The Altai Mountains - Greentours
The Altai Mountains - Greentours
The Altai Mountains - Greentours
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
Daily Report by Ian Green<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Altai</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong><br />
Day 1 June 14 th Arrival<br />
Where Four Worlds Meet<br />
14 th – 29 th June 2001<br />
A <strong>Greentours</strong> Trip Report<br />
Lead by Ian Green, Vladimir Kolbintsev and Yuri<br />
As ever Lufthansa got us to Almaty when they said they would and was it my imagination or was<br />
the process of going through customs, immigration and baggage reclaim just that little bit<br />
smoother than before. Certainly to arrive at our hotel before midnight (only just!) was a new<br />
experience. And newly refurbished too. All the rooms we took had ‘living rooms’ attached and<br />
the bathrooms even had two entrances. Some joined Vladimir in the bar for a few beers and a<br />
chance to unwind after the flight.<br />
Day 2 June 15 th Cim Bulak and the Small Almaty Gorge<br />
Because the flight to Ust-Kamenogorsk wasn’t until the evening we were able to spend a very<br />
pleasant day enjoying the mountains above Almaty which for many of us was a second or third<br />
visit, though I don’t think any of us had been in June, clearly an ideal time to be here! As we<br />
drove up the road past the Medeo Dam there was plenty to grab our attention out the window.<br />
Perhaps the most obvious plant was the impressively tall Ligularia heterophylla with large<br />
yellow-flowered heads sometimes over two metres tall. Just as yellow but of a more sprawling<br />
nature was acres of Sedum hybridum on rock faces. We passed groups of Aconitum leucostonum<br />
and a few bright blue Aconitum songoricum growing amongst birches and willows, whilst Grey<br />
Wagtails hopped off the road in front of us. We were all itching to get out and so we stopped at<br />
the ‘traditional’ April stopping spot below the ski station and spent an hour enjoying all this<br />
productive area had to throw at us! Corncrakes called for most of the time and Vladimir even saw<br />
one briefly and a little above us we could hear Common Rosefinches and Grasshopper Warblers.<br />
In wet flushes we found some lovely plants – pink Cortusa broteroi, white Pedicularis<br />
dolichorrhiza, lots of Dactylorhiza umbrosa and bright orange Trollius dshungaricus. Drier spots<br />
were covered in a fine show of Astragalus alpinus, one of the few members of this genus that we<br />
were able to identify specifically during the holiday – and we saw very many! Phlomis oreophila<br />
grew with some fine Polemonium caeruleum and the yellow-flowered wands of Eremurus fuscus<br />
rose from a rocky slope above, these growing with some alliums, one of which was Allium<br />
hymenorrhizum. <strong>The</strong> sun really had brought some fine butterflies out, most notably the Apollos<br />
which were drifting up and down the slope. Here were our first Yellow-legged Tortoiseshells of<br />
1
the trip – we weren’t to know at this stage how common they would be! Erebia turanica was<br />
quite common and Clive found a Scotch Argus but best three butterflies were probably Eastern<br />
Dappled White, the white heath Coenonympha sunbecca and the unusual ‘white’ Metaporia<br />
leucodice – none of these were seen in the <strong>Altai</strong>.<br />
Our bus, driven by the phlegmatic Yevgeny (a description that could have fitted the vehicle too)<br />
continued on up past the ski station and then beyond the Tjuk-su Hotel and having almost reached<br />
the tree line he simply drove it off the road and then set about arranging the picnic. We walked on<br />
up towards the pass a way. By now we weren’t so far from the nearest snow however there was so<br />
much to see that we took our time getting there! <strong>The</strong> variety of wonderful plants was incredible.<br />
By the trackside grew the edleweiss Leontopodium fedtschenkoanum, Lonicera hispida, the bright<br />
orange Erysimum croceum and almost equally bright Erigeron auranteus. A perfect rosette of<br />
Chorispora bungeana grew on the gravel and even Primula algida flourished on the trackside. A<br />
little below by a stream were the big bright pinky-red umbels of Primula nivalis, one of the finest<br />
of the primulas in the nivalis section. <strong>The</strong> large bright blue flowers of Dracocephalum c.f. (but<br />
not!) grandiflorum were a tremendous sight, sometimes growing with Papaver croceum and often<br />
with both Viola altaica in a profusion of colour forms and yellow Viola acutiloba. By recently<br />
melted snow was Allium atrosanguineum, the delicate foliage and white anemone-like flowers of<br />
Callianthemum alatavicum and the strange Tulipa heterophylla. Some of us made it up to the cliff<br />
faces just above the track where the wonderful Paraquilegia grandiflora was in fine flower and<br />
with it was Viola biflora and Allium polyphyllum. Below on steep screes we saw Androsace<br />
olgae, Ranunculus cf. thora, Trollius lilacinus (just about over) and a fine group of Tulipa<br />
dasystemon. Other plants of note were Gagea cf. peduncularis, Aquilegia atrovinosa,<br />
Chrysosplenium nudicaule (?), Aster alpinus, Sorbus tianshanica, Anemone protracta,<br />
Hedysarum flavescens and several species of Rhodiola including coccineum and semenovii.<br />
Of course with this wealth of plantlife we barely had time to look at anything else. Some of us<br />
saw a superb Black-throated Accentor which stayed perched on its Tien Shan Spruce long enough<br />
for us to get it in the ‘scope. Other birds included Hume’s Warbler, Wren and some Red-billed<br />
Chough and though we didn’t see any mammals we did hear Grey Marmot. Butterflies were<br />
flying well even up by the snow with most of the commoner high altitude species noted – Queen<br />
of Spain Fritillary, Pale Clouded Yellow, Green-veined White, Orange-tip, Painted Lady and<br />
Small Tortoiseshell.<br />
After a fine and rather late picnic (there had been too much to see!) we descended to Almaty and<br />
to the city check-in for the airport. This novel experience was followed by a bus ride into the<br />
airport and then ended with us getting dumped into a waiting area there ‘cos the plane wasn’t<br />
ready! It didn’t take too long for this to be rectified and then we were on our way to Ust-<br />
Kamenogorsk, arriving only a little late. We were met by Andrei and his wife and various other<br />
members of the family and whisked straight to the hotel with no name on the banks of the Irtysh<br />
River where we had time to wash before doing the five minute drive to a rather good café where<br />
we enjoyed the local form of pizza. Mikhail, Andrei’s nephew proved a big hit as his very good<br />
English allowed some of the group to discover a little about this city in what is, at least to us, the<br />
back of beyond. Mikhail answered questions willingly and we learnt about all the mining<br />
operations in the area and how the city was known in the former Soviet Union as an academy for<br />
geologists – not surprisingly many of the people looking after us during the next couple of weeks<br />
had trained as such!<br />
2
Day 3 June 16 th Ust-Kamenogorsk to Zaysan<br />
I popped out for a not so early walk along the river seeing Golden Oriole, Tree Sparrow and Idas<br />
Blue and then after a rather unusual breakfast we packed up the baggage and were off by about<br />
9.15. <strong>The</strong> road east takes one twice across the Irtysh, which even this far from the ocean is a big<br />
river, before exiting the city and heading towards the hills. We were soon driving across steppe<br />
that rather reminded those of us that had been there of the Karatau in southern Kazakhstan. We<br />
were passing much of interest and we weren’t so far past the last village of dachas (weekend<br />
retreats) before we just had to stop! We’d passed two Steppe Eagles already so when two Imperial<br />
Eagles appeared we just had to have a look. Also here was a Dione Snake and just off the road<br />
were purple Verbascum phoeniceum and the beautiful blue flowered Clematis integrifolia. <strong>The</strong><br />
butterfly list got off to a flyer (!) with a Freyer’s Fritillary as well as Esper’s Marbled White,<br />
Chestnut Heath, Hungarian Glider and Black-veined White. As we continued it became apparent<br />
that Black Kites were pretty numerous in this region.<br />
We started climbing steadily up into the Kalbinskiy Hills and it wasn’t long before snow patches<br />
became visible on the surrounding hills – there had been a lot of snow during the last winter so<br />
even now, in mid-June, snow was lying below 2000m (indeed there was even a little left when we<br />
came back past it two weeks later). We decided to stop by the next patch and as we pulled up<br />
realised that there was a superb show of bright pink Paeonia anomala in flower amongst all the<br />
herbage between us and the snow – a superb sight. Growing amongst the peonies was the tall<br />
Lathyrus gmelini and Bupleurum longifolium. <strong>The</strong>re was a steep bank covered in paeonies and it<br />
was with some trouble that we negotiated this to get to the snow. By the melting white stuff,<br />
which did seem rather incongruous in the now quite hot sunshine, were little groups of Cowslips<br />
and bright blue Pulmonaria mollissima (?), both in fine flower. A dry bank above this held a mass<br />
of new flowers – Pulsatilla patens in seed and an anemone species in flower, tall spikes of pink<br />
Pedicularis elata and our first Iris, the beautiful blue ruthenica. Here too was Dianthus hoeltzeri,<br />
Androsace lactiflora, Scutellaria sieversi, Campanula patula (?) and plenty of Spiraea, a genus<br />
we were to see a lot of. Dalmatian Ringlet was seen here and Glanville Fritillary by the roadside.<br />
We moved on to the top of the pass and into a belt of open rolling meadows and remnant Scots<br />
Pine forest all at one altitude. <strong>The</strong> landscape was incredibly green and in truth we could have<br />
stopped anywhere along here and seen plenty of wonderful stuff. We only had time for a short<br />
stop though – and were rewarded with a spectacular bit of through-the-trees flying by a male<br />
Montagu’s Harrier. Lilium martagon was found in good flower and the round sempervivum-like<br />
rosettes of Orostachis spinosa were abundant. Our second ringlet species of the day was the<br />
beautifully-marked Erebia theano and then we found a Lapland Fritillary which perched briefly<br />
on a fallen Scots Pine.<br />
Lunch was taken in a roadside yourta (this is not the stop referred to frequently in the butterfly<br />
list!) which served us up some traditional pirmeni – a little like ravioli. Outside groups of Greyheaded<br />
Goldfinches were enjoying something by the wall of the very smelly loo. Corncrakes and<br />
Quail called and each was seen briefly as was a Common Snipe that landed in the little stream<br />
behind the yourta. Two male Common Rosefinches were too busy trying to oust each other from a<br />
roadside willow to take much notice of anything else, thus allowing us close approach.<br />
As we drove on we passed immaculate groups of Dictamnus albus or Burning Bush and bright<br />
yellow Irises that made me yearn to stop again, but alas no time – these were almost certainly Iris<br />
bloudowii. We made a brief stop as a snake appeared on the road – we jumped out quickly to find<br />
3
a Haly’s Pit Viper none too keen to be moved off the warm tarmac! Occasional Long-tailed<br />
Susliks dived for their holes as we passed. As we neared the desert there was a marked increase in<br />
the number of birds using the telegraph wires as a vantage point. Most noticeable amongst these<br />
were Red-headed Buntings and Red-backed Shrikes but we also saw a line of Oriental Turtle<br />
Doves and the odd Cuckoo.<br />
We reached the ferry crossing with a little time to spare so had just twenty minutes in the nearby<br />
sand dunes where Zaysan Toad-headed Agama proved common. Beema race Yellow Wagtails<br />
perched atop the elegant Leymus angustus (?), a type of lyme grass. We and a few cars pulled<br />
onto the ferry and started across this arm of Lake Zaysan as ladies selling the local dried fish<br />
enjoyed a little posing for our cameras – they probably get no more than a handful of tourists<br />
passing this way each year – or perhaps none at all! <strong>The</strong> ferry came complete with a resident<br />
avifauna that went back and forth with it all day long – both Swallows and Tree Sparrows<br />
appeared to be nesting there-on. Once on the other side we put our heads down and drove hard for<br />
the campsite, passing vast numbers of Rose-coloured Starlings which wheeled back in forth<br />
across the road in front of us. We only stopped once we’d left the tarmac far behind and were<br />
driving across a gravelly plain sparsely vegetated with Saxaul bushes. Within moments we were<br />
enjoying our first Black Larks – and then the first Pallas’s Sandgrouse flew by giving their<br />
rippling call. Two classic central Asian steppe-desert species in the first few moments – Zaysan is<br />
a wonderful place. As we continued on towards the lake shore and thence westward towards our<br />
camp we passed at least fifty Black Larks and several more Pallas’s Sandgrouse too. Upland<br />
Buzzards sat about on the desert hardly bothering to move as we came past and there were two<br />
Long-legged Buzzards as well. <strong>The</strong> front UAZ (the vehicles we were using) saw a good number<br />
of Red-cheeked Susliks which had already sought cover by the time our second vehicle went past<br />
them.<br />
Eventually we crested a rise and saw the camp in front of us – it was in a magnificent location. At<br />
the base of a spit of gravel that arced out into the huge lake and at the foot of a hill backed by a<br />
good looking area of steppe-desert were our tents complete with two flagpoles, one with the<br />
Kazakh flag already fluttering in the breeze. <strong>The</strong> lake shore was mere yards from the front<br />
entrances of the tents and behind them, and protected by the gravel spit, was a wetland just<br />
teeming with White-winged Black Terns. As we got out of the vehicles we feared that the clouds<br />
of what looked like mosquitoes would devour us – but this proved far from being true. <strong>The</strong>re<br />
were indeed millions of them, mostly hovering just above tent level and making a fearsome noise<br />
in the late evening, but these were clearly non biters. It was only later that a few of the real<br />
mossies came out – but not really so many. Once we had unpacked an enjoyed a swim in the cool<br />
lake waters it was time for dinner. Later as the beer and vodka came out and the light waned we<br />
could hear what sounded like rain on top of the open-sided mess tent – it was those insects again!<br />
Day 4 June 17 th Zaysan Desert<br />
<strong>The</strong> prospect of the day ahead brought some of us out of our tents early for a little look at the<br />
wetland birds out along the spit. Four Dalmatian Pelicans and about twenty Great Black-headed<br />
Gulls occupied the end of the spit but between us and them were more than a hundred Whitewinged<br />
Black Terns and a mixture of ducks that included Pintail and a male Wigeon as well as<br />
Little and Common Terns and Little Ringed Plovers and Redshanks. Perhaps the most surprising<br />
sight of all was of Black Larks displaying with some gusto over this watery landscape.<br />
4
It took us an hour to drive to the Kiin Kerish Canyon. <strong>The</strong> route took us along the lakeshore to a<br />
small village (the only one for very many miles it seemed) and thence inland. En route we passed<br />
Upland Buzzards every few minutes and little groups of Pallas’s Sandgrouse were quite common.<br />
A single Short-toed Lark and many Oriental Skylarks were on the tracks in front of us. We pulled<br />
up on some high ground overlooking the canyon. Canyon is not really the right word, for it is<br />
more like some badlands at the foot of a small scarp, but the amazing colours of the eroded rock<br />
and the intricate shapes hint at something far bigger and more impressive, so canyon seems to<br />
give an impression closer to reality even though the geomorphology is certainly not that. Strong<br />
reds, ochres and whites ran away to either side of us and the canyon looked like it would take a<br />
day long mule ride to descend into whereas in fact it was a brief two minute walk! Almost<br />
immediately there were strange birds to be seen – some finches landed behind the minibus and we<br />
knew they must be something unusual judging by the amount of white and pink showing in flight.<br />
Briefly they re-appeared confirming our suspicions that they were Mongolian Trumpeter Finches.<br />
As they disappeared a small dark-headed warbler hopped up into a saxaul bush – a Desert Lesser<br />
Whitethroat. <strong>The</strong> ground flora (where it existed) was intriguing. Wim soon found tulips – of<br />
course here in seed. It must have been a sight in early April for there were numerous seed heads<br />
of Tulipa altaica and a good number of Tulipa biflora too. More traditionally steppe-desert<br />
vegetation in the shape of chenopods were frequent, the most striking of which was Nanophytum<br />
erinaceum, which means something along the lines of ‘little plant like a hedgehog’ which sums it<br />
up nicely. <strong>The</strong> green part of the plant was rather equisetum-like in that it consisted of a bunch of<br />
green ‘needles’ and where the sand and gravel had been eroded away one could see the thick<br />
wooden trunk below – this sometimes several inches across. A striking Lagochilus was in flower<br />
as was the rather elegant Ferula krilovii. Actually upon close inspection there was rather a lot in<br />
flower with Acanthophyllum pungens sadly not attracting the numbers of butterflies that it seems<br />
to elsewhere – here only Hyponephele naricina – and the strange green flowered Zygophyllum<br />
pterocarpum, and a couple of parasitic plants - Cistanche salsa and an Orobanche. As we<br />
wandered about the canyon area Pallas’s Sandgrouse flew past at regular intervals though Clive<br />
and Sina had the privilege of finding a nest with three eggs. Two distant Steppe Eagles put in an<br />
appearance but sadly the Upland Buzzards were not occupying the colony – which would explain<br />
why they were sat around in such numbers all over the rest of the desert! Vladimir found our only<br />
Desert Wheatears of the trip and there were also Pied and Isabelline Wheatears. A surprise was a<br />
family of Shorelarks! More Mongolian Trumpeter Finches appeared and we saw more than<br />
twenty in the end. As it warmed up – quite rapidly and strongly after ten o’clock, Steppe Runners<br />
became common and a couple of Sunwatchers were found – these strange rather rotund and spiky<br />
looking agamids do just that – they seem to watch the sun with one eye!<br />
We returned towards camp at around eleven passing a most extraordinary scene on the way. An<br />
elegant pair of Demoiselle Cranes were seen by the lake shore. We stopped to watch and only<br />
then noticed the foot-high chick pottering slowly off into the desert! A little further on were two<br />
more Demoiselle Cranes and then a superb White-tailed Eagle which was the victim of an<br />
attempted mugging by several Black Kites.<br />
<strong>The</strong> cool water’s of the lake were very welcome when we returned to camp and cooled us off<br />
nicely for Olga’s rather excellent lunch – we had already realised that we were going to be in for a<br />
fine time of it with her excellent camp meals. During lunch we noted four Dalmatian Pelicans, a<br />
Red-crested Pochard, two Upland Buzzards and some Gull-billed Terns! In the midday heat one<br />
or two of us looked at the intriguing flora growing around our camp. In the damp areas pale pink<br />
flowered tamarisk was roundly outshone by a near relative, Myricaria bracteata, with pink wands<br />
of flowers emerging from the water. Tiny blue forget-me-not flowers belonged to Lappula<br />
5
squarrosa and rounded masses of tiny white flowers to Gypsophila paniculata. On areas with<br />
little other vegetation the pinky-white flowers of Hypecoum lactiflorum (?), a tiny relative of the<br />
poppies, was in good flower.<br />
In the afternoon we set out for the ‘spring on the hill’ with the news that Yuri had seen a Houbara<br />
Bustard not much more than a kilometre east of our camp. Just two kilometres from the camp in<br />
the other direction we came to halt as a White-winged Lark flew across in front of us. Sadly we<br />
were unable to relocate this one but a little further on down the track and another more amenable<br />
one appeared allowing most of us to at least get a look at the bird. We passed about 40 Black<br />
Larks in this section and nearing the village the numbers of Upland Buzzards and Black Kites<br />
rose! As we traversed a gravelly plain near the hill we made a quick stop for a Saker Falcon but<br />
two Demoiselle Cranes and about ten Pallas’s Sandgrouse were deemed too commonplace to stop<br />
for!<br />
<strong>The</strong> spring showed up clearly as an un-naturally green looking area on the side of the hill. As we<br />
approached we could see swarms of Rose-coloured Starlings flying in to drink and a Steppe<br />
Buzzard and a Steppe Eagle rose from the ground and sailed away. <strong>The</strong> Rose-coloured Starlings<br />
were amazing. <strong>The</strong>y were coming in from the east at the rate of perhaps thirty or forty birds a<br />
minute and were noisily congregating around one of the two little open pools amidst reeds and<br />
sedges. A single noisy Redshank also occupied this site and certainly wanted to let everyone<br />
know about it! <strong>The</strong> spring was clearly rather salty judging by the vegetation roundabout – lots of<br />
Halimione verrucifera (?) as well as Triglochin maritimus, Blysmus rufus and Eleocharis<br />
uniglumis. <strong>The</strong>re were leaves of an Iris species, seeding Hyoscyamus pusillus and flowering<br />
Dodartia orientalis too. Lesser Kestrels flew over the hill and on a little walk up onto the hill I<br />
saw at least five very confiding Grey-necked Buntings and a Mongolian Trumpeter Finch. Nary a<br />
sandgrouse came in to drink and it was difficult to tell whether we’d missed them already, or they<br />
had not yet arrived or indeed even if they came at all? As we left we started encountering lots of<br />
them on the gravelly plain and it seems as if leaving by 7.45 was perhaps too early at this time of<br />
year and that they might be coming in later? Certainly there were perhaps forty birds a kilometre<br />
or so from the spring.<br />
<strong>The</strong> last couple of miles were amazing. Two White-winged Larks were again seen and of course<br />
lots of Black Larks as well as Calandra Lark – we had seen eight species of lark during the day!<br />
Two Demoiselle Cranes were by the lake shore. A large bird in flight appeared ahead of us – a lot<br />
of white in the wing as it turned – a male Houbara Bustard! We jumped out of the vehicle but it<br />
was soon away over the hill.<br />
During the evening a storm was brewing in the distance. Rumbles of thunder and some<br />
spectacular lightening could be seen in the distance. As we ate dinner the wind got up and it<br />
became a rather comical battle to hold the open-sided mess tent down. I went out for a night walk<br />
around eleven not really expecting to see much as the conditions made it difficult to listen for<br />
anything. However the next hour and a half proved that the desert was in fact jumping at this time<br />
of night! I saw in excess of a hundred mammals in this time – all of them jerboas. By far the<br />
commonest was the Great Jerboa, a jerboa that can really leap! <strong>The</strong> biggest adults of this species<br />
have bodies the size of a slim-line guinea pig with fine long ears and a tail up to 20cm long and<br />
long kangeroo-like back legs. <strong>The</strong> tail has a distinctive tuft on it which in this species is largely<br />
white with a black tip. In the torch light these wonderful animals took no notice of me<br />
whatsoever, often hopping right up to me or even brushing past me as they went by – boing …<br />
boing …boing! One even allowed me to pat it on the head! <strong>The</strong>re was at least one Lesser Jerboa<br />
6
too (different tail pattern) and at least two of another type of jerboa with small rounded ears – this<br />
was Stelodipus telum. And a few bats too. Suddenly the storm seemed a little closer and so I<br />
headed back to camp.<br />
Day 5 June 18 th Journey to Markakol<br />
For an hour or so before breakfast we wandered down the spit by the camp taking stock of the<br />
wetlands birds. At the tip we made a count of the gulls there and came up with a minimum count<br />
of 56 Great Black Headed Gulls. With them were 28 Caspian Terns, their red bills shining in the<br />
morning sun. Eight Dalmatian Pelicans completed a rather excellent group portrait. Other good<br />
species noted out here were Ruddy Shelduck, Garganey, Red-crested Pochard, White-winged<br />
Black Terns and Kentish Plovers. Already the Sand Lizards were becoming very active – there<br />
were some very large bright green males here. A tiny snake was found though we’ll have to wait<br />
for the pictures to identify it! <strong>The</strong>re were very clear Wolf and Badger tracks in the muddy lagoon<br />
fringes.<br />
We left at around ten thirty after a hearty breakfast. In the first few kilometres we saw three<br />
White-tailed Eagles, a couple of Long-legged Buzzards, the usual Black Larks and two Pallas’s<br />
Sandgrouse.<br />
Eventually we reached the tarmac road again. Owen pointed out Trachomitum lancifolium, a<br />
relative of the milkweeds, here. <strong>The</strong>n we headed on towards the Chinese border. We stopped by a<br />
big river – big mistake. <strong>The</strong>re were literally thousands of little black flies that though they didn’t<br />
bite pestered us so much that more than a couple of minutes outside the UAZs was unbearable!<br />
Our driver, Sasha, seemed to have a particular dislike for these swarming insects and drove off at<br />
high speed whilst swatting the flies out of the window. Now we could see an ever-growing line of<br />
sand dunes in the distance. This was the Akkum Desert – all in China. We approached to within a<br />
mile or so of this and stopped at the checkpoint where our passports were taken inside a building<br />
staffed by soldiers wearing net curtains over their heads! Needless to say being outside for more<br />
than a minute was too much for Sasha and he drove us on leaving our passports and Valery with<br />
the soldiers while we stopped to stock up on water.<br />
Now we drove along the northern edge of the dunes (though sadly they were always a kilometre<br />
away from us) with the two fences marking the border with China sometimes right by the side of<br />
the road. <strong>The</strong>n the road, which was no longer tarmac, started to rise towards what is known as the<br />
Marble Pass. <strong>The</strong> increasing clamour for a stop in the back of our UAZ was quelled by a nod and<br />
a wink from Sasha who assured us that the best views were from the top – and of course, he was<br />
right. <strong>The</strong> vista back over the sand dunes and into China was quite extraordinary – one could see<br />
the dunes, some of which must have approached a thousand feet in height, stretching away from<br />
us in an oval for some twenty kilometres. <strong>The</strong>n was a greener area where presumably the Black<br />
Irtysh flowed towards Zaysan and then in the far distance towards the Tarbagatai <strong>Mountains</strong> was<br />
an even bigger sand dune system! Whilst Olga set about making lunch (it was already nearly<br />
4pm!) we investigated the flora. Wim was immediately homing in on some tulips in seed – one of<br />
which had not long finished flowering. <strong>The</strong> two species encountered here were probably Tulipa<br />
heteropetala (?) and Tulipa patens (?) <strong>The</strong>re was also a striking iris that had finished flowering a<br />
couple of weeks beforehand – this seemed to be Iris tigridia. Peonies too had recently finished<br />
and it was with a little surprise that we realised that these were different from those in the<br />
Kalbinskiy Hills, this plant having much more dissect leaves and being smaller and more squat in<br />
7
habit – Paeonia hybrida. A male Rock Bunting perched upon rocks festooned in Sedum hybridum<br />
and aromatic Ziziphora clinopodioides. <strong>The</strong>re were some striking yellow flowers here –<br />
Hypericums elongatum, scabrum and perforatum all in very large flowered forms and a rather<br />
elegant yellow valerian – Patrinia intermedia. Amongst honeysuckles and spirea we found some<br />
stunning plants – Martagon Lilies in full flower, the almost black-flowered False Helleborine<br />
(Veratrum nigrum), the linear-leaved Dracocephalum ruyschiana, Eremurus altaicus, blue Allium<br />
caesium, a striking Delphinium and perhaps rarest was the endemic Daphne altaica. A large<br />
Cardinal butterfly posed near the excellent soup that Olga had provided.<br />
<strong>The</strong> landscape became rapidly greener as we headed further into the <strong>Altai</strong> and meadows with lush<br />
shows of bright orange Trollius altaicus and white Alpine Knotgrass became dominant. Black<br />
Stork and a Viper were seen en route but we had little time to stop now. Past a little village (the<br />
only one between the Chinese border and Markakol) trees started to appear – willows along the<br />
water courses and Siberian Larch on the hillsides. We pushed on up the final pass, now richly<br />
wooded with the larch and Picea obovata, and made a brief stop here. Iris ruthenica was<br />
flowering in glorious abundance and with it the stunning Dracocephalum grandiflora, a few of<br />
the lovely yellow Papaver nudicaule and the huge flowered Aquilegia glandulosa. As we drove<br />
down the pretty valley to Markakol we passed some fine shows of Primula longiscapa.<br />
<strong>The</strong> village (Urunkhayka) on the shores of the lake was something quite different from those<br />
we’d seen up to now – for a start everything was made of wood! <strong>The</strong> houses were built in the<br />
Siberian style and indeed with seven months of snow and intense cold in the winter (down to –<br />
55°C this last winter and with snow lying up to twenty metres deep in sheltered hollows) the<br />
lifestyle and climate are certainly more akin to that part of the world than to the rest of<br />
Kazakhstan. A last river crossing saw us pulling up into the fenced compound that is the<br />
headquarters of the National Park here. We were introduced to our home for the next few days, a<br />
basic but pleasant cottage (next door to Tatyana who is collaborating with Anna Ivaschenko on a<br />
flora for the area) and two yourtas beautifully situated on a small island in the river behind. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
were surrounded by Silver Birches and made a real picture. <strong>The</strong> wooden built sauna in the back<br />
garden was puffing away and so we took it in turns to either enjoy a good wash or sauna and then<br />
it was time for another of Olga’s meals, this one accompanied by local caviar on toast – we had<br />
already noticed the fish (a kind of trout or char) spawning in gravelly shallows by the yourtas. An<br />
idyllic spot!<br />
Day 6 June 19 th Markakol<br />
<strong>The</strong> whole morning was spent walking along a track which skirts the southern edge of the lake. It<br />
was immediately apparent that we were in a landscape of extraordinary beauty with lush green<br />
meadows interspersed with woods of Siberian Larch, Picea obovata and Silver Birch, the latter<br />
dominating along streams and in boggy areas. <strong>The</strong> huge lake stretched out mirror-calm before us<br />
and there was a line of snow-capped peaks above the northern shores. And other than the village<br />
we were in we couldn’t see any habitation!<br />
We started with a little assault course to get across the many tributaries of our little anastomising<br />
river (!) then a fine wide track took us through said meadows and woodlands. Black Kites were<br />
immediately obvious and in fact were a more or less constant accompaniment in the village and<br />
lakeshore area – we saw them swooping down to the lake surface to take prey items (notice that<br />
I’ve hesitated to say catch fish!). Two stunning Black Storks perched briefly in dead larches<br />
8
efore sailing away. On the lake’s surface we could see plenty of wildfowl. Close inshore were a<br />
group of female and immature Red-breasted Mergansers and Garganey, Wigeon, Tufted Ducks,<br />
Shoveler, Gadwall, Pintail, Ruddy Shelduck, Mallard and a few Goldeneye. Using the ’scope we<br />
discovered that few wasn’t a word we could apply to the Goldeneye as there was in excess of five<br />
hundred in the middle of the lake – and these were mostly males in breeding dress. In the<br />
honeysuckles and peonies all around us a chuntering was evident – Blyth’s Reed Warblers were<br />
abundant though we rarely got much of a look at them. Scarlet Rosefinches were almost equally<br />
common and easier to see. Oriental Turtle Doves flew by and we also noted Red-backed Shrikes,<br />
Raven and heard several Greenish Warblers. Cuckoos had been appearing from time to time and<br />
calling frequently but it took us a while to realise that the somnolent “hoo hoo hoo” call in the<br />
background that rather had the timbre of Hoopoe was in fact Oriental Cuckoo, here right on the<br />
edge of its range.<br />
About a kilometre from the village we encountered fresh (during the night or early morning)<br />
tracks of two Brown Bears where they’d crossed the road.<br />
<strong>The</strong> meadows were a picture with abundant pink blossoms of Paeonia anomala everywhere –<br />
thousands upon thousands of them – and the tall spikes of Veratrum lobelioides still in bud.<br />
Striking Corydalis nobilis grew along the tracksides as did two ‘umbellate’ annual ‘rockjasmines’,<br />
Androsace lactiflora and the altogether more slender septentriale. A large gagea of the<br />
fistulosa group was with them. In damp areas under birch we found the meadow saxifrage like<br />
Saxifraga punctata often growing with Bog Violet! Another viola was common along the track –<br />
the beautiful bi-coloured flowers of Viola disjuncta, the pale mauve lower petals (with a yellow<br />
centre) contrasting with the usually dark purple uppers, though on some these were almost black,<br />
making a most beautiful combination. <strong>The</strong> honeysuckle (Lonicera tartarica) here was quite<br />
amazing – it was covered in a mass of pink flowers – sometimes obscuring much of the foliage.<br />
This plant could be seen colouring hillsides in the distance.<br />
With all the flowers about it was not surprising that a few butterflies might appear. Whites were<br />
pre-eminent with Black-veined and Green-veined the commonest. Ubiquitous Yellow-legged and<br />
Small Tortoiseshells often sunned themselves on the path and in addition we saw Mazarine Blue<br />
and Queen-of-Spain Fritillary. <strong>The</strong>se are all early species or ones that tend to be at high altitudes<br />
so it looked as if we would be too early for many butterflies here but events over the next few<br />
days showed that in fact there were a very many different species and that it was aspect that was<br />
important as it is for plants. Here we had been walking along a north-facing slope and it was still<br />
early spring here!<br />
We took a good long lunch break (after the length of the first few days some relaxation was<br />
needed!) and then spent the afternoon pottering along the northwards track out of Urunkhayka. It<br />
was quite hot and so we took our time. Several good butterflies were seen – attracted to the wet<br />
patches on the road. Lapland Fritillary was photographed and we saw both local species of Wood<br />
White sitting next to each other! Leptidea morsei has fuzzy looking dark cross bars on the<br />
underside hindwing and attenuated forewings and is quite easily distinguished from the<br />
widespread Leptidea sinapsis. Pearl-bordered Fritillary, the tortoiseshells again, Osiris Blue and<br />
our only Spialia skipper of the trip (orbifer) were seen. We spent some time watching Yellowbrowed<br />
Warblers at close range in the trees and other birds seen were Yellowhammer, House<br />
Martins and lots of (<strong>Altai</strong>) Lesser Whitethroats.<br />
9
Later that night I went for a night walk along the morning’s track. Birds were surprisingly noisy –<br />
Blyth’s Reed Warblers do most of their singing at night. A Black Stork was woken from its<br />
slumbers by my torch and several rodents scurried into the undergrowth without me getting a<br />
proper look at them. I went as far as the bear tracks and here found three Mountain Hares on the<br />
track – one of them came right up to me – and stopped within touching distance!<br />
Day 7 June 20 th Markakol<br />
<strong>The</strong> day dawned fine and sunny (as it had all trip so far!) and so we headed for the Holodny<br />
(Cold) Pass which at 1750m is some 300m in altitude above the village. We walked out past<br />
ladies hand milking their cows and a couple of horseman who trotted along the only street. As we<br />
started to gain altitude a group of foresters overtook us though we encountered them relaxing and<br />
chatting under a tree further up! Not many foreigners about here!<br />
Practically the first butterfly we noted was a superb apollo, this one of the medium sized species<br />
with red eyespots – Parnassius ariadne – here with plenty of Corydalis, its larval host plant. We<br />
continued up through multitudes of pink peonies and honeysuckle with the constituents of the<br />
flora slowly changing as we went. Iris ruthenica became common, particularly along any eroded<br />
stream banks as did Jacobs Ladder and white forms of Hesperis sibirica. A large marshy flat held<br />
the cotton grass Eriophorum polystachium (?) and several Common Spotted Orchids and it was<br />
here that Owen found a single plant of Early Marsh Orchid. However it wasn’t until the last half a<br />
kilometre that things began to change noticeably on the floral front. <strong>The</strong> meadows changed<br />
character and now contained many new plants with Alchemilla scalaris, the lovely Bupleurum<br />
aureum and the strange red five-leaved clover, Trifolium lupinaster amongst them. <strong>The</strong> striking<br />
Rhaponticum carthamoides grew in the thickest herbage. As we neared the pass there were<br />
striking shows of Aquilegia glandulosa and Antennaria dioica and with them our first gentian of<br />
the trip, the bladder-gentian-like Gentiana uniflora which formed little colonies amongst low<br />
vegetation on the pass itself.<br />
Back down the hill we had been admiring the butterflies. Again the wet patches on the tracks<br />
proved a magnet for them in the morning sun and certainly it made life easy for us! Emphasising<br />
the links with Europe were the first Map Butterflies of the trip as well as abundant Small Blues,<br />
Osiris Blues and Mazarine Blues. <strong>The</strong> local wood white Leptidea morsei was again seen several<br />
times and with the blues was a single Amanda’s Blue – dwarfing its close relatives! <strong>The</strong>re were<br />
yet more new species for the holiday in the form of Assmann’s Fritillary and the local form of<br />
Marsh Fritillary.<br />
As during the previous day there were numerous Cuckoos about and again we heard the subdued<br />
tones of Oriental Cuckoo. An approximate translation of the Russian name for this bird is ‘deaf<br />
cuckoo’ which we supposed might be in reference to that fact that you really don’t even notice<br />
that it is calling until you think about it! Much more obvious were Black-throated Thrushes who’s<br />
loud ringing alarm calls were at times rather reminiscent of woodpeckers. Willow Tits were found<br />
at several points during the ascent and one had a nest in a trackside tree as did a Mistle Thrush<br />
who’s abode didn’t escape Yuri’s searching eyes.<br />
Once on the pass we consumed our picnics and rested in the warm sunshine until we had enough<br />
breath back to wander around! A little way up into the spruces on the south side of the pass we<br />
encountered a spectacular new Gentian with large blue trumpets borne singly on short stems – the<br />
10
flowers being ‘pyrenean gentian’ in type with five plicae between the five lobes. This lovely plant<br />
goes under the name of Gentiana grandiflora which seemed apt! Some were also found down<br />
amongst the Gentiana uniflora seen upon on the pass, though those that didn’t manage to see<br />
them needn’t have worried as there were tens of thousands yet to be seen on the tour!<br />
Vladimir and I went a little further up into the trees and Vladimir managed a sighting of one of<br />
the many <strong>Altai</strong> Pikas who’s alarm calls were emanating from a bouldery slope within the trees.<br />
Just above these boulders we came across a fine show of the beautiful yellow Iris bloudowii and<br />
then yards away by the only remaining square metre of snow on this hill, a patch of flowering<br />
Erythronium sibiricum – the Siberian Dogs-tooth Violet – a pretty picture indeed with pink, white<br />
and yellow flowers set atop a reddish stem and two marbled leaves. A Red Squirrel got extremely<br />
angry with us and we were worried that it would burst so forthright was its indignation. Above<br />
the snowpatch we suddenly heard a quiet tapping and there, upon a decaying spruce, was a female<br />
Northern Three-toed Woodpecker, working away just five metres from us. Across the other side<br />
of the pass we pushed our way through some mosquito-ridden trees and came out on a slope<br />
above a stream. Here there was an area of ‘tundra’ – Betula rotundifolia – and growing around the<br />
edge of it was lots of Callianthemum angustifolium. Down by the stream were fine specimens of<br />
Primula longiscapa and over on the dry slope opposite a striking bright pink Hedysarum.<br />
As we descended we found a single male Pine Bunting singing away as we neared the village and<br />
Clive and Sina saw Erebia cyclopius, a rather well-named ringlet species.<br />
Day 8 June 21 st Markakol<br />
We awoke to rain! Actually it wasn’t very rainy, just a light rain that came and went. After<br />
breakfast we decided to have a look at the pass that we’d come over en route to Markakol and<br />
duly set off unsure as to whether the clouds were lifting or not. We parked up just over the pass<br />
and headed up through decidedly wet vegetation to the west. <strong>The</strong> rain was very light so we could<br />
at least have a good look around though photography would be difficult. We saw many of the<br />
same flowers we’d seen the day before although the displays of certain species were quite<br />
exceptional, particularly the abundant and sometimes dense groups of blue Iris ruthenica. We<br />
again came across some yellow Iris bloudowii looking a picture with drops of water on the<br />
bearded yellow falls. Vladimir found a Capercaillie family and actually had one of the chicks in<br />
his hands – the female stayed close by and most of us managed a good look at her at some point.<br />
Above us a male Hen Harrier quartered the hillside. <strong>The</strong>n it started to rain harder!<br />
We returned to Markakol and a bit of a break before lunch in which to change into some drier<br />
clothes! By the river there were still some butterflies including another Map Butterfly and a very<br />
very tatty Camberwell Beauty! <strong>The</strong> weather was improving now and after a bite to eat it had<br />
cheered up immensely so we set forth, this time Sasha and Valery driving us a couple of miles to<br />
the north where a dry south-facing slope looked an attractive though steep proposition. This<br />
proved a good spot for butterflies with our first sightings of Chequered Blue – there was<br />
obviously a good colony here. Two Small Apollos drifted over the slopes – some nearby rocky<br />
areas were covered in their foodplant, Sedum hybridum. Hungarian Gliders and more Assmann’s<br />
Fritillaries were seen though the commonest butterfly was undoubtedly the Geranium Argus often<br />
obligingly perching on Geranium collinum. Melitaea latonigena, a bright orange fritillary, was<br />
also quite common. <strong>The</strong>re were quite a lot of different plants here – several different alliums, a<br />
rather pretty little onosma, Gooseberry and Potentilla asiatica. <strong>The</strong>re were fine stands of the<br />
11
Burning Bush, a strikingly long–bracted form of Frog Orchid (subspecies ‘longibracteata’?) and<br />
Owen found a new iris in the form of the blue Iris scariosa (?). Some of the group saw a female<br />
Black Grouse and most of us saw the very distant Black Stork that was flying around against<br />
storm clouds gathering behind the lake.<br />
Day 9 June 22 nd Markakol<br />
We spent the day exploring the nearest parts of the ‘Austrian Road’. This track had been built by<br />
prisoners of war from central Europe during the first world war – and in places looked like there<br />
had been no maintenance since! Actually every year they must have to do some work on this road<br />
as the quantity of water crossing the road in places from snowmelt must be phenomenal to say<br />
nothing of damage from heat, cold and sudden intense storms!<br />
Our first stop was on a dry hillside where Geranium Argus and Mazarine Blues were both<br />
common amongst some fine flowering Patrinia intermedia, Hypericum elongatum and<br />
Campanula altaica. Corncrakes called from the marsh below and there were several Scarlet<br />
Rosefinches in willows by the stream.<br />
Next we stopped amid a belt of trees that formed a neatly edged belt of riverine forest right by the<br />
beginning of said Austrian Road. Jane and Jeremy had a spot of luck here in that they actually<br />
managed to get a good look at one of Oriental Cuckoos that called from the impressive Populus<br />
laurifolius trees. More familiar birds in here were Chaffinch, Willow Tit, Grey Wagtail and<br />
Mistle Thrush. Amongst the trees grew Prunus padus, Large-leaved Bittercress, Osier, Salix<br />
caesia/rorida, Aspen and Gnaphalium sylvaticum. <strong>The</strong> introduction to the Austrian road comes as<br />
something of a shock for by far the worst bit is the first half a kilometre where the vehicles<br />
basically have to negotiate a rocky river bed before the track itself becomes more recognisable.<br />
Indeed it is generally not bad thereafter apart from a few rough bits where water crosses the road.<br />
We stopped only just past this first section as a dead animal under a tree caught our attention. A<br />
Wolverine! We made a couple of stops during the next seven kilometres and then found a lovely<br />
breezy knoll just below the top upon which we had our picnic – the breeze keeping the<br />
mosquitoes at bay perfectly! A couple of Steppe Buzzards sailed overhead and the odd Black Kite<br />
too. A male Hen Harrier sailed across the slopes and a couple of horsemen passed us as we sat<br />
there enjoying a rather fine noodle based lunch! <strong>The</strong> afternoon was spent walking back down the<br />
road, though most of us spent quite a while up on the ridgetop before descending. Up here there<br />
was a pile of what was probably Wolf dung and just over the top of the ridge some late snow<br />
patches held several flowering Erythronium sibiricum and Anemone altaica. A hill-topping<br />
European Swallowtail was a first on the holiday. Rocks had Orostachis spinosa, deep blue<br />
Veronica porphyriana, yellow Pedicularis tristis and some lovely patches of Atragane (Clematis)<br />
sibirica. A Sparrowhawk sailed over as we descended through swathes of spirea and lonicera.<br />
<strong>The</strong> road proved a fantastic spot for butterflies (as it did in the morning) and the various wet<br />
patches attracted a wide range of species. By several of the patches there were significant<br />
numbers of blues. Mazarine, Osiris and Small Blue formed the bulk though we also saw a<br />
Maculinea species, several Geranium Arguses (though these never seemed to come down to the<br />
tracks), Mountain Argus and a beautiful little blue that bore a strong resemblance to Polyommatus<br />
cyane – though it may be something else – we await the photo ID! <strong>The</strong>re were occasional Small<br />
Skippers and several Large Grizzled Skippers that favoured one particular patch. A delicate and<br />
rather beautiful Chequered Skipper joined one group of blues. Yellow-legged Tortoiseshells and<br />
12
Small Tortoiseshells were abundant – sometimes half a dozen at a puddle and there were<br />
occasional Map Butterflies, Hungarian Gliders and a Comma. Several apollos sailed up and down<br />
the road banks but were shy of settling so I can only presume that they were probably Small<br />
Apollos – they certainly looked like them in flight and there was plenty of food plant about! <strong>The</strong><br />
lovely Erebia theano was quite common and we spotted a rather similar looking ringlet without<br />
the orange patches near the body characteristic of theano – this was Erebia kindermanii. Both<br />
Large and Northern Wall Brown were seen as well as both local wood whites and Orange-tip. <strong>The</strong><br />
fritillaries were pretty good too with plenty of Glanville Fritillaries and Melitaea latonigena, and<br />
occasional Assmann’s. <strong>The</strong> Asian Fritillary, a very beautiful butterfly, deigned to sit upon Sina’s<br />
hand and just near it was Melitaea arcesia, a diminutive Euphydryas species look-a-like.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re were patches of forest down the road and in these we found a flora we had not yet<br />
encountered – much more Siberian/European than we had seen at Markakol. Here was<br />
Twinflower (nearly in flower) and lots of Pyrola minor as well as Moschatel and Bilberry. An<br />
elegant columbine lived under the sun-dappled woodland, looking rather like a common<br />
columbine – this was Aquilegia brevicalcarata. Siberian Chipmunks scolded from these same<br />
spots and we even managed to get a decent look at one or two. Bogs by the road held some<br />
familiar plants such as Juncus filiformis and Scirpus sylvatica and some not quite so – Swertia<br />
obtusa in bud and Sagina saginoides.<br />
As we returned to Markakol the heavens opened and it poured down – enough for the rivers<br />
around our yourta island to turn a deep brown and rise a foot! <strong>The</strong> rain did not last so long but it<br />
took until late evening for the river to disgorge the results!<br />
Day 10 June 23 rd <strong>The</strong> Burkhat Pass and the bee farm at Kamenka<br />
After breakfast we spent half an hour around the reserve’s museum which was an interesting<br />
experience though it was sad to see the state of many of the stuffed birds. <strong>The</strong>n it was time for the<br />
off and goodbyes to both Tatyanas and the reserve compound. <strong>The</strong> heavy showers of the evening<br />
before hadn’t altered our plans (a later river crossing had to be considered) so we set off about<br />
9.15 passing the east shore of Markakol Lake and thence into the rolling meadows and mountains<br />
to the north and once again to lock horns with the Austrian road. Seemed a lot tamer this morning<br />
– familiarity breeds …..! We didn’t stop until we’d reached the main river whose course we<br />
would follow up to the pass. Male Pine Bunting and several Ortolan Buntings were seen here as<br />
well as fine displays of Papaver nudicaule and Astragalus alpinus. Our second Erebia cyclopius<br />
was found here.<br />
<strong>The</strong>n it was off up a really pretty valley during which we crossed the main river five times on<br />
some surprisingly well made bridges. Butterflies flew up from in front of us as we passed groups<br />
of both the white and pink forms of Hesperis sibirica and little patches of Myricaria bracteata in<br />
deep pink bloom. Eventually we reached the subalpine plateau below the pass and made the last<br />
crossing of the river – quite deep water and rocky here! <strong>The</strong> plateau was a picture with wide open<br />
vistas surrounded by snowy mountains. And it was covered in flowers! Sadly there was no time to<br />
stop and enjoy this as the Burkhat would be even better – and the weather around us looked<br />
decidedly dodgy with a large rainstorm a little off to the west and seemingly on its way towards<br />
us. Fifteen minutes of driving up a steady slope and we were there. Vladimir’s vehicle saw Longtailed<br />
Suslik and <strong>Altai</strong> Pika crossing the track in front of them. On either side were three main<br />
habitats – tundra, alpine grasslands and snow! Much to Olga’s consternation we parked up right<br />
13
on the pass itself. “Why not in the trees below?” she said – admittedly it was quite an exposed<br />
spot in which to cook the lunch. While she got on with this we headed towards the east side of the<br />
pass and the tundra. <strong>The</strong>re was a large expanse of snow-burnt grassland beside the road and this<br />
had plenty of both colour forms of the large-flowered Viola altaica – and as we had approached<br />
the pass this grassland had been covered in the most amazing display of Dracocephalum<br />
grandiflorum. <strong>The</strong> tundra was basically a mat of dwarf birch between 30cm and a metre in height<br />
and was pretty difficult to walk through. Owen and Vladimir saw several voles, Microtus<br />
gregorica, as they walked. Tree and Water Pipits were both common, and we soon started seeing<br />
Bluethroats – here a red spotted form. <strong>The</strong>y were quite common and flashes of their red tails<br />
could be seen as we progressed through the tundra. As we reached the first snow patch the first<br />
great display of Gentiana grandiflora appeared and with these was a little pale purple Veronica<br />
and a rather pretty shiny foliaged buttercup – Ranunculus altaicus. By the next snowpatch was a<br />
wonderful display of Erythronium sibiricum in full flower. Several of us reached some patches of<br />
drier grassland and tundra above the snowpatches. This had an extremely rich and beautiful<br />
display of flowers. Amid the sparser betula here was a ‘heath community’ featuring Cowberry,<br />
some lovely pink forms of Round-leaved Wintergreen, and in a few places, the little white<br />
flowers of Claytonia joanneana. <strong>The</strong> open grassy areas were home to mats of Dryas oxyodonta<br />
(like our Wind Flower), yellow-flowered <strong>The</strong>rmopsis alpina, two gorgeous louseworts in the<br />
form of Pedicularis oederi and compacta and two very confusing plants, both with spikes of tiny<br />
cream or white flowers – one was Macropodium nivale and the other Lagotis integrifolia. <strong>The</strong><br />
former is a crucifer and the latter is in the scroph family! <strong>The</strong>re was also a lovely bright red<br />
Hedysarum, another anemone of the ‘narcissiflora’ group, Anemone crinita (?), and near snow<br />
again, the lovely anemone-like Callianthemum angustifolium.<br />
We returned to a nice warming lunch by the UAZs. <strong>The</strong> weather was steadily improving, the large<br />
rainstorm had passed by to our south and we’d only suffered a brief light shower – and now it was<br />
pretty sunny. <strong>The</strong> mountain away to our west looked spectacular and so after the soup and various<br />
other comestibles we headed west up a grassy slope next to numerous large snowpatches. This<br />
proved to be an exceptional area not least because right by the lowest patch of birch Jane R<br />
flushed a male Siberian Rubythroat. Sadly it didn’t reappear though Clive, who spent the early<br />
afternoon searching for this bird did see a female as did I from a little higher up the slope.<br />
Bluethroats were common here too and a nice find was of several Dusky Warblers which foraged<br />
in and sang from the few small Siberian Pines which grow out of the tundra. A Red Fox with a<br />
coat of red and grey sauntered off from the edge of the snow patches whilst Hen Harriers and<br />
Black Kites were seen at regular intervals. Other birds seen during the early afternoon were<br />
Twite, Linnet, Stonechat and at least two Hodgson’s Rosy Finches (aka Plain Mountain Finch).<br />
Only one species of butterfly braved these high slopes – Oeneis nanna! After passing some fine<br />
thick patches of Viola altaica, we were called to the most extraordinary Erythronium – around<br />
20cm tall and with a huge 7-petalled flower – this one was thoroughly photographed. Further up<br />
were masses of the lovely Aquilegia glandulosa and Dracocephalum grandiflorum colouring the<br />
slope blue, and nearer to the snow was again lots of the Gentiana grandiflora. Jeremy found a<br />
fine pale pink form of the latter. Meanwhile Philippa had found some Frog Orchids. <strong>The</strong>se had<br />
exceptionally long bracts and Owen commented that they looked not unlike the form<br />
‘longibracteata’ found in North America. Dwarf yellow Patrinia sibirica flowered well on dry<br />
rocky areas, often with Anemone crinita(?) and both Saxifraga punctata(?) and Saxifraga<br />
sibirica, and on the rocky knolls, abundant Bergenia crassifolia or Elephant-ears! <strong>The</strong> views to<br />
the north were amazing. <strong>The</strong> deep rift of the Bukhtarma Valley dropped very steeply below us<br />
and the northern part of the <strong>Altai</strong> stretched out along its northern flank – culminating in the<br />
massive white peak of Belukha itself – all of 4506m plus high!<br />
14
We made a brief stop just below the pass at the top of the Siberian Pine forest. It didn’t take long<br />
for a Nutcracker to appear! Also Willow Tits and Yellow-browed Warblers and a most confiding<br />
Siberian Chipmunk!<br />
<strong>The</strong>n it was down the steep slope and into the Bukhtarma Valley. No time for more stops, though<br />
of course we had to investigate the little snake that a Red-backed Shrike had just caught. This<br />
proved to be a 20cm long Adder which seems a little tricky for a Red-backed Shrike to be<br />
tackling. Shortly after we watched as a Black Kite tried to out-manoeuvre a Stonechat in mid-air!<br />
<strong>The</strong>n we were down on tarmac again for the first time in many days. We drove westwards along<br />
the Bukhtarma Valley before going off road again and crossing to the northern side of the large<br />
river. <strong>The</strong> it was off on what seemed a long drive o’er hill and down dale – every time we thought<br />
we’d espied camp we just continued on past. A couple of Imperial Eagles soared low over the<br />
hilly landscape. <strong>The</strong> bee farm was in a wonderful setting. In a deep steep-sided valley where the<br />
Bukhtarma River plunged through the hills, the log cabins, a sauna (of course!) and our yourtas<br />
all sat by the banks of the river. As we settled into our ‘boys’ yourta we added another couple of<br />
butterfly species in the form of Chestnut Heath and False Ringlet.<br />
Day 11 June 24 th Burkhat Pass<br />
Though it was a two hour journey back to the top of the pass we all agreed that it was such a good<br />
area that we should go back there – and of course we’d spotted one or two likely looking spots en<br />
route!<br />
<strong>The</strong> drive back to the main road instigated a new game between the UAZs. <strong>The</strong> morning suslik<br />
count. We passed a couple of colonies of these endearing creatures. Vladimir’s UAZ won the day<br />
with a count of 17. <strong>The</strong> journey seemed much shorter in the morning and we were soon on the<br />
tarmac. <strong>The</strong> day’s first main stop was by a marshy area near the town. Ostensibly this was to<br />
check out the orchids growing there. <strong>The</strong>se proved to be of an as yet unidentified species (by us)<br />
of marsh orchid. A big surprise was another rather less obvious orchid species – Musk Orchid!<br />
This was flowering in exceptional numbers and in places there were clumps of perhaps twenty or<br />
thirty of them. However there was much more to be seen than this. Another species of<br />
<strong>The</strong>rmopsis was in flower as was Campanula sibirica and a really strange little plant with<br />
yellowish-white flowers with four lanceolate lobes and an obvious spur – we didn’t really know<br />
for sure which family to put this in at the time but Owen eventually tracked it down to the<br />
Gentianaceae. <strong>The</strong> name - Halenia corniculata. Beautiful Parnassia palustris was in flower and<br />
there were two species of blue-flowered Scutellarias. <strong>The</strong>re were blue butterflies everywhere –<br />
virtually all the same species though! It was an extensive colony of Silver-studded Blues. Some<br />
fine large frits were Dark Green Fritillaries and up on the roadside was at least one Lesser<br />
Marbled Fritillary. A Montagu’s Harrier coursed past us and there were several Yellow Wagtails<br />
present. As we drove off I saw a male Yellow-breasted Bunting fly up off the side of the road.<br />
<strong>The</strong>n it was off up the pass. We pursued a Black Woodpecker along the track for a few seconds<br />
before it dived off through the trees. We made a stop some two-thirds of the way up and walked<br />
along the track for twenty minutes. Nutcrackers called several times and along the trackside were<br />
numerous ringlets, Erebia jeniseiensis. <strong>The</strong> lovely little umbels of Cortusa altaica grew on the<br />
roadside cutting with some fine clumps of Aquilegia brevicalcarata, and on one bend, a<br />
15
tremendous display of Papaver nudicaule, here for some reason appearing in a bewildering array<br />
of yellows and oranges and even almost white and pinky-orange!<br />
We drove on up to the top of the pass in time for our picnic lunch. Immediately post lunch several<br />
of us aimed for the rocky pinnacles surrounded by snow on the crest of the ridge to our east. I<br />
took what appeared to be some kind of vehicle track through the tundra and in amongst the<br />
topmost knot of Siberian Pines found a lovely male Siberian Rubythroat singing away on top of<br />
one of the smaller pines. Just above were Mistle Thrushes, Black-throated Thrush, Hen Harrier<br />
and Yellow-browed Warblers and up on the snow itself were four Hodgson’s Rosy Finches.<br />
Amongst a wealth of different dwarf willows and a wide selection of the plants noted the day<br />
before Owen and Vladimir found Gentiana aquatica, a very tiny sky-blue gentian as well as<br />
Bottle Sedge, another cotton grass in the form of Eriophorum russoleum, several nice ferns and<br />
the pretty yellow-flowered Rhodiola rosea. Meanwhile … back on the other side of the road,<br />
Jeremy and Jane had finally found Ptarmigan and were dutifully doing the Ptarmigan imitations<br />
as instructed – a sight enjoyed by Clive and Sina who decided not to descend and look for the<br />
gamebird concerned! <strong>The</strong>y and Vladimir had seen a Black Vulture fly over – an uncommon bird<br />
in these parts. Further searching in this area revealed several good butterflies such as Asian<br />
Fritillary, Swallowtail and Pyrgus serratulae.<br />
Most of us spent the latter part of the afternoon walking down the track through the Siberian<br />
Pines, Owen even making it virtually all the way down to the valley grasslands! Near the top there<br />
were several Nutcrackers and Willow Tits in the trees and a superb male Eversmann’s Redstart –<br />
not really a typical habitat for this bird. A little further down and the Black Vulture flew past<br />
again – another raptor appeared briefly with it and I presumed this to be another, but those on the<br />
top – Clive, Sina and Margaret – saw it much better – it was in fact a Steppe Eagle. Margaret also<br />
managed two Upland Buzzards here. <strong>The</strong>re were plenty of butterflies on the slope include many<br />
of the aforementioned Erebia jeniseiensis and lots of apollos none of which stopped long enough<br />
to be identified. As Vladimir’s vehicle came down through the woods they saw Hazelhen on the<br />
track in front of them! <strong>The</strong>re were many fine plants seen on the way down – memorable was a<br />
group of Snowdon Lilies growing in a tight clump on the roadside cutting.<br />
Eventually we reached the bee farm where the sauna was up and going as usual. I pottered about<br />
on the slopes nearby for a while finding an iris and a tulipa species in seed, a Common<br />
Sandpipers nest with four eggs and a new butterfly perched on the side of one of the cabins –<br />
Lopinga achine.<br />
Day 12 June 25 th Kamenka to Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi<br />
An early morning walk produced little of interest in the bird line around the bee farm –<br />
Chaffinches, Great Tits and Chiffchaff! <strong>The</strong>re were some fine male Pine Buntings singing from<br />
the shrubbery above though. Two Rose-coloured Starlings sat upon one of the sheds and an early<br />
morning Imperial Eagle sailed along the ridge. We discovered the nasty stinging nettle Urtica<br />
cannabina was quite common around the camp, growing amidst the abundant Cannabis that<br />
populated any fallow land here!<br />
On the way out to the main road we confirmed that some of the buntings singing in the shrubbery<br />
were Meadow Buntings as we had suspected.<br />
16
We drove some way east along the main road towards the Mongolian and Russian border until we<br />
reached a police checkpoint where we had our passports checked and then after fifteen minutes or<br />
so we continued. <strong>The</strong> landscape was amazing here, lots of rocky hills, woodlands, river valleys<br />
and all backed by high mountains. Not far on down the road we came across a dead horse which<br />
was providing a feast for lots of Black Kites and several vultures. At least six Black Vultures sat<br />
around on rocks near the road as did three Griffon Vultures (now this is a rare vulture in the<br />
<strong>Altai</strong>!) and a single Imperial Eagle. It was a wonderful opportunity to see all these magnificent<br />
birds at close range. With the kites on the carcass was a single Hungarian Glider!<br />
Soon we passed into a forested landscape near to the river. This proved a marvellous place for<br />
butterflies though we hadn’t time to stop as we needed to get to Rakhmanovskie by lunchtime.<br />
We could only watch from the vehicles as butterflies scattered in all directions in front of us.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re were several large black and white ones which we supposed (and were later proved correct)<br />
were Poplar Admirals. After many kilometres of this terrain we suddenly turned uphill and<br />
followed a deteriorating track high up into the hills soon passing into Siberian Pine woodland.<br />
Eventually we crested a rise (probably around 2000m) and saw a most wonderful scene in front of<br />
us – seemingly behind the next green ridge of high hills, the magnificent 4506m Belukha<br />
Mountain rose high into the sky – the whole of the top half of the mountain glistening white in<br />
the sunshine. In the foreground our track snaked off through green woods and bogs – making for<br />
a sensational landscape photograph.<br />
We arrived at the ‘resort’ at about one. After the initial difficulty in finding anybody we<br />
eventually came up with another Tatyana who seemed to know what was what. After we’d settled<br />
into our spartan rooms it was possible to take in the situation. <strong>The</strong> resort exists because there are<br />
hot radon springs here with supposed health giving properties though it has to be said that most of<br />
the visitors clearly entrusted their enjoyment of the place to vodka! Several cottages surround the<br />
spring and these are in the most wonderful setting – surrounded by mostly pristine Siberian Pine<br />
forests, mountain meadows and bogs, and above these rocky peaks. I for one could barely wait to<br />
get out exploring! Even as we trod the path past the springs a Siberian Rubythroat sang from atop<br />
a small pine down by the river. <strong>The</strong> boggy areas by the lake here were a show of flowers with<br />
Common Spotted Orchid in good flower and Grass of Parnassus just opening. A Chequered<br />
Skipper stopped only briefly. <strong>The</strong> Lake held quite a surprise – there were Velvet Scoter in some<br />
numbers on it! <strong>The</strong>se were in good breeding plumage and the males certainly looked a picture.<br />
We were in for even more of a surprise shortly afterwards when we found that Black-throated<br />
Divers were also in residence – there can be few finer sights than these beautiful birds in full<br />
summer plumage.<br />
<strong>The</strong> path round the lake took us through some stunning Siberian Pine Forests, interspersed with<br />
boggy areas dominated by sphagnum. Great tassels of ‘Spanish Moss’ hung from the trees – those<br />
who’ve walked in cloudforests in the tropics would recognize the scene! Amongst the sphagnum<br />
grew patches of Gentiana grandiflora, Wood Sorrel and Saxifraga punctata. <strong>The</strong> brilliant pink<br />
flowers of Primula sibirica were a choice find though there were only a few of these, something<br />
that one couldn’t say of the clubmosses which decorated the forest floor. We encountered no less<br />
than four species – Stagshorn Clubmoss, Running Pine, Interrupted Clubmoss and Pine (Fir)<br />
Clubmoss. Lesser and Round-leaved Wintergreens were common and we also saw<br />
Chrysosplenium tienshanicum and Equisteum pratense. <strong>The</strong>re was little in the way of birdlife to<br />
be seen in the trees – only some Willow Tits joining the noisy Siberian Chipmunks – however<br />
later I wandered up through the forest a little and found that patient birding could be rewarded<br />
here with some rather special species, namely a first year male Pine Grosbeak and a superb<br />
17
Siberian Tit. Several Crossbills flew over and a male Eversmann’s Redstart sang from a small<br />
tree by the edge of some big boulder scree. Back at the resort Vladimir was watching Pacific<br />
Swifts fly over.<br />
Day 13 June 26 th Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi to Bee Farm at Kamenka<br />
After the evening discoveries up in the forest we decided upon an early morning ‘bird walk’ up<br />
into the same area. Much as yesterday little happened for the first half an hour although the early<br />
hour meant the voracious mosquitoes had not yet materialised. As they did so too did the birds. A<br />
brief glimpse of a Northern Three-toed Woodpecker was followed by two stunning Pine<br />
Grosbeaks which performed well down to a few metres. <strong>The</strong>y took little notice of us, rather living<br />
up to one of their colloquial names which is “Silly Fool”. Soon after a female Goshawk started<br />
calling in a nearby treetop and, as if she wasn’t happy about the view we had of her, she flew into<br />
the open for us and sat the shouting about something – absolutely stunning views – she was full<br />
frame in the telescope! A White-backed Woodpecker joined in to make the forest a more noisy<br />
place than it had seemed possible to be.<br />
After breakfast we started on the second of the two hard-ish walks of the trip – this one a steady<br />
uphill slog rising some five hundred metres in altitude. A superb Grey-headed Woodpecker called<br />
from a dead tree and we noted Bluethroats, Tree Pipits and Stonechats on the way up. One of the<br />
best birds was a Pallas’s Grasshopper Warbler whose atypical ‘locustella’ song drew attention to<br />
it as it sang away from atop a small bush. Sadly it disappeared and none of us had the energy or<br />
inclination to go over and look for it! By now we were wading through great swathes of blue<br />
Aquilegia glandulosa. It was a truly amazing sight as perhaps a million flowering heads waved in<br />
the breeze. And this backed by snow-capped peaks and the forested slopes rising from the lake<br />
now far below us. Grey Marmots shrill warning calls could be heard on the ridge above and we<br />
had quite good views of them through the telescope.<br />
As we neared the ridgetop itself the turf grew shorter but the colour blue still predominated as<br />
Gentiana grandiflora took over from the aquilegia. Here it was truly abundant and it came in<br />
every shade of blue as well as a few almost white ones and a couple of clumps of superb pink<br />
specimens located by Wim. Growing in a stoney patch amongst these were some of the finest<br />
yellow Iris bloudowii we’d seen. Erebea ligea was common on these slopes but that was about it<br />
in the butterfly line.<br />
Once we reached the pass the views to the north were astounding. Belukha was no longer a<br />
distant snow-capped mountain but now rose from the folded green landscape below and climbed<br />
glacier clad into the sky before us. <strong>The</strong>re was a lot of snow and ice on that mountain! <strong>The</strong> land in<br />
between us and the mountain appeared completely uninhabited as it may well be – the border<br />
between Russia and Kazakhstan ran somewhere along there.<br />
Pacific Swifts raced past us at high speed –they were so quick it was difficult to get a good look at<br />
them. I walked up onto some big boulder scree to the east of the pass and soon noted a large dark<br />
bird sat upon the skyline – I never got a really good view but it surely must have been a Great<br />
Rosefinch? Soon afterwards another new bird appeared – this time an <strong>Altai</strong> (also known as<br />
Himalayan) Accentor which was later joined by its mate.<br />
18
Descending through Ranunculus altaicus and the gentians we encountered more marmots and a<br />
huge fistulose onion standing a metre tall – probably Allium altaicum.<br />
After lunch at the café we set off for the Bee Farm at Kamenka. Several stops were made en route<br />
at places we’d ear-marked on the way up. <strong>The</strong> first was to photograph the ‘don’t set fire to bears’<br />
sign. Next up was a quick count of the Velvet Scoter on the lower lake – between the two lakes<br />
there was at least 65 birds. <strong>The</strong>n a couple of fine specimens of Primula sibirica. Back down by<br />
Bukhtarma’s northern tributary we passed several more of the large black and white butterflies<br />
before, with Sasha’s careful driving, we managed to pull up next to one – it (and they) were<br />
indeed Polar Admirals and they were clearly common along this stretch of road. So too were the<br />
ticks as anyone who ventured off the dirt road found out! From the relative safety of the track it<br />
was possible to see Oak Fern growing with Equisetum hyemale and pink-flowered Myricaria<br />
bracteata. Landing by puddles was the distinctive Erebia cyclopius and also Large Skipper.<br />
We again pulled up by the dead horse which had an extraordinary number of Black Kites<br />
‘cleaning’ it. On the roadside cliffs were perched four Black Vultures, one of them perched<br />
cheek-by-jowl with a Griffon Vulture making for easy comparison. Also providing exceptional<br />
views was one of two Imperial Eagles. Three superb Wrynecks were spotted on fence posts as we<br />
followed the Bukhtarma Valley westwards. Eventually we rolled up at the bee farm in time for<br />
sauna and some much-anticipated food prepared by Olga.<br />
Day 14 June 27 th Kamenka to Ust-Kamenogorsk<br />
<strong>The</strong> journey back to Ust-Kamenogrosk was a long one so once we had packed up and set off<br />
about nine there was to be little opportunity to stop until we’d crossed Zaysan on the ferry – the<br />
one o’clock ferry being the only one before five in the evening! Every twenty miles or so we<br />
passed through villages most of which had extensive and obvious cemeteries a mile or so outside.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se were extraordinary to our eyes. Each grave was covered in a metal frame somewhat like a<br />
small mausoleum and each was topped by a moon and sun. Many were painted bright colours.<br />
We’d seen similar cemeteries elsewhere but it was clear that in this valley they took the<br />
remembrance of the dead seriously in this valley.<br />
On the ferry we watched the Swallows, Tree Sparrows and Masked Wagtails that were all nesting<br />
on the ferry, the latter was using the car radiator grills to good effect as a productive feeding<br />
station. On the other side we filed into the little yourta service area and took a rather superb meal<br />
of pirmeni (a little like ravioli), some very tasty pasties, and lots of tea as it was now very hot. In<br />
fact we were later to find out that it was 42°C in Ust-Kamenogrosk today.<br />
Refreshed we climbed back into our vehicles and soon stopped hy some roadside steppe. It was<br />
very flowery here and the general impression was of high summer which was in some contrast to<br />
the early spring feel we had experienced upon the high pass above Rakhmanovskie the day<br />
before. Pink Allium hymenorrhizum was common along with abundant Salvia deserti and the<br />
white sprays of Gypsophila paniculata. Olga collected a good deal of the latter – it was clearly<br />
important the shamanistic medicine she practised. Beautiful delphiniums escaped identification.<br />
We pulled up by a yourta service area for a brief stop. This is a superb spot for butterflies and we<br />
could have done with much more time here. Still there was time to find two new admiral species<br />
in the form of Limenitis sydyi and Limenitis helmanni. Hungarian Glider, Holly Blue, Essex<br />
19
Skipper and a number of plebeius and polyommatus blues were also in evidence. Bunias<br />
orientalis grew here and a warbler singing in the willows by a stream must surely have been a<br />
Barred Warbler? We stopped again briefly by the Scots Pine relict forests atop the Kalbinskiy<br />
Hills. Sadly again it was all to brief though we did have time to see Esper’s Marbled White,<br />
Eastern Bath White and the diminutive Colias tyche. By the roadside grew a white form of<br />
Veronica multifida and the pretty white Geranium affine, this species with much larger white<br />
flowers than Geranium albiflorum.<br />
Eventually we arrived into Ust-Kamenogorsk. We said goodbye to Sasha and Olga before settling<br />
into the hotel and later went for a farewell meal at the excellent café – pizzas all round!<br />
Day 15 June 28 th Almaty<br />
<strong>The</strong> next morning we said farewell to Valery and Andrei at the airport as we caught the two hour<br />
flight to Almaty. <strong>The</strong> big city came as something of a shock after the past two weeks! After a very<br />
nice lunch in the hotel café we spent the afternoon relaxing (or packing?) or visiting the beautiful<br />
wooden cathedral in a nearby park. A huge painting inside the cathedral was of particular interest<br />
as it depicted not only the local bishop and benefactor but also the last Tsar and Tsarina and all<br />
their family.<br />
Some even had time to visit the state museum or to go shopping in the department stores before<br />
we all met up for a wonderful last evening meal where our local agent Alexander put on a superb<br />
spread for us.<br />
Day 16 June 29 th Return to the UK<br />
I went down to the airport with Vladimir at about midnight to meet our next group who were<br />
arriving on a holiday to the Tien Shan. <strong>The</strong>y arrived on time so by the time I was dropped off<br />
again at the Hotel Almaty it was time for all of us to go the airport and say goodbye to<br />
Kazakhstan for another year.<br />
20
Systematic List Number 1 Birds<br />
<strong>The</strong> taxonomy is largely taken from Professor Edward Gavrilov’s summary of status and<br />
distribution to be found in the ‘Guide to the Birds of the Kazakhstan Republic’ published in 2000.<br />
A few common names and subspecies details are taken from MacKinnon and Phillipps’s Birds of<br />
China also published in 2000.<br />
To give an idea of frequency of sightings we give a figure at the end of the comments section<br />
which indicates the number of days out of 14 on which a species was seen – 6/14 means that a<br />
species was noted on 6 days out of 14. ‘Leader only records’ are indicated by the leaders initials –<br />
IG = Ian Green, VK = Vladimir Kolbintsev.<br />
Itinerary in brief –<br />
June 15 th Daytrip from Almaty to Cim Bulak and the Tyuk-su Gate<br />
June 16 th Full day journey across the Kalbinskiy Hills and through the Zaysan Desert to camp on<br />
north shore of Lake Zaysan<br />
June 17 th Morning at the Kiin Kerish canyon and afternoon at a Spring near there, both in the<br />
Zaysan Desert<br />
June 18 th Journey from Zaysan to Markakol. Some time on Zaysan’s shore and at various points en<br />
route including the Marble Pass near Alexeevka on the Chinese Border<br />
June 19 th Full day at Markakol – walks from the village<br />
June 20 th Full day at Markakol – walk to the ‘Cold Pass’<br />
June 21 st Full day at Markakol – a little further out from the village<br />
June 22 nd Full day at Markakol – road towards Burkhat – the Alatay Pass<br />
June 23 rd Journey north across the south <strong>Altai</strong> and the Burkhat Pass, descent into the Bukhtarma<br />
Rift<br />
Valley and then staying at Kamenka ‘bee farm’<br />
June 24 th Full day on and near the Burkhat Pass<br />
June 25 th Morning journey to Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi and afternoon are upper lake and pine<br />
forests<br />
June 26 th Early morning pine forests and then up to pass to the north. Afternoon journey back to<br />
Kamenka<br />
June 27 th Journey from Kamenka in the Bukhtarma Valley west to Ust-Kamenogorsk<br />
June 28 th Ust-Kamenogorsk to Almaty. Afternoon free in city<br />
Black-throated Diver Gavia arctica One of the most surprising finds of the trip<br />
was an adult in breeding plumage on<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi<br />
Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus Only seen around Lake Zaysan where seen<br />
on 3 days<br />
Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 1 at first Zaysan ferry crossing and 3 at the<br />
second<br />
Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus 1 noted at the first Zaysan ferry crossing and<br />
then up to a maximum of 8 by the Zaysan<br />
shore camp. 3/14<br />
Great White Egret Egretta alba 2 near Zaysan shore camp<br />
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 1 at Frankfurt Arport en route!<br />
Black Stork Ciconia nigra Singles noted daily at Markakol. 5/14<br />
Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea Scattered. 6/14<br />
Gadwall Anas strepera A few at both Zaysan Lake and at Markakol.<br />
4/14<br />
Wigeon Anas penelope A few at both Zaysan Lake and at<br />
Markakol. Max daily count 6. 5/14<br />
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Scarce. 2/14<br />
21
Pintail Anas acuta A few at Zaysan Lake. Max daily counts<br />
10+. 4/14<br />
Garganey Anas querquedula 7 at Lake Zaysan and a male at Markakol.<br />
2/14<br />
Shoveler Anas clypeata Quite common at Lake Zaysan. A male at<br />
Markakol. 4/14<br />
Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina Max count of 6 at Lake Zaysan. 2/14<br />
Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula Quite common on Markakol and a few on<br />
both lakes at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. 5/14<br />
Pochard Aythya ferina 3 at Lake Zaysan and c.12 at Markakol. 2/14<br />
Goldeneye Clangula bucephala Very common at Markakol where counts of<br />
500+! Also 2+ at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi.<br />
4/14<br />
Velvet Scoter Melanitta deglandi 50+ on the upper lake and 15+ on the lower<br />
lake at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi constituted<br />
quite a sizeable breeding colony! 2/14<br />
Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator 7+ females and immatures on Markakol<br />
Black Kite Milvus migrans Widespread and abundant. 13/14<br />
Black Vulture Aegypius monachus 1 over the Burkhat Pass. 6 by the dead horse<br />
on first pass and 4+ on the second! 3/14<br />
Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus A rare bird in the <strong>Altai</strong>. 3 birds by the dead<br />
horse on the first pass and 1 on the second.<br />
2/14<br />
Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus Scattered. 5/14<br />
Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus Noted almost daily in the Markakol, Burkhat<br />
and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi areas. 7/14<br />
Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Fabulous views of a female at<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi<br />
Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus Scattered singles. 4/14<br />
Common Buzzard Buteo buteo ‘vulpinus’ race? Noted most days. Max daily<br />
count 4. 10/14<br />
Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus A total of 3 in the Zaysan Desert. 2/14<br />
Upland Buzzard Buteo hemilasius 10+ a day in the Zaysan desert area, mostly<br />
between the camp site and Kiin Kerish<br />
Canyon. Also 2 seen from the Burkhat Pass.<br />
4/14<br />
Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis 2 in the Kalbinskiy Hills, 3+ in the Zaysan<br />
Desert and 1 over the Burkhat Pass. 3/14<br />
Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca 3 in the Kalbinskiy Hills, 2 between the<br />
Burkhat Pass and Kamenka Bee Farm, 2 en<br />
route to Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi and 2 at the<br />
dead horse. 4/14<br />
White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Max daily count along the shore by Zaysan<br />
Camp was 3! 3/14<br />
Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni 4+ on the hill above the spring at Zaysan.<br />
May have been missed elsewhere<br />
Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Widespread except in Markakol area. 6/14<br />
Hobby Falco subbuteo Scattered. 6/14<br />
Saker Falco cherrug 1 in the Zaysan Desert near Kiin Kerish<br />
Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus 1 seen and plenty of signs noted on the<br />
Burkhat Pass<br />
Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix A female seen on the dry hill north of<br />
Markakol. Feathers and signs noted in variety<br />
of areas at Markakol.<br />
Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus A female with several young seen at very<br />
close range a little south of Markakol<br />
Hazelhen Tetrastes bonasia 2 on the road down from the Burkhat Pass<br />
Quail Coturnix coturnix Head pretty much everywhere and seen<br />
occasionally too. 10/14<br />
22
Corncrake Crex crex Heard and seen (VK) in Cim Bulak, Almaty.<br />
Heard in the Kalbinskiy Hills where also seen<br />
(IG) and also around Markakol. 5/14<br />
Coot Fulica atra 1 at Zaysan Camp<br />
Demoiselle Crane Anthropoides virgo Max count of 9 on the shores of Lake Zaysan<br />
including a foot tall youngster who walked<br />
off into the desert! Also 2 near Alexeevka<br />
and 2 en route to Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi.<br />
3/14<br />
Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata Should probably now be called MacQueen’s<br />
Bustard. Singles noted twice near the Zaysan<br />
camp – one by Yuri, then a male by several<br />
of us<br />
Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus Max of 2 along shores of Lake Zaysan. 2/14<br />
Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus Scattered along shores of Lake Zaysan. 3/14<br />
Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius Common around Zaysan and 1 in the<br />
Bukhtarma Valley. 4/14<br />
Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus A few by Zaysan Camp. 2/14<br />
Lapwing Vanellus vanellus Scattered along Zaysan’s shore. 3/14<br />
Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago 1 in the Kalbinskiy Hills<br />
Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 5+ on Zaysan’s shore<br />
Curlew Numenius arquata 1 on Zaysan’s shore<br />
Common Redshank Tringa totanus Common along Zaysan’s shore. 3/14<br />
Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus 1 at Markakol (OM)<br />
Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Markakol, Bukhtarma River and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. Nest with 4 eggs<br />
found. 5/14<br />
Great Black-headed Gull Larus ichthyaetus Count of 56+ birds by the camp was the most<br />
at Lake Zaysan. Only 1 on Markakol. 3/14<br />
Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus Scattered around Zaysan. 4/14<br />
‘Herring’ Gull Larus ‘argentatus’ Scattered around Zaysan. 4/14 – most<br />
seemed to be of the ‘barabensis’ race?<br />
Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica Noted at Lake Zaysan. 2/14<br />
Caspian Tern Sterna caspia 28 by the Zaysan Camp<br />
Common Tern Sterna hirundo Noted near most areas of water. 5/14<br />
Little Tern Sterna albifrons Quite common along Zaysan’s shores. 3./14<br />
White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus Very common by the Zaysan Camp. 3/14<br />
Pallas’s Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes paradoxus Max daily count of about 30 in the Zaysan<br />
Desert – commonest on gravel plains near the<br />
spring. Nest found with eggs at Kiin Kerish.<br />
3/14<br />
Rock Dove Columba livia Widespread. 7/14<br />
Rufous Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis Widespread. 11/14<br />
Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus Heard daily at Markakol and on the north-<br />
facing slopes below the Burkhat Pass. Seen<br />
only once at the first bridge across the Kara<br />
Kaba River at the foot of the ‘Austrian<br />
Road’. 6/14<br />
Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Widespread and sometimes very common.<br />
Common in same areas as above species too.<br />
12/14<br />
Eagle Owl Bubo bubo Pellets found in the Kiin Kerish Canyon,<br />
Zaysan Desert<br />
Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus 1 at the camp by the shore of Lake Zaysan<br />
Common Swift Apus apus Noted in Cim Bulak, Almaty and common at<br />
the Kiin Kerish canyon, Zaysan Desert. 2/14<br />
Pacific Swift Apus pacificus Quite common at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi.<br />
2/14<br />
23
European Bee-eater Merops apiaster 3+ noted near Alexeevka and 7+ in the<br />
Bukhtarma Valley. 2/14<br />
Roller Coracias garrulus 2 near Alexeevka<br />
Hoopoe Upupa epops Scattered. 6/14<br />
Wryneck Jynx torquilla 3 on fenceposts near the dead horse en route<br />
from Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi<br />
Grey-headed Woodpecker Picus canus 2 seen very well on way up to pass on north<br />
side of Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi<br />
Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius 1 seen on the way up to the Cold Pass at<br />
Markakol and 1 on route down from the<br />
Burkhat Pass. 2/14<br />
Northern Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus A female seen well on the Cold Pass above<br />
Markakol and almost certainly another seen<br />
in pines across the lake at Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi.<br />
White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopus leucotus 1 seen in pines across the lake at<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi<br />
Calandra Lark Melanocorypha calandra 1 seen near Zaysan Camp – probably passed<br />
a good number more<br />
Black Lark Melanocorypha yeltoniensis One of the commonest birds in the Zaysan<br />
Desert with daily counts of 50+. Especially<br />
common just away from Zaysan’s shore and<br />
even seen displaying above the wetland<br />
around Zaysan Camp! 3/14<br />
White-winged Lark Melanocorypha leucoptera 3+ (probably 4 birds) seen 200m from<br />
Zaysan’s shore about 3km from our camp.<br />
According to Yuri there are only two<br />
previous records from the area. <strong>The</strong>se birds<br />
appeared to represent two pairs probably on<br />
territory<br />
Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla 1+ in the Zaysan Desert<br />
Asian Short-toed Lark Calandrella cheelensis Scattered in the drier gravelly parts of<br />
Zaysan. Drives through the desert put up<br />
hundreds of small larks that were not<br />
identified specifically. 3/14<br />
Oriental Skylark Alauda gulgula Surprisingly seemed to one of the most<br />
abundant larks in the Zaysan Desert! 2/14<br />
Skylark Alauda arvensis Widespread (including Zaysan). 8/14<br />
Shorelark Eremophila alpestris Scattered in the Zaysan Desert! 2/14<br />
Sand Martin Riparia riparia Common around Lake Zaysan. 5/14<br />
Swallow Hirundo rustica Widespread. 14/14<br />
House Martin Delichon urbica Only seen on one day above Markakol<br />
Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris Scattered in drier habitats. 6/14<br />
Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis Common around Markakol, Burkhat Pass and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. Nest with eggs<br />
found. 8/14<br />
Water Pipit Anthus spinoletta Common on the Burkhat Pass and above<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. Nest with eggs<br />
found. 3/14<br />
Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Several of the ‘beema’ race noted at Zaysan<br />
along with a few ‘feldegg’ but most in this<br />
area seemed to be the race ‘melanogrisea’.<br />
5/14<br />
Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea Common in the hills. 11/14<br />
Masked Wagtail Motacilla personata Widespread. 12/14<br />
Himalayan (<strong>Altai</strong>) Accentor Prunella himalayana 2 on boulder screes above the pass north of<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi (IG)<br />
24
Black-throated Accentor Prunella atrogularis 1 at Tyuk-su, Cim Bulak, Almaty. 1 near<br />
upper limit of Siberian Pine forest on north<br />
side of the Burhkat Pass and 1 on way up<br />
pass on the north side of Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi (IG). 3/14<br />
Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos Heard in a few localities. 3/14<br />
Bluethroat Luscinia svecica Common on the Burkhat Pass and a few at<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. 4/14<br />
Siberian Rubythroat Luscinia calliope Max of 2 seen on each visit to the Burkhat<br />
Pass including a couple of fine males. Also<br />
noted on both days at Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. 4/14<br />
Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus Widespread and common in wooded areas of<br />
the hills. 6/14<br />
Eversmann’s Redstart Phoenicurus erythronotus Males seen on the Burkhat Pass (IG) and in<br />
boulder scree amid Siberian Pines across the<br />
lake at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi (IG). 2/14<br />
Stonechat Saxicola torquata Widespread and locally abundant. 11/14<br />
Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina Common in the Zaysan Desert and in the<br />
Bukhtarma Valley. 6/14<br />
Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe Widespread. 7/14<br />
Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka Widespread. 6/14<br />
Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti Only noted at Kiin Kerish in the Zaysan<br />
Desert<br />
Blackbird Turdus merula Only seen in Almaty<br />
Fieldfare Turdus pilaris A few at Markakol and on the Burkhat Pass.<br />
3/14<br />
Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus Common in the hills. 8/14<br />
Black-throated Thrush Turdus atrogularis Quite common in the hills. Max daily count<br />
about 6. 6/14<br />
Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus Heard at Tyuk-su Gate, Cim Bulak, Almaty<br />
Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia Heard at Cim Bulak, Almaty<br />
Pallas’s Grasshopper Warbler Locustella certhiola One seen well above Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi – also singing (IG)<br />
Blyth’s Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum Common in meadow herbage and forest<br />
understory around Markakol – also scattered<br />
elsewhere – common in song at night. 4/14<br />
<strong>Altai</strong> Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca altai Common in the hills. 5/14<br />
Desert Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia minutula Several seen at Kiin Kerish, Zaysan Desert<br />
Common Whitethroat Sylvia communis Scattered. 3/14<br />
Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides Quite common in woodlands and forests.<br />
4/14<br />
Hume’s Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus humei A few above Cim Bulak, Almaty<br />
Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus Common in forest around Markakol, Burkhat<br />
Pass and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi, 6/14<br />
Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus 4+ seen in tundra with a few small trees on<br />
the Burkhat Pass<br />
Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita Quite widespread - interesting song! 7/14<br />
Goldcrest Regulus regulus Heard at Markakol and on the Burkhat Pass<br />
Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata 1 below the Burkhat Pass and 2 at<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. 2/14<br />
Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus 1 below the Cold Pass, Markakol (VK)<br />
Great Tit Parus major Widespread. 7/14<br />
Siberian Tit Parus cinctus 1 seen in Siberian Pines across the lake at<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi (IG)<br />
Coal Tit Parus ater Singles at Markakol and Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. 2/14<br />
Willow Tit Parus montanus Common in all wooded areas in the <strong>Altai</strong>.<br />
6/14<br />
25
Nuthatch Sitta europaea Scattered in wooded areas. 4/14<br />
Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus Noted by the hotel in Ust-Kamenogorsk, a<br />
male seen en route between Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi and Kamenka and heard in the<br />
Bukhtarma Valley. 3/14<br />
Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio Common. 7/14<br />
Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor Singles seen near Alexeevka and en route to<br />
Ust-Kamenogorsk. A ‘grey shrike’ perching<br />
on saxaul in the desert at Zaysan was almost<br />
certainly a ‘funereus’ race Great Grey Shrike,<br />
but we didn’t see it well enough to be sure<br />
Magpie Pica pica Widespread. 13/14<br />
Nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes Not uncommon on the Burkhat Pass and also<br />
at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. Max daily count<br />
5. 4/14<br />
Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax 3 above Cim Bulak, Almaty<br />
Jackdaw Corvus monedula Quite common away from forests. 7/14<br />
Rook Corvus frugilegus Quite common away from forests. 6/14<br />
Carrion Crow Corvus corone Subspecies ‘orientalis’. Widespread. 13/14<br />
Hooded Crow Corvus corone Subspecies ‘cornix’. Noted at Ust-<br />
Kemenogorsk and 1 at Kamenka. Hybrids<br />
between this subspecies and above seen at<br />
Ust-Kamenogorsk<br />
Raven Corvus corax Widespread in low numbers. 7/14<br />
Starling Sturnus vulgaris Widespread. 13/14<br />
Rose-coloured Starling Sturnus roseus Locally abundant but absent from most areas<br />
we visited. Many hundreds along the main<br />
road on the way into the desert and at the<br />
spring in Zaysan but thereafter only 2 seen!<br />
5/14<br />
House Sparrow Passer indicus Noted in villages etc. 8/14<br />
Tree Sparrow Passer montanus Locally quite common. 7/14<br />
Grey-headed Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis caniceps Widespread. 9/14<br />
Linnet Carduelis cannabina Widespread. 7/14<br />
Twite Carduelis flavirostris Max of 3 on each visit to the Burkhat Pass.<br />
2/14<br />
Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs 1 at Markakol and 1 at the bee farm<br />
Kamenka. 2/14<br />
Hodgson’s Rosy Finch Leucosticte arctoa 2 on the first visit to the Burkhat Pass and 4<br />
there on the 2 nd visit. 2/14<br />
Mongolian Trumpeter Finch Rhodopechys mongolicus 20+ around the Kiin Kerish Canyon and at<br />
least 1 at the spring later the same day<br />
Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus Widespread. 10/14<br />
Great Rosefinch Carpodacus roseus ?A single female on the boulder screes above<br />
the pass north of Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi<br />
must surely have been this species but only<br />
seen from a distance (IG & VK)<br />
Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator Male seen and several heard on the first visit<br />
to the pines across the lake at<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi and male and<br />
female seen the next morning and another<br />
pair heard. 2/14<br />
Crossbill Loxia curvirostra Up to 6 seen on each visit to the<br />
pines across<br />
the lake at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. 2/14<br />
Pine Bunting Emberiza leucocephalos Two males at Markakol and several seen at<br />
and around the bee farm at Kamenka. 4/14<br />
Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella Males seen twice in the Markakol area. 2/14<br />
Rock Bunting Emberiza cia A male seen on the Marble Pass (IG)<br />
26
Meadow Bunting Emberiza cioides A male seen well near the bee farm,<br />
Kamenka and several other birds seen as we<br />
drove around this area were surely this<br />
species<br />
Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana Common in the hills. 7/14<br />
Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola Males noted along the roads in the Buktarma<br />
Valley. 2/14<br />
Red-headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps Scattered. 6/14<br />
27
Systematic List Number 2 Mammals<br />
Northern Serotine Bat Eptesicus nilssoni 1 watched flying around at Midday and then<br />
feeding amongst birch leaves<br />
Red-cheeked Suslik Spermophilus erythrogenus Not uncommon in the Zaysan Desert. 3/14<br />
Long-tailed Suslik Spermophilus undulatus Locally common, particularly near the bee<br />
farm at Kamenka. Max daily count of 17.<br />
6/14<br />
Siberian Chipmunk Eutamius sibiricus Quite frequent in wooded areas of the <strong>Altai</strong>.<br />
Max daily count 6. 6/14<br />
Red Squirrel Sciurus vulgaris Singles on the Cold Pass, Markakol and at<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. <strong>The</strong> local race is<br />
almost black all over except for a striking<br />
creamy-white underside. 2/14<br />
Lagurus luteus This strange bundle of grey fur is a tertiary<br />
relict species and has few modern-day<br />
relatives. Quite common in the Zaysan<br />
Desert! 2/14<br />
Gregory’s Vole Microtus gregoricus Several seen amid the tundra on the Burkhat<br />
Pass<br />
Greater Jerboa Allactaga major 50+ seen on night walk in Zaysan (IG)<br />
Lesser Jerboa Allactaga elaphus At least 1 seen on night walk in Zaysan (IG)<br />
Stelodipus telum (a small eared jerboa). 2 on night walk in<br />
Zaysan (IG)<br />
Grey Marmot Marmota bibacinia Heard above Cim Bulak, Almaty. Several<br />
seen on the pass above Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi and signs noted elsewhere<br />
<strong>Altai</strong> Pika ?????? Singles seen in large boulder scree on the<br />
Cold Pass and on the Burkhat Pass and heard<br />
on several occasions. 4/14<br />
Mountain Hare Lepus timidus 3 seen on night walk at Markakol (IG) and 2<br />
on night walk at bee farm, Kamenka (IG).<br />
2/14<br />
Wolverine Gulo gulo A dead animal found below the Alatay Pass<br />
north of Markakol - this had been poached as<br />
the skin had been removed<br />
Badger Meles meles Tracks seen around the Zaysan Camp<br />
Wolf Lupus lupus None seen but tracks seen at Zaysan camp<br />
and dung seen elsewhere<br />
Fox Vulpes vulpes 1 superb looking animal seen on the Burkhat<br />
Pass - a mixture of reds and greys!<br />
Brown Bear Ursos arctos Tracks from two bears seen 1 km from the<br />
village at Markakol<br />
28
Systematic List Number 3 Butterflies<br />
<strong>The</strong> taxonomy and nomenclature for the following list has been taken from ‘Die Tagfalter<br />
Nordwestasiens’ by Lukhtanov and Lukhtanov (1994)<br />
Papilionidae<br />
Papilio machaon Swallowtail Rather scarce – seen mostly on high passes.<br />
4/14<br />
Iphiclides podalirius Scarce Swallowtail 1 between Ust-Kamenogorsk and Zaysan<br />
Parnassius ariadne 1 seen well and photographed on route up the<br />
Cold Pass at Markakol<br />
Parnassius phoebus Small Apollo 2 probably this species photographed on the<br />
dry hill north of Markakol and 4+ almost<br />
certainly this species on the way up the<br />
Alatay Pass. 2/14<br />
Parnassius apollo Apollo Subspecies ‘alpherakyi’. Seen above Cim<br />
Bulak, Almaty and 2+ between Kamenka and<br />
Ust-Kamenogorsk. 2/14<br />
Pieridae<br />
Anthocharis cardamines Orange-Tip Widespread in low numbers. 7/14<br />
Aporia crataegi Black-veined White Widespread. 9/14<br />
Colias erate Eastern Pale Clouded Yellow Probably widespread but only identified with<br />
certainty on 4 days. Certainly there were<br />
other Colias species present that went<br />
unidentified<br />
Colias tyche 1 seen on the ‘Scots Pine’ Pass in the<br />
Kalbinskiy Hills<br />
Gonepteryx rhami Brimstone Noted in the Kalbinskiy Hills and 1 on the<br />
Alatay Pass. 3/14<br />
Leptidea morsei At times the commonest of the wood whites<br />
at Markakol. Distinctive with pronounced<br />
‘cross-bars’ on the hindwings and slightly<br />
more attentuated forewings. 3/14<br />
Leptidea sinapis Wood White Markakol. 3/14<br />
Pieris brassicae Large White Scattered. 6/14<br />
Pieris napi muechi Green-veined White Widespread. 8/14<br />
Pieris rapae Small White Only seen in Almaty at the Cathedral!<br />
Euchloe ausonia pulverata Eastern Dappled White ?Probably this species above Cim Bulak,<br />
Almaty<br />
Pontia edusa Eastern Bath White Widespread and common<br />
Metaporia leucodice Noted at Cim Bulak, Almaty<br />
Lycaenidae<br />
Celastrina argiolus Holly Blue Only noted at the yourta service area in the<br />
Kalbinskiy Hills<br />
Cupido osiris Osiris Blue <strong>The</strong> commonest blue in the Markakol area.<br />
3/14<br />
Cupido minimus Small Blue Also very common at Markakol. 2/14<br />
Cupido buddhista Noted at Cim Bulak, Almaty<br />
Scolitantides orion Chequered Blue 1 on the Marble Pass and 3+ on the dry hill<br />
north of Markakol. 2/14<br />
Maculinea sp Large Blue sp 1 seen on the Alatay Pass<br />
Plebeius idas Idas Blue In the hotel garden at Ust-Kamenogorsk<br />
Plebeius argus Silver-studded Blue A colony of hundreds at the ‘orchid’ marsh in<br />
the Bukhtarma Valley<br />
29
Plebeius pylaon Zephyr Blue Noted between Ust-Kamenogorsk and<br />
Zaysan and several at the yourta service area<br />
there on the way back. 2/14<br />
Aricia artaxerxes Mountain Argus Subspecies ‘strandi’. Seen on the Alatay and<br />
Bukhtarma Passes. 2/14<br />
Eumedonia eumedon Geranium Argus <strong>The</strong> commonest blue in meadows between<br />
Markakol and the Burkhat pass. 2/14<br />
Cyaniris semiargus Mazarine Blue Scattered. 5/14<br />
Agrodiaetus amandus Amanda’s Blue 1 on the Alatay Pass<br />
Polyommatus icarus Common Blue Only noted on the Alatay Pass<br />
Nymphalidae<br />
Argynnis aglaja Dark Green Fritillary Only seen at the ‘orchid marsh’ in the<br />
Bukhtarma Valley<br />
Argynnis pandora Cardinal Singles in the Kalbinskiy Hills and Marble<br />
Pass. 2/14<br />
Clossiana euphrosyne Pearl-bordered Fritillary A few in the Markakol area. 2/14<br />
Issoria lathonia Queen of Spain Fritillary Scattered. 5/14<br />
Brenthis ino Lesser Marbled Fritillary 1 at the ‘orchid marsh’ in the Bukhtarma<br />
Valley<br />
Melitaea cinxia Glanville Fritillary Noted in the Kalbinskiy Hills and on the<br />
Altay Pass<br />
Melitaea latonigena Common on the dry hill north of Markakol<br />
and on the Alatay Pass. 2/14<br />
Melitaea arduninna Freyer’s Fritillary Noted in the Kalbinskiy Hills<br />
Melitaea arcesia 2 on the Alatay Pass – looks superficially like<br />
a small Euphydryas species!<br />
Mellicta britomartis Assmann’s Fritillary A few seen around Markakol, Alatay and<br />
Burkhat Passes. 3/14<br />
Euphydryas iduna Lapland Fritillary 2 just outside the village at Markakol<br />
Euphydryas intermedia Asian Fritillary Seen on the Alatay Pass and below the<br />
Burkhat Pass. 2/14<br />
Euphydryas aurinia Marsh Fritillary 1 near Markakol<br />
Neptis rivularis Hungarian Glider Widespread. 8/14<br />
Limenitis populi Poplar Admiral Around a dozen seen on each journey along<br />
the Bukhtarma’s main northward tributary<br />
below the climb to Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi<br />
Limenitis sydyi 1 dead one found at the yourta service area in<br />
the Kalbinskiy Hills<br />
Limenitis helmanni Abundant at the yourta service area in the<br />
Kalbinskiy Hills<br />
Nymphalis antiopa Camberwell Beauty Singles twice at Markakol – overwinterers as<br />
they were in bad condition!<br />
Nymphalis xanthomelas Yellow-legged Tortoiseshell Widespread and common. 11/14<br />
Aglais urticae Small Tortoiseshell Widespread and common – except Zaysan.<br />
10/14<br />
Araschnia levana Map Butterfly Not uncommon around Markakol and the<br />
Alatay Pass. 3/14<br />
Inachis io Peacock Only seen once at Markakol<br />
Polygonum c-album Comma Singles on the Alatay Pass and on the<br />
northward tributary of the Buktarma below<br />
the climb to Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. 2/14<br />
Cynthia cardui Painted Lady Scattered. 4/14<br />
30
Satyridae<br />
Chazara briseus magna Hermit Only seen in the Bukhtarma Valley<br />
Satyrus ferula Great Sooty Satyr 1 at the Spring in Zaysan<br />
Coenonympha oedippus False Ringlet Quite common around the bee farm at<br />
Kamenka. 3/14<br />
Coenonympha glycerion Chestnut Heath 1 in the Kalbinskiy Hills and also noted at the<br />
bee farm near Kamenka. 2/14<br />
Coenonympha sunbecca Quite a few seen above Cim Bulak, Almaty<br />
Proterebia afra Dalmatian Ringlet A single in the Kalbinskiy Hills<br />
Erebia ligea Arran Brown <strong>The</strong> common ringlet at Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. 2/14<br />
Erebia jeniseiensis Common on the Burkhat Pass<br />
Erebia kindermanni Seen on the Alatay Pass. Like the next<br />
species but with no orange areas on the inner<br />
part of wing<br />
Erebia theano Widespread and quite common in meadows<br />
above about 1100m. 4/14<br />
Erebia cyclopius Singles at Markakol and by the north<br />
tributary of the Bukhtarma River below the<br />
rise to Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. 2/14. A very<br />
distinctive ringlet<br />
Erebia aethiops Scotch Argus Above Cim Bulak, Almaty<br />
Erebia turanica Above Cim Bulak, Almaty<br />
Aphantopus hyperantus 1 by the north tributary of the Bukhtarma<br />
River below the rise to Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi<br />
Hyponephele naricina ?<strong>The</strong> small ‘browns’ in the Kiin Kerish<br />
Canyon and other parts of Zaysan were<br />
probably this species?<br />
Hyponephele lupina Oriental Meadow Brown ?Large ‘meadow brown’ types seen in<br />
various areas must surely have been this<br />
species?<br />
Oeneis nanna 2 amid dry tundra on the Burkhat Pass<br />
Lasiommata maera Large Wall Brown Quite common at Markakol and on the<br />
Kalbinskiy Hills<br />
Lasiommata petropolitana Northern Wall Brown Seen on the Alatay Pass<br />
Lopinga achine 1 going to roost on the side of the ‘mess hut’<br />
at the bee farm, Kamenka<br />
Melanargia russiae Esper’s Marbled White Scattered. 3/14<br />
Hesperiidae<br />
Carterocephalus palaemon Chequered Skipper Singles on the Alatay Pass and in a bog by<br />
the lake at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. 2/14<br />
Spialia orbifer Orbed Red-underwing Skipper A single at Markakol<br />
Ochlodes venetus Large Skipper Scattered. 3/14<br />
Pyrgus serratulae Olive Skipper 1 on the Burkhat Pass<br />
Pyrgus alveus Large Grizzled Skipper Common on the Alatay Pass<br />
Thymelicus lineola Essex Skipper Common at the ‘yourta service area’ in the<br />
Kalbinskiy Hills<br />
Thymelicus sylvestris Small Skipper 1 on the Alatay Pass<br />
31
Systematic List Number 4 Amphibians and Reptiles<br />
Moor Frog Rana arvalis Noted at Markakol and on the Burkhat Pass<br />
Green Toad Bufo viridis 2 in pines across the lake at Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi<br />
Sand Lizard Lacerta agilis Widespread - particularly common by the<br />
Zaysan Camp. Some very large bright green<br />
males seen. 5/14<br />
Common Lizard Lacerta vivipara 1 at Markakol and 3 in pine forest across the<br />
lake at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi<br />
Steppe Runner Eremurus arguta Very common in the Zaysan Desert. 3/14<br />
Sun-watcher Phrynocephalus helioscopa 2 seen by the Kiin Kerish Canyon, Zaysan<br />
Zaysan Toad-headed Agama Phrynocephalus melanurus Common in sandy desert near the first ferry<br />
crossing at Lake Zaysan<br />
Adder Vipera berus A total of 10 seen at various localities. Most<br />
were very small! One had just been caught by<br />
a Red-backed Shrike. Quite a variety of<br />
colour forms including several almost black<br />
ones. 4/14<br />
Haly's Pit Viper Agkistrodon halys 1 seen on the road between Ust-<br />
Kemenogorsk and Zaysan<br />
Dione Snake Elaphus dione 1 seen on road between Ust-Kamenogorsk<br />
and Zaysan and another between Burkhat and<br />
the bee farm at Kamenka. 2/14<br />
32
Systematic List Number 5 Vascular Plants<br />
<strong>The</strong> present list is highly provisional, and the plants included are categorised on the basis of the<br />
confidence with which they have been identified:<br />
[Species in square brackets have been distinguished, but were not identified with any certainty. In some cases<br />
the number of options may be limited, and these may be listed. Some notes are usually given to indicate the<br />
salient characteristics].<br />
? For those species marked with a question mark, there is greater confidence and a provisional identification is<br />
given, though this awaits confirmation.<br />
Species with no annotation are certain (or highly likely) identifications.<br />
Vernacular names are included in curly brackets i.e. { }. Families are arranged in a conventional taxonomic order,<br />
with species ordered alphabetically within the families.<br />
A. PTERIDOPHYTA Ferns and their allies<br />
Lycopodiaceae<br />
Diphasiastrum complanatum Spruce forest at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a clubmoss}.<br />
Huperzia selago Drier spruce forest: Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Fir Clubmoss}.<br />
Lycopodium annotinum Frequent in spruce forest at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Interrupted<br />
Clubmoss}.<br />
Lycopodium clavatum Rare in spruce forest at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Stag’s-horn<br />
Clubmoss}.<br />
Equisetaceae<br />
Equisetum arvense Flushes and all kinds of mossy wet sites at a full range of altitudes: Cim<br />
Bulak, south of Markakol and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi spruce forest.<br />
{Common Horsetail}.<br />
Equisetum fluviatile Marshy woodland, wet depressions and pools: Markakol and north to<br />
Austrian Road, Bukhtarma valley. {Water Horsetail}<br />
Equisetum hyemale Riverside willow-scrub by access track to Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi.<br />
{Rough Horsetail}<br />
Equisetum palustre Damp depressions by road south from Markakol. {Marsh Horsetail}<br />
Equisetum pratense Damp woodland margins at low-mid levels: Markakol and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Shady Horsetail}<br />
Equisetum ramosissimum Seasonally wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley {Branched Horsetail}<br />
Equisetum sylvaticum Wooded banks of Bukhtarma river near Berel. {Wood Horsetail}<br />
Aspleniaceae<br />
Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum Rock crevices at high levels in Cim Bulak. {Green Spleenwort}.<br />
Athyriaceae<br />
Cystopteris fragilis Sheltered rocks at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak, Cold Pass and north part<br />
of Austrian Road. {Brittle Bladder-fern – other bladder-ferns may be<br />
present}.<br />
Gymnocarpium dryopteris Shaded rocks, spruce forest and scrub at low-mid levels: Kalbinksiy<br />
Hills, southern Austrian Road and by access track to Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. {Oak Fern}.<br />
Matteucia struthiopteris Woodland by Bukhtarma River, near Berel. {Ostrich Fern}<br />
33
[Woodsia #1 Rock crevices high on Burkhat Pass. {W. acuminata, W. calcarea or W.<br />
ilvensis}]<br />
Aspidiaceae<br />
Dryopteris dilatata Woodland by Bukhtarma River. {Broad Buckler-fern}<br />
Dryopteris filix-mas Woodland by Bukhtarma River. {Male Fern}<br />
Polypodiaceae<br />
Polypodium vulgare s.l. Rocks in pine woods in Kalbinskiy Hills. {Polypody}.<br />
Ophioglossaceae<br />
Botrychium lunaria. Turf at higher levels in Cim Bulak. {Moonwort}.<br />
B. CONIFEROPSIDA Conifer trees and their allies<br />
Pinaceae<br />
Larix sibirica Mountain forests up to the tree line: Cim Bulak, around and above<br />
Markakol, and near Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Siberian Larch}.<br />
Picea obovata Forests my lakes and in the mountain forests nearly to tree-line: around<br />
and above Markakol, thence north along the Austrian Road, and near<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Siberian Spruce}<br />
Picea tianshanica Mountain forests up to the tree line: Cim Bulak. {Tien Shan Spruce}<br />
Pinus sibirica Often dominant in higher-level forest from the Burkhat Pass (where it<br />
also occurs as odd trees on the pass proper) north and around<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Siberian Pine}<br />
Pinus sylvestris Locally dominant in central Kalbinskiy Hills. {Scots Pine}.<br />
Cupressaceae<br />
Juniperus pseudosabina Drier slopes at all levels: Cold Pass, 10km north of Markakol, Burkhat<br />
Pass and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi forest. {a juniper}<br />
Juniperus sabina Rocky slopes at mid-high levels: Marble Pass, north of Markakol to<br />
Southern Austrian Road, campsite near Kamenka and at 2200m above<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a juniper}.<br />
Juniperus sibirica? Rocky slopes at Cim Bulak {a juniper}<br />
Ephedraceae<br />
[Ephedra sp. Arid slopes: Kiin Kerish and Marble Pass. {low greyish bushy jointpine,<br />
probably either E. dahurica or E. equisetina}]<br />
34
C. MONOCOTYLEDONES “Monocot” flowering plants<br />
Typhaceae<br />
Typha laxmannii Wet depressions: Kuchun. {a reedmace}.<br />
Potamogetonaceae<br />
Potamogeton alpinus? Runnels in marsh at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Red Pondweed – plant<br />
had the jizz of Bog Pondweed, but appears to be a dwarfed form of this<br />
plant – or possibly P. macrocarpus or P. pamiriae?}<br />
Juncaginaceae<br />
Triglochin maritimum Spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan depression. {Sea Arrowgrass}.<br />
Triglochin palustre Seasonally wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley, and marsh at<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Marsh Arrowgrass}.<br />
Lemnaceae<br />
Lemna minor Shallow water in mossy flushes at Markakol. {Common Duckweed}<br />
Poaceae<br />
Agrostis stolonifera Seasonally wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley. {Creeping Bent}<br />
Alopecurus arundinaceus Damp grassland at lower levels: Markakol. {a foxtail}<br />
Alopecurus pratensis Coarser grassland at low-mid levels: Markakol. {Meadow Foxtail}<br />
Anisantha tectorum Disturbed sand by the Zaysan campsite. {Drooping Brome}.<br />
Anthoxanthum odoratum Moister grasslands at all levels: around and above Markakol. {Sweet<br />
Vernal-grass}<br />
Arrhenatherum elatius Roadsides and meadows up to mid-levels: above Almaty. {False Oatgrass}.<br />
Bromopsis inermis Roadsides and disturbed steppe: Ust-Kamenogorsk, Bukhtarma valley<br />
and west of Zaysan north ferry. {Hungarian Brome}.<br />
Bromus japonicus? Roadsides in Ust-Kamenogorsk. {Thunberg’s Brome}.<br />
Calamagrostis arundinacea Moist shores and streamsides: Zaysan campsite and north of Markakol.<br />
{a small-reed}.<br />
Dactylis glomerata Roadsides, meadows and disturbed steppe above Almaty and Ust-<br />
Kamenogorsk. {Cock’s-foot}.<br />
Deschampsia cespitosa Mossy flushes: southern Austrian Road. {Tufted Hair-grass}<br />
Eremopyron triticeum? Arid slopes at Kiin Kerish and by spring-fed saltmarsh. {short annual<br />
like a two-ranked barley}<br />
Festuca kryloviana Steppe grassland, light shade and drier sites generally: Kalbinskiy Hills<br />
and Cold Pass. {a “sheep’s-fescue” – other species probably present e.g.<br />
F. sulcata}.<br />
Helictotrichon schellianum? Grassland at mid-high levels: near Cold and Burkhat Passes. {a meadowoat}<br />
Hierochloë odorata Mire and marshy lake-shore: Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Holy Grass}<br />
Hierochloë sibirica? Damp margins of track on Burkhat Pass. {a holy-grass}<br />
Leymus angustus? Scattered in sandy semi-desert in Zaysan depression, including campsite.<br />
{Very robust “lyme-grass” with spikes some 20cm long and >3cm thick}.<br />
Milium effusum Shaded grounds of Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Wood Millet}<br />
Phleum alpinum Grassland and flushes at mid-higher levels: Cold Pass, southern Austrian<br />
Road and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. (Alpine Cat’s-tail}<br />
Phleum phleoides Steppe west from Zaysan north ferry – probably overlooked elsewhere.<br />
{Purple-stemmed Cat’s-tail}<br />
Phragmites australis Narrow beds around shore of Zaysan lake and in spring-fed saltmarsh.<br />
35
{Reed}.<br />
Poa annua Nutrient-rich turf near houses: Markakol. {Annual Meadow-grass}<br />
Poa trivialis Wayside grassland in villages: Urunkhayka. {Rough Meadow-grass}<br />
Puccinellia sp. Spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert. {Saltmarsh-grass}<br />
[Stipa spp. Prominent and often co-dominant in steppe grassland, occurring in the<br />
montane zone especially on south-facing slopes: Kalbinskiy Hills,<br />
Marble Pass, north of Markakol and west from Zaysan north ferry.<br />
{Steppe-grasses, no attempt made to distinguish species, though S.<br />
pennata probably the main species in the southern <strong>Altai</strong>}].<br />
Cyperaceae<br />
Blysmus rufus Spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert. {Saltmarsh Flat-sedge}<br />
Bolboschoenus maritimus Wet depressions by road in Zaysan semi-desert. {Sea Club-rush}.<br />
Carex acuta? Dominant in ground layer of swamp birch woodland at Markakol. {More<br />
resembles C. elata, which apparently is not a Kazak species}<br />
[Carex bigelowii? Margins of Austrian road on Burkhat pass. {laxer than this species}<br />
Carex canescens? Marsh at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a grey sedge}<br />
Carex diandra Swamp woodland at Markakol. {Lesser Tussock-sedge}<br />
Carex disticha Mossy flushes and seasonally wet grassland: southern Austrian Road and<br />
Bukhtarma valley. {Brown Sedge}<br />
Carex divisa Moist saline sites by Zaysan lake, and spring-fed marsh. {Divided<br />
Sedge}.<br />
[Carex “filiformis” Spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert. {Resembles both the<br />
European sedges C. filiformis and C. flacca}].<br />
Carex flava s.l. Flushes at mid-levels: Cim Bulak. {Yellow Sedge}.<br />
Carex melanantha Flushes and streamsides at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak and Cold Pass.<br />
{Resembles an erect Jet Sedge, C. atrata or C. aterrima}.<br />
Carex norvegica? Damp rocks on Burkhat Pass. {Close-headed Alpine-sedge}<br />
Carex pallescens Wet grassland, marshes and flushes at all levels: Cim Bulak, above<br />
Markakol and to north, Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Pale Sedge}.<br />
[Carex “panicea” Flushes at mid-levels: Cim Bulak. {Closely resembles the European<br />
Carnation Sedge}].<br />
Carex rostrata Lakeshore below Burkhat Pass and mire pools near Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. {Bottle Sedge}<br />
[Carex “spicata” Flushes and moist grassland at mid-level: Cim Bulak and southern<br />
Austrian road. {Closely resembles west European Spiked Sedge}].<br />
Carex sylvatica Pine forest north from Burkhat Pass. {Wood Sedge}<br />
Carex vesicaria Marshes and wet depressions, often in shade: around and above<br />
Markakol, also on southern Austrian Road. {Bladder Sedge}<br />
Eleocharis palustris Wet grassland and flushes, mainly at lower altitudes: Markakol and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. . {Common Spike-rush}<br />
Eleocharis uniglumis Spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert and seasonally-wet grassland<br />
in Bukhtarma valley. {Slender Spike-rush}<br />
Eriophorum polystachyum? Mossy marshes and flushes at mid-levels: above Markakol, and near<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a cotton-grass like E. latifolium}<br />
Eriophorum russeolum Boggy flats on Burkhat Pass. {a creeping cottongrass – 1-spiked}<br />
[Isolepis/Scirpus #1 Seasonally-wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley. {Like I. setacea but taller<br />
and even more slender}]<br />
[Schoenoplectus #1 Pool margins by seasonally wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley. {a<br />
clubrush resembling dwarf S. tabernaemontani – is it S. hippolyti?}]<br />
Scirpus sylvaticus Wet depressions along southern Austrian Road and in Bukhtarma valley.<br />
{Wood Club-rush}<br />
36
Juncaceae<br />
Juncus articulatus Marshy lakeshore at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Jointed Rush}<br />
Juncus filiformis Mossy flushes by southern Austrian Road. {Thread Rush}<br />
Juncus gerardii Seasonally damp or spring-fed saline sites in semi-desert: Zaysan<br />
depression, including spring-fed saltmarsh and Bukhtarma valley.<br />
{Saltmarsh Rush}.<br />
Luzula multiflora Drier grassland at all levels: Cold Pass. {Heath Woodrush}<br />
Luzula pallidula Damp-wet ground, often in shade and mossy: Markakol, and north to<br />
southern Austrian Road. {Pale Woodrush}<br />
Luzula parviflora? Conifer forest at mid-levels: Austrian Road in Bukhtarma valley and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {woodrush with small pendulous flowers}<br />
Liliaceae<br />
Asparagus neglectus? Lush vegetation above spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert. {soft<br />
pale-berried asparagus}.<br />
Eremurus altaicus Dry grassland and steppe in south <strong>Altai</strong>: Kalbinskiy Hills, Marble Pass<br />
and west from Zaysan north ferry. {a foxtail-lily}.<br />
Eremurus fuscus Grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak. {a foxtail-lily}.<br />
Erythronium sibiricum Grassland and forest at mid-high levels, flowering by snow-patches:<br />
around and above Markakol (including Cold Pass), along Austrian Road<br />
(common on Burkhat pass) and above Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a<br />
dog’s-tooth-violet}<br />
[Gagea #1 Irrigated fine scree in upper parts of Cim Bulak. {Low Gagea with<br />
several flowers in a sub-umbellate cluster – a similar species seen at<br />
Markakol}].<br />
[Gagea #2 Woodland margins and moist ground at mid-high levels: at and around<br />
Markakol, and on Burkhat Pass. {Large-flowered Gagea with fistulose<br />
leaves}]<br />
Lilium martagon Low scrub, woodland margins and lusher grassland: Kalbinskiy Hills,<br />
Marble Pass, around and above Markakol, by Austrian Road in<br />
Bukhtarma valley, and by Bukhtarma River. {Turk’s-cap Lily}.<br />
Lloydia serotina Rocks and damp fine scree, mid-high levels: Cim Bulak, by Austrian<br />
Road in Bukhtarma valley and on Burkhat Pass. {Snowdon Lily}<br />
Tulipa altaica? Semi-desert and steppe: Zaysan depression, including Kiin Kerish and by<br />
spring-fed saltmarsh; probably also near Markakol. {tall tulip – identity<br />
to be confirmed, T. kolpakowskiana suggested}.<br />
Tulipa biflora? Arid slopes at Kiin Kerish and adjacent to spring-fed saltmarsh; probably<br />
also near Markakol. {a short tulip}.<br />
Tulipa dasystemon Recent snowmelt at high levels in Cim Bulak. {a tulip}.<br />
Tulipa heteropetala? Stony south-facing slope: Marble Pass and near Markakol (especially to<br />
north). {a tulip}.<br />
Tulipa heterophylla Flushed rocky ground at high levels: Cim Bulak. {a tulip}.<br />
Tulipa patens? Stony south-facing slope: Marble Pass and near Markakol. {a tulip}.<br />
Veratrum lobelianum Often co-dominant in moister grasslands at all levels, sparser in light<br />
shade: around and above Markakol, and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a<br />
false-helleborine}<br />
Veratrum nigrum Low scrub at mid-levels: Kalbinskiy Hills, Marble Pass and toward north<br />
end of Austrian Road. {Black False-Helleborine}.<br />
37
Alliaceae<br />
Allium altaicum? Coarse flush vegetation above Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Very tall<br />
fistulose onion with whitish globular head}<br />
Allium atrosanguineum Moist rocky slopes in upper Cim Bulak. {a garlic}.<br />
Allium caesium Low scrub margins on Marble Pass. {a blue garlic}.<br />
Allium hymenorrhizum Drier grasslands at all levels: Cim Bulak and between Zaysan lake and<br />
Ust-Kamenogorsk. {a garlic}.<br />
Allium ledebourianum? Streamsides and marshy sites mainly at mid-levels: above and around<br />
Markakol. {Large fistulose onion}<br />
Allium polyphyllum Stony slopes at high levels in Cim Bulak. {a garlic}.<br />
Allium rubens? Drier grassland north of Markakol. {a slender garlic with dense nodding<br />
head enclosed in a spathe}<br />
Allium senescens? Drier grassland north of Markakol. {a garlic with flattened winged stems<br />
and nodding spherical head of pale whitish flowers}<br />
[Allium spp. a) Large fruiting on arid slopes at Kiin Kerish.; b) small pink by springfed<br />
saltmarsh in Zaysan depression; c) white flowered species on rocks<br />
by northern Austrian Road]<br />
Amaryllidaceae<br />
Ixiolirion tataricum Steppe grassland above spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert.<br />
Iridaceae<br />
Iris bloudowii Drier short grassland, mainly at mid-levels: Kalbinksiy Hills (probably<br />
this), Cold Pass, south of Markakol, and picnic bluff on Austrian Road.<br />
{short pale yellow iris}.<br />
Iris ruthenica Grassland and more open forest, mainly at mid-levels: Kalbinskiy Hills,<br />
around and above Markakol (including Cold Pass)., Burkhat Pass, and<br />
around Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a blue iris}.<br />
Iris scariosa? One plant at foot of south-facing slope on north side of Markakol. {small<br />
lilac iris, broad blunt falls and glaucous leaves}<br />
Iris tigridia South-facing grassy slope on Marble Pass. {iris of pogon group}<br />
[Iris #1 Lush vegetation above spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert.<br />
{large fruiting iris with foetid leaves like the British Gladdon}].<br />
Orchidaceae<br />
Coeloglossum viride Grassland at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak, north of Markakol, and Burkhat<br />
Pass. {Frog Orchid – plants in steppe-like grassland north of Markakol<br />
strongly resembled subsp. longibracteata}.<br />
Dactylorhiza fuchsii Moist grassland, marshes and light shade: around and above Markakol,<br />
southern Austrian Road, Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi and riverside willows<br />
by access to latter. {Common Spotted-orchid}<br />
Dactylorhiza incarnata Marshes and wet depressions: Markakol (including hybrids with the<br />
latter), Austrian Road and by Karakaba river. {Early Marsh-orchid}.<br />
Dactylorhiza umbrosa Wet flushes in the mountains and marshy grassland at lower altitudes:<br />
Cim Bulak, and above Marble Pass. {a marsh-orchid}<br />
[Dactylorhiza #1 Seasonally wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley. {closest to latter, but<br />
with twisted ovary, spur longer than ovary, swept-back sepals, littlemarked<br />
lip, other perianth segments forming a galea – options include D.<br />
knorringiana, D. salina or a form of D. traunsteineri}]<br />
Goodyera repens Mossy ground in mixed conifer forest by Austrian Road north of Burkhat<br />
Pass. {Creeping Lady’s-tresses}<br />
Herminium monorchis Abundant (patches of >> 50/m 2 ) in seasonally wet grassland in<br />
Bukhtarma valley. {Musk Orchid}<br />
38
D. DICOTYLEDONES “Dicot” flowering plants<br />
Salicaceae<br />
Populus laurifolia Along rivers and in floodplain forest: near south end of Austrian Road,<br />
and by Bukhtarma river near campsite. {a poplar}<br />
Populus nigra s.l. Along rivers in steppe areas: Kalbinskiy Hills. {Black Poplar}.<br />
Populus tremula Woodland at low-mid levels, especially near water: above Almaty,<br />
Kalbinskiy Hills, and southern Austrian Road. {Aspen}.<br />
Salix caprea Damp scrub at low-mid levels: Markakol. {Goat Willow}<br />
Salix cinerea s.l. Roadside scrub north of Markakol. {Grey Willow}<br />
Salix kokiana? Streamside below spruce forest south of Markakol, and by Karakaba<br />
river. (a willow}<br />
Salix pentandra By rivers at low-mid levels: Markakol. {Bay Willow}<br />
Salix purpurea Scrub by Karakaba river. {Purple Willow}<br />
Salix viminalis Floodplain forest: near south of Austrian Road. {Osier}<br />
[Salix #1 By rivers at low-mid levels: Markakol and near south end of Austrian<br />
Road. {willow, oval leaves, glaucous beneath – S. caesia/rorida?}]<br />
[Salix #2 Dwarf birch scrub at high levels: Burkhat Pass. {Dwarf willow with<br />
leaves like S. phylicifolia and glaucous beneath}]<br />
[Salix #3 Grass/sedge/lichen community by road on Burkhat Pass. {Prostrate with<br />
tiny oval leaves 7mm across}]<br />
[Salix #4 Moist low vegetation on Burkhat Pass. {Prostrate/ascending with green<br />
leaves like small sallow, silky catkins and red anthers}]<br />
[Salix #5 Upper levels of conifer woodland and rocks/cols above tree-line: around<br />
and above Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {1m tall willow with very grey<br />
leaves like a small sallow, whitish beneath, revolute edge}]<br />
Betulaceae<br />
Betula pendula Woodland at all levels, often near water: above Almaty, Kalbinskiy Hills;<br />
around and above Markakol. {Silver Birch}.<br />
Betula rotundifolia Dense 1m tall thickets under conifers and above tree line: Cold Pass,<br />
valley of Karakaba, Burkhat Pass and around Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi.<br />
{a dwarf birch}<br />
[Betula #1 Conifer forest below and north of Burkhat Pass. {tree birch with bronze<br />
bark}]<br />
[Betula #2 Upper conifer woodland approaching Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. [2-3m<br />
tall shrub with small narrow-cordate leaves – B. microphylla?}}<br />
Ulmaceae<br />
Ulmus androsowii Shelterbelts along roads at low levels, often the only tree in steppe areas:<br />
very widespread and also planted in urban areas. {an elm, with narrow<br />
leaves}.<br />
Ulmus minor Woodland at low levels above Almaty. {Common Elm}.<br />
Cannabaceae<br />
Cannabis sativa Waste places and arable fields (where either cultivated or a weed): Ust-<br />
Kamenogorsk and campsites at Zaysan and Kamenka apiary. {Hemp}.<br />
Humulus lupulus Scrub margins above Almaty and poplar gallery woodland in Kalbinskiy<br />
Hills. {Hop}.<br />
39
Urticaceae<br />
Urtica cannabina Roadsides and fallow/waste ground: apiary campsite near Keramka and<br />
by Uryl checkpoint. {a nettle with 5-lobed leaves}<br />
Urtica dioica Shady and nutrient-rich sites at low-mid levels: above Almaty and at<br />
Markakol. {Stinging Nettle – some plants are almost stingless and with<br />
narrow leaves, resembling U. galeopsifolia}.<br />
Santalaceae<br />
<strong>The</strong>sium refractum? Drier grassland and rocks at mid-high levels: around Markakol, picnic<br />
spot on south Austrian Road, and Burkhat Pass. {a bastard-toadflax}<br />
<strong>The</strong>sium repens? Forming patches in light shade: south end of Austrian Road and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a bastard-toadflax}<br />
Polygonaceae<br />
Persicaria bistorta Montane grassland at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak and Burkhat Pass.<br />
{Bistort}.<br />
Persicaria vivipara Montane grassland at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak and Bukhtarma Valley<br />
(including by northern Austrian Road).. {Alpine Bistort}.<br />
Polygonum alpinum Abundant in hill and mountain grasslands: Cim Bulak and Kalbinskiy<br />
Hills. {Alpine Knotweed}.<br />
Polygonum aviculare s.l. Roadsides and disturbed ground: Ust-Kamenogorsk and Markakol.<br />
{Knotgrass}.<br />
Polygonum undulatum Rocky grassland at upper levels: Cim Bulak and Burkhat Pass. {a<br />
knotweed}.<br />
[Polygonum sp? Arid badland hummocks at Kiin Kerish. {Presumably this genus, a low<br />
subshrub with narrow lanceolate leaves and herbaceous branches bearing<br />
delicate nodding 3-part flowers, white edged in pink}].<br />
Rheum altaicum? Drier south-facing grass slopes above Markakol. {a rhubarb}<br />
Rheum wittroekii Moist grassland at mid-levels: Cim Bulak. {a rhubarb}.<br />
Rheum nanum? Arid slopes: Kiin Kerish, and north of Markakol. {a small rhubarb}.<br />
Rumex acetosa Grassland (except arid) at all levels: Markakol, southern Austrian Road,<br />
and Burkhat Pass. {Common Sorrel}<br />
Rumex tianshanicus Grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak. {a dock}.<br />
Chenopodiaceae<br />
Arthrophyton haloxylon Saline semi-desert, locally common: Zaysan depression. {Saxual}<br />
Chenopodium suecicum? Ruderal habitats in villages: Urunkhayka. {a goosefoot}<br />
Chenopodium urbicum? Disturbed ground, especially in arid places: Ust-Kamenogorsk and Kiin<br />
Kerish (elsewhere in Zaysan depression). {Upright Goosefoot}.<br />
Halimione verrucifera? Salt-steppe in the Zaysan depression, notably by spring-fed marsh {a<br />
“sea-purslane”}<br />
Halocnemum strobilaceum? Low-lying saline areas of semi-desert where water stood late: Zaysan<br />
depression. {a perennial glasswort}.<br />
[Kochia sp.? Dry and saline semi-desert at Kiin Kerish and by salt-spring. {Mats of<br />
needle like leaves, and erect flowering stems}]<br />
Nanophyton erinaceum Saline arid badlands at Kiin Kerish. {no common name}.<br />
Salsola kali Arid cliff top at Kiin Kerish. {Spineless Saltwort, subsp. ruthenica}<br />
[Salsola spp. Gravel ridges by saltmarsh below spring in Zaysan semi-desert. {S.<br />
collina, S. nitraria or S. soda are possibilities}]<br />
[Suaeda spp. Saline steppe: Zaysan depression e.g. by spring-fed saltmarsh. {S.<br />
acuminata, S. heterophylla and S. microphylla are possibilities}]<br />
40
Amaranthacaceae<br />
Amaranthus retroflexus Weed in Panfilov Park, Almaty {Common Amaranth}<br />
Portulacaceae<br />
Claytonia joanneana Gaps in dwarf birch scrub and grassland above, at high levels on Burkhat<br />
Pass. {a spring-beauty}<br />
Caryophyllaceae<br />
Acanthophyllum pungens Arid cliff-top and slopes at Kiin Kerish. {no common name}.<br />
Cerastium cerastioides Grasslands and rocks at mid-high levels, often common: Cim Bulak,<br />
around/above Markakol, and Burkhat Pass. {Starwort Mouse-ear}.<br />
Cerastium dahuricum Disturbed ground at low-mid altitudes: Cim Bulak, Kalbinskiy Hills, and<br />
Markakol. {a mouse-ear}.<br />
Cerastium fontanum Grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak and Markakol. {Common<br />
Mouse-ear}.<br />
[Cerastium #1 Mossy flushes by southern Austrian Road. {linear-leaved mouse-ear<br />
with large flowers}]<br />
Dianthus hoeltzeri Drier grassy bluffs in the Kalbinskiy Hills. {a pink}.<br />
Dianthus superbus Drier grassland north of Markakol. {a pink}<br />
Dianthus versicolor? Dry south-facing grassland on Burkhat Pass. {a pink}<br />
[Dianthus #1 Dry steppe grassland at Alekseyevka. {a slender white pink}].<br />
[Dianthus #2 Stony ridges in wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley. {a laciniate pinkflowered<br />
pink}]<br />
Eremogone longifolia? Steep south-facing steppe slope at Marble Pass. {resembles a tall erect<br />
long linear-leaved sandwort}<br />
Gypsophila paniculata Dry, often sandy ground in steppe and semi-desert, including stony<br />
verges: Zaysan campsite and west from north ferry. {a gypsophila}.<br />
[Gypsophila #1 Stony ridges in wet grassland, Bukhtarma valley. {tall glaucous<br />
gypsophila, leaves mostly basal/lower stem, quite dense clusters of large<br />
white flowers in distant widely branched raceme – maybe G.<br />
capituliflora or G. diffusa?}]<br />
[Gypsophila #2 Stony slope near lower Rakhmanovskie lake. {a prostrate gypsophila,<br />
resembling G. glandulosa of section Heterochroa – which is endemic to<br />
Turkey}]<br />
Herniaria glabra Dry stony slope 10km north of Markakol. {Smooth Rupturewort}<br />
Minuartia biflora? Sedge/grass/lichen vegetation: near road on Burkhat Pass and above<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Northern Sandwort}<br />
Minuartia verna Grassy dry bluffs at high levels on Burkhat Pass. {Spring Sandwort}<br />
Moehringia umbrosa Mossy ground in spruce forests, less often in sheltered rock crevices:<br />
Cold Pass, all along Austrian Road and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a<br />
sandwort}<br />
Sagina procumbens Wet mossy turf at all levels: Markakol. {Mossy Pearlwort}<br />
Sagina saginoides? Mossy flushes by southern Austrian Road. {Alpine Pearlwort – may be a<br />
related species}<br />
Silene adenopetala Rocks at high levels in Cim Bulak. {Low campion with few nodding<br />
flowers, each with an inflated sticky calyx almost concealing petals}<br />
Silene otites Steppe west of Zaysan north ferry. {Spanish Catchfly}<br />
Silene vulgaris Scrub and meadows at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak. {Bladder Campion –<br />
locally known as S. wallichiana}.<br />
[Silene #1 Open dry pine wood in Kalbinskiy Hills. {Like a white campion with<br />
long very sticky inflorescence, with flowers apparently arranged in<br />
branched whorls}].<br />
41
[Silene #2 Rock crevices by southern Austrian Road. {intermediate in appearance<br />
between S. nutans and S. otites – tiny white flowers on one-sided<br />
inflorescence, very sticky stem}]<br />
Stellaria graminea Grassland at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak. {Lesser Stitchwort}.<br />
Tunica stricta Drier grassland at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak, Kalbinskiy Hills, and<br />
north of Markakol. {no common name}.<br />
Paeoniaceae<br />
Paeonia anomala Low scrub and forest margins at low-mid levels: Kalbinksiy Hills, locally<br />
abundant around Markakol, riverine forest south end of Austrian Road,<br />
and north of Berel. {a large pink peony}.<br />
Paeonia hybrida Steep stony south-facing slope on Marble Pass and verges west from<br />
Zaysan north ferry. {a peony}.<br />
Ranunculaceae<br />
Aconitum baicalense Mossy damp willow scrub in Markakol. {a monk’s-hood}<br />
Aconitum leucostonum Mountain meadows, flushed slopes and open woodland: above Almaty,<br />
Kalbinskiy Hills, around and above Markakol, south end of Austrian<br />
Road, Burkhat Pass and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a monk’s-hood}.<br />
Aconitum songoricum Woodland margins at low-mid levels above Almaty. (a monk's-hood}<br />
Anemone altaica Woodland at low-mid levels, sometimes moist: Markakol and nearby,<br />
and southern end of Austrian Road. {an anemone – closely related to A.<br />
nemorosa}<br />
Anemone crinita? Open dry grassland at high levels: Burkhat Pass. {anemone of the A.<br />
narcissiflora group – but (unlike next) grey-hairy}.<br />
Anemone protracta Grassland at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak. {anemone of A. narcissiflora<br />
group}.<br />
[Anemone #1 Grassy bluffs in the Kalbinskiy hills. {white slender anemone – “lisnaie”<br />
in Russian}].<br />
Aquilegia atrovinosa Mountain meadows at mid levels: Cim Bulak. {a columbine}.<br />
Aquilegia brevicalcarata Rocky ground in shade of spruce: all along Austrian Road at mid-levels,<br />
and by track to Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a columbine}<br />
Aquilegia glandulosa Mountain meadows at all levels, and also in shade: around and above<br />
Markakol (including Cold Pass), entire length of Austrian Road, Burkhat<br />
Pass, and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi (access track, and colouring the slopes<br />
above the site). {a columbine}<br />
Atragene sibirica Rocks and scrub at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak, around and above<br />
Markakol, and all along Austrian Road. {a white clematis}<br />
Callianthemum alatavicum Fine scree etc soil at high levels in Cim Bulak. {no common name}.<br />
Callianthemum angustifolium Edge of snow-patches, moist stony grassland at mid-upper levels: Cold<br />
Pass, Burkhat Pass and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {no common name}<br />
Caltha palustris Streamsides and marshy sites, often dominant along streams at mid-high<br />
levels: common in Markakol area, south end of Austrian End., Burkhat<br />
Pass and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Marsh-marigold}.<br />
Clematis integrifolia Dry grassland, open low scrub etc at low-mid levels: Kalbinskiy Hills,<br />
Marble Pass, and abundant north of Markakol. {a scrambling clematis}.<br />
Consolida orientalis Fields and disturbed ground from Bukhtarma valley to Zaysan lake.<br />
{Eastern Larkspur}<br />
Delphinium altaicum Low scrub at low-mid altitudes: Marble Pass. {a delphinium – possibly<br />
the same species above Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi}.<br />
Delphinium elatum Mountain meadows: above Almaty and Markakol. {a delphinium}.<br />
[Delphinium spp. a) Stony gorge by Kamenka apiary campsite; and b) a branched bright<br />
blue plant in steppe west from the Zaysan north ferry. {delphiniums}]<br />
42
Isopyrum isopyroides Sheltered rocks and shade at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak. {no common<br />
name}.<br />
Paraquilegia anemonoides Cliff crevices in upper Cim Bulak. {no common name}.<br />
Pulsatilla patens Drier grassland at all levels: Kalbinskiy Hills and north of Markakol. {a<br />
pasque-flower}.<br />
Ranunculus altaicus Margins of snow patches, mainly at high levels: Burkhat Pass and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a buttercup}<br />
Ranunculus auricomus s.s. Woodland at low-mid levels: Markakol and southern Austrian Road.<br />
{Goldilocks Buttercup}<br />
Ranunculus polyanthemos Taller grassland at low-mid levels: at and above Markakol. (a buttercup}<br />
Ranunculus repens Nutrient-rich grassland by houses and streamsides: around Markakol.<br />
{Creeping Buttercup}<br />
[Ranunculus #1 Margins of late snow patches on the Kalbinskiy Hills. {Low yellow<br />
buttercup with flowers in a subumbellate cluster}].<br />
Thalictrum alpinum Mossy/lichen dominated vegetation amongst dwarf birch on Burkhat<br />
Pass. {Alpine meadow-rue}<br />
Thalictrum collinum Grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak, Marble Pass and Markakol. {a<br />
meadow-rue}.<br />
Thalictrum minus Riverine scrub/woodland: south end of Austrian Road, by R. Karakaba<br />
and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi forest. {Lesser Meadow-rue – subsp.<br />
majus}<br />
Thalictrum simplex? Grasslands at mid-levels: Cold Pass. {a meadow-pass}<br />
Trollius altaicus Grassland and open woodland, especially at mid-levels, where it colours<br />
the ground: Kalbinskiy Hills, near Marble Pass, around and above<br />
Markakol (+ Cold Pass) and north of Berel. {a globe-flower}<br />
Trollius dshungarius Moist grasslands at mid-levels: Cim Bulak. {a globe-flower}.<br />
Trollius lilacinus Stony slopes recently covered in snow at high altitudes in Cim Bulak. {a<br />
globe-flower}.<br />
Berberidaceae<br />
Gymnospermium altaicum Stony moist slopes with incomplete vegetation cover: near Cold Pass,<br />
and north of Markakol to southern Austrian Road {no common name –<br />
related to Leontice}<br />
Papaveraceae<br />
Chelidonium majus Fine scree and rocky edges at low-mid levels: Kalbinskiy Hills, by apiary<br />
campsite near Kamenka, and near Berel. {Greater Celandine – <strong>Altai</strong><br />
populations are much bigger-flowered than those of Europe}.<br />
Corydalis nobilis Woodland margins and shady rocks all levels: Markakol (including Cold<br />
Pass) and Austrian Road north of Burkhat Pass. {a corydalis}<br />
Corydalis pauciflora? Under willow bushes near National Park HQ, Markakol. {Small creamy<br />
white corydalis}.<br />
Fumaria vaillantii Apiary campsite near Kamenka. {Few-flowered Fumitory}<br />
Hypercoum lactiflorum? Gravel spit at Zaysan campsite. {a whitish Hypercoum}.<br />
Papaver croceum Meadows and rocks at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak. {a yellow poppy}.<br />
Papaver nudicaule Roadsides, drier grasslands mainly at mid-levels: above Marble Pass,<br />
Cold Pass, south end of Austrian Road, by Karakaba river, Burkhat Pass<br />
(and below to north – where present in huge range of colours from white<br />
to dark orange). {a pale yellow poppy}<br />
Papaver tianshanicum Rocky ground at high levels in Cim Bulak. {an orange poppy}.<br />
43
Brassicaceae<br />
Alyssum lenense? Rocky outcrop by picnic spot on south Austrian Road. {short silvery<br />
perennial Alison – possibly A. turkestanicum}<br />
[Alyssum #1 Dry stony ridges in wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley. {a white-hairy<br />
Alison – A. campestre? Possibly this species also in sandy semi-desert<br />
between Zaysan lake and Ust-Kamenogorsk}]<br />
Arabidopsis thaliana Stony ground by Karakaba river. {Thale Cress}<br />
Arabis glabra Drier grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak and Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. {Tower Mustard}.<br />
Barbarea vulgaris Open ground and moist sites at all levels: Cim Bulak, Markakol and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Common Winter-cress – subsp. arcuata}.<br />
Berteroa incana Roadsides and dry grassland, notably in steppe: Ust-Kamenogorsk,<br />
Marble Pass and Bukhtarma valley. {Hoary Alison}.<br />
Bunias orientalis Roadsides in Kalbinskiy Hills. {Warty Cabbage}<br />
Capsella bursa-pastoris Ruderal habitats in villages: Urunkhayka and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi.<br />
{Shepherd’s-purse}<br />
Cardamine macrophylla? Swamp woodland and streamsides at low-mid levels: Markakol, south<br />
end of Austrian Road and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a large bittercress<br />
with leaves like those of Pimpinella major}<br />
Cardamine pratensis Marshes: on tree-line below Burkhat Pass and by lake at Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. {Cuckoo-flower – notably dark pink form}<br />
Cardaria repens Roadsides at low-mid levels in drier areas: Kalbinskiy Hills. {is this<br />
actually different to C. draba, the Hoary Pepperwort?}<br />
Chorispora bungeana Fine scree at high levels in Cim Bulak. {no common name}.<br />
Descurainia sophia Roadsides and open ground, especially in steppe: Ust-Kamenogorsk,<br />
Uryl ckeckpoint and west through Bukhtarma valley. {Flixweed}.<br />
Draba lanceolata? Rocks and stony slopes at mid-high altitudes: Cim Bulak and by Nn.<br />
Austrian Road. {a whitlow-grass, closely allied to D. incana}.<br />
Draba sibirica? Rock crevices, mainly at high levels: picnic bluff on Austrian Road and<br />
on Burkhat Pass {Low yellow whitlow-grass with longish leafless stem –<br />
may possibly be D. melanopus or D. subamplexicaulis}<br />
Erysimum croceum Rocky bluffs at mid altitudes in Cim Bulak. {an orange wallflower}.<br />
Erysimum diffusum? Trackside north out of Markakol. {Resembling a very leafy E.<br />
cheiranthoides}<br />
[Erysimum #1 Sandy semi-desert by Zaysan south ferry. {Large-flowered rather narrow<br />
erect treacle-mustard}].<br />
Eutrema integrifolia? Rocky slopes at high levels in Cim Bulak. {Rather robust cress with<br />
lanceolate leaves and flat-topped heads of white flowers}].<br />
Hesperis sibirica Scrub and woodland margins at all levels: Cim Bulak, above Markakol,<br />
south end of Austrian Road, and by Bukhtarma R. near Berel. {a dame’sviolet<br />
– usually white in this area, but also pink}.<br />
Isatis laevigata Stony roadsides in the Kalbinskiy Hills. {a woad}.<br />
Lepidium crassifolium? Edge of spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan depression. {a pepperwort}.<br />
Lepidium latifolium Moist saline areas in semi-desert: Zaysan campsite. {Dittander}.<br />
Lepidium ruderale Disturbed ground, mainly by roads in steppe: Zaysan depression and<br />
throughout Bukhtarma valley including Uryl. {Narrow-leaved<br />
Pepperwort}.<br />
Macropodium nivale Sheltered moist areas by rocks high on Burkhat Pass. {no common name<br />
– rather resembling Lagotis, and temporarily confused!}<br />
Matthiola tatarica? Stony ridges in wet grassland, Bukhtarma valley. {a stock}<br />
Rorippa sylvestris Disturbed damp waysides near Markakol. {Creeping Yellow-cress}<br />
Sisymbrium septulatum? Disturbed ground in dry steppe areas: Zaysan campsite and north ferry.<br />
{mustard close to S. altissimum, the Tumbling Mustard}.<br />
44
Thlaspi arvense Ruderal and disturbed habitats: Markakol. {Field Pennycress}<br />
[unknown crucifer #1 Arid slopes and Artemisia steppe: Kiin Kerish. {Tiny fruiting cress with<br />
disk fruit and amplexicaul lanceolate leaves}].<br />
[unknown crucifer #2 Artemisia steppe near shore of Zaysan lake. {Large fruiting cabbage<br />
with fruit composed of two abutting discs}]<br />
Crassulaceae<br />
Orostachys spinosa Rocks, stony dry ground: Kalbinskiy Hills, picnic spot on Austrian Road,<br />
and Bukhtarma valley. {succulent resembling houseleek}<br />
Rhodiola coccinea Rocks at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak, Cold Pass. {a roseroot}.<br />
Rhodiola heterodonta? Rocky slopes in upper Cim Bulak. {a roseroot with rather broad serrate<br />
leaves}.<br />
Rhodiola rosea Streamsides and wet rocks at mid-high levels: above Markakol, riverine<br />
woodland at south end of Austrian Road, Karakaba river, and conifer<br />
woodland in Bukhtarma valley. {Roseroot}<br />
Rhodiola semenovii By streams at high levels in Cim Bulak. {a roseroot}.<br />
Rhodiola viridula Flushes at mid-levels: Cim Bulak. {a roseroot}.<br />
Sedum hybridum Rocks and dry open slopes up to mid-levels: above Almaty, Kalbinskiy<br />
Hills, and around Markakol. {a stonecrop}.<br />
Saxifragaceae<br />
Bergenia crassifolia Rock outcrops above treeline, and rocky slopes within conifer forest:<br />
Burkhat Pass, Austrian Road in Bukhtarma valley, and around/above<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Elephant-ears}<br />
Chrysosplenium tianshanicum? Mossy flushes in spruce forest and at higher levels at Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. {a golden-saxifrage with thin alternate leaves}.<br />
Chrysosplenium nudicaule? Moist foot of cliffs in upper Cim Bulak. {a golden-saxifrage with thick<br />
leaves and dense cluster of fruit}.<br />
Saxifraga punctata? Margins of streams at mid-levels, also in moist woodland and locally on<br />
rocks on high levels: Markakol, all along Austrian Road, Burkhat Pass<br />
and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a saxifrage}<br />
Saxifraga sibirica Rocky ground at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak, picnic site on Austrian<br />
Road, Burkhat Pass and rocks in forest to N. {Siberian Saxifrage}.<br />
Parnassiaceae<br />
Parnassia palustris Seasonally wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley {Grass-of-Parnassus}<br />
Grossulariaceae<br />
Grossularia acicularis Rocky slopes and steppe: north of Markakol and west of Zaysan north<br />
ferry. {a gooseberry}<br />
Ribes meyeri? Drier woodland at low-mid-levels: Markakol, Cold Pass and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a currant – with dull reddish flowers; possibly<br />
R. atropurpureum}<br />
Ribes nigrum Moist woodland at low-mid levels: Markakol, along Austrian Road (by<br />
river at south end and forest near north end) and Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. {Black Currant – creamy white flower spikes}.<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Agrimonia asiatica Roadsides: above Almaty. {an agrimony}.<br />
Alchemilla scalaris? Wet grassland and streamsides above Markakol. {an almost hairless<br />
lady’s-mantle}<br />
Alchemilla sibirica Drier grassland at mid-levels: Markakol. {a very hairy lady’s-mantle}<br />
45
Alchemilla vulgaris s.l. Flushes and mountain grasslands at mid–levels: Cim Bulak. {“Common<br />
Lady’s-mantles” occurred widely, some records were provisionally<br />
referred to particular species}.<br />
Cotoneaster melanocarpus? Low scrub (often of Spiraea) and rocky areas, mainly at mid-levels:<br />
Kalbinksiy Hills, Marble Pass, Cold Pass, and Burkhat Pass. {Typical<br />
neat small-leaved (1-3cm) Cotoneaster, white beneath; pinkish flowers}].<br />
Cotoneaster multiflorus? Low scrub and rocks, often with latter species: Kalbinskiy Hills pine<br />
woods, Marble and Cold Passes. {Larger more open Cotoneaster with<br />
white flowers, and softer leaves, not white beneath and to 5cm in length}.<br />
Crataegus songorica Scrub: above Almaty. {a hawthorn}.<br />
[Crataegus #1 Roadside north out of Markakol. {Hawthorn with leaves like a small<br />
Sorbus torminalis}]<br />
Dryas oxyodonta Locally dominant in patches of stony herbaceous vegetation amongst<br />
dwarf birch scrub, and especially above the birch: Burkhat Pass. {a<br />
mountain-avens}<br />
Filipendula ulmaria Damp streamside scrub and wet woodland: Kalbinskiy Hills and<br />
Markakol. {Meadow-sweet}.<br />
Filipendula vulgaris Dry grassland and steppe: Kalbinskiy Hills and near Kamenka.<br />
{Dropwort}.<br />
Fragaria vesca Dry grassland: north of Markakol. {Wild Strawberry}<br />
Fragaria viridis Drier grasslands and scrub: Kalbinskiy Hills. {a strawberry}.<br />
Geum aleppicum By stream in apiary campsite near Kamenka. {an avens}.<br />
Geum rivale Flushes, damp grassland and scrub at all levels: Cim Bulak, Kalbinskiy<br />
Hills, Markakol and south Austrian Road. {Water Avens}<br />
Geum urbanum Shady areas at low-mid altitudes: above Almaty. {Herb Bennet}.<br />
Potentilla anserina Spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert and seasonally wet grassland<br />
in Bukhtarma valley. {Silverweed}.<br />
Potentilla argentea s.l. Drier grassland at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak, Ust-Kamenogorsk and<br />
Kalbinskiy Hills. {Hoary Cinquefoil}.<br />
Potentilla asiatica Dry grassland north of Markakol. {a cinquefoil}<br />
Potentilla bifurca Drier grasslands at low-mid levels, especially in more steppic sites: Cim<br />
Bulak, Kalbinskiy Hills and Marble Pass. {a cinquefoil}.<br />
Potentilla chrysantha Turf at low levels at Markakol. {a cinquefoil}<br />
Potentilla fruticosa Rocky ground at mid-high levels, sometimes by streams: Cim Bulak,<br />
Cold Pass, by Karakaba River, Burkhat Pass and Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. {Shrubby Cinquefoil}<br />
Potentilla palustris Swamp woodland and marshes: Markakol and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi.<br />
{Marsh Cinquefoil}<br />
Potentilla recta Dry or open steppic grasslands: Marble and Cold Passes. {Sulphur<br />
Cinquefoil}<br />
[Potentilla #1 Roadsides in Ust-Kamenogorsk. {Small-flowered yellow cinquefoil,<br />
with pinnate leaves, 5-7 leaflets, diminishing in size from basal}].<br />
[Potentilla #2 Sandy semi-desert between Zaysan lake and Ust-Kamenogorsk. {Patch<br />
forming cinquefoil resembling intense grey P. reptans}]<br />
Prunus padus Riverine woodland at south end of Austrian Road. {Bird Cherry}<br />
Rosa acicularis? Low scrub in low-mid levels: Kalbinskiy Hills, north of Markakol and<br />
steppe west of Zaysan north ferry. {a rose with dense soft “prickles” and<br />
pink flowers}.<br />
Rosa kokanica Drier grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak. {a rose}.<br />
Rosa spinosissima Margin of Austrian Road in Bukhtarma valley. {Burnet Rose}<br />
[Rosa #1 Low dense scrub, mainly at low- mid levels: Kalbinksiy Hills. {a 1m tall<br />
rose with many 3cm diameter white flowers}]<br />
Rubus idaeus Low scrub at all levels: Cim Bulak and Markakol. {Raspberry}.<br />
Rubus saxatilis Block scree above Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Stone Bramble}<br />
46
Sanguisorba alpina Flushes and streamsides at low-mid-levels: Cim Bulak. {a burnet}.<br />
Sanguisorba officinalis Grassland at low-mid levels: Markakol, (including Cold Pass), northern<br />
Austrian Road and in Bukhtarma valley. {Great Burnet}<br />
Sibbaldia procumbens Short turf and margins of snow patches at high levels: Burkhat Pass and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Sibbaldia}<br />
Sorbus sibirica Scattered in conifer forests at mid-high levels: north from Burkhat Pass.<br />
{a mountain-ask}<br />
Sorbus tianshanica Scrub at mid-levels: Cim Bulak. {a mountain-ash}.<br />
Spiraea hypericifolia Scrub at all levels, often in relatively dry steppic sites: Cim Bulak,<br />
Kalbinskiy Hills, Marble Pass, north of Markakol, near Kamenka in<br />
Bukhtarma valley and west of Zaysan north ferry. {a bridewort}.<br />
Spiraea media 1 Scrub at all levels, generally in less arid sites: Kalbinskiy Hills, at and<br />
near Markakol, and southern Austrian Road. {a bridewort}.<br />
Spiraea pilosa Scrub at mid-high level: Cim Bulak and north of Markakol. {a<br />
bridewort}.<br />
Fabaceae<br />
Alhagi kirghisorum? Roadsides in semi-desert of Zaysan depression. {low spiny shrub with<br />
reddish flowers}<br />
Astragalus alpinus Grasslands at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak, and by Karakaba river.<br />
{Alpine Milk-vetch}.<br />
Astragalus andaulgensis? Drier grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak and north of Markakol {a<br />
hairy milk-vetch with yellow flowers stalkless in a cluster at the base of<br />
the leaves}.<br />
[Astragalus #1 Drier grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak, Kalbinskiy Hills and by<br />
spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert. {Robust plant like Wild<br />
Liquorice, with spikes of flowers of two-tone pink – at Zaysan purplish<br />
and possibly another species}].<br />
[Astragalus # 2 Stony slopes: Kalbinskiy Hills. {Slender milk-vetch with dense spikes of<br />
small rose-pink flowers}].<br />
[Astragalus #3 Sandy semi-desert by Zaysan south ferry. {Short “hedgehog” milk-vetch<br />
with few silvery narrow leaflets}].<br />
[Astragalus #4 Arid steppe at Alekseyevka. {Robust milk-vetch with dense long-oval<br />
pale-yellow heads with silky-haired calyces}].<br />
[Astragalus #5 Arid steppe at Alekseyevka. {Low milk-vetch with dense round yellow<br />
heads, fruiting calyces much inflated}].<br />
[Astragalus #6 Arid steppe and rocky ground: Alekseyevka and Karakaba river. {Low<br />
milk-vetch with violet flowers and black hairs on calyx, resembling A.<br />
danicus}].<br />
[Astragalus #7 Dry south-facing grass slope on Marble Pass. {like A. onobrychis}]<br />
[Astragalus #8 Grassy bluffs at high levels on Burkhat Pass. {violet and blue, shaggy<br />
hairy milk-vetch – another plant at this site with pink flowers is probably<br />
merely a colour-variant}]<br />
Halimodendron halodendron Steep dry slopes at Kiin Kerish. {spiny shrub – no common name}<br />
Hedysarum consanguineum? Moist grassland at mid-higher levels: Cold Pass, by Karakaba river and<br />
Burkhat pass. {a French-sainfoin}<br />
Hedysarum flavescens Streamsides at mid-levels in Cim Bulak. {a French-sainfoin}.<br />
Hedysarum neglectum Grassland at upper levels: Cim Bulak. {a French-sainfoin}.<br />
Lathyrus gmelinii Lush grasslands and light shade at low-mid levels: Kalbinskiy Hills,<br />
around and above Markakol, and around Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a<br />
bitter-vetch – in the Rakhmanovskie area often with an otherwise similar<br />
1 Are some populations of S. media/pilosa referable to S. chamaedryfolia or S. triloba?<br />
47
plant with linear-lanceolate leaflets – a variety or distinct species?}.<br />
Lathyrus pratensis Grasslands at all levels: Cim Bulak and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi.<br />
{Meadow Pea}.<br />
Lathyrus tuberosus? Riverside scrub of Irtysh, Ust-Kamenogorsk. {Earthnut Pea}.<br />
[Lathyrus #1 Low scrub and lush grass at low-mid levels: Kalbinskiy Hills, and north<br />
of Markakol. {pea with winged stem, large ovate stipules, leaves with ca<br />
8 leaflets, tendrils and a spike of pink-brown rather small flowers, fading<br />
multi-coloured – seems most likely to be L. humilis or L. pisiformis}].<br />
Medicago falcata Dry grassland, especially on steppe: Ust-Kamenogorsk and near Zaysan<br />
north ferry. {Sickle Medick}.<br />
Medicago lupulina Grass verges in Bukhtarma valley. {Black Medick}<br />
Medicago sativa Disturbed grassland: near Zaysan north ferry. {Lucerne}.<br />
Medicago x varia With parents near Zaysan north ferry. {Sand Lucerne – Medicago<br />
falcata x M. sativa}.<br />
Melilotus alba Roadsides and rough grassland: Ust-Kamenogorsk. {White Melilot}.<br />
Melilotus officinalis Roadsides and rough grass: Ust-Kamenogorsk. {Common Melilot}<br />
Onobrychis amoena? Dry grassy bluffs in the Kalbinskiy Hills. {a pale sainfoin}.<br />
Onobrychis viciifolia Dry grassland and roadsides: Ust-Kamenogorsk and colouring fields<br />
(presumably cultivated) in the Bukhtarma valley. {Sainfoin}.<br />
Orobus luteus Montane woodlands and meadows: Cim Bulak. {a bitter-vetch}.<br />
Sophora alopecuroides Often dominant in disturbed or overgrazed areas in the steppe or semi-<br />
desert zones, where it is prominent by roads and near water: throughout<br />
Zaysan depression. {no common name}.<br />
<strong>The</strong>rmopsis alpina Stony slopes at high altitudes: Cim Bulak and Burkhat Pass. {no<br />
common name}.<br />
[<strong>The</strong>rmopsis #1 Stony ridges in wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley. {large, hairless,<br />
glaucous, yellow-flowered – probably T. alterniflora, T. lanceolata or T.<br />
turkestanica}]<br />
Trifolium fragiferum Lawns in Panfilov Park, Almaty. {Strawberry Clover}<br />
Trifolium lupinaster Grasslands at mid-high levels: around and above Markakol, by Karakaba<br />
river and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a clover}.<br />
Trifolium pratense Grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak and Bukhtarma valley. {Red<br />
Clover}.<br />
Trifolium repens Nutrient-rich grassland at low-mid levels: around Markakol. {White<br />
Clover}.<br />
Trigonella arcuata More open grassland at low-mid levels: near Cold Pass and south of<br />
Markakol. {a fenugreek}<br />
Vicia tenuifolia Roadsides and meadows at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak, Kalbinskiy Hills,<br />
and Bukhtarma valley part of Austrian Road. {a vetch}.<br />
[Vicia #1 Lush meadows and open forest: Markakol, Cold Pass. {Resembles a<br />
rather large lax V. sepium, with fewer flowers and half-hastate stipules}.<br />
Oxalidaceae<br />
Oxalis acetosella Spruce forest at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Wood-sorrel}.<br />
Geraniaceae<br />
Geranium affine Hill steppe west of pine forests in Kalbinskiy Hills. {a crane’s-bill}<br />
Geranium albiflorum Grasslands and light shade at all levels: Cim Bulak, Kalbinskiy Hills,<br />
around and above Markakol, Burkhat Pass and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi.<br />
{a crane’s-bill}.<br />
Geranium collinum Grasslands: north and south of Markakol, by Austrian Road below (and<br />
north of) Burkhat Pass. {a crane’s-bill}<br />
48
Geranium pseudosibiricum? Forest edges and taller grassland: around Markakol. {Large pink cranesbill,<br />
apparently with two distinct flower sizes}.<br />
Geranium rectum? Moist grassland at lower levels: Cim Bulak. {Meadow Crane’s-bill}<br />
Geranium saxatile Rocky grassland at higher levels in Cim Bulak. {a crane’s-bill}.<br />
Zygophyllaceae<br />
Zygophyllum plerocarpum Arid cliff-top steppe at Kiin Kerish. {like a prostrate vetch with winged<br />
petiole – no common name}.<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Dictamnus angustifolius Scrub, meadows and sunny slopes: above Almaty, Kalbinskiy Hills,<br />
(locally abundant), and around Markakol. {Burning-bush}.<br />
Haplophyllum perforatum Dry steppe grassland at Alekseyevka. {no common name}.<br />
Polygalaceae<br />
Polygala hybrida Drier grassland at low-mid levels: Kalbinskiy Hills and Cold Pass {a<br />
milkwort}.<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbia humilis? Grassland at high levels in Cim Bulak. {a spurge}.<br />
Euphorbia pilosa? Moist grassland at mid-levels: southern Austrian Road. {a spurge}<br />
Euphorbia virgata? Rough grassland and roadsides at low levels: Ust-Kamenogorsk.<br />
{Twiggy Spurge}.<br />
[Euphorbia #1 Artemisia steppe: Zaysan depression. {an annual spurge, broad leaved<br />
and regularly branched, spring flowering, now in late fruit}].<br />
Aceraceae<br />
Acer negundo Naturalised in shelter belts and woodland margins, mainly at low levels:<br />
Cim Bulak and Kalbinskiy Hills. {Box-elder}.<br />
Balsaminaceae<br />
Impatiens parviflora Urban parks and scrub at low-mid levels: Almaty city and lower Cim<br />
Bulak. {Small Balsam}.<br />
Malvaceae<br />
Alcea nudiflora Sparingly on roadsides near Zaysan north ferry. {a hollyhock}<br />
Alcea frolovii? Roadsides and rough steppe grassland: Ust-Kamenogorsk, the Kalbinskiy<br />
Hills and near Katon-Karangay. {short pink hollyhock}.<br />
Lavatera thuringiaca With hollyhocks between Ust-Kamenogorsk and Katon-Karangay. {a<br />
tree-mallow}<br />
Thymelaeaceae<br />
Daphne altaica Low scrub on sheltered slope: Marble Pass. {no common name}.<br />
Hypericaceae<br />
Hypericum elongatum Dry grassland at low-mid altitudes: Marble Pass, and north from<br />
Markakol. {a St. John’s-wort}<br />
Hypericum perforatum Dry or disturbed grassland: Marble Pass. {Common St John’s-wort}<br />
Hypericum scabrum Dry grassland at low-mid altitudes: Marble Pass. {a St John’s-wort}<br />
49
Tamaricaceae<br />
Myricaria bracteata? Banks of lake and rivers: Zaysan campsite, Karakaba river and river by<br />
access track to Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a “spiked tamarisk”}.<br />
Tamarix hispida? Lake shore at Zaysan campsite. {a tamarisk}.<br />
Violaceae<br />
Viola acutiloba Stony slopes at high altitudes in Cim Bulak. {a yellow pansy}.<br />
Viola altaica Drier grassland at mid-high levels, often abundant: Cim Bulak, Cold<br />
Pass, Burkhat Pass, and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a pansy, either pale<br />
yellow or violet}.<br />
Viola biflora Sheltered rocks at mid-high levels and scrub: Cim Bulak, Markakol,<br />
scattered along Austrian Road, Burkhat Pass, and around Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. {Yellow Wood-violet}<br />
Viola disjuncta Grasslands mainly at mid-levels: Kalbinskiy Hills, around and above<br />
Markakol, and southern Austrian Road. {a typical pansy}.<br />
Viola palustris Damp mossy willow scrub etc: at and above Markakol and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi (where plants tiny, and possibly another related<br />
species?). {Marsh Violet}<br />
Viola rupestris? Occasional on rocky ground at mid-high levels: Cim, Bulak, Cold Pass,<br />
and all along Austrian Road. {Teesdale Violet}<br />
Onagraceae<br />
Chamerion angustifolium Scrub and meadows at low-mid levels: above Almaty, around and above<br />
Markakol, and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Rosebay}.<br />
Callitrichaceae<br />
Callitriche palustris Depressions in swamp birch woodland near Markakol. {a waterstarwort}.<br />
Cucurbitaceae<br />
Bryonia alba Scrub edges above Almaty. {a white-bryony}.<br />
Apiaceae<br />
Angelica decurrens Rocky streamsides etc: Cim Bulak, Markakol, and by Austrian Road in<br />
Bukhtarma valley. {an angelica}.<br />
Anthriscus sylvestris Lush grassland and forest margins: around Markakol. {Cow Parsley)<br />
Bupleurum aureum Grassland, mainly at mid-levels: Cold Pass and elsewhere near Markakol,<br />
along Austrian Road and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a hare’s-ear}<br />
Bupleurum krylovianum? Drier grassland from Markakol to the Austrian Road. {a hare’s-ear}<br />
Bupleurum longifolium? Low scrub at low-mid levels: Kalbinskiy Hills and Marble Pass. {a<br />
hare’s-ear}.<br />
Bupleurum multinerve? High-level ridges above Burkhat Pass. {a hare’s-ear – to be confirmed,<br />
plants immature}<br />
Conium maculatum Roadside: Uryl checkpoint. {Hemlock}<br />
Ferula krilovii Rockier and/or less saline parts of the Zaysan semi-desert – probably also<br />
this by Zaysan north ferry. {a giant-fennel}.<br />
Ferula penninervis? Drier grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak. {a giant-fennel}.<br />
[Ferulago sp. Dry slopes at Kiin Kerish. {Like a low fennel, with few leaves}.<br />
Heracleum dissectum Scrub margins and streamsides at low-mid levels: above Almaty, around<br />
Markakol, and southern Austrian Road. {a hogweed}.<br />
Heracleum sibiricum Spruce forest and scrub margins: above Markakol. {a hogweed}<br />
Prangos ledebourii? Steppic grassland north of Markakol. {no common name}<br />
50
[unknown umbellifer #1 Grassland at low-mid levels: Markakol. {Resembling a pink pignut with<br />
linear rather than thread-like leaf segments}]<br />
[unknown umbellifer #2 Open areas amongst and above dwarf birch thickets on Burkhat Pass.<br />
{Rather resembles a Meum – genus unknown in Kazakhstan}]<br />
[unknown umbellifer #3 Seasonally wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley. {Resembles a slender<br />
pinkish water-dropwort, but probably another genus – no fruit seen}]<br />
[unknown umbellifer #4 Col at 2200m above Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {finely-divided basal<br />
leaves and remains of last year’s stems – a Seseli species?}]<br />
Ericaceae<br />
Vaccinium myrtillus Understorey in spruce forest and high-level rocky grassland: Cold Pass,<br />
southern Austrian Road, Burkhat Pass and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi.<br />
{Bilberry}.<br />
Vaccinium vitis-idaea Under dwarf birch scrub and spruce forest at mid-high levels: Burkhat<br />
Pass and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Cowberry}<br />
Pyrolaceae<br />
Orthilia secunda Mossy ground in conifer forest by Austrian Road in Bukhtarma valley.<br />
{Serrated Wintergreen}<br />
Pyrola minor Understorey in spruce forest: southern Austrian Road and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi, also in riverside willows by access track to<br />
latter. {Lesser Wintergreen}.<br />
Pyrola rotundifolia Mossy ground in conifer (especially spruce) forest and dwarf birch<br />
thickets: Burkhat Pass, Austrian Road in Bukhtarma valley, forest at<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi and willow-scrub by river on track to last site.<br />
{Round-leaved Wintergreen – some plants in sunny ground had coralpink<br />
flowers}<br />
Primulaceae<br />
Androsace lactiflora Moist to quite dry turf, mainly at mid-levels: Kalbinskiy Hills, at and<br />
around Markakol, and by Austrian Road in Bukhtarma valley. {a rockjasmine}.<br />
Androsace maxima Dry open habitats in semi-desert and rock: Zaysan south ferry and Kiin<br />
Kerish. {Annual Rock-jasmine, subsp. turczaninovii}<br />
Androsace olgae Stony slopes at high altitudes in Cim Bulak. {a rock-jasmine}<br />
Androsace septentrionalis Moist more open or mossy vegetation by streams etc: Markakol and north<br />
to Austrian Road {Northern Rock-jasmine}<br />
Cortusa altaica By streams at low-mid levels and also on moist rocks at high levels:<br />
Markakol, forest by Austrian Road in Bukhtarma valley and on Burkhat<br />
Pass. {an alpine-bells}<br />
Cortusa brotherii Flushes and by streams, mid-high level: Cim Bulak. {an alpine-bells}<br />
Glaux maritima Spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert. {Sea-milkwort}.<br />
Primula algida Recent snowmelt and flushes at high level: Cim Bulak. {a primrose}<br />
Primula longiscapa Moist grassland, especially near streams at mid altitudes: around and<br />
above Markakol (including Cold Pass), Karakaba river, and Bukhtarma<br />
valley. {a primrose}.<br />
Primula nivalis By streams at mid-high altitudes in Cim Bulak. {a primrose}].<br />
Primula sibirica By streams and wet mossy forest edges: below Rakhmanovskie and on<br />
lakeshore. {a primrose}<br />
Primula veris Margins of snow-patches and rocky slopes: Kalbinskiy Hills, by<br />
Karakaba river and Burkhat Pass. {Cowslip – subsp. macrocalyx}<br />
51
Plumbaginaceae<br />
Limonium gmelinii? Edge of spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan depression. (a sea-lavender}<br />
[Limonium #1 Arid saline hummocks and rocks: Kiin Kerish and Marble Pass. {Sealavender<br />
with prominent white calyx and flat rosette of glaucous<br />
oblanceolate leaves}].<br />
Gentianaceae<br />
Gentiana aquatica Sedge/grass/lichen community by road on Burkhat Pass. {a gentian}<br />
Gentiana cruciata Open forest and high-level grassland to 2200m at Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. {Cross Gentian}<br />
Gentiana grandiflora Short turf, (notably by snow-patches) sometimes on forest edge and<br />
scrub, especially at mid-upper levels: Cold Pass, Burkhat Pass and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a gentian}<br />
Gentiana uniflora Shorter grassland at mid-upper levels: Cold Pass, south of Markakol, and<br />
all along Austrian Road, including Burkhat Pass. {a gentian}<br />
[Gentiana #1 Mossy opening in spruce forest along southern Austrian Road and grassy<br />
gully at 2250m on Burkhat Pass. {resembles G. verna}]<br />
Halenia corniculata Margins of seasonally wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley. {Spur<br />
Gentian. This is the identity of one of the “mystery plants” in the orchid<br />
field - in leaf like a centaury; pairs (or three in a whorl) of 4-merous<br />
flowers; calyx cut to base, linear lobed; corolla of 4 yellow lanceolate<br />
lobes, separate for much of length, but with very pronounced hooked<br />
whitish spur at base}.<br />
Swertia obtusa All kinds of wet places e.g. swamp woodland, mossy flushes etc at all<br />
levels: around and above Markakol, southern Austrian Road (including<br />
Karakaba river}, and around Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a marsh felwort}<br />
Polemoniaceae<br />
Polemonium caeruleum Scrub and meadows at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak, Kalbinskiy Hills,<br />
around Markakol, Cold Pass, and Berel. {Jacob’s-ladder}.<br />
Convolvulaceae<br />
Calystegia sepium Roadsides and scrub margins: above Almaty. {Greater Bindweed}.<br />
Convolvulus arvensis Roadsides and dry grassland, included disturbed steppe: Ust-<br />
Kamenogorsk. {Field Bindweed}.<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Trachomitum lancifolium Banks of roadside ditch in Zaysan semi-desert. {no common name}<br />
Cuscutaceae<br />
Cuscuta campestris? Roadsides and coarse vegetation, mainly in steppe areas: Zaysan<br />
depression including spring-fed saltmarsh, and Marble Pass (spicata<br />
species too). {a dodder – at least another coarse yellow dodder present,<br />
with spicate inflorescence e.g. C. indica or C. monogyna}.<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Asperugo procumbens Disturbed grassland north out of Markakol. {Madwort}<br />
Cynoglossum officinale? Dry grassland and scrub margins: Kalbinskiy Hills and Markakol.<br />
{Common Hound’s-tongue – some plants are notably narrow-leaved and<br />
may be C. capusii}.<br />
Echium vulgare Roadsides, fallow and disturbed steppe: above Almaty, Marble Pass and<br />
colouring fields from Katon-Karangay to Zaysan lake north ferry.<br />
52
{Viper’s Bugloss}<br />
Eritrichium tianshanicum Moist rocky slopes in upper Cim Bulak. {no common name}<br />
Eritrichium villosum? Short stony turf on the Cold Pass. {no common name}<br />
Heterocaryum spp.? Drier grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak and Markakol. {Relatives<br />
of the forget-me-nots with pale flowers in umbel-like inflorescences and<br />
narrow leaves}.<br />
[Lappula #1 Artemisia steppe: Zaysan south ferry and campsite. {a bur forget-me-not<br />
– possibly L. microcarpa – another species in Bukhtarma?}]<br />
Lithospermum arvense Drier grasslands at low-mid levels; Cim Bulak. {Field Gromwell}.<br />
[Mertensia sp. Scrub margins at low-mid levels in the <strong>Altai</strong>: Kalbinskiy Hills, Markakol,<br />
and by Karakaba river. {like a large-flowered blue lungwort with<br />
widely-spreading corolla-lobes}].<br />
Myosotis alpestris Grassland and rocks at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak, Markakol (and Cold<br />
Pass) and Burkhat Pass. {Alpine Forget-me-not – the similar M.<br />
sylvatica evidently absent from Kazakhstan}.<br />
Myosotis laxa Springline marsh north of Markakol. {Tufted Forget-me-not}<br />
Myosotis scorpioides Mossy streamsides at low-mid levels: Markakol and Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. {Water Forget-me-not}<br />
[Nonea #1 Dry grassy roadsides: east of Uryl and near Zaysan north ferry. {Nonea<br />
pulla or N. caspica?}}<br />
Onosma gmelinii? Drier grassland north of Markakol. {a golden-drop}<br />
[Onosma #1 Grassy bluffs in Kalbinskiy Hills. {a white “golden drop”}.].<br />
Lamiaceae<br />
Dracocephalum grandiflorum Grassland at mid-high levels, where it may turn slopes blue: around and<br />
above Markakol (including Cold Pass}, and Burkhat Pass. {a<br />
dragonhead}<br />
Dracocephalum imberbe Rocks at high altitudes in Cim Bulak. {a dragonhead}.<br />
Dracocephalum ruyschiana Drier grasslands , mainly at mid-levels: Kalbinskiy Hills, Marble Pass<br />
and around Markakol. {bright blue dragonhead with linear –lanceolate<br />
untoothed leaves}.<br />
[Dracocephalum sp. Grassland at high levels in Cim Bulak. {Resembling D. grandiflorum but<br />
slightly smaller flowered}.<br />
Eremostachys molucelloides Open arid more grassy steppe: Zaysan camp and Alekseyevka. {no<br />
common name}<br />
Eremostachys speciosa Grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak. {no common name}.<br />
Glechoma hederacea Grass verges in Bukhtarma valley. {Ground-ivy}<br />
Hyssopus officinalis? Steppe west of Zaysan north ferry. {Hyssop: plant observed may belong<br />
to an allied genus, true hyssop seems to be absent }<br />
Lagochilus daicanthophyllus? Arid hummocks at Kiin Kerish. {palmately-lobed leaves, spiny calyx<br />
and pale pinkish flowers}.<br />
Lamium album Lush grassland in both village and natural montane habitats: Markakol.<br />
{White Dead-nettle}.<br />
Leonurus glaucescens Dry grassland and disturbed steppe: Kalbinskiy Hills, by spring-fed<br />
saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert, southern Austrian Road, and Uryl<br />
checkpoint. {a motherwort}.<br />
53
Mentha asiatica Flushes and marshes at all levels: Cim Bulak and Markakol. {a mint}<br />
Nepeta pannonica Grasslands at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak and Markakol (including Cold<br />
Pass). {a catmint}.<br />
Origanum vulgare Scrub and meadows at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak, and north of<br />
Markakol. {Marjoram – the O. tyttanthum of the western Tien Shan<br />
probably belongs here}.<br />
Phlomis oreophila Grassland at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak. {a Jerusalem-sage}.<br />
[Phlomis #1 Grassland and open woodland around Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {similar<br />
to latter but with very long prominent bracteoles}]<br />
Phlomopsis brachystegia? Drier grassland at low-mid levels: Kalbinskiy Hills, Marble Pass, around<br />
Markakol, Austrian Road (Bukhtarma Valley), and near Kamenka. {a<br />
Jerusalem-sage}<br />
Prunella vulgaris Grassland at all levels: Cim Bulak and Bukhtarma valley. {Self-heal}<br />
Salvia deserta Roadsides and steppe grassland, where often abundant and colouring<br />
slopes: Ust Kamenogorsk, Kalbinskiy Hills and Zaysan depression. {a<br />
sage}.<br />
Scutellaria orientalis Arid bluffs and rocks: Kiin Kerish, picnic spot on southern Austrian<br />
Road, and Burkhat Pass. {a skullcap}<br />
Scutellaria sieversii Shorter grassland at mid-levels: around Markakol. {a skullcap}<br />
[Scutellaria #1 Grassy bluffs in the Kalbinskiy Hills. {erect skullcap whose cream<br />
flowers have a purple throat – the same species with pure cream flowers<br />
further east?}].<br />
[Scutellaria #2 Seasonally-wet grassland in Bukhtarma grassland. {skullcap with narrow<br />
leaves and disproportionately large blue flowers}]<br />
[Scutellaria #3 Seasonally-wet grassland in Bukhtarma grassland. {resembles S.<br />
galericulata, but shorter, neater and large blue flowers}]<br />
Thymus altaicus? Drier turf: southern Austrian Road and Burkhat Pass {a thyme}<br />
[Thymus sp. Dry grassland and steppe: Kalbinskiy Hills and west of Zaysan north<br />
ferry. {strongly scented thyme with notably long fruiting spike}.<br />
Ziziphora clinopodioides Dry grassland and steppe, locally also in montane zone of the <strong>Altai</strong>,<br />
where mainly on south-facing slopes: Kalbinskiy Hills, Marble Pass.,<br />
north of Markakol and sandy semi-desert between Zaysan lake and Ust-<br />
Kamenogorsk. {no common name}.<br />
[unknown Labiate #1 Seasonally wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley and margins of north<br />
Austrian Road. {Tall slightly foetid herb with leaves like spearmint, and<br />
large hooded blue-purple flowers}]<br />
Solanaceae<br />
Hyoscyamus niger Ruderal habitats in villages: Urunkhayka, and near Kamenka.<br />
{Henbane}<br />
Hyoscyamus pusillus Open gravel ridges by spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert. {a<br />
henbane}<br />
Solanum dulcamara Rough roadsides: Ust-Kamenogorsk and Marble Pass. {Bittersweet}.<br />
Scrophulariaceae<br />
Dodartia orientalis Steppe grassland: by spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert and<br />
between Zaysan lake and Ust-Kamenogorsk. {no common name}.<br />
Euphrasia tartarica? Grasslands at mid-levels: Cim Bulak. {Eyebrights}.<br />
Lagotis integrifolia Open areas in dwarf birch scrub and grassland at high levels: Burkhat<br />
Pass. {no common name}<br />
[Linaria #1 Sandy semi-desert: Zaysan south ferry. {low yellow toadflax, widely<br />
branched and with linear leaves}].<br />
54
[Linaria #2 Rock crevices: south Austrian Road and near Uryl. {similar to latter but<br />
erect and unbranched – L. acutiloba, L. altaica or L. hepatica?}]<br />
[Linaria #3 Sandy semi-desert between Zaysan north ferry and Ust-Kamenogorsk<br />
{Long-spurred lilac toadflax with thread-like leaves}]<br />
Pedicularis amoena Flushes, sometimes stony, at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak, Cold Pass and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a lousewort}.<br />
Pedicularis tristis Drier rocky grassland: by picnic spot on southern Austrian Road. {a<br />
lousewort}<br />
Pedicularis dolichorrhiza Grasslands at mid levels: Cim Bulak. {a lousewort}.<br />
Pedicularis dubia? Drier grassland north of Markakol. {a lousewort}<br />
Pedicularis oederi Dwarf birch scrub and grassland at high levels: Burkhat Pass {a<br />
lousewort}<br />
Pedicularis pubiflora Stony flushed slopes at high altitudes in Cim Bulak. {a lousewort}<br />
Pedicularis elata Lusher grasslands at low-mid levels: Kalbinskiy Hills, and both around<br />
and above Markakol. {a lousewort}.<br />
Pedicularis compacta Flowery meadows in plateau south of Burkhat pass, and gaps in dwarf<br />
birch scrub on pass itself. {a lousewort}<br />
Pedicularis probuscidea? Longer grassland at all levels, but especially mid-levels: south of<br />
Markakol, southern Austrian Road and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Tall<br />
leafy lousewort with dense narrow yellow spike}<br />
[Pedicularis #2 Trackside scrub approaching Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {pale yellow<br />
lousewort with strongly-beaked flower, alternate leaves}]<br />
Rhinanthus songoricus Scrub margins and seasonally-wet grasslands at low-mid levels: Marble<br />
Pass and Bukhtarma valley. {a yellow-rattle}<br />
Verbascum phoeniceum Dry grassland and steppe: Kalbinskiy Hills, near Kamenka and west of<br />
Zaysan north ferry. {Purple Mullein}.<br />
Verbascum songoricum Steppe verges: Bukhtarma valley to Ust-Kamenogorsk. {a mullein}<br />
Verbascum thapsus Steppe grassland near Kamenka. {Common Mullein}<br />
Veronica beccabunga Streamsides and ruts at low levels: Markakol. {Brooklime}<br />
Veronica chamaedrys Flush edges at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak. {Bird’s-eye Speedwell}<br />
Veronica laeta Steppe west of Zaysan north ferry. {a pale spiked speedwell}<br />
Veronica longifolia Margin of Austrian Road in Bukhtarma valley. {Garden Speedwell}<br />
Veronica multifida Dry grassland: near apiary campsite near Kamenka and Kalbinskiy Hills<br />
(white-flowered). {a speedwell}<br />
Veronica porphyriana Rocks by picnic spot on south Austrian Road. {a speedwell}<br />
Veronica serpyllifolia Moist turf by streams and in the mountains: at and above Markakol, and<br />
southern Austrian Road. {Thyme-leaved Speedwell}<br />
Veronica spicata Drier grassland at all levels: Kalbinskiy Hills, near Alekseyevka, Marble<br />
Pass, Cold Pass, and by Karakaba river. {Spiked Speedwell}<br />
Veronica teucrium Open woodland and grassland, mainly at mid-levels: Kalbinskiy pine<br />
woods, Markakol, and Cold Pass. {Large Speedwell}.<br />
[Veronica #1 Pathsides in Urunkhayka. {Very slender erect speedwell, with both<br />
lanceolate leaves and blue flowers minute}]<br />
[Veronica #2 Margins of snow-patches at high levels: Burkhat Pass. {short erect<br />
speedwell with crowded leaves and contracted purple spike}]<br />
Orobanchaceae<br />
Cistanche salsa Near slope top, Kiin Kerish. {royal purple and white broomrape}.<br />
Orobanche uralensis? Arid steppe at Kiin Kerish. {slender purple-tipped broomrape}<br />
Plantaginaceae<br />
Plantago lanceolata Roadsides, disturbed steppe: above Almaty. {Ribwort Plantain}.<br />
Plantago major Paths near habitation: Markakol. {Great Plantain}<br />
55
Plantago maritima Edge of spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert. {Sea Plantain}.<br />
Plantago media Dry grassland and steppe: Kalbinskiy Hills, near Kamenka and elsewhere<br />
in Bukhtarma valley. {Hoary Plantain}.<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Galium boreale Lusher grassland and low scrub at all levels: Kalbinksiy Hills, Markakol,<br />
and Burkhat Pass. {Northern Bedstraw}<br />
Galium palustre Swamp woodland at Markakol (birch) and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi.<br />
(spruce). {Marsh Bedstraw}<br />
Galium verum s.l. Drier grasslands at all levels, especially prominent in more steppic sites:<br />
Cim Bulak, Kalbinskiy Hills, and Burkhat Pass. {Lady’s Bedstraw –<br />
probably mostly referable to G. pamiro-altaicum}.<br />
Caprifoliaceae<br />
Linnaea borealis Mossy ground in spruce forests etc: along entire length of Austrian Road<br />
and at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Twinflower}<br />
Lonicera hispida Low scrub and rocks at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak, Kalbinskiy Hills, and<br />
Cold Pass. {“Bristly Honeysuckle”}.<br />
Lonicera microphylla Rocky slopes and crevices: north of Markakol, and southern Austrian<br />
Road. {a honeysuckle}<br />
Lonicera nummulariifolia Scrub at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak. {a shrub honeysuckle}.<br />
Lonicera tatarica Often dominant in low scrub at low-mid levels, sparingly higher: at and<br />
near Markakol. {a pink-flowered shrub honeysuckle}<br />
[Lonicera #1 Stony south-facing slopes: Marble Pass. {low glaucous shrub<br />
honeysuckle with orange berries}]<br />
[Lonicera #2 Low scrub at mid-high levels: around Markakol, Burkhat Pass and<br />
Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {low bush with pendulous lemon flowers}]<br />
Viburnum opulus Streamside scrub in the Kalbinskiy Hills. {Guelder-rose}.<br />
Adoxaceae<br />
Adoxa moschatellina Moist woodland and shady margins at low-mid levels: Markakol, Cold<br />
Pass, and southern Austrian Road. {Moschatel}<br />
Valerianaceae<br />
Patrinia intermedia Dry grassland: Marble Pass, south-facing hills north of Markakol and<br />
west of Zaysan north ferry. {no common name}.<br />
Patrinia sibirica Rocky outcrops in high-levels grassland on the Burkhat Pass. {no<br />
common name}<br />
Valeriana officinalis s.l. Grasslands (usually moist) at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak, Marble Pass,<br />
Cold Pass and north of Markakol. {Common Valerian - probably mostly<br />
referable to V. collina}.<br />
Campanulaceae<br />
Campanula altaica Grasslands and low scrub at low-mid levels: Kalbinskiy Hills, Cold Pass<br />
and elsewhere around Markakol, and southern Austrian Road. {a<br />
bellflower, close to C. patula (Spreading Bellflower) - Kalbinskiy<br />
populations appear especially close}.<br />
Campanula glomerata Grasslands at low-mid altitudes: Cim Bulak, Marble Pass, and Austrian<br />
Road in Bukhtarma valley. {Clustered Bellflower}.<br />
Campanula latifolia? Woodland margins at low levels above Almaty. {Giant Bellflower}.<br />
Campanula sibirica Drier grassland and scrub: Kalbinskiy Hills, Marble Pass, margins of wet<br />
grassland in Bukhtarma valley and near Uryl. {a bellflower}.<br />
56
Codonopsis klematidea Woodland margins: above Almaty. {no common name}.<br />
Asteraceae<br />
Achillea millefolium Roadsides and all but the driest grassland: above Almaty; Kalbinskiy<br />
Hills, and north of Markakol. {Yarrow}.<br />
Achillea ledebourii? Grassland at mid-upper levels: Cold Pass. {pectinate toothed<br />
sneezewort}<br />
Alfredia cernua Lush meadows: around and above Markakol, and southern Austrian<br />
Road. {no common name}<br />
Antennaria dioica Shorter drier grassland, mainly at mid-high levels, occasionally in open<br />
forest: Kalbinskiy Hills, Cold Pass, southern Austrian Road, Burkhat<br />
Pass, and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Mountain Everlasting}<br />
Arctium tomentosum Forest margins and other coarser vegetation: Markakol, and near Berel.<br />
{a burdock}<br />
Artemisia absinthium Roadsides and rough grassland at low-mid levels: Cim Bulak, and north<br />
of Markakol. {Wormwood}.<br />
Artemisia dracunculus Margins of Austrian Road in Bukhtarma valley. {Tarragon}<br />
[Artemisia spp. Dominant or co-dominant in drier steppe and semi-desert: Kalbinskiy<br />
Hills, and Zaysan Depression. {No attempt has been made to distinguish<br />
these, though from a casual examination of leaf morphology,<br />
indumentum and aroma, at least five species are common in this habitat,<br />
including some resembling A. campestris and others very grey and<br />
scented}].<br />
Aster alpinus Rocky grassland at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak, Kalbinskiy Hills, Cold<br />
Pass, and southern Austrian Road. {Alpine Aster}.<br />
Aster altaicus Drier grassland and steppe: Kalbinskiy Hills, Bukhtarma valley and<br />
Zaysan north ferry. {an aster}.<br />
Cacalia hastata Riverside willow scrub by access track to Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {no<br />
common name}.<br />
Carduus nutans? Rough grassland and steppe: Kalbinskiy Hills. {Musk Thistle – subsp.<br />
songoricus}.<br />
Centaurea squarrosa Steppic grassland: by spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert and in<br />
eastern Kalbinskiy Hills. {a knapweed}.<br />
[Centaurea #1 South-facing grassland on hill north of Markakol. {C. adpressa? – a<br />
lovely plant, leaves like Knautia but erect and appressed silvery, mostly<br />
basal, stem prostrate/procumbent with erect head – brown bracts, white<br />
fimbriate, flowers pale pink, white in centre – rayed}].<br />
Cicerbita azurea Margins of scrub at mid levels: Cim Bulak and by Austrian Road in<br />
Bukhtarma valley. {an alpine sow-thistle}.<br />
Cichorium intybus Roadsides and fallow land: above Almaty, Ust-Kamenogorsk and from<br />
Bukhtarma valley to Zaysan lake. {Chicory}.<br />
Doronicum altaicum Spruce forest and high-level grassland at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {a<br />
leopard’s-bane}<br />
Doronicum turkestanorum Scrubby grassland at mid-levels in Cim Bulak. {a leopard’s-bane}.<br />
Echinops nanus? Rough steppe in the Kalbinskiy Hills. {a globe-thistle with heads 1cm<br />
diameter and the plant 50cm tall).<br />
Erigeron auranteus Rocky grassland at higher levels in Cim Bulak. {an orange fleabane}<br />
[Erigeron #1 Rocky dry grassland on the Cold and Burkhat Passes. {white one–<br />
headed fleabane – probably either E. altaicum or E. krylovii}]<br />
[Erigeron #2 Rocky river bank of Karakaba. {similar to latter but rose-pink}<br />
Galinsoga quadriradiata Weed in Panfilov Park, Almaty. {Shaggy-soldier}<br />
Gnaphalium norvegicum? Mossy spruce forest at Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Highland Cudweed}<br />
57
Gnaphalium sylvaticum Drier pathside in willow scrub at south end of Austrian Road, and<br />
grounds of Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Heath Cudweed}<br />
Hypochoeris maculata Dry south-facing grassland: sites north of Markakol and Rakhmanovskie<br />
Klyuchi. {Spotted Cat’s-ear}<br />
Lactuca undulata? Rough grassland: north of Markakol, Sn. Austrian Road . {a lettuce}<br />
Leontopodium fedtschenkoanum Rocky turf at high levels in Cim Bulak. {an edelweiss}.<br />
Ligularia alpigena Moist grassland at mid-levels: Cim Bulak. {no common name}.<br />
Ligularia heterophylla Woodland margins above Almaty. (no common name}<br />
Ligularia macrophylla? Upland and mountain meadows, especially where slopes are moist:<br />
Kalbinskiy pine-woods, and north of Markakol. {no common name}<br />
Onopordum leptolepis Roadsides in steppe from Bukhtarma valley to Zaysan lake. {a cotton<br />
thistle}<br />
Pilosella cymosa? Grasslands at mid-levels: Cim Bulak. {a mouse-ear hawkweed}.<br />
[Pulicaria sp. Rough grassland at Ust-Kamenogorsk. {Resembles a larger-headed,<br />
more slender P. dysenterica}].<br />
Rhaponticum carthamoides Lush grassland mainly at mid-levels: nearing Cold Pass, south of<br />
Markakol and Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Large knapweed-like herb with<br />
big heads}<br />
[Scorzonera spp. a) Spring-fed saltmarsh in Zaysan semi-desert; b) grassy slopes at treeline<br />
on Burkhat Pass; c) Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi; and d) tall leafy plant<br />
in steppe west of Zaysan north ferry. {Viper’s-grasses – one species at a)<br />
and d), a second at b) and c)?}]<br />
Senecio jacobaea Disturbed steppe west of Zaysan north ferry. {Common Ragwort –<br />
naturalised?}.<br />
Senecio praticola? Drier grassland mainly at mid-levels: Kalbinksiy Hills, near Cold Pass,<br />
and north of Markakol. {a ragwort with narrow-lanceolate toothed<br />
leaves, and a subumbellate cluster of yellow heads with rays swept back<br />
at maturity}.<br />
Senecio vulgaris Weed in Panfilov Park, Almaty. {Common Groundsel}<br />
Serratula latifolia? Lush grassland at foot of south-facing hills north of Markakol. {a sawwort}<br />
Solidago virgaurea Grassland at medium levels: Rakhmanovskie Klyuchi. {Goldenrod}<br />
Tanacetum santolina? Drier grasslands, mainly at lower levels: Kalbinskiy Hills, and north of<br />
Markakol. {Small neat silvery-grey tansy with few button heads}.<br />
Tanacetum tanacetoides? Dry grassland: Marble Pass. {Large feather-leaved tansy, with many<br />
button heads}.<br />
Taraxacum spp. Grasslands, especially prominent at mid-high levels: Cim Bulak and<br />
Markakol. {Dandelions}.<br />
Tragopogon pratensis Roadsides and drier grasslands at low-mid levels: Ust-Kamenogorsk and<br />
Markakol. {Goat’s-beard – subsp. orientalis}.<br />
[Tragopogon #1 Steppic grassland north of Markakol. {Goat’s-beard – possibly T. dubius<br />
or T. dubianskyi}<br />
Tussilago farfara Flushes and damp roadsides at all altitudes: Cim Bulak. {Colt’s-foot}.<br />
Xanthium strumarium Disturbed and damp ground: Ust-Kamenogorsk. {Common Cocklebur}.<br />
[Unknown composite #1 Margins of northern part of Austrian Road. {Like spiked mayweed with<br />
pendulous rayless flowers}]<br />
[Unknown thistles Sandy semi-desert between Zaysan lake and Ust-Kamenogorsk. {Two<br />
plants seen, one resembling Carduus argentatus, the other looking like a<br />
tall Crupina with untoothed pinnae, silver below}<br />
58
Appendix: Species as yet not allocated to a family<br />
Species #1 Arid slopes of Kiin Kerish. {low shrub with linear leaves and widely<br />
branched fruiting stems, each fruit like a silvery marbled bladder}.<br />
Species #2 Stony ridges in wet grassland in Bukhtarma valley. {Erect herb, alternate<br />
leaves which are pinnatisect like an Artemisia, sepals joined at base, 5<br />
free pink petals – possibly Hololachne soongorica or maybe a Reaumuria<br />
sp.}<br />
59