Targeted Vegetation Survey of Floodplains and Lower Slopes on the ...

Comprehensive Coastal Assessment September 2008 

<strong>Targeted</strong> <strong>Vegetation</strong> 

<strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Floodplains</strong> 

<strong>and</strong> <strong>Lower</strong> <strong>Slopes</strong> on 

the Far North Coast

© Department <strong>of</strong> Environment <strong>and</strong> Climate Change (NSW), 2008 

This document may not be re-produced without prior written permission from the Department <strong>of</strong> Environment 

<strong>and</strong> Climate Change (NSW). 

Department <strong>of</strong> Environment <strong>and</strong> Climate Change (NSW) 

59-61 Goulburn Street 

(PO Box A290) 

Sydney South NSW 1232 

Phone: (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard) 

Phone: 131 555 (information & publications requests) 

TTY: (02) 9211 4723 

Fax: (02) 9995 5999 

Email: info@environment.nsw.gov.au 

Website: www.environment.nsw.gov.au 

Requests for information regarding this document are best directed to: 

Paul Sheringham 

Locked Bag 914 

North East Branch 

Environmental Protection <strong>and</strong> Regulation Division 

Department <strong>of</strong> Environment <strong>and</strong> Climate Change 

C<strong>of</strong>fs Harbour NSW 2450 

Phone: (02) 6659 8253 

The documented may be cited as: 

Sheringham, P.R., Dr. Benwell, A., Gilmour, P., Graham, M.S., Westaway, J., Weber, L., Bailey, D., & Price, R. (2008). 

<strong>Targeted</strong> <strong>Vegetation</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Floodplains</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Lower</strong> <strong>Slopes</strong> on the Far North Coast. A report prepared by the 

Department <strong>of</strong> Environment <strong>and</strong> Climate Change for the Comprehensive Coastal Assessment. Department <strong>of</strong> 

Environment <strong>and</strong> Climate Change (NSW), C<strong>of</strong>fs Harbour, NSW. 

Editing: P.J. Higgins. 

Design <strong>and</strong> layout: Dee Rogers 

ISBN 978 1 74122 857 1 

DECC 2008/316 

Printed on recycled paper

CCA08 Far North Coast <strong>Targeted</strong> <strong>Vegetation</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> 

TARGETED VEGETATION SURVEY OF 

FLOODPLAINS AND LOWER SLOPES 

ON THE FAR NORTH COAST 

P.R. Sheringham, Dr. A. Benwell, P. Gilmour, M.S. Graham, 

J. Westaway, L. Weber, D. Bailey, & R. Price 

CCA08 

SEPTEMBER 2008

Credits 


Paul Sheringham: Botanist <strong>and</strong> project manager, <strong>and</strong> responsible for the survey <strong>and</strong> stratification <strong>of</strong> sites, data entry, 

numerical analysis <strong>and</strong> writing <strong>of</strong> this report. 

Botanists esponsible for field surveys were: Dr. Andrew Benwell (Ecos Environmental), Phil Gilmour (Ecological 

Australia), John Westaway, Lui Weber, Rob Price, Darren Bailey <strong>and</strong> Mark Graham (Buckombil Environmental 

Services). Thanks to all the botanists who braved mosquitoes <strong>and</strong> mud to access sites knee deep in water. 

Mark Graham also assisted with organising access to freehold sites, <strong>and</strong> provided local knowledge in site 

location <strong>and</strong> assisting with field survey. Dr Andrew Benwell also provided much assistance with interpreting the 

environmental species relationships <strong>of</strong> the numerical analysis <strong>and</strong> placing communities into groups. Phil Gilmour 

helped with advice <strong>and</strong> assistance with running PATN analysis <strong>and</strong> commented on community outputs. 

Andrew Benwell <strong>and</strong> Phil Gilmour also commented on a draft <strong>of</strong> this report. 

Acknowledgements 

DECC would like to thank all l<strong>and</strong>holders who allowed access to their l<strong>and</strong>, in particular Phillip Willis, Sue 

Williams & Ian Foster, Am<strong>and</strong>a Skelton <strong>and</strong> Gary Owers. Thanks also to Dr. Mark Kingston (Tweed Shire 

Council), Ian Gaskill (Ballina Shire Council) <strong>and</strong> Hank Bower (Byron Shire Council) for help with access to sites 

<strong>and</strong> assistance with field survey <strong>and</strong> attendance at a workshop to review analysis outputs. 

Funding for the project was received from the Comprehensive Coastal Assessment (CCA). Paul Donnelly <strong>and</strong> Will 

Green are thanked for project administration <strong>and</strong> helping to develop the project specifications. 

Dr David Keith is thanked for helpful comments on the draft proposed stratification. 

Michael Bedward kindly provided help with PATN/Fidel analysis. 

Steve Griffith, Suzette Rodoreda are also thanked for commenting on the draft report.


Table <strong>of</strong> Contents 

Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 1 

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 3 

1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 

1.2 <strong>Survey</strong> objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 

1.3 Study area ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 

2. Methods ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 

2.1 Use <strong>of</strong> Existing Flora survey data ...................................................................................................................................................................................................8 

2.2 Site Stratification ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9 

2.3 Site Sampling ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10 

2.4 Data Management ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................11 

2.5 Data Analysis ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................11 

3 Results ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 

3.1 Floristics ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12 

3.2 Numerical analysis ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................15 

3.3 Summary <strong>of</strong> assemblages <strong>and</strong> their communities .........................................................................................................................................................18 

3.4 Endangered Ecological Communities .....................................................................................................................................................................................26 

3.5 Taxa <strong>of</strong> conservation significance ..............................................................................................................................................................................................26 

3.6 Taxa <strong>of</strong> conservation significance ..............................................................................................................................................................................................33 

4 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 42 

4.1 Distribution <strong>of</strong> vegetation communities ...............................................................................................................................................................................42 

4.2 Conservation status <strong>of</strong> plant communities ..........................................................................................................................................................................45 

4.3 Areas <strong>of</strong> high conservation significance ................................................................................................................................................................................49 

4.4 Endangered Ecological Communities .....................................................................................................................................................................................50 

4.5 Floristic variation within coarse scale mapping units ...................................................................................................................................................51 

4.6 A detailed mapping program for the future .......................................................................................................................................................................52 

5 References................................................................................................................................................. 53 

Appendix 1 - <strong>Vegetation</strong> community pr<strong>of</strong>iles ......................................................................................... 56 

Group 1–Saline Wetl<strong>and</strong>s ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................59 

Community 1 Saltmarsh ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................59 

Community 2 Blue Couch–Prickly Couch grassl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the estuarine plain ..........................................................................................................61 

Community 3 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak swamp sclerophyll Alluvial Plain Open Forest .....................................................63 

Community 4 Swamp Oak–Broad-leaved Paperbark Estuarine <strong>and</strong> Alluvial Plain Swamp Sclerophyll Forest ..................................66 

Community 5 Milky Mangrove–Swamp Oak–Grey Mangrove King-Tide Forest ..................................................................................................69 

Community 6 Swamp Oak–Hoop Pine–Tuckeroo Swamp Sclerophyll/dry ‘gallery’ Floodplain Rainforest ..........................................72 

Community 7 Prickly Couch–Sea Rush–Schoenoplectus subulatus saltmarsh ..........................................................................................................74 

Community 8 Swamp Oak king-tide swamp sclerophyll forest ......................................................................................................................................76 

Community 9 Sea Rush–Mat Grass Saltmarsh ...........................................................................................................................................................................78 

i


Group 2–Freshwater, seasonally/permanently inundated soils ......................................................................................................................................80 

Community 10 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak–fern/sedge Swamp Sclerophyll Forest ..................................................................80 

Community 11 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Pink-flowered Doughwood Swamp Sclerophyll Open Forest .............................................83 

Community 12 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak Ferny Swamp Sclerophyll Forest ................................................................................86 

Community 13 Alluvial plain Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Mahogany–Saw Sedge/Swamp Water Fern Swamp 

Sclerophyll Forest .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................89 

Community 14 Swamp Mahogany–Broad-leaved Paperbark–Bangalow Palm–sedge/fern Swamp Sclerophyll Forest ............92 

Community 15 Bangalow Palm–Swamp Box–Cabbage Tree Palm–Weeping Myrtle Alluvial Riparian Forest ..................................95 

Community 16 Tea-tree (Leptospermum spp.)–Sporodanthus interruptus Wet Heath ............................................................................................97 

Community 17 Leptospermum liversidgei–Wallum Bottlebrush–Grass Tree–Heath-leaved Banksia Wallum 

Wet Heath Complex ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................100 

Community 18 Coral Fern (Gleichenia dicarpa) Fernl<strong>and</strong> ...................................................................................................................................................103 

Community 19 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Coast Banksia–Red Ash Dunal Scrubl<strong>and</strong> ......................................................................................105 

Community 20 Swamp Box–Broad-leaved Paperbark–rush/fern Swamp Sclerophyll Forest ...................................................................108 

Community 21 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak–Rush Saline Swamp Sclerophyll Open Forest ...............................................111 

Community 22 Common Reed–Black Bog-Rush Reedl<strong>and</strong>/Rushl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Coastal Lagoons <strong>and</strong> Saline Swamps ..........................113 

Community 23 Swamp Box–Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Mahogany Swamp Sclerophyll Forest .............................................115 

Community 24 Swamp Ricegrass (Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra), Lepironia articulata –Smartweed–Juncus usitatus 

Swampy Meadow .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................118 

Community 25 Swamp Ricegrass–Bolboschoenus caldwellii–Schoenoplectus validus–Cyperus exaltatus 

Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong> .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................120 

Community 26 Hinterl<strong>and</strong> Narrow-leaved Paperbark–Tea-tree Backswamp Shrubl<strong>and</strong>s–Sedgel<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> 

Alluvial Backswamps .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................122 

Community 27 Weeping Myrtle–Water Gum Floodplain Riparian Forest .............................................................................................................124 

Community 28 Narrow-leaved Paperbark–Wallum Bottlebrush Swamp Sclerophyll Shrubl<strong>and</strong> ...........................................................126 

Community 29 Swamp Box–Narrow-leaved Paperbark–Broad-leaved Paperbark Alluvial Swamp Sclerophyll Forest ............128 

Community 30 Middle Richmond Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s .................................................................................................................................................131 

Group 3–Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> sites <strong>and</strong> headl<strong>and</strong> sites ....................................................................................................................................................132 

Community 31 Scribbly Gum–Red Mahogany–Brush Box dry sclerophyll Open to Closed Forest on 

Coastal Barrier S<strong>and</strong>s .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................132 

Community 32 Blackbutt–Turpentine Open Forest Complex.......................................................................................................................................135 

Community 33 Coast Cypress Pine on Dunes <strong>and</strong> Ridges ..............................................................................................................................................138 

Community 34 Coast Banksia Frontal Dune Open Forest on Holocene Dunes .................................................................................................141 

Community 35 Brush Box Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest ........................................................................................................................................................................144 

Community 36 Coast Wattle–Coast Tea-tree–Coast Banksia Shrubl<strong>and</strong> on Holocene Dunes <strong>and</strong> Ridges ......................................148 

Community 37 Kangaroo Grass headl<strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> .........................................................................................................................................................150 

Community 38 Scribbly Gum–Old Man Banksia–Slender Tea-tree Heathy Low Open Sclerophyll Forest to Shrubl<strong>and</strong> ........152 

Community 39 Wallum Banksia Dry Heath ...............................................................................................................................................................................155 

Group 4–Forests on alluvium or fine-textured soils <strong>of</strong> coastal floodplains <strong>and</strong> foothills .............................................................................158 

Community 40. <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Mesic Successional wet/swamp Sclerophyll Forest/Rainforest .......................................................158 

Community 41 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brush Box–Pink Bloodwood–Grey Ironbark Mesic Tall Open Forest ..............................................162 

Community 42 Tweed–Brunswick Valley Brush Box–Blackbutt–Pink Bloodwood–Tallowwood Foothill 

Wet Sclerophyll Forest ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................165 

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Community 43 Brunswick–Tweed Brush Box Gully Rainforest on Meta-sediments........................................................................................169 

Community 44 Tweed–Brunswick Valley Blue Qu<strong>and</strong>ong Subtropical Rainforest ...........................................................................................173 

Community 45 Tweed–Brunswick Valleys Bangalow Palm–Lilly Pilly Subtropical Rainforest ....................................................................178 

Community 46 Stinging Tree–White Fig–Brush Bloodwood Subtropical Rainforest .....................................................................................182 

Community 47 Tweed Valley Meta-sediment <strong>and</strong> Basalt Low-Elevation Subtropical Rainforest ............................................................184 

Community 48 Flooded Gum–Pink-flowered Doughwood–Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong Alluvial Plain Wet Sclerophyll Forest .................188 

Community 49 Camphor Laurel–Forest Red Gum Open to Closed Forest ...........................................................................................................191 

Community 50 Swamp Oak–Forest Red Gum–Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Box Swamp Sclerophyll 

Woodl<strong>and</strong> to Open Forest ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................194 

Community 51 Forest Red Gum–Willow Bottlebrush–Camphor Laurel Dry Open Forest ..........................................................................198 

Community 52 Small-leaved Fig–Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong–Bangalow Palm Subtropical/Littoral Rainforest 

on Pleistocene Dunes .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................201 

Community 53 Patches Beach Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak–Cabbage Tree Palm Swamp Sclerophyll 

Forest on the Alluvial Plain ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................204 

Community 54 Whalebone Tree–Thorny Pea–Sweet Myrtle Dry Rainforest........................................................................................................207 

Community 55 Grey Ironbark–Pink Bloodwood–White Mahogany Dry Grassy Open Forest ...................................................................210 

Community 56 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Box–Tuckeroo Swamp Sclerophyll Open Forest .....................................................213 

Community 57 Red Mahogany–Pink Bloodwood–Swamp Mahogany–Swamp Box Dry Open Forest ..............................................216 

Community 58 Pink Bloodwood–Grey Ironbark–Swamp Box–Forest Red Gum–Blackbutt Tall Dry Open Forest .......................219 

Community 59 Large-fruited Spotted Gum–Grey Ironbark–Small-fruited Grey Gum Dry Grassy Open Forest ............................223 

Community 60 Grey Ironbark–Thin-leaved Stringybark–Pink Bloodwood–Swamp Box Dry Open Grassy Forest .......................226 

Community 61 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Narrow-leaved Rough-barked Apple–Swamp Box–Pink Bloodwood 

Dry Grassy Alluvial Open Forest ...............................................................................................................................................................................................229 

Community 62 River Mangrove–Grey Mangrove–Black Mangrove–Milky Mangrove–Spider Mangrove 

Forest to Shrubl<strong>and</strong> .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................232 

Appendix 2 - Vascular plant species recorded from survey sites in the Far North Coast ..............235 

Fern Allies .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................235 

Ferns 235 

Cycads ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................237 

Conifers ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................237 

Dicots ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................237 

Monocots .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................255 

Appendix 3 - Full Dendogram ..................................................................................................................262 

Appendix 4 - Species frequency by community ...................................................................................276 

Appendix 5 - Equivalent ecological communities ................................................................................305 

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Tables 

Table 2(i) Compatible Data Sets .............................................................................................................................................................................................................8 

Table 2(ii) Supporting Information Data Sets .................................................................................................................................................................................8 

Table 2(iii) <strong>Vegetation</strong> Formations .........................................................................................................................................................................................................9 

Table 2(iv) Deposition Environment ....................................................................................................................................................................................................9 

Table 2(v) Sites by strata - geology ....................................................................................................................................................................................................10 

Table 2(vi) L<strong>and</strong>form Relief Class .........................................................................................................................................................................................................10 

Table 3(i) Most commonly recorded species <strong>of</strong> plant in the study area. ..................................................................................................................13 

Table 3(ii) Most commonly recorded exotic species recorded in the study area. ..............................................................................................13 

Table 3(iii) Primary, secondary <strong>and</strong> tertiary floristic groups differentiated by hierarchical 

agglomerative clustering <strong>of</strong> full floristic data (species <strong>and</strong> relative abundance). ......................................................................................15 

Table 3(iv) Summary <strong>of</strong> primary groups <strong>and</strong> the assemblages that fall within each resulting from expert assessment ..........18 

Table 3(v) <strong>Vegetation</strong> communities ..................................................................................................................................................................................................19 

Table 3(vi) Endangered Ecological Communities represented in communities identified in this survey 

<strong>of</strong> the Far North Coast <strong>of</strong> NSW. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................26 

Table 3(vii) Plant species <strong>of</strong> conservation significance recorded in the FNC study area. ...............................................................................27 

Table 3(viii) Species <strong>of</strong> Conservation Significiance, the communities in which they were recorded, 

<strong>and</strong> the habitat in which they occur. ......................................................................................................................................................................................30 

Table 4(i) Communities not known to be reserved. ...............................................................................................................................................................45 

Table 4(ii) Poorly conserved communities. .................................................................................................................................................................................46 

Table 4(iii) Communities with a fair level <strong>of</strong> conservation in reserves. ......................................................................................................................48 

Table 4(iv) Communities that are adequately reserved in the study area. ..............................................................................................................49 

Figures 

Figure 1. The study area. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 

Figure 3.1. Location <strong>of</strong> study sites within the FNC study area. ........................................................................................................................................14 

Figure 3.2. Dendrogram <strong>of</strong> 62 vegetation groups from classification <strong>of</strong> 346 sites .............................................................................................17 

Figure 3.3. Locations <strong>of</strong> records <strong>of</strong> species <strong>of</strong> conservation significance threatened species from the 

present survey <strong>of</strong> the FNC study area. ....................................................................................................................................................................................29 

iv


List <strong>of</strong> abbreviations 

CCA Comprehensive Coastal Assessment 

CRA Comprehensive Regional Assessment 

DECC NSW Department <strong>of</strong> Conservation <strong>and</strong> Climate Change 

EPBC Environmental Protection <strong>and</strong> Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) 

FNC Far North Coast 

GIS Geographic Information System 

LGAs Local Government Areas 

JANIS Joint ANZECC/MCFFA National Forest Policy Statement Implementation Sub-committee 

NEFBS North East Forests Biodiversity Study 

NP Estate The l<strong>and</strong>-holdings owned by the NSW NPWS, including national parks, nature reserves, state 

conservation areas, <strong>and</strong> aboriginal areas; also includes l<strong>and</strong> purchased by NPWS but not yet 

gazetted. 

NPWS NSW National Parks <strong>and</strong> Wildlife Service (now falling within DECC) 

NRAC Natural Resources Audit Council (in reference to natural resources audit <strong>of</strong> Upper North Coast 

NSW in 1995) 

NSW New South Wales 

RFA Regional Forestry Agreement 

ROTAP Rare or Threatened Australian Plant 

SF Estate The l<strong>and</strong>-holdings owned by State Forests <strong>of</strong> NSW, including state forests <strong>and</strong> flora reserves 

SF NSW State Forests <strong>of</strong> NSW 

subsp. subspecies 

TSC Act Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (NSW) 

UPGMA Unweighted pair group arithmetic averaging 

var. variety 

WRA Western Regional Assessment 

v


vi


Executive Summary 

A targeted vegetation survey <strong>of</strong> floodplain <strong>and</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong> 

vegetation on the Far North Coast <strong>of</strong> New South 

Wales was undertaken to fill gaps in knowledge <strong>of</strong> 

vascular plant biodiversity on the Far North Coast 

associated with specific environments or l<strong>and</strong> tenures. 

A combination <strong>of</strong> vegetation formation, geology <strong>and</strong> 

l<strong>and</strong>form was used to r<strong>and</strong>omly stratify sites. The 

quaternary geology layer <strong>of</strong> the Comprehensive Coastal 

Assessment (CCA) was used to assist stratification 

in areas <strong>of</strong> Quaternary s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> alluvium. Sites were 

targeted towards the estuarine <strong>and</strong> alluvial plain <strong>and</strong> 

lower slopes on basalt <strong>and</strong> high <strong>and</strong> low sedimentary 

quartz geology. 

A total <strong>of</strong> 346 sites were sampled <strong>and</strong> analysed using 

a hierarchical agglomerative clustering analysis, 

followed by analysis to compare the grouping <strong>of</strong> sites. 

In total, 1027 plant taxa were recorded in the survey, 

<strong>and</strong> 62 vegetation communities were delineated 

following numerical analysis <strong>and</strong> expert review. The 

vegetation varied from structurally <strong>and</strong> floristically 

simple sedgel<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> wetl<strong>and</strong> communities to complex 

mosaics <strong>of</strong> wet sclerophyll, rainforest <strong>and</strong> brush box. 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> communities were organised into four 

primary groups based on tidal influence, substrate <strong>and</strong> 

broad soil type. Group 1 – Saline wetl<strong>and</strong>s; Group 

2 – Freshwater, seasonally–permanently inundated 

soils; Group 3 – Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> headl<strong>and</strong>s; 

Group 4 – Forests on alluvium or finely textured soils 

<strong>of</strong> coastal floodplains <strong>and</strong> foothills. A secondary split 

identified 27 assemblages split between these primary 

groups, as follows: 

Primary group Assemblage 

1 – Saline wetl<strong>and</strong>s 1(a) Mangroves 

1(b) Saltmarsh 

1(c) Swamp Oak 

1(d) Saline grassl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> sedgel<strong>and</strong>s 

2 – Freshwater, seasonally–permanently 

2(a) Broad-leaved Paperbark ferny swamp forest 

inundated soils 

2(b) Floodplain Riparian palm forest 

2(c) Wet heath 

2(d) Coral Fern fernl<strong>and</strong> 

2(e) Paperbark dunal scrubl<strong>and</strong> 

2(f) Sedge Paperbark Swamp Box 

2(g) Reedl<strong>and</strong> 

2(h) Swampy meadow freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong> 

2(i) Middle Richmond swamp forest 

2(j) Middle Richmond freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong> 

3 – Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> headl<strong>and</strong>s 3(a) Open forests on Pleistocene S<strong>and</strong>s 

3(b) Shrubl<strong>and</strong>/rainforest on Holocene dunes 

3(c) Headl<strong>and</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong>s 

3(d) Heathy Scribbly Gum on Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s 

4 – Forests on alluvium or finely textured 

4(a) Richmond Valley Brush Box wet sclerophyll forest 

soils <strong>of</strong> coastal floodplains <strong>and</strong> foothills 

4(b) Tweed-Brunswick Valley Brush Box/wet sclerophyll forest 

4(c) Tweed Brunswick subtropical rainforests 

4(d) Forest Red Gum swamp sclerophyll, wet sclerophyll open forests 

4(e) Fig-Qu<strong>and</strong>ong rainforest on Pleistocene dunes 

4(f) Palm rainforest on alluvium 

4(g) Dry sclerophyll grassy open forests


The vegetation <strong>of</strong> the estuarine <strong>and</strong> alluvial plains 

is a complex continuum <strong>of</strong> floristic distribution <strong>and</strong> 

abundance with gradual replacement <strong>of</strong> species as 

salinity <strong>and</strong> inundation decreases, mixed with local 

differences in overstorey <strong>and</strong> understorey based on 

microhabitat variation in tidal influence <strong>and</strong> the input 

<strong>of</strong> sediment from adjoining lithologies. The vegetation 

<strong>of</strong> the coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s was linked to topographic 

position, depth <strong>of</strong> the water-table, fire frequency 

<strong>and</strong> degree <strong>of</strong> exposure to coastal onshore winds. 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> <strong>of</strong> the lowl<strong>and</strong>s was influenced by geological 

parent material, soil fertility, aspect <strong>and</strong> the influence 

<strong>of</strong> subsaline soils. The survey found that coarse-scale 

intuitive approaches used for mapping missed some <strong>of</strong> 

the variation delineated by floristic sampling. 

An assessment <strong>of</strong> the distribution <strong>of</strong> communities 

in the study area found that most poorly reserved 

communities were located on the alluvial plain 

(16 communities), the estuarine plain (12), lower 

slopes on basalt <strong>and</strong> sedimentary geology (11), <strong>and</strong> 

coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s (2). The reservation <strong>of</strong> alluvial, 

estuarine plain <strong>and</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong> vegetation communities is 

particularly poor in the coastal lowl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the Tweed, 

Brunswick <strong>and</strong> Richmond Rivers. 

Thirty seven (37) <strong>of</strong> the 62 vegetation communities 

delineated have structural <strong>and</strong> floristic characteristics 

which relate to nine endangered ecological 

communities: Coastal saltmarsh; Freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s 

on coastal floodplains; Swamp sclerophyll forest on 

coastal floodplains; Swamp Oak floodplain forest; 

Subtropical coastal floodplain forest; Lowl<strong>and</strong> 

rainforest on floodplain; Themeda grassl<strong>and</strong> on 

seacliffs <strong>and</strong> coastal headl<strong>and</strong>s; <strong>and</strong> Littoral rainforest. 

The survey improved the knowledge <strong>of</strong> the floristic <strong>and</strong> 

structural composition <strong>and</strong> environmental influences 

on these endangered ecological communities. 

Nearly 300 records <strong>of</strong> 50 significant taxa were made 

during the survey, including 39 threatened plants 

species, eleven ROTAP <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> other rare 

species <strong>and</strong> those at the limit <strong>of</strong> their distribution: 

Significant taxa recorded included (in alphabetical 

order by threat category): Endangered: Acronychia 

littoralis, Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana, Davidsonia 

jerseyana, Dendrobium melaleucaphilum, Dendrocnide 

morioides, Diospyros mabacea, Diospyros major var. 

ebenus, Diploglottis campbellii, Elaeocarpus sedentarius, 

Elaeocarpus williamsianus, Eleocharis tetraquetra, 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. bracteata, Geodorum 

densiflorum, Gossia fragrantissima, Grevillea hilliana, 

Marsdenia longiloba,Oberonia complanata, Ochrosia 

moorei, R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei, Xylosma terrae-reginae. 

Vulnerable: Acacia bakeri, Archidendron hendersonii, 

Bosistoa transversa, Corokia whiteana, Cryptocarya 

foetida, Desmodium acanthocladum, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii, 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii, Fontainea australis, Hicksbeachia 

pinnatifolia, Lepiderema pulchella, Lindsaea brachypoda, 

Macadamia tetraphylla, Oberonia titani, Peristeranthus 

hillii, Persicaria elatior, Syzygium moorei, Tinospora 

tinosporoides. ROTAP: Acianthus amplexicaulis 

(2RC-), Acronychia baeuerlenii (3RC-), Archidendron 

muellerianum (3RCa), Argophyllum nullumense (3RCa), 

Arthrochilus prolixus (2K), Callerya australis (3RC), 

Cordyline congesta (2RC-), Cupaniopsis newmanii 

(2RC-), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa (2RC-), Gahnia isignis 

(3RCa), Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia (3RC-), Rhodamnia 

maideniana (2RC-), Trichosanthes subvelutina (3RC-). 

Other significant species: Brunoniella spiciflora (rare in 

NSW), Dianella brevipedunculata (rare in NSW), Scleria 

levis rare in NSW, Sida cordifolia (rare in NSW).


1 Introduction 

<strong>Survey</strong>s <strong>and</strong> mapping <strong>of</strong> vegetation in the Far North 

Coast (FNC) study area, as elsewhere in south-eastern 

Australia, have largely been targeted towards forest 

environments <strong>and</strong> vegetation <strong>of</strong> Quaternary S<strong>and</strong>s, 

<strong>and</strong> have mainly been <strong>of</strong> public l<strong>and</strong> (Griffith & 

Wilson, 2007; NPWS 1994, 1995, 1999; Keith <strong>and</strong> 

Scott 2005). Datasets that focus on public forests 

have been used to extrapolate across the l<strong>and</strong>scape 

into coastal regions <strong>and</strong> lower slopes for l<strong>and</strong>-use 

management initiatives at local scales <strong>and</strong> on private 

l<strong>and</strong>, such as bioregional planning <strong>and</strong> bio-banking. 

Conservation planning <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>-use decisions can be 

adversely influenced by the assumptions made using 

regional scale mapping <strong>and</strong> models based on remotely 

sampled data with insufficient site sampling <strong>and</strong> field 

checking. 

The vegetation <strong>of</strong> large areas <strong>of</strong> the FNC study 

area has been mapped using fine- to broad-scale 

conventional aerial photo interpretation (API) 

mapping <strong>and</strong> modelling at regional scales, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten 

with little site sampling. The limitations <strong>of</strong> using broadscale 

mapping units <strong>and</strong> classifications for conservation 

planning have been noted by Keith (1995). Significant 

variation within coarse-scale units can be overlooked 

without sufficient site sampling. Benson (2006) 

indicates that vegetation mapping rarely delineates all 

floristic groups derived in numerical analysis <strong>of</strong> sites or 

discerned through expert field observation. 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> maps <strong>and</strong> classifications are <strong>of</strong>ten used to 

determine priorities for l<strong>and</strong>-use decision-making <strong>and</strong> 

conservation planning (Keith 1995). The community 

unit concept <strong>of</strong> vegetation classification is <strong>of</strong>ten used 

in these mapping programs because <strong>of</strong> its usefulness in 

l<strong>and</strong>scape management (Benson 2006). Classification 

<strong>and</strong> mapping <strong>of</strong> vegetation into communities is a 

means <strong>of</strong> representing <strong>and</strong> simplifying biodiversity, 

which is composed <strong>of</strong> populations, species <strong>and</strong> 

communities. In conservation planning it is assumed 

that protection <strong>of</strong> a proportion <strong>of</strong> each vegetation 

community or ecosystem will also protect sufficient 

proportions <strong>of</strong> these elements <strong>of</strong> biodiversity <strong>and</strong> their 

interactions with the environment (NPWS 1994; 

JANIS 1991). 

An advantage <strong>of</strong> floristic site sampling to inform 

vegetation classifications <strong>and</strong> mapping is that it 

increases knowledge <strong>of</strong> the distributions <strong>of</strong> individual 

plant species <strong>and</strong> their interactions with the 

environment. For example, Keith <strong>and</strong> Bedward (1999) 

found that, especially for understorey species, which 

made up a large proportion <strong>of</strong> the floristic diversity 

<strong>of</strong> the south east forest region ‘site sampling <strong>of</strong>fered 

greater accuracy <strong>and</strong> precision in the measurement <strong>of</strong> 

floristic composition than remote data combined with 

qualitative field reconnaissance.’ 

There had been little collection <strong>of</strong> vegetation data on 

the floodplains, estuaries <strong>and</strong> lower slopes <strong>of</strong> the FNC 

before the start <strong>of</strong> the current survey. The aim <strong>of</strong> this 

project was to target the vegetation <strong>of</strong> poorly sampled 

environments <strong>and</strong> detect variations in the distributions 

<strong>of</strong> individual species <strong>and</strong> in floristic groups that were 

not captured by remotely sensed mapping alone, to fill 

environmental, distributional <strong>and</strong> tenure gaps <strong>and</strong> to 

collect data in such a way as to complement vegetation 

data collection across the wider region. 

1.1 Background 

The project was funded by the Comprehensive Coastal 

Assessment (CCA), a process designed to assess the 

environmental, social <strong>and</strong> economic values <strong>of</strong> the 

coastline <strong>of</strong> New South Wales (NSW). Projects funded 

by the CCA were designed to focus on the audit <strong>and</strong> 

collection <strong>of</strong> data. The current project meets the 

objectives <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Vegetation</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>and</strong> Mapping 

project <strong>and</strong> follows on from the <strong>Vegetation</strong> Data Audit 

project (NPWS, 2003). 

1.2 <strong>Survey</strong> objectives 

The objectives <strong>of</strong> this project were to: 

• 

• 

Collect vegetation data in a st<strong>and</strong>ard way <strong>and</strong> 

<strong>of</strong> adequate detail across the northern coastal 

zone to input into regional planning strategies. 

This was done through collation <strong>of</strong> existing data, 

stratified r<strong>and</strong>om site sampling, full systematic 

floristic field surveys, <strong>and</strong> subsequent analysis <strong>of</strong> 

data. 

Target survey <strong>of</strong> poorly sampled environmental 

strata, <strong>and</strong> under-sampled coastal vegetation 

types <strong>and</strong> in particular coastal Quaternary 

estuarine <strong>and</strong> alluvial environments.


Figure 1. The study area. 

The inset shows the location <strong>of</strong> the area in north-eastern NSW.


1.3 Study area 

The study area is located on the far north coast <strong>of</strong> 

NSW, extending from the Queensl<strong>and</strong> border south 

to the Evans River (Figure 1). It includes the FNC 

Planning Area, which comprises the Tweed, Byron, 

Ballina, Richmond Valley, Lismore <strong>and</strong> Kyogle local 

government areas. This survey focused on the coastal 

zone <strong>and</strong> adjoining areas <strong>of</strong> planning concern, <strong>and</strong> on 

gaps in existing environmental sampling. The study 

area lies within the South East Queensl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> New 

South Wales North Coast Bioregions (Thackway <strong>and</strong> 

Cresswell 1995). 

1.3.1 L<strong>and</strong>-use 

The main l<strong>and</strong>-uses in the study area are agriculture, 

forestry, tourism, conservation <strong>and</strong> urbanisation. Crops 

include sugar cane <strong>and</strong> bananas in the Richmond <strong>and</strong> 

Tweed Valleys, <strong>and</strong> regionally important macadamia 

<strong>and</strong> tea-tree industries also occur in the study area. 

The population <strong>of</strong> the study area is increasing rapidly. 

Major population centres are Lismore, Tweed Heads, 

Ballina <strong>and</strong> Byron Bay. Over two-thirds <strong>of</strong> the study 

area is in private ownership <strong>and</strong> more than half 

<strong>of</strong> the l<strong>and</strong> has been cleared <strong>of</strong> native vegetation. 

Conservation <strong>and</strong> tourism l<strong>and</strong>-uses are centred on the 

large national parks <strong>and</strong> nature reserves <strong>of</strong> the coast 

<strong>and</strong> escarpment. 

1.3.2 Geology 

The study area is located within the Clarence–Moreton 

Basin. The major geological types are Quaternary s<strong>and</strong> 

<strong>and</strong> alluvium, Jurassic <strong>and</strong> Triassic sedimentary rocks, 

<strong>and</strong> Tertiary volcanics, including extensive basalt flows 

<strong>and</strong> extrusions <strong>of</strong> trachyte <strong>and</strong> rhyolite. A deposition 

<strong>of</strong> older Carboniferous meta-sediments underlie coastal 

ranges in the Tweed <strong>and</strong> Brunswick River Valleys 

(RACAC 1996a). 

Quaternary s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> alluvium. Coastal barrier 

s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> marine <strong>and</strong> Aeolian origin form a coastal 

strip <strong>of</strong> varying width. Beaches, dunes <strong>and</strong> hinddunes 

<strong>of</strong> Holocene age occur adjacent to the ocean. 

Adjoining these sediments are older Pleistocene 

s<strong>and</strong>s forming dunes, swales <strong>and</strong> back-barrier flats. 

Along the lower reaches <strong>of</strong> creeks <strong>and</strong> rivers, tidally 

influenced estuarine sediments have been deposited in 

swamps, tidal delta flats, basins <strong>and</strong> bays <strong>and</strong> coastal 

lagoons. Areas <strong>of</strong> Quaternary alluvium occur along the 

floodplains <strong>and</strong> backswamps <strong>of</strong> the Tweed, Richmond 

<strong>and</strong> Brunswick Rivers <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Bungawalbin Creek 

<strong>and</strong> other major drainage systems <strong>of</strong> the study area 

(RACAC, 1996a). 

Sedimentary rocks. Older Carboniferous metasediments 

<strong>of</strong> the Beenleigh Block have been deposited 

in an oceanic basin <strong>and</strong> then folded by subduction <strong>and</strong> 

sea-floor scraping <strong>of</strong>f the oceanic plate. These rocks 

were then overlaid by the Jurassic <strong>and</strong> Cretaceous 

sediments formed in the Clarence–Moreton Basin. 

These sedimentary rocks include coarse-grained 

Kangaroo Creek s<strong>and</strong>stones <strong>and</strong> sediments <strong>of</strong> the 

Walloon Coal Measures, Bundamba Group <strong>and</strong> 

Grafton Formation (RACAC, 1996a). 

Volcanic rocks. Extrusive basalt flows <strong>and</strong> tertiary 

volcanic outcroppings from eruptions <strong>of</strong> the Mount 

Warning volcano were triggered by tectonic activity 

associated with movement <strong>of</strong> the continental plate 23 

million years ago. Basalt flows extend from Byron Bay 

to Kyogle <strong>and</strong> south to Lismore, <strong>and</strong> overlay the older 

meta-sedimentary <strong>and</strong> sedimentary rocks (RACAC, 

1996a). 

1.3.3 Soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes 

Soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes have been mapped over the north coast 

<strong>of</strong> NSW (Department <strong>of</strong> L<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Water Conservation 

1999). The study area is divided into a number <strong>of</strong> soill<strong>and</strong>scape 

groups: residual (McKee, Yorklea, examples 

<strong>of</strong> soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes), transferral (Disputed Plain, Dryaaba 

Arm), colluvial (Arthurs Gap, Burringbar, C<strong>of</strong>fee 

Camp), erosional (Afterlee, Bangalow, Billinudgel), 

alluvial (Leycester, Dungurubba, Empire Valley), 

stagnant alluvial (Physics Lagoon, Bungawalbin), 

Aeolian <strong>and</strong> barrier s<strong>and</strong> (Weapons Range, Illuka), 

beach/barrier (Black Rock, Wardell), estuarine/alluvial 

(Ukerabagh), swamp (Tuckean, Everlasting ) <strong>and</strong> 

vestigial (Wollongbar). Residual soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes are 

associated with soils formed from in situ weathering <strong>of</strong> 

parent material. Transferral soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes are deep 

deposits <strong>of</strong> mostly eroded parent materials washed 

from areas upslope. Alluvial soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes are formed 

by deposition from in-channel <strong>and</strong> bank overflows 

along river <strong>and</strong> streams. Aeolian soils are formed by 

the deposition <strong>of</strong> windblown s<strong>and</strong> particles. Swamp 

soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes occur in areas where soils are at least 

seasonally waterlogged. Stagnant alluvial l<strong>and</strong>scapes 

occur in parts <strong>of</strong> the alluvial plain where flows are 

reduced owing to steam migration. Deltaic <strong>and</strong> 

estuarine soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes form where rivers <strong>and</strong> streams 

meet the sea. Beach/Barrier soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes are formed 

from wave action or deposited during changes in sea 

level (Mor<strong>and</strong> 2001).


1.3.4 Coastal Quaternary geology 

A new classification <strong>of</strong> Quaternary deposits was 

undertaken for the coastal zone <strong>of</strong> NSW (Troedson 

et al. 2004). Quaternary deposits were divided into 

three depositional classes: alluvial, estuarine <strong>and</strong> 

coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>. The depositional classes were 

also differentiated into Holocene <strong>and</strong> Pleistocene 

deposits. Holocene sediments are deposits in the active 

depositional coastal zone <strong>and</strong> have accumulated over 

the last 10,000 years following post-glacial marine 

transgression (Troedson et al. 2004). Pleistocene barrier 

s<strong>and</strong>s were deposited during times <strong>of</strong> high sea-level 

before 10,000 years ago. 

Alluvial plain depositional systems occur on the 

l<strong>and</strong>ward section <strong>of</strong> the coastal plain. They are most 

extensive in the estuarine deltaic plains <strong>of</strong> the main 

coastal rivers <strong>and</strong> extend into non-tidal narrow valleys 

<strong>of</strong> coastal catchments (Troedson et al. 2004). Estuarine 

depositional environments occur in waterbodies <strong>of</strong> 

brackish to marine salinity <strong>and</strong> under some tidal 

influence (Troedsen et al. 2004). Coastal barrier 

systems are located on the seaward side <strong>of</strong> the coastal 

plain <strong>and</strong> comprise wind-blown <strong>and</strong> marine-deposition 

s<strong>and</strong>s (Troedsen et al. 2004). 

1.3.5 Climate 

Climatic patterns are controlled by the progression <strong>of</strong> 

high- <strong>and</strong> low-pressure systems across the continent. 

Seasonal patterns <strong>of</strong> temperature <strong>and</strong> rainfall are 

driven by the north–south migration <strong>of</strong> high-pressure 

systems. The effects <strong>of</strong> tropical cyclonic activity <strong>and</strong> 

l<strong>and</strong>forms both also have an impact on the climate 

<strong>of</strong> the region. Longer term trends in rainfall <strong>and</strong> 

temperature are influenced by the El Niño–Southern 

Oscillation (ENSO), which determines the circulation 

<strong>and</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> trade winds directing moisture across 

eastern Australia (NRAC, 1996b). 

Summers are hot <strong>and</strong> winters warm. Annual mean 

maximum temperatures vary from 26°C at Casino, 

which is inl<strong>and</strong>, to 23.3°C at Yamba, on the coast. The 

mean summer maximum is 31°C at Casino, <strong>and</strong> the 

mean summer minimum is 25.9°C at Alstonville, close 

to but not on the coast. Cooler temperatures occur at 

higher altitudes along the Nightcap, McPherson <strong>and</strong> 

Border Ranges <strong>and</strong> at Mount Warning (NRAC, 1996b). 

Rainfall is highest in summer–autumn <strong>and</strong> lowest 

in winter–spring. The northern coastal fringe <strong>and</strong> 

hinterl<strong>and</strong> ranges receive high annual rainfall (mean 

annual rainfall at Byron Bay is 1707 mm; at Ballina 

1654 mm). Rainfall increases to over 2000 mm per 

annum on the McPherson, Nightcap, Burringbar <strong>and</strong> 

Border Ranges. The intensity <strong>of</strong> rainfall is extreme, 

<strong>and</strong> the potential for erosion is high. Annual rainfall 

decreases from north to south along the coast; it is 

1456 mm at Yamba. There is a dry rainshadow, with 

average annual rainfall less than 800 mm, north <strong>and</strong> 

south <strong>of</strong> about Casino (which itself has a mean annual 

rainfall <strong>of</strong> 1098 mm) (Temperature <strong>and</strong> Rainfall data 

from Bureau <strong>of</strong> Meteorology website). 

1.3.6 <strong>Vegetation</strong> 

The vegetation <strong>of</strong> the study area has significant 

biodiversity values <strong>and</strong> many notable features. It is 

located in the McPherson Macleay Overlap, contains 

remnants <strong>of</strong> the Big Scrub rainforest, supports three 

areas <strong>of</strong> World Heritage Rainforest, <strong>and</strong> contains the 

Border Ranges, which is one <strong>of</strong> Australia’s 15 National 

Biodiversity Hotspots. 

The McPherson Macleay Overlap is an area <strong>of</strong> very 

high biodiversity. The overlap contains species <strong>of</strong> 

both temperate <strong>and</strong> tropical areas as a result <strong>of</strong> a 

combination <strong>of</strong> climatic <strong>and</strong> geographical influences. 

The study area is home to the Big Scrub, which was 

once the largest expanse <strong>of</strong> subtropical rainforest in 

Australia, but has been largely cleared <strong>and</strong> now less 

than 1% remains. The Big Scrub was a rich area for 

flora with a high level <strong>of</strong> species endemism. The study 

area contains the Focal Peak, Sheild Volcano <strong>and</strong> 

Main Range Groups <strong>of</strong> the World Heritage Gondwana 

Rainforests <strong>of</strong> Australia. 

1.3.7 Previous studies 

Previous regional surveys focusing on public l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> 

forested environments include the North East Forest 

Biodiversity <strong>Survey</strong> (NEFBS) (NPWS 1994), the 

vegetation surveys <strong>of</strong> the Comprehensive Regional 

Assessments (CRA) (NPWS 1999), <strong>and</strong> the vegetation 

surveys <strong>of</strong> the Natural Resource Audit Council 

(NRAC) (NPWS 1995). The NRAC vegetation 

surveys targeted vacant <strong>and</strong> reserved Crown L<strong>and</strong> in 

the Clarence, Richmond <strong>and</strong> Tweed River Catchments 

(NPWS 1995). The NEFBS flora project surveyed <strong>and</strong> 

analysed the distribution <strong>of</strong> vascular plants throughout 

the forests <strong>of</strong> north-eastern NSW (NPWS 1994), 

<strong>and</strong> 205 sites sampled during the NEFBS lie within 

the study area <strong>of</strong> the present study. The CRA surveys 

were done as part <strong>of</strong> the data-collection component 

<strong>of</strong> a regional assessment <strong>of</strong> forests in north-eastern


NSW. <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>and</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> forest-site data was done 

to produce the Forest Ecosystem classification that 

acted as a biodiversity surrogate for l<strong>and</strong>-use decisionmaking 

<strong>and</strong> conservation planning in north-eastern 

forests (NPWS 1999). The Forestry Commission <strong>of</strong> 

New South Wales created the forest type classification 

<strong>of</strong> New South Wales which focused on commercial 

species <strong>of</strong> interest for timber harvesting in public l<strong>and</strong> 

areas (Forestry Commission <strong>of</strong> New South Wales, 

1989). 

State Forests <strong>of</strong> New South Wales (SFNSW) 

completed flora surveys for Urbenville <strong>and</strong> Casino 

Management Areas (Binns 1995a, 1995b). Floyd 

(1990) conducted an inventory <strong>of</strong> rainforests in NSW 

identifying rainforest suballiances. 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> mapping has been done for the Tweed 

Council Area (Kingston et al. 2004). <strong>Vegetation</strong> was 

mapped into 50 units, including rainforest, open 

forest, closed forest, heathl<strong>and</strong>/shrubl<strong>and</strong>s, woodl<strong>and</strong>, 

saltmarsh, sedgel<strong>and</strong>/rushl<strong>and</strong>, fernl<strong>and</strong>/forbl<strong>and</strong>, 

wetl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong> formations (Kingston et al. 

2004). Within Byron Shire, 13 vegetation mapping 

units <strong>and</strong> 37 associations were recognised (L<strong>and</strong>mark 

Ecological Services 1999). <strong>Vegetation</strong> mapping has also 

commenced in Ballina <strong>and</strong> Richmond Valley Councils. 

Coastal wetl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> associated vegetation types 

<strong>of</strong> the Tweed Shire were surveyed by Pressey <strong>and</strong> 

Griffith (1992). They identified 10 floodplain forest 

vegetation communities, three heathl<strong>and</strong>/shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

communities <strong>and</strong> three estuarine communities. Further, 

Pressey (1989) surveyed the wetl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Lower</strong> 

Clarence Floodplain. The vegetation <strong>of</strong> Broadwater 

National Park (Griffith 1985), Bundjalung National 

Park (Griffith 1983) <strong>and</strong> Newybar Swamp (Griffith 

2007) has also been mapped <strong>and</strong> surveyed, using 

the classification known as NPWS NSW Coastal 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007). Dunn’s White 

Gum Eucalyptus dunni a rare tree species with a limited 

distribution on the north coast was also surveyed 

(Benson & Hager 1993). 

Griffith (2002) studied the patterns <strong>and</strong> processes 

in wallum vegetation <strong>of</strong> north-eastern NSW. 

Approximately 500 sites were stratified on the basis <strong>of</strong> 

aerial-photo pattern <strong>and</strong> latitude. Wallum vegetation 

was defined for the purpose <strong>of</strong> his study as all 

vegetation occurring in dunefields, beach-ridge plains 

<strong>and</strong> s<strong>and</strong>y back-barrier flats (Griffith 2002). Floyd 

(1988) listed the plant species <strong>of</strong> headl<strong>and</strong>s from C<strong>of</strong>fs 

Harbour to Tweed Heads. 

Keith <strong>and</strong> Scott (2005) used available vegetation 

data to construct a diagnosis <strong>of</strong> the major plant 

communities <strong>and</strong> document the flora <strong>of</strong> the coastal 

floodplains <strong>of</strong> NSW. Six major plant communities 

<strong>and</strong> 39 floristic groupings were identified through 

cluster analysis. The major groupings in the study 

area included: Saltmarsh, Swamp Oak floodplain 

forest, Swamp sclerophyll forest on coastal floodplains, 

Mangroves, Lowl<strong>and</strong> rainforest on floodplain, Wet 

heath North Coast, Freshwater-lagoon on s<strong>and</strong>, 

Foredune scrub, Littoral rainforest, Beach grassy heath, 

Swamp sclerophyll forest on coastal s<strong>and</strong>plains, <strong>and</strong> 

Subtropical coastal floodplain forest.


2. Methods 

2.1 Use <strong>of</strong> Existing Flora survey data 

Only data that was collected during the current survey 

was analysed to minimise the influence <strong>of</strong> observer 

variability in the delineation <strong>of</strong> communities. It has 

been found that incorporating site data from a range <strong>of</strong> 

past surveys can lead to problems in the interpretation 

<strong>of</strong> the results <strong>of</strong> numerical analysis, where groupings 

<strong>of</strong> sites can be an artefact <strong>of</strong> observer variability (Bell, 

2007, DEC, 2004). 

Data sets within the study area were reviewed to assess 

their use as supporting information <strong>and</strong> to help identify 

gaps in sampling effort. A shape file was created in 

ARCVIEW from downloading all sites in the study 

area from the YETI database. 

Table 2(i) Compatible Data Sets 

In total, 1260 survey sites have previously been 

sampled in the study area. This includes 501 

quaternary s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> alluvium sites; 133 sites on 

the alluvial plain; 279 sites on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s; 

46 sites on the estuarine plain; <strong>and</strong> 43 sites on 

undifferentiated sediments. A total <strong>of</strong> 842 were 

bedrock sites, comprising 224 sites sampled on steep 

topography, which was not a priority for sampling in 

this survey. 618 sites were located in more gentle relief 

classes. 

Table 2(i) lists data sets that may be suitable for future 

use to numerically analyse in combination with new 

flora survey sites, subject to observer bias, seasonality, 

date <strong>of</strong> survey <strong>and</strong> reliability. Incompatible sites that 

can’t be compared numerically with new sites because 

<strong>of</strong> non-comparable methods are shown it Table 2(ii). 

<strong>Survey</strong> Plot size Type <strong>of</strong> data No. <strong>of</strong> 

sites 

Reference 

North East Forest Biodiversity 20 x 50 nested Full floristic, cover 205 NPWS (1994) 

Study (NEFBS) 

abundance 

Comprehensive Regional 20 x 50 nested Full floristic, cover 96 NPWS (1999) 

Assessment (CRA) 

abundance 

Natural Resources Audit 20 x 50 nested Full floristic, cover 115 NPWS (1995) 

Council (NRAC) 

abundance 

State Forest Flora <strong>Survey</strong>s 20 x 50 nested Full floristic, cover 

abundance 

219 Binns (1995) 

Tweed Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> 20 x 20 Full floristic, cover 51 Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 

<strong>Survey</strong>s 

abundance 

(1992) 

North Coast Private Property 20 x 20 Full floristic, cover 68 NSW Department <strong>of</strong> 

abundance 

L<strong>and</strong>s 

Eucalyptus dunnii <strong>Survey</strong> 20 x 20 Full floristic, cover 12 Benson & Hager 

abundance 

(1992) 

Wallum Heath <strong>Survey</strong>s 10 x 10 r<strong>and</strong>om 

quadrats in 30 x 20 

Braun Blanquet 70 Griffith et al (2003) 

Table 2(ii) Supporting Information Data Sets 

<strong>Survey</strong> Plot size Type <strong>of</strong> data No. <strong>of</strong> 

sites 

Reference 

A.G. Floyd rainforest surveys Irregular traverse Relative abundance 193 Floyd (1990) 

Broadwater National Park 20 x 20 Relative abundance 58 Griffith (1990) 

Bundjalung National Park 20 x 20 Relative abundance 69 Griffith (1983) 

Rapid Overstorey Sites Plotless Canopy taxa only 204 NPWS (1999)


2.2 Site Stratification 

The project used r<strong>and</strong>om stratified site sampling, 

recognising the unique environmental influences 

on vegetation in the coastal zone. Strata used were 

a combination <strong>of</strong> vegetation formation, deposition 

environment/geology, <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>form unit/l<strong>and</strong>form 

process class. 

A new approach to survey stratification was developed 

for the coast. Existing regional stratifications <strong>of</strong> 

forests <strong>and</strong> public l<strong>and</strong> (NEFBS 1994; NRAC, 

1995 <strong>and</strong> NPWS, 1999) used geology, slope, aspect, 

topography, climate <strong>and</strong> rainfall to stratify sites. In 

coastal vegetation, environmental influences operate at 

resolutions finer than coarse GIS layers. For example, 

in a coastal survey <strong>of</strong> Booti Booti National Park, 

Griffith et al. (2000) found that stratification using 

environmental variables (geology, slope, <strong>and</strong> aspect) 

was unsatisfactory due to the coarse resolution <strong>of</strong> the 

environmental layers available. 

The most notable omission in previous regional survey 

stratifications was a subdivision <strong>of</strong> Quaternary s<strong>and</strong> 

<strong>and</strong> alluvium. The Coastal Quaternary Mapping 

Project funded by the Comprehensive Coastal 

Assessment provides a division <strong>of</strong> alluvial, estuarine, 

undifferentiated <strong>and</strong> coastal barrier sediments for 

the CCA study area (Troedson, et al 2004). It also 

distinguishes between Holocene <strong>and</strong> Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s, 

which is an important determinant <strong>of</strong> vegetation 

pattern. The layer also defines a l<strong>and</strong>form unit class, 

which is useful in stratifying different deposition 

l<strong>and</strong>forms within the deposition units. 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> Formation. All available vegetation 

mapping in the far north coast study area was collated 

<strong>and</strong> grouped into twelve vegetation formations. A 

vegetation shape file <strong>of</strong> these classes was created to 

overlay with other environmental strata (Table 2(iii)). 

Table 2(iii) <strong>Vegetation</strong> Formations 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> Formations 

Rainforest 

Riparian Forest 

Saltmarsh 

Sedgel<strong>and</strong> 

Swamp Sclerophyll Forest <strong>and</strong> 

Woodl<strong>and</strong> 

Wet Sclerophyll Forest 

Heathl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Dry Sclerophyll Forests <strong>and</strong> Woodl<strong>and</strong>s 

Mangrove Forests <strong>and</strong> Woodl<strong>and</strong>s 

Geology, deposition units <strong>and</strong> relief class. <strong>Vegetation</strong> 

formations were further stratified by geology. In 

areas <strong>of</strong> Quaternary s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> alluvium the CCA 

Coastal Quaternary mapping layer was used to 

assign sites to alluvial, estuarine, coastal barrier <strong>and</strong> 

undifferentiated deposition environments. In assigning 

sites first priority was given to estuarine, alluvial <strong>and</strong> 

undifferentiated strata, <strong>and</strong> then coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s. 

Wallum vegetation on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s were well 

sampled by Griffith et al. (2003). The additional sites 

allocated to coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s in this survey where 

done to provided context <strong>and</strong> to sample gaps outside 

the areas sampled by Griffith et al (2003). Within 

each deposition environment sites were allocated to 

associated l<strong>and</strong>form units (Table 2(iv)). 

Table 2(iv) Deposition Environment 

Deposition L<strong>and</strong>form units 

environments 

Alluvial Backswamp, levee, terrace, colluvial 

fan, valley fill, channel, channel fill 

<strong>and</strong> swale 

Estuarine Saline swamp, basin <strong>and</strong> bay, coastal 

lagoon, interbarrier creek deposits, 

tidal delta flat 

Coastal Barrier Ridge <strong>and</strong> str<strong>and</strong>plain, dune, swale, 

backbarrier flat 

Undifferentiated Undifferentiated, freshwater swamp 

Sites allocated to bedrock sites were targeted towards 

lower slopes <strong>and</strong> gentle relief classes outside the areas 

already sampled during CRA forest surveys. The 

lithology codes in the soil l<strong>and</strong>scape layer were used as 

surrogates for bedrock geology. Five classes occurred in 

the study area (Table 2(v)).


Table 2(v) Sites by strata - geology 

Geology 

Basalt (Lamington Volcanics - Lismore, Blue Knob 

Basalt) 

Low sedimentary quartz (Beenleigh Block metasediments, 

Walloon Coal Measures, Grafton 

Formation) 

High sedimentary quartz (Kangaroo Creek 

S<strong>and</strong>stones, 

Acid volcanic (not sampled) 

Plutonic rocks (not sampled) 

In bedrock areas l<strong>and</strong>form relief classes were used to 

refine the study area based on the soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes GIS 

layer (Department <strong>of</strong> L<strong>and</strong>s, 1999; Speight, 1990). 

L<strong>and</strong>form classes in the gently undulating, to rolling 

<strong>and</strong> undulating hills <strong>and</strong> slopes were identified as a 

priority for survey. L<strong>and</strong>form classes are indicated in 

Table 2(vi). 

Table 2(vi) L<strong>and</strong>form Relief Class 

L<strong>and</strong>form Relief Class 

Rolling Low Hills 

Undulating hills 

Undulating low hills 

Rolling Hills 

Undulating Rises 

Gentle Undulating Rises 

Rises 

Gently undulating Plain 

Sites were allocated on the basis <strong>of</strong> the area occupied 

by each combination <strong>of</strong> vegetation formation by 

geology/deposition environment. 300 sites were 

allocated to sites on Quaternary S<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> alluvium. 

One hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty (150) sites were allocated to 

strata on bedrock geology. 

Habitats <strong>of</strong> restricted extent or those <strong>of</strong> special interest 

were also sampled. These included headl<strong>and</strong>s, Callitris 

woodl<strong>and</strong>s, littoral rainforests, freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s, 

Pleistocene dune vegetation, Milky Mangrove, 

fernl<strong>and</strong>s, grassl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> saltmarsh. 

0 

2.3 Site Sampling 

The field survey used site survey st<strong>and</strong>ards compatible 

with previous DECC <strong>and</strong> NPWS (Comprehensive 

Regional Assessments, NPWS (1999); North East 

Forests Biodiversity Study (NPWS 1994), <strong>and</strong> 

N<strong>and</strong>ewar WRA (DEC, 2004). It also followed 

st<strong>and</strong>ards recommended in Guidelines for Mapping 

Native <strong>Vegetation</strong> (DLWC 2000). 

Floristic data were collected in 20 x 20m or 40 x10 

metre quadrats. Sampling was undertaken in April/ 

May <strong>and</strong> September/November 2006. All vascular 

plant species occurring within the plot were listed 

<strong>and</strong> assigned a cover abundance score using a 6-point 

modified Braun-Blanquet scale (Poore, 1955). As far 

as possible, sites were placed in visually homogeneous 

vegetation to avoid sampling ecotones. 

Structural, physical <strong>and</strong> disturbance data were also 

collected. Structural data included growth form, height 

range <strong>and</strong> percentage crown cover <strong>of</strong> the dominant 

taxa within all strata present. Physical site data 

included altitude, slope, aspect, horizon elevation, soil 

depth <strong>and</strong> type, field geology <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>form element 

in accordance with Walker & Hopkins (1990). An 

assessment <strong>of</strong> the condition <strong>of</strong> the sites was made 

along with fire, grazing <strong>and</strong> weed disturbance. A digital 

photograph was taken at each site. 

Sites were numbered using an eight-ten digit code. All 

sites were denoted by the survey ID prefix CCA, then 

the first three letters <strong>of</strong> the mapsheet, a site number for 

that mapsheet, a one or two digit geology code, <strong>and</strong> a 

l<strong>and</strong>form unit code. 

C C A E M P 0 1 A B 

e.g. 

Comprehensive Coastal Assessment 

EMPIRE VALE 1:25 000 map sheet 

Site number 1 

Alluvial Plain 

Backswamp


2.4 Data Management 

Data was entered into the CCAFNCVEG vegetation 

survey database held in a Central YETI database. YETI 

is an access database, developed by Michael Bedward 

<strong>and</strong> Murray Ellis for the entry <strong>of</strong> floristic, structural, 

physical <strong>and</strong> disturbance data collected at flora sites. 

Database entry fields relate to the field pr<strong>of</strong>orma. Data 

can be readily exported into data analysis s<strong>of</strong>tware. 

2.5 Data Analysis 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> communities were classified using 

quantitative data analysis <strong>of</strong> field data from 346 

sites. Floristic data from the sites was analysed using 

PATN V3 (Blatant Fabrications Pty. Ltd.). The 

Bray-Curtis coefficient was generated to identify 

dissimilarity between sites. An association matrix 

displaying dissimilarity scores between all pairs <strong>of</strong> sites 

was produced. An unweighted pair group arithmetic 

averaging (UPGMA) clustering strategy was applied to 

the matrix to derive a hierarchical classification using a 

default beta <strong>of</strong> –0.1. 

A dendogram <strong>and</strong> two way table were produced 

to display the hierarchical relationships between 

individual sites <strong>and</strong> groups <strong>of</strong> sites. An initial broad 

grouping <strong>of</strong> sites provided the basis for further 

investigation. Groups <strong>of</strong> sites were examined using 

species that characterised the group, <strong>and</strong> other 

structural, physical <strong>and</strong> environmental variables. 

Each broad group was split to delineate finer scale 

floristic assemblages in a sequential manner. The 

number <strong>of</strong> groups was set at 60. An ALOC analysis 

<strong>of</strong> the data was done as a means <strong>of</strong> comparison with 

the original hierarchical agglomerative analysis. An 

analysis excluding exotic species was also done <strong>and</strong> 

it showed a good correlation between the groups 

identified in the analysis <strong>of</strong> all species. It was decided 

to run with full floristic analysis including all species. 

Weeds form a major component <strong>of</strong> the vegetation <strong>of</strong> 

the study area <strong>and</strong> their contribution to the vegetation 

<strong>of</strong> the far north coast <strong>and</strong> can’t be disregarded in a 

comprehensive numerical analysis <strong>of</strong> the area. 

A FIDEL analysis (Keith <strong>and</strong> Bedward, 1999; Westh<strong>of</strong>f 

& van der Maarel, 1978) was done to indicate positive 

diagnostic taxa within each community. Positive 

diagnostic taxa are those that are more likely to be 

found in a community than in other communities. 

Diagnostic species are identified by calculating the 

group <strong>and</strong> non group frequency <strong>of</strong> each taxa. Only 

positive indicator species are included in each pr<strong>of</strong>ile.


3 Results 

Of the 346 sites surveyed, more than 40% were on 

private l<strong>and</strong> or Crown leasehold, with the rest on 

Crown L<strong>and</strong>, National Parks, Nature Reserves, <strong>and</strong> 

State Forests. The locations <strong>of</strong> the survey sites are 

shown on Figure 3.1. 

3.1 Floristics 

In total, 1027 taxa (inldudes: species: subpecies 

<strong>and</strong> varities), in 160 families, were recorded in the 

survey, comprising: two fern allies (in 2 families), 

54 ferns (17), one cycad (1), four conifers (4), 706 

dicotyledons (109), <strong>and</strong> 260 monocotyledons (27). 

The most common plant families by number <strong>of</strong> taxa 

were Myrtaceae (77), Poaceae (73), Fabaceae (72), 

Cyperaceae (61), Asteraceae (37), Orchidaceae (30), 

Lauraceae (29), Rutaceae (28), Sapindaceae (27), 

Euphorbiaceae (26), Proteaceae (25), Epacridaceae 

(21), Rubiaceae (17), Apiaceae (13), Moraceae (12), 

Asclepiadaceae (11), Solanaceae (11), Apocynaceae 

(10), <strong>and</strong> Dilleniaceae (10). A full list <strong>of</strong> taxa recorded 

from the surveys is given in Appendix 2. 

The most common native plant species were climbing 

plants: Common Silkpod (Parsonsia straminea), 

Lawyer Vine (Smilax australis) <strong>and</strong> Scrambling Lily 

(Geitonoplesium cymosum). The trees Broad-leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Tuckeroo 

(Cupaniopsis anarcardioides) <strong>and</strong> Guioa semiglauca 

were recorded frequently, as were the ground 

covers Ottochloa gracillima, Spiny-headed Mat Rush 

(Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia) <strong>and</strong> Blue Flax-lily (Dianella 

caerulea) (see Table 3(i)). 

Plant life-forms clustered into particular plant 

communities <strong>and</strong> assemblages. For example, subtropical 

rainforest communities had a pr<strong>of</strong>usion <strong>of</strong> mesic trees 

<strong>and</strong> shrubs, epiphytes <strong>and</strong> a large number <strong>of</strong> rainforest 

climbing plants. Swamp sclerophyll communities were 

typically dominated by sedges or ferns. Other swamp 

sclerophyll communities <strong>and</strong> some dry sclerophyll 

forest assemblages had a high proportion <strong>of</strong> grasses. 

Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> sites were characterised by dry 

heath <strong>and</strong> shrub species. 

Weeds were a major component <strong>of</strong> the flora surveyed, 

particularly in the floodplain, lower slope <strong>and</strong> dunal 

environments <strong>of</strong> the study area. A total <strong>of</strong> 129 exotic 

taxa were recorded. The most common were Lantana 

(Lantana camara), Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum 

camphora), Senna pendula var. glabra, Ipomoea cairica, 

Ochna serrulata, Passiflora suberosa <strong>and</strong> Umbrella Tree 

(Schefflera actinophylla) (see Table 3(ii)). Lantana <strong>and</strong> 

Camphor Laurel are among the most widespread <strong>and</strong> 

abundant <strong>of</strong> all species recorded in the survey. 

Species richness varied greatly between communities, 

from floristically simple saline sedgel<strong>and</strong> communities 

(Communities 7, 8, 9), to mangrove (Community 62), 

freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Communities 24, 25, 26) <strong>and</strong> 

shrubl<strong>and</strong> communities (Community 28) to diverse 

subtropical rainforest communities (Communities 35, 

44, 45, 47) <strong>and</strong> wet sclerophyll forest communities 

(Communities 40, 41, 43, 52). 

The FNC, <strong>and</strong> especially the Tweed, Brunswick 

<strong>and</strong> Richmond lowl<strong>and</strong>s, are a known hotspot for 

threatened plant species. A total <strong>of</strong> 39 threatened 

plants species were recorded in the survey. In addition, 

11 Rare or Threatened Australian Plants (ROTAP) 

(Briggs <strong>and</strong> Leigh 1996) <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> rare species 

or species at the southern limit <strong>of</strong> their distributions 

were recorded. Many species are endemic to the 

Tweed lowl<strong>and</strong>s. Taxa <strong>of</strong> conservation significance are 

discussed in section 3.2. 

Some species had not been previously recorded in 

systematic vegetation surveys on the north coast <strong>of</strong> 

New South Wales. New records included Amyema 

mackayense subsp. mackayense <strong>and</strong> Asperula gemella.


Species Family Freq 

Parsonsia straminea Apocynaceae 155 

Smilax australis Smilacaceae 146 

Geitonoplesium cymosum Luzuriagaceae 144 

Lantana camara* Verbenaceae 142 

Melaleuca quinquenervia Myrtaceae 136 

Cupaniopsis anacardioides Sapindaceae 116 

Ottochloa gracillima Poaceae 108 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia Lom<strong>and</strong>raceae 103 

Cinnamomum camphora* Lauraceae 101 

Dianella caerulea Phormiaceae 101 

Guioa semiglauca Sapindaceae 100 

Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens Dilleniaceae 98 

Jagera pseudorhus Sapindaceae 96 

Maclura cochinchinensis Moraceae 95 

Morinda jasminoides Rubiaceae 93 

Alphitonia excelsa Rhamnaceae 91 

Archontophoenix cunninghamiana Arecaceae 89 

Glochidion sumatranum Euphorbiaceae 88 

Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i Euphorbiaceae 87 

Marsdenia rostrata Asclepiadaceae 80 

Senna pendula var. glabrata* Fabaceae 80 

Species Family Freq 

Lantana camara Verbenaceae 146 

Cinnamomum camphora Lauraceae 101 

Senna pendula var. glabrata Fabaceae 80 

Ipomoea cairica Convolvulaceae 61 

Ochna serrulata Ochnaceae 45 

Passiflora suberosa Passifloraceae 42 

Schefflera actinophylla Araliaceae 42 

Asparagus aethiopicus Asparagaceae 33 

Axonopus compressus Poaceae 30 

Ageratina riparia Asteraceae 28 

Ligustrum sinense Oleaceae 26 

Passiflora subpeltata Passifloraceae 21 

Passiflora edulis Passifloraceae 22 

Chrysanthemoides monilifera Asteraceae 21 

Ageratina adenophora Asteraceae 18 

Baccharis halimifolia Asteraceae 18 

Solanum seaforthianum Solanaceae 17 

Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 16 

Asparagus plumosus Asparagaceae 16 

Table 3(i) Most commonly 

recorded species <strong>of</strong> plant in the 

study area. 

Species recorded at >80 sites 

are shown; Frequency is the 

number <strong>of</strong> sites a species was 

recorded from (total number <strong>of</strong> 

sites = 346). Species with an 

asterisk are exotic species. 

Table 3(ii) Most commonly 

recorded exotic species 

recorded in the study area. 

Frequency is the number <strong>of</strong> 

sites a species was recorded 

from (total number <strong>of</strong> sites = 

346 >15 records).


Figure 3.1. Location <strong>of</strong> study sites within the FNC study area.


3.2 Numerical analysis 

Four major vegetation groups were identified by expert 

interpretation at the 60 group level classification in the 

dendrogram which were correlated with tidal influence, 

substrate <strong>and</strong> broad soil type. These were Group 1 

– Saline wetl<strong>and</strong>s; Group 2 – Freshwater, seasonally– 

permanently inundated soils; Group 3 – Coastal barrier 

s<strong>and</strong> sites <strong>and</strong> headl<strong>and</strong> sites; Group 4 – Forests on 

alluvium or finely textured soils <strong>of</strong> coastal floodplains 

<strong>and</strong> foothills. A simplified dendrogram is shown in 

Figure 3.2 <strong>and</strong> a summary <strong>of</strong> group relationships is 

shown in Table 3(iii). A full dendrogram is in Appendix 

3. A secondary split identified 27 ssemblages within 

the four primary groups, based on an expert assessment 

<strong>of</strong> dominant <strong>and</strong> associated species, environmental 

influences <strong>and</strong> geographic distribution. A decision to 

spilt <strong>and</strong> amalgamate the 60 groups in the dendrogram 

was made by expert assessment including the input <strong>of</strong> a 

expert workshop. 

Table 3(iii) Primary, secondary <strong>and</strong> tertiary floristic groups differentiated by hierarchical agglomerative 

clustering <strong>of</strong> full floristic data (species <strong>and</strong> relative abundance). 

The primary groups represent the four major soil environments present in the study area, as indicated by a cutpoint 

<strong>of</strong> about 1.5 on the dendrogram. The secondary groups represent broad vegetation types found within each 

<strong>of</strong> the major soil environments <strong>and</strong> correspond to a dendogram cut-point <strong>of</strong> about 1.2. The tertiary level groupings 

(assemblages) represents floristic groupings at the 60-group level. Closely similar groups may be merged at this level. 

Splits between the Brunswick–Tweed (BT) <strong>and</strong> <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond (LR) are common at the 60-group level but only a 

few are given below. 

Primary group Secondary group Tertiary Group Dendogram 

groups 

1 – Soils in tidal zone or with 

saline influence 

1(i) Mangroves 1(a) Mangroves 62 

1(ii) Saltmarsh 1(b) Saltmarsh, saline grassl<strong>and</strong> 1–2 

1(iii)Casuarina glauca 1(c) C. glauca with grass or 

Carex appressa (<strong>of</strong>ten disturbed 

by clearing <strong>and</strong> grazing; 

floodplain further from estuaries) 

3–4 

1(d) C. glauca–Excoecaria 

agallocha (close to estuaries) 

5–6 

1(e) C. glauca–Juncus krausii 

(close to estuaries) 

7–9C 

2 – Freshwater, seasonally– 2(i) Coastal M. quinquenervia 2(a) Broad-leaved Paperbark 10–15D 

permanently inundated soils ± C. glauca ± L. suaveolens swamp forests 

(swamp forest, wet heath, 

freshwater swamp) 

with ferny understorey 

2(ii) Coastal M. quinquenervia 

± C. glauca ± E. robusta with 

herb–graminoid (sedge, grass, 

or reed) understorey; wet 

heath, freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>, 

Coral Fern 

2(b) Wet heath 16–17 

2(c) Coral Fern 18 

Assemblage 2(e) Paperbark 

dunal scrubl<strong>and</strong> 

19 

Assemblage 2(f) Sedge paperbark 20–21, 23 

swamp box 

Assemblage 2(g) Reedl<strong>and</strong> 22, 24


Primary group Secondary group Tertiary Group 

Assemblage 2(h) Freshwater 

wetl<strong>and</strong>/swamp meadown 

Dendogram 

groups 

2(iii) Middle Richmond swamp 2(i) Middle Richmond swamp 25–30 

forest <strong>and</strong> freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s forest <strong>and</strong> 2d 

2(j) Middle Richmond freshwater 

wetl<strong>and</strong> 

3 – Freely draining, s<strong>and</strong>y soils 3(i) Open forest on back Assemblage 3(a) Open Forests 31–33 

barrier (Pleistocene) s<strong>and</strong>s on Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s 

Assemblage 3(b) <strong>Vegetation</strong> on 

Holocene dunes 

4 – Soils on alluvium or 

bedrock (finely textured soils 

<strong>of</strong> coastal floodplains <strong>and</strong> 

foothills) 

3(ii) Frontal (Holocene) 

dunes open forest <strong>and</strong> littoral 

rainforest 

Assemblage 3(c) Headl<strong>and</strong> 

grassl<strong>and</strong>s 

33–38 

Assemblage 3(d) Community 38: 

Heathy Scribbly Gum 

4(i) 4(a) <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brush Box 40–41 

Assemblage 4(b) Brunswick– 

Tweed Brush Box 

42–43 

4(ii) Rainforest Assemblage 4(c) Tweed– 

Brunswick subtropical: (i) 

rainforest on meta-sediment– 

subtropical/dry subtropical 

44 

Assemblage 4(c) Tweed 

Brunswick subtropical (rainforest 

ecotone/disturbed, <strong>of</strong>ten with 

sclerophyll emergents) 

45 

Assemblage 4(c) Tweed 

Brunswick subtropical (rainforest 

on basalt – Subtropical 

Rainforest White Booyong type) 

47 

4(iii) Wet sclerophyll/moist Assemblage 4(d) Forest Red 48–54 

open forest (with rainforest Gum swamp sclerophyll/wet 

component in understorey) sclerophyll open forests 

Assemblage 4(e) Fig/Qu<strong>and</strong>ong 

rainforest on Holocene dunes 

(Community 52) 

Assemblage 4(f) Patches Beach 

alluvial palm forest (Community 

53) 

4(iv) Dry, grassy/layered open Assemblage 4(g) Dry sclerophyll 55–59 

forest 

grassy open forests


Figure 3.2. Dendrogram <strong>of</strong> 62 vegetation groups from classification <strong>of</strong> 346 sites 

(UPGMA, Bray_Curtis association measure, Beta=-(0.1). <strong>Vegetation</strong> group 1_ Saline influence; <strong>Vegetation</strong> Group 

2- Group 2 Freshwater, seasonally/ permanently inundated soils; Group 3 Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> headl<strong>and</strong>; Group 

4 Forests on alluvium or fine-textured soils <strong>of</strong> coastal floodplains <strong>and</strong> foothills


3.3 Summary <strong>of</strong> assemblages <strong>and</strong> their 

communities 

In total, 27 assemblages were derived by grouping 

floristic communities derived by numerical into 

groupings <strong>of</strong> similar floristic compostion, structure 

<strong>and</strong> environmental relationships (Four assemblages 

within Primary Group 1, 11 in Primary Group 2, five in 

Primary Group 3 <strong>and</strong> seven in Primary Group 4). The 

27 assemblages comprise a total <strong>of</strong> 62 communities. 

Table 3(iii) provides a summary <strong>of</strong> the assemblages 

within each primary group, <strong>and</strong> Table 3(iv) lists the 62 

communities identified in the FNC study area. 

Table 3(iv) Summary <strong>of</strong> primary groups <strong>and</strong> the assemblages that fall within each resulting from expert 

assessment 

Group – Saline wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Communities – , ) 

1(a) Mangroves (Communities 5, 62) 

1(b) Saltmarsh/saline grassl<strong>and</strong>s (Communities 1, 2) 

1(c) Swamp Oak forests, sedgel<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> rushl<strong>and</strong>s (Community 3, 4, 6) 

1(d) Sedgel<strong>and</strong>/Rushl<strong>and</strong> (Communities 7–9) 

Group – Freshwater, seasonally–permanently inundated soils (Communities 0– 0) 

2(a) Broad-leaved Paperbark swamp forests varying from a sedge to ferny understory (Communities 10–14) 

2(b) Floodplain palm forest (Community 15) 

2(c) Wet heath (Communities 16, 17) 

2(d) Coral Fern fernl<strong>and</strong> (Community 18) 

2(e) Paperbark dunal scrubl<strong>and</strong> (Community 19) 

2(f) Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Box with a sedge understorey (Communities 20, 21, 23) 

2(g) Reedl<strong>and</strong> (Community 22) 

2(h) Freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>/swampy meadow (Communities 24, 25) 

2(i) Bungawalbin swamp forest (Communities 26–29) 

2(j) Middle Richmond freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong> (Community 30) 

2(k) Alluvial palm forest (Community 53) 

Group – Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> headl<strong>and</strong>s (Communities – ) 

3(a) Open forests on Pleistocene S<strong>and</strong>s (Communities 31–33) 

3(b) <strong>Vegetation</strong> <strong>of</strong> Holocene s<strong>and</strong>s (Communities 34, 36) 

3(c) Headl<strong>and</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong> (Community 37) 

3(d) Scribbly Gum community on Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s (Community 38) 

3(e) Wallum Banksia (Community 39) 

Group – Forests on alluvium or finely textured soils <strong>of</strong> coastal floodplains <strong>and</strong> foothills (Communities 

0– ) 

4(a) Tweed Brunswick Brush Box wet sclerophyll forest (Communities 40–41) 

4(b) Richmond Valley Brush Box wet sclerophyll forest (42, 43) 

4(c) Subtropical rainforest (Communities 44–47), Brush Box littoral rainforest (Community 35) 

4(d) Forest Red Gum swamp sclerophyll/dry open forests (Communities 48–51) 

4(e) Fig–Qu<strong>and</strong>ong rainforest on Pleistocene dunes (Community 52) 

4(f) Whalebone Tree dry rainforest (Community 54) 

4(g) Dry sclerophyll grassy open forests (Communities 55–61)


Table 3(v) <strong>Vegetation</strong> communities 

Community Name 

Community 1 Saltmarsh 

Community 2 Blue Couch–Prickly Couch grassl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the estuarine plain 

Community 3 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak swamp sclerophyll alluvial plain open forest 

Community 4 Swamp Oak–Broad-leaved Paperbark estuarine <strong>and</strong> alluvial plain swamp sclerophyll forest 

Community 5 Milky Mangrove–Swamp Oak– Grey Mangrove king-tide forest 

Community 6 Swamp Oak–Hoop Pine–Tuckeroo swamp sclerophyll/dry ‘gallery’ floodplain rainforest 

Community 7 Prickly Couch–Sea Rush–Schoenoplectus subulatus saltmarsh 

Community 8 Swamp Oak king-tide swamp sclerophyll forest 

Community 9 Sea Rush–Matgrass saltmarsh 

Community 10 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak–fern/sedge swamp sclerophyll forest 

Community 11 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Pink-flowered Doughwood swamp sclerophyll open forest 

Community 12 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak ferny swamp sclerophyll forest 

Community 13 Alluvial plain Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Mahogany–Bangalow Palm/ Saw sedge–water 

fern swamp sclerophyll forest 

Community 14 Swamp Mahogany–Broad-leaved Paperbark/sedge/fern swamp sclerophyll forest 

Community 15 Bangalow Palm–Swamp Box–Cabbage Tree Palm–Weeping Myrtle alluvial riparian forest 

Community 16 Tea-tree (Leptospermum spp.)–Sporodanthus interruptus wet heath 

Community 17 Leptospermum liversidgei–Wallum Bottlebrush–Grass Tree–Heath-leaved Banksia wallum wet 

heath complex 

Community 18 Coral Fern fernl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 19 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Coast Banksia–Red Ash dunal woodl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 20 Swamp Box–Broad-leaved Paperbark–rush/fern swamp sclerophyll forest 

Community 21 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak–rush saline swamp sclerophyll open forest 

Community 22 Common Reed–Black Bog-rush reedl<strong>and</strong>/rushl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 23 Swamp Box–Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Mahogany swamp sclerophyll forest 

Community 24 Swamp Ricegrass (Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra) Lepironia articulata, Smartweed (Persicaria strigosa) <strong>and</strong> 

Juncus usitatus Swampy Meadow. 

Community 25 Swamp Ricegrass–Bolboschoenus caldwellii–Schoenoplectus validus–Cyperus exaltatus freshwater 


Community 26 Hinterl<strong>and</strong> Narrow-leaved Paperbark–tea-tree backswamp shrubl<strong>and</strong>s-sedgel<strong>and</strong>s 

Community 27 Weeping Myrtle–Water Gum floodplain riparian forest 

Community 28 Narrow-leaved Paperbark–Wallum Bottlebrush swamp sclerophyll shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 29 Swamp Box–Narrow-leaved Paperbark–Broad-leaved Paperbark alluvial swamp sclerophyll 

forest 

Community 30 Middle Richmond freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s 

Community 31 Scribbly Gum–Red Mahogany–Brush Box dry sclerophyll open to closed forest on coastal 

barrier s<strong>and</strong>s 

Community 32 Blackbutt–Turpentine open forest complex 

Community 33 Coast Cypress Pine on dunes <strong>and</strong> ridges 

Community 34 Coast Banksia frontal dune open forest on Holocene dunes



Community 35 Brush Box lowl<strong>and</strong> rainforest 

Community 36 Coast Wattle–Coast Tea-tree–Coast Banksia shrubl<strong>and</strong> on Holocene dunes <strong>and</strong> ridges 

Community 37 Kangaroo Grass headl<strong>and</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 38 Scribbly Gum–Old Man Banksia–tea-tree heathy low open sclerophyll forest/shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 39 Wallum Banksia dry heath 

Community 40 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond floodplain mesic successional wet sclerophyll forest/rainforest 

Community 41 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brushbox–Pink Bloodwood–Grey Ironbark mesic tall open forest 

Community 42 Tweed–Brunswick Valley Brush Box–Blackbutt–Pink Bloodwood–Tallowwood foothill wet 

sclerophyll forest 

Community 43 Brunswick–Tweed Brush Box gully rainforest on meta-sediments 

Community 44 Tweed–Brunswick Valley Blue Qu<strong>and</strong>ong subtropical rainforest 

Community 45 Tweed–Brunswick Valley Bangalow Palm–Lilly Pilly subtropical rainforest 

Community 46 Stinging Tree–White Fig–Brush Bloodwood subtropical rainforest 

Community 47 Tweed Valley meta-sediment <strong>and</strong> basalt low-elevation subtropical rainforest 

Community 48 Flooded Gum–Pink-flowered Doughwood–Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong alluvial plain wet sclerophyll forest 

Community 49 Camphor Laurel–Forest Red Gum open to closed forest 

Community 50 Swamp Oak–Forest Red Gum–Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Box swamp sclerophyll 

woodl<strong>and</strong> to open forest 

Community 51 Forest Red Gum–Willow Bottlebrush–Camphor Laurel dry open forest 

Community 52 Small-leaved Fig–Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong–Bangalow Pine subtropical/littoral rainforest on 

Pleistocene dunes 

Community 53 Patches Beach Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak–Cabbage-tree Palm swamp sclerophyll 

forest on the alluvial plain 

Community 54 Whalebone Tree–Thorny Pea–Gossia fragrantissima gallery dry rainforest 

Community 55 Grey Ironbark–Pink Bloodwood–Thick-leaved Mahogany dry grassy open forest 

Community 56 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Box–Tuckeroo swamp sclerophyll open forest 

Community 57 Red Mahogany–Pink Bloodwood–Swamp Mahogany–Swamp Box dry open forest 

Community 58 Pink Bloodwood–Grey Ironbark–Swamp Box–Forest Red Gum–Blackbutt tall dry open forest 

Community 59 Large-fruited Spotted Gum–Grey Ironbark–Small-fruited Grey Gum dry grassy open forest 

Community 60 Grey Ironbark–Thin-leaved Stringybark–Pink Bloodwood–Swamp Box dry open grassy forest 


dry grassy alluvial open forest 

Community 62 River Mangrove–Grey Mangrove–Black Mangrove–Milky Mangrove–Spider Mangrove forest 

to woodl<strong>and</strong> 

0


3.3.1 Primary Group 1 – Saline wetl<strong>and</strong>s 

Assemblage 1(a) Mangroves (Communities 5, 

62): This assemblage consists <strong>of</strong> an open to closed 

shrubl<strong>and</strong> or low open forest <strong>of</strong> Grey Mangrove 

(Avicennia marina subsp. australasica), Black Mangrove 

(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza), Milky Mangrove (Excoecaria 

agallocha) <strong>and</strong> Cottonwood Hibiscus (Hibiscus tilaceus), 

associated with Spider Mangrove (Rhizophora stylosa) 

<strong>and</strong> River Mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum). The 

distribution <strong>of</strong> mangrove species occurs in orderly 

zones <strong>and</strong> is controlled by the frequency <strong>and</strong> duration 

<strong>of</strong> tidal inundation (Dr. A. Benwell, pers.comm.). 

Community 62 is found in sites subject to regular tidal 

influence fringing coastal lagoons, estuarine or alluvial 

tidal deltas <strong>and</strong> low-level tidal flats on Quaternary 

marine <strong>and</strong> fluvial sediments. Community 5 is a 

swamp forest located in the king-tide zone on the 

floodplain <strong>of</strong> the Tweed River <strong>and</strong> with an outlying 

occurrence at Tuckean Broadwater. It consists <strong>of</strong> an 

open forest community dominated by Milky Mangrove 

(Excoecaria agallocha), Grey Mangrove <strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak 

(Casuarina glauca), with the dominance <strong>of</strong> Mangrove 

Fern (Acrostichum speciosum) a key feature <strong>of</strong> the 

understorey. 

Assemblage 1(b) Saltmarsh <strong>and</strong> saline grassl<strong>and</strong>s 

(Communities 1, 2): Community 1 is a saltmarsh 

complex with zonations <strong>of</strong> Sporobolus virginicus var. 

minor <strong>and</strong> an outer zone <strong>of</strong> Juncus kraussii subsp. 

australiensis. The saltmarsh at Pottsville <strong>and</strong> Ballina 

includes abundant Sarcocornia quinqueflora subsp. 

quinqueflora. Community 2 is a saline grassl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Blue 

Couch (Cynodon dactylon), Swamp Millet (Ischaemum 

australe), Swamp Ricegrass (Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra) <strong>and</strong> 

Prickly Couch (Zoysia macrantha), as well as sedges, 

rushes <strong>and</strong> herbs. These grassl<strong>and</strong> are possibly derived 

from cleared/regrowth Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) 

or occur on the upper fringe <strong>of</strong> saltmarsh. 

Assemblage 1(c) Swamp Oak forests on the alluvial 

<strong>and</strong> estuarine plains (Communities 3, 4, 6): This 

assemblage is a swamp sclerophyll forest dominated 

by Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) <strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia). Community 

3 is commonly found in large, estuarine or alluvial 

backswamps <strong>of</strong> the Evans River <strong>and</strong> stagnant alluvial 

backswamps <strong>of</strong> Bungawalbin Creek. Community 4 has 

a higher abundance <strong>of</strong> Swamp Oak than community 

3 <strong>and</strong> is found on a range <strong>of</strong> low-lying waterlogged 

alluvial, estuarine plain <strong>and</strong> barrier s<strong>and</strong> substrates 

with considerable variation in tidal <strong>and</strong> saline 

influences at local scales. Community 6 is riparian 

swamp sclerophyll gallery rainforest type dominated 

by Swamp Oak, Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) 

<strong>and</strong> Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anarcardioides) that fringes 

Community 5. 

Assemblage 1(d) Saline sedgel<strong>and</strong> or saltmarsh 

(Communities 7–9): An assemblage that occurs in 

saline vegetation complexes <strong>and</strong> occasionally fringing 

saline coastal lagoons. The assemblage consists <strong>of</strong> 

low grassl<strong>and</strong>, sedgel<strong>and</strong> or saltmarsh communities 

with Schoenoplectus subulatus, Prickly Couch (Zoysia 

macrantha), Sea Rush (Juncus kraussii) or Hemarthria 

uncinata, <strong>and</strong> saltmarsh species such as Sarcocornia 

quinqueflora subsp. quinqueflora <strong>and</strong> S<strong>and</strong> Couch 

(Sporoblous virginicus) as abundant species. 

3.3.2 Primary Group 2 – Freshwater, seasonally– 

permanently inundated soils on alluvium <strong>and</strong> coastal 


Assemblage 2(a) Broad-leaved Paperbark ferny 

swamp forest (Communities 10–14): This assemblage 

consists <strong>of</strong> tall to low <strong>and</strong> open to closed forest 

dominated by Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca 

quinquenervia) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca), 

with Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) <strong>and</strong> 

Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) occasionally 

present. It is characterised by decreasing abundance <strong>of</strong> 

Swamp Oak as compared to Group 3. The assemblage 

occurs in many situations on the estuarine <strong>and</strong> 

alluvial plains, coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> deposits, <strong>and</strong> also 

on waterlogged sedimentary soils on lower slopes. 

Sites range from frequently inundated (Community 

10, 12,13), where the understorey is dominated by 

sedges, rushes <strong>and</strong> grasses, to more elevated, where 

development <strong>of</strong> shrubs <strong>and</strong> trees is more evident 

(Community 11). 

Assemblage 2(b) Alluvial palm–lilly pilly riparian 

forest (Community 15): This assemblage comprises 

a single community, consisting <strong>of</strong> an open to closed 

palm forest with an overstory <strong>of</strong> abundant Bangalow 

Palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), Weeping 

Lilly Pilly (Waterhousea floribunda), Swamp Box 

(Lophostemon suaveolens), <strong>and</strong> many Cabbage Tree 

Palms (Livistona australis) <strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca quinquenervia). A middle layer <strong>of</strong> Pinkflowered 

Doughwood (Melicope elleryana) is present. 

The assemblage is found along alluvial channels <strong>of</strong> flat 

lowl<strong>and</strong> plains at Tuckean <strong>and</strong> Wardell on deep soils 

formed by input <strong>of</strong> basalt sediments from the nearby 

Blackwall Range <strong>and</strong> also Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s from the


Wardell S<strong>and</strong>plain. 

Assemblage 2(c) Wet heath (Communities 16, 17). 

Community 16 is a wet heathl<strong>and</strong> with a dense canopy 

<strong>of</strong> shrubs tolerant <strong>of</strong> waterlogged soils, including 

Leptospermum liversidgei, Tantoon (Leptospermum 

polygalifolium) <strong>and</strong> Baeckea frutescens. A diversity <strong>of</strong> wet 

heathy shrubs is sometimes present, but a dense lower 

layer <strong>of</strong> the sedge Sporadanthus interruptus is always 

present. Community 17 is a wet shrubl<strong>and</strong> complex 

with considerable variation in dominant species, but 

associations include Heath-leaved Banksia (Banksia 

ericifolia subsp. macrantha) shrubl<strong>and</strong>; Broad-leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) swamp sclerophyll 

shrubl<strong>and</strong>; <strong>and</strong> Baeckea frutescens <strong>and</strong> Leptospermum 

liversidgei shrubl<strong>and</strong>. Wallum bottlebrush (Callistemon 

pachyphyllus) is frequent in the middle layer, <strong>and</strong> the 

lower layer is characterised by sedges <strong>and</strong> shrubs. The 

assemblage is found within swales <strong>and</strong> open freshwater 

depressions on Pleistocene barrier s<strong>and</strong>s. 

Assemblage 2(d) Coral Fern fernl<strong>and</strong> (Community 

18): A single community <strong>of</strong> Coral Fern (Gleichenia 

dicarpa) in association with Saw Sedge (Gahnia 

sieberiana). Empodisma minus is common in the 

lower layer. One site (BYR36esticd) has an upper 

layer comprising an open shrubl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) with a dense 

lower layer <strong>of</strong> Coral Fern. Griffith (1999) indicates the 

habitat <strong>of</strong> such fernl<strong>and</strong>s as dune scarps <strong>and</strong> narrow 

drainage lines in deep, acid peat soils kept moist by 

groundwater seepage. 

Assemblage 2(e) Paperbark dunal scrubl<strong>and</strong> 

(Community 19): A single community, usually with an 

open forest structure in which Broad-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca quinquenervia) is sometimes associated with 

Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia) 

<strong>and</strong> Red Ash (Alphitonia execlsa). However, two sites 

(POT23cbdne, POT02cbrdg) have an open shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

structure. A shrubby middle layer is usually present, 

consisting <strong>of</strong> Coastal Wattle (Acacia longifolia subsp. 

sophorae), Lantana (Lantana camara) <strong>and</strong> Tree Broomheath 

(Monotoca elliptica). The lower layer consists <strong>of</strong> 

Midgen Berry (Austromyrtus dulcis), Climbing Guinea 

Flower (Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens), Spiny-headed Mat Rush 

(Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia) <strong>and</strong> Black Bog-rush (Schoenus 

brevifolius). Weeds are prevalent in this assemblage 

(community), <strong>and</strong> Whisky Grass (Andropogon 

virginicus) is an abundant weed species <strong>of</strong> the lower 

layer. The assemblage occurs on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s 

dunes <strong>and</strong> ridges. 

Assemblage 2(f) Sedge Paperbark Swamp Box 

(Communities 20, 21, 23): A complex <strong>of</strong> swamp 

sclerophyll sites, most commonly located on the 

estuarine plain, but also occurring on waterlogged 

sites on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong>, rarely, alluvium. 

The assemblage consists <strong>of</strong> a low to tall, open to 

closed swamp sclerophyll forest with Swamp Box 

(Lophostemon suaveolens) or Broad-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca quinquenervia), or both, occasionally 

associated with Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) 

<strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak <strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark in more 

saline sites. The ground layer consists <strong>of</strong> sedges <strong>and</strong> 

rushes. There is an open mid-layer in which Swamp 

Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) <strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) occasionally 

occurs with Willow Bottlebrush (Callistemon salignus). 

Assemblage 2(g) Reedl<strong>and</strong> (Community 22): A single 

community, comprising a reedl<strong>and</strong> or rushl<strong>and</strong> with 

a dense cover <strong>of</strong> Common Reed (Phragmites australis) 

<strong>and</strong> Black Bog-rush (Schoenus brevifolius). The 

assemblage (community) occurs on the fringe <strong>of</strong> saline 

swamp areas <strong>and</strong> adjoining a coastal barrier lagoon. 

Assemblage 2(h) Swamp Ricegrass/Swampy 

Meadow (Communities 24, 25): Community 24 

represents a wetl<strong>and</strong> west <strong>of</strong> Cudgen Lake in organic 

muds in a freshwater swamp <strong>and</strong> also on saline muds 

<strong>of</strong> the estuarine plain. The vegetation is dominated 

by Swamp Ricegrass (Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra), Lepironia 

articulata, Juncus usitatus, Smartweed (Persicaria 

strigosa), Bolboschoenus caldwellii, Schoenoplectus validus 

<strong>and</strong> Cyperus exaltatus. Community 24 may be a derived 

freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>, an artefact <strong>of</strong> clearing. Community 

25 is on the floodplain <strong>of</strong> Clothiers Creek were it 

colonises drains <strong>and</strong> channels. 

Assemblage 2(i) <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Valley Swamp 

Forest/Shrubl<strong>and</strong>s/Sedgel<strong>and</strong>s (Communities 26–29): 

A structurally variable assemblage <strong>of</strong> sedgel<strong>and</strong>s, 

shrubl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> riparian open forests found on stagnant 

alluvial backswamps <strong>and</strong> riparian channels <strong>of</strong> the 

me<strong>and</strong>er plain <strong>of</strong> Bungawalbin Creek. Community 26 

consists <strong>of</strong> Lepironia articulata sedgel<strong>and</strong> communities 

with emergent or dominant Narrow-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca alternifolia), Broad-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca quinquenervia), Leptospermum brachy<strong>and</strong>rum 

<strong>and</strong> Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens). All sites 

are located on backswamps <strong>of</strong> Bungwalbin Creek. 

Community 27 is a riparian open forest with emergent


Swamp Box <strong>and</strong> a canopy <strong>of</strong> Weeping Myrtle 

(Waterhousea floribunda) <strong>and</strong> Water Gum (Tristaniopsis 

laurina). It is found on the floodplain <strong>of</strong> S<strong>and</strong>y Creek. 

Community 28 is an open shrubl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Narrow-leaved 

Paperbark, Melaleuca sieberi <strong>and</strong> Wallum Bottlebrush 

(Callistemon pachyphyllus) growing on waterlogged 

alluvial flats. Community 29 is an open swamp 

sclerophyll forest <strong>of</strong> Swamp Box, Narrow-leaved 

Paperbark <strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark located on an 

alluvial backswamp. 

Assemblage 2(j) Middle Richmond freshwater 

wetl<strong>and</strong> (Community 30): This assemblage, 

represented by a single community, is a freshwater 

wetl<strong>and</strong> community <strong>of</strong> Azolla pinnata, Water Primrose 

(Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis), Lesser 

Canary Grass (Phalaris minor), Hygrophila angustifolia 

<strong>and</strong> Juncus mollis. The invasive weed Chinese Tallow 

(Triadica sebifera) occurs as a common emergent 

tree. Water weeds are prevalent in the lower 

strata, including Phalaris minor <strong>and</strong> Parrots Feather 

(Myriophyllum aquaticum). The assemblage is on the 

alluvial floodplain in backswamps. 

Assemblage 2(k) Patches Beach Alluvial Palm 

Forest (Community 53): This assemblage is an open 

swamp sclerophyll forest/palm forest <strong>of</strong> Bangalow 

Palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), Broad–leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak 

(Casuarina glauca). All sites are on alluvial backswamps 

in the Patches Beach area south <strong>of</strong> the Richmond 

River. 

3.3.3 Primary Group 3- Coastal Barrier S<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> 

headl<strong>and</strong>s 

Assemblage 3(a) Open forests on Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s 

(Communities 31–33): Community 31 is an open to 

closed forest dominated by Scribbly Gum (Eucalyptus 

signata), Red Mahogany (Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. 

hemilampra) <strong>and</strong> Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus). 

Community 32 is a complex tall open forest mosaic 

commonly found on s<strong>and</strong>y soils on ridges <strong>and</strong> 

backbarrier flats, <strong>and</strong> also on the fringe <strong>of</strong> the estaurine 

plain. Overstorey variation includes: (a) tall open 

forest <strong>of</strong> Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is) <strong>and</strong> Pink 

Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) on Pleistocene 

s<strong>and</strong> ridges; (b) swamp sclerophyll open forest with 

Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) <strong>and</strong> Swamp 

Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) in backbarrier flats; 

(c) Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) open forest; (d) 

open forest <strong>of</strong> Turpentine <strong>and</strong> Brush Box on a s<strong>and</strong>y 

ridge. Community 33 is a closed forest dominated by 

Coast Cypress Pine (Callitris collumelaris) occurring on 

Pleistocene beach rigdes <strong>and</strong> hind dunes. 

Assemblage 3(b) <strong>Vegetation</strong> on Holocene dunes 

(Communities 34–36): Community 34 is an open to 

closed forest on s<strong>and</strong> dunes, in which Coast Banksia 

(Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia) dominates. The 

community has a closed mid-strata <strong>of</strong> littoral rainforest 

species, such as Logan Apple (Acronychia imperforata), 

<strong>and</strong> Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides). Community 

35 is a closed littoral forest with abundant Brush Box 

(Lophostemon confertus) <strong>of</strong>ten associated with Bennett’s 

Ash (Flindersia bennettiana), Logan Apple, Bangalow 

Palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), Rose Walnut 

(Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor), Hard Corkwood (Endi<strong>and</strong>ra 

sieberi), Three-veined Cryptocarya (Cryptocarya 

triplinervis), Cheese Tree (Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i) <strong>and</strong> 

Pear-fruited Tamarind (Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. 

pyriformis). It occurs in the Tweed River area on coastal 

dunes <strong>and</strong> low-lying s<strong>and</strong>y tidal delta flats. Community 

36 is a foredune scrubl<strong>and</strong> located on Holocene dunes, 

<strong>and</strong> dominated by Coast Wattle (Acacia longifolia var. 

sophorae), Coast Tea-tree (Leptospermum laevigatum) 

<strong>and</strong> Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia subsp. 

integrifolia), Horse-tail Sheoak (Casuarina equisetifolia 

subsp. incana) <strong>and</strong> Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides 

monilifera subsp. rotundata). 

Assemblage 3(c) Headl<strong>and</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong>s (Community 

37): This assemblage is a headl<strong>and</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong> with a 

closed cover <strong>of</strong> Kangaroo Grass (Themeda australis) 

<strong>and</strong> a low cover <strong>of</strong> emergent Coast Banksia (Banksia 

integrifolia subsp. integrifolia), Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis 

anacardioides) <strong>and</strong> Screw Pine (P<strong>and</strong>anus tectorius 

var. australianus). Associated vegetation includes the 

shrubs Aotus ericoides <strong>and</strong> Scaevola calendulacea, herbs 

Wollastonia biflora <strong>and</strong> Xerochrysum bracteatum, <strong>and</strong> the 

grasses Cynodon dactylon <strong>and</strong> Eragrostis interrupta. 

Assemblage 3(d) Heathy Scribbly Gum on 

Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s (Community 38): This assemblage is 

a low open forest <strong>of</strong> Scribbly Gum (Eucalyptus signata), 

Old-man Banksia (Banksia serrata) <strong>and</strong> Slender Teatree 

(Leptospermum trinervium) on elevated drier sites 

on a backbarrier flat. Heathy shrubs form the open 

mid-strata <strong>and</strong> include Old Man Banksia, Slender Teatree, 

Grass Tree (Xanthorrhoea johnsonii), Homoranthus 

virgatus, Agiortia pedicellata, Smooth Zieria (Zieria 

laevigata) <strong>and</strong> Dillwynia retorta. The ground layer 

consists <strong>of</strong> Grass Tree, Dillwynia retorta, Tantoon 

(Leptospermum polygalifolium), Caustis recurvata, Leafywedge 

Pea (Gompholobium virgatum) <strong>and</strong> Coleocarya

gracilis. 


Assemblage 3(e) Wallum Banksia heath (Community 

39): This assemblage, comprising a single community, 

is a heath or shrubl<strong>and</strong> dominated by Wallum 

Banksia (Banksia aemula), Homoranthus virgatus <strong>and</strong> 

Leptospermum trinervium. It occurs on coastal barrier 

s<strong>and</strong>s on Pleistocene dunes. 

3.3.4 Primary Group 4 – Forests on alluvium or finely 

textured soils on coastal floodplains <strong>and</strong> foothills 

Assemblage 4(a) Richmond Valley Brush Box 

wet sclerophyll forest (Communities 40, 41). This 

assemblage comprises two communities. Community 

40 has an open to closed forest structure with a 

wide variety <strong>of</strong> sclerophyllous emergents <strong>and</strong> mesic 

species, including Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca 

quinquenervia), Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens), 

Red Ash (Alphitonia excelsa), Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus 

gr<strong>and</strong>is) <strong>and</strong> Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis). It is 

recorded from a range <strong>of</strong> sites on lower slope bedrock, 

coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> floodplains. Community 

41 is a tall moist open forest in which Brush Box 

(Lophostemon confertus) is frequently abundant 

<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten occurs with Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia 

intermedia) <strong>and</strong> Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia). 

It is mostly found on high sedimentary quartz 

substrates <strong>of</strong> lower slopes. 

Assemblage 4(b) Tweed–Brunswick Brush Box 

wet sclerophyll forest (Communities 42, 43): An 

assemblage <strong>of</strong> mesic open forest to rainforest with a 

mix <strong>of</strong> overstory emergents <strong>and</strong> found on lower slopes 

<strong>and</strong> floodplains in the Tweed <strong>and</strong> Brunswick River 

catchments. Community 42 is closed tall mesic forest 

to rainforest with Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus), 

Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), Pink Bloodwood 

(Corymbia intermedia), Tallowwood (Eucalyptus 

microcorys), Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia) 

<strong>and</strong>, occasionally, Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is). 

It mostly occurs in low <strong>and</strong> high sedimentary quartz 

sites <strong>and</strong> is also located on the alluvial plain (fan, 

backswamp, levee). Occasionally it occurs on coastal 

barrier s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> the estuarine plain. Community 43 

consists mostly <strong>of</strong> closed forest sites with abundant 

Brush Box, Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) 

<strong>and</strong> Guioa semiglauca. Eucalyptus <strong>and</strong> bloodwood 

(Corymbia) species occur in the canopy, including 

Tallowwood, White Mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), 

Flooded Gum <strong>and</strong> Pink Bloodwood. It is most 

commonly found on lower slopes <strong>and</strong> valley floors on 

low sedimentary quartz substrates <strong>and</strong>, occasionally, on 

the alluvial plain (on valley flats <strong>and</strong> fans). 

Assemblage 4(c) Tweed–Brunswick subtropical 

rainforests (Communities 44–47): This is an 

assemblage <strong>of</strong> species-rich subtropical rainforests. 

Communities 44, 45 <strong>and</strong> 47 comprise emergent 

rainforest <strong>and</strong> eucalypt species, with the closed tallest 

strata including Bangalow Palm (Archontophoenix 

cunninghamiana), Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), 

Red Bean (Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle), 

Strangler Fig (Ficus watkinsiana), Moreton Bay Fig 

(Ficus macrophylla), White Booyong (Heritiera trifoliata) 

<strong>and</strong> Yellow Carabeen (Sloanea australis). These 

communities occur on lower slopes <strong>and</strong> floodlains on 

finely grained sedimentary rocks, basalt soils, alluvial 

plains <strong>and</strong> backbarrier flats on s<strong>and</strong>s. Community 46 is 

a Stinging Tree subtropical rainforest, consisting <strong>of</strong> a 

closed forest community <strong>of</strong> Brush Bloodwood (Baloghia 

inophylla), White Fig (Ficus virens var. sublanceolata) 

<strong>and</strong> Stinging Tree (Dendrocnide excelsa). It is found on 

basalts soils on low rolling hills. 

Assemblage 4(d) Forest Red Gum swamp 

sclerophyll/ wet sclerophyll open forests 

(Community 48–51): This is a mixed assemblage <strong>of</strong> 

wet sclerophyll forests <strong>of</strong> lower slopes. Community 

48 is a wet sclerophyll forest <strong>of</strong> Blackwood (Acacia 

melanoxylon), Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is), 

Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong (Elaeocarpus obovatus) <strong>and</strong> Pinkflowered 

Doughwood (Melicope elleryana), found on 

alluvial plains (floodplain, channels <strong>and</strong> fans) <strong>and</strong> 

undifferentiated sediments (freshwater swamps). 

Community 49 is an open forest <strong>of</strong> Camphor Laurel 

(Cinnamomum camphora ) associated with Forest Red 

Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), Brush Box (Lophostemon 

confertus) <strong>and</strong> Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia). 

It occurs on basalt <strong>and</strong> low sedimentary quartz geology 

on rolling hills. Community 50 is an open swamp 

sclerophyll forest community dominated by Forest Red 

Gum, Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca), Swamp Box 

(Lophostemon suaveolens), Pink Bloodwood, Broadleaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Swamp 

Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) <strong>and</strong> Willow Bottlebrush 

(Callistemon salignus). It is located in backswamps, 

levees <strong>and</strong> valley flats on the alluvial plain, <strong>and</strong> wetter 

sites on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s. Community 51 is an open 

forest community with Forest Red Gum, Broad-leaved 

Paperbark <strong>and</strong> Willow Bottlebrush, on the alluvial 

plain (floodplains) <strong>and</strong> estuarine plain (saline swamps). 

Assemblage 4(e) Fig–qu<strong>and</strong>ong rainforest on


Pleistocene dunes (Community 52): A closed forest 

dominated by Small-leaved Fig (Ficus obliqua), White 

Fig (Ficus virens), Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong (Elaeocarpus 

obovatus) <strong>and</strong> Pepperberry (Cryptocarya obovata). It 

occurs on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> on a Pleistocene dune. 

Assemblage 4(f) Whalebone Tree dry rainforest 

(Community 54). Riparian dry rainforest sites 

dominated by Whalebone Tree (Streblus brunonianus), 

Rough-leaved Elm (Aphananthe philippinensis) <strong>and</strong> 

Small-leaved Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis parvifolia), with 

a middle strata <strong>of</strong> Whalebone Tree, Green Native 

Cascarilla (Croton verreauxii), Thorny Pea (Desmodium 

acanthocladum), Sweet Myrtle (Gossia fragrantissima), 

Cockspur Thorn (Maclura cochinchinensis) <strong>and</strong> Orange 

Thorn (Pittosporum multiflorum). 

Assemblage 4(g) Dry sclerophyll grassy open forests 

(Communities 55–61): An assemblage <strong>of</strong> six lower 

slope dry open forest communities with a grassy or 

ferny lower layer located on sediments, basalt <strong>and</strong> 

coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s. Community 55 consists <strong>of</strong> 

Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia) associated 

with Thick-leaved Mahogany (Eucalyptus carnea), 

Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia), Blackbutt 

(Eucalyptus pilularis) <strong>and</strong>, occasionally, Brush Box 

(Lophostemon confertus) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Box (Lophostemon 

suaveolens) or, rarely, Small-fruited Grey Gum 

(Eucalyptus propinqua). This community is found on 

drier sites on sedimentary low-elevation coastal hills 

<strong>and</strong>, rarely, on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> basalt soils. 

Community 56 is a swamp sclerophyll forest <strong>of</strong> Broadleaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Tuckeroo 

(Cupaniopsis anacardioides), Swamp Oak (Casuarina 

glauca) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Box with a lower layer <strong>of</strong> shrubs or 

ferns. It is found on the alluvial plain, coastal barrier 

s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> sedimentary soils on rolling hills. Community 

57 is a dry open forest <strong>of</strong> Red Mahogany (Eucalyptus 

resinifera) associated with Pink Bloodwood, Swamp 

Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta), Swamp Box <strong>and</strong> 

Willow Bottlebrush (Callistemon salignus). It occurs 

on wet transferral soils in alluvial backswamps <strong>and</strong> 

valley flats, <strong>and</strong> low sedimentary quartz soils on rolling 

low hills. Community 58 is a tall dry open forest <strong>of</strong> 

Pink Bloodwood, Grey Ironbark, Swamp Box, Forest 

Red Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) <strong>and</strong> Blackbutt. 

Occassional canopy species include Narrow-leaved Red 

Gum (Eucalyptus seeana), White Mahogany (Eucalyptus 

acmenoides), Thick-leaved Mahogany, Tallowwood 

(Eucalyptus micorcorys) <strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved Roughbarked 

Apple (Angophora subvelutina). Community 

58 is found on the stagnant alluvial plain in the 

Bungwalbin catchment, on undulating low hills, gently 

undulating rises on low sedimentary quartz geology 

in the Tabbimoble Lowl<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> also on basalt soils 

on the Blackwall Range. Community 59 is a dry grassy 

open forest growing on sedimentary soils <strong>of</strong> low hills 

<strong>and</strong> undulating rises, with Large-fruited Spotted Gum 

(Corymbia henryi), Small-fruited Grey Gum, Forest Red 

Gum <strong>and</strong> Tindale’s Stringybark (Eucalyptus tindaliae). 

There is a middle stratum <strong>of</strong> shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees, 

including Salwood (Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima) 

<strong>and</strong> Red Ash (Alphitonia excelsa). Community 60 is a 

dry grassy open forest in which Grey Ironbark occurs 

with or without Thin-leaved Stringybark (Eucalyptus 

eugeniodes). It is found on the alluvial plains <strong>and</strong> gently 

undulating rises on high sedimentary quartz parent 

material in the Tabbimoble Lowl<strong>and</strong>s. Community 61 

is a grassy, dry alluvial open forest <strong>of</strong> Broad-Leaved 

Paperbark, Narrow-leaved Rough-barked Apple 

(Angophora paludosa), Swamp Box, Pink Bloodwood 

<strong>and</strong> Forest Red Gum. It occurs on a wide alluvial 

drainage plain on gently undulating rises on S<strong>and</strong>y 

Creek in the Bungawalbin Catchment.


Table 3(vi) Endangered Ecological Communities represented in communities identified in this survey <strong>of</strong> the 

Far North Coast <strong>of</strong> NSW. 

NSW Endangered Ecological Community FNC <strong>Vegetation</strong> Community 

Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Communities 1, 2, 7, 9 

Corner bioregions 

Freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s on coastal floodplains <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Communities 2, 25, 26, 30 

Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions 

Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Communities 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 

Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions 

14, 15, 23, 26, 28, 40, 53 

Swamp oak floodplain forest <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> Communities 5, 7, 8 

South East Corner bioregions 

Sub-tropical Coastal Floodplain Forest <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast bioregion Communities 20, 29, 50, 51, 61 

Lowl<strong>and</strong> rainforest on floodplain in the NSW North Coast Bioregion Communities 6, 27, 44, 45, 46, 47, 

54, 56 

Themeda Grassl<strong>and</strong> on seacliffs <strong>and</strong> coastal headl<strong>and</strong>s in the NSW North Communities 38 

Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions 

Littoral rainforest in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Communities 35, 52 

Corner Bioregions 

Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest in NSW North Coast <strong>and</strong> Sydney Basin Bioregion Communities 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 56 

3.4 Endangered Ecological Communities 

Of the 62 vegetation communities delineated in 

this survey, 37 are equivalent to nine Endangered 

Ecological Communities (EEC) listed under the 

Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC) (Table 

3(vi)). The data collected in this survey improves the 

knowledge <strong>of</strong> the floristic variation, structure <strong>and</strong> 

distribution <strong>of</strong> these EECs on the FNC <strong>of</strong> New South 

Wales. These EECs are much more diverse in terms 

<strong>of</strong> species composition <strong>and</strong> community types than 

currently documented in the final determinations by 

the NSW Scientific Committee (established under the 

NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995). 

The present survey also improves the knowledge <strong>of</strong> 

the variation in, <strong>and</strong> the floristic composition <strong>and</strong> 

environmental relationships <strong>of</strong> many floodplain <strong>and</strong> 

lowl<strong>and</strong> EECs, <strong>and</strong> will assist in the further delineation 

<strong>and</strong> field identification <strong>of</strong> the EECs on the FNC. 

Table 3(vi) lists Endangered Ecological Communities 

represented in communities identified in this survey <strong>of</strong> 

the Far North Coast <strong>of</strong> NSW. 

3.5 Taxa <strong>of</strong> conservation significance 

Of the 1027 taxa recorded during these surveys, 21 

are listed as endangered species, <strong>and</strong> 18 as vulnerable 

species, under the TSC; 11 are ROTAP species 

(Briggs & Leigh 1996); <strong>and</strong> five regionally rare taxa 

were recorded (Sheringham & Westaway, 1995). A 

total <strong>of</strong> 20 species are listed under the Environment 

Protection <strong>and</strong> Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 

(Commonwealth) (EPBC). The most frequently 

recorded rare plant in the survey was Cordyline 

congesta, which was recorded at 35 sites <strong>and</strong> from 

11 communities. Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa (22 sites) <strong>and</strong> 

Cupaniopsis newmanii (17 sites) were also commonly 

recorded. 

Within the four primary vegetation groups identified, 

no threatened plant species were recorded in Primary 

Group 1 – Saline wetl<strong>and</strong>s. Nine threatened or 

significant plant species were recorded in Primary 

Group 2 – Freshwater, seasonally–permanently 

inundated soils: Cladium procerum, Cordyline congesta, 

Trichosanthes subvelutina, Acronychia littoralis (Scented 

Acronychia), Arthrochilus prolixus, Scleria levis, 

Eleocharis tetraquetra, Scleria rugosa <strong>and</strong> Persicaria


elatior. Within Primary Group 3 – Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> 

sites <strong>and</strong> headl<strong>and</strong> sites, several species were recorded: 

Geodorum densiflorum (Shepherd’s Crook Orchid), 

Corokia whiteana, Arthrochilus prolixus, Cordyline 

congesta, <strong>and</strong> Cryptocarya foetida (Stinking Laurel). 

Primary Group 4 – Forests on alluvium or finely 

textured soils <strong>of</strong> coastal floodplains <strong>and</strong> foothills, had 

the highest number <strong>of</strong> significant plant species records. 

Subtropical rainforest communities 43, 44, 45 <strong>and</strong> 47 

contained the largest number <strong>of</strong> threatened <strong>and</strong> rare 

plant taxa. There was a higher richness <strong>of</strong> threatened 

species in the Tweed–Brunswick rainforests compared 

to wet sclerophyll forests <strong>and</strong> Richmond River 

rainforests. Ruthven dry gallery rainforest community 

Table 3(vii) Plant species <strong>of</strong> conservation significance recorded in the FNC study area. 

TSC, Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; EPBC, Environment Protection <strong>and</strong> Biodiversity Conservation Act 

1999; ROTAP, Rare or Threatened Australian Plants. 

Taxon TSC Act EPBC Act ROTAP Rare 

Acacia bakeri Vulnerable 

Acianthus amplexicaulis 2RC- 

Acronychia baeuerlenii 3RC- 

Acronychia littoralis Endangered Endangered 

Archidendron hendersonii Vulnerable 

Archidendron muellerianum 3RCa 

Argophyllum nullumense 3RCa 

Arthrochilus prolixus 2K 

Bosistoa transversa Vulnerable Vulnerable 

Brunoniella spiciflora Rare 

Callerya australis 3RC 

Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana Endangered 

Cordyline congesta 2RC- 

Corokia whiteana Vulnerable Vulnerable 

Cryptocarya foetida Vulnerable Vulnerable 

Cupaniopsis newmanii 2RC- 

Davidsonia jerseyana Endangered Endangered 

Dendrobium melaleucaphilum Endangered 

Dendrocnide morioides Endangered 

Desmodium acanthocladum Vulnerable Vulnerable 

Dianella brevipedunculata Rare 

(54) was the locality for Desmodium acanthocladum 

(Thorny Pea) <strong>and</strong> Gossia frangrantissima (Sweet 

Myrtle). A large proportion <strong>of</strong> significant taxa were 

rainforest or wet sclerophyll forest trees <strong>and</strong> shrubs that 

were primarily located in the Tweed–Brunswick River 

catchments. 

Dry sclerophyll communities 55–61 supported 

populations <strong>of</strong> the the significant species, Scleria 

rugosa, Arthrochilus prolixus <strong>and</strong> Cordyline congesta. 

Interesting records <strong>of</strong> some endangered orchid species 

(Dendrobium melaleucaphilum, Oberonia complanata, 

Oberonia titania) were made in wet <strong>and</strong> dry sclerophyll 

forest (Communities 48–55). Pr<strong>of</strong>iles for all threatened 

plant species are listed below (section 3.6).


Taxon TSC Act EPBC Act ROTAP Rare 

Diospyros mabacea Endangered Endangered 

Diospyros major var. ebenus Endangered 

Diploglottis campbellii Endangered Endangered 

Elaeocarpus sp. Rocky Creek Endangered Endangered 

Elaeocarpus williamsianus Endangered Endangered 

Eleocharis tetraquetra Endangered 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii Vulnerable 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa 2RC- 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii Vulnerable Vulnerable 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. bracteata Endangered 

Fontainea australis Vulnerable Vulnerable 

Gahnia isignis 3RCa 

Geodorum densiflorum Endangered 

Gossia fragrantissima Endangered Endangered 

Grevillea hilliana Endangered 

Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia Vulnerable 3RC- 

Lepiderema pulchella Vulnerable 

Lindsaea brachypoda Vulnerable 

Macadamia tetraphylla Vulnerable Vulnerable 

Marsdenia longiloba Endangered 

Oberonia complanata Endangered 

Oberonia titania Vulnerable 

Ochrosia moorei Endangered Endangered 

Peristeranthus hillii Vulnerable 

Persicaria elatior Vulnerable Vulnerable 

Polygala linariifolia Endangered 

R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei Endangered Endangered 

Rhodamnia maideniana 2RC- 

Scleria levis Rare 

Sida cordifolia Rare 

Syzygium hodgkinsoniae Vulnerable Vulnerable 

Syzygium moorei Vulnerable Vulnerable 

Tinospora tinosporoides Vulnerable Vulnerable 

Trichosanthes subvelutina 3RC- 

Xylosma terrae-reginae Endangered


Figure 3.3. Locations <strong>of</strong> records <strong>of</strong> species <strong>of</strong> conservation significance threatened species 

from the present survey <strong>of</strong> the FNC study area.


Table 3(viii) Species <strong>of</strong> Conservation Significiance, the communities in which they were recorded, <strong>and</strong> the 

habitat in which they occur. 

Taxon Communities Habitat 

Acacia bakeri 43, 44, 45 Subtropical rainforest on rolling hills on meta-sedimentary soils 

<strong>and</strong> less commonly on the alluvial plain 

Acianthus amplexicaulis 43 Brush Box rainforest on meta-sediments 

Acronychia baeuerlenii 41, 44, 45 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brush Box <strong>and</strong> Tweed/Brunswick Valley 

subtropical rainforest on the floodplain <strong>and</strong> also metasedimentary 

soils 

Acronychia littoralis 19, 42 Dunal paperbark woodl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> brush box forest on Pleistocene 

dunes 

Archidendron hendersonii 35, 43, 44, 45, 47 Brush Box rainforest <strong>and</strong> subtropical rainforest on basalt, metasediments 

<strong>and</strong> also moist sites on s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> the floodplain 

Archidendron muellerianum 41, 43, 44, 45 Brush Box wet sclerophyll forest <strong>and</strong> subtropical rainforest on 

low-elevation meta-sedimentary coastal hills 

Argophyllum nullumense 44 Brush Box foothill wet sclerophyll forest <strong>and</strong> subtropical 

rainforest on meta-sedimentary hills 

Arthrochilus prolixus 20, 32, 55, 57 Swamp Box open forest <strong>and</strong> dry sclerophyll forest on high 

sedimentary quartz soils <strong>and</strong> coastal s<strong>and</strong>plains 

Bosistoa transversa 44, 47 Subtropical rainforest on basalt <strong>and</strong> meta-sedimentary lowelevation 

rolling hills 

Brunoniella spiciflora 43, 44 Subtropical rainforest on meta-sedimentary lower slopes 

Callerya australis 43, 44, 45 Subtropical rainforest on meta-sedimentary rolling hills 

Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana 35, 44 Subtropical rainforest on basalt <strong>and</strong> meta-sedimentary lowelevation 

rolling hills 

Cordyline congesta 11, 12, 14, 32, Swamp sclerophyll forests, subtropical rainforest, littoral 

35, 40, 41, 44, rainforest, Brush Box forests <strong>and</strong> dry open forests on the alluvial 

47, 53, 57 plain, coastal s<strong>and</strong>plains <strong>and</strong> dunes <strong>and</strong> high sedimentary quartz 

soils 

Corokia whiteana 31 Scribbly Gum open forest on Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s 

Cryptocarya foetida 34, 35, 40, 45, 

48, 52 

Coast Banksia dunal shrubl<strong>and</strong>, Brush Box littoral rainforest, 

<strong>Lower</strong> Richmond floodplain mesic wet sclerophyll forests <strong>and</strong> 

subtropical rainforest on basalt, coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> metasediments 

Cupaniopsis newmanii 43, 44, 45, 47 Subtropical rainforest on meta-sedimentary rolling hills <strong>and</strong> 

occasionally on basalt <strong>and</strong> alluvium 

Davidsonia jerseyana 43, 44, 49 Subtropical rainforest on meta-sedimentary rolling hills <strong>and</strong> 

occasionally on alluvium 

Dendrobium melaleucaphilum 50 Swamp Oak swamp forest on undifferentiated soils with a saline 

influence 

Dendrocnide morioides 45 Subtropical rainforest 

Desmodium acanthocladum 56 Subtropical rainforest on meta-sedimentary soils on rolling hills 

Dianella brevipedunculata 61 Narrow-leaved–Rough-barked Apple-Swamp Box dry open 

forest on the floodplain <strong>of</strong> Myrtle Creek 

Diospyros mabacea 47 Subtropical rainforest on meta-sedimentary lower slopes 

Diospyros major var. ebenus 44,45, 47 Subtropical rainforest on basalt <strong>and</strong> meta-sediment mid <strong>and</strong> 

lower slopes 

0



Diploglottis campbellii 47 Subtropical rainforest on basalt <strong>and</strong> meta-sediment lowelevation 

coastal hills 

Elaeocarpus sp. Rocky Creek 43 Subtropical rainforest on meta-sedimentary mid-slopes 

Elaeocarpus williamsianus 43 Subtropical rainforest on footlsopes on meta-sediments 

Eleocharis tetraquetra 23 Riparian alluvial swamp sclerophyll forest 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii 43, 44, 45 Subtropical rainforest on meta-sediment rolling hills <strong>and</strong> also on 

alluvium 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa 43, 44, 45 Subtropical rainforest on low-elevation coastal hills on metasediments 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii 42, 44, 45, 47 Subtropical rainforest <strong>and</strong> <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brush Box forest on 

meta-sediment rolling hills <strong>and</strong> also on alluvium backswamps 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. 41, 43, 44 45 Subtropical rainforest <strong>and</strong> <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brush Box mesic on 

bracteata 

lower slope, meta-sedimentary <strong>and</strong> also on alluvial terraces 

Fontainea australis 43 <strong>Lower</strong> slope, low sedimentary quartz soils in subtropical 

rainforest 

Gahnia isignis 43 <strong>Lower</strong> slope, low sedimentary quartz soils in subtropical 

rainforest 

Geodorum densiflorum 36 Coastal scrubl<strong>and</strong> on a Holocene dune 

Gossia fragrantissima 54 Riparian dry rainforest 

Grevillea hilliana 35, 44, 47 Lowl<strong>and</strong> subtropical rainforest <strong>and</strong> Brush Box littoral rainforest 

on basalt <strong>and</strong> meta-sediments 

Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia 44 Subtropical rainforest on metamorphic sedimentary on rolling 

hills 

Lepiderema pulchella 42, 44, 45 47 Subtropical rainforest <strong>and</strong> Tweed–Brunswick Brush Box foothill 

wet sclerophyll mostly on meta-sediments but also on basalt 

rolling hills <strong>and</strong> backswamp on alluvium 

Lindsaea brachypoda 41, 43 Subtropical rainforest <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brush Box mesic tall 

open forest in gully sites 

Macadamia tetraphylla 43, 44, 47 Subtropical rainforest on low-elevation rolling coastal hills on 

meta-sediments <strong>and</strong> basalt 

Marsdenia longiloba 42, 43 Brush Box forest, Brush Box gully rainforest on coarse grained 

sediments <strong>of</strong> the Woogaroo Subgroup <strong>and</strong> also meta-sediments 

Oberonia complanata 58 Forest Red Gum–Swamp Box with a saline influence 

Oberonia titania 58 Blackbutt–Brush Box wet sclerophyll forest on lower slopes on 

coarse grained sediments 

Ochrosia moorei 44, 45 Subtropical rainforest on fluvial s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> also on alluvial 

terrace 

Peristeranthus hillii 45 Subtropical rainforest growing on meta-sediments near 

Terranora 

Persicaria elatior 13 Swamp sclerophyll forest site on coastal s<strong>and</strong>plains 

Polygala linariifolia 61 Alluvial plain in swamp sclerophyll forest with a grassy lower 

layer 

R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei 43, 44 47 Brush Box gully rainforest <strong>and</strong> subtropical rainforest growing on 

meta-sediments, basalt <strong>and</strong> alluvium 

Rhodamnia maideniana 43, 44, 45 47 Subtropical rainforest commonly on low-elevation metasedimentary 

coastal hills <strong>and</strong> also on basalt



Scleria levis 20 Swamp sclerophyll forest on coastal s<strong>and</strong>plains 

Sida cordifolia 33 Closed forest <strong>of</strong> Callitris colllumellaris on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s 

near Simpsons Creek 

Syzygium hodgkinsoniae 43, 44, 47, 54 Gallery ‘dry’ rainforest on alluvium, <strong>and</strong> subtropical rainforest 

on alluvial terrace <strong>and</strong> meta-sedimentary soils 

Syzygium moorei 35, 44, 45, 47 Brush Box littoral rainforest <strong>and</strong> subtropical rainforest 

communities on low-elevation meta-sediment <strong>and</strong> basalt coastal 

hills 

Tinospora tinosporoides 45 Subtropical rainforest on coastal s<strong>and</strong>plains 

Trichosanthes subvelutina 14 Swamp Mahogany with a mid-storey <strong>of</strong> palms <strong>and</strong> lilly pilly 

Xylosma terrae-reginae 45 Subtropical rainforest on a coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s


3.6 Taxa <strong>of</strong> conservation significance 

The following discussion lists all taxa <strong>of</strong> conservation 

significance recorded in the FNC study area, 

identifying the distribution <strong>of</strong> the species in the study 

area in terms <strong>of</strong> the sites from which each was recorded 

<strong>and</strong> in which <strong>of</strong> the 62 vegetation communities it is 

found. The status is also given: species identified as 

vulnerable <strong>and</strong> endangered species are those identified 

as such under the NSW TSC; species identified as rare 

are those plants listed by Sheringham <strong>and</strong> Westaway 

(1995), the remaining coded, species are ROTAP 

species (Briggs <strong>and</strong> Leigh, 1996). 

Acacia bakeri Vulnerable (TSC) 

Baker’s Wattle, Marblewood, Scrub Wattle, White 

Marblewood. 

This species was recorded from seven sites, including 

Sleepy Hollow <strong>and</strong> Charles Bay, Terranora. The species 

was found growing in subtropical rainforest on rolling 

hills on meta-sedimentary soils <strong>and</strong>, less commonly, on 

the alluvial plain <strong>and</strong> alluvial soils. 

Acacia bakeri 

Acianthus amplexicaulis 2RC- 

An autumn flowering orchid occurring in coastal <strong>and</strong> 

escarpment habitats. It was recorded near Ocean 

Shores on meta-sedimentary derived soils in Brush 

Box (Lophostemon confertus) littoral rainforest. It is also 

known from Broken Head, Bundjalung National Park, 

Iluka <strong>and</strong> Bagotville, <strong>and</strong> in Queensl<strong>and</strong>. 

Acronychia baeuerlenii 3RC 

Byron Bay Acronychia. 

The Byron Bay Acronychia is recorded from Lismore 

to Byron Bay <strong>and</strong> from the McPherson Range. It 

was recorded from three sites in the present survey, 

at Terranora <strong>and</strong> Buckombil Mountain, in <strong>Lower</strong> 

Richmond Brush Box <strong>and</strong> Tweed–Brunswick Valley 

subtropical rainforest communities, on the floodplain 

<strong>and</strong> on meta-sedimentary soils. 

Acronychia littoralis Endangered (TSC) 

Scented Acronychia. 

Scented Acronychia is distributed from Fraser Isl<strong>and</strong> in 

Queensl<strong>and</strong> to Port Macquarie, NSW. It was recorded 

in two sites in the current survey, near Chinderah <strong>and</strong> 

at North Pottsville, in dunal paperbark woodl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> 

Brush Box on Pleistocene dunes. 

Acronychia littoralis 

Archidendron hendersonii Vulnerable (TSC) 

White Lace Flower, Tulip Siris. 

Recorded from 12 sites, including at Ukerebagh, 

Terranora, T<strong>and</strong>ys Lane, <strong>and</strong> from north <strong>of</strong> Brunswick 

Heads <strong>and</strong> as far south as Tuckean Broadwater. It was 

recorded in Brush Box littoral rainforest, Brunswick– 

Tweed Brush Box forest <strong>and</strong> subtropical rainforest 

communities, on basalt <strong>and</strong> meta-sediments <strong>and</strong> also in 

moist sites on s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> on the floodplain. 

Archidendron muellerianum 3RCa 

Veiny Laceflower, Small-flower Laceflower. 

Recorded from 11 sites, including Buckombil 

Mountain <strong>and</strong> Sleepy Hollow. It was recorded in 

<strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brush Box/wet sclerophyll forest 

<strong>and</strong> Tweed–Brunswick Valley subtropical rainforest 

communities on low elevation meta-sedimentary 

coastal hills.


Argophyllum nullumense 3RCa 

Silver Leaf. 

Recorded from two sites, including Clothiers Creek 

Road, in Tweed–Brunswick Brush Box foothill wet 

sclerophyll forest <strong>and</strong> Tweed–Brunswick Valley 

subtropical rainforest communities on metasedimentary 

hills. 

Arthrochilus prolixus 2K 

A poorly known orchid species, it was recorded at 

four sites, including Wardell, Tweed Environmental 

Park near Pottsville, <strong>and</strong> near Brunswick Heads. The 

species is also found in Queensl<strong>and</strong>. It was recorded 

on Quaternary s<strong>and</strong>s, high sedimentary quartz soils, 

<strong>and</strong> estuarine soils, in Swamp Box (Lophostemon 

suaveolens) open forest <strong>and</strong> dry sclerophyll forest on 

high sedimentary quartz soils <strong>and</strong> coastal s<strong>and</strong>plains. 

Bosistoa transversa Vulnerable (TSC) 

Three-leaved Bosistoa. 

Recorded in two sites in subtropical rainforest at 

Terranora <strong>and</strong> Tweed River. It was in subtropical 

rainforest on basalt <strong>and</strong> meta-sedimentary lowelevation 

rolling hills. 

Brunoniella spiciflora Rare (NSW) 

This species is apparently rare in NSW, where it has a 

southern limit on the FNC. The species extends into 

Queensl<strong>and</strong>. In the present survey, B. spiciflora was 

found in two sites, at Reserve Creek <strong>and</strong> Palmdale, on 

lower slope subtropical rainforests on sedimentary soils 

Callerya australis 3RC 

Native Wisteria. 

Recorded in three sites, Taggets Hill, Sleepy Hollow 

<strong>and</strong> Terranora, in subtropical rainforest on metasedimentary 


Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana Endangered (TSC) 

Native Laburnum. 

Recorded in two sites, on the Terranora Plateau <strong>and</strong> 

Barneys Point, in subtropical rainforest <strong>and</strong> Brush Box 

lowl<strong>and</strong> rainforest. 

Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana 

Cordyline congesta 2RC- 

Palm Lily. 

This species was common <strong>and</strong> widespread in the 

study area. It was recorded in 35 sites, from Wardell, 

Ballina <strong>and</strong> Tweed Heads. It was a dominant species in 

some sites. It was frequently recorded in the Wardell– 

Tuckean area, <strong>of</strong>ten on alluvial soils <strong>and</strong> coastal barrier 

s<strong>and</strong>s, but also on high sedimentary quartz soils <strong>and</strong>, 

infrequently, on estuarine soils. It was found in 11 

communities, including swamp sclerophyll forests, 

subtropical rainforest, littoral rainforest, Brush Box 

forests <strong>and</strong> dry open forests. 

Cordyline congesta 

Corokia whiteana Vulnerable (TSC) 

There was a single record <strong>of</strong> this species, in Scribbly 

Gum (Eucalyptus signata) dry open forest on 

Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s, at T<strong>and</strong>ys Lane, near Byron Bay.


Cryptocarya foetida Vulnerable (TSC) 

Stinking Cryptocarya. 

Recorded in nine sites, including at Terranora 

Broadwater, Tweed River, Tweed Heads, Fingal, 

Chinderah, Cuderga Creek Nature Reserve, Sleepy 

Hollow, Broken Head <strong>and</strong> Lennox Head. The species 

had high cover-abundance in several sites. It was found 

in rainforest on Holocene <strong>and</strong> Pleistocene dunes <strong>and</strong> 

also on sedimentary <strong>and</strong> basalt soils. It was recorded 

in Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia) 

dunal shrubl<strong>and</strong>, Brush Box littoral rainforest, <strong>Lower</strong> 

Richmond floodplain mesic wet sclerophyll forests, <strong>and</strong> 

subtropical rainforest on basalt, coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s, 

<strong>and</strong> meta-sediments. 

Cupaniopsis newmanii 2RC- 

Long-leaved Tuckeroo. 

This species was recorded in 17 sites, most <strong>of</strong> which 

were in the Tweed River Valley (Cobaki, Terranora, 

Urliup, Terranora Broadwater <strong>and</strong> Durobby Creek), 

with others further south, near Mooball <strong>and</strong> the 

Brunswick Heads Bypass. It was recorded in subtropical 

rainforest. 

Cupaniopsis newmanii 

Davidsonia jerseyana Endangered (TSC) 

Davidson’s Plum. 

Recorded in five sites in rainforest, including Sleepy 

Hollow, Mullumbimby, Brunswick Heads Bypass <strong>and</strong> 

Mooball village. It was found in subtropical rainforest 

<strong>and</strong> Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) open 

forest. 

Dendrobium melaleucaphilum Endangered (TSC) 

Spider Orchid. 

This sensitive <strong>and</strong> endangered orchid was recorded 

at only a single site, the location <strong>of</strong> which is not 

provided for the security <strong>of</strong> the species. Its habitat 

was a Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) swamp forest on 

undifferentiated soils with a saline influence. 

Dendrobium melaleucaphilum 

Dendrocnide moroides Endangered (TSC) 

Gympie Stinger. 

Recorded at only one site, at Urliup in the Upper 

Tweed River valley, in Brush Box open forest, on 

rolling hills on meta-sedimentary soils. On the FNC, 

Gympie Stinger has also been found at Cudgen <strong>and</strong> on 

the Burringbar Range, where it is reserved in Mooball 

National Park. Gympie Stinger is endangered in NSW, 

but is more common in Queensl<strong>and</strong>. 

Dendrocnide moroides


Desmodium acanthocladum Vulnerable (TSC) 

Thorny Pea. 

Recorded in two sites at Ruthven Recreation Reserve, 

in Riparian rainforest on an alluvial backswamp 

with emergent Swamp Oak. Elsewhere on the 

FNC the species is recorded at Lismore, Wilsons 

Creek, Wanganui <strong>and</strong> Coraki. It was recorded in dry 

rainforest. 

Dianella brevipedunculata Rare (NSW) 

There was only one record <strong>of</strong> this species, near Tatham, 

in Narrow-leaved Rough-barked AppleSwamp Box 

dry open forest on the floodplain <strong>of</strong> Myrtle Creek. 

The species is apparently rare in NSW, where it is also 

known from the Tweed Heads area on the FNC. The 

record in the present survey is a possible southern 

limit for the species. The species also occurs in southeastern 

Queensl<strong>and</strong>. 

Diospyros mabacea Endangered (TSC) 

Red-fruited Ebony. 

The species was recorded at only one site, in 

subtropical rainforest on meta-sedimentary lower 

slopes. 

Diospyros mabacea 

Diospyros major var. ebenus Endangered (TSC) 

Ebony. 

Recorded in three sites, all in the Terranora area. The 

habitat was subtropical rainforest on basalt <strong>and</strong> metasediments 

on mid- <strong>and</strong> lower slopes. 

Diospyros ebenus var. ebenus 

Diploglottis campbellii Endangered (TSC) 

Small-leaved Tamarind. 

Recorded in three sites, at Farrants Hill <strong>and</strong> Terranora, 

in subtropical rainforest on basalt <strong>and</strong> meta-sediments 

on low-elevation coastal hills. 

Diploglottis campbellii 

Elaeocarpus sedentarius (sp. Rocky Creek) 

Endangered (TSC) 

Minyon Qu<strong>and</strong>ong. 

This record, from the Tweed Lowl<strong>and</strong>s, at Urliup, 

represents a significant range extension for the species. 

The species is endemic to the FNC, with its main 

occurrence in the Minyon Falls area. It was recorded in 

subtropical rainforest on meta-sedimentary mid-slopes.


Elaeocarpus sedentarius (sp. Rocky Creek.) 

Elaeocarpus williamsianus Endangered (TSC) 

Hairy Qu<strong>and</strong>ong. 

There was one record <strong>of</strong> this species, at Ocean 

Shores East, in Brush Box–Guoia rainforest on metasedimentary 

footslopes. 

Elaeocarpus williamsianus 

Eleocharis tetraquetra Endangered (TSC) 

This species was recorded once, in a riparian Swamp 

sclerophyll forest on an alluvial fan. 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii Vulnerable (TSC) 

There were seven records, including at Sleepy Hollow, 

Urliup, Brunswick Heads <strong>and</strong> Cudgera Creek Road. 

It was recorded in subtropical rainforest on metasediments 

on rolling hills <strong>and</strong> on alluvium. 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa 2RC- 

There were 22 records, with locations including 

Terranorra, Tumbulgum, Urliup, Taggarts Hills, Sleepy 

Hollow, Billinudgel Nature Reserve <strong>and</strong> Ocean Shores. 

It was recorded in subtropical rainforest on lowelevation 

coastal hills on meta-sediments. 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii Vulnerable (TSC) 

Rusty Rose Walnut. 

The species was recorded in seven sites, including 

Terranora, Urliup, Coolgardie Road <strong>and</strong> Tuckean. 

It was found in subtropical rainforest <strong>and</strong> <strong>Lower</strong> 

Richmond Brush Box forest on meta-sedimentary 

rolling hills <strong>and</strong> on alluvium backswamps. 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii


Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. bracteata Endangered 

(TSC) 

Green-leaved Rose Walnut. 

The species was recorded in subtropical rainforest <strong>and</strong> 

<strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brush Box mesic wet sclerophyll 

forest on lower slope, meta-sediments <strong>and</strong> also on 

alluvial terraces from near Buckombil Mountain north 

to the Tweed Valley. 

Fontainea australis Vulnerable (TSC) 

Southern Fontainea. 

The species was recorded in one site, on lower slope, 

low sedimentary quartz soils in subtropical rainforest. 

Fontainea australis 

Gahnia isignis 3RCa 

Gahnia isignis was recorded in one site west <strong>of</strong> 

Mooball, in rainforest on rolling hills on sediments. 

It is elsewhere known from Mount Jerusalem <strong>and</strong> the 

Nightcap Range in subtropical rainforest. 

Geodorum densiflorum Endangered (TSC) 

Shepherd’s Crook Orchid. 

This orchid was recorded at a single site, on a 

Holocene dune swale, in coastal scrubl<strong>and</strong>. 

Geodorum densiflorum 

Gossia fragrantissima Endangered (TSC) 

Sweet Myrtle. 

Sweet Myrtle was recorded in two riparian sites, 

in riparian dry rainforest on alluvium, at Ruthven 

Recreation Reserve. 

Grevillea hilliana Endangered (TSC) 

White Yiel Yiel, White Silky Oak. 

This endangered grevillea was recorded in nine sites on 

lower slope basalt <strong>and</strong> sedimentary soils in the Tweed 

Lowl<strong>and</strong>s. It was found in subtropical rainforest <strong>and</strong> 

Brush Box littoral rainforest.


Grevillea hilliana 

Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia 3RC- 

Red Bopple Nut. 

This species was recorded in one site in subtropical 

rainforest. 

Lepiderema pulchella Vulnerable (TSC) 

Fine-leaved Tuckeroo. 

This Tuckeroo was found in 12 sites, in Wet Sclerophyll 

forest, <strong>and</strong> Subtropical Rainforest at low elevations on 

metas-sedimentary <strong>and</strong> basalt hillslopes in the Tweed 

<strong>and</strong> Brunswick River Valleys. 

Lepiderema pulchella 

Lindsaea brachypoda Vulnerable (TSC) 

The species was recorded at two sites. It has not 

previously been recorded in systematic surveys on the 

FNC, <strong>and</strong> occurs at its southern limit in the study 

area. It was found in subtropical rainforest <strong>and</strong> <strong>Lower</strong> 

Richmond Brush Box mesic forest. 

Lindsaea brachypoda 

Macadamia tetraphylla Vulnerable (TSC) 

There were a total <strong>of</strong> nine records <strong>of</strong> this species during 

the surveys, at Terranorra, Pottsville <strong>and</strong> Mooball. It 

was recorded in subtropical rainforest. 

Macadamia tetraphylla


Marsdenia longiloba Endangered (TSC) 

Marsdenia longiloba was found in three sites, at 

Bagotville, Yelgun, in Billinudgel Nature Reserve, <strong>and</strong> 

at Wardell. Habitats in which the species was found 

were Tallowwood Brush Box Wet Sclerophyll Forest, 

<strong>and</strong> Tweed–Brunswick Brush Box Gully Rainforest on 

meta-sediments. 

Oberonia complanata Endangered (TSC) 

This species was located at only one site, in Pink 

Bloodwood–Grey Ironbark–Swamp Box–Forest Red 

Gum–Blackbutt tall dry open forest. 

Oberonia complanata 

Oberonia titania Vulnerable (TSC) 

This Oberonia was recorded at only one site in Pink 

Bloodwood– Grey Ironbark–Swamp Box–Forest Red 

Gum–Blackbutt tall dry open forest. 

Ochrosia moorei Endangered (TSC) 

Southern Ochrosia. 

This species was found at two sites, at Tuckean 

Broadwater <strong>and</strong> Brunswick Heads, in subtropical 

rainforest. 

0 

Peristeranthus hillii Vulnerable (TSC) 

The species was found in one site, near Terranora, in 

subtropical rainforest on sedimentary soils. 

Peristeranthus hillii 

Persicaria elatior Vulnerable (TSC) 

This vulnerable species was recorded once, near 

Bagotville, on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s in a swamp 

sclerophyll forest with a ferny understorey. 

R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei Endangered (TSC) 

Spiny Gardenia. 

R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei was found at 13 sites, from Tweed Heads, 

Terranora Broadwater, Sleepy Hollow <strong>and</strong> Cudgera 

Creek, in subtropical rainforest. 

R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei


Rhodamnia maideniana 2RC- 

Smooth Scrub Turpentine. 

The species was recorded in 14 sites, in several 

subtropical rainforest communities. 

Scleria levis Rare 

Scleria levis was found in one site, at Round Mountain 

Road, Cudgen. It is also known from Yuraygir National 

Park <strong>and</strong> from near Woodburn. It was recorded from 

Swamp Box–Broad-leaved Paperbark–rush/fern swamp 

sclerophyll forest. 

Sida cordifolia Rare 

This species was recorded only once, at Brunswick 

Heads. The habitat was a closed forest <strong>of</strong> Callitris 

colllumellaris on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s near Simpsons 

Creek. 

Syzygium hodgkinsoniae Vulnerable (TSC) 

Smooth-barked Rose Apple. 

This Syzygium was recorded in five sites, at Ruthven, 

North Tumbulgum <strong>and</strong> Terranora in several subtropical 

rainforest communities <strong>and</strong> in dry rainforest. 

Syzygium hodgkinsoniae 

Syzygium moorei Vulnerable (TSC) 

Coolamon, Durobby. 

This species was recorded in 10 sites, mainly in the 

Tweed Lowl<strong>and</strong>s but also at Mooball, Cudgera Creek 

Nature Reserve <strong>and</strong> Brunswick Heads. Habitat was 

Brush Box lowl<strong>and</strong> rainforest (Community 35) <strong>and</strong> 

several subtropical rainforest communities. 

Syzygium moorei 

Tinospora tinosporoides Vulnerable (TSC) 

Arrow-head Vine. 

This vine was found at two sites in the Byron Shire, in 

subtropical rainforest. 

Trichosanthes subvelutina 3RC- 

The species was recorded only once in the survey, on 

private l<strong>and</strong> at Tuckean. Habitat was dominated by 

Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta). 

Xylosma terrae-reginae Endangered (TSC) 

Xylosma. 

There was only one record <strong>of</strong> the species, at Brunswick 

Heads, in subtropical rainforest.


4 Discussion 

4.1 Distribution <strong>of</strong> vegetation communities 

4.1.1 Estuarine <strong>and</strong> alluvial plain 

The following is a discusssion <strong>of</strong> the floristic 

communities <strong>and</strong> their relationship to environmental 

factors. The discussion is divided into the three main 

environmental groupings. 

The unvegetated mudflat zone occupies the lowest 

level <strong>of</strong> inundation <strong>of</strong> the estuarine plain. With 

increasing elevation the mangrove zone (Communities 

5, 62) is replaced by the saltmarsh zone (Communities 

1, 2, 7, 9) <strong>and</strong> the littoral forest zone (Community 8), 

which is dominated by Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) 

(Mor<strong>and</strong> 2001). Milky Mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha) 

occurs at the inl<strong>and</strong> margin <strong>of</strong> the mangrove zone. 

For floodplain types, the distribution <strong>of</strong> communities 

delineated in the survey closely follow a proposed 

model for the distribution <strong>of</strong> the major coastal 

floodplain plant communities <strong>of</strong> Keith <strong>and</strong> Scott 

(2005). The vegetation <strong>of</strong> the estuarine–alluvial plain 

is a complex continuum <strong>of</strong> floristic distribution <strong>and</strong> 

abundance with gradual replacement <strong>of</strong> species as 

salinity <strong>and</strong> inundation decreases, mixed with localscale 

differences in overstorey <strong>and</strong> understorey based 

on microhabitat variation in tidal influence <strong>and</strong> the 

input <strong>of</strong> sediment from adjoining lithologies. 

The transition from the estuarine plain to the alluvial 

plain sees a gradual replacement <strong>of</strong> Swamp Oak with 

Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), 

Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens), <strong>and</strong> Swamp 

Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) as overstorey 

dominants. The wettest, most saline microhabitats are 

located in estuarine channels <strong>and</strong> basins <strong>and</strong> tidally 

influenced alluvial backswamps. Near the coast these 

are <strong>of</strong>ten influenced by the deposition <strong>of</strong> s<strong>and</strong> from 

Pleistocene barrier s<strong>and</strong>s (Communities 4, 10, 12, 21). 

These communities <strong>of</strong>ten have a simple understorey 

<strong>of</strong> species tolerant <strong>of</strong> inundation <strong>and</strong> salinity, such as 

Common Reed (Phragmites australis), Swamp Water 

Fern (Blechnum indicum), Baumea juncea, Sea Rush 

(Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis) <strong>and</strong> Prickly Couch 

(Zoysia macrantha). Occasionally, Azolla pinnata <strong>and</strong> 

Azolla (Azolla filiculoides) occur in areas <strong>of</strong> open water. 

Reedl<strong>and</strong>s/Rushl<strong>and</strong>s (Community 22) are located 

on the littoral zone fringing the channels <strong>of</strong> estuarine 

creek channels <strong>and</strong> coastal lagoons with a brackish 

influence. 

Freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> meadows occupying channels 

<strong>and</strong> low-lying swampy depressions, derived from finegrained 

sedimentary rocks <strong>and</strong> basalt, occur on the 

lowest elevations on the alluvial plain (Communities 

25, 30). Undifferentiated freshwater <strong>and</strong> estuarine 

saline swamps on the floodplain <strong>of</strong> Cudgen Creek 

support a derived wetl<strong>and</strong> resulting from the clearing 

<strong>of</strong> swamp sclerophyll vegetation (Community 24). The 

vegetation <strong>of</strong> much <strong>of</strong> the estuarine–alluvial plain in 

the study area has been subjected to extensive clearing, 

drainage <strong>and</strong> disturbance. Very little <strong>of</strong> the intact 

original floodplain vegetation remains <strong>and</strong> what is left 

is <strong>of</strong>ten derived <strong>and</strong> heavily impacted by weeds. Many 

<strong>of</strong> the remaining wetl<strong>and</strong>s are small in size (Pressey 

1987; Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992). 

Swamp sclerophyll communities, with a dense 

ground layer <strong>of</strong> sedge, rush, ferns <strong>and</strong> a sparse cover 

<strong>of</strong> trees <strong>and</strong> shrubs, are located in low-lying but 

less waterlogged sites on stagnant alluvial me<strong>and</strong>er 

plains <strong>and</strong> backswamps <strong>of</strong> Bungawalbin Creek <strong>and</strong> 

Tuckean Swamp (Communities 3, 13, 29, 53). On the 

least inundated, more elevated sites in backswamps, 

alluvial fans <strong>and</strong> channels <strong>of</strong> coastal creeks, 

mesophyllus trees <strong>and</strong> shrubs, such as Pink-flowered 

Doughwood (Melicope elleryana), Willow Bottlebrush 

(Callistemon salignus), Bangalow Palm (Archontophoenix 

cunninghamiana), Blue Lilly Pilly (Syzygium oleosum), 

Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) <strong>and</strong> Blueberry 

Ash (Elaeocarpus reticulatus) are able to establish 

(Communities 11, 14, 23, 40, 56). Harsh Ground Fern 

(Hypolepis muelleri) <strong>and</strong> King Fern (Todea barbara) can 

form a dense cover in these drier microhabitats. Lowlying 

moist sites located on the alluvial plain in riparian 

zones <strong>and</strong> creek channels support forests <strong>of</strong> Flooded 

Gum (Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is), Pink- flowered Doughwood 

<strong>and</strong> Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong (Elaeocarpus obovatus) 

(Community 48). As fertility increases <strong>and</strong> on deep 

s<strong>and</strong>y soils on creeklines formed by the deposition <strong>of</strong> 

basalt <strong>and</strong> barrier sediments, riparian rainforests occur 

(Communities 6, 15, 27, 54). These sites can contain 

species from adjoining swamp sclerophyll vegetation 

communities suggestive <strong>of</strong> subsaline <strong>and</strong> freshwater 

site influences on the soil. Near the coast, the alluvial 

swamp forests are influenced by the input <strong>of</strong> s<strong>and</strong>y soil


from Pleistocene barrier s<strong>and</strong>s. On the Tweed Lowl<strong>and</strong>s 

Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus) – rainforest sites 

occur on low-lying sites adjoining estuarine sediments 

<strong>of</strong> the Tweed River (Community 35). 

In hinterl<strong>and</strong> areas <strong>of</strong> the alluvial plain Narrow- 

Leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca alternifolia) becomes 

dominant. These sites occur on backswamps <strong>and</strong> levees 

<strong>of</strong> the drainage plain <strong>of</strong> Bungawalbin Creek <strong>and</strong> are 

influenced by the input <strong>of</strong> sediment from the erosion <strong>of</strong> 

the Kangaroo Creek S<strong>and</strong>stones. The most waterlogged 

sites are sedgel<strong>and</strong>s dominated by Lepironia articulata 

<strong>and</strong> low shrubl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Narrow-leaved Paperbark, teatree 

(Leptospermum brachy<strong>and</strong>rum) <strong>and</strong> Melaleuca sieberi 

(Communities 26, 28). 

Subtropical coastal floodplain forest dominated by 

Forest Red Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), Broad-leaved 

Paperbark, Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens), 

Swamp Oak <strong>and</strong> Willow Bottlebrush are distributed 

at the upper limits <strong>of</strong> the alluvial plain on levees, 

alluvial filled valley heads <strong>and</strong> on more elevated sites 

on backswamps <strong>and</strong> floodplains. The floristics <strong>of</strong> these 

sites may be influenced by mixing with transferral soils 

from adjoining meta-sedimentary <strong>and</strong> basalt lithologies 

(Communities 50, 51). 

Across the transition from floodplain to s<strong>and</strong>plain 

there is a trend in species composition reflecting a 

decline in the abundance <strong>of</strong> mesophyllus understorey 

species <strong>and</strong> increasing abundance <strong>of</strong> sclerophyllous 

plants (Communities 20, 23). Shrub species, such 

as Tantoon (Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. 

polygalifolium), Melastoma affine, Swamp Banksia 

(Banksia robur), Xanthorrhoea fulva, <strong>and</strong> Leucopogon 

lanceolatus var. gracilis mix with sedges, rushes <strong>and</strong> 

ferns. 

4.1.2 Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s 

For wallum vegetation, Griffith (2002) found a 

strong correlation between floristic composition 

<strong>and</strong> topographic position. An investigation <strong>of</strong> soilmoisture 

relations confirmed that spatial <strong>and</strong> temporal 

variations in watertable depth followed a pattern 

related to topography. A detailed description <strong>and</strong> 

phytosociological analysis <strong>of</strong> wallum <strong>and</strong> related 

vegetation is documented in Griffith et al. (2003). 

4.1.3 Holocene S<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> headl<strong>and</strong> clay heaths 

Nearest the coast are s<strong>and</strong> heathl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> shrubl<strong>and</strong>s 

occurring on Holocene dunes. On seawards aspects <strong>of</strong> 

Holocene dunes, an open forest community dominated 

by Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia) 

occurred. The presence <strong>of</strong> littoral rainforest species 

in this community suggests sites where fire has been 

absent for long periods (Community 34). On the most 

exposed seaward aspects <strong>of</strong> dunes, just above the level 

influence <strong>of</strong> high seas (Griffith 1999) a shrubl<strong>and</strong>– 

heathl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Coast Wattle (Acacia longifolia var. 

sophorae), Coast Tea-tree (Leptospermum laevigatum) 

<strong>and</strong> Coast Banksia is distributed (Community 36). 

These dunal sites had a high proportion <strong>of</strong> weeds, 

such as Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. 

rotundata), <strong>and</strong> naturalised species, such as Horsetailed 

She Oak (Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana), 

indicating a long history <strong>of</strong> disturbance from s<strong>and</strong> 

mining. Headl<strong>and</strong> clay heath–grassl<strong>and</strong> community 

dominated by Kangaroo Grass (Themeda australis) 

occurs on outcropping meta-sedimentary rocks at 

Norries Headl<strong>and</strong> (Community 37). The Byron Bay 

Clay Heathl<strong>and</strong> Endangered Ecological Community 

(EEC) is located in the study area, but was not 

surveyed. 

4.1.4 Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s 

Open forests <strong>of</strong> Coast Cypress Pine (Callitris 

collumellaris) occur on well-drained s<strong>and</strong>y sites 

<strong>of</strong> Pleistocene barrier str<strong>and</strong>plains <strong>and</strong> dunes 

(Community 33). Griffith (1999) reports that shell 

material <strong>of</strong>ten occurs in coastal Callitris communities 

associated with a midden material in at least one 

location. Less well-drained sites on str<strong>and</strong>plains 

<strong>and</strong> lower slope bedrock soils support Scribbly Gum 

(Eucalyptus signata)–Red Mahogany (Eucalyptus 

resinifera subsp. hemilampra)–Brush Box dry sclerophyll 

open to closed forest (Community 31). Community 32 

is located on the transition from sheltered to inundated 

s<strong>and</strong>plain sites on backbarrier flats <strong>and</strong> contains a 

mix <strong>of</strong> overstorey dominants, but shares in common 

a sclerophyllous ground strata. Wallum banksia dry 

heathl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> heathy Scribbly Gum–banksia open 

forests/shrubl<strong>and</strong>s were distributed on low beach ridges 

on Pleistocene dunes sheltered from onshore winds 

(Communities 38, 39). Subtropical/littoral rainforest 

Community 52 occurred on an old Pleistocene dune 

near Chinderah. On coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> soils on 

gentle relief coastal plains influenced by adjoining 

finely grained sedimentary rocks wet sclerophyll forests 

with a mesic understorey develop on deep s<strong>and</strong>y soils 

(Community 40). 

Within the coastal s<strong>and</strong>plains is a group <strong>of</strong> 

communities (Communities 16, 17, 18) occupying 

wetter sites with shallow st<strong>and</strong>ing water. The moisture 

gradient <strong>of</strong> these sites is strongly linked to topographic


position (Griffith 2002). These communities are wet 

heaths, shrubl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> fernl<strong>and</strong>/sedgel<strong>and</strong>s located 

in swales, open depressions, <strong>and</strong> poorly drained s<strong>and</strong>y 

freshwater swamps on Pleistocene barrier s<strong>and</strong>s at 

Tyagarah, Wardell <strong>and</strong> Evans River (Communities 

16, 17, 18). Community 19 was located in tidally 

influenced sections <strong>of</strong> Cudgera, Tallow <strong>and</strong> Belongil 

Creeks in swampy sites within the transition from the 

estuarine plain to Pleistocene coastal s<strong>and</strong>plains. 

4.1.5 <strong>Lower</strong> slopes sites on sediments <strong>and</strong> basalt 

The transition from the alluvial plain to bedrock 

geology is evidenced by the replacement <strong>of</strong> Swamp 

Box, Red Mahogany <strong>and</strong> Forest Red Gum with 

Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) <strong>and</strong> Thickleaved 

Mahogany (Eucalyptus carnea) on low 

quartz sedimentary soils. Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus 

siderophloia) is <strong>of</strong>ten common on both alluvial <strong>and</strong> 

sedimentary soils. Salwood (Acacia disparrima subsp. 

disparrima) is also abundant in sites with alluvial <strong>and</strong> 

sedimentary soils in Communities 57 <strong>and</strong> 58. Basalt 

slopes <strong>of</strong> the Blackwall Range support wet sclerophyll 

forest <strong>of</strong> Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), Brush 

Box, Tallowwod (Eucalyptus microcorys) <strong>and</strong> White 

Mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides) (Community 58). 

Lowl<strong>and</strong> rainforest on basalts occurred at Lennox 

Head <strong>and</strong> Tuckarimba <strong>and</strong> also on high sedimentary 

quartz soils <strong>and</strong> coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s on gentle relief 

coastal plains influenced by adjoining finely grained 

sedimentary rocks (Community 40). 

Dry sclerophyll communities occurred on low <strong>and</strong> 

high sedimentary quartz soil <strong>and</strong> also on basalt 

(Communities 55, 59). Community 55 occurred on 

low rolling hills mainly on sedimentary rocks <strong>of</strong> the 

Tuckean lowl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Burringbar Range <strong>and</strong> also 

on basalt hills <strong>of</strong> the Blackwall Range near Wardell. 

Community 59 occurred on undulating low hills <strong>and</strong> 

undulating rises on sediments <strong>of</strong> the Grafton Formation 

<strong>and</strong> Walloon Coal measures. 

In the Richmond, Brunswick <strong>and</strong> Tweed River 

valleys a number <strong>of</strong> wet slcerophyll <strong>and</strong> rainforest 

communities occur on meta-sedimentary rocks <strong>of</strong> the 

Neranleigh–Fernvale beds <strong>and</strong> Tertiary basalts. In the 

Richmond River Valley along the Blackwall Range 

meta-sedimentary derived soils in sheltered aspects 

support mesic successional wet sclerophyll forests <strong>and</strong> 

Brush Box–Pink Bloodwood <strong>and</strong> Grey Ironbark mesic 

tall open forests (Communities 40, 41). 

In the Tweed Valley, Burringbar Range <strong>and</strong> on 

Marshalls Ridge, lower slopes on metamorphic 

sedimenatry rocks <strong>and</strong> basalts support complex 

mosaics <strong>of</strong> wet sclerophyll <strong>and</strong> subtropical rainforest 

communities with a great deal <strong>of</strong> variation in 

overstorey <strong>and</strong> emergent species occurs (Communities 

42–47). On foothills <strong>of</strong> the Burringbar Range, on 

mid-slopes <strong>and</strong> intermediate <strong>and</strong> exposed aspects, 

Brush Box, Blackbutt, Pink Bloodwood, Tallowwood 

(Community 42) is found. Brush Box (Lophostemon 

confertus) gully rainforest on metasedimentary soils 

(Community 43) was found in more sheltered sites 

on lower slopes <strong>and</strong> in gullies. The most diverse 

subtropical rainforest communities (Communities 

44–47) were distributed on the most sheltered, lower 

slope <strong>and</strong> riparian sites on meta-sediments <strong>and</strong> basalt. 

Blue Qu<strong>and</strong>ong (Elaeocarpus obovatus) subtropical 

rainforest (Community 44) was found on metamorphic 

sedimentary <strong>and</strong> basalt derived soils on lower slope 

rolling hills. Bangalow Palm (Archontophoenix 

cunninghamiana)–Lilly Pilly (Acmena smithii) 

subtropical rainforest (Community 45) occurred on 

gently undulating coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>plains near 

Tyagarah, on lower slopes on metamorphic rocks in 

the Tweed Valley, <strong>and</strong> on mid-slopes near Urliup. The 

occurrences <strong>of</strong> Bangalow Palm suggest sites subjected 

to periodic waterlogging. Stinging Tree (Dendrocnide 

excelsa) – White Fig (Ficus virens var. sublanceolata) 

– Brush Bloodwood (Baloghia inophylla) subtropical 

rainforest (Community 46) was found on a lower slope 

basalt site on rolling hills. Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus 

macrophylla) – White Booyong (Heritiera trifoliata) 

subtropical rainforest (Community 47) was found 

on sheltered lower slopes growing on metamorphic 

sedimentary rocks <strong>and</strong> basalt at Terranorra, Duroby 

Creek, Razorback <strong>and</strong> the Condong Range. 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> dominated by the exotic Camphor Laurel 

(Cinnamomum camphora) occurs in disturbed sites 

on basalts flows <strong>and</strong>, to a lesser extent, on gently 

undulating l<strong>and</strong> on meta-sediments across the 

Lismore <strong>and</strong> Tweed Valleys (Community 49). This 

community was sampled at Lismore <strong>and</strong> Mullumbimby, 

but is widespread across parts <strong>of</strong> the Tweed, Byron 

<strong>and</strong> Ballina Local Government Areas (LGA). This 

community has varying levels <strong>of</strong> native rainforest 

<strong>and</strong> wet sclerophyll species present. In some cases a 

structurally <strong>and</strong> floristic diverse rainforest understorey 

is present (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999) <strong>and</strong> 

rainforest taxa present include threatened plant 

species. The endangered Davisdon’s Plum (Davidsonia 

jerseyana) was found growing in Community 49.


4.2 Conservation status <strong>of</strong> plant communities 

Griffith (2005) indicates that many coastal wetl<strong>and</strong> 

plant communities are likely to be poorly represented 

in conservation reserves in northern NSW. The results 

<strong>of</strong> this survey support this assessment for wetl<strong>and</strong>s 

Table 4(i) Communities not known to be reserved. 

<strong>of</strong> the alluvial <strong>and</strong> estuarine plains, <strong>and</strong> also finds 

vegetation <strong>of</strong> the lower slopes on basalt <strong>and</strong> metasedimentary 

parent material, particularly in the Tweed, 

Brunswick <strong>and</strong> Richmond River coastal lowl<strong>and</strong>s are 

also poorly represented in reserves in northern NSW. 

Community 

Community 2 Blue Couch–Prickly Couch grassl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the estuarine plain 

Community 5. Milky Mangrove–Swamp Oak–Grey Mangrove king-tide forest 

Community 6. Swamp Oak–Hoop Pine–Tuckeroo swamp sclerophyll /dry ‘gallery’ floodplain rainforest 

Community 15. Bangalow Palm–Swamp Box–Cabbage Tree Palm–Weeping Myrtle alluvial riparian forest 

Community 22. Common Reed–Black Bog-rush reedl<strong>and</strong>/rushl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 25. Swamp Ricegrass–Bolboschoenus caldwelli– Schoenoplectus validus–Cyperus exaltatus freshwater 


Community 27. Weeping Myrtle–Water Gum floodplain riparian forest 

Community 28. Narrow-leaved Paperbark–Wallum Bottlebrush swamp sclerophyll shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 46. Stinging Tree–White Fig–Brush Bloodwood subtropical rainforest 

Community 47. Tweed Valley meta-sediment <strong>and</strong> basalt low-elevation subtropical rainforest 

Community 53. Patches Beach Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak–Cabbage Tree Palm swamp sclerophyll forest 

on the alluvial plain 

Community 54. Whalebone Tree–Thorny Pea–Gossia fragrantissima dry rainforest 

Of the 62 communities assessed, 41 were assessed 

as not reserved or only poorly reserved, 12 had fair 

representation in reserves, <strong>and</strong> nine communities were 

assessed as having an adequate reservation status. An 

assessment <strong>of</strong> the distribution <strong>of</strong> communities in the 

study area found that the poorly reserved communities 

were found on the alluvial plain (16 communities), 

the estuarine plain (12), lower slopes on basalt <strong>and</strong> 

sedimentary geology (11), <strong>and</strong> coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s (2). 

Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> the estuarine plain contained 

the largest number <strong>of</strong> communities considered as 

fair to adequately reserved (Tables 4.1–4.4). Several 

communities occurred across the transition from the 

alluvial <strong>and</strong> estuarine plain to coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s 

<strong>and</strong> transferral on lower slope bedrock geology. It is 

considered that the conservation status <strong>of</strong> alluvial 

occurrences <strong>of</strong> these communities is particularly poor. 

The reservation <strong>of</strong> alluvial plain vegetation 

communities is particularly poor in the coastal areas 

<strong>of</strong> the Tweed, Brunswick <strong>and</strong> Richmond River coastal 

lowl<strong>and</strong>s. The largest area for conservation <strong>of</strong> alluvial 

environments in these catchments is Stotts Isl<strong>and</strong> 

Nature Reserve <strong>and</strong> few options for reservation 

remain. Griffith <strong>and</strong> Pressey (1992) found that a large 

proportion <strong>of</strong> wetl<strong>and</strong>s in the Tweed Lowl<strong>and</strong>s were 

grazed <strong>and</strong> had been directly affected by drainage. 

Remaining wetl<strong>and</strong>s on the broad alluvial flats were 

restricted to channels that could not be completely 

drained or converted to agriculture. The reservation <strong>of</strong> 

the vegetation <strong>of</strong> hinterl<strong>and</strong> alluvial plain communities 

have improved in recent times in the catchments <strong>of</strong> 

Bungawalbin Creek <strong>and</strong> Tuckean. 

The largest areas protecting estuarine vegetation 

include the Tweed Estuary Nature Reserve, Ukerebagh 

Nature Reserve, Cudgen Nature Reserve, Billinudgel 

Nature Reserve, Cumbebin Swamp Nature Reserve 

<strong>and</strong> Ballina Nature Reserve. The Tweed Estuary is a 

highly significant area for the protection <strong>of</strong> estuarine 

vegetation. It is the only known estuary in NSW which 

contains all five species <strong>of</strong> mangrove known to occur 

in NSW (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith, 1992). Other reserves 

sampling some estuarine plain vegetation include 

Wooyung Nature Reserve, Marshalls Creek Nature 

Reserve, Richmond River Nature Reserve, Broadwater 

National Park <strong>and</strong> Budjalung National Park.


Table 4(ii) Poorly conserved communities. 

NR, Nature Reserve; NP, National Park; SCA, State Conservation Area. 

Community Conservation reserves Comment 

Community 1 Saltmarsh Small areas reserved in Tweed 

Estuary NR, Ukerebagh Isl<strong>and</strong> 

NR, Cudgen NR, Wooyung NR, 

Marshalls Creek NR, Tyagarah NR, 

Richmond River NR 

Community 3 Swamp Oak Broad-leaved 

Paperbark with Tall Sedge <strong>and</strong> Blue Couch 

Swamp Sclerophyll Alluvial Plain Open Forest. 

Community 4 Swamp Oak-Broad-leaved 

Paperbark Estuarine <strong>and</strong> Alluvial Plain Swamp 

Sclerophyll Forest. 

Community 7 Prickly Couch-Sea Rush- 

Schoenoplectus subulatus Saltmarsh 

Community 10 Broad-leaved Paperbark-Swamp 

Oak Fern/sedge Swamp Sclerophyll Forest. 

Community 11 Broad-leaved Paperbark-Pinkflowered 

Doughwood Swamp Sclerophyll Open 

forest. 

Community 12 Broad-leaved Paperbark- Swamp 

Oak Ferny Swamp Sclerophyll Forest. 

Community 13 Alluvial Plain Broad-leaved 

Paperbark-Swamp Mahogany-Bangalow Palm/ 

Saw Sedge/Water Fern Swamp Sclerophyll forest. 

Community 14 Swamp Mahogany-Broad-leaved 

Paperbark-Bangalow Palm-sedge/fern Swamp 


Community 18 Coral Fern (Gleichenia dicarpa) 

Fernl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 20 Swamp Box-Broad-leaved 

Paperbark-rush/fern Swamp Sclerophyll Forest. 

Stotts Isl<strong>and</strong> NR, Tuckean NR, 

Bungawalbyn NR, Yarringully SCA, 

Broadwater NP 

Stott’s Isl<strong>and</strong> NR, Tuckean NR, 


Broadwater NP, Billinudgel NR, 

Marshalls Creek NR, Tyagarah NR 

Broadwater NP, Bundjalung NP, 

Yuraygir NP 


Bungawalbyn NR, Yarringully 

SCA, Ballina NR, Broadwater NP, 

Bundjalung NP, Illuka NR, Cudgen 

NR 

Ballina NR, Richmond River NR, 


Iluka NR, Yuraygir NP 


Bungawalbyn NR, Yarringully 

SCA, Ballina NR, Broadwater NP, 

Bundajlaung NP, Illuka NR, Cudgen 

NR, Marshalls Creek NR, Cumbebin 

Swamp NR 

Swamp Sclerophyll Forest- Ballina NR, 

Richmond River NR, Broadwater 

NP, Bundjalung NP, Iluka NR, 

Yuraygir NP 

Lepironia articulata/ Eleocharis 

equisetina Sedgel<strong>and</strong> 


Yuraygir NP 

Arakwal NP 


Yuraygir NP, Cudgen NR 

Fair to poor 

Alluvial occurrences 

poor, estuarine, barrier 

s<strong>and</strong> occurrences fair 


poor, barrier s<strong>and</strong> 

occurrences fair/good 





poor 

Not reserved 






s<strong>and</strong> occurrences fair



Community 23 Swamp Box-Broad–leaved 

Paperbark-Swamp Mahogany Swamp Sclerophyll 

Forest. 

Community 24 Swamp Ricegrass-Smartweed- 


Community 26 Hinterl<strong>and</strong> Narrow-leaved 

Paperbark-Tea tree backswamp shrubl<strong>and</strong>ssedgel<strong>and</strong>s. 

Community 29 Swamp Box-Narrow-leaved 

Paperbark-Broad-leaved Paperbark Alluvial 

Swamp Sclerophyll Forest 

Community 30 Middle Richmond Freshwater 

wetl<strong>and</strong>s 

Community 37 Kangaroo Grass (Themeda 

australis) Headl<strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 40 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond floodplain 

mesic successional wet sclerophyll forest, 

Community 41 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brushbox-Pink 

Bloodwood <strong>and</strong> Grey Ironbark mesic tall open 

forest 

Community 42 Tweed/Brunswick Valley, Brush 

Box, Blackbutt, Pink Bloodwood-Tallowwood 

foothill wet sclerophyll 

Community 43 Brunswick/Tweed Brush Box 

gully rainforest on sediments 

Community 44 Tweed/Brunswick Valley Blue 

Qu<strong>and</strong>ong Subtropical Rainforest. 

Community 45 Tweed/Brunswick Valley 

Bangalow Palm-Lily Pily Subtropical Rainforest 

Community 48 Flooded Gum-Pink Flowered 

Doughwood-Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong Alluvial Plain Wet 


Community 50 Swamp Oak-Forest Red Gum- 

Broad-leaved Paperbark-Swamp Box Swamp 

Sclerophyll Woodl<strong>and</strong> to Open Forest 

Community 51 Forest Red Gum-Willow 

Bottlebrush-Camphor Laurel Dry Open Forest 

Community 52 Small-leaved Fig-Hard 

Qu<strong>and</strong>ong-Bangalow Pine Subtropical/Littoral 

Rainforest on Pleistocene Dunes. 

Community 56 Broad-leaved Paperbark-Swamp 

Box-Tuckeroo Swamp Sclerophyll Open Forest. 

Bundjalung NP, Yuraygir NP Alluvial occurrences 



Possibly reserved in Cudgen NR 

Yarringully NR 

Bungawalbyn SCA Alluvial occurrences 

poor 

Poorly reserved 

Bundjalung NP 

Poorly known Probably poor 

Broadwater NP, Iluka NR 

Cudgera Creek NR, Marshalls Creek 

NR 

Poor 

Cudgera Creek NR, Billinudgel NR, 

Marshalls Creek NR 

Poor 

Cudgera Creek NR, Billinudgel NR Poor 

Tyagarah NR Poor 

Billinudgel NR Poor 

Yarringuly NR, Marshalls Creek NR Poor 



Stotts Isl<strong>and</strong> NR, Tuckean NR, Poor 


Broadwater NP 

Broadwater NP, Yuraygir NP Poor 

Community 57 Red Mahogany-Pink Bloodwood- 

Swamp Mahogany-Swamp Box Dry Open Forest 

Community 58 Pink Bloodwood-Grey Ironbark- 

Swamp Box-Forest Red Gum-Blackbutt Tall Dry 

Open Forest 

Bundjalung SCA, Bundjalung NP Poor



Community 59 Large-fruited Spotted Gum-Grey 

Ironbark-Small Fruited Grey Gum Dry Grassy 

Open Forest. 

Poorly known Poor 

Community 61 Broad –leaved Paperbark- Swamp Poorly known 

Box Narrow-leaved Rough-barked Apple-Swamp 

Box-Pink Bloodwood Dry Grassy Alluvial Open 

Forest. 

Poor 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> communities <strong>of</strong> coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s are more adequately reserved throughout the study area, in 

Cudgen Nature Reserve, Wooyung Nature Reserve, Billinudgel Nature Reserve, Tyagarah Nature Reserve, Arakwal 

National Park, Richmond River Nature Reserve, Broadwater National Park <strong>and</strong> Bundjalung National Park. 

Opportunities for the protection <strong>of</strong> unreserved areas on the coast do occur such as the Fingal peninsula, Cudgera 

Creek, Pottsville, Brunswick Heads, Belongil Creek/Tallow Creek, near Byron, Newrybar s<strong>and</strong>plain <strong>and</strong> around 

Ballina. 

Table 4(iii) Communities with a fair level <strong>of</strong> conservation in reserves. 

NR, Nature Reserve; NP, National Park; SCA, State Conservation Area. 

Community Conservation reserves Reservation status 

Community 62 River Mangrove-Grey 

Tweed Estuary NR, Ukerebagh Fair 

Mangrove-Black Mangrove-Milky Mangrove <strong>and</strong> NR, Cudgen NR, Wooyung NR, 

Spider Mangrove Forest/Shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Billinudgel NR, Brunswick Heads 

NR, Bundjalung NP, Marshalls Creek 

NR, Tyagarah NR, Ballina NR, 

Richmond River NR 

Community 60 Grey Ironbark-Thin-leaved Bundjalung Creek SCA, Bundjalung Fair 

Stringybark-Pink Bloodwood-Swamp Box Dry 

Open Grassy Forest. 

NP 

Community 8. Swamp Oak-River Mangrove Tweed Estuary NR, Ukerebagh Fair 

King Tide Swamp Sclerophyll Forest. 

NR, Cudgen NR, Billinudgel NR, 

Brunswick Heads NR, Cumbebin 

Swamp NR, Ballina NR, Richmond 

River NR 

Community 9 Sea Rush-Mat Grass Saltmarsh. Broadwater NP, Bundjalung NP, 

Yuraygir NP, Ukerebagh NR 

Fair 

Community 55 Grey Ironbark-Pink Bloodwood- Cudgen NR, Cudgera Creek NR <strong>Lower</strong> slopes 

Mahogany Dry Grassy Open Forest. 

occurrences probably 

fair 

Community 35 Brush Box Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest. Ukerebagh NR, Cudgen NR, Cape 

Byron SCA 

fair 

Community 33 Coast Cypress Pine on dunes Broadwater NP, Arakwal NP, Fair 

<strong>and</strong> ridges. 

Billinudgel NR 

Community 21 Broad-leaved Paperbark-Swamp Arakwal NP, Cudgen NR estuarine, barrier s<strong>and</strong> 

Oak-Rush Saline Swamp Sclerophyll Open 

Forest 

occurrences fair


Table 4(iv) Communities that are adequately reserved in the study area. 

NR, Nature Reserve; NP, National Park; SCA, State Conservation Area. Reserves were the community is recorded 

in the literature to be reserved are listed 

Community Conservation reserves 

Community 16 Tea tree Sporodanthus interruptus Wet Heath Tyagarah NR, Broadwater NP, Bundjalung NP 

Community 17 Leptospermum liversidgei-Wallum Bottlebrush- 

Grass Tree-Heath-leaved Banksia Wallum Wet Heath 

complex 

Tyagarah NR, Broadwater NP, Bundjalung NP 

Community 19 Broad-leaved Paperbark-Coast Banksia-Red Richmond River NR, Broadwater NP, 

Ash dunal scrubl<strong>and</strong>. 

Bundjalung NP 

Community 31 Scribbly Gum-Red Mahogany-Brush Box Dry Ukerebagh NR, Broadwater NP, Billinudgel 

Sclerophyll Open to Closed Forest on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s. NR, Cudgen NR, Nightcap NP, Bundjalung NP 

Community 32 Blackbutt-Turpentine Open Forest complex Bundjalung NP, Brunswick Head NR 

Community 34 Coast Banksia Frontal Dune Open Forest on Richmond River NR, Bundjalung NP, 

Holocene dunes. 

Ukerebagh NR, Wooyung NR, Arakwal NP, 

Cape Byron SCA, Broken Head NR 

Community 36 Coast Wattle-CoastTea tree-Coast Banksia Richmond River NR, Bundjalung NP, 

Shrubl<strong>and</strong> on Holocene dunes <strong>and</strong> ridges. 

Ukerebagh NR, Wooyung NR, Arakwal NP, 

Cape Byron SCA, Broken Head NR 

Community 38 Scribbly Gum-Old Man Banksia-Tea Tree 

Heathy Low open Sclerophyll Forest/Shrubl<strong>and</strong>. 

Broadwater NP, Bundjalung NP 

Community 39 Wallum Banksia (Banksia aemula) Dry Heath Arakwal NP, Tyagarah NR, Broadwater NP, 

Bundjalung NP 

4.3 Areas <strong>of</strong> high conservation significance 

A number <strong>of</strong> the sites sampled in the study area 

contained vegetation with highly significant 

conservation values, including Endangered Ecological 

communities <strong>and</strong> Threatened Species listed on the 

NSW Threatened Species Conservation 1995. A few <strong>of</strong> 

the more significant areas are discussed below. 

4.3.1 Wardell–Coolgardie 

The survey data highlighted the very high conservation 

significance <strong>of</strong> the area <strong>of</strong> vegetation centred around 

Wardell, Coolgardie <strong>and</strong> the Blackwall Range. The 

area is a rare contiguous sample <strong>of</strong> the transition 

from alluvial floodplain to extensive coastal barrier 

s<strong>and</strong>plains <strong>and</strong> ranges <strong>of</strong> meta-sedimentary <strong>and</strong> basalt 

bedrock. This area contained superb examples <strong>of</strong> 

undisturbed old-growth swamp sclerophyll forest, 

lowl<strong>and</strong> floodplain <strong>and</strong> riparian rainforest, dry <strong>and</strong> 

wet sclerophyll forests <strong>and</strong> diverse wallum wet <strong>and</strong> 

dry heaths. Twelve vegetation communities were 

recorded here (Communities 4, 10, 14, 15, 17, 32, 

40, 41, 42, 55, 57, 58), including three EEC: Swamp 

Sclerophyll Forest, Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest on <strong>Floodplains</strong> 

<strong>and</strong> Subtropical Coastal Floodplain Forest. Records 

<strong>of</strong> numerous threatened plant species were made 

during the survey in this area, including: Oberonia 

titania (Vulnerable), Marsdenia longiloba (Endangered), 

Trichosanthes subvelutina (Vulnerable), Persicaria elatior 

(Vulnerable), Palm Lily (Cordyline congesta) (Rare), 

<strong>and</strong> Arthrochilus prolixus (Poorly Known). 

4.3.2 Tuckean Swamp–Tuckean Broadwater 

Eleven vegetation communities were record in this area 

(Communities 4, 5, 14, 15, 31, 32, 41, 42, 45, 55, 58). 

The area contained old-growth mangrove <strong>and</strong> swamp 

sclerophyll communities across the littoral zone to the 

upper limits <strong>of</strong> tidal influence <strong>and</strong> onto backswamps 

<strong>of</strong> the alluvial plain. Important samples <strong>of</strong> Milky 

Mangrove–Swamp Oak–Grey Mangrove king-tide 

forest (Community 5) were present, a rare estuarine 

community that occurs at the upper limit <strong>of</strong> tidal 

influence. Parts <strong>of</strong> the Tuckean Broadwater contained 

abundant Mangrove Fern (Acrosticum speciosum), 

which is uncommon outside the Tweed <strong>and</strong> Brunswick 

River Valleys. Samples <strong>of</strong> Swamp Sclerophyll Forest 

<strong>and</strong> Subtropical Coastal Floodplain Forest EEC are also 

found in a relatively undisturbed state. Threatened 

<strong>and</strong> rare plant species recorded in this area during the 

current survey include: Rusty Rose Walnut (Endi<strong>and</strong>ra 

hayesii) (Vulnerable) <strong>and</strong> Palm Lily (Cordyline congesta) 

(Rare).


4.3.3 Br<strong>and</strong>y Arm Creek 

There was a highly significant area <strong>of</strong> wetl<strong>and</strong> 

vegetation located on Br<strong>and</strong>y Arm Creek, a tributary 

<strong>of</strong> the lower Evans River. The area contains important 

samples <strong>of</strong> estuarine <strong>and</strong> alluvial plain vegetation 

types, <strong>and</strong> four vegetation communities were recorded 

(4, 7, 50, 58). EEC recorded included Saltmarsh, 

Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest, Subtropical Coastal 

Floodplain Forest Forest, <strong>and</strong> Swamp Sclerophyll 

Floodplain Forest. This area includes the locations <strong>of</strong> 

very significant records <strong>of</strong> the endangered Dendrobium 

melaleucaphyllum <strong>and</strong> Oberonia complanata. 

4.3.4 Tuckean rainforest remnant 

This was a small remnant <strong>of</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong> rainforest on 

freehold property. This diverse remnant is an important 

sample <strong>of</strong> rich floodplain rainforest near its southern 

limit. The threatened plants Onion Cedar (Ochrosia 

moorei) <strong>and</strong> White Lace Flower (Archidendron 

hendersonii) were recorded. It is an example <strong>of</strong> the 

Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest EEC. Existing mapped vegetation 

layers did not record this rainforest remnant as extant 

vegetation. It is a clear example <strong>of</strong> how mapping 

programs can miss significant areas <strong>of</strong> vegetation at 

inappropriate scales. 

4.3.5 Terranora 

The area centred around Terranorra, Charles Bay <strong>and</strong> 

the Terranorra Country Club is a known hotspot for 

threatened plant taxa. These sites are outst<strong>and</strong>ing 

examples <strong>of</strong> species-rich lowl<strong>and</strong> subtropical rainforest 

on meta-sediments, which have been heavily cleared 

in the Tweed coastal lowl<strong>and</strong>s. Three subtropical 

rainforest communities were identified at these 

sites (44, 45, 47), which are examples <strong>of</strong> Lowl<strong>and</strong> 

Subtropical Rainforest EEC. Threatened plant species 

recorded in the surveys at Terranorra include: Acalypha 

eremorum (Endangered), Red-fruited Ebony (Diospyros 

mabacea) (Endangered), Ebony (Diospyros major 

var. ebenus) (Endangered), Small-leaved Tamarind 

(Diploglottis campbellii) (Endangered), White Yiel Yiel 

(Grevillea hilliana) (Endangered), Spiny Gardenia 

(R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei) (Endangered), Marblewood (Acacia 

bakeri) (Vulnerable), White Lace Flower (Archidendron 

hendersonii) (Vulnerable), Three-leaved Bosistoa 

(Bosistoa transversa) (Vulnerable), Rusty Rose Walnut 

(Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii) (Vulnerable), Fine-leaved Tuckeroo 

(Lepiderema pulchella) (Vulnerable), Rough-shelled 

Bush Nut (Macadamia tetraphylla) (Vulnerable), 

Peristeranthus hillii (Vulnerable), Smooth-barked 

Rose Apple (Syzygium hodgkinsoniae) (Vulnerable), 

0 

Coolamon (Syzygium moorei) (Vulnerable), Veiny Lace 

Flower (Archidendron muellerianum) (3RCa), Byron 

Bay Acronychia (Acronychia baeuerlenii) (3RC-), 

Long-leaved Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis newmanii) (2RC- 

), Black Walnut (Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa) (2RC-), Smooth 

Scrub Turpentine (Rhodamnia maideniana) (2RC-), 

<strong>and</strong> Native Laburnum (Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana) 

(Rare). Additional threatened species recorded at 

the Terranorra Country Club are Stinking Laurel 

(Cryptocarya foetida) (Vulnerable), Sweet Myrtle 

(Gossia fragrantissima) (Endangered), <strong>and</strong> Axe-Breaker 

(Geijera paniculata) (Endangered). 

4.4 Endangered Ecological Communities 

This survey has improved the knowledge <strong>of</strong> the 

floristic <strong>and</strong> structural composition <strong>and</strong> environmental 

relationships <strong>of</strong> floodplain communities, many <strong>of</strong> which 

are listed as Endangered Ecological Communities 

(EEC). Of the 62 communities delineated, 35 relate 

to nine EECs listed under the TSC. The data indicate 

that the vegetation <strong>of</strong> the floodplain <strong>and</strong> coastal 

lowl<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> qualifying as EECs is more complex than 

currently documented in the final determinations <strong>of</strong> 

the NSW Scientific Committee. 

The survey identified some floodplain communities 

that do not fall well within current scientific 

determinations <strong>of</strong> NSW Scientific Committee <strong>and</strong> 

may warrant further investigation to see if they 

warrant nomination to the NSW Scientific Committee 

as potential new EECs. The following alluvial <strong>and</strong> 

estuarine plain communities do not equate well to 

existing EEC descriptions: Community 5 Milky 

Mangrove–Swamp Oak–Grey Mangrove king-tide 

forest, Community 6 Swamp Oak–Hoop Pine– 

Tuckeroo swamp sclerophyll/dry ‘gallery’ floodplain 

rainforest, Community 15 Bangalow Palm–Swamp 

Box-Cabbage Tree Palm–Weeping Myrtle alluvial 

riparian forest, Community 18 Coral Fern fernl<strong>and</strong>, 

Community 22 Common Reed–Black Bog-rush 

reedl<strong>and</strong>/rushl<strong>and</strong>, Community 26 Hinterl<strong>and</strong> 

Narrow-leaved Paperbark–tea-tree backswamp 

shrubl<strong>and</strong>s–sedgel<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> Community 53 Patches 

Beach Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak–Cabbage 

Tree Palm swamp sclerophyll forest on the alluvial 

plain. 

The results <strong>of</strong> the present survey may prove useful in 

providing feedback to preliminary determinations to 

the Scientific Committee regarding coastal lowl<strong>and</strong> 

communities. For example, Community 33 is a Coast 

Cypress Pine Forest community, for which there is


a preliminary determination currently before the 

Scientific Committee. The three sites sampled in this 

survey revealed an additional 40 plant taxa that were 

not listed in the preliminary determination, three <strong>of</strong> 

which were exotic taxa. The survey also shows that the 

community occurs on Holocene as well as Pleistocene 

s<strong>and</strong>s. The preliminary determination indicated the 

community was restricted to Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s. 

Freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong> sites sampled in this survey 

(Communities 3, 25, 26, 30) are threatened by weeds. 

For example sites sampled at freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s near 

Casino are threatened by the spread <strong>of</strong> weeds such 

as Chinese Tallow (Triadica sebifera), Myriphyllum 

acquaticum, Pseudoraphis paradoxa <strong>and</strong> Hygrophila 

angustifolia. These weeds are not listed in the final 

determination <strong>of</strong> the NSW Scientific Commitee. 

In this survey, 12 vegetation communities (3, 4, 10–15, 

23, 26, 28, 40, 53) were equivalent to the swamp 

sclerophyll forest on coastal floodplains <strong>of</strong> the NSW 

North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner 

bioregions endangered ecological community. 

Community 26 comprised an association <strong>of</strong> Narrowleaved 

Paperbark <strong>and</strong> Leptospermum brachy<strong>and</strong>rum 

with a dense sedgel<strong>and</strong> ground cover <strong>of</strong> Lepironia 

articulata. Narrow-leaved Paperbark <strong>and</strong> Leptospermum 

brachy<strong>and</strong>rum are north coast species <strong>and</strong> are not 

documented in the survey literature as a community. 

This floristics <strong>of</strong> this community, which occurs on 

the floodplain, does not relate well to floodplain 

communities listed on the NSW Threatened Species 

Conservation Act 1995. 

The information collected on EECs during this survey 

will assist with their field identification in the future, 

<strong>and</strong> also assist to identify threats. 

4.5 Floristic variation within coarse scale mapping 

units 

The results <strong>of</strong> this survey show that floristic <strong>and</strong> 

structural variation in coastal wetl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong> 

vegetation communities are more complex than 

described in some existing mapping layers <strong>and</strong> 

vegetation classifications. A comprehensive, 

representative <strong>and</strong> adequate reserve network in 

these areas would need to represent this variation to 

adequately protect vascular plant diversity. 

Mangrove <strong>and</strong> saltmarsh is example <strong>of</strong> a variable in 

many vegetation complex that is treated as one unit 

mapping programs (e.g. Kingston et al. 2004; NPWS 

1999; Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999). In this study, five 

species <strong>of</strong> mangrove <strong>and</strong> two mangrove communities 

were delineated. Community 62 contained significant 

variation in the distribution <strong>and</strong> abundance <strong>of</strong> these 

five mangrove species, some associations <strong>of</strong> which are 

assessed as uncommon or rare (Robinson <strong>and</strong> Benson 

1990). 

Four saltmarsh communities were delineated in 

the survey. Saltmarsh occurs across a range <strong>of</strong> tidal 

influence from the littoral zone to the upper limits <strong>of</strong> 

the king-tide zone. There is an associated complex 

zonation <strong>of</strong> species <strong>and</strong> structural formations from 

grassl<strong>and</strong>s to chenopod shrubl<strong>and</strong>s, rushl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> 

sedgel<strong>and</strong>s. 

The diversity <strong>of</strong> wetl<strong>and</strong> vegetation <strong>of</strong> the alluvial– 

estuarine floodplain is even more complex. For 

example, the Forest Ecosystem Classification system 

(NPWS, 1999) recognises only one Paperbark 

ecosystem (Forest Ecosystem 112), one Swamp Oak 

Community (Forest Ecosystem 143) <strong>and</strong> one Swamp 

Mahogany ecosystem (Forest Ecosystem 142). In 

this survey, these three swamp sclerophyll forest 

ecosystems were floristically equvalent to 12 vegetation 

communities (3, 4, 10–15, 23, 26, 28, 40, 53) with 

considerable variation in the floristic <strong>and</strong> structural 

composition linked to tidal influence, salinity, elevation 

<strong>and</strong> soil fertility. 

Other finer scale classifications provide a division 

based on overstorey dominant combinations <strong>of</strong> 

Broad-leaved Paperbark, Swamp Oak, Swamp 

Mahongany <strong>and</strong> Swamp Box as dominant overstorey 

species (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999) with 

some information on associated species. However, 

detailed floristic site sampling revealed a diversity <strong>of</strong> 

floristic <strong>and</strong> structural variation in swamp sclerophyll 

vegetation types that is overlooked by approaches to 

vegetation classification based primarily on remote 

sensing with some field checking. 

In particular, wetl<strong>and</strong> vegetation communities are 

<strong>of</strong>ten superficially treated by coarsely scaled or 

intuitive approaches to vegetation classification. For 

instance, the Forest Ecosystem Classification includes 

a swamp unit that covers all wetl<strong>and</strong> vegetation across 

the coast <strong>and</strong> onto the northern tablel<strong>and</strong>s (NPWS 

1999). The Byron Flora <strong>and</strong> Fauna survey (L<strong>and</strong>mark 

Ecological Services, 1999) recognises one sedgel<strong>and</strong>– 

fernl<strong>and</strong>–grassl<strong>and</strong> unit occurring primarily on Aeolian 

s<strong>and</strong>s. The current survey recognised two saltmarsh 

communities (Communities 7, 9), one reedl<strong>and</strong>


community (Community 22), one fernl<strong>and</strong> community 

(Community 18) <strong>and</strong> a headl<strong>and</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong> community 

(Community 37) occurring across a range <strong>of</strong> substrates 

in the Byron LGA. In the Tweed LGA, three wetl<strong>and</strong> 

vegetation communities (Community 22, 24, 25) 

were delineated, but which were encompassed within 

Wetl<strong>and</strong> Unit 703 <strong>of</strong> Kingston et al. (2004). Similar 

issues in vegetation classification <strong>and</strong> mapping exist 

for wet <strong>and</strong> dry heathl<strong>and</strong>s, wet sclerophyll forests <strong>and</strong> 

rainforest vegetation. There are some discrepancies 

between the delineation <strong>of</strong> rainforest vegetation 

communities in the study area <strong>and</strong> the description <strong>of</strong> 

rainforest suballiances by Floyd (1990). 

Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson (2007) provide an excellent 

hierarchical floristic <strong>and</strong> structural classification <strong>of</strong> 

coastal vegetation across the range <strong>of</strong> vegetation 

formations, including saltmarsh, sedgel<strong>and</strong>s, rushl<strong>and</strong>s 

<strong>and</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong>s. The classification was focussed on 

national parks <strong>and</strong> nature reserves, <strong>and</strong> mainly on the 

vegetation <strong>of</strong> coastal s<strong>and</strong> barriers. It is possibly an 

example <strong>of</strong> an appropriate fine-scale classification that 

could be exp<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> adopted across the north coast. 

Where it is possible to map communities that are not 

recognised in existing classifications (Communities 

5, 15, 26, 27, 28 ) this should be done to revise <strong>and</strong> 

improve the comprehensiveness <strong>of</strong> existing vegetation 

classification <strong>and</strong> associated mapped layers. In other 

cases, where it is not possible to represent the floristic 

<strong>and</strong> structural variation spatially, information can be 

stored within vegetation classification databases. 

The NSW <strong>Vegetation</strong> Classification Database 

(NSWVCA) (Benson, 2006) is an effective way <strong>of</strong> 

documenting information on vegetation <strong>and</strong> the full 

range <strong>of</strong> variation within communities. A database 

can contain a much wider range <strong>of</strong> information on 

vegetation than it is possible to include in a GIS 

map attribute table. A database can capture a range 

<strong>of</strong> information that is beyond the capacity <strong>of</strong> a GIS 

map or survey report. It can also be used in lieu <strong>of</strong> a 

map were evaluation at a local scale is necessary <strong>and</strong> 

available maps <strong>of</strong> the area are too coarse in scale to be 

useful predictors <strong>of</strong> vegetation occurring on the l<strong>and</strong>. 

4.6 A detailed mapping program for the future 

There is a need to complement surveys gathering 

data <strong>and</strong> conducting numerical analysis, such as 

the current one, with surveys involving fine-scale 

vegetation mapping coupled with rigorous field 

verification involving expert ecologists <strong>and</strong> botanists. 

Significant floodplain wetl<strong>and</strong>, rainforest <strong>and</strong> lower 

slope vegetation in the study area remains unmapped, 

primarily in areas covered by CRAFTI mapping, which 

was done during the Upper North East Forest Regional 

Forest Agreement (NPWS, 2001). This API layer 

<strong>and</strong> does not provide a complete extant vegetation 

coverage over the study area <strong>and</strong> in some parts 

erroneously records vegetation area as cleared, or labels 

vegetation types into the wrong formation. 

At present regional scale vegetation information based 

on API mapping <strong>and</strong> predcitive modelling <strong>of</strong> public 

l<strong>and</strong> forest data does not provide accurate information 

on vegetation to assist l<strong>and</strong>-use decision making <strong>and</strong> 

planning in coastal <strong>and</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong> areas. A critical gap in 

vegetation mapping for the coast <strong>and</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> a 

fundamental step in any future mapping program is the 

provision <strong>of</strong> an extant vegetation layer for wetl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> 

lowl<strong>and</strong> vegetation. Important areas <strong>of</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> 

wetl<strong>and</strong> vegetation, including samples <strong>of</strong> EECs remain 

unmapped. 

In coast <strong>and</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong> areas <strong>of</strong> the north coast survey 

<strong>and</strong> mapping data needs to be collected at much finer 

scales <strong>of</strong> resolution in coastal areas than coarser scales 

(1:25 000/1:50 000 maps) used elsewhere in NSW. 

Mapping should take advantage <strong>of</strong> new powerful 

techniques such as object identified image analysis <strong>and</strong> 

utilise new finer scale remote sensing imagery that has 

become available in recent times. 

A great deal <strong>of</strong> improvement in exisiting vegetation 

layers could be made with more targeted site sampling 

in gap areas, field verification <strong>and</strong> relabelling, splitting 

<strong>and</strong> amalgamation <strong>of</strong> questionably labelled vegetation 

polygons <strong>and</strong> GIS predictions.


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West, R.J., Thorogood, C., Walford, T. <strong>and</strong> Williams, R.J. (1985). An estuarine inventory for New South Wales, 

Australia. Fisheries Bulletin 2. Division <strong>of</strong> Fisheries, NSW Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Sydney. 

Westh<strong>of</strong>f, V. <strong>and</strong> van der Maarel, E. (1978). The Braun-Blanquet approach. Pp 287–328 in: R.H. Whittaker (ed.) 

Classification <strong>of</strong> Plant Communities. W.D. Junk, The Hague. 

Young, P.A.R. <strong>and</strong> Dillewaad, H.A. (1999). South East Queensl<strong>and</strong>. (Chapter 12:Pp1-76) in: The Conservation 

Status <strong>of</strong> Queensl<strong>and</strong>’s Bioregional Ecosystems. Sattler, P.S <strong>and</strong> Williams, R.D. (eds). Queensl<strong>and</strong> Environmental 

Protection Agency, Brisbane.


Appendix 1 - <strong>Vegetation</strong> community pr<strong>of</strong>iles 

The following appendix provides a pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> the 62 communities delimited during the current surveys. A 

summary table <strong>of</strong> the equivalent ecological communities listed in each <strong>of</strong> the pr<strong>of</strong>iles is given in Appendix 5. 

Throughout this Appendix, the following abbreviations or conventions are used: 

NP, National Park; NR, Nature Reserve; SCA, State Conservation Area; SF, State Forest; TSR, Travelling Stock 

Route. 

Under Significant taxa, species are listed with their status under the TSC (Vulnerable, Endangered), relevant 

ROTAP codes, or as Rare in NSW. 

Under Floristics, species are arranged by decreasing summed cover abundance. The dominant species <strong>of</strong> structural 

layers recorded at sites are noted: E, emergent; T, tallest layer; M, mid-layer; L, lower layer; where two layers are 

recorded in a strata, the layers are recorded as M1 <strong>and</strong> M2 or L1 or L2; *, exotic species. Where there is no entry for 

groups <strong>of</strong> plants (e.g. Mistletoes, Ferns, etc.) there were no records in those groups in the sites <strong>of</strong> that community. 

For Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per plot, figures in parentheses are means ± st<strong>and</strong>ard deviation. A range <strong>of</strong> the number <strong>of</strong> 

taxa from lowest to highest recorded in the community is shown. 

The Indicator native taxa table provides the results <strong>of</strong> a fidelity analysis. Taxa with a positive diagnostic 

relationship to the community are listed. Positive diagnositic species are those that are more likely to be recorded in 

the target community than in other communities. For each taxa the median cover score <strong>and</strong> frequency % within the 

community <strong>and</strong> in all other sites is recorded. 

Species Group score 

median cover score 

Frequency within 

community>50% 

Non-group score 

median cover score 

56 - Appendix 1 

Non-community 

frequency



Community 14 Swamp Mahogany–Broad-leaved Paperbark–Bangalow Palm–sedge/fern swamp sclerophyll 

forest 

Community 15 Bangalow Palm–Swamp Box–Cabbage Tree Palm–Weeping Myrtle alluvial riparian forest 

Community 16 Tea-tree (Leptospermum spp.)–Sporodanthus interruptus wet heath 

Community 17 Leptospermum liversidgei–Wallum Bottlebrush–Grass Tree–Heath-leaved Banksia wallum wet 

heath complex 

Community 18 Coral Fern fernl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 19 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Coast Banksia–Red Ash dunal scrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 20 Swamp Box–Broad-leaved Paperbark–rush/fern swamp sclerophyll forest 

Community 21 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak–rush saline swamp sclerophyll open forest 

Community 22 Common Reed–Black Bog-rush reedl<strong>and</strong>/rushl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 23 Swamp Box–Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Mahogany swamp sclerophyll forest 

Community 24 Swamp Ricegrass–Smartweed–Juncus usitatus swampy meadow 

Community 25 Swamp Ricegrass–Bolboschoenus caldwellii–Schoenoplectus validus–Cyperus exaltatus freshwater 


Community 26 Hinterl<strong>and</strong> Narrow-leaved Paperbark–tea-tree backswamp shrubl<strong>and</strong>s–sedgel<strong>and</strong>s 

Community 27 Weeping Myrtle–Water Gum floodplain riparian forest 

Community 28 Narrow-leaved Paperbark–Wallum Bottlebrush swamp sclerophyll shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 29 Swamp Box–Narrow-leaved Paperbark–Broad-leaved Paperbark alluvial swamp sclerophyll 

forest 

Community 30 Middle Richmond freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s 

Community 31 Scribbly Gum–Red Mahogany–Brush Box dry sclerophyll open to closed forest on coastal 


Community 32 Blackbutt–Turpentine open forest complex 

Community 33 Coast Cypress Pine on dunes <strong>and</strong> ridges 

Community 34 Coast Banksia frontal dune open forest on Holocene dunes 

Community 35 Brush Box lowl<strong>and</strong> rainforest 

Community 36 Coast Wattle–Coast Tea-tree–Coast Banksia shrubl<strong>and</strong> on Holocene dunes <strong>and</strong> ridges 

Community 37 Kangaroo Grass headl<strong>and</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 38 Scribbly Gum–Old Man Banksia–Slender Tea-tree heathy low open sclerophyll forest/ 

shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Community 39 Wallum Banksia dry heath 

Community 40 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond mesic successional wet/swamp sclerophyll forest/rainforest 

Community 41 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brush Box–Pink Bloodwood–Grey Ironbark mesic tall open forest 

Community 42 Tweed–Brunswick Valleys Brush Box–Blackbutt–Pink Bloodwood–Tallowwood foothill wet 


Community 43 Brunswick–Tweed Brush Box gully rainforest on meta-sediments 

Community 44 Tweed–Brunswick Valley Blue Qu<strong>and</strong>ong subtropical rainforest 

Community 45 Tweed–Brunswick Valley Bangalow Palm–Lilly Pilly subtropical rainforest 

57 - Appendix 1



Community 46 Stinging Tree–White Fig–Brush Bloodwood subtropical rainforest 

Community 47 Tweed Valley meta-sediment <strong>and</strong> basalt low-elevation subtropical rainforest 

Community 48 Flooded Gum–Pink-flowered Doughwood–Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong alluvial plain wet sclerophyll forest 

Community 49 Camphor Laurel–Forest Red Gum open to closed forest 

Community 50 Swamp Oak–Forest Red Gum–Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Box swamp sclerophyll 


Community 51 Forest Red Gum–Willow Bottlebrush–Camphor Laurel dry open forest 

Community 52 Small-leaved Fig–Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong–Bangalow Palm subtropical/littoral rainforest on 


Community 53 Patches Beach Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak–Cabbage-tree Palm swamp sclerophyll 

forest on the alluvial plain 

Community 54 Whalebone Tree–Thorny Pea–Sweet Myrtle dry rainforest 

Community 55 Grey Ironbark–Pink Bloodwood–White Mahogany dry grassy open forest 

Community 56 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Box–Tuckeroo swamp sclerophyll open forest 

Community 57 Red Mahogany–Pink Bloodwood–Swamp Mahogany–Swamp Box dry open forest 

Community 58 Pink Bloodwood–Grey Ironbark–Swamp Box–Forest Red Gum–Blackbutt tall dry open forest 

Community 59 Large-fruited Spotted Gum–Grey Ironbark–Small-fruited Grey Gum dry grassy open forest 

Community 60 Grey Ironbark–Thin-leaved Stringybark–Pink Bloodwood–Swamp Box dry open grassy forest 


dry grassy alluvial open forest 

Community 62 River Mangrove–Grey Mangrove–Black Mangrove–Milky Mangrove–Spider Mangrove forest 

to shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

58 - Appendix 1


Group 1–Saline Wetl<strong>and</strong>s 

Community 1 Saltmarsh 

Scientific name: Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Suaeda australis, Saltwater Couch (Sporobolus virginicus) <strong>and</strong> Sea 

Rush (Juncus kraussii subsp. kraussii) Saltmarsh. 

Sites: (5) BALL01esex, BRU01alch, POT07esticd, POT08esticd, TWE25esttdf. 

Equivalent communities 

Saline Wetl<strong>and</strong>s–Saltmarshes (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.1.2 Saltpan vegetation (Young <strong>and</strong> 

Dillewaard 1999); 603 – Saltmarsh Communities (Kingston et al. 2004); 6102 – Chenopod Shrubl<strong>and</strong>–Tussock 

Grassl<strong>and</strong> NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> mapping (Griffith et al. 2000); S1 – Sporobolus virgnicus, Sarcocornia 

quinqueflora (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); Forest Ecosystem 125 – Saltbush (NPWS 1999); 6. Sporoboletum vignici. 

1. sarcocornietosum, 3. sporoboletum (Adam et al. 1988). 

Description 

Dominated by a dense cover <strong>of</strong> Saltwater 

Couch (Sporobolus virginicus var. 

minor), Sarcocornia quinqueflora subsp. 

quinqueflora, Sea Rush (Juncus kraussii 

subsp. australiensis) <strong>and</strong> other grasses, 

sedges, rushes <strong>and</strong> herbs. Rarely, emergent 

Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca), River 

Mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum), 

Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina subsp. 

australasica) <strong>and</strong> Myoporum acuminatum 

present. The community has low species 

diversity. 

Distribution <strong>and</strong> Habitat 

Habitat: Very low-lying sites located in 

Quaternary estuarine alluvium mixed 

with Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s, associated with 

Pottsville <strong>and</strong> Tyagarah soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes. 

Species composition within coastal saltmarsh varies with elevation: Sarcocornia quinqueflora dominates at lower, <strong>and</strong> 

hence more frequently flooded levels than Sporobolus virginicus, which dominates the mid-elevation saltmarsh, while 

Juncus kraussii <strong>and</strong> Baumea juncea are upper saltmarsh species (NSW Scientific Committee). Adam et al. (1988) 

states that st<strong>and</strong>s dominated by Sarcocornia quinqueflora are <strong>of</strong>ten present adjacent to mangroves. 

Disturbance: Weeds uncommon, grazing moderate. 

Locations: Recorded at survey sites at Ballina, Brunswick Heads, Pottsville Environmental Park, Vallances Road 

<strong>and</strong> Fingal. 

Conservation 

Threats: Clearing <strong>and</strong> filling for coastal development, grazing, rubbish dumping, increased sedimentation <strong>and</strong> 

invasion by mangrove species, modified tidal flow <strong>and</strong> climate change. 

Conservation status: Saltmarsh is an EEC listed under the TSC. In the study area, small areas are reserved in the 

Tweed Estuary NR, Ukerebagh Isl<strong>and</strong> NR, Cudgen NR, Wooyung NR, Marshalls Creek NR, Tyagarah NR <strong>and</strong> 

59 - Appendix 1


Richmond River NR. West et al. (1985) estimated the approximate total area <strong>of</strong> coastal saltmarsh in NSW at 5700 

ha distributed in fragmented patches, mostly


Community 2 Blue Couch–Prickly Couch grassl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the estuarine 

plain 

Scientific name: Blue Couch (Cynodon dactylon) <strong>and</strong> Prickly Couch (Zoysia macrantha) derived grassl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> 

the estuarine plain. 

Sites: (2) BALL06ESTba, WOO13estss. 


Saline Wetl<strong>and</strong>s–Saltmarshes (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.1.2 Saltpan vegetation (Young <strong>and</strong> 

Dillewaard 1999); 902 – Native Grassl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); Cynodon dactylon sod grassl<strong>and</strong> (Adam et al. 1988). 


This community was represented by two, 

possibly derived, grassl<strong>and</strong> sites growing 

on saline clay soils <strong>of</strong> the estuarine plain. 

The community was dominated by a dense 

cover <strong>of</strong> Blue Couch (Cynodon dactylon), 

with Swamp Millet, (Ischaemum australe), 

Swamp Ricegrass (Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra) <strong>and</strong> 

Prickly Couch (Zoysia macrantha), with 

sedges, rushes <strong>and</strong> herbs also present. 

Emergent Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) 

<strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca 

quinquenervia) were recorded in one site. 

The community has low species richness, 

<strong>and</strong> 30% <strong>of</strong> species are exotic. Griffith 

(2005) notes that Blue Couch <strong>of</strong>ten 

occurs as a community on the upper edge 

<strong>of</strong> saltmarsh. 


Habitat: The tidal floodplain <strong>of</strong> the Evans River, in low-lying saline swamps, <strong>and</strong> on the upper limit <strong>of</strong> the estuarine 

basin <strong>of</strong> Roberts Creek, near Ballina. Blue Couch is recorded as an upper saltmarsh community (Adam et al. 1988). 

Griffith (2005) states ‘that Blue Couch also occurs as a common pasture species on floodplains <strong>and</strong> extends into wet 

meadows.’ 

Disturbance: The site at Ballina Airport had been heavily cleared in the past <strong>and</strong> was severely disturbed by weeds. 

The Woodburn site had moderate weed <strong>and</strong> grazing disturbance. 

Locations: Recorded at survey sites at Ballina Airport <strong>and</strong> Tuckombil Canal. 


Threats: Threatened by past <strong>and</strong> present clearing, grazing, modified tidal flows, <strong>and</strong> weed infestation. 

Conservation status: Natural occurrences <strong>of</strong> Blue Couch grassl<strong>and</strong> on the floodplain are part <strong>of</strong> the Freshwater 

Wetl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> EEC. Sites on the estuarine plain qualify as Coastal saltmarsh in the NSW North 

Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions EEC. Natural occurrences <strong>of</strong> these communities are 

probably very rare <strong>and</strong> poorly reserved. Griffith (2005) suggests a poor reservation status. 

Significant taxa: None recorded. The fern Marsilea mutica was recorded at the Tuckombil Canal ; this species was 

only recorded at one other sites in the present survey. 

61 - Appendix 1

Structure 


Layer Height (m) Cover (%) 

Tallest 0.1–4 3–70 

<strong>Lower</strong> 1 0.5–1 10 

<strong>Lower</strong> 2 0–0.3 75 

Floristics 

Small trees <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Casuarina glauca (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia, Erythrina crista-galli*, Baccharis halimifolia*. 

Grasses: Cynodon dactylon (T), Zoysia macrantha (L2), Ischaemum australe, Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra, Paspalum dilatatum*, 

Paspalum distichum. 

Climbers: Parsonsia straminea. 

Ferns: Marsilea mutica. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Carex appressa (L1), Cyperus polystachyos, Juncus usitatus (L1), Baumea articulata, Cyperus 

haspan subsp. juncoides, Juncus mollis, Eleocharis acuta, Eleocharis equisetina, Eleocharis minuta*, Fimbristylis dichotoma, 

Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis, Juncus subsecundus. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Centella asiatica, Cuphea carthagenensis* (L1), Persicaria hydropiper, Senecio madagascariensis* 

(L2), Cirsium vulgare*, Commelina cyanea, Persicaria decipiens, Cotula coronopifolia*, Ludwigia octovalvis, Philydrum 

lanuginosum, Ranunculus inundatus, Eclipta prostrata. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 31 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 17–29 (mean 23 ± 8) 

Number <strong>of</strong> exotic species: 10 

Indicator native taxa 


Group 

frequency 


Non-group 

score 


frequency 

Fidelity class 

Baumea articulata 2 50% 1 3% positive 

Carex appressa 3 50% 2 6% positive 

Centella asiatica 2 100% 2 12% positive 

Cynodon dactylon 4 100% 2 5% positive 

Cyperus haspan 2 50% 2 1% positive 

Cyperus polystachyos 3 50% 1 3% positive 

Ischaemum australe 2 50% 2 6% positive 

Juncus mollis 2 50% 2 2% positive 

Juncus subsecundus 1 50% 0 0% positive 

Juncus usitatus 2 50% 1 4% positive 

Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra 2 50% 2 3% positive 

Marsilea mutica 2 50% 2 0% positive 

Persicaria decipiens 2 50% 0 0% positive 

Persicaria hydropiper 2 100% 2 2% positive 

Phragmites australis 2 50% 2 8% positive 

Zoysia macrantha 4 50% 3 5% positive


Community 3 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak swamp sclerophyll 

Alluvial Plain Open Forest 

Scientific name: Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca), Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) with Tall 

Sedge (Carex appressa) <strong>and</strong> Blue Couch (Cynodon dactylon) Swamp Sclerophyll Alluvial Plain Open Forest. 

Sites: (5) GIB01ALLV, WOO10ALBK, WOO11ALBK, WOO12ALBK, WOO16alvf. 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s–Coastal Floodplain Wetl<strong>and</strong>s, Coastal Swamp Forests (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 

12.3.5 Melaleuca quinquenervia on alluvium (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); F8 Melaleuca quinquenervia tall to very 

tall open to closed forest <strong>and</strong> F10 Casuarina glauca tall to very tall open to closed forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 

40031/2 Melaleuca quinquenervia swamp sclerophyll forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>, 40051/2 Casuarina glauca forest <strong>and</strong> 

woodl<strong>and</strong>, 40991/2 Mixed st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Melaleuca quinquenervia – Casuarina glauca NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> 

(Griffith & Wilson 2007); 402 – Broad-leaved Paperbark/Swamp She-Oak Closed Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston 

et al. 2004); Swamp Oak ± Paperbark (sOP) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); Forest Ecosystem 112 <strong>and</strong> 143 

(NPWS 1999). 


The community is mostly an open 

forest structure, with Broad-leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) 

<strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca). 

Site GIB01allv, however, is an open 

shrubl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Narrow-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca alternifolia) <strong>and</strong> Leptospermum 

brachy<strong>and</strong>rum. Rarely, a sparse midlayer 

<strong>of</strong> Swamp Oak is present. There is 

always a lower layer <strong>of</strong> grasses, sedges, 

rushes <strong>and</strong> herbs, including Carex 

appressa, Blue Couch (Cynodon dactlyon), 

Enydra fluctuans <strong>and</strong> River Buttercup 

(Ranunculus inundatus). Ground ferns 

(Hypolepis muelleri <strong>and</strong> Swamp Ferns 

(Blechnum spp.) are present but less 

abundant than in Communities 10 <strong>and</strong> 

11, where they dominate. 


Habitat: Commonly found in large estuarine or alluvial backswamps <strong>of</strong> the Evans River <strong>and</strong> stagnant alluvial 

backswamps <strong>of</strong> Bungawalbin Creek. More rarely found on hinterl<strong>and</strong> river levees where Narrow-leaved Paperbark is 

the dominant paperbark. 

Disturbance: Moderate clearing, light to moderate grazing <strong>and</strong> weeds. 

Example locations: Sites surveyed at S<strong>and</strong>y Creek; Bungawalbyn; Boggy Creek, west <strong>of</strong> Woodburn; <strong>and</strong> on the 

Evans River. 

63 - Appendix 1



Threats: Clearing <strong>and</strong> grazing. 

Conservation status: Occurrences <strong>of</strong> 

this community on the alluvial plain are 

examples <strong>of</strong> Swamp Sclerophyll Forest 

<strong>of</strong> New South Wales coastal floodplains 

EEC. The surveyed sites for Community 

3 were not reserved. Griffith (2005) 

states that floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> both 

Broad-leaved Paperbark <strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak 

Forests communities are poorly reserved. 

Floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved 

Paperbark are reserved at Stotts Isl<strong>and</strong> 

NR, Tuckean NR, Bungawalbyn NR, 

Yarringully SCA <strong>and</strong> Broadwater NP. 

Significant taxa: None recorded. 

Structure 


Tallest 5–25 15–40 

Middle 1 2–12 10–20 

Middle 2 1–3 10 

<strong>Lower</strong> 1 0–1 10–50 

<strong>Lower</strong> 2 0–0.3 5–50 

Floristics 

Trees: Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Casuarina glauca (T), Melaleuca alternifolia (T). 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Callistemon salignus, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Leptospermum brachy<strong>and</strong>rum (T), Senna 

pendula var. glabrata*, Myrsine howittiana, Maclura cochinchinensis, Duboisia myoporoides, Notelaea longifolia, Acacia 

disparrima subsp. disparrima, Ficus rubiginosa, Schefflera actinophylla*. 

Climbers: Ipomoea cairica*, Parsonsia straminea, Marsdenia rostrata, Passiflora herbertiana, Passiflora suberosa*, 

Solanum seaforthianum*, Stephania japonica var. discolor 

Epiphtyes: Platycerium superbum, Platycerium bifurcatum, Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens. 

Misteltoes: Amyema congener subsp. congener, Benthamina alyxifolia. 

Grasses: Ottochloa gracillima, Zoysia macrantha, Hemarthria uncinata, Lachnagrostis filiformis (L2), Paspalum 

wettsteinii*, Cynodon dactylon (L2), Phragmites australis, Entolasia marginata, Oplismenus aemulus, Paspalum dilatatum*, 

Eriochloa procera, Panicum simile, Pseudoraphis paradoxa. 

Ferns: Hypolepis muelleri, Pteridium esculentum, Histiopteris incisa. 

Sedges/Rushes: Carex appressa (L1), Gahnia clarkei, Juncus mollis (L1), Cyperus trinervis, Eleocharis acuta, Fimbristylis 

ferruginea, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra hystrix (L1), Cyperus gunnii subsp. gunnii (L1), Cyperus lucidus, Carex 

maculata. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Enydra fluctuans (L2), Centella asiatica (L2), Ranunculus inundatus, Persicaria strigosa(L2), 

Alternanthera denticulata (L2), Persicaria hydropiper, Soliva anthemifolia*, Viola banksii, Lobelia anceps, Crassocephalum 

crepidioides*, Solanum capsicoides*, Cotula coronopifolia* (L2), Epaltes australis, Goodenia paniculata, Centipeda 

64 - Appendix 1


minima, Hydrocotyle acutiloba, Lycopus australis, Plectranthus parviflorus, Pratia purpurascens, Ranunculus repens*, 

Senecio madagascariensis*, Dianella caerulea, Eclipta platyglossa, Homalanthus populifolius. 


Number <strong>of</strong> exotic taxa: 24 



Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Alternanthera denticulata 2 60% 1 5% positive 

Benthamina alyxifolia 1 20% 0 0% positive 

Callitriche muelleri 1 20% 0 0% positive 


Casuarina glauca 3 80% 3 21% positive 


Cyperus gunnii 1 20% 0 0% positive 

Enydra fluctuans 2 100% 2 6% positive 

Epaltes australis 1 40% 0 0% positive 

Lachnagrostis filiformis 2 80% 2 2% positive 

Melaleuca quinquenervia 3 80% 3 39% positive 

Persicaria hydropiper 2 60% 2 2% positive 

Persicaria strigosa 2 60% 2 6% positive 

Ranunculua inundatus 2 100% 1 2% positive


Community 4 Swamp Oak–Broad-leaved Paperbark Estuarine <strong>and</strong> 

Alluvial Plain Swamp Sclerophyll Forest 

Scientific name: Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) <strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) with 

Saw Sedge (Gahnia clarkei), Prickly Couch (Zoysia macrantha) <strong>and</strong> Common Reed (Phragmites australis) 

estuarine <strong>and</strong> alluvial plain swamp sclerophyll forest. 

Sites: (9) BALL16estcbb, WOO15ALLV, BRU26ESTICD, BYR30estsswp, WAR14ALBK, WAR30CBRDG, 

WAR49albk, WAR50alun, WOO23estsswp. 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s–Coastal Floodplain 

Wetl<strong>and</strong>s, Coastal Swamp Forests 

(Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 

12.1.1 Casuarina glauca ± Melaleuca 

quinquenervia open forest (Young 

<strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); F8 Melaleuca 

quinquenervia tall to very tall open 

to closed forest, <strong>and</strong> F10 Casuarina 

glauca tall to very tall open to closed 

forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 

40031/2 Melaleuca quinquenervia swamp 

sclerophyll forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>, 40051/2 

Casuarina glauca forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>, 

<strong>and</strong> 40991/2 Mixed st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Melaleuca 

quinquenervia – Casuarina glauca NPWS 

NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> 

Wilson 2007); 402 – Broad-leaved Paperbark/Swamp She-Oak Closed Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); 

Swamp Oak ± Paperbark (sOP) (Byron Shire Council 1999); Forest Ecosystems 112 <strong>and</strong> 143 (NPWS 1999). 


An open forest structure with Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) <strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca 

quinquenervia). The community has a well-developed open mid-layer <strong>of</strong> Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides), 

Milky Mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha) <strong>and</strong> Prickly Paperbark (Melaleuca styphelioides). The lower strata differ from 

community 3 in the presence <strong>of</strong> Saw Sedge (Gahnia clarkei), Prickly Couch (Zoysia macrantha) <strong>and</strong> Common Reed 

(Phragmites australis) as indicator taxa. River Lily (Crinum pedunculatum) is also abundant in some sites. A total <strong>of</strong> 

20% <strong>of</strong> species recorded were exotic species. 


Habitat: Found on a range <strong>of</strong> low-lying waterlogged alluvial, estuarine plain <strong>and</strong> barrier s<strong>and</strong> substrates with 

considerable variation in tidal <strong>and</strong> saline influence at local scales. 

Disturbance: Infestation <strong>of</strong> weeds ranges from light to severe; light grazing. 

Example locations: Sites at Tuckean Broadwater, Jali l<strong>and</strong>s at Wardell, Chickiba Creek at North Ballina, Belongil 

Creek, <strong>and</strong> west <strong>of</strong> Brunswick Heads. 


Threats: Clearing, grazing <strong>and</strong> weed invasion. 

66 - Appendix 1


Conservation status: Occurrences <strong>of</strong> this community on the alluvial plain are examples <strong>of</strong> Swamp Sclerophyll 

Forest <strong>of</strong> New South Wales coastal floodplain EEC. Griffith (2005) states that floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> both Broadleaved 

Paperbark <strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak Forests communities are poorly reserved. Floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved 

Paperbark are reserved at Stotts Isl<strong>and</strong> NR, Tuckean NR, Bungawalbyn NR, Yarringully SCA, Broadwater NP, 

Billinudgel NR, Marshalls Creek NR <strong>and</strong> Tyagarah NR. Estuarine occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark are better 

represented in reserves (e.g. Cudgen NR). 


Structure 


Tallest 8–25 20–40 

Middle 1 0–10 5–60 

Middle 2 1–3 10–20 



Floristics 

Trees: Casuarina glauca (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Eucalyptus tereticornis (T). 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Melaleuca quinquenervia (M1), Baccharis halimifolia* (M2), Callistemon salignus (T), (M1), 

Excoecaria agallocha (M1), Cupaniopsis anacardioides (M1), Melaleuca styphelioides (M1), Lantana camara* (M1), 

Maclura cochinchinensis, Duboisia myoporoides, Livistona australis (M1), Notelaea longifolia (M1), Cinnamomum 

camphora* (M1), Melaleuca sieberi (M1), Myoporum acuminatum, Breynia oblongifolia, Schefflera actinophylla*, Senna 

pendula var. glabrata*. 

Climbers: Parsonsia straminea, Ipomoea cairica*, Marsdenia rostrata, Passiflora suberosa*, Cardiospermum 

gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum*, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Passiflora herbertiana, Solanum seaforthianum*. 

Epiphtyes: Platycerium bifurcatum, Platycerium superbum, Cymbidium madidum. 

Grasses: Zoysia macrantha (L1), Hemarthria uncinata, Phragmites australis (M1), Paspalum wettsteinii* (L1), Entolasia 

marginata, Ottochloa gracillima (L2), Lachnagrostis filiformis, Paspalum scrobiculatum*, Ischaemum australe, Cynodon 

dactylon (L2), Eriochloa procera, Paspalum dilatatum*, Paspalidium distans, Diplachne fusca, Oplismenus aemulus, 

Paspalidium gracile, Paspalum vaginatum. 

Ferns: Acrostichum speciosum, Pteridium esculentum, Hypolepis muelleri (L1), Cyclosorus interruptus. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis (L1), Gahnia clarkei (L1), Eleocharis equisetina (L1), Cyperus 

polystachyos, Triglochin striatum, Cladium procerum (M1), Fimbristylis ferruginea, Carex appressa, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia, 

Triglochin procerum, Carex maculata (L1), Cyperus trinervis, Baumea articulata, Cyperus stradbrokensis, Fimbristylis 

tristachya. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Viola banksii (L1), Enydra fluctuans (L1), Asparagus aethiopicus* (L1), Alternanthera denticulata, 

Bacopa monnieri (L1), Lobelia anceps, Crinum pedunculatum (M1), Commelina cyanea (L1), Leptinella longipes, Eclipta 

platyglossa, Goodenia paniculata, Hydrocotyle acutiloba, Oxalis radicosa*, Pratia purpurascens, Tetragonia tetragonioides, 

Apium prostratum (L1), Dianella caerulea, Emilia sonchifolia, Homalanthus populifolius, Rumex brownii*. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native species: 82 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 16–45 (mean 23 ± 10) 


67 - Appendix 1



Species Group score Group freq 



score 


freq 




Parsonsia straminea 2 89% 1 43% positive 



Juncus kraussii 2 56% 4 5% positive 

Viola banksii 2 56% 2 18% positive 

Zoysia macrantha 3 56% 4 4% positive 

Leptinella longipes 2 22% 0 0% positive 

Diplachne fusca 1 11% 0 0% positive 

Emilia sonchifolia 1 11% 0 0% positive 

Fimbtristylis tristachya 1 11% 0 0% positive


Community 5 Milky Mangrove–Swamp Oak–Grey Mangrove King-Tide 

Forest 

Scientific name: Milky Mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha), Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca), Grey Mangrove 

(Avicennia marina subsp. australasica) with Mangrove Fern (Acrostichum speciosum) <strong>and</strong> Common Reed 

(Phragmites australis) King-tide Forest. 

Sites: (6) BIL03LSRH, TWE14estsswp, TWE26labk, MUR02allv, WAR16estch, MUR03albk. 


Saline Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Mangrove (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.1.3 Mangrove Shrubl<strong>and</strong> to low closed forest 

(Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 602 – Mangrove Low Closed Forest (Kingston et al. 2004); MSO – Grey Mangrove– 

River Mangrove–Swamp Oak (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 40151 – Casuarina glauca–Avicennia marina 

subsp. australasica NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007); Forest Ecosystem 77 – Mangrove 

(NPWS 1999). 


An open forest community dominated by 

Milky Mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha), 

Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina 

subsp. australasica) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak 

(Casuarina glauca). River Mangrove 

(Aegiceras corniculatum) is an occasional 

associate. The mid-layer is an open 

to closed cover <strong>of</strong> Milky Mangrove, 

Myoporum acuminatum, <strong>and</strong> Mangrove 

Fern (Acrostichum speciosum). The lower 

layer is sparse to dense, <strong>and</strong> comprises 

Mangrove Fern, sedges (Fimbristylis 

ferruginea), Water Ribbons (Triglochin 

striatum), Common Reed (Phragmites 

australis) <strong>and</strong> herbs (Apium prostratum). 

Sesuvium portulacastrum was abundant in 

one site (TWE26albk), <strong>and</strong> was recorded 

at only one other site in the survey, with 

low cover abundance. 


Habitat: Alluvial backswamps <strong>and</strong> levees <strong>of</strong> the Tweed River, with an outlying site on a swampy estuarine channel 

on the Tuckean Broadwater. Occurs at the inl<strong>and</strong> limit <strong>of</strong> tidal influence within the mangrove zone. 

Disturbance: Light to severe infestation by weeds, <strong>and</strong> light grazing. 

Example locations: Sites at Piggabeen Road, Cobaki Broadwater; Charles Bay, Terranora Broadwater; Stotts River; 

<strong>and</strong> a disjunct site at Tuckean Broadwater. 



Conservation status: The conservation status <strong>of</strong> this community is poorly known. Milky Mangrove occurs 

sporadically in NSW (Keith 2006) <strong>and</strong> is uncommon on the north coast, occurring from about Warrell Creek 

69 - Appendix 1


northwards. In Ballina Nature Reserve, Griffith (2005) recorded an association <strong>of</strong> Swamp Oak <strong>and</strong> Grey Mangrove, 

which included an undestorey <strong>of</strong> Milky Mangrove. The reservation status <strong>of</strong> this community is assessed as poor. 

Floodplain occurrences should be considered as an EEC. By broad definition, the community might be considered as 

a component <strong>of</strong> the Swamp Oak floodplain forest EEC. 


Structure 


Emergent 5–22 20 

Tallest 2–25 20–70 

Middle 1 0–12 10–80 

Middle 2 0.5–2 20 


Floristics 

Trees: Excoecaria agallocha (T), Casuarina glauca (E), Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (E), Aegiceras corniculatum 

(T), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Myoporum acuminatum (T), Hibiscus tiliaceus (M1), Cupaniopsis anacardioides (M1), 

Baccharis halimifolia*, Lantana camara* (M1), Callistemon salignus, Ficus macrophylla, Ficus virens var. sublanceolata, 

Senna pendula var. glabrata*. 

Climbers: Ipomoea cairica*, Cynanchum carnosum, Parsonsia straminea, Passiflora suberosa*, Solanum seaforthianum*. 

Epiphtyes: Dendrobium linguiforme, Psilotum nudum, Pyrrosia rupestris. 

Misteltoes: Amyema cambagei, Notothixos subaureus. 

Grasses: Phragmites australis (M1), Sporobolus virginicus var. minor (L1), Oplismenus aemulus, Ottochloa gracillima 

(L1), Cynodon dactylon. 

Ferns: Acrostichum speciosum. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Fimbristylis ferruginea (L1), Triglochin striatum (L1), Bolboschoenus caldwellii, Eleocharis acuta, 

Carex appressa, Isolepis inundata. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Apium prostratum (L1), Triglochin striatum, Suaeda australis (L1), Einadia hastata (L1), Bacopa 

monnieri (L1), Enydra fluctuans, Tetragonia tetragonioides, Sesuvium portulacastrum (L1), Lilaeopsis polyantha (L1), 

Aster subulatus*, Cotula coronopifolia*, Commelina cyanea, Crinum pedunculatum, Dianella caerulea. 



70 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Acrostichum speciosum 4 100% 2 5% Positive 

Aegiceras corniculatum 2 67% 4 5% Positive 

Apium prostratum 4 67% 2 1% Positive 

Avicennia marina 4 67% 4 5% Positive 

Bacopa monnieri 2 50% 2 2% positive 

Casuarina glauca 3 100% 3 21% Positive 

Cynanchum carnosum 2 50% 2 2% positive 

Einadia hastata 2 50% 2 1% positive 

Excoecaria agallocha 4 100% 3 3% Positive 

Fimbristylis ferruginea 3 83% 2 1% Positive 

Lilaeopsis polyantha 2 17% 0 0% positive 

Myoporum acuminatum 2 50% 2 2% positive 


Trigrochlin striatum 2 67% 2 1% positive


Community 6 Swamp Oak–Hoop Pine–Tuckeroo Swamp Sclerophyll/ 

dry ‘gallery’ Floodplain Rainforest 

Scientific name: Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca), Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) <strong>and</strong> Tuckeroo 

(Cupaniopsis anarcardioides) Swamp Sclerophyll/Dry ‘Gallery’ Floodplain Rainforest. 

Sites: (1) BIL09albk. 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Floodplain Wetl<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> Rainforest-Dry ‘Gallery’ Rainforest (Keith 2006); 101 

– Littoral Rainforest, 104 – Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest on floodplain, <strong>and</strong> 601 – Swamp She-oak Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> 

(Kingston et al. 2004); Suballiance 3 – Cryptocarya obovata–Dendrocnide excelsa–Ficus spp. Araucaria, <strong>and</strong> 

Suballiance 17 – Cupaniopsis anarcardioides (Floyd 1990); FE168 – Rainforest (NPWS 1999). 


This is a mesic community occurring on the upper edge <strong>of</strong> Community 5. It is an open forest community dominated 

by Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca), Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) <strong>and</strong> Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anarcardioides), 

with a closed mid-storey including Tuckeroo, Cottonwood Hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus) <strong>and</strong> Myoporum acuminatum. 

Associated small trees include Small-leaved Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis parvifolia), Rusty Fig (Ficus rubiginosa) <strong>and</strong> 

Foambark Tree (Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus). The lower layer consists <strong>of</strong> Einadia hastata <strong>and</strong> 

the exotic species Asparagus plumosus <strong>and</strong> Rhode’s Grass (Chloris gayana). 


Habitat: A lower slope site with a mixture sedimentary derived <strong>and</strong> estuarine soil characteristics. The presence <strong>of</strong> 

Swamp Oak suggests a saline soil influence. 

Disturbance: The site is disturbed by weeds <strong>and</strong> had been lightly burnt 20–50 years previously. 

Location: Recorded at mouth <strong>of</strong> Cobaki Creek, Cobaki Broadwater. 


Threats: Weed infestation <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> clearing. 

Conservation status: Contains components <strong>of</strong> both Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest <strong>and</strong> Dry ‘Gallery’ Rainforest/ 

Subtropical coastal floodplain forest EECs. Probably poorly reserved <strong>and</strong> under considerable threat on the alluvial 

plain. 


Structure 


Tallest 15–20 60 

Middle 1 2–8 70 

<strong>Lower</strong> 1 0–1 50 

Floristics 

Trees: Araucaria cunninghamii (T), Casuarina glauca (T). 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Cupaniopsis anacardioides (M1), Hibiscus tiliaceus (M1), Cupaniopsis parvifolia, Myoporum 

acuminatum (M1), Ficus rubiginosa, Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Lantana camara*, Sida 

rhombifolia*. 

72 - Appendix 1


Climbers: Parsonsia straminea, Passiflora suberosa*, Cynanchum carnosum, Ipomoea cairica*. 

Epiphtyes: Pyrrosia rupestris, Platycerium superbum. 

Grasses Chloris gayana* (L1), Sporobolus virginicus. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Einadia hastata (L1), Asparagus plumosus* (L1), Sonchus oleraceus*, Tetragonia tetragonioides. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native species: 17 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 17 




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Araucaria cunninghamii 3 100% 2 6% positive 


Cupaniopsis anacardiodes 4 100% 1 34% positive 

Cupaniopsis parvifolia 2 100% 1 5% positive 


Einadia hastata 3 100% 2 1% positive 

Ficus rubiginosa 2 100% 1 1% positive 

Hibiscus tiliaceus 4 100% 2 3% positive 

Myoporum acuminatum 2 100% 2 2% positive 


Pyrrosia rupestris 2 100% 2 3% positive 

Tetragonia tetragonioides 2 100% 2 1% positive


Community 7 Prickly Couch–Sea Rush–Schoenoplectus subulatus 

saltmarsh 

Scientific name: Prickly Couch (Zoysia macrantha), Sea Rush (Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis) <strong>and</strong> 

Schoenoplectus subulatus Open to Closed Tussock Grassl<strong>and</strong>/Sedgel<strong>and</strong>/Rushl<strong>and</strong> 

Sites: (5) BALL14estcbb, WOO20estcbb, WOO02estss, WOO25estch, WOO14estss. 


Saline Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Saltmarshes (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.1.2 Saltpan <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Young <strong>and</strong> 

Dillewaard 1999); S2 – Juncus krausii tall to very tall closed Rushl<strong>and</strong> (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 603 – Saltmarsh 

Communities (Kingston et al. 2004); Sedgel<strong>and</strong> (S) Schoenoplectus subulatus ( Griffith 2007); Zoysia macrantha 

tussock grassl<strong>and</strong> (Adam et al. 1988). Combinations <strong>of</strong> Juncus kraussii, Zoysia macrantha with Schoenoplectus 

subulatus are rarely documented in the literature. 


Four <strong>of</strong> the five sites <strong>of</strong> this community 

(WOO02estss, WOO14estss, 

WOO20estcbb, WOO25estch) are low 

grassl<strong>and</strong>–sedgel<strong>and</strong> communities with 

trees absent or emergent; Schoenoplectus 

subulatus is abundant <strong>and</strong> Prickly 

Couch (Zoysia macrantha) is always 

present. These sites are geographically 

separated form the remaining site 

(BALL14estcbb), which may be more 

appropriately classified into Community 

62. This site has a tall, emergent 

layer <strong>of</strong> River Mangrove (Aegiceras 

corniculatum), Black Mangrove 

(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) <strong>and</strong> Grey 

Mangrove (Avicennia marina subsp. 

australasica). 


Habitat: Very low-lying sites subject to saline tidal influences in estuarine channels <strong>and</strong> saline swamps on the 

floodplain <strong>of</strong> Evans River <strong>and</strong> North Creek. Griffith (2007) records a sedgel<strong>and</strong> unit with a component dominated 

by Schoenoplectus subulatus in the Wallis Lake Catchment. 

Disturbance: Light to moderate grazing. 

Example locations: Tuckombil, South Bank on the Evans River, <strong>and</strong> Sawpit Creek on the Evans River. 


Conservation status: The reservation status <strong>of</strong> Zoysia macrantha tussock grassl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Juncus kraussii subsp. 

australiensus rushl<strong>and</strong> on the north coast <strong>of</strong> NSW has been assessed as fair (Griffith 2005). The reservation status 

<strong>of</strong> Schoenoplectus litoralis (=s.subulatus) sedgel<strong>and</strong> was assessed as poor (Griffith 2005). Juncus krausii rushl<strong>and</strong>s are 

reserved in Broadwater NP, Bundjalung NP <strong>and</strong> Yuraygir NP. 

Threats: Grazing, draining, clearing. 


74 - Appendix 1

Structure 







Floristics 

Trees: Casuarina glauca (E), Aegiceras corniculatum (E), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (T). 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: 

Climbers: Cynanchum carnosum 

Misteltoes: Amyema cambagei. 

Ground Cover: 

Grasses Zoysia macrantha (L1). 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis (L1), Schoenoplectus subulatus. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: None recorded. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native species: 9 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per plot: 2–4 (mean 3 ± 1) 




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 



Samolus repens 2 20% 0 0% positive


Community 8 Swamp Oak king-tide swamp sclerophyll forest 

Scientific name: Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) with Sea Rush (Juncus krausii), Prickly Couch (Zoysia 

macrantha) <strong>and</strong> Mat Grass (Hemarthria uncinata) Swamp Sclerophyll King Tide Forest. 

Sites: (4) BYR03cbrdg, BYR39cbdne, BYR26estsswp, TWE09estsswp. 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Swamp Forests, <strong>and</strong> Saline Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Mangroves (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 

12.1.1 Casuarina glauca ± Melaleuca quinquenervia open forest on estuarine deposits (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 

601 – Swamp She-oak Closed Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); F10 – Casuarina glauca tall to very tall 

open to closed forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 4005 – Casuarina glauca Swamp Sclerophyll Forest <strong>and</strong> Woodl<strong>and</strong> 

(Griffith & Wilson 2007); Grey Mangrove–River Mangrove–Swamp Oak (MSO) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 

1999); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 143 – Swamp Oak (NPWS 1999). 


An open to closed forest <strong>of</strong> Swamp Oak 

(Casuarina glauca), with a mid- to lower 

layer <strong>of</strong> Common Reed (Phragmites 

australis), Sea Rush (Juncus kraussii 

subsp. australiensis), Mangrove Fern 

(Acrostichum speciosum) <strong>and</strong> Prickly 

Couch (Sporobolus virginicus) <strong>and</strong> 

Matgrass (Hemarthria uncinata). 


Habitat: The littoral zone inl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> the 

mangrove <strong>and</strong> saltmarsh zone on saline 

inter-barrier creek deposits mixed with 

adjoining Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s. 

Disturbance: Little evidence <strong>of</strong> 

disturbance, though one site had been 

lightly burnt <strong>and</strong> some weeds were 

present. 

Locations: Sites at Skinners Shoot; Belongil Swamp in Tyagarah NR; Brunswick Heads; <strong>and</strong> Ukerebagh NR. 


Conservation status: Reserved in Tweed Estuary NR, Ukerebagh NR, Cudgen NR, Billinudgel NR, Brunswick 

Heads NR, Cumbebin Swamp NR, Ballina NR <strong>and</strong> Richmond River NR. 

Threats: Burning, grazing <strong>and</strong> clearing. 


76 - Appendix 1

Structure 



Tallest 5–40 30–70 

Middle 1 0.5–2 30 



Floristics 

Trees: Casuarina glauca (T), Aegiceras corniculatum (T). 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Senna pendula var. glabrata* (M1). 

Climbers: Parsonsia straminea, Cynanchum carnosum, Marsdenia rostrata. 

Misteltoes: Notothixos subaureus. 

Grasses: Hemarthria uncinata (L1), Phragmites australis (M1), Ischaemum australe. 

Ferns: Acrostichum speciosum (L1). 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis (L1), Baumea juncea (L1). 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Sarcocornia quinqueflora subsp. quinqueflora (L1), Bacopa monnieri, Mitrasacme alsinoides. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native species: 21 No <strong>of</strong> taxa per plot: 9–13 (mean 9 ± 3) 




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Acrostichum specoisum 3 80% 2 5% positive 


Hemarthria uncinata 3 100% 2 3% positive 


Mitrasacme alsinoides 1 20% 0 0% positive 



Community 9 Sea Rush–Mat Grass Saltmarsh 

Scientific Name: Sea Rush (Juncus krausii) <strong>and</strong> Mat Grass (Hemarthria uncinata) Saltmarsh. 

Sites: (3) BYR27estsswp, BYR28estsswp, TWE20esttdf. 


Saline Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Saltmarshes (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.1.2 Saltpan <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Young <strong>and</strong> 

Dillewaard 1999); S2 – Juncus krausii tall to very tall closed Rushl<strong>and</strong> (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 603 – Saltmarsh 

Communities (Kingston et al. 2004); Juncus kraussii–Sporobolus virginicus community (Adam et al. 1988). An 

association between Juncus kraussii <strong>and</strong> Hemarthria uncinata was recorded in a Baumea juncea–Juncus kraussii 

community from the Lane Cove River (Adam et al. 1988). 


A community with a dense ground layer 

<strong>of</strong> Sea Rush (Juncus krausii), Mat Grass 

(Hemarthria uncinata) <strong>and</strong> saltmarsh 

species such as Sarcocornia quinqueflora 

subsp. quinqueflora <strong>and</strong> Saltwater Couch 

(Sporoblous virginicus). 


Habitat: Low-lying estuarine saline 

swamps fringing a tidal delta flat 

adjacent to mangroves on the Tweed 

River. 

Disturbance: There was no evidence <strong>of</strong> 

disturbance at these sites. 

Example Locations: Belongil Creek <strong>and</strong> 

Ukerebagh NR. 


Conservation status: Reserved in Ukerebagh NR. Saline grassl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> saltmarshes are <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>of</strong> restricted 

occurrence <strong>and</strong> have been heavily affected by filling <strong>and</strong> coastal development. 

Threats: Clearing, sedimentation <strong>and</strong> grazing. 


Structure 




Floristics 

Trees: Casuarina glauca (E), Aegiceras corniculatum (E). 

Grasses Sporobolus virginicus (L1), Hemarthria uncinata (L1). 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis. 

78 - Appendix 1


Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Sarcocornia quinqueflora subsp. quinqueflora (L1). 

Number <strong>of</strong> native species: 20 No <strong>of</strong> taxa per plot: 2–8 (mean 5 ± 3) 




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 






Mitrasacme alsinoides 1 20% 0 0% positive 



Group 2–Freshwater, seasonally/permanently inundated soils 

Community 10 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak–fern/sedge 

Swamp Sclerophyll Forest 

Scientific name: Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) with 

Swamp Water Fern (Blechnum indicum) <strong>and</strong> Carex apressa Swamp Sclerophyll Forest. 

Sites: (5) BALL03ESBB, BALL04ESTSS, BALL05ESTB, WOO06albk, WAR37cbrdg. 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Swamp Forests, <strong>and</strong> Coastal Floodplain Wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 

12.1.1 Casuarina glauca ± Melaleuca quinquenervia open forest on estuarine deposits (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 

F8 – Melaleuca quinquenervia tall to very tall open to closed forest, <strong>and</strong> F10 – Casuarina glauca tall to very tall 

open to closed forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); NPWS Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> 40031/2 Melaleuca quinquenervia 

swamp sclerophyll forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>, 40051/2 Casuarina glauca forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> 40991/2 Mixed st<strong>and</strong>s 

<strong>of</strong> Melaleuca quinquenervia–Casuarina glauca NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007); 402 

– Broad-leaved Paperbark/Swamp She-Oak Closed Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); North-east NSW 

Forest Ecosystems 112 Paperbark, <strong>and</strong> 143 Swamp Oak (NPWS 1999). 


A tall open forest dominated by 

Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca 

quinquenervia) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak 

(Casuarina glauca). A sparse middle layer 

<strong>of</strong> small trees, including Blue Lilly Pilly 

(Syzygium oleosum), Camphor Laurel 

(Cinnamomum camphora) <strong>and</strong> Guioa 

semiglauca was present at only one site 

(BALL04ESTSS). The lower layer 

consists <strong>of</strong> an open to dense layer <strong>of</strong> 

Swamp Water Fern (Blechnum indicum) 

<strong>and</strong> River Lily (Crinum pedunculatum). 

Sites BALL03ESSW <strong>and</strong> BALL05ESTB 

had a dense cover <strong>of</strong> Azolla filiculoides. 


Habitat: Located on the estuarine plain 

in low-lying, very wet saline sites around 

Ballina; one site was located on an alluvial 

backswamp. 

Disturbance: Light disturbance from weeds in all sites <strong>and</strong> from fire at one (BALL05ESTB). 

Example locations: Tuckombil, Ballina Airport, Ballina sewage treatment plant, <strong>and</strong> south <strong>of</strong> Lennox Head. 

80 - Appendix 1



Threats: Clearing, grazing <strong>and</strong> weed 

invasion. 

Conservation status: Occurrences <strong>of</strong> 

this community on the alluvial plain 

are examples <strong>of</strong> the ‘Swamp Sclerophyll 

Forest on Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> <strong>of</strong> the 

NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> 

South East Corner bioregions’ EEC. The 

surveyed sites for Community 10 were 

not reserved. Floodplain occurrences 

<strong>of</strong> both Broad-leaved Paperbark <strong>and</strong> 

Swamp Oak Forests communities are 

poorly reserved (Griffith 2005). In the 

study area, floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> 

Broad-leaved Paperbark are reserved 

at Stotts Isl<strong>and</strong> NR, Tuckean NR, 

Bungawalbyn NR, Yarringully SCA <strong>and</strong> Broadwater NP. Estuarine occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark are better 

represented in reserves, for example at Ballina NR, Bundjalung NP, Iluka NR, <strong>and</strong> Cudgen NR. 

Significant taxa: Cladium procerum. 

Structure 


Tallest 18–35 20–40 

Middle 1 0.5–10 5–15 



Floristics 

Trees: Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Casuarina glauca (T), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Lophostemon suaveolens, 

Melaleuca alternifolia, Ficus macrophylla, Ficus watkinsiana, Litsea australis. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Cinnamomum camphora* (M1), Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Callistemon salignus (T), Cupaniopsis 

anacardioides, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Guioa semiglauca (M1), Acacia melanoxylon, Syzygium oleosum (M1), Baccharis 

halimifolia*, Commersonia bartramia, Duboisia myoporoides, Glochidion sumatranum, Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus 

forma pseudorhus, Lantana camara*, Myrsine howittiana. 

Climbers: Parsonsia straminea (T), Ipomoea cairica*, Lygodium microphyllum, Smilax australis, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, 

Marsdenia rostrata, Morinda jasminoides. 

Epiphtyes: Platycerium superbum, Platycerium bifurcatum, Psilotum nudum, Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens. 

Grasses: Phragmites australis (M1), Paspalum conjugatum* (M1), Cynodon dactylon, Imperata cylindrica var. major, 

Panicum bisulcatum. 

Ferns: Blechnum indicum (M1), Azolla filiculoides (L1), Hypolepis muelleri, Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Carex appressa (M1), Baumea articulata, Cyperus lucidus (L1), Schoenoplectus subulatus, 

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis, Cladium procerum, Cyperus trinervis, Schoenoplectus mucronatus. 

81 - Appendix 1


Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Enydra fluctuans, Persicaria dichotoma, Persicaria strigosa (L1), Crinum pedunculatum (L1), 

Commelina benghalensis*, Commelina cyanea, Dianella caerulea, Hydrocotyle verticillata, Eclipta prostrata, Persicaria 

orientalis, Triglochin multifructum. 





Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Azolla filiculoides 4 50% 0 0% positive 


Blechnum indicum 4 100% 2 16% positive 

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis 1 25% 0 0% positive 




Hypolepis muelleri 2 50% 2 16% positive 

Lygodium microphyllum 2 50% 2 6% positive 



Persicaria dichotoma 2 100% 2 3% positive 



Platycerium superbum 2 50% 1 8% positive 

Schoenus mucronatus 1 25% 0 0% positive 

Triglochin multifructum 1 25% 0 0% positive


Community 11 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Pink-flowered Doughwood 

Swamp Sclerophyll Open Forest 

Scientific name: Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Pink-flowered Doughwood (Melicope 

elleryana) <strong>and</strong> Harsh Ground Fern (Hypolepis muelleri) Swamp Sclerophyll Open forest. 

Sites: (6) BRU33cbbbf, BRU34cbbbf, POT12alfan, CUD15esttdf, WAR01ALFL, WAR04alsw. 


Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Swamp Forests, <strong>and</strong> Coastal Floodplain Wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystems 12.2.7 

Melaleuca quinquenervia open forest to woodl<strong>and</strong> on Quaternary s<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> 12.3.5 Melaleuca quinquenervia on 

alluvium (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 401 – Broad-leaved Paperbark Closed Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et 

al. 2004); F8 – Melaleuca quinquenervia tall to very tall open to closed forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 40031/2 

Melaleuca quinquenervia forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007); Paperbark(PB) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological 

Services, 1999); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 112 Paperbark (NPWS 1999). 


A tall, open to closed forest structure 

dominated by Broad-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca quinquenervia). The 

community has an open to dense midlayer 

with Pink-flowered Doughwood 

(Melicope ellaryana) being particularly 

abundant; associated trees include 

Cabbage Tree Palm (Livistonia australis), 

Lilly Pilly (Acmena smithii), Bangalow 

Palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana) 

<strong>and</strong> Willow Bottlebrush (Callistemon 

salignus). The open lower layer comprises 

a dense cover <strong>of</strong> Rough Ground Fern 

(Hyoplepis muelleri), Swamp Water Fern 

(Blechnum indicum), River Lily (Crinum 

pedunculatum), Cyperus lucidus <strong>and</strong> Viola 

banksii. The climber Common Silkpod 

(Parsonsia straminea) is present <strong>and</strong> common in most sites. Smart Weed (Persicaria strigosa) is also frequent in the 

ground layer. In the overstorey, Community 11 differs from the closely related Community 12 in the high cover 

abundance <strong>of</strong> Pink-flowered Doughwood (Melicope elleryana), the presence <strong>of</strong> Cabbage Tree Palm <strong>and</strong> the low 

cover abundance <strong>of</strong> Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca). Other differences between these two communities include 

the presence or higher cover abundances <strong>of</strong> the shrub Acmena smithii, the sedge Cyperus lucidus, Swamp Rice Grass 

(Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra), the grass Ischaemum australe <strong>and</strong> species <strong>of</strong> climbing plants. 


Habitat: A group <strong>of</strong> slightly more elevated sites with limited tidal influence, located on the alluvial floodplain <strong>of</strong> 

the Evans River <strong>and</strong> Bingal Creek <strong>and</strong> waterlogged s<strong>and</strong>y backbarrier flats on Simpsons Creek, at Tyagarah. The 

community is also found on the upper limit <strong>of</strong> the alluvial plain immediately downslope <strong>of</strong> sedimentary parent 

material. This community <strong>of</strong>ten occurs in association with Community 10 at slightly higher elevations with respect 

to the water table, enabling colonisation by rainforest species, such as Pink-flowered Doughwood <strong>and</strong> Acmena 

smithii. 

Disturbance: There was no evidence <strong>of</strong> disturbance at three sites (BRU33cbbbf, BRU34cbbbf, WAR04alsw). One 

83 - Appendix 1


site (WAR01ALFL) had been lightly grazed, <strong>and</strong> another two (POT12alfan, CUD15esttdf) had been subject to 

moderate levels <strong>of</strong> clearing <strong>and</strong> had a moderate degree <strong>of</strong> weed invasion. 

Example locations: Simpsons Creek at Tyagarah, Bagotville, Lumleys Lane at Wardell, Cudgen NR <strong>and</strong> Billinudgel 

NR. 



Conservation status: Occurrences <strong>of</strong> this community on the alluvial plain are examples <strong>of</strong> ‘Swamp Sclerophyll 

Forest on Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions’ EEC. Two 

<strong>of</strong> the sample sites were within Cudgen NR <strong>and</strong> Billinudgel NR. Floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark 

are poorly reserved (Griffith 2005). In the study area, floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark are reserved 

at Stotts Isl<strong>and</strong> NR, Tuckean NR, Bungawalbyn NR, Yarringully SCA, <strong>and</strong> Broadwater NP. Estuarine <strong>and</strong> coastal 

barrier s<strong>and</strong> occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark are better represented in reserves. 

Significant taxa: Cladium procerum, Cordyline congesta (ROTAP: 2RC-). 

Structure 


Tallest 15–35 30–70 

Middle 1 2–15 5–80 



Floristics 

Trees: Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Melicope elleryana (T), Livistona australis (T), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, 

Eucalyptus propinqua (T), Lophostemon suaveolens, Glochidion sumatranum (T), Casuarina glauca (T), Symplocos 

thwaitesii (M1), Ficus watkinsiana. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Acmena smithii (M1), Callistemon salignus, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Ficus coronata 

(M1), Myrsine howittiana (M1), Maclura cochinchinensis, Cinnamomum camphora*, Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Acacia 

melanoxylon, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor, Glochidion sumatranum, Pittosporum revolutum, Senna 

pendula var. glabrata*, Diploglottis cunninghamii, Psychotria loniceroides, Rhodamnia rubescens, Rhodomyrtus psidioides, 

Cryptocarya microneura. 

Climbers: Parsonsia straminea, Morinda jasminoides, Marsdenia rostrata, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Lygodium 

microphyllum, Stephania japonica var. discolor, Passiflora suberosa*, Smilax australis, Mucuna gigantea, Ipomoea cairica*. 

Epiphtyes: Dendrobium linguiforme. 

Grasses: Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra (L1), Ottochloa gracillima, Phragmites australis, Axonopus compressus*, Entolasia marginata, 

Oplismenus aemulus, Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis. 

Ferns: Hypolepis muelleri (L1), Blechnum indicum (L1), Christella dentata, Calochlaena dubia. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Cyperus lucidus (L1), Gahnia clarkei (L1), Carex breviculmis (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra hystrix (L1), 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia, Carex appressa (L1), Baumea articulata, Cladium procerum, Carex maculata. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Crinum pedunculatum (L1), Viola banksii (L2), Persicaria strigosa, Cordyline congesta, Alocasia 

brisbanensis, Dianella caerulea, Drymaria cordata subsp. cordata, Alternanthera denticulata, Commelina cyanea, 

Philydrum lanuginosum, Persicaria dichotoma, Cordyline rubra, Erechtites valerianifolia*. 



84 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Archontophoenix 

cunninghamiana 

2 50% 2 25% positive 


Cordyline congesta 2 50% 1 13% positive 

Crinum pedunculatum 3 83% 1 4% positive 

Cyperus lucidus 4 50% 1 1% positive 

Ficus coronata 2 67% 2 13% positive 



Melicope elleryana 3 100% 2 18% positive 

Morinda jasminoides 3 50% 2 26% positive 



Viola banksii 3 67% 2 19% positive


Community 12 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak Ferny Swamp 

Sclerophyll Forest 

Scientific Name: Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) 

with Swamp Water Fern (Blechnum indicum) <strong>and</strong> Harsh Ground Fern (Hypolepis muelleri) Swamp Sclerophyll 

Open to Closed Forest. 

Sites: (11) BALL07cbrdg, BALL08estsswp, BRU12cbdne, BYR23cbdne, BYR04estcl, BYR14lsrh, BYR22lsrh, 

BYR21alfan, BYR25estsswp, TWE31esttdf, BYR10estcl. 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Swamp Forests, <strong>and</strong> Coastal Floodplain Wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Keith 2006); Qld Regional 

Ecosystems 12.3.5 Melaleuca quinquenervia open forest on alluvium, <strong>and</strong> 12.2.7 Melaleuca quinquenervia open forest 

to woodl<strong>and</strong> on Quaternary s<strong>and</strong>s (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 401 – Broad-leaved Paperbark Closed Forest to 

Woodl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> 402 – Broad-leaved Paperbark/Swamp Sheoak Closed Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); 

F8 – Melaleuca quinquenervia tall to very tall open to closed forest, <strong>and</strong> F10 Casuarina glauca tall to very tall open to 

closed forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 40031/2 Melaleuca quinquenervia forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>, 40051/2 Casuarina 

glauca forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> 40991/2 Mixed st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Melaleuca quinquenervia–Casuarina glauca NPWS NSW 

Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystems 112 Paperbark <strong>and</strong> 143 Swamp 

Oak (NPWS 1999). 


An open to closed forest structure 

in which Broad-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca quinquenervia) clearly 

dominates but is frequently associated 

with Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) 

<strong>and</strong> occasionally associated with 

Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta). 

A middle layer is characterised by 

Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), 

Pink-flowered Doughwood (Melicope 

elleryana) <strong>and</strong> Blueberry Ash 

(Elaeocarpus reticulatus). The climber 

Parsonsia straminea is very abundant in 

this community, as is the climbing fern 

Lygodium microphyllum. The lower layer 

has a high proportion <strong>of</strong> cover attributed 

to Swamp Water Fern (Blechnum 

indicum) <strong>and</strong> Harsh Ground Fern 

(Hypolepis muelleri), <strong>and</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> common sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes including Twig Rush (Baumea juncea), Baumea 

rubiginosa, saw sedges (Gahnia sieberiana, G. clarkei), Lepironia articulata <strong>and</strong> Common Reed (Phragmites australis) 

<strong>and</strong> the grass Entolasia marginata. Cladium procerum was very abundant in the lower layer in site BYR10estcl. This 

community is closely related to Community 11. Overstorey differences between Communities 11 <strong>and</strong> 12 include 

the very high cover abundance <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark, the presence <strong>of</strong> Swamp Mahogany <strong>and</strong> the higher 

cover abundance <strong>of</strong> Swamp Oak in this community. Other differences include the presence or higher abundance 

<strong>of</strong> Blueberry Ash, Common Reed, the saw sedge Gahnia sieberiana, Lepironia articulata, Entolosia marginata, Swamp 

Millet (Ischaemum australe) <strong>and</strong> Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum). 

86 - Appendix 1



Habitat: Located on waterlogged dune swales, backbarrier flats on Pleistocene dunes, estuarine tidal flats, <strong>and</strong> an 

alluvial channel adjacent to the Wardell S<strong>and</strong>plain. This community is less elevated than Community 11, with 

estuarine <strong>and</strong> Pleistocene barrier s<strong>and</strong> influences. 

Disturbance: There is light to moderate weed disturbance at most sites, <strong>and</strong> moderate to light fire disturbance at 

TWE31esttd <strong>and</strong> BALL07cbrdg. There is no evidence <strong>of</strong> disturbance at sites BYR10estcl <strong>and</strong> BYR04estcl. 

Example locations: Piggabeen Road, Tweed Heads; New Brighton; Cumbebin NR; Ti Tree Cemetery Road; 

Bangalow Road; <strong>and</strong> T<strong>and</strong>ys Lane, Newybar. 


Threats: Clearing, burning, grazing <strong>and</strong> weed infestation. 


Forest on Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions’ EEC. 

Site BRU12cbdne was within Marshalls Creek NR, <strong>and</strong> site BYR23cbdne was in Cumbebin Swamp NR. Floodplain 

occurrences <strong>of</strong> both Broad-leaved Paperbark <strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak Forests communities are poorly reserved (Griffith 

2005). In the study area, floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark are reserved at Stotts Isl<strong>and</strong> NR, 

Tuckean NR, Bungawalbyn NR, Yarringully SCA <strong>and</strong> Broadwater NP. 

Significant taxa: Cordyline congesta (ROTAP: 2RC-). 

Structure 


Tallest 6–30 50–80 

Middle 1 1–20 15–50 

Middle 2 0.5–2 40–60 



Floristics 

Trees: Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Melicope elleryana (M1), Casuarina glauca (T), Glochidion sumatranum (T), 

Eucalyptus robusta (T), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (M1). 

Sub canopy trees: Glochidion sumatranum, Elaeocarpus reticulatus (M1), Acacia melanoxylon (M1), Cupaniopsis 

anacardioides, Guioa semiglauca, Cinnamomum camphora*, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Ficus macrophylla, Acmena smithii. 

Shrubs: Senna pendula var. glabrata*, Hibiscus diversifolius, Lantana camara*, Leptospermum polygalifolium (M1), 

*Urena lobata. 

Climbers: Parsonsia straminea (T), Lygodium microphyllum (M1), Marsdenia rostrata, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Ipomoea 

cairica*, Stephania japonica var. discolor, Eustrephus latifolius. 

Mistletoes: Amyema congener subsp. congener. 

Grasses: Entolasia marginata (L1), Phragmites australis (L1), Ischaemum australe (L1), *Paspalum conjugatum (L1), 

Imperata cylindrica var. major (L1), *Andropogon virginicus, Hemarthria uncinata, Ottochloa gracillima. 

Ferns: Blechnum indicum (L1), Hypolepis muelleri (L1), Pteridium esculentum (M2), Cyclosorus interruptus, Histiopteris 

incisa, Christella dentata, Gleichenia dicarpa. 

87 - Appendix 1


Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Gahnia sieberiana (M2), Lepironia articulata, Gahnia clarkei (M2), Baumea teretifolia (L1), 

Baumea juncea, Baumea rubiginosa (L1), Cladium procerum (L1), Baloskion tetraphyllum (L2), Typha orientalis, Cyperus 

lucidus. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Viola banksii, Melastoma affine, Persicaria dichotoma, Persicaria strigosa, Centella asiatica, Persicaria 

hydropiper, Alternanthera denticulata, Enydra fluctuans, Goodenia paniculata, Lobelia anceps. 





Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 



Entolasia marginata 2 64% 2 10% positive 

Entolasia stricta 3 9% 0 0% positive 

Gahnia sieberiana 2 73% 3 4% positive 

Hibiscus diversifolia 1 36% 0 0% positive 


Lepironia articualata 2 55% 4 3% positive 

Lygophyllum microphyllum 3 64% 1 4% positive 


Parsonsia straminea 3 100% 1 43% positive


Community 13 Alluvial plain Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp 

Mahogany–Saw Sedge/Swamp Water Fern Swamp Sclerophyll Forest 

Scientific name: Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) 

<strong>and</strong> with Saw Sedge (Gahnia clarkei) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Water Fern (Blechnum indicum) Swamp Sclerophyll Low to 

Open Forest. 

Sites: (5) WAR19albk, WAR45albk, WAR25albk, WAR44albk, WAR31cbrdg 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Floodplain Wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystems 12.3.5 Melaleuca 

quinquenervia open forest on alluvium, <strong>and</strong> 12.2.7 Melaleuca quinquenervia open forest to woodl<strong>and</strong> on Quaternary 

s<strong>and</strong>s (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 401 – Broad-leaved Paperbark Closed Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 

2004); F8 – Melaleuca quinquenervia tall to very tall open to closed forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 40031/2 

Melaleuca quinquenervia forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>, 40981/2 Mixed st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eucalyptus robusta–Melaleuca quinquenervia, 

64051 Lepironia articulata Sedgel<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> 64131 Eleocharis equisetina Sedgel<strong>and</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007); Swamp 

Mahogany/Swamp Box (SMB) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); Forest Ecosystem 112 Paperbark (NPWS 

1999). 


A low open forest dominated by 


quinquenervia) <strong>and</strong> which, in one site, 

is associated with Swamp Mahogany 

(Eucalyptus robusta). A sparse middle 

layer comprises Pink-flowered 

Doughwood (Melicope elleryana), 

Umbrella Cheese Tree (Glochidion 

sumatranum), Duboisia myoporoides <strong>and</strong> 

Black Wattle (Callicoma serratifolia). 

An open to dense lower layer is present, 

including Entolasia marginata, Rough 

Ground Fern (Hypolepis muelleri), Swamp 

Water Fern (Blechnum indicum), Bat’s 

Wing Fern (Histiopteris incisa), Eleocharis 

equisetina, Ditch Millet (Paspalum 

orbiculare), Lepironia articulata, Saltwater 

Couch (Paspalum vaginatum) <strong>and</strong> Isolepis inundata. Site WAR25albk consists <strong>of</strong> a Lepironia artuculata–Eleocharis 

equisetina sedgel<strong>and</strong> with emergent Broad-leaved Paperbark. Site WAR31cbrdg was an association <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved 

Paperbark–Swamp Mahogany growing on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s with a sparse mid-story <strong>of</strong> Wallum Bottlebrush 

(Callistemon pachyphylllus) <strong>and</strong> a ground layer <strong>of</strong> sedges, including the vulnerable Persicaria elatior. 


Habitat: Found in the stagnant alluvial backswamp <strong>of</strong> Tuckean Swamp <strong>and</strong> on watelogged sites on the Wardell 

Pleistocene barrier s<strong>and</strong> mass. 

Disturbance: Site WAR25albk was severely burnt, <strong>and</strong> all other sites had been recently burnt. Weed disturbance 

was light to moderate. WAR19albk <strong>and</strong> WAR45albk were lightly grazed. 

Example locations: Tuckean (four sites on alluvium), Jali L<strong>and</strong>s at Wardell (one site on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s). 

89 - Appendix 1




Conservation status: Occurrences <strong>of</strong> this community on the alluvial plain are probably examples <strong>of</strong> ‘Swamp 

Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner 

bioregions’ EEC. Floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark are poorly reserved (Griffith 2005). Floodplain 

occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark are reserved at Tuckean NR, Bungawalbyn NR, Yarringully SCA, <strong>and</strong> 

Broadwater NP. 

Significant taxa: Persicaria elatior (TSC: Vulnerable). 

Structure 


Tallest 10–25 5–35 

Middle 1 1.5–6 10–20 

<strong>Lower</strong> 1 0.2–1.5 20–90 


Floristics 

Trees: Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Eucalyptus robusta (T), Lophostemon suaveolens. 

Sub-canopy trees: Glochidion sumatranum (M1), Callicoma serratifolia (M1), Melicope elleryana (M1), Duboisia 

myoporoides (T). 

Shrubs: Callistemon pachyphyllus (M1), Acacia elongata, Baccharis halimifolia*, Leptospermum speciosum. 

Climbers: Marsdenia rostrata, Parsonsia straminea, Cassytha pubescens, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens. 

Grasses: Axonopus compressus*, Paspalum orbiculare (L1), Pseudoraphis spinescens, Paspalum vaginatum (L1), Entolasia 

marginata (L1), Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra, Lachnagrostis billardierei subsp. billardierei. 

Ferns: Blechnum indicum (L1), Histiopteris incisa, Hypolepis muelleri (L1), Pteridium esculentum. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Isolepis inundata (L1), Eleocharis equisetina (L1), Lepironia articulata (L1), Cyperus polystachyos, 

Baloskion tetraphyllum, Baumea rubiginosa, Carex appressa, Cyperus haspan subsp. juncoides, Gahnia clarkei, Juncus 

mollis, Baumea articulata, Carex maculata. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Alternanthera denticulata, Persicaria dichotoma, Persicaria elatior, Persicaria strigosa, Philydrum 

lanuginosum, Viminaria juncea. 



90 - Appendix 1



Species Group score Group Non-group Non-group Fidelity class 

frequency score frequency 


Histiopteris incisa 2 60% 1 4% positive 


Isolepis inundata 2 100% 1 1% positive 

Leptospermum speciosum 1 20% 0 0% positive 

Melalecua quinquenervia 4 100% 3 38% positive 

Persicaria elatior 2 20% 0 0% positive 


Pseudoraphis spinescens 2 40% 0 0% positive 

Pteridium esculentum 2 60% 2 20% positive 

91 - Appendix 1


Community 14 Swamp Mahogany–Broad-leaved Paperbark–Bangalow 

Palm–sedge/fern Swamp Sclerophyll Forest 

Scientific name: Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta), Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) 

<strong>and</strong> Bangalow Palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana) with Saw Sedge (Gahnia clarkei) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Water 

Fern (Blechnum indicum) Swamp Sclerophyll Open to Closed Forest. 

Sites: (12) BRU18cbbbf, WAR47alfan, WAR07alilsw, WAR08cbr, WAR17alfan, WAR32albk, BRU25estchf, 

BRU45cbrdg, BYR05cbsw, BYR19alfan, BYR16hsrh, WAR23alfan. 



12.3.5 Melaleuca quinquenervia on alluvium (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 305 – Coastal Swamp Mahogany Open 

Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); F7 – Eucalyptus robusta mid high to very tall open forest (Pressey 

<strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 40021/2 Eucalyptus robusta forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>, 40981/2 Mixed st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eucalyptus robusta– 

Melaleuca quinquenervia, NSW NPWS coastal vegetation (Griffith & Wilson 2007); Swamp Mahogany/Swamp Box 

(SMB) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); North-East NSW Forest Ecosystem 112 Paperbark, <strong>and</strong> 142 Swamp 

Mahogany (NPWS 1999). 


An open to closed swamp sclerophyll forest dominated 

by Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) <strong>and</strong> Broadleaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), with Swamp 

Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) occasionally present. 

An open middle layer <strong>of</strong> trees includes Bangalow Palm 

(Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), Pink-flowered Doughwood 

(Melicope elleryana), Blueberry Ash (Elaeocarpus reticulatus), 

Cabbage Tree Palm (Livistona australis), Lilly Pilly (Acmena 

smithii) <strong>and</strong> Maiden’s Wattle (Acacia maidenii). An open to 

dense lower layer includes Swamp Water Fern (Blechnum 

indicum), Saw Sedge (Gahnia clarkei), Baloskion tetraphyllum, 

Palm Lily (Cordyline congesta), Bat’s Wing Fern (Histiopteris 

incisa), Harsh Ground Fern (Hypolepis mulleri) <strong>and</strong> King Fern 

(Todea barbara). The climber Parsonsia straminea is common in 

a number <strong>of</strong> sites. This community differs from Communities 

10–13 by the co-dominance <strong>of</strong> Swamp Mahogany, its 

association with Swamp Box <strong>and</strong> the absence <strong>of</strong> Swamp Oak 

(Casuarina glauca). 


Habitat: Alluvial <strong>and</strong> colluvial fans <strong>and</strong> channels in narrow 

valleys <strong>and</strong> the along the tributaries <strong>of</strong> coastal creeks. 

Disturbance: There is light to moderate disturbance by weeds <strong>and</strong> fire; site WAR17alfan has been severely logged. 

Example locations: Brunswick Heads Bypass, Bangalow Road, Taylor’s Lake Road, Coolgardie Road, Lumleys 

Lane at Wardell, Thurgates Lane at Wardell, Bagtoville–Alstonville Road, Jali L<strong>and</strong>s at Wardell, <strong>and</strong> Tuckean 

Broadwater. 

92 - Appendix 1



Threats: Clearing, burning, logging, grazing <strong>and</strong> weed infestation. 

Conservation status: This community is a component <strong>of</strong> the ‘Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> 

<strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions’ EEC. The overall reservation status 

<strong>of</strong> Swamp Mahogany Forest in NSW is assessed as probably poor (Griffith 2005). Swamp Mahogany is listed as a 

rare forest ecosystem (NPWS1999). Equivalent communities are reserved in Broadwater NP, Bundjalung NP <strong>and</strong> 

Yuraygir NP (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007). One sample site was located in Brunswick Heads NR. 

Significant taxa: Trichosanthes subvelutina (TSC: Vulnerable). 

Structure 


Tallest 10–30 20–80 

Middle 1 2–20 10–60 

Middle 2 1–5 20–70 


Floristics 

Trees: Lophostemon suaveolens (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Eucalyptus robusta (T), Eucalyptus pilularis (T), 

Eucalyptus microcorys. 

Sub-canopy trees: Acacia maidenii (T), Elaeocarpus reticulatus (T), Melicope elleryana (T), Glochidion sumatranum 

(T), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (M1), Acmena smithii (M1), Livistona australis (M1), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi (M1), 

Cinnamomum camphora* (M1), Allocasuarina torulosa (M1), Callicoma serratifolia (M1), Pittosporum undulatum (M1), 

Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Duboisia myoporoides, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi, 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra virens, Ficus coronata, Guioa semiglauca, Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Litsea australis. 

Shrubs: Lantana camara* (M1), Myrsine howittiana (M1), Psychotria loniceroides (M2), Trochocarpa laurina (M2), 

Acacia longissima, Acacia melanoxylon, Alyxia ruscifolia, Callistemon salignus, Drypetes deplanchei, Embelia australiana, 

Pilidiostigma glabrum, Pittosporum multiflorum, Pittosporum undulatum, Rhodamnia rubescens, Sarcopteryx stipata, 

Syzygium oleosum, Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Wilkiea huegeliana. 

Climbers: Calamus muelleri, Cissus hypoglauca, Desmodium gunnii, Desmodium nemorosum, Dioscorea transversa, 

Echinostephia aculeate, Flagellaria indica, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Hibbertia dentata, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Lygodium 

microphyllum, Marsdenia rostrata, Mucuna gigantea, P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Ripogonum elseyanum, Ripogonum 

fawcettianum, Smilax australis, Smilax glyciphylla, Stephania japonica var. discolor, Tylophora paniculata, Trichosanthes 

subvelutina. 

Epiphtyes: Cymbidium madidum, Cymbidium suave, Platycerium bifurcatum, Platycerium superbum, Asplenium 

australasicum f. australasicum. 

Misteltoes: Muellerina celastroides. 

Grasses: Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Entolasia stricta, Oplismenus aemulus. 

Ferns: Todea barbara (M2), Histiopteris incisa (M2), Pteridium esculentum (L1), Blechnum indicum (L1), Blechnum 

camfieldii (L1), Adiantum hispidulum, Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Calochlaena dubia, Davallia solida var. 

pyxidata. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Gahnia clarkei (M2), Baloskion tetraphyllum (L1), Cyperus enervis, Gahnia sieberiana. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Ochna serrulata* (L1), Cordyline congesta, Ageratina adenophora*, Alocasia brisbanensis, Alpinia 

arundelliana, Alpinia caerulea, Breynia oblongifolia, Brunoniella australis, Commelina cyanea, Cordyline rubra, Crinum 

pedunculatum, Cryptostylis erecta, Homalanthus populifolius, Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Pomax umbellata. 

93 - Appendix 1





Species Group 

Group 

frequency 




frequency 



2 94% 2 22% positive 

Blechnum camfieldii 2 6% 0 0% positive 



Elaeocarpus reticulatus 3 65% 1 16% positive 

Eucalyptus robusta 3 59% 3 5% positive 

Ficus superba var. henneana 1 6% 0 0% positive 

Gahnia clarkei 3 82% 2 14% positive 


Lophostemon suaveolens 3 53% 2 21% positive 

Marsdenia rostrata 2 82% 1 20% positive 




Trichosanthes subvelutina 1 6% 0 0% positive 

class


Community 15 Bangalow Palm–Swamp Box–Cabbage Tree Palm– 

Weeping Myrtle Alluvial Riparian Forest 

Scientific name: Bangalow Palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens), 

Cabbage Tree Palm (Livistona australis), Weeping Myrtle (Waterhousea floribunda) alluvial riparian forest 

Sites: (5) WAR09cbbbf, WAR33alch, WAR26albk, WAR27alfan, WAR43alfan. 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Floodplain Wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Keith 2006); F9 – Archontophoenix cunninghamiana–Melaleuca 

quinquenervia very tall feather palm swamp forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); possibly 40141 Melaleuca 

quinquenervia–Livistona australis Swamp sclerophyll forest & woodl<strong>and</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007); 401 – Broadleaved 

Paperbark Closed Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); Suballiance 6 –Archontophoenix–Livistonia 

(Floyd 1990). 


An open to closed palm forest, with an 

overstory <strong>of</strong> abundant Bangalow Palm 

(Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), 

Weeping Lilly Pilly (Waterhousea 

floribunda), Swamp Box (Lophostemon 

suaveolens), <strong>and</strong> frequent Cabbage 

Tree Palms (Livistona australis) <strong>and</strong> 

Broad-leaved Paperbarks (Melaleuca 

quinquenervia). There is a middle layer 

<strong>of</strong> Pink-flowered Doughwood (Melicope 

elleryana) <strong>and</strong> a sparse lower layer <strong>of</strong> 

sedges, including Carex maculata, <strong>and</strong> 

Rough Ground Fern (Hypolepis muelleri). 


Habitat: Alluvial channels <strong>of</strong> flat 

lowl<strong>and</strong> plains at Tuckean <strong>and</strong> Wardell, 

on deep soils formed by the input <strong>of</strong> 

basalt sediments from the nearby Blackwall Range <strong>and</strong> also the Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong> beds <strong>of</strong> the Wardell S<strong>and</strong>plain. 

Disturbance: Light fire <strong>and</strong> light weed disturbance, though there is no evidence <strong>of</strong> disturbance at site. WAR26albk. 

Example locations: Between Tuckean NR <strong>and</strong> Bagotville–Alstonville Road, at Tuckean, on Jali L<strong>and</strong>s at Wardell, 

<strong>and</strong> Thurgates Lane. 



Conservation status: This community is a component <strong>of</strong> the ‘Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> 

<strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions’ EEC or the ‘Sub-tropical Coastal 

Floodplain Forest <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast bioregion’ EEC. Occurences <strong>of</strong> communities dominated by Weeping 

Lilly Pilly on the floodplain are very rare. 


95 - Appendix 1

Structure 



Tallest 25–35 25–75 

Middle 1 2–20 15–40 

Middle 2 1–5 10–20 


Floristics 

Trees: Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (T), Waterhousea floribunda (T), Lophostemon suaveolens (T), Melicope 

elleryana (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Livistona australis, Eucalyptus robusta, Ficus watkinsiana. 

Sub-canopy trees: Livistona australis (M1), Callicoma serratifolia (M1), Glochidion sumatranum (T), Syzygium 

oleosum (T), Sarcopteryx stipata (M1), Croton verreauxii (M1), Alphitonia excelsa, Cinnamomum camphora*, Acmena 

smithii, Cryptocarya glaucescens, Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Symplocos 

thwaitesii, Cryptocarya microneura, Cryptocarya obovata, Diploglottis cunninghamii, Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. 

gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum, Syzygium luehmannii. 

Shrubs: Syzygium oleosum, Croton verreauxii, Pilidiostigma glabrum, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi, Lantana camara*, Ochna 

serrulata*, Solanum mauritianum*, Duboisia myoporoides, Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle, Myrsine variabilis, 

Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Pittosporum revolutum, Trochocarpa laurina. 

Climbers: Marsdenia rostrata, Morinda jasminoides, Smilax australis, Flagellaria indica, Geitonoplesium cymosum, 

Ripogonum elseyanum (M2), Desmodium nemorosum, Cissus hypoglauca, Dioscorea transversa, Echinostephia aculeata, 

P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Parsonsia straminea, Passiflora edulis*, Rubus moluccanus var. trilobus, Smilax glyciphylla, Stephania 

japonica var. discolor. 

Epiphytes: Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Cymbidium madidum, Platycerium bifurcatum. 

Grasses: Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Oplismenus aemulus. 

Ferns: Hypolepis muelleri (L1), Blechnum indicum (L1), Todea barbara, Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, 

Nephrolepis cordifolia*, Calochlaena dubia, Cyathea australis, Cyathea leichhardtiana, Davallia solida var. pyxidata, 

Lastreopsis decomposita, Platycerium bifurcatum 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Carex maculata-L1, Gahnia clarkei-L1. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Cordyline congesta (M2), Alpinia arundelliana, Alocasia brisbanensis, Cryptostylis subulata, Centella 

asiatica, Persicaria dichotoma, Commelina cyanea, Dianella caerulea, Hedychium gardnerianum*, Viola banksii, Zieria 

smithii. 




The indicator native taxa for Community 15 are a sub-group <strong>of</strong> those listed for Community 14, <strong>and</strong> no table is given 

here. 

96 - Appendix 1


Community 16 Tea-tree (Leptospermum spp.)–Sporodanthus interruptus 

Wet Heath 

Scientific name: Tantoon Tea-tree (Leptospermum polygalifolium), Slender Tea-tree (Leptospermum liversidgei), 

Leptospermum whitei <strong>and</strong> Sporodanthus interruptus Wallum Wet Heath. 

Sites: (2) BALL09CBRDG, BRU38unfswp. 


Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Heath Swamps (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.12 Closed or wet heath 

on Quaternary s<strong>and</strong>s (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1990); H2 – Banksia oblongfolia–Leptospermum liversidgei–Lepyrodia 

interrupta–Sprengelia sprengeliodes–Xanthorrhoea fulva (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 502 – Wet heathl<strong>and</strong> to Shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

(Kingston et al. 2004); 55111 Leptospermum whitei–L. polygalifolium Swamp Sclerophyll Shrubl<strong>and</strong>, 60021 Banksia 

oblongifolia–Leptospermum liversidgei–Lepyrodia interrupta–Sprengelia sprengelioides–Xanthorrhoea fulva NPWS NSW 

coastal vegetation (Griffith & Wilson 2007); Community No. 24: Sporadanthus interruptus–Xanthorrhoea fulva– 

Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha–Leptospermum liversidgei–Baeckea frutescens wet heathl<strong>and</strong>, Community No. 25: 

Sporadanthus interruptus–Xanthorrhoea fulva wet heathl<strong>and</strong>, Community No. 26: Banksia oblongifolia–Xanthorrhoea 

fulva wet heathl<strong>and</strong>, Community No. 27: Xanthorrhoea fulva–Schoenus paludosus–Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha 

wet heathl<strong>and</strong>, Community No 28 : Leptospermum liversidgei–Sporadanthus interruptus–Empodisma minus wet 

heathl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Community No. 34: Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha ± Leptospermum whitei–L. polygalifolium 

subsp. cismontanum swamp sclerophyll shrubl<strong>and</strong> (Griffith et al. 2003); Teatree (TT) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological 

Services1999); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 64 Heath (NPWS 1999). 


A heathl<strong>and</strong> community with a dense 

cover <strong>of</strong> tea-tree. Leptospermum liversidgei 

dominates one site (BALL09CBRDG) 

<strong>and</strong> either Leptospermum whitei or 

Leptospermum polygalifolium dominate 

the other (BRU38unfswp). Baeckea 

frutescens is common at both sites. A 

diversity <strong>of</strong> wet-heath shrubs are present 

at BALL09CBRDG, including Boronia 

falcifolia, Banksia oblongifolia, Heathleaved 

Banksia (Banksia ericifolia subsp. 

macrantha), Sprengelia sprengelioides <strong>and</strong> 

Grass Tree (Xanthorrhoea fulva). A dense 

lower layer <strong>of</strong> the sedge Sporadanthus 

interruptus is present at both sites. 


Habitat: The sites are located within 

swales <strong>and</strong> open freshwater depressions 

on Pleistocene barrier s<strong>and</strong>s. Griffith et al. (2003) suggest that variation in distribution in these sites may be 

attributed to fire, particularly in areas where recruitment <strong>of</strong> obligate seeders is inhibited by fire. 

Disturbance: There is no evidence <strong>of</strong> disturbance in site BRU38unfswp, but site BALL09CBRDG has been subject 

to an intense fire within the last 10–15 years. 

Locations: Lennox Head, Belongil Swamp. 

97 - Appendix 1



Threats: Under limited threat 

Conservation status: Similar wet heaths are well represented in a number <strong>of</strong> reserves on the north coast. In the 

study area this community is reserved in Tyagarah NR, Broadwater NP <strong>and</strong> Bundjalung NP. Site BRU38unfswp was 

located in Tyagarah NR. 


Structure 


Tallest 1–4 60–100 

Middle 1 0.5–1.5 30 


Floristics 

Trees: Eucalyptus robusta. 

Shrubs: Leptospermum liversidgei (T), Boronia falcifolia (T), Xanthorrhoea johnsonii-M1, Leptospermum whitei (T), 

Banksia aemula (T), Leptospermum polygalifolium (T), Banksia oblongifolia (M1), Aotus ericoides, Banksia ericifolia 

subsp. macrantha, Sprengelia sprengelioides, Xanthorrhoea fulva, Baeckea frutescens (M1), Adrastaea salicifolia, 

Brachyloma scortechinii, Acacia elongata, Dillwynia floribunda, Epacris obtusifolia, Leptospermum juniperinum, 

Leucopogon leptospermoides, Melaleuca nodosa, Persoonia virgata, Pimelea linifolia. 

Climbers: Cassytha pubescens, Cassytha glabella. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Sporadanthus interruptus (T), Baumea muelleri, Caustis recurvata (L1), Ptilothrix deusta 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Xyris gracilis. 



98 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Baeckea frutescens 3 100% 3 4% positive 

Boronia falciflolia 4 100% 2 1% positive 

Sporadanthus interruptus 6 100% 1 1% positive 

Adrastaea salicifolia 2 50% 1 1% positive 

Aotus ericoides 3 50% 1 2% positive 

Banksia aemula 3 50% 4 3% positive 

Banksia ericifolia 3 50% 3 2% positive 

Banksia oblongifolia 3 50% 2 3% positive 

Baumea muelleri 1 50% 0 0% positive 

Brachyloma scortechinii 2 50% 0 0% positive 

Cassytha glabella 2 50% 1 2% positive 

Cassytha pubescens 3 50% 2 4% positive 

Caustis recurvata 2 50% 2 3% positive 

Dillwynia floribunda 1 50% 0 0% positive 

Epacris obtusifolia 1 50% 0 0% positive 

Leptospermum juniperinum 1 50% 0 0% positive 

Leptospermum liversidgei 5 50% 3 2% positive 

Leptospermum polygalifolium 

subsp. polygalifolium 

3 50% 3 2% positive 

Leptospermum whitei 4 50% 2 2% positive 

Ptilothrix deusta 2 50% 0 0% positive 

Sprengelia sprengelioides 3 50% 1 0% positive 

Xanthorrhoea fulva 3 50% 2 3% positive 

Xanthorrhoea johnsonii 4 50% 3 2% positive 

Xyris gracilis 2 50% 2 1% positive


Community 17 Leptospermum liversidgei–Wallum Bottlebrush–Grass 

Tree–Heath-leaved Banksia Wallum Wet Heath Complex 

Scientific name: Leptospermum liversidgei, Wallum Bottlebrush (Callistemon pachyphyllus), Grass Tree 

(Xanthorrhoea fulva) <strong>and</strong> Heath-leaved Banksia (Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha) Coastal S<strong>and</strong> Barrier 

Wet Heath Complex. 

Sites: (5) BRU39unfswp, BYR37unfswp, WOO09unfswp, WAR36cbrdg, WAR38cbrdg. 


Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Heath Swamps (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.12 Closed or wet heath on 

Quaternary s<strong>and</strong>s (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 5503 – Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha ± Leptospermum whitei, 

Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. cismontanum, <strong>and</strong> 5506 – Melaleuca quinquenervia Swamp sclerophyll shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

(Griffith 2002); 502 – Wet Heathl<strong>and</strong> to Shrubl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); Community No. 34: Banksia ericifolia 

subsp. macrantha ± Leptospermum whitei–L. polygalifolium subsp. cismontanum swamp sclerophyll shrubl<strong>and</strong> (Griffith 

et al. 2003); Teatree (TT) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological 1999). 


A variable grouping <strong>of</strong> wet heath <strong>and</strong> 

shrubl<strong>and</strong> sites. Sites BRU39unfswp, 

WOO09unfswp, WAR36cbrdg are 

shrubl<strong>and</strong> sites dominated by Heathleaved 

Banksia (Banksia ericifolia 

subsp. macrantha). BYR37unfswp is a 


quinquenervia) swamp sclerophyll 

shrubl<strong>and</strong>. WAR38cbrdg is a shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

<strong>of</strong> Baeckea frutescens <strong>and</strong> Leptospermum 

liversidgei with emergent Broad-leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia). 

Wallum Bottlebrush (Callistemon 

pachyphyllus) is a frequent species in 

the middle layer, <strong>and</strong> the lower layer is 

characterised by sedges <strong>and</strong> shrubs but 

with Grass Tree (Xanthorrhoea fulva) the 

most frequent lower layer taxa. Schoenus 

brevifolius, Leptocarpus tenax <strong>and</strong> Baloskion pallens are dominant in the ground strata. 


Habitat: Wet sites on backbarrier flats <strong>and</strong> freshwater swamps in low-lying sites on Pleistocene barrier s<strong>and</strong>s at 

Tygarah, Wardell <strong>and</strong> Evans River. 

Disturbance: There was no evidence <strong>of</strong> disturbance at most sites, though WAR38cbrdg had been subject to a 

moderately intense fire. 

Example locations: Between Tuckean NR <strong>and</strong> Bagotville, Alstonville Road, Tuckean, Jali L<strong>and</strong>s at Wardell, <strong>and</strong> 

Thurgates Lane. 


Threats: Too-frequent fire, clearing. 

100 - Appendix 1


Conservation status: In the study area it is reserved in Tyagarah NR, Broadwater NP <strong>and</strong> Bundjalung NP. 


Structure 



Tallest 3–18 10–50 

Middle 1 1–10 40–50 

Middle 2 2–5 20 


Floristics 

Trees: Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Eucalyptus robusta 

Shrubs: Leptospermum liversidgei (T), Callistemon pachyphyllus (M1), Xanthorrhoea fulva (L1), Baeckea frutescens 

(T), Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha (T), Leucopogon lanceolatus var. gracilis (M1), Banksia oblongifolia (M1), 

Aotus ericoides (M1), Leptospermum trinervium (T), Melaleuca squamea, Ochrosperma lineare, Austromyrtus dulcis, 

Nematolepis squamea subsp. squamea, Boronia falcifolia, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Adrastaea salicifolia, Leptospermum 

polygalifolium subsp. cismontanum, Leptospermum whitei, Melaleuca nodosa, Melaleuca sieberi, Monotoca elliptica, 

Persoonia linearis. 

Climbers: Parsonsia straminea, Cassytha glabella, Cassytha pubescens. 

Misteltoes: Dendrophthoe vitellina. 

Grasses: Phragmites australis, Imperata cylindrica var. major. 

Ferns: Blechnum indicum, Pteridium esculentum, Acrostichum speciosum, Gleichenia dicarpa. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Gahnia sieberiana (M1), Schoenus brevifolius (L1), Leptocarpus tenax (L1), Baloskion tetraphyllum 

(M1), Baumea juncea (L1), Baumea rubiginosa (L1), Sporadanthus interruptus (L1), Caustis recurvata, Empodisma 

minus, Baloskion pallens (L1), Baumea articulata. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs:Burchardia umbellata, Cryptostylis subulata, Dianella caerulea, Epacris microphylla, Ottelia ovalifolia 

subsp. ovalifolia. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 55 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 10–37 (mean 20 ± 9.6) 


101 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 



Baloskion pallens 2 50% 2 1% positive 

Baloskion tetraphyllus 2 50% 2 6% positive 

Banksia ericifolia 3 83% 3 1% positive 


Burchardia umbellata 1 17% 0 0% positive 

Callistemon pachyphyllus 2 83% 1 2% positive 

Epacris microphylla 1 17% 0 0% positive 

Gahnia siebieriana 3 100% 2 5% positive 

Leptocarpus tenax 3 50% 2 1% positive 



Melaleuca squamea 1 17% 0 0% positive 

Ottelia ovalifolia subsp. 

ovalifolia 


Persoonia linearis 1 17% 0 0% positive 

Xantorrhoea fulva 2 83% 2 2% positive


Community 18 Coral Fern (Gleichenia dicarpa) Fernl<strong>and</strong> 

Scientific name: Coral Fern (Gleichenia dicarpa) Fernl<strong>and</strong>. 

Sites: (2) BYR08cbsw, BYR36esticd. 


Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Heath Swamps (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.12 Closed or wet heath on 

Quaternary s<strong>and</strong>s (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 6418 – Gahnia sieberiana–Gleichenia dicarpa NPWS NSW Coastal 

vegetation (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007); 702 – Fernl<strong>and</strong>/Forbl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); Sedgel<strong>and</strong>-Fernl<strong>and</strong>/ 

Grassl<strong>and</strong> (SFG) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999). 


BYR08cbsw comprises a very dense layer 

<strong>of</strong> Coral Fern (Gleichenia dicarpa) in 

association with the saw sedge Gahnia 

sieberiana. Empodisma minus is common 

in the lower layer. BYR36esticd has 

an upper layer comprising an open 

shrubl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca quinquenervia) <strong>and</strong> a lower 

layer <strong>of</strong> dense Coral Fern. 


Habitat: Dune scarps <strong>and</strong> narrow 

drainage lines in deep acid peat soils 

kept moist by groundwater seepage 

(Griffith Undated). 

Disturbance: There was no evidence <strong>of</strong> 

disturbance. 

Locations: Taylors Lake Road, Tallow 

Creek. 


Threats: Too frequent fire, clearing. 

Conservation status: In the study area, the only known reserved occurrence <strong>of</strong> this community is in Arakwal NR 

(site BYR36esticd). The Conservation status <strong>of</strong> Gahnia sieberiana on the north coast is assessed as good (Griffith 

2005). 


Structure 


Tallest 1–10 30–40 


103 - Appendix 1

Floristics 


Trees: Melaleuca quinquenervia (T). 

Shrubs: Leptospermum liversidgei (T), Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Austromyrtus dulcis, Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, 

Callistemon pachyphyllus. 

Climbers: Parsonsia straminea (T), Cassytha pubescens. 

Ferns: Gleichenia dicarpa (T). 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Gahnia sieberiana (T), Empodisma minus (L1), Schoenus brevifolius. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Villarsia exaltata, Drosera spatulata, Boronia falcifolia, Adrastaea salicifolia, Aotus ericoides, 

Sprengelia sprengelioides. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 18 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 9–10 (mean 9.5 ± 1) 




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Cassytha pubescens 2 50% 2 4% positive 

Drosera spatulata 1 50% 0 0% positive 

Empodisma minus 3 50% 2 0% positive 

Gahnia sieberiana 3 50% 2 6% positive 

Gleichenia dicarpa 6 100% 1 1% positive 



Parsonsia straminea 3 50% 1 44% positive


Community 19 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Coast Banksia–Red Ash Dunal 

Scrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Scientific name: Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia subsp. 

integrifolia) <strong>and</strong> Red Ash (Alphitona excelsa) dunal scrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Sites: (7) BYR01cbrdg, BYR15cbbbf, BYR38cbdne, BYR32estsswp, BYR33esticd, POT23cbdne, POT02cbrdg. 


Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.14 Str<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> foredune complex (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 310 – Banksia Dry 

Sclerophyll Open Forest to Shrubl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); 3523 – Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia Dry 

sclerophyll forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong> (Griffith et al. 2000); Coast Banksia (CB1) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999). 


This community is a shrubl<strong>and</strong> to open 

forest structure in which Broad-leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) is 

sometimes associated with Coast Banksia 

(Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia) 

<strong>and</strong> Red Ash (Alphitonia excelsa); Sites 

POT23cbdne <strong>and</strong> POT02cbrdg are an 

open shrubl<strong>and</strong> structure. A shrubby 

middle layer is usually present, consisting 

<strong>of</strong> Coast Wattle (Acacia longifolia subsp. 

sophorae), Lantana (Lantana camara) <strong>and</strong> 

Tree Broom Heath (Monotoca elliptica). 

The lower layer consists <strong>of</strong> Midgen 

Berry (Austromyrtus dulcis), Climbing 

Guinea Flower (Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens), 

Spiny-headed Mat Rush (Lom<strong>and</strong>ra 

longifolia) <strong>and</strong> Black Bog-rush (Schoenus 

brevifolius). Weeds are prevalent in 

this community, <strong>and</strong> Whisky Grass 

(Andropogon virginicus) is an abundant weed species <strong>of</strong> the lower layer. 


Habitat: Located in tidally influenced coastal parts <strong>of</strong> Cudgera, Tallow <strong>and</strong> Belongil Creeks, in swampy sites within 

the transition from the estuarine plain to Pleistocene coastal s<strong>and</strong>plains. 

Disturbance: There are moderate levels <strong>of</strong> weed invasion, <strong>and</strong> sites have been subject to light to moderate fires. 

There is also evidence <strong>of</strong> moderate levels <strong>of</strong> clearing at site POT23cbdne. 

Example locations: Koala Beach at Pottsville, Byron Bay, Ti Tree, Belongil Creek, Tallow Creek <strong>and</strong> North 

Pottsville. 


Threats: Too-frequent fire, clearing, weed infestation. 

Conservation status: Sites BYR32estsswp <strong>and</strong> BYR33esticd were in Arakwal NP. The Conservation status <strong>of</strong> this 

community is probably fair. 

Significant taxa: Acronychia littoralis (TSC: Endangered). 

105 - Appendix 1

Structure 



Tallest 4–20 20–60 

Middle 1 2–8 20–70 



Floristics 

Trees: Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia (T), Lophostemon suaveolens (T), Casuarina 

glauca (T), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Eucalyptus robusta. 

Sub-canopy trees: Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Melicope elleryana (M1), Glochidion sumatranum (M1), Duboisia 

myoporoides (T), Alphitonia excelsa (T), Acronychia imperforata (T), Cinnamomum camphora*, Schefflera actinophylla*, 

Acronychia littoralis, Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Guioa semiglauca, Litsea australis, Rhodamnia rubescens, Syagrus 

romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana*. 

Shrubs: Lantana camara* (M1), Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae (M1), Senna pendula var. glabrata*, Monotoca 

elliptica (M1), Persoonia cornifolia (M1), Elaeocarpus reticulatus (M1), Notelaea longifolia, Banksia oblongifolia (L1), 

Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata*, Platysace ericoides, Acacia concurrens (T), Leptospermum whitei (L1), 

Persoonia virgata, Leucopogon leptospermoides, Persoonia stradbrokensis (M1), Pultenaea villosa, Xanthorrhoea fulva, 

Acacia ulicifolia, Aotus ericoides, Ardisia crenata*, Baccharis halimifolia*, Exocarpos cupressiformis, Homoranthus 

virgatus, Leptospermum semibaccatum, Leucopogon margarodes, Ligustrum sinense*, Murraya paniculata*, Myrsine 

variabilis, Pittosporum revolutum, Pittosporum undulatum, Psidium cattleianum var. cattleianum*, Psychotria loniceroides, 

Solanum nigrum*. 

Climbers: Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Smilax australis, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Parsonsia straminea (M1), Cassytha filiformis, 

Cassytha pubescens, Lygodium microphyllum, Marsdenia rostrata, Stephania japonica var. discolor, Rubus moluccanus var. 

trilobus. 

Grasses Andropogon virginicus* (L1), Paspalidium distans* (L2), Paspalum wettsteinii* (L1), Axonopus fissifolius*, 

Ischaemum australe (L1), Imperata cylindrica var. major (L1), Eragrostis interrupta (L1), Hemarthria uncinata, Cynodon 

dactylon (L1), Entolasia marginata, Oplismenus imbecillis (L2), Digitaria ramularis, Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides, 

Ottochloa gracillima, Themeda australis, Zoysia macrantha, Cymbopogon refractus, Digitaria parviflora, Sacciolepis indica. 

Ferns: Hypolepis muelleri (L1), Pteridium esculentum (L1), Blechnum indicum, Calochlaena dubia, Cyathea australis, 

Gleichenia dicarpa, Lygodium microphyllum. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Schoenus brevifolius, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L2), Baumea juncea (L1), Caustis recurvata, Baloskion 

pallens, Baloskion tenuiculme, Cyperus stradbrokensis, Gahnia aspera, Gahnia clarkei, Gahnia sieberiana. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Austromyrtus dulcis (L1), Dianella caerulea, Pomax umbellata (L1), Monotoca elliptica, Viola 

banksii (L2), Breynia oblongifolia, Centella asiatica, Asparagus aethiopicus*, Cryptostylis subulata, Hypericum japonicum, 

Hydrocotyle bonariensis*, Selaginella uliginosa, Cuphea carthagenensis*, Dampiera stricta, Epacris pulchella, Gonocarpus 

humilis, Goodenia paniculata, Hovea acutifolia, Hydrocotyle acutiloba, Melastoma affine, Stellaria flaccida, Xyris 

complanata. 



106 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Acacia longifolia 3 57% 2 3% positive 

Austromyrtus dulcis 3 100% 2 14% positive 

Banksia integrifolia 3 86% 2 6% positive 

Exocarpos cupressiformis 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i 2 57% 1 24% positive 

Gonocarpus humilis 1 14% 0 0% positive 


Pasaplidium distans 2 57% 2 5% positive 

Senna pendula var. glabrata 2 71% 1 22% positive 

Stellaria flaccida 1 14% 0 0% positive


Community 20 Swamp Box–Broad-leaved Paperbark–rush/fern Swamp 


Scientific name: Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) <strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) 

with Twig rush (Baumea juncea), Black Bog-rush (Schoenoplectus breviolius) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Water Fern 

(Blechnum indicum) Swamp Sclerophyll Open to Closed Forest. 

Sites: (5) CUD20cbdne, POT04estch, POT01esticd, POT05estch, POT06cbbbf. 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Swamp Forests (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.7 Melaleuca quinquenervia 

open forest to woodl<strong>and</strong> on Quaternary s<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> 12.1.1 Casuarina glauca ± Melaleuca quinquenervia (Young <strong>and</strong> 

Dillewaard 1999); 309 – Coastal Swamp Box Open Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); 4013 – Melaleuca 

quinquenervia–Lophostemon suaveolens/Eucalyptus tereticornis mid-high to very tall, open woodl<strong>and</strong> to closed forest 

NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007); Swamp Mahogany/Swamp Box (SMB) (L<strong>and</strong>mark 

Ecological Services 1999). 


Most commonly a low, open to closed, swamp sclerophyll 

forest with Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) <strong>and</strong> Broadleaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), occasionally 

associated with Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) <strong>and</strong>, 

rarely, Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca). Site CUD20cbdne is 

a very tall, open swamp sclerophyll forest. The community 

has an open mid-layer <strong>of</strong> Swamp Box <strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved 

Paperbark, occasionally with Willow Bottlebrush (Callistemon 

salignus). There is <strong>of</strong>ten a dense lower layer <strong>of</strong> sedges or rushes 

(including Baumea juncea, Schoenus brevifolius, Baloskion 

pallens), grasses (including Imperata cylindrica var. major, 

Zoysia macrantha, Entolasia stricta <strong>and</strong> Ischaemum australe), 

ferns (including Blechnum indicum) <strong>and</strong> shrubs (including 

Melastoma affine). Swamp Banksia (Banksia robur) was 

abundant in the lower strata <strong>of</strong> site POT05estch. 


Habitat: Sites were located on coast barrier s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> 

estuarine plain. The community is also known from the 

alluvial plain. 

Disturbance: There was evidence <strong>of</strong> light to moderate fire 

at all sites; site POT04estch showed evidence <strong>of</strong> severe past 

clearing, <strong>and</strong> site CUD20cbdne had been lightly logged <strong>and</strong> had moderate disturbance by weeds. 

Example locations: Near Round Mountain at Cudgen, at Pottsville, Pottsville Environmental Park <strong>and</strong> Coronation 

Avenue in Pottsville. 


Threats: Clearing <strong>and</strong> logging. 

Conservation status: The species composition <strong>of</strong> this community is consistent with that <strong>of</strong> the ‘Sub-tropical 

Coastal Floodplain Forest <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast bioregion’ EEC. Site CUD20cbdne was located in Cudgen NR. 

108 - Appendix 1


The related NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> Community 4013 – Melaleuca quinquenervia–Lophostemon suaveolens/ 

Eucalyptus tereticornis mid-high to very tall, open woodl<strong>and</strong> to closed forest (Griffith & Wilson 2007) is reserved in 

Broadwater NP <strong>and</strong> Bundjalung NP. 

Significant taxa: Arthrochilus prolixus (ROTAP: -3K), Scleria levis. 

Structure 


Tallest 5–27 10–65 

Middle 1 1–8 10–60 

Middle 2 1–2 50 



Floristics 

Trees: Lophostemon suaveolens (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Corymbia intermedia (T), Callistemon salignus (T), 

Casuarina glauca (T), Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Lophostemon confertus, Melicope elleryana. 

Sub-canopy trees: Acronychia imperforata, Alphitonia excelsa, Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Glochidion 

sumatranum, Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i. 

Shrubs: Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. polygalifolium (M1), Melastoma affine (M1), Banksia robur (M1), 

Xanthorrhoea fulva, Leucopogon lanceolatus var. gracilis, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Allocasuarina littoralis, Dodonaea 

triquetra (M2), Leptomeria drupacea (M1), Acacia ulicifolia, Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia (M1), Duboisia 

myoporoides, Leptospermum whitei, Persoonia stradbrokensis, Acacia concurrens, Acacia maidenii, Commersonia 

bartramia, Lantana camara*, Leucopogon margarodes, Notelaea longifolia, Pittosporum revolutum. 

Climbers: Cassytha pubescens, Stephania japonica var. discolor, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Cassytha filiformis, Passiflora 

suberosa*, Smilax australis, Parsonsia straminea. 

Grasses: Imperata cylindrica var. major (L1), Ischaemum australe (L2), Entolasia stricta (L2), Zoysia macrantha (L1), 

Paspalidium distans*, Panicum simile, Sacciolepis indica*, Andropogon virginicus*, Oplismenus imbecillis, Ottochloa 

gracillima, Themeda australis, Digitaria parviflora, Entolasia marginata, Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra, Paspalum dilatatum*, 

Phragmites australis, Eragrostis brownii, Eragrostis curvula*, Eragrostis interrupta, Paspalum scrobiculatum*, Setaria 

sphacelata*. 

Ferns: Pteridium esculentum (M1), Blechnum indicum (L1), Schizaea dichotoma, Lindsaea linearis. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Schoenus brevifolius (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Leptocarpus tenax, Baloskion pallens (L1), 

Cyperus haspan subsp. juncoides, Gahnia clarkei, Abildgaardia ovata, Carex breviculmis, Cyperus polystachyos, Gahnia 

sieberiana, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra laxa, Scleria levis, Choriz<strong>and</strong>ra cymbaria, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Gahnia aspera. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs Pultenaea villosa (L1), Austromyrtus dulcis (L1), Goodenia paniculata, Hovea acutifolia, Pratia 

purpurascens, Villarsia exaltata, Dodonaea triquetra, Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata* (L1), Gonocarpus 

tetragynus, Xyris gracilis,Breynia oblongifolia, Callistemon pachyphyllus, Centella asiatica, Corybas aconitiflorus, 

Cryptostylis subulata, Dampiera stricta, Dianella caerulea, Hibbertia aspera, Hibbertia riparia, Hypericum gramineum, 

Murdannia graminea, Pultenaea retusa, Rhynchospora rubra, Selaginella uliginosa, Vernonia cinerea, Philydrum 

lanuginosum, Pimelea linifolia, Trachymene incisa, Arthrochilus prolixus, Banksia oblongifolia, Dianella longifolia var. 

longifolia, Gonocarpus chinensis subsp. verrucosus, Lobelia anceps. 



109 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Abildgaardia ovata 2 20% 0 0% positive 


Banksia robur 5 40% 0 0% positive 

Baumea juncea 4 80% 3 6% positive 

Corybas aconitiflorus 2 20% 0 0% positive 


Eragrostis brownii 1 20% 0 0% positive 

Goodenia paniculata 2 60% 2 4% positive 

Imperata cylindrica 5 80% 2 20% positive 


Leptocarpus tenax 2 60% 3 1% positive 

Leptomeria drupacea 2 40% 0 0% positive 

Leptospermum polygalifolium 

subsp. polygalifolium 


Lindsaea linearis 1 20% 0 0% positive 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra laxa 2 20% 0 0% positive 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia 3 60% 2 29% positive 



Melastoma affine 2 100% 1 3% positive 

Panicum simile 2 60% 2 2% positive 

Paspalidium distans 2 80% 2 5% positive 


Pultenaea villosa 2 100% 2 1% positive 

Rhynchospora rubra 2 20% 0 0% positive 

Schoenus brevifolius 3 80% 3 3% positive 

Scleria levis 2 20% 0 0% positive 

Trachymene incisa 1 20% 0 0% positive 

Xanthorrhoea fulva 2 60% 2 2% positive 

Zoysia macrantha 2 100% 4 4% positive


Community 21 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak–Rush Saline 

Swamp Sclerophyll Open Forest 

Scientific name: Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca), Twig 

Rush (Baumea juncea) <strong>and</strong> Black Bog-rush (Schoenus brevifolius) Saline Swamp Sclerophyll Open Forest. 

Sites: (5) BYR02estsswp, CUD05esticd, BYR29estsswp, BYR37estsswp, CUD07CBSW. 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Swamp Forests (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystems 12.2.7 Melaleuca quinquenervia 

open forest to woodl<strong>and</strong> on Quaternary s<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> 12.1.1 Casuarina glauca ± Melaleuca quinquenervia (Young <strong>and</strong> 

Dillewaard 1999); F8 – Melaleuca quinquenervia tall to very tall open to closed forest, <strong>and</strong> F10 – Casuarina glauca 

tall to very tall open to closed forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 40031/2 Melaleuca quinquenervia swamp sclerophyll 

forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>, 40051/2 Casuarina glauca forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> 40991/2 Mixed st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Melaleuca 

quinquenervia–Casuarina glauca NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007); 402 – Broad-leaved 

Paperbark/Swamp Sheoak Closed Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystems 

112 Paperbark <strong>and</strong> 143 Swamp Oak (NPWS 1999). 


A low, open swamp sclerophyll 

community with a dense ground layer 

<strong>of</strong> sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes, including Twig 

Rush (Baumea juncea), Sea Rush (Juncus 

kraussii subsp. australiensis) <strong>and</strong> Black 

Bog-rush (Schoenus brevifolius), <strong>and</strong> an 

overstorey dominated by Broad-leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) 

<strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca). 

A shrubby mid-layer comprises sedges 

(including Gahnia sieberiana), shrubs 

(including Leptospermum liversidgei) 

<strong>and</strong> Wallum Bottlebrush (Callistemon 

pachyphyllus). Prickly Couch (Zoysia 

macrantha) <strong>and</strong> Lepidosperma laterale 

were abundant in site CUD07cbsw <strong>and</strong> 

Prickly Couch (Sporobolus virginicus) is 

common in site CUD05esticd. 


Habitat: A group <strong>of</strong> saline sites adjoining coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> dunes <strong>and</strong> backbarrier flats. Some wallum shrubs 

influence the floristic composition <strong>of</strong> this group. 

Disturbance: Includes moderate fire, <strong>and</strong> light infestation by weeds, <strong>and</strong> there is evidence <strong>of</strong> clearing at sites 

CUD05esticd <strong>and</strong> CUD07CBSW. There is no evidence <strong>of</strong> disturbance at BYR37estsswp. 

Example locations: Belongil Creek, Cudgen Creek, Tallow Creek, <strong>and</strong> Cudgen. 


Threats: Clearing, grazing <strong>and</strong> fire. 

Conservation status: Site BYR37estsswp was located in Arakwal NP; Estuarine occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved 

111 - Appendix 1


Paperbark are represented in reserves <strong>of</strong> the study area, for example Cudgen NR <strong>and</strong> Arakwal NP. 


Structure 


Tallest 2–15 20–60 

Middle 1 1–2.5 20–50 



Floristics 

Trees: Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Casuarina glauca (T). 

Sub-canopy trees: Cupaniopsis anacardioides. 

Shrubs: Callistemon pachyphyllus (M1), Xanthorrhoea fulva (L1), Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. polygalifolium, 

Leptospermum liversidgei (M1), Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha, Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, Exocarpos 

latifolius, Homoranthus virgatus, Leptospermum whitei, Persoonia stradbrokensis, Senna pendula var. glabrata*. 

Climbers: Cynanchum carnosum, Parsonsia straminea. 

Mistletoes: Dendrophthoe vitellina. 

Grasses Ischaemum australe, Zoysia macrantha (L1), Sporobolus virginicus (L1), Cynodon dactylon (L1), Hemarthria 

uncinata. 

Ferns: Blechnum indicum (M1), Acrostichum speciosum, Azolla pinnata, Pteridium esculentum, Gleichenia dicarpa. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Baumea juncea (L1), Schoenus brevifolius (L1), Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis (L1), Gahnia 

sieberiana (M1), Lepidosperma laterale (M1), Leptocarpus tenax (L1), Baumea articulata, Phragmites australis, Schoenus 

nitens 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Dampiera stricta, Leucopogon lanceolatus var. gracilis, Lobelia anceps, Aotus ericoides, Austromyrtus 

dulcis, Baccharis halimifolia*, Banksia oblongifolia, Dianella caerulea, Epacris pulchella, Goodenia paniculata, Pimelea 

linifolia. 





Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 



Dendrophthoe vitellina 2 20% 0 0% positive 




Schoenus nitens 1 20% 0 0% positive


Community 22 Common Reed–Black Bog-Rush Reedl<strong>and</strong>/Rushl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> 

Coastal Lagoons <strong>and</strong> Saline Swamps 

Scientific name: Common Reed (Phragmites australis) <strong>and</strong> Black Bog-rush (Schoenoplectus brevifolius) 

Reedl<strong>and</strong>/Rushl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Coastal Lagoons <strong>and</strong> Saline Swamps. 

Sites: (2) BYR09cbcl, BYR31estsswp. 


Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Freshwater Lagoons (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.15 Coastal sedgel<strong>and</strong> 

wetl<strong>and</strong> on Quaternary s<strong>and</strong>s (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1990); 65031 – Phragmites australis NPWS NSW Coastal 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007); 

703 – Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Kingston et 

al. 2004). 


A reedl<strong>and</strong> with a dense cover <strong>of</strong> 

Common Reed (Phragmites australis) <strong>and</strong> 

Black Bog-rush (Schoenus brevifolius). 

Associated species include Mangrove 

Fern (Acrostichum speciosum), Twig Rush 

(Baumea juncea) <strong>and</strong> Schoenoplectus 

subulatus. 


Habitat: Fringing channels <strong>and</strong> the 

edges <strong>of</strong> coastal lagoons with an 

estuarine tidal or subaqueous influence. 

Disturbance: Light infestation <strong>of</strong> weeds. 

Locations: Taylors Lake <strong>and</strong> Tallow 

Creek. 


Threats: Clearing, draining <strong>and</strong> weed invasion. 

Conservation status: The reservation status <strong>of</strong> Phragmites australis Rushl<strong>and</strong> has been assessed as fair on the NSW 

north coast (Griffith 2005). The community is known to occur in reserves from Hat Head NP, Lake Innes NR 

<strong>and</strong> Limeburners Creek NR. No occurrences were mapped by Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson (2007) on the FNC. The sites 

sampled in the present study were outside reserves. 


Structure 



113 - Appendix 1

Floristics 


Shrubs: Baccharis halimifolia*, Hibiscus 

tiliaceus. 

Climbers: Cynanchum carnosum. 

Grasses Phragmites australis (L1). 

Ferns: Acrostichum speciosum. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Baumea juncea (L1), 

Schoenoplectus subulatus (L1), Schoenus 

brevifolius (L1), Typha domingensis, Cyperus 

polystachyos, Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Alternanthera denticulata, 

Apium prostratum, Aster subulatus*, Bacopa 

monnieri, Crinum pedunculatum, Hydrocotyle 

bonariensis*, Rhagodia c<strong>and</strong>olleana subsp. 

c<strong>and</strong>olleana, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Tetragonia 

tetragonioides. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 18 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 10–16(mean 13 ± 4) 



Species name Group score 

Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 



Baumea juncea 4 100% 3 6% positive 




Cyperus polystachyos 2 50% 1 3% positive 


Schoenoplectus subulatus 3 50% 4 1% positive 

Rhagodia c<strong>and</strong>olleana subsp. 

c<strong>and</strong>olleana 


Typha domingensis 3 50% 0 0% positive


Community 23 Swamp Box–Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp 

Mahogany Swamp Sclerophyll Forest 

Scientific name: Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens), Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) 

<strong>and</strong> Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) Swamp Sclerophyll Forest. 

Sites: (2) BIL13cbrdg, CUD19alfan. 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Swamp Forests, <strong>and</strong> Coastal Floodplain Wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Keith 2006); Qld Regional 

Ecosystems 12.3.5 Melaleuca quinquenervia open forest on alluvium, <strong>and</strong> 12.2.7 Melaleuca quinquenervia open 

forest to woodl<strong>and</strong> on Quaternary s<strong>and</strong>s (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 309 – Coastal Swamp Box Open Forest to 

Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); 4013 – Melaleuca quinquenervia–Lophostemon suaveolens/Eucalyptus tereticornis 

mid-high to very tall, open woodl<strong>and</strong> to closed forest NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007); 

North-east NSW Forest Ecosystems 142 <strong>and</strong> 143 (NPWS 1999). 


This community consists <strong>of</strong> two anomalous swamp sclerophyll forest sites linked by the presence <strong>of</strong> lower strata 

species. The community is a closed swamp sclerophyll forest with Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens), Broadleaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta). Site CUD19alfan is an 

association <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark <strong>and</strong> Swamp Box, whereas site BIL13cbrdg is an association <strong>of</strong> Swamp 

Mahogany. The mid-layer <strong>of</strong> shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees includes Swamp Mahogany, Broad-leaved Paperbark, Umbrella 

Cheese Tree (Glochidion sumatranum) <strong>and</strong> Willow Bottlebrush (Callistemon salignus). The sites have in common a 

dense lower layer <strong>of</strong> Swamp Ricegrass (Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra) <strong>and</strong> Persicaria strigosa. Narrow-leaved Cumbungi (Typha 

orientalis) is abundant at site BIL13cbrdg; Rhynchospora corymbosa <strong>and</strong> Swamp Millet (Isachne globosa) are abundant 

in site CUD19alfan. 


Habitat: Swamp sclerophyll forests with coastal s<strong>and</strong>plain <strong>and</strong> alluvial influences. Site BIL13cbrdg had ecotonal 

coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> species recorded in the site. Site CUD19 was located on an alluvial fan <strong>and</strong> may be more 

appropriately reallocated to Community 11. 

Disturbance: BIL13cbrdg had been severely burnt, <strong>and</strong> CUD19alfan had been moderately burnt <strong>and</strong> lightly cleared 

<strong>and</strong> grazed. 

Locations: Cobaki Broadwater, <strong>and</strong> Cudgen Road 


Threats: Clearing, grazing, fire <strong>and</strong> logging. 

Conservation status: Site CUD19alfan, on the alluvial floodplain, is an example <strong>of</strong> ‘Swamp Sclerophyll Forest 

on Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions’ EEC. Neither 

survey site was reserved. Floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> this community are considered poorly reserved (Griffith 2005). 

Equivalent communities recorded in Bundjalung NP <strong>and</strong> Yuraygir NP (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007). 

Significant taxa: Eleocharis tetraquetra (TSC: Endangered). 

115 - Appendix 1

Structure 



Tallest 10–22 60–70 

Middle 1 3–10 30–50 

Middle 2 2–3 60 


Floristics 

Trees: Eucalyptus robusta (T), Glochidion sumatranum (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Lophostemon suaveolens (T). 

Sub-canopy trees: Callistemon salignus (M1), Cinnamomum camphora* (M1). 

Climbers: Parsonsia straminea, Lygodium microphyllum. 

Grasses Isachne globosa, Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra, Axonopus fissifolius*, Echinochloa crusgalli*, Entolasia marginata, Paspalum 

wettsteinii*, Sacciolepis indica. 

Ferns: Blechnum cartilagineum, Blechnum indicum, Hypolepis muelleri, Lygodium microphyllum. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Typha orientalis (M2), Rhynchospora corymbosa, Baumea rubiginosa, Cyperus pilosus, 

Schoenoplectus validus, Eleocharis acuta, Eleocharis tetraquetra, Sparganium subglobosum, Carex appressa, Cyperus 

haspan, Isolepis inundata. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Persicaria strigosa, Ranunculus inundatus, Enydra fluctuans, Philydrum lanuginosum. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 28 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 14 (mean 14) 


116 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Baumea rubiginosa 3 50% 2 3% positive 

Blechnum cartilagineum 3 50% 3 13% positive 


Cyperus haspan 2 100% 0 0% positive 

Cyperus pilolus 3 50% 0 0% positive 

Eleocharis acuta 2 50% 3 1% positive 

Eleocharis tetraquetra 2 50% 0 0% positive 

Entolasia marginata 2 50% 2 11% positive 

Eucalyptus robusta 5 50% 3 8% positive 

Glochidion sumatranum 3 100% 1 21% positive 


Isachne globosa 4 50% 0 0% positive 

Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra 4 100% 2 3% positive 




Ranunculus inundatus 2 50% 2 3% positive 

Rhynchospora corymbosa 4 50% 3 0% positive 

Sacciolepis indica 2 50% 1 1% positive 

Schoenoplectus validus 3 50% 4 0% positive 

Sparganium subglobosum 2 50% 0 0% positive 

Typha orientalis 5 50% 2 0% positive


Community 24 Swamp Ricegrass (Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra), Lepironia 

articulata –Smartweed–Juncus usitatus Swampy Meadow 

Scientific name: Swamp Ricegrass (Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra) Lepironia articulata, Smartweed (Persicaria strigosa) <strong>and</strong> 


Sites:(2) CUD13unfswp, CUD16estbb. 


Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Freshwater Lagoons (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.15 Coastal Sedgel<strong>and</strong> 

Wetl<strong>and</strong> (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 64051 – Lepironia articulata sedgel<strong>and</strong> (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson, 2007); Persicaria 

strigosa forbl<strong>and</strong>, Juncus usitatus rushl<strong>and</strong> (Griffith 2005); 703 – Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Kingston et al. 2004). 


A derived wetl<strong>and</strong> community 

dominated by Lepironia articulata, Juncus 

usitatus <strong>and</strong> Smartweed (Persicaria 

strigosa). Other associated species 

include Swamp Ricegrass (Leersia 

hex<strong>and</strong>ra), Eleocharis acuta <strong>and</strong> Blue 

Couch (Cynodon dactylon). 


Habitat: Low-lying sites on freshwater 

swamp <strong>and</strong> estuarine sedimentary muds, 

in areas where the existing swamp 

sclerophyll vegetation has been cleared. 

Disturbance: Sites had been lightly to 

moderately grazed, <strong>and</strong> there is moderate 

infestation by weeds. 

Locations: West <strong>of</strong> Cudgen Lake, in the 

catchments <strong>of</strong> Clothiers <strong>and</strong> Reserve Creeks. 


Threats: The community is an artefact <strong>of</strong> clearing (A. Benwell, pers. obs.). Other threats include draining, grazing 

<strong>and</strong> infestation by weeds. 

Conservation status: This combination <strong>of</strong> species is not well recorded in the literature. Griffith (2005) assessed 

the reservation status <strong>of</strong> Lepironia articulata sedgel<strong>and</strong> community on the north coast <strong>of</strong> NSW as fair, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Juncus 

usitatus rushl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Persicaria strigosa forbl<strong>and</strong>s as poor. <strong>Survey</strong> sites were not in reserves. 


Structure 


Tallest 0.5–2.5 40–60 


118 - Appendix 1

Floristics 


Grasses: Setaria sphacelata* (T), Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra (L1), Cynodon dactylon (L1). 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lepironia articulata (T), Juncus usitatus (T), Eleocharis acuta (L1), Cyperus polystachyos, Juncus 

prismatocarpus. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Persicaria strigosa (L1), Ludwigia octovalvis, Persicaria dichotoma, Persicaria orientalis*, Philydrum 

lanuginosum, Crassocephalum crepidioides*. 





Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Cynodon dactylon 5 50% 3 5% Positive 

Cyperus polystachyos 2 50% 1 3% Positive 

Eleocharis acuta 5 50% 2 1% Positive 

Juncus prismatocarpus 2 50% 0 0% Positive 

Juncus usitatus 3 100% 1 3% Positive 

Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra 4 100% 2 3% Positive 

Lepironia articulata 5 100% 2 4% Positive 

Ludwigia octovalvis 2 50% 1 0% Positive 

Persicaria dichotoma 2 50% 2 4% Positive 

Persicaria orientalis 2 50% 1 0% Positive 

Persicaria strigosa 4 100% 2 7% Positive 

Philydrum lanuginosum 2 50% 1 2% Positive


Community 25 Swamp Ricegrass–Bolboschoenus caldwellii– 

Schoenoplectus validus–Cyperus exaltatus Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong> 

Scientific name: Swamp Ricegrass (Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra), Bolboschoenus caldwellii, Schoenoplectus validus <strong>and</strong> 

Cyperus exaltatus Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>. 

Sites: (1) CUD14alfl. 


Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Freshwater Lagoons (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.15 Coastal Sedgel<strong>and</strong> 

Wetl<strong>and</strong> (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 703 – Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Kingston et al. 2004). 


A freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong> site dominated 

by Swamp Ricegrass (Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra), 

Bolboschoenus caldwellii, Schoenoplectus 

validus <strong>and</strong> Cyperus exaltatus. This 

community is a floristic variation <strong>of</strong> 

Community 24 <strong>and</strong> is restricted to 

channels. 


Habitat: Located on the alluvial 

floodplain in fluvial s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> mud. A 

freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong> community that 

has colonised drains <strong>and</strong> channels (A. 

Benwell, pers. comm.). 

Disturbance: The site has been lightly 

cleared <strong>and</strong> moderately grazed, <strong>and</strong> the 

water weed Nymphaea caerulea subsp. 

zanzibarensis was present in the site. 

Location: Clothiers Creek Bridge. 


Threats: Clearing, draining <strong>and</strong> weeds. 

Conservation status: Poor. The community is part <strong>of</strong> the ‘Freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s on coastal floodplains <strong>of</strong> the NSW 

North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner’ bioregions’ EEC. Freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s like this may have been 

more widespread on the floodplain in the past, but are now restricted to channels <strong>and</strong> drains over large areas <strong>of</strong> the 

alluvial plain owing to clearing <strong>and</strong> draining. 


Structure 


Tallest 0.7–2.3 40 

Middle 1 0.1–0.7 50 


120 - Appendix 1

Floristics 


Grasses: Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra (M1). 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Schoenoplectus 

validus (T), Bolboschoenus caldwellii (T), 

Cyperus exaltatus. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Persicaria strigosa 

(M1), Ludwigia peploides subsp. 

montevidensis (M1), Nymphaea caerulea 

subsp. zanzibarensis* (L1). 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 7 

Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 8 




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Bolboschoenus caldwellii 4 100% 3 0% positive 

Cyperus exaltatus 2 100% 0 0% positive 

Juncus usitatus 2 100% 1 4% positive 

Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra 5 100% 2 3% positive


Community 26 Hinterl<strong>and</strong> Narrow-leaved Paperbark–Tea-tree 

Backswamp Shrubl<strong>and</strong>s–Sedgel<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Alluvial Backswamps 

Scientific name: Lepironia articulata Sedgel<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Associated Narrow-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca 

alternifolia) <strong>and</strong> Tea-tree (Leptospermum brachy<strong>and</strong>rum) Shrubl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Alluvial Backswamps. 

Sites: (5) ELL04albk, ELL05albk, ELL11albk, ELL06albk, WOO17albk. 


Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Freshwater Lagoons, <strong>and</strong> Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Floodplain Wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Keith 

2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.15 Coastal Sedgel<strong>and</strong> Wetl<strong>and</strong> (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); in part 64051 – 

Lepironia articulata sedgel<strong>and</strong>s, NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 2007) <strong>and</strong> Melaleuca alternifolia 

swamp sclerophyll forests (Griffith, 2005) 


A structurally variable freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> swamp 

sclerophyll vegetation community. Sites ELL05albk, 

ELL11albk <strong>and</strong> WOO17albk are Lepironia articulata sedgel<strong>and</strong> 

communities with emergent Narrow-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca alternifolia), Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca 

quinquenervia) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens). 

Site ELL04albk is a low closed shrubl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Leptospermum 

brachy<strong>and</strong>rum <strong>and</strong> Narrow-leaved Paperbark, with a dense 

ground cover <strong>of</strong> Lepironia articulata, <strong>and</strong> emergent Swamp 

Box. Site ELL06albk is an open swamp sclerophyll forest <strong>of</strong> 

Broad-leaved Paperbark <strong>and</strong> Leptospermum brachy<strong>and</strong>rum. 


Habitat: These sites occur on heavily waterlogged 

backswamps <strong>and</strong> levees <strong>of</strong> the drainage plain <strong>of</strong> Bungawalbin 

Creek <strong>and</strong> are influenced by the input <strong>of</strong> sediment from the 

erosion <strong>of</strong> the Kangaroo Creek S<strong>and</strong>stones. 

Disturbance: No disturbance was recorded at sites ELL04albk 

<strong>and</strong> ELL05albk. Site WOO17albk was being logged. There 

was evidence ELL11albk had been lightly cleared in the past. 

Example locations: Yarringully Nature Reserve, Boggy Creek 

Road, <strong>and</strong> Reardon’s Lane. 


Threats: Clearing, logging <strong>and</strong> weeds. 

Conservation status: Four sample sites were located in Yarringully NR. This community qualifies as ‘Swamp 

Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner 

bioregions’ EEC. The reservation status <strong>of</strong> Lepironia articulata sedgel<strong>and</strong>s is considered fair on the north coast 

(Griffith 2005). The reservation status <strong>of</strong> Narrow-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca alternifolia)–Leptospermum 

brachy<strong>and</strong>rum shrubl<strong>and</strong>s is poorly known. Sedgel<strong>and</strong> sites dominated by Lepironia articulata equate to ‘Freshwater 

wetl<strong>and</strong>s on coastal floodplains <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions’ EEC. 


122 - Appendix 1

Structure 




Tallest 4–25 3–35 

Middle 1 2–6 10–60 



Floristics 

Trees: Melaleuca alternifolia, Lophostemon suaveolens (E, T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Eucalyptus tereticornis. 

Shrubs: Leptospermum brachy<strong>and</strong>rum (M1), Melaleuca alternifolia (M1), Callistemon pachyphyllus. 


Grasses: Pseudoraphis paradoxa, Lachnagrostis filiformis, Panicum bisulcatum (L1), Cynodon dactylon. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lepironia articulata (L1), Baumea articulata (L1), Baumea rubiginosa (L1), Isolepis cernua. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Pseudoraphis paradoxa (L1), Lycopus australis (L2), Lycopus australis, Stylidium debile var. 

debile (L2), Centella asiatica (L2), Centipeda minima var. minima (L2), Persicaria strigosa (L2), Persicaria hydropiper, 

Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Hypericum japonicum, Ranunculus inundatus, Senecio madagascariensis*, Viola banksii. 





Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Lepironia articulata 5 100% 2 3% positive 

Pseudoraphis paradoxa 2 80% 2 1% positive 

Lachnagrostis filiformis 2 80% 2 2% positive 

Melaleuca alternifolia 3 60% 1 3% positive 

Centipeda minima 2 20% 0 0% positive


Community 27 Weeping Myrtle–Water Gum Floodplain Riparian Forest 

Scientific name: Weeping Myrtle (Waterhousea floribunda) <strong>and</strong> Water Gum (Tristaniopsis laurina) Floodplain 

Riparian Forest. 

Sites: (1) GIB04alfl. 


Rainforest-Dry ‘Gallery’ Rainforests (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystems 12.3.1 Rainforest on alluvium (Young 

<strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); Suballiance 26 – Waterhousea floribunda–Tristaniopsis laurina (Floyd 1990). 

Description: A riparian open forest with emergent Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) <strong>and</strong> tallest layer <strong>of</strong> 

Weeping Myrtle (Waterhousea floribunda) <strong>and</strong> Water Gum (Tristaniopsis laurina). There is no mid-layer. The lower 

layer comprises a species depauperate cover <strong>of</strong> Lom<strong>and</strong>ra hystrix <strong>and</strong> Palm Lily (Cordlyine conegsta). 


Habitat: A riparian creekline site on the S<strong>and</strong>y Creek floodplain. 

Disturbance: There was no evidence <strong>of</strong> disturbance at this site. 

Location: S<strong>and</strong>y Crossing Travelling Stock Route (TSR), Bungawalbyn. 


Threats: Clearing, fragmentation <strong>and</strong> weed infestation. 

Conservation status: This is a restricted <strong>and</strong> poorly reserved riparian rainforest community. Keith (2006) states 

that Gallery Dry Rainforests ‘have suffered severely from the effects <strong>of</strong> clearing, fragmentation <strong>and</strong> weed invasion 

<strong>and</strong> that few <strong>of</strong> the remaining fragments are protected’. Floyd (1990) suggests that Suballiance 26 – Waterhousea 

floribunda–Tristaniopsis laurina is restricted to riparian strips <strong>and</strong> is unconserved. Occurrences <strong>of</strong> this community on 

the alluvial floodplain may qualify as Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest on floodplain <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast bioregion EEC. 


Structure 





Floristics 

Trees: Waterhousea floribunda (T), Lophostemon suaveolens (E, T), Tristaniopsis laurina (T). 

Sub-canopy trees: Symplocos stawellii. 

Shrubs: Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima, Acmena smithii, Callistemon salignus, Myrsine variabilis. 

Climbers: Morinda jasminoides, Parsonsia straminea. 

Grasses: Ottochloa gracillima. 

Ferns: Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lom<strong>and</strong>ra hystrix (L1), Choriz<strong>and</strong>ra cymbaria. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Cordyline stricta, Centella asiatica. 

124 - Appendix 1


Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 18 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 18 




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Lom<strong>and</strong>ra hystrix 5 100% 2 1% positive 



Tristania laurina 1 100% 0 0% positive 

Watehousea floribunda 4 100% 3 1% positive


Community 28 Narrow-leaved Paperbark–Wallum Bottlebrush Swamp 

Sclerophyll Shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Scientific name: Narrow-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca alternifolia), Melaleuca sieberi <strong>and</strong> Wallum Bottlebrush 

(Callistemon pachyphyllus) Swamp Sclerophyll Shrubl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Alluvial Backswamps. 

Sites: (1) GIB06albk. 


Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.3.5 Melaleuca quinquenervia on alluvium (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); Group 1 Swamp 

Sclerophyll Forest on coastal floodplains (Keith <strong>and</strong> Scott 2005). Possibly related to 4009 – Melaleuca sieberi swamp 

sclerophyll forest & woodl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> 5508 – Melaleuca sieberi tall sparse to closed shrubl<strong>and</strong> NPWS NSW Coastal 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith et al. 2000). 


An open shrubl<strong>and</strong> characterised by an 

upper layer <strong>of</strong> Narrow-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca alternifolia), Melaleuca sieberi 

<strong>and</strong> Wallum Bottlebrush (Callistemon 

pachyphyllus). The lower layer comprises 

a dense cover <strong>of</strong> Choriz<strong>and</strong>ra cymbaria. 

Only four species <strong>of</strong> plant were recorded 

in the only site surveyed. 


Habitat: An impeded drainage site 

found on stagnant alluvial backswamps 

<strong>of</strong> the me<strong>and</strong>er plain <strong>of</strong> Bungawalbin 

Creek, with a possible influence <strong>of</strong> s<strong>and</strong>y 

soils. 

Disturbance: The site has been subject 

to moderate levels <strong>of</strong> recent logging. 

Location: Doubleduke State Forest (SF). 


Threats: Logging <strong>and</strong> weeds. 

Conservation status: Griffith (2005) records a Melaleuca sieberi shrubl<strong>and</strong> community <strong>and</strong> a Melaleuca sieberi 

forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong> community <strong>and</strong> assessed the reservation status <strong>of</strong> these as fair. Community 28 <strong>of</strong> the present 

survey occurs on alluvial soils <strong>and</strong> although limited by sites sampling is structurally <strong>and</strong> floristic different from 

known similar swamp sclerophyll shrubl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> needs further survey investigation. The Conservation status <strong>of</strong> the 

community is probably poor. 


126 - Appendix 1

Structure 





Floristics 

Shrubs: Melaleuca alternifolia (T), Callistemon pachyphyllus (T), Melaleuca sieberi (T). 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Choriz<strong>and</strong>ra cymbaria (L1). 





Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Callistemon pachyphyllus 3 100% 2 3% positive 

Choriz<strong>and</strong>ra cymbaria 5 100% 1 1% positive 


Melaleuca sieberi 2 100% 1 2% positive


Community 29 Swamp Box–Narrow-leaved Paperbark–Broad-leaved 

Paperbark Alluvial Swamp Sclerophyll Forest 

Scientific name: Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens), Narrow-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca alternifolia) <strong>and</strong> 

Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) Swamp Sclerophyll Forest <strong>of</strong> Alluvial Backswamps. 

Sites: (2) GIB08albk, GIB09albk. 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Floodplain Wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.3.5 Melaleuca 

quinquenervia on alluvium (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); possibly related to 309 – Coastal Swamp Box Open Forest 

to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); 4013 – Melaleuca quinquenervia–Lophostemon suaveolens/Eucalyptus tereticornis 

mid-high to very tall, open woodl<strong>and</strong> to closed forest NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith et al. 2000). 

Note, however, that these equivalent communities do not record Melaleuca alternifolia as an associate taxon. 


An open, swamp sclerophyll forest <strong>of</strong> 

Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens), 

Narrow-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca 

alternifolia) <strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca quinquenervia), with an open 

mid-storey <strong>of</strong> Narrow-leaved Paperbark 

<strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark. The 

lower layer consists <strong>of</strong> Spiny-headed 

Mat-rush (Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia), Carex 

gaudichaudiana, Woolly Waterlily 

(Philydrum lanuginosum) <strong>and</strong> Jointed 

Twig-rush (Baumea articulata). 


Habitat: Both sites are found on 

stagnant alluvial backswamps <strong>of</strong> the 

me<strong>and</strong>er plain <strong>of</strong> the Bungawalbin 

Creek, <strong>and</strong> derived from sediments from 

the adjoning Grafton Formation <strong>and</strong> 

Kangaroo Creek S<strong>and</strong>stones. 

Disturbance: Moderate to light fire effects, <strong>and</strong> moderate to light clearing. 

Example locations: Bungawalbyn SCA. 


Threats: Clearing. 

Conservation status: Both survey sites were in Bungawalbyn SCA. This community is a component <strong>of</strong> the ‘Subtropical 

Coastal Floodplain Forest <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast bioregion’ EEC. The NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> 

Community 4013 – Melaleuca quinquenervia–Lophostemon suaveolens/Eucalyptus tereticornis mid-high to very tall, 

open woodl<strong>and</strong> to closed forest (Griffith & Wilson 2007) is reserved in Broadwater NP <strong>and</strong> Bundjalung NP. 

The present community is possibly a sub-coastal variant <strong>of</strong> community 4013 in association with Narrow-leaved 

Paperbark. 

128 - Appendix 1



Structure 


Tallest 15–25 20–30 

Middle 1 2–10 10–20 



Floristics 

Trees: Lophostemon suaveolens (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Eucalyptus tereticornis (T). 

Shrubs: Melaleuca alternifolia (M1), Baccharis halimifolia*, Callistemon pachyphyllus. 


Grasses: Imperata cylindrica var. major, Lachnagrostis filiformis, Entolasia marginata. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Baumea articulata (L2), Carex gaudichaudiana (L1), Baumea rubiginosa, 

Eleocharis dietrichiana, Baumea teretifolia. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Philydrum lanuginosum (L1), Alternanthera denticulata, Gonocarpus tetragynus, Goodenia 

paniculata, Philydrum lanuginosum, Stylidium debile var. debile, Triglochin procerum, Villarsia exaltata, Centella asiatica, 

Dianella longifolia, Enydra fluctuans, Haloragis heterophylla, Lobelia anceps, Ranunculus inundatus. 



129 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 




Baumea rubiginosa 2 100% 3 3% positive 

Carex gaudichaudiana 3 100% 0 0% positive 

Eleocharis dietrichiana 2 100% 0 0% positive 




Philydrum lanuginosum 2 100% 1 2% positive 

Stylidium debile 2 100% 2 1% positive 

Triglochin procerum 2 100% 2 1% positive 

Gonocarpus tetragynus 2 50% 1 1% positive 





Villarsia exaltata 2 50% 2 1% positive 

Viola betonicifolia 2 50% 1 1% positive


Community 30 Middle Richmond Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s 

Scientific name: Azolla pinnata, Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis, Phalaris minor, Hygrophila 

angustifolia <strong>and</strong> Juncus mollis Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>. 

Sites: (3) CAS01albk, CAS02albk, CAS03albk. 


Freshwater Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Freshwater Lagoons (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystems 12.3.8. Freshwater 

swamps (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999). 


A freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong> with Azolla 

pinnata, Ludwigia peploides subsp. 

montevidensis, Phalaris minor, Hygrophila 

angustifolia <strong>and</strong> Juncus mollis. The 

invasive weed Chinese Tallow (Triadica 

sebifera) occurs as a common emergent 

tree, with up to 40% cover. Water 

weeds are prevalent in the lower 

strata, including Phalaris minor <strong>and</strong> 

Myriophyllum aquaticum. 


Habitat: A backswamp on the fringe <strong>of</strong> 

a broad drainage depression on Barlings 

Creek, derived from fine-grained 

sediments from the deposition low 

sedimentary quartz soils <strong>of</strong> the Namoona 

Beds. 

Disturbance: Light to severe weed infestation. 

Example locations: Jabiru Geneenbinga wetl<strong>and</strong> Casino. 


Threats: Weed infestation by Chinese Tallow. 

Conservation status: Poor. The community is part <strong>of</strong> the ‘Freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s on coastal floodplains <strong>of</strong> the NSW 

North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions’ EEC. Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson (2007) record a Ludwigia 

peploides ssp. montevidensis–Nymphaea capensis–Persicaria attenuata low to tall closed forbl<strong>and</strong> in the Newybar 

Embayment. 


Structure 


Tallest 1–10 5–40 

Middle 1 0.5–1.5 30 

<strong>Lower</strong> 1 0.5–1 5–80 


131 - Appendix 1


Group 3–Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> sites <strong>and</strong> headl<strong>and</strong> sites 

Community 31 Scribbly Gum–Red Mahogany–Brush Box dry 

sclerophyll Open to Closed Forest on Coastal Barrier S<strong>and</strong>s 

Scientifc name: Scribbly Gum (Eucalyptus signata), Red Mahogany (Eucalyptus resinifera) <strong>and</strong> Brush Box 

(Lophostemon confertus) Dry Sclerophyll Open to Closed Forest on Coastal Barrier S<strong>and</strong>s. 

Sites: (9) BALL10cbrdg, BRU44cbrdg, BRU36esticd, BRU37estisw, BRU46estsswp, BIL12cbrdg, BRU41cbrdg, 

WAR10cbrdg, WAR46hsrlh. 


Dry Sclerophyll Forests-Coastal 

Dune Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Keith 

2006); Scribbly Gum (sG) (L<strong>and</strong>mark 

Ecological Services 1999); 306 – Coastal 

Scribbly Gum Open Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> 

(Kingston et al. 2004); 3516: Eucalyptus 

signata tall to very tall, open woodl<strong>and</strong> 

NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> 

(Griffith et al. 2000); North-east NSW 

Forest Ecosytem 74 – Lowl<strong>and</strong>s Scribbly 

Gum (NPWS 1999). 


An open to closed forest, with dominant 

overstorey trees including Scribbly Gum 

(Eucalyptus signata), Red Mahogany 

(Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. hemilampra) 

<strong>and</strong> Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus). 

A mid-layer <strong>of</strong> shrubs is present, 

including Baeckea frustescens, Tree 

Broom-heath (Monotoca elliptica), Wallum Banksia (Banksia aemula), Tantoon (Leptospermum polygalifolium), 

Satinwood (Nematolepis squamea subsp. squamea) <strong>and</strong> Slender Tea-tree (Leptospermum trinervium). The most 

frequently occurring lower strata species are Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia), Bracken Fern (Pteridium 

esculentum), Midgen Berry (Austromyrtus dulcis), Plume Rush (Baloskion tetraphyllum) <strong>and</strong> Leucopogon lanceolatus var. 

gracilis. 


Habitat: Found on Pleistocene barrier str<strong>and</strong>plains <strong>and</strong> backbarrier flats <strong>and</strong> high sedimentary quartz subtrates. 

Disturbance: There is some evidence <strong>of</strong> moderate to severe fire (15–80 years previously) at several sites. There was 

no evidence <strong>of</strong> disturbance at sites BRU36esticd <strong>and</strong> BRU37estisw. 

Example locations: Lennox Head, T<strong>and</strong>ys Lane, Tyagarah Airfield, Tallow Creek, Brunswick Road, Boyd Street 

Tugun, <strong>and</strong> Pine Street at Wardell. 

132 - Appendix 1



Threats: Not threatened. 

Conservation status: In Byron Shire, a Scribbly Gum community was reported as being reserved in Mt Jerusalem 

NP <strong>and</strong> at Tyagarah NR (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999). In the study area, small areas <strong>of</strong> Scribbly Gum forests 

are reserved in Ukerebagh NR, Broadwater NP, Billinudgel NR, Cudgen NR, Nightcap NP <strong>and</strong> Bundjalung NP. 

North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 74 – Lowl<strong>and</strong>s Scribbly Gum Forest was considered vulnerable (NPWS 1999). 

Significant taxa: Corokia whiteana (TSC: Vulnerable). 

Structure 


Tallest 4–18 15–80 

Middle 1 2–10 20–100 



Floristics 

Trees: Eucalyptus signata (T), Banksia aemula (T), Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. hemilampra (T), Lophostemon confertus 

(T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Eucalyptus robusta, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Callitris columellaris, Cinnamomum 

camphora*, Corymbia gummifera. 

Shrubs: Monotoca elliptica (M1), Leptospermum polygalifolium (T), Baeckea frutescens (M1), Leucopogon lanceolatus 

var. gracilis (M1), Nematolepis squamea subsp. squamea (M1), Leptospermum trinervium (M1), Leucopogon margarodes 

(M1), Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Xanthorrhoea macronema (L1), Leucopogon leptospermoides, Acrotriche aggregata (M1), 

Banksia serrata, Dodonaea triquetra, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi, Leptospermum whitei, Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima, 

Corokia whiteana, Melaleuca nodosa, Xanthorrhoea fulva, Acmena smithii, Aotus lanigera, Banksia oblongifolia, Duboisia 

myoporoides, Homoranthus virgatus, Agiortia pedicellata, Ochrosperma citriodorum, Ochrosperma lineare, Xanthorrhoea 

johnsonii. 

Climbers: Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Cassytha filiformis, Kennedia rubicunda, Smilax glyciphylla, 

Stephania japonica, Cassytha glabella, Marsdenia rostrata, Smilax australis. 

Epiphytes: Platycerium bifurcatum. 

Grasses: Imperata cylindrica var. major. 

Ferns: Pteridium esculentum (L1), Schizaea bifida. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Baloskion tetraphyllum (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Gahnia clarkei (L1), Caustis recurvata (L1), 

Hypolaena fastigiata, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra elongata, Baloskion tenuiculme. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Austromyrtus dulcis (L1), Pomax umbellata (L1), Acacia ulicifolia (L1), Cryptostylis subulata, 

Dianella caerulea, Persoonia stradbrokensis, Acianthus pusillus, Boronia rosmarinifolia, Bossiaea heterophylla, Patersonia 

sericea, Platysace ericoides, Pseudanthus orientalis, Dampiera stricta, Caleana major, Dipodium punctatum, Drosera 

auriculata, Epacris pulchella, Gonocarpus micranthus, Mitrasacme polymorpha, Patersonia fragilis, Pimelea linifolia, 

Strangea linearis, Styphelia viridis subsp. breviflora, Viminaria juncea, Xyris complanata. 



133 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 




Pomax umbellata 2 88% 2 7% positive 


Eucalyptus signata 5 63% 2 1% positive 

Monotoca elliptica 3 63% 2 4% positive 

Acacia ulicifolia 2 50% 1 4% positive 

Baloskion tetraphyllum 5 50% 2 6% positive 



Leptospermum trinervium 2 50% 3 2% positive 


Lophostemon confertus 3 50% 3 18% positive 


Nematolepis squamea subsp. 

squamea 


Hypolaena fastigiata 2 25% 0 0% positive 

Acianthus pusillus 2 13% 0 0% positive 

Aotus lanigera 1 13% 0 0% positive 

Boronia rosmarinifolia 2 13% 0 0% positive 

Caleana major 1 13% 0 0% positive 

Corokia whiteana 2 13% 0 0% positive 

Dipodium punctatum 1 13% 0 0% positive 

Mitrasacme polymorpha 1 13% 0 0% positive 

Ochrosperma citriodorum 1 13% 0 0% positive 

Patersonia fragilis 1 13% 0 0% positive


Community 32 Blackbutt–Turpentine Open Forest Complex 

Scientific name: Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melalueca quinquenervia), Swamp 

Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) <strong>and</strong> Turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera) Open Forest Complex. 

Sites: (6) BRU15cbbbf, BRU16cbbbf, BRU23estchf, WAR13esttdf, WAR05cbrdg, WAR06cbr. 


Dry Sclerophyll Forests-Coastal Dune Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.8 

Eucalyptus pilularis, E. microcorys, E. resinifera & Syncarpia hillii Tall Open Forest (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 206 

– Flooded Gum Open Forest, 211 – Turpentine ± Pink Bloodwood Open Forest, 307 – Coastal Blackbutt Open 

Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong>, 303 – Coastal Brush Box Open Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> 305 – Coastal Swamp Mahogany 

Open Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); Wet Sclerophyll Forests: 30041 – Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is, 30051 

– Corymbia intermedia, 30031 – Lophostemon suaveolens, 30181 – Eucalyptus pilularis - Corymbia intermedia Swamp 

Sclerophyll Forests & Woodl<strong>and</strong>s: 40021 – Eucalyptus robusta Swamp Sclerophyll Forest <strong>and</strong> Woodl<strong>and</strong>. Dry 

Sclerophyll Forests <strong>and</strong> Woodl<strong>and</strong>s: 35051 – Eucalyptus 

pilularis - Corymbia gummifera, 35061 – Eucalyptus pilularis - 

Angophora costata/Corymbia gummifera/E. planchoniana, 35281 

– Corymbia intermedia, 35291 – Eucalyptus pilularis - Corymbia 

intermedia, 35501 – Eucalyptus pilularis - Corymbia gummifera/ 

E. planchoniana, 35581 – Eucalyptus pilularis - Corymbia 

intermedia/Angophora costata, 35561 – Syncarpia glomulifera, 

35711 – Syncarpia glomulifera subsp. glomulifera – Corymbia 

intermedia (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007); Flooded Gum (fG), 

Blackbutt (BB), Swamp Mahogany/Swamp Box (SMB) 

(L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); North-east NSW 

Forest Ecosystem 32 – Dry Foothills Blackbutt–Turpentine 

(NPWS 1999). 


A complex mosaic <strong>of</strong> tall, moist open forest overstorey 

species. There is considerable variation in the tallest strata, 

which are recognised within several mapping classifications. 

(1) Site WAR05cbrdg is a tall open forest <strong>of</strong> Flooded 

Gum (Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is) <strong>and</strong> Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia 

intermedia). (2) Sites BRU16cbbbf <strong>and</strong> WAR13esttdf are 

swamp sclerophyll open forests with Swamp Mahogany 

(Eucalyptus robusta) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Box (Lophostemon 

suaveolens). (3) Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) is the 

dominant tree species in sites BRU15cbbbf <strong>and</strong> BRU23estchf. (4) Site WAR06cbr is an open forest <strong>of</strong> Turpentine 

(Syncarpia glomulifera) <strong>and</strong> Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus). 

The sites appear to be grouped on the basis <strong>of</strong> species in the middle <strong>and</strong> lower strata. The mid-layer is an open to 

closed, tree or shrub layer with Hard Corkwood (Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi), Tree Heath (Trochocarpa laurina), Blueberry Ash 

(Elaeocarpus reticulatus) <strong>and</strong> Baeckea frutescens. A lower layer consists <strong>of</strong> Plume Rush (Baloskion tetraphyllum), Saw 

Sedge (Gahnia clarkei), Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia), Midgen Berry (Austromyrtus dulcis), Bracken 

Fern (Pteridium esculentum), <strong>and</strong> Pomax umbellata. 


Habitat: Coastal s<strong>and</strong>plain sites transitional between wetter backbarrier flats <strong>and</strong> drier str<strong>and</strong>plain sites on 

135 - Appendix 1


Pleistocene barrier s<strong>and</strong>s. 

Disturbance: There has been some moderate to light burning (20–50 years previously) <strong>and</strong> some incursions by 

weeds, <strong>and</strong> there is some evidence <strong>of</strong> light clearing at sites BRU15cbbbf <strong>and</strong> BRU16cbbbf. However, there is no 

evidence <strong>of</strong> disturbance at site WAR05cbrdg. 

Example locations: Tuckean Broadwater, Brunswick Heads, <strong>and</strong> Lumleys Road at Wardell. 



Conservation status: Assessment <strong>of</strong> the Conservation status <strong>of</strong> such a disparate grouping <strong>of</strong> overstory sites is 

problematic. Most <strong>of</strong> the overstorey associations listed above are represented in reserves in the study area, but 

as relatively small areas. Only overstorey association 35291 – Eucalyptus pilularis - Corymbia intermedia, 35501 

– Eucalyptus pilularis - Corymbia gummifera/E. planchoniana appears well reserved in Bundjalung NP (Griffith <strong>and</strong> 

Wilson, 2007) 

Significant taxa: Arthrochilus prolixus (ROTAP: 3K), Cordyline congesta (ROTAP: 2RC-). 

Structure 


Tallest 15–40 15–60 

Middle 1 3–25 10–70 

Middle 2 1–5 15–40 



Floristics 

Trees: Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi (T), Eucalyptus pilularis (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Eucalyptus robusta (T), Syncarpia 

glomulifera (T), Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. hemilampra (T), Lophostemon suaveolens (T), Corymbia intermedia (T), 

Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is (T), Lophostemon confertus (T), Eucalyptus signata (T), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana. 

Sub canopy trees <strong>and</strong> saplings: Livistona australis, Melicope elleryana, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Jagera pseudorhus 

var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Guioa semiglauca, Cinnamomum camphora*, Ficus watkinsiana, Sarcopteryx stipata, 

Syzygium oleosum, Commersonia bartramia, Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle, Flindersia schottiana, Litsea australis, 

Pittosporum revolutum. 

Shrubs: Baeckea frutescens (M1), Elaeocarpus reticulatus (M1), Trochocarpa laurina (M1), Nematolepis squamea subsp. 

squamea (M1), Pilidiostigma glabrum, Banksia serrata, Myrsine howittiana, Senna pendula var. glabrata*, Tasmannia 

insipida, Acacia concurrens, Alyxia ruscifolia, Ardisia crenata*, Banksia oblongifolia, Callistemon salignus, Lantana 

camara*, Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. cismontanum, Myrsine variabilis, Oxylobium arborescens. 

Climbers: Smilax glyciphylla (L2), Smilax australis (M2), Parsonsia straminea, Marsdenia rostrata (L1), Hibbertia 

sc<strong>and</strong>ens (L2), Marsdenia fraseri, P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Cissus hypoglauca, Cassytha glabella, Cissus antarctica, 

Echinostephia aculeata, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Kennedia rubicunda, Lygodium microphyllum, Morinda jasminoides. 

Epiphtyes: Platycerium bifurcatum, Cymbidium suave, Platycerium superbum. 

Grasses: Paspalidium distans, Axonopus compressus*, Ottochloa gracillima, Andropogon virginicus*, Entolasia stricta, 

Ischaemum australe. 

Ferns: Pteridium esculentum (L1), Todea barbara, Blechnum indicum, Hypolepis muelleri, Calochlaena dubia, Lygodium 

microphyllum. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Baloskion tetraphyllum (L1), Gahnia clarkei (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1). 

136 - Appendix 1


Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Baeckea frutescens (M1), Austromyrtus dulcis (L1), Acrotriche aggregata (M2), Pomax umbellata 

(L2), Cryptostylis erecta, Cordyline congesta, Arthrochilus prolixus, Breynia oblongifolia, Chiloglottis diphylla, Cordyline 

rubra, Dianella caerulea, Alpinia arundelliana, Cordyline petiolaris, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Gonocarpus tetragynus, 

Leucopogon lanceolatus var. gracilis, Melastoma affine, Platysace lanceolata. 





Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Austromyrtus dulcis 2 86% 2 14% Positive 

Baeckea frutescens 6 57% 2 4% Positive 

Baloskion tetraphyllus 4 86% 2 6% Positive 

Chiloglottis diphylla 2 14% 0 0% Positive 

Elaeocarpus reticulatus 2 100% 2 17% Positive 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi 3 100% 1 9% Positive 

Eucalyptus pilularis 5 57% 3 6% Positive 

Gahnia clarkei 3 86% 3 16% Positive 

Livistona australis 2 86% 1 14% Positive 

Marsdenia fraseri 1 43% 0 0% Positive 

Melaleuca quinquenervia 2 57% 3 39% Positive 

Melicope elleryana 2 57% 2 19% Positive 


squamea 

2 57% 3 3% Positive 

Parsonsia straminea 2 86% 1 44% Positive 

Platysace lanceolata 1 14% 0 0% Positive 

Pomax umbellata 2 86% 2 8% Positive 

Pteridium esculentum 2 86% 2 19% Positive 

Smilax australis 2 86% 2 41% Positive 

Smilax glyciphylla 2 100% 1 6% Positive 

Trochocarpa laurina 2 71% 2 12% Positive


Community 33 Coast Cypress Pine on Dunes <strong>and</strong> Ridges 

Scientific name: Coast Cypress Pine (Callitiris collumelaris) on Dunes <strong>and</strong> Ridges. 

Sites: (3) BRU19cbrdg, POT31cbrdg, WOO28cbdne. 


Dry Sclerophyll Forests-Coastal Dune Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.5 Open 

forest to low closed forest <strong>of</strong> Quaternary coastal dunes <strong>and</strong> beaches (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 313 – Cypress 

Pine Open Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); Cypress Pine (CP) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 

3502 – Dry sclerophyll forest & woodl<strong>and</strong> NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 2007); Northeast 

NSW Forest Ecosystem 22 – Coast Cypress Pine 

(NPWS 1999). 


A closed forest dominated by Coast Cypress Pine 

(Callitris collumelaris). An open middle strata 

comprises Coast Cypress Pine, Tantoon (Leptospermum 

polygalifolium), Salwood (Acacia disparrima subsp. 

disparrima) <strong>and</strong> Lancewood (Acacia aulacocarpa). 

An open to dense lower layer is present in which 

Cyperus stradbrokensis, Pomax umbellata, Leucopogon 

leptospermoides <strong>and</strong> Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lom<strong>and</strong>ra 

longifolia) are abundant. 


Habitat: This community occurs on beach ridge 

<strong>and</strong> trangressive dunes <strong>of</strong> Pleistocene <strong>and</strong> Holocene 

age, <strong>and</strong> shell material is <strong>of</strong>ten obvious in Callitris 

communities with links to midden material at one 

confirmed location (Griffith 1999). 

Disturbance: There have been light to moderately 

intense fires (30–60 years previously). Site 

WOO28cbdne had been lightly logged, <strong>and</strong> there 

was evidence <strong>of</strong> clearing at site POT31cbrdg. Steve 

Griffith (pers. comm.) observed virtually no seedling 

recruitment <strong>of</strong> C. collumelaris in extensive areas <strong>of</strong> 

Eucalyptus pilularis <strong>and</strong> Callitris that was severely burnt 

in Bundjalung NP, <strong>and</strong> suggests that the fire may have consumed the seed bank. 

Example locations: Broadwater NP, Arakwal NP, <strong>and</strong> Tyagarah NR. 



Conservation status: <strong>Survey</strong> sites were located in Broadwater NP, Arakwal NP <strong>and</strong> Billinudgel NR. Griffith <strong>and</strong> 

Wilson (2007) record only 52 ha <strong>of</strong> Coast Cypress Pine in reserves on the north coast <strong>of</strong> NSW. In the study area, 

they recorded Coast Cypress Pine in Broadwater NP (16 ha) <strong>and</strong> Bundjalung NP (7 ha); <strong>and</strong> approximately 25 ha 

is mapped within Billinudgel NR. The North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 22 – Coastal Cypress Pine was assessed 

as rare (NPWS 1999). The NSW Scientific Committee has made a prelimiary determination to list Coastal Cypress 

Pine Forest in the NSW North Coast Bioregion as an EEC. 

138 - Appendix 1



Structure 




Middle 1 1–10 15–30 


Floristics 

Trees: Callitris columellaris (T), Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. hemilampra (E), Euroschinus falcata var. falcata (T), 

Acronychia imperforata, Corymbia intermedia, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Eucalyptus pilularis (T), Melicope elleryana. 

Sub-canopy trees: Polyscias elegans. 

Shrubs: Monotoca elliptica (M1), Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. polygalifolium (M1), Acacia disparrima subsp. 

disparrima (M1), Acacia aulacocarpa (M1), Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae, Leucopogon margarodes (M1), Zieria 

smithii, Persoonia stradbrokensis (M1), Homoranthus virgatus, Oxylobium robustum, Pittosporum revolutum. 

Climbers: Kennedia rubicunda, Marsdenia rostrata, Parsonsia straminea, Smilax australis, Solanum seaforthianum*. 

Grasses: Panicum maximum*, Ottochloa gracillima, Oplismenus imbecillis. 

Ferns: Pteridium esculentum (L1), Davallia solida var. pyxidata, Pyrrosia rupestris, Microsorum pustulatum. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Cyperus stradbrokensis (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Coleocarya gracilis, Schoenus ericetorum. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Pomax umbellata (L1), Austromyrtus dulcis (L1), Leucopogon leptospermoides, Monotoca elliptica, 

Commelina cyanea, Acacia suaveolens, Acacia ulicifolia, Asparagus aethiopicus*, Astroloma pinifolium, Bryophyllum 

delagoense*, Dianella caerulea, Leucopogon margarodes, Sida cordifolia, Solanum nigrum*, Acrotriche aggregata, Caladenia 

carnea, Jasminum didymum, Leucopogon ericoides, Platysace ericoides, Rhaphiolepis indica*, Stylidium laricifolium. 



139 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Acacia aulacocarpa 3 33% 0 0% positive 

Acacia ulicifolia 2 67% 1 4% positive 

Astroloma pinifolium 2 33% 0 0% positive 


Caladenia carnea 1 33% 0 0% positive 

Callitris columellaris 6 100% 2 1% positive 

Cyperus strabrokensis 3 100% 2 5% positive 

Dianella caerulea 2 67% 1 29% positive 

Euroschinus falcata var. 

falcata 


Leucopogon leptospermoides 3 67% 1 4% positive 


Microsorum pustulatum 1 33% 0 0% positive 

Monotoca elliptica 2 100% 3 5% positive 

Oxylobium robustum 1 33% 0 0% positive 

Paspalidium distans 2 67% 2 6% positive 


Sida cordifolia 1 33% 0 0% positive 

Stylidium laricifolium 1 33% 0 0% positive


Community 34 Coast Banksia Frontal Dune Open Forest on Holocene 

Dunes 

Scientific name: Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia) Frontal Dune Open Forest on 

Holocene Dunes. 

Sites: (6) BRU03cbdne, BRU27cbdne, BRU28cbdne, BYR12cbdne, BYR11cbdne, TWE19cbdne. 


Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.5 Open forest to low closed forest <strong>of</strong> Quaternary coastal dunes <strong>and</strong> beaches (Young 

<strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 310 – Banksia Dry Sclerophyll Open Forest to Shrubl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); Coast 

Banksia (CB1) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 3523 – Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia NPWS NSW 

Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 2007); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 5 – Banksia (NPWS 1999). 


An open to closed forest in which 

Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia subsp 

integrifolia) dominates the tallest strata. 

Horsetail Sheoak (Casuarina equisetifolia 

subsp. incana) is dominant in site 

TWE19cbdne. A closed mid-strata <strong>of</strong> 

littoral rainforest species, such as Logan 

Apple (Acronychia imperforata) <strong>and</strong> 

Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) is 

present. Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides 

monilifera subsp. rotundata) is a frequent 

mid-strata species. The lower layer 

contains Spiny-headed Mat-rush 

(Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia) <strong>and</strong> Cyperus 

strabrokensis. Exotic species, such as 

Asparagus Fern (Asparagus aethiopicus) 

<strong>and</strong> Bitou Bush are <strong>of</strong>ten dominant 

lower strata species. 


Habitat: All sites were located on seaward aspects <strong>of</strong> Holocene s<strong>and</strong>-dunes. Littoral rainforest trees may establish in 

sheltered sites or in senescent st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> the community or in those sites where fire has been absent for long periods 

(Griffith 1999). 

Disturbance: There is evidence <strong>of</strong> severe clearing at sites BRU03cbdne, BRU27cbdne <strong>and</strong> BRU28cbdne as a 

result <strong>of</strong> mining, <strong>and</strong> there was moderate to severe invasions <strong>of</strong> weeds in all sites. Horse-tail Sheoak had been 

planted at TWE19cbdne for rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> the mining site. Moderate disturbance by fire was also evident at sites 

BRU27cbdne <strong>and</strong> BRU28cbdne. 

Example locations: New Brighton, Broken Head NR, <strong>and</strong> Dreamtime Beach at Fingal. 


Threats: Clearing <strong>and</strong> infestation by exotic Bitou Bush. 

Conservation status: Fairly undisturbed examples <strong>of</strong> this community are uncommon. This dunal community has 

been subject to considerable disturbance from s<strong>and</strong>-mining <strong>and</strong> clearing in the past, <strong>and</strong> Bitou Bush is invading this 

141 - Appendix 1


community. On the FNC the community is mapped from Richmond River NR <strong>and</strong> Bundjalung NP (Griffith et al. 

2000). It is also reserved in Ukerebagh NR <strong>and</strong> Wooyung NR (Kingston et al. 2004) Ecograph), Arakwal NP (Baker 

2000), Cape Byron SCA <strong>and</strong> Broken Head NR (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services, 1999). The community is also found 

in Crown Reserves along the coast managed by the NSW Department <strong>of</strong> L<strong>and</strong>s (A. Benwell, pers. comm.). 

Significant taxa: Cordyline congesta (ROTAP: 2RC-), Cryptocarya foetida (TSC: Vulnerable). 

Structure 


Tallest 4–20 30–70 

Middle 1 2–10 60–90 

Middle 2 1–2 90 



Floristics 

Trees: Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia (T), Acronychia imperforata (T), Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana (T), 

Lophostemon confertus (T), Flindersia bennettiana (T), Eucalyptus robusta, Ficus watkinsiana. 

Sub-canopy trees: Cupaniopsis anacardioides (M1), Alphitonia excelsa, Cryptocarya foetida, Syzygium luehmannii. 

Shrubs: Acacia concurrens (T), Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima (T), Euroschinus falcata var. falcata (T), 

Macaranga tanarius (T), Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata* (M1), Litsea australis (M1), Syzygium oleosum 

(M1), Polyscias elegans (M1), Acacia melanoxylon, Backhousia myrtifolia, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Flindersia schottiana, 

Notelaea longifolia, Notelaea venosa, Rhodomyrtus psidioides, Senna pendula var. glabrata*, Xanthorrhoea macronema, 

Cryptocarya triplinervis var. triplinervis (M1), Callistemon salignus (M1), Acmena hemilampra subsp. hemilampra (M1), 

Acmena smithii (M1), Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae, Alectryon coriaceous, Denhamia celastroides, Guioa semiglauca, 

Halfordia kendack, Lantana camara*, Pittosporum revolutum, Pittosporum undulatum. 

Climbers: Cissus hypoglauca (M1), Smilax australis (L1), Cassytha pubescens, Cayratia clematidea, Cissus antarctica, 

Coelospermum paniculatum, Flagellaria indica, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Ipomoea cairica*, Marsdenia 

rostrata, P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Stephania japonica var. discolour. 

Epiphtyes: Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum. 

Grasses: Oplismenus imbecillis (L1), Eragrostis interrupta, Oplismenus aemulus, Ottochloa gracillima. 

Ferns: Pteridium esculentum (M2), Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Davallia solida var. pyxidata. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Cyperus stradbrokensis (L1), Cyperus gracilis, Ficinia nodosa. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Dianella congesta (L1), Alpinia arundelliana (L2), Alyxia ruscifolia, Cordyline congesta, Dianella 

caerulea (L1), Pomax umbellata (L1), Austromyrtus dulcis (L2), Acrotriche aggregata, Commelina cyanea, Dianella 

crinoides, Gloriosa superba*, Monotoca elliptica (M1), Asparagus aethiopicus* (L1), Breynia oblongifolia, Viola banksii. 



142 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Acronychia imperforata 3 83% 2 4% positive 

Alphitonia excelsa 2 50% 2 26% positive 


Backhousia myrtifolia 2 50% 0 0% positive 


Cupaniopsis anacardioides 3 100% 1 33% positive 

Cyperus stradbrokensis 2 100% 2 4% positive 




Notelaea venosa 2 17% 0 0% positive 

Polyscias elegans 2 67% 1 5% positive 


Smilax australis 3 100% 2 41% positive 

Syzygium oleosum 3 67% 2 12% positive


Community 35 Brush Box Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest 

Scientific name: Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus), Bennett’s Ash (Flindersia bennettiana) <strong>and</strong> Logan Apple 

(Acronychia imperforata) Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest. 

Sites: (6) POT09alfan, TWE11esttdf, TWE12esttdf, TWE27cbtd, TWE28cbdne, TWE32vbrh. 


Rainforest-Subtropical Rainforest (Keith 2006); F2 – Lophostemon confertus tall to very tall closed forest (Pressey 

<strong>and</strong> Grifftith 1992); 303 – Coastal Brush Box Open Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); Brush Box (Bb) 

(L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 3002 – Lophostemon confertus mid-high to very tall, open to closed forest 

(Griffith & Wilson 2007); Suballiance 18 – Lophostemon confertus (Floyd 1990); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 

50 – Wet Bangalow–Brushbox (NPWS 1999). 


A closed forest community with 

abundant Brush Box (Lophostemon 

confertus), <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten associated with 

Bennett’s Ash (Flindersia bennettiana), 

Logan Apple (Acronychia imperforata), 

Bangalow Palm (Archontophoenix 

cunninghamiana), Rose Walnut 

(Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor), Hard Corkwood 

(Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi), Three-veined Laurel 

(Cryptocarya triplinervis), Cheese Tree 

(Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i) <strong>and</strong> Mischocarpus 

pyriformis subsp. pyriformis. The midstrata 

comprises species such as Blue 

Lilly Pilly (Syzygium oleosum), Stinking 

Laurel (Cryptocarya foetida), Pear-fruited 

Tamarind (Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. 

pyriformis), Coogera (Arytera divaricata), 

Broad-leaved Native Cherry (Exocarpos 

latifolius) <strong>and</strong> Mock Olive (Notelaea longifolia). An open lower strata <strong>of</strong> Saw Sedge (Gahnia clarkei), Lawyer Vine 

(Smilax australis), Native Sarsparilla (Smilax glyciphylla), Palm Lily (Cordyline congesta), Canary Beech (Polyalthia 

nitidissima), Thin-leaved Coondoo (Pouteria chartacea) <strong>and</strong> Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia) is present. 


Habitat: Lowl<strong>and</strong> sites associated with the estaurine plain <strong>of</strong> the Tweed River <strong>and</strong> Pleistocene barrier dunes. 

Disturbance: Sites show moderate levels <strong>of</strong> burning (fires 15–20 years previously); <strong>and</strong> infestation by weeds is 

light to severe (TWE32vbrh). There has been severe clearing at site POT09alfan, <strong>and</strong> there is evidence <strong>of</strong> light to 

moderate logging at sites TWE11esttdf <strong>and</strong> TWE32vbrh. 

Example locations: Ukerebagh NR, Billinudgel NR, Barneys Point, Shallow Point <strong>and</strong> Fingal. 



Conservation status: The Conservation status <strong>of</strong> Forest Ecosystem 50 – Wet Bangalow–Brushbox has been assessed 

as vulnerable (NPWS 1999). Floyd (1990) considered Suballiance 18 – Lophostemon confertus to be adequately 

reserved in the northern part <strong>of</strong> its range in NSW. <strong>Survey</strong> sites were located in reserves. In the coastal zone, Coastal 

144 - Appendix 1


Brush Box is reserved in Ukerebagh NR <strong>and</strong> Cudgen NR <strong>and</strong> Cape Byron SCA. 

Significant taxa: Archidendron hendersonii (TSC: Vulnerable), Cordyline congesta (ROTAP: 2RC-), Syzygium moorei 

(TSC: Vulnerable), Cryptocarya foetida (TSC: Vulnerable), Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana (TSC: Endangered), 

Grevillea hilliana (TSC: Endangered), R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei (TSC: Endangered), Niemeyera antiloga. 

Structure 


Tallest 8–28 65–90 

Middle 1 1–15 40–80 


Floristics 

This community contains two groups identified in the dendogram. 

Trees: Lophostemon confertus (T), Cryptocarya triplinervis (T), Cupaniopsis anacardioides (T), Flindersia bennettiana 

(M1), Pouteria chartacea (L1), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (M1), Acronychia imperforata, Archidendron 

hendersonii, Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis (T), Schefflera actinophylla*, Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i (T), Diospyros 

fasciculosa, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi (T), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor (T), Alphitonia excelsa, Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma 

pseudorhus, Mallotus philippensis (T), Syzygium luehmannii (T), Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia (T), Ficus obliqua 

(T), Harpullia pendula, Ficus watkinsiana, Flindersia schottiana, Harpullia hillii, Polyscias elegans, Siphonodon australis, 

Acmena hemilampra subsp. hemilampra, Beilschmiedia obtusifolia, Commersonia bartramia, Corymbia intermedia, Gossia 

bidwillii, Litsea australis, Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle, Sterculia quadrifida. 

Sub-canopy trees: Drypetes deplanchei, Alphitonia excelsa (M1), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor (M1), Acmena smithii. 

Shrubs: Exocarpos latifolius, Syzygium oleosum (M1), Polyalthia nitidissima, Psydrax lamprophylla (T), Arytera divaricata 

(M1), Cryptocarya foetida (M1), Drypetes deplanchei (M1), Notelaea longifolia (M1), Euroschinus falcata var. falcata 

(T), Pilidiostigma glabrum, Pittosporum revolutum, Celtis paniculata (M1), Jasminum volubile, Myrsine variabilis, Rivina 

humilis*, Sarcomelicope simplicifolia subsp. simplicifolia, Trochocarpa laurina, Halfordia kendack (M1), Hibiscus tiliaceus, 

Maclura cochinchinensis, Psychotria loniceroides, Cyclophyllum longipetalum (T), Actephila lindleyi (L1), Alchornea 

ilicifolia, Alectryon coriaceous, Alectryon tomentosus, Alyxia ruscifolia, Auranticarpa rhombifolia, Elaeodendron australe, 

Niemeyera antiloga, Pouteria pohlmaniana var. pohlmaniana, Rhodomyrtus psidioides, Senna pendula var. glabrata*, 

Lantana camara* (L1), Symplocos stawellii, Triumfetta rhomboidea. 

Climbers: Smilax australis (L1), Geitonoplesium cymosum, Smilax glyciphylla, Coelospermum paniculatum, Cissus 

antarctica, Cissus sterculiifolia, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Hoya australis subsp. australis (L1), Ipomoea cairica*, Marsdenia 

rostrata (L1), Derris involuta (M1), Cayratia acris, Dioscorea transversa, Hippocratea barbata, Morinda jasminoides, 

Parsonsia straminea, Solanum seaforthianum, Tragia novae-holl<strong>and</strong>iae, Tylophora benthamii, Cissus hypoglauca*, 

Desmodium nemorosum, Eustrephus latifolius, P<strong>and</strong>orea jasminoides, Passiflora suberosa*, Rauwenh<strong>of</strong>fia leichhardtii. 

Epiphtyes: Asplenium australasicum f. australasicus, Platycerium bifurcatum, Platycerium superbum. 

Misteltoes: Muellerina celastroides, Notothixos subaureus. 

Grasses: Ottochloa gracillima, Imperata cylindrica var. major. 

Ferns: Pteridium esculentum, Nephrolepis cordifolia (L1), Asplenium australasicum f. australasicus, Pyrrosia rupestris, 

Platycerium superbum. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Gahnia clarkei (L1), Cyperus stradbrokensis (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Gahnia aspera. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Asparagus aethiopicus* (L1), Ochna serrulata* (L1), Polyalthia nitidissima (L1), Cordyline congesta, 

Alpinia caerulea, Acrotriche aggregata, Linospadix monostachya (L1), Dianella caerulea, Dodonaea triquetra, Persoonia 

stradbrokensis, Jasminum didymum, Gloriosa superba*, Aneilema acuminatum, Alpinia arundelliana, Capparis arborea, 

Commelina cyanea, Dianella congesta, Leucopogon margarodes, Peperomia bl<strong>and</strong>a var. floribunda. 

145 - Appendix 1





Sub-group 1 


Group 

frequency 


score 


frequency 



Acrotriche aggregrata 2 67% 2 2% positive 


Alpinia caerulea 3 67% 2 11% positive 

Archindendron hendersonii 3 67% 2 3% positive 



3 100% 2 25% positive 

Breynia oblongifolia 2 67% 1 21% positive 

Cissus sterculiifolia 2 67% 1 2% positive 



Drypetes deplanchei 2 67% 2 4% positive 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor 4 67% 1 8% positive 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi 4 67% 1 10% positive 

Flagellaria indica 2 67% 2 17% positive 

Flindersia bennettiana 4 100% 2 7% positive 


Geitonoplesium cymosum 2 100% 2 41% positive 


Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens 2 67% 1 28% positive 

Jagera pseudorhus var. 

pseudorhus 

2 67% 1 27% positive 

Jasminum volubile 2 67% 1 2% positive 


Mischocarpus pyriformis 

subsp. pyriformis 

2 100% 1 5% positive 

Notelaea longifolia 2 100% 1 21% positive 

Pilidiostigma glabrum 2 100% 1 14% positive 

Pittosporum revolutum 2 67% 1 15% positive 

Polyalthia nitidissima 2 67% 3 1% positive 

Pouteria chartacea 3 67% 2 5% positive 

Psydrax lamprophylla 2 67% 1 2% positive 



Smilax glyciphylla 3 67% 1 8% positive 

Syzygium luehmannii 4 67% 1 5% positive 

Syzygium oleosum 4 100% 2 13% positive 

Trochocarpa laurina 2 67% 2 13% positive 

146 - Appendix 1

Sub-group 2 



Group 

frequency 


score 


frequency 



Aphananthe philippinensis 3 67% 2 8% positive 

Archidendron hendersonii 2 67% 3 3% positive 

Arytera divaricata 2 100% 2 3% positive 

Celtis paniculata 3 67% 2 2% positive 

Cissus antarctica 2 67% 2 10% positive 

Coeleospermum paniculatum 2 67% 1 3% positive 


Cryptocarya foetida 4 67% 2 2% positive 

Cryptocarya triplinervis 4 100% 2 6% positive 


Diospyros fasciculosa 2 100% 2 2% positive 

Drypetes deplanchei 3 67% 2 4% positive 

Euroschinus falcifolia 3 67% 1 5% positive 

Exocarpos latifolius 3 100% 1 2% positive 

Ficus obliqua 3 67% 1 5% positive 



Grevillea hilliana 2 67% 3 2% positive 

Hodgkinsonia ovatiflora 2 67% 2 1% positive 

Mallotus discolor 3 67% 1 6% positive 

Mallotus philippensis 4 67% 2 16% positive 

Morinda canthoides 2 33% 0 0% positive 

Polyalthia nitidissima 4 67% 2 1% positive 


Sarcomelicope simplicifolia 

subsp. simplicifolia 



Streblus brunonianus 2 67% 2 7% positive 

Tylophora benthamii 2 33% 0 0% positive 

147 - Appendix 1


Community 36 Coast Wattle–Coast Tea-tree–Coast Banksia Shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

on Holocene Dunes <strong>and</strong> Ridges 

Scientific name: Coast Wattle (Acacia longifolia var. sophorae), Coast Tea-tree (Leptospermum laevigatum) <strong>and</strong> 

Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia) Shrubl<strong>and</strong> on Holocene Dunes <strong>and</strong> Ridges. 

Sites: (6) BRU04cbdne, BRU22cbdne, BRU21cbdne, TWE04assw, CUD09cbdne, POT03cbrdg. 


Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.14 Str<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> foredune complex (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 1008 – Post-mining 

Regeneration, 801 – Foredune Complex (Kingston et al. 2004); Horsetail She-oak–Coast Banksia–Bitou Bush 

(OcB) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 5411 Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata – Acacia sophorae 

mid-high to tall closed shrubl<strong>and</strong> NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 2007). 


An open to closed shrubl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> 

Coast Wattle (Acacia longifolia var. 

sophorae), Coast Tea-tree (Leptospermum 

laevigatum), Coast Banksia (Banksia 

integrifolia subsp. integrifolia), Horsetail 

Sheoak (Casuarina equisetifolia 

subsp. incana), <strong>and</strong> Bitou Bush 

(Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. 

rotundata). An open middle strata 

<strong>of</strong> Bitou Bush is sometimes present. 

A lower strata <strong>of</strong> Bitou Bush, Blue 

Couch (Cynodon dactylon), Cyperus 

stradbrokensis <strong>and</strong> Blady Grass (Imperata 

cylindrica var. major) occurs. 


Habitat: Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s on 

Holocene–Pleistocene dunes, ridges <strong>and</strong> 

str<strong>and</strong>plain. A derived community from rehabilitation after s<strong>and</strong>-mining. 

Disturbance: All sites are dunal sites regenerating after s<strong>and</strong>-mining <strong>and</strong> have been severely infested by Bitou Bush. 

Some species, such as Horsetail Sheoak <strong>and</strong> Coast Tea-tree have been planted for mine rehabilitation. 

Example locations: New Brighton, Brunswick Heads, Fingal <strong>and</strong> Hastings Point. 


Threats: Clearing, <strong>and</strong> infestation by weeds. 

Conservation status: Reserved in Bundjalung NP <strong>and</strong> Iluka NR. This is a derived community. 

Significant taxa: Geodorum densiflorum (TSC: Endangered). 

148 - Appendix 1

Structure 




Tallest 1–13 40–95 

Middle 1 1–7 10–40 


Floristics 

Trees: Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia (T), Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana (T), Callitris columellaris (T), 

Rivina humilis*, Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i. 

Shrubs: Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata* (T), Leptospermum laevigatum (T), Acacia disparrima subsp. 

disparrima (T), Acacia saligna* (T), Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae (T), Lantana camara* (T), Macaranga tanarius, 

Senna pendula var. glabrata*. 

Climbers: Ipomoea cairica*, Stephania japonica var. discolor*, Lablab purpureus*, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Passiflora 

suberosa*. 

Grasses: Imperata cylindrica var. major (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Eragrostis interrupta (L1), Melinis repens*, 

Cynodon dactylon (L1), Cenchrus caliculatus, Panicum maximum*, Panicum simile, Themeda australis. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Cyperus stradbrokensis (L1), Ficinia nodosa (L1). 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Conyza bonariensis*, Ambrosia artemisiifolia*, Bryophyllum delagoense, Gloriosa superba*, 

Asparagus aethiopicus, Bidens pilosa*, Ochna serrulata*, Crinum pedunculatum, Diplocyclos palmatus*, Geodorum 

densiflorum, Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis, Richardia brasiliensis*, Solanum mauritianum*, Triumfetta 

rhomboidea. 





Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Acacia longifolia 2 75% 2 3% positive 

Acacia saligna 3 25% 0 0% positive 

Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia 4 75% 2 7% positive 

Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana 3 50% 3 0% positive 

Cenchrus caliculatus 2 25% 0 0% positive 



Cyperus strabrokensis 3 100% 2 5% positive 

Eragrostis interrupta 3 50% 2 2% positive 

Geodorum densiflorum 1 25% 0 0% positive 


Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis 1 25% 0 0% positive 

Isolepis nodosa 2 75% 1 0% positive 

Leptospermum laevigatum 4 75% 1 1% positive


Community 37 Kangaroo Grass headl<strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> 

Scientific name: Kangaroo Grass (Themeda australis) Headl<strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong>. 

Sites: (1) CUD18lsrh. 


Heathl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Headl<strong>and</strong> Heaths (Keith 2006); 6302 – Themeda australis Sod Grassl<strong>and</strong> NPWS NSW Coastal 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 2007). 


A sod-tussock grassl<strong>and</strong> with a closed 

cover <strong>of</strong> Kangaroo Grass (Themeda 

australis) <strong>and</strong> a low cover <strong>of</strong> emergent 

Coast Banksia (Banksia integrifolia subsp. 

integrifolia), Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis 

anacardioides) <strong>and</strong> Screw Pine (P<strong>and</strong>anus 

tectorius var. australianus). Associated 

vegetation includes shrubs (e.g. Aotus 

ericoides, Scaevola calendulacea), herbs 

(e.g. Wollastonia biflora, Xerochrysum 

bracteatum) <strong>and</strong> grasses (e.g. Cynodon 

dactylon, Eragrostis interrupta). 


Habitat: Headl<strong>and</strong>s on an outcropping 

<strong>of</strong> meta-sedimentary rock. 

Disturbance: Light infestation by weeds. 

Location: Norries Headl<strong>and</strong>, Bogangar. 


Threats: Displacement <strong>of</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong> with shrubs species. 

Conservation status: Poorly reserved over parts <strong>of</strong> its range on the north coast. In the study area it is reserved in 

Bundjalung NP. 


Structure 




Floristics 

Emergent trees: Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia (E), Cupaniopsis anacardioides (E). 

Shrubs: Myoporum boninense subsp. australe (E), P<strong>and</strong>anus tectorius var. australianus (E). 

Climbers: Canavalia rosea, Galactia tenuiflora, Hardenbergia violacea. 

150 - Appendix 1


Grasses: Themeda australis (L1), Scaevola calendulacea (L1), Cynodon dactylon (L1), Eragrostis tenuifolia, Ischaemum 

triticeum. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Scaevola calendulacea, Aotus ericoides, Dianella crinoides, Pimelea linifolia, Wikstroemia indica, 

Melanthera bifolora, Xerochrysum bracteatum, Zornia muriculata subsp. angustata. 





Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Canavalia rosea 2 100% 0 0% positive 


Dianella crinoides 2 100% 2 1% positive 

Eragrostis interrupta 2 100% 2 2% positive 

Galactia tenuiflora 2 100% 0 0% positive 

Hardenbergia violacea 2 100% 1 1% positive 

Ischaemum triticeum 2 100% 0 0% positive 


Melanthera bliflora 2 100% 0 0% positive 

Myoporum bonariensis 3 100% 0 0% positive 

P<strong>and</strong>anus tectorius var. 

australianus 

3 100% 0 0% positive 

Pimelea linifolia 2 100% 1 3% positive 

Scaevola calendulacea 4 100% 0 0% positive 

Themeda australis 5 100% 2 8% positive 

Wikstroemia indica 2 100% 1 5% positive 

Xerochrysum bracteatum 2 100% 0 0% positive 

Zornia muriculata 2 100% 0 0% positive


Community 38 Scribbly Gum–Old Man Banksia–Slender Tea-tree 

Heathy Low Open Sclerophyll Forest to Shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Scientific name: Scribbly Gum (Eucalyptus signata), Old Man Banksia (Banksia serrata), Slender Tea-tree 

(Leptospermum trinervium) Heathy Low Open Sclerophyll Forest to Shrubl<strong>and</strong>. 

Sites: (2) BYR06cbsw, BYR07estcl. 


Dry Sclerophyll Forests-Coastal Dune Dry Sclerophyll Forest (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.6 Open 

forest on dunes (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); F6 – Eucalyptus signata mid-high to tall open forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong> 

(Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); Wallum Banksia – Scribbly Gum (BsG), (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 5003 

– Eucalyptus signata very tall to extremely tall mallee woodl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> open mallee forest NPWS NSW Coastal 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 2007); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 65 – Heathy Scribbly Gum (NPWS 1999). 


A low open forest <strong>of</strong> Scribbly Gum (Eucalyptus signata), Old Man Banksia (Banksia serrata) <strong>and</strong> Slender Tea-tree 

(Leptospermum trinervium). Heathy 

shrubs form the open mid-strata <strong>and</strong> 

include Old Man Banksia, Slender 

Tea-tree, the grass tree (Xanthorrhoea 

johnsonii), Homoranthus virgatus, Agiortia 

pedicellata, Zieria laevigata <strong>and</strong> Dillwynia 

retorta. The ground layer consists <strong>of</strong> 

Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Dillwynia retorta, 

Tantoon Tea-tree (Leptospermum 

polygalifolium), Caustis recurvata, 

Gompholobium virgatum <strong>and</strong> Coleocarya 

gracilis. 


Habitat: Elevated drier sites on 

Pleistocene barrier s<strong>and</strong>s. 

Disturbance: Moderate fire (15 years). 

Example locations: Taylors Lake. 


Threats: Inappropriate fire regimes. 

Conservation status: Considered adequately reserved in Broadwater NP <strong>and</strong> Bundjalung NP (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 

2007). 


152 - Appendix 1

Structure 



Tallest 5–10 30–50 

Middle 1 1–5 50–60 


Floristics 

Trees: Banksia serrata (T), Eucalyptus signata (T). 

Shrubs: Leptospermum trinervium (T), Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (M1), Homoranthus virgatus (M1), Dillwynia retorta 

(M1), Leptospermum polygalifolium (L1), Persoonia virgata, Phyllota phylicoides, Baeckea frutescens, Bossiaea heterophylla, 

Leptomeria acida, Leucopogon leptospermoides, Leucopogon margarodes. 

Climbers: Cassytha glabella, Cassytha pubescens. 

Ferns: Pteridium esculentum, Schizaea bifida. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Coleocarya gracilis (L1), Caustis recurvata. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Zieria laevigata, Agiortia pedicellata, Gompholobium virgatum, Leucopogon lanceolatus var. gracilis, 

Acacia suaveolens, Austromyrtus dulcis, Hibbertia acicularis, Cryptostylis erecta, Pimelea linifolia, Acacia ulicifolia, Aotus 

ericoides, Baloskion tetraphyllum, Hibbertia linearis, Monotoca elliptica, Ochrosperma lineare, Strangea linearis, Styphelia 

viridis subsp. breviflora, Thelymitra purpurata, Xanthosia pilosa. 



153 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 



Bossiaea ensata 1 43% 0 0% positive 

Cassytha pubesecens 2 71% 2 3% positive 


Coleocarya gracilis 4 71% 1 0% positive 

Conospermum taxifolium 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Dillwynia retorta 3 57% 0 0% positive 

Epacris pulchella 2 57% 1 1% positive 

Gompholobium virgatum 2 71% 0 0% positive 

Hibbertia acicularis 1 57% 0 0% positive 


Homoranthus virgatus 3 100% 1 2% positive 

Laxmannia compacta 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Leptomeria acida 1 43% 0 0% positive 


Leucopogon deformis 2 14% 0 0% positive 

Leucopogon virgatus 3 29% 0 0% positive 

Ochreosperma lineare 2 86% 3 1% positive 

Petrophile canesecens 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Phyllota phyllicoides 1 29% 0 0% positive 

Platysace ericoides 2 57% 1 2% positive 

Ricinocarpos pinifolius 2 57% 1 0% positive 

Schoenus ericetorum 2 57% 1 0% positive 

Stackhousia nuda 1 29% 0 0% positive 

Strangea linearis 2 86% 1 0% positive 

Tetratheca thymifolia 2 57% 0 0% positive 

Thelymitra purpurata 1 14% 0 0% positive 



Xanthorrrhoea australis 4 14% 0 0% positive 

Zieria laevigata 3 57% 0 0 positive


Community 39 Wallum Banksia Dry Heath 

Scientific name: Wallum Banksia (Banksia aemula) Dry Heath 

Sites: (5) BYR17cbdne, BYR34esticd, BYR35cbdne, CUD01cbdne, CUD06cbdne. 


Heathl<strong>and</strong>s-Wallum S<strong>and</strong> Heaths (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.9 Banksia aemula low shrubby 

woodl<strong>and</strong> on Quaternary coastal dunes (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 501 – Dry Heathl<strong>and</strong> to Shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

(Kingston et al. 2004); Wallum Banksia/Dwarf Banksia/Coast Banksia (BK), Sh. – mid high to tall closed heathl<strong>and</strong> 

(L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 5802 – Dry heathl<strong>and</strong> NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 

2007). 


A heath or shrubl<strong>and</strong> in which the 

shrubs Wallum Banksia (Banksia 

aemula), Homoranthus virgatus, <strong>and</strong> 

Slender Tea-tree (Leptospermum 

trinervium) are abundant. A mid-layer 

is present with grass trees (Xanthorrhoea 

australis), Leptospermum semibaccatum, 

Leucopogon virgatus, Ochrosperma lineare, 

Leucopogon leptospermoides <strong>and</strong> Wallum 

Banksia. Abundant species in the 

lower layer include Coleocarya gracilis, 

Hibbertia fasciculata, Caustis recurvata 

<strong>and</strong> Platysace ericoides. 


Habitat: Low beach Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>ridges 

away from the influence <strong>of</strong> 

onshore winds. 

Disturbance: Severe fire 5–20 years previously. 

Example locations: Byron Bay High School, Broken Head Road, Hastings Point, Coast Road, <strong>and</strong> Cudgen. 


Threats: 

Conservation status: Well reserved. <strong>Survey</strong>ed sites were in Arakwal NP. 


155 - Appendix 1

Structure 



Tallest 0.5–3 15–90 

Middle 1 1.5–2 25 



Floristics 

Shrubs: Banksia aemula (T), Homoranthus virgatus (T), Leptospermum trinervium (T), Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (T), 

Leucopogon leptospermoides, Acacia suaveolens, Leptospermum semibaccatum, Monotoca elliptica (T), Acacia longifolia 

subsp. sophorae, Xanthorrhoea australis, Corymbia intermedia (T), Lophostemon confertus (T), Xanthosia pilosa, 

Acronychia imperforata (T), Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia (T), Baeckea frutescens, Persoonia cornifolia, Persoonia 

stradbrokensis, Leptomeria acida. 

Climbers: Cassytha glabella, Cassytha filiformis, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana. 

Grasses: Themeda australis (L1), Imperata cylindrica var. major, Eragrostis interrupta, Panicum simile. 

Ferns: Pteridium esculentum, Schizaea dichotoma. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Coleocarya gracilis (L1), Caustis recurvata (L1), Schoenus ericetorum, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra elongata, 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L2), Leptocarpus tenax. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Strangea linearis (L1), Platysace ericoides (L2), Ochrosperma lineare (L1), Hibbertia fasciculata, 

Acacia ulicifolia, Gompholobium virgatum, Tetratheca thymifolia, Austromyrtus dulcis, Epacris pulchella, Leucopogon 

ericoides (L1), Pimelea linifolia, Ricinocarpos pinifolius, Leucopogon virgatus, Leptospermum semibaccatum (L1), Monotoca 

elliptica, Zieria laevigata, Banksia oblongifolia (L1), Brachyloma daphnoides, Styphelia viridis subsp. breviflora, Bossiaea 

ensata, Hibbertia linearis, Dianella caerulea, Agiortia pedicellata, Patersonia sericea (L1), Aotus ericoides, Hibbertia 

acicularis, Laxmannia gracilis, Leucopogon deformis, Monotoca scoparia, Pseudanthus orientalis, Stackhousia nuda, Zieria 

laxiflora, Dianella longifolia var. longifolia,Hibbertia riparia, Laxmannia compacta, Persoonia virgata, Petrophile canescens, 

Tricoryne elatior. 



156 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 



Bossiaea ensata 1 43% 0 0% positive 

Cassytha pubesecens 2 71% 2 3% positive 


Coleocarya gracilis 4 71% 1 0% positive 

Conospermum taxifolium 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Dillwynia retorta 3 57% 0 0% positive 

Epacris pulchella 2 57% 1 1% positive 

Gompholobium virgatum 2 71% 0 0% positive 


Homoranthus virgatus 3 100% 1 2% positive 

Laxmannia compacta 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Leptomeria acida 1 43% 0 0% positive 


Leucopogon deformis 2 14% 0 0% positive 

Leucopogon virgatus 3 29% 0 0% positive 

Ochreosperma lineare 2 86% 3 1% positive 

Petrophile canesecens 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Phyllota phyllicoides 1 29% 0 0% positive 

Platysace ericoides 2 57% 1 2% positive 

Ricinocarpos pinifolius 2 57% 1 0% positive 

Schoenus ericetorum 2 57% 1 0% positive 

Stackhousia nuda 1 29% 0 0% positive 

Strangea linearis 2 86% 1 0% positive 

Tetratheca thymifolia 2 57% 0 0% positive 

Thelymitra purpurata 1 14% 0 0% positive 


Xanthorrrhoea australis 4 14% 0 0% positive 


Zieria laevigata 3 57% 0 0% positive


Group 4–Forests on alluvium or fine-textured soils <strong>of</strong> coastal 

floodplains <strong>and</strong> foothills 

Community 40. <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Mesic Successional wet/swamp 

Sclerophyll Forest/Rainforest 

Scientific Name: <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond mesic successional swamp/wet sclerophyll forest, Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis 

anacardioides) Guioa with sclerophyll emergents, Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), Swamp Mahogany 

(Eucalyptus robusta), Red Mahogany (Eucalyptus resinifera), Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) on basalt, 

sedimentary, coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> alluvial soils. 

Sites: (10) BALL02VBRLH, WAR12cbrdg, WAR17hsrlh, BALL11esttdf, EMP03albk, WAR02cbbbf, WAR34cbsw, 

WAR03cbr, WAR41vbgur, WAR42hsrlh 


Wet Sclerophyll Forest-North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest (Keith, 2006); Community 4013: Melaleuca 

quinquenervia- Lophostemon suaveolens/Eucalyptus tereticornis mid-high to very tall, open woodl<strong>and</strong> to closed forest, 

NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith &Wilson, 2007); 206-Flooded Gum Open Forest; 211- Turpentine 

+/- Pink Bloodwood Open Forest; 307-Coastal Blackbutt Open Forest to woodl<strong>and</strong>; 303- Coastal Brush Box 

Open Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong>; 305-Coastal Swamp Mahogany Open Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong>, 309- Coastal Swamp Box 

Open Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al., 2004); Flooded Gum (fG); Blackbutt (BB) Moist to dry sclerophyll 

Forest; Swamp Mahogany/Swamp Box (SMB) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services, 1999); CASf17 Eucalyptus resinifera 

Eucalyptus pilularis Lophostemon suaveolens Syncarpia glomulifera Corymbia intermedia (Binns, 1995b). 


This community consists <strong>of</strong> wet 

sclerophyll, closed forest <strong>and</strong> Swamp 

Sclerophyll sites with a variety <strong>of</strong> 

sclerophyll emergents. 

1) Sites BALL11esttdf. EMP03albk, 

WAR34cbsw are <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) <strong>and</strong> 

Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) 

swamp sclerophyll sites with a mesic 

understorey with Blue Lily Pily (Syzygium 

oleosum), Buff Hazelwood (Symplocos 

thwaitesii) <strong>and</strong> Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis 

anacardioides). 

2) Sites BALL02vbrlh, WAR41vbgur, 

WAR42hsrlh have a closed forest 

structure <strong>and</strong> possess in common a 

tallest layer <strong>of</strong> Red Ash (Alphitnoia 

excelsa) <strong>and</strong> an abundance <strong>of</strong> Guoia 

semiglauca <strong>and</strong> Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides). 

3) WAR02 was dominated by Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus), 

4) WAR03 Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is) 

158 - Appendix 1


5) Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) was a dominant species in both WAR12cbrdg <strong>and</strong> WAR17hsrlh. 

Brown Bolly Gum (Litsea australis), Blue Lily Pily (Syzygium oleosum) <strong>and</strong> Bennett’s Ash (Flindersia bennettiana) are 

conspicuous in the small tree layer in this community. The lower layer is variable with Ottochloa gracillima being 

particularly abundant is some sites <strong>and</strong> is <strong>of</strong>ten associated with Kangaroo Grass (Themeda australis), Viola hederacea/ 

banksii, <strong>and</strong> Carex maculata. 


Example locations: Lennox Head, Tuckean Broadwater, Bagotville/Alstonville Road; Ballina Industrial Estate; 

Beswick Beach, Coolgardie, Wyralla Woodbburn Road; Tuckunrimea. 

Habitat: This complex occurs on three habitats on low relief topography 1) Swamp Sclerphyll sites occur on slightly 

more elevated locations on the alluvial/estaurine <strong>and</strong> coastal s<strong>and</strong> plains allowing the development <strong>of</strong> a mesic 

understorey. 2) Lowl<strong>and</strong> rainforest occurred on basalt <strong>and</strong> highs sedimentary quartz soils at Tuckarimba <strong>and</strong> Lennox 

Head; high sedimentary quartz soils <strong>and</strong> coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> soils on gentle relief coastal plains influenced by 

adjoning fine grained sedimentary rocks near Wardell 3) Lowl<strong>and</strong> wet sclerophyll forest were found on wet sites on 

coastal s<strong>and</strong>plains <strong>and</strong> riparian areas adjoining high sedimentary quartz soils. 

Disturbance: Weed disturbance light to severe. Site WAR42hsrlh has been heavily cleared. Evidence <strong>of</strong> light 

grazing. 


Threats: Clearing 

Conservation status: Sites BALL02vbrlh, WAR41vbgur, WAR42hsrlh are samples <strong>of</strong> Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest in 

NSW North Coast <strong>and</strong> Sydney Basin Bioregion Endangered Ecological Community. BALL11esttdf. EMP03albk, 

WAR34cbsw are examples <strong>of</strong> Swamp sclerophyll forest on coastal floodplains Endangered Ecological Community. 

These lowl<strong>and</strong> sites are clearly threatened by clearing <strong>and</strong> occur in environments were there are few reserves. 

Significant taxa: Cordyline congesta, Cryptocarya foetida, TSC-V 

Structure 


Tallest 15–30 20–60 

Middle 1 1–20 10–50 


Floristics 

Trees: Guioa semiglauca (T), Cupaniopsis anacardioides (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia-T, Alphitonia excelsa (T), 

Schefflera actinophylla*, Livistona australis (M1), Eucalyptus pilularis (T), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (M1), 

Melicope elleryana, Lophostemon suaveolens (T), Callistemon salignus (T), Glochidion sumatranum (T), Cupaniopsis 

parvifolia (T), Elaeocarpus obovatus, Waterhousea floribunda (T), Rhodamnia rubescens (T), Lophostemon confertus (T), 

Cryptocarya obovata, Callitris columellaris (T), Banksia serrata (T), Casuarina glauca, Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is, Eucalyptus 

robusta (T), Polyscias elegans, Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum, Arytera divaricata, Diploglottis cunninghamii, 

Corymbia intermedia (T), Eucalyptus microcorys, Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana*, Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. hemilampra (T), 

Commersonia bartramia (T), Callicoma serratifolia, Cinnamomum oliveri, Cinnamomum virens, Cryptocarya foetida, 

Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor, Eriobotrya japonica, Ficus superba var. henneana, Ficus 

watkinsiana, Grevillea robusta, Olea paniculata, Podocarpus elatus, Syzygium luehmannii 

Sub canopy trees: Cinnamomum camphora* (M1), Syzygium oleosum (M1), Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma 

pseudorhus (M1), Mallotus philippensis (M1), Rhodomyrtus psidioides, Litsea australis (M1), Melicope elleryana (M1), 

Mallotus discolor, Flindersia bennettiana (M1), Acacia maidenii, Acacia melanoxylon, Acmena smithii, Aphananthe 

159 - Appendix 1


philippinensis, Cryptocarya obovata (M2), Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Neolitsea australiensis (M1), Symplocos thwaitesii (M1), 

Cryptocarya triplinervis (M1), Polyscias elegans (M1), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi, Cryptocarya microneura, Sarcopteryx stipata, 

Symplocos thwaitesii, Streblus brunonianus, Symplocos stawellii, Alectryon coriaceous, Croton verreauxii, Cyclophyllum 

longipetalum (M1), Diospyros pentamera, Flindersia schottiana, Allocasuarina torulosa (M1), Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, 

Cryptocarya laevigata, Euroschinus falcata var. falcata (M1), Acronychia imperforata (M1), Acronychia wilcoxiana, 

Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis, Pararchidendron pruinosum var. pruinosum, Toechima dasyrrhache 

Shrubs: Lantana camara* (M2), Maclura cochinchinensis, Ochna serrulata* (M1), Notelaea longifolia, Syzygium 

oleosum, Pittosporum undulatum (M2), Psychotria loniceroides (M2), Elaeocarpus reticulatus (M2), Ligustrum sinense*, 

Mallotus discolor (M2), Pittosporum revolutum, Neolitsea australiensis, Pilidiostigma glabrum, Tabernaemontana 

p<strong>and</strong>acaqui, Trochocarpa laurina (M2), Myrsine howittiana (M2), Trochocarpa laurina, Eupomatia laurina, Ficus 

coronata, Ligustrum lucidum*, Myrsine variabilis, Murraya paniculata*, Denhamia celastroides, Duboisia myoporoides, 

Elaeodendron australe, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra virens, Exocarpos latifolius, Harpullia hillii, Hedraianthera porphyropetala, Jasminum 

volubile, Myrsine subsessilis, Nematolepis squamea subsp. squamea, Psydrax lamprophylla, Senna pendula var. glabrata*, 

Syzygium australe, Wilkiea huegeliana, Zieria smithii 

Climbers: Geitonoplesium cymosum, Marsdenia rostrata, Smilax australis (L1), Morinda jasminoides (L1), P<strong>and</strong>orea 

p<strong>and</strong>orana, Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Asparagus plumosus* (M1), Flagellaria indica, Stephania japonica var. discolor, Cissus 

antarctica, Parsonsia straminea, Passiflora subpeltata*, Melodinus australis, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Cissus hypoglauca, 

Echinostephia aculeata, Passiflora edulis*, Aphanopetalum resinosum, Dioscorea transversa, Solanum seaforthianum*, 

Derris involuta, Eustrephus latifolius, Passiflora suberosa*, Senna septemtrionalis*, Smilax glyciphylla, Austrosteenisia 

glabristyla, Caesalpinia subtropica, Calamus muelleri, Cardiospermum gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum*, Cayratia clematidea, Cissus 

sterculiifolia, Clematis glycinoides var. submutica, Embelia australiana, Glycine cl<strong>and</strong>estina, Hibbertia dentata, Ipomoea 

cairica*, Ripogonum album, Ripogonum discolor, Ripogonum elseyanum, Ripogonum fawcettianum, Rubus moluccanus var. 

trilobus 

Epiphtyes: Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Platycerium bifurcatum, Platycerium superbum, Psilotum nudum 

Misteltoes: Amylotheca dictyophleba 

Grasses Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Oplismenus aemulus, Themeda australis (L1), Cymbopogon refractus (L1), Imperata 

cylindrica var. major, Digitaria parviflora, Paspalidium gracile, Paspalum wettsteinii*, Entolasia marginata, Eragrostis 

pubescens 

Ferns: Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Blechnum indicum (L1), Hypolepis muelleri (L1), Adiantum hispidulum, 

Pteridium esculentum (L1), Platycerium bifurcatum, Doodia aspera (L1), Blechnum cartilagineum (L1), Lastreopsis 

microsora subsp. microsora (L1), Oplismenus imbecillis (L1), Davallia solida var. pyxidata, Lastreopsis microsora subsp. 

microsora, Platycerium superbum, Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens, Lastreopsis decomposita 

Sedges/Rushes: Carex maculata (L1), Gahnia clarkei (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia, Cyperus eglobosus (L1), Gahnia aspera, 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra multiflora subsp. multiflora, Baloskion tetraphyllum, Cyperus enervis, Cyperus tetraphyllus 

Herbs/Shrubs: Ochna serrulata* (L1), Cordyline congesta (M2), Breynia oblongifolia, Dianella caerulea, Alpinia 

caerulea, Commelina cyanea, Wikstroemia indica, Pratia purpurascens, Alyxia ruscifolia, Dichondra repens, Aneilema 

acuminatum, Viola banksii (L1), Ardisia crenata* (L1), Cordyline rubra, Homalanthus populifolius, Pomax umbellata, 

Pseuderanthemum variabile, Asparagus aethiopicus* (L1), Viola banksii, Austromyrtus dulcis, Desmodium gunnii, 

Gymnostachys anceps, Bidens pilosa*, Cheirostylis notialis, Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Lobelia trigonocaulis, Veronica 

plebeia, Brunoniella australis, Carissa ovata, Cryptostylis erecta, Cryptostylis subulata, Hibiscus heterophyllus subsp. 

heterophyllus,Hypochaeris radicata*, Alocasia brisbanensis, Persicaria dichotoma, Plectranthus parviflorus, Rhaphiolepis 

indica*, Rivina humilis*, Rubus parvifolius, Tripladenia cunninghamii 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 212 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 42-81 (mean 59, +/- 18) 


160 - Appendix 1



Species Group score Group freq 



score 


freq 

Aphanopetalum resinosum 1 10% 0 0% positive 

Clematis glycinoides 1 10% 0 0% positive 


Cyperus eglobulosus 3 20% 0 0% positive 

Eragrostis pubescens 1 10% 0 0% positive 

Ficus superba 1 10% 0 0% positive 


Grevillea robusta 1 10% 0 0% positive 

Guioa semiglauca 2 100% 1 27% positive 

Lobelia trigonocaulis 2 10% 0 0% positive 

Maclura cochinchinensis 2 90% 2 26% positive 


Oplismenus aemulus 2 60% 2 14% positive 

Ottochloa gracillima 3 100% 2 30% positive 

Pittosporum undulatum 2 50% 2 9% positive 

Pyrrosia confluens 1 20% 0 0% positive 

class


Community 41 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brush Box–Pink Bloodwood–Grey 

Ironbark Mesic Tall Open Forest 

Scientific name: <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus), Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia 

intermedia) <strong>and</strong> Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia) Mesic Tall Open Forest <strong>of</strong> Sedimentary Soils on 

Rolling Low Hills. 

Sites: (6) WAR18hsrlh, WAR52hsrlh, WAR20hsrlh, WAR22hsrlh, WAR21albk, WAR24lsrh. 


Wet Sclerophyll Forest-North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.11.3 Tall 

open forest on sediments (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); Brush Box (Bb) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 3002 

– Lophostemon confertus mid-high to very tall, open to closed forest NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & 

Wilson 2007); CASf 36 Lophostemon confertus Syncarpia glomulifera Corymbia intermedia (Binns 1995b). 


A tall moist open forest in which Brush 

Box (Lophostemon confertus) is frequently 

abundant <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten occurs with Pink 

Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) 

<strong>and</strong> Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus 

siderophloia). Mesic shrubs <strong>and</strong> small 

trees characterise the open mid-statum; 

common species include Bangalow 

Palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), 

Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) <strong>and</strong> 

Bennett’s Ash (Flindersia bennettiana). 

A lower stratum <strong>of</strong> shrubs, to 5 m tall, 

is present, including Cabbage Tree Palm 

(Livistona australis), Scentless Rosewood 

(Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum) 

<strong>and</strong> Brown Kurrajong (Commersonia 

bartramia). Other common lower 

stratum species are Fishbone Fern 

(Blechnum cartilagineum), Gahnia aspera, 

Ottochloa gracillima <strong>and</strong> Prickly Rasp Fern (Doodia aspera), Aneilema acuminatum <strong>and</strong> Native W<strong>and</strong>ering Jew 

(Commelina cyanea) <strong>and</strong> Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile). 


Habitat: Sheltered aspects on lower slopes, footslopes <strong>and</strong> riparian sites on finely grained sedimentary quartz soils <strong>of</strong> 

the Bundamba Group. 

Disturbance: Site WAR52hsrlh showed no evidence <strong>of</strong> disturbance. Other sites showed light infestation by weeds. 

WAR21albk had been severely burnt (4 years previously), there was evidence <strong>of</strong> light grazing at WAR22hsrlh <strong>and</strong> 

WAR21albk, light logging was recorded at WAR18hsrlh <strong>and</strong> WAR24lsrh, <strong>and</strong> there was some evidence <strong>of</strong> clearing 

at WAR22hsrlh. 

Example locations: Buckombil Mountain, Tuckean, Wardell Trig <strong>and</strong> Coolgardie Road. 


Threats: Logging <strong>and</strong> clearing. 

162 - Appendix 1


Conservation status: A lower slope community that is probably not well represented in reserves <strong>and</strong> threatened by 

clearing <strong>and</strong> logging. 

Significant taxa: Archidendron muellerianum (ROTAP: 3RCa), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii (TSC: Vulnerable), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra 

muelleri subsp. bracteata (TSC: Vulnerable), Lindsaea brachypoda (TSC: Vulnerable), Acronychia baeuerlenii 

(ROTAP: 3RC-), Cordyline congesta (ROTAP: 2RC). 

Structure 


Tallest 20–40 25–45 

Middle 1 4–25 15–50 

Middle 2 1–5 10–40 


Floristics 

Trees: Lophostemon confertus (T), Livistona australis (L1), Corymbia intermedia (T), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana 

(M1), Eucalyptus siderophloia (T), Araucaria cunninghamii, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Eucalyptus microcorys (T), Eucalyptus 

carnea (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Waterhousea floribunda (M1), Leptospermum petersonii (M1), Archidendron 

muellerianum, Eucalyptus acmenoides, Cinnamomum camphora*, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor, Mallotus philippensis, Bridelia 

exaltata, Cryptocarya obovata, Lophostemon suaveolens. 

Sub-canopy trees: Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum, Commersonia bartramia (M1), Cryptocarya microneura 

(M1), Acronychia oblongifolia, Flindersia bennettiana (M1), Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, 

Alphitonia excelsa, Cupaniopsis parvifolia (M1), Callicoma serratifolia (M1), Syzygium oleosum (M1), Flindersia 

schottiana, Archidendron muellerianum (M1), Acacia melanoxylon, Allocasuarina torulosa, Acronychia baeuerlenii, 

Aphananthe philippinensis, Clerodendrum tomentosum, Cryptocarya triplinervis var. pubens, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra pubens, Flindersia 

australis, Guioa semiglauca, Litsea australis, Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis, Siphonodon australis. 

Small trees <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum (M2), Commersonia bartramia (M2), Wilkiea 

huegeliana (M1), Lantana camara* (M2), Claoxylon australe (M2), Croton verreauxii, Rhodamnia rubescens, 

Pilidiostigma glabrum (M2), Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima (M1), Trochocarpa laurina, Pittosporum multiflorum, 

Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Maclura cochinchinensis, Notelaea longifolia (M1), Pittosporum revolutum, Ficus coronata (M1), 

Leptospermum petersonii, Rhodomyrtus psidioides, Syzygium oleosum, Cyclophyllum longipetalum, Embelia australiana, 

Sarcopteryx stipata, Streblus brunonianus, Acmena smithii, Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, Atractocarpus chartaceus, 

Capparis arborea, Citrus australasica, Clerodendrum floribundum, Denhamia celastroides, Diospyros pentamera, Drypetes 

deplanchei, Duboisia myoporoides, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi, Helicia ferruginea, Mischocarpus australis, Myrsine variabilis, 

Neolitsea dealbata, Pararchidendron pruinosum var. pruinosum, Scolopia braunii, Symplocos thwaitesii, Syzygium australe, 

Trema tomentosa var. viridis. 

Climbers: Morinda jasminoides (L1), Smilax australis (L1), Dioscorea transversa, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Stephania 

japonica var. discolor (L1), Cissus hypoglauca, Cissus antarctica, Derris involuta, Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Calamus muelleri, 

Cayratia clematidea, Echinostephia aculeata, Flagellaria indica, Marsdenia rostrata, Melodinus australis, Zehneria 

cunninghamii, Eustrephus latifolius, Kennedia rubicunda, Parsonsia straminea, Passiflora edulis*, Ripogonum album, 

Ripogonum elseyanum, Ripogonum fawcettianum, Solanum seaforthianum*, Callerya megasperma, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, 

Ipomoea cairica*, Palmeria sc<strong>and</strong>ens, P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Passiflora suberosa*, Tylophora paniculata. 

Epiphtyes: Platycerium bifurcatum, Cymbidium suave, Dendrobium aemulum. 

Mistletoes: Amylotheca dictyophleba. 

Grasses: Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Doodia aspera (L1), Oplismenus aemulus, Entolasia stricta, Imperata cylindrica var. 

major, Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides, Oplismenus imbecillis, Paspalum wettsteinii*. 

Ferns: Blechnum cartilagineum (L1), Hypolepis muelleri (L1), Cyathea leichhardtiana (M2), Adiantum hispidulum, 

163 - Appendix 1


Lastreopsis decomposita, Davallia solida var. pyxidata, Histiopteris incisa, Lastreopsis marginans, Lindsaea brachypoda, 

Pellaea paradoxa, Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Gahnia aspera (L1), Cyperus enervis, Cyperus tetraphyllus, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia, Exocarya 

sclerioides, Lepidosperma laterale, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra filiformis subsp. filiformis, Carex maculata. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Aneilema acuminatum, Commelina cyanea (L1), Pseuderanthemum variabile (L1), Dianella caerulea 

(L1), Cordyline petiolaris (M1), Cordyline congesta, Gymnostachys anceps, Alyxia ruscifolia, Breynia oblongifolia, 

Alpinia caerulea, Ageratina riparia*, Bursaria spinosa, Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Tabernaemontana p<strong>and</strong>acaqui, 

Bidens pilosa*, Cordyline stricta, Desmodium gunnii, Dodonaea triquetra, Hibiscus heterophyllus subsp. heterophyllus, 

Homalanthus populifolius, Pratia purpurascens, Vernonia cinerea, Alocasia brisbanensis, Alpinia arundelliana, Ageratina 

adenophora*, Cheirostylis notialis, Cordyline rubra, Cuphea carthagenensis*, Dichondra repens, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri 

subsp. bracteata, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. muelleri, Erechtites valerianifolia*, Eupomatia bennettii, Eupomatia laurina, 

Geranium homeanum, Leucopogon juniperinus, Oxalis exilis, Ozothamnus diosmifolius, Phytolacca oct<strong>and</strong>ra*, Plectranthus 

parviflorus, Psychotria loniceroides, Senna pendula var. glabrata*, Solanum mauritianum*, Tripladenia cunninghamii, 

Veronica plebeia, Viola banksii. 





Group 

frequency 


score 


frequency 


Acronychia oblongifolia 2 50% 1 2% positive 

Aneilema acuminatum 2 67% 2 3% positive 



3 67% 2 25% positive 


Cissus hypoglauca 2 50% 2 11% positive 

Commelina cyanea 2 50% 1 16% positive 

Commersonia bartramia 2 83% 2 9% positive 

Cordyline petiolaris 2 50% 2 4% positive 

Corymbia intermedia 3 67% 3 16% positive 

Croton verrauxii 2 67% 2 8% positive 


Dioscorea transversa 2 100% 2 16% positive 

Gahnia aspera 2 50% 2 11% positive 


Livistona australis 3 100% 1 14% positive 




Pseuderanthemum variabile 2 83% 2 12% positive 

Rhodmannia rubescens 2 67% 2 8% positive 

Ripogonum brevifolium 1 17% 0 0% positive 


Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum 2 83% 2 13% positive 

Wilkiea huegeliana 2 100% 2 14% positive 

Zehneria cunninghamii 2 33% 0 0% positive 

164 - Appendix 1


Community 42 Tweed–Brunswick Valley Brush Box–Blackbutt–Pink 

Bloodwood–Tallowwood Foothill Wet Sclerophyll Forest 

Scientific Name: Tweed–Brunswick Brush Box (Lohpostemon confertus), Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), Pink 

Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) <strong>and</strong> Tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys) Foothill Wet Sclerophyll. 

Sites: (19) BIL02lsrrh, WAR51hsrlh, BYR13hsrh, BYR18lsrh, BYR20alfan, TWE30lsrh, BIL07lsrh, BIL11albk, 

BRU09un, BRU10un, BRU11allv, TWE01cbdne, POT19esticd, POT20esticd, CUD08lsrh, CUD02lsrh, 

CUD11lsrh, POT29lsrh, MUR15lsrh. 


Wet Sclerophyll Forest-North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forest (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystems 12.11.3 Tall 

open forest on sediments (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 201 – Blackbutt Open Forest Complex, 202 – Grey 

Ironbark/White Mahogany/Grey Gum Open Forest Complex, <strong>and</strong> 207 – Brush Box Open Forest (Kingsford et al. 

2004); F3 – Eucalyptus pilularis very tall open forest, <strong>and</strong> F2 – Lophostemon confertus tall to very tall closed forest 

(Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); Blackbutt (BB), <strong>and</strong> Grey Ironbark–Pink Bloodwood (gIB) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological 

Services 1999). 


This community is a tall, mesic forest to rainforest 

with very abundant Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus) 

associated with Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), Pink 

Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia), Tallowwood (Eucalyptus 

microcorys), Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia) <strong>and</strong> 

occasionally Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is). There is a 

low, open to closed shrubl<strong>and</strong> to open forest mid-stratum 

<strong>of</strong> rainforest species, including Guioa (Guioa semiglauca), 

Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), <strong>and</strong> Tuckeroo 

(Cupaniopsis anacardioides). A second mid-layer <strong>of</strong> 

shrubs is occasionally present <strong>and</strong> includes Tree Heath 

(Trochocarpa laurina), Veiny Wilkiea (Wilkiea huegeliana), 

Lantana (Lantana camara) <strong>and</strong> Guioa. An open to dense 

lower stratum is present, including Gristle Fern (Blechnum 

cartilagineum), Blue Flax-lily (Dianella caerulea), Ottochloa 

gracillima, False Bracken (Calochlaena dubia), Spiny-headed 

Mat-rush (Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia) <strong>and</strong> Native Ginger (Alpinia 

caerulea). 


Habitat: Mainly north <strong>of</strong> Byron Bay on mid-slopes <strong>and</strong> 

exposed aspects <strong>of</strong> the Condong Range <strong>and</strong> Tweed Valley 

on low meta-sedimentary substrates on rolling <strong>and</strong> low 


Disturbance: Sites show evidence <strong>of</strong> light to moderate fire (10–60 years previously), light to severe logging, <strong>and</strong> 

light to moderate infestation by weeds. There has been severe clearing at sites CUD02lsrh <strong>and</strong> TWE01cbdne. 

Example locations: Piggabeen Road, Tuckean Broadwater, Ti Tree Cemetery Road, Bangalow Road, Cobaki 

Broadwater, Marshalls Creek NR, Old New Brighton Road, Marshalls Creek, north <strong>of</strong> Chinderah Bypass, Pottsville 

Environment Park, Tweed Valley Way, Cudgen Road, Clothiers Creek, <strong>and</strong> Sleepy Hollow. 

165 - Appendix 1



Threats: Clearing; logging, <strong>and</strong> invasion by weeds. 

Conservation status: <strong>Lower</strong> slope occurrences <strong>of</strong> this community are possibly not well reserved in the study area. 

Sites were located in Cudgera Creek NR <strong>and</strong> Marahsalls Creek NR. 

Significant taxa: Acronychia littoralis (TSC: Endangered), Cordyline congesta (ROTAP: 2RC-), Argophyllum 

nullumense (ROTAP: 3RCa), Lepiderema pulchella (TSC: Vulnerable), Marsdenia longiloba (TSC: Endangered). 

Structure 


Tallest 15–40 40–90 

Middle 1 1–20 15–70 

Middle 2 0.5–5 10–60 



Floristics 

Trees: Lophostemon confertus (T), Eucalyptus pilularis (T), Guioa semiglauca (T), Corymbia intermedia (T), Eucalyptus 

siderophloia (T), Callistemon salignus (T), Eucalyptus microcorys (T), Elaeocarpus obovatus, Alphitonia excelsa (T), 

Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Livistona australis, Lophostemon suaveolens (T), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor, Eucalyptus 

robusta (T), Cryptocarya obovata, Eucalyptus resinifera (T), Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is (T), Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. 

molle, Eucalyptus acmenoides, Flindersia bennettiana, Syncarpia glomulifera (T), Araucaria cunninghamii, Beilschmiedia 

elliptica, Casuarina glauca, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Brachychiton acerifolius, Bridelia exaltata, Dysoxylum fraserianum, 

Ficus watkinsiana. 

Sub-canopy trees: Cinnamomum camphora* (M1), Cupaniopsis anacardioides (M1), Denhamia celastroides (M1), 

Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum (M1), Mallotus philippensis (M1), Schefflera actinophylla*, Elaeocarpus 

obovatus (M1), Allocasuarina torulosa (M1), Polyscias elegans (M1), Melicope elleryana (M1), Aphananthe philippinensis, 

Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, Sterculia quadrifida, Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana*. 

Small trees <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Guioa semiglauca (M1), Lantana camara* (M1), Pittosporum revolutum, Jagera pseudorhus 

var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Notelaea longifolia (M1), Maclura cochinchinensis, Denhamia celastroides (M1), 

Pittosporum undulatum (M1, M2), Psychotria loniceroides (M2), Myrsine variabilis (M1), Daviesia arborea (M1), Breynia 

oblongifolia, Mallotus discolor (M1), Ficus obliqua, Cryptocarya microneura, Ligustrum sinense*, Trochocarpa laurina 

(M1, M2), Commersonia bartramia (M1), Wilkiea huegeliana (M2), Acmena smithii (M2), Ficus coronata, Glochidion 

ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi (M1), Macaranga tanarius, Pouteria chartacea, Rhodomyrtus psidioides (M1), Acacia 

disparrima subsp. disparrima, Acronychia imperforata (M1), Clerodendrum floribundum, Cyclophyllum longipetalum, 

Symplocos stawellii, Syzygium oleosum, Ardisia crenata*, Cryptocarya rigida, Celtis paniculata (M1), Litsea australis 

(M1), Euroschinus falcata var. falcata (M1), Glochidion sumatranum, Murraya paniculata*, Pomaderris discolor (M1), 

Psydrax lamprophylla, Abrophyllum ornans, Clerodendrum tomentosum, Cryptocarya triplinervis, Duranta erecta, Drypetes 

deplanchei, Jacar<strong>and</strong>a mimosifolia*, Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis, Pilidiostigma glabrum, Argophyllum 

nullumense, Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, Citrus x taitensis*, Decaspermum humile, Ficus fraseri, Lepiderema 

pulchella, Myrsine howittiana, Neolitsea dealbata, Pittosporum multiflorum*. 

Climbers: Smilax australis (L1), Geitonoplesium cymosum, Stephania japonica var. discolor, Flagellaria indica (M1), 

Parsonsia straminea, Morinda jasminoides, Echinostephia aculeata, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Cissus hypoglauca, Eustrephus 

latifolius, Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Cissus antarctica (L1), Smilax glyciphylla (L1), Marsdenia rostrata, Derris involuta, Passiflora 

subpeltata*, Hibbertia dentata, Ipomoea cairica*, Melodinus australis, P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Ripogonum album, Cayratia 

clematidea, Passiflora edulis*, Asparagus plumosus*, Hoya australis subsp. australis, Kennedia rubicunda, Mucuna 

gigantea*, Cardiospermum gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum*, Clematis glycinoides, Coelospermum paniculatum, Hardenbergia violacea, 

166 - Appendix 1


Marsdenia longiloba, Monstera deliciosa*, Passiflora foetida var. hispida*, Rubus parvifolius, Rubus rosifolius. 

Epiphtyes: Platycerium bifurcatum, Dendrobium kingianum, Platycerium superbum, Asplenium australasicum f. 

australasicum, Dendrobium monophyllum. 


Grasses: Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Oplismenus imbecillis (L1), Imperata cylindrica var. major (L1), Entolasia stricta, 

Paspalum wettsteinii*, Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis, Entolasia marginata, Themeda australis, Axonopus 

compressus*, Digitaria ramularis, Melinis repens*, Oplismenus aemulus, Paspalidium distans*. 

Ferns: Blechnum cartilagineum (L1), Calochlaena dubia (L1), Pteridium esculentum (L1), Doodia caudata (L1), 

Hypolepis muelleri, Pyrrosia rupestris, Adiantum hispidulum, Cheilanthes sieberi, Pellaea nana, Pellaea viridis var. viridis, 

Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Christella dentata, Davallia solida var. pyxidata, Lastreopsis munita. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Gahnia sieberiana (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra filiformis (L1), Gahnia aspera, 

Lepidozamia per<strong>of</strong>fskyana (L1), Lepidosperma laterale, Gahnia clarkei (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra confertifolia subsp. pallida, 

Cyperus stradbrokensis. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Dianella caerulea (L1), Senna pendula var. glabrata* (M2), Pseuderanthemum variabile (L1), Alpinia 

caerulea (M2), Eupomatia laurina (M2), Pratia purpurascens, Austromyrtus dulcis, Ageratina riparia*, Ochna serrulata*, 

Tripladenia cunninghamii, Asparagus aethiopicus*, Commelina cyanea, Cordyline congesta (L1), Hovea acutifolia, 

Lepidozamia per<strong>of</strong>fskyana, Wikstroemia indica, Viola banksii (L2), Dichondra repens (L2), Xanthorrhoea macronema (L1), 

Ageratina adenophora*, Atractocarpus chartaceus, Dodonaea triquetra, Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata*, 

Cordyline rubra, Pomaderris discolor, Zieria smithii, Viola hederacea, Acacia viscidula (M1), Ageratum houstonianum*, 

Cordyline petiolaris, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Gymnostachys anceps, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Homalanthus populifolius, 

Hydrocotyle acutiloba, Leptospermum microcarpum, Oxalis chnoodes, Peperomia bl<strong>and</strong>a var. floribunda, Persoonia media, 

Pomax umbellata, Poranthera microphylla, Pterostylis nutans, Crinum pedunculatum, Desmodium gunnii, Leucopogon 

margarodes, Phytolacca oct<strong>and</strong>ra*, Pomaderris argyrophylla, Solanum mauritianum*, Triumfetta rhomboidea, Vernonia 

cinerea. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 207 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 32–71(mean 45 ± 15) 


167 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 







Jagera pseudorhus var. 

pseudorhus forma pseudorhus 

2 79% 1 25% positive 






Notelea longifolia 2 63% 1 19% positive 

Calochlaena dubia 3 53% 2 8% positive 


Clematis glycinoides 1 5% 0 0% positive 

Dendrobium kingianum 2 5% 0 0% positive 

Dendrobium monophyllum 1 5% 0 0% positive 

Leptospermum microcarpum 2 5% 0 0% positive 

Pellaea viridis var. viridis 2 5% 0 0% positive 

Pomaderris argyrophylla 1 5% 0 0% positive 

Pomaderris discolor 3 5% 0 0% positive 

Prostanthera nivea 2 5% 0 0% positive


Community 43 Brunswick–Tweed Brush Box Gully Rainforest on Metasediments 

Scientific name: Brunswick–Tweed Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus) Gully Rainforest on Meta-sedimentary 

Soils. 

Sites: (20) BIL14lsrh, BUR01lsrh, CUD12lsrh, MUR14lsrh, POT33lsrh, MUR16lsrh, BRU06lsrh, MUR06lsrh, 

POT16alvf, MUR11lsrh, MUR12lsrh, BUR04lsrh, CUD03lsrh, POT30lsrh, BUR02lsrh, POT11alfan, BUR03lsfl, 

POT14lsrh, POT17lsrh, POT18lsrh. 


Rainforest-Subtropical Rainforest (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.11.1 Brush Box closed forest in gullies 

(Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 207 – Brush Box Open Forest (Kingston et al. 2004); Brush Box (Bb) (L<strong>and</strong>mark 

Ecological Services 1999); F2 – Lophostemon confertus tall to very tall closed forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 

Suballiance 18 – Lophostemon confertus (Floyd 1990). 


This community comprises mostly closed forest 

sites with abundant Brush Box (Lophostemon 

confertus), Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum 

camphora) <strong>and</strong> Guioa (Guioa semiglauca). Eucalypt 

<strong>and</strong> Corymbia species occur in the canopy, 

including Tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys), 

White Mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), Flooded 

Gum (Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is) <strong>and</strong> Pink Bloodwood 

(Corymbia intermedia). A highly species-rich dense 

middle stratum <strong>of</strong> small trees <strong>and</strong> shrubs is present, 

including Blue Lilly Pilly (Syzygium oleosum), Rose 

Myrtle (Archirhodomyrtus beckleri), Black Walnut 

(Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa), Murrogun (Cryptocarya 

microneura) <strong>and</strong> Scrub Turpentine (Rhodamnia 

rubescens). Fishbone Fern (Blechnum cartilagineum) 

is the most frequent lower stratum species, <strong>and</strong> 

<strong>of</strong>ten occurs with shrubs Rose Myrtle, Veiny 

Wilkiea (Wilkeia huegliana), Prickly Rasp Fern 

(Doodia aspera) <strong>and</strong> grasses (Ottochloa gracillima). 

This community contains populations <strong>of</strong> many rare, 

threatened <strong>and</strong> endangered plant species (28 taxa) 

<strong>and</strong> a rich diversity <strong>of</strong> climbing <strong>and</strong> twining plants 

(48 taxa). 


Habitat: Most common on metamorphic 

sedimentary rocks on lower slopes <strong>and</strong> footslopes 

on low rolling hills, at Marhalls Ridge, Burringbar 

Range <strong>and</strong> in the Tweed Valley lowl<strong>and</strong>s. 

Disturbance: Includes moderate to severe levels <strong>of</strong> fire (15–45 years prior), moderate to severe logging, light to 

severe clearing, <strong>and</strong> light to severe invasion by weeds. 

Example locations: Piggabeen Road, Tweed Valley Way, east <strong>of</strong> Round Mountain, Reserve Creek Road, Sleepy 

169 - Appendix 1


Hollow, Environ Road, Ocean Shores Salad Bowl, Urliup, North Tumbulgum cemetery, New Brighton, Forest Hill, 

Billinudgel NR, <strong>and</strong> Jones Road. 


Threats: This is a low er slope community subject to significant threat from clearing, logging, inappropriate fire 

regimes <strong>and</strong> invasion by noxious weeds. 

Conservation status: <strong>Lower</strong> slope examples <strong>of</strong> this community are possibly not well reserved in the FNC study 

area. The community described here is an example <strong>of</strong> ‘Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest in NSW North Coast <strong>and</strong> Sydney Basin 

Bioregion’ EEC. Sites in reserves include those in Cudgera Creek NR, Billinudgel NR <strong>and</strong> Marshalls Creek NR. 

Significant taxa: Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. bracteata (TSC: Endangered), Rhodamnia maideniana (ROTAP: 

2RC-), Archidendron hendersonii (TSC: Vulnerable), Elaeocarpus williamsianus (TSC: Endangered), Elaeocarpus sp. 

Rocky Creek (TSC: Endangered), Acacia bakeri (TSC: Vulnerable), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa (ROTAP: 2RC), Acianthus 

amplexicaulis (ROTAP: 3RC-), Archidendron muellerianum (ROTAP: 3RCa), Cordyline congesta (ROTAP: 

2RC-), Cupaniopsis newmanii (ROTAP: 2RC-), Davidsonia jerseyana (TSC: Endangered), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii (TSC: 

Vulnerable), Fontainea australis (TSC: Vulnerable), Gahnia insignis (ROTAP: 3RCa), Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia 

(ROTAP: 3RC-), Lindsaea brachypoda (TSC: Vulnerable), Macadamia tetraphylla (TSC: Vulnerable), Marsdenia 

longiloba (TSC: Vulnerable), R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei (TSC: Endangered), Syzygium hodgkinsoniae (TSC: Vulnerable), 

Brunoniella spiciflora rare in NSW). 

Structure 


Tallest 5–30 25–90 

Middle 1 2–20 15–80 

Middle 2 1–10 50–70 


Floristics 

Trees: Lophostemon confertus (T), Guioa semiglauca (T), Cinnamomum camphora* (T), Cryptocarya microneura (T), 

Araucaria cunninghamii (T), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Eucalyptus microcorys (T), Melicope elleryana (T), 

Glochidion sumatranum (T), Toechima dasyrrhache (M2), Flindersia bennettiana (T), Alphitonia excelsa (T), Cryptocarya 

glaucescens (T), Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i (T), Ficus fraseri (T), Commersonia bartramia (T), Corymbia intermedia (T), 

Diploglottis cunninghamii, Elaeocarpus kirtonii (T), Flindersia schottiana (T), Cryptocarya obovata, Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is 

(T), Euroschinus falcata var. falcata (T), Sloanea woollsii (T), Syzygium luehmannii, Gmelina leichhardtii, Polyscias 

murrayi (T), Acmena hemilampra subsp. hemilampra (T), Eucalyptus pilularis (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), 

Polyscias elegans, Schefflera actinophylla*, Sloanea australis, Eucalyptus acmenoides (T), Eucalyptus propinqua (T), 

Heritiera trifoliolata, Pouteria australis, Flindersia australis, Livistona australis, Brachychiton acerifolius, Doryphora 

sassafras, Ficus watkinsiana, Toona ciliata. 

Sub-canopy trees: Melicope elleryana (M1), Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor, Heritiera 

trifoliolata (M1), Bridelia exaltata. 

Small trees <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Archirhodomyrtus beckleri (M1), Archirhodomyrtus beckleri (M1), Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum 

subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum (M1), Guioa semiglauca, Wilkiea huegeliana (M2), Lantana camara* (M2), Syzygium oleosum 

(M1), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa (M1), Pilidiostigma glabrum (M1), Maclura cochinchinensis, Trochocarpa laurina (M2), 

Acmena smithii (M1), Elaeocarpus reticulatus (M1), Elaeocarpus reticulatus (M1), Rhodamnia rubescens (M1), Cyathea 

leichhardtiana, Rhodamnia maideniana (M1), Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Toechima dasyrrhache 

(M1), Croton verreauxii (M2), Mallotus philippensis, Notelaea longifolia, Cryptocarya glaucescens, Pittosporum revolutum, 

Tabernaemontana p<strong>and</strong>acaqui, Ficus coronata (M1), Neolitsea dealbata, Gossia hillii, Myrsine variabilis, Elaeocarpus 

obovatus, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Elaeocarpus kirtonii, Pittosporum undulatum, Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima, 

170 - Appendix 1


Canarium australasicum (M1, M2), Cryptocarya laevigata, Litsea australis, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra pubens (M1), Arytera distylis 

(M1), Alchornea ilicifolia (M1), Abrophyllum ornans, Decaspermum humile, Hedraianthera porphyropetala, Pouteria 

chartacea, Sarcopteryx stipata, Symplocos stawellii, Aphananthe philippinensis, Archidendron hendersonii (M1), 

Elaeocarpus sp. Rocky Creek, Mallotus discolor, Psychotria loniceroides, Quintinia verdonii, Acacia bakeri, Acacia 

melanoxylon, Allocasuarina torulosa, Auranticarpa rhombifolia, Elaeocarpus williamsianus (M1), Cryptocarya rigida, 

Macadamia tetraphylla, Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis, Acronychia imperforata, Acronychia wilcoxiana, 

Actephila lindleyi, Allocasuarina littoralis (T), Atractocarpus benthamianus, Callistemon salignus, Daphn<strong>and</strong>ra tenuipes, 

Daviesia arborea, Diospyros pentamera, Drypetes deplanchei, Duboisia myoporoides, Fontainea australis, Hicksbeachia 

pinnatifolia, Ligustrum sinense*, Medicosma cunninghamii, Meiogyne stenopetala subsp. stenopetala, Melicope hayesii, 

Notelaea johnsonii, Olea paniculata, Polyosma cunninghamii, R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei, Triunia youngiana, Cupaniopsis parvifolia, 

Elattostachys nervosa, Helicia ferruginea, Persoonia media, Syzygium hodgkinsoniae. 

Climbers: Smilax australis, Morinda jasminoides (L1), Dioscorea transversa, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Hibbertia 

sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Echinostephia aculeata, Flagellaria indica, Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens, P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Cissus hypoglauca (T), 

Marsdenia rostrata, Calamus muelleri (L1), Passiflora suberosa*, Eustrephus latifolius, Stephania japonica var. discolor, 

Ripogonum album, Melodinus australis, Passiflora edulis*, Coelospermum paniculatum, Parsonsia straminea, Ripogonum 

elseyanum (M2), Rubus moluccanus var. trilobus, Marsdenia longiloba, Palmeria sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Pothos longipes, Austrosteenisia 

glabristyla, Callerya megasperma, Carronia multisepalea, Cissus antarctica, Cissus sterculiifolia, Passiflora subpeltata*, 

Smilax glyciphylla, Caesalpinia scortechinii, Callerya australis, Diplocyclos palmatus, Hibbertia dentata, Hippocratea 

barbata, Ipomoea cairica*, P<strong>and</strong>orea jasminoides, Celastrus subspicata, Derris involuta, Elattostachys nervosa, Parsonsia 

velutina, Ripogonum discolour. 

Epiphtyes: Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum (L1), Platycerium bifurcatum, Platycerium superbum. 

Grasses: Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis (L1), Oplismenus imbecillis (L1), Paspalum 

wettsteinii*, Entolasia marginata, Imperata cylindrica var. major, Oplismenus aemulus, Paspalidium distans*. 

Ferns: Blechnum cartilagineum (L1), Calochlaena dubia (L1), Cyathea leichhardtiana (M1), Asplenium australasicum 

f. australasicum (L1), Doodia aspera (L1), Christella dentata, Doodia caudata, Hypolepis muelleri (L1), Pteridium 

esculentum, Pyrrosia rupestris, Lastreopsis munita (L1), Lastreopsis marginans (L1), Cyathea australis, Psilotum nudum, 

Lastreopsis microsora subsp. microsor, Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens, Adiantum silvaticum, Legnephora moorei, 

Adiantum diaphanum, Arachniodes aristata, Arthropteris tenella, Blechnum indicum, Cupaniopsis parvifolia, Davallia 

solida var. pyxidata, Dictymia brownii, Lindsaea brachypoda. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Gahnia aspera (L1), Gahnia clarkei, Gahnia insignis, Gahnia sieberiana, 

Lepidosperma laterale, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra spicata. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Cordyline rubra, Ageratina riparia* (L1), Eupomatia laurina (L1), Dianella caerulea, Zieria 

smithii (L1), Pseuderanthemum variabile (L1), Alpinia caerulea, Senna pendula var. glabrata*, Breynia oblongifolia, 

Cyperus tetraphyllus, Homalanthus populifolius, Pratia purpurascens, Viola banksii, Cleistanthus cunninghamii (L1), 

Alyxia ruscifolia, Aneilema acuminatum, Capparis arborea, Macaranga tanarius, Vernonia cinerea, Alpinia arundelliana, 

Eupomatia bennettii, Gymnostachys anceps, Hovea acutifolia, Linospadix monostachya, Ageratina adenophora*, 

Brunoniella spiciflora, Cordyline petiolaris, Olearia nernstii, Oxalis chnoodes, Solanum mauritianum*, Tasmannia insipida, 

Tripladenia cunninghamii, Acianthus amplexicaulis, Alocasia brisbanensis, Centella asiatica, Cordyline congesta, Cyperus 

enervis, Lepidozamia per<strong>of</strong>fskyana, Ozothamnus diosmifolius, Sida rhombifolia*, Solanum capsicoides*, Wikstroemia indica. 



171 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Acmena smithii 2 58% 1 13% positive 

Adiantum hispidulum 2 63% 2 7% positive 

Arachniodes aristata 1 5% 0 0% positive 

Archirhodomyrtus beckleri 4 84% 2 3% positive 

Asplenium australasicum f. 

australasicum 

2 53% 1 13% positive 


Calochlaena dubia 2 58% 2 7% positive 

Cordyline rubra 2 53% 2 10% positive 

Cryptocarya microneura 2 68% 1 7% positive 

Denhamia celastroides 2 58% 1 6% positive 

Dictymia brownii 1 5% 0 0% positive 


Elaeocarpus species. Rocky 

Creek 


Elaeocarpus williamsianus 3 5% 0 0% positive 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa 3 63% 3 3% positive 

Eupomatia laurina 2 58% 1 4% positive 






Melicope hayesii 2 5% 0 0% positive 


Olearia nernstii 1 5% 0 0% positive 


Pilidiostigma glabrum 2 68% 1 11% positive 

Rhodmania rubescens 2 58% 1 6% positive 



Syzygium oleosum 3 58% 2 11% positive 

Tabernaemontana 

p<strong>and</strong>acaqui 


Toechima dasyrrhache 2 53% 2 3% positive 

Trochocarpa laurina 2 58% 2 11% positive 

Wilkiea huegliana 2 84% 2 12% positive


Community 44 Tweed–Brunswick Valley Blue Qu<strong>and</strong>ong Subtropical 

Rainforest 

Scientific name: Tweed–Brunswick Valley Blue Qu<strong>and</strong>ong (Elaeocarpus obovatus) Subtropical Rainforest. 

Sites: (13) BIL04lsrh, MUR13lsrh, BIL05vbrh, TWE06lsrh, MUR07lsrh, TWE05lsrh, BRU05alterr, MUR17lsrh, 

MUR18lsrh, POT24alfl, POT25lsrh, POT26lsrh, POT27lsrh, TWE16lsrh. 


Rainforest-Subtropical Rainforest (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.11.1 Brush Box closed forest in gullies 

(Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); Subtropical rainforest on metasediments, <strong>and</strong> Subtropical rainforest on alluvial 

soils (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 102 – Sub-tropical/Warm Temperate Rainforest on Bedrock Substrates 

(Kingston et al. 2004); Suballiance 2 – Toona–Flindersia (Floyd 1990). 


This community is characterised by 

emergent Blue Qu<strong>and</strong>ong (Elaeocarpus 

gr<strong>and</strong>is), Red Ash (Alphitonia excelsa), 

Cudgerie (Flindersia schottiana), 

Strangling Fig (Ficus watkinsiana), Brush 

Box (Lophostemon confertus) <strong>and</strong> Logan 

Apple (Acmena hemilampra subsp. 

hemilampra) <strong>and</strong> a closed tallest strata 

with Cudgerie (Flindersia schottiana), 

Bangalow Palm (Archontophoenix 

cunninghamiana), Red Ash, Hoop Pine 

(Araucaria cunninghamii), Red Bean 

(Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle) 

<strong>and</strong> S<strong>and</strong>paper Fig (Ficus fraseri). 

The middle stratum consists <strong>of</strong> shrubs 

<strong>and</strong> small trees, including Bangalow 

Palm, Rough-leaved Elm (Aphananthe 

philippinensis), Red-fruited Laurel 

(Cryptocarya laevigata), Hairy-leaved Bolly 

Gum (Neolitsea dealbata) <strong>and</strong> Toechima dasyrrhache. Ferns (including Lastreopsis decomposita, Lastreopsis marginans, 

Lastreopsis munita, <strong>and</strong> Adiantum hispidulum), grasses (e.g. Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis) <strong>and</strong> shrubs (e.g. 

Cleistanthus cunninghamii, Cryptocarya laevigata) are the most frequent lower strata groups. A total <strong>of</strong> 52 climbing 

<strong>and</strong> twining plant taxa was recorded in the survey sites, <strong>and</strong> 31 threatened species were recorded in this community. 


Habitat: Metamorphic sedimentary <strong>and</strong> basalt soils on lower slopes <strong>of</strong> rolling hills in the Tweed Valley, the 

Burringbar Range <strong>and</strong> near Billinudgel. Also occurs on alluvial terraces <strong>and</strong> floodplain. 

Disturbance: Disturbance includes moderate to severe logging <strong>and</strong> light to moderate invasion <strong>of</strong> weeds, <strong>and</strong> light to 

moderate clearing at several sites. Moderate fire damage was recorded at site BIL05vbrh (50years previously). 

Example locations: Durobby Creek, Terranora Plateau, Terranora Country Club, Chambers Lookout, Terranora, 

McCauleys Road, SW <strong>of</strong> Billinudgel, Palmdale Road, Hogans Road, Cudgera Creek Road, Taggets Hill, Sleepy 

Hollow, <strong>and</strong> Birds Bay Road. 

173 - Appendix 1



Threats: This is a lower slope community subject to significant threat from clearing, logging, inappropriate fire 

regimes <strong>and</strong> invasion by noxious weeds. This rainforest type is a hotspot for populations <strong>of</strong> rare <strong>and</strong> threatened plant 

species. 

Conservation status: Sites sampled on lower sedimentary quartz <strong>and</strong> basalt soils are examples <strong>of</strong> ‘Lowl<strong>and</strong> 

Rainforest in NSW North Coast <strong>and</strong> Sydney Basin Bioregion’ EEC. Occurrences on the floodplain are examples 

<strong>of</strong> ‘Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest on Floodplain in the NSW North Coast Bioregion’ EEC. <strong>Survey</strong>ed sites were in reserves at 

Cudgera Creek NR <strong>and</strong> Billinudgel NR. 

Significant taxa: Acalypha eremorum (TSC: Endangered), Grevillea hilliana (TSC: Endangered), Syzygium moorei 

(TSC: Vulnerable), Archidendron muellerianum (ROTAP: 3RCa), Macadamia tetraphylla (TSC: Vulnerable), R<strong>and</strong>ia 

moorei (TSC: Endangered), Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana (TSC: Endangered), Cupaniopsis newmanii(ROTAP: 

2RC-), Davidsonia jerseyana (TSC: Endangered), Cryptocarya foetida (TSC: Vulnerable), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii (TSC: 

Endangered), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. bracteata (TSC: Endangered), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii (TSC: Vulnerable), 

Lepiderema pulchella (TSC: Vulnerable), Rhodamnia maideniana(ROTAP: 2RC-), Bosistoa transversa (TSC: 

Vulnerable), Cordyline congesta(ROTAP: 2RC-), Diospyros major var. ebenus (TSC: Endangered), Ochrosia 

moorei (TSC: Endangered), Peristeranthus hillii (TSC: Vulnerable), Syzygium hodgkinsoniae (TSC: Vulnerable), 

Argophyllum nullumense(ROTAP: 3RCa), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa(ROTAP: 2RC-), Acronychia baeuerlenii(ROTAP: 3RC-), 

Archidendron hendersonii (TSC: Vulnerable), Marsdenia hemiptera (ROTAP: 3RC-). 

Structure 


Emergent 20–45 20–40 

Tallest 10–30 60–95 

Middle 1 2–20 30–80 

Middle 2 1–10 30–60 


Floristics 

Trees: Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (T), Guioa semiglauca (T), Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus 

(T), Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle (T), Aphananthe philippinensis (T), Flindersia schottiana (T), Diospyros 

pentamera (T), Cryptocarya obovata, Pouteria queensl<strong>and</strong>ica, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra pubens (T), Heritiera trifoliolata, Elaeocarpus 

gr<strong>and</strong>is (E), Ficus fraseri (T), Cupaniopsis newmanii, Dysoxylum fraserianum (T), Syzygium moorei (T), Araucaria 

cunninghamii (T), Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum, Alphitonia excelsa (E, T), Cinnamomum camphora*, 

Grevillea hilliana (T), Toechima dasyrrhache (T), Diploglottis cunninghamii, Glochidion sumatranum, Acacia bakeri, 

Commersonia bartramia (T), Litsea australis (T), Pentaceras australe (T), Tabernaemontana p<strong>and</strong>acaqui, Beilschmiedia 

elliptica, Cinnamomum virens, Cryptocarya microneura (T), Ficus watkinsiana (E), Castanospermum australe (T), 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor, Pouteria australis, Syzygium francisii, Acmena hemilampra subsp. hemilampra (E), Archidendron 

hendersonii, Cryptocarya foetida, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii, Ficus virens var. sublanceolata (T), Flindersia bennettiania (T), 

Flindersia schottiana (E), Hodgkinsonia ovatiflora, Lophostemon confertus (E, T), Mallotus discolor (T), Baloghia 

inophylla (T), Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana, Pouteria chartacea, Siphonodon australis, Sloanea australis, Sterculia 

quadrifida, Elaeocarpus obovatus (T), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii, Flindersia australis, Ficus obliqua (T), Gmelina leichhardtii 

(T), Polyosma cunninghamii, Pouteria pohlmaniana var. pohlmaniana, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Doryphora sassafras, 

Dysoxylum rufum, Elaeocarpus kirtonii, Litsea reticulata, Pseudoweinmannia lachnocarpa, Schefflera actinophylla*, Toona 

ciliata, Cinnamomum oliveri, Geissois benthamiana, Polyscias elegans, Quintinia verdonii, Stenocarpus sinuatus, Syagrus 


Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Cryptocarya laevigata (M1), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (M1), Wilkiea huegeliana 

(M1), Mallotus philippensis (M1), Sarcopteryx stipata (M1), Arytera distylis (M1), Calamus muelleri (M1), Neolitsea 

174 - Appendix 1


dealbata (M1), Flagellaria indica (M1), Aphananthe 

philippinensis (M1), Cleistanthus cunninghamii (M1), 

Diospyros pentamera, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa (M1), Maclura 

cochinchinensis, Cryptocarya triplinervis var. pubens, 

Ficus coronata (M1), Hedraianthera porphyropetala 

(M2), Streblus brunonianus (M2), Lepiderema pulchella, 

Macadamia tetraphylla (M1), Arytera divaricata 

(M1), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra pubens (M1), R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei (M2), 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. muelleri (M1), Medicosma 

cunninghamii (M1), Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. 

pyriformis (M1), Syzygium luehmannii, Harpullia hillii, 

Toechima dasyrrhache (M1), Sloanea woollsii (M1), 

Canarium australasicum, Drypetes deplanchei, Meiogyne 

stenopetala subsp. stenopetala, Pittosporum multiflorum, 

Wilkiea macrophylla, Pilidiostigma glabrum, Croton 

verreauxii, Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i (M1), Gossia acmenoides 

(M2), Helicia glabriflora, Pentaceras australe (M1), 

Psychotria loniceroides, Archidendron muellerianum (M1), 

Elattostachys nervosa, Neolitsea australiensis, Acmena 

smithii, Cryptocarya glaucescens, Notelaea longifolia, 

Rhodamnia maideniana, Acmena ingens (M1), Alangium 

villosum subsp. polyosmoides, Anthocarapa nitidula, 

Archidendron hendersonii, Capparis arborea, C<strong>of</strong>fea 

arabica*, Daphn<strong>and</strong>ra tenuipes (M1), Cryptocarya foetida, 

Decaspermum humile, Euroschinus falcata var. falcata, 

Olea paniculata, Acronychia pubescens, Archirhodomyrtus 

beckleri, Baloghia inophylla, Denhamia celastroides, Gossia 

bidwillii, Gossia punctata (M1), Pittosporum revolutum, Syzygium oleosum (M1), Symplocos stawellii, Alchornea ilicifolia, 

Ailanthus triphysa, Archidendron gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum, Atractocarpus chartaceus, Carissa ovata, Citrus australasica, Diospyros 

major var. ebenus, Elaeodendron australe, Harpullia pendula, Lantana camara*, Ligustrum lucidum, Mischocarpus 

anodontus, Notelaea johnsonii, Wilkiea austroqueensl<strong>and</strong>ica, Acronychia wilcoxiana, Argophyllum nullumense, Bosistoa 

pentacocca var. pentacocca, Celtis paniculata, Ligustrum sinense*, Excoecaria dallachyana, Hymenosporum flavum, 

Myrsine variabilis, Ochrosia moorei, Pararchidendron pruinosum var. pruinosum, Psydrax lamprophylla, Rhodamnia 

rubescens, Sarcomelicope simplicifolia subsp. simplicifolia, Trochocarpa laurina, Acalypha eremorum, Acronychia 

baeuerlenii, Akania bidwillii, Alectryon subcinereus, Atalaya salicifolia, Bosistoa transversa, Bridelia exaltata, Callicarpa 

pedunculata, Claoxylon australe, Clerodendrum tomentosum, Cupaniopsis parvifolia, Harpullia alata, Diospyros fasciculosa, 

Elaeocarpus eumundii, Myrsine subsessilis, Scolopia braunii, Symplocos thwaitesii, Syzygium hodgkinsoniae, Trema 

tomentosa var. viridis, Triunia youngiana. 

Climbers: Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Calamus muelleri (M1), Flagellaria indica (M1), Smilax australis, Callerya megasperma 

(M1), Dioscorea transversa, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Melodinus australis, Cissus antarctica (M1), Ripogonum album, 

Cissus hypoglauca, Pothos longipes, Morinda jasminoides, Carronia multisepalea (L1), Austrosteenisia blackii var. blackii, 

Derris involuta, Pararistolochia praevenosa, Rauwenh<strong>of</strong>fia leichhardtii, Stephania japonica var. discolor, Caesalpinia 

scortechinii (M1), Embelia australiana, Mucuna gigantea, Cayratia clematidea, Ripogonum elseyanum, Cissus sterculiifolia, 

Echinostephia aculeata, Marsdenia rostrata, Melodinus acutiflorus, P<strong>and</strong>orea jasminoides, P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Ripogonum 

discolor, Sarcopetalum harveyanum, Tragia novae-holl<strong>and</strong>iae, Anredera cordifolia*, Asparagus plumosus*, Celastrus 

subspicata, Eustrephus latifolius, Marsdenia hemiptera, Passiflora subpeltata, Coelospermum paniculatum, Hibbertia 

sc<strong>and</strong>ens Hippocratea barbata, Parsonsia fulva, Parsonsia straminea, Passiflora edulis, Passiflora suberosa. 

Epiphytes: Pothos longipes, Peristeranthus hillii, Asplenium harmanii, Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, 

Platycerium superbum, Asplenium attenuatum. 

175 - Appendix 1


Ferns: Adiantum hispidulum (L1), Lastreopsis decomposita (L1), Lastreopsis marginans (L1), Arthropteris tenella (L1), 

Blechnum cartilagineum (L1), Lastreopsis munita (L1), Cyathea leichhardtiana (L1), Doodia caudata (L1), Doodia aspera 

(L1), Adiantum diaphanum (L1), Adiantum hispidulum (L1), Christella dentata, Arthropteris beckleri, Pellaea nana, 

Adiantum silvaticum, Asplenium attenuatum, Adiantum formosum, Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Pteris 

tremula. 

Grasses: Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis (L1), Ottochloa gracillima, Oplismenus imbecillis (L1), Paspalum 

wettsteinii*. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Cyperus tetraphyllus, Exocarya sclerioides, Gahnia aspera, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra spicata. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Cordyline rubra, Dioscorea transversa, Actephila lindleyi (L1), Alpinia caerulea (L1), Ageratina 

riparia*, Alpinia caerulea (L1), Linospadix monostachya (M2), Meiogyne stenopetala subsp. stenopetala (L1), Alyxia 

ruscifolia, Ochna serrulata*, Breynia oblongifolia, Eupomatia bennettii, Homalanthus populifolius, Eupomatia laurina, Ixora 

beckleri, Atractocarpus chartaceus (L1), Alocasia brisbanensis (L1), Cordyline petiolaris, Dianella caerulea, Macaranga 

tanarius, Solanum mauritianum*, Myrsine variabilis (L1), Cordyline congesta, Brunoniella spiciflora, Bryophyllum 

delagoense*, Impatiens walleriana, Pseuderanthemum variabile, Tasmannia insipida, Ageratina adenophora*, Aneilema 

acuminatum, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pollia crispata, Senna pendula var. glabrata*, Viola hederacea. 





Group 

frequency 


score 


frequency 


Acmena ingens 3 13% 0 0% positive 

Adiantum formosum 1 7% 0 0% positive 

Adiantum hispidulum 2 87% 2 7% positive 

Adiantum silvaticum 2 13% 0 0% positive 

Alectryon subcinereus 1 7% 0 0% positive 




2 73% 2 24% positive 

Arthropteris beckleri 1 7% 0 0% positive 

Arytera distylis 2 73% 2 4% positive 

Asplenium harmanii 2 7% 0 0% positive 

Calamus muelleri 2 73% 2 7% positive 

Callicarpa pedunculata 1 7% 0 0% positive 

Cleistanthus cunninghamii 3 60% 2 3% positive 


Crypocarya obovata 2 67% 1 7% positive 

Cryptocarya laevigata 3 80% 2 2% positive 

Cupaniopsis newmanii 2 60% 2 2% positive 


Diospyros pentamera 2 67% 2 4% positive 

Dysoxylum mollissimum 

subsp. molle 


176 - Appendix 1



Group 

frequency 


score 


frequency 


Dysoxylum rufum 2 7% 0 0% positive 

Elaeocarpus eumundii 1 7% 0 0% positive 

Elaeocarpus gr<strong>and</strong>is 5 20% 0 0% positive 

Excoecaria dallachyana 2 7% 0 0% positive 



Fontainea australis 2 7% 0 0% positive 

Gahnia insignis 1 7% 0 0% positive 

Geissois benthamiana 1 7% 0 0% positive 

Gossia punctata 3 13% 0 0% positive 


Hedraianthera 

porphyropetala 


Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia 2 7% 0 0% positive 

Hymenosporum flavum 

Jagera pseudorhus 


var. pseudorhus forma 

pseudorhus 

2 73% 1 26% positive 

Legnephora moorei 2 7% 0 0% positive 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra spicata 2 13% 0 0% positive 



Medicosma cunninghamii 2 40% 0 0% positive 

Melodinus acutiflorus 3 7% 0 0% positive 

Melodinus australis 2 53% 2 7% positive 

Mischocarpus anodontus 2 13% 0 0% positive 

Neolitsea dealbata 2 73% 2 5% positive 

Oplismenus undulatifolius 

var. mollis 


Parsonsia fulva 1 7% 0 0% positive 

Peristeranthus hillii 3 7% 0 0% positive 

Pollia crispata 1 7% 0 0% positive 

Ripogonum album 2 53% 2 5% positive 

Sarcopteryx stipitata 2 80% 1 5% positive 



Triunia youngiana 2 13% 0 0% positive 

Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens 2 73% 1 14% positive 


177 - Appendix 1


Community 45 Tweed–Brunswick Valleys Bangalow Palm–Lilly Pilly 

Subtropical Rainforest 

Scientific Name: Tweed–Brunswick Bangalow Palm (Archotnopheonix cunninghamiana) <strong>and</strong> Lilly Pilly 

(Acmena smithii) Subtropical Rainforest. 

Sites (9) WAR11un, BRU17cbbbf, MUR04lsrh, MUR05lsrh, BRU40cbbbf, BRU42vbrlh, BRU43vbrlh, TWE15lsrh, 

TWE17albk. 


Rainforest-Subtropical Rainforest (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.11.1 Brush Box Closed Forest in gullies 

(Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 102 – Sub-tropical/Warm Temperate Rainforest on Bedrock Substrates (Kingston et 

al. 2004); Subtropical rainforest on metasediments, <strong>and</strong> Subtropical rainforest on basalt soils (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological 

Services 1999); Suballiance 6 – Archontophoenix–Livistona (Floyd 1990). 


A subtropical rainforest community with emergent 

Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is) <strong>and</strong> Hoop Pine 

(Araucaria cunninghamii). The tallest layer contains 

Bangalow Palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), 

Hoop Pine, Strangling Fig (Ficus watkinsiana), Cheese 

Tree (Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i), Umbrella Cheese Tree 

(Glochidion sumatranum) <strong>and</strong> a mix <strong>of</strong> rainforest trees, 

including Lilly Pilly (Acmena smithii), Brown Kurrajong 

(Commersonia bartramia), Pepperberry (Cryptocarya 

obovata), Three-veined Laurel (Cryptocarya triplinervis), 

Myrtle Ebony (Diospyros pentamera), Rose Walnut 

(Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor), Black Walnut (Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa), 

Bennett’s Ash (Flindersia bennettiana), Red Kamala 

(Mallotus philippensis) <strong>and</strong> Giant Water Gum (Syzygium 

francisii). There are occasional canopy occurrences <strong>of</strong> 

Eucalyptus species such as Flooded Gum (E. gr<strong>and</strong>is) 

<strong>and</strong> Red Gum (E. tereticornis). A mid-stratum <strong>of</strong> small 

trees <strong>and</strong> shrubs includes Bangalow Palm, Twin-leaved 

Googera (Arytera distylis), Cleistanthus cunninghamii, 

S<strong>and</strong>paper Fig (Ficus coronata) <strong>and</strong> Burny Vine 

(Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens). Southern Lawyer Vine (Calamus 

muelleri), Whip Vine (Flagellaria indica) <strong>and</strong> Burny 

Bean (Mucuna gigantea) are common vine species 

in the mid-stratum. <strong>Lower</strong> strata consist <strong>of</strong> the grass 

Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis, Cunjevoi (Alocasia 

brisbanensis), palm lilies (Cordyline petiolaris, Cordyline 

rubra) <strong>and</strong> Rasp Fern (Doodia aspera). This community contains populations <strong>of</strong> many rare <strong>and</strong> threatened plant taxa 

(22), <strong>and</strong> climbers <strong>and</strong> twiners are also well represented (40 taxa). 


Habitat: Occurs on gently undulating coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>plains near Tyagarah, lower slopes on metamorphic rocks 

in the Tweed Valley, <strong>and</strong> on mid-slopes near Urliup. 

Disturbance: There is evidence <strong>of</strong> light to moderate logging, light infestations <strong>of</strong> weeds, <strong>and</strong> light to moderate 

178 - Appendix 1


levels <strong>of</strong> grazing. There is also evidence <strong>of</strong> fire at sites MUR04lsrh <strong>and</strong> BRU40cbbbf (40–60 years prior). 

Example locations: Tuckean Broadwater, Urliup Road, T<strong>and</strong>ys Lane, Charles Bay. A significant remnant is located 

north <strong>of</strong> the Tuckean Broadwater. 


Threats: This is a lower slope community subject to significant threat from clearing, logging, inappropriate fire 


Conservation status: The community described here is an example <strong>of</strong> ‘Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest in NSW North 

Coast <strong>and</strong> Sydney Basin Bioregion’ EEC. Occurrences on the floodplain are examples <strong>of</strong> ‘Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest on 

Floodplain in the NSW North Coast Bioregion’ EEC. One survey site was in Tyagarah NR. 

Significant taxa: Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii (TSC: Vulnerable), Xylosma terrae-reginae (TSC: Vulnerable), Acacia bakeri 

(TSC: Endangered), Acronychia baeuerlenii (ROTAP: 2RC-), Archidendron hendersonii (TSC: Vulnerable), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra 

hayesii (TSC: Vulnerable), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. bracteata (TSC: Endangered), Lepiderema pulchella (TSC: 

Vulnerable), Cupaniopsis newmanii (ROTAP: 2RC-), Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana,(TSC Endangered) Archidendron 

muellerianum (ROTAP: 3RCa), Dendrocnide moroides (TSC: Endangered), Diospyros major var. ebenus (TSC: 

Endangered), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii (TSC: Endangered), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa (ROTAP: 2RC-), Ochrosia moorei (TSC: 

Endangered), Rhodamnia maideniana (ROTAP: 2RC-), Syzygium moorei (TSC: Vulnerable), Tinospora tinosporoides 

(TSC: Vulnerable). 

Structure 



Tallest 13–40 30–100 

Middle 1 1–25 10–90 

Middle 2 1–10 60–70 


Floristics 

Trees: Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (T), Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i (T), Mallotus philippensis (T), Glochidion 

sumatranum (T), Guioa semiglauca (T), Cryptocarya triplinervis, Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is (E), Ficus watkinsiana (T), 

Araucaria cunninghamii (E, T), Capparis arborea (T), Diospyros pentamera (T), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa, Commersonia 

bartramia (T), Flindersia bennettiana (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Syzygium francisi (T), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor (T), 

Pseudoweinmannia lachnocarpa (T), Stenocarpus sinuatus (T), Cryptocarya obovata (T), Diploglottis cunninghamii, 

Livistona australis, Polyscias elegans, Pouteria australis, Gossia bidwillii, Lophostemon confertus (T), Macaranga 

tanarius (T), Cinnamomum camphora*, Beilschmiedia elliptica, Beilschmiedia obtusifolia, Ficus obliqua, Ficus virens var. 

sublanceolata, Pentaceras australe, Toechima dasyrrhache, Acacia bakeri, Alphitonia excelsa, Castanospermum australe, 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. bracteata, Eucalyptus tereticornis (T), Heritiera trifoliolata, Arytera divaricata, Cryptocarya 

glaucescens, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. muelleri, Podocarpus elatus, Siphonodon australis, Sloanea australis, Syzygium 

corynanthum, Syzygium moorei, Emmenosperma alphitonioides, Ficus fraseri, Flindersia australis, Schefflera actinophylla*, 

Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum. 

Sub-canopy trees: Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (M1), Calamus muelleri (M1), Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i (M1), 

Arytera distylis (M1), Acmena smithii (M1), Glochidion sumatranum (M1), Cordyline petiolaris (M1), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa 

(M1), Syzygium francisii (M1), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii (M1), Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle (M1), Alyxia ruscifolia 

(M1), Elaeocarpus obovatus (M1), Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis (M1), Dysoxylum fraserianum. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (M2), Wilkiea huegeliana (M2), Lantana camara* 

(M2), Ficus coronata, Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens (M2), Cleistanthus cunninghamii (M2), Diospyros australis, Diospyros 

179 - Appendix 1


pentamera, Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Pittosporum multiflorum, Neolitsea dealbata, Maclura 

cochinchinensis, Pouteria chartacea, Aphananthe philippinensis (M2), Drypetes deplanchei (M2), Elattostachys nervosa, 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii (M2), Melodinus australis, Alchornea ilicifolia, Archidendron hendersonii (M2), Notelaea longifolia, 

Pouteria australis (M2), Toechima dasyrrhache, Bridelia exaltata, Claoxylon australe, Croton verreauxii, Cupaniopsis 

newmanii, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Rhodamnia rubescens, Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis, Tabernaemontana 

p<strong>and</strong>acaqui, Cryptocarya laevigata, Cupaniopsis parvifolia, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii, Harpullia hillii, Pilidiostigma glabrum, 

Pittosporum revolutum, Psychotria loniceroides, Elaeodendron australe (M2), Ixora beckleri (M2), Sarcopteryx stipata, 

Streblus brunonianus, Trochocarpa laurina, Xylosma terrae-reginae, Acronychia pubescens, Acronychia wilcoxiana, 

Archidendron muellerianum, Atractocarpus benthamianus, Celtis paniculata, Clerodendrum tomentosum, Cryptocarya 

microneura, Daphn<strong>and</strong>ra tenuipes, Denhamia celastroides (M2), Hedraianthera porphyropetala, Lepiderema pulchella, 

Pouteria myrsinifolia, Rhodamnia maideniana, Rhodomyrtus psidioides, Symplocos thwaitesii, Wilkiea austroqueensl<strong>and</strong>ica, 

Acronychia baeuerlenii, Akania bidwillii, Archidendron gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum, Citrus australasica, Polyosma cunninghamii, 

Dendrocnide moroides, Diospyros major var. ebenus, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra virens, Excoecaria agallocha, Ligustrum 

sinense*, Ligustrum lucidum*, Mallotus discolor, Maytenus disperma, Mischocarpus australis, Ochrosia moorei, Psychotria 

simmondsiana, Syzygium australe. 

Climbers: Calamus muelleri (M2), Flagellaria indica (M2), Cissus antarctica, Derris involuta, Smilax australis, 

Geitonoplesium cymosum, Mucuna gigantea, Capparis arborea, Dioscorea transversa, Pothos longipes, Ripogonum 

elseyanum, Morinda jasminoides, Ripogonum album, Celastrus subspicata, Cissus hypoglauca (M2), Ipomoea cairica*, 

P<strong>and</strong>orea jasminoides (L1), Stephania japonica, Tinospora tinosporoides, Austrosteenisia blackii var. blackii, Diospyros 

fasciculosa, Hippocratea barbata, Pararistolochia praevenosa, Parsonsia straminea, Caesalpinia subtropica, Coelospermum 

paniculatum, Embelia australiana, Histiopteris incisa, Hoya australis subsp. australis, Marsdenia hemiptera, Passiflora 

edulis*, Echinostephia aculeata, Callerya australis, Marsdenia rostrata, Tetrastigma nitens. 

Epiphytes: Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Platycerium superbum, Dendrobium bowmanii, Plectorrhiza 

tridentata. 

Grasses: Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis (L1), Panicum lachnophyllum, Oplismenus imbecillis, Paspalum wettsteinii*, 

Oplismenus aemulus. 

Ferns: Blechnum cartilagineum, Doodia aspera (L1), Arthropteris tenella, Calochlaena dubia, Christella dentata, Doodia 

caudata, Hypolepis muelleri, Lastreopsis decomposita, Lastreopsis marginans, Lastreopsis microsora subsp. microsora, 

Lastreopsis munita, Microsorum sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Pellaea nana. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Gahnia clarkei (L1), Gahnia aspera (L1), Cyperus tetraphyllus. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Cordyline rubra, Cleistanthus cunninghamii (L1), Alpinia caerulea (L1), Alocasia brisbanensis, 

Pseuderanthemum variabile, Cordyline petiolaris (L1), Linospadix monostachya, Alyxia ruscifolia, Lepidozamia 

per<strong>of</strong>fskyana, Macaranga tanarius, Carissa ovata, Ageratina riparia*, Atractocarpus chartaceus, Breynia oblongifolia, 

Gymnostachys anceps, Meiogyne stenopetala subsp. stenopetala (L1), Myrsine variabilis, Tripladenia cunninghamii, Viola 

banksii, Alpinia arundelliana, Cheirostylis notialis, Crinum pedunculatum, Eupomatia bennettii, Homalanthus populifolius, 

Jasminum didymum, Myrsine subsessilis, Ochna serrulata. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 210 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 27-85 (mean 58 ± 21) 


180 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 




3 89% 2 24% positive 


Acmena smithii 2 78% 1 14% positive 






Asplenium australasicum f. 

australasicum 

2 67% 1 13% positive 

Cordyline petiolaris 2 67% 2 4% positive 

Derris involuta 2 67% 2 5% positive 



Oplismenus undulatifolius 

var. mollis 



Alpinia caerulea 2 56% 1 10% positive 

Cissus antarctica 3 56% 2 9% positive 




Glochdion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i 4 56% 1 24% positive 


Pittosporum multiflorum 2 56% 2 5% positive 


Panicum lachnophyllum 3 22% 0 0% positive 

Tinospora tinosporoides 2 22% 0 0% positive 

Dendrobium bowmanii 1 11% 0 0% positive 

Dendrocnide moroides 1 11% 0 0% positive 

Emmenosperma 

alphitonioides 


Maytenus disperma 1 11% 0 0% positive 

Microsora sc<strong>and</strong>ens 2 11% 0 0% positive 

Psychotria simmondsiana 1 11% 0 0% positive 

Syzygium corynanthum 2 11% 0 0% positive 

Xylosma terrae-reginae 3 11% 0 0% positive


Community 46 Stinging Tree–White Fig–Brush Bloodwood Subtropical 

Rainforest 

Scientific Name: Stinging Tree (Dendrocnide excelsa), White Fig (Ficus virens var. sublanceolata) <strong>and</strong> Brush 

Bloodwood (Baloghia inophylla) Subtropical Rainforest. 

Sites: (1) BIL06vbrh. 


Rainforest-Subtropical Rainforest (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.8.4 Complex notophyll rainforest 

on basalt <strong>and</strong> laterised basalt (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 102 – Sub-tropical/Warm Temperate Rainforest on 

Bedrock Substrates (Kingston et al. 2004); Subtropical Rainforest on basalt soils (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 

1999); Suballiance 3 – Cryptocarya obovta–Dendrocnide excelsa–Ficus spp.–Araucaria (Floyd 1990). 


A closed forest community in which Brush Bloodwood (Baloghia inophylla) <strong>and</strong> White Fig (Ficus virens var. 

sublanceolata) <strong>and</strong> Stinging Tree (Dendrocnide excelsa) are the most abundant canopy species. A dense mid-layer <strong>of</strong> 

sub-canopy trees is also present <strong>and</strong> includes Ferny-leaf Bosistoa (Bosistoa pentacocca var. pentacocca), Brown Bolly 

Gum (Litsea australis) <strong>and</strong> Green Bolly Gum (Neolitsea australiensis). A second middle layer <strong>of</strong> shrubs also occurs, 

with Veiny Wilkiea (Wilkiea macrophylla) <strong>and</strong> Lantana (Lantana camara). The lower layer consists <strong>of</strong> Arthropteris 

tenella, Lantana, White Supplejack (Ripogonum album) <strong>and</strong> Native Mulberry (Pipturus argenteus). The clmbing 

plants Callerya megasperma <strong>and</strong> Calamus muelleri are common. 


Habitat: A lower slope basalt site on rolling hills. 

Disturbance: Evidence <strong>of</strong> moderate levels <strong>of</strong> logging, <strong>and</strong> light infestation <strong>of</strong> weeds. 

Location: Durobby Creek. 



Conservation status: Not known. Floyd (1990) records Rainforest Suballiance 3 from basalt-enriched alluvial 

lowl<strong>and</strong> floodplains north from the Manning River. There is very little <strong>of</strong> this community remaining on the FNC, 

<strong>and</strong> it is only known to be reserved in Stotts Isl<strong>and</strong> NR. 


Structure 



Middle 1 5–18 60 

Middle 2 1–5 65 


182 - Appendix 1

Floristics 


Trees: Ficus virens var. sublanceolata (T), Baloghia inophylla (T), Dendrocnide excelsa, Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. 

molle, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra pubens, Cinnamomum virens, Cryptocarya obovata, Castanospermum australe. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Litsea australis (M1), Neolitsea australiensis (M1), Wilkiea macrophylla (M2), Bosistoa 

pentacocca var. pentacocca (M1), Harpullia pendula, Lantana camara* (M1), Cryptocarya triplinervis var. pubens, 

Hedraianthera porphyropetala, Neolitsea dealbata, Pipturus argenteus, Atractocarpus benthamianus, Cryptocarya laevigata, 

Lepiderema pulchella, Macaranga tanarius, Psychotria loniceroides, Sarcopteryx stipata. 

Climbers: Calamus muelleri (M1), Callerya megasperma, Carronia multisepalea, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Sarcopetalum 

harveyanum, Tetrastigma nitens, Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Dioscorea transversa, Passiflora subpeltata*. 

Epiphytes: Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Pothos longipes. 

Ferns: Arthropteris tenella, Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Adiantum hispidulum. 

Grasses: Oplismenus imbecillis. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Ripogonum album, Acalypha capillipes, Ageratina riparia*, Alpinia caerulea, Commelina cyanea, 

Cordyline petiolaris, Homalanthus populifolius, Peperomia bl<strong>and</strong>a var. floribunda. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native species: 45 Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa per site: 45 




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Atalaya multiflora 3 33% 0 0 positive 

Bosistoa selwynii 3 17% 0 0 positive 

Bouchardatia neurococca 3 17% 0 0 positive 

Citronella moorei 4 17% 0 0 positive 

Dendrocnide photinophylla 3 33% 0 0 positive 

Diospyros mabacea 3 17% 0 0 positive 

Guilfoylia monostylis 1 17% 0 0 positive 

Monococcus echinophorus 5 17% 0 0 positive 

Notothixos cornifolius 2 17% 0 0 positive 

Parsonsia longifolia 3 17% 0 0 positive 

Piper novae-holl<strong>and</strong>iae 1 17% 0 0 positive 

Pisonia aculeata 1 17% 0 0 positive 

Planchonella myrsinoides 4 17% 0 0 positive


Community 47 Tweed Valley Meta-sediment <strong>and</strong> Basalt Low-Elevation 

Subtropical Rainforest 

Scientific name: Tweed Valley Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla), Rough-leaved Elm (Aphananthe 

phillipensis), Myrtle Ebony (Diospyros pentamera), Red Kamala (Mallotus phillipinensis), Brush Bloodwood 

(Baloghia inophylla) <strong>and</strong> White Booyong (Heritiera trifoliata) Subtropical Rainforest on Basalt/Sediments on 

Rolling Hills. 

Sites: (6) MUR01vbrh, TWE21vbrh, TWE24vbrh, MUR08lsrh, MUR09lsrh, MUR10lsrh. 


Rainforest-Subtropical Rainforest (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystems 12.8.3 Complex notophyll rainforest on 

Cainozoic igneous rocks (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); Subtropical rainforest on metasediments, <strong>and</strong> Subtropical 

rainforest on basalt soils (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 102 – Sub-tropical/Warm Temperate Rainforest on 

Bedrock Substrates (Kingston et al. 2004); Suballiance 1 – Argyrodendron trifoliatum (Floyd 1990). 


This community is a closed forest characterised 

by emergent Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla) 

<strong>and</strong> a tallest strata with White Booyong (Heritiera 

trifoliolata), White Bean (Ailanthus triphysa), Roughleaved 

Elm (Aphananthe philippinensis), Twin-leaved 

Coogera (Arytera divaricata), Myrtle Ebony (Diospyros 

pentamera), Small-leaved Tamarind (Diploglottis 

campbellii), Moreton Bay Fig, Strangling Fig (Ficus 

watkinsiana), Red Kamala (Mallotus philippensis), 

Yellow Carabeen (Sloanea australis) <strong>and</strong> Giant Water 

Gum (Syzygium francisii). A dense sub-canopy <strong>of</strong> 

trees includes Actephila lindleyi, Bangalow Palm 

(Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), Brush Bloodwood 

(Baloghia inophylla), Shiny-leaved Stinging Tree 

(Dendrocnide photinophylla), Grey Ebony (Diospyros 

fasciculosa), Red Bean (Dysoxylum mollissimum 

subsp. molle), Beetroot Tree (Elattostachys nervosa), 

Hedraianthera porphyropetala <strong>and</strong> Cockspur Thorn 

(Maclura cochinchinensis). A mid-layer <strong>of</strong> small trees 

<strong>and</strong> shrubs is <strong>of</strong>ten present, with Large-leaved Wilkiea 

(Wilkiea macrophylla), Capparis arborea, Alyxia ruscifolia, 

Muskwood (Alangium villosum subsp. polyosmoides), 

Monococcus echinophorus, <strong>and</strong> Steelwood (Sarcopteryx 

stipata) being frequent species. The lower stratum 

is a mix <strong>of</strong> Cleistanthus cunninghamii, Oplismenus 

undulatifolius var. mollis, Pastel Flower (Pseuderanthemum 

variabile), Palm Lily (Cordyline petiolaris) <strong>and</strong> Meiogyne stenopetala subsp. stenopetala. Vines are common in all strata, 

in particular Calamus muelleri, Cissus antarctica, Hippocratea barbata <strong>and</strong> Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens. 


Habitat: Sheltered lower slopes with metamorphic sedimentary rocks <strong>and</strong> basalt at Terranorra, Duroby Creek 

Razorback <strong>and</strong> the Condong Range. 

184 - Appendix 1


Disturbance: Infestation by weeds varies from light to moderate, <strong>and</strong> there is no evidence <strong>of</strong> fire. Light clearing is 

evident at sites TWE21vbrh <strong>and</strong> MUR10lsrh, <strong>and</strong> light logging at site MUR01vbrh. 

Example locations: Farrants Hill, Tom Beatson Outlook, <strong>and</strong> McCauleys Road. 


Threats: A lower slope community subject to significant threats from clearing, logging, inappropriate fire regimes 

<strong>and</strong> invasion by noxious weeds. 

Conservation status: The community described here is an example <strong>of</strong> ‘Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest in NSW North Coast 

<strong>and</strong> Sydney Basin Bioregion’ EEC. 

Significant taxa: Cryptocarya foetida (TSC: Vulnerable), Diploglottis campbellii (TSC: Endangered), Grevillea 

hilliana, Lepiderema pulchella (TSC: Vulnerable), Macadamia tetraphylla (TSC: Vulnerable), Niemeyera antiloga, 

R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei (TSC: Endangered), Syzygium moorei (TSC: Vulnerable), Cordyline congesta (ROTAP: 3RC-), 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii (TSC: Vulnerable), Diospyros major var. ebenus, (TSC: Endangered)Diospyros mabacea (TSC: 

Endangered), Cupaniopsis newmanii (ROTAP: 2RC-), Bosistoa selwynii (TSC: Vulnerable), Archidendron hendersonii 

(TSC: Vulnerable), Syzygium hodgkinsoniae (TSC: Vulnerable), Acalypha eremorum (TSC: Endangered), Rhodamnia 

maideniana (ROTAP: 2RC-). 

Structure 



Tallest 10–40 80–90 

Middle 1 2–30 50–90 

Middle 2 1–15 60–70 


Floristics 

Trees: Heritiera trifoliolata (T), Heritiera actinophylla (M1), Aphananthe philippinensis (T), Diospyros pentamera 

(T), Mallotus philippensis, Baloghia inophylla (M1), Elattostachys nervosa (M1), Ficus watkinsiana (T), Syzygium 

francisii (M1), Diploglottis campbellii (M1), Ficus macrophylla (E, T), Arytera divaricata (T), Maclura cochinchinensis 

(T), Pouteria queensl<strong>and</strong>ica, Syzygium moorei (T), Ailanthus triphysa, Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (M1), Celtis 

paniculata (M1), Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle (M1), Castanospermum australe (T), Cryptocarya foetida (M1), 

Mallotus discolor (M1), Grevillea hilliana, Siphonodon australis, Atalaya multiflora, Ficus virens var. sublanceolata (T), 

Pentaceras australe, Sloanea woollsii (T), Dysoxylum fraserianum (T), Planchonella myrsinoides (M1), Sloanea australis 

(M1), Bosistoa pentacocca var. pentacocca, Citronella moorei, Cryptocarya obovata, Beilschmiedia elliptica, Litsea 

reticulata, Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis, Neolitsea dealbata, Toechima dasyrrhache, Elaeodendron australe 

(M1), Flindersia schottiana, Schefflera actinophylla*, Syzygium luehmannii, Syzygium moorei, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. 

muelleri, Ficus fraseri, Guioa semiglauca, Niemeyera antiloga, Stenocarpus sinuatus, Sterculia quadrifida, Toona ciliata. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Actephila lindleyi (M2), Diospyros pentamera, Maclura cochinchinensis (L1), Actephila lindleyi, 

Syzygium francisii (L1), Arytera divaricata (L1), Diploglottis campbellii (L1), Hedraianthera porphyropetala, Alangium 

villosum subsp. polyosmoides (M2), Streblus brunonianus, Olea paniculata, Celtis paniculata, Wilkiea macrophylla, 

Anthocarapa nitidula, Arytera distylis, Cryptocarya foetida, Cryptocarya triplinervis, Dendrocnide photinophylla, Diospyros 

fasciculosa, Hodgkinsonia ovatiflora, Mallotus discolor, Akania bidwillii, Gossia acmenoides, Monococcus echinophorus 

(M2), R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei, Drypetes deplanchei, Dysoxylum fraserianum, Ixora beckleri, Pouteria myrsinifolia, Alchornea 

ilicifolia, Alectryon tomentosus, Bosistoa selwynii (M2), Bosistoa transversa (M2), Bouchardatia neurococca (L1), Croton 

verreauxii, Cupaniopsis newmanii, Diospyros mabacea (M2), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii, Harpullia alata, Mischocarpus australis, 

Pittosporum multiflorum, Polyalthia nitidissima, Syzygium hodgkinsoniae, Alyxia ruscifolia (M2), Auranticarpa rhombifolia, 

Cryptocarya laevigata, Elaeodendron australe, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra pubens, Harpullia hillii, Lepiderema pulchella, Murraya 

185 - Appendix 1


paniculata*, Notelaea johnsonii, Sarcomelicope simplicifolia subsp. simplicifolia, Sarcopteryx stipata, Atalaya salicifolia, 

Clerodendrum tomentosum, Guilfoylia monostylis, Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Pararchidendron 

pruinosum var. pruinosum*, Pittosporum revolutum, Pouteria chartacea, Psychotria loniceroides, Psydrax lamprophylla, 

Rhodamnia maideniana, Tabernaemontana p<strong>and</strong>acaqui, Wilkiea austroqueensl<strong>and</strong>ica, Diospyros major var. ebenus. 

Climbers: Cissus antarctica, Calamus muelleri (L1), Callerya megasperma, Hippocratea barbata, Pothos longipes, 

Caesalpinia subtropica, Derris involuta, Rauwenh<strong>of</strong>fia leichhardtii, Ripogonum album, Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens, P<strong>and</strong>orea 

jasminoides, Carronia multisepalea, Flagellaria indica, Parsonsia longipetiolata, Mucuna gigantea, Cayratia acris, Dioscorea 

transversa, Ipomoea cairica*, Marsdenia hemiptera, Anredera cordifolia*, Parsonsia velutina, Smilax australis, Tetrastigma 

nitens, Cissus sterculiifolia, Morinda jasminoides, Pararistolochia praevenosa, Passiflora suberosa*, Piper novae-holl<strong>and</strong>iae, 

Pisonia aculeata. 

Epiphytes: Platycerium bifurcatum, Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens, Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum. 

Misteltoes: Notothixos cornifolius. 

Ferns: Arthropteris tenella, Lastreopsis microsora subsp. microsora, Asplenium attenuatum, Doodia aspera, Pellaea 

nana, Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens, Adiantum diaphanum, Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Lastreopsis 

decomposita, Lastreopsis marginans. 

Grasses: Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Cleistanthus cunninghamii (L1), Meiogyne stenopetala subsp. stenopetala (L1), C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica* 

(L1), Hedraianthera porphyropetala (L1), Capparis arborea, Cordyline petiolaris (L1), Castanospermum australe (L1), 

Pseuderanthemum variabile, Cordyline rubra, Ochna serrulata* (L1), Linospadix monostachya, Monococcus echinophorus, 

Cordyline congesta, Rivina humilis*, Asparagus plumosus*, Polyalthia nitidissima (L1), Carissa ovata, Alyxia ruscifolia, 

Asparagus aethiopicus*, Breynia oblongifolia, Protasparagus africanus*. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native species: 155 Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa per site: 45–68 (mean 57 ± 8) 


Number <strong>of</strong> indicator taxa 


Group 

frequency 


score 


frequency 

class 

Actephila lindleyi 3 67% 2 2% positive 


Baloghia inophylla 3 83% 3 1% positive 

Caesalpinia subtropica 2 67% 2 1% positive 


Capparis arborea 2 67% 2 4% positive 

Cissus antartica 2 83% 2 9% positive 

Cleistanthus cunninghamii 2 100% 3 4% positive 


Diospyros fasciculosa 2 67% 2 2% positive 

Diospyros pentamera 2 100% 2 5% positive 

Elattostachys nervosa 2 83% 1 3% positive 

Hedraianthera porphyropetala 2 67% 2 4% positive 

Heritiera trifoliolata 4 83% 3 2% positive 

Hippocratea barbata 3 67% 2 2% positive 



186 - Appendix 1



Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 

Meiogyne stenopetala subsp. 

stenopetala 


Pouteria queensl<strong>and</strong>ica 2 83% 3 2% positive 


Wilkiea macrophylla 2 100% 2 1% positive 

Neolitsea dealbata 2 67% 2 7% positive 

Pothos longipes 2 67% 2 4% positive 


R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei 2 67% 2 3% positive 

Rauwenh<strong>of</strong>fia leichhardtii 2 67% 1 2% positive 


Alangium villosum subsp. polyosmoides 2 50% 2 1% positive 

Archontophoenix cunninghamiana 3 50% 2 25% positive 


Beilschmiedia elliptica 2 50% 1 3% positive 

Celtis paniculata 2 50% 2 2% positive 


Derris involuta 2 50% 2 6% positive 

Diploglottis campbellii 3 50% 0 0% positive 

Ficus watkinsiana 3 50% 1 6% positive 


Hodgkinsonia ovatiflora 2 50% 2 1% positive 

Ixora beckleri 2 50% 2 1% positive 

Linospadix monostachya 2 50% 2 3% positive 

Olea paniculata 3 50% 2 2% positive 

Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis 2 50% 2 7% positive 

P<strong>and</strong>orea jasminoides 2 50% 2 1% positive 


Syzygium francisii 4 50% 4 1% positive 

Syzygium moorei 2 50% 3 2% positive 

Atalaya multiflora 3 33% 0 0% positive 

Dendrocnide photinophylla 3 33% 0 0% positive 

Bosistoa selwynii 3 17% 0 0% positive 

Bouchardatia neurococca 3 17% 0 0% positive 

Citronella moorei 4 17% 0 0% positive 

Diospyros mabacea 3 17% 0 0% positive 

Guilfoylia monostylis 1 17% 0 0% positive 

Monococcus echinophorus 5 17% 0 0% positive 

Notothixos cornifolius 2 17% 0 0% positive 

Parsonsia longifolia 3 17% 0 0% positive 

Piper novae-holl<strong>and</strong>iae 1 17% 0 0% positive 

Pisonia aculeata 1 17% 0 0% positive 

Planchonella myrsinoides 4 17% 0 0% positive 

class


Community 48 Flooded Gum–Pink-flowered Doughwood–Hard 

Qu<strong>and</strong>ong Alluvial Plain Wet Sclerophyll Forest 

Scientific name: Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is), Pink-flowered Doughwood (Melicope elleryana), Hard 

Qu<strong>and</strong>ong (Elaeocarpus obovatus) <strong>and</strong> Harsh Ground Fern (Hypolepis muelleri) Alluvial Plain Wet Sclerophyll 

Forest. 

Sites: (4) BRU02alchfl, POT15unfswp, POT10alfan, POT13alfan. 


Wet Sclerophyll Forests-North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forests (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.3.2 

Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is ± Eucalyptus microcorys tall open forest with rainforest understorey (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 

206 – Flooded Gum Open Forest (Kingston et al. 2004); Mixed regrowth (mr)/Wattle (w), <strong>and</strong> Flooded Gum (fG) 

(L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological <strong>Survey</strong>s 1999); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 26 Coastal Flooded Gum (NPWS 1999). 


A wet sclerophyll forest in which 

Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), 

Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is), Hard 

Qu<strong>and</strong>ong (Elaeocarpus obovatus) <strong>and</strong> 

Pink-flowered Doughwood (Melicope 

elleryana) are common in the tallest 

stratum. Pink-flowered Doughwood, 

Lantana (Lantana camara), Camphor 

Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) <strong>and</strong> 

Senna pendula var. glabrata dominate 

the mid-stratum <strong>of</strong> shrubs <strong>and</strong> small 

trees. The ground layer consists <strong>of</strong> 

Ageratum houstonianum, Harsh Ground 

Fern (Hypolepis muelleri), Blady Grass 

(Imperata cylindrica var. major), Paspalum 

wettsteinii <strong>and</strong> Setaria sphacelata. The 

sites are heavily disturbed by clearing 

<strong>and</strong> weeds are abundant in the ground 

layer. 


Habitat: Low-lying moist sites located on the alluvial plain in riparian zones <strong>and</strong> creek channels. The community 

also occurs in freshwater swamps on undifferentiated sediments. 

Disturbance: These are heavily disturbed sites with a history <strong>of</strong> severe logging, clearing <strong>and</strong> infestation by weeds. 

Example locations: Jones Road, Vallances Road, <strong>and</strong> Billinudgel NR. 


Threats: Occurrences <strong>of</strong> Flooded Gum on the alluvial plain are probably poorly reserved. This community qualifies 

as a northern mesic variation <strong>of</strong> the River Flat Forest <strong>of</strong> coastal floodplains EEC. 

Conservation status: Under considerable threat from clearing <strong>and</strong> disturbance from weeds. Sites POT10alfan <strong>and</strong> 

POT13alfan are within Billinudgel NR. 


188 - Appendix 1

Structure 



Tallest 3–28 30–40 

Middle 1 1–12 20–50 

Middle 2 1–2.2 30 


Floristics 

Trees: Melicope elleryana (T), Acacia melanoxylon (T), Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is (T), Callistemon salignus (T), Cinnamomum 

camphora* (T), Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Corymbia intermedia (T), Ficus obliqua (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), 

Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum, Ficus fraseri, Livistona australis, Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana*. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Melicope elleryana (M1), Lantana camara* (L1, M2), Acacia melanoxylon (M1), Elaeocarpus 

obovatus (M1), Senna pendula var. glabrata* (M1), Pittosporum undulatum (M1), Glochidion sumatranum (M1), 

Maclura cochinchinensis, Callistemon salignus (M1), Cinnamomum camphora* (M1), Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Syzygium 

oleosum (M1), Rhynchospora corymbosa (M2), Tabernaemontana p<strong>and</strong>acaqui, Acmena smithii, Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, 

Commersonia bartramia, Ficus coronata, Pilidiostigma glabrum, Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, 

Rhodomyrtus psidioides. 

Climbers: Morinda jasminoides, Marsdenia rostrata, Parsonsia straminea, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Stephania japonica var. 

discolor, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Ipomoea cairica*, Rubus moluccanus var. trilobus. 

Ferns: Hypolepis muelleri (L1), Pteridium esculentum (L1), Cyathea cooperi, Calochlaena dubia. 

Grasses: Paspalum wettsteinii* (L1), Setaria sphacelata*, Imperata cylindrica var. major (L1), Baccharis halimifolia*, 

Paspalum conjugatum*, Axonopus fissifolius*, Oplismenus aemulus, Paspalum dilatatum*. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Gahnia clarkei (L1), Rhynchospora corymbosa, Eleocharis sphacelata, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Ageratum houstonianum*, Ageratina adenophora*, Solanum mauritianum*, Drymaria cordata subsp. 

cordata, Gomphocarpus fruticosus*, Macaranga tanarius, Commelina cyanea (L1), Ageratina riparia*, Oxalis purpurea*, 

Persicaria dichotoma, Gomphocarpus physocarpus*, Oxalis chnoodes, Persicaria strigosa, Phytolacca oct<strong>and</strong>ra*, Pratia 

purpurascens, Senna septemtrionalis*, Solanum capsicoides*, Verbena incompta*. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 51 Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa per site: 24–36 (mean 32 ± 3) 


189 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Acacia melanoxylon 3 75% 1 8% positive 



Drymaria cordata 2 50% 3 0% positive 

Elaeocarpus obovatus 2 100% 1 16% positive 


Eleocharis sphacelata 2 25% 0 0% positive 

Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is 5 50% 3 4% positive 


Glochidion sumatranum 3 50% 1 21% positive 







Tabernaemontana p<strong>and</strong>acaqui 2 50% 1 9% positive


Community 49 Camphor Laurel–Forest Red Gum Open to Closed Forest 

Scientific Name: Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) <strong>and</strong> Forest Red Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) 

Open to Closed Forest. 

Sites: (4) LIS01vbrh, LIS02vbrh, LIS03vbrh, LIS04lsrh. 


Wet Sclerophyll Forests-North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forests (Keith 2006); 1004 – Camphor Laurel Dominant 

Closed to Open Forests (Kingston et al. 2004); Camphor Laurel (cL1, cL2) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological <strong>Survey</strong>s 1999). 


An open forest in which the exotic Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) dominates <strong>and</strong> is occassionally 

associated with Forest Red Gum 

(Eucalyptus tereticornis), Brush Box 

(Lophostemon confertus) <strong>and</strong> Pink 

Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia). 

Camphor Laurel also co-occurs with 

other rainforest species, such as Guioa 

(Guioa semiglauca) <strong>and</strong> Foambark 

Tree (Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus 

forma pseudorhus). The middle stratum 

is also dominated by weeds, including 

Large-leaved Privet (Ligustrum lucidum) 

<strong>and</strong> Small-leaved Privet (Ligustrum 

sinense). Some natives are also present, 

including Red Kamala (Mallotus 

philippensis), Pittosporum undulatum 

<strong>and</strong> Scrub Turpentine (Rhodamnia 

rubescens). The lower stratum comprises 

privet seedlings, Blue Couch (Cynodon 

dactylon), Ottochloa gracillima, Paspalum 

wettsteinii, Ochna serrulata, Fishbone 

Fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia) <strong>and</strong> Ardisia crenata. 


Habitat: Basalt <strong>and</strong> low sedimentary quartz geology on rolling hills. 

Disturbance: This community consists <strong>of</strong> heavily disturbed sites with infestations <strong>of</strong> weed species. 

Example locations: Near Lismore Golf Course, Saltwater Creek at Mullumbimby, <strong>and</strong> Mullumbimby cemetery. 


Threats: This is a lower slope community subject to significant threats from clearing, logging, inappropriate fire 


Conservation status: Camphor Laurel forests do contain varying proportions <strong>of</strong> rainforest species <strong>and</strong> structure, 

including threatened plant species. Davidsonia jerseyana, an endangered rainforest tree, was recorded at one site 

(LIS04lsrh). 

Significant taxa: Davidsonia jerseyana (TSC: Endangered). 

191 - Appendix 1

Structure 



Tallest 10–26 40–65 

Middle 1 1–10 5–80 

Middle 2 1–3 25 


<strong>Lower</strong> 2 0–1 85% 

Floristics 

Trees: Cinnamomum camphora* (T), Guioa semiglauca, Ligustrum sinense* (M1), Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus 

forma pseudorhus, Eucalyptus tereticornis (T), Elaeocarpus obovatus, Lophostemon confertus (T), Corymbia intermedia 

(T), Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Pentaceras australe, Alphitonia excelsa, Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Eriobotrya 

japonica*, Ficus fraseri, Flindersia schottiana, Jacar<strong>and</strong>a mimosifolia*, Pinus elliottii*, Schinus terebinthifolius*, Syagrus 


Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Ligustrum lucidum* (M1), Guioa semiglauca (M1), Lantana camara* (L1), Mallotus 

philippensis (M1), Pittosporum undulatum (M1), Schefflera actinophylla* (M1), Maclura cochinchinensis, Cestrum 

nocturnum*, Euroschinus falcata var. falcata, Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Rhodamnia rubescens (M1), Acacia maidenii, 

Murraya paniculata*, Pilidiostigma glabrum, Rhodomyrtus psidioides, Trema tomentosa var. viridis, Banksia integrifolia 

subsp. monticola, Celtis sinensis, Citrus x taitensis*, Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis, Psidium guajava, Streblus 

brunonianus, Wilkiea huegeliana. 

Climbers: Elaeocarpus obovatus, Passiflora suberosa*, Passiflora edulis*, Passiflora subpeltata*, Passiflora subpeltata*, 

Eustrephus latifolius, Asparagus plumosus*, Derris involuta, Dioscorea transversa, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Hibbertia 

sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Araujia sericifera*, Cissus sterculiifolia, Marsdenia rostrata, P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Smilax australis. 

Ferns: Nephrolepis cordifolia* (L2), Doodia aspera, Adiantum aethiopicum, Hypolepis muelleri, Pteris tremula, Asplenium 

australasicum f. australasicum. 

Grasses: Oplismenus aemulus, Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Paspalum wettsteinii* (L1), Paspalum scrobiculatum*, Cynodon 

dactylon (L1), Oplismenus imbecillis, Paspalidium distans, Axonopus compressus*, Bothriochloa macra, Chloris gayana*, 

Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides, Paspalum dilatatum*, Sporobolus indicus*. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Cyperus gracilis, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia, Scleria mackaviensis. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Ochna serrulata*, Senna pendula var. glabrata* (M1), Ageratina adenophora*, Centella asiatica, 

Ambrosia artemisiifolia*, Cirsium vulgare*, Rhaphiolepis indica*, Bidens pilosa*, Crassocephalum crepidioides*, Cestrum 

nocturnum* (M1), Ageratina riparia*, Asparagus aethiopicus*, Caesalpinia decapetala*, Centipeda minima, Commelina 

cyanea, Geranium homeanum, Geranium sol<strong>and</strong>eri, Hydrocotyle acutiloba, Macaranga tanarius, Ozothamnus diosmifolius, 

Physalis peruviana*, Salvia coccinea*, Solanum capsicoides*, Solanum mauritianum*, Solanum nigrum*, Verbena 

incompta*, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Phytolacca oct<strong>and</strong>ra*, Potentilla indica*, Pratia purpurascens, Pterostylis nutans, 

Senecio madagascariensis*, Sida rhombifolia*, Solanum pseudocapsicum*. 



192 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 



Bothriochloa macra 1 25% 0 0% positive 



Cyperus gracilis 2 50% 2 0% positive 


Eucalyptus tereticornis 4 50% 1 10% positive 

Eustrephus latifolius 2 50% 1 10% positive 



Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus 

forma pseudorhus 

2 100% 1 27% positive 



Oplimenus aemulus 3 75% 2 14% positive 

P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana 2 75% 1 11% positive 


Pratia purpurescens 2 50% 2 15% positive 

Scleria mackaviensis 2 25% 0 0% positive


Community 50 Swamp Oak–Forest Red Gum–Broad-leaved Paperbark– 

Swamp Box Swamp Sclerophyll Woodl<strong>and</strong> to Open Forest 

Scientific name: Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca), Forest Red Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), Broad-leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinqunervia) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) Swamp Sclerophyll Woodl<strong>and</strong> 

to Open Forest. 

Sites (16) BRU07esticd, POT21alfl, POT22alfl, BRU08un, BRU14cbbbf, BRU24cbdne, TWE22allv, TWE23albk, 

ELL12albk, WOO21unund, WOO26unund, WOO27allv, TAB04alvf, WOO08albk, WOO24unund, WOO05alvf. 



12.3.5 Melaleuca quinquenervia tall open forest on alluvium (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); Group 1 Swamp 

Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Group 10 Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal S<strong>and</strong>plains (Keith 

<strong>and</strong> Scott 2005); 309 – Coastal Swamp Box Open Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); F5 – Eucalyptus 

tereticornis–Eucalyptus intermedia–Lophostmeon suaveolens tall to very tall open forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 

Mixed eucalypt spp. (me2) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 4013 – Melaleuca quinquenervia–Lophostemon 

suaveolens/Eucalyptus tereticornis mid-high to very tall, open woodl<strong>and</strong> to closed forest, 3003 – Lophostemon 

suaveolens tall to very tall, open to closed forest, <strong>and</strong> 3010 – Lophostemon suaveolens–Eucalyptus intermedia–E. 

tereticornis tall to very tall, open to closed forest (Griffith & Wilson 2007). 


An open swamp sclerophyll forest community in which 

Forest Red Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) <strong>and</strong> Swamp 

Oak (Casuarina glauca) are clearly dominant <strong>and</strong> 

associated with Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens), 

Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia), Broad-leaved 

Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Swamp Mahogany 

(Eucalyptus robusta), Willow Bottlebrush (Callistemon 

salignus) <strong>and</strong>, rarely, Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is). 

An open to closed mid-stratum <strong>of</strong> shrubs <strong>and</strong> small 

trees is present, including Salwood (Acacia disparrima 

subsp. disparrima), which is abundant, with Swamp Box, 

Foambark Tree (Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma 

pseudorhus), Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides), Swamp 

Oak, Red Ash (Alphitonia excelsa), Cockspur Thorn 

(Maclura cochinchinensis), Guioa (Guioa semiglauca) <strong>and</strong> 

Willow Bottlebrush (Callistemon salignus). A second 

middle stratum <strong>of</strong> shrubs is also present, in which the 

weeds Lantana (Lantana camara) <strong>and</strong> Senna pendula var. 

glabrata are abundant <strong>and</strong> occasionally occur with Salwood 

(Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima), Brush Muttonwood 

(Myrsine howittiana) <strong>and</strong> Large Mock Olive (Notelaea 

longifolia). The grassy ground cover consists <strong>of</strong> two 

layers; the dominants are Ottochloa gracillima, Oplismenus 

aemulus, Blady Grass (Imperata cylindrica var. major) <strong>and</strong> 

Warrel Grass (Paspalum wettsteinii), <strong>and</strong> which <strong>of</strong>ten occur 

with other herbs, grasses, shrubs <strong>and</strong> lilies, including Centella asiatica, Blue Flax Lily (Dianella caerulea), Entolasia 

marginata, Enydra fluctuans <strong>and</strong> Native Violet (Viola banksii). The climbing plant Hairy Silkpod (Parsonsia straminea) 

is common. 

194 - Appendix 1



Habitat: Alluvial floodplain, backswamp, levees, valley flat, coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s on back barrier flat <strong>and</strong> dunes. 

Disturbance: There is evidence <strong>of</strong> light to moderate impacts <strong>of</strong> fire (5–30 years previously), light to moderate levels 

<strong>of</strong> grazing, light to severe infestation by weeds <strong>and</strong>, at some sites, light to moderate logging. 

Example locations: Brunswick River, Pottsville Environment Park, Old New Brighton Road, New Brighton, 

Charles Bay, Yarringully NR, Br<strong>and</strong>y Arm Creek, between Br<strong>and</strong>y Arm <strong>and</strong> Sawpit Creek on the Evans River, <strong>and</strong> 

Tuckombil TSR. 


Threats: This is a lower slope community subject to significant threats from clearing, logging, inappropriate fire 


Conservation status: This community is an example <strong>of</strong> the ‘Sub-tropical Coastal Floodplain Forest <strong>of</strong> the NSW 

North Coast bioregion’ EEC. Site ELL12albk was within Yarringully NR. This community is probably poorly 

reserved on the FNC. 

Significant taxa: Polygala linariifolia TSC-E; Dendrobium melaleucaphilum TSC-E 

Structure 


Tallest 8–35 20–60 

Middle 1 1–8 10–70 

Middle 2 0–2 5–95 



Floristics 

Trees: Casuarina glauca (T), Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima (T), Eucalyptus tereticornis (T), Lophostemon 

suaveolens (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Callistemon salignus (T), Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Corymbia intermedia (T), 

Guioa semiglauca, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is (T), Excoecaria agallocha (T), Glochidion sumatranum, 

Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Bridelia exaltata, Commersonia bartramia (T), Eucalyptus robusta, Ficus obliqua, 

Flindersia schottiana, Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana*, Flindersia bennettiana, Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum, 

Schefflera actinophylla*, Streblus brunonianus, Callitris columellaris, Erythrina vespertilio, Eucalyptus microcorys, Mallotus 

philippensis, Rivina humilis*, Toechima tenax, Araucaria cunninghamii, Clerodendrum floribundum, Erythrina crista-galli*, 

Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. hemilampra, Ficus watkinsiana, Livistona australis. 

Shrubs/Small Trees: Casuarina glauca (M1), Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima (M1), Lophostemon suaveolens 

(M1), Lantana camara* (M2), Senna pendula var. glabrata* (M2), Melaleuca quinquenervia (M1), Cinnamomum 

camphora* (M2), Maclura cochinchinensis (M1),M2, Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i (M1), Cupaniopsis anacardioides (M1), 

Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus (M1), Alphitonia excelsa (M1), Guioa semiglauca (M1), Notelaea 

longifolia (M2), Glochidion sumatranum (M1), Melaleuca styphelioides (M1), Excoecaria agallocha (M1), Acacia 

melanoxylon, Flindersia bennettiana (M2), Croton verreauxii (M2), Ligustrum sinense*, Myrsine variabilis, Acmena 

smithii, Commersonia bartramia (M1), Flindersia schottiana (M1), Hibiscus tiliaceus (M1), Myoporum acuminatum, 

Myrsine howittiana (M2), Psychotria loniceroides, Acacia leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx, Acronychia oblongifolia (M2), 

Cyclophyllum longipetalum, Macaranga tanarius, Melaleuca alternifolia, Melicope elleryana, Pittosporum revolutum, 

Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum (M2), Acacia maidenii, Baccharis halimifolia*, Cryptocarya triplinervis 

var. triplinervis, Exocarpos latifolius, Ficus coronata, Litsea australis, Pittosporum undulatum, Ardisia crenata*, Celtis 

paniculata, Elaeodendron australe, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi, Euroschinus falcata var. falcata, Ficus rubiginosa, 

Ficus virens var. sublanceolata, Jasminum volubile, Leptospermum brachy<strong>and</strong>rum, Ligustrum lucidum*, Melaleuca sieberi 

195 - Appendix 1


(M1), Scolopia braunii, Syzygium luehmannii, Trema tomentosa var. viridis. 

Climbers: Parsonsia straminea, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Ipomoea cairica*, Smilax australis, Stephania japonica var. 

discolor, Morinda jasminoides (L1), Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Anredera cordifolia*, Calystegia marginata, Cayratia clematidea, 

Coelospermum paniculatum, Marsdenia rostrata, Eustrephus latifolius, Melodinus australis, Embelia australiana, Glycine 

cl<strong>and</strong>estina, Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens. 

Epiphytes: Platycerium superbum, Pyrrosia rupestris, Platycerium bifurcatum, Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens, 

Ripogonum album, Plectorrhiza tridentata. 

Ferns: Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Pteridium esculentum (L1), Acrostichum speciosum, Blechnum indicum, 

Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens, Pyrrosia rupestris, Hypolepis muelleri, Nephrolepis cordifolia*. 

Grasses: Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Oplismenus aemulus (L1), Imperata cylindrica var. major (L1), *Paspalum wettsteinii 

(L1), Entolasia marginata (L1), Axonopus compressus* (L1), Ischaemum australe (L1), Papalidium distans (L1), Setaria 

sphacelata*, Capillipedium spicigerum, Hemarthria uncinata, Lachnagrostis billardierei subsp. billardieri, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra 

filiformis, Sacciolepis indica. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Gahnia aspera (L1), Baumea juncea (L1), Carex appressa, Cyperus 

stradbrokensis, Juncus usitatus, Cyperus lucidus, Cyperus trinervis. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Viola banksii (L2), Dianella caerulea (L1), Commelina cyanea, Pratia purpurascens, Enydra 

fluctuans (L1), Dichondra repens, Solanum capsicoides*, Ageratum houstonianum*, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Hydrocotyle 

acutiloba, Ochna serrulata*, Oxalis radicosa, Sida rhombifolia*, Alternanthera denticulata, Apium prostratum, Dianella 

longifolia var. longifolia, Oxalis chnoodes, Plectranthus parviflorus, Pseuderanthemum variabile, Ageratina adenophora*, 

Ageratina riparia*, Asparagus aethiopicus*, Bidens pilosa*, Conyza bonariensis*, Crassocephalum crepidioides*, 

Cuphea carthagenensis*, Polygala japonica, Rubus moluccanus var. trilobus, Rubus parvifolius, Senna septemtrionalis*, 

Solanum mauritianum*, Alocasia brisbanensis, Alternanthera nana, Ambrosia artemisiifolia*, Artanema fimbriatum, 

Aster subulatus*, Celtis paniculata, Dendrobium melaleucaphilum, Gonocarpus chinensis subsp. verrucosus, Gonocarpus 

tetragynus, Goodenia paniculata, Homalanthus populifolius, Hybanthus stellarioides, Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Oxalis 

exilis, Ranunculus inundatus, Solanum nigrum*, Solanum prinophyllum, Tradescantia fluminensis*, Vernonia cinerea var. 

cinerea, Viola betonicifolia, Wikstroemia indica. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 195 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site 30–59 (mean 39 ± 9) 


196 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Acacia disparrima 3 69% 2 11% positive 

Acacia leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx 3 6% 0 0% positive 



Artanema fimbriatum 1 6% 0 0% positive 

Callistemon salignus 3 50% 1 15% positive 

Capillipedium spicigerum 1 6% 0 0% positive 




Dendrobium melaleucaphilum 1 6% 0 0% positive 


Erythrina vespertilio 2 6% 0 0% positive 


Geitonplesium cymosum 2 81% 2 39% positive 









Stephania japonica 2 50% 1 18% positive 



Community 51 Forest Red Gum–Willow Bottlebrush–Camphor Laurel 

Dry Open Forest 

Scientific name: Forest Red Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), Willow Bottlebrush (Callistemon salignus), 

Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) <strong>and</strong> Ottochloa gracillima Dry Open Forest. 

Sites: (3) BRU29alfl, BRU30estsswp, BRU31estsswp. 



12.3.3 Eucalyptus tereticornis open forest to woodl<strong>and</strong> on alluvial plains (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); Group 8 

– Subtropical Coastal Floodplain Forest (Keith <strong>and</strong> Scott 2005); F5 – Eucalyptus tereticornis–Eucalyptus intermedia– 

Lophostmeon suaveolens tall to very tall open forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 304 – Coastal Forest Red Gum Open 

Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); Mixed eucalypt spp. (mE2) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999). 


An open forest community <strong>of</strong> Forest 

Red Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), 


quinquenervia) <strong>and</strong> Willow Bottlebrush 

(Callistemon salignus) <strong>and</strong> a middle 

stratum <strong>of</strong> Cockspur Thorn (Maclura 

cochinchinensis), Camphor Laurel 

(Cinnamomum camphora), Smallleaved 

Privet (Ligustrum sinense) <strong>and</strong> 

Lantana (Lantana camara). The lower 

layer comprises Blue Couch (Cynodon 

dactylon), Warrel Grass (Paspalum 

wettsteinii), Harsh Ground Fern 

(Hypolepis muelleri), Native Violet (Viola 

banksii) <strong>and</strong> Carex maculata. 


Habitat: Riparian areas on alluvial 

floodplain <strong>and</strong> estuarine saline swamps. 

Disturbance: There is severe weed infestation at sites, <strong>and</strong> moderately intense fires (30–40 years perviously). There 

has been severe clearing <strong>and</strong> grazing at site BRU29alfl. 

Example locations: Grays Lane, Tyagarah Road. 


Threats: Floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> this community are threatened by clearing, grazing <strong>and</strong> weed infestation. 

Conservation status: Floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> this community are an example <strong>of</strong> ‘Subtropical Coastal Floodplain 

Forest <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast bioregion’ EEC. The community is probably poorly reserved on the FNC. 


198 - Appendix 1

Structure 



Tallest 10–25 20–35 

Middle 1 0–2 10–60 

Middle 2 0.5–2 10 


Floristics 

Trees: Eucalyptus tereticornis (T), Callistemon salignus (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Ficus obliqua, Eucalyptus 

robusta. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Callistemon salignus (M1), Ligsutrum sinense* (M1), Cinnamomum camphora* (M1), 

Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Lantana camara* (M1), Commersonia bartramia, Maclura cochinchinensis (M1), Cryptocarya 

triplinervis var. pubens, Cyclophyllum longipetalum, Ficus coronata, Glochidion sumatranum, Acacia melanoxylon, 

Acmena smithii, Acronychia oblongifolia, Bridelia exaltata, Croton verreauxii, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor,Guioa semiglauca, Jagera 

pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Myrsine howittiana, Pittosporum revolutum, Rhodomyrtus psidioides, 

Symplocos thwaitesii, Wilkiea huegeliana. 

Climbers: Morinda jasminoides, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Ipomoea cairica*, Parsonsia straminea, Geitonoplesium cymosum, 

Melodinus australis, Smilax australis, Embelia australiana, Stephania japonica var. discolor. 

Epiphytes: Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum. 

Ferns: Hypolepis muelleri (L1), Blechnum indicum, Lygodium microphyllum. 

Grasses: Axonopus fissifolius* (L1), Paspalum wettsteinii* (L1), Cynodon dactylon (L1), Hemarthria uncinata (L1), 

Paspalum dilatatum* (L1), Setaria sphacelata*, Cuphea carthagenensis*, Bothriochloa decipiens, Carex appressa, Imperata 

cylindrica var. major, Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra, Ottochloa gracillima, Paspalidium distans. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Cyperus brevifolius, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Cyperus maculata (L1), Cyperus sphaeroideus, Juncus 

usitatus, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Viola banksii, Commelina cyanea, Centella asiatica, Dichondra repens, Ambrosia artemisiifolia*, 

Lespedeza juncea subsp. sericea, Pterostylis baptistii, Rubus moluccanus var. trilobus, Sida rhombifolia*, Aster subulatus*, 

Breynia oblongifolia, Cardamine paucijuga, Crassocephalum crepidioides*, Dianella caerulea, Enydra fluctuans, Goodenia 

paniculata, Hypochaeris microcephala var. albiflora*, Hypochaeris radicata*, Ochna serrulata*, Persicaria strigosa, Pratia 

purpurascens, Senecio madagascariensis*, Solanum pseudocapsicum*, Wikstroemia indica. 



199 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score) 


frequency 


Callistemon salignus 3 100% 2 16% positive 



Cyperus brevifolius 3 100% 0 0% positive 


Viola banksii 3 100% 2 19% positive 

Bothriochloa decipiens 1 50% 0 0% positive 

Cardamine paucijuga 1 50% 0 0% positive 

Carex maculata 3 50% 2 4% positive 

Cyclophyllum longipetalum 2 50% 1 6% positive 


Dichrondra repens 2 50% 2 6% positive 




Lespedeza juncea subsp. sericea 2 50% 0 0% positive 




Pterostylis baptistii 2 50% 0 0% positive


Community 52 Small-leaved Fig–Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong–Bangalow Palm 

Subtropical/Littoral Rainforest on Pleistocene Dunes 

Scientific name: Small-leaved Fig (Ficus obliqua), Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong (Elaeocarpus obovatus) <strong>and</strong> Bangalow Palm 

(Archontophoenix cunninghamiana) Subtropical/Littoral Rainforest on Pleistocene Dunes. 

Sites: (2) TWE02cbdne, TWE03cbdne. 


Rainforest-Subtropical Rainforest (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.2.2 Mixed microphyll notophyll 

rainforest on coastal dunes <strong>and</strong> beaches (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 101 – Littoral Rainforest (Kingston et al. 

2004); Subtropical rainforest near the coast – littoral rainforest (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999). 


A rainforest community with Smallleaved 

Fig (Ficus obliqua), White Fig 

(Ficus virens var. sublanceolata), Hard 

Qu<strong>and</strong>ong (Elaeocarpus obovatus) <strong>and</strong> 

Pepperberry (Cryptocarya obovata) 

being the most abundant (cover) 

species <strong>of</strong> the tallest stratum. A dense 

sub-canopy <strong>of</strong> shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees 

is present, including Bangalow Palm 

(Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), 

Brown Kurrajong (Commersonia 

bartramia), Pink-flowered Doughwood 

(Melicope elleryana), S<strong>and</strong>paper Fig 

(Ficus coronata) <strong>and</strong> Small-leaved 

Privet (Ligustrum sinense). A shrub layer 

with S<strong>and</strong>paper Fig, White Supplejack 

(Ripogonum album) <strong>and</strong> Small-leaved 

Privet is also present. The lower stratum includes Palm Lily (Cordyline congesta), River Lily (Crinum pedunculatum), 

Small-leaved Privet, Prickly Supplejack (Rigpogonum discolor) <strong>and</strong> Native Violet (Viola banksii). 


Habitat: Old Pleistocene dunes. 

Disturbance: Sites show evidence <strong>of</strong> light fire disturbance (40–50 years prior), moderate to severe clearing, light to 

moderate logging, <strong>and</strong> moderate to severe weed infestation. 

Example locations: North <strong>of</strong> Chinderah Bypass. 


Threats: This community is threatened by clearing <strong>and</strong> weed infestation. 

Conservation status: Subtropical rainforest on dunes are part <strong>of</strong> the ‘Littoral Rainforest in the NSW North Coast, 

Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner Bioregions’ EEC. Littoral Rainforest is reserved in Ukerebagh NR, Cudgen 

NR, Wooyung NR <strong>and</strong> Billinudgel NR in the study area. 

Significant taxa: Cordyline congesta (ROTAP: 2RC-), Cryptocarya foetida (TSC: Vulnerable). 

201 - Appendix 1

Structure 




Middle 1 10–18 60–70 

Middle 2 1–8 50–60 


Floristics 

Trees: Ficus obliqua (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia, Elaeocarpus obovatus (T), Melicope elleryana, Ficus virens var. 

sublanceolata (T), Casuarina glauca (T), Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Schefflera actinophylla*, Cryptocarya obovata (T), 

Cinnamomum camphora*, Cryptocarya foetida, Lophostemon suaveolens, Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Ligustrum sinense* (M1), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (M1), Ficus coronata (M2), 

Commersonia bartramia (M1), Pouteria chartacea (M1), Maclura cochinchinensis, Glochidion sumatranum (M1), Acacia 

melanoxylon (M1), Diospyros pentamera, Lantana camara*, Litsea australis, Murraya paniculata*, Syzygium australe, 

Syzygium luehmannii, Cryptocarya triplinervis, Diospyros fasciculosa, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor, Mallotus discolor, Morus nigra*, 

Psidium cattleianum var. cattleianum*, Myrsine howittiana, Psydrax lamprophylla, Acmena smithii, Alphitonia excelsa, 

C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica*, Notelaea longifolia, Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana*. 

Climbers: Ripogonum album (M2), Smilax australis, Flagellaria indica (M2), Mucuna gigantea, Ripogonum discolor 

(L1), Geitonoplesium cymosum, Melodinus australis, Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Ipomoea cairica*, Parsonsia straminea, Hibbertia 

sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Passiflora suberosa*, Stephania japonica var. discolor. 

Epiphytes: Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum. 


Ferns: Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Christella dentata. 

Grasses: Oplismenus aemulus. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Carex breviculmis. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Senna pendula var. glabrata* (L1), Cordyline congesta (L1), Ochna serrulata*, Homalanthus 

populifolius, Macaranga tanarius, Crinum pedunculatum (L1), Alocasia brisbanensis, Solanum seaforthianum*. 



202 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 



Carex breviculmis 2 67% 3 1% positive 

Commersonia bartramia 3 100% 2 9% positive 




Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor 2 67% 1 8% positive 


Ficus obliqua 6 100% 1 5% positive 



Homalanthus populifolius 2 67% 1 7% positive 




Melodinus australis 2 100% 2 8% positive 

Mucuna gigantea 2 67% 2 3% positive 




Syzygium australe 2 67% 1 2% positive 




Community 53 Patches Beach Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Oak– 

Cabbage Tree Palm Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on the Alluvial Plain 

Scientific name: Patches Beach Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Swamp Oak (Casuarina 

glauca) <strong>and</strong> Cabbage Tree Palm (Livistona australis) Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on the Alluvial Plain. 

Sites: (4) EMP01alsw, EMP02albk, EMP05albk, EMP04albk. 



12.3.5 Melaleuca quinquenervia on alluvium (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); F8 – Melaleuca quinquenervia tall to very 

tall open to closed forest, <strong>and</strong> F10 – Casuarina glauca tall to very tall open to closed forest (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 

1992); 4099 – Melaleuca quinquenervia–Casuarina glauca NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 2007); 

401 – Broad-leaved Paperbark Closed Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> 402 – Broad-leaved Paperbark/Swamp Sheoak 

Closed Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); Paperbark (PB), Swamp Oak ± Paperbark (sOP) (L<strong>and</strong>mark 

Ecological Services 1999); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystems 112 <strong>and</strong> 143 (NPWS 1999). 


An open forest community with 

emergent Swamp Oak (Casuarina 

glauca) in one site (EMP02albk). 

The tallest stratum is a open swamp 

sclerophyll forest with a mix <strong>of</strong> Bangalow 

Palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), 


quinquenervia) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak. A 

mid-storey <strong>of</strong> shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees is 

evident, with Blue Lilly Pilly (Syzygium 

oleosum), S<strong>and</strong>paper Fig (Ficus 

coronata), Brush Muttonwood (Myrsine 

howittiana) <strong>and</strong> Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis 

anacardioides). Two lower layers are 

found, consisting <strong>of</strong> a sparse to dense 

cover <strong>of</strong> Cunjevoi (Alocasia brisbanensis), 

Ottochloa gracillima, Blady Grass 

(Imperata cylindrica var. major), Carex appressa, Cyperus trinervis <strong>and</strong> Enydra fluctuans. 


Habitat: All sites are located on the alluvial plain, in backswamps <strong>and</strong> swales. 

Disturbance: Sites show evidence <strong>of</strong> light to moderate disturbance by weeds. 

Example locations: All sites are on the alluvial plain adjacent to Holocene dunes at Patches <strong>and</strong> Beswicks Beaches, 

south <strong>of</strong> Ballina. 


Threats: This community is threatened by clearing, altered drainage patterns <strong>and</strong> weed infestation. 

Conservation status: Locally the floodplain forests <strong>of</strong> Patches Beach have been extensively cleared <strong>and</strong> what 

little remains has had its drainage altered by farming <strong>of</strong> sugar cane. Occurrences <strong>of</strong> this community on the alluvial 

plain are examples <strong>of</strong> the ‘Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Sydney 

204 - Appendix 1


Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions’ EEC. The surveyed sites for Community 53 were not reserved. Griffith 

(2005) states that floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> both Broad-leaved Paperbark <strong>and</strong> Swamp Oak forest communities are 

poorly reserved. Floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark are reserved at Stotts Isl<strong>and</strong> NR, Tuckean NR, 

Bungawalbyn NR, Yarringully SCA <strong>and</strong> Broadwater NP. 


Structure 



Tallest 15–25 20–60 

Middle 1 3–15 5–40 



Floristics 

Trees: Casuarina glauca (T), Cupaniopsis anacardioides (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Archontophoenix 

cunninghamiana (T), Cinnamomum camphora*, Livistona australis, Cinnamomum virens, Clerodendrum tomentosum, 

Corymbia intermedia, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Ficus macrophylla, Ficus watkinsiana, Jagera 

pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Lophostemon suaveolens. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Syzygium oleosum (M1), Symplocos thwaitesii, Myrsine howittiana (M1), Livistona australis 

(M1), Maclura cochinchinensis, Ficus coronata (M1), Acacia melanoxylon, Acronychia imperforata, Alphitonia excelsa, 

Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata*, Cryptocarya triplinervis var. triplinervis, Diospyros australis, Glochidion 

ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Guioa semiglauca, Lantana camara*, Mallotus discolor, Melicope elleryana, Notelaea longifolia, Pittosporum 

revolutum, Rhodomyrtus psidioides, Schefflera actinophylla*. 

Climbers <strong>and</strong> twiners: Ipomoea cairica*, Marsdenia rostrata, Cassytha glabella, Cayratia clematidea, Cissus hypoglauca, 

Convolvulus erubescens, Echinostephia aculeata, Flagellaria indica, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, 

Parsonsia straminea, Passiflora subpeltata*, Smilax australis, Solanum seaforthianum*, Stephania japonica var. discolor, 

Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens. 

Epiphytes: Platycerium superbus, Platycerium bifurcatum. 

Mistletoes: Amyema cambagei. 

Ferns: Hypolepis muelleri, Platycerium superbum, Blechnum indicum, Platycerium bifurcatum, Pteridium esculentum, 

Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens. 

Grasses: Imperata cylindrica var. major (L1), Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Panicum pygmaeum, Oplismenus aemulus (L1), 

Entolasia marginata, Paspalum wettsteinii*, Phragmites australis. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Carex appressa (L1), Cyperus trinervis (L1), Gahnia aspera, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia, Baumea juncea. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Alocasia brisbanensis (M2), Cheirostylis notialis, Dianella caerulea, Rivina humilis* (M2), Viola 

banksii (L1), Enydra fluctuans (L1), Ageratum houstonianum*, Alternanthera denticulata, Aster subulatus*, Baccharis 

halimifolia*, Breynia oblongifolia, Centella asiatica, Commelina cyanea, Cryptostylis subulata, Cuphea carthagenensis*, 

Dichondra repens, Eclipta prostrata, Homalanthus populifolius, Ochna serrulata*, Opuntia stricta*, Persicaria hydropiper, 

Senna pendula var. glabrata*, Solanum nigrum*, Wikstroemia indica, Xanthium italicum*. 



205 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 




Livistona australis 3 100% 1 15% positive 

Alocasia brisbanensis 3 75% 1 6% positive 




Platycerium superbum 2 50% 1 8% positive 

Convolvulus erubescens 1 25% 0 0% positive 

Panicum pygmaeum 3 25% 0 0% positive


Community 54 Whalebone Tree–Thorny Pea–Sweet Myrtle Dry 

Rainforest 

Scientific name: Whalebone Tree (Streblus brunonianus), Croton verrauxii, Thorny Pea (Desmodium 

acanthocladum) <strong>and</strong> Sweet Myrtle (Gossia fragrantissima) Dry Rainforest. 

Sites: (2) WAR39allv, WAR40alfl. 


Rainforests-Dry Rainforests (Keith 2006); 103 – Dry Rainforest (Kingston et al. 2004); Suballiance 25 – Streblus– 

Austromyrtus (Floyd 1990). 


This community is riparian dry rainforest 

with emergent Forest Red Gum 

(Eucalyptus tereticornis) <strong>and</strong> Swamp 

Oak (Casuarina glauca). The tallest 

stratum is dominated by Whalebone 

Tree (Streblus brunonianus), Roughleaved 

Elm (Aphananthe philippinensis) 

<strong>and</strong> Small-leaved Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis 

parvifolia). There is a middle stratum 

<strong>of</strong> Whalebone Tree, Green Native 

Cascarilla (Croton verreauxii), Thorny 

Pea (Desmodium acanthocladum), Sweet 

Myrtle (Gossia fragrantissima), Cockspur 

Thorn (Maclura cochinchinensis) <strong>and</strong> 

Orange Thorn (Pittosporum multiflorum). 

The lower layer is comprised <strong>of</strong> 

Oplismenus imbecillis, Kidney Weed 

(Dichondra repens) <strong>and</strong> Pastel Flower 

(Pseuderanthemum variabile). 


Habitat: A riparian rainforest found along stream banks subjected to flooding, on fertile basaltic alluvial soils (Floyd 

1990). The presence <strong>of</strong> Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) may indicate a subsaline ground-water influence at the site. 

Disturbance: Sites have been subject to moderate grazing, <strong>and</strong> light to moderate infestations <strong>of</strong> weeds. 

Example locations: Ruthven Recreation Reserve. 



Conservation status: This community is ‘Lowl<strong>and</strong> Rainforest on Floodplain in NSW North Coast <strong>and</strong> Sydney 

Basin Bioregion’ EEC. Occurrences <strong>of</strong> rainforest on the floodplain are poorly reserved <strong>and</strong> under considerable 

threat. Suballiance 25 – Streblus–Austromyrtus is restricted in occurrence <strong>and</strong> it is not known to be reserved. 

Significant taxa: Gossia fragrantissima (TSC: Endangered), Desmodium acanthocladum, (TSC: Vulnerable), Syzygium 

hodgkinsonia, (TSC: Vulnerable). 

207 - Appendix 1

Structure 




Tallest 10–25 15–60 

Middle 1 1–12 10–50 



Floristics 

Trees: Streblus brunonianus (T), Casuarina glauca (E), Aphananthe philippinensis (T), Cupaniopsis parvifolia (T), 

Eucalyptus tereticornis (E). 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Desmodium acanthocladum (M1), Croton verreauxii (M1), Gossia fragrantissima, Pittosporum 

multiflorum (M1), Alchornea ilicifolia, Atractocarpus chartaceus, Callistemon salignus, Cryptocarya triplinervis var. 

triplinervis, Cyclophyllum longipetalum, Diospyros australis, Elaeodendron australe, Syzygium hodgkinsoniae. 

Climbers <strong>and</strong> twiners: Ipomoea cairica*, Maclura cochinchinensis, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Austrosteenisia glabristyla, 

Macfadyena unguis-cati*, Parsonsia straminea. 

Grasses: Oplismenus imbecillis (L1), Oplismenus aemulus (L1), Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Isolepis cernua. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Pseuderanthemum variabile, Jasminum volubile, Capparis arborea, Commelina cyanea, Dichondra 

repens, Eryngium expansum, Asparagus plumosus*, Ochna serrulata*, Plectranthus parviflorus, Rostellularia obtusa, 

Solanum americanum*. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 32 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site 25–27 (mean 25.5 ± 2) 


208 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 




Croton verreauxii 2 100% 2 8% positive 

Desmodium acanthocladum 4 100% 0 0% positive 


Gossia fragrantissima 3 100% 0 0% positive 

Jasminum volubile 2 100% 2 2% positive 


Oplismenus imbecillis 4 100% 2 10% positive 



Alchornea ilicifolia 2 50% 2 3% positive 

Atractocarpus chartaceus 2 50% 1 1% positive 

Austrosteenisia glabristyla 3 50% 1 1% positive 

Capparis arborea 2 50% 2 5% positive 


Cupaniopsis parvifolia 3 50% 1 5% positive 

Dichondra repens 2 50% 2 6% positive 

Eryngium expansum 1 50% 0 0% positive 

Pittosporum multiflorum 2 50% 2 6% positive


Community 55 Grey Ironbark–Pink Bloodwood–White Mahogany Dry 

Grassy Open Forest 

Scientific Name: Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia), Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) <strong>and</strong> White 

Mahogany (Eucalyptus carnea) Dry Grassy Open Forest. 

Sites: (9) BYR24cbdne, WAR28cbrdg, CUD04lsrh, CUD17lsrh, POT28 lsrh, CUD10lsrh, WAR16hsrlh, 

POT32lsrh, WAR53vbrlh. 


Wet Sclerophyll Forest-Northern Hinterl<strong>and</strong> Wet Sclerophyll Forest (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 

12.11.5 Mixed tall open forest on metasediments (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 3015 – Eucalyptus intermedia–E. 

siderophloia–E. tereticornis tall to very tall, open to closed forest, <strong>and</strong> 3509 – Eucalyptus siderophloia–E. propinqua–E. 

acmenoides/E. carnea tall to very tall, open to closed forest NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 

2007); 202 – Grey Ironbark/White Mahogany/Grey Gum Open Forest Complex (Kingston et al. 2004); Grey 

Ironbark–Pink Bloodwood (gIB) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); CASov22.1 Eucalyptus carnea Corymbia 

intermedia (Binns 1995b). 


This community is a lower slope dry open forest. 

Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia) is the most 

abundant canopy species, <strong>and</strong> is associated with White 

Mahogany (Eucalyptus carnea), Pink Bloodwood 

(Corymbia intermedia), Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) 

<strong>and</strong>, occasionally, Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus), 

Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) <strong>and</strong>, rarely, 

Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalpytus propinqua). An 

understorey <strong>of</strong> small trees <strong>and</strong> shrubs includes Forest 

Oak (Allocasuarina torulosa), Brush Box <strong>and</strong> Red Ash 

(Alphitonia excelsa). The lower stratum includes grasses 

such as Ottochloa gracillima, Blady Grass (Imperata 

cylindrica var. major), Entolasia stricta, Kangaroo Grass 

(Themeda australis) <strong>and</strong> Oplismenus aemulus, shrubs 

(e.g. Desmodium rhytidophyllum), lilies (e.g. Dianella 

caerulea), mat-rushes (e.g. Lepidosperma laterale, Spinyheaded 

Mat-rush [Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia], Lom<strong>and</strong>ra 

multiflora subsp. multiflora), herbs (e.g. Pastel Flower 

[Pseuderanthemum variabile]) <strong>and</strong> ferns (e.g. Bracken 

Fern [Pteridium esculentum]). 


Habitat: Upper to mid-slopes on low-elevation, rolling 

coastal hills on shallow soils or exposed aspects on 

sedimentary low rolling hills <strong>and</strong> basalt hills in the 

Blackwall <strong>and</strong> Burringbar Ranges. 

Disturbance: Sites show the effects <strong>of</strong> light to moderate fires (5–30 years previously), light to moderate logging <strong>and</strong> 

grazing, <strong>and</strong> light to moderate infestations by weeds. 

Example locations: Broken Head Road, Jali L<strong>and</strong>s at Wardell, Koala Beach, Clothiers Creek Road, Sleepy Hollow, 

Gahan Road at Wardell, <strong>and</strong> Wardell Trig. 

210 - Appendix 1




Conservation status: Probably well reserved, except for lower slope occurrences outside <strong>of</strong> public l<strong>and</strong>. <strong>Survey</strong> sites 

were reserved in Cudgen NR <strong>and</strong> Cudgera Creek NR. 

Significant taxa: Scleria rugosa (Rare). 

Structure 


Tallest 10–40 20–70 

Middle 1 1–15 5–70 

Middle 2 1–3 5 



Floristics 

Trees: Corymbia intermedia (T), Eucalyptus siderophloia (T), Eucalyptus carnea (T), Lophostemon confertus (T), 

Eucalyptus pilularis (T), Allocasuarina torulosa (M1), Lophostemon suaveolens (M1), Corymbia gummifera (T), 

Cinnamomum camphora*, Allocasuarina littoralis (T), Flindersia schottiana, Mallotus philippensis, Eucalyptus microcorys 

(M1), Eucalyptus signata (T), Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, 

Clerodendrum tomentosum, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Ficus macrophylla, Syncarpia glomulifera. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Lantana camara* (M1), Xanthorrhoea macronema (M1), Alphitonia excelsa, Elaeocarpus 

reticulatus (M1), Acacia melanoxylon, Trochocarpa laurina (M2), Notelaea longifolia, Bursaria spinosa (M1), Cupaniopsis 

anacardioides, Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum (M1), Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima, Chrysanthemoides 

monilifera subsp. rotundata*, Guioa semiglauca, Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. cismontanum, Melicope elleryana, 

Acacia longissima, Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, Cyclophyllum longipetalum, Denhamia celastroides, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi, Ficus 

coronata, Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Jacksonia scoparia, Leucopogon juniperinus, Maclura cochinchinensis, Myrsine variabilis, 

Pittosporum undulatum, Psychotria loniceroides, Pultenaea villosa, Tabernaemontana p<strong>and</strong>acaqui, Trema tomentosa var. 

viridis. 

Climbers <strong>and</strong> twiners: Smilax australis, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Hardenbergia violacea, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Passiflora 

subpeltata*, Eustrephus latifolius, Stephania japonica var. discolor, Passiflora suberosa*, Morinda jasminoides, Parsonsia 

straminea, Cynanchum carnosum, Glycine cl<strong>and</strong>estina, Glycine microphylla, Hibbertia dentata, Marsdenia rostrata, 

P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Smilax glyciphylla, Cissus hypoglauca, Echinostephia aculeata, Glycine tabacina, *Ipomoea cairica, 

Passiflora foetida var. hispida*. 

Epiphytes: Psilotum nudum. 

Ferns: Pteridium esculentum (L1), Acrostichum speciosum (M1), Cheilanthes sieberi, Calochlaena dubia, Adiantum 

hispidulum, Blechnum cartilagineum, Psilotum nudum, Schizaea dichotoma. 

Grasses: Themeda australis (L1), Imperata cylindrica var. major (L1) Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Entolasia stricta 

(L1), Cymbopogon refractus (L2), Oplismenus aemulus, Oplismenus imbecillis, Paspalum wettsteinii*, Panicum simile, 

Capillipedium parviflorum (L1), Aristida vagans, Digitaria parviflora, Ischaemum australe, Melinis minutiflora*, 

Paspalidium distans*, Paspalidium gracile, Echinopogon ovatus, Entolasia marginata, Eragrostis benthamii, Phragmites 

australis. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1) Lom<strong>and</strong>ra multiflora subsp. multiflora, Lepidosperma laterale (L1), 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra filiformis (L2), Gahnia aspera, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra confertifolia subsp. pallida, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra glauca. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Dianella caerulea, Desmodium rhytidophyllum (L2), Pseuderanthemum variabile (L1), Goodenia 

211 - Appendix 1


rotundifolia, Hibbertia aspera (L1), Austromyrtus dulcis, Pratia purpurascens, Vernonia cinerea, Desmodium gunnii, 

Breynia oblongifolia, Brunoniella australis, Dodonaea triquetra (M1), Senna pendula var. glabrata*, Ageratina 

adenophora*, Alyxia ruscifolia, Leucopogon lanceolatus var. gracilis (M1), Lilaeopsis polyantha (L1), Bacopa monnieri 

(L1), Banksia oblongifolia, Brunoniella pumilio, Chorizema parviflorum, Cryptostylis erecta, Dampiera stricta, 

Desmodium brachypodum, Dipodium variegatum, Gomphocarpus fruticosus*, Hybanthus stellarioides, Hydrocotyle 

acutiloba, Homalanthus populifolius, Lobelia gibbosa, Logania pusilla, Monotoca scoparia, Wikstroemia indica, Ageratum 

houstonianum*, Alternanthera denticulata, Apium prostratum, Arthrochilus prolixus, Bidens pilosa*, Chamaecrista 

nomame var. nomame, Cordyline stricta, Crinum pedunculatum, Cryptostylis subulata, Daviesia ulicifolia subsp. ulicifolia, 

Dendrobium linguiforme, Desmodium varians, Dichondra repens, Geranium sol<strong>and</strong>eri, Gymnostachys anceps, Hibbertia 

linearis, Hovea acutifolia, Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Lomatia silaifolia, Macaranga tanarius, Oxalis chnoodes, Oxalis exilis, 

Patersonia glabrata, Patersonia sericea, Persoonia stradbrokensis, Plectranthus parviflorus, Polyscias sambucifolia, Solanum 

mauritianum*, Solanum nigrum*, Verbena hispida*, Veronica calycina, Veronica plebeia, Xanthosia pilosa. 





Group 

frequency 


score 


frequency 






Goodenia rotundifolia 2 100% 2 1% positive 

Lepidosperma laterale 3 100% 2 2% positive 


Lom<strong>and</strong>ra multiflora subsp. multiflora 3 100% 1 7% positive 



Allocasuarina littoralis 5 50% 1 3% positive 

Aristida vagana 2 50% 2 1% positive 

Banksia oblongifolia 2 50% 2 3% positive 

Brunoniella pumilio 2 50% 2 0% positive 

Corymbia gummifera 3 50% 1 0% positive 

Corymbia intermedia 3 50% 3 16% positive 

Dampiera stricta 2 50% 2 1% positive 

Dodonaea triquetra 2 50% 2 2% positive 

Eucalyptus carnea 3 50% 3 2% positive 

Eucalyptus siderophloia 3 50% 3 9% positive 

Hibbertia aspera 3 50% 1 1% positive 

Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. 

cismontanum 


Leucopogon lanceolatus var. gracilis 2 50% 1 7% positive 

Monotoca scoparia 2 50% 1 1% positive 

Smilax glyciphylla 2 50% 1 8% positive 


Veronica calycina 1 50% 0 0% positive 

212 - Appendix 1


Community 56 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp Box–Tuckeroo Swamp 

Sclerophyll Open Forest 

Scientific name: Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) 

<strong>and</strong> Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) Swamp Sclerophyll Open Forest. 

Sites: (4) ELL01albk, ELL02alvf, ELL03lsrlh, WAR15lsrh. 



12.3.5 Melaleuca quinquenervia on alluvium (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 401 – Broad-leaved Paperbark Closed 

Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); F8 – Melaleuca quinquenervia tall to very tall open to closed forest 

(Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 40031/2 Melaleuca quinquenervia forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 2007); 

CASf24, Lophostemon suaveolens Melaleuca quinquenervia, <strong>and</strong> CASf25 Eucalyptus tereticornis Lophostemon suaveolens 

(Binns 1995b); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 112 Paperbark (NPWS 1999). 


This is a swamp sclerophyll forest 

community with emergent Swamp Oak 

(Casuarina glauca). The tallest stratum 

comprises Broad-leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca quinquenervia), Tuckeroo 

(Cupaniopsis anacardioides), Swamp 

Oak <strong>and</strong> Swamp Box (Lophostemon 

suaveolens). There are two middle strata: 

one is a layer <strong>of</strong> small trees, the other a 

layer <strong>of</strong> shrubs. The dominant species 

in the mid-strata include Blue Lilly 

Pilly (Syzygium oleosum), Cabbage Tree 

Palm (Livistona australis), S<strong>and</strong>paper 

Fig (Ficus coronata), Buff Hazelwood 

(Symplocos thwaitesii) <strong>and</strong> Camphor 

Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora). The 

lower layer <strong>of</strong> shrubs includes Cunjevoi 

(Alocasia brisbanensis), Coral Berry 

(Rivina humilis), Lantana (Lantana 

camara) <strong>and</strong> Brush Muttonwood (Myrsine howittiana). Grasses (e.g. Oplismenus aemulus, Ottochloa gracillima), herbs 

(e.g. Viola hederacea) <strong>and</strong> ferns (e.g. Hypolepis muelleri) are dominant in the ground layer. 


Habitat: This community was found at the upper limit <strong>of</strong> the alluvial backplain <strong>of</strong> Bora Creek, <strong>and</strong> also at a site on 

low sedimentary quartz soils on rolling low hills. 

Disturbance: The sites have been subject to moderate fire damage (fire 10–30 years previously). light infestations <strong>of</strong> 

weeds, <strong>and</strong> light grazing. There is evidence <strong>of</strong> light clearing at site WAR15lsrh. 

Example locations: West <strong>of</strong> Bora Ridge, <strong>and</strong> Tuckean Broadwater. 


Threats: Threatened by clearing. 

213 - Appendix 1



Forest on Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> <strong>of</strong> the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin <strong>and</strong> South East Corner bioregions’ EEC. 

Floodplain occurrences <strong>of</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark are poorly reserved (Griffith 2005), but areas are reserved at 

Stotts Isl<strong>and</strong> NR, Tuckean NR, Bungawalbyn NR, Yarringully SCA, <strong>and</strong> Broadwater NP. 


Structure 



Tallest 15–25 25–60 

Middle 1 3–15 5–40 

Middle 2 0.5–3 10–20 


Floristics 

Trees: Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Lophostemon suaveolens (T), Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus pilularis, 

Cupaniopsis anacardioides (T), Casuarina glauca (T), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (T), Livistona australis (M1), 

Cinnamomum camphora* (M1), Corymbia intermedia, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Melicope elleryana. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima, Alphitonia excelsa, Elaeocarpus 

reticulatus, Trochocarpa laurina, Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. polygalifolium, Callistemon salignus, Nematolepis 

squamea subsp. squamea, Lantana camara* (M2), Syzygium australe, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi, Glochidion sumatranum, Acacia 

melanoxylon, Acmena smithii, Allocasuarina torulosa, Duboisia myoporoides, Maclura cochinchinensis, Notelaea longifolia, 

Pittosporum undulatum, Symplocos stawellii. 

Climbers: Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Parsonsia straminea, Smilax glyciphylla, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Marsdenia rostrata, 

Smilax australis. 

Ferns: Pteridium esculentum, Calochlaena dubia, Hypolepis muelleri, Blechnum indicum. 

Grasses: Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Entolasia stricta, Imperata cylindrica var. major, Axonopus compressus*, Oplismenus 

aemulus (L1), Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides, Themeda australis, Andropogon virginicus*, Cymbopogon refractus, 

Entolasia marginata, Eragrostis benthamii, Eragrostis leptostachya, Paspalidium gracile, Paspalum orbiculare, Sacciolepis 

indica, Sporobolus sessilis. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Gahnia clarkei, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia, Baloskion tetraphyllum, Carex maculata, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra multiflora 

subsp. multiflora. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Dichondra repens, Leucopogon lanceolatus var. gracilis, Pomax umbellata, Stylidium debile var. 

debile, Melastoma affine, Pratia purpurascens, Viola hederacea (L1), Viola banksii, Austromyrtus dulcis, Centella 

asiatica, Alocasia brisbanensis (M2), Rivina humilis* (M2), Ageratina adenophora*, Polygala paniculata*, Ageratina 

riparia*, Babingtonia densifolia, Brachyscome microcarpa, Breynia oblongifolia, Brunoniella australis, Caladenia catenata, 

Commelina cyanea, Desmodium gunnii, Dianella caerulea, Gonocarpus chinensis subsp. verrucosus, Gonocarpus 

micranthus, Hibbertia aspera, Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Hydrocotyle tripartita, Hypochaeris radicata*, Hypoxis 

hygrometrica var. villosisepala, Lagenophora gracilis, Leucopogon juniperinus, Leucopogon margarodes, Oxalis exilis, 

Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea. 



214 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 












Acacia disparrima 3 57% 3 13% positive 





Hypoxis hygrometrica var. villosisepala 1 29% 0 0% positive 

Babingtonia densifolia 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Caladenia catenata 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Goodenia heterophylla 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Lagenophora gracilis 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Leucopogon lanceolatus 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Pimelea ligustrina 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Sporobolus sessilis 1 14% 0 0% positive


Community 57 Red Mahogany–Pink Bloodwood–Swamp Mahogany– 

Swamp Box Dry Open Forest 

Scientific name: Red Mahogany (Eucalyptus resinifera), Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia), Swamp 

Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) Dry Open Forest. 

Sites: (3) WOO04alvf, WAR29hsrlh, WAR35cbr. 


Swamp sclerophyll forest mixed eucalypt spp. (mE2) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 3014 – Eucalyptus 

resinifera subsp. hemilampra tall to very tall, open to closed forest, <strong>and</strong> 3519 – Eucalyptus resinifera ssp. hemilampra 

tall to very tall, open to closed forest NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 2007); CASf18 Eucalyptus 

robusta Eucalyptus resinifera Lophostemon suaveolens (Binns 1995b). 


A dry open forest community in 

which Red Mahogany (Eucalyptus 

resinifera subsp. hemilampra) is 

abundant <strong>and</strong> associated with Pink 

Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia), 

Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta), 

Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) 

<strong>and</strong> Willow Bottlebrush (Callistemon 

salignus). There is an open middle 

layer <strong>of</strong> shrubs with a variable species 

composition that includes Salwood 

(Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima), 

Satinwood (Nematolepis squamea subsp. 

squamea), Lantana (Lantana camara), 

Blueberry Ash (Elaeocarpus reticulatus) 

<strong>and</strong> Pultenaea villosa. The lower story 

comprises Saw Sedge (Gahnia clarkei), 

Weeping Meadow Grass (Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides), Ottochloa gracillima, Bracken Fern (Pteridium esculentum) 

<strong>and</strong> Pomax umbellata. 


Habitat: Moist, lower slope, high sedimentary soils <strong>and</strong> an alluvial valley flat. 

Disturbance: Sites show evidence <strong>of</strong> a recent, moderate fire (3 years previously) <strong>and</strong> light to moderate infestations 

<strong>of</strong> weeds; there has been light grazing <strong>and</strong> clearing at site WAR35cbr. 

Example locations: Tuckombil TSR, Jali L<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> Thurgates Lane. 



Conservation status: Poorly reserved on the FNC. 

Significant taxa: Arthrochilus prolixus (ROTAP: 3K), Cordyline congesta (ROTAP: 2RC-). 

216 - Appendix 1

Structure 



Tallest 10–30 25–35 

Middle 1 1–5 10–40 

Middle 2 1–3 15 


Floristics 

Trees: Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. hemilampra (T), Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima, Corymbia intermedia (T), 

Lophostemon suaveolens (T), Melaleuca quinquenervia (M1), Acacia longissima, Alphitonia excelsa, Callistemon salignus 

(T), Eucalyptus robusta (T), Livistona australis, Eucalyptus tereticornis (T), Angophora paludosa, Cinnamomum 

camphora*, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Eucalyptus siderophloia, Lophostemon confertus, Trochocarpa laurina. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Lantana camara* (M2), Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima (M1), Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, 

Acacia longissima (M1), Callistemon salignus, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Nematolepis squamea subsp. squamea (M1), 

Melaleuca sieberi, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi, Viola banksii, Oxylobium arborescens (M1), Pittosporum revolutum, Allocasuarina 

torulosa, Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, Duboisia myoporoides,Glochidion sumatranum, Psychotria loniceroides. 

Climbers: Geitonoplesium cymosum, Smilax australis, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Marsdenia rostrata, Parsonsia straminea, 

Kennedia rubicunda (M1), Eustrephus latifolius, Morinda jasminoides, Ripogonum album, Stephania japonica var. discolor. 

Ferns: Pteridium esculentum (L1), Blechnum indicum, Hypolepis muelleri. 

Grasses: Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides (M2), Entolasia stricta (L1), Ottochloa gracillima, Entolasia marginata 

(L1), Imperata cylindrica var. major (L1), Oplismenus aemulus, Oplismenus imbecillis, Paspalidium gracile, Paspalum 

wettsteinii*. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Gahnia clarkei (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia, Baloskion tetraphyllum. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Pultenaea villosa (M1), Dianella caerulea, Dodonaea triquetra (M1), Pomax umbellata (L1), 

Austromyrtus dulcis, Brunoniella pumilio, Cordyline congesta, Persoonia stradbrokensis, Arthrochilus prolixus, Bidens 

pilosa*, Breynia oblongifolia, Erechtites valerianifolia*, Gonocarpus teucrioides, Goodenia heterophylla subsp. egl<strong>and</strong>ulosa, 

Hibbertia aspera, Hypoxis hygrometrica var. villosisepala, Leptospermum whitei, Leucopogon parviflorus, Oxylobium 

arborescens, Pimelea ligustrina, Pratia purpurascens, Pseuderanthemum variabile, Senecio madagascariensis*, Senna 

pendula var. glabrata*, Sida rhombifolia*. 



217 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima 3 57% 3 13% positive 


Babingtonia densifolia 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Caladenia catenata 1 14% 0 0% positive 





Goodenia heterophylla 1 14% 0 0% positive 


Hypoxis hygrometrica var. villosisepala 1 29% 0 0% positive 


Lagenophora gracilis 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Leucopogon parviflorus 1 14% 0 0% positive 






Pimelea ligustrina 1 14% 0 0% positive 

Polygala paniculata 1 14% 0 0% positive 



Sporobolus sessilis 1 14% 0 0% positive


Community 58 Pink Bloodwood–Grey Ironbark–Swamp Box–Forest 

Red Gum–Blackbutt Tall Dry Open Forest 

Scientific name: Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia), Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia), Swamp Box 

(Lophostemon suaveolens), Forest Red Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) <strong>and</strong> Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) Tall 

Dry Open Forest. 

Sites: (13) GIB02alrf, GIB03alfl, GIB05alfl, GIB07alfl, WAR52vbrlh, WAR54vbrlh, TAB01lsulh, TAB02alrf, 

TAB03alvf, WAR48hsrlh, WOO22estsswmp, WOO19lsulh, WOO03alvf. 


Wet Sclerophyll Forest-Northern Hinterl<strong>and</strong> Wet Sclerophyll Forest (Keith 2006); 202 – Grey Ironbark/White 

Mahogany/Grey Gum Open Forest Complex (Kingston et al. 2004); Grey Ironbark–Pink Bloodwood (gIB), 

<strong>and</strong> Blackbutt (BB) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 3015 – Corymbia intermedia–Eucalyptus siderophloia– 

Eucalyptus tereticornis wet sclerophyll forest NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 2007); CASf10 

– Eucalyptus moluccana Eucalyptus siderophloia Corymbia intermedia Lophostemon suaveolens, <strong>and</strong> CASf25 Eucalyptus 

tereticornis –, Lophostemon suaveolens (Binns 1995b). 


A tall, coastal, subtropical, dry open to wet open forest 

complex occurring on alluvium, basalt <strong>and</strong> sediments. 

Sites on alluvium were dominated by Forest Red 

Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), Narrow-leaved Red 

Gum Eucalyptus seeana, Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus 

siderophloia) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens). 

Sites on basalt hillslopes were wet sclerophyll forests <strong>of</strong> 

Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), Grey Ironbark, Brush 

Box (Lophostemon confertus) <strong>and</strong> Tallowwood (Eucalyptus 

micocrorys). Drier sites on sediments were dominated by 

Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) <strong>and</strong> Eucalyptus 

carnea. Salwood (Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima), 

Red Ash (Alphitonia excelsa) <strong>and</strong> Willow Bottlebrush 

(Callistemon salignus) form a middle layer <strong>of</strong> small trees. 

A second mid-stratum <strong>of</strong> Lantana (Lantana camara), 

Lilly Pilly (Acmena smithii) <strong>and</strong> Tree Heath (Trochocarpa 

laurina) is present. The lower stratum consists <strong>of</strong> Entolasia 

stricta, Saw Sedge (Gahnia aspera), Blady Grass (Imperata 

cylindrica var. major) <strong>and</strong> Native Violet (Viola banksii). 


Habitat: This community occurs in a range <strong>of</strong> habitats, 

from the stagnant alluvial plain in the Bungwalbin 

Catchment, to levees <strong>and</strong> floodplains on S<strong>and</strong>y Creek, to 

undulating low hills <strong>and</strong> gently undulating rises on low sedimentary quartz geology in the Tabbimoble Lowl<strong>and</strong>s, as 

well as on basalt soils on the Blackwall Range. 

Disturbance: There was no disturbance recorded at sites GIB05alfl <strong>and</strong> WOO22estsswmp. Elsewhere, infestations 

<strong>of</strong> weeds was light to moderate <strong>and</strong> there had been light to moderate levels <strong>of</strong> grazing at a few sites. Severe logging 

was recorded at site TAB01lsulh, <strong>and</strong> moderate levels <strong>of</strong> clearing recorded at sites TAB03alvf <strong>and</strong> WOO03alvf. 

Example locations: Tuckombil TSR, Boggy Creek Road, Br<strong>and</strong>y Arm Creek, Bagotville Wardell Road, New Italy 

219 - Appendix 1


Swan Bay Road, Wardell Trig, Bungawalbyn SCA, <strong>and</strong> S<strong>and</strong>y Crossing TSR. 



Conservation status: This community is probably adequately reserved. One survey site was in Bundjalung SCA. 

An equivalent community is recorded in Bundjalung NP (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 2007). 

Significant taxa: Cordyline congesta (ROTAP: 2RC-), Oberonia complanata (TSC: Endangered), Oberonia titania 

(TSC: Vulnerable). 

Structure 


Tallest 20–40 10–40 

Middle 1 5–20 20–40 

Middle 2 1–5 10–40 



Floristics 

Trees: Alphitonia excelsa (T), Eucalyptus siderophloia (T), Corymbia intermedia (T), Lophostemon suaveolens (T), 

Eucalyptus tereticornis (T), Eucalyptus pilularis (T), Livistona australis (M1), Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i, Archontophoenix 

cunninghamiana (M1), Lophostemon confertus (T), Angophora subvelutina (T), Eucalyptus seeana (T), Eucalyptus 

microcorys (T), Eucalyptus carnea (T), Eucalyptus acmenoides (T), Waterhousea floribunda (M1), Casuarina 

glauca (M1), Elaeocarpus obovatus, Melaleuca styphelioides, Eucalyptus signata (T), Corymbia henryi, Cupaniopsis 

anacardioides, Eucalyptus propinqua, Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. hemilampra, Polyscias elegans. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima (T), Lantana camara* (M2), Trochocarpa laurina (M1), 

Notelaea longifolia (M2), Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi (M2), Callistemon salignus (M1), Acmena smithii (M1), Claoxylon ustrale 

(M2), Croton verreauxii (M2), Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Pittosporum revolutum, Psychotria 

loniceroides, Cryptocarya microneura (M1), Cupaniopsis parvifolia, Maclura cochinchinensis, Myrsine howittiana, 

Babingtonia similis (M2), Cinnamomum camphora*, Commersonia bartramia, Glochidion sumatranum, Leptospermum 

petersonii (M1), Rhodomyrtus psidioides (M1), Melaleuca styphelioides (M1), Myrsine variabilis, Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum 

subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum (M2), Tabernaemontana p<strong>and</strong>acaqui, Acacia irrorata subsp. irrorata (M2), Cyclophyllum 

longipetalum, Denhamia celastroides, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra pubens, Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor, Melaleuca linariifolia, Pittosporum 

multiflorum, Pittosporum undulatum, Psydrax odorata, Wilkiea huegeliana, Acronychia oblongifolia, Duboisia myoporoides, 

Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Geijera salicifolia, Guioa semiglauca, Hakea florulenta, Leptospermum polygalifolium, Maytenus 

silvestris, Olea paniculata, Polyscias sambucifolia, Rhodamnia rubescens. 

Climbers <strong>and</strong> twiners: Geitonoplesium cymosum, Morinda jasminoides (L1), Smilax australis, Parsonsia straminea, 

Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Cissus hypoglauca, Eustrephus latifolius, Echinostephia aculeata, Calystegia marginata, Dioscorea 

transversa, Flagellaria indica, P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Plectorrhiza tridentata, Embelia australiana, Marsdenia rostrata, 

Passiflora suberosa*, Cayratia clematidea, Cissus antarctica, Glycine cl<strong>and</strong>estina, Glycine microphylla,Passiflora edulis*, 

Passiflora herbertiana, Ripogonum elseyanum, Smilax glyciphylla, Stephania japonica var. discolor. 

Epiphytes: Platycerium bifurcatum, Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Cymbidium suave, Dendrobium aemulum, 

Oberonia complanata. 

Mistletoes: Notothixos incanus. 

Ferns: Adiantum aethiopicum (L1), Doodia aspera (L1), Blechnum cartilagineum (L1), Platycerium bifurcatum, Pteridium 

esculentum, Adiantum hispidulum, Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum, Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi, Pyrrosia 

confluens var. confluens, Davallia solida var. pyxidata, Pellaea paradoxa, Pyrrosia rupestris. 

220 - Appendix 1


Grasses: Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Imperata cylindrica var. major, Entolasia stricta (L1), Oplismenus imbecillis, 

Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides (L1), Entolasia marginata, Axonopus compressus*, Cymbopogon refractus, Oplismenus 

aemulus, Paspalum wettsteinii*, Themeda australis. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Gahnia aspera (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra multiflora subsp. multiflora, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra 

filiformis subsp. filiformis, Cyperus enervis, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra hystrix, Gahnia clarkei (L1), Carex appressa, Lepidosperma laterale. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Acacia concurrens (M1), Dianella caerulea (L1), Breynia oblongifolia, Viola banksii (L1), Pratia 

purpurascens, Vernonia cinerea, Dichondra repens, Aneilema acuminatum, Desmodium gunnii, Pseuderanthemum variabile, 

Oxalis exilis, Commelina cyanea, Pomax umbellata, Gymnostachys anceps, Hybanthus stellarioides, Jasminum volubile, 

Leucopogon juniperinus, Pterostylis pedunculata, Ageratina riparia*, Alyxia ruscifolia, Bursaria spinosa, Cordyline congesta, 

Cordyline petiolaris, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Persoonia stradbrokensis, Veronica plebeia, 

Alpinia arundelliana, Ambrosia artemisiifolia*, Austromyrtus dulcis, Bidens pilosa*, Brunoniella australis, Cordyline 

stricta, Dianella revoluta var. revoluta, Eupomatia laurina, Homalanthus populifolius, Hydrocotyle acutiloba, Leucopogon 

lanceolatus var. gracilis, Lomatia silaifolia, Melaleuca nodosa, Melaleuca sieberi, Plectranthus parviflorus, Poranthera 

microphylla, Rubus moluccanus var. trilobus, Senna septemtrionalis*, Solanum densevestitum. 



221 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 




Arthropodium minus 1 13% 0 0% positive 

Asperula gemella 1 6% 0 0% positive 

Babingtonia similis 3 6% 0 0% positive 

Carex inversa 1 6% 0 0% positive 

Corymbia henryi 3 19% 0 0% positive 

Dendrobium aemulum 1 6% 0 0% positive 


Dianella revoluta 1 19% 0 0% positive 



Geijera salicifolia 1 6% 0 0% positive 


Hakea florulenta 1 6% 0 0% positive 


Leptospermum petersonii 3 6% 0 0% positive 


Maytenus silvestrus 1 6% 0 0% positive 

Melaleuca linariifolia 2 6% 0 0% positive 


Oberonia complanata 1 6% 0 0% positive 

Oberonia titania 1 6% 0 0% positive 


Pellaea paradoxa 1 6% 0 0% positive 

Psydrax odorata 1 13% 0 0% positive 

Pteridium pedunculatum 1 19% 0 0% positive 


Solanum densevestitum 1 19% 0 0% positive


Community 59 Large-fruited Spotted Gum–Grey Ironbark–Smallfruited 

Grey Gum Dry Grassy Open Forest 

Scientific name: Large-fruited Spotted Gum (Corymbia henryi), Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia) <strong>and</strong> 

Small-fruited Grey Gum (Eucalyptus propinqua) Dry Grassy Open Forest. 

Sites: (3) WOO07hsur, WOO01alvf, WOO18lsulh. 


Grassy Woodl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Valley Grassy Woodl<strong>and</strong>s (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.11.5 Mixed Tall 

Open Forest on metasediments (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); CASf8 Corymbia intermedia Corymbia henryi (Binns 

1995b); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 24 – Clarence Lowl<strong>and</strong>s Spotted Gum (NPWS 1999). 


A dry grassy open forest with Large-fruited Spotted Gum 

(Corymbia henryi) <strong>and</strong> Grey Gum (Eucalyptus propinqua) 

as the dominant tallest strata species. Occasional canopy 

species include Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia), 

Forest Red Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis), Eucalyptus 

tindaliae <strong>and</strong> Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca 

quinquenervia). There is a middle stratum <strong>of</strong> shrubs 

<strong>and</strong> small trees including Salwood (Acacia disparrima 

subsp. disparrima), Red Ash (Alphitonia excelsa) <strong>and</strong> a 

second mid-stratum <strong>of</strong> shrubs such as Lantana (Lantana 

camara) <strong>and</strong> Pultenaea spinosa. The grassy lower stratum 

contains Ottochloa gracillima, Barbwire Grass (Cymbopogon 

refractus), Blady Grass (Imperata cylindrica var. major) <strong>and</strong> 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra multiflora subsp. multiflora. 


Habitat: This community is found on high sedimentary 

quartz, low hills <strong>and</strong> undulating rises on the Tabbimoble 

Plains. 

Disturbance: Sites have light to severe infestations <strong>of</strong> 

weeds, <strong>and</strong> light to moderate levels <strong>of</strong> grazing. There is 

evidence <strong>of</strong> clearing at site WOO07hsur. 

Example Locations: Tuckombil TSR, New Italy Swan Bay 

Road, <strong>and</strong> Boggy Creek Road. 


Threats: Clearing, logging <strong>and</strong> weed infestation. 

Conservation status: This community is related to North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 24 – Clarence Lowl<strong>and</strong>s 

Spotted Gum, which was considered highly inadequately reserved <strong>and</strong> is a private l<strong>and</strong> priority (NPWS 1999). 

Significant taxa: Asperula gemella. 

223 - Appendix 1

Structure 



Tallest 20–35 20–25 

Middle 1 4–15 10–20 

Middle 2 0.5–3 10–40 


Floristics 

Trees: Corymbia henryi (T), Eucalyptus propinqua (T), Lophostemon suaveolens, Eucalyptus siderophloia (T), Melaleuca 

quinquenervia (M1), Melaleuca styphelioides (M1), Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus, Eucalyptus 

tereticornis (T), Corymbia intermedia, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Eucalyptus tindaliae, Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i. 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima (M1), Lantana camara* (M2), Alphitonia excelsa (M1), 

Notelaea longifolia, Pultenaea spinosa (M2), Acacia maidenii, Cyclophyllum longipetalum, Maclura cochinchinensis, 

Myrsine variabilis, Pittosporum revolutum. 

Climbers <strong>and</strong> twiners: Geitonoplesium cymosum, Eustrephus latifolius, Glycine cl<strong>and</strong>estina, Glycine microphylla, 

Hardenbergia violacea, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Morinda jasminoides, P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana, Parsonsia straminea. 

Epiphytes: Dendrobium linguiforme. 

Grasses: Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Cymbopogon refractus (L1), Imperata cylindrica var. major (L1), Entolasia stricta 

(L1), Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides, Aristida vagans, Digitaria parviflora, Axonopus compressus*, Oplismenus 

aemulus. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lom<strong>and</strong>ra multiflora subsp. multiflora, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra filiformis subsp. filiformis (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra 

confertifolia subsp. pallida, Carex inversa, Juncus usitatus. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Pratia purpurascens, Oxalis exilis, Vernonia cinerea, Viola banksii, Arthropodium minus, Dichondra 

repens, Rostellularia adscendens subsp. adscendens, Solanum densevestitum, Arthropodium milleflorum, Asparagus 

aethiopicus*, Asperula gemella, Brachyscome microcarpa, Commelina cyanea, Daviesia ulicifolia subsp. ulicifolia, 

Desmodium gunnii, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Dianella revoluta var. revoluta, Goodenia hederacea subsp. hederacea, 

Hybanthus stellarioides, Lagenophora stipitata, Laxmannia gracilis, Pseuderanthemum variabile, Senna pendula var. 

glabrata*. 

Number <strong>of</strong> native taxa: 65 Number <strong>of</strong> taxa per site: 29–34 (mean 26 ±18) 


224 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 




Arthropodium minus 1 13% 0 0% positive 

Asperula gemella 1 6% 0 0% positive 

Carex inversa 1 6% 0 0% positive 

Corymbia henryi 3 19% 0 0% positive 


Dianella revoluta 1 19% 0 0% positive 


Eucalyptus tindaliae 1 6% 0 0% positive 



Hakea florulenta 1 6% 0 0% positive 


Leptospermum petersonii 3 6% 0 0% positive 


Maytenus silvestrus 1 6% 0 0% positive 

Melaleuca linarifolia 2 6% 0 0% positive 

Morinda jasmonoides 2 69% 2 25% positive 


Pultenea spinosa 3 6% 0 0% positive 

Rostellularia adscendens subsp. 

adscendens 



Solanum densevestitum 1 19% 0 0% positive


Community 60 Grey Ironbark–Thin-leaved Stringybark–Pink 

Bloodwood–Swamp Box Dry Open Grassy Forest 

Scientific name: Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia), Thin-leaved Stringybark (Eucalyptus eugeniodes), 

Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) <strong>and</strong> Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) Dry Open Grassy Forest. 

Sites: (2) ELL07hsur, GIB10lafl. 


Wet Sclerophyll Forest-Northern Hinterl<strong>and</strong> Wet Sclerophyll Forest (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 

12.9/10.7 Tall Open Forests on sediments (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 202 – Grey Ironbark/White Mahogany/ 

Grey Gum Open Forest Complex (Kingston et al. 2004); Gey Ironbark–Pink Bloodwood (gIB) (L<strong>and</strong>mark 

Ecological Services 1999); 3538 – Eucalyptus eugenioides–E. siderophloia–E. intermedia tall to very tall, open forest 

NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 2007); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystem 73 – Lowl<strong>and</strong> Red 

Gum (NPWS 1999). 


A dry grassy open forest in which Grey 

Ironbark (Eucalyptus siderophloia) occurs 

with or without Thin-leaved Stringybark 

(Eucalyptus eugeniodes). The middle 

stratum <strong>of</strong> small trees includes Pink 

Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia), Forest 

Oak (Allocasuarina torulosa), Roughbarked 

Apple (Angophora subvelutina) 

<strong>and</strong> Swamp Box (Lophostemon 

suaveolens). <strong>Lower</strong> strata consist <strong>of</strong> a 

sparse lower layer <strong>of</strong> shrubs (including 

Acacia concurrens, Alphitonia excelsa) 

<strong>and</strong> a ground cover <strong>of</strong> Entolasia stricta, 

Gahnia aspera, Blady Grass (Imperata 

cylindrica var. major), Spiny-headed 

Mat-rush (Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia), Ottochloa 

gracillima <strong>and</strong> Kangaroo Grass (Themeda 

australis). 


Habitat: This community is located on a stagnant alluvial plain <strong>and</strong> on gently undulating rises on high sedimentary 

quartz parent material in the Tabbimoble Lowl<strong>and</strong>s. 

Disturbance: Sites have been affected by light to moderate fires (5–10 years prior), light logging <strong>and</strong> light 

disturbance by weeds. 

Example locations: Mothersoles Road <strong>and</strong> Bungawalbyn Creek SCA. 


Threats: <strong>Lower</strong> slope occurrences <strong>of</strong> this community are threatened by logging <strong>and</strong> clearing. 

Conservation status: Site GIB10lafl was within Bungawalbyn Creek SCA. <strong>Lower</strong> slope occurrences on private l<strong>and</strong> 

are probably a priority for reservation. 


226 - Appendix 1

Structure 



Tallest 20–35 20–25 

Middle 1 10–15 10–20 

Middle 2 1–5 10 


Floristics 

Trees: Eucalyptus siderophloia (T), Eucalyptus eugenioides (T), Eucalyptus tereticornis (T). 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Alphitonia excelsa (M2), Acacia concurrens (M2), Lophostemon suaveolens (M1), Angophora 

subvelutina (M1), Allocasuarina torulosa (M1), Corymbia intermedia (M1), Callistemon salignus, Lantana camara*, 

Melaleuca alternifolia, Melaleuca quinquenervia. 

Climbers <strong>and</strong> twiners: Eustrephus latifolius, Calystegia marginata, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Glycine cl<strong>and</strong>estina, 

Glycine microphylla, Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens, Parsonsia straminea. 

Ferns: Pteridium esculentum, Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi. 

Grasses: Entolasia stricta (L1), Imperata cylindrica var. major, Themeda australis (L1), Eragrostis leptostachya, Ottochloa 

gracillima (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra multiflora subsp. multiflora, Aristida vagans, Oplismenus aemulus, 

Panicum effusum. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia (L1), Gahnia aspera (L1), Lom<strong>and</strong>ra filiformis subsp. filiformis, Cyperus 

trinervis. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Desmodium varians, Hibbertia diffusa, Dianella longifolia, Hypericum gramineum, Phyllanthus 

virgatus, Poranthera microphylla, Pratia purpurascens, Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea, Brunoniella australis, Daviesia 

ulicifolia subsp. stenophylla, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Dianella caerulea, Goodenia paniculata, Hydrocotyle 

tripartita, Indig<strong>of</strong>era australis, Lagenophora stipitata, Laxmannia gracilis, Leucopogon lanceolatus var. gracilis, Persoonia 

stradbrokensis, Pultenaea myrtoides. 



227 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 







Pratia purpurascens 2 88% 2 14% positive 



Phyllanthus virgatus 1 75% 0 0% positive 

Brunoniella australis 2 63% 1 1% positive 


Panicum effusum 2 50% 0 0% positive 

Pultenaea myrtoides 1 25% 0 0% positive 

Daviesia ulicifolia subsp. stenophylla 1 13% 0 0% positive 

Eucalyptus eugenioides 3 13% 0 0% positive 

Hibbertia diffusa 2 13% 0 0% positive 

Indig<strong>of</strong>era australis 1 13% 0 0% positive


Community 61 Broad-leaved Paperbark–Narrow-leaved Rough-barked 

Apple–Swamp Box–Pink Bloodwood Dry Grassy Alluvial Open Forest 

Scientific name: Broad-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Narrow-leaved Rough-barked Apple 

(Angophora paludosa), Swamp Box (Lophostemon suaveolens) <strong>and</strong> Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) Dry 

Grassy Alluvial Open Forest. 

Sites: (6) ELL08alfl, TAT02alfl, TAT03alfl, TAT01alfl, ELL10alfl, ELL09alvf. 


Forested Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal Floodplain Wetl<strong>and</strong>s (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.3.5 Melaleuca 

quinquenervia on alluvium (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); F5 – Eucalyptus tereticornis–C. intermedia–Lophostemon 

suaveolens (Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 1992); 3569 – Angophora paludosa Dry Sclerophyll Forest <strong>and</strong> Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Griffith & 

Wilson 2007); 301 – Coastal Pink Bloodwood Open Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong>, 309 – Coastal Swamp Box Open Forest to 

Woodl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> 401 – Broad-leaved Paperbark Closed Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); Mixed Eucalypt 

spp. (mE2) Swamp Sclerophyll Forest (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); North-east NSW Forest Ecosystems 46 

– Eastern Red Gums, <strong>and</strong> 73 – Lowl<strong>and</strong> Red Gum (NPWS 1999). 

The occurrence <strong>of</strong> Narrow-leaved Rough-barked Apple (Angophora paludosa) as a dominant canopy is not 

commonly recorded in the literature. 


A grassy, dry, open alluvial forest 

in which Broad-Leaved Paperbark 

(Melaleuca quinquenervia), Narrowleaved 

Rough-barked Apple (Angophora 

paludosa), Swamp Box (Lophostemon 

suaveolens), Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia 

intermedia) <strong>and</strong> Forest Red Gum 

(Eucalyptus tereticornis) dominate. 

Small trees <strong>and</strong> shrubs form an open 

middle stratum. Common species in the 

mid-storey include Salwood (Acacia 

disparrima subsp. disparrima), Red 

Ash (Alphitonia excelsa) <strong>and</strong> Cheese 

Tree (Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i). A second 

middle stratum <strong>of</strong> Salwood, Swamp Box, 

Lantana (Lantana camara) <strong>and</strong> Cheese 

Tree is sometimes evident. The grassy 

lower stratum comprises Kangaroo Grass 

(Themeda australis), Australian Vetiver 

(Chrysopogon filipes), Blady Grass (Imperata cylindrica var. major), Axonopus compressus, Brunoniella australis, Centella 

asiatica, Entolasia stricta <strong>and</strong> White Root (Pratia purpurascens). 


Habitat: Located on a wide alluvial drainage plain on gently undulating rises on S<strong>and</strong>y Creek in the Bungawalbin 

Catchment. 

Disturbance: Sites showed evidence <strong>of</strong> light to moderate fires (5–10 years previously) <strong>and</strong> light to moderate grazing. 

There had also been light logging at site TAT03alfl. 

229 - Appendix 1


Example locations: Mothersoles Road <strong>and</strong> Tatham Myrtle Creek Road. 



Conservation status: Community 62 is an example <strong>of</strong> ‘Sub-tropical Coastal Floodplain Forest <strong>of</strong> the NSW North 

Coast bioregion’ EEC. This community was located in the Tatham area <strong>and</strong> is possibly poorly reserved. None <strong>of</strong> 

the survey sites was in reserves. Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson (2007) record an association <strong>of</strong> Narrow-leaved Rough-barked 

Apple (Angophora paludosa) with Pink Bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) as a minor associate in Yuraygir NP. 

Structure 


Tallest 15–35 15–35 

Middle 1 2–15 10–40 

Middle 2 1–5 5–25 


Floristics 

Trees: Melaleuca quinquenervia (T), Lophostemon suaveolens (T), Corymbia intermedia (T), Angophora paludosa (T), 

Eucalyptus tereticornis (T), Callistemon salignus (T), Eucalyptus siderophloia (T), Eucalyptus seeana (T). 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i (M2), Alphitonia excelsa, Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima (M1), 

Callistemon salignus (M1), Lantana camara*, Acacia concurrens, Acacia irrorata subsp. irrorata, Allocasuarina littoralis, 

Melaleuca alternifolia, Trochocarpa laurina. 

Climbers <strong>and</strong> twiners: Paspalidium gausum, Parsonsia straminea, Glycine microphylla, Calystegia marginata. 

Ferns: Botrychium australe. 

Grasses: Imperata cylindrica var. major (L1), Themeda australis (L1), Axonopus compressus* (L1), Chrysopogon 

filipes (L1), Entolasia stricta (L1), Oplismenus aemulus, Panicum effusum, Cymbopogon refractus, Digitaria parviflora, 

Ottochloa gracillima (L1), Eragrostis leptostachya, Aristida vagans, Cynodon dactylon, Dichelachne micrantha, Eragrostis 

leptostachya, Paspalidium distans*, Paspalidium gausum (L1), Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides. 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra multiflora subsp. multiflora, Cyperus sphaeroideus, Cyperus trinervis, 

Juncus usitatus, Lom<strong>and</strong>ra filiformis subsp. filiformis, Schoenus apogon. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Pratia purpurascens, Brunoniella australis, Goodenia paniculata, Pimelea linifolia subsp. collina, 

Centella asiatica, Hydrocotyle tripartita, Viola betonicifolia, Dichondra repens, Hypoxis hygrometrica, Polygala japonica, 

Lagenophora stipitata, Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea, Hypericum japonicum, Mitrasacme paludosa, Phyllanthus virgatus, 

Breynia oblongifolia, Desmodium gunnii, Murdannia graminea, Persoonia stradbrokensis, Poranthera microphylla, 

Tricoryne elatior, Dianella brevipedunculata, Dianella caerulea, Dianella longifolia, Caesia parviflora var. parviflora, 

Cirsium vulgare*, Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Hypochaeris radicata*, Senecio madagascariensis*, Ambrosia artemisiifolia*, 

Arthropodium milleflorum, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Desmodium varians, Gamochaeta spicata, Gonocarpus tetragynus, 

Goodenia hederacea subsp. hederacea, Haloragis heterophylla, Hibbertia empetrifolia subsp. empetrifolia, Laxmannia 

gracilis, Pseuderanthemum variabile, Pultenaea myrtoides, Stylidium debile var. debile, Viola banksii. 



230 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 



Angophora paludosa 3 50% 2 1% positive 

Botrychium australe 1 13% 0 0% positive 

Brunoniella australis 2 63% 1 1% positive 

Caesia parviflora var. parviflora 1 25% 0 0% positive 


Chrysopogon filipes 2 63% 0 0% positive 

Dianella brevipedunculata 2 13% 0 0% positive 

Dichelachne micrantha 1 25% 0 0% positive 


Gamochaeta spicata 1 13% 0 0% positive 



Hibbertia empetrifolia subsp. 

empetrifolia 


Hypoxis hygrometrica 1 38% 0 0% positive 


Lophostmeon suaveolens 3 100% 2 21% positive 


Mitrasacme paludosa 2 25% 0 0% positive 


Panicum effusum 2 50% 0 0% positive 

Phyllanthus virgatus 1 75% 0 0% positive 

Pimelea linifolia subsp. collina 1 63% 0 0% positive 

Pratia purpurascens 2 88% 2 14% positive 

Schoenus apogon 1 13% 0 0% positive 


Viola betonicifolia 2 50% 2 1% positive


Community 62 River Mangrove–Grey Mangrove–Black Mangrove– 

Milky Mangrove–Spider Mangrove Forest to Shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Scientific name: Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina), Black Mangrove (Bruguiera gymnnorhiza), Milky 

Mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha), River Mangrove (Aegiceras corniculata) <strong>and</strong> Spider Mangrove (Rhizophora 

stylosa) Forest to Shrubl<strong>and</strong>. 

Sites: (13) BALL12estsswp, BRU13estsw, TWE07estcl, BALL13estsswp, BALL15estsswp, BIL10albk, BIL08albk, 

TWE08estcl, TWE13estswwp, TWE10esttdf, TWE18estcbb, TWE29cslg, BRU20estsswp. 


Saline Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Mangroves (Keith 2006); Qld Regional Ecosystem 12.1.3 Mangrove Shrubl<strong>and</strong> to low closed 

forest on Quaternary estuarine deposits (Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 1999); 602 – Mangrove Low Closed Forest to 

Woodl<strong>and</strong> (Kingston et al. 2004); Grey Mangrove/River Mangrove (M) (L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services 1999); 5302 

– Avicennia marina var. australasica mangrove shrubl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> 2502 – Avicennia marina var. australasica mangrove 

forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong> NPWS NSW Coastal <strong>Vegetation</strong> (Griffith & Wilson 2007); Excoecaria agallocha forest <strong>and</strong> 

woodl<strong>and</strong>s, Rhizophora stylosa forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Bruguiera gymnorrhiza forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong> (Robinson <strong>and</strong> 

Benson 1990); North-east NSW Forest 

Ecosystem 77 – Mangrove (NPWS 

1999). 


Predominantly a mangrove-dominated 

open to closed shrubl<strong>and</strong> to a low open 

forest <strong>of</strong> Grey Mangrove (Avicennia 

marina subsp. australasica), Black 

Mangrove (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza), 

Milky Mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha) 

<strong>and</strong> Cottonwood Hibiscus (Hibiscus 

tilaceus), <strong>and</strong> associated with Spider 

Mangrove (Rhizophora stylosa) <strong>and</strong> River 

Mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum). 

Site BALL12estsswp has an open forest 

structure. Four sub-groups are defined, 

based on presence <strong>of</strong> understorey 

vegetation <strong>and</strong> mangrove species 

present: (1) Sites with an understorey 

<strong>of</strong> saw sedges, rushes <strong>and</strong> mangrove fern 

at the upper tidal limit. The remaining three groups are more frequently inundated sites without an understorey, 

with groups based on the combination <strong>of</strong> mangrove species present: (2) Sites dominated by Grey Mangrove in 

which River Mangrove also occurs. (3) Sites with abundant River Mangrove co dominant with Black Mangrove 

<strong>and</strong> Grey Mangrove <strong>and</strong> with Milky Mangrove <strong>and</strong> Spider Mangrove occasionally present. (4) Sites with Black 

Mangrove, River Mangrove, Grey Mangrove <strong>and</strong> Milky Mangrove co dominant with a dense layer <strong>of</strong> Mangrove 

Fern (Acrostichum speciosum) <strong>and</strong> Saltwater Couch (Sporobolus virginicus). 


Habitat: Sites subject to regular tidal influence fringing coastal lagoons, estuarine to alluvial tidal deltas <strong>and</strong> lowlevel 

tidal flats on Quaternary marine <strong>and</strong> fluvial sediments. Associated with the Burns Point <strong>and</strong> Ukerebagh soil 

l<strong>and</strong>scapes. 

232 - Appendix 1


Disturbance: No disturbance was recorded. 

Example Locations: Brunswick Heads, Fingal north <strong>of</strong> Ballina Racecourse, Chickiba Creek at Ballina, Cobaki 

Broadwater, Fingal Head, Ukererabagh NR, Tweed Heads Golf Club <strong>and</strong> Tweed River. 


Threats: Filling, draining <strong>and</strong> rises in sea level. 

Conservation status: Mangrove Forests are reserved in the Tweed Estuary NR, Ukerebagh NR, Cudgen NR, 

Wooyung NR, Billinudgel NR, Brunswick Heads NR, Bundjalung NP, Marshalls Creek NR, Tyagarah NR, Ballina 

NR <strong>and</strong> Richmond River NR. 

Significant taxa: Amyema mackayense subsp. mackayense. 

Structure 



Tallest 1–25 15–90 

Middle 1 0–10 10–70 

<strong>Lower</strong> 1 0.2–2 10–50 

Floristics 

Trees: Aegiceras corniculatum (M1), 

Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (T), 

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (T), Excoecaria 

agallocha (T), Hibiscus tiliaceus (T), 

Rhizophora stylosa (M1). 

Shrubs <strong>and</strong> small trees: Clerodendrum 

inerme (M1). 

Climbers <strong>and</strong> twiners: Cynanchum 

carnosum (L1), Ipomoea cairica*. 

Mistletoes: Amyema cambagei, Amyema 

mackayense subsp. mackayense. 

Ferns: Acrostichum speciosum (M2), 

Lygodium microphyllum. 

Grasses: Hemarthria uncinata, Sporobolus 

virginicus (L1). 

Sedges <strong>and</strong> rushes: Juncus usitatus (M2), 

Carex maculata, Cyperus brevifolius, 

Cyperus sphaeroideus, Fimbristylis 

dichotoma. 

Herbs <strong>and</strong> shrubs: Gahnia clarkei (L1), Suaeda australis (L1), Cyperus lucidus (L1). 



233 - Appendix 1




Group 

frequency 



score 


frequency 


Aegiceras corniculatum 4 100% 1 3% positive 

Avicennia marina subsp. australasica 4 100% 2 2% positive 

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 3 62% 1 1% positive 

Clerodendrum inerme 3 8% 0 0% positive 

Rhizophora stylosa 2 23% 0 0% positive


Appendix 2 - Vascular plant species recorded from 

survey sites in the Far North Coast 

The common names are from PlantNet (http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/), though a few commonly used alternative 

names have been added as needed. In the following list, all significant taxa are indicated (‡), as are exotic 

species (*). For significant taxa, the following abbreviations are used to indicate status: TSC-V <strong>and</strong> TSC-E = Vulnerable 

or Endangered under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 Rare = rare species in NSW 

(Sheringham & Westaway 1995, <strong>and</strong> P. Sheringham pers. comm); <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ard codes are given for ROTAP species 

(Briggs & Leigh, 1995). 

‡-significant taxa *- Exotic taxa 

Species <strong>and</strong> Taxonomic Authority 

Fern Allies 

Psilotaceae 

Status Common Name 

Psilotum nudum (L.) P.Beauv. 

Selaginellaceae 

Skeleton Fork-fern 

Selaginella uliginosa (Labill.) Spring 

Ferns 

Adiantaceae 

Swamp Selaginella 

Adiantum aethiopicum L. Common Maidenhair 

Adiantum diaphanum Blume Filmy Maidenhair 

Adiantum formosum R.Br. 

Black Stem, Black Stem Maidenhair, Giant 

Maidenhair 

Adiantum hispidulum Sw. 

Adiantum silvaticum Tindale 

Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi Kunze 

Rough Maidenhair Fern 

Pellaea nana (Hook.) Bostock 

Pellaea paradoxa (R.Br.) Hook. 

Dwarf Sickle Fern 

Pellaea viridis var. viridis (Forssk.) Prantl 

Aspleniaceae 

Green Cliff Brake 

Asplenium attenuatum R.Br. Simple Spleenwort 

Asplenium australasicum forma australasicum (J.Sm.) 

Hook. 

Asplenium harmanii. D.L.Jones 

Azollaceae 

Azolla filiculoides Lam. 

Azolla pinnata R.Br. 

Blechnaceae 

Blechnum camfieldii Tindale 

Bird’s Nest Fern 

Blechnum cartilagineum Sw. Gristle Fern, S<strong>of</strong>t Water Fern 

Blechnum indicum Burm.f. Swamp Water Fern 

Doodia aspera R.Br. Prickly Rasp Fern 

Doodia caudata (Cav.) R.Br. 

Cyatheaceae 

Small Rasp Fern 

Cyathea australis (R.Br.) Domin Black Tree-fern, Rough Tree-fern 

Cyathea cooperi (F.Muell.) Domin Straw Tree-fern 

235 - Appendix 2


Species <strong>and</strong> Taxonomic Authority Status Common Name 

Cyathea leichhardtiana (F.Muell.) Copel. 

Davalliaceae 

Arthropteris beckleri. (Hook.) Mett. 

Arthropteris tenella (G.Forst.) J.Sm. ex Hook.f. 

Prickly Tree-fern, Prickly Tree Fern 

Davallia solida var. pyxidata (Cav.) Noot. Hare’s Foot Fern 

Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl?? 

Dennstaedtiaceae 

Fishbone Fern, Herringbone Fern, Sword Fern 

Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J.Sm. Bat’s Wing Fern, Oak Fern 

Hypolepis muelleri N.A.Wakef. Harsh Ground Fern 

Pteridium esculentum (G.Forst.) Cockayne 

Dicksoniaceae 

Common Bracken, Gurgi (Cadigal), Austral 

Bracken, Bracken 

Calochlaena dubia (R.Br.) M.D.Turner & R.A.White 

Dryopteridaceae 

Arachniodes aristata (G.Forst.) Tindale 

Rainbow Fern 

Lastreopsis decomposita (R.Br.) Tindale Trim Shield-fern, Trim Shield Fern 

Lastreopsis marginans (F.Muell.) D.A.Sm. & Tindale Bordered Shield Fern, Glossy Shield Fern 

Lastreopsis microsora subsp. microsora (Endl.) Tindale Creeping Shield Fern 

Lastreopsis munita (Mett.) Tindale 

Gleicheniaceae 

Naked Shield Fern 

Gleichenia dicarpa R.Br. 

Lindsaeaceae 

Pouched Coral Fern, Tangle Fern 

‡Lindsaea brachypoda (Baker) Salomon TSC-V 

Lindsaea linearis Sw. 

Marsileaceae 

Screw Fern 

Marsilea mutica Mett. 

Ophioglossaceae 

Nardoo 

Botrychium australe R.Br. 

Osmundaceae 

Austral Moonwort, Parsley Fern, Austral 

Moorward 

Todea barbara (L.) T.Moore 

Polypodiaceae 

King Fern 

Dictymia brownii (Wikstr.) Copel. Strap Fern 

Microsorum pustulatum (G.Forst.) Copel. Kangaroo Fern 

Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr. Elkhorn 

Platycerium superbum de Jonch. & Hennipman Staghorn 

Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens (R.Br.) Ching Robber Fern, Horseshoe Felt Fern 

Pyrrosia rupestris (R.Br.) Ching 

Pteridaceae 

Rock Felt Fern 

Acrostichum speciosum Willd. Mangrove Fern, Leather Fern 

Pteris tremula R.Br. 

Schizaeaceae 

Tender Brake, Tender Brakefern 

Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. Climbing Snake Fern 

Schizaea bifida Willd. Forked Comb Fern 

Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm. 

Thelypteridaceae 

Branched Comb Fern 

Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy Binung, Binung 

236 - Appendix 2



Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H.It 

Cycads 

Zamiaceae 


Lepidozamia per<strong>of</strong>fskyana Regel 

Conifers 

Araucariaceae 

Burrawang 

Araucaria cunninghami Aiton ex A.Cunn. 

Cupressaceae 

Hoop Pine 

Callitris columellaris F.Muell. 

Pinaceae 

Coast Cypress Pine, Coastal Cypress Pine 

*Pinus elliottii Engelm. 

Podocarpaceae 

Slash Pine 

Podocarpus elatus R.Br. ex Endl. 

Dicots 

Acanthaceae 

Plum Pine, Brown Pine 

Brunoniella australis (Cav.) Bremek. Blue Trumpet 

Brunoniella pumilio (R.Br.) Bremek. 

Brunoniella spiciflora (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Bremek. 

Hygrophila angustifolia R.Br. 

Dwarf Brunoniella, Dwarf Blue Trumpet 

Pseuderanthemum variabile (R.Br.) Radlk. 

Rostellularia adscendens subsp. adscendens (R.Br.) 

R.M.Barker 

Rostellularia obtusa Nees 

Pastel Flower 

*Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims 

Aizoaceae 

Black-eyed Susan 

Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Sesuvium 

Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze 

Akaniaceae 

New Zeal<strong>and</strong> Spinach, Native Spinach 

Akania bidwillii (Hogg) Mabb. 

Alangiaceae 

Turnipwood 

Alangium villosum subsp. polyosmoides (F.Muell.) Bloemb. 

Amaranthaceae 

Black Muskheart, Brown Muskheart, Canary 

Muskheart Muskwood 

Alternanthera denticulata R.Br. 

Anacardiaceae 

Lesser Joyweed 

Euroschinus falcata var. falcata Hook.f. Ribbonwood, Blush Cudgerie 

*Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

Apiaceae 

Brazilian Pepper Tree, Christmas Berry Tree 

Apium prostratum Labill. ex Vent. 

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. 

Eryngium expansum F.Muell. 

Hydrocotyle acutiloba (F.Muell.) Wakef. 

Sea Celery 

*Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. 

Hydrocotyle peduncularis R.Br. ex A.Rich. 

Kurnell Curse 

Hydrocotyle tripartita R.Br. ex A.Rich. Pennywort 

Hydrocotyle verticillat Thunb. 

Lilaeopsis polyantha (G<strong>and</strong>.) H.Eichler 

Platysace ericoides (Sieber ex Spreng.) Norman 

Shield Pennywort 

237 - Appendix 2



Platysace lanceolata (Labill.) Druce 

Trachymene incisa Rudge 

Shrubby Platysace 

Xanthosia pilosa Rudge 

Apocynaceae 

Woolly Xanthosia 

Alyxia ruscifolia R.Br. Prickly Alyxia, Chain Fruit 

Carissa ovata R.Br. 

Melodinus acutiflorus F.Muell. 

Kunkerberry, Currant Bush 

Melodinus australis (F.Muell.) Pierre Southern Melodinus 

Ochrosia moorei (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. TSC-E Southern Ochrosia 

Parsonsia fulva S.T.Blake Furry Silkpod 

Parsonsia longipetiolata J.B.Williams Green-leaved Silkpod 

Parsonsia straminea (R.Br.) F.Muell. 

Parsonsia velutina R.Br. 

Common Silkpod, Monkey Rope 

Tabernaemontana p<strong>and</strong>acaqui Lam. 

Araliaceae 

Banana Bush 

Polyscias elegans (C.Moore & F.Muell.) Harms 

Celery Wood, Silver Basswood, Black Pencil 

Ceda 

Polyscias sambucifolia (DC. ex Sieber) Harms 

Elderberry Panax, Ornamental Ash, Elderberry 

Ash 

*Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms 

Argophyllaceae 

Umbrella Tree 

‡Argophyllum nullumense R.T.Baker 

Aristolochiaceae 

Pararistolochia praevenosa (F.Muell.) M.J.Parsons 

Asclepiadaceae 

3RCa Silver Leaf 

*Araujia sericifera E.Fourn. Moth Vine, Mothplant 

*Asclepias curassavica L. 

Cynanchum carnosum (R.Br.) Merr. & Rolfe 

Redhead Cottonbush, Blood Flower 

*Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) W.T.Aiton Narrow-leaved Cotton Bush 

*Gomphocarpus physocarpus E.Mey. Balloon Cotton Bush 

Hoya australis subsp. australis R. Br. Ex Traill Native Hoya 

Marsdenia fraseri Benth. 

Marsdenia hemiptera Rchb. 

Narrow-leaved Milk Vine 

Marsdenia longiloba Benth. TSC-E 

Marsdenia rostrata R.Br. Milk Vine 

Tylophora benthamii S.T. Blake Coast Tylophora 

Tylophora paniculata R.Br. 

Asteraceae 

Thin-leaved Tylophora 

*Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Cr<strong>of</strong>ton Weed 

*Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M.King & H.Rob. 

*Ageratum houstonianum Mill. 

Mistflower, Creeping Cr<strong>of</strong>ton Weed 

*Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Annual Ragweed 

*Aster subulatus Michx. Wild Aster, Bushy Starwort 

*Baccharis halimifolia L. Groundsel Bush 

*Bidens pilosa L. Cobblers Pegs, Pitch-forks, Teasers 

*Bidens tripartita L. 

Brachyscome microcarpa F.Muell. 

Burr Marigold 

Centipeda minima (L.) A.Braun & Asch. Spreading Sneezeweed 

238 - Appendix 2



*Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (DC.) Norl. 

(L.) Norl. 

Bitiou Bush 

*Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Spear Thistle 

*Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist Flaxleaf Fleabane 

*Cotula coronopifolia L. Water Buttons 

*Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore 

Eclipta platyglossa F.Muell. 

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. 

*Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. 

Enydra fluctuans DC. 

Thickhead 

Epaltes australis Less. Spreading Nut-heads 

*Erechtites valerianifolia (Wolf) DC. 

*Gamochaeta spicata (Lam.) Cabrera 

Brazilian Fireweed 

*Hypochaeris microcephala var. albiflora (Sch.Bip.) Cabrera White Flatweed 

*Hypochaeris radicata L. 

Lagenophora gracilis Steetz 

Catsear, Flatweed 

Lagenophora stipitata (Labill.) Druce Blue Bottle-daisy, Common Lagenophora 

Leptinella longipes Hook.f. 

Melanthera biflora (L.) Wild 

Olearia nernstii (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. 

Uncommon 

Ozothamnus diosmifolius (Vent.) DC. 

Rice Flower, White Dogwood, Pill Flower, Sago 

Bush 

*Senecio madagascariensis Poir. Fireweed 

*Soliva anthemifolia (Juss.) R.Br. ex Less. Dwarf Jo-jo, Button Burweed 

*Sonchus oleraceus L. 

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. 

Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea (L.) Less. 

Common Sowthistle 

*Xanthium italicum Moretti Hunter Burr 

Xerochrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Tzvelev 

Avicenniaceae 

Golden Everlasting 

Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) Moldenke 

Basellaceae 

Mangrove, Grey Mangrove 

*Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis Madeira Vine, Lamb’s Tail, Jalap, Potato Vine 

*Jacar<strong>and</strong>a mimosifolia D.Don 

Bignoniaceae 

Jacar<strong>and</strong>a 

*Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A.H.Gentry Cat’s Claw Creeper 

P<strong>and</strong>orea jasminoides (Lindl.) Schum. Bower Vine 

P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana (Andrews) Steenis 

Brassicaceae 

*Cardamine paucijuga Turcz. 

Burseraceae 

Wonga Wonga Vine 

Canarium australasicum (F.M.Bailey) Leenh. 

Cactaceae 

Mango Bark, Carrot Wood, Brown Cudgerie, 

Parsnip Wood 

*Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. 

Casuarinaceae 

Common Prickly Pear, Smooth Pest Pear 

Casuarina glauca Swamp Oak 

239 - Appendix 2



Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana (Benth.) 

L.A.S.Johnson 

Horsetail She-oak, Horsetail Sheoak 

Allocasuarina littoralis (Salisb.) L.A.S.Johnson Black She-oak 

Allocasuarina torulosa (Aiton) L.A.S.Johnson 

Celastraceae 

Forest Oak 

Celastrus subspicata Hook. Large-leaved Staff Vine 

Denhamia celastroides (F.Muell.) Jessup 

Elaeodendron australe Vent. 

Denhamia, Orange Boxwood 

Hedraianthera porphyropetala F.Muell. Hedraianthera 

Hippocratea barbata F.Muell. 

Chenopodiaceae 

Knot Vine 

Atriplex semibaccata R.Br. Creeping Saltbush, Berry Saltbush 

Einadia hastata (R.Br.) A.J.Scott 

Rhagodia c<strong>and</strong>olleana subsp. c<strong>and</strong>olleana Moq. 

Sarcocornia quinqueflora subsp. quinqueflora (Bunge ex 

Ung.-Sternb.) A.J.Scott 

Suaeda australis (R.Br.) Moq. 

Clusiaceae 

Berry Saltbush 

Hypericum gramineum G.Forst. 

Hypericum japonicum Thunb. 

Convolvulaceae 

Calystegia marginata R.Br. 

Small St. John’s Wort 

Convolvulus erubescens Sims Blushing Bindweed 

Dichondra repens J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. 

*Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet 

Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis (L.) R.Br. 

Corokiaceae 

Kidney Weed 

‡Corokia whiteana L.S.Sm. 

Crassulaceae 

TSC-V 

*Bryophyllum delagoense (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Schinz 

Cucurbitaceae 

Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey 

Mother-<strong>of</strong>-millions 

‡Trichosanthes subvelutina F.Muell. ex Cogn. 3RC- 

Zehneria cunninghamii (F.Muell.) Benth. 

Cunoniaceae 

Slender Cucumber 

Aphanopetalum resinosum Endl. Gum Vine 

Callicoma serratifolia Andrews Black Wattle, Callicoma, Silver-leaf Butterwood 

Geissois benthamiana F.Muell. 

Red Carabeen, Red Bean, Leather Jacket, Brush 

Mahogany 

Pseudoweinmannia lachnocarpa( F.Muell.) Engl. 

Davidsoniaceae 

Rose Marara 

‡Davidsonia jerseyana (F.Muell. ex F.M.Bailey) G.J.Harden 

TSC-E 

& J.B.Williams 

Dilleniaceae 

Adrastaea salicifolia (DC.) F.Muell. 

Hibbertia acicularis (Labill.) F.Muell. 

Davidson’s Plum 

Hibbertia aspera DC. Rough Guinea Flower 

Hibbertia dentata R.Br. ex DC. Trailing Guinea Flower 

240 - Appendix 2



Hibbertia diffusa DC. 

Hibbertia empetrifolia subsp. empetrifolia (DC.) Hoogl<strong>and</strong> 

Hibbertia fasciculata DC. 

Hibbertia linearis DC. 

Wedge Guinea Flower 

Hibbertia riparia (R.Br. ex DC.) Hoogl<strong>and</strong> Erect Guinea-flower 

Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens (Willd.) Gilg 

Droseraceae 

Climbing Guinea Flower 

Drosera auriculata Backh. ex Planch. Sundew 

Drosera spatulata Labill. 

Ebenaceae 

Sundew 

Diospyros australis (R.Br.) Hiern Black Plum, Yellow Persimmon, Grey Plum 

Diospyros fasciculosa (F.Muell.) F.Muell. Grey Ebony, Clustered Persimmon, Long Tom 

‡Diospyros mabacea (F.Muell.) F.Muell. TSC-E 

‡Diospyros major var. ebenus (G.Forst.) Bakh. TSC-E Ebony 

Diospyros pentamera (Woolls & F.Muell.) F.Muell. 

Elaeocarpaceae 

Myrtle Ebony, Grey Persimmon, Black Myrtle, 

Grey Plum 

Elaeocarpus eumundii F.M.Bailey Eumundi Qu<strong>and</strong>ong, Smooth-leaved Qu<strong>and</strong>ong 

Elaeocarpus gr<strong>and</strong>is F.Muell. Blue Qu<strong>and</strong>ong, Blue Fig, Silver Qu<strong>and</strong>ong 

Silver Qu<strong>and</strong>ong, White Qu<strong>and</strong>ong, Brown- 

Elaeocarpus kirtonii F.Muell. ex F.M.Bailey 

hearted Qu<strong>and</strong>ong, Brownheart, Mountain 

Beech, Pigeonberry Ash, White Beech, 

Whitewood 

Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong, Blueberry Ash, Whitewood, 

Elaeocarpus obovatus G.Don 

Grey Carabeen, Freckled Oliveberry, Grey 

Carrobeen 

Blueberry Ash, Ash Qu<strong>and</strong>ong, Blue Olive 

Elaeocarpus reticulatus Sm. 

Berry, Fairy Petticoats, Fringe Tree, Koda, Lily 

<strong>of</strong> the valley Tree, Scrub Ash 

‡Elaeocarpus williamsianus Guymer TSC-E Hairy Qu<strong>and</strong>ong 

‡Elaeocarpus sp. Rocky Creek (G.Read AQ 562114) TSC-E Minyon Qu<strong>and</strong>ong 

Sloanea australis (Benth.) F.Muell. 

Maiden’s Blush, Blush Alder, Blush Carrabeen, 

Blush 

Sloanea woollsii F.Muell. 

Epacridaceae 

Yellow Carabeen, Carribin, Grey Carrobean, 

Carabeen 

Acrotriche aggregata R.Br. 

Agiortia pedicellata (C.T.White) Quinn in Quinn et al 

Red Cluster Heath, Tall Acrotriche, Tall 

Groundberry 

Astroloma pinifolium (R.Br.) Benth. Pine Heath 

Brachyloma daphnoides (Sm.) Benth. 

Brachyloma scortechinii F.Muell. 

Epacris microphylla R.Br. 

Daphne Heath 

Epacris obtusifolia Sm. Blunt-leaf Heath 

Epacris pulchella Cav. 

Leucopogon deformis R.Br. 

Wallum Heath 

Leucopogon ericoides (Sm.) R.Br. Pink Beard-heath 

Leucopogon juniperinus R.Br. 

Leucopogon lanceolatus var. gracilis Benth. 

Prickly Beard-heath 

241 - Appendix 2



Leucopogon leptospermoides R.Br. 

Leucopogon margarodes R.Br 


Leucopogon parviflorus (Andrews) Lindl. 

Leucopogon virgatus (Labill.) R.Br. 

Coastal Beard-heath, Native Currant 

Monotoca elliptica (Sm.) R.Br. 

Monotoca scoparia (Sm.) R.Br. 

Sprengelia sprengelioides (R.Br.) Druce 

Tree Broom-heath 

Styphelia viridis subsp. breviflora (Benth.) J.M.Powell Green Five Corners 

Trochocarpa laurina R.Br. 

Euphorbiaceae 

Acalypha capillipes Muell.Arg. 

Tree Heath, Axebreaker, S<strong>and</strong>berry, Wheel-fruit 

‡Acalypha eremorum Muell.Arg. TSC-E 

Actephila lindleyi (Steud.) Airy Shaw Actephila 

Alchornea ilicifolia (J.Sm.) Muell.Arg. Dovewood, Native Holly 

Baloghia inophylla (G.Forst.) P.S.Green 

Brush Bloodwood, Ivory Birch, Scrub 

Bloodwood 

Breynia oblongifolia Muell.Arg. C<strong>of</strong>fee Bush 

Bridelia exaltata F.Muell. 

Brush Ironbark, Scrub Ironbark, Grey Birch, 

Brown Birch 

Claoxylon australe Baill. Brittlewood 

Cleistanthus cunninghamii Muell.Arg. Cleistanthus, Omega 

Croton verreauxii Baill. Green Native Cascarilla 

Drypetes deplanchei (Brongn. & Gris) Merr. 

Yellow Tulipwood, Greybark, Yellow Tulip, Grey 

Boxwood, White Myrtle, Grey Bark 

Excoecaria agallocha L. Milky Mangrove 

Excoecaria dallachyana L. 

Milky Mangrove, River Poison Tree, Blind-youreye 

‡Fontainea australis Jessup & Guymer TSC-V Southern Fontainea 

Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i (Muell.Arg.) F.M.Bailey Cheese Tree 

Glochidion sumatranum Miq. 

Homalanthus populifolius Graham 

Umbrella Cheese Tree 

Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.Arg. 

Nasturtium Tree, Blush Macaranga, David’s 

Heart, Heart Leaf 

Mallotus discolor F.Muell. ex Benth. White Kamala, Yellow Kamala 

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.Arg. 

Phyllanthus virgatus G.Forst. 

Poranthera microphylla Brongn. 

Pseudanthus orientalis (Baill.) F.Muell. 

Red Kamala, Orange Kamala 

Ricinocarpos pinifolius Desf. Wedding Bush 

Tragia novae-holl<strong>and</strong>iae Muell.Arg. Stinging Vine 

*Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 

Eupomatiaceae 

Chinese Tallowood 

Eupomatia bennettii F.Muell. Small Bolwarra 

Eupomatia laurina R.Br. 

Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 

Bolwarra, Copper Laurel 

*Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston Thorny Poinciana, Wait-a-while 

*Caesalpinia scortechinii (F.Muell.) Hattink Large Prickle-vine, Wait-a-while 

*Caesalpinia subtropica Pedley Corky Prickle-vine 

242 - Appendix 2



Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana (F.Muell.) Benth. Native Laburnum 

Chamaecrista nomame var. nomame (Siebold) H.Ohashi 

Chorizema parviflorum Benth. Eastern Flame Pea 

*Senna pendula var. glabrata (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 

*Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Arsenic Bush 

Fabaceae (Faboideae) 

Aotus ericoides (Vent.) Don 

Aotus lanigera A.Cunn. ex Benth. 

Austrosteenisia blackii var. blackii (F.Muell.) R.Geesink Blood Vine 

Austrosteenisia glabristyla Jessup Giant Blood Vine 

Bossiaea ensata Sieber ex DC. Sword Bossiaea 

Bossiaea heterophylla Vent. Variable Bossiaea 

‡Callerya australis (Endl.) Schot 3RC Native Wisteria 

Callerya megasperma (F.Muell.) Schot Native Wisteria 

Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. Coastal Jack Bean 

Castanospermum australe A.Cunn. ex Mudie Black Bean, Moreton Bay Chestnut 

Daviesia arborea W.Hill 

Daviesia ulicifolia subsp. stenophylla G.Ch<strong>and</strong>ler & Crisp Gorse Bitter Pea 

Daviesia ulicifolia subsp. ulicifolia Andrews Gorse Bitter Pea 

Derris involuta (Sprague) Sprague 

‡Desmodium acanthocladum F.Muell. TSC-V Thorny Pea 

Desmodium brachypodum A.Gray Large Tick-trefoil, Large Tick-trefoil 

Desmodium gunnii Benth. ex Hook.f. Slender tick trefoil 

Desmodium nemorosum Benth. 

Desmodium rhytidophyllum Benth. 

Desmodium varians (Labill.) G.Don Slender Tick-trefoil 

Dillwynia floribunda Sm. 

Dillwynia retorta (J.C.Wendl.) Druce 

Erythrina crista-galli L. Cockspur Coral Tree 

Erythrina vespertilio Benth. Bat-Wing Coral Tree, Bat’s Wing Coral Tree 

Galactia tenuiflora var. villosa (Wight & Arn.) Benth 

Glycine cl<strong>and</strong>estina J.C.Wendl. 

Glycine microphylla (Benth.) Tindale Small-leaf glycine 

Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. 

Gompholobium virgatum Sieber ex DC. Leafy Wedge Pea 

Hardenbergia violacea (Schneev.) Stearn Purple Coral Pea, False Sarsparilla, Waraburra 

Hovea acutifolia A.Cunn. ex G.Don 

Indig<strong>of</strong>era australis Willd. Australian Indigo 

Jacksonia scoparia R.Br. Winged Broom-pea, Dogwood 

Kennedia rubicunda Vent. Dusky Coral Pea 

*Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Indian Bean 

Lespedeza juncea subsp. sericea (Thunb.) Steenis 

Zornia muriculata D.C. subsp. angustata 

Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC. Burny Bean 

Oxylobium arborescens R.Br. Tall Shaggy Pea 

Oxylobium robustum Joy Thomps. Tree Shaggy Pea 

Phyllota phylicoides Benth. Heath Phyllota 

Pultenaea myrtoides A.Cunn. ex Benth. 

243 - Appendix 2



Pultenaea retusa Sm. 

Pultenaea spinosa (DC.) H.B.Will. 

Pultenaea villosa Willd. 


Viminaria juncea (Schrad.) H<strong>of</strong>fmanns. 

Fabacee (Mimosoideae) 

Golden spray, Native Broom 

Acacia aulacocarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth. Salwood, Golden-flowered Salwood, Lancewood 

‡Acacia bakeri Maiden TSC-V 

Baker’s Wattle, Marblewood, Scrub Wattle, 

White Marblewood 

Acacia concurrens Pedley Curracabah 

Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima M.McDonald & 

Salwood, Southern Salwood, Brush Ironbark 

Maslin 

Wattle, Hickory 

Acacia elongata Sieber ex DC. Swamp Wattle 

Acacia irrorata subsp. irrorata Sieber ex Spreng. Green Wattle, Blueskin 

Acacia leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx (Domin) Pedley Curracabah 

Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae (Labill.) Court Coast Wattle, Wadanguli (Cadigal) 

Acacia longissima H.L.Wendl. Long-leaf Wattle 

Acacia maidenii F.Muell. Maiden’s Wattle 

Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. Blackwood 

*Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. Golden Wreath Wattle, Orange Wattle, 

Acacia suaveolens (Sm.) Willd. Sweet Wattle 

Acacia ulicifolia (Salisb.) Court Prickly Moses 

Acacia viscidula Benth. Sticky Wattle 

Archidendron gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum (Sol. ex Benth.) I.C.Nielsenv 

Pink Lace Flower, Laceflower Tree, Tassel Tree, 

Fairy Paint Brushes 

‡Archidendron hendersonii (F.Muell.) I.C.Nielsen TSC-V White Lace Flower, Tulip Siris 

‡Archidendron muellerianum (Maiden & R.T.Baker) 

I.C.Nielsen 

Veiny Lace Flower, Small-flower Laceflower 

Pararchidendron pruinosum var. pruinosum (Benth.) 

I.C.Nielsen 

Flacourtiaceae 

Snow Wood 

Scolopia braunii (Klotzsch) Sleumer 

Flintwood, Mountain Cherry, Brown Birch, 

Scolopia 

‡Xylosma terrae-reginae C.T.White & Sleumer 

Goodeniaceae 

Dampiera stricta (Sm.) R.Br. 

TSC-E Xylosma 

Goodenia hederacea subsp. hederacea Sm. 

Goodenia heterophylla subsp. egl<strong>and</strong>ulosa Carolin 

Forest Goodenia, Ivy Goodenia 

Goodenia paniculata Sm. 

Goodenia rotundifolia R.Br. 

Scaevola calendulacea (Andrews) Druce 

Haloragaceae 

Gonocarpus chinensis subsp. verrucosus (Maiden & 

Betche) Orchard 

Gonocarpus humilis Orchard 

Gonocarpus micranthus Thunb. 

Gonocarpus tetragynus Labill. 

Branched Goodenia 

Gonocarpus teucrioides DC. Raspwort 

Haloragis heterophylla Brongn. Rough Raspwort 

244 - Appendix 2



*Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. Parrots Feather, Brazilian Water-milfoil 

Icacinaceae 

Citronella moorei (Benth.) R.A.Howard Churnwood 

Lamiaceae 

Lycopus australis R.Br. Native gipsywort, Australian Gipsywort 

Plectranthus parviflorus Willd. 

Prostanthera nivea A. Cunn ex. Benth. Snowy Mint Bush 

*Salvia coccinea Juss. ex Murray 

Lauraceae 

Beilschmiedia elliptica C.T.White & W.D.Francis Grey Walnut 

Beilschmiedia obtusifolia (F.Muell. ex Meisn.) F.Muell. Blush Walnut 

Cassytha filiformis L. 

Cassytha glabella R.Br. 

Cassytha pubescens R.Br. 

*Cinnamomum camphora (L.) T.Nees & C.H.Eberm. Camphor Laurel 

Cinnamomum oliveri F.M.Bailey Oliver’s Sassafras 

Cinnamomum virens R.T.Baker Red-barked Sassafras 

‡Cryptocarya foetida R.T.Baker TSC-V Stinking Cryptocarya 

Cryptocarya glaucescens R.Br. Jackwood 

Cryptocarya laevigata Blume Red-fruited Laurel, Glossy Laurel 

Cryptocarya microneura Meisn. Murrogun 

Cryptocarya obovata R.Br. Pepperberry 

Cryptocarya rigida Meisn. Forest Maple 

Cryptocarya triplinervis R.Br. Three-veined Cryptocarya, Three-veined Laurel 

Cryptocarya triplinervis var. pubens R.Br. Three-veined Cryptocarya 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor Benth. Rose Walnut, Domatia Tree 

‡Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii B.Hyl<strong>and</strong> TSC-V 

‡Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa Maiden & Betche 2RC- Black Walnut 

‡Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii Kosterm. TSC-V Rusty Rose Walnut 

‡Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. bracteata Meisn. TSC-E Green-leaved Rose Walnut 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. muelleri Meisn. Green-leaved Rose Walnut 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra pubens Meisn. Hairy Walnut 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi Nees Hard Corkwood 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra virens F.Muell. White Apple 

Litsea australis B.Hyl<strong>and</strong> Brown Bolly Gum 

Litsea reticulata (Meisn.) F.Muell Bolly Gum 

Neolitsea australiensis Kosterm. Green Bolly Gum 

Neolitsea dealbata (R.Br.) Merr. Hairy-leaved Bolly Gum 

Lentibulariaceae 

Utricularia gibba L. Floating Bladderwort 

Lobeliaceae 

Lobelia anceps L.f. 

Lobelia gibbosa Labill. Tall Lobelia 

Lobelia trigonocaulis F.Muell. Forest Lobelia 

Pratia purpurascens (R.Br.) E.Wimm. Whiteroot 

Loganiaceae 

Logania pusilla R.Br. 

Mitrasacme alsinoides R.Br. 

245 - Appendix 2



Mitrasacme paludosa R.Br. 

Mitrasacme polymorpha R.Br. 

Loranthaceae 

Amyema cambagei (Blakely) Danser 

Amyema congener subsp. congener (Sieber ex Schult. & 

Schult.f.) Tiegh. 

Amyema mackayense Barlow subsp. mackayense Mangrove Mistletoe 

Amylotheca dictyophleba (F.Muell.) Tiegh. 

Benthamina alyxifolia (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Tiegh. Shiny-leaved Mistletoe 

Dendrophthoe vitellina (F.Muell.) Tiegh. 

Muellerina celastroides (Sieber ex Schult. & Schult.f.) 

Tiegh. 

Lythraceae 

*Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F.Macbr 

Malaceae 

*Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Loquat 

*Rhaphiolepis indica (L.) Lindl. ex Ker Gawl. Indian Hawthorn 

Malvaceae 

Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq. Swamp Hibiscus 

Hibiscus heterophyllus subsp. heterophyllus Vent. Native Rosella, Toilet Paper Bush 

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Cottonwood Hibiscus 

*Sida rhombifolia L. Paddy’s Lucerne 

‡Sida cordifolia L. Rare 

*Urena lobata L. Congo Jute 

Melastomataceae 

Melastoma affine D.Don Blue Tongue, Native Lasi<strong>and</strong>ra 

Meliaceae 

Anthocarapa nitidula (Benth.) T.D.Penn. ex Mabb. Incense Cedar 

Dysoxylum fraserianum (Juss.) Benth. Rosewood, Rose Mahogany 

Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle (Miq.) Mabb. 

Dysoxylum rufum (A. Rich.) Benth Hairy Rosewood 

Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum (Sm.) Juss. Scentless Rosewood 

Toona ciliata M.Roem. Red Cedar 

Menispermaceae 

Carronia multisepalea F.Muell. 

Legnephora moorei (F.Muell.) Miers Round-leaf Vine 

Sarcopetalum harveyanum F.Muell. Pearl Vine 

Stephania aculeata F.M.Bailey Prickly Snake Vine 

Stephania japonica var. discolor (Thunb.) Miers Snake Vine 

‡Tinospora tinosporoides(F.Muell.) Forman TSC-V Arrow-head Vine 

Menyanthaceae 

Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze Water Snowflake 

Villarsia exaltata (Sol. ex Sims) G.Don Yellow Marsh Flower 

Monimiaceae 

Daphn<strong>and</strong>ra tenuipes J.R.Perkins Red-flowered Socketwood 

Doryphora sassafras Endl. Sassafras 

Palmeria sc<strong>and</strong>ens F.Muell. Anchor Vine, Pomegranate Vine 

Wilkiea austroqueensl<strong>and</strong>ica Domin Smooth Wilkiea 

246 - Appendix 2



Wilkiea huegeliana (Tul.) A.DC. Veiny Wilkiea 

Wilkiea macrophylla (R.Cunn.) A.DC. 

Moraceae 

Large-leaved Wilkiea 

Ficus coronata Spin S<strong>and</strong>paper Fig, Creek S<strong>and</strong>paper Fig 

Ficus fraseri Miq. S<strong>and</strong>paper Fig 

Ficus macrophylla Desf. ex Pers. Moreton Bay Fig 

Ficus obliqua G.Forst. Small-leaved Fig 

Ficus rubiginosa Desf. ex Vent. 

Ficus superba var. superba Miq. 

Port Jackson Fig, Rusty Fig 

Ficus virens var. sublanceolata Aiton White Fig 

Ficus watkinsiana F.M.Bailey Strangling Fig 

Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner Cockspur Thorn 

*Morus nigra Britton, N.L. & Brown A. Black Mulberry 

Streblus brunonianus (Endl.) F.Muell. Whalebone Tree 

Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens (Lour.) Hook. & Arn. 

Myoporaceae 

Myoporum acuminatum R.Br. 

Myoporum boninense subsp. australe Koidz.Chinnock 

Myrsinaceae 

Burny Vine 

Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco River Mangrove 

*Ardisia crenata Sims Coralberry 

Embelia australiana (F.Muell.) F.M.Bailey Embelia 

Myrsine howittiana (F.Muell. ex Mez) Jackes Brush Muttonwood 

Myrsine subsessilis F.Muell. Red Muttonwood 

Myrsine variabilis R.Br. 

Myrtaceae 

Muttonwood 

Acmena hemilampra subsp. hemilampra (F.Muell. ex 

F.M.Bailey) Merr. & L.M.Perry 

Broad-leaved Lilly Pilly, Blush Satinash 

Acmena ingens (F.Muell. ex C.Moore) Guymer & 

B.Hyl<strong>and</strong> 

Red Apple 

Acmena smithii (Poir.) Merr. & L.M.Perry Lilly Pilly, Midjuburi (Cadigal) 

Angophora paludosa (G.J.Leach) K.R.Thiele & Ladiges Narrow-leaved Rough-barked Apple 

Angophora subvelutina F.Muell. Broad-leaved Apple 

Archirhodomyrtus beckler (F.Muell.) A.J.Scott Rose Myrtle 

Austromyrtus dulcis (C.T.White) L.S.Sm. 

Babingtonia densifolia (Sm.) F.Muell. 

Babingtonia similis A.R.Bean 

Midgen Berry 

Backhousia myrtifolia Hook. & Harv. 

Baeckea frutescens F. Muell. 

Grey Myrtle, Ironwood 

Callistemon pachyphyllus Cheel Wallum Bottlebrush 

Callistemon salignus (Sm.) Sweet Willow Bottlebrush 

Corymbia gummifera (Gaertn.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson Red Bloodwood 

Corymbia henryi (S.T.Blake) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson Large-leaved Spotted Gum 

Corymbia intermedia (R.T.Baker) K.D.Hill & 


Pink Bloodwood 

Decaspermum humile (G.Don) A.J.Scott Silky Myrtle 

Eucalyptus acmenoides Schauer White Mahogany 

Eucalyptus carnea R.T.Baker Thick-leaved Mahogany 

247 - Appendix 2



Eucalyptus eugenioides Sieber ex Spreng. Thin-leaved Stringybark 

Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is W.Hill ex Maiden Flooded Gum, Rose Gum 

Eucalyptus microcorys F.Muell. Tallowwood 

Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. Blackbutt 

Eucalyptus propinqua H.Deane & Maiden Small-fruited Grey Gum, Grey Gum 

Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. hemilampra (F.Muell.) 

L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill 

Red Mahogany 

Eucalyptus robusta Sm. Swamp Mahogany 

Eucalyptus seeana Maiden Narrow-leaved Red Gum 

Eucalyptus siderophloia Benth. Grey Ironbark 

Eucalyptus signata Sm. Scribbly Gum 

Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. Forest Red Gum 

Eucalyptus tindaliae Blakely Stringybark 

Gossia acmenoides (F.Muell.) N.Snow & Guymer Scrub Ironwood 

Gossia bidwillii (Benth.) N.Snow & Guymer Python Tree 

‡Gossia fragrantissima (F.Muell. ex Benth.) N.Snow & 

Guymer 

TSC-E Sweet Myrtle 

Gossia hillii (Benth.) N.Snow & Guymer 

Gossia punctata N.Snow & Guymer 

Homoranthus virgatus A.Cunn. ex Schauer 

Leptospermum brachy<strong>and</strong>rum (F.Muell.) Druce 

Scaly Myrtle 

Leptospermum juniperinum Sm. Prickly Tea-tree 

Leptospermum laevigatum (Gaertn.) F.Muell. 

Leptospermum liversidgei R.T.Baker & H.G.Sm. 

Leptospermum microcarpum Cheel 

Coast Teatree 

Leptospermum petersonii F.M.Bailey Lemon-scented Teatree 

Leptospermum polygalifolium Salisb. Tantoon 

Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. cismontanum Joy 

Thomps. 

Tantoon 

Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. polygalifolium Salisb. 

Leptospermum semibaccatum Cheel 

Leptospermum speciosum Schauer 

Tantoon 

Leptospermum trinervium (Sm.) Joy Thomps. 

Leptospermum whitei Cheel 

Slender Tea-tree 

Lophostemon confertus (R.Br.) Peter G.Wilson & 

J.T.Waterh. 

Brush Box 

Lophostemon suaveolens (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Peter G.Wilson 

& J.T.Waterh. 

Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel 

Swamp Mahogany, Swamp Turpentine 

Melaleuca linarifolia Sm. 

Melaleuca nodosa (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. 

Flax-leaved Paperbark, Budjur (Gadigal) 

Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake 

Melaleuca sieberi Schauer 

Broad-leaved Paperbark 

Melaleuca squamea Labill. Swamp Honey-myrtle 

Melaleuca styphelioides Sm. 

Ochrosperma citriodorum Penfold & J. L. Willis 

Prickly-leaved Tea Tree 

Ochrosperma lineare (C.T.White) Trudgen Straggly Baeckea 

Pilidiostigma glabrum Burret Plum Myrtle 

248 - Appendix 2



*Psidium cattleianum var. cattleianum Sabine Porpay, Red or Strawberry Guava, Cherry Guava 

*Psidium guajava L. Common Guava, Yellow Guava 

‡Rhodamnia maideniana C.T.White 2RC- Smooth Scrub Turpentine 

Rhodamnia rubescens (Benth.) Miq. Scrub Turpentine 

Rhodomyrtus psidioides (G.Don) Benth. Native Guava 

Syncarpia glomulifera (Sm.) Nied. Turpentine 

Syzygium australe (J.C.Wendl. ex Link) B.Hyl<strong>and</strong> Brush Cherry 

Syzygium corynanthum (F.Muell.) L.A.S.Johnson Sour Cherry 

Syzygium francisii (F.M.Bailey) L.A.S.Johnson Giant Water Gum 

‡Syzygium hodgkinsoniae (F.Muell.) L.A.S.Johnson TSC-V Smooth-barked Rose Apple 

Syzygium luehmannii (F.Muell.) L.A.S.Johnson Small-leaved Lilly Pilly 

‡Syzygium moorei (F.Muell.) L.A.S.Johnson TSC-V Coolamon, Durobby 

Syzygium oleosum (F.Muell.) B.Hyl<strong>and</strong> Blue Lilly Pilly 

Tristaniopsis laurina (Sm.) Peter G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh. Water Gum, Kanooka, Kanuka 

Waterhousea floribunda (F.Muell.) B.Hyl<strong>and</strong> 

Nyctaginaceae 

Weeping Lilly Pilly, Weeping Myrtle 

Pisonia aculeata L. 

Ochnaceae 

Thorny Pisonia 

*Ochna serrulata (Hochst.) Walp. 

Oleaceae 

Mickey Mouse Plant 

Jasminum didymum G.Forst. Jasmine 

Jasminum volubile Jacq. Stiff Jasmine 

*Ligustrum lucidum Aiton Large Leaved Privet 

*Ligustrum sinense Lour. Small Leaved Privet 

Notelaea johnsonii P.S.Green Veinless Mock-olive 

Notelaea longifolia Vent. Large Mock-olive, Large-leaved Olive 

Notelaea venosa F.Muell. 

Veined Mock-olive, Smooth Mock-olive, Largeleaved 

Mock-olive 

Olea paniculata L. 

Onagraceae 

Native Olive, Maulwood 

‡Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Uncommon Willow Primrose 

Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis (Kunth) Raven 

Oxalidaceae 

Oxalis chnoodes Lourteig 

*Oxalis corniculata L. 

Oxalis exilis A.Cunn. 

*Oxalis purpurea Jacq. 

Oxalis radicosa A.Rich. 

Passifloraceae 

Water Primrose 

*Passiflora edulis Sims Common Passionfruit 

*Passiflora foetida var. hispida L. Stinking Passionflower 

Passiflora herbertiana Ker Gawl. Native Passionfruit 

*Passiflora suberosa L. 

*Passiflora suberosa L 

Cork Passionflower, Small Passionfruit 

*Passiflora subpeltata Ortega 

Peperomiaceae 

Peperomia bl<strong>and</strong>a var. floribunda (Miq.) H.Huber 

Phytolaccaceae 

Monococcus echinophorus F.Muell. 

White Passionflower 

249 - Appendix 2



*Phytolacca oct<strong>and</strong>ra L. Inkweed 

*Rivina humilis L. 

Piperaceae 

Coral Berry 

Piper novae-holl<strong>and</strong>iae Miq. 

Pittosporaceae 

Giant Pepper Vine 

Auranticarpa rhombifolia (A.Cunn. ex Hook.) L.W.Cayzer 

et al. 

Holley-leaved Pittosporum, White Hollywood 

Bursaria spinosa Cav. Blackthorn, Boxthorn, Sweet Bursaria 

Hymenosporum flavum (Hook.) F.Muell. Native Frangipani 

Pittosporum multiflorum (A.Cunn. ex Loudon) L.W.Cayzer 

et al. 

Orange Thorn 

Pittosporum revolutum Dry<strong>and</strong>. ex W.T.Aiton Wild Yellow Jasmine, Rough–fruit Pittosporum 

Pittosporum undulatum Vent. 

Plantaginaceae 

Native Daphne, Sweet Pittosporum 

Veronica calycina R.Br. Hairy Speedwell 

Veronica plebeia R.Br. 

Polygalaceae 

Trailing Speedwell, Creeping Speedwell 

‡Polygala japonica Houtt. 

*Polygala paniculata L 

Polygonaceae 

TSC-E 

Persicaria decipiens (R.Br.) K.L.Wilson 

Persicaria dichotoma (Blume) Masam. 

Slender knotweed, Slender Knotweed 

‡Persicaria elatior R. Br. 

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 

TSC-V 

Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach 

Persicaria strigosa (R.Br.) H.Gross 

Princes Feathers 

Rumex brownii Campd. Swamp Dock 

*Rumex obtusifolius subsp. obtusifolius L. 

Polyosmaceae 

Broadleaf Dock 

Polyosma cunninghamii Benn. 

Proteaceae 

Featherwood 

Banksia aemula R.Br. Wallum Banksia 

Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha (A.S.George) Heath-leaved Banksia 

Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia L.f. 

Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola K.R.Thiele 

Coast Banksia 

Banksia oblongifolia Cav. Fern-leaved Banksia 

Banksia robur Cav. Swamp Banksia 

Banksia serrata L.f. Old-man Banksia, Wiriyagan (Cadigal) 

Conospermum taxifolium C.F.Gaertn. 

Variable Smoke-bush, Yew-leaf Smoke Bush, 

Paint Brush 

‡Grevillea hilliana F.Muell. TSC-E White Yiel Yiel, White Silky Oak 

Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br. 

Hakea florulenta Meisn. 

Silky Oak 

Helicia ferruginea F.Muell. Rusty Helicia, Rusty Oak, Hairy Honeysuckle 

Helicia glabriflora F.Muell. 

Smooth or Pale Helicia, Pale Oak, Leather Oak, 

Brown Oak 

Lomatia silaifolia (Sm.) R.Br. Crinkle Bush, Fern-leaved Lomatia, Parsley Bush 

250 - Appendix 2



‡Macadamia tetraphylla L.A.S.Johnson 

Persoonia cornifolia A.Cunn. ex R.Br. 

TSC-V 

Persoonia linearis Andrews 

Persoonia media R.Br. 

Persoonia stradbrokensis Domin 

Narrow-leaved Geebung 

Persoonia tenuifolia R.Br. 

Persoonia virgata R.Br. 

Fine-leaf Geebung 

Petrophile canescens A.Cunn. ex R.Br. Conesticks 

Stenocarpus sinuatus R.Br. 

Strangea linearis Meisn. 

Scrub Beefwood 

Triunia youngiana (C.Moore & F.Muell.) L.A.S.Johnson 

& B.G.Briggs 

Quintiniaceae 

Spice Bush, Native Honeysuckle, Red Nut 

Quintinia verdonii F.Muell. 

Ranunculaceae 

Grey Possumwood, Smooth Possumwood 

Clematis glycinoides Benth. Headache Vine 

Clematis glycinoides var. submutica Benth. Headache Vine 

Ranunculus inundatus R.Br. ex DC. River Buttercup 

*Ranunculus repens L. Creeping Buttercup 

*Ranunculus sceleratus L. 

Rhamnaceae 

Celery Buttercup 

Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Benth. Red Ash 

Emmenosperma alphitonioides F.Muell. 

Pomaderris argyrophylla subsp. argyrophylla N. A. Wakef 

Pomaderris discolor (Vent.) Poir. 

Rhizophoraceae 

Yellow Ash Bonewood Yellow Almond Grey 

Ash, Yellow Rosewood Pink Ooline 

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. Black Mangrove 

Rhizophora stylosa Griff. 

Ripogonaceae 

Spider Mangrove, Red Mangrove, Stilt-rooted 

Mangrove 

Ripogonum album R.Br. White Supplejack 

Ripogonum brevifolium Conran & Clifford Small-leaved Supplejack 

Ripogonum discolor F.Muell. Prickly Supplejack 

Ripogonum elseyanum F.Muell. Hairy Supplejack 

Ripogonum fawcettianum F.Muell. ex Benth. 

Rosaceae 

Small Supplejack 

*Potentilla indica (Jacks.) Th.Wolf Indian Strawberry 

Rubus moluccanus var. trilobus A.R.Bean Molucca Bramble 

Rubus parvifolius L. Native Raspberry 

Rubus rosifolius Sm. 

Roussaceae 

Rose-leaf Bramble, Native Raspberry 

Abrophyllum ornans (F.Muell.) Hook.f. ex Benth. 

Rubiaceae 

Native Hydrangea 

Asperula gemella Airy Shaw & Turrill Twin-leaved Bedstraw 

Atractocarpus benthamianus (F.Muell.) Puttock Native Gardenia 

Atractocarpus chartaceus (F.Muell.) Puttock 

Coelospermum paniculatum F.Muell. 

Thin-leaved Gardenia Narrow-leaved Gardenia 

251 - Appendix 2



*C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica L. C<strong>of</strong>fee 

Cyclophyllum longipetalum S.T.Reynolds & R.J.F.Hend. 

Hodgkinsonia ovatiflora F.Muell. 

Coast Canthium 

Ixora beckleri Benth. Native Ixora 

Morinda canthoides (F.Muell.) Halford & R.J.F.Hend. Veiny Morinda 

Morinda jasminoides A.Cunn. Sweet Morinda 

Pomax umbellata (Gaertn.) Sol. ex A.Rich. Billy Buttons 

Psychotria loniceroides Sieber ex DC. Hairy Psychotria 

Psychotria simmondsiana F.M. Small Psychotria 

Psydrax lamprophyllum (F.Muell.) Bridson Large-leaved Canthium 

Psydrax odorata (G.Forst.) A.C.Sm. & S.P.Darwin Shiny-leaved Canthium, Iamboto 

‡R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei F.Muell. ex Benth. TSC-E Spiny Gardenia 

*Richardia brasiliensis Gomes 

Rutaceae 

White Eye, Mexican Clover 

‡Acronychia baeuerlenii T.G.Hartley 3RC- Byron Bay Acronychia 

Acronychia imperforata F.Muell. Logan Apple 

‡Acronychia littoralis T.G.Hartley & J.B.Williams TSC-E Scented Acronychia 

Acronychia oblongifolia (A.Cunn. ex Hook.) Endl. ex 

Heynh. 

White Aspen, Yellow Wood 

Acronychia pubescens (F.M.Bailey) C.T.White Hairy Acronychia 

Acronychia wilcoxiana (F.Muell.) T.G.Hartley 

Boronia falcifolia A. Cunn. Ex Lindl. 

Boronia rosmarinifolia A.Cunn. ex Endl. 

Silver Aspen 

Bosistoa pentacocca var. pentacocca (F.Muell.) Baill. Ferny-leaf Bosistoa 

‡Bosistoa transversa J.F.Bailey & C.T.White TSC-V Three-leaved Bosistoa 

Bouchardatia neurococca (F.Muell.) Baill. Union Nut 

*Citrus australasica F.Muell. Finger Lime 

*Citrus taitensis Risso 

Rough Lemon, Rangpur Lime, Wild Lemon, 

Bush Lemon 

Flindersia australis R.Br. Crows Ash, Australian Teak 

Flindersia bennettiana F.Muell. ex Benth. Bennett’s Ash 

Flindersia schottiana F.Muell. Cudgerie, Bumpy Ash, Southern Silver Ash 

Geijera salicifolia Schott Green Satinheart 

Halfordia kendack F.Muell. Saffron Heart 

Medicosma cunninghamii (Hook.) Hook.f. Pinkheart, Bonewood 

Melicope elleryana (F.Muell.) T.G.Hartley Pink-flowered Doughwood 

Melicope hayesii T.G.Hartley 

*Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack 

Small-leaved Doughwood 

Nematolepis squamea subsp. squamea (Labill.) Paul 

G.Wilson 

Satinwood 

Pentaceras australe (F.Muell.) Hook.f. ex Benth. Bastard Crow’s Ash, Black Teak, Penta Ash 

Sarcomelicope simplicifolia subsp. simplicifolia (Endl.) 

T.G.Hartley 

Big Yellow Wood, Yellow Wood 

Zieria laevigata Bonpl. 

Smooth Zieria, Smooth-leaved Zieria, Twiggy 

Midge Bush 

Zieria laxiflora (Benth.) Domin Wallum Zieria 

Zieria smithii Jacks. S<strong>and</strong>fly Zieria, Smithian Zieria, Dr Smith’s Zieria 

252 - Appendix 2



Santalaceae 


Exocarpos cupressiformis Labill. Cherry Ballart, Native Cherry 

Exocarpos latifolius R.Br. Broad-leaved Native Cherry 

Leptomeria acida R.Br. 

Leptomeria drupacea (Labill.) Druce 

Sapindaceae 

Native Currant, Sour Currant Bush 

Alectryon coriaceous (Benth.) Radlk. Beach Alectryon, Beach Birds Eye 

Alectryon subcinereus (A.Gray) Radlk. Native Quince, Wild Quince, Bird’s Eye 

Alectryon tomentosus (F.Muell.) Radlk. Hairy Bird’s Eye, Bed-jacket 

Arytera distylis (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Radlk. Twin-leaved Coogera 

Arytera divaricata F.Muell. Coogera, Rose Tamarind 

Atalaya multiflora Benth. Broad-leaved Whitewood 

Atalaya salicifolia (A.DC.) Blume Brush Whitewood 

Cardiospermum gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum Sweet Balloon Vine 

Cupaniopsis anacardioides (A.Rich.) Radlk. Tuckeroo 

‡Cupaniopsis newmanii S.T.Reynolds 2RC- Long-leaved Tuckeroo 

Cupaniopsis parvifolia (F.M.Bailey) L.A.S.Johnson Small-leaved Tuckeroo 

‡Diploglottis campbellii Cheel TSC-E Small-leaved Tamarind 

Diploglottis cunninghamia (Hook.) Hook.f. ex Native Tamarind 

Dodonaea triquetra J.C.Wendl. Hop Bush 

Elattostachys nervosa (F.Muell.) Radlk. Beetroot Tree 

Guioa semiglauca (F.Muell.) Radlk. Guioa 

Harpullia alata F.Muell. Wing-leaved Tulip 

Harpullia hillii F.Muell. Blunt-leaved Tulip 

Harpullia pendula Planch. ex F.Muell. Tulipwood 

Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus forma pseudorhus 

(A.Rich.) Radlk. 

Foam Bark Tree, Foambark Tree 

‡Lepiderema pulchella Radlk. TSC-V Fine-leaved Tuckeroo 

Mischocarpus anodontus (F.Muell.) Radlk. Fine-leaved Brush Apple, Pear-fruited Tamarind 

Mischocarpus australis S.T.Reynolds Shiny Brush Apple, Red Pear Fruit 

Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. pyriformis (F.Muell.) Radlk. Pear-fruited Tamarind 

Sarcopteryx stipata (F.Muell.) Radlk. Steelwood, Corduroy 

Toechima dasyrrhache Radlk. 

Toechima tenax (A.Cunn. ex Benth.) Radlk 

Sapotaceae 

Blunt-leaved Steelwood 

Pouteria australis (R.Br.) Baehni Black Apple 

Pouteria chartacea (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Baehni Thin-leaved Plum, Thin-leaved Coondoo 

Pouteria myrsinifolia (F.Muell.) Jessup Blunt-leaved Coondoo, Yellow Plumwood 

Pouteria pohlmaniana var. pohlmaniana(F.Muell.) Baehni. Yellow Boxwood 

Niemeyera antiloga (F.Muell.) T.D.Penn. Brown Pearwood 

Pouteria queensl<strong>and</strong>ica (P.Royen) Jessup 

Scrophulariaceae 

Blush Coondoo 

‡Artanema fimbriatum D.Don Uncommon 

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell 

Simaroubaceae 

Bacopa, Brahmi 

Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston 

Solanaceae 

White Bean, White Siris 

*Cestrum nocturnum L. Lady-<strong>of</strong>-the-Night 

253 - Appendix 2



Duboisia myoporoides R.Br. 

Poison Corkwood, Yellow Basswood 

Corkwood, Eye–opening Tree, Poisonous 

Corkwood 

*Physalis peruviana L. Cape Gooseberry 

Solanum americanum Mill. Glossy Nightshade 

*Solanum capsicoides All. 

Solanum densevestitum F.Muell. ex Benth. 

Devil’s Apple 

*Solanum mauritianum Scop. Wild Tobacco Bush 

*Solanum nigrum L. Black-berry Nightshade 

Solanum prinophyllum Dunal Forest Nightshade 

*Solanum pseudocapsicum L. Madeira Winter or Jerusalem Cherry 

*Solanum seaforthianum Andrews 

Stackhousiaceae 

Stackhousia nuda Lindl. 

Sterculiaceae 

Climbing Nightshade 

Brachychiton acerifolius Flame Tree 

Commersonia bartramia (L.) Merr. Brown Kurrajong 

Heritiera trifoliolata (F.Muell.) Kosterm. White Booyong, Crowsfoot Elm 

Sterculia quadrifida R.Br. 

Stylidiaceae 

Red-fruited Kurrajong, Peanut Tree 

Stylidium debile var. debile F.Muell. Frail Triggerplant 

Stylidium laricifoium Rich 

Surianaceae 

Guilfoylia monostylis (Benth.) F.Muell. 

Symplocaceae 

Giant Trigger Plant 

Symplocos stawellii F.Muell. White Hazelwood 

Symplocos thwaitesii F.Muell. 

Theophrastaceae 

Buff Hazelwood, Buff Hazelwood 

Samolus repens (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Pers. 

Thymelaeaceae 

Pimelea ligustrina Labill. 

Creeping Brookweed 

Pimelea linifolia Sm. Slender Rice Flower 

Pimelea linifolia subsp. collina (R.Br.) Threlfall 

Wikstroemia indica (L.) C.A.Mey. 

Tiliaceae 

Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 

Trem<strong>and</strong>raceae 

Slender Rice Flower 

Tetratheca thymifolia Sm. 

Ulmaceae 

Thyme Pink-bells, Black-eyed Susan 

Aphananthe philippinensis Planch. Rough-leaved Elm, Native Elm 

Celtis paniculata (Endl.) Planch. Native Celtis 

*Celtis sinensis Pers. Japanese Hackberry 

Trema tomentosa var. viridis (Roxb.) H.Hara 

Urticaceae 

Native Peach, Poison Peach 

Dendrocnide excelsa (Wedd.) Chew Giant Stinging Tree 

‡Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) Chew, TSC-E Gympie Stinger 

Dendrocnide photinophylla (Kunth) Chew Shiny-leaved Stinging Tree 

254 - Appendix 2



Pipturus argenteus (G.Forst.) Wedd. 

Uvulariaceae 

Tripladenia cunninghamii D.Don 

Verbenaceae 

Native Mulberry, La Masigogo, Kwelakwela, 

Tare, Koro 

Callicarpa pedunculata R.Br. Callicarpa 

*Duranta erecta L. 

*Verbena hispida Ruiz & Pav. 

Sky Flower 

Verbena incompta P.W.Michael Purpletop 

Gmelina leichhardtii (F.Muell.) Benth. White Beech 

Clerodendrum floribundum R.Br. Smooth Clerodendrum 

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Scrambling Clerodendrum 

Clerodendrum tomentosum R.Br. Hairy Clerodendrum, Downy Chance Tree 

Lantana camara L. 

Violaceae 

Lantana 

Viola hederacea Labill. 

Hybanthus stellarioides (Domin) P.I.Forst. 

Ivy-leaved Violet 

Viola betonicifolia Sm. 

Viola banksii K.R.Thiele & Prober 

Viscaceae 

Native Violet 

Notothixos cornifolius Oliv. 

Notothixos incanus (Hook.) Oliv. 

Kurrajong Mistletoe 

Notothixos subaureus Oliv. 

Vitaceae 

Cayratia acris (F.Muell.) Domin 

Golden Mistletoe 

Cayratia clematidea (F.Muell.) Domin 

Cissus antarctica Vent. 

Cissus hypoglauca A.Gray 

Native Grape 

Cissus sterculiifolia (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Planch. 

Tetrastigma nitens (F.Muell.) Planch. 

Winteraceae 

Yaroong 

Tasmannia insipida R.Br. ex DC. 

Monocots 

Amaryllidaceae 

Brush Pepperbush 

Crinum pedunculatum R.Br. 

Anthericaceae 

Swamp Lily, River Lily 

Arthropodium milleflorum (DC.) J.F.Macbr. 

Arthropodium minus R.Br. 

Pale Vanilla-lily 

Caesia parviflora var. parviflora R.Br. 

Laxmannia compacta Conran & P.I.Forst. 

Pale Grass-lily 

Laxmannia gracilis R.Br. Slender Wire Lily 

Tricoryne elatior R.Br. 

Araceae 

Yellow rush lily, Yellow Autumn-lily 

Alocasia brisbanensis (F.M.Bailey) Domin Cunjevoi, Spoon Lily 

Gymnostachys anceps R.Br. Settlers’s Twine, Boorgay 

*Monstera deliciosa Liebm. Fruit Salad Plant 

Pothos longipes Schott Pothos 

255 - Appendix 2



Arecaceae 


*Archontophoenix alex<strong>and</strong>rae (H.Wendl.) H.Wendl. & 

Drude 

Alex<strong>and</strong>ra Palm, King Alex<strong>and</strong>er Palm 

Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (H.Wendl.) H.Wendl. & 

Drude 

Bangalow Palm, Piccabeen 

Calamus muelleri H.Wendl. & Drude Southern Lawyer Cane, Wait-a-while 

Linospadix monostachya (C.Mart.) H.Wendl. Walking Stick Palm 

Livistona australis (R.Br.) Mart. 

Cabbage Fan-palm, Cabbage-tree Palm, Cabbage 

Tree Palm, Daranggara 

*Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana 

Asparagaceae 

*Asparagus aethiopicus (L.) Oberm. 

*Asparagus africanus (Lam.) Oberm. 

Queen Palm 

*Asparagus plumosus (Baker) Oberm. 

Asteliaceae 

Climbing Asparagus Fern 

‡Cordyline congesta (Sweet) Steud. 2RC- 

Cordyline petiolaris (Domin) Pedley Broad-leaved Palm Lily 

Cordyline rubra Otto & A.Dietr. Palm-lily 

Cordyline stricta (Sims) Endl. 

Balsaminaceae 

*Impatiens walleriana Hook.f. 

Colchicaceae 

Narrow-leaved Palm Lily 

Burchardia umbellata R.Br. Milkmaids 

*Gloriosa superba L. 

Commelinaceae 

Aneilema acuminatum R.Br. 

*Commelina benghalensi L. 

Glory Lily, Climbing Lily 

Commelina cyanea R.Br. 

Murdannia graminea (R.Br.) G.A.Br ckn. 

Native W<strong>and</strong>ering Jew 

Pollia crispata (R.Br.) Benth. Pollia 

*Tradescantia fluminensis Vell. 

Cyperaceae 

Abildgaardia ovata (Burm.f.) Kral 

W<strong>and</strong>ering Jew 

Baumea articulata (R.Br.) S.T.Blake Jointed Twig-rush 

Baumea juncea. R.Br 

Baumea muelleri (C.B.Clarke) S.T.Blake 

Baumea rubiginosa (Spreng.) Boeck. 

Baumea teretifolia R.Br. 

Bolboschoenus caldwellii (V.J.Cook) Sojak 

Twig Rush 

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis (Torr.) Sojak Marsh Club-rush 

Carex appressa R.Br. 

Carex breviculmis R.Br. 

Carex gaudichaudiana Kunth 

Carex inversa Boott 

Carex maculata Boott 

Caustis recurvata Spreng. 

Choriz<strong>and</strong>ra cymbaria R.Br. 

Cladium procerum S.T.Blake 

Tall Sedge 

256 - Appendix 2



*Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. 

Cyperus eglobosus K.L.Wilson 

Cyperus enervis R.Br. 

Cyperus exaltatus Retz. 

Cyperus gracilis R.Br. Slender Flat-sedge 

Cyperus gunnii subsp. gunnii Hook.f. 

Cyperus haspan subsp. juncoides (Lam.) Kuek. 

Cyperus lucidus R.Br. Leafy Flat Sedge 

Cyperus pilosus Vahl 

Cyperus polystachyos (Rottb.) P.Beauv. 

Cyperus sphaeroideus L.A.S.Johnson & O.D.Evans 

Cyperus stradbrokensis Domin 

Cyperus tetraphyllus R.Br. 

Cyperus trinervis R.Br. 

Eleocharis acuta R.Br. 

Eleocharis dietrichiana Boeck. 

Eleocharis equisetina C.Presl 

*Eleocharis minuta Boeck. 

Eleocharis sphacelata R.Br. 

‡Eleocharis tetraquetra Nees 

Exocarya scleroides (F.Muell.) Benth. 

Isolepis nodosa (Rottb.) Goetgh. et al. Knobby Club Rush 

Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl Common Fringe-sedge 

Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl 

Fimbristylis tristachya R.Br. 

Gahnia aspera (R.Br.) Spreng. Rough Saw-sedge 

Gahnia clarkei Benl Tall Saw-sedge 

Gahnia insignis S.T.Blake 

Gahnia sieberiana Kunth Red-fruit Saw-sedge 

Isolepis cernua (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. Nodding Club-rush 

Isolepis inundata (R.Br.) Poir. 

Lepidosperma laterale R.Br. 

Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin 

Ptilothrix deusta (R.Br.) K.L.Wilson 

Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton 

Rhynchospora rubra (Lour.) Makino 

Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla ex A.Kern. 

Schoenoplectus subulatus (Vahl) Lye 

Schoenus apogon Roem. & Schult. Common Bog-rush, Fluke Bog-rush 

Schoenus brevifolius R.Br. Black Bog-rush 

Schoenus ericetorum R.Br. 

Schoenus nitens (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult 

‡Scleria levis Retz. Rare 

Scleria mackaviensis Boeck. 

‡Scleria rugosa R.Br. Rare 

Dioscoreaceae 

Dioscorea transversa R.Br. Native Yam 

257 - Appendix 2



Flagellariaceae 


Flagellaria indica L. 

Hydrocharitaceae 

Whip Vine, Bush Cane, Supplejack 

Ottelia ovalifolia subsp. ovalifolia (R.Br.) Rich. 

Hypoxidaceae 

Swamp Lily 

Hypoxis hygrometrica Labill. Golden Weather Grass 

Hypoxis hygrometrica var. villosisepala R.J.F.Hend. 

Iridaceae 

Golden Weather Grass 

Patersonia fragilis (Labill.) Asch. & Graebn. Swamp Iris 

Patersonia glabrata R.Br. Leafy Purple-flag, Bugulbi 

Patersonia sericea R.Br. Silky Purple-Flag 

Sisyrinchium species A 

Juncaceae 

*Juncus cognatus Kunth 

Scourweed 

Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis Hochst. 

Juncus mollis L.A.S.Johnson 

Juncus prismatocarpus R.Br. 

Juncus subsecundus N.A.Wakef. 

Juncus usitatus L.A.S.Johnson 

Juncaginaceae 

Triglochin multifructum Aston 

Sea Rush 

Triglochin procerum R.Br. Water Ribbons 

Triglochin striatum Ruiz & Pav. 

Lom<strong>and</strong>raceae 

Streaked Arrowgrass 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra confertifolia subsp. pallida (F.M.Bailey) Fahn 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra elongata (Benth.) Ewart 

Mat-rush 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra filiformis (Thunb.) Britten Wattle Mat-rush 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra filiformis subsp. filiformis (Thunb.) Britten Wattle Mat-rush 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra glauca (R.Br.) Ewart 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra hystrix (R.Br.) L.R.Fraser & Vickery 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra laxa (R.Br.) A.T.Lee 

Pale Mat-rush 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia Labill. Spiny-headed Mat-rush, Honey Reed 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra multiflora subsp. multiflora (R.Br.) Britten 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra spicata A.T.Lee 

Luzuriagaceae 

Many-flowered Mat-rush 

Eustrephus latifolius R.Br. ex Ker Gawl. Wombat Berry 

Geitonoplesium cymosum (R.Br.) A.Cunn. ex Hook. 

Nymphaeaceae 

Scrambling Lily 

*Nymphaea caerulea subsp. zanzibarensis (Casp.) 

S.W.L.Jacobs 

Orchidaceae 

Cape Waterlily 

‡Acianthus amplexicaulis (F.M. Bailey) Rolfe 2RC- 

Acianthus pusillus D.L.Jones Gnat Orchid 

‡Arthrochilus prolixus D.L.Jones 2K 

Caladenia carnea R.Br. Pink Fairy, Pink Fingers 

Caladenia catenata (Sm.) Druce White Caladenia, White Fingers 

Caleana major R.Br. 

Cheirostylis notialis D.L.Jones 

Large Duck Orchid 

258 - Appendix 2



Chiloglottis diphylla R.Br. 


Corybas aconitiflorus Salisb. Spurred Helmet Orchid 

Cryptostylis erecta F.Muell. ex Benth. Bonnet Orchid, Tartan Tongue Orchid 

Cryptostylis subulata (Labill.) Rchb.f. 

Cymbidium madidum Lindl. 

Large Tongue Orchid 

Cymbidium suave R.Br. Snake Orchid 

Dendrobium aemulum R.Br. 

Dendrobium bowmanii Benth. 

Ironbark Orchid, White Feather Orchid 

Dendrobium kingianum Bidwill ex Lindl. Pink Rock Orchid 

Dendrobium linguiforme (Sw.) Brieger Tongue Orchid 

‡Dendrobium melaleucaphilum M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones TSC-E Spider Orchid 

Dendrobium monophyllum F.Muell. 

Dipodium punctatum (Sm.) R.Br. 

Dipodium variegatum M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones 

Lily-<strong>of</strong>-the-valley Orchid 

‡Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr TSC-E Shepherds Crook Orchid 

‡Oberonia complanata (A.Cunn.) M.A.Clem. & 

D.L.Jones 

‡Oberonia titania Lindl. 

TSC-E 

‡Peristeranthus hillii (F.Muell.) T.E.Hunt TSC-V 

Plectorrhiza tridentata (Lindl.) Dockrill Tangle Orchid 

Pterostylis baptistii Fitzg. King Greenhood, King Greenhood 

Pterostylis nutans R.Br. Nodding Greenhood 

Pterostylis pedunculata R.Br. Maroonhood 

Thelymitra purpurata Rupp 

P<strong>and</strong>anaceae 

Wallum Sun Orchid 

P<strong>and</strong>anus tectorius var. australianus Parkinson ex Du Roi 

Philydraceae 

Screw Pine 

Philydrum lanuginosum (Banks & Sol.) Gaertn. 

Phormiaceae 

Woolly Waterlily, Frogmouth 

‡Dianella brevipedunculata R.J.F.Hend. Rare 

Dianella caerulea Sims 

Dianella congesta R.Br. 

Dianella crinoides R.J.F.Hend. 

Blue Flax-lily 

Dianella longifolia R.Br. Blueberry Lily, Blue Flax-lily 

Dianella longifolia var. longifolia R.Br. 

Dianella revoluta var. revoluta R.Br. 

Poaceae 

Blueberry Lily, Blue Flax-lily 

*Andropogon virginicus L. Whisky Grass, Broomsedge 

Aristida vagans Cav. Threeawn Speargrass 

*Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. Broad-leafed Carpet Grass 

*Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi) Kuhlm. Narrow-leafed Carpet Grass 

Bothriochloa decipiens (Hack.) C.E.Hubb. Red Grass, Redleg Grass, Pitted Bluegrass 

Bothriochloa macra (Steud.) S.T.Blake Red Grass, Red-leg Grass 

Capillipedium parviflorum (R.Br.) Stapf Scented-top Grass 

Capillipedium spicigerum S.T.Blake Scented-top Grass 

Cenchrus caliculatus Cav. Hillside Burrgrass 

*Chloris gayana Kunth Rhodes Grass 

Chrysopogon filipes (Benth.) Reeder Australian Vetiver 

259 - Appendix 2



Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Barbed Wire Grass 

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Couch, Bermudagrass 

Dichelachne micrantha (Cav.) Domin Shorthair Plumegrass 

Digitaria parviflora (R.Br.) Hughes 

Digitaria ramularis (Trin.) Henrard 

Small-flowered Finger Grass 

Diplachne fusca (L.) P.Beauv. Brown Beetle Grass 

Echinopogon ovatus G.Forst.) P.Beauv. Forest Hedgehog Grass 

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P.Beauv. Barnyard Grass 

Entolasia marginata R. Br. Bordered Panic 

Entolasia stricta (R.Br.) Hughes 

Eragrostis benthamii Mattei 

Wiry Panic 

Eragrostis brownii (Kunth) Nees Brown’s Lovegrass 

*Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees 

Eragrostis interrupta (R.Br.) P.Beauv 

African Lovegrass 

Eragrostis leptostachya Steud. 

Eragrostis pubescens (R.Br.) Steud. 

Paddock Lovegrass 

*Eragrostis tenuifolia (Rich.) Hochst. ex Steud. Elastic Grass 

Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C.E.Hubb. Spring Grass 

Hemarthria uncinata R.Br. Matgrass 

Imperata cylindrica var. major P.Beauv. Blady Grass 

Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze Swamp Millet 

Ischaemum australe R.Br. 

Ischaemum triticeum R.Br. 

Lachnagrostis billardierei (Br.) Trin. 

Lachnagrostis filiformis (G.Forst.) Trin. 

Swamp Millet 

Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra Sw. Swamp Ricegrass 

*Melinis minutiflora P.Beauv. Molasses Grass 

*Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka Red Natal Grass 

Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides (Labill.) R.Br. 

Oplismenus aemulus (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult. 

Oplismenus imbecillis (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult. 

Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis (Ard.) P.Beauv. 

Ottochloa gracillima C.E.Hubb. 

Weeping Grass 

*Panicum bisulcatum Thunb. Black-seeded Panic 

Panicum effusum R.Br. 

Panicum lachnophyllum Benth. 

Hairy Panic 

*Panicum maximum Jacq. Guinea Grass 

Panicum pygmaeum R.Br. Pygmy Panic, Dwarf Panic 

Panicum simile Domin 

Paspalidium distans (Trin.) Hughes 

Paspalidium gausum S.T.Blake 

Two-colour Panic, Two-colour Panic 

Paspalidium gracile (R.Br.) Hughes Slender Panic 

*Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius 

Sour Grass, Yellow Grass, Hilo Grass, Johnston 

River Grass 

*Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Paspalum 

Paspalum distichum L. Water Couch 

Paspalum orbiculare G.Forst. Ditch Millet 

*Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Scrobic 

260 - Appendix 2



*Paspalum urvillei Steud. Vasey Grass 

Paspalum vaginatum L. Saltwater Couch 

*Paspalum wettsteinii Hack. 

*Phalaris minor Retz. Lesser Canary Grass 

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed 

Pseudoraphis paradoxa (R.Br.) Pilg. Slender Mud-grass, Slender Mudgrass 

Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Vickery Mud Grass 

*Setaria gracilis Kunth Slender Pigeon Grass 

*Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. South African Pigeon Grass, Setaria 

*Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. Parramatta Grass 

Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase Indian Cupscale Grass 

Sporobolus sessilis B.K.Simon 

Sporobolus virginicus var. minor F.M.Bailey Marine Couch, Saltwater Couch 

Themeda australis (R.Br.) Stapf Kangaroo Grass 

Zoysia macrantha Desv. Prickly Couch 

Restionaceae 

Baloskion pallens (R.Br.) L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs 

Baloskion tenuiculme (S.T.Blake) L.A.S.Johnson & 

B.G.Briggs 

Baloskion tetraphyllum (Labill.) L.A.S.Johnson & 

B.G.Briggs 

Coleocarya gracilis S.T.Blake 

Empodisma minus (Hook.f.) L.A.S.Johnson & D.F.Cutler 

Eurychorda complanata (R.Br.) B.G.Briggs & 


Hypolaena fastigiata R.Br. 

Leptocarpus tenax (Labill.) R.Br. 

Sporadanthus interruptus (F.Muell.) L.A.S.Johnson & 

B.G.Briggs 

Smilacaceae 

Smilax australis R.Br. Lawyer Vine, Wait-a-while, Barbwire Vine 

Smilax glyciphylla Sm. Sweet Sarsaparilla 

Sparganiaceae 

Sparganium subglobosum Morong Floating Burr-reed 

Typhaceae 

Typha domingensis Pers. Narrow-leaved Cumbungi 

Typha benthamii C. Presl. Broadleaf Cumbungi 

Xanthorrhoeaceae 

Xanthorrhoea australis R.Br. Grass Tree 

Xanthorrhoea fulva (A.T.Lee) D.J.Bedford 

Xanthorrhoea johnsoni A.T.Lee 

Xanthorrhoea macronema F.Muell. ex Benth 

Xyridaceae 

Xyris complanata R.Br. 

Xyris gracilis R.Br. 

Zingiberaceae 

Alpinia arundelliana (F.M.Bailey) K.Schum. Native Ginger 

Alpinia caerulea (R.Br.) Benth. Native Ginger 

Hedychium gardnerianum ex Ker Gawl. Ginger Lily 

261 - Appendix 2

Appendix 3 - Full Dendogram 

(UPGMA, Bray_Curtis association measure, Beta=-(0.1). <strong>Vegetation</strong> group 1_ Saline influence; <strong>Vegetation</strong> Group 2- Group 2 Freshwater, seasonally/ permanently inundated 

soils; Group 3 Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> headl<strong>and</strong>; Group 4 Forests on alluvium or fine-textured soils <strong>of</strong> coastal floodplains <strong>and</strong> foothills 

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 

Assemblage Community | | | | | | 

Assemblage 1(b) Saltmarsh/ Community 1 Saltmarsh 

saline grassl<strong>and</strong>s 

BALL01ESEX ______________________ 

BRU01lach ______________ | 

POT07esticd _______ | | 

POT08esticd ______|______|_______|_______________ 

BALL06ESTBA ______________________ | 

Community 2 Blue Couch–Prickly 

Couch grassl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the estuarine 

WOO13estss _____________________|____ | 

plains 

GIB01allv _______________________ | | 

Community 3 Broad-leaved 

Paperbark–Swamp Oak swamp 

sclerophyll alluvial plain open forest 

Assemblage 1(c) Swamp 

Oak forests, sedgel<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> 

rushl<strong>and</strong>s 

WOO10albk ___________ | | | 

WOO11albk ________ | | | | 


WOO12albk _______|__|________ | | | 

WOO16alvf __________________|___|__|__ | 

BALL16estcbb __________________ | | 

WOO15allv _________________|___ | | 

BRU26ESTICD ___________________ | | | 

BYR30estsswp __________________|_|___ | | 

Community 4 Swamp Oak–Broadleaved 

Paperbark estuarine <strong>and</strong> 

alluvial plain swamp sclerophyll 

forest 

WAR14albk _________________ | | | 

WAR30CBRDG ______________ | | | | 

WAR49albk ____________ | | | | | 

WAR50alun ___________|_|__|____ | | | 

WOO23estsswp ____________________|__|___|___ |

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


BIL03LSRH _________________ | | 

TWE14estsswp _____________ | | | 

Community 5 Milky Mangrove– 

Swamp Oak–Grey Mangrove kingtide 

forest 

TWE26albk ____________|___|___ | | 

MUR02allv ______________ | | | 

WAR16estch _____________|___ | | | 

MUR03albk ________________|__|______ | | 

Community 6 Swamp Oak–Hoop 

Pine–Tuckeroo swamp sclerophyll/ 

dry ‘gallery’ floodplain rainforest BIL09albk _________________________|____|____ | 

BALL14estcbb ________ | | 

WOO20estcbb _______|_______ | | 

Community 7 Prickly Couch–Sea 

Rush–Schoenoplectus subulatus 

saltmarsh 

Assemblage 1(d) Sedgel<strong>and</strong>/ 

Rushl<strong>and</strong> 

WOO02estss __ | | | 

WOO25estch _|_________ | | | 

WOO14estss __________|___|___________ | | 

BYR03cbrdg _______ | | | 

BYR39cbdne ______|____ | | | 

Community 8 Swamp Oak king-tide 

swamp sclerophyll forest 


BYR26estsswp __________|___ | | | 

BYR27estsswp _______ | | | | 

BYR28estsswp ______|______|___________|_____ | | 

TWE09estsswp ____________ | | | 

TWE20esttdf ___________|________ | | | 

Community 9 Sea Rush–Matgrass 

saltmarsh 

TWE25esttdf ___________________|__________|___|_|______ 

BALL03ESSW ________________ | 


Paperbark–Swamp Oak–fern/sedge 


Assemblage 2(a) Broadleaved 

Paperbark swamp 

forests varying from a sedge 

to ferny understory 

BALL05ESTB _______________|__ | 

BALL04ESTSS ______________ | | 

WOO06albk _____________|___|_______ |

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


BRU33cbbbf _______________ | | 

BRU34cbbbf ______________|_____ | | 

POT12alfan ___________________|_ | | 

CUD15esttdf ____________________| | | 


Paperbark–Pink-flowered 

Doughwood swamp sclerophyll 

open forest 

WAR01ALFL ______________ || | | 

WAR04alsw _____________|_____||___| | 

BALL07DBRDG _____________ | | 

BALL08estsswp _____________|______ | | 


Paperbark–Swamp Oak ferny 


BRU12cbdne _________________ | | | 

BYR23cbdne ________________|__|_ | | 

BYR04estcl _____________ | | | 

BYR14lsrh ___________ | | | | 

BYR22lsrh __________|__|_ | | | 

BYR21alfan ____________ | | | | 

BYR25estsswp ___________|__|_ | | | 

TWE31esttdf _______________|____| | | 


BYR10estcl ___________________||___|__ | 

WAR19albk _______________ | | 

WAR45albk ______________|______ | | 

WAR25albk _______________ | | | 

WAR44albk ______________|_____|_ | | 

Community 13 Alluvial plain 

Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp 

Mahogany–Bangalow Palm–Saw 

Sedge–Swamp Water Fern swamp 


WAR31cbrdg _____________________|____|__ | 

BRU18cbbbf ______________ | | 

WAR47alfan _____________|___ | | 

WAR07alilsw _____________ | | | 

WAR08cbr ____________|_ | | | 

Community 14 Swamp Mahogany– 

Broad-leaved Paperbark–Bangalow 

Palm–sedge/fern swamp 


WAR17alfan _____________|_ | | | 

WAR32albk ______________|_|___ | | 

BRU25estchf _____________ | | |

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


BRU45cbrdg ____________|___ | | | 

BYR05cbsw _______________| | | | 

BYR19alfan ______________||___|_____ | | 

BYR16hsrh __________________ | | | 

WAR23alfan _________________|___ | | | 

BYR09cbbbf _________________ | | | | 

WAR33alch ________________|_ | | | | 

Community 15 Bangalow 

Palm–Swamp Box–Cabbage Tree 

Palm–Weeping Myrtle alluvial 

riparian forest 

Assemblage 2(b) Floodplain 

palm forest 

WAR26albk _______________ | | | | | 

WAR27alfan ______________| | | | | | 

WAR43alfan _____________||__|__|___|___|_______ | 

BALL09CBRDG ________________________ | | 

Assemblage 2(c) Wet Heath Community 16 Tea-tree 

(Leptospermum spp.)–Sporodanthus 

BRU38unfswp _______________________|____ | | 

interruptus wet heath 

BRU39unfswp ____________ | | | 

Community 17 Leptospermum 

liversidgei–Wallum Bottlebrush– 

Grass Tree–Heath-leaved Banksia 

wallum wet heath complex 


BYR37unfswp ___________|_______ | | | 

WOO09unfswp __________________|___ | | | 

WAR36cbrdg _________________ | | | | 

WAR37cbrdg ______________ | | | | | 

WAR38cbrdg _____________|__|____|_____| | | 

Community 18 Coral Fern fernl<strong>and</strong> BYR08cbsw _____________________ || | | 

36esticd ____________________|_____||______ | | 

Assemblage 2(d) Coral Fern 

fernl<strong>and</strong> 

BYR01cbrdg ____________________ | | | 

BYR15cbbbf ___________________| | | | 


Paperbark–Coast Banksia–Red Ash 


Assemblage 2(e) Paperbark 


BYR38cbdne ___________________|____ | | | 

BYR32estsswp _____________ | | | | 

BYR33esticd ____________|______ | | | | 

POT23cbdne __________________|___ | | | | 

POT02cbrdg _____________________|_|___ | | |

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


Assemblage 2(f) Broad- Community 20Swamp Box–Broad- CUD20cbdne __________________ | | | | 

leaved Paperbark–Swamp leaved Paperbark–rush/fern swamp 

Box with a sedge understorey sclerophyll forest 

POT04estch _________________|__ | | | | 

POT01esticd ___________________| | | | | 

POT05estch ____________ | | | | | 

POT06cbbbf ___________|_______|______|___ | | | 

BYR02estsswp _____________ | | | | 

CUD05esticd ____________|__ | | | | 


Paperbark–Swamp Oak–rush saline 

swamp sclerophyll open forest 

BYR29estsswp ______________|_____ | | | | 

BYR37estsswp _________________ | | | | | 

CUD07CBSW ________________|__|______ | | | | 

BYR09cbcl ________________ | | | | | 

BYR31estsswp _______________|_________|___|___|_|____ | 

Assemblage 2(g) Reedl<strong>and</strong> Community 22 Common Reed– 

Black Bog-rush reedl<strong>and</strong>/rushl<strong>and</strong> 

BIL13cbrdg ______________________ | | 

CUD19alfan _____________________|___ | | 

Community 23 Swamp Box–Broadleaved 

Paperbark–Swamp 

Mahogany swamp sclerophyll forest 

Assemblage 2(f) Broadleaved 


Box with a sedge understorey 

CUD13unfswp ________________ | | | 

Assemblage 2(h) Freshwater 

wetl<strong>and</strong>/swampy meadow 


CUD16estbb _______________|________| | | 

Community 24 Swamp Ricegrass– 

Smartweed–Juncus usitatus 

swampy meadow 

Community 25 Swamp 

Ricegrass–Bolboschoenus caldwellii– 

Schoenoplectus validus–Cyperus 

exaltatus freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong> CUD14alfl ________________________|________ | | 

ELL04albk _____________ | | | 

ELL05albk _________ | | | | 

Community 26 Hinterl<strong>and</strong> Narrowleaved 

Paperbark–tea-tree 

backswamp shrubl<strong>and</strong>s– 

sedgel<strong>and</strong>s 

Assemblage 2(i) 

Bungawalbin swamp forest 

ELL11albk ________|___|__ | | | 

ELL06albk ______________|_______ | | | 

WOO17albk _____________________|________ | | | 

Community 27 Weeping Myrtle– 

Water Gum floodplain riparian 

forest GIB04alfl ____________________________ | | | |

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


Community 28 Narrow-leaved 

Paperbark–Wallum Bottlebrush 

swamp sclerophyll shrubl<strong>and</strong> GIB06albk ___________________________| | | | | 

GIB08albk ____________ || | | | | 

Community 29 Swamp Box– 

Narrow-leaved Paperbark–Broadleaved 

Paperbark alluvial swamp 

GIB09albk ___________|______________||_|__|__ | | 


Community 30 Middle Richmond 

freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s CAS01albk ____________________ | | | 

CAS02albk ____________ | | | | 

Assemblage 2(j) Middle 

Richmond freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong> 

CAS03albk ___________|_______|______________|____| | 

BALL10cbrdg _______________ | | 

Community 31 Scribbly Gum– 

Red Mahogany–Brush Box dry 

sclerophyll open to closed forest 

on coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s 

Assemblage 3(a) Open 

forests on Pleistocene S<strong>and</strong>s 

BRU44cbrdg ______________|_____ | | 

BRU36esticd __________ | | | 

BRU37estisw _________|____ | | | 

BRU46estsswp _____________|_____|_____ | | 


BIL12cbrdg _________________ | | | 

BRU41cbrdg ________________|___ | | | 

WAR10cbrdg ___________________|____|_ | | 

BRU15cbbf _____________ | | | 

BRU16cbbbf ____________|_____ | | | 

Community 32 Blackbutt– 

Turpentine open forest complex 

BRU23estchf _______________ | | | | 

WAR13esttdf ______________|__|__ | | | 

WAR05cbrdg _____________ | | | | 

WAR06cbr ____________|_____ | | | | 

WAR46hsrlh _________________|_|_____|___ | | 

BRU19cbrdg __________________ | | | 

POT31cbrdg _________________|__ | | | 

Community 33 Coast Cypress 

Pine on dunes <strong>and</strong> ridges 

WOO28cbdne ___________________|________|______ | |

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


BRU03cbdne ______________ | | | 

BRU27cbdne ____________ | | | | 

Community 34 Coast Banksia frontal 

dune open forest on Holocene dunes 

Assemblage 3(b) <strong>Vegetation</strong> 

<strong>of</strong> Holocene s<strong>and</strong>s 

BRU28cbdne ___________|_|____ | | | 

BYR12cbdne _________________|_____ | | | 

BYR11cbdne ____________________ | | | | 

TWE19cbdne ___________________|__|__ | | | 

POT09alfan _______________ | | | | 

TWE19cbdne ______________|___ | | | | 

Community 35 Brush Box lowl<strong>and</strong> 

rainforest 

TWE12esttdf _________________|______|____ | | | 

TWE27vbtd _________________ | | | | 

TWE28cbdne ________________|____ | | | | 

TWE32vbrh ____________________|_______|___ | | | 

BRU04cbdne ___________________ | | | | 

Community 36 Coast Wattle–Coast 

Tea-tree–Coast Banksia shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

on Holocene dunes <strong>and</strong> ridges 

BRU22cbdne __________________|___ | | | | 

BRU21cbdne __________________ | | | | | 


TWE04ASSW _________________|___|______ | | | | 

CUD09cbdne _____________ | | | | | 

POT03cbrdg ____________|______________| | | | | 

Community 37 Kangaroo Grass 

headl<strong>and</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong> CUD18lsrh __________________________||___|__|__ | | 

Community 38 Scribbly Gum–Old BYR06cbsw __________ | | | 

Man Banksia–Slender Tea-tree 

heathy low open sclerophyll 

forest/shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

BYR07estcl _________|________ | | | 

Community 39 Wallum Banksia 

dry heath BYR17cbdne _____________ | | | | 

BYR34esticd __________ | | | | | 

BYR35cbdne _________|__|____|____ | | | 

CUD01cbdne ______________ | | | | 

CUD06cbdne _____________|_______|______________|__|__|__ 


grassl<strong>and</strong> 


grassl<strong>and</strong>

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


BALL02VBRLH ____________________ | 

WAR12cbrdg ___________________| | 

Community 40 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond 

mesic successional wet/swamp 

sclerophyll forest/rainforest 

Assemblage 4(a) Tweed 

Brunswick Brush Box wet 


WAR17hsrlh __________________||_ | 

BALL11esttdf _______________ | | 

EMP03albk ______________|____ | | 

WAR02cbbbf ______________ | | | 

WAR34cbsw _____________|__ | | | 

WAR03cbr _______________|__|_|__ | 

WAR41vbgur __________________ | | 

WAR42hsrlh _________________|____|__ | 

WAR18hsrlh __________________ | | 

WAR52hsrlh _________________|____ | | 

Community 41 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond 

Brush Box–Pink Bloodwood–Grey 

Ironbark mesic tall open forest 

WAR20hsrlh _______________ | | | 

WAR22hsrlh ______________|___ | | | 

WAR21albk _________________|_ | | | 

WAR24lsrh __________________|__|__|_ | 

BIL02lsrh _________________ | | 


Community 42 Tweed–Brunswick 

Valleys Brush Box–Blackbutt–Pink 

Bloodwood–Tallowwood foothill 

wet sclerophyll forest 

Assemblage 4(b) Richmond 

Valley Brush Box wet 


WAR51hsrlh ________________|____ | | 

BYR13hsrh ______________ | | | 

BYR18lsrh _____________|__ | | | 

BYR20alfan _______________|____|_ | | 

TWE30lsrh _____________________|__ | | 

BIL07lsrh _______________ | | | 

BIL11albk ______________|_____ | | | 

BRU09un ____________ | | | | 

BRU10un ___________|____ | | | | 

BRU11allv _______________|_ | | | | 

TWE01cbdne ________________|__| | | | 

POT19esticd ________________ || | | | 

POT20esticd _______________|__||__ | | |

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


CUD02lsrh _________________ | | | | 

CUD08lsrh ________________|___ | | | | 

CUD11lsrh _________________ | | | | | 

POT29lsrh ________________|__|_|_| | | 

MUR15lsrh ______________________||_|_ | 

BIL14lsrh ________________ | | 

BUR01lsrh _______________|____ | | 

Community 43 Brunswick–Tweed 

Brush Box gully rainforest on metasediments 

CUD12lsrh __________________ | | | 

MUR14lsrh _________________| | | | 

POT33lsrh ________________||_|_ | | 

MUR16lsrh ____________________| | | 

BRU06lsrh ________________ | | | 

MUR06lsrh _______________| | | | 

POT16alvf _______________|____| | | 

MUR11lsrh ________________ || | | 

MUR12lsrh _______________|___|| | | 

CUD03lsrh ___________________|| | | 


POT30lsrh __________________|||_ | | 

MUR02lsrh __________________ | | | 

POT11alfan _________________|_ | | | 

BUR03LSFL ________________ | | | | 

POT14lsrh ______________ | | | | | 

POT17lsrh _____________| | | | | | 

POT18lsrh ____________||_|__|__|____|________ | 

Assemblage 4(c) 


Subtropical rainforest Valley Blue Qu<strong>and</strong>ong subtropical BIL04lsrh ___________________ | | 

Brush Box littoral rainforest rainforest 

MUR13lsrh __________________|_ | | 

BIL05vbrh _________________ | | | 

TWE06lsrh ________________|__| | | 

MUR07lsrh __________________|| | |

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


TWE05lsrh _________________|||___ | | 

BRU05alterr __________________ | | | 

UR04lsrh _________________| | | | 

TWe16lsrh ________________||___ | | | 

MUR17lsrh ________________ | | | | 

MUR18lsrh _______________|____| | | | 

POT24alfl ___________________||_|_ | | 

POT25lsrh ________________ | | | 

POT26lsrh _______________|___ | | | 

POT27lsrh __________________|____|_ | | 

BRU17cbbbf ____________________ | | | 

WAR11un ___________________|___ | | | 


Valley Bangalow Palm–Lilly Pilly 

subtropical rainforest 

MUR04lsrh _________________ | | | | 

MUR05lsrh ________________|_____|_| | | 

BRU40cbrdg ___________________ || | | 

BRU42vbrlh __________________| || | | 


BRU43VBRLH _________________||__ || | | 

TWE15lsrh _______________ | || | | 

TWE17albk ______________|_____|__||_ | | 

Community 46 Stinging Tree–White 

Fig–Brush Bloodwood subtropical 

rainforest BIL06VBRH _________________________|_ | | 

MUR01vbrh ______________________ | | | 

Community 47 Tweed Valley metasediment 

<strong>and</strong> basalt low-elevation 


TWE21vbrh ________________ | | | | 

TWE24vbrh _______________|_____|_ | | | 

MUR08lsrh _________________ | | | | 

MUR09lsrh ________________|_ | | | | 

MUR10lsrh _________________|____|___|_______|____ |

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


BRU02alchfl ___________________ | | 

POT15unfswp __________________|_ | | 

Community 48 Flooded Gum– 

Pink-flowered Doughwood– 

Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong alluvial plain 

wet sclerophyll forest 

Assemblage 4(d) Forest Red 

Gum swamp sclerophyll/dry 

open forests 

POT10alfan _______________ | | | 

POT13alfan ______________|____|________ | | 

LIS01VBrh ____________________ | | | 

Community 49 Camphor Laurel– 

Forest Red Gum open to closed 

forest 

LIS02vbrh ___________________|___ | | | 

LIS03vbrh ________________ | | | | 

LIS04lsrh _______________|______|____|___ | | 

BRU07esticd _______________ | | | 

POT21alfl ______________|__ | | | 

Community 50 SSwamp Oak– 

Forest Red Gum–Broad-leaved 

Paperbark–Swamp Box swamp 

sclerophyll woodl<strong>and</strong> to 

open forest 

POT22alfl ________________|__ | | | 

BRU08un ________________ | | | | 

BRU14cbbbf _______________|__|__ | | | 

BRU24cbdne ____________________|__ | | | 


TWE22allv _________________ | | | | 

TWE23albk ________________|_____|_ | | | 

ELL12albk _________________ | | | | 

WOO21unund __________ | | | | | 

WOO26unund _________|_ | | | | | 

WOOO27allv __________|_____|__ | | | | 

TAB04alvf ________________ | | | | | 

WOO08albk _______________| | | | | | 

WOO24unund _______________|__|_ | | | | 

WOO05alvf ___________________|___|__ | | | 

BRU29alfl __________________ | | | | 

BRU30estsswp _________________|_______|__ | | | 

Community 51 Forest Red Gum– 

Willow Bottlebrush–Camphor 

Laurel dry open forest

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


Assemblage 4(e) Fig– Community 52 SSmall-leaved BRU31estsswp ____________________ | | | | 

Qu<strong>and</strong>ong rainforest on Fig–Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong–Bangalow 


Palm subtropical/littoral rainforest 

on Pleistocene dunes 

TWE02cbdne ______________ | | | | | 

TWE03cbdne _____________|_____|_____ | | | | 

Assemblage 4(f) Whalebone 

Tree dry rainforest 

EMP01alsw ____________ | | | | | 

EMP02albk ___________|______ | | | | | 

EMP05albk _________________|___ | | | | | 

Community 53 Patches Beach 

Broad-leaved Paperbark–Swamp 

Oak–Cabbage-tree Palm swamp 

sclerophyll forest on the alluvial 

plain 

EMP04albk ____________________|___|__|__|_ | | 

WAR39allv ______________ | | | 

WAR40alfl _____________|_________________|__ | | 

Community 54 Whalebone Tree– 

Thorny Pea–Sweet Myrtle 

dry rainforest 

BYR24cbdne _____________________ | | | 

WAR28cbrdg ____________________|____ | | | 

CUD04lsrh ___________________ | | | | 

Community 55 Grey Ironbark–Pink 

Bloodwood–White Mahogany dry 

grassy open forest 

Assemblage 4(g) Dry 

sclerophyll grassy open 

forests 

CUD17lsrh __________________|__ | | | | 

POT28lsrh _________________ | | | | | 


WAR16hsrlh ________________|___|_ | | | | 

CUD10lsrh ____________________ | | | | | 

POT32lsrh _________________ | | | | | | 

WAR53vbrlh ________________|__|_|__|__ | | | 

ELL01labk ____________ | | | | 

ELL02alvf ___________|______ | | | | 


Paperbark–Swamp Box–Tuckeroo 

swamp sclerophyll open forest 

ELL03lsrlh _________________|___ | | | | 

WAR15lsrh _________________ | | | | | 

WOO04alvf ________________|___|__ | | | | 

WAR29hsrlh ___________________ | | | | | 

WAR35cbr __________________|___|___| | | | 

Community 57 Red Mahogany– 

Pink Bloodwood–Swamp 

Mahogany–Swamp Box dry 

open forest

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


GIB02alrf _________________ || | | | 

GIB03alfl ____________ | || | | | 

Community 58 Pink Bloodwood– 

Grey Ironbark–Swamp Box–Forest 

Red Gum–Blackbutt tall dry open 

forest 

GIB05alfl ___________|____|__ || | | | 

GIB07alfl _________________ | || | | | 

WAR48hsrlh ________________|_| || | | | 

WOO22estsswp _________________||_ || | | | 

WAR52vbrlh _________________ | || | | | 

WAR54vbrlh ________________|__|____ || | | | 

TAB01lsulh ____________ | || | | | 

TAB02lsulh ___________|_______ | || | | | 

TAB03alvf _______________ | | || | | | 

WOO19lsulh ______________|_ | | || | | | 

WOO03alvf ______________ | | | || | | | 

WOO07hsur _____________|_|__|_ | || | | | 

WOO01alvf ________________ | | || | | | 

Community 59 Large-fruited 

Spotted Gum–Grey Ironbark– 

Small-fruited Grey Gum dry 

grassy open forest 


WOO18lsulh _______________|___|___|_||___ | | | 

ELL07hsur ________________ | | | | 

Community 60 Grey Ironbark– 

Thin-leaved Stringybark–Pink 

Bloodwood–Swamp Box dry 

GIB10alfl _______________|_______ | | | | 

open grassy forest 

ELL08alfl _____________ | | | | | 

TAT02alfl ____________| | | | | | 

TAT03alfl ___________||__ | | | | | 


Paperbark–Narrow-leaved Roughbarked 

Apple–Swamp Box–Pink 

Bloodwood dry grassy alluvial 

open forest 

TAT01alfl ______________| | | | | | 

ELL10alfl ______________|_ | | | | | 

ELL09alvf _______________|______|______|___|____|_____|________________

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 


BALL12estsswp ____ | 

Assemblage 1(a) Mangroves Community 62 River Mangrove– 

Grey Mangrove–Black Mangrove– 

Milky Mangrove–Spider 

Mangrove forest to shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

BRU13estsw ___|___ | 

TWE07estcl ______|____ | 

BALL13estsswp _ | | 

BALL15estsswp |__ | | 

BIL10albk __|_____ | | 

BIL08albk _____ | | | 

TWE08estcl __ | | | | 

TWE13estswwp _|__|__|__|___ | 

TWE10esttdf _____________| | 

TWE18estcbb ___________ || | 

TWE29cslg __________|_||____ | 

BRU20estsswp _________________|__________________________________________| 

| | | | | | 

0.0556 0.4465 0.8374 1.2282 1.6191 2.0100 

275 - Appendix 3

Appendix 4 - Species frequency by community 

A two-way table <strong>of</strong> the frequency <strong>of</strong> occurrence <strong>of</strong> each taxa recorded in the 62 communities. The number <strong>of</strong> sites within the community is 

also recorded. N= the number <strong>of</strong> records <strong>of</strong> the taxa in the 346 full floristic sites. Species identified with an asterisk (*) are exotic species. 

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 

Number <strong>of</strong> sites 5 2 5 9 6 1 5 4 3 4 5 11 5 12 5 2 5 2 7 5 5 2 2 2 1 5 1 1 2 3 9 6 3 6 6 6 1 2 5 10 6 19 20 13 9 1 6 4 4 16 3 2 4 2 9 4 3 13 3 2 6 13 346 

Acanthaceae 

Brunoniella australis 1 2 1 1 1 4 10 

Brunoniella pumilio 1 1 2 

Brunoniella spiciflora 1 1 2 

Hygrophila angustifolia 2 2 

Pseuderanthemum variabile 1 2 5 8 8 1 3 4 2 2 4 1 4 1 1 47 

Rostellularia adscendens subsp. 

1 2 3 

adscendens 

Rostellularia obtusa 1 1 

Thunbergia alata* 1 1 

Adiantaceae 

Adiantum aethiopicum 1 2 3 

Adiantum diaphanum 1 3 1 5 

Adiantum formosum 1 1 

Adiantum hispidulum 4 1 1 13 12 1 1 1 34 

Adiantum silvaticum 1 1 2 

Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi 1 3 2 1 7 

Pellaea nana 1 2 1 2 6 

Pellaea paradoxa 1 1 


Pellaea viridis var. viridis 1 1 

Aizoaceae 

Sesuvium portulacastrum 1 1 2 

Tetragonia tetragonioides 1 2 1 1 5 

Akaniaceae 

Akania bidwillii 1 1 4 6 

Alangiaceae 

Alangium villosum subsp. 

3 3 6 

polyosmoides 

Amaranthaceae 

Alternanthera denticulata 1 3 1 1 2 3 4 2 3 1 21 

Alternanthera nana 1 1 

Amaryllidaceae 

Crinum pedunculatum 3 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 18 

Anacardiaceae 

Euroschinus falcata var. falcata 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 3 1 1 18 

Schinus terebinthifolius* 1 1 

Annonaceae 

Meiogyne stenopetala subsp. 

1 3 1 5 10 

stenopetala

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Polyalthia nitidissima 4 1 5 

Rauwenh<strong>of</strong>fia leichhardtii 1 1 1 4 7 

Anthericaceae 

Arthropodium milleflorum 1 1 2 

Arthropodium minus 2 2 

Caesia parviflora var. parviflora 2 2 

Laxmannia compacta 1 1 

Laxmannia gracilis 1 1 1 1 4 

Tricoryne elatior 1 2 2 5 

Apiaceae 

Apium prostratum 1 4 1 1 1 1 9 

Centella asiatica 2 4 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 7 3 1 1 2 1 4 44 

Eryngium expansum 1 1 

Hydrocotyle acutiloba 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8 

Hydrocotyle bonariensis* 1 1 2 

Hydrocotyle peduncularis 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 10 

Hydrocotyle tripartita 1 1 1 4 7 

Hydrocotyle verticillata 2 2 4 

Lilaeopsis polyantha 1 1 

Platysace ericoides 2 2 1 2 4 11 

Platysace lanceolata 1 1 

Trachymene incisa 1 1 

Xanthosia pilosa 2 2 1 5 

Apocynaceae 


Alyxia ruscifolia 1 1 3 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 27 

Carissa ovata 1 1 2 2 2 8 

Melodinus acutiflorus 1 1 

Melodinus australis 1 4 3 3 5 8 3 1 1 2 31 

Ochrosia moorei 1 1 2 

Parsonsia fulva 1 1 

Parsonsia longipetiolata 1 1 

Parsonsia straminea 1 5 8 3 1 1 4 4 7 11 3 7 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 5 6 2 6 2 11 4 1 2 1 16 1 1 4 1 2 4 1 12 1 1 2 155 

Parsonsia velutina 1 1 2 

Tabernaemontana p<strong>and</strong>acaqui 2 4 2 10 6 3 1 2 1 3 34 

Araceae 

Alocasia brisbanensis 3 3 2 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 3 22 

Gymnostachys anceps 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 3 15 

Monstera deliciosa* 1 1 

Pothos longipes 2 6 3 1 4 16 

Araliaceae 

Polyscias elegans 2 1 3 2 2 6 2 1 2 1 22 

Polyscias sambucifolia 1 1 2

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Schefflera actinophylla* 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 5 10 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 42 

Araucariaceae 

Araucaria cunninghamii 1 1 1 3 6 5 3 1 21 

Archontophoenix alex<strong>and</strong>rae* 1 1 

Archontophoenix cunninghamiana 1 3 4 10 5 2 1 2 4 4 3 6 10 10 9 3 1 4 2 2 1 2 89 

Calamus muelleri 1 1 1 3 5 10 7 1 5 34 

Linospadix monostachya 1 1 2 4 3 3 14 

Livistona australis 2 4 1 5 5 6 5 5 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 2 3 54 

Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana* 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 13 

Aristolochiaceae 

Pararistolochia praevenosa 3 2 1 6 

Asclepiadaceae 

Araujia sericifera* 1 1 

Asclepias curassavica* 1 1 

Cynanchum carnosum 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 

Gomphocarpus fruticosus* 1 2 2 5 

Gomphocarpus physocarpus* 1 1 

Hoya australis subsp. australis 1 1 1 3 

Marsdenia fraseri 3 3 

Marsdenia hemiptera 1 1 1 3 

Marsdenia longiloba 1 2 3 

Marsdenia rostrata 4 1 1 2 3 4 9 5 1 1 7 1 1 9 2 5 7 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 80 

Tylophora benthamii 1 1 

Tylophora paniculata 1 1 2 


Asparagaceae 

Asparagus aethiopicus* 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 3 5 1 2 2 1 1 33 

Asparagus africanus* 

Asparagus plumosus* 1 1 6 2 2 1 2 1 16 

Aspleniaceae 

Asplenium attenuatum 1 1 2 

Asplenium australasicum forma 

3 1 1 2 3 7 2 1 11 2 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 50 

australasicum 

Asplenium harmanii 1 1 

Asteliaceae 

Cordyline congesta 3 2 7 5 4 4 6 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 47 

Cordyline petiolaris 1 1 2 1 1 2 6 1 2 1 18 

Cordyline rubra 1 1 1 3 1 2 11 13 7 3 43 

Cordyline stricta 1 1 1 1 4 

Asteraceae 

Ageratina adenophora* 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 18 

Ageratina riparia* 3 4 9 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28 

Ageratum houstonianum* 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 12 

Ambrosia artemisiifolia* 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 8

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Aster subulatus* 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 

Baccharis halimifolia* 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 18 

Bidens pilosa* 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 13 

Bidens tripartita* 1 1 

Brachyscome microcarpa 1 1 2 

Centipeda minima 1 1 1 1 4 

Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. 

1 1 3 1 1 4 6 2 1 1 21 

rotundata* 

Cirsium vulgare* 1 1 1 3 

Conyza bonariensis* 1 3 4 

Cotula coronopifolia* 1 3 4 

Crassocephalum crepidioides 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 10 

Eclipta platyglossa 1 1 2 

Eclipta prostrata 1 1 1 3 

Emilia sonchifolia* 1 1 

Enydra fluctuans 5 5 2 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 24 

Epaltes australis 2 2 

Erechtites valerianifolia* 1 1 1 3 

Gamochaeta spicata* 1 1 

Hypochaeris microcephala var. 

1 1 

albiflora* 

Hypochaeris radicata* 1 1 1 2 5 

Lagenophora gracilis 1 1 

Lagenophora stipitata 1 1 1 4 7 

Leptinella longipes 2 2 

Melanthera biflora 1 1 


Olearia nernstii 1 1 

Ozothamnus diosmifolius 1 1 1 3 

Senecio madagascariensis* 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 10 

Soliva anthemifolia* 4 1 5 

Sonchus oleraceus* 1 1 1 3 

Vernonia cinerea 1 1 2 3 7 2 2 18 

Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea 1 1 1 2 3 8 

Xanthium italicum* 1 1 

Xerochyrsum bracteatum 

Avicenniaceae 

Avicennia marina subsp. 

2 5 1 12 20 

australasica 

Azollaceae 

Azolla filiculoides 2 2 

Azolla pinnata 1 3 4 

Balsaminaceae 

Impatiens walleriana* 1 1 

Basellaceae 

Anredera cordifolia* 1 1 1 3

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Bignoniaceae 

Jacar<strong>and</strong>a mimosifolia* 1 1 2 

Macfadyena unguis-cati* 1 1 

P<strong>and</strong>orea jasminoides 1 1 2 1 3 8 

P<strong>and</strong>orea p<strong>and</strong>orana 1 2 1 3 4 1 6 1 2 7 3 3 2 2 1 39 

Blechnaceae 

Blechnum camfieldii 1 1 

Blechnum cartilagineum 1 1 1 3 12 15 4 4 1 1 43 

Blechnum indicum 1 4 5 11 4 10 4 3 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 58 

Doodia aspera 1 2 6 3 2 1 1 2 18 

Doodia caudata 1 4 5 5 1 16 

Brassicaceae 

Cardamine paucijuga 1 1 

Burseraceae 

Canarium australasicum 3 2 5 

Cactaceae 

Opuntia stricta* 1 1 

Callitrichaceae 

Callitriche muelleri 1 1 

Capparaceae 

Capparis arborea 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 1 17 

Drymaria cordata subsp. cordata 1 2 3 

Stellaria flaccida 1 1 

Casuarinaceae 


Allocasuarina littoralis 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 10 

Allocasuarina torulosa 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 14 

Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. 

2 2 4 

incana 

Casuarina glauca 2 4 9 6 1 3 6 2 1 5 2 1 3 1 2 1 14 1 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 76 

Celastraceae 

Celastrus subspicata 1 2 2 5 

Denhamia celastroides 1 2 1 9 11 3 1 1 2 31 

Elaeodendron australe 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 10 

Hedraianthera porphyropetala 1 4 8 1 1 4 19 

Hippocratea barbata 1 1 3 1 4 10 

Maytenus disperma 1 1 

Maytenus silvestris 1 1 

Siphonodon australis 1 1 3 1 2 8 

Chenopodiaceae 

Atriplex semibaccata 1 1 

Einadia hastata 1 3 1 1 6 

1 1 

4 1 5 

Rhagodia c<strong>and</strong>olleana subsp. 

c<strong>and</strong>olleana 

Sarcocornia quinqueflora subsp. 

quinqueflora

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Suaeda australis 2 2 1 5 

Clusiaceae 

Hypericum gramineum 1 2 3 

Hypericum japonicum 2 1 4 7 

Colchicaceae 

Burchardia umbellata 1 1 

Gloriosa superba* 1 2 1 2 6 

Commelinaceae 

Aneilema acuminatum 1 1 2 3 2 1 3 13 

Commelina benghalensis* 1 1 

Commelina cyanea 2 2 3 1 3 2 1 3 3 1 1 5 3 3 1 1 2 8 3 2 1 1 3 1 56 

Murdannia graminea 1 3 4 

Pollia crispata 1 1 

Tradescantia fluminensis* 1 1 

Convolvulaceae 

Calystegia marginata 1 3 1 1 6 

Convolvulus erubescens 1 1 

Dichondra repens 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 4 1 3 23 

Ipomoea cairica* 1 4 7 5 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 10 1 1 4 2 1 61 

Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. 

1 1 

brasiliensis 

Corokiaceae 

Corokia whiteana 1 1 

Crassulaceae 

Bryophyllum delagoense* 1 1 2 1 5 

Cucurbitaceae 


Diplocyclos palmatus 1 1 2 

Trichosanthes subvelutina 1 1 

Zehneria cunninghamii 2 2 

Cunoniaceae 

Aphanopetalum resinosum 1 1 

Callicoma serratifolia 1 3 4 1 1 10 

Geissois benthamiana 1 1 

Pseudoweinmannia lachnocarpa 1 2 3 

Cupressaceae 

Callitris columellaris 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 

Cyatheaceae 

Cyathea australis 1 1 4 6 

Cyathea cooperi 1 1 2 

Cyathea leichhardtiana 1 1 8 4 14 

Cyperaceae 

Abildgaardia ovata 1 1 

Baumea articulata 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 11 

Baumea juncea 2 1 4 2 4 5 2 1 2 1 24

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Baumea muelleri 1 1 

Baumea rubiginosa 3 2 2 1 1 2 11 

Baumea teretifolia 1 5 1 7 

Bolboschoenus caldwellii 1 1 2 

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis 1 1 

Carex appressa 1 5 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 21 

Carex breviculmis 1 1 2 4 

Carex gaudichaudiana 2 2 

Carex inversa 1 1 

Carex maculata 1 1 2 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 16 

Caustis recurvata 1 1 1 2 2 5 12 

Choriz<strong>and</strong>ra cymbaria 1 1 1 3 

Cladium procerum 1 1 1 1 4 

Cyperus brevifolius* 2 2 

Cyperus eglobosus 2 2 

Cyperus enervis 2 2 1 2 7 

Cyperus exaltatus 1 1 

Cyperus gracilis 1 2 3 

Cyperus gunnii subsp. gunnii 1 1 

Cyperus haspan subsp. juncoides 1 1 2 2 6 

Cyperus lucidus 1 1 3 1 1 1 8 

Cyperus pilosus 1 1 

Cyperus polystachyos 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 12 

Cyperus sphaeroideus 1 1 1 3 


Cyperus stradbrokensis 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 4 1 2 20 

Cyperus tetraphyllus 1 1 4 4 10 

Cyperus trinervis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 

Eleocharis acuta 1 1 1 3 

Eleocharis dietrichiana 2 2 

Eleocharis equisetina 1 3 2 6 

Eleocharis minuta* 1 1 

Eleocharis sphacelata 1 1 

Eleocharis tetraquetra 1 1 

Exocarya scleroides 1 1 2 

Fimbristylis dichotoma 1 1 1 2 5 

Fimbristylis ferruginea 1 1 5 7 

Fimbristylis tristachya 1 1 

Gahnia aspera 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 2 1 1 7 1 2 9 1 39 

Gahnia clarkei 4 2 4 3 11 2 1 3 6 6 3 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 58 

Gahnia insignis 1 1 

Gahnia sieberiana 8 1 6 1 1 1 2 2 1 23 

Isolepis cernua 1 1 2

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Isolepis inundata 1 5 1 7 

Isolepis nodosa 1 3 4 

Lepidosperma laterale 1 2 1 5 1 10 

Lepironia articulata 6 2 2 5 15 

Ptilothrix deusta 1 1 

Rhynchospora corymbosa 1 1 2 

Rhynchospora rubra 1 1 

Schoenoplectus mucronatus 1 1 

Schoenoplectus subulatus 2 1 1 1 5 

Schoenus apogon 1 1 

Schoenus brevifolius 2 1 3 4 4 1 15 

Schoenus ericetorum 1 4 5 

Schoenus nitens 1 1 

Scleria levis 1 1 

Scleria mackaviensis 1 1 

Scleria rugosa 1 1 

Davalliaceae 

Arthropteris beckleri 1 1 

Arthropteris tenella 1 5 1 1 2 10 

Davallia solida var. pyxidata 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 10 

Nephrolepis cordifolia 1 1 1 3 

Davidsoniaceae 

Davidsonia jerseyana 3 1 1 5 

Histiopteris incisa 1 2 3 5 1 1 2 15 


Hypolepis muelleri 1 1 2 6 6 3 5 5 1 2 1 4 1 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 56 

Pteridium esculentum 1 1 2 4 1 1 4 1 8 7 1 3 2 1 3 3 7 4 2 1 5 3 1 2 1 69 

Dicksoniaceae 

Calochlaena dubia 1 4 1 1 2 10 11 1 1 1 2 35 

Dilleniaceae 

Adrastaea salicifolia 1 1 1 3 

Hibbertia acicularis 2 2 4 

Hibbertia aspera 1 3 1 1 6 

Hibbertia dentata 1 2 1 2 6 

Hibbertia diffusa 1 1 

Hibbertia empetrifolia subsp. 

1 1 

empetrifolia 

Hibbertia fasciculata 4 4 

Hibbertia linearis 1 2 1 4 

Hibbertia riparia 1 1 2 

Hibbertia sc<strong>and</strong>ens 1 1 4 2 6 1 7 3 6 6 1 2 1 1 5 1 9 10 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 6 4 1 5 1 1 98 

Dioscoreaceae 

Dioscorea transversa 1 1 1 1 3 5 12 13 11 5 1 2 1 2 59

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Droseraceae 

Drosera auriculata 1 1 2 

Drosera spatulata 1 1 

Dryopteridaceae 

Arachniodes aristata 1 1 

Lastreopsis decomposita 1 1 1 7 1 1 12 

Lastreopsis marginans 1 2 5 1 1 10 

Lastreopsis microsora subsp. 

1 1 1 2 5 

microsora 

Lastreopsis munita 1 3 4 1 9 

Ebenaceae 

Diospyros australis 1 1 1 3 

Diospyros fasciculosa 1 4 1 4 1 11 

Diospyros mabacea 1 1 

Diospyros major var. ebenus 1 1 1 3 

Diospyros pentamera 1 2 1 1 9 3 6 1 24 

Elaeocarpaceae 

Elaeocarpus eumundii 1 1 

Elaeocarpus gr<strong>and</strong>is 3 3 

Elaeocarpus kirtonii 2 1 3 

Elaeocarpus obovatus 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 5 4 9 5 2 2 4 3 6 2 1 3 56 

Elaeocarpus reticulatus 2 4 3 9 1 2 1 2 3 4 7 3 2 8 1 2 3 3 2 1 63 

Elaeocarpus sp. Rocky Creek 1 1 

Elaeocarpus williamsianus 1 1 

Sloanea australis 2 2 1 1 6 

Sloanea woollsii 3 4 1 8 


Epacridaceae 

Acrotriche aggregata 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 10 

Astroloma pinifolium 1 1 

Brachyloma daphnoides 1 3 4 

Brachyloma scortechinii 1 1 

Epacris microphylla 1 1 

Epacris obtusifolia 1 1 

Epacris pulchella 1 1 1 4 7 

Leucopogon deformis 1 1 

Leucopogon ericoides 1 2 2 5 

Leucopogon juniperinus 1 1 2 4 

Leucopogon lanceolatus var. gracilis 1 4 4 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 25 

Leucopogon leptospermoides 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 5 15 

Leucopogon margarodes 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 

Leucopogon parviflorus 1 1 

Leucopogon virgatus 2 2 

Lissanthe species A 1 2 1 4

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Monotoca elliptica 1 1 2 5 1 1 2 2 1 3 19 

Monotoca scoparia 2 1 3 

Sprengelia sprengelioides 1 1 2 

Styphelia viridis subsp. breviflora 1 2 1 4 

Trochocarpa laurina 1 1 5 1 2 3 3 3 11 1 2 3 2 1 7 1 47 

Escalloniaceae 

Abrophyllum ornans 1 2 3 

Argophyllum nullumense 1 1 2 

Polyosma cunninghamii 1 2 1 1 5 

Quintinia verdonii 2 1 3 

Euphorbiaceae 

Acalypha capillipes 1 1 

Acalypha eremorum 1 1 2 

Actephila lindleyi 1 1 5 4 11 

Alchornea ilicifolia 1 1 1 2 2 2 9 

Baloghia inophylla 1 1 1 5 8 

Breynia oblongifolia 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 2 1 8 3 7 8 4 2 1 10 1 1 2 1 1 8 2 74 

Bridelia exaltata 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 10 

Claoxylon australe 3 1 3 3 10 

Cleistanthus cunninghamii 1 8 3 6 18 

Croton verreauxii 1 1 1 3 7 5 2 2 1 2 2 27 

Drypetes deplanchei 1 1 4 1 1 1 5 2 2 18 

Excoecaria agallocha 1 2 5 1 2 5 16 

Excoecaria dallachyana 1 1 


Fontainea australis 1 1 

Glochidion ferdin<strong>and</strong>i 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 1 1 3 1 1 4 2 5 8 3 5 2 12 2 1 1 4 2 5 1 5 87 

Glochidion sumatranum 1 3 8 3 4 5 5 1 2 5 2 5 8 4 4 2 4 2 1 3 3 7 1 5 88 

Homalanthus populifolius 1 3 1 3 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 27 

Macaranga tanarius 1 1 1 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 22 

Mallotus discolor 2 6 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 22 

Mallotus philippensis 1 2 7 1 7 9 11 6 6 3 1 2 56 

Phyllanthus virgatus 2 4 6 

Poranthera microphylla 1 1 1 2 2 7 

Pseudanthus orientalis 2 1 3 

Ricinocarpos pinifolius 1 4 5 

Tragia novae-holl<strong>and</strong>iae 1 3 4 

Eupomatiaceae 

Eupomatia bennettii 1 3 4 1 9 

Eupomatia laurina 2 8 11 2 1 24 

Triadica sebifera* 3 3 


Zornia muriculata subsp. angustata 1 1

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 

Caesalpinia decapetala* 1 1 

Caesalpinia scortechinii 1 1 2 

Caesalpinia subtropica 1 1 1 4 7 

Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana 1 1 2 

Chamaecrista nomame var. nomame 1 1 

Chorizema parviflorum 1 1 

Senna pendula var. glabrata* 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 2 5 1 2 1 4 2 1 1 1 11 9 1 4 4 9 2 2 3 1 1 80 

Senna septemtrionalis* 2 1 2 1 6 


Aotus ericoides 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 8 

Aotus lanigera 1 1 

Austrosteenisia blackii var. blackii 5 2 7 

Austrosteenisia glabristyla 1 2 1 4 

Bossiaea ensata 3 3 

Bossiaea heterophylla 1 1 1 3 

Callerya australis 1 1 1 3 

Callerya megasperma 1 1 7 1 1 11 

Canavalia rosea 1 1 

Castanospermum australe 2 1 1 2 6 

Daviesia arborea 5 1 6 

Daviesia ulicifolia subsp. stenophylla 1 1 

Daviesia ulicifolia subsp. ulicifolia 1 1 2 

Derris involuta 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 22 


Desmodium acanthocladum 2 2 

Desmodium brachypodum 1 1 

Desmodium gunnii 2 1 1 3 1 5 1 3 17 

Desmodium nemorosum 1 2 1 4 

Desmodium rhytidophyllum 1 2 1 6 3 1 1 1 16 

Desmodium varians 1 1 1 3 

Dillwynia floribunda 1 1 

Dillwynia retorta 2 2 4 

Erythrina crista-galli* 1 1 2 

Erythrina vespertilio 1 1 

Galactia tenuiflora var. villosa 1 1 

Glycine cl<strong>and</strong>estina 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 

Glycine microphylla 1 1 1 1 2 6 

Glycine tabacina 1 1 

Gompholobium virgatum 2 3 5 

Hardenbergia violacea 1 1 3 1 6 

Hovea acutifolia 1 2 4 2 1 10 

Indig<strong>of</strong>era australis 1 1

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Jacksonia scoparia 1 1 

Kennedia rubicunda 2 1 1 2 1 1 8 

Lablab purpureus* 1 1 

Lespedeza juncea subsp. sericea 1 1 

Mucuna gigantea 1 1 2 2 5 2 2 15 

Oxylobium arborescens 1 1 2 

Oxylobium robustum 1 1 

Phyllota phylicoides 2 2 

Pultenaea myrtoides 1 1 2 

Pultenaea retusa 1 1 2 

Pultenaea spinosa 1 1 

Pultenaea villosa 1 5 1 1 8 

Viminaria juncea 1 1 2 

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 

Acacia aulacocarpa 1 1 

Acacia bakeri 2 3 2 7 

Acacia concurrens 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 10 

Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 10 1 3 10 5 42 

Acacia elongata 1 1 2 

Acacia irrorata subsp. irrorata 1 1 2 

Acacia leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx 1 1 

Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae 1 4 1 5 3 14 

Acacia longissima 1 1 2 4 

Acacia maidenii 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 13 


Acacia melanoxylon 2 2 3 1 2 1 4 3 2 3 2 1 1 4 1 32 

Acacia saligna* 1 1 

Acacia suaveolens 1 2 4 7 

Acacia ulicifolia 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 5 16 

Acacia viscidula 1 1 

Archidendron gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum 2 1 3 

Archidendron hendersonii 1 4 1 2 2 2 12 

Archidendron muellerianum 1 6 3 1 11 

Pararchidendron pruinosum var. 

1 1 2 1 5 

pruinosum 

Flacourtiaceae 

Scolopia braunii 1 1 1 3 

Xylosma terrae-reginae 1 1 

Flagellariaceae 

Flagellaria indica 1 3 3 1 4 6 1 7 9 10 6 3 3 2 1 2 62 

Geraniaceae 

Geranium homeanum 1 1 2 

Geranium sol<strong>and</strong>eri 1 1 2 

Gleicheniaceae 

Gleichenia dicarpa 1 1 2 1 5

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Goodeniaceae 

Dampiera stricta 1 1 1 1 1 5 

Goodenia hederacea subsp. 

1 1 2 

hederacea 

Goodenia heterophylla subsp. 

1 1 

egl<strong>and</strong>ulosa 

Goodenia paniculata 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 5 16 

Goodenia rotundifolia 4 4 

Scaevola calendulacea 1 1 

Haloragaceae 

Gonocarpus chinensis subsp. 

1 1 1 3 

verrucosus 

Gonocarpus humilis 1 1 

Gonocarpus micranthus 1 1 2 

Gonocarpus tetragynus 2 1 1 1 1 6 

Gonocarpus teucrioides 1 1 2 

Haloragis heterophylla 1 1 2 

Myriophyllum aquaticum* 3 3 

Hydrocharitaceae 

Ottelia ovalifolia subsp. ovalifolia 1 1 

Hypoxidaceae 

Hypoxis hygrometrica var. 

1 1 3 5 

villosisepala 

Icacinaceae 

Citronella moorei 1 1 

Iridaceae 

Patersonia fragilis 1 1 

Patersonia glabrata 1 1 

Patersonia sericea 1 2 1 4 

Sisyrinchium species A 1 1 

Juncaceae 

Juncus cognatus* 1 1 

Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis 2 1 5 5 5 1 2 1 22 

Juncus mollis 1 2 3 2 8 

Juncus prismatocarpus 1 1 

Juncus subsecundus 1 1 

Juncus usitatus 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 14 

Juncaginaceae 

Triglochin multifructum 1 1 

Triglochin procerum 1 1 2 4 

Triglochin striatum 1 3 4 8 

Lamiaceae 

Lycopus australis 1 1 2 

Plectranthus parviflorus 1 1 2 1 1 1 7 

Prostanthera nivea 1 1 

288 - Appendix 4

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Salvia coccinea* 1 1 

Lauraceae 

Beilschmiedia elliptica 1 2 1 5 3 12 

Beilschmiedia obtusifolia 1 1 2 4 

Cassytha filiformis 1 1 2 1 5 

Cassytha glabella 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 9 

Cassytha pubescens 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 15 

Cinnamomum camphora* 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 3 3 1 2 1 1 8 2 18 13 5 3 2 4 10 2 1 4 1 3 101 

Cinnamomum oliveri 1 1 2 

Cinnamomum virens 1 4 1 1 7 

Cryptocarya foetida 1 2 1 2 2 1 9 

Cryptocarya glaucescens 1 7 3 1 12 

Cryptocarya laevigata 1 4 11 2 1 1 20 

Cryptocarya microneura 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 6 13 3 2 2 37 

Cryptocarya obovata 2 2 2 3 1 4 6 9 2 1 2 1 35 

Cryptocarya rigida 1 2 3 

Cryptocarya triplinervis 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 4 4 1 22 

Cryptocarya triplinervis var. pubens 1 1 3 1 1 2 9 

Cryptocarya triplinervis var. 

1 4 1 1 1 2 10 

triplinervis 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra discolor 2 2 2 2 1 1 5 3 4 3 1 1 1 2 30 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra floydii 2 3 2 7 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra globosa 13 6 3 22 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra hayesii 3 1 2 1 7 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. bracteata 1 4 2 2 9 


Endi<strong>and</strong>ra muelleri subsp. muelleri 1 1 3 1 1 7 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra pubens 1 2 5 1 1 1 11 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra sieberi 1 1 4 2 1 1 7 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 6 36 

Endi<strong>and</strong>ra virens 1 1 2 

Litsea australis 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 4 3 1 2 1 1 29 

Litsea reticulata 2 1 3 

Neolitsea australiensis 2 4 1 7 

Neolitsea dealbata 1 1 6 10 5 1 4 28 

Lentibulariaceae 

Utricularia gibba 1 1 

Lindsaeaceae 

Lindsaea brachypoda 1 1 2 

Lindsaea linearis 1 1 

Lobeliaceae 

Lobelia anceps 3 1 1 2 1 8 

Lobelia gibbosa 2 2 

Lobelia trigonocaulis 1 1 

Pratia purpurascens 1 2 2 3 1 9 3 1 2 5 1 3 2 1 8 3 1 6 54

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Loganiaceae 

Logania pusilla 1 1 

Mitrasacme alsinoides 1 1 

Mitrasacme paludosa 2 2 

Mitrasacme polymorpha 1 1 

Lom<strong>and</strong>raceae 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra confertifolia subsp. 

1 1 1 3 

pallida 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra elongata 1 2 3 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra filiformis 2 1 2 1 6 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra filiformis subsp. filiformis 4 2 1 1 8 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra glauca 1 1 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra hystrix 1 1 1 1 4 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra laxa 1 1 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra longifolia 1 1 1 1 3 1 5 3 1 4 8 1 3 1 3 1 1 4 1 14 4 1 1 1 1 9 1 7 4 2 9 2 3 103 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra multiflora subsp. 

2 2 7 1 6 3 2 3 26 

multiflora 

Lom<strong>and</strong>ra spicata 1 1 2 

Loranthaceae 

Amyema cambagei 2 1 1 1 1 6 

Amyema congener subsp. congener 1 1 2 

Amylotheca dictyophleba 1 2 1 1 1 6 

Benthamina alyxifolia 1 1 

Dendrophthoe vitellina 1 1 

Muellerina celastroides 1 1 2 

Luzuriagaceae 


Eustrephus latifolius 1 1 1 2 2 7 4 1 1 2 4 1 5 1 2 35 

Geitonoplesium cymosum 1 1 3 1 1 7 4 4 1 2 6 10 4 17 13 12 5 1 1 1 13 1 2 4 2 4 1 2 15 3 2 144 

Lythraceae 

Cuphea carthagenensis* 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 

Malaceae 

Eriobotrya japonica* 1 1 2 

Rhaphiolepis indica* 1 1 2 4 

Malvaceae 

Hibiscus diversifolius 4 4 

Hibiscus heterophyllus subsp. 

1 1 2 4 

heterophyllus 

Hibiscus tiliaceus 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 11 

Sida cordifolia 1 1 

Sida rhombifolia* 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 10 

Urena lobata* 1 1 

Marsileaceae 

Marsilea mutica 1 1 2 

Melastomataceae 

Melastoma affine 4 1 1 5 1 2 14

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Meliaceae 

Anthocarapa nitidula 3 2 5 

Dysoxylum fraserianum 1 5 1 1 8 

Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. 

1 1 1 1 2 4 9 3 1 2 1 26 

molle 

Dysoxylum rufum 1 1 

Synoum gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum subsp. 

3 1 1 3 4 7 19 7 1 1 1 1 1 50 

gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum 

Toona ciliata 1 2 1 4 

Menispermaceae 

Carronia multisepalea 1 6 1 3 11 

Legnephora moorei 1 1 

Sarcopetalum harveyanum 2 1 3 

Stephania aculeata 3 1 1 4 3 9 9 2 1 2 1 4 40 

Stephania japonica var. discolor 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 8 3 12 6 5 2 1 8 1 1 2 4 1 7 79 

Tinospora tinosporoides 2 2 

Menyanthaceae 

Nymphoides indica 2 2 

Villarsia exaltata 1 2 1 4 

Monimiaceae 

Daphn<strong>and</strong>ra tenuipes 1 2 1 4 

Doryphora sassafras 1 1 2 

Palmeria sc<strong>and</strong>ens 1 3 4 

Wilkiea austroqueensl<strong>and</strong>ica 2 1 1 4 

Wilkiea huegeliana 2 4 1 5 3 17 14 6 1 1 1 55 


Wilkiea macrophylla 4 1 5 10 

Moraceae 

Ficus coronata 4 1 2 1 2 2 3 10 7 5 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 48 

Ficus fraseri 1 6 5 1 1 1 1 16 

Ficus macrophylla 1 1 1 2 1 6 

Ficus obliqua 1 2 5 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 20 

Ficus rubiginosa 1 1 1 3 

Ficus superba var.superba 1 1 

Ficus virens var. sublanceolata 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 9 

Ficus watkinsiana 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 20 

Maclura cochinchinensis 2 2 1 1 1 2 9 3 10 14 9 5 4 4 2 10 1 2 4 2 1 1 4 1 95 

Morus nigra* 1 1 

Streblus brunonianus 1 2 2 1 7 1 5 1 3 2 25 

Trophis sc<strong>and</strong>ens 1 2 9 4 8 8 10 4 1 4 2 2 1 56 

Myoporaceae 

Myoporum acuminatum 1 2 3 1 2 9 

Myoporum boninense subsp. 

1 1 

australe 

Myrsinaceae 

Aegiceras corniculatum 5 2 2 12 21

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Ardisia crenata* 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 12 

Embelia australiana 2 2 3 2 1 6 4 1 1 1 1 24 

Myrsine howittiana 2 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 27 

Myrsine subsessilis 1 1 1 1 4 

Myrsine variabilis 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 8 7 1 2 3 1 3 1 38 

Myrtaceae 

Acmena hemilampra subsp. 

1 1 1 1 2 6 

hemilampra 

Acmena ingens 2 2 

Acmena smithii 4 2 6 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 11 4 7 1 2 1 1 1 3 55 

Angophora paludosa 1 1 4 6 

Angophora subvelutina 2 1 3 

Archirhodomyrtus beckleri 1 1 2 17 2 1 1 25 

Austromyrtus dulcis 1 1 1 1 1 7 4 1 7 6 1 2 1 2 4 2 6 3 1 52 

Babingtonia densifolia 1 1 

Babingtonia similis 1 1 

Backhousia myrtifolia 3 3 

Baeckea frutescens 2 3 5 4 1 2 17 

Callistemon pachyphyllus 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 13 

Callistemon salignus 2 3 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 2 3 1 7 1 1 8 3 1 1 1 8 1 1 56 

Corymbia gummifera 1 1 2 

Corymbia henryi 1 2 3 

Corymbia intermedia 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 9 3 1 1 4 8 1 1 6 48 

Decaspermum humile 1 3 2 6 

Eucalyptus acmenoides 1 1 1 1 1 5 


Eucalyptus carnea 5 5 

Eucalyptus eugenioides 1 1 

Eucalyptus gr<strong>and</strong>is 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 14 

Eucalyptus microcorys 2 5 4 1 2 1 15 

Eucalyptus pilularis 5 2 8 1 3 2 3 24 

Eucalyptus propinqua 1 1 1 2 2 7 

Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. 

1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 12 

hemilampra 

Eucalyptus robusta 2 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 28 

Eucalyptus seeana 1 2 3 

Eucalyptus siderophloia 1 2 7 6 1 9 3 2 1 32 

Eucalyptus signata 5 1 2 1 1 10 

Eucalyptus tereticornis 1 1 1 2 1 2 9 3 1 1 2 1 5 1 2 2 35 

Eucalyptus tindaliae 1 1 

Gossia acmenoides 3 2 5 

Gossia bidwillii 1 1 2 1 5 

Gossia fragrantissima 2 2 

Gossia hillii 8 8 

Gossia punctata 2 2

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Homoranthus virgatus 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 13 

Leptospermum brachy<strong>and</strong>rum 1 5 1 1 8 

Leptospermum juniperinum 1 1 

Leptospermum laevigatum 5 5 

Leptospermum liversidgei 1 5 1 7 

Leptospermum microcarpum 1 1 

Leptospermum petersonii 1 1 

Leptospermum polygalifolium 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 9 


1 1 1 1 1 5 

cismontanum 


1 1 4 1 1 2 10 

polygalifolium 

Leptospermum semibaccatum 1 2 3 

Leptospermum speciosum 1 1 

Leptospermum trinervium 1 4 2 3 10 

Leptospermum whitei 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 

Lophostemon confertus 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 2 4 17 16 2 1 1 5 1 2 66 

Lophostemon suaveolens 1 1 2 3 4 5 2 5 4 1 2 2 3 1 3 9 1 1 5 3 1 11 1 2 6 79 

Melaleuca alternifolia 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 12 

Melaleuca linariifolia 1 1 

Melaleuca nodosa 1 1 2 1 5 

Melaleuca quinquenervia 1 4 8 1 1 4 6 11 5 9 5 5 1 7 5 5 1 1 2 1 4 4 1 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 7 2 2 4 1 4 2 1 1 1 6 136 

Melaleuca sieberi 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 

Melaleuca squamea 1 1 

Melaleuca styphelioides 1 1 1 3 1 1 8 


Niemeyera antiloga 1 1 2 

Ochrosperma citriodorum 1 1 

Ochrosperma lineare 1 1 2 4 8 

Pilidiostigma glabrum 1 5 3 4 3 4 4 2 13 7 2 1 1 50 

Psidium cattleianum var. 

1 1 2 

cattleianum* 

Psidium guajava* 1 1 

Rhodamnia maideniana 9 3 1 1 14 

Rhodamnia rubescens 1 2 1 3 4 12 2 3 1 1 30 

Rhodomyrtus psidioides 2 2 1 7 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 21 

Syncarpia glomulifera 2 1 1 4 

Syzygium australe 1 2 1 1 2 2 9 

Syzygium corynanthum 1 1 

Syzygium francisii 2 2 3 7 

Syzygium hodgkinsoniae 1 1 2 1 5 

Syzygium luehmannii 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 6 1 1 1 20 

Syzygium moorei 1 5 1 3 10 

Syzygium oleosum 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 2 4 5 3 3 12 1 3 46 

Tristaniopsis laurina 1 1 

Waterhousea floribunda 3 1 2 1 7

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Nyctaginaceae 

Pisonia aculeata 1 1 

Nymphaeaceae 

Nymphaea caerulea subsp. 

1 1 

zanzibarensis 

Ochnaceae 

Ochna serrulata* 1 1 1 1 4 1 7 5 7 4 2 3 3 1 2 1 1 45 

Oleaceae 

Jasminum didymum 1 1 1 3 

Jasminum volubile 2 1 1 2 2 8 

Ligustrum lucidum* 2 2 1 3 1 9 

Ligustrum sinense* 1 1 5 4 1 2 1 3 3 3 2 26 

Notelaea johnsonii 1 2 1 4 

Notelaea longifolia 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 4 7 2 12 8 4 3 5 1 1 4 1 8 2 74 

Notelaea venosa 1 1 

Olea paniculata 1 1 3 3 1 9 

Onagraceae 

Ludwigia octovalvis 1 1 2 

Ludwigia peploides subsp. 

1 3 4 

montevidensis 

Ophioglossaceae 

Botrychium australe 1 1 

Orchidaceae 

Acianthus amplexicaulis 1 1 

Acianthus pusillus 1 1 

Arthrochilus prolixus 1 1 1 1 4 

Caladenia carnea 1 1 

Caladenia catenata 1 1 

Caleana major 1 1 

Cheirostylis notialis 1 1 1 3 6 

Chiloglottis diphylla 1 1 

Corybas aconitiflorus 1 1 

Cryptostylis erecta 2 3 1 1 7 

Cryptostylis subulata 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 13 

Cymbidium madidum 1 1 1 3 

Cymbidium suave 1 1 2 4 

Dendrobium aemulum 1 1 

Dendrobium bowmanii 1 1 

Dendrobium kingianum 1 1 

Dendrobium linguiforme 1 1 1 3 

Dendrobium melaleucaphilum 1 1 

Dendrobium monophyllum 1 1 

Dipodium punctatum 1 1 

294 - Appendix 4

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Dipodium variegatum 1 1 

Geodorum densiflorum 1 1 

Oberonia complanata 1 1 

Oberonia titania 1 1 

Peristeranthus hillii 1 1 

Plectorrhiza tridentata 1 1 3 5 

Pterostylis baptistii 1 1 

Pterostylis nutans 1 1 2 

Pterostylis pedunculata 3 3 

Thelymitra purpurata 1 1 

Osmundaceae 

Todea barbara 4 3 2 1 10 

Oxalidaceae 

Oxalis chnoodes 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 

Oxalis corniculata* 1 1 

Oxalis exilis 1 1 1 5 3 11 

Oxalis purpurea* 1 1 

Oxalis radicosa 1 2 3 

P<strong>and</strong>anaceae 

P<strong>and</strong>anus tectorius var. australianus 1 1 

Passifloraceae 

Passiflora edulis* 1 1 4 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 22 

Passiflora foetida var. hispida* 1 1 2 

Passiflora herbertiana 1 1 2 


Passiflora suberosa* 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 8 6 1 1 3 3 6 1 2 2 42 

Passiflora subpeltata* 1 1 1 5 3 2 1 2 1 1 3 21 

Peperomiaceae 

Peperomia bl<strong>and</strong>a var. floribunda 1 1 1 3 

Philydraceae 

Philydrum lanuginosum 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 8 

Phormiaceae 

Dianella brevipedunculata 1 1 

Dianella caerulea 1 1 1 3 3 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 5 3 1 2 2 1 2 6 4 13 8 3 8 1 6 2 8 1 2 101 

Dianella congesta 1 1 2 

Dianella crinoides 1 1 1 3 

Dianella longifolia 1 2 2 2 7 

Dianella longifolia var. longifolia 1 1 1 1 2 6 

Dianella revoluta var. revoluta 2 1 3 

Phytolaccaceae 

Monococcus echinophorus 1 1 

Phytolacca oct<strong>and</strong>ra* 1 1 1 1 1 5 

Rivina humilis* 2 2 1 2 1 2 10

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Pinaceae 

Pinus elliottii* 1 1 

Piperaceae 

Piper novae-holl<strong>and</strong>iae 1 1 

Pittosporaceae 

Auranticarpa rhombifolia 1 1 1 3 

Bursaria spinosa* 1 2 1 4 

Hymenosporum flavum 1 1 

Pittosporum multiflorum 1 1 4 1 2 5 4 2 1 1 1 23 

Pittosporum revolutum 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 8 7 2 2 1 2 1 1 5 1 52 

Pittosporum undulatum 1 1 1 5 1 9 6 3 3 1 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 6 1 52 

Poaceae 

Andropogon virginicus* 2 2 4 2 1 1 12 

Aristida vagans 1 1 1 1 4 

Axonopus compressus* 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 6 3 2 1 6 30 

Axonopus fissifolius* 2 1 1 2 6 

Bothriochloa decipiens 1 1 

Bothriochloa macra 1 1 

Capillipedium parviflorum 1 1 

Capillipedium spicigerum 1 1 

Cenchrus caliculatus 1 1 

Chloris gayana* 1 1 2 

Chrysopogon filipes 5 5 

Cymbopogon refractus 1 1 4 2 4 3 3 18 


Cynodon dactylon 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 19 

Dichelachne micrantha 2 2 

Digitaria parviflora 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 

Digitaria ramularis 1 1 2 

Diplachne fusca 1 1 

Echinochloa crusgalli* 1 1 

Echinopogon ovatus 1 1 

Entolasia marginata 1 5 1 1 7 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 1 1 1 4 40 

Entolasia stricta 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 6 7 4 2 7 3 2 4 45 

Eragrostis benthamii 1 1 2 

Eragrostis brownii 1 1 

Eragrostis curvula* 1 1 

Eragrostis interrupta 1 1 1 4 1 1 9 

Eragrostis leptostachya 1 2 2 5 

Eragrostis pubescens 1 1 

Eragrostis tenuifolia 1 1 

Eriochloa procera 2 1 3 

Hemarthria uncinata 1 2 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 16

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Imperata cylindrica var. major 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 7 1 1 8 1 1 7 4 1 8 2 2 6 73 

Isachne globosa 1 1 

Ischaemum australe 1 1 1 3 2 5 3 1 1 3 1 22 

Ischaemum triticeum 1 1 

Lachnagrostis billardierei 1 1 1 3 

Lachnagrostis filiformis 4 1 4 2 1 12 

Leersia hex<strong>and</strong>ra 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 13 

Melinis minutiflora* 1 1 

Melinis repens* 1 1 2 

Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 5 2 1 21 

Oplismenus aemulus 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 6 3 1 1 1 3 10 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 3 51 

Oplismenus imbecillis 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8 6 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 5 37 

Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis 1 1 5 10 6 3 26 

Ottochloa gracillima 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 10 3 14 11 4 1 16 1 1 6 4 1 13 2 1 2 108 

Panicum bisulcatum 1 1 2 

Panicum effusum 1 3 4 

Panicum lachnophyllum 2 2 

Panicum maximum* 1 1 2 

Panicum pygmaeum 1 1 

Panicum simile 1 3 1 1 3 9 

Paspalidium distans 1 2 4 4 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 23 

Paspalidium gausum 2 2 

Paspalidium gracile 1 1 2 1 2 7 

Paspalum conjugatum* 1 2 1 4 


Paspalum dilatatum* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 

Paspalum distichum 1 1 

Paspalum orbiculare 1 1 2 

Paspalum scrobiculatum* 1 2 2 5 

Paspalum urvillei* 1 1 

Paspalum vaginatum 1 1 2 4 

Paspalum wettsteinii* 1 4 3 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 6 2 4 1 2 46 

Phalaris minor* 1 1 

Phragmites australis 1 1 6 4 2 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 27 

Pseudoraphis paradoxa 1 4 2 7 

Pseudoraphis spinescens 2 2 

Sacciolepis indica 1 2 1 1 1 6 

Setaria gracilis* 1 1 

Setaria sphacelata* 1 1 2 1 2 7 

Sporobolus indicus 1 1 

Sporobolus sessilis 1 1 

Sporobolus virginicus var. minor* 5 1 1 1 1 1 3 13 

Themeda australis 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 7 1 1 2 6 28

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Zoysia macrantha 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 1 20 

Podocarpaceae 

Podocarpus elatus 1 1 2 

Polygalaceae 

Polygala linariifolia 1 4 5 

Polygala paniculata* 1 1 

Polygonaceae 

Persicaria decipiens 1 1 

Persicaria dichotoma 4 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 14 

Persicaria elatior 1 1 

Persicaria hydropiper 2 3 1 1 2 1 10 

Persicaria orientalis 1 1 2 

Persicaria strigosa 1 3 3 4 2 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 25 

Rumex brownii 2 1 3 

Rumex obtusifolius subsp. 

1 1 

obtusifolius 

Polypodiaceae 

Dictymia brownii 1 1 

Microsorum pustulatum 1 1 

Platycerium bifurcatum 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 4 2 3 4 1 2 3 2 1 33 

Platycerium superbum 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 3 4 2 28 

Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 13 

Pyrrosia rupestris 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 13 

Primulaceae 

Samolus repens 1 1 

Proteaceae 

Banksia aemula 1 1 4 5 11 

Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha 1 1 5 7 

Banksia integrifolia subsp. 

1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 25 

integrifolia 

Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola 1 1 


Banksia oblongifolia 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 11 

Banksia robur 2 2 

Banksia serrata 1 1 2 1 5 

Conospermum taxifolium 1 1 

Grevillea hilliana 2 4 2 8 

Grevillea robusta 1 1 

Hakea florulenta 1 1 

Helicia ferruginea 1 1 2 

Helicia glabriflora 1 1 4 6 

Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia 1 1 

Lomatia silaifolia 1 1 1 3 

Macadamia tetraphylla 1 6 2 9 

Persoonia cornifolia 2 2 2 6

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Persoonia linearis 1 1 

Persoonia media 1 1 2 

Persoonia stradbrokensis 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 19 

Persoonia tenuifolia 1 1 

Persoonia virgata 1 2 2 2 1 8 

Petrophile canescens 1 1 

Stenocarpus sinuatus 1 1 2 1 5 

Strangea linearis 1 1 5 7 

Triunia youngiana 1 1 2 

Psilotaceae 

Psilotum nudum 1 1 1 2 5 

Pteridaceae 

Acrostichum speciosum 2 6 5 3 2 2 2 22 

Pteris tremula 1 1 2 

Ranunculaceae 

Clematis glycinoides 1 1 2 

Ranunculus inundatus 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 11 

Ranunculus repens* 1 1 

Ranunculus sceleratus* 2 2 

Restionaceae 

Baloskion pallens 3 1 2 6 

Baloskion tenuiculme 1 1 2 

Baloskion tetraphyllum 1 1 6 3 4 6 1 1 1 1 25 

Coleocarya gracilis 1 1 4 6 


Empodisma minus 1 1 2 

Eurychorda complanata 1 1 

Hypolaena fastigiata 2 2 

Leptocarpus tenax 3 3 1 7 

Sporadanthus interruptus 2 4 1 7 

Rhamnaceae 

Alphitonia excelsa 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 6 3 7 8 3 2 1 8 1 1 5 3 2 12 3 2 5 91 

Emmenosperma alphitonioides 1 1 

Pomaderris argyrophylla 1 1 

Pomaderris discolor 1 1 

Rhizophoraceae 

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 4 7 11 

Rhizophora stylosa 3 3 

Ripogonaceae 

Ripogonum album 1 1 1 4 7 3 1 3 1 2 24 

Ripogonum brevifolium 1 1 

Ripogonum discolor 1 1 1 1 4 

Ripogonum elseyanum 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 14 

Ripogonum fawcettianum 1 1 2

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Rosaceae 

Potentilla indica* 1 1 

Rubus moluccanus var. trilobus 1 1 1 1 5 1 2 2 1 15 

Rubus parvifolius 1 1 1 1 4 

Rubus rosifolius 1 1 2 

Rubiaceae 

Asperula gemella 1 1 

Atractocarpus benthamianus 2 1 1 1 5 

Atractocarpus chartaceus 1 1 2 1 1 6 

Coelospermum paniculatum 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 13 

C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica* 1 2 4 1 8 

Cyclophyllum longipetalum 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 23 

Hodgkinsonia ovatiflora 2 2 3 7 

Ixora beckleri 3 1 3 7 

Morinda canthoides 1 1 

Morinda jasminoides 1 1 4 1 5 4 1 1 2 6 5 9 16 6 2 1 3 7 3 3 11 1 93 

Pomax umbellata 1 1 1 4 2 7 7 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 32 

Psychotria loniceroides 1 2 1 1 2 5 1 11 3 4 2 1 1 3 1 3 42 

Psychotria simmondsiana 1 1 

Psydrax lamprophyllum 3 1 1 2 1 1 9 

Psydrax odorata 2 2 

R<strong>and</strong>ia moorei 1 2 6 4 13 

Richardia brasiliensis* 1 1 

Rutaceae 


Acronychia baeuerlenii 1 1 1 3 

Acronychia imperforata 1 1 2 1 4 5 1 1 2 1 1 20 

Acronychia littoralis 1 1 2 

Acronychia oblongifolia 1 1 3 3 1 1 10 

Acronychia pubescens 2 1 2 5 

Acronychia wilcoxiana 1 1 1 1 1 5 

Boronia falcifolia 2 1 1 4 

Boronia rosmarinifolia 1 1 

Bosistoa pentacocca var. pentacocca 1 1 1 3 

Bosistoa transversa 1 1 2 

Bouchardatia neurococca 1 1 

Citrus australasica 1 3 1 5 

Citrus x taitensis* 1 1 2 1 1 1 7 

Flindersia australis 1 1 1 1 1 5 

Flindersia bennettiana 1 1 3 3 2 2 8 2 3 1 26 

Flindersia schottiana 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 4 7 1 1 1 3 29 

Geijera salicifolia 1 1 

Halfordia kendack 1 1 2

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Medicosma cunninghamii 1 5 6 

Melicope elleryana 6 7 3 11 5 1 5 1 4 2 3 8 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 68 

Melicope hayesii 1 1 

Murraya paniculata* 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 10 


2 4 4 1 1 1 13 

squamea 

Pentaceras australe 2 4 2 2 1 11 

Sarcomelicope simplicifolia subsp. 

1 2 2 1 6 

simplicifolia 

Zieria laevigata 2 2 4 

Zieria laxiflora 1 1 2 

Zieria smithii 1 1 1 1 3 5 12 

Santalaceae 

Exocarpos cupressiformis 1 1 

Exocarpos latifolius 1 1 5 1 1 2 11 

Leptomeria acida 2 1 3 

Leptomeria drupacea 2 2 

Sapindaceae 

Alectryon coriaceous 1 2 1 1 5 

Alectryon subcinereus 1 1 

Alectryon tomentosus 1 1 2 

Arytera distylis 1 1 1 3 10 5 3 24 

Arytera divaricata 1 3 1 5 2 2 14 

Atalaya multiflora 2 2 

Atalaya salicifolia 1 1 2 

Cardiospermum gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum* 1 1 1 3 


Cupaniopsis anacardioides 3 2 1 1 2 6 5 4 6 1 1 5 3 1 4 6 2 1 7 2 15 5 2 3 2 2 9 3 2 4 3 1 1 1 116 

Cupaniopsis newmanii 4 8 3 2 17 

Cupaniopsis parvifolia 1 1 4 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 18 

Diploglottis campbellii 3 3 

Diploglottis cunninghamia 2 1 2 1 5 7 3 21 

Dodonaea triquetra 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 9 

Elattostachys nervosa 1 1 5 3 5 15 

Guioa semiglauca 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 10 1 16 20 12 7 1 4 7 1 1 2 1 100 

Harpullia alata 1 2 3 

Harpullia hillii 1 2 1 6 1 1 12 

Harpullia pendula 1 3 1 5 

Jagera pseudorhus var. pseudorhus 

1 1 1 2 2 4 2 3 3 7 4 15 13 10 6 1 1 4 6 1 2 5 2 96 

forma pseudorhus 

Lepiderema pulchella 1 7 1 1 2 12 

Mischocarpus anodontus 2 2 

Mischocarpus australis 1 1 2 4 

Mischocarpus pyriformis subsp. 

1 4 1 1 2 2 5 2 2 1 21 

pyriformis 

Sarcopteryx stipata 2 1 2 3 2 3 11 2 1 1 28

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Toechima dasyrrhache 1 11 3 3 1 19 

Toechima tenax 1 1 2 

Sapotaceae 

Pouteria australis 2 3 3 8 

Pouteria chartacea 1 1 3 2 3 1 2 13 

Pouteria myrsinifolia 1 2 3 

Pouteria pohlmaniana var. 

1 1 2 

pohlmaniana 

Pouteria queensl<strong>and</strong>ica 1 6 5 12 

Schizaeaceae 

Lygodium microphyllum 2 2 7 6 1 1 1 1 1 22 

Schizaea bifida 1 1 1 3 

Schizaea dichotoma 1 2 1 4 

Scrophulariaceae 

Artanema fimbriatum 1 1 

Bacopa monnieri 3 3 2 2 1 11 

Veronica calycina 1 1 

Veronica plebeia 2 1 2 5 

Selaginellaceae 

Selaginella uliginosa 1 1 2 

Simaroubaceae 

Ailanthus triphysa 1 1 2 4 

Smilacaceae 

Smilax australis 1 1 1 1 1 9 4 4 2 1 6 1 4 6 10 5 18 16 10 6 2 1 10 2 2 2 7 1 2 10 146 

Smilax glyciphylla 5 1 1 7 2 2 4 2 1 2 1 28 


Solanaceae 

Cestrum nocturnum* 1 1 

Duboisia myoporoides 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 23 

Physalis peruviana* 1 1 

Solanum americanum* 1 1 2 

Solanum capsicoides* 1 1 1 1 1 5 10 

Solanum densevestitum 1 2 3 

Solanum mauritianum* 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 16 

Solanum nigrum* 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 

Solanum prinophyllum 1 1 

Solanum pseudocapsicum* 1 1 2 

Solanum seaforthianum* 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 1 3 17 

Sparganiaceae 

Sparganium subglobosum 1 1 

Stackhousiaceae 

Stackhousia nuda 2 2 

Sterculiaceae 

Brachychiton acerifolius 1 1 2

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Commersonia bartramia 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 4 1 1 1 2 1 35 

Heritiera trifoliolata 1 6 1 5 13 

Sterculia quadrifida 1 2 4 1 8 

Stylidiaceae 

Stylidium debile var. debile 1 2 2 1 6 

Stylidium laricifolium 1 1 

Surianaceae 

Guilfoylia monostylis 1 1 

Symplocaceae 

Symplocos stawellii 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 14 

Symplocos thwaitesii 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 10 

Thelypteridaceae 

Christella dentata 2 1 1 6 4 1 1 16 

Cyclosorus interruptus 1 2 3 

Thymelaeaceae 

Pimelea ligustrina 1 1 

Pimelea linifolia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 13 

Pimelea linifolia subsp. collina 5 5 

Wikstroemia indica 1 1 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 2 18 

Tiliaceae 

Triumfetta rhomboidea 1 1 1 3 

Trem<strong>and</strong>raceae 

Tetratheca thymifolia 4 4 

Typhaceae 


Typha domingensis 1 1 

Typha orientalis 1 1 2 

Ulmaceae 

Aphananthe philippinensis 1 2 3 1 1 3 7 3 6 2 29 

Celtis paniculata 2 1 1 1 3 1 9 

Celtis sinensis* 1 1 

Trema tomentosa var. viridis 1 1 1 1 1 5 

Urticaceae 

Dendrocnide excelsa 1 1 

Dendrocnide moroides 1 1 

Dendrocnide photinophylla 2 2 

Pipturus argenteus 1 1 

Uvulariaceae 

Tripladenia cunninghamii 1 1 5 1 1 9 

Verbenaceae 

Callicarpa pedunculata 1 1 

Clerodendrum floribundum 1 8 3 6 18 

Clerodendrum inerme 1 1

Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 N 


Clerodendrum tomentosum 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 

Duranta erecta* 1 1 

Gmelina leichhardtii 1 1 2 1 5 

Lantana camara* 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 2 4 1 2 2 3 1 10 4 14 17 3 6 1 4 4 11 3 1 4 5 2 2 11 3 1 2 142 

Verbena hispida* 1 1 

Verbena incompta* 1 1 2 

Violaceae 

Hybanthus stellarioides 1 1 3 1 6 

Viola banksii 1 5 1 4 6 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 11 3 2 3 2 1 5 2 1 67 

Viola betonicifolia 1 1 4 6 

Viola hederacea 1 2 1 1 5 

Viscaceae 

Notothixos cornifolius 1 1 

Notothixos incanus 1 1 2 

Notothixos subaureus 2 1 1 4 

Vitaceae 

Cayratia acris 1 1 2 

Cayratia clematidea 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 14 

Cissus antarctica 1 1 1 3 4 3 4 1 6 4 5 1 1 35 

Cissus hypoglauca 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 2 7 5 6 1 1 4 39 

Cissus sterculiifolia 2 2 

Tetrastigma nitens 1 1 2 4 

Winteraceae 

Tasmannia insipida 1 1 1 1 4 


Xanthorrhoeaceae 

Xanthorrhoea australis 1 1 

Xanthorrhoea fulva 1 5 1 3 1 11 

Xanthorrhoea johnsonii 1 1 2 3 7 

Xanthorrhoea macronema 3 1 1 2 5 12 

Xyridaceae 

Xyris complanata 1 1 2 

Xyris gracilis 1 2 3 

Zamiaceae 

Lepidozamia per<strong>of</strong>fskyana 2 1 2 5 

Zingiberaceae 

Alpinia arundelliana 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 13 

Alpinia caerulea 3 3 4 3 7 9 5 5 1 40 

Hedychium gardnerianum 1 1

Appendix 5 - Equivalent ecological communities 

A table showing the possible relationships <strong>of</strong> the 62 communities delineated in the present survey with a range <strong>of</strong> statewide (Keith, 2006; Floyd, 1990, 

Young <strong>and</strong> Dillewaard, 1999), regional (NPWS, 1999), Local Government Area (Byron LGA L<strong>and</strong>mark Ecological Services, 1999, Tweed LGA, 

Kingston et al. 2004) <strong>and</strong> study area focused (NPWS estate <strong>and</strong> public l<strong>and</strong>; Griffith & Wilson, 2007, State Forest Management Area; Binns, 1995). 

Casino 

State Forest 

Management 

Area (Binns 

1995b) 

Tweed Lowl<strong>and</strong>s 

(Pressey <strong>and</strong> Griffith 

1992) 

Wallis Lake 

Wetl<strong>and</strong> 

<strong>Vegetation</strong> 

(Griffith 2007) 

NSW coast vegetation 

mapping (Griffith <strong>and</strong> Wilson 

2007) 

Byron LGA 

(L<strong>and</strong>mark 

Ecological Services 

1999) 

Tweed LGA 

(Kingston et al. 

2004) 

North-east 

NSWForest 

Ecosystems 

(NPWS 1999) 

Floyd Rainforest 

Suballiance (Floyd 

1990) 

Keith <strong>and</strong> Scott 

(2006) 

Community Keith (2006) Qld Regional 

Ecosystems (Young 

<strong>and</strong> Dillewaard 

1999) 

S1–Sporobolus 

virgnicus, Sarcocornia 

quinqueflora 

6102–Chenopod Shrubl<strong>and</strong>- 

Tussock Grassl<strong>and</strong> 

Group 28 Saltmarsh 125–Saltmarsh 603–Saltmarsh 

Communities 

12.1.2 Saltpan 

vegetation 

1 Saltmarsh Saline Wetl<strong>and</strong>s– 

Saltmarshes 

90300–Headl<strong>and</strong> Complex 

125–Saltmarsh 902–Native 

Grassl<strong>and</strong>s 

Group 2 Swamp Oak 

Floodplain Forest 



Saline Wetl<strong>and</strong>s- 

Saltmarshes 

2 Blue Couch–Prickly 

Couch grassl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the 

estuarine plain 

F8–Melaleuca 

quinquenervia tall 

to very tall open to 

closed forest; 

40031/2–Melaleuca 

quinquenervia swamp 

sclerophyll forest <strong>and</strong> 

woodl<strong>and</strong>; 

Swamp Oak +/- 

Paperbark (sOP) 

402–Broad-leaved 

Paperbark/Swamp 

She-Oak Closed 

Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong> 

112–Paperbark; 

143–Swamp 

Oak 

Group 1 Swamp 

Sclerophyll Forest on 

coastal floodplains 

12.3.5 Melaleuca 

quinquenervia on 

alluvium 

Forested 

Wetl<strong>and</strong>s-Coastal 

Floodplain 

Wetl<strong>and</strong>s, Coastal 

Swamp Forests 

3 Broad-leaved 


Oak swamp sclerophyll 

alluvial plain open forest 

F10–Casuarina glauca 

tall to very tall open 

to closed forest 

40051/2–Casuarina glauca 

forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>; 


40991/2–Mixed st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> 

Melaleuca quinquenervia 

- Casuarina glauca 









Swamp Oak +/- 









143–Swamp 

Oak 

12.1.1 Casuarina 

glauca +/- 

Melaleuca 

quinquenervia open 

forest 

Forested 


Floodplain 

Wetl<strong>and</strong>s, Coastal 

Swamp Forests 

4 Swamp Oak–Broadleaved 

Paperbark 

estuarine <strong>and</strong> alluvial 

plain swamp sclerophyll 

forest 









40151–Casuarina glauca 

- Avicennia marina subsp. 

australasica 

Grey Mangrove- 

River Mangrove- 

Swamp Oak 

(MSO) 

77–Mangrove 602–Mangrove Low 

Closed Forest to 



Floodplain Forest; 

12.1.3 Mangrove 

Shrubl<strong>and</strong> to low 

closed forest 


Mangrove 

Group 27 Mangroves 

5 Milky Mangrove– 

Swamp Oak–Grey 

Mangrove king-tide 

forest

Casino 

State Forest 

Management 

Area (Binns 

1995b) 



1992) 

Wallis Lake 






2007) 




1999) 

Tweed LGA 


2004) 

North-east 

NSWForest 

Ecosystems 

(NPWS 1999) 



1990) 


(2006) 




1999) 

601–Swamp Sheoak 

Closed Forest 

to Woodl<strong>and</strong> 

Suballiance 

3–Cryptocarya 

obovata- 

Dendrocnide 

excelsa-Ficus spp. 

Araucaria; 

Group 3 Lowl<strong>and</strong> 

Rainforest on 

floodplain 

Forested 


Floodplain 

Wetl<strong>and</strong>s, 

Rainforest- 

Dry ‘Gallery’ 

Rainforest 

6 Swamp Oak–Hoop 

Pine–Tuckeroo swamp 

sclerophyll/dry ‘gallery’ 

floodplain rainforest 

Suballiance 

17–Cupaniopsis 

anarcardioides 

S2–Juncus krausii tall 

to very tall closed 


6102–Chenopod Shrubl<strong>and</strong>- 

Tussock Grassl<strong>and</strong> 


Communities 




Saltmarshes 

7 Prickly Couch–Sea 

Rush–Schoenoplectus 

subulatus saltmarsh 

Grey Mangrove- 

River Mangrove- 

Swamp Oak 

(MSO) 

601–Swamp Sheoak 

Closed Forest 

to Woodl<strong>and</strong> 

143–Swamp 

Oak 

Group 2 Saltmarsh, 

Group 27 Mangrove 


glauca +/- 

Melaleuca 


forest 

Forested 

Wetl<strong>and</strong>s- Coastal 

Swamp Forests, 


Mangroves 

8 Swamp Oak king-tide 


S2–Juncus krausii tall 

to very tall closed 


Sedgel<strong>and</strong> (S) 

Schoenoplectus 

subulatus 


Communities 




Saltmarshes 

9 Sea Rush–Matgrass 

saltmarsh 

Mangrove Forest 

<strong>and</strong> Woodl<strong>and</strong> 

(MF/W) 

5302–Avicennia marina 

var. australasica mangrove 

shrubl<strong>and</strong>; 2502–Avicennia 

marina var. australasica 

mangrove forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong> 

Grey Mangrove/ 

River Mangrove 

(M) 

Group 27 Mangroves 77–Mangrove 602–Mangrove Low 

Closed Forest 

12.1.3 Mangrove 

Shrubl<strong>and</strong> to 

low closed forest 

on Quaternary 

estuarine deposits 


Saltmarshes 

62 River Mangrove–Grey 

Mangrove–Black 

Mangrove–Milky 

Mangrove–Spider 

Mangrove forest to 







Swamp 



(SSF/W) 





Swamp Oak +/- 







143–Swamp 

Oak 

Group 1 Swamp 




glauca +/- 

Melaleuca 


forest 

Forested 

Wetl<strong>and</strong>s- 

Coastal Swamp 

Forests, Coastal 

Floodplain 

Wetl<strong>and</strong>s 



Oak–fern/sedge swamp 













closed forest 

Swamp 



(SSF/W) 

Paperbark (PB) 40031/2–Melaleuca 

quinquenervia forest <strong>and</strong> 

woodl<strong>and</strong> 

112–Paperbark 401–Broad-leaved 

Paperbark Closed 


Group 1 Swamp 





forest to woodl<strong>and</strong> 


S<strong>and</strong>s; 

Forested 


Coastal Swamp 


Floodplain 



Paperbark–Pink-flowered 

Doughwood swamp 

sclerophyll open forest 



alluvium

Casino 

State Forest 

Management 

Area (Binns 

1995b) 



1992) 

Wallis Lake 






2007) 




1999) 

Tweed LGA 


2004) 

North-east 

NSWForest 

Ecosystems 

(NPWS 1999) 



1990) 


(2006) 




1999) 





Swamp 



(SSF/W) 




Swamp Oak +/- 




Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong>; 






143–Swamp 

Oak 

Group 1 Swamp 





forest on alluvium; 

Forested 


Coastal Swamp 


Floodplain 



Paperbark–Swamp Oak 

ferny swamp sclerophyll 

forest 












S<strong>and</strong>s 





closed forest 

Swamp 



(SSF/W) 




Swamp Oak +/- 





Group 1 Swamp 





forest on alluvium; 

Forested 


Floodplain 


40981/2–Mixed st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> 

Eucalyptus robusta - Melaleuca 

quinquenervia; 

13 Alluvial plain Broadleaved 


Mahogany–Bangalow 

Palm–Saw Sedge–Swamp 

Water Fern swamp 


64051–Lepironia articulata 

Sedgel<strong>and</strong>; 





S<strong>and</strong>s 

F7–Eucalyptus robusta 

mid high to very tall 

open forest 

64131–Eleocharis equisetina 

sedgel<strong>and</strong> 

40021/2–Eucalyptus robusta 


Swamp 



(SSF/W) 

Swamp Mahogany/ 

Swamp Box (SMB) 

305–Coastal 

Swamp Mahogany 

Open Forest to 



142–Swamp 

Mahogany 

Group 1 Swamp 





alluvium 

40981/2–Mixed st<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> 

Eucalyptus robusta - Melaleuca 

quinquenervia, 

Forested 


Coastal Swamp 


Floodplain 


Forested 


Floodplain 


14 Swamp Mahogany– 

Broad-leaved 

Paperbark–Bangalow 

Palm–sedge/fern swamp 


Possibly 40141–Melaleuca 

quinquenervia - Livistona 

australis 

168–Rainforest 401–Broad-leaved 



Suballiance 6– 

Archontophoenix- 

Livistonia 



floodplain 

15 Bangalow Palm- 

Swamp Box-Cabbage 

Tree Palm-Weeping 

Myrtle Open to Closed 

forest. 


F9–Archontophoenix 


- Melaleuca 

quinquenervia very tall 

feather palm swamp 

forest 

H2–Banksia 

oblongfolia- 

Leptospermum 

liversidgei-Lepyrodia 

interrupta-Sprengelia 

sprengeliodes- 

Xanthorrhoea fulva 

Wet Heathl<strong>and</strong> 

(WH) 

Teatree (TT) 55111–Leptospermum whitei 

- L. polygalifolium Swamp 

Sclerophyll Shrubl<strong>and</strong>; 

502–Wet 

heathl<strong>and</strong>/ 

Shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

64–Heath; 

Group 38 Wet Heath 

North Coast 

141–Swamp 

12.2.12 Closed 

or wet heath on 

Quaternary s<strong>and</strong>s 

Freshwater 


Heath Swamps 

16 Tea-tree 

(Leptospermum 

spp.)–Sporodanthus 

interruptus wet heath 

60021–Banksia oblongifolia 

- Leptospermum liversidgei - 

Lepyrodia interrupta - Sprengelia 

sprengelioides - Xanthorrhoea 

fulva 

Wet Heathl<strong>and</strong> 

(WH) 

Teatree (TT) 5503–Banksia ericifolia subsp. 

macrantha +/- Leptospermum 

whitei, Leptospermum 

polygalifolium subsp. 

cismontanum; 

502–Wet 

Heathl<strong>and</strong>/ 


64–Heath; 

Group 38 Wet Heath 

North Coast 

141–Swamp 




Freshwater 


Heath Swamps 

17 Leptospermum 

liversidgei–Wallum 

Bottlebrush–Grass 

Tree–Heath-leaved 

Banksia wallum wet 

heath complex 

5506–Melaleuca quinquenervia 

Swamp sclerophyll shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

6418–Gahnia sieberiana 

- Gleichenia dicarpa 

Sedgel<strong>and</strong>- 

Fernl<strong>and</strong>/ 

Grassl<strong>and</strong> (SFG) 

141–Swamp 702–Fernl<strong>and</strong>/ 

Forbl<strong>and</strong> 




18 Coral Fern Fernl<strong>and</strong> Freshwater 


Heath Swamps

Casino 

State Forest 

Management 

Area (Binns 

1995b) 



1992) 

Wallis Lake 






2007) 




1999) 

Tweed LGA 


2004) 

North-east 

NSWForest 

Ecosystems 

(NPWS 1999) 



1990) 


(2006) 




1999) 

3523–Banksia integrifolia subsp. 

integrifolia, Dry sclerophyll 

forest & woodl<strong>and</strong> 

Coast Banksia 

(CB1) 

310–Banksia Dry 


to Shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

12.2.14 Str<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> 

foredune complex 


Paperbark–Coast 

Banksia–Red Ash dunal 

scrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Swamp 



(SSF/W) 


- Lophostemon suaveolens/ 

Eucalyptus tereticornis mid-high 

to very tall, open woodl<strong>and</strong> to 

closed forest 



309–Coastal Swamp 

Box Open Forest to 


Group 1 Swamp 







s<strong>and</strong>s; 

Forested 


Swamp Forests 

20 Swamp Box-Broadleaved 

Paperbark-rush/ 

fern Swamp Sclerophyll 

Forest 


glauca +/- 

Melaleuca 

quinquenervia 





Swamp 



(SSF/W) 




Swamp Oak +/- 







143–Swamp 

Oak 

Group 1 Swamp 


coastal floodplains; 







s<strong>and</strong>s; 

Forested 


Swamp Forests 



Oak–rush saline swamp 

sclerophyll open forest 










glauca +/- 

Melaleuca 

quinquenervia 

141–Swamp 703–Wetl<strong>and</strong>s 65031–Phragmites australis Rushl<strong>and</strong> (R) 

12.2.15 Coastal 

sedgel<strong>and</strong> wetl<strong>and</strong> 


s<strong>and</strong>s 

Freshwater 


Freshwater 

Lagoons 

22 Common Reed–Black 

Bog-rush reedl<strong>and</strong>/ 

rushl<strong>and</strong> 






142–Swamp 

Mahogany 

Group 1 Swamp 





forest on alluvium 

Forested 


Coastal Swamp 


Floodplain 

23 Swamp Box–Broadleaved 


Mahogany swamp 



141–Swamp 703–Wetl<strong>and</strong>s 64051–Lepironia articulata 

sedgel<strong>and</strong>, Persicaria strigosa 

forbl<strong>and</strong>; 

Group 32 

Freshwater-lagoon 

on s<strong>and</strong> 




Freshwater 


Freshwater 


24 Swamp Ricegrass– 

Smartweed–Juncus 

usitatus swampy meadow 




Freshwater 


Freshwater 


25 Swamp Ricegrass– 

Bolboschoenus 

caldwellii– 

Schoenoplectus validus– 

Cyperus exaltatus 

freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong> 

112–Paperbark In part 64051–Lepironia 

articulata sedgel<strong>and</strong>s 

Group 1 Swamp 





Freshwater 


Freshwater 

Lagoons, Forested 

Wetl<strong>and</strong>s- Coastal 

Floodplain 


26 Hinterl<strong>and</strong> NarrowleavedPaperbark–teatree 

backswamp 

shrubl<strong>and</strong>s–sedgel<strong>and</strong>s

Casino 

State Forest 

Management 

Area (Binns 

1995b) 



1992) 

Wallis Lake 






2007) 




1999) 

Tweed LGA 


2004) 

North-east 

NSWForest 

Ecosystems 

(NPWS 1999) 



1990) 


(2006) 




1999) 



floodplain 

12.3.1 Rainforest 

on alluvium 

Rainforest- 

Dry ‘Gallery’ 

Rainforests 

27 Weeping Myrtle– 

Water Gum floodplain 

riparian forest 

112–Paperbark Possibly related to 4009– 

Melaleuca sieberi Swamp 

sclerophyll forest & woodl<strong>and</strong>; 

Group 1 Swamp 





alluvium 

Forested 


Swamp Forests 

28 Narrow-leaved 

Paperbark–Wallum 

Bottlebrush swamp 

sclerophyll shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

5508–Melaleuca sieberi tall 

sparse to closed shrubl<strong>and</strong> 





closed forest 

112–Paperbark 309–Coastal Swamp 



Group 1 Swamp 





alluvium 

Forested 


Floodplain 


29 Swamp Box–NarrowleavedPaperbark–Broadleaved 

Paperbark alluvial 


141–Swamp 

Group 32 

Freshwater-lagoon 

on s<strong>and</strong> 

12.3.8. Freshwater 

Swamps 

Freshwater 


Freshwater 


30 Middle Richmond 

freshwater wetl<strong>and</strong>s 

3516–Eucalyptus signata tall to 

very tall, open woodl<strong>and</strong> 

306–Coastal 

Scribbly Gum Open 

Forest to woodl<strong>and</strong> 

74–Lowl<strong>and</strong>s 

Scribbly Gum 

Dry Sclerophyll 

Forests-Coastal 

Dune Dry 

Sclerophyll 

Forests 

31 Scribbly Gum–Red 

Mahogany–Brush Box 

dry sclerophyll open to 

closed forest on coastal 


Flooded Gum 

(fG); 

32–Dry 

Foothills 

Blackbutt 

Turpentine 



Dune Dry 

Sclerophyll 

Forests 

32 Blackbutt-Turpentine 

Open Forest complex 


Blackbutt (BB) 

Moist to dry 

sclerophyll Forest; 

206–Flooded Gum 

Open Forest; 

211–Turpentine +/- 


Open Forest; 

307–Coastal 

Blackbutt Open 

Forest to woodl<strong>and</strong>; 

303–Coastal Brush 

Box Open Forest 

to Woodl<strong>and</strong>; 

305–Coastal 



12.2.8 Eucalyptus 

pilularis, E. 

microcorys, E. 

resinifera & 

Syncarpia hillii Tall 

Open Forest 




Cypress Pine (CP) 3502–Dry sclerophyll forest & 

woodl<strong>and</strong> NPWS 

313–Cypress Pine 



22–Coastal 

Cypress Pine 

12.2.11 Woodl<strong>and</strong>s 

<strong>of</strong> coastal dunes 

<strong>and</strong> beaches 



Dune Dry 

Sclerophyll 

Forests 

33 Coast Cypress Pine on 

dunes <strong>and</strong> ridges 

3523–Banksia integrifolia subsp. 

integrifolia 

Coast Banksia 

(CB1) 

5–Banksia 310–Banksia 


Open Forest <strong>and</strong> 


Group 14 Foredune 

Scrub 

12.2.5 Forests <strong>of</strong> 

coastal dunes <strong>and</strong> 

beaches 



Dune Dry 

Sclerophyll 

Forests 

34 Coast Banksia frontal 

dune open forest on 

Holocene dunes

Casino 

State Forest 

Management 

Area (Binns 

1995b) 



1992) 

Wallis Lake 






2007) 




1999) 

Tweed LGA 


2004) 

North-east 

NSWForest 

Ecosystems 

(NPWS 1999) 



1990) 


(2006) 




1999) 

F2–Lophostemon 

confertus tall to very 

tall closed forest 

Brush Box (Bb) 3002–Lophostemon confertus 

mid-high to very tall, open to 

closed forest 




50–Wet 

Bangalow 

Brushbox 

Suballiance 

18–Lophostemon 

confertus 

Group 4 Littoral 

Rainforest 

Rainforest- 

Subtropical 

Rainforest 

35 Brush Box lowl<strong>and</strong> 

rainforest 

5411–*Chrysanthemoides 

monilifera subsp. rotundata 

- Acacia sophorae mid-high to 

tall closed shrubl<strong>and</strong> 

Horsetail She-oak- 

Coast Banksia- 

Bitou Bush (OcB) 

1008–Post mining 

regeneration; 

801–Foredune 

Complex 

Group 25 Beach 

Grassy Heath 

12.2.14 Str<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> 

foredune complex 

36 Coast Wattle–Coast 

Tea-tree–Coast Banksia 

shrubl<strong>and</strong> on Holocene 

dunes <strong>and</strong> ridges 

6302–Themeda australis Sod 

Grassl<strong>and</strong> 

Heathl<strong>and</strong>s- 

Coastal Headl<strong>and</strong> 

Heaths 

37 Kangaroo Grass 

headl<strong>and</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong> 

65–Heathy 

Scribbly Gum 

12.2.6 Open forest 

on dunes 



Dune Dry 


38 Scribbly Gum–Old 

Man Banksia–Slender 

Tea-tree heathy low open 

sclerophyll forest/ 


5802–Dry heathl<strong>and</strong> 

Wallum Banksia 

(BK); 

501–Dry heathl<strong>and</strong>/ 


12.2.9 Banksia 

aemula low 

shrubby woodl<strong>and</strong> 

on coastal dunes 

<strong>and</strong> beaches 

Heathl<strong>and</strong>s- 

Wallum S<strong>and</strong> 

Heaths 

39 Wallum Banksia dry 

heath 

Dwarf Banksia/ 

Coast Banksia 

(BK) 

Wet Sclerophyll 

Forest-North 

Coast Wet 


40 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond 

mesic successional 

wet/swamp sclerophyll 

forest/rainforest 


CASf17 

Eucalyptus 

resinifera 

Eucalyptus 

pilularis 

Lophostemon 

suaveolens 

Syncarpia 

glomulifera 

Corymbia 

intermedia. 

4013–Melaleuca quinquenervia- 

Lophostemon suaveolens/ 



closed forest 

Flooded Gum 

(fG); 

Blackbutt (BB); 




Open Forest; 

211–Turpentine +/- 


Open Forest; 

307–Coastal 

Blackbutt Open 

Forest to woodl<strong>and</strong>; 


Box Open Forest 

to Woodl<strong>and</strong>; 

305–Coastal 



Woodl<strong>and</strong>; 




CASf 36 


confertus 

Syncarpia 

glomulifera 

Corymbia 

intermedia 

Brush Box (Bb) 3002–Lophostemon confertus 

mid-high to very tall, open to 

closed forest 

12.11.3 Tall open 

forest on sediments 


Forest-North 

Coast Wet 


41 <strong>Lower</strong> Richmond 

Brush Box–Pink 

Bloodwood–Grey 

Ironbark mesic tall open 

forest

Casino 

State Forest 

Management 

Area (Binns 

1995b) 



1992) 

Wallis Lake 






2007) 




1999) 

Tweed LGA 


2004) 

North-east 

NSWForest 

Ecosystems 

(NPWS 1999) 



1990) 


(2006) 




1999) 

F3–Eucalyptus pilularis 

very tall open forest; 

Blackbutt (BB); 

201–Blackbutt 

Open Forest 

Complex; 202–Grey 

Ironbark- White 

Mahogany/Grey 

Gum Open 

Forest complex; 

207–Brush Box 

12.11.3 Tall open 

forest on sediments 


Forest-North 

Coast Wet 


F2–Lophostemon 



Grey Ironbark- 


(gIB) 

42. Tweed–Brunswick 

Valleys Brush 

Box–Blackbutt–Pink 

Bloodwood–Tallowwood 

foothill wet sclerophyll 

forest 

Open Forest 

Brush Box (Bb) F2–Lophostemon 



207–Brush Box 

Open Forest 

12.11.1 Brush Box 

closed forest in 

gullies. 

Rainforest- 

Substropical 

Rainforest 

43. Brunswick–Tweed 

Brush Box gully 

rainforest on metasediments 

Subtropical 

rainforest on 

metasediments; 

Subtropical 


102–Subtropical/ 

warm temperate 

Rainforest 

Suballiance 

2–Toona-Flindersia 


closed Forest in 

gullies 

Rainforest- 

Substropical 

Rainforest 

44. Tweed–Brunswick 

Valley Blue Qu<strong>and</strong>ong 


alluvial soils 

Subtropical 



Subtropical 

rainforest on basalt 

soils 



Rainforest 

Suballiance 

6–Archontophoenix- 

Livistona 


closed Forest in 

gullies 

Rainforest- 

Subtropical 

Rainforest 

45.Tweed–Brunswick 

Valley Bangalow Palm– 

Lilly Pilly subtropical 

rainforest 

Subtropical 


soils 



Rainforest 

Suballiance 

3–Cryptocarya 

obovta- Dendrocnide 

excelsa- Ficus spp.- 

Araucaria 

12.8.4 Complex 

notophyll 


<strong>and</strong> laterised basalt 

Rainforest- 

Subtropical 

Rainforest 

46. Stinging Tree–White 

Fig–Brush Bloodwood 





Rainforest 

Subtropical 



Subtropical 


soils 



Rainforest 

Suballiance 

1–Argyrodendron 

trifoliatum 

12.8.3 Complex 

notophyll 

rianforest on 

cainozoic igneous 

rocks 

Rainforest- 

Subtropical 

Rainforest 

47 Tweed Valley metasediment 

<strong>and</strong> basalt 

low-elevation subtropical 

rainforest 

Wattle (W); 


Open Forest 

26–Coastal 

Flooded Gum 

Mixed regrowth 

forest <strong>and</strong> 

shrubl<strong>and</strong> (mr); 


gr<strong>and</strong>is +/- 

Eucalyptus 

microcorys tall 

open forest 

with rainforest 

understorey 


Forests-North 

Coast Wet 

Sclerophyll 

Forests 

48 Flooded Gum–Pinkflowered 

Doughwood– 

Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong alluvial 

plain wet sclerophyll 

forest 

Flooded Gum (fG) 

Camphor Laurel 

(cL1, cL2) 

1004–Camphor 

Laurel Dominant 

Closed to Open 

Forests 


Forests-North 

Coast Wet 

Sclerophyll 

Forests 

49 Camphor Laurel– 

Forest Red Gum open to 

closed forest

Casino 

State Forest 

Management 

Area (Binns 

1995b) 



1992) 

Wallis Lake 






2007) 




1999) 

Tweed LGA 


2004) 

North-east 

NSWForest 

Ecosystems 

(NPWS 1999) 



1990) 


(2006) 




1999) 

F5–Eucalyptus 

tereticornis-Eucalyptus 

intermedia- 

Lophostmeon 

suaveolens tall to very 

tall open forest 




to very tall, open woodl<strong>and</strong> 

to closed forest; 3003– 

Lophostemon suaveolens tall to 

very tall, open to closed forest; 

3010–Lophostemon suaveolens 

- Eucalyptus intermedia - E. 

tereticornis tall to very tall, 

open to closed forest. 

Mixed Eucalypt 

spp. (me2) Swamp 





Group 1 Swamp 


Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong>; 

Group 10 Swamp 


Coastal S<strong>and</strong>plains 



forest on alluvium 

Forested 


Coastal Swamp 


Floodplain 


50 Swamp Oak–Forest 

Red Gum–Broad-leaved 


Box swamp sclerophyll 


Group 8 Subtropical 

Coastal Floodplain 

Forest 


tereticornis open 


on alluvial plains 

Forested 


Coastal Swamp 


Floodplain 

51 Forest Red Gum– 

Willow Bottlebrush– 

Camphor Laurel dry 

open forest 


Subtropical 

rainforest near the 

coast 

101–Littoral 

rainforest 

12.2.2 Mixed 

microphyll 

notophyll 

rianforest on 

coastal dunes <strong>and</strong> 

Rainforest- 

Subtropical 

Rainforest 

52 Small-leaved 

Fig–Hard Qu<strong>and</strong>ong– 

Bangalow Palm 

subtropical/littoral 

rainforest on Pleistocene 

beaches 

dunes 





4099–Melaleuca quinquenervia- 

Casuarina glauca 

Paperbark (PB); 


Swamp Oak +/- 


401-Broad-leaved 


Forest to Woodl<strong>and</strong>; 

143–Swamp 

Oak 

Group 1 Swamp 


Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> 



alluvium 

Forested 


Coastal Swamp 


Floodplain 


53 Patches Beach Broadleaved 


Oak–Cabbage-tree Palm 


on the alluvial plain. 






She-oak Closed 



103–Dry Rainforest 

Suballiance 

25–Streblus- 

Austromyrtus 

Rainforests-Dry 

Rainforests 

54 Whalebone 

Tree–Thorny Pea–Sweet 

Myrtle dry rainforest 

CASov22.1 

Eucalyptus 

carnea Corymbia 

intermedia 

3015–Eucalyptus intermedia 

- E. siderophloia - E. tereticornis 

tall to very tall, open to closed 

forest; 



(gIB) 

202–Grey Ironbark/ 

White Mahogany/ 

GreyGum Open 

Forest Complex 

12.11.5 Spotted 

Gum Ironbark 

mixed Tall 

Open forest on 

metasediments 


Forest-Northern 

Hinterl<strong>and</strong> Wet 


55 Grey Ironbark–Pink 

Bloodwood–White 

Mahogany dry grassy 

open forest 

3509–Eucalyptus siderophloia - 

E. propinqua - E. acmenoides/E. 

carnea tall to very tall, open to 

closed forest 

CASf25 

Eucalyptus 

tereticornis 


suaveolens 




closed forest 



woodl<strong>and</strong> 




Group 1 Swamp 


Coastal <strong>Floodplains</strong> 



alluvium 

Forested 


Coastal Swamp 


Floodplain 




Box–Tuckeroo swamp 

sclerophyll open forest

Casino 

State Forest 

Management 

Area (Binns 

1995b) 



1992) 

Wallis Lake 






2007) 




1999) 

Tweed LGA 


2004) 

North-east 

NSWForest 

Ecosystems 

(NPWS 1999) 



1990) 


(2006) 




1999) 

CASf18 

Eucalyptus 

robusta 

Eucalyptus 

resinifera 


suaveolens 

CASf10 

Eucalyptus 

moluccana 

Eucalyptus 

siderophloia 

Corymbia 

intermedia 


suaveolens, 

CASf25 

Eucalyptus 

tereticornis 


suaveolens 

CASf8 Corymbia 

intermedia 

Corymbia henryi 

3014–Eucalyptus resinifera 

subsp. hemilampra tall to very 

tall, open to closed forest; 

Swamp sclerophyll 

forest mixed 

eucalypt spp. 

(mE2) 

57 Red Mahogany–Pink 

Bloodwood–Swamp 

Mahogany–Swamp Box 

dry open forest 

3519–Eucalyptus resinifera ssp. 

hemilampra tall to very tall, 

open to closed forest 

3015–Corymbia intermedia- 

Eucalyptus siderophloia 

- Eucalyptus tereticornis Wet 




(gIB); 



Grey Gum Open 






Blackbutt (BB) 

58 Pink Bloodwood– 

Grey Ironbark–Swamp 

Box–Forest Red 

Gum–Blackbutt tall dry 

open forest 

24–Clarence 

Lowl<strong>and</strong>s 

Spotted Gum 

12.11.5 Spotted 

Gum Ironbark 

mixed Tall 

Open forest on 

metasediments 

Grassy 

Woodl<strong>and</strong>s- 

Coastal Valley 

Grassy Woodl<strong>and</strong>s 

59 Large-fruited Spotted 

Gum–Grey Ironbark– 

Small-fruited Grey Gum 

dry grassy open forest 

3538–Eucalyptus eugenioides 

- E. siderophloia - E. intermedia 

tall to very tall, open forest 

Gey Ironbark- Pink 

Bloodwood (gIB) 



Grey Gum Open 


12.9/10.7 Tall 

Open Forests on 

sediments 





60 Grey Ironbark–Thinleaved 

Stringybark–Pink 

Bloodwood–Swamp Box 

dry open grassy forest 


F5–Eucalyptus 

tereticornis-C. 

intermedia- 


suaveolens 

46–Forest Red 

Gum; 



alluvium 

73–Lowl<strong>and</strong> 

Red Gum; 

Forested 


Floodplain 



Paperbark–Narrowleaved 

Rough-barked 

Apple–Swamp Box–Pink 

Bloodwood dry grassy 

alluvial open forest 

5302–Avicennia marina 

var. australasica mangrove 

shrubl<strong>and</strong>; 2502–Avicennia 

marina var. australasica 

mangrove forest <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong> 

Grey Mangrove/ 

River Mangrove 

(M) 

112–Paperbark 

77–Mangrove 602–Mangrove Low 

Closed Forest to 


12.1.3 Magrove 



Mangroves 

62 River Mangrove- 

Grey Mangrove-Black 

Mangrove-Milky 

Mangrove <strong>and</strong> Spider 

Mangrove Forest to 

Woodl<strong>and</strong>

<strong>Targeted</strong> <strong>Vegetation</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> 

<strong>Floodplains</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Lower</strong> <strong>Slopes</strong> on 

the Far North Coast 

Comprehensive Coastal Assessment September 2008

Targeted Vegetation Survey of Floodplains and Lower Slopes on the ...

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