The Biodiversity of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve - Birdlife ...

BirdLife International Vietnam Programme 

with financial support from the 

John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation 

The Biodiversity of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve, Quang 

Tri Province, Vietnam 

Conservation Report 

Number 35 

Hanoi, 2008

The Biodiversity of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam 

Simon Mahood 

(BirdLife International Vietnam Programme) 

Tran Van Hung 

(BirdLife International Vietnam Programme) 

With contributions from: 

Le Trong Trai 

John Pilgrim 

Jonathan C. Eames 

Funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation 

Hanoi, 2008 

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Project Coordinators 

Jonathan C. Eames and Pham Tuan Anh 

Project Funding 

The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (Grant No. 06-85693-000-GSS) 

Cover Photo 

Forest near Cup village in Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve. 

© Jonathan C. Eames 

ISBN 978-0-946888-62-7 

Citation 

Mahood, S. P. and Tran Van Hung (2008) The Biodiversity of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve, 

Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. BirdLife International Vietnam Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam 

Copies available from 

BirdLife International Vietnam Programme 

N6/2+3, Lane 25, Lang Ha Street, Dong Da 

Hanoi, Vietnam 

Tel/Fax: + (84) 4 3514 8904/35148921 

E-mail: birdlife@netnam.org.vn 

© BirdLife International, September 2008 

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Table of Contents 

Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................5 

Conventions Used............................................................................................................................6 

Glossary of Terms............................................................................................................................6 

Abbreviations and Acronyms Used..................................................................................................6 

Executive Summary..........................................................................................................................6 

Executive Summary VN...................................................................................................................7 

1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................8 

1.1 Conservation in Vietnam....................................................................................................... 8 

1.2 The Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area ...................................................................... 9 

2. Characteristics of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve....................................................................10 

2.1 Location............................................................................................................................... 10 

2.2 Demographics...................................................................................................................... 12 

2.3 Biogeographical location..................................................................................................... 12 

2.4 History of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve ........................................................................ 13 

2.5 History of Biological Research............................................................................................ 13 

2.6 Physical characteristics of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve............................................... 15 

2.6.1 Topography................................................................................................................... 15 

2.6.2 Soils .............................................................................................................................. 15 

2.6.3 Hydrology..................................................................................................................... 15 

2.6.4 Meteorology ................................................................................................................. 15 

2.7 Threats to Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve......................................................................... 16 

2.8 Habitat types at Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserves.............................................................. 19 

2.8.1 High quality forest........................................................................................................ 20 

2.8.2 Medium quality forest .................................................................................................. 22 

2.8.3 Low quality forest and non-forest habitats................................................................... 22 

3. Faunal and floral diversity..........................................................................................................23 

3.1 Floral diversity..................................................................................................................... 23 

3.2 Mammal Diversity............................................................................................................... 24 

3.3 Bird diversity....................................................................................................................... 29 

3.4 Reptiles and Amphibians..................................................................................................... 32 

4. Biodiversity Evaluation..............................................................................................................34 

4.1 Habitat Types....................................................................................................................... 34 

4.2 Globally Threatened Species, Restricted Range Species and Priority Taxa ....................... 35 

4.3 Overall Levels of Biodiversity ............................................................................................ 37 

4.4 Management recommendations........................................................................................... 37 

References......................................................................................................................................39 

Appendix 1. Plant species list for Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve..............................................42 

Appendix 2. Mammal species list for Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve........................................66 

Appendix 3. Bird species list for Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve................................................69 

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Appendix 4. Reptile and Amphibean species list for Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve ................76 

List of Tables 

Table 1. Land cover of BHH NR....................................................................................................19 

Table 2. Globally and nationally threatened plant species recorded in BHH NR..........................24 

Table 3. Nationally and globally threatened and near-threatened mammals reported from BHH NR.....25 

Table 4. Threatened, Near Threatened and Restricted-range bird species of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve..30 

Table 5. Preliminary list of reptile and amphibian species of conservation concern from Bac 

Huong Hoa Nature Reserve............................................................................................................33 

List of Maps 

Map 1. The location of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve...............................................................11 

Map 2. Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve (Quang Chi FPD)...........................................................12 

List of Figures 

Figure 1. The number of restricted-range bird species in protected areas in the Annamese Lowlands EBA...............35 

Figure 2. Number of priority mammal taxa in protected areas in Priority Landscape CA1...........36 

Figure 3. Number of priority bird taxa in protected areas in Priority Landscape CA1..................36 

Figure 4. Number of priority reptile and amphibian taxa in protected areas in Priority Landscape CA1...............37 

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Acknowledgements 

This report has been produced as a result of work funded by the John D. and Catherine T. 

MacArthur Foundation (Grant number 06-85693-000-GSS), as part of a project entitled 

“Completing protected areas systems in priority landscapes in Cambodia and Vietnam”. The 

author would like to thank Le Trong Trai and Andrew “Jack” Tordoff for useful discussions on 

the history of research and the ecology of Bac Huong Hoa. The maps were produced by Tran Van 

Hung, to whom the author would like to extend his gratitude for his hard work. Finally, the 

authors wish to thank Jonathan C. Eames and John Pilgrim for their comments on an earlier draft 

of this report. 

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Conventions Used 

Plant names, and species limits follow Anon (2007). Mammal names (common) follow Wilson 

and Reeder (2005) and (scientific) IUCN (2007), sequence follow Wilson and Reeder (2005) and 

species limits follow IUCN (2007), with scientific names given at first mention and in Appendix 

2. Bird names (common and scientific), sequence and species limits follow BirdLife International 

(2008), with scientific names given at first mention and in Appendix 3. Reptile and amphibian 

names, sequence and species limits follow Nguyen Van Sang and Ho Thu Cuc (1996), with 

scientific names given in Appendix 4. Diacritical marks are omitted from Vietnamese names due 

to typographical limitations and the restricted understanding of international readers. 

Glossary of Terms 

Endemic Bird Area (EBA) refers to an area supporting at least two restricted-range bird species. 

A restricted range bird species is one with a global breeding range of less than 50,000 km 2 . 

Globally threatened species refers to a species assigned a category of threat in the IUCN Red 

Lists of Threatened Animals and Plants (IUCN 2007); the term excludes species listed as Near 

Threatened or Data Deficient. Indochina refers to the biogeographic region of Cambodia, Laos 

and Vietnam. 

Abbreviations and Acronyms Used 

EBA - Endemic Bird Area 

IBA – Important Bird Area 

FIPI - Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Hanoi 

FPD - Forest Protection Department 

IEBR - Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources 

IUCN - World Conservation Union 

MARD - Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 

NTFP - Non-timber forest products 

WWF – World Wildlife Fund 

VRDB – Vietnam Red Data Book 2007 

CR – Critically Endangered 

EN – Endangered 

VU – Vulnerable 

DD – Data Deficient 

NT – Near Threatened 

Executive Summary 

Prior to their designation as a nature reserve, the forests of Bac Huong Hoa, together with 

adjacent forest in Quang Binh Province, represented the largest block of unprotected forest in the 

Central Annamites. The establishment of the nature reserve presents an opportunity to conserve a 

significant area of forest, with a fauna representative of the Greater Truong Son Landscape. This 

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eport brings together biological information relevant to Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve, to 

enable effective management. 

BHH NR covers 25,200 hectares, including 20,646.2 hectares of natural forest. These forests 

support a fauna representative of the Central Annamites and the Greater Truong Son Landscape. 

The reserve supports globally threatened mammal species such as the Saola Psuedoryx 

nghetinhensis and Red-shanked Douc LangurPygathrix nemaeus, and four of the seven restrictedrange 

bird species which define the Annnamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area. Site Support 

Groups set up by BirdLife to monitor populations of key mammal and bird species also report the 

continued existence of the globally Endangered Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi in the 

nature reserve. Due to the populations of threatened and restricted-range species it supports, BHH 

NR forms part of the Truong Son IBA. 

Although it is of global importance due to the species and habitats it protects, in recent years the 

biodiversity value of BHH NR may have been considerably reduced due to intensive commercial 

hunting for the wildlife trade. A number of teams of professional hunters from Quang Binh 

Province operate in the nature reserve and a very high density of traps has been observed. The 

trade in wildlife is likely to have been facilitated by the construction of the Ho Chi Minh 

Highway. 

BHH NR therefore presents a management challenge and a significant conservation opportunity. 

This report recommends that effective management must be established at BHH NR, in order to 

protect the globally important biodiversity attributes of the Central Annamites. Professional 

hunting must be eradicated quickly and surveys of species representative of the Greater Truong 

Son Landscape need to be conducted, to inform management decisions. Traditional projects to 

improve management of protected areas in the Central Annamites have been limited in their 

success. Due to the intensity of threat processes at Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve, the same is 

likely to be true there. The recent establishment of this protected area presents an opportunity to 

pursue innovative forms of management. New management strategies which work within 

established national frameworks may be the most effective way to manage Bac Huong Hoa 

Nature Reserve and the species of global importance it protects. This innovative approach could 

provide a successful alternative model for conservation of protected areas throughout Vietnam. 

Executive Summary VN 

Trước khi xây dựng khu bảo tồn, rừng ở khu vực Bắc Hướng Hóa và phía giáp tỉnh Quảng Bình 

là vùng rừng rộng lớn nhất miền trung Trường Sơn còn chưa được bảo vệ. Thành lập khu bảo tồn 

thiên nhiên ở đó là một cơ hội tốt để bảo vệ khu rừng quan trọng với đại diện của nhiều loài động 

vật của dãy Trường Sơn hùng vĩ. Báo cáo này nhằm cung cấp thông tin về đa dạng sinh học của 

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khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Bắc Hướng Hóa và tạo cơ sở quản lý hiệu quả nguồn tài nguyên sinh vật 

trong khu bảo tồn. 

Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Bắc Hướng Hóa có diện tích là 25.200 ha, trong đó rừng tự nhiên là 

20.646,2 ha. Khu rừng này là môi trường sống của nhiều loài động vật đại diện miền Trung 

Trường Sơn cũng như của dãy Trường Sơn rộng lớn. Cụ thể, nó là môi trường sống của nhiều 

loài thú đang bị đe dọa ở mức toàn cầu như Sao la (Psuedoryx nghetinhensis), Voọc vá chân nâu 

(Pygathrix nemaeus) và của năm trong số bẩy loài chim có vùng phân bố hẹp tại Vùng chim đặc 

hữu đất thấp Trường Sơn. Các nhóm tuần tra giám sát do Tổ chức Birdlife thành lập nhằm giám 

sát số lượng của các loài chim và thú quan trọng, đặc biệt là của loài Gà lôi lam mào trắng 

(Lophura edwardsi) trong khu bảo tồn. Khu bảo tồn Bắc Hướng Hóa là một phần của vùng chim 

quan trọng trong dãy Trường Sơn vì nó có quần thể của các loài phân bố hẹp và đang bị đe dọa. 

Mặc dù có tầm quan trọng toàn cầu vì rừng ở Bắc Hướng Hóa là môi trường sống của nhiều loài 

động thực vật và sinh cảnh quan trọng, nhưng những năm gần đây, giá trị đa dạng sinh học trong 

khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Bắc Hướng Hóa đã bị suy giảm nghiêm trọng do việc săn bắn và buôn 

bán động vật hoang dã trái phép. Có rất nhiều nhóm thợ săn chuyên nghiệp từ tỉnh Quảng Bình 

đang ráo riết hoạt động trong khu bảo tồn và sử dụng rất nhiều bẫy khác nhau. Việc xây dựng 

đường Hồ Chí Minh cũng tạo thêm điều kiện cho việc buôn bán, vận chuyển động vật hoang dã. 

Vì vậy, Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Bắc Hướng Hóa đang phải đối mặt với những thách thức trong 

quản lý nhưng lại có cơ hội để thực hiện sứ mệnh bảo tồn. Để bảo vệ giá trị đa dạng sinh học của 

miền trung Trường Sơn, cần phải thành lập ban quản lý khu bảo tồn và thực hiện các hoạt động 

có hiệu quả tại khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Bắc Hướng Hóa, ngăn chặn các hoạt động săn bắn trái 

phép và tiến hành điều tra bổ sung thông tin về các loài đại diện của dãy Trường Sơn để làm cơ 

sở quản lý hiệu quả hơn nữa. Với mức độ đe dọa đến khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Bắc Hướng Hóa 

như vậy, thì rất có thể kết quả quản lý khó được như mong muốn. Những khu bảo tồn được thành 

lập trong thời gian gần đây có thể có cơ hội để thực hiện những biện pháp quản lý mới nhằm bảo 

vệ các loài có tầm quan trọng toàn cầu và đó có thể sẽ là mô hình quản lý bảo tồn phù hợp cho 

các khu bảo vệ trên toàn lãnh thổ Việt Nam. 

1. Introduction 

1.1 Conservation in Vietnam 

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a relatively narrow strip, running north-south along the 

eastern coast of the Indochinese Peninsula. The population of Vietnam is approximately 85 

million (CIA Sourcebook 2008). Vietnam is currently undergoing an economic transition towards 

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a more market-oriented economy. The country’s annual per capita gross national product (GNP) 

has been growing rapidly for the past decade. Economic growth, infrastructure development, 

population growth, protracted wars, and the development of agriculture, forestry and fishing 

industries, have resulted in over-exploitation of Vietnam's natural resources. The environment in 

Vietnam has largely been compromised: gross deforestation has been accompanied by 

degradation of arable land; soil erosion; destruction of water catchments; diminished groundwater 

sources; siltation and ecological degradation of coastal and submerged areas; and a loss of overall 

biodiversity within Vietnam. 

Due to a rapidly expanding population and an economic growth rate which has now reached over 

8%, there is increasing pressure on land and resources in Vietnam. The national conservation 

movement now faces its greatest challenge yet: conserving biodiversity in the face of these 

mounting pressures. Forest is being lost due to the agricultural needs of the rural poor, whilst 

high value timber trees are now targeted wherever they occur, to manufacture high quality 

furniture for the expanding rich middle class. A concurrent trend has been the equally rapid 

commercialisation and expansion of wildlife trade, facilitated by an increasingly efficient 

transport and communications network and driven by new found wealth and a growing demand 

for wildlife products (WCS/FPD 2008). 

The government of Vietnam recognised the need for conserving and rehabilitating the natural 

environment at the end of the 1970s. However, it was not until the 1990s that the conservation 

emphasis moved towards protecting endangered habitats and species. Vietnam's forests are 

divided into three categories, of which nature reserves fall under the designation Special-use 

Forests (Protected Areas) and are managed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural 

Development (MARD). A countrywide analysis of protected area coverage conducted by the 

BirdLife International Vietnam Programme and the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute of 

MARD, was published in 1999 as a response to the government’s strategy to expand the Specialuse 

Forest system from one million to two million hectares (Wege et al. 1999). As a result of 

achievement of this policy goal, the Vietnamese government considers their protected area 

system complete, and BHH NR is likely to be last protected area designated in Vietnam. 

1.2 The Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area 

Initial surveys conducted by BirdLife International identified 218 centres of bird endemism 

world-wide, termed Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) (Stattersfield et al. 1998). EBAs are areas which 

support at least two restricted-range bird species (species with a global range of less than 50,000 

km 2 ), and are considered to be priority areas for conservation (Stattersfield et al. 1998). Three 

EBAs were initially identified in Vietnam: the Southern Vietnamese Lowlands, the Da Lat 

Plateau, and the Annamese Lowlands. 

The Annamese Lowlands EBA covers the level lowlands and foothills of north-central Vietnam 

(in southern Ninh Binh, Thanh Hoa, Nghe Anh, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thu Thien 

Hue provinces) and part of adjacent central Laos, up to an elevation of 1,000 m. As such, much 

of the forest at BHH NR falls into this IBA. The natural vegetation of this EBA, is tropical 

lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forest below c.1,000 m. This adjoins tropical midmontane 

rain forest above this altitude. Habitat loss in this EBA has been severe, the coastal 

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lowlands have been almost entirely deforested since 1945, and the forest in the foothills is now 

highly fragmented and degraded, with few substantial areas of good quality forest remaining 

(Statterfield et al. 1998). 

The EBA was defined by the ranges of nine species, although of these, one is now considered a 

hybrid taxon (Imperial Pheasant Lophura imperialis) and another (Annam Partridge Arborophila 

merlini), is now regarded by BirdLife International as a subspecies of the more widespread 

Chestnut-necklaced Partridge Arborophila chaltonii. Of the remaining seven species, the range of 

Crested Argus Reinardia ocellata also extends upwards into montane forest, and White-cheeked 

Laughingthrush Garrulax vassali is principally a lower montane species of only marginal 

occurrence in this EBA. Sooty Babbler Stachyris herberti is a localised species with a distribution 

confined to forest on limestone outcrops. The Annamese Lowlands also support a number of 

widespread Near Threatened species, such as Red-collared Woodpecker Picus rabieri and 

Blyth’s Kingfisher Alcedo hercules. 

Deforestation in this EBA has been intense; the only remaining good quality lowland forest is in 

small valleys and on the lower slopes of the hills. Causes of deforestation in the past include 

clearance for agriculture to feed a rapidly increasing population, warfare and logging. The 

remaining forests are subject to commercial logging, further clearance for permanent agriculture 

and settlements and degradation as a result of fuelwood collection, shifting agriculture and fire 

(Collins et al. 1991, Eames et al. 1992). 

There are 13 protected areas in the Annamese Lowlands EBA in Vietnam, which protect blocks 

of forest along the eastern edge of the Annamite Range and the coastal lowlands. Approximately 

50 kilometres to the south of Bac Huong Hoa are the Dakrong and Phong Dien nature reserves, 

which support 40,526 and 41,548 hectares respectively. Nearly 70 kilometres to the north, Phong 

Nha Ke Bang protects 85,745 hectares of lowland broad-leaf evergreen and limestone karst 

forest. Together with adjacent forest in Quang Binh Province, the forests of Bac Huong Hoa 

constituted the largest area of unprotected lowland evergreen forest in the Central Annamites 

Landscape. As such, its addition to the protected area network represents an important 

contribution to conservation in the region. 

2. Characteristics of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve 

2.1 Location 

Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve encompasses an area of lowland and mid-montane evergreen 

forest in central Vietnam, adjacent to the international border with Laos (Map 1.). It covers 

25,200 hectares, including 20,646.2 hectares of natural forest. It is located in the north of Huong 

Hoa District, Quang Tri Province, 50 km north-west of Khe San town, and 120 km west of Dong 

Hai town. The nature reserve is bisected by the Ho Chi Minh Highway. It encompasses the 

territory of five communes, namely Huong Linh, Huong Son, Huong Phung, Huong Viet and 

Huong Lap (Map 2). To the north, it is bordered by Quang Binh Province and to the east it is 

bordered by three districts, Vinh Linh, Gio Linh and Dakrong. The nature reserve is bounded by 

the coordinates 16043'22’’ to 16059'55’’ N and 106033'00’’ to 106047'03’’E. Within the 

boundary of BHH NR, there are two villages with c. 30 households, of which 12 households 

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elong to Cuoi village and 18 households belong to Cop village. Both villages are in the Huong 

Lap Commune. 

Map 1. The location of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve. 

Note: Darkness of green indicates richness of forest. Areas enclosed in red are protected areas. 

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Map 2. Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve (Quang Chi FPD) 

2.2 Demographics 

The residents of Cop and Cuoi villages are an indigenous ethnic minority group, the Van Kieu. 

They have a low economic status, 83% of households in the nature reserve are classified as poor 

and the remainder rank as average. The Van Kieu in the nature reserve have three main sources 

of income, namely: cattle, small-scale agriculture and forest resource exploitation. On average, 

these people obtain 40% of their income from exploitation of forest resources and this percentage 

is increasing due to the activities of wildlife traders. 

2.3 Biogeographical location 

The nature reserve is just beyond the northern limit of Priority Landscape CA1, of the Greater 

Truong Son Landscape (Tordoff et al. 2003). However, it is included in the Central Annamites 

Landscape, which is bounded by the coordinates 14°00' to 17°30'N and 106°00' to 109°00'E and 

the Greater Annamite Ecoregion (Baltzer et al. 2001). Biogeographically, this region is 

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characterized by a species community typical of the Central Annamite chain. BHH NR is also 

situated in the Annamese Lowlands EBA (Stattersfield et al. 1998), since it supports a number of 

the restricted-range bird species which characterise the EBA. 

BHH NR forms the southernmost part of the Truong Son IBA (Tordoff et al. 2002). This IBA, 

and the forests of BHH, support a fauna typical of the Annamese lowlands. The site qualified as 

an IBA under criteria A1, due to the presence of globally threatened species (at the time of 

assessment a number of species found in the nature reserve, such as Crested Argus, were 

considered globally threatened); A2, due to the presence of restricted-range species; and A3, due 

to the presence of biome restricted species. It is also a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA), part of a 

globally important network of sites for conservation, due to the presence of Saola Pseudoryx 

nghetinhensis and Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi. 

BHH NR also lies within the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot (Djik et al. 1999). This large 

designation covers all of the Indochinese subregion, including the Central Annamites and the 

Annamese lowlands. 

2.4 History of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve 

Following the first field surveys in the region, BirdLife designated the forests of Bac Huong Hoa 

as an IBA, recognising the global importance of the area (Tordoff et al. 2002). BirdLife has 

continued its interest in and commitment to the forests of Bac Huong Hoa, through two 

MacArthur Foundation funded projects. The first of these projects conducted biodiversity surveys 

in the area and established two Site Support Groups (SSGs) in Bac Huong Hoa, in Cup and Cuoi 

villages. These were established in August 2004 with the purpose of monitoring populations of 

key bird and mammal species and increasing law enforcement. The second project (of which this 

report forms a part) aimed to consolidate BirdLife’s involvement in the area through the 

designation of a nature reserve, continued support to SSGs and promotion of synergies with other 

relevant local stakeholders, to facilitate more effective forest protection. 

BirdLife was successful in its efforts to establish a nature reserve in Bac Huong Hoa. The 

proposal for the establishment of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve was prepared by Quang Tri 

Forest Protection Department (FPD), with technical assistance from BirdLife and was appraised 

by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). On 14th March 2007, Quang 

Tri Provincial People’s Committee issued Decision no. 479/QD-UBND, approving the 

Investment Plan for Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve. The Investment Plan for the nature reserve 

was appraised by Quang Tri Provincial People Committee. 

2.5 History of Biological Research 

BHH NR has received limited contemporary biological research. The first surveys in modern 

times were conducted by Le Manh Hung et al. (2002) in July 2002, for BirdLife International 

Vietnam Programme, as part of the DANIDA funded project entitled: “Improved conservation 

planning through institutional strengthening in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam”. The primary aim 

of this seven day rapid field survey was to assess whether forests in Huong Hoa district qualified 

13

as an Important Bird Area (IBA). This survey used interviews and opportunistic fieldwork to 

investigate the occurrence of IBA trigger species. 

Recognising the importance of the forests of BHH, a second week long survey was conducted in 

February 2004, focussing on the most intact areas of forest, those close to Khe Cuoi and Ban Cup 

villages (Le Manh Hung et al. 2004 and Dan Ngoc Can 2004). The aim of this survey was to 

create a more complete inventory of the bird and mammal species of the forests of Bac Huong 

Hoa and to collect status and distribution data on globally and nationally threatened species. 

In April and May 2004, experts from IEBR conducted herpetological surveys in the forests of 

Bac Huong Hoa, again focussing survey effort on the well forested areas close to Khe Cuoi and 

Ban Cup villages. These surveys recorded 61 species of reptile and amphibian, including one frog 

species Philautus truongsonensis, which they described as new to science (Orlov and Ho Thu 

Cuc 2005). This remains the most comprehensive herpetological survey of the forests of Bac 

Huong Hoa but the results were not widely published. 

Le Trong Trai conducted biodiversity surveys in Bac Huong Hoa in mid 2005 in preparation for 

the creation of an investment plan for BHH NR. The results of this survey were published in the 

investment plan for the nature reserve (Anon 2005). During this survey, a number of additional 

species were recorded for the first time and includes the only comprehensive plant survey of the 

area. Although this survey focused on only one relatively small area close to Cup village, 920 

plant species were recorded. As part of the 2005 surveys, Jeremy Holden conducted one month of 

camera trapping with nine cameras in the forests of Bac Huong Hoa (Holden 2005). However, no 

mammals or birds were recorded (Le Trong Trai pers. com.), although this may in part have been 

because ideal locations for cameras were all already taken by snare traps set by hunters. 

In 2006 a rapid survey of reptiles and amphibians in Quang Tri Province was conducted, which 

included a short survey in the forests of Bac Huong Hoa (Cao Tien Trung in prep.). A wildlife 

trade survey was conducted in 2006 in 10 villages and three towns in or close to BHH NR (Dang 

Ngoc Can et al. 2006). This survey recorded a small number of mammal species not previously 

reported from the nature reserve. 

Since the establishment of the nature reserve, monitoring of key mammal and bird species has 

been conducted by Site Support Groups (SSGs) set up by BirdLife. Monitoring by these groups 

has yielded data on most of the key species through a series of short surveys in 2004 and 2005. 

However, the quality of the data is variable and difficult to quantify (Wilkinson and Nguyen 

Thanh Van 2006); apparent trends in populations are equally likely to relate to trends in observer 

skills or behavior. 

BHH NR has been visited briefly by other ornithologists on a number of occasions, for instance, 

Andrew Tordoff visited in January 2005, Nicolas Wilkinson in 2006 and Jonathan C. Eames and 

Simon Mahood in May 2008. Unpublished incidental observations made during their visits have 

been incorporated into this report. 

No data on fish, small mammals, bats or invertebrates have ever been recorded in BHH NR. 

14

2.6 Physical characteristics of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve 

2.6.1 Topography 

BHH NR encompasses low lying land to the south of the northern section of the Annamite 

Range, and a ridge of 1,000 m which runs in a northwest-southeast direction along the boundary 

between the provinces of Quang Binh and Quang Tri (Anon 2005). The forest on the Quang Binh 

side of this ridge is dominated by low lying areas with slopes of 15 to 25 degrees, although there 

are some steeper areas. On the other side of the ridge in BHH NR, low-lying land and a number 

of limestone peaks are present, such as Sa Mu Cave at 1,550 m and Lying-down Elephant 

Mountain, so named due to its shape, at 1,771 m. Although predominately low in elevation, the 

land is hilly and slopes are steep. Another limestone ridge runs in a west-east direction, on the 

boundary between Huong Lap and Huong Viet communes and near the center of Huong Viet 

Commune and a further runs in a south-north direction. 

2.6.2 Soils 

BHH NR is characterised by the following soil types (taken from Anon 2005): 

• On hills and low mountains there is yellow-brown feralite. This soil is composed of broken 

down rock, in particular mica-schist, which gives it a silky texture. 

• Other hills are dominated by a yellowish feralite soil. It is similar to yellow-brown feralite but 

has a higher sand content and consequently a coarse texture. 

• On small and medium-sized mountains there is red-yellow humus feralite. Like yellow-brown 

feralite, this soil has a silky texture but contains more organic matter. 

• Riverine areas are characterized by alluvial deposits. 

2.6.3 Hydrology 

Rivers in BHH NR are mostly short and relatively steep. They flow from the Central Annamites 

to the South China Sea in an east or northeast direction. The following are the main rivers of the 

area: 

• The Ben Hai river is located in the northeast of BHH NR from where it flows into the sea at 

the Cua Tung estuary. All streams which have their origins in the eastern side of the nature 

reserve flow into the Ben Hai river. 

• In the north-east and south of the nature reserve is the Xe Pang Hieng river. It flows into Laos 

and down to the Mekong river. 

• The Cam Lo river has its source on the northern slope of Lying-down Elephant Mountain. It 

flows into the sea at the Cua Viet estuary; 

• The Rao Quan river flows from the southern part of the nature reserve out to the Thach Han 

river (Anon 2005). A hydropower plant is being constructed on the Rao Quan river. 

2.6.4 Meteorology 

BHH NR is located in a region with a tropical monsoon climate (Anon 2005). It is hot in summer 

and cooler in winter. Since the central Annamite range which runs along the western edge of 

BHH NR is relatively high and orientated almost perpendicular to the north-east and south-west 

15

monsoons, the nature reserve receives a considerable amount of rain. There are rains in summer 

and autumn-winter; the dryer period lasts only 2-3 months. Most rain falls during August, 

September and October. The nature reserve also receives the “Phon”, a warm dry wind 

originating in Laos, during the months of March-June. 

Temperature 

The average annual temperature is 24-25 o C, however monthly temperature variation is 

considerable. December and January are the coolest months when temperatures drop to 20 and 

sometimes as low as 15 in areas above 500 m. In contrast, in June and July temperatures average 

29 and regularly reach 39 when the Phon is blowing. 

Sunshine 

There are on average 4.5 hours of sunshine per day. July is the sunniest month, with an average 

of 6.7 hours per day, and February is the cloudiest, with an average of 2.3 hours of sunshine each 

day. 

Rainfall 

Annual rainfall totals for BHH NR are between 2400 and 2800 mm. There are two main rainy 

seasons, the first lasts from August to November and accounts for nearly 50% of the annual 

rainfall. The second rainy season lasts from April to August and is characterised by less heavy 

rain. Between February and March there is light rain and December to January is the driest 

period. 

High levels of rainfall on unstable slopes lead to frequent landslides in BHH NR, particularly 

along the Ho Chi Minh Highway. Low lying areas also receive occasional partial flooding. 

Humidity 

In the context of humidity, there are two seasons. The humid season lasts from August to May, 

during these months the humidity is 85-90%. In June and July the Phon causes the humidity to 

decrease, sometimes to less than 30%. 

2.7 Threats to Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve 

Although BHH NR has a small human population, the newly established protected area faces a 

number of threats. Some of the problems the reserve faces originate from the residents of the 

nature reserve, but the majority, and the most severe, are presented by people from outside of the 

nature reserve (Le Manh Hung et al. in prep.). The construction of the Ho Chi Minh Highway 

through the nature reserve has facilitated a rapid increase in negative pressures acting on BHH 

NR. The road enables illegally extracted forest products, including timber and wildlife, to be 

rapidly transported to towns such as Khe San. 

Hunting 

Hunting is probably the most significant threat to the biological integrity of BHH NR. 

Circumstantial evidence indicates that hunting has intensified in recent years, probably following 

the construction of the Ho Chi Minh Highway but also as part of a nationwide trend which has 

seen the wildlife trade network become increasingly commercial. Local residents have always 

16

hunted forest animals in BHH for their subsistence needs. However, rapid commercialisation of 

the wildlife trade has brought large economic incentives for exploiting wildlife and has 

encouraged teams of professional hunters to exploit the wildlife of the nature reserve (Dang Ngoc 

Can et al. 2006). 

Since the reduction in the number of guns in the BHH NR area, most hunting is done with wire 

snare traps (Le Manh Hung et al. in prep.). Hunters construct low fences of brush wood with 

gaps at five metre intervals in which they place wire snare traps made of bicycle brake cable. 

These catch any animals that attempts to pass through the gaps in the fence. Trap lines can be 

over one kilometre in length and contain hundreds of traps. They are placed on ridgelines or up 

the side of hills to block the passage of animals. Traps are also placed on paths leading to 

streams. 

There are three types of hunters in BHH NR, professional, semi-professional and opportunistic. 

Professional hunters obtain all of their income from hunting. In BHH NR, professional hunters 

come from outside the nature reserve, often from Quang Binh Province. They operate in teams 

and have huge numbers of traps in the forest. All of the animals they catch are either caged or 

processed in the forest and the then sold directly to traders in towns such as Khe San, either for 

local consumption or for transport to other provinces. 

Semi-professional hunters obtain only part of their income from hunting. They usually also farm 

rice, cassava or corn, and also harvest NTFPs. During the rainy season when their crops require 

less attention, they hunt animals in the forest, which they sell into the wildlife trade. Semiprofessional 

hunters don’t usually have direct connections with traders in towns, instead they sell 

the animals they catch to middlemen, who collect the animals from villages and sell them on to 

traders in towns such as Khe San. Nearly half of the households in the villages in BHH NR have 

at least one semi-professional hunter (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). 

Opportunistic hunters are people who work in the fields or forest where they collect NTFPs or 

take part in farming. When they encounter an animal that is easily caught, such as a pangolin or a 

turtle, they catch it and sell it on to the middlemen who visit their village (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 

2006). 

Although evidence is patchy, it appears that the hunting intensity in BHH NR is very high. In 

2005, when selecting sites for camera trapping, all suitable sites were already taken by snare traps 

(Holden 2005). During that time, trap lines were found on all ridgelines in the Cha Ly area. In 

September 2006, members of the Cuoi SSG reported that three groups of professional hunters 

from Le Thuy and Bo Trach districts, Quang Binh Province, were operating in the forest area 

close to the village. One group of four men operated in Khe Ta Nia where they had about 1,500 

traps, another group of six men operated in Khe Tan Nap with about 2,000 traps, and another 

group of four men operated in Khe Xa Gi with about 2,000 traps. In addition, residents of Tria 

village reported that three or four groups of professional hunters, also from Quang Binh Province, 

were operating in their area with thousands of traps (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). 

It is highly likely that hunting is causing the rapid decline of mammals and terrestrial birds in 

BHH NR. The effects of hunting on populations of threatened and priority species is difficult to 

quantify, because their abundance in the nature reserve has always been poorly known. Such 

17

intense hunting activity is likely to lead to significant reductions in the populations of hunted 

species, as it has in other protected areas in Vietnam. Incidental trapping of species such as 

Edwards’s Pheasant will continue even when they have very low population sizes, because 

trapping is indiscriminate and setting traps for commoner species such as Silver Pheasant 

Lophura nycthemera will still be economically viable (BirdLife International 2001). 

Logging 

The forests of BHH NR were selectively logged after 1975 and some selective logging continues 

in BHH NR. For instance, in November 2007 three groups of men from Quang Binh Province 

stayed for one month in Cup village to log timber and sell it to villagers and people from outside 

the area. Selective logging is likely to continue to pose a significant threat to the continued 

existence of some species which require large trees for nesting (e.g. Austen’s Brown Hornbill), or 

feeding (e.g. Red-collared Woodpecker). Additionally, logging roads constructed along rivers 

have caused considerable damage to riparian vegetation. 

Gold mining 

Deep pits in the forest, particularly to the north and west of Cuoi village, are clear evidence of 

gold mining activities (Le Manh Hung et al. 2002 and 2004). Chemical washing of the soil to 

extract the gold has led to severe contamination in the streams in this area (Le Manh Hung et al. 

in prep.). Additionally, gold miners hunt animals with guns and snares, leading to local 

population declines of many species, particularly large and obvious mammals. 

Rattan exploitation 

Rattan collection has been intense in the forests around Cuoi village between 2000 and 2005 (Le 

Manh Hung et al. in prep.). Since then rattan supplies have been exhausted and rattan collection 

has declined. Rattan collectors usually also set snares in the area in which they are operating, to 

provide meat for food. This extra pressure on terrestrial animal populations is likely to have 

caused them to decline. 

Fragrant oil extraction 

A few species of Cinnamomum tree produce fragrant oil with many commercial uses. This oil 

commands a high price and is therefore extracted from trees in the forest by well organised 

groups. Oil is found in all woody parts of the trees but the highest concentrations are in the roots. 

Consequently, the entire tree is felled, typically using a chainsaw and the roots are dug up. The 

woody parts are distilled in large pots which require constant heating. In similar locations, up to 

20 medium-sized trees have been felled daily to feed the fires which heat the pot and teams have 

operated in the same area for up to one month (Eames et al. 1994). In BHH NR, most fragrant oil 

extraction now takes place in remote forested areas, such as east of Cuoi village (Le Manh Hung 

et al. in prep.). Groups of up to thirty people originating from Quang Binh and Ha Tinh provinces 

have been recorded in BHH NR collecting fragrant oil. The felling of trees for fuel and hunting to 

feed the large teams required for this activity are likely to be significantly negatively affecting the 

biological integrity of BHH NR. 

Iron collection 

The forests of the Central Annamites still contain a large quantity of iron from the American 

War. The opening of the Ho Chi Minh Highway has facilitated the easy transport of iron to Khe 

San. Many young people from the villages in the nature reserve, particularly from villages along 

18

the Ho Chi Minh Highway, regularly go to the forest to collect iron. Of greater concern is that 

professional iron collectors from outside the local area have moved in to exploit the iron (Le 

Manh Hung et al. in prep.). These people first clear the forest by burning, to make finding and 

collecting the iron easier, causing severe environmental degradation. 

Destructive fishing methods 

Fishing for subsistence use is common in BHH NR. Most fishing is conducted with nets but 

people also catch fish using mines and other explosives. This is not only dangerous (one child in 

Cuoi village lost a hand from fishing with mines in 2001) but is also damaging to aquatic life (Le 

Manh Hung et al. in prep.). 

Deforestation 

Approximately 15% of BHH NR had already been completely cleared before the nature reserve 

was established. Forest loss continues at a gradual rate and is likely to further reduce the area of 

forest of high conservation value in the nature reserve, particularly close to new settlements along 

the Ho Chi Minh Highway. The effects of defoliant spraying and bombing can be seen clearly in 

satellite images of central highland provinces taken in 1969. However, such areas are not 

diagnosably different from surrounding land in recent satellite images and it is not conclusive as 

to whether or not the present forest conditions can be attributed to the use of defoliants. There are 

a number of factors that may have influenced how present forest cover is affected by past 

defoliant use, including: the number of times the area was sprayed; what kind of defoliant was 

used; whether or not the area was also bombed or napalmed; the topography; the relative 

susceptibility of the forest community to the defoliants; and, perhaps most importantly, how the 

defoliated area was subsequently used by people (Koy et al. 2006). 

2.8 Habitat types at Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserves 

The original vegetation cover of BHH NR is evergreen forest. Below 600 m the land supports 

tropical lowland evergreen forest and above 600 m the forest is classified as subtropical midmontane 

evergreen forest. Almost 85% of the nature reserve still retains natural forest cover, of 

various degrees of quality (Table 1.). Quality in this analysis refers to a classification based on 

timber yield. All forest in BHH NR has been affected to some degree by logging, shifting 

cultivation and wars, especially through the use of chemical defoliants. 

Table 1. Land cover of BHH NR 

Land cover Area (ha) Proportion (%) 

High quality evergreen forest 1,923 8 

Medium quality evergreen forest 14,158 56 

Poor quality evergreen forest 983 4 

Regenerating forest 2,268 9 

Bamboo forest 3 0.01 

Limestone karst forest 1,311 5 

Natural forest (all types) 20,646 82 

Land with scattered trees 2,224 9 

19

Land cover Area (ha) Proportion (%) 

Grass and scrub 861 3 

Rocky mountains without forest 889 4 

Other land uses* 580 2 

Total area 25,200 100 

*Other land uses includes agriculture, residential and water bodies 

2.8.1 High quality forest 

Although there is no primary forest in BHH NR, forest with a structure unaltered since 1975 is 

classified as rich forest and is broadly analogous to primary lowland forest in terms of species 

composition and structure. This forest type makes up less than 10% of BHH NR. It is distributed 

in the north of the nature reserve in two blocks situated close to Cup and Cuoi villages, close to 

the Ho Chi Minh Highway. 

Tropical lowland evergreen forest 

Below 600 m on soils with a low sand content, tropical lowland evergreen forest supports a 

diverse flora composed of broadleaf evergreen trees with large crowns and thick trunks. Trees in 

this habitat are from the families Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Burceraceae, Eleocarpaceae, 

Myrtaceae, Ebenaceae, Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, 

Simplocaceae, Sterculiaceae, Apocynaceae, Flacoutiaceae, Araliaceae, Rubiaceae and Moraceae. 

These forests support many large lianas, some up to 30 metres long and 10 cm in diameter. These 

are typically of the families Apocynaceae, Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Vitaceae, Aslepiadaceae and 

Arecaceae. Under the forest canopy small trees and bushes of the families Rubiaceae, 

Acanthaceae, Melastomataceae, Araliaceae, Arecaceae and Cyatheaceae are found. On the forest 

floor there are ferns from the families Polypodyophyta, Araceae, Urticaceae, Pandanaceae, 

Maranthaceae, Zingiberaceae, Commelinaceae and Myrsinaceae; and in light gaps flowers from 

the families Rubiaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae and Begoniaceae grow. The layers in this forest type 

in BHH NR are detailed below: 

Emergent layer: This layer is characterised by large trees which can reach a height of 30 metres, 

although they are typically no more than 20-25 metres. Trees in this layer exhibit diameters of 

40-80 cm, although some reach up to 120 cm. However, these large trees are relatively scarce and 

despite their size, this layer accounts for just 15-20% of the total area. Typical species on this 

layer are: Canarium subulatum, Canarium album, and trees from the family Burceraceae. 

Canopy layer: The canopy layer is dominated by trees of 10-15 metres. These trees are relatively 

uniform in height; they have round canopies and trunks of 30-40 cm in diameter. There is high 

species diversity in this layer and depending on location; the dominant families may be: 

Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae or Sapindaceae. 

Mid-story: This layer is dominated by small tree species of 7-10 m in height, and young 

specimens from the canopy and emergent layers. Typically, species are of the families 

Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Araliaceae, Moraceae, 

Sapindaceae, Eleocarpaceae, Fagaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Annonaceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae, 

20

Ebenaceae, Fabaceae, Simplocaceae and Myristicaceae. In moist valleys, trees from the families 

Cyatheca, Ficus, Moraceae, Actinidiaceae, Dillenia and Dilleniacea are found. 

Understory: This layer is composed of small shrubs and saplings of taller species below five 

metres in height. These species are predominantly shade tolerant species, or species which 

require shady conditions. Typical species are from the families Melastomataceae, Acanthaceae, 

Rubiaceae and Arecaceae. 

Ground flora: This layer is composed of ferns and herbaceous plants, typically of the families 

Polypodyophyta, Araceae, Zingiberaceae, Maranthaceae, Urticaceae, Commelinaceae and 

Poaceae. High quality forest is relatively stable in structure and very little light reaches the forest 

floor. As a consequence, this layer is relatively sparse and ground flora is mainly found in areas 

where light can reach the forest floor, such as at the edge of streams. 

Evergreen forest on limestone karst. 

On limestone karst, vegetation cover is distinctly different to that growing on soils. There is only 

a very thin soil layer on these hills and although the forest it supports still exhibits the same five 

layers, it has a more open canopy and trees are shorter in stature. Typically, the forest is 

dominated by trees of 10-15 metres in height and 50 cm in diameter. Karst vegetation is 

dominated by species which can tolerate dry soil conditions and species which can grow on bare 

rock. Typical tree species and families are: Pterospermum, Sterculliaceae, Syzygium, Myrtaceae, 

Diospyros, Ebenaceae, Garcinia, Guttiferae, Spondias, Allospondias, Choerospondias, 

Semecarpus, Anacardiaceae, Vitex, Verbenaceae, Ulmaceae, Celtis, Tiliaceae, Sonneratiaceae, 

Caryota, Arecaceae, Rhapis, Duabanga sonneratoides and Caryota bacsonensis. On limestone 

karst, lianas are represented by individuals from the families Araceae, Urticaceae and Piperaceae, 

and the species: Dendrocnide urentissima, Laportea interrupta and Laportea thorelli. On bare 

limestone cliffs Ficus grow and in more humid places than or with? Schefflera and Araliaceae 

species. 

Mid-montane evergreen forest 

This is the natural vegetation cover on land above 600 m, on soil with a low sand content. It has a 

variable forest structure dependant on the angle of slope. In valleys or flat land it has the same 

five 5 layer structure as lowland evergreen forest, on steep slopes and ridges there are no 

emergents and therefore has only four layers. On high mountain tops where the soil layer is thin 

and there is strong sunlight and winds, plant diversity is low and the community is dominated by 

species which can tolerate these harsh conditions. In these areas the forest only has three layers 

and is dominated by the family Poaceae and the species Miscanthus floridulus, Thysanoloena 

maxima and Sinarundinaria griffithiana. In areas with less harsh conditions, members of the 

family Fagaceae account for up to 60% of the population and trees like Podocarpus neriifolius, 

Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Podocarpus pilgeri are found. Other families strongly represented in 

this vegetation type are species from the families Aceraceae, Engelhardtia, Juglandaceae, 

Hamamelidaceae and Theaceae, as well as the species Symingtonia populnea, Sinarundinaria 

griffithiana, Michelia faveolata, Paramichella baillonii, Madhuca pasquieri and Paphiopedilum 

amabile. 

21

2.8.2 Medium quality forest 

Just over half of BHH NR is covered in medium quality forest. Lowland evergreen forest and 

mid-montane evergreen forest habitats in BHH NR have been strongly and negatively affected by 

people. Lowland evergreen forest has been extensively logged for high value timber and because 

it occupies the most productive agricultural land, it has also been cleared for shifting cultivation. 

Mid-montane evergreen forest has also experienced some selective logging and in common with 

lowland forest, it was affected by aerial spraying of chemical defoliants during the American 

War. Faunal and floral diversity of medium quality forest is considerably lower than that of high 

quality forest types. 

Secondary forest following shifting cultivation 

This is the dominant forest type on land below 600 m. In Bac Huong Hoa, short stature secondary 

forest develops 8-10 years after shifting cultivation. The plant composition, structure and 

appearance of this forest type, are completely different from primary forest. There are very few 

lianas in secondary forest, fern diversity is low and orchids and arboreal ferns are typically 

absent. It is generally very dense and chaotic in structure, with no defined layers; however, the 

following four layers can sometimes be defined. 

Upper canopy layer: This layer is characterised by light-demanding tree species which have 

grown up from stumps or from the seed bank, following a cessation of farming activities. These 

trees typically have a height of 8-10 m and a diameter of between 10 and 15 cm. Typically, 

species from the families Litsea, Machilus, Lindera, Lauraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae, 

Ulmaceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae, Sapindaceae, Anacardiaceae and the genera Macaranga, 

Mallotus, Sapium, Bridelia, Canarium, and Ficus are found; as well as the species Endospermum 

sinensis, Euodia melifolia, Acronychia pedunculata, Gironniera subaequalis, Trema orientalis 

and Centis sinensis. 

Lower canopy layer: This layer is characterised by smaller trees, often similar to those in the 

upper canopy layer, and shrubs with a height of 5-7 metres. The families most often recorded in 

this layer are Rubiaceae, (especially Camellia spp. and Eugenia spp), Theaceae (especially 

Grewia spp.) and Tilliaceae. 

Mid-story: This layer consists of small trees and shrubs. Typically, species from this layer 

include representatives from the families Melastomataceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae and 

Arecaceae and in particular, Rapis excelsa. 

Understory: This layer is usually composed of ferns and grasses from the families Zingiberaceae 

and Araceae. In areas where light penetrates to the ground, members of the family Poaceae are 

often found and members of the Rubiaceae, Hydeotis and Acanthaceae families occur in humid 

places. 

2.8.3 Low quality forest and non-forest habitats 

Bamboo forest 

At elevations of 700-1200 m, degraded land is colonised by the large bamboo species 

Arundiunria peteloti. It reaches 3-5 metres in height and grows in dense stands. Interspersed with 

22

the bamboo are small trees from the families Fagaceae, Theaceae, Styraceae, Aquifoliaceae, 

Eleocarpaceae, Magnoliaceae and Aeraceae. 

Scrub and grassland 

BHH NR has fairly extensive tracts of anthropogenic scrub and grassland, both below and above 

600m. There are four main reasons behind the formation of scrubland, namely: shifting 

cultivation, forest fires, spraying of chemical defoliants and the use of land by armies for bases 

during the American War. Structure and species composition of the habitat is determined by the 

reason for the loss of original forest cover and the land use since. 

Dense scrub 

On land which received heavy spraying with chemical defoliants and subsequent repeated 

burning, scrub usually reaches less than 1.5 metres in height. This habitat is usually dominated by 

stunted individuals of a small number of species normally found in dry or poor soil areas. 

Typically, these species are of the family Poaceae, and include Misclanthus floridulus, 

Thysanolaena maxima, Imperata cylindrical and Imperata conferta. Other species from the 

families Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, Theaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Lauraceae and Eleocarpaceae are 

sometimes found. 

Light scrubby grassland 

This habitat has a predictable structure consisting of grass 1-2 metres high, with shrubs and small 

trees of 5-8 metres high scattered throughout. Grass cover typically reaches 70-80 %. Dominant 

grass species are usually of the Poaceae family, such as: Misclanthus floridulus, Thysanolaena 

maxima, Saccharum spontaneum, Imperata cylindrical and Imperata conferta. 

Grazed areas 

Habitat structure and species composition of this habitat is determined by grazing intensity. In 

lightly grazed areas, shrub diversity can be relatively high; species from the families Rubiaceae, 

Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Verbenaceae and Melastomataceae are usually well represented. Grass 

typically reaches only 70-80 cm in height and includes members of the Paspalum family such as 

Imperata cylindrica, and various Cymbopogon spp., Eragrostis spp. Isachne spp. and Sertaria 

spp. In heavily grazed areas, low bushes such as Stachytarpheta jamaicensis and other members 

of the Verbenaceae and Scrophuliaceae families are found. The grasses are represented by 

Digitaria spp., Cynodon dactylon, Chrysopogon aciculatus and Paspalum spp. 

3. Faunal and floral diversity 

3.1 Floral diversity 

Field surveys in BHH NR have recorded 920 plant species in 518 genera and 130 families 

(Appendix 1). A significant proportion of these species have economic value to local residents; 

125 tree species are used for timber, 161 species are sources of traditional medicine, 44 species 

are used for ornamental purposes and 89 species provide food. 

Of the 920 species currently recorded at BHH NR, 21 are classified as threatened at a national 

level and nine are threatened at a global level (Table 2.). These species are almost all threatened 

due to overexploitation. Most of these are trees with high value timber, such as the Dipterocarpus 

23

spp., although others are exploited for other purposes. Cinnamomum spp. and Aquilaria crassna 

are heavily exploited for use in the perfume industry. 

Table 2. Globally and nationally threatened plant species recorded in BHH NR 

Scientific name VRDB IUCN 

Cephalotaxus manii VU VU 

Amoora dasyclada VU 

Aquilaria crassna EN CR 

Ardisia silvestris VU 

Chukrasia tabularis VU 

Cinnamomum balansae VU EN 

Cinnamomum parthenoxylon CR DD 

Coscinium fenestratum VU 

Croton touranensis VU VU 

Dalbergia entadoides DD 

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus VU CR 

Dipterocarpus hasseltii CR 

Dipterocarpus kerrii CR 

Erythrophleum fordii EN 

Melientha suavis VU 

Sindora tonkinensis DD 

Anoectochilus cetaceus EN 

Dendrobium amabile EN 

Dendrobium farmeri VU 

Livistona tonkinensis DD 

Asarum balansae EN 

Cirsium japonicum VU 

Lithocarpus fenestratus VU 

Lithocarpus haemispherica VU 

Strychnos ignatii VU 

Paramichelia baillonii VU 

Fagerlindia depauperata VU 

Madhuca pasquieri EN 

3.2 Mammal Diversity 

The mammal community of BHH NR is typical of the Central Annamites. A total of 47 mammal 

species (not including bats) have been recorded in Bac Huong Hoa NR (Appendix 2). Of these, 

the presence of 29 is confirmed and 17 are only known from interview data with hunters. 

Confirmed records here include all species directly sighted or reliably identified through field 

signs or vocalisations and species recorded in the illegal wildlife trade which are known to have 

come from BHH NR. The species recorded include just over half of the priority mammal taxa for 

the Central Truong Son Landscape (Tordoff et al. 2003), including Saola, one of only three 

mammal taxa to be assigned the highest priority score by Tordoff et al. (2003), in their 

assessment of the Central Truong Son Landscape. 

24

No attempt to survey the small mammals (e.g. Rodentia and Insectivora) or the bats (Chiroptera) 

of BHH NR has been made. One small mammal species, Indomalayan Leopoldamys 

Leopoldamys sabanus, was opportunistically recorded, found in a snare trap set by a hunter 

(Holden 2005). Additionally, subterranean tunnels thought to have been made by a mole species 

were seen in bare ground between Cup and Cuoi villages in May 2008 (Eames and Mahood pers. 

obs). 

Of the 47 species reported from the nature reserve, 21 species are considered globally threatened, 

Near Threatened or Data Deficient (IUCN 2007) (Table 3.). This constitutes nearly half of the 

documented mammal fauna of the nature reserve. 26 species are considered threatened or Near 

Threatened at a national level (Anon 2007). Taken together, this means that over half of the 

mammal species of Bac Huong Hoa NR are of conservation concern. 

Table 3. Nationally and globally threatened and near-threatened mammals reported from BHH 

NR 

English name Scientific name VRDB IUCN 

Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang VU 

Pygmy Slow Loris Nycticebus pygmaeus VU VU 

Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides VU VU 

Northern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca leonina VU VU 

Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta NT NT 

Red-shanked Douc Langur Pygathrix nemaeus EN EN 

Hatinh Langur Trachypithecus hatinhensis EN VU 

Northern White-cheeked Nomascus leucogenis EN DD 

Gibbon 

Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor VU 

Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyura VU 

Annamite Striped Rabbit Nesolagus timminsi EN DD 

Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica EN NT 

Asian Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii EN VU 

Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa EN VU 

Leopard Panthera pardus CR 

Binturong Arctictis binturong EN 

Dhole Cuon alpinus EN EN 

Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus EN DD 

Asian Black Bear Ursus thibetanus EN VU 

Oriental Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus VU NT 

European Otter Lutra lutra VU NT 

Lesser Mouse-deer Tragulus kanchil VU 

Large-antlered Muntjac Muntiacus vuquangensis VU DD 

Sambar Cervus unicolor VU 

Gaur Bos frontalis EN VU 

Saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis EN CR 

Chinese Serow Capricornis sumatraensis EN VU 

25

The following species accounts detail all records of species of conservation concern, recorded in 

Bac Huong Hoa NR. 

Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang 

Local residents provided credible information on the occurrence of this species in the forests of 

Cup and Cuoi areas (Dang Ngoc Can 2004 and 2006). 

Pygmy Slow Loris Nycticebus pygmaeus 

Local people provided credible information on the occurrence of this species in the forests of Cup 

and Cuoi areas (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). A caged individual said to have come from the study area 

was recorded by Dang Ngoc Can et al. (2006). 

Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides 

Based on survey results this species appears to be relatively common in Bac Huong Hoa NR. 

During one week of survey near Cup and Cuoi villages in February 2004 it was recorded three 

times: one group of about 15 individuals was observed in forest near Cuoi village (16°55'24”N, 

106°39'15”E); fresh droppings were found at 870 m asl. on the top of an unnamed limestone hill 

near Cup village (16°55'38”N, 106°35'36”E) and near to a stream at 16°53'49”N, 106°395'04”E 

(Dang Ngoc Can 2004). In October 2005, surveys found three troops, one on the trail between the 

Ho Chi Minh Highway and the Lao border at milestone 25, consisted of about 30 individuals 

(Anon 2005). The other two troops, one recorded on the same trail as the large troop and the 

other at the upper end of Cop stream, numbered three individuals each. Caged individuals have 

also been recorded in villages in and close to Bac Huong Hoa NR (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006) 

Northern Pig Tailed Macaque Macaca leonina 

A caged individual in Huong Son Commune was said to have come from the study area (Dang 

Ngoc Can et al. 2006). This species has not been recorded on field surveys and is presumably 

scarce in the study area. 

Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta 

A caged individual in Huong Son Commune was said to have come from the study area (Dang 

Ngoc Can et al. 2006). This species has not been recorded on field surveys and is presumably 

scarce in the study area. 

Red-shanked Douc Langur Pygathrix nemaeus 

According to Site Support Group data this species is relatively common in Bac Huong Hoa NR 

(Wilkenson and Van 2006). During the February 2004 survey, one troop of five individuals was 

seen from the trail between Cup and Cuoi villages (16°55'43”N, 106°35'45”E) (Dang Ngoc Can 

2004). In 2005 a troop containing three individuals was seen on the trail between the Ho Chi 

Minh Highway and the Laos border (Anon 2005). In 2006 one troop was seen in forest near Cuoi 

village. Site Support Groups recorded a troop of 30 individuals on 17th October 2004 at Doc 

Mang and another troop of 10 individuals at Rao Thep on 14th November 2004. In May 2008 this 

species was also reported by local residents from ridges at least half a day’s walk from Cuoi 

village (Eames and Mahood unpubl.). 

26

Hatinh Langur Semnopethicus francoisi 

This species is associated with limestone outcrops and as such it has a localised distribution in 

Bac Huong Hoa NR. The subspecies in the nature reserve is S. f. hatinhensis, sometimes regarded 

as a separate species. Following information from local people, a troop of 12 individuals was 

found in early November 2005 (Anon 2005). Local people from Cup village report that they also 

occur near Tri village, where there is a small troop numbering 2 or 3 individuals, which 

sometimes visit gardens near to the village (Anon 2005). 

Northern White-cheeked Gibbon Nomascus leucogenis 

This species was at least formerly common in Bac Huong Hoa NR; however it may have declined 

in recent years. In 2008, residents of Cuoi village reported that it was only found in forest over 

one day’s walk from the village (Eames and Mahood unpubl.) One group was heard in the forest 

between Cuoi and Cup in February 2004 and in November 2005 a group of three was seen near 

Cup village at 0670237 N, 1872190 E (Dang Ngoc Can 2004, Anon 2005). Another group was 

heard near to Cuoi in August 2006 (Wilkinson and Nguyen Thanh Van 2006). Local residents 

report that there are at least three groups near Cup, two west of the Ho Chi Minh Highway and 

one to the east (Anon 2005). It was also listed for Huong Hoa District by Le Manh Hung et al. 

(2002). Site Support Groups reported seeing one group of two individuals near Khe Suot in 

October 2004, and another with three individuals in the same area in November of the same year. 

Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolour 

Hunters reported the presence of this species in Bac Huong Hoa NR (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). Two 

individuals were seen in forest near Cuoi in August 2006 (Wilkinson and Nguyen Thanh Van 

2006). There is little information on the status of this species at Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve, 

not because it is uncommon but because it has only recently been added to the Vietnamese Red 

List. Consequently, little information on its status has been gathered. 

Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyura 

Tracks, quills and a captive individual of this species indicate its presence in Bac Huong Hoa NR 

(Dang Ngoc Can 2004 and 2006, Anon 2005). Its populations are probably much reduced as a 

result of trapping for the illegal wildlife trade. 

Annamite Striped Rabbit Nesolagus timminsi 

This poorly known species is probably common in Bac Huong Hoa NR. A team of hunters 

operating in the area between Cup and Cuoi reported catching four individuals in 20 days 

between 10th and 30th April 2005 (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). Another hunter in Cup village 

reported hunting the species and it has been trapped near Cuoi village (Dang Ngoc Can 2004 and 

2006). Additionally, a single Annamite Striped Rabbit was seen from the Ho Chi Minh Highway 

just after sunset near the Sa Mu Pass on 20 January 2005 (Tordoff pers. obs.) 

Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica 

Scales belonging to this species were found in a hunter's house in Cuoi village, Huong Lap 

commune (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). Freshly-dug pangolin burrows were observed in the Cup 

area (16°55'39”N, 106°35'29”E) on 11 February 2004 (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). Local people 

report that this species occurs in the mountainous area between Cup and Cuoi villages (Dang 

Ngoc Can 2004). 

27

Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii 

Hunters from Cup village provided credible descriptions of this species, which they report is 

present in the forests of the area (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). 

Clouded Leopard Pardofelis nebulosa 

Hunters from Cuoi and Cup villages reported the occurrence of this species in forest near the 

border with Quang Binh Province (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). 

Leopard Panthera pardus 

Hunters reported that this species occurs in the area but considered it to be very rare (Dang Ngoc 

Can 2004). Mr. Ho Tinh from Cup village reported sighting one Leopard in November 2003 

(Dang Ngoc Can 2004). 

Binturong Arctictis binturong 

Hunters reported that this species occurs in the primary evergreen forests of Huong Lap 

commune (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). 

Dhole Cuon alpinus 

Residents of Cup and Cuoi report the presence of this species in Bac Huong Hoa NR. Two 

hunters reported that one Dhole that was trapped in the Cuoi area in 2002 (Dang Ngoc Can 

2004). 

Sun Bear Ursus malayanus 

Local residents provided credible information on the occurrence of this species in the forests of 

Cup and Cuoi areas (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2004). However, they all stated that Sun Bear is rarer 

than Asian Black Bear. 

Asian Black Bear Ursus thibetanus 

Probably occurs at a low density throughout Bac Huong Hoa. In February 2004, claw-marks were 

found on a tree at 16°55'51”N, 106°35'22”E, and claw-marks and fresh droppings thought to 

belong to this species were found in primary forest close to Cup (16°55'40”N, 106°35'46”E) 

(Dang Ngoc Can 2004). Local residents reported that a hunter from Cup village killed one Asian 

Black Bear of about 100 kg in the Cup area in December 2003 (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). 

Oriental Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinerea 

Footprints identified as belonging to this gregarious species were found on the banks of the Se 

Vang Hieng River in February 2004 (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). The low number of footprints 

indicates that there is only a small group of this species in the area. In addition, one foot 

belonging to an Oriental Small-clawed Otter was found in a house in Cup village in 2005 (Anon 

2005). 

European Otter Lutra lutra 

Local residents reported the presence of this species in both the Cup and Cuoi areas (Dang Ngoc 

Can 2004). They stated that it is now rare as a result of hunting for trade. 

Lesser Mouse-deer Tragulus kanchil 

Hunters reported the presence of this species in Bac Huong Hoa NR (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). 

28

Large-antlered Muntjac Megamuntiacus vuquangensis 

Hunters regard this species as fairly common in evergreen forest in Bac Huong Hoa NR. One was 

shot near Cup village in 2003 and another near Cuoi village the same year (Dang Ngoc Can 

2004). Three sets of antlers of hunted individuals were found in hunters’ houses in Khe Cup, Xa 

Ly and Cuoi villages (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). A freshly killed individual of this species was seen 

in Huong Lap Commune in a village adjacent to Bac Huong Hoa NR (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 

2006). 

Gaur Bos frontalis 

Local hunters from both Cup and Cuoi villages reported the occurrence of Gaur in the Cuoi area 

(Dang Ngoc Can 2004). However, all hunters stated that this species is very rare and data from 

Site Support Groups indicates that there may only be three individuals in the area. These three are 

sometimes seen singly, and sometimes in one group. In October and November 2004, the Site 

Support Groups reported one male near Khe Cuoi, one individual in Doc Mang and one in Ta 

Lap. 

Saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis 

All hunters in Cup and Cuoi villages can accurately describe this enigmatic species and report 

that it still occurs in forest close to both Cup and Cuoi villages (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). It was 

also recorded by Site Support Groups at both Cup and Cuoi in 2004 and 2005 (Wilkinson and 

Nguyen Thanh Van 2006). One Saola (c. 70 kg) was trapped near Cup village in 2003 and 

another Saola (c. 100 kg) was shot in the Cuoi area in November 2003 (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). 

One hunter from Cuoi reported that he has killed a total of three Saola in the Khe Ta Nap river 

during hunting trips with dogs (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). In December 2005, fresh footprints and 

feeding evidence were found along a dry stream bed in Khe Rao Thep (Le Trong Trai pers obs.). 

Chinese Serow Capricornis sumatraensis 

Records suggest that this species is common in Bac Huong Hoa NR. In 2004, one individual was 

seen at 16°55’33’N 106°35’21’E near Cup and the fresh droppings and footprints of this species 

were found on several occasions in the Cuoi area (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). Three frontlets with 

horns were seen in hunter’s houses in Cup and Cuoi villages (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). Site 

Support Groups reported the species at Rao Thep, where one was seen in October 2004 and two 

were seen a month later. Another was seen by Site Support Groups at Dan Chu in November 

2004. Footprints and fresh faeces belonging to this species were regularly recorded in Sa Mu 

Cave in November 2005 (Anon 2005). 

3.3 Bird diversity 

The avifauna of BHH NR is typical of the Annamese Lowlands EBA. To date, 207 species of 

birds have been recorded in Bac Huong Hoa NR (Appendix 3). Of these, one species is 

considered threatened at a global level and nine species are considered Near Threatened at a 

global level (IUCN 2008) (Table 4). Eight species are considered threatened at a national level 

(Anon 2007). Four of the seven restricted-range species which define the Annamese Lowlands 

EBA, have been recorded from Bac Huong Hoa NR. The nature reserve also supports 10 of the 

28 priority bird taxa for the Central Truong Son Landscape. 

29

Table 4. Threatened, Near Threatened and Restricted-range bird species of Bac Huong Hoa 

Nature Reserve 

English name Scientific name IUCN VRDB 

Chestnut-necklaced Partridge Arborophila charltoni NT 

Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi EN, RRS EN 

Siamese Fireback Lophura diardi NT VU 

Crested Argus Rheinardia ocellata NT VU 

Lesser Fish Eagle Ichthyophaga humilis NT VU 

Coral-billed Ground Cuckoo Carprococcyx renauldi VU 

Blyth’s Kingfisher Alcedo hercules NT 

Crested Kingfisher Megaceryle lugubris VU 

Austen’s Brown Hornbill Anorrhinus austeni NT VU 

Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis NT VU 

Red-collared Woodpecker Picus rabieri NT, RRS 

Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler Jabouilleia danjoui NT, RRS 

Grey-faced Tit-babbler Macronous kelleyi RRS 

White-cheeked Laughingthrush Garrulax vassali RRS 

The following species accounts detail all the species of conservation interest, either threatened, 

Near Threatened or Restricted Range species, recorded from Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve. In 

addition to these species, it is likely that the Near Threatened restricted-range species, Sooty 

Babbler Stachyris herberti, occurs in suitable habitat at BHH NR. A specialist of forest on 

limestone, this species has been recorded in suitable habitat in forests to the north and in Dakrong 

Nature Reserve to the south (Nguyen Cu and Le Manh Hung 2004). 

Chestnut-necklaced Partridge Arborophila charltoni merlini 

This taxon has often been treated as a distinct species, Annam Partridge (e.g. Sibley & Monroe 

1990, 1993) and afforded Endangered status. However, following BirdLife International (2008) it 

is treated as a subspecies of Chestnut-necklaced Partridge and classified as Near Threatened. 

Chestnut-necklaced Partridge is locally common in lowland evergreen forest in BHH NR. It has 

been recorded in forest close to the Cha Ly stream, between there and the Laos border (Anon 

2005), and in forest near Cuoi village (Wilkinson and Nguyen Thanh Van 2006). 

Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi 

Not yet confirmed as recorded in Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve. This species is uncommon in 

lowland evergreen forest below 600 m and perhaps only common on gently undulating ground 

below 300 m. First reported in the forests of Huong Hoa District in November 1923 when a male 

was collected; it was reported again in February 1924, when another male was collected 

(BirdLife International 2001). Despite substantial search effort, there were no records between 

1935 and 1996 and it was thought to perhaps be extinct. However, following its rediscovery in 

Phon Dien District in 1996, it was found near Kreng village, Huong Hiep Commune at (16035’N; 

107005’E), where local hunters trapped a pair (Le Trong Trai, et al, 1999). The female of this 

pair died and the male was transferred to Hanoi Zoo. This area is just outside the nature reserve 

boundary but suitable habitat extends from there into the nature reserve. It is the most frequently 

reported Lophura species by the Cuoi SSG, but the SSG at Cup report it very rarely and record 

30

other Lophura much more often. This may reflect genuine trends; Wilkinson and Nguyen Thanh 

Van (2006) assessed identification skills of SSG members and felt that they were of a high 

quality. However, in 2008 residents of Cuoi village only reported Silver Pheasant Lophura 

nycthemera and did not know of a black or blue pheasant in their area (Eames and Mahood 2008 

unpubl). Unlike other pheasant species known to exist in BHH NR, no physical evidence of this 

species has been found in hunters’ camps, or in residents’ houses. Its presence in the nature 

reserve still requires confirmation. 

Siamese Fireback Lophura diardi 

Fairly common in broadleaf lowland evergreen and lower montane forest of Bac Huong Hoa NR. 

It was recorded in Huong Lap and Huong Son communes during surveys in 2002 and 2004 (Le 

Manh Hung et al 2002 and Le Manh Hung et al 2004). The report from the latter survey pertained 

to a dried head of a male bird in a hunter’s house in Cuoi village. 

Crested Argus Rheinardia ocellata 

Formerly common in Bac Huong Hoa, this species has declined markedly in recent years due to 

widespread snaring. It was recorded in Huong Lap and Huong Son communes during surveys in 

2002 and 2004 (Le Manh Hung et al 2002; Le Manh Hung et al 2004) and feathers of this species 

were found in hunting camps in 2005. Data from Site Support Groups indicate that it is scarce. 

There was only one record from near Cuoi and four records from near Cup between 2004 and 

2005. 

Lesser Fish Eagle Ichthyophaga humilis 

A scarce resident on large rivers in BHH NR. A single bird was seen on 11 Feb 2004, flying over 

the forest canopy to the west of Cup village and another bird was recorded on the 14 and 16 th 

February 2004 near to the Khe Cuoi (a large stream), near Cuoi village (Le Manh Hung et al 

2004). 

Coral-billed Ground Cuckoo Carprococcyx renauldi 

Probably uncommon in BHH NR. Recorded by Le Trong Trai in 2005 (Anon 2005). 

Blyth’s Kingfisher Alcedo hercules 

Fairly common on rivers and large streams surrounded by good forest in BHH NR. In February 

2004, one bird was seen daily on a large stream inside the forest, west of Cup village and other 

individuals were seen along large streams to the west and north of Cuoi village (Le Manh Hung 

et al., 2004). Similarly, in May 2008, individuals were seen along the river between Cup and 

Cuoi villages, and along a large stream north of Cuoi village (Eames and Mahood 2008 unpubl). 

Crested Kingfisher Megaceryle lugubris 

Occurs on the larger rivers in the nature reserve. Recorded by Le Manh Hung et al. (2004), and at 

least one pair seen between Cup and Cuoi villages in May 2008 (Eames and Mahood 2008 

unpubl.). 

Austen’s Brown Hornbill Anorrhinus austeni 

Uncommon in lowland evergreen forest in Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve. A flock of 30 

individuals was recorded in the Dan Chu area of Bac Huong Hoa in 2005 (Anon 2005). 

31

Great Hornbill Buceros birconis 

Now a very scarce resident of lowland and mid-montane evergreen forest in Bac Huong Hoa 

Nature Reserve. Recorded by Le Trong Trai only from the remote border area between Quang 

Binh and Quang Tri provinces (Anon 2005). During surveys no more than three individuals were 

seen in any one flock. Its persistence in forest along the international border with Laos is reported 

by hunters (Le Manh Hung et al, 2002). 

Red-collared Woodpecker Picus rabieri 

Scarce resident in lowland evergreen forest in BHH. Recorded in February 2004 to the west of 

Cuoi at 350 m asl, at 16°55' 16’’N 106°37'54’’E; a singleton was seen actively feeding in a large 

tree (Le Manh Hung et al., 2004). 

Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler Jabouilleia danjoui 

Probably uncommon in BHH NR. Recorded by Le Trong Trai in 2005 and heard calling in midmontane 

forest close to the Ho Chi Minh Highway in May 2008 (Eames and Mahood unpubl. 

2008). 

Grey-faced Tit Babbler Macronous kelleyi 

Fairly common in lowland evergreen forest in BHH NR. Recorded by Le Trong Trai (Anon 

2005) and fairly commonly heard in lowland evergreen forest near Cup and Cuoi villages. 

White-cheeked Laughingthrush Garrulax vassali 

Fairly common in mid-montane forest in Bac Huong Hoa NR (Le Manh Hung et al. in prep.). 

3.4 Reptiles and Amphibians 

To date, at least 61 species of reptile and amphibian have been identified in BHH NR (Anon 

2005). Survey work by Ho Thu Cuc et al. in 2005, constituted the most comprehensive survey of 

the amphibians and reptiles of BHH NR. Unfortunately, a complete species list from this survey 

is not available; therefore the species list presented in Appendix 4 is incomplete and contains 

only species recorded in subsequent surveys. 

One frog species, Philautus truongsonensis, was described as new to science in Bac Huong Hoa 

NR. The type series was collected in lowland evergreen forest at 400 m elevation near to Cup 

village, Huong Hoa District (Orlov and Ho Thu Cuc 2005). This species has subsequently been 

found at other sites in the central highlands including Ban a National Park, Danang Province, 

Bach Ma National Park, Thua Thien Hue Province and Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, 

Quang Binh Province (Orlov and Ho Thu Cuc 2005). 

Of the species listed for BHH NR in this report, five are considered threatened at a global level 

and 11 are considered threatened at a national level (IUCN 2007, Anon 2007) (Table 5.). It 

should be noted that assessment of threat has not been undertaken at a global scale for any 

reptiles except turtles. The Indochina region shows high levels of diversity in freshwater turtles 

and BHH NR has a number of species representative of central Vietnam. 

32

Table 5. Preliminary list of reptile and amphibian species of conservation concern from Bac 

Huong Hoa Nature Reserve 

English name Scientific name VRDB IUCN 

Annam Spadefoot Toad Brachytarsophrys intermedia VU 

Wallace's Flying Frog Rhacophorus nigropalmatus VU 

Tokay Gekko gecko VU 

Indochinese Water Dragon Physignathus cocincinus VU 

Water monitor Varanus salvator EN 

Burmese Python Python molurus CR NT 

Common Rat Snake Pytas mucosus EN 

Banded Krait Bungarus fasciatus EN 

Indochinese Cobra Naja naja EN 

King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah CR 

Indochinese Box Turtle Cuora galbinifrons EN CR 

Chinese three-striped Box Turtle Cuora trifasciata CR CR 

Keeled Box Turtle Pyxhidea mohotti EN 

Four-eyed Turtle Sacalia quadriocellata EN 

The following species accounts provide a brief indication of the source of information for the 

occurrence of threatened reptiles and amphibians in BHH NR and details of their status where 

possible. 

Annam Spadefoot Toad Brachytarsophrys intermedia 

Listed for BHH NR by Cao Tien Trung (in prep.). Known only from a small area of central 

Vietnam where it inhabits forest close to streams (van Dijk 2004). 

Wallace's Flying Frog Rhacophorus nigropalmatus 

Listed for BHH NR by Cao Tien Trung (in prep). 

Tokay Gecko Gecko gecko 

In Bac Huong Hoa NR, found primarily in primary and secondary lowland and mid-montane 

evergreen forest (Cao Tien Trung in prep.). Although elsewhere it is often found in human 

habitation, collection for trade is likely to have eliminated it from this habitat in BHH NR (Cox et 

al. 2006). 

Indochinese Water Dragon Physignathus cocincinus 

In BHH NR, usually found perched on overhanging branches along streams. A density of 2.8 

individuals per kilometre of stream has been recorded (Cao Tien Trung in prep.). 

Water Monitor Varanus salvator 

Provisionally listed for BHH NR on the basis of individuals found in trade near the nature reserve 

(Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). Found in forested areas up to 1,300 m, where it forages close to 

water (Cox et al. 2006). 

33

Burmese Python Python molurus 

Provisionally listed for BHH on the basis of hunters’ reports (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). It 

inhabits forested areas up to 900 m (Cox et al. 2006). 

Common Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus 

Provisionally listed for BHH on the basis of hunters’ reports (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). 

Found in a wide variety of habitats up to 1,000 m (Cox et al. 2006). 

Banded Krait Bungarus fasciatus 

Provisionally listed for BHH on the basis of hunters’ reports (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). 

Found primarily in the forested lowlands, but it has been found over 2,000 m. 

Indochinese Cobra Naja naja 


inhabits the forested lowlands (Cox et al. 2006). 

King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah 


inhabits forested areas up to at least 2,000 m and appears to be more common close to streams 

(Cox et al. 2006). 

Indochinese box turtle Cuora galbinifrons 

Live individuals collected by hunters have been recorded in BHH NR (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 

2006), probably of the subspecies C. g. bourreti, which is endemic to the central highlands of 

Vietnam (Peter Paul van Dijk pers. comm.). 

Chinese three-striped box turtle Cuora trifasciata 


2006). 

Keeled box turtle Pyxhidea mohotti 


2006). 

Four-eyed Turtle Sacalia quadriocellata 


2006 and Cao Tien Trung et al. 2008). 

4. Biodiversity Evaluation 

4.1 Habitat Types 

BHH NR supports a mosaic of habitats, including 17,392 hectares of forest of high conservation 

importance (as defined by Tordoff et al. 2003). Most importantly, this includes some lowland 

evergreen forest below 300 m, which may be of critical importance for Edwards’s Pheasant. Less 

34

than 20% of the nature reserve is non-forest habitat, and with appropriate management, much of 

this land may be rehabilitated. In general, the level of forest disturbance appears to decrease with 

increasing altitude, reflecting both the greater accessibility of forests at low altitudes and the 

greater abundance of valuable forest products at low elevation. Lowland evergreen forest, 

particularly below 300 metres, should be the highest priority for conservation efforts in the nature 

reserve. 

4.2 Globally Threatened Species, Restricted Range Species and Priority Taxa 

One globally threatened bird species, 21 globally threatened mammal species and at least five 

globally threatened amphibian species have been recorded from BHH NR. These include Saola, 

classified as Critically Endangered globally and potentially also Edwards’s Pheasant, classified as 

Endangered globally. Two Critically Endangered turtles occur in the nature reserve and two 

Endangered species. Of these, the Critically Endangered Indochinese box turtle Cuora 

galbinifrons is represented by a race endemic to the central highlands of Vietnam, which is often 

considered a separate species (Peter Paul van Dijk pers. com). In addition, nine globally 

threatened plant species have been recorded, including four Critically Endangered species. 

BHH NR supports a high proportion of the bird species which define the Annamese Lowlands 

EBA. Of the three species which do not occur, Edwards’s Pheasant and Sooty Babbler are likely 

to be found in the nature reserve in the future and Vietnamese Pheasant Lophura hatinhensis is 

largely allopatric with Edwards’s Pheasant and may indeed be the conspecific with it (Birdlife 

International 2001). BHH NR compares favourably with other sites in the Annamese Lowlands 

EBA, only Phuong Dien has more species. BHH NR therefore is of high importance for the 

conservation of the species which define this EBA. 

Number of restricted-range 

species 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

NN HN PD DK KG XL PH BE PN PM PT CP BM VQ BH 

Protected areas 

Figure 1. The number of restricted-range bird species in protected areas in the Annamese 

Lowlands EBA. 

NN = Nakai Nam Theun; HN = Hin Nammo; PD = Phong Dien; DK = Dakrong; KG = Ke Go; 

XL = Xuan Lien; PH = Pu Huong; BE = Ben En; PN = Phong Nha; PM = Pu Mat; PT = Pu Hoat; 

CP = Cuc Phoung; BM = Bach Ma; VQ = Vu Quang; BH = Bac Huong Hoa. 

35

Note: data for protected areas other than Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve taken from Eames et al. 

(2001). 

BHH NR also compares favorably with protected areas of Priority Landscape CA1 in the Greater 

Truong Son Ecoregion (Figures 2-4.), in terms of the number of priority taxa it supports. For 

instance, BHH NR supports 21 of the priority bird taxa and 10 of the priority mammal taxa of the 

Priority Landscape. Consequently, BHH NR ranks second out of all of the protected areas in 

Priority Landscape CA1, regarding its number of priority mammal and bird taxa. BHH NR ranks 

relatively low in terms of the number of priority reptile taxa, although this may reflect the 

difficulty of accessing reptile data rather than actual trends. These rankings should be treated with 

caution since data were taken from a 2003 publication. In addition, the biodiversity of the other 

protected areas in the analysis is now likely to be better known and therefore, many of them may 

rank as highly as Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve. However, although this means that the forests 

of Bac Huong Hoa may be relatively less important than the analysis suggests, it does not affect 

the conclusion that BHH NR is of high conservation importance for the priority taxa of Priority 

Landscape CA1. 

Number of priority taxa 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

PD BN WQ QN KT KP KK KC XS PA DP DA BH 


Figure 2. Number of priority mammal taxa in protected areas in Priority Landscape CA1. 


12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

PD BM BN QN KT KP KK KC XS PA DP DA BH 


Figure 3. Number of priority bird taxa in protected areas in Priority Landscape CA1. 

36


12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

PD BN WQ KT KP KK BH 


Figure 4. Number of priority reptile and amphibian taxa in protected areas in Priority Landscape 

CA1. 

Site: PD = Phon Dien and Dak Rong; BM = Bach Ma; BN = Ba Na; WQ = western Quang Nam Province; 

QN = Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam); KT = Ngoc Linh (Kon Tum); KP = Kon Plong; KK = Kon Ka Kinh; KC 

= Kon Cha Rang; XS = Xe Sap; PA = Phou Ahyon; DP = Dakchung Plateau; DA = Dong Ampham 

Note: data for protected areas other than Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve were taken from Tordoff et al. 

(2003). 

4.3 Overall Levels of Biodiversity 

Due to wide variation in survey effort between protected areas and variation in level of habitat 

heterogeneity, it is difficult to make meaningful comparisons of overall diversity between sites. 

The species lists for BHH NR are undoubtedly incomplete and rely on comparatively little 

fieldwork. However, BHH NR exhibits a similar range of habitats and elevations as other sites in 

the Annamese Lowlands EBA and probably supports a similar diversity of species. 

4.4 Management recommendations 

BHH NR is of global significance due to the species and habitats that it protects. An urgent 

priority is the establishment of a competent and enthusiastic management board. BHH NR faces a 

number of threats which, when it is established, the management board of the nature reserve 

should seek to address. The most important threats are hunting, forest clearance and selective 

logging. These threats are typical of protected areas in the Annamese Lowlands and indeed 

throughout Vietnam. The following management recommendations address conservation 

priorities in BHH NR. 

Determine distribution of key taxa 

Surveys should be conducted to determine the distribution of key taxa, to facilitate priority setting 

in BHH NR. These surveys should concentrate on threatened species representative of central 

Vietnam, with a high susceptibility to hunting or habitat degradation. With regards to birds, the 

priority is to determine whether Edwards’s Pheasant occurs in the nature reserve. These surveys 

37

should be conducted in forest below 400 m near to Cuoi village and most importantly in the 

south-east, close to where the birds were caught in 1999. For mammals, the surveys should 

determine which forest areas are still inhabited by Saola, White-cheeked Gibbon, Red-shanked 

Douc Langurand HatinhLangur. Regarding reptiles, surveys should be conducted to determine 

which streams still support freshwater turtles. 

Development of hunting regulations 

Appropriate regulations should be developed and enforced. This should be achieved through 

involvement of SSGs. Regulations and enforcement should focus on preventing hunting in areas 

which are found to support populations of Edwards’s Pheasant, Saola, White-cheeked Gibbon, 

Red-shanked Douc Langurand HatinhLangur. The nature reserve should be zoned using the 

results of biodiversity surveys and enforcement should be concentrated in areas where 

professional hunters are known to operate and areas which still hold populations of key species. 

The nature reserve management should strengthen support to SSGs and seek synergies with other 

agencies operating in the area, to facilitate more effective enforcement of hunting regulations. 

Control human settlement along the Ho Chi Minh Highway 

Policies should be developed and enforced which strictly control settlement along the Ho Chi 

Minh Highway in BHH NR (Tordoff et al. 2002). New settlement adjacent to medium or high 

quality forest or within five kilometres of forest which supports populations of key species should 

not be permitted. 

Rehabilitation of poor quality forest and barren land 

Even within BHH NR forest cover is fragmented. Poor quality forest and barren land in the centre 

of the nature reserve and elsewhere should be the focus of a reafforestation programme, using 

only trees native to the nature reserve. The feasibility of reconnecting blocks of high and medium 

quality forest, with a minimum number of corridors should first be evaluated. Reafforested areas 

should form corridors linking existing areas of medium and good quality forest to facilitate 

dispersal of species. 

Support to community based conservation initiatives 

A rattan-growing model has been employed by BirdLife in communities in BHH NR. This 

should be evaluated, and if appropriate, expanded to other communities in the nature reserve. 

Management approach 

Like other protected areas in Vietnam, the efforts of the reserve management board are likely to 

be thwarted by inadequate law enforcement from relevant agencies, limited and poorly directed 

funding and a lack of interest in biodiversity conservation in relevant local stakeholders. 

Traditional approaches to protected area management in the central highlands of Vietnam may be 

inadequate to achieve these conservation priorities. Innovative approaches to protected area 

management offer the chance to source novel areas of funding and trial different methods of 

achieving conservation aims. Since it is newly established, BHH NR does not suffer from the 

inertia of poor past management practices, nor is there any precedent amongst local stakeholders 

for interaction with a protected area. BHH NR is likely to be last protected area gazetted in 

Vietnam and therefore it offers the last chance to trial innovative management approaches on a 

protected area, with no previous management history. 

38

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bird and mammal survey of Huong Lap Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province, 

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Huy (2004). A Rapid Bird and Mammal Survey of Huong Lap commune, Huong Hoa 

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field survey of north Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. BirdLife in Indochina, 

Hanoi, Vietnam. 

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Species And Communities, Quang Tri Biodiversity Status Review 2007/08 Report Series, No. 1, 

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(unpublished report). 

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thuat, Ha Noi, 264 pages. 

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Rhacophoridae). Russian Journal of Herpetology 12: pp135-142. 

Robson, C. R. (2005). A field guide to the birds of Thailand and South-East Asia. 

Bangkok: Asia Books. 

40

Sibley, C. G. and Monroe, B. L. (1990, 1993) Distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the 

world. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. 

Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. and Wege, D. C. (1998). Endemic 

bird areas of the world: priorities for biodiversity conservation. Cambridge, U.K.: 

BirdLife International. 

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conservation. Hanoi: BirdLife International in Indochina and the Institute of Ecology and 

Biological Resources. 

Tordoff, A., Timmins, R., Smith, R., Mai Ky Vinh. (2003) A biological assessment of the Central 

Truong Son Landscape. Central Truong Son Report No. 1. WWF Indochina, Hanoi, Vietnam. 

Tordoff, A. W., Tran Quoc Bao, Nguyen Duc Tu and Le Manh Hung eds. (2004) Sourcebook of 

existing and proposed protected areas in Vietnam. Second edition. Hanoi: BirdLife International 

in Indochina and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. 

Tran The Bach (2007) Flora of Central Truong Son Department of Biology, Institute of Ecology 

and Biological Resources. 

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conservation? Wildlife Conservation Society and Vietnam Forest Protection Department. Hanoi, 

Vietnam 

Wege, D.C., Long, A.J., Mai Ky Vinh, Vu Van Dung and Eames, J.C. (1999) Expanding the 

Protected Areas Network in Vietnam for the 21st Century. An Analysis of the Current System with 

Recommendations for Equitable Expansion. Hanoi, Vietnam: BirdLife International Vietnam 

Programme 

Wilkinson, N., M. & Nguyen Thanh Van. (2006) Evaluation of and Recommendations for IBA 

monitoring by Site Support Groups (SSGs) in Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. Report to BirdLife 

Indochina. 

41

Appendix 1. Plant species list for Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve 

Data from (Anon 2006), the results of surveys conducted by Le Trong Trai. 

1. Lycopodiaceae 

1 Lycopodium cernua (L.) Franco & Vasc 

2. Selaginellaceae 

2 Selaginella doderleinii Hieron. 

3 S. involvens (Sw.) Spring. 

4 S. petelotii Aston 

5 S. repanda (Desv.) Spring 

6 S. delicatula (Desv.) Alst. 

LYCOPODIOPHYTA 

3. Equisetaceae 

7 Equisetum ramosissimum Devs. 

PLYPODIOPHYTA 

4. Adiantaceae 

8 Adiantum flabellulatum L. 

9 A. philippense L. 

10 A. induratum Chr. 

11 A. diaphanum Bl. 

12 Antrophyum annamensis Chr. & Tard. 

13 

A. coriaceum (D. Don) Wall. 

14 Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw. 

15 Onychium siliculosum (Desv.) C. Chr. 

16 Pityrogramma culomelanos (L.) Link. 

17 Pteris biaurita L. 

18 P. ensiformis Burm.f. 

19 P. grevilleana Wall. ex Ag. 

20 P. linearis Poir. 

21 P. decrescens Chr. 

22 P. finotii Chr. 

5. Angiopteridaceae 

23 Angiopteris annamensis C. Ch & Tard. 

24 A. cochinchinensis de Vriese 

25 A. evecta (Forst.) Hoffm. 

26 A. palmaeformis (Cav.) Chr. 

27 A. repandula de Vriese 

28 Archangiopteris cadieri Tard. & Christ 

6. Aspleniaceae 

29 Asplenium cheilosorum O. Kuntze ex Mett 

30 A. varians Wall ex Hook. & Grew. 

31 A. ensiforme Wall. Ex Hook. f. 

32 A. nidus L. 

33 A. colaniae Tard.-Blot. 

42

34 A. antrophyoides Chr. 

35 A. loriceum Chr. 

36 A. saxicola Rosenst 

37 A. crinicaule Hance 

38 A. hainanense Ching. 

39 Diplazium pinnatifido-pinnatum (Hook.) Moore 

40 D. conterminum Christ 

41 D. polypodiodes Bl. 

7. Blechnaceae 

42 Blechnum orientale L. 

8. Cyatheaceae 

43 Cyathea cotaminans (Hook.) Copel. 

44 C. latebrosa (Hook.) Copel. 

45 C. gigantea (Hook.) Holtt. 

9. Dennstaedtiaceae 

46 Dennstaedtia seabra (Hook.) Moore 

47 Lindsaea ensiformis L. 

48 Microlepia marginata (Hoult.) C. Chr. 

49 M. strigosa (Thunb.) Presl. 

50 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. 

10. Gleicheniaceae 

51 Dicranopteris linearis (Burzm.) Underw. 

52 D. dichotoma (Thunb.) Bernh. 

11. Grammitidaceae 

53 Grammitis dorsipila (Chr.) C. Chr. & Tard. 

54 Loxogramme acroscopa (Chr.) C. Chr. 

12. Marsileaceae 

55 Marsilea quadriflia L. 

56 M. crenata Prese. 

13. Polypodiaceae 

57 Alaomorpha coronans (Mett.) Copel. 

58 Colysis pothifolia (D. Don) Presl. 

59 Drynaria bonii Christ. 

60 Leptochilus axillaris (Cav.) Kaulf. 

61 Lemmaphyllum micrpophyllum C. Chr. 

62 Microsorum hancockii (Back.) Ching 

63 M. punctatum (L.) Copel. 

64 Phymatorus nigrescens (Bl.) Pic.Ser. 

65 Platycerium coronarium (Koen.) Desv. 

66 P. grande A. Cunn. ex J. Sm. 

67 P. lingua (Thunb.) Farw. 

68 Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.) Morton. 

14. Schizeaceae 

69 Lygodium auriculatum (Willd.) Alst 

70 L. conferme C. Chr. 

43

71 L. flexuosum (L.) Sw. 

72 L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. 

73 L. microstachyum Desv. 

74 L. salicifolium Presl. 

GYMNOSPERMAE 

15. Cycadaceae 

75 Cycas immersa Craib. 

16. Gnetaceae 

76 Gnetum gnemonoides Brongn. 

77 G. leptostachyum Bl. 

78 G. montanum Margf. 

79 G. formosum Margf. 

17. Podocarpaceae 

80 Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Bl.) de Laub. 

81 Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don. 

82 P. pilgeri Foxw. 

83 Nageia wallichiana (C. Presl.) O. Kuntze 

18. Cephalotaxaceae 

84 Cephalotaxus manii Hook. f. 

ANGIOSPERMAE 

Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledones) 

19. Acanthaceae 

85 Asystasia gangetica (L.). T. 

86 Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau. 

87 Dipteracanthus repens (L.) Hassk. 

88 Isoglossa inermis (R. Ben) B. Hans. 

89 J. ventricosa Wall. 

90 Justica fragilis Wall. 

91 Staurogyne bella Brem. 

92 Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lind. 

93 Thunbergia alata Boy ex Sims 

20. Actinidiaceae 

94 Saurauja roxburghii Wall. 

95 S. nepanlensis DC. 

21. Alangiaceae 

96 Alangium salviifolium Wargern. 

97 A. chinensis (Lour.) Harm 

22. Amaranthaceae 

98 Amaranthus spinosus L. 

99 A. tricolor L. 

100 A. viridis L. 

101 Achyranthes aspera L. 

102 A. bidentata Bl. 

103 Alternanthera paronychioides A. St. Hilaire. 

104 Celosia argentea L. 

44

23. Anacardiaceae 

105 Allospondias lakonensis (Pierre) Stap. 

106 Dracuntomelon schmidii Tard. 

107 Gluta gracilis Evr. 

108 Mangifera foetida Lour. 

109 M. indica L. 

110 Rhus javanica L. 

111 Semecarpus anacardiopsis Evr. & Tard. 

112 Toxicodendron succedana (L.) Mold. 

24. Ancistrocladaceae 

113 Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour.) Merr. 

25. Annonaceae 

114 Annona squamosa L. 

115 A. muricata L. 

116 Desmos cochinchinensis Lour. 

117 Goniothalamus multiovulatus Ast. 

118 Fissistigma oldhami (Heml.) Merr. 

119 Meiogyne subsessilis (Ast.) Sincl. 

120 Polyalthia clemensorum Ast. 

121 P. jucunda (Pierre) Fin. & Gagn. 

122 Uvaria cordata (Dun.) Wall. ex Alston 

123 U. lurida Hook. f. & Thoms. 

124 Xylopia vielana Pierre ex Fin & Gagn. 

26. Apiaceae 

125 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. 

126 Cnidium monnierii (L.) Cusson 

127 Eryngium foetidum L. 

128 Hydnocotyle sibthorpioides Lamk. 

129 Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) Crai. 

27. Apocynaceae 

130 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. 

131 Alyxia racemosa Pit. 

132 Bousingonia makongense Pierre in Pl. 

133 Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham) Wall. ex G. Don 

134 H. curtisii King & Gamble 

135 Hunteria zeylanica (Retz.) Gardn. & Thw. 

136 Kopsia harmandiana Pierre ex Pit. 

137 Melodinus annamense Pit. 

138 Parabarium micranthum (A. DC.) Pierre ex Spire 

139 Pottsia indora Pit. 

140 Rauvolfia cambodiana Pierre ex Pit 

141 Tabernaemontana bovina Lour. 

142 Wrightia annamensis Eb. & Dub. 

28. Aquifoliaceae 

143 Ilex cochinchinensis (Lour.) Loesen 

45

144 I. crenata Thunb. 

145 I. tonkiniana Loesen 

146 I. triflora Bl. 

29. Araliaceae 

147 Aralia armata Seem. 

148 Brassaiopsis glomerulata (Bl.) Regel. 

149 Dendropanax poilanei Bai 

150 Macropanax dispermus (Bl.) Kuntz. 

151 Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms. 

152 S. vidaliana Shang. 

153 Treevesia palmata (Roxb. & Lindl.) Visiani 

30. Aristolochiaceae 

154 Aristolochia piperrei H. Lec 

155 A. tagala Chamiss 

156 Asarum balansae Franch in Morot. 

31. Asclepiadaceae 

157 Criptolepsis buchananii Roem & Sch. 

158 Streptocaulon juventus (Lour.) Merr. 

159 Telosma cordata (Burm.f.) Merr. 

32. Asteraceae (Compositae) 

160 Ageratum conyzoides L. 

161 Bidens bipinnata L. 

162 Blumea lanceolata (Roxb.) Druce 

163 Cirsium japonicum Maxim 

164 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. 

165 Eupatorium odoratum L. 

166 Grangea maderaspatann (L.) Poir. 

167 Sigesbeckia orientalis L. 

168 Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray 

169 Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less 

170 V. macrachaenia Gagn. 

33. Begoniaceae 

171 Begonia aptera Bl. 

172 B. boisiana Gagn. 

173 B. eberhardtii Gagn. 

34. Betulaceae 

174 Carpinus viminea Lindl. in Wall. 

35. Bignoniaceae 

175 Oroxylon indicum (L.) vent 

176 Rademachera eberhardtii Dop. 

177 R. sinica (Hance) Hemsl. 

178 Stereospermum colais (Dillw.) Mabb 

179 S. neuranthum Kurz. 

36. Bombacaceae 

180 Bombac ceiba L. 

46

181 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gagn. 

37. Boraginaceae 

182 Cordia grandis Roxb. 

183 Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl.) Thunb ex Lehm 

184 Heliotropium indicum L. 

185 Tournefortia gaudichaudii Gagn. 

38. Brassicaceae 

186 Brassica intergrifolia (West.) O. B. Schultz 

187 B. junca (L.) 

188 B. oleracea L. var. capitata 

189 Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus Bail. 

190 Rorippa dubia (Pers) Hara. 

39. Burceraceae 

191 Burcera serrata Wall. ex Colebr. 

192 B. subulatum Guill. 

193 Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch ex DC. 

194 C. bengalense Roxb. 

195 C. parvum Leenh. 

40. Campanulaceae 

196 Lobelia zeylanica L. 

197 L. sinensis Lour. 

198 Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. DC. 

41.Capparaceae 

199 Capparis cantoniensis Lour. 

200 C. pyrifolia Lamk. 

201 C. radula Gagn. 

202 Cleome chelidonii L. f. 

203 C. gynandra L. 

204 C. viscosa L. 

205 Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. 

206 C. nurvala Buch. Ham 

207 Stixis scandens Lour. 

42. Caprifoliaceae 

208 Lonicera japonica Thunb. 

209 L. macrantha (D. Don) Sprengel 

210 Sambucus simpsonii Rehder. 

211 S. hookeri Rehder 

212 Vibrum punctatum Buch. Ham ex D. Don 

43. Celastraceae 

213 Euonymus javanicus Bl. 

214 E. laxiflorus Champ. in B & H 

215 Gymnosporia chevalieri Tard. 

216 Maytenus stylosa (Pierre) Lob. Callen 

217 Salacia pallens Pierre 

218 Siphonodon annamensis (Lec.) Merr. 

47

44. Clusiaceae (Guttiferae ) 

219 Calophyllum dryobalanoides Pierr. 

220 Cratoxylon cochinchinensis (Lour.) Bl. 

221 C. maingayi Dyers in Hook. f. 

222 Garcinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Choiw. 

223 G. fusca Pierr. 

224 G. oblongifolia Champ. ex Benth. 

225 G. planchonii Pierr. 

45. Chloranthaceae 

226 Chloranthus crectus 

(Benth. & Hook.f.) Verdc. 

46. Combretaceae 

227 Quiqualis indica L. 

47. Connaraceae 

228 Connarus paniculatus Roxb. 

229 Roureopis stenopetala (Griff.) Schellenb. 

230 Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Aubl. 

48. Convolvulaceae 

231 Hewittia scandens (Milne) Mabberly 

232 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk 

233 I. batatas (L.) Lamk 

234 Jacmontia paniculata (Burm. f.) Hall.f. 

235 Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hall. f. 

236 M. hirta (L.) Merr. 

237 M. vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hall. f. 

238 Prana volubilis Burm. f. 

239 Xenostegia tridentata (L.) Austin & Staples 

50. Cucurbitaceae 

240 Benincasia hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. 

241 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt 

242 Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam 

243 C. moschata Duch. ex Lam 

244 C. pepo L. 

245 Cucurmis sativus L. 

246 C. sativus var. conomon (Thunb.) Mak 

247 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey 

248 Gymnopetalum cochinchinensis (Lour.) Kurz. 

249 G. integrifolium (Roxb.) Kurz. 

250 Hogsonia macrocarpa (Bl.) Cogn 

251 Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. 

252 L. cylindrica (L.) M. J. Roem 

253 Momordia charantia L. 

254 M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng 

255 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. J. Roem 

256 Solena heterophylla Lour. 

48

257 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. 

258 Zehneria indica (Lour.) Keyr. 

51. Dilleniaceae 

259 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. 

260 D. turbinata Fin & Gagn. 

261 Tetrcera sarmentosa (L.) Vahl 

262 T. scandens (L.) Merr. 

52. Dipterocarpaceae 

263 Dipterocapus grandiflorus Blco 

264 D. hasseltii Bl. 

265 D. kerrii King. 

53. Ebenaceae 

266 Diospyros kaki L.f. 

267 D. cauliflora Bl. 

268 D. lancaefolia Roxb. 

269 D. longebracteata Lec 

270 D. martabarica C. B. Cl. 

271 D. moi Lec 

272 D. pilosula (A. DC.) Hiern. 

273 D. rufogemmata Lec 

54. Elaeocarpaceae 

273 Elaeocarpus grandiflorus J. E. Smith. 

274 E. griffithii (Wight.) A. Gray 

275 E. hainamensis Oliv. 

276 E. limitanus Hand. Mazz 

277 E. petiolatus (Jack.) Wall. ex Kurz. 

278 E. stipulatus Bl. 

279 E. angustifolius Bl. 

55. Euphorbiaceae 

280 Alchornia rugosa (Lour.) Muell.-Arg. 

281 A. tiliaefolia (Benth.) Muell.-Arg. 

282 Aleurites cordata (Thumb.) R. Br. ex Steu 

283 Antidesma bunius Spreng. 

284 A. ghaesembilla Gaertn 

285 A. hainanensis Merr. 

286 A. yunnanensis Pax & Hoffm. 

287 Aporusa ficifolia H. Baillon 

288 A. sphaerospermum Gagn. 

289 Baccaurea silvestris Lour. 

290 Bischofia javanica Bl. 

291 Breynia angustifolia Hook.f. 

292 B. fruticosa (L.) Hook.f. 

293 Bridelia monoica (Lour.) Merr. 

294 Bridelia ovata Dcne. 

295 Claoxylon longifolium (Bl.) Endl. ex Hassk. 

49

296 Croton touranensis Gagn. 

297 Endospermum chinense Benth. 

298 Euphorbia hirta L. 

299 E. indica Lamk. 

300 E. orbiculata Miq. 

301 E. pulcherrima Jacq. 

302 E. thymifolia L. 

303 Glochidion rubrum Bl. 

304 G. zaylanicum A. Jus 

305 Homonoia riparis Lour. 

306 Macaranga balansae Gagn. 

307 M. denticulata (Bl.) Muell.-Arg 

308 M. henricorum Hemsl. 

309 Mallotus apelta Muell.-Arg. 

310 M. barbatus Muell.-Arg. 

311 M. floribundus (Bl.) Muell.-Arg 

312 M. macrostachyus (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. 

313 M. paniculata (Lamk.) Muell.-Arg. 

314 M. phillippensis (Lamk.) Muell.-Arg. 

315 M. repandus (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. 

316 M. tetracocus (Roxb.) kurz. 

317 Manihot esculanta Crantz. 

318 Phyllanthus debilis klein ex Willd. 

319 P. emblica L. 

320 P. reticulata Poir. 

321 P. rube Spreng. 

322 P. urinaria L. 

323 Sapium discolor. (Benth.) Muell.-Arg. 

324 S. rotundifolium Hemsl. 

325 S. sebiferum (L.) Roxb. 

326 Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. 

327 Securinega vilosa (Willd.) Pax & Hoffm. 

56. Fabaceae 

Ceasalpinioideae 

328 Bauhinia bracteaca (Benth.) Baker 

329 B. clemensiorum Merr. 

330 B. curtisii Prain. 

331 B. lakhonensis Gagn. 

332 Bauhinia viridescens Desv. 

333 B. hirsuta Weimnann. 

334 B. saccocalyx Pierre. 

335 Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. 

336 C. latisilliqua (Cav.) Hatt 

337 C. mimax Hance 

338 C. mimosoides Lamk. 

50

339 Cassia alrata L. 

340 Dialium cochinchinensis Pierre 

341 Erythrophleum fordii Oliv 

342 Peltophorum dasyrrachis (Miq.) Kurz. 

343 P. pterocarpum (A.P.de Cand.) Back. ex Heyrne 

344 Saraca indica L. 

345 Sindora tonkinensis A. Chev. ex K. & S. S. Lars. 

Mimosoideae 

346 Acacia concinna (Willd.) A. DC. 

347 Albizia chinensis (Osb.) Merr. 

348 A. corniculata (Lour.) Pruce 

349 A. lucidior (Steud.) I. Niels. 

350 Archidendron balansae (Oliv.) I. Niels. 

351 A. bauchei. (Gagn.) I. Niels 

352 A. chevalieri (Kost.) I. Niels. 

353 A. robinsonii (Gagn.) I. Niels. 

354 Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. 

355 Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle 

356 M. pudica L. 

Papilionoideae 

357 Arachis hypogea L. 

358 Bowringia calicarpa Champ. 

359 Crotalaria incana L. 

360 C. bialata Schrank 

361 Dalbergia entadoides Pierre ex Gagn. 

362 D. polyadelpha Prain. 

363 D. rimosa Roxb. 

364 Deris acuminata (Grah.) Benth. 

365 D. indica Benn. Nim 

366 Desmodium pulchellum (L.) Benth. 

367 D. triflorum DC. 

368 D. zonantum Miq. 

369 Erythrina fusca Lour. 

370 E. variegata L. 

371 Indigofera hirsuta L. 

372 I. trifolia L. 

373 Milletia ichthyotona Drake 

374 M. ebehardtii Gagn. 

375 Ormosia laosensis Niyodham. 

376 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. 

377 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Prers. 

378 Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. 

379 V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. 

57. Fagaceae 

380 Castanopsis armata Spach. 

51

381 C. ceratacantha Rehd. & Wils. 

382 C. dongchoensis Hiek & Cam. 

383 C. indica (Roxb.) A.D.C. in Seem. 

384 C. quangtriensis Hick & Cam. 

385 C. teheponensis Hick & Cam. 

386 C. nebulorum A. Cam. 

387 Lithocarpus ahabdostachya (Hick. & Cam.) A. Cam. 

388 L. dinhensis (Hick. & Cam) Barn. 

389 L. fenestratus (Roxb.) Rehd. 

390 L. microsperma A. Cam. 

391 L. ailaoensis A. Cam 

392 L. corneus (Lour.) Rehd. 

393 L. haemispherica (Drake) Cam. 

394 L. jacksoniana A. Cam. 

395 L. pachylepis A. Cam. 

396 Q. arbutifolia Hick. & Cam. 

397 Q. bambusaefolia Hance in Seem 

398 Q. gomeziana A. Cam. 

58. Flacourtiaceae 

399 Casearia balansae Gagn. 

400 C. gromerata Roxb. 

401 C. membranacea Hance. 

402 Flacourtia rukkam Zoll. & Morr. 

403 Homalium ceylanicaum (Gardn.) Benth. 

404 H. myrandrum Merr. 

405 Hydnocarpus annamensis (Gagn.) Lese. & Sleum. 

406 H. ilicifolia King 

407 H. kurzii (King) Warb. 

59. Hamamelidaceae 

408 Liquidambar farmosana Hance 

409 Rhodoleia championii Hook.f. 

410 Symingtonia populnea (Griff.) Steem. 

60. Icacinacea 

411 Gomphadra tetrandra (Wall.) Sleum 

412 Iodes cirrhosa Turcz 

61. Jugladaceae 

413 Engelhardia roxburghiana Wall. 

414 E. spicata Lesch. ex Bl. 

415 E. serrata Bl. 

416 Pterocarya stenoptera C. DC. 

62. Lamiaceae 

417 Coleus scutellaroides (l.) Benth. 

418 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link 

419 Mentha quatica L. 

420 Pogostemon auricularia Phamhoang 

52

421 Orthosiphon spiralis (Lour.) Merr. 

422 Perilla frutescens (Thunb.) Hand.-Mazz. 

423 Salvia plebeia R. Br. 

63. Lauraceae 

424 Alsecodaphne tonkinensis Liouho 

425 Beilschmiedia ferruginea Liouho 

426 Caryodapnosis tonkinensis (Lec.) A. Shaw 

427 Cassytha filiformis L. 

428 Cinnamomum glaucescens (Buch. Hamilt.) Drury 

429 C. scalarinervium Kost 

430 C. parthenocylon Meissn. 

431 C. bejolgota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet. 

432 C. camphora (L.) J. S. Prest 

433 C. balansae Lec. 

434 Cryptocarya annamensis Allen. 

435 C. ferrea Bl. 

436 C. petelotii Kost. 

437 Dehaasia triandra Merr. 

438 Ediandra rubescens (Bl.) Mi 

439 Lindera chunii Merr. 

440 Litsea balansae Lec. 

441 L. cubeba (Lour.) Pers. 

442 L. glutinosa (Lour.) Rob. 

443 Machilus platycarpa Chun. 

444 Neolitsea chuii Merr. 

445 Persea velutina (Champ.) Kost. 

446 Phoebe attenuata Necc. 

447 P. sheareri Gamble 

64. Leaceae 

448 Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. 

449 L. thorelli Gagn. 

450 L. manillensis Walp. 

451 L. rubra Bl. ex Spreng. 

65. Lecythidaceae 

452 Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. 

453 B. eberhardtii Gagn. 

454 B. macrocarpa Hassk. 

66. Loganiaceae 

455 Gelsemium elegans (Gardn. & Champ.) Benth. 

456 Fagraea fragrans Roxb. 

457 F. auriculata Jack. 

458 Strychnos angustifolia Benth. 

459 S. ignatii Bergius 

460 S. ovata Hill 

461 S. vanpruckii 

53

67. Loranthaceae 

462 Dendrophtoe pentandra (L.) Miq. 

463 Ginalloa siamica Crai 

464 Macrosolen robinsonii (Gamble) Dance 

465 Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Dance 

466 Viscum liquidambaricum Hay 

68. Lythraceae 

467 Lagerstroemia ovalifolia Teijsm & Binn. 

468 L. duperreana Pierre ex Gagn. 

469 L. tomentosa Presl. 

69. Magnoliaceae 

470 Michelia mediocris Dandy 

471 M. faveolata Merr. ex Dandy 

472 Paramichelia baillonii (Pierre) Hu. kuidui 

70. Malvaceae 

473 Abemoschatus moschatus Medicus 

474 Hibiscus grewiaefolius Hassk. 

475 H. rosa-sinensis L. 

476 H. surattensis L. 

477 Sida cordifolia L. 

478 S. ocuta Burm.f. 

479 S. rhombifolia L. 

480 Urena lobata L. 

71. Melastomataceae 

481 Allomorphia subsessilis Craib. 

482 Blastus borneensis Cogn 

483 B. cochinchinensis Lour. 

484 Medinilla assamica (C. B. Cl.) Chen 

485 Melastoma bauchei Guill. 

486 M. eberhartii Guill. 

487 M. normale D. Don 

488 Memecylon edule Roxb. 

489 M. scutellatum (Lour.) Naud. 

490 Osbeckia chinensis L. 

491 O. stellata Buch.-Ham ex D. Don 

492 Otanthera annamica (Guill.) C. Hance 

493 Phyllagathis prostrata C. Hance 

494 Pseudodissochaeta lanceolata Nayar. 

72. Meliaceae 

495 Aglaia annamensis Pell. 

496 Amoora dasyclada (How & Chen) C.V.Wu 

497 A. gigantea Pierre 

498 A. oligosperma (Pierre) Pell. 

499 Chukrasia tabularis A. Jus. 

500 Cipadessa baccifera Pell. 

54

501 Dysoxylum juglans (Hance) Pell. 

502 Melia azedarach. L. 

503 Sandoricum binectariferum Hook.f. 

73. Menispermaceae 

504 Coscinium fenestratum (Gagn.) Colebr. 

505 Diploclisia glaucescens (Bl.) Diel 

506 Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. 

507 Limacia scandens Lour. 

508 Pycnarrhena poilanei (Gagn.) Forman. 

509 Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers. 

510 S. rotunda Lour. 

74. Moraceae 

511 Artocarpus borneensis Merr. 

512 A. melinoxyla Gagn. 

513 A. nitida Trec 

514 Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L`. Her ex Vent. 

515 Ficus altissima Bl. 

516 F. auriculata Lour. 

517 F. benjamina L. 

518 F. fulva Reinw. ex Bl. 

519 F. glaberrima Bl. 

520 F. heterophylla L.f. 

521 F. hispida L.f. 

522 F. nervosa Heyne ex Roth. 

523 F. pandurata Hance 

524 F. pumila L. 

525 F. subpyrifomis Hook & Arn. 

526 F. sumatrana Miq. 

527 F. vasculosa Wall. ex Miq. 

528 F. virens Ait. 

529 Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner. 

530 Pleicospermum andamanicum King 

531 Streblus taxoides (Heyne) Kurz. 

532 S. laxiflorus (Hutch.) Corn. 

533 S. zeylanicus (Thw) Kurz. 

534 Taxotrophis caudata Hutch. 

75. Myristicaceae 

535 Horsfieldia thorelii Lec. 

536 Knema elegans Warb. 

537 K. erratica (Hook.f.th) Sincl. 

538 K. globularia (Lamk.) Warb. 

76. Myrsinaceae 

539 Ardisia colorata Roxb. 

540 A. expansa Pit. 

541 A. gigantifolia Stapf. 

55

542 A. harmandii Pierre 

543 A. lecomtei Pit 

544 A. miniata Pit 

545 A. quiquegona Bl. 

546 A. racemosa Mez. 

547 A. silvestris Pit. 

548 A. stellifera Pit 

549 A. tinctoria Pit. 

550 A. aciphylla Pit 

551 Embelia ribes Burm.f. 

552 E. ferruginea Wall. 

553 Maesa perlarius (Lour.) Merr 

554 M. ramentacea Wall. 

555 M. sinensis A.DC. 

556 M. indica Wall. in Roxb. 

557 M. membranacea A.DC. 

77. Myrtaceae 

558 Cleistocalyx nervosum DC. 

559 Psidium guajava L. 

560 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hacck. 

561 Syzygium abotivum (Gagn.) Merr & Perry 

562 S. bullockii (Hance) Merr. Perry 

563 S. levinii (Merr.) Merr. & Perry 

564 S. oblatum (Roxb.) A.M. & J.M Cowan 

565 S. polyanthum (Wight.) Walp. 

566 S. jambos (Gagn.) Merr & Perry 

567 S. zeylanicum (L.) DC. 

568 S. wightianum Wall. 

78. Ochnaceae 

569 Gomphia striata (V. Tiegh.) C.F. Wei 

570 G. serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis 

571 Ochna integerrium (Lour.) Merr. 

79. Onagraceae 

572 Ludwidgia adscendens (L.) Hara 

573 L. octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven 

574 L. perennis L. 

80. Opiliaceae 

575 Melientha suavis Pierre 

81. Oxalidaceae 

576 Averrhoa calambola L. 

577 Biophytum sensitivum (Lour.) DC. 

578 Oxalis corymbosa DC. 

82. Passifloraceae 

579 Passiflora foetida L. 

83. Piperaceae 

56

580 Peperomia pullucida Kunth. 

581 Pipe betle L. 

582 P. lolot. C. DC. 

583 P. nigrum L. 

584 P. saxicola C. DC. 

84. Plantaginaceae 

585 Plantago asiatica L. 

85. Polygalaceae 

586 Polygala brachystachya DC. 

587 P. erioptera DC. 

588 P. laotica Gagn. 

589 Solomonia cantoniensis Lour. 

590 Xanthophyllum glaucum Wall. 

591 X. silvestre Gagn. 

86. Polygonaceae 

592 Polygonum barbatum L. 

593 P. glabrum Will. 

594 P. persicaria Meissn. 

595 P. tomentosum Willd. 

87. Portulacaceae 

596 Portulaca pilosa L. 

597 P. oleracea L. 

88. Proteaceae 

598 Helicia cochinchinensis Lour. 

599 H. longepetiolata Merr & Chun 

600 H. nilagirica Bedd. 

601 H. obovatifolia Merr. & Chunn. 

602 H. petiolaris Benn. 

603 Heliciopsis terminalis (Kurz.) Sleumer 

89. Ranunculaceae 

604 Anemone poilanei Gagn. 

605 A. sumatrana De Vriese 

606 Clematis chinensis Retz. 

607 C. smilacifolia Wall. 

90. Rhamnaceae 

608 Berchemia loureiriana Lec. 

609 Gouania javanica Miq. 

610 Sagerelia theezan (L.) Brogn. 

611 Ventilago hermandiana Pierre 

612 Zizyphus cambodiana Pierre 

613 Z. oenoplia (L.) Mill. 

614 Z. rugosus Lamk. 

615 Z. maurantiana Lamk. 

91. Rhizophoraceae 

616 Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. 

57

617 C. suffruticosa Ridl. 

92. Rosaceae 

618 Photinia prunifolia (H & A.) Lindl. 

619 Prunus arborea (Hook.f.) Kalm. 

620 Raphiolepsis indica (L.) Lindl. ex ker. 

621 Rubus asper Wall. ex Don 

622 R. cochinchinensis Card. 

623 R. moluccanus (Bl.) Kalm. 

624 R. multibracteatus Levl. & Van 

625 R. niveus Thunb. 

626 R. pavifolius L. 

93. Rubiaceae 

627 Canthium grabrum Bl. 

628 Fagerlindia depauperata (Drake) Tirv. 

629 Gardenia angustifolia (L.) Merr. 

630 Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam 

631 H. corymbosa (L.) Lam 

632 H. diffusa Willd. 

633 H. grandis (Pit.) 

634 H. vestica R. Br. ex G. Don 

635 Ixora chinensis Lam. 

636 I. finlaysoniana Wall. 

637 Lasianthus condorensis Pierre ex Pit 

638 Morinda citifolia L. 

639 Mussaenda aptera Pit. 

640 M. cambodiana Pierre. 

641 Neonauclea purpurea (Roxb.) Merr 

642 Oxyceros vidalii Tirw. 

643 Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. 

644 Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poit. 

645 P. samentosa Bl. 

646 Randia canthioides Champ. 

647 R. spinosa Bl. 

648 Saposma annamense Pierre 

649 Uncaria homomalla Miq 

650 Wendlandia paniculata (Roxb.) DC 

94. Rutaceae 

651 Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. 

652 Atalantia sessiliflora Guill. 

653 Citrus aurantifolia (Chritm.) Sw. 

654 C. deliciosa Ten 

655 C. grandis (Lour.) Osb. 

656 C. limonia Osb. 

657 C. nobilis Lour 

658 Clausena indica (Dez.) Oliv. 

58

659 Euodia lepta (Spreng) Merr 

660 E. melifolia Benth. 

661 Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Bl.) Spr. 

662 G. ovoidae Pierre 

663 G. sapindoides Lindl ex Oliv 

664 Luvunga sarmentosa (Bl.) Kurz 

665 Micromelum minutum (Forst.) W.&A 

666 Murray paniculata (L.) Jack 

667 Severinia monophylla (L.) Tan 

668 Zanthoxylum aviceniae (Lamk.) DC 

669 Z. nitidum (Lamk.) DC 

95. Sapindaceae 

670 Amesiodendron chinense (Merr.) Hu 

671 Arytera littoralis Bl. 

672 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. 

673 Dimocarpus fumatus (Bl.) Leenh. 

674 D. longan Lour. 

675 Litchi sinensis Radlk. 

676 Mischocarpus poilanei Gagn. 

677 Nephelium milliferum Gagn. 

678 Paviesia annamensis Pierre 

679 Pometia pinnata J. R.& Forst. 

96. Sapotaceae 

680 Donella lanceolata (Bl.) Aubr. 

681 Madhuca pasquieri (Dub.) H.J.Lam 

682 Planchonella annamensis Pierre ex Dub. 

683 Xantolis dongnaiensis (Dub.) Aubr. 

97. Schisandraceae 

684 Kadsura roxburghiana Arnott. 

98. Simaroubaceae 

685 Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alst 

686 Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. 

687 Eurycoma harmandiana Pierre 

688 Harrisonia perforata (Bl.) Merr 

99. Smilacaceae 

689 Smilax bauhinioides Kunth. 

690 S. corbularia Kunth. 

691 S. ganepainii Koy. 

692 S. glabra Roxb. 

693 S. lanceifolia Roxb. 

694 S. paniculata Gagn. 

695 S. riparia A.&C.DC 

100. Solanaceae 

696 Capsicum frutescens L. 

697 Physalis angulata L. 

59

698 Solanum americanum Midl. 

699 S. procumbens Lour. 

700 S. torvum Swartz. 

701 S. trilobatum L. 

702 S. undatum Poir. 

703 S. melogena L. 

704 S. erianthum D. Don 

101. Sonneratiaceae 

705 Duabanga grandiflora (DC.) Walp. 

102. Sterculiaceae 

706 Byttneria pilosa Roxb. 

707 B. andamensis Kurz. 

708 Helicteres angustifolia L. 

709 H. angustifolia Pierre. 

710 H. hirsuta Lour. 

711 H. viscida Bl. 

712 Helitiera cochinchinensis (Pierre) Kost. 

713 Pterospermum diversifolium Bl. 

714 P. heterophyllum. Hance 

715 P. truncatolobatum Gagn. 

716 Sterculia alata Roxb. 

717 S. hymenocalyx K. Schum 

718 S. hyposticta Miq. 

719 S. lanceolata Cav. 

103. Symplocaceae 

720 Symplocos adenophylla Wall. ex O. Don 

721 S. anomala Brand. 

722 S. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Nooteb. 

723 S. disepala Guill. 

724 S. lanceolata Sieb. & Zucc 

725 S. paniculata (Thunb.) Druce 

726 S. pendula Wight. 

104. Theaceae 

727 Adinandra annamensis Gagn. 

728 A. rubropunctata Merr. & Chun 

729 Camellia assimilis Champ. ex Benth. 

730 C. dormoyana (Pierr.) Senly 

731 C. sinensis (L.) O. Ktze 

732 Eurya cerasifolia (D.Don) Kob. 

733 E. annamensis Gagn. 

734 E. cerasifolia (D. Don.) Kob. 

735 E. tonkinensis Gagn. 

736 Godonia tonkinensis Pit. 

737 Pyrenaria poilaneana Gagn. 

738 Schima wallichii DC. Korth. 

60

739 Ternstroemia japonica Thunb. 

105. Thymeleaceae 

740 Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lec 

741 A. baillonii Pierre. ex Lec. 

742 Wikstroemia poilanei Leandri 

106. Tiliaceae 

743 Corchorus nestuans L. 

744 Grewia bulot Gagn. 

745 G. eberhardtii H. Lec. 

746 G. paniculata Roxb. ex DC 

747 Triumfetta pseudocana Spragua & Craib. 

748 T. bactramia L. 

107. Ulmaceae 

749 Gironniera cuspidata (Bl.) Pl. ex Kurz. 

750 G. subequalis Pl. 

751 G. orientalis Thunb. 

752 Trema cannabina Lour. 

753 T. orientasis (L.) Bl. 

108. Urticaceae 

754 Boemeria tonkinensis Gagn. 

755 Debregeasia squamata King.f. 

756 Dendrocnide urentissima (Gagn.) Chev. 

757 Elatostema cuneatum Wight. 

758 E. dissectum Wedd. 

759 Laportea interrupta (Gauld.) Chew. 

760 L. thorelii Gagn. 

761 Pellonia eberhardtii Gagn. 

762 P. cristulata Gagn. 

763 Poikilospermum suaveolens (Bl.) Merr. 

764 Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. 

765 P. hirta Hassk. 

766 Villebrunea tonkinensis Gagn. 

767 V. frutescens Bl. 

109. Verbenaceae 

768 Callicarpa acutidens Schauer 

769 C. longifolia Lam 

770 Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turz 

771 C. paniculatum L. 

772 C. schmidtii C.B.Cl. 

773 Gmelia arborea Roxb. 

774 G. asiatica L. 

775 Lantana camara L. 

776 Premna balansae Dop. 

777 P. serratifolia L. 

778 Tsoongia axillariflora Merr. 

61

779 Vitex pierreana P. Dop. 

780 V. sumatrana King & Gamble 

781 V. negundo L. 

782 V. trifolia (O. Ktze) Mold 

783 Verbena officinalis L. 

110. Vitaceae 

784 Ampelopsis annamensis Gagn. 

785 A. cantiniensis Planch. 

786 Cayratia palmata Gagn. 

787 C. trifolia (L.) Domino 

788 Cissus astrotricha Gagn. 

789 C. hastata Pl. 

790 C. hexangularis Thor. ex Gagn. 

791 C. modeccoides Pl. 

792 Vitis balanseana Pl. 

LILIOPSIDA (MONOCOTYLEDONES) 

111. Agavaceae -Họ Agao 

793 Dracaena cochinchnensis (Lour.) Merr. 

794 D. gracilis Wall. 

795 D. cambodia Pierre ex Gagn. 

796 Sanseviera hyacinthoides (L.) Druce 

112. Amaryllidaceae 

797 Curculigo disticha Gagn. 

798 C. gracilis Wall. 

113. Araceae 

799 Acorus tatarinowi Schott. 

800 Alocasia cuspidata Engler. 

801 A. decumbens Buchet. 

802 Amorphophyllus mekongensis Engler. & Gegrm 

803 Homalonema occulta (Lour.) Schott. 

804 Pothos augustifolius Presl. 

805 P. gigantipes Buchet 

806 P. repens (Lour.) Druce 

807 P. scandens L. 

808 P. yunanensis Engler 

809 Raphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schot. 

114. Arecaceae 

810 Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr. 

811 Calamus poilanei Conr. 

812 C. tetradactylus Hance 

813 Caryota urens L 

814 C. bacsonensis Magalon 

815 Daemonorops pierreanus Becc 

816 Licuala elegans Magalon 

817 L. grandis Wendl. 

62

818 L. radula Gagn. 

819 Livistona tonkinensis Magalon 

820 Pinanga duperreana Pierre ex Gagn. 

821 Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) Henry ex. Rehd. 

115. Bromeliaceae 

822 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. 

116. Commelinaceae 

823 Amischolotype mollissima (Bl.) Hassk. 

824 Commelina benganlensis L. 

825 C. communis L. 

826 Cyanotis axillaris L. 

827 Dictyospermum ovalifolium Wight 

828 Floscopa glabratus Hassk 

829 F. scandens Lour. 

830 Murdannia spectabilis (Kurz) Faden 

831 M. spirata (L.) Bruckner. 

832 Tradescentia discolor L'Herit . 

117. Costaceae 

833 Costus speciosus (Koenig ex Retz.) J. E. Smith. 

118. Cyperaceae 

834 Carex spatiosa Boott 

835 Cyperus dubius Rottb. 

836 C. halpan L. 

837 C. rottundus L. 

838 C. pumilus L. 

839 C. trialatus (Boeck) Kern 

840 Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. 

841 Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R. & G.Forst) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalz 

842 Scirpus juncoides Roxb. 

843 S. massfeldianus Kuk. 

844 S. siamensis (C.B.Clarck.) Kern. 

119. Dioscoreaceae 

845 Dioscorea alata L. 

846 D. cirrhosa Prain. & Burk. 

847 D. glabra Roxb. 

120. Flagellariaceae 

848 Flagellaria indica L. 

121. Hemodoraceae 

848 Liriope spicata Lour. 

849 Ophiopogon reptan Hook.f. 

850 O. longifolius Dene 

851 O. peliosanthoides W & Arn. 

122. Iridaceae 

852 Belamcandra chinensis (L) DC. 

853 Eleuthrine bulbosa (Mill.) Urban. 

63

123. Liliaceae 

854 Dianella nemorosa Lam. ex Schiller.f 

855 Disporum trabeculatum Gagn. 

856 Oligobotrya henryi Bak. 

857 Paris polyphylla Sm. 

124. Maranthaceae 

858 Calathea clossoni Hort. 

859 Phrynium dispermum Gagn. 

125. Musaceae 

860 Musa aucuminata Colla. 

126. Orchidaceae 

861 Aerides falcata Lindl. 

862 Agrostophyllum planicaule (Lindl.) Reichb.f. 

863 Anoectochilus cetaceus Blume 

864 A. lylei Rolfe ex Downies 

865 Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. 

866 Arundina graminifolia (D.Don) Hochr. 

867 Bulbophyllum poilanei Gagn. 

868 Calanthe triplicata (Willem.) Ames. 

869 Coelogyne mooreana Sander ex Rolfe 

870 Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Bl. 

871 Cymbidium banaense Gagn. 

872 Dendrobium amabile (Lour.) O'brien 

873 D. farmeri Paxt. 

874 D. lindleyi Steudel. 

875 D. parciflorum Reichb.f.ex Lindl 

876 D. thyrsiflorum Reichb.f. 

877 Eria amica Reichb.f.f 

878 E. corneri Reichb.f. 

879 Erythrorchis ochobiensis (Hary.) Gray 

880 Herbenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr. 

881 H. viridiflora (Sw.) R.Br. 

882 Paphiopedilum amabile Hall. f. 

883 Podochilus intermedius Aver. 

884 Renanthera coccinea Lour. 

885 Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Bl. 

886 Trichotosia pulvinata (Lindl.) Kraenzl. 

127. Pandanaceae 

887 Pandanus tonkinensis Mart. ex Stone 

888 P. affinis Kurz. 

128. Poaceae 

889 Bambusa balcoa Roxb. 

890 B. blumeana Schultes 

891 Centhotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. 

892 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz) Trin 

64

893 Coix lacryma Jobi L. 

894 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers 

895 Dendrocalamus patellaris Gamble 

896 D. sinuata (Gamble) Holtt. 

897 Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link 

898 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn 

899 Erianthus arundinaceus (Retz.) Jeswiet 

900 Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. 

901 Isachne dispa Trin 

902 Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex Schum & Lauterb. 

903 Oryza sativa L. 

904 Paspalum scrobiculatum L. 

905 Phragmites vallatoria (L.) Veldk. 

906 Saccharum officinarum L. 

907 S. spontaneum L. 

908 Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. 

909 Sinarundinaria griffithiana (Munro) Chalo & Rens 

910 Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Ktze. 

911 Zea mays L. 

129. Stemonaceae 

912 Stemona tuberosa Lour. 

130. Taccaceae 

913 Tacca chantrieri Andre 

914 T. plantaginea (Hance) Drenth 

915 T. intergrifolia Ker.-Gawl. 

131. Zingiberaceae 

916 Alpinia chinensis (Retz.) Rosacoe 

917 Alpinia officina Hance 

918 Catimbium bracteatum Rox 

919 Globba pendula Roxb. 

920 Hedychium stenopetalum Lodd. 

65

Appendix 2. Mammal species list for Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve 

English Name Scientific Name 2002 1 2004 2 2005 3 2006 4 

Northern Treeshrew 

Scandenta 

Tupaiidae 

Tupaia belangeri 

Primates 

Loricidae 

O X 

Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang I 

Pygmy Slow Loris Nycticebus pygmaeus 

Cercopithecidae 

I O 

Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides O X O 

Northern Pig Tailed 

Macaque 

Macaca leonina O 

Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta O 

Red-shanked Douc 

Langur 

Pygathrix nemaeus I O X I 

Hatinh Langur Trachypithecus 

hatinhensis 

X I 

Northern White-cheeked 

Gibbon 

Hylobatidae 

Nomascus leucogenis I I, Ca X I 

Rodentia 

Sciuridae 

Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor I 

Indian Giant Flying 

Squirrel 

Petaurista philippensis I O 

Pallas’s Squirrel Callosciurus 

erythraeus 

O X O 

Asian Red-cheeked 

Squirrel 

Dremomys rufigenis O X O 

Cambodian Striped 

Squirrel 

Tamiops rodolphii 

Muridae 

O X 

Indomalayan Bamboo 

Rat 

Rhizomys sumatrensis I, T X 

Indomalayan 

Leopoldamys 

Leopoldamys sabanus 

Hystricidae 

Asiatic Brush-tailed 

Porcupine 

Atherurus macrourus O 

Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyura 

Lagomorpha 

Leporidae 

R, T X O 

66


Burmese Hare Lepus peguensis I 

Annamite Striped Rabbit Nesolagus timminsi 

Manidae 

O O X O 

Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica 

Carnivora 

Felidae 

I, R X O 

Asian Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii I I 

Leopard Cat Prionailurus 

I, T X O 

bengalensis 

Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa I 

Leopard Panthera pardus 

Viverridae 

I 

Binturong Arctictis binturong I O 

Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata I, Dr X O 

Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus 

O 

hermaphroditus 

Spotted Linsang Prionodon pardicolor O 

Large Indian Civet Viverra zibetha Dr, T X I 

Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica 

Canidae 

R X O 

Dhole Cuon alpinus 

Ursidae 

I 

Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus I I 

Asian Black Bear Ursus thibetanus 

Mustelidae 

I, T X I 

Oriental Small-clawed Aonyx cinereus I, T X 

Otter 

European Otter Lutra lutra I 

Hog Badger Arctonyx collaris T, Dr X 

Yellow-throated Martin Martes flavigula 

Artiodactyla 

Suidae 

I 

Wild Boar Sus scrofa 

Tragulidae 

I T, I X O 

Lesser Mouse-deer Tragulus kanchil 

Cervidae 

I 

Red Muntjac Muntiacus muntjak I T, I X O 

Large-antlered Muntjac Muntiacus 

T, R X O 

vuquangensis 

Sambar Cervus unicolor I T, Dr X O 

Bovidae 

Gaur Bos frontalis O X O 

67


Saola Pseudoryx 

nghetinhensis 

Chinese Serow Capricornis 

sumatraensis 

I I, R X I 

I Dr, T X O 

1 Le Manh Hung et al. 2002 

2 Dang Ngoc Can 2004 

3 Surveys by Le Trong Trai 2005 

4 Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006 

Records are coded as follows: O = field observation; R = specimen or parts of specimen 

recorded; C = heard only; T = tracks recorded only (footprints, droppings, scratch marks); I = 

Interview. 

68

Appendix 3. Bird species list for Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve 

Scientific Name Common Name 2004 1 2005 2 In 

prep. 3 

Galliformes 

Phasianidae 

Francolinus pintadeanus Chinese Francolin X X X 

Arborophila brunneopectus Bar-backed Partridge X X 

A. chloropus Scaly-breasted Partridge X X X 

A. charltonii Chestnut-necklaced 

Partridge 

X 

Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl X X X 

Lophura nycthemera Silver Pheasant [X] X X 

L. edwardsi Edward’s Pheasant [X] 

L. diardi Siamese Fireback [X] [X] X 

Polyplectron bicalcaratum Grey Peacock Pheasant X X X 

Rheinardia ocellata 

Ardeidae 

Crested Argus [X] [X] X 

Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow Bittern X X X 

Dupetor flavicollis Black Bittern X X X 

Butorides striata Striated Heron X X 

Ardeola bacchus 

Falconidae 

Chinese Pond-heron X 

Microhierax melanoleucos 

Accipitridae 

Pied Falconet X X 

Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Honey Buzzard X X X 

Ichthyophaga humilis Lesser Fish Eagle X X X 

Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle X X X 

Accipiter trivirgatus Crested Goshawk X X X 

A. badius Shikra X X X 

A. gularis Japanese Sparrowhawk X 

Butastur indicus Grey-faced Buzzard X X X 

Ictinaetus malayensis Black Eagle X X X 

Hieraaetus kienerii Rufous-bellied Eagle X 

S. nipalensis 

Gruiformes 

Rallidae 

Mountain Hawk Eagle X 

Amaurornis phoenicurus 

Turniciformes 

Turnicidae 

White-breasted Waterhen X X X 

Turnix suscitator 

Ciconiiformes 

Scolopacidae 

Barred Buttonquail X 

Scolopax rusticola 

Columbiformes 

Eurasian Woodcock X X X 

69


prep. 3 

Columbidae 

Streptopelia tranquebarica Red Collared-dove X 

Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle-dove X 

Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove X X X 

Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove X X X 

Macropygia unchall Barred Cuckoo-dove X 

Treron bicinctus Orange-breasted Green 

Pigeon 

Treron curvirostra Thick-billed Green-pigeon X 

Treron apicauda Pin-tailed Green Pigeon X 

Ducula badia 

Psittaciformes 

Psittacidae 

Mountain Imperial-pigeon X X 

Loriculus vernalis 

Cuculiformes 

Cuculidae 

Vernal Hanging-parrot X 

Cuculus sparverioides Large Hawk Cuckoo X 

Cuculus micropterus Indian Cuckoo X 

Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo X X X 

Surniculus lugubris Drongo Cuckoo X X 

Eudynamys scolopaceus Asian Koel X 

Phaenicophaeus tristis Green-billed Malkoha X X X 

Carprococcyx renauldi Coral-billed Ground- 

X 

cuckoo 

Centropodidae 

Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal X X X 

C. bengalensis Lesser Coucal X X X 

Strigiformes 

Strigidae 

Otus spilocephalus Mountain Scops Owl X X X 

O. bakkamoena Collared Scops Owl X X 

Glaucidium brodiei Collared Owlet X X 

G. cuculoides Asian Barred Owlet X X 

Apodiformes 

Apodidae 

Hirundapus cochinchinensis Silver-backed Needletail X X X 

Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm Swift X X X 

Apus affinis House Swift X X 

Trogoniformes 

Trogonidae 

Harpactes erythrocephalus Red-headed Trogon X X X 

Coraciiformes 

Coraciidae 

X 

70


prep. 3 

Eurystomas orientalis Asian Dollarbird X 

Halcyonidae 

Halycon coromanda Ruddy Kingfisher X 

Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher X X X 

Alcedinidae 

Ceyx erythacus Black-backed Kingfisher X X X 

Alcedo hercules Blyth’s Kingfisher X X X 

Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher X X X 

Cerylidae 

Megaceryle lugubris Crested Kingfisher X 

Meropidae 

Nyctyornis athertoni Blue-bearded Bee-eater X X 

Merops philippinus Blue-tailed Bee-eater X 

Anorrhinus austeni Brown Hornbill X X 

Anthracoceros albirostris Oriental Pied Hornbill X X X 

Buceros bicornis Great Hornbill [X] X X 

Megalaimidae 

Megalaima lagrandieri Red-vented Barbet X X 

M. lineata Lineated Barbet X 

M. faiostricta Green-eared barbet X 

M. franklinii Golden-throated Barbet X X 

Piciformes 

Picidae 

Picumnus innominatus Speckled Piculet X X 

Sasia ochracea White-browed Piculet X X 

Celeus brachyurus Rufous Woodpecker X 

Picus chlorolophus Lesser Yellownape X 

Picus flavinucha Greater Yellownape X X X 

Picus rabieri Red-collared Woodpecker X X X 

Blythipicus pyrrhotis Bay Woodpecker X X 

Eurylamydae 

Psarisomus dalhousiae Long-tailed Broadbill X X X 

Serilophus lunatus Silver-breasted Broadbill X X 

Passeriformes 

Pittidae 

Pitta soror Blue-rumped Pitta X X 

P. elliotii Bar-bellied Pitta X X 

Artamidae 

Artamus fuscus Ashy Woodswallow X X X 

Aegithinidae 

Aegithina lafresnayei Great Iora X 

71


prep. 3 

Prionopidae 

Tephrodornis gularis Large Woodshrike X 

Campephagidae 

Coracina macei Large Cuckooshrike X X 

C. melaschistos Black-winged 

Cuckooshrike 

X 

Pericrocotus divaricatus Ashy Minivet X 

Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet X X X 

Hemipus picatus 

Laniidae 

Bar-winged Flycatchershrike 

X 

Lanius schach 

Monarchidae 

Long-tailed Shrike X X X 

Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch X X 

Terpsiphone paradise 

Oriolidae 

Asian Paradise-flycatcher X 

Oriolus traillii 

Dicruidae 

Maroon Oriole X X 

Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo X X X 

D. leucophaeus Ashy Drongo X X X 

D. annectans Crow-billed Drongo X X X 

D. aeneus Bronzed Drongo X 

D. remifer Lesser Racket-tailed 

Drongo 

X X X 

D. hottenttus Hair-crested Drongo X 

D. paradiseus 

Rhiphiduradae 

Greater Racket-tailed 

Drongo 

X X X 

Rhipidura albicollis 

Corvidae 

White-throated Fantail X 

Urocissa whiteheadi White-winged Magpie X X 

Cissa hypoleuca Yellow-breasted Magpie X X 

Crypsirina temia Racket-tailed Treepie X X 

Temnurus temnurus Ratchet-tailed Treepie X X X 

Corvus macrohynchos 

Paridae 

Large-billed Crow X X 

Melanochlora sultanea 

Hirundinidae 

Sultan Tit X X X 

Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow X 

H. daurica Red-rumped Swallow X X 

Delichon dasypus 

Cisticolidae 

Asian House Martin X 

Prinia flaviventris Yellow-bellied Prinia X 

72


prep. 3 

P. inornata Plain Prinia X 

Pycnonotidae 

Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul X X X 

P. aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul X X X 

Iole propinqua Grey-eyed Bulbul X 

Alophoixus pallidus Puff-throated Bulbul X X X 

Hypsipetes mcclellandii Mountain Bulbul X 

H. leucocephalus Asian Black Bulbul X 

Sylviidae 

Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailorbird X X X 

O. atrogularis Dark-necked Tailorbird X X X 

Sylviidae 

Urosphena squameiceps Asian Stubtail X 

Phylloscopus armandii Yellow-streaked Warbler X 

P. inornatus Inornate Warbler X 

P. borealis Arctic Warbler X 

P. reguloides Southern Blyth’s Leaf- 

warbler 

Abroscopus affinis White-spectacled Warbler X X 

A. supercilliaris 

Timaliidae 

Yellow-bellied Warbler X 

Pellorheum albiventre Spot-throated Babbler X 

P. ruficeps Puff-throated Babbler X 

Trichostoma tickelli Buff-breasted Babbler X X 

Malacopteron cinereum Scaly-crowned Babbler X X 

Pomatorhinus hypoleucos Large Scimitar Babbler X X 

P. schisticeps White-browed Scimitarbabbler 

X 

P. ruficollis Streak-breasted Scimitar 

Babbler 

X 

P. ocharaciceps Red-billed Scimitar Babber X 

Jabouilleia danjjoui Short-tailed Scimitar- 

X 

babbler 

Napothera brevicaudata Streaked Wren-babbler X 

N. epilepidota Eyebrowed Wren-babbler X 

Stachyris ruficeps Rufous-capped Babbler X 

S. chrysea Golden Babbler X X 

S. nigriceps Grey-throated Babbler X X 

Stachyris striolata Spot-necked Babbler X X 

Macronous gularis Pin-striped Tit Babbler X X X 

Macronous kelleyi Grey-faced Tit-babbler X 

Timalia pileata Chestnut-capped Babbler X X 

Garrulax leucolophus White-crested X X X 

X 

73


prep. 3 

Laughingthrush 

G. monileger Lesser Necklaced 

X X X 

G. castanotis 


Rufous-cheeked 


X X 

G. chinensis Black-throated 


X X X 

G. vassali White-cheeked 


X X X 

Pteruthius flaviscapis White-browed Shrikebabbler 

X 

P. melanotis Black-eared Shrike-babbler X 

Gampsorhynchus torquatus Collared Babbler X 

Minla cyanouroptera Blue-winged Minla X 

Alcippe peracensis Mountain Fulvetta X 

Alcippe grotei Black-browed Fulvetta X 

Alcippe morrisonia Grey-cheeked Fulvetta X X X 

Yuhina zantholeuca 

Zosteropidae 

White-bellied Yuhina X X X 

Zosterops palpebrosus 

Irenidae 

Oriental White-eye X 

Irena puella 

Sittidae 

Asian Fairy Bluebird X X X 

Sitta frontalis 

Sturnidae 

Velvet-fronted Nuthatch X 

Gracula religiosa Hill Myna X X 

Acridotheres tristis Common Myna X X 

A. cinereus White-vented Myna X X X 

A. cristatellus Crested Myna X X X 

S. sinensis White-shouldered Starling X 

Sturnus nigricollis 

Muscicapidae 

Black-collared Starling X X X 

Myophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling Thrush X X X 

Luscinia sibilans Rufous-tailed Robin X 

Tarsiger cyanurus Orange-flanked Bush 

Robin 

X 

Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin X X X 

C. malabaricus White-rumped Shama X 

Enicurus schistaceus Slaty-backed Forktail X X X 

Enicurus leschenaulti White-crowned Forktail X X 

Saxicola torquatus Common Stonechat X 

Saxicola ferrea Grey Bushchat X 

Monticola solitarius Blue Rock-thrush X X 

74


prep. 3 

Muscicapa daurica Asian Brown Flycatcher X X X 

Ficedula mugimaki Mugimaki Flycatcher X 

F. parva Red-breasted Flycatcher X 

F. monileger White-gorgeted Flycatcher X X 

Eumyias thalassina Verditer Flycatcher X 

Cyornis concretus White-tailed Flycatcher X 

C. hainanus Hainan Blue-flycatcher X 

C. banyumas Hill Blue-flycatcher X 

Culicicapa ceylonensis 

Chloropseidae 

Grey-headed Canary 

Flycatcher 

X X 

Chloropsis cochinchinensis Blue-winged Leafbird X X X 

C. hardwickii 

Nectariniidae 

Orange-bellied Leafbird X X 

D. concolor Plain Flowerpecker X 

Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed 

Flowerpecker 

X 

Hypogramma hypogrammicum Purple-naped Sunbird X 

Nectarinia jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird X X 

Aethopyga gouldiae Gould’s Sunbird X 

A. christinae Fork-tailed Sunbird X X 

A. saturata Black-throated Sunbird X 

Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird X 

Arachnothera longirostra Little Spiderhunter X X X 

A. magna 

Passeridae 

Streaked Spiderhunter X X X 

Passer montanus 

Estrilidae 

Eurasian Tree Sparrow X X X 

Lonchura striata 

Motacillidae 

White-rumped Munia X 

Motacilla alba White Wagtail X X X 

M. cinerea Grey Wagtail X X X 

Anthus richardi Richard’s Pipit X X 

A. hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit X 

Note: records in brackets are not seen or heard, but only from interviews and traded parts 

1 Nguyen Cu and Le Manh Hung (2004) 

2 Anon (2006) Combined list of birds listed by Nguyen Cu and Le Manh Hung (2004) and those 

recorded on surveys conducted by Le Trong Trai in 2005 

3 Listed by Le Manh Hung et al. in prep. 

75

Appendix 4. Reptile and Amphibean species list for Bac Huong Hoa Nature 

Reserve 

Scientific Name English Name 2006 1 2007 2 

Amphibia 

Anura 

Megophryidae 

Brachytarsophrys intermedia (Smith, 1921) Annam Spadefoot Toad X 

Rhacophoridae 

Philautus truongsonensis (Orlov, 2005) 

Rhacophorus nigropalmatus (Boulenger, 1895) Wallace's Flying Frog X 

Reptilia 

Squamata 

Gekkonidae 

Gekko gecko (Linnaeus, 1758) Tokay X 

Hemidactylus frenatus (Schlegel, in D. Et) Bib., Spiny-tailed House Gecko X 

Agamidae 

Calotes emma (Gray, 1845) Emma Lizard X 

Physignathus cocincinus (Cuvier, 1829) Indochinese Water Dragon X X 

Scincidae 

Emoia laobaoensis Laobao Skink X 

Mabuya multifasciata (Kuhl, 1820) Flower Skink X 

Mabuya macularia (Blyth, 1853) Spotted Skink X 

Varanidae 

Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) Water Monitor X 

Boidae 

Python molurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Burmese Python X 

Colubridae 

Dryocalamus davisoni (Blanford, 1878) David Snake X 

Enhydris plumbea (Boie, 1827) Chinese Water Snake X 

Oligodon cyclurus (Cantor, 1839) Long-tailed Kukri Snake X 

Ptyas korros (Schlegel, 1837) Indochinese Rat Snake X 

Ptyas mucosus Common Rat Snake X 

Elaphe radiata Radiated Rat Snake X 

Rhabdophis subminiatus (Schlegel, 1837) Green Keelback X 

Xenochrophis piscator (Schneider, 1799) Black Water Snake X 

Elapidae 

Bungarus fasciatus (Schneider, 1801) Banded Krait X 

Calliophis macclellandi (Reinhardt, 1884) Common Leaf Snake X 

Naja naja (Linnaeus, 1758) Indochinese Cobra X 

Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) King Cobra X 

Testudinata 

Emydidae 

Cuora galbinifrons (Bourret, 1939) Indochinese Box Turtle X 

76

Scientific Name English Name 2006 1 2007 2 

Cuora trifasciata (Bell, 1825) Chinese Three-striped Box X 

Pyxhidea mouhoti (Gray, 1862) Keeled Box Turtle X 

Sacalia quadriocellata (Siebenrock, 1903) Four-eyed Turtle X X 

1 Dang Ngoc Can et al. (2006) 

2 Cao Tien Trung in prep. 

77

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