 

Telom plant had both 

(7) A. ochreum R£dl. Jount. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 135; 

Mat. ii. 35. 

Stems tall and stout. Leaves oblong cuspidate glabrous, 3 ft. 

long, 7 in. wide; petioles'5 in. long. Spikes short globose, elongating 

in fruit; peduncles 1'5 in. long. Bracts lanceolate, 1'5 in. long. 

Flowers large yellow. Calyx I in. long, lobes lanceolate, tips hairy. 

Corolla tube thick, lobes oblong blunt, '75 in. long. Lip over I in. 

long, convolute, edge toothed. Anther oblong. Fruit large, globose 

covered with short processes green. Hab. Rare. In mountain 

forests. Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley). Pahang, Upper Tras 

Valley, under Fraser Hill (Burkill). 

(8) A. uliginosum Koen, Retz. Observ. iii. 56. 

Rhizome long, much branched. Stems 5 ft. tall. Leaves 

narrow lanceolate, long cuspidate, glabrous, 1 ft. long, I in. wide. 

Spikes obconic, 1'5 in. long, I in. across; peduncles 1 to 4 in. long. 

Bracts ovate-elliptic, pink or brown. Calyx'5 in. long, pink, lobes 

'5 in. long. Corolla tube little longer, lobes narrow acute pink. 

Lip boat-shaped geniculate, knee crimson, limb short white, 

central bar yellow edged crimson, '5 in. long. Staminodes o. 

Anther oblong, crest 3-lobed. Fruit globose, '5 in. through, covered 

with soft red processes. Hab. Abundant in woods and banks in 

forest to about 3000 ft. altitude. Johor, Ulu Kahang (Holttum); 

Muar, Sungei Pauh (Fox). Malacca, Bukit Sadanen (Derry). Pahang, 

Kwala Tembeling. Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill. Perak, Larut 

(Kunstler); Temengoh. Dindings. Penang, Balik Pulau. Kedah, 

Van. Distrtb. Siam, Borneo. Native names: Pua Hijau; Pua 

Gajah; Tepus Merah. Use: Fruit is eaten by J akuns and sometimes 

the plant is cultivated by them. 

(9) A. cephalotes Ridl. 

Stems slender, glabrous. Leaves linear acuminate, base narrowed 

glabrous, I ft. long, 8 in. wide, ligules '25 in. long, oblong 

entire. Heads sub-globose, 1'5 in. long, on peduncles 5 in. long, 

covered with lanceolate bracts, glabrous, outer bracts lanceolate 

pubescent, I in. long. Flowers numerous, cream with yellow midrib 

and tips slightly streaked with brown; pedicel stout velvety, 

'25 in. long. Calyx spathaceous with saccate hairy points. Corolla 

tube '1 in. long, lobes linear-oblong blunt, '5 in. long. Lip obovate 

as long, '3 in. wide with 2 central keels. Stamen filament very short; 

anther broad oblong with no crest or arms, pubescent. Hab. 

Pahang, Gunong Senyum (Evans). 

(10) A. Holttumii Ridl. 

Leaves narrow lanceolate aruminate, tip very narrow, base

266 CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACE..E. [Amomum. 

Selangor, Semangkok Pass. Perak, Tapah (Wray); Temengoh. 

Native name .. Pua Tada Umbon. 

(14) A. perakense Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 135; 

Mat. ii. 33. 

Rhizome stout on stilt roots woody. Stems slender, '25 in. 

through. Leaves lanceolate long acuminate, 8 in. long, I in. wide. 

PedunclE'S 2 in. long, flexuous. Spikes sub-cylindric, as long. Bracts 

narrow oblong, '75 in. long, caducous. Calyx tube '5 in. long, lobes 

lanceolate acute. Corolla tube slender, lobes '5 in. long. Lip 

obovate longer. Staminodes linear setaceous, longer than filament. 

Anther '25 in. long, crest round. Hab. Rare. Perak, Thaiping 

Hills (Wray). 

(15) A. hastilabiurn Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 137; 

Mat. ii. 33. 

Rhizome slender, short. Stems 3 to 4 ft. tall, stout. Leaves 

oblong lanceolate acuminate, 9 to 18 in. long, 2 to 4 in. across; 

petioles '5 in. long; ligules ovate. Spike short obconic, I to 2 in. 

long; peduncle I in. long. Bracts ovate, papery light brown, I in. 

long, '5 in. wide. Calyx cylindric truncate, '75 in. long. Corolla 

tube I in. long, slender, lobes oblong blunt white, '5 in. long. Lip 

broad hastate, base narrow linear, white; mid-lobe narrow oblong, 

orange, darker central bar, with purple side marks. Staminodes 

lanceolate acuminate, setaceous. Anther oblong, crest orange, 

broad oblong truncate. Capsule globose, '5 in. long, ribbed hairy. 

Hab. In dense forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Johor, Gunong 

Pantai. Selangor, Dusun Tua (Ridley). Perak (Wray). 

(16) A. macrodons Scort. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. ltal. 1886, p. 309, 

pl. xii. 

Stem 2 ft. tall, slender. Leaves few elliptic caudate, 6 to 8 in. 

long, 2 to 3 in. wide. Spike obconic, 2 in. across. Bracts ovate 

lanceolate, densely streaked red. Calyx tubular, spathaceous. 

Corolla ·65 in. long, lobes ovate, '5 in. long. Lip as long, oblong 

bifid, lobes round pubescent, yellow, base purple. Staminodes 

lanceolate pubemlous, red. Anther-crest emarginate ciliate. Hab. 

Perak, Kinta (Scortechini). Not seen. 

(17) A. testaceurn Ridl. Jount. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 135; 

Mat. ii. 33. 

Stems 12 ft. tall, clubbed at base. Leaves lanceolate cuspidate 

glabrous, 2 ft. long, 4 in. wide. Spikes cylindric or fusiform, 3 to 

4 in. long ; peduncles 6 in. long. Bracts papery, pale brown, oblong 

silky. Calyx trifid silky. Corolla tube little longer, lobes linearoblong 

white, '5 in. long. Lip spoon-shaped, white, tipped yellow, 

2 red lines at base. Staminodes oblong truncate buff. Anther 

short quadrate, upper angles prolonged, crest entire oblong blunt. 

Spike elongating in fruit. Hab. In thick woods, local but widescattered, 

chiefly near limestone rocks. Johor, Pulau Tiuman. 

Selangor, Batu Caves. Setul, Rajah Wang. Perlis, Ginting Kabok 

(Ridley).

268 CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACEJE. [ H ornstedtia. 

oblong, pubescent beneath, 2 ft. long, 6 in across; petioles '25 in. 

long; ligules '5 in long, hairy Spike cylindric enlarged upwards, 

6 in long, covered with oblong-ovate stiff red bracts transversely 

and longitudinally ribbed, 2 in long Calyx spathaceous trifid, 

I in long, red, tipped white Corolla tube 3 in long, slender, upper 

lobe hooded, '75 in. long, lower ones shorter, adnate to lip. Lip 

narrow fleshy little longer, tongue-shaped pubescent, all dark red. 

Capsule oblong, '75 in. long. Hab. Common in lowland woods. 

Singapore, Bukit Timah, etc. Johor, Tanjong Bunga. Malacca, 

Ching (Griffith). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Distrib. Sumatra, 

Borneo. 

(2) H. ophiuchus Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 141; 

Mat. ii. 36. 

Stems 12 ft. tall, clubbed at base. Leaves oblong-Ianceolate 

glabrous, 15 in. long, 3°in. wide; ligules pubescent. Spike fusiform, 

4 in. long, Bracts ovate acute mucronate ribbed, silky pubescent, 

2 in. long, I in. wide. Flowers 5 in. long, red. Calyx 3 in. long, 

base silky. Corolla lobes lorate. Lip as long, red, edges white. 

Anther crestless, red. Hab. Rare. Pahang, Tahan woods 

(Ridley). 

(3) H. striolata Ridl. Mat. ii. 36. 

Stem tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate acuminate glabrous, 18 in. 

long, 2 in. wide; petioles 3 in. long. Spike cylindric, 5 in. long, 

I in. through. Bracts ovate rounded at tip, finely striate pubescent 

above, I in. long and nearly as wide. Calyx 1'5 in. long, unequally 

bilobed. Corolla tube 2 in. long, lobes linear-oblong, blunt, 1 in. 

long. Lip as long. Anther-crest large round. H abo Rare, Selangor, 

Rulu Semangkok at 4000 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

(4) H. grandis Rt·dl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 141; 

Mat. ii. 36. 

Rhizome stilted on stiff roots. Stems 12 to 15 ft. tall, base clubbed. 

Leaves oblong cuspidate, 3 ft. long, 6 in. across, glabrous; petioles 

'S in. long. Spikes elongate conic-cylindric, 8 in. tall. Bracts 

ovate round, edges hairy, minutely striolate with irregular transverse 

elevations. Calyx 2 in. long, trilobed. Corolla 5 in. long, 

upper lobe 1 in. long. Lip side-lobes small, tip round pubescent. 

Filament hairy; anther-crest ovate acute. Hab. In forests at 

3000 to 4000 ft. altitude. Pahang, Telom; Fraser Hill (Burkill). 

Perak, Thaiping Rills (Ridley). 

(5) H. conica Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32 , p. 142; 

Mat. ii. 37. 

Stems 5 ft. tall. Leaves oblong-Ianceolate cuspidate, I ft. long, 

3 to 4 in. wide, sometimes pubescent beneath; petioles ·S to 1 in. 

long. Spikes fusiform acuminate, 4 in. long. Bracts ovate acute, 

pink covered with silvery tomentum, finely ribbed.- Flowers purplish 

pink. Calyx tubular with a long cusp, 2 in. long. Corolla tube 4 in. 

long, lobes oblong, '5 in. long. Lip rather longer. Hah. Not very

270 CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACElE. [Hornstedtia. 

Sembilan, Kwala Pedas; Bukit Tangga. Selangor, Petaling. Dindings, 

Lumut. Perak, Thaiping Hills; Gunong Keledang. Penang 

(Maingay, Curtis, etc.). Kelantan, river banks (Ridley). 

(II?) H. pauciflora Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 144; 

Mat. 11. 38. 

Stems 12 ft. tall. Leaves oblong cuspidate glabrous, 18 in. long, 

4 in. wide; petioles'5 in. long; ligules I in. long. Spikes 2- to 4flowered. 

Bracts narrow lanceolate, fleshy white. Calyx tube 

trifid, lobes acute, 3 in. long, red. Corolla, upper lobe lanceolate, 

cherry red, lower deep red, shorter blunt. Lip narrow lanceolate 

FIG. 183.-Hornstedtia megalochilus. 

blunt entire, flame-colour, central bar yellow. Anther oblong 

emarginate, red. Hab. Rare. Woods by limestone rocks. Selangor, 

Batu Caves, Perak, Sirah Rimau, foot of Gunong Inas (Yapp). 

(II) H. megalochilus Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, 

p. 146; Mat. ii. 38. Achasma macrocheilus Griff. Notulce, iii. 

426, pl. ccclxv. Amomum megalocheilus and A. rubroluteum Bak. 

in Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 236. 

Stems 12 to 15 ft. tall, base clubbed, 1'5 in. through. Leaves 

broad oblong cuspidate, glabrous, 2 to 3 ft. long, 2'5 to 4'5 in. wide; 

petioles '5 in. long. Spike 2 to 3 in. long, deep sunk in ground. 

Bracts ovate acute mucronate, thin papery coriaceous (inner ones 

fleshy), edges ciliate red, I in. long. Calyx 3 in. long, trifid, lobes

Hornstedtia.] CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACE..£. 

acuminate. Corolla tube 2 in. long, lobes I in. long, red. Lip 2 in. 

longer than corolla, limb spathulate, thin, entire or emarginate 

red edged yellow. Anther crestless, red. Hab. Common, often 

forming dense thickets in low wet forests. Singapore, Bukit Mandai. 

Pahang, Tahan Woods. Malacca, base of Ophir (Griffith); Bukit 

Sadanen. Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur; 

Langat. Perak, Thaiping Hills; Temengoh; Ulu Selama 

(Yapp). Penang Hill (Main gay, Curtis). Kelantan, Chaning .. 

Setul, Rajah Wang. Distrib. Sumatra. 

(12) H. metriochilus Ridl. journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. I47; 

Mat. ii. 39. Achasma megalocheilus Griff. Notulte iii. 427; Ie. Pl. 

As. t. 356. Amomum metriochilus Bak. in Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 234. 

Stems about 12 ft. tall. Leaves oblong mucronate softly velvety 

pubescent or glabrous beneat.h, 3 ft. long, 6 in. wide; petioles 2 in. 

long. Spike 2 in. long. Bracts ovate, ribbed, glabrous, red thin, 

I in. long. Corolla tube 2 in. long, lobes broad lanceolate, crimson, 

I in. long. Lip 2 in. longer, linear emarginate, crimson, with yellow 

centre. Anther broad, almost square, emarginate, pink. Hab. 

Wet forests. Johor, Gunong Pantai; Gunong Pulai; Batu Pahat. 

Malacca (Griffith). Selangor, Ginting Bidai; Batu Caves. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills; Ipoh (Curtis). Penang Hill. Kelantan, Kwala Lebir. 

(13) H. macrochilus Ridl. journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. I47; 

Mat. ii. 39. 

Stems 12 ft. tall. Leaves elliptic-oblong cuspidate glabrous, 

15 in. long, 4 in. wide; petioles'5 in. long; ligules shorter. Spike 

sub-cylindric. Bracts thin lanceolate acute, glabrous. Calyx 

tubular, lobes 3 acute, 1'5 in. long. Corolla tube 2 in. long, lobes 

blunt short. Lip 1'25 in. long, narrow linear, deeply bifid, lobes 

'25 in. long. All dark pink. Anther '25 in. long. Hab. Damp 

forests. Less common than last two. Johor, Kwala Tebing Tinggi; 

Batu Pahat. Pahang, Telom. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Griffith). 

Perak, Thaiping Hills (Curtis, Kunstler); Sirah Rimau (Yapp). 

Kelantan, Chaning woods. 

15. PHJEOMERIA, Lind!. 

Stems tall, stout. Leaves oblong. Spikes large conic or subglobose 

on tall, stout peduncles. Outer bracts usually spreading 

involucral. Flowers very numerous capitate. Floral bracts 

linear-oblong. Bracteoles spathaceous tubular, 3-lobed. Calyx 

short. Corolla lobes lorate, tube short. Lip little longer, sides convolute. 

Filament flat; anther oblong. Fruit obconic, pericarp 

woody, thick. Species 16, Malayan. 

Involucral bracts ovate spreading, pink; spike coneshaped 

. . . . . . 

Involucral bracts ovate acute mucronate, red 

Involucral bracts erect forming a cup . 

Involucral bracts not spreading, round, silky; head 

globose 

(I) P. imperialis 

(2) P. fulgens 

(3) P. venusta 

(4) P. Maingayi

Pheeomeria.] CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACEJE. 273 

Batu Pahat. Pahang, Kota Glanggi. Malacca (Maingay). Selangor, 

Dusun Tua. Perak, Temengoh (Ridley). 

16. GEOCHARIS, Ridl. 

Rhizomes rather slender throwing up leafy stems and inflorescences 

at internodes. Inflorescence racemose long peduncled, 

many flowered. Flowers orange or red, short pedicelled. Bracts 

small spathaceous. Calyx tubular trifid, lobes caudate ciliate. 

Corolla lobes long. Lip deeply bifid in two narrow linear lobes 

adnate to corolla. Filament broader than anther involute forming a 

tube with lip, with 2 short subulate staminodes Anther broad 

oblong, crest entire ovate. Species about 4, Sumatra, Borneo. 

(I) G. aurantiaca Redl ]Oltrll. Roy. As. Soc. S. By. 50, p. 144. 

Stems 2 ft. tall, sheaths hairy. Leaves I ft. long, 4'"5 in. wide, 

ell"1ptic; petioles '5 in. long, hairy. Peduncle I in. long, raceme 

5 in. long; flowers numerous orange. Calyx 1'25 in. long. Corolla 

lobes linear-oblong. Lip crimson, edged yellow. Hab. Rare. In 

peaty woods. Johor, Kukub (Ridley). Distnb. Borneo. 

17. PLAGIOSTACHYS, Ridl. 

Stems tall; leaves lanceolate. Spike or panicle from the side 

of the leafy stalk on short peduncle. Flowers small, densely crowded 

fleshy. Bracts ovate laciniate. Calyx spathaceous. Corolla tube 

short and thick, lobes oblong, fleshy. Lip flat oblong. Staminodes 

2 short subulate processes. Anther oblong emarginate, crestless. 

Capsule ovoid or oblong crustaceous. Seeds 3 or 4 in a cell. 


SpIkes half-way up stem; corolla lobes red. lip 

emargmate orange . . • . . . (I) P.lateralis 

SpIkes near base; corolla lobes white; lip obovate 

bifid yellow streaked red (2) P. albifiora 

(I) P. lateralis Ridl. ] ourn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 152; 

Mat. ii. 4I. 

Stems 6 ft. tall, stout. Leaves pubescent, 2'5 it. long, 4 in. wide; 

petioles I in. long; ligules bIlobed, '25 in. long. Spikes I to 3, 

cylindric, 6 in. long; rachis pubescent. Bracts brown. Calyx '25 

in. long, white. Corolla-lobes dark red, '4 in. long, ovate acute. 

Lip emarginate, papillose orange. Stamen /pubescent. Capsule. 

'5 in. long, ovoid. Hab. Wet spots in forest. Singapore, Bukit 

Timah and Bukit Mandai. Johor, Batu Pahat. Pahang, Pulau 

Tawar. ' Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley). Selangor, 

Klang (Burkill). 

(2) P. albiflora Ridl. ]ourn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 50, p. ISO. 

Stems 6 ft. tall, bases swollen. Leaves glabrous, 13 in. long, 3 m. 

wide; petioles 2 in. long; ligules bilobed, '25 in. long. SpIkes 

from near base of stem I to 3, oblong blunt, 2 in. long, 1'5 in. through. 

Bracts oblong pectinate, brown, base pink. Calyx-lobes unequal 

Fl.M.P .• 4 T

274 CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACEJE. [Plagiostachys. 

ovate. Corolla-lobes lanceolate acute, white, tipped pink. Lip 

obovate, hairy at base bifid, yellow, streaked red. Stamen white. 

Staminodes not visible. Fruit elliptic-obovate, sub-triquetrous, 

dull red, '5 in. long. Hab. Rare. In dense wet forest. Johor, 

Kukub (Ridley). 

18. ELETTARIOPSIS, Bak. 

Rhizome, long, creeping and slender. Leaves solitary or few in 

a tuft or on a leafy stem. Flower spikes scattered on long branches 

of the rhizome, very short, with a few fugacious flowers in the axils 

of small bracts. Calyx tube long, trilobed. Corolla tube long and 

slender, lobes narrow, white. Lip longer, obovate or oblong, white, 

central yellow bar and red streaks. Staminodes o. Stamen, filament 

short; anther-crest large round. Fruit a globose capsule. 

Species about 15, South Siam, Malay islands to Celebes. 

Leaf I, erect from rhizome . . .. (I) E. euerta 

Leaves 2, erect from rhizome; flower shoot short (2) E. Curtisii 

Leaves several on a leafy stem. 

Stem I ft. tall; corolla tube 3 in. long. . . (3) E. latiflora 

Stem 2 ft. tall; corolla tube I in. long; leaves thick 

pubescent beneath. . . .. (4) E. pubescens 

Stem several ft. tall; corolla tube 3 in. long • (5) E. lcmgituba 

(I) E. exserta Bak. F.B.I. vi. 251; Ridl. Mat. ii. 42. 

Cyphostigma exsertum Scort. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. viii. 310, t. 13. 

Leaf solitary elliptic acute narrowed to base, 2'5 to 3 ft. tall, 

about 6 in. across. Scape short erect. Flower I. Calyx I in. 

long. Corolla tube 3 in. long, lobes lanceolate, '75 in. long. Lip 

oblong, yellow, streaked red. Anther-crest short, round. Hab. 

Forests local but abundant in spots, rarely flowering. Perak, Kinta 

(Scortechini); Tapah; Batang Padang to Jor (Ridley). 

(2) E. CurtisiiBak. in Hook fil. F.B.I. vi. 252; Ridl. Mat. ii. 42. 

E. serpent ina, Bak. l.cc. 

Rhizome slender covered with loose sheaths. Leaves 2 or 3 in 

a tuft lanceolate acuminate narrowed to petioles, 6 to 8 in. long, 

3 in. wide; petioles 5 to 7 in. long. Flowering stems 3 in. long, 

covered with short brown sheaths; flowers rather distant. Calyx 

tube I in. long. Corolla longer, 1'5 in. long, slender, lobes oblong, 

5 in. long. Lip oblong-obovate rounded, '75 in. long. Anthercrest 

large oblong round. Hab. Dry hills local and scarce. Penang Hill 

at 1000 to 3000 ft. altitude and Bukit Laksamana (Curtis, Kunstler). 

(3) E. latiflora Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 154; 

Mat. ii. 43. 

Rhizome '25 in. through. Leafy stems 6 to 12 in. tall. Leaves 

about 5 lanceolate to ovate-Ianceolate pubescent beneath, 10 to 

13 in. long, 2 to 4 in. wide; petioles 2 to 4 in. long. Flower stems 

3 to 6 in. long, spikes 2-flowered. Bracts pink, '5 in. long. Calyx 

1'5 in. long, tip entire lanceolate. Corolla 3 in. long, slender, lobes 

oblong hlunt, '75 in. long. Lip obovate, I in. long and wide, white,

CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACE..E. [Geostachys. 

(I) G. deCun'da Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 158; 

Mat. ii. 45. Alpinia decurvata Bak. in Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 257. 

Stems 4 to 5 ft. tall. Leaves narrow lanceolate acuminate, 18 in. 

long, 1'5 in. wide; petioles'5 in. long. Leaves 12 to 14 in. long, with 

long dry lanceolate sheaths at base. Spikes secund distant lanceolate, 

I in. long on peduncles '5 in. long. Flowers 2 in a spike. 

Corolla-lobes lanceolate blunt, '5 in. long, buff. Lip I in. long, 

obcuneate oblong buff. Anther-crest small, round. Capsule 

elongate dark red. Hab. Forests at 3000 ft. altitude. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). 

(2) G. secunda Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 158; Mat. 

ii. 44. AJpinia secunda Bak. in Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 257. 

Stems 18 in. tall. Leaves about 4, elliptic-Ianceolate cuspidate, 

base narrow, I ft. long, 3 in. wide; petioles 1'5 in. long. Scapes 

decurved, 4 in. long; flower spikes numerous secund; peduncles'5 

in. long. Flowers 2 in a spike, yellowish. Bracts pubescent. 

Calyx '25 in. long. Corolla tube shorter, lobes '5 in. long. Lip 

oblong, obtuse longer. Anther crestless. Capsule '5 in. long, 

dark red. Hab. Mountains on rocks at 3000 to 4000 ft. altitude. 

Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Kunstler); Bujong Malacca. 

(3) G. rupestris Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 157; 

Mat. ii. 45. 

Rhizome woody, stout. Leaves broad lanceolate cuspidate, 8 in. 

long, 1'5 in. wide; petioles short. Scapes decurved secund, 3 in. 

long. Spikes I in. long. Calyx spathaceous, pink, limb ovate 

cuspidate, '5 in. long. Corolla tube slender shorter, lobes oblong 

lanceolate, yellow. Lip obovate yellow with red marks. Anthercrest 

small rounded. Hab. Mountains on rocks at 4000 ft. altitude. 

Pahang, Gunong Tahan. Kedah Peak (Ridley). 

(4) G. densiflora Ridl. 

Rhizome stout woody. Stem over I ft. tall. Leaves narrow 

lanceolate, narrowed to base, 16 to 18 in. long, 1'5 in. wide; petioles 

'5 to I in. long, slender; ligules narrow, '5 in. long. Scape 4 in. long. 

Rachis and peduncles hairy. Spikes '75 in. long, 2-flowered. Calyx 

pink spathaceous long-cuspidate. Corolla lobes linear-oblong, pink. 

Lip obovate-oblong, buff, '75 in. long. Anther-crest large round. 

Capsule sub-globose red. Hab. Local at 4000 ft. altitude. Perak, 

Gunong Kerbau (Robinson). 

(5) G. penangensis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 159. 

Stem about 18 in. tall. Leaves narrow lanceolate acuminate both 

ends, I ft. long, I to 1'5 in. wide; petioles '25 in. long. Scapes 

deflexed second, 3 in. long. Bracts slightly pubescent. Spikes·6 

in. long including 2 flowers; peduncles'I in. long. Calyx'5 in. long. 

Corolla tube shorter, red, lobes '5 in. long. Lip nearly I in. long, 

. 5 in. across, trilobed, side-lobes short, midlobe obovate ochre yellow. 

Anther crestless. Hab. Very local. Penang Hill. Abundant at 

2000 ft. altitude on banks (Curtis).

CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACElE. [Alpillia. 

Bracteoles ovate, '5 in. long; flowers small (8) A. Murdochii 

Staminodes blunt very obscure; flowers '4 in. 

across. . . 

(9) A. Seimundii 

Staminodes subulate glabrous. 

Corolla orange; panicle short dense. 

Stems 3 to 4 ft. tall, slender; corolla tube 

twice as long as calyx; IIp round entIre . (10) A. RafIIesiana 

Stems 6 ft. tall, stout; corolla tube as long as 

calyx; lip acute bIfid . . . . (II) A. aurantiaca 

Corolla white; panicle medium; bracts persistent. 

. . . . . . (12) A. pahangensis 

Corolla white; panicle very large; lip longer 

than broad. . (13) A. Dobilis 

Staminodes short blunt, hairy. 

Lip broader than long. . (14) A. latilabris 

Panicle pendulous usually short and dense; 

bracteoles cup-shaped. 

Bracts oblong; pamcle rather lax . . (15) A. javanica 

Bracts broad ovate thm; pamcle large capitate 

. . . . . . . (16) A. capitellata 

Bracts lanceolate; panicle lax, heads small 

distant . (17) A. campanaria 

§ 3. Cenolophon. Flowers large. Lip flat entire or lobed. Anther 

crested. Fruit oblong or fusiform. Seeds few, large. 

Raceme lax nodding. 

Leaves elliptic-oblong; sheaths hairy; lip 

obovate, crest dentate. . . . (18) A. petiolata 

Leaves ovate-oblong; sheaths glabrous; lip 

orbicular, crest lobed . 

(19) A. pulcherrima 

Raceme erect dense; bracts linear. 

Leaves unequally cordate at base . (20) A. macrostephana 

Leaves narrowed at base, lanceolate . (21) A. vitellina 

Leaves narrowed at base, ovate-Ianceolate (22) A. caDDrefolia 

Raceme dense erect; bracts connate cap-shaped (23) A. comosa 

(1) A. conchigera Griff. N otulae, iii. 424; I c. Pl. 534; Ridl. Mat. 

ii. 47. 

Stems slender, 2 to 5 ft. tall, tufted on a slender rhizome. Leaves 

oblong glabrous, edges ciliate, 6 to 12 in. long, 1'5 to 3 in. wide; 

petioles '5 in. long. Panicle 1 ft. long, branches short. Calyx 

short, thick. Corolla tube very short, lobes white, '5 in. long, 

elliptic-oblong. Lip obovate, 2 short teeth at base, yellowish 

white with 4 red streaks on each side, a ret use callus edged pink 

at base. Stamen curved, yellow. Capsule pea-shaped, pink. 

Hab. Open country near villages .. Singapore, Galang. Johor, 

Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall); Kota Tinggi. Pahang, Rumpin River. 

Malacca (Griffith); Umbai; Chenana putih. Province Wellesley, 

Kubang Semang (Curtis). Perak, Kwala Kangsa. Distrib. Chittagong. 

Native names,' Lankwas Ranting; Jurunang. Use,' A 

decoction of rhizomes for rheumatism. 

(2) A. secundiflora Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 165; 

Mat. ii. 48. 

Leaves lanceolate acute, 18 in. long, 2 in. wide, glaucous beneath, 

glabrous; petioles winged, '5 in. long. Panicle nearly I ft. long,

Alpinia.] CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACElE. 279 

branches pubescent. Flowers numerous secund. Bracts ovate, 

5 in. long. Calyx I in. long, lobes pubescent equal ovate. Corolla 

tube 1'12 in. long, funnel-shaped, lobes oblong. Lip shorter oblong 

blunt. Staminodes flat wing-shaped subulate, I in. long. Anther 

not crested. Hab. Very rare. Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). 

(3) A. melanocarpa Ridl. ] ourn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 123; 

Mat. ii. 48. 

Stems 2 to 3 ft. tall, slender from a stout rhizome. Leaves 

lanceolate acuminate, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide. Panicle 6 in. long, 

branches short, usually 3-flowered. Calyx '5 in. long, white, 

funnel-shaped. Corolla-tube little longer, lobes oblong blunt, white. 

Lip base narrow, limb bilobed, lobes oblong blunt, pink, '25 in. long. 

Staminodes 2 small green teeth at base of stamen. Capsule peashaped, 

black or red. Hab. Sandy places near the sea. Singapore, 

Kranji; Sehtar. Pahang, Kwala Pahang; Rumpin River 

(Evans). Native name,' Munkanang. Use,' A decoction of the 

flowers for cholera. 

This is not the H ellenia melanocarpa Teysm. of Sumatra, which has no 

staminodes, but an anther-crest. 

(4) A. Galanga Sw. Obs. Bot. 8; Ridl. Mat. ii. 48. 

Rhizome thick, aromatic. Stems 6 to 7 ft. tall, stout. Leaves 

lanceolate acute, I in. long. 3'25 in. wide; petioles '25 in. long. 

Panicle 6 in. long, branches numerous, crowded, I in. long. Calyx 

unequally trifid, '5 in. long, lobes ovate, white. Corolla tube as 

long, lobes linear recurved, '75 in. long, green. Lip I in. long, 

spathulate bifid, white with red streaks, base green. Staminodes 

2 short processes, pink. Stamen I in. long. Fruit elliptic, red, 

'25 in. long. Seeds I or 2. Hab. Often cultivated and occurring 

in abandoned cultivations, all over the Peninsula. Native name,' 

Lankuas. Use,' Rhizome used in curry. 

(5) A. scabra Benth. Gen. Pl. iii. 648; Ridl. Mat. ii. 49. 

Hellenia scabra Bl. Emtm. 60. 

Stout plant 6 or more ft. tall. Leaves lanceolate cuspidate, 

scabrid when dry, 18 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles '25 in. long, winged 

to base. Panicle 2 ft. long, lowest branches 6 in. long, upper ones 

short. Flowers white. Calyx campanulate, '25 in. long. Corolla 

tube longer slender, lobes lanceolate-oblong /blunt, '25 in. long. 

Lip shorter narrow deeply bifid, lobes linear. Filament slender. 

Capsule, '12 to '25 in. through, globose black. Hab. Common in 

wet Hill, Forest at 1000 to 3000 ft. altitude. Johor, Gunong Pulai. 

Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga. Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). 

Perak, Thaiping Hills; Hermitage Hill; Bujong Malacca (all 

collectors); Gunong Kerbau (Haniff). Kedah Peak. Distrib. 

Java. 

(6) A. mutica Roxb . .FJ. Ind. i. 67; Ridl. Mat. ii. 49; Rose. PI. 

Scitam. t. 69. 

Stems 3 to 6 ft. tall. Leaves narrow lanceolate very acuminate

280 cxxxvn. ZINGIBERACElE. [Alpinia. 

at both ends glabrous, 18 in. long, 2 in. across; petioles I in. long. 

Panicle few to many-flowered with several short branches. 

Bracteoles very small, '25 in. long, oblong white. Calyx dilate 

above, split half-way, '5 in. long, white. Corolla tube shorter, 

lobes oblong, I in. long. Lip mdistinctly 3-lobed, tip truncate crisp 

orange with numerous red dots and veins, a dark red swelling at the 

base on each side. Capsule orange-red hairy, trivalved. Hab. In 

swampy spots. Common as a garden plant in Singapore. Johor, 

Pu]au Aor and Pulau Dayong (Feilding). Penang (Roxburgh). 

Distrib. Malay isles. 

(7) A. assimilis Ridl. ] ourn. Roy. As Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 166; 

Mat. ii. 50. A. mutica Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 6908 (not of Roxburgh). 

Stems 6 ft. tall. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 1'5 ft. long, 

1'5 in. wide, glabrous. Panicle 6 to 12 in. long, pubescent; branches 

few short. Bradeoles ovate, white, I in. long, Calyx '75 in. long. 

Corolla, tube '25 in. long, upper lobe I in. long, '75 in. wide, others 

smaller. Lip obovate, obscurely 3-lobed, 2 in. long, 1'5 in. wide, 

midlobe short crisp, orange, spotted and veined red, a pair of conic 

pubescent processes at base. Capsule orange hairy. Hab. By rivers 

and in open swamps. Singapore (Kunstler). Johor, Kota Tinggi. 

Pahang, Pekan. Province Wellesley, Ara Kudah and near Prai. 

Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Distrib. Malay isles. 

(8) A. Murdochii Rldl. ] ourn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 44, p. 196; 

Mat. ii. 50. 

Stem over I ft. tall. Leaves eIIiptic-lanceolate acuminate, 7 in. 

long, :2 in. wide, pubescent, closely beneath; petioles very short 

with ligule and sheath very hairy. Panicle dense, 4 in. long, golden 

hairy; bracteole broad ovate hairy outside. Calyx'5 in. long, 

hairy at base. Corolla tube shorter, upper lobe hooded with a boss 

at the top, yellowish white, finely dotted red. Lip shorter obovate, 

3-lobed, mid-lobe bifid narrower, edges undulate, dotted and streaked 

red. Filament short. Hab. Mountains. Selangor, Semangkok 

Pass at 4000 ft. altitude; Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson); 

a less hairy form. 

(9) A. Seimundii Ridl. 

Stem slender, sheaths at top and petiole pubescent. Leaves 

lanceolate acuminate with a long point, glabrous except midrib 

pubescent on the back, I ft. long, 2 in. wide; petioles '25 in. long; - 

ligules silky. ,Panicle 5 in. long, pubescent, with tufts of hair below 

the branches, which are distant and about '5 in. long, and usually 

I-flowered. Bracts tubular broad with a round mouth, hairy, '5 in. 

long. Corolla tube slightly longer, lobes oblong blunt, hairy outside, 

'5 in. long. Lip 3-lobed with a narrow base '4 in. long, '3 in. wide, 

side-lobes rounded, median one smaller bifid, ending in 2 short 

slender points, 3 strong nerves running along the disc to the tip of 

the midrib. Staminodes very short at the base of the stamen. 

Anthf'f-cells elliptic pointed below, back hairy. Hab. Pahang, 

Kwala Teku (Seimund).

Alpinia.] CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACEJE. 

(ro) A. Raffiesiana Wall. Cat. 6575; Bak. in Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 

255; I c. Pl. 1963; Ridl. Mat. ii. 50. 

Stems slender, 3 to 4 ft. tall. Leaves lanceolate cuspidate 

pubescent, 1 ft. long, 3 in. wide. Panicle short compact, 2 to 4 in. 

long. Bracts oblong short. Calyx dilate upwards, '5 in. long, red. 

Corolla tube nearly twice as long, lobes orange, tipped red, 1'5 in. 

FIG. 184.-A1pinia RafHesiana. 

long. ' Lip longer broad ovate, orange, veined darker. Staminodes 

2 short purple processes toothed. Capsule globose hairy, green, 

'75 -in. long. Hab. Not rare in woods from sea level to 4000 ft. 

altitude. Singapore, Changi; Toas. Johor, Batu Pahat; Kluang 

(Holttum). Malacca, Sungei Hudang. Negri Sembilan, Johol. 

Selangor, Bukjt Hitain (Kelsall). Perak, Thaiping Hills and 

Waterloo (Curtis); Goping (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich, Porter). 

Natwe names: Pua Munkang; Tepus Kijoi.

282 CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACE..E. [Alpinia. 

(II) A. aurantiaca Ridl. jOllrH. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 78. 

Tall plant 6 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate cuspidate, I ft. long, 

3 in. wide, softly hairy beneath; petioles I to 2 in. long, pubescent. 

Panicle spicate dense; rachis thick, pubescent. Bracts ovate 

pubescent. Calyx'5 in. long, brown, bilobed. Corolla tube as 

long, lobes oblong hooded, orange. Lip a little shorter broad 

obovate tapeIing to a point ending in two short tails, orange, 

streaked red on the side-lobes. Staminodes erect fleshy, glabrous 

dark red. Stamen orange. Hab. Dense mountain forest. Pahang, 

Telom to Gunong Berumbun to 4500 ft. altitude (Ridley). 

Kelantan, Chaning Woods (Ridley), 

var. hirtior Rid!. Panicle densely golden silky. Perak, Gunong 

Kerbau at 4000 ft. altitude (Robinson). Kelantan, Chaning Woods 

(Ridley). 

(12) A. pahangensis Ridl. 

Stem moderately stout. Leaves linear-oblong with a setaceous 

point, base acuminate softly hairy all over, 2 ft. long, 3'5 in. wide; 

petioles '5 in. long, ligules ovate blunt hairy. Raceme stout, 8 in. 

long, velvety hairy. Bracts at base lanceolate acuminate with a 

long setaceous point, pale papery, lowest 4'25 in. long. Flowers 

numerous; pedicels densely velvety hairy, '2 in. long. Bracts 

persistent, '5 in. long, hairy at base and top sheathing the flower. 

Calyx tubular tmncate or obscurely 3-lobed, '4 in. long. Corolla 

tube as long, lobes linear-lanceolate hairy acute, ·6 in. long. Lip 

I in. long, side-lobes broad truncate, midlobe oblong entire, with 

2 short processes at base. Stamen '75 in long, crestless. Ovary 

silky. Hab. Pahang, Pekan (Evans). 

(13) A. nobilis Rldl. j OUnt. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 169; 

Mat. ii. 51. 

Stems stout, 6 to 12 ft. tall, I in. through, pubescent. Leaves 

oblong cuspidate, base oblique, 2 ft. long, 6 in. wide, velvety pubescent 

beneath; petioles I in. long, brown velvety, ligules as long. 

Raceme I ft. long, with 2 very large sheaths. Bract 3-lobed, 2 in. 

long, white pubescent, tipped carmine. Corolla tube shorter, lobes 

oblong, 1'5 in. long, hairy white. Lip 2'5 in. long, 2 in. wide, cordate 

bilobed, lobes large oblong crisped, sides and disc blood-red with lines 

of yellow white spots, tip lemon, nerves crimson hairy, keel at base 

and pustular elevations at base of stamen. Stamen pubescent. 

Capsule globose, flattened at both ends, orange hairy. Hab. 

Forests near streams. A splendid species. Pahang, Kwala 

Tembeling. Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley). 

(14) A. latilabris Rtdl. journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 168; 

Mat. ii. 51. 

About 12 ft. tall, stout, glabrous except midrib, petiole and ligule, 

2'5 ft. long, 3 in. wide, narrow lanceolate; petioles I in. long. 

Panicle pubescent large, outer bracts oblong-Ianceolate, 2 in. long, 

I in. across, rosy white. Calyx dilate upwards white, rose-tipped.

Atpinia.] CXXXVII. ZINGIBERACElE. 

Corolla tube as long. Lip 1'75 in. long, 2 in. wide, cordate not lobed, 

tip shortly bifid, lobes acute orange, densely red spotted, central bar 

and veins deep red, edged yellow. Staminodes at base horn-shaped, 

'25 in. long, crimson. Fruit globose orange, nearly glabrous. Hab. 

River banks. Pahang River. Perlis, Bukit Lagi (Ridley). 

(15) A. javanica Bt. Enum. Pl. J avo Ed. ii. 59; Ridl. Mat. ii. 52. 

A. involucrata Griff. Notulae, iii. 422. 

Stems about 6 ft. tall, '5 in. through. Leaves oblong cuspidate, 

18 in. long, 6 in. wide, pubescent beneath; petioles 1'5 in. long, 

pubescent; ligules split to base hairy. Panicle 6 to 12 in. long, 

pendulous. Bracts oblong white, soon turning brown; bracteoles 

cup-shaped, '5 in. long, enclosing 2 or 3 flowers. Calyx '75 in. long, 

dilate upwards, glabrous sub-entire. Corolla tube thick, upper 

lobe 1'5 in. long, mucronate, lower hooded pubescent. Lip ovate 

trumpet-shaped, edge denticulate, 2 in. long, 1'5 in. wide, orange 

speckled and veined crimson at base, edge white. Staminodes with 

2 or 3 points crimson. Stamen pubescent. Capsule globose green. 

Hab. Common in woods. Johor, Gunong Pantai. Malacca, Ayer 

Panas (Griffith); Bukit Bruang; Sungei Hudang. Negri Sembilan, 

Tampin. Muar (Curtis). Selangor, UIu Selangor; Bukit Bintang 

(Goodenough). Perak, Ipoh (Kunstler); Waterloo. Kelantan, 

Chaning (Ridley). 

var. colorata Ridl. with calyx, tips of corolla lobes and centre 

of lip red. Perak, Kinta Valley, Ipoh. Distrib. Sumatra, Java. 

Natwe names: Poko Gingin; Kantan hutan. 

(16) A. capitellata Jack. Mal. Misc. ii. NO.7; Ridl. Mat. ii. 52. 

Over 6 ft. tall, I in. through, purplish brown pubescent. Leaves 

oblong cuspidate, edges pubescent, 2 ft. long, 4 in. wide; petioles 

3 in. long or more pubescent. Panicle head-like obconic nodding, 4 

in. long. Bracts 3 in. long and wide, thin ovate cuspidate. Calyx 

sub-sessile, '5 in. long, obscurely lobed, tipped red. Corolla tube 

little longer, upper lobe oblong, I in. long, '75 in. wide, white with 

red mucro, side-lobes obovate, with red boss on tip. Lip obovate, 

tip bifid, edge crisp, 1'5 in. long, 2 in. wide, orange, dotted red, edge 

white. Staminodes adnate to edge of lip and stamen, dark brown. 

Capsule green, minutely pubescent. Hab. Local. Perak, UIu 

Selama (Yapp). Province Wellesley, Ara Kudah .• Dindings, Gunong 

Tungul. Distrtb. Sumatra. 

(17) A. campanaria Ridl. 

TaU plant. Leaves oblong cuspidate acuminate, glabrous 

except the ciliate edge, 2 ft. long, 5 in. wide; petioles 4 in. long, 

glabrous; ligules oblong, '4 in. long. Raceme stout velvety, II in. 

long, flower heads long, distant on peduncles 1'25 in. long, stout 

velvety. Bracts lanceolate, the lowest 2'25 in. long, upper ones '5 

in. long, silky. Involucral bracts cupular campanulate, '4 in. long, 

'5 in. wide, silky co_ntaining 4 shorter rounded silky bracts each with 

one flower on a short silky pedicel. Calyx campanulate, silky,

Donax.] CXXXVIII. MARANTACE.'E. 

spathulate bilobed. Fruit obconic 3-10bed, 3-seeded, rarely I-seeded 

and globose. Hab. Tidal rivers, forming thickets in the water. 

Common. Johor, Kota Tinggi. Pahang, Pekan. Selangor, Langat. 

Perak, Kinta River; Temengoh; Changkat Mentri (Kloss). 

Kelantan, Karnposa; Kota Bharu. Kedah, Alor Sta. Perl is 

rivers. Jalor, Biserat (Gwynne-Vaughan). Distrtb. Burma, Siam, 

Borneo. Native name: Bemban Ayer. 

(3) D. parviflora Ridl. Joum. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 53, p. 59. 

Short stems. Leaves ovate acute inrequilateral, 3 to 6 in. long, 

2'5 to 4 in. wide, a fringe of long hairs on midrib. Panicle 3 to 

6 in. long, pendulous hairy, especially on nodes. Bracts linear 

lanceolate, '5 to I in. long, silky. Flowers very 5mall. Ovary 

silky. Calyx lobes lanceolate, '1 in. long. Corolla tub_e '05 in. 

long, lobes '2 in. long. Fruit globose sparsely hairy. Seeds 2, 

outer face convex with 5 rows of 4 warts. Hab. Woods. Not 

common. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling; Pulau Tawar. Selangor, 

Batu Caves. Perak, Ipoh. Kelantan, Glam wood, Kota Bharu 

(Ridley). 

2. STACHYPHRYNIUM, Schum. 

Stems numerous. Leaves elliptic long-petioled. Inflorescence 

simply spicate, rarely branched on a rhizome. Bracts imbricate. 

Flowers in pairs in the bracts enclosed in a thin bracteole. Calyx 

lobes narrow. Corolla tube longer, lobes oblong white. Petaloid 

stamen :>hort cucullate. Lip oblong or ovate with a narrow crest. 

Capsule oblong, 2- or 3-seeded. Seed oblong, aril irregular or 

of two long claw-shaped processes. Species 8, Indo-Malayan. 

Spikes flattened tall; bracts disbchous. . . (I) S. Griftithii 

Spike cylindriC fusiform; leaves often 6 ft. long . (2) S. cylindricum 

Spike cylindriC fusiform, short; leaves I ft. long . (3) S. lagoranum 

Spike small oblong; leaves small . . (4) S. parvum 

(I) S. Griffithii Schum. Pf/anzenreich, Marant 49; Ridl. Mat. 

ii. 57. Phrynium spicatum Griff. (not of Roxbt,rgh). P. Griffithii 

Bak. in Hook fil. F.B.I. vi. 260. (Fig. 185, p. 288.) 

Very large tufted plant. Leaves erect; petioles 3 ft. long or 

more, blade oblong, glaucous beneath, 2 ft. long, 6 in. wide. Spikes 

4 to 6 in. long, 3 in. wide, flattened. Bracts whitish, edges connate, 

tip recurved. Flowers small fragrant. Capsule I in. long, 

fawn colour. Seeds 2. Hab. Common in rocky forest. Singapore, 

Bukit Timah; Bukit Mandai. Johor, Gunong Pantai; Batu 

Pabat. Malacca, Ching (Griffith); Bukit Bruang. Negri Sembilan, 

Tampin Hill (Goodenough). Pahang, Tahan River. 

(2) S. cylindricum Schum.l.c. 49; Ridl. Mat. ii. 58. Phrynium 

cylindricum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 178. 

Tufted plant like the last. Leaves, petioles 4 ft. long, blade 

oblong-ovate, 2 ft. long, 8 in. wide, glaucous beneath. Peduncle

288 CXXXVIlI. MARANTACElE. [ Stachyphrynimn. 

8 in. long. Spike narrow fusiform cylindric, 6 in. long. Bracts 

pale.green ovate-oblong truncate. Sepals lanceolate acute reddish, 

'25 m. long. Corolla tube I in. long. Hab. On limestone rocks 

and in rocky woods. Perak, Ipoh and Kwala Dipang. Kelantan, 

Kwala Lebir (Ridley). 

(3) S. Jagoranum Schum. l.c. 48; Ridl. Mat. ii. 58; Phrynium 

Jagoranum 1(och, Wochenschr. vi. 35S. 

Leaves I to 3 together; petioles S to 9 in. long, blade oblong 

cuspidate, 6 to 7 in. long, 3 in. across, grey green with darker patches 

or plain; midrib and knee pubescent. Spike fusiform, 2 in. long. 

Peduncle I in. long. Bracts about 4 lanceolate acute. Corolla 

FIG. 18s.-Stachyphrynium Gnffithii. 

tube '5 in. long, lobes yellow. Capsule oblong oblique. Seeds 2 

oblong brown, aril red with 2 long claws. Hab. Forming patches 

on the ground in orchards and pastures, rarely flowering. Selangor, 

Dusun Tua; Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Temengoh. Kedah, Alor 

Sta. Pedis, Kanga. Setul. 

(4) S. parvum Ridl. S. minus Rzdl. Mat. ii. 59 (not of Schumann). 

Rhizome long slender creeping, with stems 3 to 4 in. long. 

Leaves 3 or 4 crowded; petioles slender, IS in. tall, blade lanceolate 

acuminate, base narrowed, 8 in. long, 1'5 in. wide. Peduncle 

slender, 3 in. long, heads of flowers I in. long. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, 

'25 in. long. Corolla tube slender, '5 in. long, lobes as long, 

white. Hab. Covering the ground in dense masses. Very seldom 

flowering. Singapore, Reservoir woods. Johor. Sedenah and 

Tebrau (Ridley); Gunong Belumut (Holttum).

29° CXXXVIII. MARANTACE..£. [Phrynium. 

woolly; inner bracts oblong truncate, 1'5 in. long, glabrous breaking 

up into fibres. Flowers '75 in. long, white. Capsule globose 

obscurely 3-angled, '5 in. long. Seeds 3, oblong. Hab. Hill woods. 

lohor, Gunong Pantai; Sungei Tebrau. Negri Sembilan, Bukit 

Tangga. Selangor, Dusun Tua; Semangkok Pass; Ulu Gombak. 

Perak, Thaiping Hills; Hermitage Hill; Bujong Malacca; Ulu 

Kerling (Kunstler). Penang Hill (Maingay, Curtis). Kedah, Yan. 

Native name: Lerek Betina. 

(3) P. malaccense Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 32, p. 180; 

Mat. ii. 61. . 

Tufted plant. Petioles about 3 ft. long, slender, blades 15 in. 

long, 5 in. wide, lanceolate cuspidate, glaucous beneath, midrib 

brown-furry. Head about half-way up petiole or higher, 2 in. 

across of about 5 spikes. Bracts lanceolate acute stiff dark green, 

glabrous, 1'5 in. long, '75 in. wide. Flowers small short stalked. 

Calyx-lobes lanceolate acute hairy white as long as corolla tube. 

Corolla-lobes ovate blunt spotted purple. Lip spathulate white 

with pink line. Capsule '25 in. long, angled red-hairy. Seeds I to 3, 

oblong angled. Hab. Woods, common. Muar. Malacca, Panchur 

(Derry). Negri Sembi lan, Tampin (Goodenough); Perhentian 

Tinggi. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling; Pekan. Dindings, Gunong 

Tungul. Perak, Thaiping Hills. 

(4) P. tristachywn Ridl. 

Leaves stiff, oblong, base narrowed, 2 ft. long, 8 in. wide; 

petioles stout, 30 in. long. Inflorescence lateral; peduncle stout, 

'75 in. long, spikes three cylindric, 3'5 in. long, '75 in. through. 

Bracts at base ovate lanceolate acute, lowest 1'5 in. long. Floral 

bracts ovate-Ianceolate broad, quaquaversal splitting up at tip into 

8 to 10 points; spikelets numerous, I in. long, acute. Flowers 

white, two in a bract. Fruit oblong triquetrous hairy '4 to '5 in. 

long. Hab. Selangor, Bukit Lagong, 11th mile Rawang Road from 

Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy and Burkill). 

This speCies seems more nearly allied to Ph. capita.tum Roxb., of India, but 

differs from all species I have seen in the elongate spikes and acute bracts. 

Unfortunately the flowers in the only specimens I have seen are completely 

rotten. 

(5) P. terminale Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 57, p. 105. 

Tufted. Leaves elliptic acute, base round glabrous purple 

beneath, 18 in. long, 6 in. wide; petioles over 18 in. long. Head 

on a slender leafless peduncle 18 in. long, from rhizome, about 

2 in. long in fruit. Two outer bracts broad oblong truncate, lowest 

one 1'5 in. long, I in. wide. Capsule on a pedicel '5 in. long, oblong 

truncate top flat, 3-angled, '5 in. long, minutely pubescent. Seed 

oblong, nearly '5 in. long, aril small bilobed. Hab. Rare in woods. 

Perak Temengoh and Lenggong (Ridley). Flowers not seen. 

Distrib. Sumatra.

Canna.] CXXXIX. CANNACElE. :29t 

ORDER C:XXXIX. CANNACElE. 

Tall herbs; rhizome short, not aromatic. Stems leafy. 

Leaves large thin, oblong or ovate acute petioled, sheathing at 

base. Raceme lax terminal simple or branching. Flowers showy 

red or yellow. Sepals 3, free, superior, oblong or lanceolate acute. 

Corolla-tube cylindric, lobes 3, lanceolate. Stamens in a cylindric 

tube with three unequal petaloid lobes. Anther I-celled, adnate 

to the edge of one of the smaller lobes. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; 

style ad nate to the stamen tube. Fruit globose or oblong muricate, 

capsular. Seeds large globose, smooth, black, no aril. One genus, 

Canna Linn. Species 20 to 30, all tropical American, one or two 

now widely scattered over the Tropics. Many species and hybrids 

cultivated in gardens. 

1. CANNA, Linn. 

(I) C. orientalis Rose. Pl. Scitam. t. 12. 

Stems 3 to 4 ft. tall. Leaves ovate acuminate, 12 to 14 in. 

long, 3'5 to 7 in. wide; petiole sheathing, 6 in. long. Raceme a 

panicle of 2 or 3 racemes 9 to 12 in. long. Lower bracts linear 

acute, 4 in. long, '5 in. wide or less. Floral bracts ovate truncate, 

'5 in. long and as wide. Flowers 8 or more, sub-sessile. Sepals 

lanceolate acute, '25 in. long, lengthening in fruit, pinkish or green. 

Corolla-tube '25 to '3 in. long, lobes linear acute, red, I in. long, 

'1 in. wide. Staminal lobes oblanceolate-spathulate, red, 1'5 in. 

long, '25 in. wide. Lip linear-spathulate, I in. long, red with 

yellow centre or with yellow spots. Capsule oblong, '75 to I in. 

long, black muricate with short processes crowned by the enlarged 

calyx. Seeds globose black. Bab. Common in waste ground and 

old gardens, often reappearing when abandoned cultivations are 

dug over, Singapore, Malacca, etc. Certainly not wild here, but 

now widely distributed over the Old World, probably native of 

India. Native name: Sebiak or Sebek, often called Pisang Sebiak. 

Use: Leaves used for wrapping up parcels. 

C. Warszewiczii Dietr. Z1t Otto et Dietr. Allg. Gart. Zeit. 290; 

Bot. Mag. t. 4854. Established itself for some time in waste ground 

in Singapore. Stem 3 ft. tall, with the leaves, ovaries, calyx and 

bracts deep purple blood red, and pruinose. Leaves 1 ft. long, 

6 in. wide. The flower is scarlet, the corolla-lobes broader than 

in C. orientalis, and the upper one notched at the tip. Capsule 

black and covered with warts. Native of Costa Rica and South 

Brazil, 

ORDER CXL. LOWIACElE. 

Tufted stemless plant;. Leaves rather stiff oblong or elliptic, 

petioled. Flowers solitary or on a short panicle from the rhizome.

292 CXL. LOWIACEJE. [Orehidalltha. 

Bracts lanceolate. Flowers medium to large. Calyx-tube cylindric 

nearly solid, lobes 3, lanceolate. Petals 2, small lanceolate, one 

(the lip) very large obovate. Stamens 5, short. Style I, stigma 

3-armed. Capsule fusiform acute. Seeds numerous flask-shaped, 

hairy. Genus I, Oreludantha (Lowia). Species 3, Borneo and 

Malay Peninsula. 

1. ORCHIDANTHA, N.E.Br. 

Stemless plants. Leaves elliptic or oblong petioled. Flowers 

in a panicled cluster from among the leaves, sometimes very large. 

FIG. 186.-0rchidantha longifiora. 

Calyx-tube long cylindric, lobes lanceolate long. Petals 2 small 

and 1 very large obovate. Stamens 5 very short. Style 1 with 

3 stigmas. Capsule large fusiform acute purple. Species 3, one 

Bornean. 

Leaves large lanceolate tapering to base; lip 

tnlobed, 4 in. long . . . . . (1) O. longifl.ora 

Leaves elliptic smaller long petioled, lip 1'5 in. 

long, entire. . . . . . . (2) O. maxillarioides 

(I) O. longiflora Ridl. Lowia longifiora, Seort. Nuov. Giom. 

Bot. Ital. 1866, p. 308, pl. ii.; Ridl. Mat. ii. 62. 

A large plant forming big tufts of lanceolate acute leaves 3 ft.

Orchidantha.] CXL. LOWIACE..E. 293 

long, 4 in. wide, narrowed to the petiole. Flowers solitary axillary. 

Bracts long purple. Calyx tube 3 in. long, lobes 5 in. long, I in. 

across, purple. Petals linear acuminate, I in. long, yellowish. 

Lip clawed obovate, 4 in. long, 2 in. across, cream-colour or lilac, 

claw purple, 3-lobcd at tip; midlobe toothed. Stamens as long 

as petals. Style long and slender. Stigmas large linear with 

numerous teeth rising from a cup. All purple. Hab. Common 

in forests in wet spots, but rarely flowering. Malacca. Selangor, 

Vlu Langat; Klang Gates (very large); :'3atu Caves. Perak, 

Kinta Valley (Scortechini); Temengoh; Gunong Kerbau (Haniff). 

Native name: Lobak hutan. 

(2) O. maxillarioides Ridl. Lowia maxillarioides Hook. /il. 

Bot. Mag. t. 73sI; Ridl. Mat. ii. 62. Protamomum maxillarioides 

Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 383. 

Tufted plant, about I to 2 ft. tall. Leaves elliptic-Ianceolate 

acuminate, 8 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles I to 2 ft. long. Panicle 

3 in. long. Calyx tube 3 in. long, purple, lobes lanceolate acute, 

I'2s in. long, deep purple. Petals very small oblong mucronateviolet. 

Lip oblong blunt, claw short, white tinted violet, I'S in. 

long, '5 in. wide. Stamens thick short. Style short and thick, 

arms short toothed. Capsule I's in. long, fusiform 3-angled acuminate 

purple. Seeds flask-shaped, brown hairy. Hab. Rare. Dense 

forests. Pahang, forests at Pulau Tawar (Ridley). 

ORDER CXLI. MUSACElE. 

Gigantic tree-like herbs with broad oblong leaves transversely 

nerved, long-petioled. Inflorescence spicate (or panicled) with 

large bracts persistent or caducous. Calyx tubular or free. Petals 

3 or tubular. Stamens 5; filaments slender. Staminode I or o. 

Style slender. Stigma 3- to S-lobed. Fruit baccate (or capsular). 

Seeds numerous or few. Species about 60, all tropics. 

The Heliconias of S. America and Polynesia and the Rat'enala, Traveller's 

Tree of Madagascar. cultivated in our gardens belong to this order. 

1. MUSA, Linn. 

Gigantic herbs, stem of convolute leaf sheaths. Leaves oblong 

very large. Spike deflexed or erect. Bracts ovate coloured 

leathery or herbaceous. Flowers sessile in rows in the bracts, 

lower ones female, upper ones male. Calyx tubular, 3- to 

s-toothed, split on one side. Corolla as long, tubular. Stamens 5 

(6th rudimentary or 0), filaments filiform. Anthers linear. Style 

filiform. Fruit an oblong berry, fleshy sub-trigonous. Seeds 

numerous angled. Species 35. tropics of Old World. 

Musa sapientum Linn, the banana or plantain, Pisangof the Malays, is largely 

cultivated for fruit. Its orrgin is uncertain, probably India in part. but :;: 

think some of the Malay varieties are derived from M. malaccensis.

294 

CXL1. MUSACEiE. 

Spike decurved. 

Bracts lanceolate brown; stem thin slender . 

Bracts oblong purple vIOlet; stem stout, I ft. 

through. . . . . 

Bract:; ovate broad, bright yellow . 

Spike erect. 

Bracts acuminate violet 

[Musa. 

(I) M. malaccensis 

(2) M. truncata 

(3) M. flays 

(4) M. violascens 

(I) M. malaccensis Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 383; Mat. 

ii. 63. 

Stems 10 ft. tall or morc, 6 in. through. Leaves 8 ft. long, 

barred or splashed brown when young. Spike decurved; rachis 

brown hairy. Bracts lanceolate sub-acute dark brown. Male 

flowers 1'5 in. long, curved white. Female flowers 16 in a row. 

Fruit sub-cylindric, 4 in. long, yellow, pulp scanty sweet. Hab. 

Common in hill forests, often in immense quantity. Malacca, 

Panchur (Goodenough); Ching. Pahang River. Selangor, Kwala 

Lumpur and up to Ginting Sempah to 1500 ft. altitude. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills; Kamuning; Batang Padang Valley. Adang 

islands, Pulau Tengah. Kelantan, Kwala Krai (Haniff). 

var. minor Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 205. A 

dwarf form 6 ft. tall. Leaves I4 in. long, 2 in. across; rachis 

glabrous. Bracts oblong blunt, 3 in. long, I in. wide (in male 

part). Flowers 1'25 in. long. Fruit 2 in. long, cylindric angled 

obscurely. Pedis, limestone rocks at Bukit Lagi (Ridley). Perhaps 

specifically distinct. Native names,' Pisang Karokj Pisang 

Surong. Use,' The fruit is edible and used by wild tribes, but 

the pulp is scanty. 

(2) M. truncata Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 80. 

A big banana, stem 20 ft. tall, I ft. through, purple brown. 

Leaves 20 ft. long, 2'5 ft. wide, green, base round, tip truncate with 

midrib projecting as a filament; petioles thick, 45 in. long. Spike 

pendulous, 4 ft. long. Bud deep violet acute. Bracts purple 

violet (young maroon pink). Male flowers 1'5 in. long. Calyx 

boat-shaped, longer than corolla, 4-lobed. Fruit narrow cylindric, 

5 in. long in two rows of II each in a bract. Hab. Dense forests 

at about 2000 ft altitude, above the zone of M. malaccensis and 

M. violascens. Pahang, Telom. Selangor, Ginting Sempah. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills (Ridley). , 

(3) M. flava Rt'dl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 383; Mat. ii. 63. 

Leaves large, 16 in. across. Spike de curved pubescent. Bracts 

broadly ovate blunt leathery, 4 in. long, 1'5 in. wide, bright yellow. 

Male flowers 16 in a row shortly pedicelled. Calyx 5 in. long, 

teeth 5, equal. Corolla '75 in. long, oblong mucronate. Female 

flowers 16 in a row. Fruit 2 in. long, 5-angled. Hab. Rare. 

Pahang River at Pulau Tijau (Ridley). 

(4) M. violascens Ridl. Trans. Lin1t. Soc. iii. 384; Mat. ii. 64. 

Stems slender, 8 to 10 ft. tall. Leaves 10 in. across, glaucous 

beneath. Spike erect acute. Bracts lanceolate narrow acute

Musa.] CXLI. MUSACE..£. 

violet or white tinted violet, 9 in. wide, persistent and pendent on 

pubescent rachis after fall of flower. Male flowers 6 in a row, 

I in. long, white. Calyx oblong, 2 outer teeth longest. Corolla 

'75 in. long. Females 6 in a row. Fruit green, 3 in. long, I in. 

through, angled. Seeds '25 in. long, cylindric, truncate not angled. 

Hab. Common, growing with M. malaccensis in great plenty. 

Pahang, Tahan woods; Kwala Lipis (Machado). Negri Sembilan, 

Linsum. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur; Ginting Sempah. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills; Sungei Siput (Burkill). Temengoh; Batang 

Padang Valley (Ridley). 

M. sp. A dwarf plant. Leaves lanceolate acuminate blunt 

mucronulate, 2 ft. long, 5 to 6 in. wide; petioles rather slender. 

Fruits cylindric solitary short pedicelled, 3 in. long, erect, few, 

about 6, white with longitudinal violet bands, slightly angled. Seeds 

oblong; peduncle 8 in. long. Hab. Johor, Gunong Pulai; Tempayan 

River (Ridley). 

I have twice seen this curious species, but only in fruit. 

ORDER CXLII. APOSTASIACElE. 

Erect herbs with leafy stems bearing a terminal raceme or 

panicle of medium or small flowers white or yellow. Perianth 

superior of 3 sepals and 3 petals, Ianceolate cuspidate. Stamens 3, 

or one aborted. Anthers dorsifixed; filaments connate below. 

Style cylindric. Stigma capitate. Ovary triquetrous, 3-celled. 

Fruit capSUlar, rarely baccate. Seeds minute. Species about 10, 

Malayan. 

Flowers moderately large; stamens 3 

Flowers small; perfect stamens 2 

• I. NEUWlEDIA 

• 2. ApOSTASIA 

1. NEUWIEDIA, Bl. 

Herbs with erect or creeping stems. Leaves numerous plicate, 

lanceolate. Flowers racemose. Bracts long. Sepals and petals 

equal and similar. Stamens 3 fertile. Anthers linear-oblong, 

filaments connate for two-thirds of their length. Style stout. 

Fruit capsular or baccate. Species 6, Malayan, isles to Louisiades. 

Fruit capsular. 

Flowers yellow . (I) N. LincUeyi 

Flowers white. . . . (2) N. Griflithii 

Flowers buff; petals caudiculate hairy (3) N. ocrea 

Fruit baccate; flowers yellow . (4) N. Curtisii 

(I) N. Lindleyi Rolfe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv. 232, t. 48, figs. 

10 to 12; Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 175; Bot. Mag. t. 7368. (Fig. 187, 

P·296.) 

Stem 2 to 4 ft. tall, erect. Leaves lanceolate acuminate tapering 

to a petiole, 18 to 24 in. long, 2 in. wide. Raceme I to 2 ft.

CXLII. APOSTASIACEJE. [Neuwiedia. 

long, dense. Flowers yellow. Sepals'5 in. long, lanceolate pubescent. 

Capsule'5 in. long, with 3 broad reflexed valves. Hab. 

In forests. Singapore, Chua Chu Kang; Bukit Timah. Malacca, 

Bukit Lintang (Derry). Sungei Ujong (Cantley). Penang (Curtis). 

Distrib. Borneo. Nattve l1ame: Jamba. 

(2) N. Griffithii ReM. fil. Xen. Orch. ii. 215; Hook. fil. F.B.I. 

vi. 176; Bot. Mag. t. 7425. 

Rhizome long creeping. 

Leaves lanceolate petioled, 8 in. 

long, 1'75 in. wide, petioles 

2 in. long. Raceme shorter 

than leaves, 4 to 5 in. long, 

dense. Flowers white. Sepals 

lanceolate pubescent, '2 in. 

long, pubescent. Petals broader. 

Stamens 3, white; anther-cells 

divaricate at base. Stigma 

clubbed obscurely 3-lobed. 

Capsule '25 in. long. }Jab. 

Banks and streams in forests. 

Singapore, Sungei Morai; Bukit 

Timah. Johor, Genuang. Malacca, 

Bukit Sadanen. Perak, 

Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). D1Strib. 

Borneo. 

(3) N. ocrea Ridl. JOUYil. 

Roy. As. Soc. S. By. 86, p. 308. 

Stem below leaves, 1'5 in. 

long, roots very stout; no 

rhizome. Leaves 7 or 8, 

elliptic, long-acuminate, base 

narrowed to petiole, glabrous, 

10 in. long, 2'25 in. wide; 

petioles strongly ribbed, 4 in. 

long. Raceme 5 in. long. 

Bracts at base lanceolate acuminate, 

'75 in. long, glabrous, 

above'5 to'2 in. long, glandular 

FIG. 187.-Neuwiedia Lindleyi. hairy conspicuously nerved. 

Flowers about 40 ocre ; pedicels 

hairy, '1 in. long. Sepals and petals '75 in. long, linear-Ianceolate 

with short caudicles from below the tip glandular hairy. Petals 

narrower and shorter than the sepals keeled, keel hairy. Stamens 

3, anthers oblong, filaments free at the top, below connate to 

the stout curved style. Ovary hairy. Hab. Forest, on mountains 

at 2200 ft. altitude. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga (Ridley). 

"Rare.

N euwiedia.] CXLII. APOST ASIACElE. 297 

(4) N. Curtisii Rolfe Journ. Lmn. Soc. xxv. 233, t. 48, fig. 13; 

Ridl. Mat. i. 232 . 

. Stem erect, I ft. tall or more. Leaves lanceolatc broad, 18 in. 

long, 2 to 2'5 in. wide; petioles 3 in. long. Raceme 4 to 5 in. 

long, pubescent. Flowers yellow. Sepals linear-lanceolate, '25 in. 

long. Petals broader. Fruit a red succulent berry. Hab. In 

woods. Singapore (Wallich, Tupzstra singapurealla) , Changi. 

lohor, Gunong Pantai; Gunong Pulai. Negri Sembilan, Gunong 

Angsi (Ridley). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Penang (Curtis). 

Dzstnb. Sumatra. 

2. APOSTASIA, Bl. 

Stems slender, woody ascending. Leaves linear acuminate 

sheathing. Inflorescence terminal panicled or racemose nodding. 

Flowers small white. Ovary long narrow. Petals and sepals 

similar connivent or recurved. Stamens perfect 2, the third reduced 

to a staminode or absent. Capsule linear. Species 10, 

India, China, Malaya, Australia. 

Filament of 3rd stamen present 

No trace of 3rd stamen. 

Leaves narrow linear . 

Leaves broad lanceolate 

(I) A. Wallichii Br. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 

1. 232. 

(1) A. Wallichii 

(2) A. nuda 

(3) A. latifolia 

76, t. 85; Rid!. Mat. 

Stem 6 to 12 in. tall. Leaves linear acuminate, 6 to 8 in. long, 

'25 in. wide. Racemes slender, 2 to 3 in. long, recurved spreading 

with few or no bracts at base. Flowers yellow. Ovary and pedicel 

'25 in. long. Sepals and petals linear acuminate recurved. Filament 

of third stamen present Hab. Forests. lohor, Gunong PantaL 

Pahang, Tahan River. Selangor, Bukit Hitam. Perak, Ulu Bubong 

(Kunstler). Penang (Curtis). Distrib. India, Sumatra, Philippines. 

(2) A. nuda R. Br. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 76, t. 85. A. Brunonis 

Gnfj. NotulaJ, iii. 243; Ic. t. 282. 

Stems I to 2 ft. tall. Leaves linear acuminate, 5 to 8 in. long, 

'25 to '5 in. wide. Panicle decurved, 2 to 4 in. long, with numerous 

crowded linear bracts at base of branches. Sepals and petals 

white, rarely yellow, lanceolate cuspidate. No trace of third 

stamen. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Changi'; Jurong. Johor, 

Bukit Murdom (Kelsall). Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi. 

Malacca\ Mt. Ophir (Hullett). Pahang, Wray's Camp, Tahan. 

Dindings, Lumut. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih and Tapah (Wray). 

Penang, Moniot's Road. Kedah Peak. Distnb. India, Borneo. 

Natwe names: Pelampas Budak; Senjuan Hutan Jantan; Kenching 

Pelandok. Use: Medicinally for diarrhcea and hydrophobia. 

(3) A. latifolia Rolfe, J ourn. Linn. Soc. xxv. 242; R£dl. Mat. 

i.233· 

Stem 6 in. to 3 it. tall. Leaves lanceolate acuminate petioled,

CXLII. APOSTASIACE.E. [Apostasia. 

3 to 6 in. long, '75 to I in. wide. Racemes I to 5 in. long. Bracts 

lanceolate subulate. Ovary sessile. Petals and sepals linearoblong. 

Anther linear cordate. No trace of third stamen. Hab. 

Not common. In forests. Malacca, Mt. Ophir. Perak, DIu Batang 

Padang (Wray). 

ORDER CXLIII. AMARYLLIDACElE. 

Herbs with a short stem or a bulb. Leaves radical herbaceous. 

Scapes .naked. Perianth superior, tube long or short or 0; lobes 

subequal and similar. Stamens 6 adnate to base of lobes; filaments 

slender; anthers linear. Ovary 3-celled inferior; ovules 

many, 2-seriate in the inner angle of the cells. Fruit capsular or 

baccate. Seeds few or many, albuminous. Distrib. Whole world, 

rarer in tropics. 

TRIBE i. Hypoxidet1l. Rootstock thick, not bulbous. Flowers spicate or 

racemose. 

Ovary not beaked; fruit capsular 

Ovary beaked; fruit baccate. • 

TRIBE ii. Amaf'yllet1l. Stem bulbous; 

Leaves linear or lorate 

Leaves ovate petiolate 

I. HYPOXIS 

• • • 2. CURCUUGO 

flowers umbellate. 

• 3. CRINUM 

• 4. EURYCLES 

1. HYPOXIS, Linn. 

Stem tuberous. Leaves narrow. Flowers yellow, racemed or 

umbellate or solitary. Perianth rotate sessile on the top of the 

ovary. Stamens with short filaments; anthers erect dorsified. 

Style short. Stigmas 3 stout. Capsule 3-valved or circumsciss, 

not beaked. Seeds sub-globose. Species about 50, chiefly African 

and Australian. 

(I) H. aurea Lour. Fl. Cochinchine 200; Hook. fil. F.B.I. 

vi. 277; Ridl. Mat. ii. 64. H. minor Don, Prody. 53; Royle. Ill. 

t. 9I, f. 3. I 

A small hairy herb; stem cylindric or globose, fibrillose. Leaves 

linear acuminate, 6 in. long, '25 in. wide, glabrous. Scapes hairy, 

'5 to 4 in. long, I- or 2-flowered. Flowers yellow. Perianth-Iobes 

elliptic-Ianceolate, backs hairy, '5 in. long. Capsule trivalved, 

clavate, '25 to '3 in. long. Seeds black tubercled. Hab. In sandy 

grassy spots. Rare. Pahang, Pulau Manis, Pahang River. 

Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur. Setul (Ridley). Distrib. 

India, Malay islands, China, Japan. 

2. CURCULIGO, Gaertn. 

Stem tuberous or a corm. Leaves large plicate petiolate 

lanceolate or linear flat. Scapes short. Flowers yellow spicate, 

racemed or sub-capitate. Perianth base produced into a solid 

stipes above the ovary, limb rotate 6-lobed. Fruit baccate, beaked. 

Species about 12, Tropical Asia and Africa.

Cllrculigo. ] CXLIII. AMARYLLIDACEJE. 299 

Penanth limb sessile on ovary; spike nodding (I) C. recurvata 

Perianth limb stipitate; spikes erect. 

Bracts stiff oblong large . . " (2) C. villosa 

Bracts small ovate-Ianceolate or lanceolate acuminate. 

Flowers I' 5 in. across; fruit oblong, I in. long . (3) C. latifolia 

Flowers I in. across; fruit club-shaped, 2 in. long (4) C. megacarpa 

(I) C. recurvata Dryand, Ait. Hart. Kew, ed. 2, ii. 253; Bot. 

Reg. t. 770; Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 278; Ridl. Mat. ii. 65. 

Leaves about 6 ft. long, blade plicate lanceolate acuminate, 

FIG. 188.--Curculigo recurvata. 

36 in. long, 6 in. wide. Peduncles 2 in. long, flat hairy. Raceme 

capitate decurved, 2 in. through. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, 

lower ones 3 in. long, '5 in. wide, keel brown-furry. Pedicels '25 in. 

long. Perianth-Iobes'5 in. long, yellow, backs furry. Ovary not 

beaked, furry. Fruit globose white. Hab. Woods and forests, 

common to 2000 ft. altitude. Singapore, Tanglin. Sungei Ujong 

(Cantley). Perak, Thaiping Hills. Distrib. India, Ceylon, Malaya, 

China, Australia. Nai1ve_-name: Lumbah Merah. Use: Fruits 

eaten.

300 CXLIlI. AMARYLLIDACElE. [Curculigo. 

(2) C. villosa Wall. Cat. 5763A; Kurz, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. 

Bat. iv. 176; Ridl. Mat. ii. 66. C. latifolia va". villosa Bak. Journ. 

Linn. Soc. xvii. 125; Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 280. 

Leaves lanceolate acuminate-caudate plicate, glabrous above, 

cobwebby beneath, 2'5 ft. long, 6 in. wide. Racemes erect, 2 in. 

long; peduncles short flat. Bracts stiff oblong acute, tips recurved, 

2 in. long, '5 in. wide, glabrous. Flowers ochre yellow, 

'75 in. across. Sepals lanceolate acute. Petals shorter blunter. 

Ovary pubescent, beaked. Fruit greenish white, long-beaked. 

Seeds few and small. Hab. In long grass and scrub in open country 

in the south of the Peninsula. Singapore (Wallich); Garden Jungle. 

Johor (Ridley). Distrib. Malay islands. 

(3) C. Iatifolia Dryand A it. Hort. Ke:w, ed. ii. II. 253; Bot. 

Mag. t. 2034; Bot. Reg. t. 754; Hook. fit. F.B.I. vi. 280; Ridl. 

Mat. ii. 66. C. sumatrana Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 146; Lodd. Bot. Cab. 

t. 443; Wight Ic. t. 2042. 

Stem very short. Leaves lanceolate hairy on both sides, 3'5 ft. 

long or less, 6·in. wide; petioles over 6 in. long. Spikes erect on 

peduncles 3 to 4 in. long, at first globose, then lengthening to as 

much as 6 in. Lower bracts ovate acute, '5 in. long. Flowers 

bright yellow, '5 in. across. Ovary pubescent beaked. Perianthlobes 

oblong. Fruit I in. long, ovoid white, hairy. Seeds aciniform, 

ribbed with minute papillre. Hab. In woods and on banks 

over the whole Peninsula, very common and variable from sea 

level to 6700 ft. altitude. 

var. glabrescens Ridl. l.c. Leaves I to 1"5 ft. long, 2 to 4 in. 

wide; petioles 2 to 8 in. long, almost or completely glabrous. 

Raceme elongating to 2 in. long. Bracts lanceolate hairy. With 

the last, less common and more of a mountain plant. A beautiful 

variety with the upper side of the leaves silvery and back purple 

occurs at Jpoh (Curtis). Distrib. Burma, Andamans, Malay Archipelago. 

Native names: Lumbah; Linsubah (Pahang). Use: 

Fruit eaten; fibre of leaves used for fishing nets. 

(4) C. megacarpa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. By. 41, p. 33; 

Mat. ii. 67. 

A large tufted plant with a stout stem. Leaves oblong-Ianceolate 

acuminate, glabrous, 20 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles 8 in. 

long. Peduncle 4 in. long, tomentose. Spike cylindric-conic, 2 to 

4 in. long. Flower I in. across. Sepals lanceolate acute, dirty 

yellow. Petals bright yellow. Ovary hairy beaked. Fruit 2 in. 

long, club-shaped, white. Seeds very numerous, angled ribbed. 

Hab. Rare. In dense forest at 2000 to 3000 ft. altitude. Perak, 

Thaiping Hills (Ridley). 

3. CRINUM, Linn. 

Stem bulbous. Leaves lorate or ensiform. Scape stout leafless. 

Flowers umbelled, white. Involucral bracts lanceolate or ovate,

Crinum.] CXLlII. AMARYLLIDACE.£. 30t 

floral linear. Perianth tube long, slender, lobes linear or oblong 

similar. Stamens with slender filaments adnate to base of tube. 

Anthers linear dorsifixed. Style filiform; stigma minute; ovules 

usually few. Fruit subglobose membranous or coriaceous dehiscing 

irregularly. Seeds few large, rounded or irregular, testa thick 

corky. Albumen large. Species about 60, tropics generally. 

Bulb very large long-necked, not stoloniferous. Seashore 

plant . . . . . . . (I) C. asiaticum 

Bulb large stoloniferous; leaves narrower, fruit 

very large; tidal mud . . (2) c. Northianum 

Bulb small, dwarf plant. Meadows (3) C. deflxum 

(I) C. asiaticum Linn. Sp. Pl. 419 (partly); Bot. Mag. t. 1073; 

Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 280; Ridl. Mat. ii. 68. C. toxicarium Roxb. 

Fl. Ind. ii. 134; Wtgllt Ie. t. 2021, 2022; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 669. 

Stem base globose, large, neck stout, 2 ft. long. Leaves lanceolate 

acuminate, 2 to 6 ft. long,s to 6 in. wide. Scapes several, 

3 to 4 ft. tall, aXlllary. Flowers numerous. Perianth tube green, 

3 to 6 in. long, lobes linear white, 3'5 in. long, ·7 in. wide. Stamens 

crimson, base white; anthers fuscous. Style dark red. Fruit white 

irregularly globose, about 2 in. through. Seeds large, irregular in 

shape, green inslde. Hab. Sandy seashores. Singapore, Changi; 

Sungei Buluh. ]ohor, Tana Runto. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca, 

Pulau Besar (Maingay); Kundur (Griffith). Dindings. Penang, 

Batu Feringhi (Curbs). Distrib. Tropical Asia. Native name: 

Tembaga Suasa. 

(2) C. Northianum Baker, Card. Chron. 1882, i. 671; Ridl., 

Agnc. Bulletin, iii. 1904, p. 310. 

Stem usually producing long stolons from the base. Leaves 

linear,S to 7 ft. long, 3 in. wide, acute. Peduncle 18 in. tall, ·S in. 

thick. Flowers 12 to 40 in an umbel. Perianth tube 6 in. long, 

green, lobes linear, 4 in. long, '36 in. wide, white tinted and tipped 

pink. Stamens 3 in. long, pink or white; anthers black. Style 

pink. Capsule very large, more or less pear-shaped, 4 in. long, 

pointed at both ends. Seeds larger than in C. asiatieum. Hab. 

Tidal ditches in mud, Kedah at Alar Sta. Kelantan near Tumpat, 

Kota Bharu (Ridley). Distrib. Sarawak. 

The leaves are much longer and narrower than in/C aS2atuum, and the 

fruit IS much larger, often purplish In Sarawak it produces long stolons 

creeping 111 the mud; in Kedah I did not see these. 

(3) C. defixum Ker, Quart. Journ. Sei. and Arts, iii. 105; Bot. 

Mag. t. 2208. Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 362; Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 281; 

Ridl. Mat. ii. 68. (Fig. 189, p. 302.) 

Bulb small, neck 3 to 4 in. long. Leaves linear, 2 ft. long, 

4 in. wide. Scape stout, 2 ft. long, with an umbel of about 12 

flowers. Bracts deltoid-ovate, 1'5 in. long. Perianth tube 6 in. 

long, greenish. Ovary I in. long, lobes linear acute reflexed, white, 

3 in. long, ·5 in. wide. Filaments red, anthers fuscous. Style red.

302 CXLIII. AMARYLLlDACE..£. [Crinum. 

Fruit sub-globose, l'S in. through, purplish. Seeds flat, ovoid 

elliptic .. Hab. Damp low-lying fields near rivers. Pahang at Renchong. 

Setul and Perlis in old rice-fields. Kelantan, Kwala Lebir 

and all along Kelantan River (Ridley). Jalor, Biserat (Gwynne 

Vaughan). Distrtb. India, Siam, Borneo. 

FIG. 189.-Crinum defixum. 

4. EURYCLES, Salisb. 

A bulbous plant. Leaves petiolate orbicular-cordate or ovaloblong 

with distant veins and transverse veinlets. Flowers numerous 

in an umbel, white. Involucral bracts 2 or 3 Ianceolate, floral 

bracts linear. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped, tube slender, lobes 

broad. Stamens shorter, connected by a petaloid cup (corona). 

Anthers oblong, sagittate. Ovary 3-locular; ovules 2 in a cell.

CXLIua. BURMANNIACElE. [Burmannia. 

straight-edged round-tipped wings. Sepals and petals blunt; petals 

much shorter than sepals. Hab. On paths and rocks at 1500 to 

3000 ft. altitude. Local. Selangor, Semangkok Pass (Napier, 

Ridley); Penang at 1500 to 2000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). 

(7) B. tuberosa Beee. Males. i. 245, t. 14, figs. 1 to 4; Ridl. 

Mat. ii. 72. 

A fleshy white saprophyte 3 to 6 in. tall; rhiwme tuberous. 

Leaves lanceolate scale-like scattered on stem. Flowers 5 or 6 

clustered on the tip of the stem, erect, white, ·25 in. long, not 

winged. Sepals yellow, ovate obtuse. Petals smaller. Capsule 

elliptic, ·25 in. long. Seeds oval, nodulose. Hab. In damp swampy 

forest buried for half its length in decayed leaves. Not rare, but 

sporadic. Flowers scented like cowslips. Singapore, Bukit Timah ; 

Changi. Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Hervey); Mt. Ophir. Selangor, 

Petaling. Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. 

(8) B. Championii Thwaites, Enum. 325; Hook. fil. F.B.I. v. 

666; Trimen, Flora of Ceylon iv. 131, pI. 87; Ridl. Mat. ii. 72. 

Fleshy saprophyte, 2 to 6 in. tall; rhizome thick, over 2 in. 

long, covered with ovate scales. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, ·12 to 

·25 in. long. Flowers 4 or 5, white crowded, terminal ·5 in. long, 

tube cylindric, not winged. Sepals ovate, ·12 in. long. Petals very 

small terete. Capsule globose. Hab. Rare. In damp woods 

deeply buried in decaying leaves. Selangor, forests by Labu River 

(Ridley). Distrib. Ceylon. 

2. GYMNOSIPHON, BI. 

Slender saprophytes with scale-like leaves and small flowers in 

raceme or cyme. Perianth tube cylindric, not winged. Sepals 

broad. Petals small or absent. Stamens 3, oblong, sessile near 

the mouth of the tube, connective broad, no appendages. Style 

trifid. Ovary unilocular. Capsule oblong or globose crowned with 

persistent lower half of the tube. Seeds sub-globose rugose. 

Species 12, chiefly S. American, 1 African· and 2 or 3 Malayan. 

(I) G. aphyllum. Bl. Enum. Pl. ]a71. 29; Ridl. Mat. ii. 73. 

G. borneense Beee. Males. i. 241. t. 14, figs. 5--9. 

Stem wiry, branched, 4 to 5 in. tall. Leaves ovate or lanceolate 

blunt few. Flowers few very delicate, pale violet, ·25 in. long on 

slender pedicels, tube short. Sepals ovate. Petals minute linearlanceolate. 

Capsule cylindric, reticulate below, crowned by the 

enlarged perianth-tube. Seeds elliptic-ovoid, dark brown, ribbed. 

Hab. In damp woods, common all over the Peninsula but sporadic. 

Singapore, Bukit Timah. Johor, Batu Pahat (Kelsall). Malacca, 

Bukit Sadanen. Pahang, Taka Tahan. Selangor, Petaling. Perak, 

Gunong Batu Putih (Wray); Tapah. Kedah Peak (Ridley). 

Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo to Papua.

308 CXLIIIa. BURMANNIACElE. [Thismia. 

(4) Th. grandiflora Rt'dl. Ann. Bot. ix. 324, pI. xii, figs. 10-17; 

Mat. ii. 74. 

Plant 1'5 in. tall, I-flowered. Leaves and bracts lanceolate 

with glandular hairs. Perianth-tube I in. long, urn-shaped pink, 

striped darker. Sepals and petals triangular with terete processes 

from the backs, pink, annulus brown. Style longer than in most 

species, arms oblong-Ianceolate papillose. Hab. Very rare. Johor, 

Bukit Tana Abang, Sembrong River (Kelsall). 

(5) Th. aseroe Beee. Malesia i. 252, pI. 10; Ridl. Joum. 

Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 22, p. 336; Mat. ii. 74; Groom. Ann. Bot. ix. 

327, pIs. 13, 14. 

Plant 2 to 3 in. tall; stem erect from creeping rhizome, branched 

or single. Flowers solitary on the end of each branch. Perianthtube 

obconic, '5 in. long, fuscous. Sepals and petals similar, 

triangular, terminated by cylindric tails, '5 in. long, bright orange. 

Capsule brown ribbed. Hab. In dense forest, the commonest 

and most conspicuous species. Singapore, woodlands (Beccari); 

Bukit Timah; Kranji. Pahang Kota Glanggi; Selangor, PetaIing 

(Ridley). 

(6) Th. chrysops Ridl. Ann. Bot. ix. 323, pI. xii, figs. 1-9; 

Mat. ii. 75. 

Plant 3 in. tall. Flowers I or 2 on short dark brown pedicels. 

Perianth-tube oblong deflexed above the ovary, '25 in. long, deep 

chocolate brown; annulus yellow. Sepals and petals filiform 

from a wider base, deep brown, ciliate. Ovary pink. Capsule 

turbinate rugose. Seeds fusiform rugose. Hab. Malacca, Mt. 

Ophir on rotten logs at about 3000 ft. altitude (Ridley). Very 

rare. 

4. BAGNISIA, Becc. 

Fleshy saprophytes like Thismia, but the sepals are spathulate 

and connate at tip, forming a dome over the mouth of the tube. 

No petals. Stamens 6 connate by the connectives. Style short; 

stigma 6-lobed. Species (including Geomitra Becc.) 3 or 4, Borneo 

and Malay Peninsula. 

(I) B. crocea Beee. Males. i. 249; var. brunnea Ridl. Mat. i. 

75· A very small saprophyte I in. tall; rhizome stout entirely 

red brown. Flower solitary, larger than the stem. Perianthtube 

enlarged upwards thick almost pear-shaped. Sepals linear 

connate at tips. Bab. Very rare. A single specimen obtained 

in dense forest below Gunong Hijau on the Thaiping Hills at about 

4000 ft. altitude. The original species is from Borneo.

310 CXLIV. TACCACEA.i:. [Tacca. 

(3) T. cristata Jack, Mal. Mz'sc. i. No. v. 23; Hook. fil. F.B.I. 

vi. 287; Rz'dl. Mat. ii. 77. T. Raffiesiana Jack in Wall. Cat. 5172. 

Ataccia cristata Kunth. Enum. v. 476; Bot. Mag. t. 4587. 

Roobtock thick, 4 in. long. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 

1·75 to 2 ft. long, 4 to 7 in. across; petioles I ft. long or more. 

Scapes I to 3 ft. tall. Involucral bracts 2, oblong or lanceolate, 

6 in. long, 4 in. wide, inner larger, erect, ovate long-clawed, base 

FIG. 19I.-Tacca cnstata. 

purple, above white, or all purple. Floral bracts numerous filiform, 

6 in. long, purple, white-tipped. Flowers 5 to 18, about I in. long. 

Sepals oblong, ·5 in. long. Petals orbicular, all purple. Berry 

3·5 in. long, 1"25 through, oblong, narrowed to base, 6-keeled purple 

black. Seeds elliptic ribbed, brown. H abo Common in forests 

all over the Peninsula up to 2000 ft. altitude from Singapore (Wallich 

5172), Bukit Timah. Johor, Batu Pahat. Malacca, Selandor; 

Jus. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur; Ginting Sempah; Viu Langat 

(Kloss). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler); Kwala Kangsa.

312 CXLV. DIOSCOREACEA!:. [Trichopus 

6; filaments very short; anthers broad, cells divaricate; connective 

prolonged into a cylindric process. Style short and thick; 

stigmas 3 bilobed, pear-shaped. Fruit indehiscent 3-winged. 

Species 2, India and Ceylon; Malay Peninsula. 

(I) T. malayanus Ridl. T. zeylanicus Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 

7530; Ridl. Mat. ii. 79 (not of Gaertner). 

Rhizome very short. Stems with I leaf, lanceolate or cordateovate, 

3 to 4 in. long, I to 2·5 in. wide; petioles 2 to 3 in. long. 

Flowers I to 4 from the tuft of bracts; pedicels I to 2 in. long. 

FIG. 192.-Tnchopus malayan us. 

Perianth purple, ·5 in. across. Fruit ·75 in. long, fleshy green with 

pink spots; pedicel 2 in. long. Hab. Rare. In sandy spots in 

woods in small patches. Pahang, Tahan woods; Kelantan near 

Kwala Lebir, Chaning (Ridley). 

2. STENOMERIS, Planch. 

Climbers. Leaves ovate or ovate-Ianceolate cordate, manynerved 

reticulate. Cymes axillary short. Flowers small pedicelled 

bisexual green or brown urceolate, lobes narrow. Stamens 6; 

filaments adnate to mouth of tube, connective prolonged to a short 

point. Style short conic. Capsule elongate, 3-winged, 3"valved

Stenomeris.] CXLV. DlOSCOREACElE. 3 1 3 

septicidal. Seed compressed winged above. Species 3, Malay 

isles. 

(I) S. borneensis Ohv. Ie. Pl. 2328. 

Stem slender. Leaves ovate-lanceolate cordate acuminate, 

5 to 7 in. long, 1'5 to 3 in. wide; nerves 5 to 10. Flowers '25 in. 

long, lobes linear. Fruit 10 in. long, '75 to I in. through. Hab. 

Selangor, Batu Caves, climbing on bushes, very rare (Ridley). 


3. DIOSCOREA, Linn. 

Slender climbers with large tubers. Stems branched smooth, 

winged, or thorny. Leaves opposite or alternate entire or digitately 

3- to 5-foliate with 3 to 9 veins on each leaflet. Flowers 

green, very small in spikes or racemes pendulous unisexual. Male 

flower, perianth-lobes short rotate. Stamens 6 or 3 perfect only, 

at base of segments. Female flower, perianth as in male. Staminodes 

3 to 6. Style short or 0; stigmas 3 linear, entire or bifid; 

ovary 3-angled, 3-celled; ovules 2 in a cell. Capsule 3-winged, 

loculicidal. Seeds flat winged. Species 150, all warm parts of 

the world. 

(Synopsis of Dioseoreas of Old World by Prain and Burkill, 

Journ. As. Soc. Beng. x. 6.) 

Leaves 3- to s-folIate. 

Leaflets 3-folIate. 

3 to 7 in long, stamens 6 

2 to 4 m. long; stamens 3 

Leaflets 

Glabrous above. 

Hairy all over. . . . 

Lea ves simple; perian th not tubular; stem not 

wmged. 

Capsule longer thl!n broad; leaves deeply 

cordate. 

Male flowers in numerous long spikes, lobes 

(I) D. triphylla 

(2) D. tamarisciflora 

(3) D. Scortechinii 

(4) D. pentaphylla 

free, plant bulbIferous.. (5) D. bulbifera 

Capsule unknown; leaves deeply cordate. 

Male flowers saucer-shaped m solitary racemes (6) D. aculeata 

Capsule orbicular or transversely oblong broader 

than long. 

Leaves ovate pubescent or puberulous beneath./' 

Pamcles tomentose; leaves cordate . (7) D. polyclades 

Panicles glabrous; leaves not cordate (8) D. pyrifolia 

Leaves glabrous, thm; panicles glabrous. 

Leaves ovate-Ianceolate cordate (9) D. myriantha 

Leaves ovate entire (10) D. orbiculata 

Leaves ellIptic-oblong . (II) D. Zollingeriana 

- Leaves oblong-ovate or oblong. 

Buds gibbous at base; spikes very short (12) D. gibbiflora 

Buds not gibbous; spikes 's m. long (13) D. glabra 

Leaves glabrous, cona,ceous. 

Leaves linear-oblong, s-nerved 

Leaves linear or ellIptiC, 3-nerved 

(14) D. Porteri 

(15) D, laurifolia

CXLV. DIOSCOREACE1E. [Dioseorea. 

Stem winged; perianth not tubular; leaves orbicular 

cordate. . . . . (16) D. &lata 

Perianth tubular, long; leaves oblong stiffly 

coriaceous . . . . . (17) D. stenomeriflora 

Dubious species, stem strongly thorny; leaves 

large ovate cordate . . (18) D. piscatorum 

(1) D. triphylla Linn. Amoen. Aead. iv. 131. D. dcemona, 

Roxb. Hort. Beng. 72; Fl. Ind. iii. 305; Ridl. Mat. ii. 80, var. 

reticulata Prain and Burkill, I.e. 25. 

Tubers large. Stem spiny glaucous. Leaves trifoliate; leaflets 

thin ovate cuspidate reticulate, side ones imequilateral; nerves 

hairy, 3 to 6 in. long, 2 to 4 in. wide; petioles 3 to 6 in. long. Male 

panicles lax, 4 to 6 in. long, tomentose. Flowers crowded, very 

small, greenish yellow. Perianth tomentose. Stamens 6. Female 

spikes solitary. Capsule oblong with 3 stout ridges 2 in. long, 

'75 in. wide, tomentose. Seeds I in. long, oblong. Hab. Common 

in villages. Singapore, Changi. Malacca, Sungei Hudang; 

Malaka pindah, etc. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Thaiping. 

Penang, Muka Head (Curtis). Distrib. Burma, Siam, Malaya. 

Native names,' Gadung; Ubi Akar. Use,' Tubers eaten after 

being sliced and left for some time in running water. An extract 

is used by the Sakais for poisoning darts. 

(2) D. tamarisciflora Prain. and Burkitt, J oum. As. Soc. Beng. 

X.22. 

Stem slender hairy. Leaves alternate trifoliate, above sparsely 

hairy, beneath nerves red-hairy; midlobe narrow elliptic long-acuminate, 

2 to 4 in. long, I in. wide, laterals incequilateral, base acute; 

petioles '1 in. long. Male spikes 15 in. long. Flowers 45, in 

solitary or paired spikes; rachis hairy. Sepals lanceolate-ovate 

hairy. Petals spathulate. Stamens 3. Hab. Lankawi (Curtis). 

(3) D. Scortechinii Prain. and Burkill, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 

iV.455. D. pentaphylla Rtdl. Mat. ii. 80 mostly. 

Stems stoutly thorny. Leaves 3- to 5-foliate; leaflets unequal 

cuspidate elliptic red tomentose on the nerves beneath, 2 in. long 

and as wide; petioles 1'5 to 2 in. long, brown, tomentose; petiolules 

'2 in long. Male panicles 2 ft. long, with long tomentose branches. 

Flowers sessile crowded, white. Sepals lanceolate acute pubescent. 

Stamens 3 with 3 staminodes. Female spikes solitary or panicled, 

6 to 8 in. long. Capsule oblong round at both ends or base cordate, 

2 in. long, I in. wide. Hab. Forests. Johor, Gunong Pantai. 

Malacca, Merlimau. Pahang, Tahan Valley. Selangor, Bukit 

Kutu. Negri Sembilan. Tampin (Burkill). Perak, Thaiping Hills 

at 3000 ft. altitude (Burkill). Kemaman (Vaughan Stevens). 

Distrib. Cambodia. Native name,' Ubi pasir. Use,' The tubers 

are a valued food by the Sakais. 

(4) D. pentaphylla Linn. SPec. Pl. 1032. var. malaica Prain 

and Burkill I.e. x. 23. 

Stems sparsely thorny. Leaves 3- or 5-lobed, leaflets red pubes-

Dioscorea.] CLXV. DIOSCOREACEA>. 

are variable in shape and size. The commonest form is the variety 

ferruginea. Distrib. Cambodia, Malay Archipelago. Native name: 

Akar Guluno. 

(9) D. myriantha Kunth. Enum. Pl. v. 382. 

Slender glabrous unarmed climber. Leaves alternate, thin 

ovate-Ianceolate acuminate, base cordate, lobes rounded, 5-nerved, 

3 to 3'5 in. long, 1'5 in. wide; petioles slender, 1'5 in. long. Male 

panicles slender solitary axillary, 2 to 6 in. long. Spikes numerous 

slender, '5 to I in. long, glabrous. Flowers very small; bracts 2, 

one ovate-acuminate, inner one !>maller. Perianth urceolate, 

'05 in. long; sepals ovate rounded. Petals obovate smaller. 

Stamens 6, minute. Female spikes 4 in. long, with distant flowers. 

Fruit tranversely oblong, wings rounded, I in. long, 1'5 in. wide. 

Hab. Lankawi, Kwala Kwah (Haniff and Nur). Distrib. Philippines. 

(10) D. orbiculata Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 292; Ridl. Mat. ii. 

82. D. sativa Wall. Cat. 5I08c (not of Thunberg). 

Stem moderately stout. Leaves thin, glabrous above, reticulate 

with stellate hairs on the back, ovate cuspidate, base broad entire, 

2 to 5 in. long, 1'5 to 2 in. wide; petioles 2 to 3 in. long, pubescent; 

young leaves ovate cordate, 5 in. long, 4 in. wide. Male panicles 

I ft. long, pubescent. Spikes in distant whorls of 4 or 5, 3 in. long 

or less. Flowers yellow, small; rachis pubescent. Sepals ovate. 

Petals oblong. Capsules obovate. Hab. Open country, thickets. 

Malacca (Cuming); Sungei Hudang (Goodenough); Batang Malaka 

(Burkill). Negri Sembilan, Gemas (Burkill). Perak, Thaiping 

and Goping (Kunstler); Tapah (Wray), Sungei Siput (Burkill). 

Penang Hill (Curtis, Phillips). Kedah Peak (Haniff). Distrib. 

Sumatra, Borneo. . Native name: Akar Kakop. 

(II) D. Zollingeriana Kunth. Enum. Pl. v. 384; Ridl. Mat. ii. 

82. D. deflexa Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 293; Ridl. Mat. ii. 83. D. 

tenuifolia Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 41. p. 34. 

A slender climber, base slightly spiny. Leaves opposite or 

alternate, thin membranous to thinly coriaceous, glabrous ellipticoblong, 

cuspidate, base entire rounded or slightly narrowed; young 

leaves cordate, 2 to 4 in. long, 1'75 to 2 in. wide; petioles I in. long. 

Male flowers in panicles I ft. long. Spikes 3 to 5 in a whorl, I to 3 

in. long, slender, deflexed; rachis and flowers pubescent. Sepals 

ovate. Petals narrower oblong. Stamens 6, short. Female 

panicle ',much branched. Spikes 18 in. long. Flowers distant. 

Capsule rounded transversely oblong, top retuse, I in. long, 2 in. 

wide, lobes round. Hab. Woods and forests. Singapore, Bukit 

Timan; Garden Jungle (Ridley). Malacca (Maingay). Selangor, 

Batu Caves (Burkill). Perak, Larut Hills (Kunstler). Distrib. 

Nicobars, Sumatra, Java. 

(12) D. gibbiflora Hook fil. F.B.I. vi. 294; Ridl. Mat. ii. 82. 

Stem slender. Leaves opposite, thin, glabrous oblong-Ianceo-

322 

CXL VII. LILlACElE. 

3). Fruit baccate, drupaceous or capsular. Seeds globose or 

flattened. Species about 2500, whole world. 

§ 1. Protolzrzacet8. FrUlt capsular. 

Small leafless paraSIte; ovary of 3 dIstmct follIcles. I PROTOLIRION 

§ 2. Ophzopogonet1l Capsule dehiscing long before the seed IS npe, exposmg 

fleshy-coated seeds, blue 

FIlaments connate m a ring; leaves broad 2. PELlOSANTHES 

Filaments free; leaves grassy . . . • 3 OPHIOPOGON 

§ 3 Antherzcet1l. Herbs; leaves narrow lInear; inflorescence pamcled lax. 

Capsule 3-lobed; seeds flat; petals not frmged, 

whIte. . . . . . . . 4. CHLOROPHYTUM 

Capsule 3-lobed; seeds flat; petals fringed, blue 5. THYSANOTUS 

FrUlt baccate pulpy. 

Filaments linear flat, half as long as anther 

Ftlaments thick fleshy . . 

§ 4. Aspzdzstret1l. Rhizomatous with large 

campanulate, stamens adnate to tube. 

Fruit baccate. 

6. RHUACOPHILA 

. 7. DIANELLA 

broad leaves. Perianth 

Style I; stigma dISCOId or clubbed 8. TUPISTRA 

Style 0; stigmas 3. . . . . . 9. TRICALISTRA 

§ 5. Asparagznet1l. Scandent shrubs, no leaves, replaced by linear cladodes, 

frmt baccate. 

Flowers small . . . . . . . 10. ASPARAGUS 

§ 6. Dracaenet1l. Shrubs or trees often large. Penanth cylindric or 

campanulate 

Berry 1- or 2-seeded. • • . . • II. DRAC.lENA 

§ 7. Uvulal'Zt1I. Rootstock tuberous or creeping. Stem leafy; leaves 

not sheathmg; flowers aXIllary. 

Stem erect, flowers medIan size; fruit a berry . (I. DISPORUM 

Stem clImbmg by tendnlled leaves; flowers large; 

frUIt a capsule . . . . . . 13 GLORIOSA 

§ 8. Smzlacet1l Shrubs climbing, rarely erect often thorny with tendrils. 

Fruit a berry. 

Leaves 3- to 5-nerved, reticulate; flowers unisexual, 

umbelled small. 

Petals and sepals free to base . 

Petals and sepals connate in a tube 

14. SMILAX 

. IS. HETEROSMILAX 

1. PROTOLffiION, Ridl. and Groom. 

Slender saprophyte or parasite; rhizome slender; stem erect. 

Leaves scale-like. Raceme corymboid. Flowers small pedicelled. 

Sepals narrow. Petals broader. Stamens 6, 3 epigynous, 3 epipetalous. 

Anthers basi-fixed. Nectaries 3, opposite petals. Pistil 

of 3 follicles, syncarpous and adnate to base of perianth below, free 

above. Follicles ovoid dehiscing above. Seeds 12 in each. 

Species 1. 

(I) P. paradoxum Ridl. and Groom, Ann. Bot. ix. 45, Pl. iii; 

Mat. ii. 87. 

Rhizome 1 to 8 in. long. Stem slender, 1 to 3 in. tall, scaleleaves 

crowded at base, all yellow. Flowers 6, yellow; pedicels 

'5 in. long. Sepals lanceolate acuminate. Petals larger ovate blunt. 

Stamens shorter. Carpels narrowed upwards into short styles.

Protolirion.] CXLVII. LILIACE.£. 32 3 

Hab. On mountains in dry woods at the foot of Dacrydiums at 

IOOO to 3000 ft. altitude. Not uncommon. 

Pahang, Gunong Tahan. 

Perak, Thaiping Hills; Sungei Siput; 

Gunong Bubu (Wray). Kedah Peak 

(Robinson and Kloss). 

2. PELIOSANTHES, Andr. 

Herbs with short creeping stem. 

Leaves petioled lanceolate plicate coriaceous. 

Scapes usually shorter. Flowers 

racemose green, white or purple, small. 

Perianth-tube short campanulate, lobes 

all similar lanceolate. Stamens 6; filaments 

broad, connate in a fleshy ring, 

often adnate to perianth-tube, anthers 

introrse very small. Pistil adnate to 

stamen ring or free; style short; stigmas 

3. Fruit capsular splitting at top 

when very young. Seeds I to 3, developed 

pushing through the capsule top, 

outer coat fleshy, blue, oblong, endosperm 

globose. SpeCIes about IS, Indo 

Malaya, China, Siam. General lIattve 

names: Lumbah Bukit; Pinang Lumbah; 

Tukas Tikus. 

Flowers several to a bract . \ 

Flowers solItary In a bract, rarely 2 

Ovary supenor. 

Flowers globose, deep purple-black 

Flowers expanded, green or purplIsh 

Flowers small, ·3 In. across; bracts narrow 

lInear, ·3 In. wide; bracts at base broad 

lanceolate . 

Flowers large, ·S In. across 

Ovary Infenor or half Infenor. 

FIG 19s.-ProtolIrion 

paradoxum. 

/ . 

(I) P. Teta 

var. angusttfolia 

(2) P. violacea 

var. Clarkei 

(3) P. viridis 

(4) P. monticola 

(S) P. lurida 

Petals and sepals ovate white; raceme long lax (6) P. aIbida 

Petals and sepals ovate yellow; raceme short dense (7) P. grandifolia 

Petals and sepals Imear green, dwarf plant 

, nearly free . . . . . . (8) P. stellaris 

Petals and sepals oblong-ovate green very small; 

stamens In a ring, leaves long. . . (9) P. parviflora 

(I) P. Teta Andr. Rep. t. 605; Bot. Mag. t. 1302; Hook. /il. 

F.B.I. vi. 265; Ridl. Mat. ii. 89. var. angustifolia Ridl. JOUnt. 

Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, 'po 207. 

Leaves narrow lanceolate, 5-nerved, 6 to 9 in. long, I in. wide;

CXLVII. LILIACE..£. [Peliosanthes. 

(7) P. grandifolia Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 31, p. 97; 

Mat. ii. 90. 

Leaves very large and stiff oblanceolate cuspidate; nerves 13; 

I ft. long, 6 in. wide; petioles thick, '25 in. through, 6 in. long. 

Raceme 6 in. long, flowering to base. Flowers nodding, waxy 

yellow, '25 in. across. Sepals and petals ovate blunt. Stamenring 

adnate to perianth; anthers broad. Style very stout. Ovary 

quite inferior. Hab. Mountain forests. Perak, Thaiping Hills 

(Ridley). 

(8) P. stellaris Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 31, p. 97; 

Mat. ii. 90. P. humilis Andr. Bot. Rep. i. 634; Hook. fit. F.B.I. 

vi. 267 (partly). 

A small species. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 5-ribbed, 4 in. 

long, I in. across; petioles 3 in. long. Raceme 2 in. long. Flowers 

star-shaped, small, green. Sepals and petals linear, blunt, less 

than '12 in. long. Stamen-ring green, stamens nearly free, anthers 

orange. Ovary quite inferior, large obconic; style violet, longer 

than stamens. Hab. Rocky woods, chiefly in the north, Pahang, 

Tahan Woods; Telom. Perak, Gunong Kerbau at 4000 ft. altitude 

(Robinson). Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur. Penang 

Hill (Curtis). Kedah, Alor Sta. Distrib. Siam. 

P. lmmilis Andr. Bot. Rep., I.e., was perhaps meant for this species, but 

it is not certain. 

(9) P. parviflora R£dt. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 61. 

Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, both ends Io-nerved, 7 in. long, 

2'25 in. wide; petioles 6 in. long. Scapes 4 in. long. Flowers 

solitary or two together, '2 in. wide; pedicels '25 in. long. Sepals 

and petals oblong-ovate blunt, blue green. Stamen-ring above the 

mouth of tube, adnate to ovary at base only; anthers white. 

Ovary half inferior; style stout. Hab. Pulau Adang islands, 

Rawei and Pulau Adang (Ridley). 

Leaves much taller than in P. stellarls, but flowers as small or smaller 

3. OPHIOPOGON, Ker. 

Stems creeping short or erect elongate. Leaves linear (or lanceolate) 

sub-coriaceous. Scape racemose. Bracts scarious. Flowers 

small, white or pink, several in a bract. Perianth superior. 

Stamens 6, free from leaves of segments. Ovary 3-celled. Style 

columnar; stigma 3-toothed. Fruit and seed as in Peliosanthes. 

Species 10 or more, India, Java, China, Japan. 

Stamens quite free; flowers small; anthers lanceolate 

. . . . . . . . 

Stamens quite free; flowers '5 in. across; anthers 

linear 

Stamens united by a ring 

(I) O. malayanus 

(2) O. intermedius 

var. macranthits 

(3) O. prolifera

CXL VII. LILIACElE. [Chlorophytum. 

Temengoh, in forests. Perl is, Tebing Tinggi, limestone rocks. 

Distnb. Africa, India, Cambodia. 

5. THYSANOTUS, R. Br. 

Herbs with fascicled or tuberous roots. Leaves grassy or terete. 

Scapes leafless. Flowers panicled or racemose or urn belled. Sepals 

lanceolate, green. Petals blue and fringed. Stamens 6, shorter 

than sepals; anthers linear basifixed. Ovary small, globose; 

style filiform. Capsule globose dehlscing from top. Seeds subglobose, 

2 in a cell. Species r9, all Australian but r, in China and 

Philippines and r Malay Peninsula. 

(r) Th. siamensis Rldl. jOllrn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 209. 

Leaves terete glaucous, green, 8 in. long, very slender. Scapes 

ro in. tall, 'r in. through. Flowers about 6 or 7 in a terminal 

umbel; pedicels'5 in. long. Sepals lanceolate-oblong blunt, '12 in. 

long. Petals as long, oblong-Ianceolate, blue with white central 

bar. Stamens half as long as sepals; filaments very short. Capsule 

'25 in. long. Hab. Setul, on sandy heaths, rare (Ridley). 

6. RHUACOPHILA, Bl. 

Stems 6 to 8 ft. tall, flattened. Leaves flaccid glaucous, linear 

acuminate unarmed. Panicle not peduncled. Bracts lanceolate 

leafy. Flowers white. Sepals oblong blunt. Petals wider. 

Stamens shorter; filaments linear flat, half as long as the long 

linear blunt anther, the base of which IS shortly bifid. Style 

cylindric, as long as petals. Berry oblong. Seeds 4 in a cell, 

ellipsoid. Species r, Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines. 

(r) R. javanica Bl. Enum. i. r4. (Fig. r97, p. 329.) 

Stems several, tall. Leaves sub-coriaceous, 1 ft. long, '5 in. 

wide. Panicle wide, spreading, 3 to 6 in. long, leafy with broad 

bracts to the base; branches 3 in. long. Flowers '75 in. across; 

pedicels slender, '5 in. long. Berry oblong, '5 in. long. Seeds 

'r in. long. Hab. On rocky spots in streams at high altitudes. 

Pahang, Gunong Tahan, Teku River, at 5600 to 6000 ft. altitude 

(Ridley). Perak, Gunong Kerbau (Haniff, Robinson). 

7. DIANELLA, Lam. 

Herbs with a short stem and distichous linear leaves. Scapes 

tall, panicled. Flowers small, blue or white, nodding pedicels 

pointed at top. Sepals and petals narrow recurved. Stamens, 

filaments thick, anthers basifixed opening by pores. Ovary 

3-celled; ovules 4 to 8 in a cell; style filiform; stigma minute. 

Berry blue or white. Seeds few ovoid fiat, black. Species about 10, 

chiefly A ustralian and Polynesian. 

Flowers '5 in. across; petals as long as sepals 

Flowers '25 in. across; petals longer than sepals 

(I) D. ensifolia 

(2) D. parviflora

Tricalistra.] CXLVII. LILIACE}E. 33 1 

all similar recurved. Stamens 6, in mouth of tube; filaments 

short; anthers oblong. Pistil short sub-globose; style 0; stigmas 

three horseshoe-shaped. Ovary I-celled; ovules 2. Fruit drupateous 

globose, green, I-seeded. Species I. 

(I) T. ochracea Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 83. 

Stem woody, '5 in. through. Leaves 16 in. long, 4 in. wide, 

dark green; petioles 6 in. long. Spike 8 in. tall, base nude, 4-angled. 

Bracts ovate blunt. Flowers sessile ochre-yellow. Fruit as large 

as a 12-bore bullet. Hab. Very rare in dense forests at 4000 ft. 

altitude. Pahang, Telom and Gunong Berumbun (Ridley). 

10. ASPARAGUS, Linn. 

Shrubby half scandent plants, often thorny. Leaves reduced 

to minute scales with tufts of flat or acicular branches (cladodes) 

in axils. Flowers very small, white, axillary fascicled, solitary or 

racemed. Perianth campanulate, 6-lobed. Stamens from base of 

perianth. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 or more in a cell; style 1; 

stigmas 3. Seeds 2 to 6, black. Species about 100. Europe, 

Asia, Africa. 

(I) A. racemosus Willd. sp. Pl. ii. 152. 

Scandent woody, spines long (cladodes), 2- to 6-nate, '75 to 1 in. 

long, linear acuminate falcate. Racemes solitary or fascicled 

sometimes branched. Flowers 'I2 in. or less across. Berry '25 in. 

through. Hab. Lankawi, on limestone rocks (Curtis), very rare. 

Distnb. Africa, India, Java, Australia. 

11. DRAClENA, Linn. 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves linear sessile or lanceolate petioled. 

Flowers white or pink cylindric in terminal panicles or racemes. 

Sepals and petals linear more or less connate at base. Stamens 

6 from base of tube; filaments long filiform; anthers narrow 

versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 1 in a cell. Berry globose, 

1- to 3-seeded. Seeds globose or hemispheric. Species about 40. 

Africa, Asia, Australia. The well-known "Dracrena" of gardens 

is Cordyline terminalis, Kunth. Enum. v. 25. It is probably of 

Papuan origin and is not wild here. Many varieties are in cultivation. 

Natwe name: Andong. 

Pamcles or racemes erect; branches few, short, 

stiff. 

Leaves linear acuminate not petioled. 

Tree 60 ft. tall, much branched; leaves thin, 

narrow. . . . . . (r) D. granulata 

Shrubs httle or not branched; pamcles with 

few or no branches; leaves narrow 

lmear seSSile. 

Stout shrub; raceme thick dense; leaves 

1'5 in. wide . . . . . (2) D. robusta 

Slender shrub; raceme slender lax; leaves 

'5 in. Wide (3) D. conferta

Dracama.) CXLVII. LILlAC1!.lE. 333 

27 in. long, ·6 in. wide. Raceme 2 ft. long, dense; peduncle stout 

with a few sheathing leaves. Flowers white, tufted, 3 or 4 together; 

pedicels very short, '5 in. long, split half-way. Fruit as large as 

a pea, globose. Hab. Malacca or Sungei Ujong (Cantley). Perak, 

Selama at 300 to 500 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Natwe name: 

Poko San Juan hutan jantan. 

(4) D. graminifolia Wall. Cat. 5149; Hook. /il. ·F.B.I. vi. 

327; Ridl. Mat. ii. 96. D. Finlaysonii Bak. Journ. Bot. 1873,261 

(in parts). 

Shrub 2 ft. tall, hardly branched, stem less than '25 in. through. 

Leaves linear long-acuminate, 15 in. long, '25 in. wide. Raceme 

simple or few branched at base, 12 to 18 in. long. Flowers 3 or 4 

in tufts crowded; pedicels very short, white, I in. long, split more 

than half-way. Fruit pea-shaped, orange. Hab. Forests, local. 

Dindings (Finlayson); Pangkor; Lumut. Perak, Bujong Malacca 

(Ridley). Province Wellesley, Bukit Mertajam at 1500 ft. altitude 

(Burkill). 

var. angustissima Rid!. Mat. ii. 97. Leaves very slender with 

long points. Hab. Perak, Gunong Putih (Kl1nstler); Jor (Ridley). 

(5) D. cuspidata Ridl. 

Low shrub, stem stout '25 in. through. Leaves oblong, narrowed 

at top with an abrupt cusp '5 in. long, setaceous at tip, base narrowed 

to sheath, 9 in. long, 2'5 in. wide. Panicle racemiform, 5 in. long. 

Flowers in threes on short pedicels, very slender, slightly clubbed 

at tip, I in. long, lobes very narrow linear. Stamens, filaments 

longer, anthers oblong. Hab. Kelantan, Chaning Woods (Ridley). 

(6) D. Porteri Bak. J ourn. Bot. 1873, p. 262; Ridl. Mat. ii. 

97· A low, little branched shrub, 2 to 5 ft. tall. Leaves linearlanceolate 

acuminate, narrowed to base, 6 to 15 in. long, '5 to 

1'5 in. wide. Panicle with a few branches I to 2 in. long at base, 

upper part racemose, 6 to 9 in. long. Flowers 2 or 3 together, 

white, '75 in. long, lobes free half-way, tube dilate at base. Fruit 

'4 in. long with I to 3 seeds, orange. Hab. Common in lowland 

woods. Singapore (Wallich); Garden Jungle. Johor, Gunong 

Pulai. Pahang, Gunong Tahan at 3300 ft. altitude (Robinson). 

Malacca, Ayer Panas; Mt. Ophir. Negri Sembilan, Johol; Tampin. 

Selangor, Petaling; Damansara Hill, Kwala Lumpur (Ridley). 

Perak, Larut. Penang, Waterfall (Wallich, Curtis). Kelantan, 

Chaning, Kelantan River. Native name: Jarum-Jarum. 

(7) D. Curtisii Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 210. 

Leaves lanceolate-Iinear acuminate to a long point narrowed to 

base, thin coriaceous, 20 to 30 in. long, I to 1'25 in. wide. Panicle 

30 in. long with 3 to 5 remote branches 4 to 6 in. long. Flowers 

4 to 6 together in short tufts. Perianth '75 in. long, lobes very 

narrow, free nearly to base: dilate. Fruit globose, 1- or 2-seeded, 

'25 in. through (dry). Hab. Open woods in the north. Lankawi, 

Kwah (Haniff, Wooldridge). Setul (Ridley).

334 CXLVII. LlLIACE...E. (Draccena. 

(8) D. umbratica Ridl. D. terniflora Ridl. Mat. ii. 97 (not of 

Roxburgh). D. terniflora, var. Curtisii Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 329. 

A low little-branched shrub, 2 to 3 ft. tall. Leaves elliptic to 

elliptic-Ianceolate cuspidate, base narrowed into petiole, 3 in. wide; 

petioles of lower leaves I to 2 in. long, channelled not winged; of 

upper leaves broadly winged. Inflorescence racemose not or hardly 

branched, 9 in. long, the lower half flowerless. Flowers 5 or 6 in 

a tuft, white on pedicels '12 in. long. Perianth I in. long, split 

half-way, lobes linear blunt. Berry small globose to 3-lobed, 

'25 in. through when I-seeded, orange red. Seeds I to 3. Hab. 

Common in lowland woods. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Changi. 

Johor, Tanjong Surat and Jambu Larang (Feildmg). Malacca, 

Sungei Hudang. Pahang, Tahan River. Perak, Kol; DIu Kal 

and Larut (KunstIer). Dindings, Lumut. Penang, Balik Pulau 

and Pulau Betong (Curtis). Kedah, Gurun (Robinson). 

This has commonly been identIfied with the Indian D splcata, Roxb 

but that is described as caulescent by Roxburgh and as arboreous by Hooker. 

It resembles D. POl'tel'i, but has broad elliptic leaves. 

(9) D. singapurensis Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1896, p. 4; Mat. ii. 

166. 

Dwarf shrub, I ft. tall, '25 in. through. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate 

acute, 7 in. long, 2'5 in. wide, dull green; petioles slightly 

winged, 2 in. long or less. Raceme 2 in. long; pedicels '12 in. 

long. Flowers white, lobes free more than half-way lorate. Stamens 

shorter. Fruit small, globose red. Hab. Not common in den!>e 

jungle in the south. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Chan Chu Kang. 

Johor, Gunong Pantai (Ridley). 

(10) D. siamica Rldl. Journ. Bot. 1896, p. 166. 

Dwarf shrub, I ft. tall, stem '12 in. through. Leaves oblong 

or elliptic or lanceolate acuminate, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide, light 

green with pale circular blotches; petioles I in. long. Raceme 

4 or 5 in. long; flowers rather crowded. Flowers'5 in. long, 

pinkish, pedicels less than '24 in. long. Hab. Open sandy spots 

in the north. Perlis, sandy heath on Ginting Kabok (Ridley). 

Distrib. South Siam. 

(II) D. congesta Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 388; Mat. ii. 98. 

D. pachyphylla Kurz Journ. As. Soc. 42, p. 249 (in part). 

A dwarf species with a woody stem 3 to 6 in. tall and '5 in. 

through with stout roots. Leaves elliptic to nearly lanceolate • 

acuminate or cuspidate rather abruptly narrowed at the base, 

6 to 9 in. long, 2'5 to 3 in. wide; petioles 3 to 6 in. long, slightly 

winged, sheathing at base and '25 in. wide. Panicle short and 

dense, 3 in. long, many flowered; peduncle 2 in. long. Flowers 

reddish white, I in. long; pedicels 'II in. long. Perianth-Iobes 

free half-way down linear blunt. Berry small, 1- to 3-seeded. 

Hab. In woods, and especially among limestone rocks in shady 

spots. Pahang, Kota Glanggi, limestone rocks; Tahan woods.

CXL VII. LILIACEA1: 

Fruit '75 in. through, scarlet. Hab. Penang, Batu Feringhi and 

Highlands (Curtis). 

(16) D. trachystachys Hook. fit. Herb. Kew, F.B.I. vi. 328. 

(D. brachystachys by prznter's error); Ridl. Mat. ii. 96. 

Tree 10 to 20 ft. tall, 10 to 12 in. through, little branched. 

Leaves tufted at branch ends, ensiform acuminate, 2 to 3 ft. long, 

2 in. wide, coriaceous gradually narrowed to base. Panicle large; 

peduncle woody, over 2 ft. long, '5 in. through at base, branches 

I ft. or more, scabrid. Flowers in tufts of 2 to 4, about '5 in. 

long, lobes free half-way. Berry globose or 3-lobed, large, orange. 

FIG. Ig8.-Drac

CXLVll. LILlACElE. [Dracama. 

Hab. Mountains in forest. Perak, Gunong Hijau at 5500 ft. 

altitude (Ridley). Distrib. of species, Himalayas, Andamans, 

Sumatra, Java, Borneo. 

(21) D. yuccrefolia Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1896, p. 168. 

Branched shrub. Leaves crowded at branch ends, stiff coriaceous 

ensiform, acuminate, IS in. long, I in. wide. Panicle large, 

spreading, branches numerous pubescent. Flowers '12 in. long, 

yellowish white, sub-sessile. Perianth turbinate, lobes oblong, 

free nearly to base. Stamens shorter; filaments red. Fruit '12 in. 

long, globose red, I-seeded. Hab. On limestone rocks in the north. 

Setul, Bukit Rajah Wang (Ridley, Curtis). Distrib. South Siam. 

DOUBTFUL SPECIES 

D. JACKIANA Wall. Cat. 1545, Penang, Jack. 

I have seen nothing exactly matching this. It seems to be a robust plant 

with elliptic cuspidate leaves 9 in. long, 2 in. wide, narrowed into a broad 

winged petiole. The panicle is very incomplete and the flowers are only in 

young bud, in tufts of 2 or 3. It has been variously referred to D. longtfolia 

Ridl., D. pachyphylla Hook. fil, D. termflora Hook. fil. (i e. umbratica) and 

aurantiaca, Wall. and it is quite pOSSIble it is an abnormal specimen of the 

last named. 

12. DISPORUM, Salisb. 

Herbs. Roots creeping. Stem erect angled. Leaves sessile or 

nearly so, thin, strong-nerved. Flowers in terminal or axillary 

umbels; pedicels slender decurved. Perianth campanulate, lobes 

saccate or spurred at base. Stamens 6; anthers dorsifixed extrorse. 

Ovary 3-celled. Style long or short. Stigmas 3. Ovules 2 to 6 

in a cell. Berry pea-shaped, black or blue. Seeds sub-globose. 

Species about 12, Asia and North America. 

(I) D. pullum Salisb. Trans. Hart. Soc. i. 330; Ridl. Journ. 

F.M.S. Mus. iv. 82. 

Stem 2 to 4 ft. tall, branched. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 

4 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petioles '12 in. long. Flowers 4 or 6 

in an umbel; peduncles·s to I in. long; pedicels I to I'S in. long. 

Sepals and petals '5 in. long, lanceolate-oblong, cuspidate, saccate 

at base, greenish tinted red. Stamens half as long; filaments 

broad, flat, as long as anthers. Berry dark blue, 1- to 3-seeded. 

Hab. Rare in sandy woods. Pahang, Telom (Ridley). Distrib. 

India, Java, Sumatra, China. 

Our form is the variety multl/lorum. 

13. GLORIOSA, Linn. 

Herbs. Rhizome tuberous, stem climbing by the tips of the 

leaves. Flowers large, yellow, becoming red. Petals and sepals 

linear undulate. Stamens with long filaments; anthers versatile; 

style long bent at an angle with the ovary. Fruit capsular. Species 

4 or 5, chiefly African.

Gloriosa.] CXL VII. LILIACE..E. 339 

(1) G. superb a Linn. Sp. Pl. 305; Hook. fit. F.B.I. vi. 358. 

Stem climbing on bushes, 4 to 10 ft. tall. Leaves 6 to 8 in. 

long, narrow. Flowers solitary on pedicels 4 to 6 in. long, 3 to 4 in. 

across, base of petals yellow two-thirds red, finally all red. Petals 

and sepals crisped. Hab. Sandy open places, very doubtfully wild 

here, but it sometimes establishes itself from cultivation. It is 

poisonous. Malacca, Tanjong Kling" apparently wild" (Maingay). 

Distrib. Africa, India, Cambodia, Malay islands. 

14. SMILAX, Linn. 

Climbing, rarely erect, shrubs often thorny. Leaves alternate, 

rarely opposite, ovate or lanceolate reticulate, coriaceous, 3- to 

5-nerved; petiole often with 2 tendrils at base. Flowers unisexual 

small umbeIIed, green or yellow. Sepals and petals 3 each. 

Stamens 6 from base of perianth, filaments filiform or short, rarely 

none. Staminodes in female flowers 3 or 6. Style short or 0; 

stigmas 3. Berry with 1, 2 or 3 globose or hemispheric seeds. 

Species about 200, all tropics and some in temperate regions. 

Small wiry erect shrub, anthers sessile (I) S. calophylla 

Climbers. 

Filaments very short; sepals mcurved in flower. 

Leaves thin, green, oblong-ovate caudate 

acummate . . . . . (2) S. myosotiJIora 

Leaves thick coriaceous, white beneath, ovate (3) S. peguana 

Filaments long, buds oblong. 

Stems rather slender; leaves moderate size. 

Branches unarmed. 

FrUit small; leaves lanceolate acute, thm (4) S. lrevis 

Fruit small; leaves elliptic, rather thm. (5) S. extensa 

Fruit as large as a cherry; leaves stiffly 

coriaceous (6) S. megacarpa 

Branches thorny. 

Stem sparsely thorny; leaves oblong 

Stem closely thorny. . . 

Stem paplllose granular and thorny . 

Stem stout; leaves very large ovate; pebole 

with a large sheath; leaves white 

beneath. 

Stem hairy; sheaths moderate 

Stem thorny not hairy. . . 

Leaves not white beneath, perfectly glabrous 

(7) S. Helferi 

(8) S. polyacantha 

(9) S. odoratissima 

(10) S. harbata 

(I I) S. leucophylla 

(12) S. Kingii 

Leaves plain green; nerves and nervules 

sunk above, beneath tomentose . (13) S. Blumei 

. 

(1) S. calophyUa Wall. Cat. 5131; A. DC. Mon. Smilax, 60; 

Ridl. Mat. ii. 102. 

A wiry erect shrub, 2 ft. tall, unarmed. Leaves lanceolate 

acuminate, base acute, 3-nerved, glaucous beneath, 4 to 6 in. long, 

'75 to 2 in. wide; petioles '12 to '24 in. long. Umbels small sessile 

or nearly so. Male flower_s,globose, yellow. Sepals hooded obovateoblong. 

Petals smaller, ovate flat. Anthers sessile on a disc. 

Fruit globose, red brown, '3 in. through. Seed I, globose. Hab.

Smilax.] CXL VII. LILIACEiE. 34 l 

De Candolle makes the Ophir plant a variety under the name of var. 

ophirens,s on account of its reticulated leaves; the Gunong Mengkuang 

Lebah plant is the same. It appears to be merely a local state. 

(S) S. extensa Wall. Cat. Sl26B; DC. Mon. Smilax, l79; 

Ridl. Mat. ii. l04. 

Stem rather slender unarmed. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or 

oblong-Ianceolate acute, base shortly narrowed, 3 to 6 in. long, 

l'S to 3 in. wide; petioles thick, '2 in. long. Umbels I to 3 on a 

peduncle 'l to '2S in. long, with longer secondary peduncles '4 in. 

across; flowers small. Sepals linear blunt. Stamens long, filaments 

filiform. Hab. Hill forests. Penang (Wallich); Moniot's 

Road (Curtis). 

FIG. 199.-Smilax Helferi. 

(6) S. megacarpa DC. Mon. Smilax, l86; Ridl. Mat. ii. I04. 

Stem stout, woody, thorny at base. Leaves (adult) stiff coriaceous, 

dark green, when young mottled grey, oblong to elliptic, 

base round or narrowed, tip round or blunt; nerves 3; 3 to 8 in. 

long, I ,to 4 in. wide; petioles 'S to l'S in. long, thick twisted, 

sheathing half-way. Tendrils strong, IO in. long. Umbels'S in. 

across; pedicels short. Male flowers '2S -in. long, white. Sepals 

linear-oblong. Females larger. Staminodes 3. Fruit as big as a 

cherry, yellow or purple-black. Seeds discoid. Hab. Common 

in low country in woods. Singapore,_ Tanglin; Bukit Mandai. 

Malacca, Malaka Pindah; Panchur; Batang Malaka (Derry). 

Negri Sembilan, Tampin. Dindings, Lumut. Perak, Thaiping

342 CXLVII. LILIACElE. [Smilax. 

Hills. Penang, Balik Pulau. Distrib. India, Tonkin. Native 

names: Akar Banau; Akar Rabana; Akar K'luna; Akar Lampan 

Bukit. Use: Tubers eaten by Sakai. 

(7) S. Helferi A. DC. Mon. Smilax, 176; Ridl. Mat. ii. 104- 

S. zeylanica Ridl. Mat. ii. 105. (Fig. 199, p. 341.) 

A rough, stout climber, thorny. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, 

oblong blunt, strongly 3-nerved, base round, 2 to 5 in. long, '75 

to 3 in. wide; petioles hardly '25 in. long. Umbels 1 in. across, 

single or 2 to 3 on peduncle '5 in. long; pedicels '25 in. long. 

Sepals and petals oblong blunt. Stamens 6; filaments linear. 

Berries as large as peas. Hab. Common in open country, climbing 

on bushes. Pahang, Pekan and all along the Pahang River. Malacca, 

Ayer Panas; Bukit Bruang. Sungei Ujong, Gunong Berumbun 

(Cantley); Seremban. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Tambun; 

Ulu Bubong and Goping (Kunstler); Larut (Kunstler). 

Province Wellesley, Krian. Legeh, Tremengan (Gwynne-Vaughan). 

Kelantan, Kamposa; Kwala Aring (Yapp). Lankawi (Curtis). 

Distrib. Tenasserim. The type has a short point to the leaves, 

otherwise it is similar. Natwe names: Akar Kulona Betina; Akar 

Gadung Tikus. 

The plants referred to S. zeylanica, Linn. in Mat. ii. are all HelJeri. S. 

zeylamca var. penangensis, DC Mon. Smilax, 190, IS based on a sheet at Kew 

containing a specimen of 5 {tEvis, Penang Hill (no collector) and a scrap of 

possibly S. megacarpa, collected by Griffith in Malacca. 

(8) S, polyacantha Wall. Cat. 5127; Kunth. Enum. v. 239; 

Hook. fit. F.B.I. vi. 3II; Ridl. Mat. ii. 105. 

Stem slender, very thorny, thorns short. Leaves ellipticlanceolate, 

rather thinly coriaceous, narrowed at both ends, 3- to 

5-ribbed, 4 to 6 in. long, 1'5 to 2 in. wide; petioles thick, '4 to 

'5 in. long; tendrils filiform. Umbels solitary or 2 on a short 

'5 in. peduncle. Female flowers very small; ovary with recurved 

styles. Male flowers and ripe fruit unknown. Hab. Penang 

(Porter). Not collected again by anyone. 

(9) S. odoratissima Bl. Enum. 19. S. aspericaulis Wall. Cat. 

5129; DC. Mon. Smzlax, 195; Ridl. Mat. ii. 106. 

Stems slender thickly covered with small pustules and a few 

scattered thorns extending to the leaf-sheaths. Leaves thinly 

coriaceous oblong, blunt with a short point, base broad; nerves 

prominent beneath, 5; 3 to 8 in. long, 1'5 to 3 in. wide; petioles 

'5 in. long, sheath small rough. Peduncle'5 in. long, bearing 1 or 2 

peduncled umbels about '3 in. across. Sepals linear-oblong. 

Stamens as long. Berry·s in. through. Hab. Mountain forests. 

Selangor, Ginting Bidai; Menuang Gasing (Kloss). Perak, Thaiping 

Hills (Kunstler). Distrib. India, Java. 

(1O) S. barbata Wall. Cat. 5125; DC. Mon. Smilax, 196; 

Ridl. Mat. ii. 106. 

Stem stout, woody, nearly '5 in. through, covered with red or

344 CXLVII. LlLIACE.E. [Smilax. 

EXCLUDED SPECIES 

S. SINGAPORENSIS A. DC. Mon. Smilax, 177. "S. calophylla 

Wall. Cat. 5131 in Herb. Rich. only" is indeterminable. It 

cannot be any part of Wall. Cat. 5131, which is all calophylla, 

and it is evident that the label was wrong and the plant is 

not from Singapore. It is possibly S. Helferi from somewhere 

else. 

15. BETEROSMILAX, Kunth. 

Climbers resembling Smilax with tubular perianth, 3- to 6-fid. 

Stamens 3 connate. Fruit a 2-seeded berry. Species 5. Indo 

Malaya, China. 

(I) H. indica A. DC. Mon. Smilax, 43; Ridl. Mat. ii. 108. 

Stem slender unarmed. Leaves ovate-Ianceolate, rather thin, 

base round, 3 to 8 in. long, I to 3'5 in. wide; nerves 5; petioles 

I to I'S in. long. Peduncles solitary, 2 in. long; umbel I in. 

through. Stamens connate half-way. Fruit globose,'5 in. through. 

Seeds 2, hemispheric. Hab. Singapore, thickets near the sea at 

Tanjong Katong (Hullett). Once found only, and now quite 

disappeared. Distrib. _ India. 

ORDER CXLVIII. PONTEDERIACElE. 

Aquatic plants with a short rootstock, and erect or floating leaves. 

Flowers in spikes or racemes from the axils of upper leaves, 

bisexual, blue, pink or white. Sepals 3 and petals 3, free fugacious. 

Stamens 6, one usually the longer. Ovary free, 3-celled or I-celled 

with 3 parietal placentas. Style slender. Capsule membranous. 

Seeds minute, ribbed. About 36 species, tropics of both hemispheres. 

1. MONOCHORIA, Presl. 

Leaves radical and solitary at the top of the stem or branches 

petioled ovate. Perianth widely expanded or campanulate blue 

fugacious. Stamens 6, five steriie, one fertile. Species 5 or 6. 

tropics of Old World. 

Leaves hastate or cordate; flowers long-pedicelled 

fascicled bght blue . . . • . (1) l't'L hastefolia 

Leaves narrow hastate; flowers racemose. • (2) M. e1ata 

Leaves ovate or linear; flowers short-pedicelled 

dark blue (3) M. vaginalis 

(I) M. hast::efolia Presl. ReI. Haenk. ii. 128; Hook. fil. F.B.I. 

vi. 362; Ridl. Mat. ii. 109. Pontederia hastata Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 129 ; 

Roxb. Corom. Pl. ii. t. 63. P. dilatata Andr. Bot. Rep. vii. t. 490. 

Rhizome usually short. Leaves I to 2 ft. tall, blade hastate or 

deltoid. base cordate or entire. broad. 2 to 6 in. long. 2 to 6 in. wide.

M onochoria.] CXLVIlI. PONTEDERIACEA!, 345 

Flowers crowded on a short 2 in. long raceme, included in the leaf 

sheath; pedicels '5 to 2 in. long. Petals over '5 in. long, light 

violet, keels green. Capsule globose, nearly '5 in. long. Hab. 

Common in ditches in the whole Peninsula. Singapore, Galang; 

Orchard Road. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca, Nyalas (Derry). Negri 

Sembilan, Kwala Pedas. Perak, VIu Slim (Kunstler). Province 

FIG. 2oo.-Monochoria hast;:efolja; 

Wellesley. Penang (Curtis), Kelantan, Kota Bharu. Dt"stnb. 

India, Malaya and China. Native names: Chacha Layer; Kankon 

Ayer. ' 

(2) M. elata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As Soc. S. Br. 79, p. 99. 

Herb 6 to 8 ft. tall. Leaves narrow linear hastate, 4 in. long, 

'3 in. wide; petioles 24 in. long. Flowers blue in a many-flowered 

raceme 3'5 to 5 in. long on slender pedicels '4 in. long. Sepals and 

petals '75 in. long, lanceolate acuminate. Capsule oblong. Hab. 

Kedah, at lerum, abundant in rice-fields (Haniff). Distrib. Patalung.

CXLVIII. PONTEDERIACE...E. [Monochoria. 

(3) M. vaginalis Presl. ReI. Haenk. ii. 128; HoJok. fil. F.B.I. 

vi. 363; Ridl. Mat. ii. 109. Pontederia vaginalis Linn. Mantissa, 

228; Roxb. Cor. Pl. ii. t. lIO. 

Rhizome often lanceolate or ovate acute, base rounded, 1 

to 2 in. long,· '5 to 1 in. wide. Raceme 1 in. long, 2- or 

3-flowered. Flowers dark blue, '25 to '36 in. wide. Stamens violet. 

FIG. 20I.":"""Philydrum lanuginosum. 

Capsule oblong, nearlY'5 

in. long. H abo Ditches 

and damp ground. Very 

common; whole Peninsula. 

Singapore, Tanglin; 

Loyang ; Ang Mo Kia. 

Malacca (Griffith); Bukit 

Panchur. Pahang, Pekan; 

K wala Tembeling; 

Gunong Senyum (Evans). 

Selangor, DIu Selangor. 

Perak, DIu Bubong 

(Kunstler). Province 

Wellesley, Permatang 

Bertam. Penang (Curtis). 

var. plantaginea Solms 

Laub. DC. Prod. iv. 524. 

, A smaller form with 

narrow, often linear 

leaves, in shallow ditches. 

Common. Hab. Singapore, 

Tanglin. Malacca, 

Malaka Pondok (Hervey). 

Perak, Ulu Bubong 

(Kunstler). Kelantan, 

Kota Bharu in ricefields. 

Distrib. Indo 

Malaya, China and Africa. 

Native name,' Rumput 

Ayer. 

ORDER CXLIX. PHILYDRACElE. 

Herbs with narrow linear leaves. Inflorescence spicate or 

panicled. Bracts rather large. Flowers small, bisexual irregular, 

yellow. Sepals petaloid. Stamens 1 on the base of the anterior 

petal. Staminodes 2 petaloid. Ovary 3-celled, free; placentas 

3-parietal. Style stout; stigma capitate. Capsule 3-valved. 

Seeds numerous oblong, elliptic pustulate, albuminous. Genera 3 

Species 3; chiefly Australian.

Philydrum.] CXLIX. PHIL YDRACE1E. 347 

1. PHILYDRUM, Banks. 

Leaves long ensiform. Spike elongate. Species 1. 

(I) Ph. lanuginoswn Banks, Gaertn. Fruct. 62, t. 16, fig. 10; 

Bot. Mag. t. 7B3; Griff. Notulce, iii. 231; Ic. Pl. As. t. 269, 270; 

Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 363; Rzdl. Mat. ii. lIO. (Fig. 201, p. 346.) 

Leaves ensiform, IB in. long, '5 in. wide. Stem 30 in. tall. 

Spike simple or branched. Floral bracts lanceolate acuminate 

woolly, '5 in. long. Petals fugacious, woolly lanceolate, '25 in. 

long. Anther-cells twisted spirally. Capsule woolly, '25 in. long. 

H abo In shallow water, rice-fields, etc. Singapore at Bedok. Malacca; 

common, Bukit Sabukor; Tanjong Kling; Ayer Panas. Province 

Wellesley (Curtis). Dzstrzb. Burma, Andamans, China, Malaya. 

ORDER CL. XYRIDElE. 

Tufted herbs with stiff, grassy leaves, and simple scapes, naked, 

bearing a short terminal head of stiff dark brown imbricating bracts. 

Flowers sessile bisexual, fugacious, yellow. Bracteoles (or sepals) 

3, boat-shaped, unequal. Petals 3, clawed, orbicular, often laciniate, 

yellow. Stamens 3; anthers sagittate. Staminodes 3. Ovary 

free, imperfectly 3-celled; placentas 3; ovules many; style trifid; 

stigmas capitate. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds very numerous, linear 

or ellipsoid. 

XYRIS, Linn. 

Characters of the order. Distribution, tropics of both hemispheres. 

Species about Bo. All tropics. 

Leaves quite flat and broad. 

Leaves '5 m. across, sword-shaped; flowers small. (I) X. grandis 

Leaves '25 m across, hnear acute; flowers large (2) X. indica 

Leaves narrow lmear. 

Scape 2-edged; leaves stiff rigid, heads cylindric, 

over' 5 in. long . . . . . . (3) X. aneeps 

Scape terete; leaves small flaccid, heads sub-globose, 

'25 in. long . . . . . . . (4) X. paueiflora 

Scape terete; leaves long flat, narrow, heads obovoid, 

'5 m. long . . . . (5) X.oreophila 

Slender short-leaved plant; heads globose ., _. (6) X. Ridleyi 

Dwarf plant; leaves very short tufted; heads small, 

few-flowered (7) X. baneana 

(I) X. grandis Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 332; Journ. 

F.M.S. Mm. ii. I3B. 

A very large species. Leaves sword-shaped acuminate equitant, 

24 in. long, '75 in. wide. Scape shorter, 19 in. long. Head obovoid, 

'5 in. through. Bracts lanceolate acute, '5 in. long, dark brown. 

Flowers rather small. Sepals lanceolate acute, dark brown. Petals 

cuneate-oblong, {!dges lacerate. Hab. In damp wooded spots, 

in mountains at 5000 ft. altitude and upwards, Pahang, Gunong

348 CL. XYRIDE..E. [Xyris. 

I 

Tahan at 5500 ft. altitude (Ridley). Kelantan, Ridge of Gunong 

Sitang (Mhd Nur). 

(2) X. indica Linn. Sp. Pl. 62; Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 

30; Hook. /il. F.B.I. vi. 364; Ridl. Mat. ii. III. 

A large tufted plant. Leaves linear acute or blunt, herbaceous, 

1'5 in. long, '25 in. wide. Scape 2 ft. tall. Head '25 to '5 in. 

through, '75 in. long, globose 

or oblong. Bracts 

orbicular, dark brown. 

Flowers '5 in. across. 

Bracteoles winged serrulate. 

Petals orbicular 

erose. Hab. Rice-fields. 

Not rare. Malacca, Bukit 

Sabukor. Selangor(Cantley). 

Province Wellesley. 

Penang. Lankawi at 

K wah. Kedah, Alor Sta 

(very common). Perlis. 

Setui. Distrib. Siam, 

Indo - Malaya. Native 

names: Rumput Bagau; 

Jeringu Padang. 

(3) X. anceps Lam. 

Ill. I. 132; Hook. fil. 

F.B.I. vi. 364; Ridl. Mat. 

ii. III. 

Leaves rigid, often 

\"""_;=--=-"'iJI twisted, linear acuminate, 

bases broad, red, 

4 to 24 in. long, '12 in. 

wide. Scape slender, 

twisted, 6 to 24 in. long. 

Head ovoid to cylindric, 

'75 in. long or less. 

Bracts light brown, convex, 

margins scarious. 

Bracteoles keeled and 

FIG. 202.-Xyris oreophila. spinulose. Petals obcuneate 

orbicular, edges 

fimbriate, '25 in. wide. Hab. Sandy open country. Comrilon. 

Singapore, Balestier Plain; Pulau Tekong; Changi. Johor, Tanjong 

Surat (Feilding). Malacca, Pulau Besar; Tanjong Kling; Merlimau 

(Derry). Pahang, Pekan. Negri Sembilan, Seremban. Tringganu 

(Yapp). Setul heath. Distrib. India, Burma, Malay isles. 

(4) X. pauciflora Willd. Phytogr. i. 2, t. I, Fig. I; Sp. Pl. i. 

235; Hook. fil. F.B.I. vi. 365; Ridl. Mat. ii. II2.

Xyris.] CL. XYRIDE..£. 349 

Leaves thin grassy, narrowly linear acuminate, edges thickened, 

scabrid, 3 to 10 in. long, '06 to '12 in. wide. Scapes 6 to IS in. long, 

two-keeled. Head globose or ovoid, few-flowered. Bracts convex, 

edge green. Petals yellow, broadly ovate. Hab. Damp gra'isy 

spots. Common. Singapore, Reservoir; Balestier Plain. Pahang, 

Pekan. Province Wellesley, Bukit Juru. Lankawi isles, Kwah. 

Setul Heath. Disirib. India, China, Malay and Australia. 

(5) X. oreophila Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vii. 121. (Fig. 202" 

p. 348 ) 

Tufted plant, IZ to 18 in. tall. Leaves flaccid acuminate, 8 in. 

long, I in. wide or rigid and narrower. Culms 8 to 18 in. tall. Head 

obovoid, ·z in. long. Glumes oblong, lower ones truncate emarginate 

with a pale low keel. Flowers'3 in. long, tube exsert. Petals 

oblong-obovate minutely toothed, '15 in. wide. Fruit fusiform. 

Hab. Kedah Peak, at 3,000 ft. altitude (Robinson). 

(6) X. Ridleyi Rendle, joltm. Bot. 1899, p. 505, Pl. 404, Figs. 

IZ to 16; Ridl. Mat. ii. lIZ. 

A dwarf tufted plant with narrow linear herbaceous leaves 

dilate at base, reddish, 7 to 8 in. long, '06 in. wide. Scapes 9 to 

IS in. tall or less, sub-terete, keeled. Head obovoid, 'z5 in. long 

or more. Bracts ovate, dark brown, keeled, few. Bracteoles 

linear falcate not keeled. Capsule oblong unilocular. Seed ellipsoidal. 

Hab. Grassy open spots, on mountains, at 3000 to 5500 ft. 

altitude. Pahang, on Gunong Tahan, abundant. Kedah Peak 

at 3000 ft. altitude (Ridley, Robinson). 

(7) X. bancana Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Sttppl. 608; Hook. fil. l.e. 

66; Ridl. Mat. ii. lIZ. 

Dwarf tufted plant. Leaves flat linear-acuminate, very narrow, 

I to I'z5 in. long. Scapes few, very slender, terete, 9 to 10 in. long. 

Head small, few-flowered, obconic, 'IZ to 'z5 in. long. Bracts 

ovate sub-acute. Bracteoles linear-Ianceolate ciliate. Hab. Local 

in open sandy spots. Pahang, at Pekan. Malacca near the sea 

(Griffith, Maingay). Distrib. Bangka, Labuan. 

ORDER CLI. COMMELINACElE. 

/' 

Herbs erect or ascending (rarely scandent). Leaves thin 

herbaceous with parallel nerves usually petioled, and sheathing. 

Inflorescence panicled cymose (rarely racemose). Flowers bisexual 

rarely unisexual. Perianth inferior. Sepals 3, herbaceous. 

Petals 3, thin, fugacious blue, white or pink or rarely yellow. 

Stamens-6, perfect, or Z or more sterile; filaments often bearded; 

anthers oblong or globose. Ovary free, z- or 3-celled. Style I. 

Stigma small. Capsule usgally loculicidal, rarely indehiscent. 

Seeds angled som-etimes aiillate. Species about 300, tropics and 

subtropics.

350 

CLI. COMMELINACEJE. 

Fruit indehiscent, crustaceous, blue. 

Stout plants; Inflorescence terminal . 

Capsule locuhcidal whitish; flowers bisexual. 

Stamens 3 perfect; stammodes I to 3. 

Cymes solitary in a spathe 

Cymes several, no spathe . 

Stamens 6 perfect. 

Cymes terminal, often in imbricating bracts or 

axillary . . . 

Flowers in a terminal panicle. . . 

Cymes lateral, very large plants; capsule pmk . 

Flowers unisexual; males terminal panicled; females 

cymose enclosed in bract 

I. POLLIA 

[Pollia. 

2. COlllMELINA 

3 ANEILEMA 

4. CVANOTIS 

5. FLOSCOPA 

6. FORRESTIA 

7. SPATHOLIRION 

Large herbs; 

1. POLLIA, Thunb. 

leaves lanceolate petioled. Panicle terminal, 

dense or lax. Sepals 3. Petals free, white. Stamens 6, or 3 with 

3 staminodes; filaments naked. Ovary 3-celled; ovules many. 

Capsule crustaceous, globose-ovoid, blue. 

Australia. 

Species about 15, Asia, 

Pamcle short, conic, dense; stamens 6 

(I) P. thyrsiflora 

Pamcle lax, few-flowered; stameJ;ls 3. 

Leaves pubescent beneath; sepals hairy (2) P. sumatrana 

Leaves glabrous; sepals glabrous. . . (3) P. subumbe1lata 

Panicle lax, many-flowered, peduncled, pubescent. (4) P. sorzogonensis 

(I) P. thyrsiflora Endl. Gen. I029; Rldl. Mat. ii. 14. 

Stem stout, '25 in. through, ascending to 2 ft. tall. Leaves 

oblanceolate acuminate narrowed to a broad petiole, glabrous, 10 

to 15 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide; petioles 2 in. long. Panicle thyrsoid, 

dense sessile, puberulous, I to 3 in. long. Stamens 6. Fruit 

ellipsoid, deep steel blue. Hab. Common in damp spots in hill 

forest. Pahang, Tahan River. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Curtis); 

Ginting Bidai. Perak, Waterloo; Gunong Kerbau (Haniff). 

Distrib. Andamans, Malav isles. 

(2) P. sumatrana Iiassk. Commel. IlId. 57; Ridl. Mat. ii. II4 

(not of Clarke). 

Stem ascending, I ft. long, slender. Leaves elliptic acuminate, 

thinly scabrid above, thickly hairy beneath, 5 to 6 in. long, 1'25 

in. wide; midrib and petioles '5 in. long, red-hairy. Panicle I to 

2 in. long, pubescent, 2 in. wide. Sepals hairy. Fruit '25 in. long, 

ovoid lead-colour. Hab. Hill woods, Perak, Hermitage Hill (Ridley). 

Gunong Pordoh (Bur kill). Rare. Distrib. Sumatra. 

(3) P. subumbellata Clarke, Jottrn. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi. 451; 

Ridl. Jottrn. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 24. 

Stem slender, ascending to 3 ft. tall. Leaves thin lanceolate, 

long-acuminate at both ends, 3 to 4 in. long, I in. wide, glabrous; 

petioles I in long. Panicle lax, 1'5 in. long; peduncles 2 in. long; 

branches '75 to I in. long. Sepals orbicular, glabrous. Stamens 3. 

Fruit elliptic, blue. Hab. On limestone rocks, local. Kedah, 

Gunong Geriang (Ridley). Distrib. Himalaya·to Assam.

352 

CLI. COMMELINACElE. 

Seeds cylIndric conic smooth . 

Leaves linear-lanceolate. 

Prostrate plant in sand; leaves I in. long 

Erect diffuse plant; leaves 3 to 6 in long 

Leaves elliptic or ovate blunt pubescent . . 

[ Cammelina. 

(3) C. Hasskarli 

(4) C. attenuata 

(5) C. salicifolia 

(6) C. benghalensis 

Capsule 2-celled, one cell empty, one 1- or 2-seeded. 

Stem creeping; leaves glabrous Seeds nearly smooth (7) C. clavata 

Erect rather stout plant, spathe I. Seeds rugose . (8) C. suffruticosa 

Stout plant with large heads of funnel-shaped bracts (9) C.obliqua 

(I) C. nudiflora Linn. Sp. Pl. 41; Ridl. Mat. ii. II5. 

Stem. long, creeping, slender. Leaves lanceolate acute, 2 to 3 

in. long, '5 in. wide, sheaths '25 in. long. Spathe ovate-Ianceolate, 

'5 to 1'5 in. long; peduncles'5 in. long. Cymes 2. Sepals ovate, 

boat-shaped, blue, white-edged. Petals 2, reniform, clawed, 

'25 in. long and one much smaller, azure-blue. Stamens 6,3 fertile; 

filaments blue. Capsule elliptic, 3-celled, 5-seeded. Seeds cylindric, 

reticulate. Hab. Very common in waste ground everywhere. 

Distrib. All tropics. Native name: Pulau Aur; Rumput Kukupu; 

Tapak Eti. Use: Leaves for poulticing sores, shoots as a vegetable. 

White-flowered forms occur. 

(2) C. sikkimensis Clarke, Camm. and Cyrt. Beng. t. 6; Manag. 

147· Stem slender, widely creeping. Leaves lanceolate, base unequal, 

usually round, 2 to 3 in. long, '25 to '3 in. wide. Spathes 1'5 to 

2 in. long, glabrous acuminate, ovate-Ianceolate cordate; peduncles 

'3 to I in. long. Cymes bifid, upper branch 6- to I2-flowered. 

Petals blue. Capsule 2-seeded, conic acute. Seeds pyramidal 

not reticulate, slightly rugose. Hab. Open country in the north. 

Setal, Bukit Rajah Wang. Perlis, Chupeng; Tebing Tinggi 

(Ridley). Distrib. Bengal. 

(3) C. Hasskarli Clarke, Camm. and Cyrt. Beng. t. 3, Manag. 157. 

Sparingly pubescent or glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, usually 

narrow, 2 in. long, '5 in. wide, with a short petiole; sheath '2 in. 

long, not hairy at mouth. Spathe very short, ovate broad, not 

acuminate, base round, 'S in. long; peduncle'I in. long. Raceme 

1- or 2-flowered. Flowers blue. Capsule s-seeded, tip conic acute. 

Seeds cylindric conic, quite smooth. Hab. Tringganu (Yapp). 

Distrib. India, Sumatra, Philippines. 

I have only seen one poor specimen which does not altogether resemble 

ordinary Hasskarli, but Clarke seems to have passed it in the Kew herbanum 

as that species. It is very distinct from our other species in the very short, 

broad spathe and the smooth seeds. 

(4) C. attenuata Vahl. Enum. ii. 168; Ridl. Mat. ii. II6. 

Tufted creeping, prostrate, plant I ft. long. Leaves narrow 

linear-lanceolate recurved, I in. long, '12 in. wide, or none; sheath 

hairy. Spathe narrow lanceolate recurved, I in. long or less; 

peduncles '5 in. long, hairy. Sepals oblong. Petals bright blue.

354 CLI. COMMELINACElE. [Commeiina. 

rugose, brown. Hab. Kelantan, Kwala Krai (Haniff). Diswib. 

India, Java. 

The only form collected here is the weak small-leaved form, C. rugulosa, 

C. B. Clarke; the typical plant IS much stouter. 

(9) C. obliqua Ham. in Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal 45; Ridl. Mat. ii. 

u6. A stout erect plant, over a foot tall. Leaves lanceolate obliq_ue 

acuminate, many nerved, base narrowed to a short petiole, 6 In. 

long, 1'25 to 2 in. wide, sheath I in. long, hairy on mouth and edge. 

Spathes numerous crowded in a sub-sessile head, funnel-shaped, 

'5 to I in. wide, glabrous or pubescent, edges of spathes hairy. 

Petals blue. Capsule ovoid, 3-edged, nearly '25 in. long. Seeds 

ellipsoid compressed. Hab. Forests in shady spots. Selangor, 

Ginting Bidai at 2,000 ft. altitude. Perak, Temengoh. Pedis, 

Tebing Tinggi (Ridley). Distnb. Indo-Malaya. 

3. ANEILEMA, Br. 

Herbs, roots often tuberous. Flowers small, axillary and terminal 

panicles, rarely solitary, pink, white or blue. Bracts not 

spathaceous. Stamens 2 to 4; filaments often bearded. Staminodes 

2 to 4. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, cells 1- to many-seeded. Capsule 

3-valved. Species about 60, Africa and Asia. 

I. TrJcarpellaria. 

Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, cells 3- to 6-seeded. 

Stout plant With large leaves. . . . 

Weak decumbent plant; flowers solitary axlliary . 

Diffuse creeping herb; leaves ovate . 

Ovary cells 2-ovuled; capsule cells 2-seeded. 

Small herb, decumbent; flowers pink . . 

Small herb, tuberous, with long basal leaves; 

flowers lilac . . . . . 

Tall herb 2 ft. or more tall; flowers large, blue . 

2. Dzctyospermum. Cells of ovary I-ovuled, cells of 

capsule I-seeded. 

Slender herbs. 

Tufted plant, stem-leaves reduced to sheaths; 

(I) A. lineolatum 

(2) A. clandestinum 

(3) A. pauciflorum 

(4) A. nudiflorum 

(5) A. sinicum 

(6) A. giganteum 

leaves fleshy linear . . . . . (7) A. vaginatum 

Weak herb 2 ft. tall; leaves lanceolate petioled; 

panicle lax; fruit adhesive. . . . (8) A. proteDsum 

Weak herb 8 in. tall; flowers few racemose; fruit 

not adhesive . . . . . . (9) A. subovatum 

Stout herb; leaves 5 to 8 in. long; panicle sessile, 

wide spreading. . . . . . (10) A.oonspiouum 

(I) A. lineolatum Kunth. Enum. iv. 69; Ridl. Mat. ii. 117. 

A. herbaceum Wall. Cat. 5223; Clarke, M onog. 204. 

Stems leafy, stout, 15 in. tall. Leaves, lower ones in a rosette, 

elliptic-Ianceolate acute undulate, .base round, broad, 6 in. long, 

1'25 in. wide, glabrous; sheaths'5 in. long, hairy. Panicle terminal,

Andlema.] CLI. COMMELlNACE..E. 355 

wide spreading, 6 to 8 in. long" 2 to 4 in. wide. Sepals ovateoblong 

cartilaginous. Petals white. Stamens 6, 3 fertile, very 

hairy, hairs violet, 3 sterile. Capsule oblong beaked, '25 in. long. 

Hab. Forests. Pahang, Tahan River. Selangor, Rawang. Perak, 

Kwala Dipang (Ridley). Tomoh (Machado). Legeh, Blimbing 

(Gwynne Vaugp.an). Kedah, Gunong Geriang. Lankawi, Kwah 

(Curtis). Kelantan, Kwala Aring (Yapp); Kwala Kerai (Haniff); 

Pedis, Tebing Tinggi. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. Native name,' Poko 

Mati Hidup. Use. As an abortient. 

(2) A. clandestinum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 57, p. 108. 

Weak decumbent herb, I ft. long. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 

edge undulate denticulate, 2 in. long, '25 in. wide; sheaths '25 in. 

long, hairy. Flowers solitary axillary, '12 in. wide, white; peduncle 

short with two leafy bracts. Stamens 3; filaments silky, one 

smaller staminode. Capsule linear-oblong, '25 in. long, 3-celled. 

Seeds 6 in a cell, small, cubic wrinkled. Hab. Rare. In a wet grassy 

swamp in woods, Perak, Temengoh (Ridley). 

(3) A. pauciflorum Wight, Ic. Pl. 2077; Ridl. Mat. ii. !IS. 

Stem creeping, succulent; branches ascending, 3 to 4 in. tall, 

lower leaves elliptic-ovate, upper ovate glabrous, amplexicaul I 

to 1'25 in. long, '4 in. wide; pedicels axillary, I to 3 together, hairy, 

'25 in. long. Sepals boat-shaped, hairy. Petals yellow. Capsule 

elliptic,3-valved. Hab. Rare. Lankawi, Kwah, in swamps (Curtis). 

Distrib. India, Celebes. 

(4) A. nudiflorum Br. Prodr. 271; Ridl. Mat. ii. uS. 

Slender herb, 4 to IS in. long, shortly creeping. Leaves narrow 

linear or lanceolate acute, '75 to 3 in. long, '1 to '5 in. wide; sheaths 

bearded, '25 in. long. Cyme terminal branched 5 or 6, slender, 

I to 2 in. long. Petals small pink. Stamens bearded. Capsule 

ovoid beaked, '12 in. long, 3-valved. Seeds oblong, smooth. Hab. 

A common weed in waste ground and dry sandy places, whole 

peninsula. Distrib. Tropical Asia. Native name,' Rumput Lipah 

Lumbu; Rumput Sarang Tupai; Rumput Kurunit; Rumput Tapah 

burong. 

Variable, from a very small plant only a few inches tall in old rice-fields, 

to the big form, var. terminalts, Clarke, which occurs in sandy spots by rivers, 

at Negri Sembllan, Johol and Kelantan, Chaning (RidJey). 

(5) A. sinicum Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 659; Ridl. Mat. ii. II9. 

Herb with tuberous roots. Basal leaves flaccid linear acute, base 

dilate, S in. long, '25 in. wide. Stems I ft. tall or less, hairy. Leaves 

lanceolate hairy, I in. long, I in. wide. Cymes terminal and axillary 

on peduncles I or 2 in. long. Bracts ovate, large. Flowers crowded, 

pale lavender. Stamens 6, 2 fertile, I bearded, 3 sterile. Capsule 

sub-globose. Seeds slightly wrinkled. Hab. Sandy open country. 

Johor, Pulau Tinggi (Feilding). Pahang, Pekan; Pulau Tawar. 

Setul Heath (Ridley). Distrib. Africa, China, Siam, Malay isles, 

India.

CLI. COMMELlNACElE. [Forrestia. 

Negri Sembilan. Gunong Tampin (Holttum). Selangor, Kwala 

Lumpur' (Goodenough). Sungei Ujong, Gunong Bcrumbun (Cantley), 

Dindings, Telok Sera. Kedah Peak. Kelantan, Chaning 

woods (Ridley); Natwe name,' Setawa Betina. 

(2) F. Griffithii Clarke, Monog. 236; Rzdl. Mat. ii. 123. 

Stem 1 in. through, 3 ft. tall. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 

base narrowed to petiole, hairy all over, 9 in. long, 3 in. wide; 

petioles 2 in. long, very hairy, sheaths '5 to 2 in. long. Heads 

'5 in. through. Scpals oblong glabrous. Capsule oblong, '4 in. 

long. Secd 1 in a cell, reniform. H abo In forests. J ohor, Gunong 

Pulai. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Griffith); Jasin; Bukit Sadanen 

(D0rry, Holmberg); base of Mt. Ophir (Hullett). Negri Sembilan, 

Perhentian Tmggi (Ridley); Tampin (Robinson). 

(3) F. glabrata Hassk. Flora 1864, 360; Ridl. jOttrn. F.M.S. 

Mus. iv. 84. 

Stems stout and tall, completcly glabrous. Leaves lanceolate 

acuminate, gradually narrowed to sheath, 8 to 12 in. long, 2 in. 

wide; sheaths 1 to 1'5 in. long. Heads compact, 1 in. through. 

Sepals oblong, '4 in. long. Capsule elliptic-oblong, top round, 

'25 in. long. Seeds 2 in a cell. Hab. Rare; in mountain forest. 

Pahang, Telom. Selangor, Menuang Gasing (Kloss). Penang 

(Wallich). Distnb. India, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java. 

(4) F. marginata Hassk. Flora, 1864, 630; Ridl. Mat. ii. 123. 

F. hispida Bot. Mag. t. 5425 (not of Riel!). 

Stem very stout, far-crecping and rooting, about 5 ft. or more 

long. Leaves elliptic-Ianceolatc acuminate, base narrowed hardly 

petioled, 12 to 14 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide, glabrous above, edge, 

tip and back hairy. Heads on stem below the leaves much branched, 

lax, over 1 in. through. Bracts ovate hairy, purple. Flowers'4 in. 

long. Capsule oblong, '25 in. long. Seeds 2 in a cell, semi-ovate. 

Hab. In rocky wct forest scrambling on rocks, not rare. Singapore 

(Wallich), Bukit Timah. Johor, Gunong Pantai; Tanjong Kupang; 

Pulau Tiuman. Pahang, Telom. Malacca, Bukit Kedondong 

(Derry). Ncgri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga; Tampin (Robinson). 

P€rak, Woods, Lenggong. Penang, Pulau Betong (Curtis). Kelantan 

near Kota Bharu; Kwala Lebir (Ridley). 

(5) F. mollis Hassk. Flora 1864, p. 68; Ridl. Mat. ii. 124. 

Stem stout. Leaves elliptic-ovate acuminate, base narrowed 

to a winged petiole, hairy all over, 1 ft. long,s in. wide; petioles 

4 in. long; sheath thickly bearded. Heads '75 in. through, softly 

red-hairy. Sepals linear-oblong, red-hairy at tip. Petals linear. 

Filaments glabrous. Capsule sub-globose, trigonous, hairy, '25 in. 

long. Hab. Mountain forests. Johor, Sedenak; Gunong Belumut 

(Holttum). Malacca (Griffith), base of Mt. Ophir. Perak, Thaiping 

Hills. Distrib. Malay isles. 

(6) F. monosperma Clarke, Bulletm Herb. Boiss. vi. 1898, 

p. 359; Ridl. Mat. ii. 124.

Forrestz'a.] CLI. COMMELINACElE. 

Stems stout, creeping ascending, 4 ft. tall, '3 in. through. 

Leaves oblong-Ianceolate, dark green bullate above, purple beneath, 

glabrous, IS in. long, 6 in. wide; petioles broad channelled; sheaths 

soft hairy, 3 in. long. Heads on creeping part of stem, I in. through. 

Sepals coriaceous, oblong, hairy, 'S in. long, pink, green tipped. 

Petals lanceolate. Filaments filiform, spiral with tuft of long hair 

at tip. Capsule oblong shorter. Seeds 2 in a cell, flat, covered 

with scarlet aril. Hab. In rocky forest. A very handsome plant. 

Pahang, Tahan river. Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Thaiping 

Hills; Waterloo (Curtis). Temengoh; Ulu Batang Padang 

(Ridley). . 

(7) F. irritans Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 41, p. 38; 

Mat. ii. 124. 

FIG. 205.-Spatholinon ornatum. 

Stem tall and stout. Leaves elliptic-Ianceolate acuminate, 

hairy all over, 9 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles broad flat; sheaths 

I'S in. long, glabrous except for the hairy edges. Heads globose 

over I in. through, dense, and thickly covered with red spiny 

hairs. Sepals lanceolate, spiny, hairy. Hab. Mountain forests. 

Not common. Selangor, Semangkok Pass. ,Sungei Ujong, Bukit 

Kapayung (Cantley). Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley). 

7. SPATHOLIRION, Ridl. 

Stemless herbs with short rhizome (or climbers). Leaves 

ovate-cordate (or lanceolate), fleshy. Panicles terminal. Flowers 

unisexual. Females at base few, enclosed in the spathe-like leaf, 

larger than males. Anthers sterile. Pistil cylindric; style terete; 

stigma 3-lobed. Male'-flowers numerous, terminal. Sepals 3, 

lanceolate-ovate. Petals linear as long. Stamens 6, bearded below,

CLI. COMMELINACElE. [ Spatholirion. 

Capsule oblong,. 3-valved, chartaceous. Seeds 5 to 7 in two rows. 

Species 3, two Chinese. 

(I) S. ornatum Rzdl. Journ. Bot. l896, p. 329, PI. 360; Mat. 

ii. l25. (Fig. 205, p. 36l.) 

Leaves 6 or 7, deep green marked white, back pubescent purple, 

4 in. long and wide; petioles 4 in. long, brown, pubescent. Scape 

purple, 6 in. long; branches '25 in. long. Spathe thick ovate 

mucronate, l'5 in. long. Flowers rosy, '25 in. across. Petals 

white. Filaments with yellow beard at base. Pistil orange. 

Hab. Legeh, Tomoh (Machado) Cult. Botanic Gardens, Singapore 

l896, sent down alive by A. D. Machado. 

ORDER CLII. ALISMACE/E. 

Aquatic or marsh plants. Leaves herbaceous, radical, ovate, 

lanceolate or linear. Inflorescence panicled or umbellate. Flowers 

fugacious, white or pink, regular. Sepals 3, herbaceous. Petals 3. 

Stamens 6 or more, hypogynous or perigynous; anthers basifixed. 

Carpels 3 to 6 or more, sessile or stalked, on a flat or raised receptacle. 

Style I. Stigma simple. Ovules I or more. Fruit 

small achenes or follicles. Seeds exalbuminous. 

Achenes long-beaked . . 

Achenes very numerous rounded 

1. RANALISMA, Stapf. 

I. RANALISMA 

2. SAGITTA RIA 

A stoloniferous herb. Leaves ovate with 9 pairs of nerves. 

Inflorescence cymose, 2 or 3 flowers or one only. Sepals persistent. 

Receptacle convex, lengthening in fruit. Stamens 9 in one whorl, 

hypogynous. Carpels compressed, winged, tipped with the persistent 

style. Species I, Malay Peninsula. 

(I) R. rostrata Stapf. Ie. Pl. 2652; Ridl. Mat. ii. l27. 

(Fig. 206, p. 363.) 

Petioles very slender, 4 to 7 in. long, leaf blade thin, rounded, 

I to l'5 in. long, '75 to I in. wide. Scape 3 to 5 in. long, slender. 

Flowers small, white. Pedicels'5 to I in. long. Bracts oblong, 

connate at base. Fruit'5 in. through. Hab. Very rare, in a 

patch of black mud in dense forest. Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley). 

I have never seen this plant again. 

2. SAGITTARIA, LiM. 

Aquatic with long-petioled elliptic-ovate, cordate or sagittate 

leaves. Flowers panicled or spicate whorled, unisexual or bisexual. 

Stamens 6 or more. Carpels numerous crowded on a globose or

CLlIl. TRIURIDEiE. [Sciaphila. 

Style terminal or lateral. Achenes globose or ovoid in a head. 

Genera 2, I tropical Asiatic to South America, I South America 

only. 

1. SCIAPHILA, BI. 

Perianth 3- to 8-lobed. Anthers sessile or sub-sessile, at the 

base of the perianth. Species 2I, Tropical Asia to Polynesia, 

Africa and South America. 

Sepals and petals ovate; pistiIIodes in male flowers . (1) S. affinis 

Sepals and petals lanceolate; no pistillodes in male 

flowers . . . . ., (2) S. major 

Sepals and petals linear subulate, no pistiIlodes (3) S. asterias 

(I) S. amnis Bece. M alesia, iii. 33I, PI. xxxiv. I4-I8; Ridl. 

Mat. ii. I26. 

FIG. 207.-SciaphiIa affinis. 

Stems filiform, purple, 

often branched, 4 to 

5 in. tall. Leaves ovate 

acuminate, scale -like. 

Flowers numerous, scattered; 

pedicels '25 in. 

long. Bracts lanceolate 

acute. Petals and sepals 

ovate acute. Male 

flowers; stamens 3 ; 

filaments very short; 

pistillodes numerous. 

Female flowers; carpels 

numerous in a globose 

head, smooth; staminodes 

6, short. Hab. 

Common in dark woods 

among rotten leaves, to 

4000 ft. altitude. Singapore, 

Bukit Timah ; 

Selitar. Malacca. Bukit 

Sadanen; Mt. Ophir. 

Selangor near Semangkok 

Pass. Pahang, 

Tahan River; Gunong 

Tahan. Perak, Gunong 

Keledang; Gunong Kerbau (Robinson); Gunong Bubu (Wray); 

Sungei Siput (Haniff), IO in. tall and much branched. Distrib. 

Borneo. 

(2) S. major Bece. Malesia iii. 332, PI. xl. Figs. I to II; R£dl. 

Mat. ii. I26. 

Simple or much branched, 4 to 6 in. tall. Leaves ovate blunt. 

Flowers numerous on very short pedicels, pale lilac; bracts small

Naias.] CLIV. NAIADACE..lE. 

lapping edges, upper edge truncate, shoulders broad rounded with 

10 teeth. Flowers solitary. Male and female on the same shoot. 

Male sessile; spathe ellipsoidal ending in a cylindric neck with 

numerous spines at the mouth. Perianth fitting closely to the 

ellipsoidal 4-locular anther ending in two thickened lips. Achene 

with 30 rows of small hexagonal pits. Hab. Singapore, in ditches 

at Tanglin (Ridley). Distrzb. Andamans and Tonkin. 

ORDER CLIVA. POTAMOGETONACElE. 

Aquatic submerged herbs. Flowers un i- or bi-sexual terminal, 

very small. Perianth usually absent. Anthers several, sessile. 

Carpels free, 1 to 4. 

1. RUPPIA, Linn. 

Submerged aquatic plant with very slender branches. Leaves 

filiform narrow; sheaths stipule-like. Flowers minute, 2 to 6 on 

a short peduncle from the leaf-sheath. Perianth none. Anthers 2, 

sessile, opposite, 2-celled. Carpels 4, I-ovuled; stigma sessile. 

Achenes beaked ovoid (or blunt) borne on lengthened pedicels, the 

peduncle lengthening straight (or spiral) in fruit. Species I, whole 

world usually in brackish or salt water. 

(1) R. maritima Linn. Sp. Pt. 127; Ie. Ft. Germ. vii. t. 17; Hook. 

fit. F.B.I. vi. 568; Griff. Notulce, iii. 196; Ie. Pt. As. t. 257-259. 

(Fig. 208, p. 366.) 

Stem creeping at base up to 2 ft. long, very slender. Leaves 

alternate I to 3 in. long, very narrow, dark blackish green. Peduncle 

straight in fruit, I to 6 in. long. Achene brown, ovoid, beaked, 

'08 in. long. Hab. Rice-land. Province Wellesley. Prai (Burkill). 

Distnb. Europe and Asia, Africa, America, Australia. 

ORDER CLV. FLAGELLARIACElE. 

Climbing shrubs, or terrestrial or aquatic herbs. Leaves many 

nerved; petioles sheathing. Flowers small in terminal panicles, 

un i- or bi-sexual. Sepals 3, imbricate. Petals little longer. 

Stamens 6, hypogynous; anthers basifixed. Ovary superior, 

3-celled. Style long or short. Stigmas 3. Fruit a drupe or 1- to 

3-seeded berry. 

Flowers bisexual; stem woody climbing by cirrhose 

leaves, . . . . . . . 

Flowers unisexual; stems erect reed-like, hollow 

Flowers urdsexual; stem herbaceous; leaves large 

1. FLAGELLA RIA 

2. }OINVILLEA 

3. SUSUM 

Stem slender. 

1. FLAGELLARIA Linn. 

Leaves sessile, narrow lanceolate (or broad) 

ending in a cirrhose point by which it climbs. Panicles lax. 

Flowers small, white, bisexual. Seeds I or 2. Species 4, one 

Polynesian, rest Old World tropics.

CLV. FLAGELLARIACEiE. [ F lagellaria. 

(I) F. indica Linn. Sp. Pl. 333; Ridl. Mat. ii. 130. 

Stems woody, slender, '25 in. through, very long. Leaves 6 to 

10 in. long, '12 to '5 in. wide. Panicles 2 to 3 in. or more long, 

much branched. Flowers clustered, white, sessile. Sepals orbicular. 

Petals oblong blunt. Styles 3, thick and long. Drupe 

globose, '25 in. through, pink, thinly pulpy. Seed one, black. 

Hab. Seashores. Common. Singapore, Kranji; Bajau. Johor, 

Tanah Merah. Pahang, 

Pekan. Malacca, Sungei 

Rambai (Derry). Selangor, 

Jugra (Foxworthy). 

Province Wellesley. 

Krian (Borges). Lankawi, 

Dayong Bunting 

(Robinson). 

var. mznor Bl. Roem 

and Schultes Syst. vi. 1493. 

Stems short, very slender. 

Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, 

'12 in. wide. Panicle I to 

3 in. long. Hab. Sandy 

spots by tidal rivers. 

Common. Singapore 

(Wallich F. angusti/olla). 

Changi. Malacca, Bukit 

Sabukor (Derry); Perak 

(Kunstler); Pulau Sembilan, 

Pulau Rumpia 

(Kloss). Penang (Wallich). 

Pat ani (Gwynne 

Vaughan). Distrib. Tro 

FIG. 209.-Joinvillea malayana. pical Africa, Asia and 

Australia. Native names: 

Rotan Bini; Rotan Tikus. Use: For basket-making. 

2. JOINVILLEA, Gaud. 

Reed-like erect hollow-stemmed plants. Leaves stiff lanceolate 

or linear acuminate. Panicles lax pubescent, large. Flowers 

scattered, small. Sepals chartaceous. Petals as long. Stamens 

6, or 1 aborted. Ovary conic. Style simple; stigmas 3, linear. 

Berry very small succulent, 2- or 3-seeded. Species 4, Polynesia 

and Malay isles. 

(I) J. malayana Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 44, p. 199; 

Mat. ii. 131. 

Stems numerous, 6 to 8 ft. tall, '25 in. through. Leaves coriaceous 

plicate, linear acuminate, 18 to 24 in. long, 2 in. wide.

J oinvillea.] eLV. FLAGELLARIACElE. 

Panicle 8 in. long, hairy. Flowers sessile or nearly so, '12 in. long. 

Sepals ovate. Petals oblong ciliate. Stamens 5 and I aborted; 

!itigmas plumose. Fruit globose, red, 3-seeded. Hab. Mountains 

at 4000 to 5000 ft. altitude. In dry spots. Selangor, Scmangkok 

Pass (Ridley). Perak, Thaiping Hills; Gunong Batu Putih (Wray) ; 

Gunong Kerbau (Robinson). Distrib. Borneo. 

3. SUSUM, Linn. 

Fleshy herbs, aquatic or terrestrial, large, with creeping rhizomes. 

Leaves fleshy ensiform or lanceolate. Panicles spreading, branches 

in half whorls, bracteate. Flowers small green or yellow. Sepals 

and petals sub-equal orbicular or ovate. Stamens 5 or 6, filiform, 

base broad. PistiIlode small. Female. Pistil ovoid or lobed; 

stigmas 3, flat. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit fleshy, I-seeded. Species 2 

or 3, Ceylon and Malaya. 

Aquatic plant, tall; leaves ensiform. . . (I) S. anthelminticum 

Forest plant shorter; leaves lanceolate peboled . (2) S. malayanum 

(I) S. anthelminticwn Bl. Schultes, Syst. vii. 1493; Ridl. 

Mat. ii. 132. 

Tall aquatic plant with long floating stolons. Stem I in. 

through, creeping. Leaves 6 ft. long, 6 in. wide, sword-shaped, 

glabrous Panicle 2 ft. long, 8 in. across or more, much branched. 

Bracts lanceolate, 8 in. long. Flowers greenish yellow, sessile. 

Berry fusiform, usually I-seeded. Hab. In ponds and rivers, very 

local, Malacca (Griffith), probably extinct. Perak, Lahat and along 

the railway in swamps, Kinta Valley, abundant (Ridley). Distrib. 

Java, Sumatra, and Ceylon. Natwe name: Bakung. 

(2) S. malayanum Hook. F.B.I. vi. 361; Rzdl. Mat. ii. 132. 

Stems short, a few inches to 2 to 3 ft. long. Leaves slightly 

cobwebby beneath, lanceolate acuminate, 12 to 50 in. long, 2 to 

4 in. wide; petioles channelled, 3 to 12 in. long. Panicles I to 2 ft. 

long; branches stiff, 2 to 6 in. long, tomentose with leafy bracts. 

Flowers sessile. Male panicles slender, branched. Sepals 2 or 3, 

orbicular. Petals 3, oblong-lanceolate. Female panicles stouter. 

Sepals gibbous at base. Petals much longer. Stigmas 3, short. 

Fruit pink turning black, fleshy, globose or oblique, '25 in. through, 

or as big as cherries. Seed I, flattened. Hab. Common in forests 

in damp spots to 4500 ft. altitude. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Selitar. 

Johor, Kwala SediIi (Kelsall). Pahang, Gunong Tahan at 4000 ft. 

altitude. Malacca, Batu Tiga. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Negi 

Sembilan, Gunong Talan; Bukit Sulu (Cantley). Perak, Gunong 

Batu Putih (Wray) and Gunong Bubu; Thaiping (Kunstler). 

Penang (Jack), HilI (Curtis). Distrib. Borneo, Java. Native 

,names: Bangkong; Bangkong Rimbah; Lobak Jantan. 

FI.M.P.4· BB

INDEX' OF ORDERS, GENERA, SPECIES, 

AND SYNONYMS 

VOLUME IV 

The Orders are prmted in small capitals and the Synonyms in ztalics 

PAGE 

Acampe, Lzndl. . 154 

penangiana, Ridl . . 155 

Acanthephippll1m, Bl. 116 

javameum, Bl. 116 

Achasma 

maeroehezlus, Gnff 270 

megalochezlus, Griff 271 

Acriopsis, Reznwdt 189 

crisp a, Griff. . 190 

indica, Wight 190 

javanica, Reznwdt. 190 

purpurea, Rzdl. 191 

Ridleyi, Hook. fil. 190 

Aetoplanes 

Ridleyi, Schum. 286 

Adenoncos, Bl. . 154 

major, Ridl. 154 

parvifiora, Rzdl. 1:54 

virens, Bl. 154 

Aerides, Lour. 182 

affine, Wall. 183 

multifiorum, Ro>:b. 183 

odoratum, Lour. 182 

roseurn, Lind!. 183 

Agrostophyllum, Bl.. 106 

bicuspidatum, 

}. }. Smith 108 

callosum, Rehb. fil. 107 

glumaceum, Hook. 

fil. 107 

Hasseltil, J. }. 

Smith. . 108 

majus, Hook. fil. 107 

paucifiorum, Hook. 

til. 108 

ALISMACElE • 362 

Alpinia, Linn.. 277 

assimilis, Ridl. 280 

aurantiaea, Ridl. 282 

PAGE 

Alpinia (contd.) 

eampanaria, Rzdl.. 283 

cannrefolia, Ridl. 285 

capitellata, lack 283 

comosa, Ridl. 285 

conchlgera, Grid. 278 

decurvata, Bak 276 

Galanga, Sw 279 

tllvolucrata, Gnff. . 283 

javanica, Bt. . 283 

latilabns, Rtdl. 282 

macrostephana, 

R,dl. . 284 

rnagmfica, Rose . 272 

malaccensis, Rose.. 277 

melanocarpa, Rtdl. 279 

MurdocbiI, Rtdl. 280 

mllUut, H01Jk. til. . 280 

mutica, Roxb. 279 

nobihs, Rtdl. . 282 

nutans, Rosc. 277 

oxymttra, Sehum 285 

pahangensis, Ridl. 282 

petioiata, Bak 284 

pulehernma, Ridl. 284 

RafHesiana, Wall .. 281 

scabra, Benth. 279 

secunda, Bak 276 

seeundifiora, Rzdl.. 278 

SeimundiI, Ridl. 280 

viteUina, Ridl. ' 284 

AMARYLLlDACElE 298 

Amomum, Imlll. 261 

aurantiacum, Rzdl. 262 

btfiorum, Jack . 275 

cephalotes, Rzdl. . 264 

.cylindraceum, RJdl. 265 

cylindrosta!,;hys, 

Rldl. 265 

37 1 

PAGE 

Amomum (contd.) 

e/attel'loides, Bak. . 275 

fiavum, Rldl. 263 

hastIlabiurn, Rtdl. 266 

Holttumii, Rtdl. 264 

lappaceum, Ridl. 263 

macrodons, Scort . . 266 

macrostephallum, 

Bak . . . 284 

megalochetlus, Bak. 270 

metrtochJlus, Bak 2 il 

micranthurn, Rldl. 267 

ochreurn, Rtdl 264 

perakense, Rldl. 266 

RidleYI, Bak 26g 

r«bro/utel"", Bak.. 270 

seyphtfcrum, Koen' 267 

sphcerocephalurn, 

Bak . . 269 

spiceurn, Rldl. 263 

squarrosum, Rldl.. 265 

stenoglossum, Bak. 262 

testaceum, R,dl. 266 

tiiorgyale, Bak. 269 

uhglDosurn, Koel! . 264 

vitelhnum, Bot. 

Reg. 284 

xanthoglossum, 

Rtdl. 263 

xanthophlebium, 

Bak 262 

Anrectochilus, BI.. 212 

albolineatus, Par .. 213 

brevilabris, Rid!. 2 J 3 

brevistylis, Ridl. 214 

calcaratus, Rtdl. . 214 

geniculatus. Rldl . . 2J3 

macranthus. Ridl .. 2J4 

pectinatus, Ridl. 214

372 INDEX. 

rAGE PAGE PAGE 

An::ectochilus (contd.) Appendicula (contd.) Bulbophyllum, 

Reinwardtii, BI. 21 3 purpurascens, De Thouars . . 53 

Aneilema, Br. 354 Vrlese 195 acuminatum, Ridl. 79 

clandestinum, refiexa, BI. 197 adenopetalum, 

Ridl. 355 rhodlola, Rch b. til. 198 Lindl .. 71 

conspicuum, robusta, Ridl. 197 alcicorne, Par. 66 

Kunth. 357 rupestris, Ridl. 197 Annandalei, Rldl .. 78 

ensifolium, Wight. 356 torta, Bl 198 apodum, Hook. fil. 73 

giganteum, Br. . 356 uncata, Rldl. 196 arachnites, Ridl. 73 

herbaceum, Wall. 354 A rachnanthe araniferum, Ridl .. 61 

imberbe, Ridl. 357 alba, Ridl. 159 auratum, Ridl. 78 

lineolatum, Kunth. 354 Mamgayi, Hook. avicella, Ridl. 64 

10llgifolium, Hook. til. 159 Blumei, J. J. 

fil. 356 moschlfera, BI. 159 Smith 74 

nudifiorum, Br. 355 Arachnis, BI. . 159 botryphorum, Ridl. 69 

paucifiorum, W,ght 355 alba, Schlechter 159 brevipes, Rldl. . 7 0 

protensum, Wall .. 357 Maingayi, Schlech- breviscapum, Rldl. 74 

scaberl'imum, tel' 159 campanulatum, 

Kunth. . 357 moschifera, Bl. 159 Rolfe . . . 78 

sinicum, Lindl. 355 Arundina, BI. 125 capitatum, Lindl .. 70 

subovatum, Rldl .. 357 bambusifolia, catenanum, Ridl .. 61 

vaginatum, Br. 356 Lmdl .. 125 cincinnatum, Ridl. 65 

Aphyllorchis, m. 

'0' I CantleYl, Hook. fil. 127 1 CltrilUlm, Ridl. 78 

pallida, Bl 205 densa, Lindl. . 125 clandestinum, 

striata, Rldl .. 205 PhJllpp-n, Rchb. til. 126 Llndl .. 69 

Aplostellis, Thouars . 203 revoluta, Hook. fil. 126 cleistogamum, 

fiabelhformis, Ridl. 203 speclOsa, BI. 126 Rldl. 69 

punctata, Ridl. 204 speClosa, Ridl. 125 concinnum, Hook. 

velutma, Rldl. 204 Wallichii, Rchb. fil. 70 

A porum fil. 126 comferum, Ridl. 67 

m"ranthum, Griff. 35 Ascochilus, Ridl. 180 Curtisli, Ridl 77 

ApOSTASIACE}I! • 295 capncorms, Rldl. 181 densifiorum, Rldl .. 68 

Apostasia, BI. 297 hirsutus, Ridl. 182 dryas, Rldl. 62 

BI'u1I01lls, Griff. 297 hirtulus, Rldl. 181 ephiPPlum, Ridl. . 74 

latifolia, Rolfe 297 minubfiorus, Ridl. 182 epicnanthes, Hook. 

nuda, R. Br 297 siamensis, Ridl. 181 fil. . . 64 

Wallichii, Br. 297 teres, Ridl. 181 fascinator, Rolfe 74 

Appendicula, Bl. 194 Ascotainia, Rldl. 112 fiammuliferum, 

anceps, BI. 195 penangiana, Rldl .. 112 Rldl. 74 

blfaria, Lindl. 196 Asparagus, Linn. 331 galbmum, Ridl. 58 

callosa, BI. 108 racemosus, Willd. 331 gigas, Rldl. 67 

complanata, Ridl. . 195 AtacCla globulus, Hook. fil. 73 

cordata, Hook. fil. 197 cristata, Kunth. 310 Griflithianum, Par. 

cornuta, Bl. 196 (f,. Rchb. fil.. 80 

densifolia, Ridl. 197 Bagnisia, Bece .. 308 hirtulum, Rldl. 65 

echinocarpa, Hook. crocea, Becc .. 308 hispidum, Ridl. . 61 

fil. 197 Blyxa, Thouars. 2 lasianthum, LHldl. 65 

elongata, Ridl. 108 malayana, Rldl. 3 leptosepalum, 

H asseltil, BI. • 108 Bromheadia, Lindl. 149 Hook. fil. 72 lancifolia, Hook. fil. 198 albcola, Ridl. 151 lilacinum, Ridl. 68 

Lewisii, Priff. 195 aporoides, Rchb. fil. 151 limbatum, Lmdl. 65 

lucida, Ridl. 196 brevifolia, Rldl. 151 linearifolium, 

Maingayi, Hook. palustris, Lindl. ISO Kmg 72 fil. • 198 pungens, Ridl. 151 Lobbii, Lindl. 60 

muricata, Teysm. rupestris, Ridl. ISO longifiorum, Ridl .. 59 

(f,. Bintl. 197 scirpoidea, Ridl. 151 longistelidium, 

pendula, BI. 198 sylvestris, Ridl. 150 Rldl. 64

376 INDEX 

PAGE t P4GE 

PAGE I 

Dendrobium (contd.) Dioscorea, Lmn. 313 Drac:ena (contd.) 

uniflorum, GriU. 43 ' aculeata, LInn. 315 breviflora, Rldl. 335 

Vlllosulum, Wall .. 40 alata, LInn. 319 CantleYl, Bak 336 

virescens, Rldl. 47 bulblfera, Ltnn. 3151 conferta, Rldl. 332 

vlt'ldlcatum, fudl. . 45 carmi alIa, Kunth .. 316 congesta, Rldl. 334 

Dendrochilum, dtllmona, Roxb. 314 I CurtiSli, Rldl 333 

Blume 81 deflexa, Hook. fil. . 3171 cuspidata, Ridl 333 

album, Rldl .. 82 jasciculala, Roxb .. 1 elliptica, Thunb. 337 

angustifolium, gibbiflora, Hook.fil. 3317 51 Flnlaysonl1, Bak .. 333 

Rldl. 82 glabra, Roxb. 318 graminijolla, Ridl. 332 

bracteosllm, Rchb .. 25 laurifoha, Wall. 319 i grammifolia, Wall. 333 

crassum, Rldl. 82 mynantha, Kunth. 317 granulata, Hook 

eIlipticum, Rldl. 83 orbiculata, Hook. fil 332 

lineanjolzum, fil. . . . 317 gracilIs, Wall. 337 

Hook. fil. . 25 pentaphylla, Ridl . 314 Jack13na, Wall. 338 

pallldejolium, pentaphylla, Lmn. 314 longifolia, Rldl. 335 

Hook. fil .. 82 piscatorum, Praln Mamgayl, Hook. 

spathulatum, &- Burkzll 319 fil 335 

Rldl.. . 82 polyclades, Hook. marmorata, Bak. 336 

Dendrocolla, Bl. 186 fil. 315 nutans, Rldl. 337 

alba, Rldl. 188 Porteri, Prain &- pachyphylla, Kurz. 334 

arachmtes, Bl. 185 Burklll 318 penangensis, Rldl .. 335 

brachyglottlS, pyrifolia, Kunlh. 316 pendula, Rldl. • 337 

Ridl. 189 retlculata, Prain & Porteri, Bak 333 

carinatifolia, Ridl. 189 Burklll 314 robusta, Rldl. 332 

carnosa, Rldl. 188 saliva, Thunb. 315 S13mlca, Rldl. . 334 

ciliata, Rldl .. 188 satIVa, \Vall 317 smgapurensis, Rldl 334 

fillformls, Rldl. 187 Scortechimi, Pram lermfiora, Rid!. 334 

maculata, Rldl. 188 &- Burklll 314 ternzfiora, Roxb 337 

pardalis, Rldl. 187 stenomenfiora, trachystachys, 

psiloglottls, Rldl. 189 Pram 6- Burklll 319 Hook fil. 336 

trichoglotbs, Rldl. 187 

1 tamarisclflora, urnbratica, Rldl. 334 

Desmotnchurn, BI. 29 Pram &- B14rklll 314 yucc:efoha, Rldl 338 

Ardeni, Rldl. 30 lenllljolla, Rid!. 317 

bifidum, Kranzl. 31 triphylla, Lmn. 314 Elettariopsis, Bak. 274 

criniferum, Lindl .. 30 Zolhngeriana, CurtiSll, Bah 274 

fimbria tum, BI 30 ](Itnlli. . 317 cyanescens, Rid!. 246 

Kelsalh, Rldl. 30 I DlplocauloblUm, exserta, Bah. 274 

laciniosum, Kranzl. 3 I RcM fil. . . 27 labfiora, Rldl. 274 

lonchophyllum, longicolle, Kranzl . 27 longltuba, Rldl. 275 

Kranzl. 29 DipodlUrn, Lzndl 147 pubescens, Rldl. 275 

pallidiflorurn, Rldl. 31 paludosum, Rchb. serpent ma, Bak 274 

roseol.unctaturn, fil . 148 Enhalus, RIchard 4 

RI I.. . 31 pictum, Rchb. 147 acoroldes, Zollo 4 

Dianella, Lam .• 328 Disporum, Sallsb. 338 Koemgli, Rich. 4 

ensifoha, Redol4le 329 pullum, Sallsb. 338 marmus, Griff. 4 

parviflora, Rldl. 330 Donax, Lour. 286 Enhydrias, Rldl. I 

Diceroslylls arundastrum, LOllr .286 angushpetaJa, Rldl 2 

lanceolala, B!. . 2231 grandis, Rldl. 286 Ephlppium 

Didyrnoplexis, GriU .. 206 parvlflora, Rldl . 287 cillatum, Bl 74 

pallens, GrIU. 206 Doritls, Lindl.. . 158 Eria. Llndl. 83 

Diglyphosa, Bl. 112 pulcherrima, Lmdl. 158 aeridostachya, 

latifolia, BI. . 112 lVightu. Benth. 158 Rehb. fil. 96 

Dilochm, Lzndl .. 126 Dossima, Morren 21 5 albldo-tornentosa, 

Cantleyi, Ridl. 127 marmorata, Morren 2151 Lindl .. 98 

WaIlichli, Lindl. 126 Drac:ena, Linn. . 331 apoTlna, Hook. fil. 102 

DIOSCOREACElE 311 aurantiaca, Wall . . 336 bid ens, Rldl .. 86

INDEX 377 

PAGE PAGE PAGE 

Eria (eontd.) Eria (contd.) Gastrochilus (contd.) 

bractescens, Ltndl. 91 reptans, Rldl 97 blloba var. lanceo- 

Braddoni, Rolfe 92 Ridleyi, Rolfe . 87 lata, Rid!. 252 

brunea, Ridl. 97 rotundlfolla, Rid!.. 102 calophylla, Rid!. 251 

carnea, Rldl .. 93 saccata, Rtdl. 90 eli valis, Ridl. 249 

carunculata, Rtdl .. 94 saccifera, Hook. fil. 92 , concinna, Rldl. 251 

cepifolia, Rtdl. 90 Scortechmii, Hook. 

88 1 Curtisii, Bak. 249 

citnna, Ridl .. 87 fil. flava, Rtdl. 

1 

248 

crassifolia, Ridl. 98 stellata, Llndl. 6 Klossii, Rtdl. 248 

crassipes, Ridl. 97 stnolata, Rehb. fil. 96 9 [ lanceolatus, Rtdl .. 250 

enstata, Ridl.. 101 suaveolens, Rldl. 91 lancifolius, Ridl. 250 

dasystachys, Rtdl. 98 tahanensls, Ridl. 87 longiflora, Wall. 249 

densa, Rldl. 

tenUlflora, Rldl. 90 longifolia, Ridl. 252 

diluta, Rldl. gol 95 teretifolia, Griff. 99 longipes, Rldl. 250 

dissitl/lora, Ridl. 85 tuberosa, Hook. fil. 103 lurida, ,Ridl. 248 

Earine, Rldl .. 88 velutma, Lind!. 101 minor, Bak. 252 

elata, Hook. fil. 96 1 vest Ita, Lindl.. 100 mmor, Ridl. 248 

Endymion, Rldl. 91 xanthochella, Ridl. 91 oculata, Rldl. 251 

floribunda, Ltndl .. 89 Eulophia, Br. 140 pandurata, Ridl. 249 

graeilzs, Hook. fil.. 104 elata, Hook. fil. 141 plicata, Ridl. 247 

hlspidlsslma, Ridl. 102 graminea, Lzndl. 141 Praimana, Ridl. 248 

iridifolia, Hook. fil. 86 zneonsplcua, Griff .. 141 puberula, Ridl. • 251 

Kzngll, Hook. fil .. 87 Kelthii, Rldl. 142 pulcherrima, TV all. 247 

lancifolia, Hook. macrorrhiza, Bl. 142 sca phochlam ys, 

fil. 85 squalida, Lindl. 141 Rldl.. . 250 

larutensis, Rldl 86 Euryeles, Sallsb. 302 subbilobus, Burklll 250 

latlbraeteata, Rid!.. 92 ambomensis, Lindl. 303 tillandsioides, Bak. 248 

leiophylla, Lindl .. 99 australaslca, Lmdl. 303 Gastrodia, BI. 207 leptocarpa, Hook. sylvestns, Sallsb 303 Hasselb, BI .. 208 

fil. . . . 88 maiayana, Rldl. 207 lmearifolia, R,dl 97 FLAGELLARIACEiE 367 Geochans, Ridl. 273 

iongerepens, Rldl .. 95 Fiagellana, Linn 367 aurantiaca, Ridl 273 

iongifolia, Hook. angusttfolla, Wall .. 368 Geodorum, Jack 142 

fil. 88 mdica, Lznn .. 368 cltnnum, Jack 143 

lorifolia, Rldl. 98 Fioscopa, Lour. 359 jucatllnl, Lmdl. 142 

Maingayl, Hook. scandens, Lour. 359 purpureum, Br. 142 

fil. . 92 Forresba, Lssson 359 Georclils . . 

major, Ridl. 87 giabrata, Hassk. 360 cordata, Lind!. 220 

mmutltlora, Ridl. 108 gracilis, Rldl. 359 foltOsa, Lmdl. 220 

montlcola, Hook. Gnffithli, Clarke 360 Geostachys, Rldl. 275 

fil. 103 hlspida, Bot Mag .. 360 decurvata, Rldl. 276 

negiecta, Rldl. 95 lrrltans, Rldl 361 densiflora, Rldl. 276 

nutans, Llndl. 94 marginata, Hassk. 360 eiegans, Rldl .. 277 

obllqua, Lindl. 86 mollls, Hassk. 60 penangensls, Rldl .. 276 

ochracea, Rolfe 95 monosperma, 3 I primuima, Ridl. 277 

oilgantha, Hook. Clarke 360 rupestns, Rtdl. 276 

fil. 103 secunda, Rldl. 276 

pannea, Lmdl. . 99 Galeoia, Lour. 201 Giobba, Linn. 234 

pelllpes, Hook. fil.. 99 aitlsslma, Rehb. fil. 203 aibiflora, Rldl. 237 

penduia, Ridl 89 Hydra, Rchb. • 202 aurantiaca, Mlq. 239 

plhfera, Rldl. 89 javanica, Benth. &- brachycarpa, Bak. 240 

poculala, Ridl. 103 Hook.. • 203 cernua, Bak .. 240 

pudlca, Rldl .. 85 Gastrochlius, Wall. 246 eiegans, Rldl .. 237 

pulchella, Lmdl. 104 acuta, Rldl. 249 I fasclata, Ridl. 236 

pygmtlia, Hook fil IIO' albo-sangumea, tloribunda, Bak. 238 

ramuiosa, Rldl. . 94 1 -' Rldl.. . 2471 

ieucantha, Miq. 238 

recurvata, Hook. fil. 92 blloba, Rldl .. 251 macranthera, Rldl. 240

PAGE 

PAGE I 

INDEX 381 

fAGE 

Protamomum Saccolabium (colltd.) Sarcochilus (contd.) 

maxtllarlOldes, latifolium, Ridl. . 166 brachystachys, 

Ridl. 293 Machadoms, Rldl .• 168 Hook. til. . [84 

Protolirion, Rldl. & miniatum val'. calceolus, Lindl. 184 

Groom 322 citrinum, Rcltb .. 172 caligaris, Ridl. 178 

paradoxum, Ridl. minimifiorum, I carmatlfohus, 

& Groom 322 Hook. fil.. . 166 Rid!. [89 

Psychechilus minutifiorurn, Ridl. 171 cladostachys, 

purpt.",ascens, Bl. . 218 miserum, Rldl. . 171 Hook. fil. [79 

myosurus, Rldl. .173 crasslfollus, Rldl. . [80 

Ranalisma, Stapf. 362 Pantlmgii, Rldl. 175 filiformis, Hook. . [87 

rostrata, Stapf. 362 parvum, Rldl. 167 hirsutus, Hook. til. [82 

Renanthera, Lour. 160 patinatum, Rldl. 165 hlrtulus, Hook. til. [81 

alba, Ridl. 159 penangianum, lilacinus, Griff. [84 

angustifolia, Hook. Hook. fil. 172 notabdis, Hook. til. [86 

til. . . . 160 I pensile, Ridl. 170 pardalls, Ridl. 187 

arachnitis, Lindl. . 159 perpusllIum, Hook. paucitforus, Hook. 

elongata, Lindl. 160 fil. . . . 171 til. . . • [84 

histrionica, Rchb. pramorsum, Lind!. 163 pSlloglottis, Ridl. [89 

til. 161 pubescens, Rldl. 174 recurvus, Hook. til. [87 

Hookerzana, Rchb. rugosuIum, Rldl. 168 scopa, Hook. til. [85 

fi.l. • . 159 sacculatum, Rldl .. 172 Scorlechini, Hook. 

Maingayi, Ridl. 159 saxicolum, Rldl. 172 til. 185 

matutina, Lllldl. 160 Scortechinll, Rtdl .. 169 slgmoldeus, Rid!. 179 

Renantherella, Rldl .. 161 secundlfiorum,Ridl. 173 stenoglottls, Hook. 

histrionica, Rldl. 161 secundum, Rldl. 169 fil. . 179 

Rhuacol?hila, BI. 328 setulense, Ridl. 167 tahanensls, Rldl. 180 

javamca, BI .. 328 suffusurn, Rldl 166 tanyphyllus, Rldl .. [79 

Rhynchostyhs, BI. 163 sylvestre, Rldl. 168 t"choglottls, Hook. 

gigantea, Rldl. 163 tenUicauIe, Hook. til. 187 retusa, RI. 163 fil. . . . 171 unguiculatus, 

ROXBURGHIACI!}E 320 undulatum, Rldl .. 173 Lllldi .. 178 

Ruppia, Lznn. 367 uteriferum, Rldl. 168 violaceus, Ridl. 180 

marItima, LInn. 367 valid urn, Ridl. 167 virescens, Ridl. 179 

Sagittaria, Linn. 362 Sarcopodium, Lmdl .. 28 

Saccolabiurn, BI. 163 guayanensis, citrino-castaneurn, 

adnatum, Rldl. 174 Humb. 363 Ridl. 29 

angrrecum, Rldl. 173 sagitttz0lla, Linn 363 genunatum, 

arachnanthe, Rldl. 174 Sareant us Kranzl. 28 

bicarinatum, Rldl. 170 eastaneus, Ridl. 170 longipes, Kranzl. 28 

bigibbum, Rchb. insectlfera, Hook. macropodum, 

fil. • . 165 til. 177 Kranzl. 28 

Blumei, Lindl. 163 Kunstlen, King 169 Scaphochlamys 

eatinaturn, Rldl. • 165 pellsilis, Rid!. 170 malaccalla, Bak. 250 

cornigerurn, Rtdl .. 171 ,.ostellatus, Ridl. 170 Sciaphila, BI. 364 

cortmatum, Rldl. 166 saceulatus, Ridl. 172 affinis, Bece. 364 

densifiorum, Lllldi. 170 Seortechinii, Hook. astenas, Ridl. 365 

fissicors, Ridl. 170 til. 169 major, Bece. 364 

fissurn. Ridl. . 173 scundus, Griff. 169 SerplCula 

flaveolum, fud!. • 172 Sarcochilus, Br. . 177 ve,.ti"lIata, Roxb .. I 

giganteum, Lind!. • 163 acuminatus, Rldl .. 178 Smilax, Lintz. . 339 

guttatum, Lmdl. 163 adnatus, Rldl. 174 aspe,.ieauhs, Wall. 342 

halophllum, Rldl .. 168 anceps, Ridl .. 180 barbata, Wall. 342 

Hobsonil, Rldl. 167 aureus, Hook. fil. . 178 Blumel, DC .. 343 

hortense, Ridl. 167 biserratus, Ridl. 180 calophylla, Wall. 339 

ionosmum, Ridl. 174 braihyglottis, Hook. I extensa, Wall. 341 

Kunstleri, Ridl. 169 £iI. • • • 189 Helieri, A. DC. 342

INDEX 

PAGE I PACE 

Smilax (contd.) Tacca (contd.) 

Kingil, Hook. fil. 343 palmata, BI.. . 309 

lrevis, Wall. 340 pinnatifida, Farsi .. 309 

leucophylla, Bl. 343 Rafflesiana, Jack.. 310 

megacarpa, DC. 341 vesperlJtJo, Rldl. 31 I 

myosoti1lora, DC.. 340 Treniophyllum, BI. 175 

odoratissima, BI . . 342 culiciferum, Ridl .. 176 

peguana, DC. 340 gracillimum, Ridl.. 176 

polyacantha, Wall. '-342 macrorrhizum, 

singaporensis, DC. 344 Ridl. 176 

zeylanica, Ridl. 342 rubrum, RJdl. 177 

Spathoglottis, Bl. 117 serrula, Hook. fil. 176 

affinis, De Vnese 1I8 Tainia, Bl. . . . 113 

aurea, Lmdl. . 117 atropurpurea, Ridl. 115 

Handingiana, Par. latilingua, Hook. 

6- RcM. fil. II 8 fil. • . 

liIacina, Griff. I I 7 Maingayi, Hook. 

plicata, BI. 117 fil. '. 114 

Wrayi, Hook. fil. I I 7 penangJana, Hook. 

Spatholirion, Ridl. 361 fil. . . 112 

ornatum, RJdl. 362 speciosa, Bl. . 114 

Stachyphrynium, vegetissima, RJdl .. 114 

Schum. 287 Thecostele, ReM. 191 

cylindricum, maculosa, RJdl. 191 

Schum. 287 Maingayl, Hook. 

Griffithii, Schum. 287 fil. . . 

Jagoranum, quinquefida, Hook 

Schum. 288 fil. .. 192 

minus, Ridl. . 288 secunda, Ridl. 192 

parvum, Ridl. 288 Zollingeri, ReM. fil. 192 

Staurochilus, Ridl. 157 Thelasls, Bl.. 199 

fasciatus, Ridl. 157 capitata, Bl. . 199 

Stauropsis, Benth. 155 carinata, Bl. . 200 

gigantea, Bellth. 155 decurva, Hook. fil. 200 

Stemona, Lour. 320 elata, Hook. fil. 200 

Curtisii, Hook. fil. 320 elongata, Bl 199 

tuberosa, Lour. 320 macrobulbon, Ridl. 199 

Stelloehasma Thismia, Gnff. . 307 

eonvulutum, GnlI.. 269 arachnites, Ridl. 307 

ut'ceolat'e, Griff. • 267 aseroe, Beee. . 308 

Stenomeris, Planch.. 312 chrysops, Ridl. 308 

borneensis, Olill. 313 fumida, Ridl. 307 

Stereosandra, Bl. 224 grandi1lora, RJdl. 308 

javanica, Bl. . 224 racemosa, Rldl. 307 

Sbchoneuron, Hook. Thrixspermum, 

fil. 320 Lour.. . . 183 

caudatum, Ridl., 321 arachnites, Rehb.fil. 185 

Susum, Linn.. 369 bt'achyglottis, Ridl. 189 

anthelminticum, calceolus, ReM. fil. 184 

BI. . . . 369 crassifolium, RJdl. 186 

malayanum, Hook. 369 iodochilus, Ridl. 186 

TACCACElE • 

Tacca, FOt'st. 

Chantieri, A ndt'8 

cristata, Jack 

minor, Rldl .. 

30 9 

30 9 

3II 

310 

3 II 

leucarachne, Ridl .. 186 

lilacinum, ReM. fil. 184 

montanum, Rldl . . 185 

notabile, Ridl. 186 

pauci1lorum, 'Ridl .. 184 

Scortechinii, Ridl .. 185 

Thunia, ReM. fil. 

alba, ReM. fil. 

Thysanotus, R. Br. 

siamensis, Ridl. 

Tricahstra, RJdl. 

ochracea, Ridl. 

Trichoglottis, Bl. 

fasciata, Rchb. fil.. 

retusa, Bl. 

scaphigera, RJdl. 

tetraceras, Ridl. 

Trichopus, Gaertn. 

malayan us, RJdl. 

zeylanJCUs, Hook. 

fil. 

Trichotosla, Blume 

aporina, Kranzl. 

biflora, GriO. 

cristata, Kranzl. 

ferox, Bl 

gracilis, Kranzl 

hispidisslma, 

Kranzl. 

mlcrophylla, Bl. . 

ohgantha, Krallzl .. 

poculata, Krallzl 

pyrrhotricha, Rldl. 

rotundlfolia, 

Kra1lzl. 

tuberosa, Rldl. 

velutina, Kranzl 

vestlta, Krallzl. 

TRIURIDElE 

Tropldla, Bl. 

angulosa, Bl. 

curculigoides, 

Lmdl .. 

Maingayi, Hook. fil. 

squamata, Bl. 

Tupistra, Ker. 

grandls, Ridl. 

slngapureana, 

Wall. 

violacea, Rldl. 

Tylostylis, Bl. 

rigid a, BI. 

Vanda, Lindl. . 

gigantea, Lindl. 

Hookeriana, Rehb. 

fil. 

Vanilla, Sw. 

aphylla, Bl. 

Griffithii, ReM. fit. 

montana, Ridl. 

Panshii, Rchb. fil. 

tolypephot'a, Ri.d..L • 

PAGE 

125 

125 

328 

3 28 

33 0 

33 1 

162 

157 

162 

162 

162 

3 II 

3 12 

3 12 

99 

102 

103 

101 

101 

104 

102 

102 

103 

103 

101 

102 

103 

101 

100 

363 

209 

209 

209 

209 

209 

33 0 

33 0 

297 

33 0 

104 

J04 

158 

155 

158 

200 

201 

201 

201 

201 

201

ERRATA 

VOL. I. 

P. 322. I. 2. for Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 200. read v. 200. 

P. 443. I 26, jor PLEUROSTYLlS read PLEUROSTYLIA. 

P. 452. I. 35. for PLEUROSTYLIS read PLEUROSTYLIA.

THE FLORA OF THE MALAY· PENINSULA

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