The Biodiversity of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve - Birdlife ...
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BirdLife International Vietnam Programme<br />
with financial support from the<br />
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, Quang<br />
Tri Province, Vietnam<br />
Conservation Report<br />
Number 35<br />
Hanoi, 2008
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam<br />
Simon Mahood<br />
(BirdLife International Vietnam Programme)<br />
Tran Van Hung<br />
(BirdLife International Vietnam Programme)<br />
With contributions from:<br />
Le Trong Trai<br />
John Pilgrim<br />
Jonathan C. Eames<br />
Funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation<br />
Hanoi, 2008<br />
1
Project Coordinators<br />
Jonathan C. Eames and Pham Tuan Anh<br />
Project Funding<br />
<strong>The</strong> John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (Grant No. 06-85693-000-GSS)<br />
Cover Photo<br />
Forest near Cup village in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>.<br />
© Jonathan C. Eames<br />
ISBN 978-0-946888-62-7<br />
Citation<br />
Mahood, S. P. and Tran Van Hung (2008) <strong>The</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>,<br />
Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. BirdLife International Vietnam Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam<br />
Copies available from<br />
BirdLife International Vietnam Programme<br />
N6/2+3, Lane 25, Lang Ha Street, Dong Da<br />
Hanoi, Vietnam<br />
Tel/Fax: + (84) 4 3514 8904/35148921<br />
E-mail: birdlife@netnam.org.vn<br />
© BirdLife International, September 2008<br />
2
Table <strong>of</strong> Contents<br />
Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................5<br />
Conventions Used............................................................................................................................6<br />
Glossary <strong>of</strong> Terms............................................................................................................................6<br />
Abbreviations and Acronyms Used..................................................................................................6<br />
Executive Summary..........................................................................................................................6<br />
Executive Summary VN...................................................................................................................7<br />
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................8<br />
1.1 Conservation in Vietnam....................................................................................................... 8<br />
1.2 <strong>The</strong> Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area ...................................................................... 9<br />
2. Characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>....................................................................10<br />
2.1 Location............................................................................................................................... 10<br />
2.2 Demographics...................................................................................................................... 12<br />
2.3 Biogeographical location..................................................................................................... 12<br />
2.4 History <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> ........................................................................ 13<br />
2.5 History <strong>of</strong> Biological Research............................................................................................ 13<br />
2.6 Physical characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>............................................... 15<br />
2.6.1 Topography................................................................................................................... 15<br />
2.6.2 Soils .............................................................................................................................. 15<br />
2.6.3 Hydrology..................................................................................................................... 15<br />
2.6.4 Meteorology ................................................................................................................. 15<br />
2.7 Threats to <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>......................................................................... 16<br />
2.8 Habitat types at <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>s.............................................................. 19<br />
2.8.1 High quality forest........................................................................................................ 20<br />
2.8.2 Medium quality forest .................................................................................................. 22<br />
2.8.3 Low quality forest and non-forest habitats................................................................... 22<br />
3. Faunal and floral diversity..........................................................................................................23<br />
3.1 Floral diversity..................................................................................................................... 23<br />
3.2 Mammal Diversity............................................................................................................... 24<br />
3.3 Bird diversity....................................................................................................................... 29<br />
3.4 Reptiles and Amphibians..................................................................................................... 32<br />
4. <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Evaluation..............................................................................................................34<br />
4.1 Habitat Types....................................................................................................................... 34<br />
4.2 Globally Threatened Species, Restricted Range Species and Priority Taxa ....................... 35<br />
4.3 Overall Levels <strong>of</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> ............................................................................................ 37<br />
4.4 Management recommendations........................................................................................... 37<br />
References......................................................................................................................................39<br />
Appendix 1. Plant species list for <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>..............................................42<br />
Appendix 2. Mammal species list for <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>........................................66<br />
Appendix 3. Bird species list for <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>................................................69<br />
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Appendix 4. Reptile and Amphibean species list for <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> ................76<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Tables<br />
Table 1. Land cover <strong>of</strong> BHH NR....................................................................................................19<br />
Table 2. Globally and nationally threatened plant species recorded in BHH NR..........................24<br />
Table 3. Nationally and globally threatened and near-threatened mammals reported from BHH NR.....25<br />
Table 4. Threatened, Near Threatened and Restricted-range bird species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>..30<br />
Table 5. Preliminary list <strong>of</strong> reptile and amphibian species <strong>of</strong> conservation concern from <strong>Bac</strong><br />
<strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>............................................................................................................33<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Maps<br />
Map 1. <strong>The</strong> location <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>...............................................................11<br />
Map 2. <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> (Quang Chi FPD)...........................................................12<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Figures<br />
Figure 1. <strong>The</strong> number <strong>of</strong> restricted-range bird species in protected areas in the Annamese Lowlands EBA...............35<br />
Figure 2. Number <strong>of</strong> priority mammal taxa in protected areas in Priority Landscape CA1...........36<br />
Figure 3. Number <strong>of</strong> priority bird taxa in protected areas in Priority Landscape CA1..................36<br />
Figure 4. Number <strong>of</strong> priority reptile and amphibian taxa in protected areas in Priority Landscape CA1...............37<br />
4
Acknowledgements<br />
This report has been produced as a result <strong>of</strong> work funded by the John D. and Catherine T.<br />
MacArthur Foundation (Grant number 06-85693-000-GSS), as part <strong>of</strong> a project entitled<br />
“Completing protected areas systems in priority landscapes in Cambodia and Vietnam”. <strong>The</strong><br />
author would like to thank Le Trong Trai and Andrew “Jack” Tord<strong>of</strong>f for useful discussions on<br />
the history <strong>of</strong> research and the ecology <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong>. <strong>The</strong> maps were produced by Tran Van<br />
Hung, to whom the author would like to extend his gratitude for his hard work. Finally, the<br />
authors wish to thank Jonathan C. Eames and John Pilgrim for their comments on an earlier draft<br />
<strong>of</strong> this report.<br />
5
Conventions Used<br />
Plant names, and species limits follow Anon (2007). Mammal names (common) follow Wilson<br />
and Reeder (2005) and (scientific) IUCN (2007), sequence follow Wilson and Reeder (2005) and<br />
species limits follow IUCN (2007), with scientific names given at first mention and in Appendix<br />
2. Bird names (common and scientific), sequence and species limits follow BirdLife International<br />
(2008), with scientific names given at first mention and in Appendix 3. Reptile and amphibian<br />
names, sequence and species limits follow Nguyen Van Sang and Ho Thu Cuc (1996), with<br />
scientific names given in Appendix 4. Diacritical marks are omitted from Vietnamese names due<br />
to typographical limitations and the restricted understanding <strong>of</strong> international readers.<br />
Glossary <strong>of</strong> Terms<br />
Endemic Bird Area (EBA) refers to an area supporting at least two restricted-range bird species.<br />
A restricted range bird species is one with a global breeding range <strong>of</strong> less than 50,000 km 2 .<br />
Globally threatened species refers to a species assigned a category <strong>of</strong> threat in the IUCN Red<br />
Lists <strong>of</strong> Threatened Animals and Plants (IUCN 2007); the term excludes species listed as Near<br />
Threatened or Data Deficient. Indochina refers to the biogeographic region <strong>of</strong> Cambodia, Laos<br />
and Vietnam.<br />
Abbreviations and Acronyms Used<br />
EBA - Endemic Bird Area<br />
IBA – Important Bird Area<br />
FIPI - Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Hanoi<br />
FPD - Forest Protection Department<br />
IEBR - Institute <strong>of</strong> Ecology and Biological Resources<br />
IUCN - World Conservation Union<br />
MARD - Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Rural Development<br />
NTFP - Non-timber forest products<br />
WWF – World Wildlife Fund<br />
VRDB – Vietnam Red Data Book 2007<br />
CR – Critically Endangered<br />
EN – Endangered<br />
VU – Vulnerable<br />
DD – Data Deficient<br />
NT – Near Threatened<br />
Executive Summary<br />
Prior to their designation as a nature reserve, the forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong>, together with<br />
adjacent forest in Quang Binh Province, represented the largest block <strong>of</strong> unprotected forest in the<br />
Central Annamites. <strong>The</strong> establishment <strong>of</strong> the nature reserve presents an opportunity to conserve a<br />
significant area <strong>of</strong> forest, with a fauna representative <strong>of</strong> the Greater Truong Son Landscape. This<br />
6
eport brings together biological information relevant to <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, to<br />
enable effective management.<br />
BHH NR covers 25,200 hectares, including 20,646.2 hectares <strong>of</strong> natural forest. <strong>The</strong>se forests<br />
support a fauna representative <strong>of</strong> the Central Annamites and the Greater Truong Son Landscape.<br />
<strong>The</strong> reserve supports globally threatened mammal species such as the Saola Psuedoryx<br />
nghetinhensis and Red-shanked Douc LangurPygathrix nemaeus, and four <strong>of</strong> the seven restrictedrange<br />
bird species which define the Annnamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area. Site Support<br />
Groups set up by BirdLife to monitor populations <strong>of</strong> key mammal and bird species also report the<br />
continued existence <strong>of</strong> the globally Endangered Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi in the<br />
nature reserve. Due to the populations <strong>of</strong> threatened and restricted-range species it supports, BHH<br />
NR forms part <strong>of</strong> the Truong Son IBA.<br />
Although it is <strong>of</strong> global importance due to the species and habitats it protects, in recent years the<br />
biodiversity value <strong>of</strong> BHH NR may have been considerably reduced due to intensive commercial<br />
hunting for the wildlife trade. A number <strong>of</strong> teams <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional hunters from Quang Binh<br />
Province operate in the nature reserve and a very high density <strong>of</strong> traps has been observed. <strong>The</strong><br />
trade in wildlife is likely to have been facilitated by the construction <strong>of</strong> the Ho Chi Minh<br />
Highway.<br />
BHH NR therefore presents a management challenge and a significant conservation opportunity.<br />
This report recommends that effective management must be established at BHH NR, in order to<br />
protect the globally important biodiversity attributes <strong>of</strong> the Central Annamites. Pr<strong>of</strong>essional<br />
hunting must be eradicated quickly and surveys <strong>of</strong> species representative <strong>of</strong> the Greater Truong<br />
Son Landscape need to be conducted, to inform management decisions. Traditional projects to<br />
improve management <strong>of</strong> protected areas in the Central Annamites have been limited in their<br />
success. Due to the intensity <strong>of</strong> threat processes at <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, the same is<br />
likely to be true there. <strong>The</strong> recent establishment <strong>of</strong> this protected area presents an opportunity to<br />
pursue innovative forms <strong>of</strong> management. New management strategies which work within<br />
established national frameworks may be the most effective way to manage <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong><br />
<strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> and the species <strong>of</strong> global importance it protects. This innovative approach could<br />
provide a successful alternative model for conservation <strong>of</strong> protected areas throughout Vietnam.<br />
Executive Summary VN<br />
Trước khi xây dựng khu bảo tồn, rừng ở khu vực Bắc Hướng Hóa và phía giáp tỉnh Quảng Bình<br />
là vùng rừng rộng lớn nhất miền trung Trường Sơn còn chưa được bảo vệ. Thành lập khu bảo tồn<br />
thiên nhiên ở đó là một cơ hội tốt để bảo vệ khu rừng quan trọng với đại diện của nhiều loài động<br />
vật của dãy Trường Sơn hùng vĩ. Báo cáo này nhằm cung cấp thông tin về đa dạng sinh học của<br />
7
khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Bắc Hướng Hóa và tạo cơ sở quản lý hiệu quả nguồn tài nguyên sinh vật<br />
trong khu bảo tồn.<br />
Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Bắc Hướng Hóa có diện tích là 25.200 ha, trong đó rừng tự nhiên là<br />
20.646,2 ha. Khu rừng này là môi trường sống của nhiều loài động vật đại diện miền Trung<br />
Trường Sơn cũng như của dãy Trường Sơn rộng lớn. Cụ thể, nó là môi trường sống của nhiều<br />
loài thú đang bị đe dọa ở mức toàn cầu như Sao la (Psuedoryx nghetinhensis), Voọc vá chân nâu<br />
(Pygathrix nemaeus) và của năm trong số bẩy loài chim có vùng phân bố hẹp tại Vùng chim đặc<br />
hữu đất thấp Trường Sơn. Các nhóm tuần tra giám sát do Tổ chức <strong>Birdlife</strong> thành lập nhằm giám<br />
sát số lượng của các loài chim và thú quan trọng, đặc biệt là của loài Gà lôi lam mào trắng<br />
(Lophura edwardsi) trong khu bảo tồn. Khu bảo tồn Bắc Hướng Hóa là một phần của vùng chim<br />
quan trọng trong dãy Trường Sơn vì nó có quần thể của các loài phân bố hẹp và đang bị đe dọa.<br />
Mặc dù có tầm quan trọng toàn cầu vì rừng ở Bắc Hướng Hóa là môi trường sống của nhiều loài<br />
động thực vật và sinh cảnh quan trọng, nhưng những năm gần đây, giá trị đa dạng sinh học trong<br />
khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Bắc Hướng Hóa đã bị suy giảm nghiêm trọng do việc săn bắn và buôn<br />
bán động vật hoang dã trái phép. Có rất nhiều nhóm thợ săn chuyên nghiệp từ tỉnh Quảng Bình<br />
đang ráo riết hoạt động trong khu bảo tồn và sử dụng rất nhiều bẫy khác nhau. Việc xây dựng<br />
đường Hồ Chí Minh cũng tạo thêm điều kiện cho việc buôn bán, vận chuyển động vật hoang dã.<br />
Vì vậy, Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Bắc Hướng Hóa đang phải đối mặt với những thách thức trong<br />
quản lý nhưng lại có cơ hội để thực hiện sứ mệnh bảo tồn. Để bảo vệ giá trị đa dạng sinh học của<br />
miền trung Trường Sơn, cần phải thành lập ban quản lý khu bảo tồn và thực hiện các hoạt động<br />
có hiệu quả tại khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Bắc Hướng Hóa, ngăn chặn các hoạt động săn bắn trái<br />
phép và tiến hành điều tra bổ sung thông tin về các loài đại diện của dãy Trường Sơn để làm cơ<br />
sở quản lý hiệu quả hơn nữa. Với mức độ đe dọa đến khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Bắc Hướng Hóa<br />
như vậy, thì rất có thể kết quả quản lý khó được như mong muốn. Những khu bảo tồn được thành<br />
lập trong thời gian gần đây có thể có cơ hội để thực hiện những biện pháp quản lý mới nhằm bảo<br />
vệ các loài có tầm quan trọng toàn cầu và đó có thể sẽ là mô hình quản lý bảo tồn phù hợp cho<br />
các khu bảo vệ trên toàn lãnh thổ Việt Nam.<br />
1. Introduction<br />
1.1 Conservation in Vietnam<br />
<strong>The</strong> Socialist Republic <strong>of</strong> Vietnam is a relatively narrow strip, running north-south along the<br />
eastern coast <strong>of</strong> the Indochinese Peninsula. <strong>The</strong> population <strong>of</strong> Vietnam is approximately 85<br />
million (CIA Sourcebook 2008). Vietnam is currently undergoing an economic transition towards<br />
8
a more market-oriented economy. <strong>The</strong> country’s annual per capita gross national product (GNP)<br />
has been growing rapidly for the past decade. Economic growth, infrastructure development,<br />
population growth, protracted wars, and the development <strong>of</strong> agriculture, forestry and fishing<br />
industries, have resulted in over-exploitation <strong>of</strong> Vietnam's natural resources. <strong>The</strong> environment in<br />
Vietnam has largely been compromised: gross deforestation has been accompanied by<br />
degradation <strong>of</strong> arable land; soil erosion; destruction <strong>of</strong> water catchments; diminished groundwater<br />
sources; siltation and ecological degradation <strong>of</strong> coastal and submerged areas; and a loss <strong>of</strong> overall<br />
biodiversity within Vietnam.<br />
Due to a rapidly expanding population and an economic growth rate which has now reached over<br />
8%, there is increasing pressure on land and resources in Vietnam. <strong>The</strong> national conservation<br />
movement now faces its greatest challenge yet: conserving biodiversity in the face <strong>of</strong> these<br />
mounting pressures. Forest is being lost due to the agricultural needs <strong>of</strong> the rural poor, whilst<br />
high value timber trees are now targeted wherever they occur, to manufacture high quality<br />
furniture for the expanding rich middle class. A concurrent trend has been the equally rapid<br />
commercialisation and expansion <strong>of</strong> wildlife trade, facilitated by an increasingly efficient<br />
transport and communications network and driven by new found wealth and a growing demand<br />
for wildlife products (WCS/FPD 2008).<br />
<strong>The</strong> government <strong>of</strong> Vietnam recognised the need for conserving and rehabilitating the natural<br />
environment at the end <strong>of</strong> the 1970s. However, it was not until the 1990s that the conservation<br />
emphasis moved towards protecting endangered habitats and species. Vietnam's forests are<br />
divided into three categories, <strong>of</strong> which nature reserves fall under the designation Special-use<br />
Forests (Protected Areas) and are managed by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Rural<br />
Development (MARD). A countrywide analysis <strong>of</strong> protected area coverage conducted by the<br />
BirdLife International Vietnam Programme and the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
MARD, was published in 1999 as a response to the government’s strategy to expand the Specialuse<br />
Forest system from one million to two million hectares (Wege et al. 1999). As a result <strong>of</strong><br />
achievement <strong>of</strong> this policy goal, the Vietnamese government considers their protected area<br />
system complete, and BHH NR is likely to be last protected area designated in Vietnam.<br />
1.2 <strong>The</strong> Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area<br />
Initial surveys conducted by BirdLife International identified 218 centres <strong>of</strong> bird endemism<br />
world-wide, termed Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) (Stattersfield et al. 1998). EBAs are areas which<br />
support at least two restricted-range bird species (species with a global range <strong>of</strong> less than 50,000<br />
km 2 ), and are considered to be priority areas for conservation (Stattersfield et al. 1998). Three<br />
EBAs were initially identified in Vietnam: the Southern Vietnamese Lowlands, the Da Lat<br />
Plateau, and the Annamese Lowlands.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Annamese Lowlands EBA covers the level lowlands and foothills <strong>of</strong> north-central Vietnam<br />
(in southern Ninh Binh, Thanh <strong>Hoa</strong>, Nghe Anh, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thu Thien<br />
Hue provinces) and part <strong>of</strong> adjacent central Laos, up to an elevation <strong>of</strong> 1,000 m. As such, much<br />
<strong>of</strong> the forest at BHH NR falls into this IBA. <strong>The</strong> natural vegetation <strong>of</strong> this EBA, is tropical<br />
lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forest below c.1,000 m. This adjoins tropical midmontane<br />
rain forest above this altitude. Habitat loss in this EBA has been severe, the coastal<br />
9
lowlands have been almost entirely deforested since 1945, and the forest in the foothills is now<br />
highly fragmented and degraded, with few substantial areas <strong>of</strong> good quality forest remaining<br />
(Statterfield et al. 1998).<br />
<strong>The</strong> EBA was defined by the ranges <strong>of</strong> nine species, although <strong>of</strong> these, one is now considered a<br />
hybrid taxon (Imperial Pheasant Lophura imperialis) and another (Annam Partridge Arborophila<br />
merlini), is now regarded by BirdLife International as a subspecies <strong>of</strong> the more widespread<br />
Chestnut-necklaced Partridge Arborophila chaltonii. Of the remaining seven species, the range <strong>of</strong><br />
Crested Argus Reinardia ocellata also extends upwards into montane forest, and White-cheeked<br />
Laughingthrush Garrulax vassali is principally a lower montane species <strong>of</strong> only marginal<br />
occurrence in this EBA. Sooty Babbler Stachyris herberti is a localised species with a distribution<br />
confined to forest on limestone outcrops. <strong>The</strong> Annamese Lowlands also support a number <strong>of</strong><br />
widespread Near Threatened species, such as Red-collared Woodpecker Picus rabieri and<br />
Blyth’s Kingfisher Alcedo hercules.<br />
Deforestation in this EBA has been intense; the only remaining good quality lowland forest is in<br />
small valleys and on the lower slopes <strong>of</strong> the hills. Causes <strong>of</strong> deforestation in the past include<br />
clearance for agriculture to feed a rapidly increasing population, warfare and logging. <strong>The</strong><br />
remaining forests are subject to commercial logging, further clearance for permanent agriculture<br />
and settlements and degradation as a result <strong>of</strong> fuelwood collection, shifting agriculture and fire<br />
(Collins et al. 1991, Eames et al. 1992).<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are 13 protected areas in the Annamese Lowlands EBA in Vietnam, which protect blocks<br />
<strong>of</strong> forest along the eastern edge <strong>of</strong> the Annamite Range and the coastal lowlands. Approximately<br />
50 kilometres to the south <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> are the Dakrong and Phong Dien nature reserves,<br />
which support 40,526 and 41,548 hectares respectively. Nearly 70 kilometres to the north, Phong<br />
Nha Ke Bang protects 85,745 hectares <strong>of</strong> lowland broad-leaf evergreen and limestone karst<br />
forest. Together with adjacent forest in Quang Binh Province, the forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong><br />
constituted the largest area <strong>of</strong> unprotected lowland evergreen forest in the Central Annamites<br />
Landscape. As such, its addition to the protected area network represents an important<br />
contribution to conservation in the region.<br />
2. Characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
2.1 Location<br />
<strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> encompasses an area <strong>of</strong> lowland and mid-montane evergreen<br />
forest in central Vietnam, adjacent to the international border with Laos (Map 1.). It covers<br />
25,200 hectares, including 20,646.2 hectares <strong>of</strong> natural forest. It is located in the north <strong>of</strong> <strong>Huong</strong><br />
<strong>Hoa</strong> District, Quang Tri Province, 50 km north-west <strong>of</strong> Khe San town, and 120 km west <strong>of</strong> Dong<br />
Hai town. <strong>The</strong> nature reserve is bisected by the Ho Chi Minh Highway. It encompasses the<br />
territory <strong>of</strong> five communes, namely <strong>Huong</strong> Linh, <strong>Huong</strong> Son, <strong>Huong</strong> Phung, <strong>Huong</strong> Viet and<br />
<strong>Huong</strong> Lap (Map 2). To the north, it is bordered by Quang Binh Province and to the east it is<br />
bordered by three districts, Vinh Linh, Gio Linh and Dakrong. <strong>The</strong> nature reserve is bounded by<br />
the coordinates 16043'22’’ to 16059'55’’ N and 106033'00’’ to 106047'03’’E. Within the<br />
boundary <strong>of</strong> BHH NR, there are two villages with c. 30 households, <strong>of</strong> which 12 households<br />
10
elong to Cuoi village and 18 households belong to Cop village. Both villages are in the <strong>Huong</strong><br />
Lap Commune.<br />
Map 1. <strong>The</strong> location <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>.<br />
Note: Darkness <strong>of</strong> green indicates richness <strong>of</strong> forest. Areas enclosed in red are protected areas.<br />
11
Map 2. <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> (Quang Chi FPD)<br />
2.2 Demographics<br />
<strong>The</strong> residents <strong>of</strong> Cop and Cuoi villages are an indigenous ethnic minority group, the Van Kieu.<br />
<strong>The</strong>y have a low economic status, 83% <strong>of</strong> households in the nature reserve are classified as poor<br />
and the remainder rank as average. <strong>The</strong> Van Kieu in the nature reserve have three main sources<br />
<strong>of</strong> income, namely: cattle, small-scale agriculture and forest resource exploitation. On average,<br />
these people obtain 40% <strong>of</strong> their income from exploitation <strong>of</strong> forest resources and this percentage<br />
is increasing due to the activities <strong>of</strong> wildlife traders.<br />
2.3 Biogeographical location<br />
<strong>The</strong> nature reserve is just beyond the northern limit <strong>of</strong> Priority Landscape CA1, <strong>of</strong> the Greater<br />
Truong Son Landscape (Tord<strong>of</strong>f et al. 2003). However, it is included in the Central Annamites<br />
Landscape, which is bounded by the coordinates 14°00' to 17°30'N and 106°00' to 109°00'E and<br />
the Greater Annamite Ecoregion (Baltzer et al. 2001). Biogeographically, this region is<br />
12
characterized by a species community typical <strong>of</strong> the Central Annamite chain. BHH NR is also<br />
situated in the Annamese Lowlands EBA (Stattersfield et al. 1998), since it supports a number <strong>of</strong><br />
the restricted-range bird species which characterise the EBA.<br />
BHH NR forms the southernmost part <strong>of</strong> the Truong Son IBA (Tord<strong>of</strong>f et al. 2002). This IBA,<br />
and the forests <strong>of</strong> BHH, support a fauna typical <strong>of</strong> the Annamese lowlands. <strong>The</strong> site qualified as<br />
an IBA under criteria A1, due to the presence <strong>of</strong> globally threatened species (at the time <strong>of</strong><br />
assessment a number <strong>of</strong> species found in the nature reserve, such as Crested Argus, were<br />
considered globally threatened); A2, due to the presence <strong>of</strong> restricted-range species; and A3, due<br />
to the presence <strong>of</strong> biome restricted species. It is also a Key <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Area (KBA), part <strong>of</strong> a<br />
globally important network <strong>of</strong> sites for conservation, due to the presence <strong>of</strong> Saola Pseudoryx<br />
nghetinhensis and Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi.<br />
BHH NR also lies within the Indo-Burma <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Hotspot (Djik et al. 1999). This large<br />
designation covers all <strong>of</strong> the Indochinese subregion, including the Central Annamites and the<br />
Annamese lowlands.<br />
2.4 History <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
Following the first field surveys in the region, BirdLife designated the forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong><br />
as an IBA, recognising the global importance <strong>of</strong> the area (Tord<strong>of</strong>f et al. 2002). BirdLife has<br />
continued its interest in and commitment to the forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong>, through two<br />
MacArthur Foundation funded projects. <strong>The</strong> first <strong>of</strong> these projects conducted biodiversity surveys<br />
in the area and established two Site Support Groups (SSGs) in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong>, in Cup and Cuoi<br />
villages. <strong>The</strong>se were established in August 2004 with the purpose <strong>of</strong> monitoring populations <strong>of</strong><br />
key bird and mammal species and increasing law enforcement. <strong>The</strong> second project (<strong>of</strong> which this<br />
report forms a part) aimed to consolidate BirdLife’s involvement in the area through the<br />
designation <strong>of</strong> a nature reserve, continued support to SSGs and promotion <strong>of</strong> synergies with other<br />
relevant local stakeholders, to facilitate more effective forest protection.<br />
BirdLife was successful in its efforts to establish a nature reserve in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong>. <strong>The</strong><br />
proposal for the establishment <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> was prepared by Quang Tri<br />
Forest Protection Department (FPD), with technical assistance from BirdLife and was appraised<br />
by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). On 14th March 2007, Quang<br />
Tri Provincial People’s Committee issued Decision no. 479/QD-UBND, approving the<br />
Investment Plan for <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. <strong>The</strong> Investment Plan for the nature reserve<br />
was appraised by Quang Tri Provincial People Committee.<br />
2.5 History <strong>of</strong> Biological Research<br />
BHH NR has received limited contemporary biological research. <strong>The</strong> first surveys in modern<br />
times were conducted by Le Manh Hung et al. (2002) in July 2002, for BirdLife International<br />
Vietnam Programme, as part <strong>of</strong> the DANIDA funded project entitled: “Improved conservation<br />
planning through institutional strengthening in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam”. <strong>The</strong> primary aim<br />
<strong>of</strong> this seven day rapid field survey was to assess whether forests in <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> district qualified<br />
13
as an Important Bird Area (IBA). This survey used interviews and opportunistic fieldwork to<br />
investigate the occurrence <strong>of</strong> IBA trigger species.<br />
Recognising the importance <strong>of</strong> the forests <strong>of</strong> BHH, a second week long survey was conducted in<br />
February 2004, focussing on the most intact areas <strong>of</strong> forest, those close to Khe Cuoi and Ban Cup<br />
villages (Le Manh Hung et al. 2004 and Dan Ngoc Can 2004). <strong>The</strong> aim <strong>of</strong> this survey was to<br />
create a more complete inventory <strong>of</strong> the bird and mammal species <strong>of</strong> the forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong><br />
<strong>Hoa</strong> and to collect status and distribution data on globally and nationally threatened species.<br />
In April and May 2004, experts from IEBR conducted herpetological surveys in the forests <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong>, again focussing survey effort on the well forested areas close to Khe Cuoi and<br />
Ban Cup villages. <strong>The</strong>se surveys recorded 61 species <strong>of</strong> reptile and amphibian, including one frog<br />
species Philautus truongsonensis, which they described as new to science (Orlov and Ho Thu<br />
Cuc 2005). This remains the most comprehensive herpetological survey <strong>of</strong> the forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong><br />
<strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> but the results were not widely published.<br />
Le Trong Trai conducted biodiversity surveys in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> in mid 2005 in preparation for<br />
the creation <strong>of</strong> an investment plan for BHH NR. <strong>The</strong> results <strong>of</strong> this survey were published in the<br />
investment plan for the nature reserve (Anon 2005). During this survey, a number <strong>of</strong> additional<br />
species were recorded for the first time and includes the only comprehensive plant survey <strong>of</strong> the<br />
area. Although this survey focused on only one relatively small area close to Cup village, 920<br />
plant species were recorded. As part <strong>of</strong> the 2005 surveys, Jeremy Holden conducted one month <strong>of</strong><br />
camera trapping with nine cameras in the forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> (Holden 2005). However, no<br />
mammals or birds were recorded (Le Trong Trai pers. com.), although this may in part have been<br />
because ideal locations for cameras were all already taken by snare traps set by hunters.<br />
In 2006 a rapid survey <strong>of</strong> reptiles and amphibians in Quang Tri Province was conducted, which<br />
included a short survey in the forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> (Cao Tien Trung in prep.). A wildlife<br />
trade survey was conducted in 2006 in 10 villages and three towns in or close to BHH NR (Dang<br />
Ngoc Can et al. 2006). This survey recorded a small number <strong>of</strong> mammal species not previously<br />
reported from the nature reserve.<br />
Since the establishment <strong>of</strong> the nature reserve, monitoring <strong>of</strong> key mammal and bird species has<br />
been conducted by Site Support Groups (SSGs) set up by BirdLife. Monitoring by these groups<br />
has yielded data on most <strong>of</strong> the key species through a series <strong>of</strong> short surveys in 2004 and 2005.<br />
However, the quality <strong>of</strong> the data is variable and difficult to quantify (Wilkinson and Nguyen<br />
Thanh Van 2006); apparent trends in populations are equally likely to relate to trends in observer<br />
skills or behavior.<br />
BHH NR has been visited briefly by other ornithologists on a number <strong>of</strong> occasions, for instance,<br />
Andrew Tord<strong>of</strong>f visited in January 2005, Nicolas Wilkinson in 2006 and Jonathan C. Eames and<br />
Simon Mahood in May 2008. Unpublished incidental observations made during their visits have<br />
been incorporated into this report.<br />
No data on fish, small mammals, bats or invertebrates have ever been recorded in BHH NR.<br />
14
2.6 Physical characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
2.6.1 Topography<br />
BHH NR encompasses low lying land to the south <strong>of</strong> the northern section <strong>of</strong> the Annamite<br />
Range, and a ridge <strong>of</strong> 1,000 m which runs in a northwest-southeast direction along the boundary<br />
between the provinces <strong>of</strong> Quang Binh and Quang Tri (Anon 2005). <strong>The</strong> forest on the Quang Binh<br />
side <strong>of</strong> this ridge is dominated by low lying areas with slopes <strong>of</strong> 15 to 25 degrees, although there<br />
are some steeper areas. On the other side <strong>of</strong> the ridge in BHH NR, low-lying land and a number<br />
<strong>of</strong> limestone peaks are present, such as Sa Mu Cave at 1,550 m and Lying-down Elephant<br />
Mountain, so named due to its shape, at 1,771 m. Although predominately low in elevation, the<br />
land is hilly and slopes are steep. Another limestone ridge runs in a west-east direction, on the<br />
boundary between <strong>Huong</strong> Lap and <strong>Huong</strong> Viet communes and near the center <strong>of</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> Viet<br />
Commune and a further runs in a south-north direction.<br />
2.6.2 Soils<br />
BHH NR is characterised by the following soil types (taken from Anon 2005):<br />
• On hills and low mountains there is yellow-brown feralite. This soil is composed <strong>of</strong> broken<br />
down rock, in particular mica-schist, which gives it a silky texture.<br />
• Other hills are dominated by a yellowish feralite soil. It is similar to yellow-brown feralite but<br />
has a higher sand content and consequently a coarse texture.<br />
• On small and medium-sized mountains there is red-yellow humus feralite. Like yellow-brown<br />
feralite, this soil has a silky texture but contains more organic matter.<br />
• Riverine areas are characterized by alluvial deposits.<br />
2.6.3 Hydrology<br />
Rivers in BHH NR are mostly short and relatively steep. <strong>The</strong>y flow from the Central Annamites<br />
to the South China Sea in an east or northeast direction. <strong>The</strong> following are the main rivers <strong>of</strong> the<br />
area:<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Ben Hai river is located in the northeast <strong>of</strong> BHH NR from where it flows into the sea at<br />
the Cua Tung estuary. All streams which have their origins in the eastern side <strong>of</strong> the nature<br />
reserve flow into the Ben Hai river.<br />
• In the north-east and south <strong>of</strong> the nature reserve is the Xe Pang Hieng river. It flows into Laos<br />
and down to the Mekong river.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Cam Lo river has its source on the northern slope <strong>of</strong> Lying-down Elephant Mountain. It<br />
flows into the sea at the Cua Viet estuary;<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Rao Quan river flows from the southern part <strong>of</strong> the nature reserve out to the Thach Han<br />
river (Anon 2005). A hydropower plant is being constructed on the Rao Quan river.<br />
2.6.4 Meteorology<br />
BHH NR is located in a region with a tropical monsoon climate (Anon 2005). It is hot in summer<br />
and cooler in winter. Since the central Annamite range which runs along the western edge <strong>of</strong><br />
BHH NR is relatively high and orientated almost perpendicular to the north-east and south-west<br />
15
monsoons, the nature reserve receives a considerable amount <strong>of</strong> rain. <strong>The</strong>re are rains in summer<br />
and autumn-winter; the dryer period lasts only 2-3 months. Most rain falls during August,<br />
September and October. <strong>The</strong> nature reserve also receives the “Phon”, a warm dry wind<br />
originating in Laos, during the months <strong>of</strong> March-June.<br />
Temperature<br />
<strong>The</strong> average annual temperature is 24-25 o C, however monthly temperature variation is<br />
considerable. December and January are the coolest months when temperatures drop to 20 and<br />
sometimes as low as 15 in areas above 500 m. In contrast, in June and July temperatures average<br />
29 and regularly reach 39 when the Phon is blowing.<br />
Sunshine<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are on average 4.5 hours <strong>of</strong> sunshine per day. July is the sunniest month, with an average<br />
<strong>of</strong> 6.7 hours per day, and February is the cloudiest, with an average <strong>of</strong> 2.3 hours <strong>of</strong> sunshine each<br />
day.<br />
Rainfall<br />
Annual rainfall totals for BHH NR are between 2400 and 2800 mm. <strong>The</strong>re are two main rainy<br />
seasons, the first lasts from August to November and accounts for nearly 50% <strong>of</strong> the annual<br />
rainfall. <strong>The</strong> second rainy season lasts from April to August and is characterised by less heavy<br />
rain. Between February and March there is light rain and December to January is the driest<br />
period.<br />
High levels <strong>of</strong> rainfall on unstable slopes lead to frequent landslides in BHH NR, particularly<br />
along the Ho Chi Minh Highway. Low lying areas also receive occasional partial flooding.<br />
Humidity<br />
In the context <strong>of</strong> humidity, there are two seasons. <strong>The</strong> humid season lasts from August to May,<br />
during these months the humidity is 85-90%. In June and July the Phon causes the humidity to<br />
decrease, sometimes to less than 30%.<br />
2.7 Threats to <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
Although BHH NR has a small human population, the newly established protected area faces a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> threats. Some <strong>of</strong> the problems the reserve faces originate from the residents <strong>of</strong> the<br />
nature reserve, but the majority, and the most severe, are presented by people from outside <strong>of</strong> the<br />
nature reserve (Le Manh Hung et al. in prep.). <strong>The</strong> construction <strong>of</strong> the Ho Chi Minh Highway<br />
through the nature reserve has facilitated a rapid increase in negative pressures acting on BHH<br />
NR. <strong>The</strong> road enables illegally extracted forest products, including timber and wildlife, to be<br />
rapidly transported to towns such as Khe San.<br />
Hunting<br />
Hunting is probably the most significant threat to the biological integrity <strong>of</strong> BHH NR.<br />
Circumstantial evidence indicates that hunting has intensified in recent years, probably following<br />
the construction <strong>of</strong> the Ho Chi Minh Highway but also as part <strong>of</strong> a nationwide trend which has<br />
seen the wildlife trade network become increasingly commercial. Local residents have always<br />
16
hunted forest animals in BHH for their subsistence needs. However, rapid commercialisation <strong>of</strong><br />
the wildlife trade has brought large economic incentives for exploiting wildlife and has<br />
encouraged teams <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional hunters to exploit the wildlife <strong>of</strong> the nature reserve (Dang Ngoc<br />
Can et al. 2006).<br />
Since the reduction in the number <strong>of</strong> guns in the BHH NR area, most hunting is done with wire<br />
snare traps (Le Manh Hung et al. in prep.). Hunters construct low fences <strong>of</strong> brush wood with<br />
gaps at five metre intervals in which they place wire snare traps made <strong>of</strong> bicycle brake cable.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se catch any animals that attempts to pass through the gaps in the fence. Trap lines can be<br />
over one kilometre in length and contain hundreds <strong>of</strong> traps. <strong>The</strong>y are placed on ridgelines or up<br />
the side <strong>of</strong> hills to block the passage <strong>of</strong> animals. Traps are also placed on paths leading to<br />
streams.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are three types <strong>of</strong> hunters in BHH NR, pr<strong>of</strong>essional, semi-pr<strong>of</strong>essional and opportunistic.<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional hunters obtain all <strong>of</strong> their income from hunting. In BHH NR, pr<strong>of</strong>essional hunters<br />
come from outside the nature reserve, <strong>of</strong>ten from Quang Binh Province. <strong>The</strong>y operate in teams<br />
and have huge numbers <strong>of</strong> traps in the forest. All <strong>of</strong> the animals they catch are either caged or<br />
processed in the forest and the then sold directly to traders in towns such as Khe San, either for<br />
local consumption or for transport to other provinces.<br />
Semi-pr<strong>of</strong>essional hunters obtain only part <strong>of</strong> their income from hunting. <strong>The</strong>y usually also farm<br />
rice, cassava or corn, and also harvest NTFPs. During the rainy season when their crops require<br />
less attention, they hunt animals in the forest, which they sell into the wildlife trade. Semipr<strong>of</strong>essional<br />
hunters don’t usually have direct connections with traders in towns, instead they sell<br />
the animals they catch to middlemen, who collect the animals from villages and sell them on to<br />
traders in towns such as Khe San. Nearly half <strong>of</strong> the households in the villages in BHH NR have<br />
at least one semi-pr<strong>of</strong>essional hunter (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006).<br />
Opportunistic hunters are people who work in the fields or forest where they collect NTFPs or<br />
take part in farming. When they encounter an animal that is easily caught, such as a pangolin or a<br />
turtle, they catch it and sell it on to the middlemen who visit their village (Dang Ngoc Can et al.<br />
2006).<br />
Although evidence is patchy, it appears that the hunting intensity in BHH NR is very high. In<br />
2005, when selecting sites for camera trapping, all suitable sites were already taken by snare traps<br />
(Holden 2005). During that time, trap lines were found on all ridgelines in the Cha Ly area. In<br />
September 2006, members <strong>of</strong> the Cuoi SSG reported that three groups <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional hunters<br />
from Le Thuy and Bo Trach districts, Quang Binh Province, were operating in the forest area<br />
close to the village. One group <strong>of</strong> four men operated in Khe Ta Nia where they had about 1,500<br />
traps, another group <strong>of</strong> six men operated in Khe Tan Nap with about 2,000 traps, and another<br />
group <strong>of</strong> four men operated in Khe Xa Gi with about 2,000 traps. In addition, residents <strong>of</strong> Tria<br />
village reported that three or four groups <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional hunters, also from Quang Binh Province,<br />
were operating in their area with thousands <strong>of</strong> traps (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006).<br />
It is highly likely that hunting is causing the rapid decline <strong>of</strong> mammals and terrestrial birds in<br />
BHH NR. <strong>The</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> hunting on populations <strong>of</strong> threatened and priority species is difficult to<br />
quantify, because their abundance in the nature reserve has always been poorly known. Such<br />
17
intense hunting activity is likely to lead to significant reductions in the populations <strong>of</strong> hunted<br />
species, as it has in other protected areas in Vietnam. Incidental trapping <strong>of</strong> species such as<br />
Edwards’s Pheasant will continue even when they have very low population sizes, because<br />
trapping is indiscriminate and setting traps for commoner species such as Silver Pheasant<br />
Lophura nycthemera will still be economically viable (BirdLife International 2001).<br />
Logging<br />
<strong>The</strong> forests <strong>of</strong> BHH NR were selectively logged after 1975 and some selective logging continues<br />
in BHH NR. For instance, in November 2007 three groups <strong>of</strong> men from Quang Binh Province<br />
stayed for one month in Cup village to log timber and sell it to villagers and people from outside<br />
the area. Selective logging is likely to continue to pose a significant threat to the continued<br />
existence <strong>of</strong> some species which require large trees for nesting (e.g. Austen’s Brown Hornbill), or<br />
feeding (e.g. Red-collared Woodpecker). Additionally, logging roads constructed along rivers<br />
have caused considerable damage to riparian vegetation.<br />
Gold mining<br />
Deep pits in the forest, particularly to the north and west <strong>of</strong> Cuoi village, are clear evidence <strong>of</strong><br />
gold mining activities (Le Manh Hung et al. 2002 and 2004). Chemical washing <strong>of</strong> the soil to<br />
extract the gold has led to severe contamination in the streams in this area (Le Manh Hung et al.<br />
in prep.). Additionally, gold miners hunt animals with guns and snares, leading to local<br />
population declines <strong>of</strong> many species, particularly large and obvious mammals.<br />
Rattan exploitation<br />
Rattan collection has been intense in the forests around Cuoi village between 2000 and 2005 (Le<br />
Manh Hung et al. in prep.). Since then rattan supplies have been exhausted and rattan collection<br />
has declined. Rattan collectors usually also set snares in the area in which they are operating, to<br />
provide meat for food. This extra pressure on terrestrial animal populations is likely to have<br />
caused them to decline.<br />
Fragrant oil extraction<br />
A few species <strong>of</strong> Cinnamomum tree produce fragrant oil with many commercial uses. This oil<br />
commands a high price and is therefore extracted from trees in the forest by well organised<br />
groups. Oil is found in all woody parts <strong>of</strong> the trees but the highest concentrations are in the roots.<br />
Consequently, the entire tree is felled, typically using a chainsaw and the roots are dug up. <strong>The</strong><br />
woody parts are distilled in large pots which require constant heating. In similar locations, up to<br />
20 medium-sized trees have been felled daily to feed the fires which heat the pot and teams have<br />
operated in the same area for up to one month (Eames et al. 1994). In BHH NR, most fragrant oil<br />
extraction now takes place in remote forested areas, such as east <strong>of</strong> Cuoi village (Le Manh Hung<br />
et al. in prep.). Groups <strong>of</strong> up to thirty people originating from Quang Binh and Ha Tinh provinces<br />
have been recorded in BHH NR collecting fragrant oil. <strong>The</strong> felling <strong>of</strong> trees for fuel and hunting to<br />
feed the large teams required for this activity are likely to be significantly negatively affecting the<br />
biological integrity <strong>of</strong> BHH NR.<br />
Iron collection<br />
<strong>The</strong> forests <strong>of</strong> the Central Annamites still contain a large quantity <strong>of</strong> iron from the American<br />
War. <strong>The</strong> opening <strong>of</strong> the Ho Chi Minh Highway has facilitated the easy transport <strong>of</strong> iron to Khe<br />
San. Many young people from the villages in the nature reserve, particularly from villages along<br />
18
the Ho Chi Minh Highway, regularly go to the forest to collect iron. Of greater concern is that<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essional iron collectors from outside the local area have moved in to exploit the iron (Le<br />
Manh Hung et al. in prep.). <strong>The</strong>se people first clear the forest by burning, to make finding and<br />
collecting the iron easier, causing severe environmental degradation.<br />
Destructive fishing methods<br />
Fishing for subsistence use is common in BHH NR. Most fishing is conducted with nets but<br />
people also catch fish using mines and other explosives. This is not only dangerous (one child in<br />
Cuoi village lost a hand from fishing with mines in 2001) but is also damaging to aquatic life (Le<br />
Manh Hung et al. in prep.).<br />
Deforestation<br />
Approximately 15% <strong>of</strong> BHH NR had already been completely cleared before the nature reserve<br />
was established. Forest loss continues at a gradual rate and is likely to further reduce the area <strong>of</strong><br />
forest <strong>of</strong> high conservation value in the nature reserve, particularly close to new settlements along<br />
the Ho Chi Minh Highway. <strong>The</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> defoliant spraying and bombing can be seen clearly in<br />
satellite images <strong>of</strong> central highland provinces taken in 1969. However, such areas are not<br />
diagnosably different from surrounding land in recent satellite images and it is not conclusive as<br />
to whether or not the present forest conditions can be attributed to the use <strong>of</strong> defoliants. <strong>The</strong>re are<br />
a number <strong>of</strong> factors that may have influenced how present forest cover is affected by past<br />
defoliant use, including: the number <strong>of</strong> times the area was sprayed; what kind <strong>of</strong> defoliant was<br />
used; whether or not the area was also bombed or napalmed; the topography; the relative<br />
susceptibility <strong>of</strong> the forest community to the defoliants; and, perhaps most importantly, how the<br />
defoliated area was subsequently used by people (Koy et al. 2006).<br />
2.8 Habitat types at <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>s<br />
<strong>The</strong> original vegetation cover <strong>of</strong> BHH NR is evergreen forest. Below 600 m the land supports<br />
tropical lowland evergreen forest and above 600 m the forest is classified as subtropical midmontane<br />
evergreen forest. Almost 85% <strong>of</strong> the nature reserve still retains natural forest cover, <strong>of</strong><br />
various degrees <strong>of</strong> quality (Table 1.). Quality in this analysis refers to a classification based on<br />
timber yield. All forest in BHH NR has been affected to some degree by logging, shifting<br />
cultivation and wars, especially through the use <strong>of</strong> chemical defoliants.<br />
Table 1. Land cover <strong>of</strong> BHH NR<br />
Land cover Area (ha) Proportion (%)<br />
High quality evergreen forest 1,923 8<br />
Medium quality evergreen forest 14,158 56<br />
Poor quality evergreen forest 983 4<br />
Regenerating forest 2,268 9<br />
Bamboo forest 3 0.01<br />
Limestone karst forest 1,311 5<br />
Natural forest (all types) 20,646 82<br />
Land with scattered trees 2,224 9<br />
19
Land cover Area (ha) Proportion (%)<br />
Grass and scrub 861 3<br />
Rocky mountains without forest 889 4<br />
Other land uses* 580 2<br />
Total area 25,200 100<br />
*Other land uses includes agriculture, residential and water bodies<br />
2.8.1 High quality forest<br />
Although there is no primary forest in BHH NR, forest with a structure unaltered since 1975 is<br />
classified as rich forest and is broadly analogous to primary lowland forest in terms <strong>of</strong> species<br />
composition and structure. This forest type makes up less than 10% <strong>of</strong> BHH NR. It is distributed<br />
in the north <strong>of</strong> the nature reserve in two blocks situated close to Cup and Cuoi villages, close to<br />
the Ho Chi Minh Highway.<br />
Tropical lowland evergreen forest<br />
Below 600 m on soils with a low sand content, tropical lowland evergreen forest supports a<br />
diverse flora composed <strong>of</strong> broadleaf evergreen trees with large crowns and thick trunks. Trees in<br />
this habitat are from the families Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Burceraceae, Eleocarpaceae,<br />
Myrtaceae, Ebenaceae, Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae,<br />
Simplocaceae, Sterculiaceae, Apocynaceae, Flacoutiaceae, Araliaceae, Rubiaceae and Moraceae.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se forests support many large lianas, some up to 30 metres long and 10 cm in diameter. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
are typically <strong>of</strong> the families Apocynaceae, Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Vitaceae, Aslepiadaceae and<br />
Arecaceae. Under the forest canopy small trees and bushes <strong>of</strong> the families Rubiaceae,<br />
Acanthaceae, Melastomataceae, Araliaceae, Arecaceae and Cyatheaceae are found. On the forest<br />
floor there are ferns from the families Polypodyophyta, Araceae, Urticaceae, Pandanaceae,<br />
Maranthaceae, Zingiberaceae, Commelinaceae and Myrsinaceae; and in light gaps flowers from<br />
the families Rubiaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae and Begoniaceae grow. <strong>The</strong> layers in this forest type<br />
in BHH NR are detailed below:<br />
Emergent layer: This layer is characterised by large trees which can reach a height <strong>of</strong> 30 metres,<br />
although they are typically no more than 20-25 metres. Trees in this layer exhibit diameters <strong>of</strong><br />
40-80 cm, although some reach up to 120 cm. However, these large trees are relatively scarce and<br />
despite their size, this layer accounts for just 15-20% <strong>of</strong> the total area. Typical species on this<br />
layer are: Canarium subulatum, Canarium album, and trees from the family Burceraceae.<br />
Canopy layer: <strong>The</strong> canopy layer is dominated by trees <strong>of</strong> 10-15 metres. <strong>The</strong>se trees are relatively<br />
uniform in height; they have round canopies and trunks <strong>of</strong> 30-40 cm in diameter. <strong>The</strong>re is high<br />
species diversity in this layer and depending on location; the dominant families may be:<br />
Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae or Sapindaceae.<br />
Mid-story: This layer is dominated by small tree species <strong>of</strong> 7-10 m in height, and young<br />
specimens from the canopy and emergent layers. Typically, species are <strong>of</strong> the families<br />
Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Araliaceae, Moraceae,<br />
Sapindaceae, Eleocarpaceae, Fagaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Annonaceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae,<br />
20
Ebenaceae, Fabaceae, Simplocaceae and Myristicaceae. In moist valleys, trees from the families<br />
Cyatheca, Ficus, Moraceae, Actinidiaceae, Dillenia and Dilleniacea are found.<br />
Understory: This layer is composed <strong>of</strong> small shrubs and saplings <strong>of</strong> taller species below five<br />
metres in height. <strong>The</strong>se species are predominantly shade tolerant species, or species which<br />
require shady conditions. Typical species are from the families Melastomataceae, Acanthaceae,<br />
Rubiaceae and Arecaceae.<br />
Ground flora: This layer is composed <strong>of</strong> ferns and herbaceous plants, typically <strong>of</strong> the families<br />
Polypodyophyta, Araceae, Zingiberaceae, Maranthaceae, Urticaceae, Commelinaceae and<br />
Poaceae. High quality forest is relatively stable in structure and very little light reaches the forest<br />
floor. As a consequence, this layer is relatively sparse and ground flora is mainly found in areas<br />
where light can reach the forest floor, such as at the edge <strong>of</strong> streams.<br />
Evergreen forest on limestone karst.<br />
On limestone karst, vegetation cover is distinctly different to that growing on soils. <strong>The</strong>re is only<br />
a very thin soil layer on these hills and although the forest it supports still exhibits the same five<br />
layers, it has a more open canopy and trees are shorter in stature. Typically, the forest is<br />
dominated by trees <strong>of</strong> 10-15 metres in height and 50 cm in diameter. Karst vegetation is<br />
dominated by species which can tolerate dry soil conditions and species which can grow on bare<br />
rock. Typical tree species and families are: Pterospermum, Sterculliaceae, Syzygium, Myrtaceae,<br />
Diospyros, Ebenaceae, Garcinia, Guttiferae, Spondias, Allospondias, Choerospondias,<br />
Semecarpus, Anacardiaceae, Vitex, Verbenaceae, Ulmaceae, Celtis, Tiliaceae, Sonneratiaceae,<br />
Caryota, Arecaceae, Rhapis, Duabanga sonneratoides and Caryota bacsonensis. On limestone<br />
karst, lianas are represented by individuals from the families Araceae, Urticaceae and Piperaceae,<br />
and the species: Dendrocnide urentissima, Laportea interrupta and Laportea thorelli. On bare<br />
limestone cliffs Ficus grow and in more humid places than or with? Schefflera and Araliaceae<br />
species.<br />
Mid-montane evergreen forest<br />
This is the natural vegetation cover on land above 600 m, on soil with a low sand content. It has a<br />
variable forest structure dependant on the angle <strong>of</strong> slope. In valleys or flat land it has the same<br />
five 5 layer structure as lowland evergreen forest, on steep slopes and ridges there are no<br />
emergents and therefore has only four layers. On high mountain tops where the soil layer is thin<br />
and there is strong sunlight and winds, plant diversity is low and the community is dominated by<br />
species which can tolerate these harsh conditions. In these areas the forest only has three layers<br />
and is dominated by the family Poaceae and the species Miscanthus floridulus, Thysanoloena<br />
maxima and Sinarundinaria griffithiana. In areas with less harsh conditions, members <strong>of</strong> the<br />
family Fagaceae account for up to 60% <strong>of</strong> the population and trees like Podocarpus neriifolius,<br />
Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Podocarpus pilgeri are found. Other families strongly represented in<br />
this vegetation type are species from the families Aceraceae, Engelhardtia, Juglandaceae,<br />
Hamamelidaceae and <strong>The</strong>aceae, as well as the species Symingtonia populnea, Sinarundinaria<br />
griffithiana, Michelia faveolata, Paramichella baillonii, Madhuca pasquieri and Paphiopedilum<br />
amabile.<br />
21
2.8.2 Medium quality forest<br />
Just over half <strong>of</strong> BHH NR is covered in medium quality forest. Lowland evergreen forest and<br />
mid-montane evergreen forest habitats in BHH NR have been strongly and negatively affected by<br />
people. Lowland evergreen forest has been extensively logged for high value timber and because<br />
it occupies the most productive agricultural land, it has also been cleared for shifting cultivation.<br />
Mid-montane evergreen forest has also experienced some selective logging and in common with<br />
lowland forest, it was affected by aerial spraying <strong>of</strong> chemical defoliants during the American<br />
War. Faunal and floral diversity <strong>of</strong> medium quality forest is considerably lower than that <strong>of</strong> high<br />
quality forest types.<br />
Secondary forest following shifting cultivation<br />
This is the dominant forest type on land below 600 m. In <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong>, short stature secondary<br />
forest develops 8-10 years after shifting cultivation. <strong>The</strong> plant composition, structure and<br />
appearance <strong>of</strong> this forest type, are completely different from primary forest. <strong>The</strong>re are very few<br />
lianas in secondary forest, fern diversity is low and orchids and arboreal ferns are typically<br />
absent. It is generally very dense and chaotic in structure, with no defined layers; however, the<br />
following four layers can sometimes be defined.<br />
Upper canopy layer: This layer is characterised by light-demanding tree species which have<br />
grown up from stumps or from the seed bank, following a cessation <strong>of</strong> farming activities. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
trees typically have a height <strong>of</strong> 8-10 m and a diameter <strong>of</strong> between 10 and 15 cm. Typically,<br />
species from the families Litsea, Machilus, Lindera, Lauraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae,<br />
Ulmaceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae, Sapindaceae, Anacardiaceae and the genera Macaranga,<br />
Mallotus, Sapium, Bridelia, Canarium, and Ficus are found; as well as the species Endospermum<br />
sinensis, Euodia melifolia, Acronychia pedunculata, Gironniera subaequalis, Trema orientalis<br />
and Centis sinensis.<br />
Lower canopy layer: This layer is characterised by smaller trees, <strong>of</strong>ten similar to those in the<br />
upper canopy layer, and shrubs with a height <strong>of</strong> 5-7 metres. <strong>The</strong> families most <strong>of</strong>ten recorded in<br />
this layer are Rubiaceae, (especially Camellia spp. and Eugenia spp), <strong>The</strong>aceae (especially<br />
Grewia spp.) and Tilliaceae.<br />
Mid-story: This layer consists <strong>of</strong> small trees and shrubs. Typically, species from this layer<br />
include representatives from the families Melastomataceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae and<br />
Arecaceae and in particular, Rapis excelsa.<br />
Understory: This layer is usually composed <strong>of</strong> ferns and grasses from the families Zingiberaceae<br />
and Araceae. In areas where light penetrates to the ground, members <strong>of</strong> the family Poaceae are<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten found and members <strong>of</strong> the Rubiaceae, Hydeotis and Acanthaceae families occur in humid<br />
places.<br />
2.8.3 Low quality forest and non-forest habitats<br />
Bamboo forest<br />
At elevations <strong>of</strong> 700-1200 m, degraded land is colonised by the large bamboo species<br />
Arundiunria peteloti. It reaches 3-5 metres in height and grows in dense stands. Interspersed with<br />
22
the bamboo are small trees from the families Fagaceae, <strong>The</strong>aceae, Styraceae, Aquifoliaceae,<br />
Eleocarpaceae, Magnoliaceae and Aeraceae.<br />
Scrub and grassland<br />
BHH NR has fairly extensive tracts <strong>of</strong> anthropogenic scrub and grassland, both below and above<br />
600m. <strong>The</strong>re are four main reasons behind the formation <strong>of</strong> scrubland, namely: shifting<br />
cultivation, forest fires, spraying <strong>of</strong> chemical defoliants and the use <strong>of</strong> land by armies for bases<br />
during the American War. Structure and species composition <strong>of</strong> the habitat is determined by the<br />
reason for the loss <strong>of</strong> original forest cover and the land use since.<br />
Dense scrub<br />
On land which received heavy spraying with chemical defoliants and subsequent repeated<br />
burning, scrub usually reaches less than 1.5 metres in height. This habitat is usually dominated by<br />
stunted individuals <strong>of</strong> a small number <strong>of</strong> species normally found in dry or poor soil areas.<br />
Typically, these species are <strong>of</strong> the family Poaceae, and include Misclanthus floridulus,<br />
Thysanolaena maxima, Imperata cylindrical and Imperata conferta. Other species from the<br />
families Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, <strong>The</strong>aceae, Aquifoliaceae, Lauraceae and Eleocarpaceae are<br />
sometimes found.<br />
Light scrubby grassland<br />
This habitat has a predictable structure consisting <strong>of</strong> grass 1-2 metres high, with shrubs and small<br />
trees <strong>of</strong> 5-8 metres high scattered throughout. Grass cover typically reaches 70-80 %. Dominant<br />
grass species are usually <strong>of</strong> the Poaceae family, such as: Misclanthus floridulus, Thysanolaena<br />
maxima, Saccharum spontaneum, Imperata cylindrical and Imperata conferta.<br />
Grazed areas<br />
Habitat structure and species composition <strong>of</strong> this habitat is determined by grazing intensity. In<br />
lightly grazed areas, shrub diversity can be relatively high; species from the families Rubiaceae,<br />
Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Verbenaceae and Melastomataceae are usually well represented. Grass<br />
typically reaches only 70-80 cm in height and includes members <strong>of</strong> the Paspalum family such as<br />
Imperata cylindrica, and various Cymbopogon spp., Eragrostis spp. Isachne spp. and Sertaria<br />
spp. In heavily grazed areas, low bushes such as Stachytarpheta jamaicensis and other members<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Verbenaceae and Scrophuliaceae families are found. <strong>The</strong> grasses are represented by<br />
Digitaria spp., Cynodon dactylon, Chrysopogon aciculatus and Paspalum spp.<br />
3. Faunal and floral diversity<br />
3.1 Floral diversity<br />
Field surveys in BHH NR have recorded 920 plant species in 518 genera and 130 families<br />
(Appendix 1). A significant proportion <strong>of</strong> these species have economic value to local residents;<br />
125 tree species are used for timber, 161 species are sources <strong>of</strong> traditional medicine, 44 species<br />
are used for ornamental purposes and 89 species provide food.<br />
Of the 920 species currently recorded at BHH NR, 21 are classified as threatened at a national<br />
level and nine are threatened at a global level (Table 2.). <strong>The</strong>se species are almost all threatened<br />
due to overexploitation. Most <strong>of</strong> these are trees with high value timber, such as the Dipterocarpus<br />
23
spp., although others are exploited for other purposes. Cinnamomum spp. and Aquilaria crassna<br />
are heavily exploited for use in the perfume industry.<br />
Table 2. Globally and nationally threatened plant species recorded in BHH NR<br />
Scientific name VRDB IUCN<br />
Cephalotaxus manii VU VU<br />
Amoora dasyclada VU<br />
Aquilaria crassna EN CR<br />
Ardisia silvestris VU<br />
Chukrasia tabularis VU<br />
Cinnamomum balansae VU EN<br />
Cinnamomum parthenoxylon CR DD<br />
Coscinium fenestratum VU<br />
Croton touranensis VU VU<br />
Dalbergia entadoides DD<br />
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus VU CR<br />
Dipterocarpus hasseltii CR<br />
Dipterocarpus kerrii CR<br />
Erythrophleum fordii EN<br />
Melientha suavis VU<br />
Sindora tonkinensis DD<br />
Anoectochilus cetaceus EN<br />
Dendrobium amabile EN<br />
Dendrobium farmeri VU<br />
Livistona tonkinensis DD<br />
Asarum balansae EN<br />
Cirsium japonicum VU<br />
Lithocarpus fenestratus VU<br />
Lithocarpus haemispherica VU<br />
Strychnos ignatii VU<br />
Paramichelia baillonii VU<br />
Fagerlindia depauperata VU<br />
Madhuca pasquieri EN<br />
3.2 Mammal Diversity<br />
<strong>The</strong> mammal community <strong>of</strong> BHH NR is typical <strong>of</strong> the Central Annamites. A total <strong>of</strong> 47 mammal<br />
species (not including bats) have been recorded in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR (Appendix 2). Of these,<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> 29 is confirmed and 17 are only known from interview data with hunters.<br />
Confirmed records here include all species directly sighted or reliably identified through field<br />
signs or vocalisations and species recorded in the illegal wildlife trade which are known to have<br />
come from BHH NR. <strong>The</strong> species recorded include just over half <strong>of</strong> the priority mammal taxa for<br />
the Central Truong Son Landscape (Tord<strong>of</strong>f et al. 2003), including Saola, one <strong>of</strong> only three<br />
mammal taxa to be assigned the highest priority score by Tord<strong>of</strong>f et al. (2003), in their<br />
assessment <strong>of</strong> the Central Truong Son Landscape.<br />
24
No attempt to survey the small mammals (e.g. Rodentia and Insectivora) or the bats (Chiroptera)<br />
<strong>of</strong> BHH NR has been made. One small mammal species, Indomalayan Leopoldamys<br />
Leopoldamys sabanus, was opportunistically recorded, found in a snare trap set by a hunter<br />
(Holden 2005). Additionally, subterranean tunnels thought to have been made by a mole species<br />
were seen in bare ground between Cup and Cuoi villages in May 2008 (Eames and Mahood pers.<br />
obs).<br />
Of the 47 species reported from the nature reserve, 21 species are considered globally threatened,<br />
Near Threatened or Data Deficient (IUCN 2007) (Table 3.). This constitutes nearly half <strong>of</strong> the<br />
documented mammal fauna <strong>of</strong> the nature reserve. 26 species are considered threatened or Near<br />
Threatened at a national level (Anon 2007). Taken together, this means that over half <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mammal species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR are <strong>of</strong> conservation concern.<br />
Table 3. Nationally and globally threatened and near-threatened mammals reported from BHH<br />
NR<br />
English name Scientific name VRDB IUCN<br />
Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang VU<br />
Pygmy Slow Loris Nycticebus pygmaeus VU VU<br />
Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides VU VU<br />
Northern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca leonina VU VU<br />
Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta NT NT<br />
Red-shanked Douc Langur Pygathrix nemaeus EN EN<br />
Hatinh Langur Trachypithecus hatinhensis EN VU<br />
Northern White-cheeked Nomascus leucogenis EN DD<br />
Gibbon<br />
Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor VU<br />
Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyura VU<br />
Annamite Striped Rabbit Nesolagus timminsi EN DD<br />
Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica EN NT<br />
Asian Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii EN VU<br />
Clouded Leopard Ne<strong>of</strong>elis nebulosa EN VU<br />
Leopard Panthera pardus CR<br />
Binturong Arctictis binturong EN<br />
Dhole Cuon alpinus EN EN<br />
Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus EN DD<br />
Asian Black Bear Ursus thibetanus EN VU<br />
Oriental Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus VU NT<br />
European Otter Lutra lutra VU NT<br />
Lesser Mouse-deer Tragulus kanchil VU<br />
Large-antlered Muntjac Muntiacus vuquangensis VU DD<br />
Sambar Cervus unicolor VU<br />
Gaur Bos frontalis EN VU<br />
Saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis EN CR<br />
Chinese Serow Capricornis sumatraensis EN VU<br />
25
<strong>The</strong> following species accounts detail all records <strong>of</strong> species <strong>of</strong> conservation concern, recorded in<br />
<strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR.<br />
Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang<br />
Local residents provided credible information on the occurrence <strong>of</strong> this species in the forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Cup and Cuoi areas (Dang Ngoc Can 2004 and 2006).<br />
Pygmy Slow Loris Nycticebus pygmaeus<br />
Local people provided credible information on the occurrence <strong>of</strong> this species in the forests <strong>of</strong> Cup<br />
and Cuoi areas (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). A caged individual said to have come from the study area<br />
was recorded by Dang Ngoc Can et al. (2006).<br />
Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides<br />
Based on survey results this species appears to be relatively common in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR.<br />
During one week <strong>of</strong> survey near Cup and Cuoi villages in February 2004 it was recorded three<br />
times: one group <strong>of</strong> about 15 individuals was observed in forest near Cuoi village (16°55'24”N,<br />
106°39'15”E); fresh droppings were found at 870 m asl. on the top <strong>of</strong> an unnamed limestone hill<br />
near Cup village (16°55'38”N, 106°35'36”E) and near to a stream at 16°53'49”N, 106°395'04”E<br />
(Dang Ngoc Can 2004). In October 2005, surveys found three troops, one on the trail between the<br />
Ho Chi Minh Highway and the Lao border at milestone 25, consisted <strong>of</strong> about 30 individuals<br />
(Anon 2005). <strong>The</strong> other two troops, one recorded on the same trail as the large troop and the<br />
other at the upper end <strong>of</strong> Cop stream, numbered three individuals each. Caged individuals have<br />
also been recorded in villages in and close to <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006)<br />
Northern Pig Tailed Macaque Macaca leonina<br />
A caged individual in <strong>Huong</strong> Son Commune was said to have come from the study area (Dang<br />
Ngoc Can et al. 2006). This species has not been recorded on field surveys and is presumably<br />
scarce in the study area.<br />
Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta<br />
A caged individual in <strong>Huong</strong> Son Commune was said to have come from the study area (Dang<br />
Ngoc Can et al. 2006). This species has not been recorded on field surveys and is presumably<br />
scarce in the study area.<br />
Red-shanked Douc Langur Pygathrix nemaeus<br />
According to Site Support Group data this species is relatively common in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR<br />
(Wilkenson and Van 2006). During the February 2004 survey, one troop <strong>of</strong> five individuals was<br />
seen from the trail between Cup and Cuoi villages (16°55'43”N, 106°35'45”E) (Dang Ngoc Can<br />
2004). In 2005 a troop containing three individuals was seen on the trail between the Ho Chi<br />
Minh Highway and the Laos border (Anon 2005). In 2006 one troop was seen in forest near Cuoi<br />
village. Site Support Groups recorded a troop <strong>of</strong> 30 individuals on 17th October 2004 at Doc<br />
Mang and another troop <strong>of</strong> 10 individuals at Rao <strong>The</strong>p on 14th November 2004. In May 2008 this<br />
species was also reported by local residents from ridges at least half a day’s walk from Cuoi<br />
village (Eames and Mahood unpubl.).<br />
26
Hatinh Langur Semnopethicus francoisi<br />
This species is associated with limestone outcrops and as such it has a localised distribution in<br />
<strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR. <strong>The</strong> subspecies in the nature reserve is S. f. hatinhensis, sometimes regarded<br />
as a separate species. Following information from local people, a troop <strong>of</strong> 12 individuals was<br />
found in early November 2005 (Anon 2005). Local people from Cup village report that they also<br />
occur near Tri village, where there is a small troop numbering 2 or 3 individuals, which<br />
sometimes visit gardens near to the village (Anon 2005).<br />
Northern White-cheeked Gibbon Nomascus leucogenis<br />
This species was at least formerly common in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR; however it may have declined<br />
in recent years. In 2008, residents <strong>of</strong> Cuoi village reported that it was only found in forest over<br />
one day’s walk from the village (Eames and Mahood unpubl.) One group was heard in the forest<br />
between Cuoi and Cup in February 2004 and in November 2005 a group <strong>of</strong> three was seen near<br />
Cup village at 0670237 N, 1872190 E (Dang Ngoc Can 2004, Anon 2005). Another group was<br />
heard near to Cuoi in August 2006 (Wilkinson and Nguyen Thanh Van 2006). Local residents<br />
report that there are at least three groups near Cup, two west <strong>of</strong> the Ho Chi Minh Highway and<br />
one to the east (Anon 2005). It was also listed for <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> District by Le Manh Hung et al.<br />
(2002). Site Support Groups reported seeing one group <strong>of</strong> two individuals near Khe Suot in<br />
October 2004, and another with three individuals in the same area in November <strong>of</strong> the same year.<br />
Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolour<br />
Hunters reported the presence <strong>of</strong> this species in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). Two<br />
individuals were seen in forest near Cuoi in August 2006 (Wilkinson and Nguyen Thanh Van<br />
2006). <strong>The</strong>re is little information on the status <strong>of</strong> this species at <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>,<br />
not because it is uncommon but because it has only recently been added to the Vietnamese Red<br />
List. Consequently, little information on its status has been gathered.<br />
Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyura<br />
Tracks, quills and a captive individual <strong>of</strong> this species indicate its presence in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR<br />
(Dang Ngoc Can 2004 and 2006, Anon 2005). Its populations are probably much reduced as a<br />
result <strong>of</strong> trapping for the illegal wildlife trade.<br />
Annamite Striped Rabbit Nesolagus timminsi<br />
This poorly known species is probably common in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR. A team <strong>of</strong> hunters<br />
operating in the area between Cup and Cuoi reported catching four individuals in 20 days<br />
between 10th and 30th April 2005 (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). Another hunter in Cup village<br />
reported hunting the species and it has been trapped near Cuoi village (Dang Ngoc Can 2004 and<br />
2006). Additionally, a single Annamite Striped Rabbit was seen from the Ho Chi Minh Highway<br />
just after sunset near the Sa Mu Pass on 20 January 2005 (Tord<strong>of</strong>f pers. obs.)<br />
Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica<br />
Scales belonging to this species were found in a hunter's house in Cuoi village, <strong>Huong</strong> Lap<br />
commune (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). Freshly-dug pangolin burrows were observed in the Cup<br />
area (16°55'39”N, 106°35'29”E) on 11 February 2004 (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). Local people<br />
report that this species occurs in the mountainous area between Cup and Cuoi villages (Dang<br />
Ngoc Can 2004).<br />
27
Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii<br />
Hunters from Cup village provided credible descriptions <strong>of</strong> this species, which they report is<br />
present in the forests <strong>of</strong> the area (Dang Ngoc Can 2004).<br />
Clouded Leopard Pard<strong>of</strong>elis nebulosa<br />
Hunters from Cuoi and Cup villages reported the occurrence <strong>of</strong> this species in forest near the<br />
border with Quang Binh Province (Dang Ngoc Can 2004).<br />
Leopard Panthera pardus<br />
Hunters reported that this species occurs in the area but considered it to be very rare (Dang Ngoc<br />
Can 2004). Mr. Ho Tinh from Cup village reported sighting one Leopard in November 2003<br />
(Dang Ngoc Can 2004).<br />
Binturong Arctictis binturong<br />
Hunters reported that this species occurs in the primary evergreen forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> Lap<br />
commune (Dang Ngoc Can 2004).<br />
Dhole Cuon alpinus<br />
Residents <strong>of</strong> Cup and Cuoi report the presence <strong>of</strong> this species in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR. Two<br />
hunters reported that one Dhole that was trapped in the Cuoi area in 2002 (Dang Ngoc Can<br />
2004).<br />
Sun Bear Ursus malayanus<br />
Local residents provided credible information on the occurrence <strong>of</strong> this species in the forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Cup and Cuoi areas (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2004). However, they all stated that Sun Bear is rarer<br />
than Asian Black Bear.<br />
Asian Black Bear Ursus thibetanus<br />
Probably occurs at a low density throughout <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong>. In February 2004, claw-marks were<br />
found on a tree at 16°55'51”N, 106°35'22”E, and claw-marks and fresh droppings thought to<br />
belong to this species were found in primary forest close to Cup (16°55'40”N, 106°35'46”E)<br />
(Dang Ngoc Can 2004). Local residents reported that a hunter from Cup village killed one Asian<br />
Black Bear <strong>of</strong> about 100 kg in the Cup area in December 2003 (Dang Ngoc Can 2004).<br />
Oriental Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinerea<br />
Footprints identified as belonging to this gregarious species were found on the banks <strong>of</strong> the Se<br />
Vang Hieng River in February 2004 (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). <strong>The</strong> low number <strong>of</strong> footprints<br />
indicates that there is only a small group <strong>of</strong> this species in the area. In addition, one foot<br />
belonging to an Oriental Small-clawed Otter was found in a house in Cup village in 2005 (Anon<br />
2005).<br />
European Otter Lutra lutra<br />
Local residents reported the presence <strong>of</strong> this species in both the Cup and Cuoi areas (Dang Ngoc<br />
Can 2004). <strong>The</strong>y stated that it is now rare as a result <strong>of</strong> hunting for trade.<br />
Lesser Mouse-deer Tragulus kanchil<br />
Hunters reported the presence <strong>of</strong> this species in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR (Dang Ngoc Can 2004).<br />
28
Large-antlered Muntjac Megamuntiacus vuquangensis<br />
Hunters regard this species as fairly common in evergreen forest in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR. One was<br />
shot near Cup village in 2003 and another near Cuoi village the same year (Dang Ngoc Can<br />
2004). Three sets <strong>of</strong> antlers <strong>of</strong> hunted individuals were found in hunters’ houses in Khe Cup, Xa<br />
Ly and Cuoi villages (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). A freshly killed individual <strong>of</strong> this species was seen<br />
in <strong>Huong</strong> Lap Commune in a village adjacent to <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR (Dang Ngoc Can et al.<br />
2006).<br />
Gaur Bos frontalis<br />
Local hunters from both Cup and Cuoi villages reported the occurrence <strong>of</strong> Gaur in the Cuoi area<br />
(Dang Ngoc Can 2004). However, all hunters stated that this species is very rare and data from<br />
Site Support Groups indicates that there may only be three individuals in the area. <strong>The</strong>se three are<br />
sometimes seen singly, and sometimes in one group. In October and November 2004, the Site<br />
Support Groups reported one male near Khe Cuoi, one individual in Doc Mang and one in Ta<br />
Lap.<br />
Saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis<br />
All hunters in Cup and Cuoi villages can accurately describe this enigmatic species and report<br />
that it still occurs in forest close to both Cup and Cuoi villages (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). It was<br />
also recorded by Site Support Groups at both Cup and Cuoi in 2004 and 2005 (Wilkinson and<br />
Nguyen Thanh Van 2006). One Saola (c. 70 kg) was trapped near Cup village in 2003 and<br />
another Saola (c. 100 kg) was shot in the Cuoi area in November 2003 (Dang Ngoc Can 2004).<br />
One hunter from Cuoi reported that he has killed a total <strong>of</strong> three Saola in the Khe Ta Nap river<br />
during hunting trips with dogs (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). In December 2005, fresh footprints and<br />
feeding evidence were found along a dry stream bed in Khe Rao <strong>The</strong>p (Le Trong Trai pers obs.).<br />
Chinese Serow Capricornis sumatraensis<br />
Records suggest that this species is common in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR. In 2004, one individual was<br />
seen at 16°55’33’N 106°35’21’E near Cup and the fresh droppings and footprints <strong>of</strong> this species<br />
were found on several occasions in the Cuoi area (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). Three frontlets with<br />
horns were seen in hunter’s houses in Cup and Cuoi villages (Dang Ngoc Can 2004). Site<br />
Support Groups reported the species at Rao <strong>The</strong>p, where one was seen in October 2004 and two<br />
were seen a month later. Another was seen by Site Support Groups at Dan Chu in November<br />
2004. Footprints and fresh faeces belonging to this species were regularly recorded in Sa Mu<br />
Cave in November 2005 (Anon 2005).<br />
3.3 Bird diversity<br />
<strong>The</strong> avifauna <strong>of</strong> BHH NR is typical <strong>of</strong> the Annamese Lowlands EBA. To date, 207 species <strong>of</strong><br />
birds have been recorded in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR (Appendix 3). Of these, one species is<br />
considered threatened at a global level and nine species are considered Near Threatened at a<br />
global level (IUCN 2008) (Table 4). Eight species are considered threatened at a national level<br />
(Anon 2007). Four <strong>of</strong> the seven restricted-range species which define the Annamese Lowlands<br />
EBA, have been recorded from <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR. <strong>The</strong> nature reserve also supports 10 <strong>of</strong> the<br />
28 priority bird taxa for the Central Truong Son Landscape.<br />
29
Table 4. Threatened, Near Threatened and Restricted-range bird species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong><br />
<strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
English name Scientific name IUCN VRDB<br />
Chestnut-necklaced Partridge Arborophila charltoni NT<br />
Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi EN, RRS EN<br />
Siamese Fireback Lophura diardi NT VU<br />
Crested Argus Rheinardia ocellata NT VU<br />
Lesser Fish Eagle Ichthyophaga humilis NT VU<br />
Coral-billed Ground Cuckoo Carprococcyx renauldi VU<br />
Blyth’s Kingfisher Alcedo hercules NT<br />
Crested Kingfisher Megaceryle lugubris VU<br />
Austen’s Brown Hornbill Anorrhinus austeni NT VU<br />
Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis NT VU<br />
Red-collared Woodpecker Picus rabieri NT, RRS<br />
Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler Jabouilleia danjoui NT, RRS<br />
Grey-faced Tit-babbler Macronous kelleyi RRS<br />
White-cheeked Laughingthrush Garrulax vassali RRS<br />
<strong>The</strong> following species accounts detail all the species <strong>of</strong> conservation interest, either threatened,<br />
Near Threatened or Restricted Range species, recorded from <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. In<br />
addition to these species, it is likely that the Near Threatened restricted-range species, Sooty<br />
Babbler Stachyris herberti, occurs in suitable habitat at BHH NR. A specialist <strong>of</strong> forest on<br />
limestone, this species has been recorded in suitable habitat in forests to the north and in Dakrong<br />
<strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> to the south (Nguyen Cu and Le Manh Hung 2004).<br />
Chestnut-necklaced Partridge Arborophila charltoni merlini<br />
This taxon has <strong>of</strong>ten been treated as a distinct species, Annam Partridge (e.g. Sibley & Monroe<br />
1990, 1993) and afforded Endangered status. However, following BirdLife International (2008) it<br />
is treated as a subspecies <strong>of</strong> Chestnut-necklaced Partridge and classified as Near Threatened.<br />
Chestnut-necklaced Partridge is locally common in lowland evergreen forest in BHH NR. It has<br />
been recorded in forest close to the Cha Ly stream, between there and the Laos border (Anon<br />
2005), and in forest near Cuoi village (Wilkinson and Nguyen Thanh Van 2006).<br />
Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi<br />
Not yet confirmed as recorded in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. This species is uncommon in<br />
lowland evergreen forest below 600 m and perhaps only common on gently undulating ground<br />
below 300 m. First reported in the forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> District in November 1923 when a male<br />
was collected; it was reported again in February 1924, when another male was collected<br />
(BirdLife International 2001). Despite substantial search effort, there were no records between<br />
1935 and 1996 and it was thought to perhaps be extinct. However, following its rediscovery in<br />
Phon Dien District in 1996, it was found near Kreng village, <strong>Huong</strong> Hiep Commune at (16035’N;<br />
107005’E), where local hunters trapped a pair (Le Trong Trai, et al, 1999). <strong>The</strong> female <strong>of</strong> this<br />
pair died and the male was transferred to Hanoi Zoo. This area is just outside the nature reserve<br />
boundary but suitable habitat extends from there into the nature reserve. It is the most frequently<br />
reported Lophura species by the Cuoi SSG, but the SSG at Cup report it very rarely and record<br />
30
other Lophura much more <strong>of</strong>ten. This may reflect genuine trends; Wilkinson and Nguyen Thanh<br />
Van (2006) assessed identification skills <strong>of</strong> SSG members and felt that they were <strong>of</strong> a high<br />
quality. However, in 2008 residents <strong>of</strong> Cuoi village only reported Silver Pheasant Lophura<br />
nycthemera and did not know <strong>of</strong> a black or blue pheasant in their area (Eames and Mahood 2008<br />
unpubl). Unlike other pheasant species known to exist in BHH NR, no physical evidence <strong>of</strong> this<br />
species has been found in hunters’ camps, or in residents’ houses. Its presence in the nature<br />
reserve still requires confirmation.<br />
Siamese Fireback Lophura diardi<br />
Fairly common in broadleaf lowland evergreen and lower montane forest <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR.<br />
It was recorded in <strong>Huong</strong> Lap and <strong>Huong</strong> Son communes during surveys in 2002 and 2004 (Le<br />
Manh Hung et al 2002 and Le Manh Hung et al 2004). <strong>The</strong> report from the latter survey pertained<br />
to a dried head <strong>of</strong> a male bird in a hunter’s house in Cuoi village.<br />
Crested Argus Rheinardia ocellata<br />
Formerly common in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong>, this species has declined markedly in recent years due to<br />
widespread snaring. It was recorded in <strong>Huong</strong> Lap and <strong>Huong</strong> Son communes during surveys in<br />
2002 and 2004 (Le Manh Hung et al 2002; Le Manh Hung et al 2004) and feathers <strong>of</strong> this species<br />
were found in hunting camps in 2005. Data from Site Support Groups indicate that it is scarce.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re was only one record from near Cuoi and four records from near Cup between 2004 and<br />
2005.<br />
Lesser Fish Eagle Ichthyophaga humilis<br />
A scarce resident on large rivers in BHH NR. A single bird was seen on 11 Feb 2004, flying over<br />
the forest canopy to the west <strong>of</strong> Cup village and another bird was recorded on the 14 and 16 th<br />
February 2004 near to the Khe Cuoi (a large stream), near Cuoi village (Le Manh Hung et al<br />
2004).<br />
Coral-billed Ground Cuckoo Carprococcyx renauldi<br />
Probably uncommon in BHH NR. Recorded by Le Trong Trai in 2005 (Anon 2005).<br />
Blyth’s Kingfisher Alcedo hercules<br />
Fairly common on rivers and large streams surrounded by good forest in BHH NR. In February<br />
2004, one bird was seen daily on a large stream inside the forest, west <strong>of</strong> Cup village and other<br />
individuals were seen along large streams to the west and north <strong>of</strong> Cuoi village (Le Manh Hung<br />
et al., 2004). Similarly, in May 2008, individuals were seen along the river between Cup and<br />
Cuoi villages, and along a large stream north <strong>of</strong> Cuoi village (Eames and Mahood 2008 unpubl).<br />
Crested Kingfisher Megaceryle lugubris<br />
Occurs on the larger rivers in the nature reserve. Recorded by Le Manh Hung et al. (2004), and at<br />
least one pair seen between Cup and Cuoi villages in May 2008 (Eames and Mahood 2008<br />
unpubl.).<br />
Austen’s Brown Hornbill Anorrhinus austeni<br />
Uncommon in lowland evergreen forest in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. A flock <strong>of</strong> 30<br />
individuals was recorded in the Dan Chu area <strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> in 2005 (Anon 2005).<br />
31
Great Hornbill Buceros birconis<br />
Now a very scarce resident <strong>of</strong> lowland and mid-montane evergreen forest in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong><br />
<strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. Recorded by Le Trong Trai only from the remote border area between Quang<br />
Binh and Quang Tri provinces (Anon 2005). During surveys no more than three individuals were<br />
seen in any one flock. Its persistence in forest along the international border with Laos is reported<br />
by hunters (Le Manh Hung et al, 2002).<br />
Red-collared Woodpecker Picus rabieri<br />
Scarce resident in lowland evergreen forest in BHH. Recorded in February 2004 to the west <strong>of</strong><br />
Cuoi at 350 m asl, at 16°55' 16’’N 106°37'54’’E; a singleton was seen actively feeding in a large<br />
tree (Le Manh Hung et al., 2004).<br />
Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler Jabouilleia danjoui<br />
Probably uncommon in BHH NR. Recorded by Le Trong Trai in 2005 and heard calling in midmontane<br />
forest close to the Ho Chi Minh Highway in May 2008 (Eames and Mahood unpubl.<br />
2008).<br />
Grey-faced Tit Babbler Macronous kelleyi<br />
Fairly common in lowland evergreen forest in BHH NR. Recorded by Le Trong Trai (Anon<br />
2005) and fairly commonly heard in lowland evergreen forest near Cup and Cuoi villages.<br />
White-cheeked Laughingthrush Garrulax vassali<br />
Fairly common in mid-montane forest in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR (Le Manh Hung et al. in prep.).<br />
3.4 Reptiles and Amphibians<br />
To date, at least 61 species <strong>of</strong> reptile and amphibian have been identified in BHH NR (Anon<br />
2005). Survey work by Ho Thu Cuc et al. in 2005, constituted the most comprehensive survey <strong>of</strong><br />
the amphibians and reptiles <strong>of</strong> BHH NR. Unfortunately, a complete species list from this survey<br />
is not available; therefore the species list presented in Appendix 4 is incomplete and contains<br />
only species recorded in subsequent surveys.<br />
One frog species, Philautus truongsonensis, was described as new to science in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong><br />
NR. <strong>The</strong> type series was collected in lowland evergreen forest at 400 m elevation near to Cup<br />
village, <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> District (Orlov and Ho Thu Cuc 2005). This species has subsequently been<br />
found at other sites in the central highlands including Ban a National Park, Danang Province,<br />
<strong>Bac</strong>h Ma National Park, Thua Thien Hue Province and Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park,<br />
Quang Binh Province (Orlov and Ho Thu Cuc 2005).<br />
Of the species listed for BHH NR in this report, five are considered threatened at a global level<br />
and 11 are considered threatened at a national level (IUCN 2007, Anon 2007) (Table 5.). It<br />
should be noted that assessment <strong>of</strong> threat has not been undertaken at a global scale for any<br />
reptiles except turtles. <strong>The</strong> Indochina region shows high levels <strong>of</strong> diversity in freshwater turtles<br />
and BHH NR has a number <strong>of</strong> species representative <strong>of</strong> central Vietnam.<br />
32
Table 5. Preliminary list <strong>of</strong> reptile and amphibian species <strong>of</strong> conservation concern from <strong>Bac</strong><br />
<strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
English name Scientific name VRDB IUCN<br />
Annam Spadefoot Toad Brachytarsophrys intermedia VU<br />
Wallace's Flying Frog Rhacophorus nigropalmatus VU<br />
Tokay Gekko gecko VU<br />
Indochinese Water Dragon Physignathus cocincinus VU<br />
Water monitor Varanus salvator EN<br />
Burmese Python Python molurus CR NT<br />
Common Rat Snake Pytas mucosus EN<br />
Banded Krait Bungarus fasciatus EN<br />
Indochinese Cobra Naja naja EN<br />
King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah CR<br />
Indochinese Box Turtle Cuora galbinifrons EN CR<br />
Chinese three-striped Box Turtle Cuora trifasciata CR CR<br />
Keeled Box Turtle Pyxhidea mohotti EN<br />
Four-eyed Turtle Sacalia quadriocellata EN<br />
<strong>The</strong> following species accounts provide a brief indication <strong>of</strong> the source <strong>of</strong> information for the<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> threatened reptiles and amphibians in BHH NR and details <strong>of</strong> their status where<br />
possible.<br />
Annam Spadefoot Toad Brachytarsophrys intermedia<br />
Listed for BHH NR by Cao Tien Trung (in prep.). Known only from a small area <strong>of</strong> central<br />
Vietnam where it inhabits forest close to streams (van Dijk 2004).<br />
Wallace's Flying Frog Rhacophorus nigropalmatus<br />
Listed for BHH NR by Cao Tien Trung (in prep).<br />
Tokay Gecko Gecko gecko<br />
In <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> NR, found primarily in primary and secondary lowland and mid-montane<br />
evergreen forest (Cao Tien Trung in prep.). Although elsewhere it is <strong>of</strong>ten found in human<br />
habitation, collection for trade is likely to have eliminated it from this habitat in BHH NR (Cox et<br />
al. 2006).<br />
Indochinese Water Dragon Physignathus cocincinus<br />
In BHH NR, usually found perched on overhanging branches along streams. A density <strong>of</strong> 2.8<br />
individuals per kilometre <strong>of</strong> stream has been recorded (Cao Tien Trung in prep.).<br />
Water Monitor Varanus salvator<br />
Provisionally listed for BHH NR on the basis <strong>of</strong> individuals found in trade near the nature reserve<br />
(Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). Found in forested areas up to 1,300 m, where it forages close to<br />
water (Cox et al. 2006).<br />
33
Burmese Python Python molurus<br />
Provisionally listed for BHH on the basis <strong>of</strong> hunters’ reports (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). It<br />
inhabits forested areas up to 900 m (Cox et al. 2006).<br />
Common Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus<br />
Provisionally listed for BHH on the basis <strong>of</strong> hunters’ reports (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006).<br />
Found in a wide variety <strong>of</strong> habitats up to 1,000 m (Cox et al. 2006).<br />
Banded Krait Bungarus fasciatus<br />
Provisionally listed for BHH on the basis <strong>of</strong> hunters’ reports (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006).<br />
Found primarily in the forested lowlands, but it has been found over 2,000 m.<br />
Indochinese Cobra Naja naja<br />
Provisionally listed for BHH on the basis <strong>of</strong> hunters’ reports (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). It<br />
inhabits the forested lowlands (Cox et al. 2006).<br />
King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah<br />
Provisionally listed for BHH on the basis <strong>of</strong> hunters’ reports (Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006). It<br />
inhabits forested areas up to at least 2,000 m and appears to be more common close to streams<br />
(Cox et al. 2006).<br />
Indochinese box turtle Cuora galbinifrons<br />
Live individuals collected by hunters have been recorded in BHH NR (Dang Ngoc Can et al.<br />
2006), probably <strong>of</strong> the subspecies C. g. bourreti, which is endemic to the central highlands <strong>of</strong><br />
Vietnam (Peter Paul van Dijk pers. comm.).<br />
Chinese three-striped box turtle Cuora trifasciata<br />
Live individuals collected by hunters have been recorded in BHH NR (Dang Ngoc Can et al.<br />
2006).<br />
Keeled box turtle Pyxhidea mohotti<br />
Live individuals collected by hunters have been recorded in BHH NR (Dang Ngoc Can et al.<br />
2006).<br />
Four-eyed Turtle Sacalia quadriocellata<br />
Live individuals collected by hunters have been recorded in BHH NR (Dang Ngoc Can et al.<br />
2006 and Cao Tien Trung et al. 2008).<br />
4. <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Evaluation<br />
4.1 Habitat Types<br />
BHH NR supports a mosaic <strong>of</strong> habitats, including 17,392 hectares <strong>of</strong> forest <strong>of</strong> high conservation<br />
importance (as defined by Tord<strong>of</strong>f et al. 2003). Most importantly, this includes some lowland<br />
evergreen forest below 300 m, which may be <strong>of</strong> critical importance for Edwards’s Pheasant. Less<br />
34
than 20% <strong>of</strong> the nature reserve is non-forest habitat, and with appropriate management, much <strong>of</strong><br />
this land may be rehabilitated. In general, the level <strong>of</strong> forest disturbance appears to decrease with<br />
increasing altitude, reflecting both the greater accessibility <strong>of</strong> forests at low altitudes and the<br />
greater abundance <strong>of</strong> valuable forest products at low elevation. Lowland evergreen forest,<br />
particularly below 300 metres, should be the highest priority for conservation efforts in the nature<br />
reserve.<br />
4.2 Globally Threatened Species, Restricted Range Species and Priority Taxa<br />
One globally threatened bird species, 21 globally threatened mammal species and at least five<br />
globally threatened amphibian species have been recorded from BHH NR. <strong>The</strong>se include Saola,<br />
classified as Critically Endangered globally and potentially also Edwards’s Pheasant, classified as<br />
Endangered globally. Two Critically Endangered turtles occur in the nature reserve and two<br />
Endangered species. Of these, the Critically Endangered Indochinese box turtle Cuora<br />
galbinifrons is represented by a race endemic to the central highlands <strong>of</strong> Vietnam, which is <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
considered a separate species (Peter Paul van Dijk pers. com). In addition, nine globally<br />
threatened plant species have been recorded, including four Critically Endangered species.<br />
BHH NR supports a high proportion <strong>of</strong> the bird species which define the Annamese Lowlands<br />
EBA. Of the three species which do not occur, Edwards’s Pheasant and Sooty Babbler are likely<br />
to be found in the nature reserve in the future and Vietnamese Pheasant Lophura hatinhensis is<br />
largely allopatric with Edwards’s Pheasant and may indeed be the conspecific with it (<strong>Birdlife</strong><br />
International 2001). BHH NR compares favourably with other sites in the Annamese Lowlands<br />
EBA, only Phuong Dien has more species. BHH NR therefore is <strong>of</strong> high importance for the<br />
conservation <strong>of</strong> the species which define this EBA.<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> restricted-range<br />
species<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
NN HN PD DK KG XL PH BE PN PM PT CP BM VQ BH<br />
Protected areas<br />
Figure 1. <strong>The</strong> number <strong>of</strong> restricted-range bird species in protected areas in the Annamese<br />
Lowlands EBA.<br />
NN = Nakai Nam <strong>The</strong>un; HN = Hin Nammo; PD = Phong Dien; DK = Dakrong; KG = Ke Go;<br />
XL = Xuan Lien; PH = Pu <strong>Huong</strong>; BE = Ben En; PN = Phong Nha; PM = Pu Mat; PT = Pu <strong>Hoa</strong>t;<br />
CP = Cuc Phoung; BM = <strong>Bac</strong>h Ma; VQ = Vu Quang; BH = <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong>.<br />
35
Note: data for protected areas other than <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> taken from Eames et al.<br />
(2001).<br />
BHH NR also compares favorably with protected areas <strong>of</strong> Priority Landscape CA1 in the Greater<br />
Truong Son Ecoregion (Figures 2-4.), in terms <strong>of</strong> the number <strong>of</strong> priority taxa it supports. For<br />
instance, BHH NR supports 21 <strong>of</strong> the priority bird taxa and 10 <strong>of</strong> the priority mammal taxa <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Priority Landscape. Consequently, BHH NR ranks second out <strong>of</strong> all <strong>of</strong> the protected areas in<br />
Priority Landscape CA1, regarding its number <strong>of</strong> priority mammal and bird taxa. BHH NR ranks<br />
relatively low in terms <strong>of</strong> the number <strong>of</strong> priority reptile taxa, although this may reflect the<br />
difficulty <strong>of</strong> accessing reptile data rather than actual trends. <strong>The</strong>se rankings should be treated with<br />
caution since data were taken from a 2003 publication. In addition, the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> the other<br />
protected areas in the analysis is now likely to be better known and therefore, many <strong>of</strong> them may<br />
rank as highly as <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. However, although this means that the forests<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> may be relatively less important than the analysis suggests, it does not affect<br />
the conclusion that BHH NR is <strong>of</strong> high conservation importance for the priority taxa <strong>of</strong> Priority<br />
Landscape CA1.<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> priority taxa<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
PD BN WQ QN KT KP KK KC XS PA DP DA BH<br />
Protected areas<br />
Figure 2. Number <strong>of</strong> priority mammal taxa in protected areas in Priority Landscape CA1.<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> priority taxa<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
PD BM BN QN KT KP KK KC XS PA DP DA BH<br />
Protected areas<br />
Figure 3. Number <strong>of</strong> priority bird taxa in protected areas in Priority Landscape CA1.<br />
36
Number <strong>of</strong> priority taxa<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
PD BN WQ KT KP KK BH<br />
Protected areas<br />
Figure 4. Number <strong>of</strong> priority reptile and amphibian taxa in protected areas in Priority Landscape<br />
CA1.<br />
Site: PD = Phon Dien and Dak Rong; BM = <strong>Bac</strong>h Ma; BN = Ba Na; WQ = western Quang Nam Province;<br />
QN = Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam); KT = Ngoc Linh (Kon Tum); KP = Kon Plong; KK = Kon Ka Kinh; KC<br />
= Kon Cha Rang; XS = Xe Sap; PA = Phou Ahyon; DP = Dakchung Plateau; DA = Dong Ampham<br />
Note: data for protected areas other than <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> were taken from Tord<strong>of</strong>f et al.<br />
(2003).<br />
4.3 Overall Levels <strong>of</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong><br />
Due to wide variation in survey effort between protected areas and variation in level <strong>of</strong> habitat<br />
heterogeneity, it is difficult to make meaningful comparisons <strong>of</strong> overall diversity between sites.<br />
<strong>The</strong> species lists for BHH NR are undoubtedly incomplete and rely on comparatively little<br />
fieldwork. However, BHH NR exhibits a similar range <strong>of</strong> habitats and elevations as other sites in<br />
the Annamese Lowlands EBA and probably supports a similar diversity <strong>of</strong> species.<br />
4.4 Management recommendations<br />
BHH NR is <strong>of</strong> global significance due to the species and habitats that it protects. An urgent<br />
priority is the establishment <strong>of</strong> a competent and enthusiastic management board. BHH NR faces a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> threats which, when it is established, the management board <strong>of</strong> the nature reserve<br />
should seek to address. <strong>The</strong> most important threats are hunting, forest clearance and selective<br />
logging. <strong>The</strong>se threats are typical <strong>of</strong> protected areas in the Annamese Lowlands and indeed<br />
throughout Vietnam. <strong>The</strong> following management recommendations address conservation<br />
priorities in BHH NR.<br />
Determine distribution <strong>of</strong> key taxa<br />
Surveys should be conducted to determine the distribution <strong>of</strong> key taxa, to facilitate priority setting<br />
in BHH NR. <strong>The</strong>se surveys should concentrate on threatened species representative <strong>of</strong> central<br />
Vietnam, with a high susceptibility to hunting or habitat degradation. With regards to birds, the<br />
priority is to determine whether Edwards’s Pheasant occurs in the nature reserve. <strong>The</strong>se surveys<br />
37
should be conducted in forest below 400 m near to Cuoi village and most importantly in the<br />
south-east, close to where the birds were caught in 1999. For mammals, the surveys should<br />
determine which forest areas are still inhabited by Saola, White-cheeked Gibbon, Red-shanked<br />
Douc Langurand HatinhLangur. Regarding reptiles, surveys should be conducted to determine<br />
which streams still support freshwater turtles.<br />
Development <strong>of</strong> hunting regulations<br />
Appropriate regulations should be developed and enforced. This should be achieved through<br />
involvement <strong>of</strong> SSGs. Regulations and enforcement should focus on preventing hunting in areas<br />
which are found to support populations <strong>of</strong> Edwards’s Pheasant, Saola, White-cheeked Gibbon,<br />
Red-shanked Douc Langurand HatinhLangur. <strong>The</strong> nature reserve should be zoned using the<br />
results <strong>of</strong> biodiversity surveys and enforcement should be concentrated in areas where<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essional hunters are known to operate and areas which still hold populations <strong>of</strong> key species.<br />
<strong>The</strong> nature reserve management should strengthen support to SSGs and seek synergies with other<br />
agencies operating in the area, to facilitate more effective enforcement <strong>of</strong> hunting regulations.<br />
Control human settlement along the Ho Chi Minh Highway<br />
Policies should be developed and enforced which strictly control settlement along the Ho Chi<br />
Minh Highway in BHH NR (Tord<strong>of</strong>f et al. 2002). New settlement adjacent to medium or high<br />
quality forest or within five kilometres <strong>of</strong> forest which supports populations <strong>of</strong> key species should<br />
not be permitted.<br />
Rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> poor quality forest and barren land<br />
Even within BHH NR forest cover is fragmented. Poor quality forest and barren land in the centre<br />
<strong>of</strong> the nature reserve and elsewhere should be the focus <strong>of</strong> a reafforestation programme, using<br />
only trees native to the nature reserve. <strong>The</strong> feasibility <strong>of</strong> reconnecting blocks <strong>of</strong> high and medium<br />
quality forest, with a minimum number <strong>of</strong> corridors should first be evaluated. Reafforested areas<br />
should form corridors linking existing areas <strong>of</strong> medium and good quality forest to facilitate<br />
dispersal <strong>of</strong> species.<br />
Support to community based conservation initiatives<br />
A rattan-growing model has been employed by BirdLife in communities in BHH NR. This<br />
should be evaluated, and if appropriate, expanded to other communities in the nature reserve.<br />
Management approach<br />
Like other protected areas in Vietnam, the efforts <strong>of</strong> the reserve management board are likely to<br />
be thwarted by inadequate law enforcement from relevant agencies, limited and poorly directed<br />
funding and a lack <strong>of</strong> interest in biodiversity conservation in relevant local stakeholders.<br />
Traditional approaches to protected area management in the central highlands <strong>of</strong> Vietnam may be<br />
inadequate to achieve these conservation priorities. Innovative approaches to protected area<br />
management <strong>of</strong>fer the chance to source novel areas <strong>of</strong> funding and trial different methods <strong>of</strong><br />
achieving conservation aims. Since it is newly established, BHH NR does not suffer from the<br />
inertia <strong>of</strong> poor past management practices, nor is there any precedent amongst local stakeholders<br />
for interaction with a protected area. BHH NR is likely to be last protected area gazetted in<br />
Vietnam and therefore it <strong>of</strong>fers the last chance to trial innovative management approaches on a<br />
protected area, with no previous management history.<br />
38
References<br />
Anon (2005) An Investment Plan for <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>.<br />
Anon (2007) Vietnam Red Data Book Ministry <strong>of</strong> Science and Technology and Vietnamese<br />
Academy <strong>of</strong> Science and Technology.<br />
Anon (2008) CIA World Factbook<br />
Baltzer M. C, Nguyen Thi Dao, R. G. Shore (Eds.) (2001) Towards a vision for biodiversity<br />
conservation in the forests <strong>of</strong> the Lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex. WWF Indochina/WWF<br />
US, Hanoi and Washington DC.<br />
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Book. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International.<br />
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status and taxonomic sources. Version 1. Downloaded from<br />
BirdLife International and the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (2001) Sourcebook <strong>of</strong><br />
Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam: BirdLife International<br />
Vietnam Programme and the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute.<br />
Cao Tien Trung in prep. Rapid amphibians and reptiles assessment <strong>of</strong> Quang Tri Province.<br />
Dang Ngoc Can (2004) A rapid field survey and conservation assessment <strong>of</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> District,<br />
Quang Tri Province. Report to BirdLife in Indochina, Hanoi, Vietnam.<br />
Dang Ngoc Can, Nguyen Thanh Van and Ngo Viet Huy (September, 2006) Evaluation <strong>of</strong> current<br />
wildlife hunting trapping and trade in <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, Quang Tri province. Ha<br />
Noi: September, 2006<br />
Dijk, P.P.v., Ashton, P., Ma, J. (1999) Indo-Burma. In R.A. Mittermeier, N. Myers, Robles-Gil<br />
P., C.G. Mittermeier. (Eds.), Hotspots. pp. 319-334. Mexico City: CEMEX.<br />
Eames, J. C., Robson, C. R., Nguyen Cu, Truong Van La (1992) Forest bird surveys in Vietnam<br />
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Eames, J. C., Lambert, F. R., Nguyen Cu. (1994) A survey <strong>of</strong> the Annamese Lowlands, Vietnam,<br />
and its implications for the conservation <strong>of</strong> Vietnamese and Imperial Pheasants Lophura<br />
hatinhensis and L. imperialis. Bird Conservation International 4: 343-382.<br />
Eames, J. C., Eve, R., Tord<strong>of</strong>f, A. W. (2001) <strong>The</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> Vu Quang <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>,<br />
Vietnam, for bird conservation in the Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area. Bird Conservation<br />
International 11: 247-285.<br />
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Holden, J. (2005) Camera trapping and photography in North <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong>, Quang Tri Province,<br />
Vietnam. Draft report for BirdLife International, Hanoi, Vietnam<br />
IUCN (2007) 2007 IUCN Red List <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 28 June 2008.<br />
Koy, K., Laverty, M., Horning, N., Sterling, E. (2006) Improving biodiversity conservation in<br />
threatened landscapes <strong>of</strong> central Vietnam. Project Summary Report. Centre for <strong>Biodiversity</strong><br />
Conservation, American Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, New York.<br />
Le Manh Hung, Pham Duc Tien, Tord<strong>of</strong>f A. W. and Nguyen Dinh Dung (2002a). A<br />
Rapid Field Survey <strong>of</strong> the Le Thuy and Quang Ninh Districts, Quang Binh Province,<br />
Vietnam. BirdLife International Vietnam Programme and the Institute <strong>of</strong> Ecology and<br />
Biological Resource.<br />
Le Manh Hung, Pham Duc Tien, Nguyen Duc Tu and Cao Dang Viet (2002b). A<br />
Rapid Field Survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> District, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. A technical<br />
report to BirdLife International Vietnam Programme.<br />
Le Manh Hung, Dang Ngoc Can, Nguyen Duc Tu, Tran Lu Hong, Ngo Viet Huy (2004) A rapid<br />
bird and mammal survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> Lap Commune, <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> District, Quang Tri Province,<br />
Vietnam. BirdLife in Indochina, Hanoi, Vietnam.<br />
Le Manh Hung, Dang Ngoc Can, Nguyen Duc Tu, Tran Lu Hong and Ngo Viet<br />
Huy (2004). A Rapid Bird and Mammal Survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> Lap commune, <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong><br />
Districts, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. A technical report to BirdLife International<br />
Vietnam Programme.<br />
Le Manh Hung, Dang Ngoc Can, Tran Lu Hong, Ngo Viet Huy, Nguyen Duc Tu (2004). A rapid<br />
field survey <strong>of</strong> north <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> District, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. BirdLife in Indochina,<br />
Hanoi, Vietnam.<br />
Le Manh Hung, Le Van Bao, Ngo Viet Huy, Ngo Kim Thai (in prep.), Avifauna <strong>of</strong> Quang Tri:<br />
Species And Communities, Quang Tri <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Status Review 2007/08 Report Series, No. 1,<br />
WWF and Quang Tri Forest Protection Department.<br />
Nguyen Cu, Le Manh Hung in pre (2004). Birds <strong>of</strong> Dakrong <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
(unpublished report).<br />
Nguyen Van Sang, Ho Thu Cuc (1996) Danh luc Bo sat, Ech nhai Vietnam. Nxb Khoa hoc Ky<br />
thuat, Ha Noi, 264 pages.<br />
Orlov, N. L, Ho Thu Cuc (2005) A new species <strong>of</strong> Philautus from Vietnam (Anura:<br />
Rhacophoridae). Russian Journal <strong>of</strong> Herpetology 12: pp135-142.<br />
Robson, C. R. (2005). A field guide to the birds <strong>of</strong> Thailand and South-East Asia.<br />
Bangkok: Asia Books.<br />
40
Sibley, C. G. and Monroe, B. L. (1990, 1993) Distribution and taxonomy <strong>of</strong> the birds <strong>of</strong> the<br />
world. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press.<br />
Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. and Wege, D. C. (1998). Endemic<br />
bird areas <strong>of</strong> the world: priorities for biodiversity conservation. Cambridge, U.K.:<br />
BirdLife International.<br />
Tord<strong>of</strong>f, A. W. ed. (2002) Directory <strong>of</strong> important bird areas in Vietnam: key sites for<br />
conservation. Hanoi: BirdLife International in Indochina and the Institute <strong>of</strong> Ecology and<br />
Biological Resources.<br />
Tord<strong>of</strong>f, A., Timmins, R., Smith, R., Mai Ky Vinh. (2003) A biological assessment <strong>of</strong> the Central<br />
Truong Son Landscape. Central Truong Son Report No. 1. WWF Indochina, Hanoi, Vietnam.<br />
Tord<strong>of</strong>f, A. W., Tran Quoc Bao, Nguyen Duc Tu and Le Manh Hung eds. (2004) Sourcebook <strong>of</strong><br />
existing and proposed protected areas in Vietnam. Second edition. Hanoi: BirdLife International<br />
in Indochina and the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Rural Development.<br />
Tran <strong>The</strong> <strong>Bac</strong>h (2007) Flora <strong>of</strong> Central Truong Son Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Institute <strong>of</strong> Ecology<br />
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conservation? Wildlife Conservation Society and Vietnam Forest Protection Department. Hanoi,<br />
Vietnam<br />
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Protected Areas Network in Vietnam for the 21st Century. An Analysis <strong>of</strong> the Current System with<br />
Recommendations for Equitable Expansion. Hanoi, Vietnam: BirdLife International Vietnam<br />
Programme<br />
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monitoring by Site Support Groups (SSGs) in Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. Report to BirdLife<br />
Indochina.<br />
41
Appendix 1. Plant species list for <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
Data from (Anon 2006), the results <strong>of</strong> surveys conducted by Le Trong Trai.<br />
1. Lycopodiaceae<br />
1 Lycopodium cernua (L.) Franco & Vasc<br />
2. Selaginellaceae<br />
2 Selaginella doderleinii Hieron.<br />
3 S. involvens (Sw.) Spring.<br />
4 S. petelotii Aston<br />
5 S. repanda (Desv.) Spring<br />
6 S. delicatula (Desv.) Alst.<br />
LYCOPODIOPHYTA<br />
3. Equisetaceae<br />
7 Equisetum ramosissimum Devs.<br />
PLYPODIOPHYTA<br />
4. Adiantaceae<br />
8 Adiantum flabellulatum L.<br />
9 A. philippense L.<br />
10 A. induratum Chr.<br />
11 A. diaphanum Bl.<br />
12 Antrophyum annamensis Chr. & Tard.<br />
13<br />
A. coriaceum (D. Don) Wall.<br />
14 Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw.<br />
15 Onychium siliculosum (Desv.) C. Chr.<br />
16 Pityrogramma culomelanos (L.) Link.<br />
17 Pteris biaurita L.<br />
18 P. ensiformis Burm.f.<br />
19 P. grevilleana Wall. ex Ag.<br />
20 P. linearis Poir.<br />
21 P. decrescens Chr.<br />
22 P. finotii Chr.<br />
5. Angiopteridaceae<br />
23 Angiopteris annamensis C. Ch & Tard.<br />
24 A. cochinchinensis de Vriese<br />
25 A. evecta (Forst.) H<strong>of</strong>fm.<br />
26 A. palmaeformis (Cav.) Chr.<br />
27 A. repandula de Vriese<br />
28 Archangiopteris cadieri Tard. & Christ<br />
6. Aspleniaceae<br />
29 Asplenium cheilosorum O. Kuntze ex Mett<br />
30 A. varians Wall ex Hook. & Grew.<br />
31 A. ensiforme Wall. Ex Hook. f.<br />
32 A. nidus L.<br />
33 A. colaniae Tard.-Blot.<br />
42
34 A. antrophyoides Chr.<br />
35 A. loriceum Chr.<br />
36 A. saxicola Rosenst<br />
37 A. crinicaule Hance<br />
38 A. hainanense Ching.<br />
39 Diplazium pinnatifido-pinnatum (Hook.) Moore<br />
40 D. conterminum Christ<br />
41 D. polypodiodes Bl.<br />
7. Blechnaceae<br />
42 Blechnum orientale L.<br />
8. Cyatheaceae<br />
43 Cyathea cotaminans (Hook.) Copel.<br />
44 C. latebrosa (Hook.) Copel.<br />
45 C. gigantea (Hook.) Holtt.<br />
9. Dennstaedtiaceae<br />
46 Dennstaedtia seabra (Hook.) Moore<br />
47 Lindsaea ensiformis L.<br />
48 Microlepia marginata (Hoult.) C. Chr.<br />
49 M. strigosa (Thunb.) Presl.<br />
50 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.<br />
10. Gleicheniaceae<br />
51 Dicranopteris linearis (Burzm.) Underw.<br />
52 D. dichotoma (Thunb.) Bernh.<br />
11. Grammitidaceae<br />
53 Grammitis dorsipila (Chr.) C. Chr. & Tard.<br />
54 Loxogramme acroscopa (Chr.) C. Chr.<br />
12. Marsileaceae<br />
55 Marsilea quadriflia L.<br />
56 M. crenata Prese.<br />
13. Polypodiaceae<br />
57 Alaomorpha coronans (Mett.) Copel.<br />
58 Colysis pothifolia (D. Don) Presl.<br />
59 Drynaria bonii Christ.<br />
60 Leptochilus axillaris (Cav.) Kaulf.<br />
61 Lemmaphyllum micrpophyllum C. Chr.<br />
62 Microsorum hancockii (<strong>Bac</strong>k.) Ching<br />
63 M. punctatum (L.) Copel.<br />
64 Phymatorus nigrescens (Bl.) Pic.Ser.<br />
65 Platycerium coronarium (Koen.) Desv.<br />
66 P. grande A. Cunn. ex J. Sm.<br />
67 P. lingua (Thunb.) Farw.<br />
68 Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.) Morton.<br />
14. Schizeaceae<br />
69 Lygodium auriculatum (Willd.) Alst<br />
70 L. conferme C. Chr.<br />
43
71 L. flexuosum (L.) Sw.<br />
72 L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.<br />
73 L. microstachyum Desv.<br />
74 L. salicifolium Presl.<br />
GYMNOSPERMAE<br />
15. Cycadaceae<br />
75 Cycas immersa Craib.<br />
16. Gnetaceae<br />
76 Gnetum gnemonoides Brongn.<br />
77 G. leptostachyum Bl.<br />
78 G. montanum Margf.<br />
79 G. formosum Margf.<br />
17. Podocarpaceae<br />
80 Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Bl.) de Laub.<br />
81 Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don.<br />
82 P. pilgeri Foxw.<br />
83 Nageia wallichiana (C. Presl.) O. Kuntze<br />
18. Cephalotaxaceae<br />
84 Cephalotaxus manii Hook. f.<br />
ANGIOSPERMAE<br />
Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledones)<br />
19. Acanthaceae<br />
85 Asystasia gangetica (L.). T.<br />
86 Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau.<br />
87 Dipteracanthus repens (L.) Hassk.<br />
88 Isoglossa inermis (R. Ben) B. Hans.<br />
89 J. ventricosa Wall.<br />
90 Justica fragilis Wall.<br />
91 Staurogyne bella Brem.<br />
92 Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lind.<br />
93 Thunbergia alata Boy ex Sims<br />
20. Actinidiaceae<br />
94 Saurauja roxburghii Wall.<br />
95 S. nepanlensis DC.<br />
21. Alangiaceae<br />
96 Alangium salviifolium Wargern.<br />
97 A. chinensis (Lour.) Harm<br />
22. Amaranthaceae<br />
98 Amaranthus spinosus L.<br />
99 A. tricolor L.<br />
100 A. viridis L.<br />
101 Achyranthes aspera L.<br />
102 A. bidentata Bl.<br />
103 Alternanthera paronychioides A. St. Hilaire.<br />
104 Celosia argentea L.<br />
44
23. Anacardiaceae<br />
105 Allospondias lakonensis (Pierre) Stap.<br />
106 Dracuntomelon schmidii Tard.<br />
107 Gluta gracilis Evr.<br />
108 Mangifera foetida Lour.<br />
109 M. indica L.<br />
110 Rhus javanica L.<br />
111 Semecarpus anacardiopsis Evr. & Tard.<br />
112 Toxicodendron succedana (L.) Mold.<br />
24. Ancistrocladaceae<br />
113 Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour.) Merr.<br />
25. Annonaceae<br />
114 Annona squamosa L.<br />
115 A. muricata L.<br />
116 Desmos cochinchinensis Lour.<br />
117 Goniothalamus multiovulatus Ast.<br />
118 Fissistigma oldhami (Heml.) Merr.<br />
119 Meiogyne subsessilis (Ast.) Sincl.<br />
120 Polyalthia clemensorum Ast.<br />
121 P. jucunda (Pierre) Fin. & Gagn.<br />
122 Uvaria cordata (Dun.) Wall. ex Alston<br />
123 U. lurida Hook. f. & Thoms.<br />
124 Xylopia vielana Pierre ex Fin & Gagn.<br />
26. Apiaceae<br />
125 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.<br />
126 Cnidium monnierii (L.) Cusson<br />
127 Eryngium foetidum L.<br />
128 Hydnocotyle sibthorpioides Lamk.<br />
129 Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) Crai.<br />
27. Apocynaceae<br />
130 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.<br />
131 Alyxia racemosa Pit.<br />
132 Bousingonia makongense Pierre in Pl.<br />
133 Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham) Wall. ex G. Don<br />
134 H. curtisii King & Gamble<br />
135 Hunteria zeylanica (Retz.) Gardn. & Thw.<br />
136 Kopsia harmandiana Pierre ex Pit.<br />
137 Melodinus annamense Pit.<br />
138 Parabarium micranthum (A. DC.) Pierre ex Spire<br />
139 Pottsia indora Pit.<br />
140 Rauvolfia cambodiana Pierre ex Pit<br />
141 Tabernaemontana bovina Lour.<br />
142 Wrightia annamensis Eb. & Dub.<br />
28. Aquifoliaceae<br />
143 Ilex cochinchinensis (Lour.) Loesen<br />
45
144 I. crenata Thunb.<br />
145 I. tonkiniana Loesen<br />
146 I. triflora Bl.<br />
29. Araliaceae<br />
147 Aralia armata Seem.<br />
148 Brassaiopsis glomerulata (Bl.) Regel.<br />
149 Dendropanax poilanei Bai<br />
150 Macropanax dispermus (Bl.) Kuntz.<br />
151 Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms.<br />
152 S. vidaliana Shang.<br />
153 Treevesia palmata (Roxb. & Lindl.) Visiani<br />
30. Aristolochiaceae<br />
154 Aristolochia piperrei H. Lec<br />
155 A. tagala Chamiss<br />
156 Asarum balansae Franch in Morot.<br />
31. Asclepiadaceae<br />
157 Criptolepsis buchananii Roem & Sch.<br />
158 Streptocaulon juventus (Lour.) Merr.<br />
159 Telosma cordata (Burm.f.) Merr.<br />
32. Asteraceae (Compositae)<br />
160 Ageratum conyzoides L.<br />
161 Bidens bipinnata L.<br />
162 Blumea lanceolata (Roxb.) Druce<br />
163 Cirsium japonicum Maxim<br />
164 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.<br />
165 Eupatorium odoratum L.<br />
166 Grangea maderaspatann (L.) Poir.<br />
167 Sigesbeckia orientalis L.<br />
168 Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray<br />
169 Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less<br />
170 V. macrachaenia Gagn.<br />
33. Begoniaceae<br />
171 Begonia aptera Bl.<br />
172 B. boisiana Gagn.<br />
173 B. eberhardtii Gagn.<br />
34. Betulaceae<br />
174 Carpinus viminea Lindl. in Wall.<br />
35. Bignoniaceae<br />
175 Oroxylon indicum (L.) vent<br />
176 Rademachera eberhardtii Dop.<br />
177 R. sinica (Hance) Hemsl.<br />
178 Stereospermum colais (Dillw.) Mabb<br />
179 S. neuranthum Kurz.<br />
36. Bombacaceae<br />
180 Bombac ceiba L.<br />
46
181 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gagn.<br />
37. Boraginaceae<br />
182 Cordia grandis Roxb.<br />
183 Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl.) Thunb ex Lehm<br />
184 Heliotropium indicum L.<br />
185 Tournefortia gaudichaudii Gagn.<br />
38. Brassicaceae<br />
186 Brassica intergrifolia (West.) O. B. Schultz<br />
187 B. junca (L.)<br />
188 B. oleracea L. var. capitata<br />
189 Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus Bail.<br />
190 Rorippa dubia (Pers) Hara.<br />
39. Burceraceae<br />
191 Burcera serrata Wall. ex Colebr.<br />
192 B. subulatum Guill.<br />
193 Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch ex DC.<br />
194 C. bengalense Roxb.<br />
195 C. parvum Leenh.<br />
40. Campanulaceae<br />
196 Lobelia zeylanica L.<br />
197 L. sinensis Lour.<br />
198 Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. DC.<br />
41.Capparaceae<br />
199 Capparis cantoniensis Lour.<br />
200 C. pyrifolia Lamk.<br />
201 C. radula Gagn.<br />
202 Cleome chelidonii L. f.<br />
203 C. gynandra L.<br />
204 C. viscosa L.<br />
205 Crateva magna (Lour.) DC.<br />
206 C. nurvala Buch. Ham<br />
207 Stixis scandens Lour.<br />
42. Caprifoliaceae<br />
208 Lonicera japonica Thunb.<br />
209 L. macrantha (D. Don) Sprengel<br />
210 Sambucus simpsonii Rehder.<br />
211 S. hookeri Rehder<br />
212 Vibrum punctatum Buch. Ham ex D. Don<br />
43. Celastraceae<br />
213 Euonymus javanicus Bl.<br />
214 E. laxiflorus Champ. in B & H<br />
215 Gymnosporia chevalieri Tard.<br />
216 Maytenus stylosa (Pierre) Lob. Callen<br />
217 Salacia pallens Pierre<br />
218 Siphonodon annamensis (Lec.) Merr.<br />
47
44. Clusiaceae (Guttiferae )<br />
219 Calophyllum dryobalanoides Pierr.<br />
220 Cratoxylon cochinchinensis (Lour.) Bl.<br />
221 C. maingayi Dyers in Hook. f.<br />
222 Garcinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Choiw.<br />
223 G. fusca Pierr.<br />
224 G. oblongifolia Champ. ex Benth.<br />
225 G. planchonii Pierr.<br />
45. Chloranthaceae<br />
226 Chloranthus crectus<br />
(Benth. & Hook.f.) Verdc.<br />
46. Combretaceae<br />
227 Quiqualis indica L.<br />
47. Connaraceae<br />
228 Connarus paniculatus Roxb.<br />
229 Roureopis stenopetala (Griff.) Schellenb.<br />
230 Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Aubl.<br />
48. Convolvulaceae<br />
231 Hewittia scandens (Milne) Mabberly<br />
232 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk<br />
233 I. batatas (L.) Lamk<br />
234 Jacmontia paniculata (Burm. f.) Hall.f.<br />
235 Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hall. f.<br />
236 M. hirta (L.) Merr.<br />
237 M. vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hall. f.<br />
238 Prana volubilis Burm. f.<br />
239 Xenostegia tridentata (L.) Austin & Staples<br />
50. Cucurbitaceae<br />
240 Benincasia hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.<br />
241 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt<br />
242 Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam<br />
243 C. moschata Duch. ex Lam<br />
244 C. pepo L.<br />
245 Cucurmis sativus L.<br />
246 C. sativus var. conomon (Thunb.) Mak<br />
247 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey<br />
248 Gymnopetalum cochinchinensis (Lour.) Kurz.<br />
249 G. integrifolium (Roxb.) Kurz.<br />
250 Hogsonia macrocarpa (Bl.) Cogn<br />
251 Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.<br />
252 L. cylindrica (L.) M. J. Roem<br />
253 Momordia charantia L.<br />
254 M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng<br />
255 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. J. Roem<br />
256 Solena heterophylla Lour.<br />
48
257 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour.<br />
258 Zehneria indica (Lour.) Keyr.<br />
51. Dilleniaceae<br />
259 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.<br />
260 D. turbinata Fin & Gagn.<br />
261 Tetrcera sarmentosa (L.) Vahl<br />
262 T. scandens (L.) Merr.<br />
52. Dipterocarpaceae<br />
263 Dipterocapus grandiflorus Blco<br />
264 D. hasseltii Bl.<br />
265 D. kerrii King.<br />
53. Ebenaceae<br />
266 Diospyros kaki L.f.<br />
267 D. cauliflora Bl.<br />
268 D. lancaefolia Roxb.<br />
269 D. longebracteata Lec<br />
270 D. martabarica C. B. Cl.<br />
271 D. moi Lec<br />
272 D. pilosula (A. DC.) Hiern.<br />
273 D. rufogemmata Lec<br />
54. Elaeocarpaceae<br />
273 Elaeocarpus grandiflorus J. E. Smith.<br />
274 E. griffithii (Wight.) A. Gray<br />
275 E. hainamensis Oliv.<br />
276 E. limitanus Hand. Mazz<br />
277 E. petiolatus (Jack.) Wall. ex Kurz.<br />
278 E. stipulatus Bl.<br />
279 E. angustifolius Bl.<br />
55. Euphorbiaceae<br />
280 Alchornia rugosa (Lour.) Muell.-Arg.<br />
281 A. tiliaefolia (Benth.) Muell.-Arg.<br />
282 Aleurites cordata (Thumb.) R. Br. ex Steu<br />
283 Antidesma bunius Spreng.<br />
284 A. ghaesembilla Gaertn<br />
285 A. hainanensis Merr.<br />
286 A. yunnanensis Pax & H<strong>of</strong>fm.<br />
287 Aporusa ficifolia H. Baillon<br />
288 A. sphaerospermum Gagn.<br />
289 <strong>Bac</strong>caurea silvestris Lour.<br />
290 Bisch<strong>of</strong>ia javanica Bl.<br />
291 Breynia angustifolia Hook.f.<br />
292 B. fruticosa (L.) Hook.f.<br />
293 Bridelia monoica (Lour.) Merr.<br />
294 Bridelia ovata Dcne.<br />
295 Claoxylon longifolium (Bl.) Endl. ex Hassk.<br />
49
296 Croton touranensis Gagn.<br />
297 Endospermum chinense Benth.<br />
298 Euphorbia hirta L.<br />
299 E. indica Lamk.<br />
300 E. orbiculata Miq.<br />
301 E. pulcherrima Jacq.<br />
302 E. thymifolia L.<br />
303 Glochidion rubrum Bl.<br />
304 G. zaylanicum A. Jus<br />
305 Homonoia riparis Lour.<br />
306 Macaranga balansae Gagn.<br />
307 M. denticulata (Bl.) Muell.-Arg<br />
308 M. henricorum Hemsl.<br />
309 Mallotus apelta Muell.-Arg.<br />
310 M. barbatus Muell.-Arg.<br />
311 M. floribundus (Bl.) Muell.-Arg<br />
312 M. macrostachyus (Miq.) Muell.-Arg.<br />
313 M. paniculata (Lamk.) Muell.-Arg.<br />
314 M. phillippensis (Lamk.) Muell.-Arg.<br />
315 M. repandus (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.<br />
316 M. tetracocus (Roxb.) kurz.<br />
317 Manihot esculanta Crantz.<br />
318 Phyllanthus debilis klein ex Willd.<br />
319 P. emblica L.<br />
320 P. reticulata Poir.<br />
321 P. rube Spreng.<br />
322 P. urinaria L.<br />
323 Sapium discolor. (Benth.) Muell.-Arg.<br />
324 S. rotundifolium Hemsl.<br />
325 S. sebiferum (L.) Roxb.<br />
326 Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.<br />
327 Securinega vilosa (Willd.) Pax & H<strong>of</strong>fm.<br />
56. Fabaceae<br />
Ceasalpinioideae<br />
328 Bauhinia bracteaca (Benth.) Baker<br />
329 B. clemensiorum Merr.<br />
330 B. curtisii Prain.<br />
331 B. lakhonensis Gagn.<br />
332 Bauhinia viridescens Desv.<br />
333 B. hirsuta Weimnann.<br />
334 B. saccocalyx Pierre.<br />
335 Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.<br />
336 C. latisilliqua (Cav.) Hatt<br />
337 C. mimax Hance<br />
338 C. mimosoides Lamk.<br />
50
339 Cassia alrata L.<br />
340 Dialium cochinchinensis Pierre<br />
341 Erythrophleum fordii Oliv<br />
342 Peltophorum dasyrrachis (Miq.) Kurz.<br />
343 P. pterocarpum (A.P.de Cand.) <strong>Bac</strong>k. ex Heyrne<br />
344 Saraca indica L.<br />
345 Sindora tonkinensis A. Chev. ex K. & S. S. Lars.<br />
Mimosoideae<br />
346 Acacia concinna (Willd.) A. DC.<br />
347 Albizia chinensis (Osb.) Merr.<br />
348 A. corniculata (Lour.) Pruce<br />
349 A. lucidior (Steud.) I. Niels.<br />
350 Archidendron balansae (Oliv.) I. Niels.<br />
351 A. bauchei. (Gagn.) I. Niels<br />
352 A. chevalieri (Kost.) I. Niels.<br />
353 A. robinsonii (Gagn.) I. Niels.<br />
354 Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.<br />
355 Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle<br />
356 M. pudica L.<br />
Papilionoideae<br />
357 Arachis hypogea L.<br />
358 Bowringia calicarpa Champ.<br />
359 Crotalaria incana L.<br />
360 C. bialata Schrank<br />
361 Dalbergia entadoides Pierre ex Gagn.<br />
362 D. polyadelpha Prain.<br />
363 D. rimosa Roxb.<br />
364 Deris acuminata (Grah.) Benth.<br />
365 D. indica Benn. Nim<br />
366 Desmodium pulchellum (L.) Benth.<br />
367 D. triflorum DC.<br />
368 D. zonantum Miq.<br />
369 Erythrina fusca Lour.<br />
370 E. variegata L.<br />
371 Indig<strong>of</strong>era hirsuta L.<br />
372 I. trifolia L.<br />
373 Milletia ichthyotona Drake<br />
374 M. ebehardtii Gagn.<br />
375 Ormosia laosensis Niyodham.<br />
376 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.<br />
377 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Prers.<br />
378 Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.<br />
379 V. unguiculata (L.) Walp.<br />
57. Fagaceae<br />
380 Castanopsis armata Spach.<br />
51
381 C. ceratacantha Rehd. & Wils.<br />
382 C. dongchoensis Hiek & Cam.<br />
383 C. indica (Roxb.) A.D.C. in Seem.<br />
384 C. quangtriensis Hick & Cam.<br />
385 C. teheponensis Hick & Cam.<br />
386 C. nebulorum A. Cam.<br />
387 Lithocarpus ahabdostachya (Hick. & Cam.) A. Cam.<br />
388 L. dinhensis (Hick. & Cam) Barn.<br />
389 L. fenestratus (Roxb.) Rehd.<br />
390 L. microsperma A. Cam.<br />
391 L. ailaoensis A. Cam<br />
392 L. corneus (Lour.) Rehd.<br />
393 L. haemispherica (Drake) Cam.<br />
394 L. jacksoniana A. Cam.<br />
395 L. pachylepis A. Cam.<br />
396 Q. arbutifolia Hick. & Cam.<br />
397 Q. bambusaefolia Hance in Seem<br />
398 Q. gomeziana A. Cam.<br />
58. Flacourtiaceae<br />
399 Casearia balansae Gagn.<br />
400 C. gromerata Roxb.<br />
401 C. membranacea Hance.<br />
402 Flacourtia rukkam Zoll. & Morr.<br />
403 Homalium ceylanicaum (Gardn.) Benth.<br />
404 H. myrandrum Merr.<br />
405 Hydnocarpus annamensis (Gagn.) Lese. & Sleum.<br />
406 H. ilicifolia King<br />
407 H. kurzii (King) Warb.<br />
59. Hamamelidaceae<br />
408 Liquidambar farmosana Hance<br />
409 Rhodoleia championii Hook.f.<br />
410 Symingtonia populnea (Griff.) Steem.<br />
60. Icacinacea<br />
411 Gomphadra tetrandra (Wall.) Sleum<br />
412 Iodes cirrhosa Turcz<br />
61. Jugladaceae<br />
413 Engelhardia roxburghiana Wall.<br />
414 E. spicata Lesch. ex Bl.<br />
415 E. serrata Bl.<br />
416 Pterocarya stenoptera C. DC.<br />
62. Lamiaceae<br />
417 Coleus scutellaroides (l.) Benth.<br />
418 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link<br />
419 Mentha quatica L.<br />
420 Pogostemon auricularia Phamhoang<br />
52
421 Orthosiphon spiralis (Lour.) Merr.<br />
422 Perilla frutescens (Thunb.) Hand.-Mazz.<br />
423 Salvia plebeia R. Br.<br />
63. Lauraceae<br />
424 Alsecodaphne tonkinensis Liouho<br />
425 Beilschmiedia ferruginea Liouho<br />
426 Caryodapnosis tonkinensis (Lec.) A. Shaw<br />
427 Cassytha filiformis L.<br />
428 Cinnamomum glaucescens (Buch. Hamilt.) Drury<br />
429 C. scalarinervium Kost<br />
430 C. parthenocylon Meissn.<br />
431 C. bejolgota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet.<br />
432 C. camphora (L.) J. S. Prest<br />
433 C. balansae Lec.<br />
434 Cryptocarya annamensis Allen.<br />
435 C. ferrea Bl.<br />
436 C. petelotii Kost.<br />
437 Dehaasia triandra Merr.<br />
438 Ediandra rubescens (Bl.) Mi<br />
439 Lindera chunii Merr.<br />
440 Litsea balansae Lec.<br />
441 L. cubeba (Lour.) Pers.<br />
442 L. glutinosa (Lour.) Rob.<br />
443 Machilus platycarpa Chun.<br />
444 Neolitsea chuii Merr.<br />
445 Persea velutina (Champ.) Kost.<br />
446 Phoebe attenuata Necc.<br />
447 P. sheareri Gamble<br />
64. Leaceae<br />
448 Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr.<br />
449 L. thorelli Gagn.<br />
450 L. manillensis Walp.<br />
451 L. rubra Bl. ex Spreng.<br />
65. Lecythidaceae<br />
452 Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn.<br />
453 B. eberhardtii Gagn.<br />
454 B. macrocarpa Hassk.<br />
66. Loganiaceae<br />
455 Gelsemium elegans (Gardn. & Champ.) Benth.<br />
456 Fagraea fragrans Roxb.<br />
457 F. auriculata Jack.<br />
458 Strychnos angustifolia Benth.<br />
459 S. ignatii Bergius<br />
460 S. ovata Hill<br />
461 S. vanpruckii<br />
53
67. Loranthaceae<br />
462 Dendrophtoe pentandra (L.) Miq.<br />
463 Ginalloa siamica Crai<br />
464 Macrosolen robinsonii (Gamble) Dance<br />
465 Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Dance<br />
466 Viscum liquidambaricum Hay<br />
68. Lythraceae<br />
467 Lagerstroemia ovalifolia Teijsm & Binn.<br />
468 L. duperreana Pierre ex Gagn.<br />
469 L. tomentosa Presl.<br />
69. Magnoliaceae<br />
470 Michelia mediocris Dandy<br />
471 M. faveolata Merr. ex Dandy<br />
472 Paramichelia baillonii (Pierre) Hu. kuidui<br />
70. Malvaceae<br />
473 Abemoschatus moschatus Medicus<br />
474 Hibiscus grewiaefolius Hassk.<br />
475 H. rosa-sinensis L.<br />
476 H. surattensis L.<br />
477 Sida cordifolia L.<br />
478 S. ocuta Burm.f.<br />
479 S. rhombifolia L.<br />
480 Urena lobata L.<br />
71. Melastomataceae<br />
481 Allomorphia subsessilis Craib.<br />
482 Blastus borneensis Cogn<br />
483 B. cochinchinensis Lour.<br />
484 Medinilla assamica (C. B. Cl.) Chen<br />
485 Melastoma bauchei Guill.<br />
486 M. eberhartii Guill.<br />
487 M. normale D. Don<br />
488 Memecylon edule Roxb.<br />
489 M. scutellatum (Lour.) Naud.<br />
490 Osbeckia chinensis L.<br />
491 O. stellata Buch.-Ham ex D. Don<br />
492 Otanthera annamica (Guill.) C. Hance<br />
493 Phyllagathis prostrata C. Hance<br />
494 Pseudodissochaeta lanceolata Nayar.<br />
72. Meliaceae<br />
495 Aglaia annamensis Pell.<br />
496 Amoora dasyclada (How & Chen) C.V.Wu<br />
497 A. gigantea Pierre<br />
498 A. oligosperma (Pierre) Pell.<br />
499 Chukrasia tabularis A. Jus.<br />
500 Cipadessa baccifera Pell.<br />
54
501 Dysoxylum juglans (Hance) Pell.<br />
502 Melia azedarach. L.<br />
503 Sandoricum binectariferum Hook.f.<br />
73. Menispermaceae<br />
504 Coscinium fenestratum (Gagn.) Colebr.<br />
505 Diploclisia glaucescens (Bl.) Diel<br />
506 Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.<br />
507 Limacia scandens Lour.<br />
508 Pycnarrhena poilanei (Gagn.) Forman.<br />
509 Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers.<br />
510 S. rotunda Lour.<br />
74. Moraceae<br />
511 Artocarpus borneensis Merr.<br />
512 A. melinoxyla Gagn.<br />
513 A. nitida Trec<br />
514 Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L`. Her ex Vent.<br />
515 Ficus altissima Bl.<br />
516 F. auriculata Lour.<br />
517 F. benjamina L.<br />
518 F. fulva Reinw. ex Bl.<br />
519 F. glaberrima Bl.<br />
520 F. heterophylla L.f.<br />
521 F. hispida L.f.<br />
522 F. nervosa Heyne ex Roth.<br />
523 F. pandurata Hance<br />
524 F. pumila L.<br />
525 F. subpyrifomis Hook & Arn.<br />
526 F. sumatrana Miq.<br />
527 F. vasculosa Wall. ex Miq.<br />
528 F. virens Ait.<br />
529 Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner.<br />
530 Pleicospermum andamanicum King<br />
531 Streblus taxoides (Heyne) Kurz.<br />
532 S. laxiflorus (Hutch.) Corn.<br />
533 S. zeylanicus (Thw) Kurz.<br />
534 Taxotrophis caudata Hutch.<br />
75. Myristicaceae<br />
535 Horsfieldia thorelii Lec.<br />
536 Knema elegans Warb.<br />
537 K. erratica (Hook.f.th) Sincl.<br />
538 K. globularia (Lamk.) Warb.<br />
76. Myrsinaceae<br />
539 Ardisia colorata Roxb.<br />
540 A. expansa Pit.<br />
541 A. gigantifolia Stapf.<br />
55
542 A. harmandii Pierre<br />
543 A. lecomtei Pit<br />
544 A. miniata Pit<br />
545 A. quiquegona Bl.<br />
546 A. racemosa Mez.<br />
547 A. silvestris Pit.<br />
548 A. stellifera Pit<br />
549 A. tinctoria Pit.<br />
550 A. aciphylla Pit<br />
551 Embelia ribes Burm.f.<br />
552 E. ferruginea Wall.<br />
553 Maesa perlarius (Lour.) Merr<br />
554 M. ramentacea Wall.<br />
555 M. sinensis A.DC.<br />
556 M. indica Wall. in Roxb.<br />
557 M. membranacea A.DC.<br />
77. Myrtaceae<br />
558 Cleistocalyx nervosum DC.<br />
559 Psidium guajava L.<br />
560 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hacck.<br />
561 Syzygium abotivum (Gagn.) Merr & Perry<br />
562 S. bullockii (Hance) Merr. Perry<br />
563 S. levinii (Merr.) Merr. & Perry<br />
564 S. oblatum (Roxb.) A.M. & J.M Cowan<br />
565 S. polyanthum (Wight.) Walp.<br />
566 S. jambos (Gagn.) Merr & Perry<br />
567 S. zeylanicum (L.) DC.<br />
568 S. wightianum Wall.<br />
78. Ochnaceae<br />
569 Gomphia striata (V. Tiegh.) C.F. Wei<br />
570 G. serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis<br />
571 Ochna integerrium (Lour.) Merr.<br />
79. Onagraceae<br />
572 Ludwidgia adscendens (L.) Hara<br />
573 L. octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven<br />
574 L. perennis L.<br />
80. Opiliaceae<br />
575 Melientha suavis Pierre<br />
81. Oxalidaceae<br />
576 Averrhoa calambola L.<br />
577 Biophytum sensitivum (Lour.) DC.<br />
578 Oxalis corymbosa DC.<br />
82. Passifloraceae<br />
579 Passiflora foetida L.<br />
83. Piperaceae<br />
56
580 Peperomia pullucida Kunth.<br />
581 Pipe betle L.<br />
582 P. lolot. C. DC.<br />
583 P. nigrum L.<br />
584 P. saxicola C. DC.<br />
84. Plantaginaceae<br />
585 Plantago asiatica L.<br />
85. Polygalaceae<br />
586 Polygala brachystachya DC.<br />
587 P. erioptera DC.<br />
588 P. laotica Gagn.<br />
589 Solomonia cantoniensis Lour.<br />
590 Xanthophyllum glaucum Wall.<br />
591 X. silvestre Gagn.<br />
86. Polygonaceae<br />
592 Polygonum barbatum L.<br />
593 P. glabrum Will.<br />
594 P. persicaria Meissn.<br />
595 P. tomentosum Willd.<br />
87. Portulacaceae<br />
596 Portulaca pilosa L.<br />
597 P. oleracea L.<br />
88. Proteaceae<br />
598 Helicia cochinchinensis Lour.<br />
599 H. longepetiolata Merr & Chun<br />
600 H. nilagirica Bedd.<br />
601 H. obovatifolia Merr. & Chunn.<br />
602 H. petiolaris Benn.<br />
603 Heliciopsis terminalis (Kurz.) Sleumer<br />
89. Ranunculaceae<br />
604 Anemone poilanei Gagn.<br />
605 A. sumatrana De Vriese<br />
606 Clematis chinensis Retz.<br />
607 C. smilacifolia Wall.<br />
90. Rhamnaceae<br />
608 Berchemia loureiriana Lec.<br />
609 Gouania javanica Miq.<br />
610 Sagerelia theezan (L.) Brogn.<br />
611 Ventilago hermandiana Pierre<br />
612 Zizyphus cambodiana Pierre<br />
613 Z. oenoplia (L.) Mill.<br />
614 Z. rugosus Lamk.<br />
615 Z. maurantiana Lamk.<br />
91. Rhizophoraceae<br />
616 Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.<br />
57
617 C. suffruticosa Ridl.<br />
92. Rosaceae<br />
618 Photinia prunifolia (H & A.) Lindl.<br />
619 Prunus arborea (Hook.f.) Kalm.<br />
620 Raphiolepsis indica (L.) Lindl. ex ker.<br />
621 Rubus asper Wall. ex Don<br />
622 R. cochinchinensis Card.<br />
623 R. moluccanus (Bl.) Kalm.<br />
624 R. multibracteatus Levl. & Van<br />
625 R. niveus Thunb.<br />
626 R. pavifolius L.<br />
93. Rubiaceae<br />
627 Canthium grabrum Bl.<br />
628 Fagerlindia depauperata (Drake) Tirv.<br />
629 Gardenia angustifolia (L.) Merr.<br />
630 Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam<br />
631 H. corymbosa (L.) Lam<br />
632 H. diffusa Willd.<br />
633 H. grandis (Pit.)<br />
634 H. vestica R. Br. ex G. Don<br />
635 Ixora chinensis Lam.<br />
636 I. finlaysoniana Wall.<br />
637 Lasianthus condorensis Pierre ex Pit<br />
638 Morinda citifolia L.<br />
639 Mussaenda aptera Pit.<br />
640 M. cambodiana Pierre.<br />
641 Neonauclea purpurea (Roxb.) Merr<br />
642 Oxyceros vidalii Tirw.<br />
643 Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr.<br />
644 Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poit.<br />
645 P. samentosa Bl.<br />
646 Randia canthioides Champ.<br />
647 R. spinosa Bl.<br />
648 Saposma annamense Pierre<br />
649 Uncaria homomalla Miq<br />
650 Wendlandia paniculata (Roxb.) DC<br />
94. Rutaceae<br />
651 Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq.<br />
652 Atalantia sessiliflora Guill.<br />
653 Citrus aurantifolia (Chritm.) Sw.<br />
654 C. deliciosa Ten<br />
655 C. grandis (Lour.) Osb.<br />
656 C. limonia Osb.<br />
657 C. nobilis Lour<br />
658 Clausena indica (Dez.) Oliv.<br />
58
659 Euodia lepta (Spreng) Merr<br />
660 E. melifolia Benth.<br />
661 Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Bl.) Spr.<br />
662 G. ovoidae Pierre<br />
663 G. sapindoides Lindl ex Oliv<br />
664 Luvunga sarmentosa (Bl.) Kurz<br />
665 Micromelum minutum (Forst.) W.&A<br />
666 Murray paniculata (L.) Jack<br />
667 Severinia monophylla (L.) Tan<br />
668 Zanthoxylum aviceniae (Lamk.) DC<br />
669 Z. nitidum (Lamk.) DC<br />
95. Sapindaceae<br />
670 Amesiodendron chinense (Merr.) Hu<br />
671 Arytera littoralis Bl.<br />
672 Cardiospermum halicacabum L.<br />
673 Dimocarpus fumatus (Bl.) Leenh.<br />
674 D. longan Lour.<br />
675 Litchi sinensis Radlk.<br />
676 Mischocarpus poilanei Gagn.<br />
677 Nephelium milliferum Gagn.<br />
678 Paviesia annamensis Pierre<br />
679 Pometia pinnata J. R.& Forst.<br />
96. Sapotaceae<br />
680 Donella lanceolata (Bl.) Aubr.<br />
681 Madhuca pasquieri (Dub.) H.J.Lam<br />
682 Planchonella annamensis Pierre ex Dub.<br />
683 Xantolis dongnaiensis (Dub.) Aubr.<br />
97. Schisandraceae<br />
684 Kadsura roxburghiana Arnott.<br />
98. Simaroubaceae<br />
685 Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alst<br />
686 Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.<br />
687 Eurycoma harmandiana Pierre<br />
688 Harrisonia perforata (Bl.) Merr<br />
99. Smilacaceae<br />
689 Smilax bauhinioides Kunth.<br />
690 S. corbularia Kunth.<br />
691 S. ganepainii Koy.<br />
692 S. glabra Roxb.<br />
693 S. lanceifolia Roxb.<br />
694 S. paniculata Gagn.<br />
695 S. riparia A.&C.DC<br />
100. Solanaceae<br />
696 Capsicum frutescens L.<br />
697 Physalis angulata L.<br />
59
698 Solanum americanum Midl.<br />
699 S. procumbens Lour.<br />
700 S. torvum Swartz.<br />
701 S. trilobatum L.<br />
702 S. undatum Poir.<br />
703 S. melogena L.<br />
704 S. erianthum D. Don<br />
101. Sonneratiaceae<br />
705 Duabanga grandiflora (DC.) Walp.<br />
102. Sterculiaceae<br />
706 Byttneria pilosa Roxb.<br />
707 B. andamensis Kurz.<br />
708 Helicteres angustifolia L.<br />
709 H. angustifolia Pierre.<br />
710 H. hirsuta Lour.<br />
711 H. viscida Bl.<br />
712 Helitiera cochinchinensis (Pierre) Kost.<br />
713 Pterospermum diversifolium Bl.<br />
714 P. heterophyllum. Hance<br />
715 P. truncatolobatum Gagn.<br />
716 Sterculia alata Roxb.<br />
717 S. hymenocalyx K. Schum<br />
718 S. hyposticta Miq.<br />
719 S. lanceolata Cav.<br />
103. Symplocaceae<br />
720 Symplocos adenophylla Wall. ex O. Don<br />
721 S. anomala Brand.<br />
722 S. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Nooteb.<br />
723 S. disepala Guill.<br />
724 S. lanceolata Sieb. & Zucc<br />
725 S. paniculata (Thunb.) Druce<br />
726 S. pendula Wight.<br />
104. <strong>The</strong>aceae<br />
727 Adinandra annamensis Gagn.<br />
728 A. rubropunctata Merr. & Chun<br />
729 Camellia assimilis Champ. ex Benth.<br />
730 C. dormoyana (Pierr.) Senly<br />
731 C. sinensis (L.) O. Ktze<br />
732 Eurya cerasifolia (D.Don) Kob.<br />
733 E. annamensis Gagn.<br />
734 E. cerasifolia (D. Don.) Kob.<br />
735 E. tonkinensis Gagn.<br />
736 Godonia tonkinensis Pit.<br />
737 Pyrenaria poilaneana Gagn.<br />
738 Schima wallichii DC. Korth.<br />
60
739 Ternstroemia japonica Thunb.<br />
105. Thymeleaceae<br />
740 Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lec<br />
741 A. baillonii Pierre. ex Lec.<br />
742 Wikstroemia poilanei Leandri<br />
106. Tiliaceae<br />
743 Corchorus nestuans L.<br />
744 Grewia bulot Gagn.<br />
745 G. eberhardtii H. Lec.<br />
746 G. paniculata Roxb. ex DC<br />
747 Triumfetta pseudocana Spragua & Craib.<br />
748 T. bactramia L.<br />
107. Ulmaceae<br />
749 Gironniera cuspidata (Bl.) Pl. ex Kurz.<br />
750 G. subequalis Pl.<br />
751 G. orientalis Thunb.<br />
752 Trema cannabina Lour.<br />
753 T. orientasis (L.) Bl.<br />
108. Urticaceae<br />
754 Boemeria tonkinensis Gagn.<br />
755 Debregeasia squamata King.f.<br />
756 Dendrocnide urentissima (Gagn.) Chev.<br />
757 Elatostema cuneatum Wight.<br />
758 E. dissectum Wedd.<br />
759 Laportea interrupta (Gauld.) Chew.<br />
760 L. thorelii Gagn.<br />
761 Pellonia eberhardtii Gagn.<br />
762 P. cristulata Gagn.<br />
763 Poikilospermum suaveolens (Bl.) Merr.<br />
764 Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn.<br />
765 P. hirta Hassk.<br />
766 Villebrunea tonkinensis Gagn.<br />
767 V. frutescens Bl.<br />
109. Verbenaceae<br />
768 Callicarpa acutidens Schauer<br />
769 C. longifolia Lam<br />
770 Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turz<br />
771 C. paniculatum L.<br />
772 C. schmidtii C.B.Cl.<br />
773 Gmelia arborea Roxb.<br />
774 G. asiatica L.<br />
775 Lantana camara L.<br />
776 Premna balansae Dop.<br />
777 P. serratifolia L.<br />
778 Tsoongia axillariflora Merr.<br />
61
779 Vitex pierreana P. Dop.<br />
780 V. sumatrana King & Gamble<br />
781 V. negundo L.<br />
782 V. trifolia (O. Ktze) Mold<br />
783 Verbena <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.<br />
110. Vitaceae<br />
784 Ampelopsis annamensis Gagn.<br />
785 A. cantiniensis Planch.<br />
786 Cayratia palmata Gagn.<br />
787 C. trifolia (L.) Domino<br />
788 Cissus astrotricha Gagn.<br />
789 C. hastata Pl.<br />
790 C. hexangularis Thor. ex Gagn.<br />
791 C. modeccoides Pl.<br />
792 Vitis balanseana Pl.<br />
LILIOPSIDA (MONOCOTYLEDONES)<br />
111. Agavaceae -Họ Agao<br />
793 Dracaena cochinchnensis (Lour.) Merr.<br />
794 D. gracilis Wall.<br />
795 D. cambodia Pierre ex Gagn.<br />
796 Sanseviera hyacinthoides (L.) Druce<br />
112. Amaryllidaceae<br />
797 Curculigo disticha Gagn.<br />
798 C. gracilis Wall.<br />
113. Araceae<br />
799 Acorus tatarinowi Schott.<br />
800 Alocasia cuspidata Engler.<br />
801 A. decumbens Buchet.<br />
802 Amorphophyllus mekongensis Engler. & Gegrm<br />
803 Homalonema occulta (Lour.) Schott.<br />
804 Pothos augustifolius Presl.<br />
805 P. gigantipes Buchet<br />
806 P. repens (Lour.) Druce<br />
807 P. scandens L.<br />
808 P. yunanensis Engler<br />
809 Raphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schot.<br />
114. Arecaceae<br />
810 Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr.<br />
811 Calamus poilanei Conr.<br />
812 C. tetradactylus Hance<br />
813 Caryota urens L<br />
814 C. bacsonensis Magalon<br />
815 Daemonorops pierreanus Becc<br />
816 Licuala elegans Magalon<br />
817 L. grandis Wendl.<br />
62
818 L. radula Gagn.<br />
819 Livistona tonkinensis Magalon<br />
820 Pinanga duperreana Pierre ex Gagn.<br />
821 Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) Henry ex. Rehd.<br />
115. Bromeliaceae<br />
822 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.<br />
116. Commelinaceae<br />
823 Amischolotype mollissima (Bl.) Hassk.<br />
824 Commelina benganlensis L.<br />
825 C. communis L.<br />
826 Cyanotis axillaris L.<br />
827 Dictyospermum ovalifolium Wight<br />
828 Floscopa glabratus Hassk<br />
829 F. scandens Lour.<br />
830 Murdannia spectabilis (Kurz) Faden<br />
831 M. spirata (L.) Bruckner.<br />
832 Tradescentia discolor L'Herit .<br />
117. Costaceae<br />
833 Costus speciosus (Koenig ex Retz.) J. E. Smith.<br />
118. Cyperaceae<br />
834 Carex spatiosa Boott<br />
835 Cyperus dubius Rottb.<br />
836 C. halpan L.<br />
837 C. rottundus L.<br />
838 C. pumilus L.<br />
839 C. trialatus (Boeck) Kern<br />
840 Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl.<br />
841 Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R. & G.Forst) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalz<br />
842 Scirpus juncoides Roxb.<br />
843 S. massfeldianus Kuk.<br />
844 S. siamensis (C.B.Clarck.) Kern.<br />
119. Dioscoreaceae<br />
845 Dioscorea alata L.<br />
846 D. cirrhosa Prain. & Burk.<br />
847 D. glabra Roxb.<br />
120. Flagellariaceae<br />
848 Flagellaria indica L.<br />
121. Hemodoraceae<br />
848 Liriope spicata Lour.<br />
849 Ophiopogon reptan Hook.f.<br />
850 O. longifolius Dene<br />
851 O. peliosanthoides W & Arn.<br />
122. Iridaceae<br />
852 Belamcandra chinensis (L) DC.<br />
853 Eleuthrine bulbosa (Mill.) Urban.<br />
63
123. Liliaceae<br />
854 Dianella nemorosa Lam. ex Schiller.f<br />
855 Disporum trabeculatum Gagn.<br />
856 Oligobotrya henryi Bak.<br />
857 Paris polyphylla Sm.<br />
124. Maranthaceae<br />
858 Calathea clossoni Hort.<br />
859 Phrynium dispermum Gagn.<br />
125. Musaceae<br />
860 Musa aucuminata Colla.<br />
126. Orchidaceae<br />
861 Aerides falcata Lindl.<br />
862 Agrostophyllum planicaule (Lindl.) Reichb.f.<br />
863 Anoectochilus cetaceus Blume<br />
864 A. lylei Rolfe ex Downies<br />
865 Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl.<br />
866 Arundina graminifolia (D.Don) Hochr.<br />
867 Bulbophyllum poilanei Gagn.<br />
868 Calanthe triplicata (Willem.) Ames.<br />
869 Coelogyne mooreana Sander ex Rolfe<br />
870 Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Bl.<br />
871 Cymbidium banaense Gagn.<br />
872 Dendrobium amabile (Lour.) O'brien<br />
873 D. farmeri Paxt.<br />
874 D. lindleyi Steudel.<br />
875 D. parciflorum Reichb.f.ex Lindl<br />
876 D. thyrsiflorum Reichb.f.<br />
877 Eria amica Reichb.f.f<br />
878 E. corneri Reichb.f.<br />
879 Erythrorchis ochobiensis (Hary.) Gray<br />
880 Herbenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr.<br />
881 H. viridiflora (Sw.) R.Br.<br />
882 Paphiopedilum amabile Hall. f.<br />
883 Podochilus intermedius Aver.<br />
884 Renanthera coccinea Lour.<br />
885 Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Bl.<br />
886 Trichotosia pulvinata (Lindl.) Kraenzl.<br />
127. Pandanaceae<br />
887 Pandanus tonkinensis Mart. ex Stone<br />
888 P. affinis Kurz.<br />
128. Poaceae<br />
889 Bambusa balcoa Roxb.<br />
890 B. blumeana Schultes<br />
891 Centhotheca lappacea (L.) Desv.<br />
892 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz) Trin<br />
64
893 Coix lacryma Jobi L.<br />
894 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers<br />
895 Dendrocalamus patellaris Gamble<br />
896 D. sinuata (Gamble) Holtt.<br />
897 Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link<br />
898 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn<br />
899 Erianthus arundinaceus (Retz.) Jeswiet<br />
900 Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv.<br />
901 Isachne dispa Trin<br />
902 Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex Schum & Lauterb.<br />
903 Oryza sativa L.<br />
904 Paspalum scrobiculatum L.<br />
905 Phragmites vallatoria (L.) Veldk.<br />
906 Saccharum <strong>of</strong>ficinarum L.<br />
907 S. spontaneum L.<br />
908 Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.<br />
909 Sinarundinaria griffithiana (Munro) Chalo & Rens<br />
910 Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Ktze.<br />
911 Zea mays L.<br />
129. Stemonaceae<br />
912 Stemona tuberosa Lour.<br />
130. Taccaceae<br />
913 Tacca chantrieri Andre<br />
914 T. plantaginea (Hance) Drenth<br />
915 T. intergrifolia Ker.-Gawl.<br />
131. Zingiberaceae<br />
916 Alpinia chinensis (Retz.) Rosacoe<br />
917 Alpinia <strong>of</strong>ficina Hance<br />
918 Catimbium bracteatum Rox<br />
919 Globba pendula Roxb.<br />
920 Hedychium stenopetalum Lodd.<br />
65
Appendix 2. Mammal species list for <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
English Name Scientific Name 2002 1 2004 2 2005 3 2006 4<br />
Northern Treeshrew<br />
Scandenta<br />
Tupaiidae<br />
Tupaia belangeri<br />
Primates<br />
Loricidae<br />
O X<br />
Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang I<br />
Pygmy Slow Loris Nycticebus pygmaeus<br />
Cercopithecidae<br />
I O<br />
Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides O X O<br />
Northern Pig Tailed<br />
Macaque<br />
Macaca leonina O<br />
Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta O<br />
Red-shanked Douc<br />
Langur<br />
Pygathrix nemaeus I O X I<br />
Hatinh Langur Trachypithecus<br />
hatinhensis<br />
X I<br />
Northern White-cheeked<br />
Gibbon<br />
Hylobatidae<br />
Nomascus leucogenis I I, Ca X I<br />
Rodentia<br />
Sciuridae<br />
Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor I<br />
Indian Giant Flying<br />
Squirrel<br />
Petaurista philippensis I O<br />
Pallas’s Squirrel Callosciurus<br />
erythraeus<br />
O X O<br />
Asian Red-cheeked<br />
Squirrel<br />
Dremomys rufigenis O X O<br />
Cambodian Striped<br />
Squirrel<br />
Tamiops rodolphii<br />
Muridae<br />
O X<br />
Indomalayan Bamboo<br />
Rat<br />
Rhizomys sumatrensis I, T X<br />
Indomalayan<br />
Leopoldamys<br />
Leopoldamys sabanus<br />
Hystricidae<br />
Asiatic Brush-tailed<br />
Porcupine<br />
Atherurus macrourus O<br />
Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyura<br />
Lagomorpha<br />
Leporidae<br />
R, T X O<br />
66
English Name Scientific Name 2002 1 2004 2 2005 3 2006 4<br />
Burmese Hare Lepus peguensis I<br />
Annamite Striped Rabbit Nesolagus timminsi<br />
Manidae<br />
O O X O<br />
Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica<br />
Carnivora<br />
Felidae<br />
I, R X O<br />
Asian Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii I I<br />
Leopard Cat Prionailurus<br />
I, T X O<br />
bengalensis<br />
Clouded Leopard Ne<strong>of</strong>elis nebulosa I<br />
Leopard Panthera pardus<br />
Viverridae<br />
I<br />
Binturong Arctictis binturong I O<br />
Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata I, Dr X O<br />
Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus<br />
O<br />
hermaphroditus<br />
Spotted Linsang Prionodon pardicolor O<br />
Large Indian Civet Viverra zibetha Dr, T X I<br />
Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica<br />
Canidae<br />
R X O<br />
Dhole Cuon alpinus<br />
Ursidae<br />
I<br />
Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus I I<br />
Asian Black Bear Ursus thibetanus<br />
Mustelidae<br />
I, T X I<br />
Oriental Small-clawed Aonyx cinereus I, T X<br />
Otter<br />
European Otter Lutra lutra I<br />
Hog Badger Arctonyx collaris T, Dr X<br />
Yellow-throated Martin Martes flavigula<br />
Artiodactyla<br />
Suidae<br />
I<br />
Wild Boar Sus scr<strong>of</strong>a<br />
Tragulidae<br />
I T, I X O<br />
Lesser Mouse-deer Tragulus kanchil<br />
Cervidae<br />
I<br />
Red Muntjac Muntiacus muntjak I T, I X O<br />
Large-antlered Muntjac Muntiacus<br />
T, R X O<br />
vuquangensis<br />
Sambar Cervus unicolor I T, Dr X O<br />
Bovidae<br />
Gaur Bos frontalis O X O<br />
67
English Name Scientific Name 2002 1 2004 2 2005 3 2006 4<br />
Saola Pseudoryx<br />
nghetinhensis<br />
Chinese Serow Capricornis<br />
sumatraensis<br />
I I, R X I<br />
I Dr, T X O<br />
1 Le Manh Hung et al. 2002<br />
2 Dang Ngoc Can 2004<br />
3 Surveys by Le Trong Trai 2005<br />
4 Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2006<br />
Records are coded as follows: O = field observation; R = specimen or parts <strong>of</strong> specimen<br />
recorded; C = heard only; T = tracks recorded only (footprints, droppings, scratch marks); I =<br />
Interview.<br />
68
Appendix 3. Bird species list for <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
Scientific Name Common Name 2004 1 2005 2 In<br />
prep. 3<br />
Galliformes<br />
Phasianidae<br />
Francolinus pintadeanus Chinese Francolin X X X<br />
Arborophila brunneopectus Bar-backed Partridge X X<br />
A. chloropus Scaly-breasted Partridge X X X<br />
A. charltonii Chestnut-necklaced<br />
Partridge<br />
X<br />
Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl X X X<br />
Lophura nycthemera Silver Pheasant [X] X X<br />
L. edwardsi Edward’s Pheasant [X]<br />
L. diardi Siamese Fireback [X] [X] X<br />
Polyplectron bicalcaratum Grey Peacock Pheasant X X X<br />
Rheinardia ocellata<br />
Ardeidae<br />
Crested Argus [X] [X] X<br />
Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow Bittern X X X<br />
Dupetor flavicollis Black Bittern X X X<br />
Butorides striata Striated Heron X X<br />
Ardeola bacchus<br />
Falconidae<br />
Chinese Pond-heron X<br />
Microhierax melanoleucos<br />
Accipitridae<br />
Pied Falconet X X<br />
Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Honey Buzzard X X X<br />
Ichthyophaga humilis Lesser Fish Eagle X X X<br />
Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle X X X<br />
Accipiter trivirgatus Crested Goshawk X X X<br />
A. badius Shikra X X X<br />
A. gularis Japanese Sparrowhawk X<br />
Butastur indicus Grey-faced Buzzard X X X<br />
Ictinaetus malayensis Black Eagle X X X<br />
Hieraaetus kienerii Rufous-bellied Eagle X<br />
S. nipalensis<br />
Gruiformes<br />
Rallidae<br />
Mountain Hawk Eagle X<br />
Amaurornis phoenicurus<br />
Turniciformes<br />
Turnicidae<br />
White-breasted Waterhen X X X<br />
Turnix suscitator<br />
Ciconiiformes<br />
Scolopacidae<br />
Barred Buttonquail X<br />
Scolopax rusticola<br />
Columbiformes<br />
Eurasian Woodcock X X X<br />
69
Scientific Name Common Name 2004 1 2005 2 In<br />
prep. 3<br />
Columbidae<br />
Streptopelia tranquebarica Red Collared-dove X<br />
Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle-dove X<br />
Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove X X X<br />
Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove X X X<br />
Macropygia unchall Barred Cuckoo-dove X<br />
Treron bicinctus Orange-breasted Green<br />
Pigeon<br />
Treron curvirostra Thick-billed Green-pigeon X<br />
Treron apicauda Pin-tailed Green Pigeon X<br />
Ducula badia<br />
Psittaciformes<br />
Psittacidae<br />
Mountain Imperial-pigeon X X<br />
Loriculus vernalis<br />
Cuculiformes<br />
Cuculidae<br />
Vernal Hanging-parrot X<br />
Cuculus sparverioides Large Hawk Cuckoo X<br />
Cuculus micropterus Indian Cuckoo X<br />
Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo X X X<br />
Surniculus lugubris Drongo Cuckoo X X<br />
Eudynamys scolopaceus Asian Koel X<br />
Phaenicophaeus tristis Green-billed Malkoha X X X<br />
Carprococcyx renauldi Coral-billed Ground-<br />
X<br />
cuckoo<br />
Centropodidae<br />
Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal X X X<br />
C. bengalensis Lesser Coucal X X X<br />
Strigiformes<br />
Strigidae<br />
Otus spilocephalus Mountain Scops Owl X X X<br />
O. bakkamoena Collared Scops Owl X X<br />
Glaucidium brodiei Collared Owlet X X<br />
G. cuculoides Asian Barred Owlet X X<br />
Apodiformes<br />
Apodidae<br />
Hirundapus cochinchinensis Silver-backed Needletail X X X<br />
Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm Swift X X X<br />
Apus affinis House Swift X X<br />
Trogoniformes<br />
Trogonidae<br />
Harpactes erythrocephalus Red-headed Trogon X X X<br />
Coraciiformes<br />
Coraciidae<br />
X<br />
70
Scientific Name Common Name 2004 1 2005 2 In<br />
prep. 3<br />
Eurystomas orientalis Asian Dollarbird X<br />
Halcyonidae<br />
Halycon coromanda Ruddy Kingfisher X<br />
Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher X X X<br />
Alcedinidae<br />
Ceyx erythacus Black-backed Kingfisher X X X<br />
Alcedo hercules Blyth’s Kingfisher X X X<br />
Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher X X X<br />
Cerylidae<br />
Megaceryle lugubris Crested Kingfisher X<br />
Meropidae<br />
Nyctyornis athertoni Blue-bearded Bee-eater X X<br />
Merops philippinus Blue-tailed Bee-eater X<br />
Anorrhinus austeni Brown Hornbill X X<br />
Anthracoceros albirostris Oriental Pied Hornbill X X X<br />
Buceros bicornis Great Hornbill [X] X X<br />
Megalaimidae<br />
Megalaima lagrandieri Red-vented Barbet X X<br />
M. lineata Lineated Barbet X<br />
M. faiostricta Green-eared barbet X<br />
M. franklinii Golden-throated Barbet X X<br />
Piciformes<br />
Picidae<br />
Picumnus innominatus Speckled Piculet X X<br />
Sasia ochracea White-browed Piculet X X<br />
Celeus brachyurus Rufous Woodpecker X<br />
Picus chlorolophus Lesser Yellownape X<br />
Picus flavinucha Greater Yellownape X X X<br />
Picus rabieri Red-collared Woodpecker X X X<br />
Blythipicus pyrrhotis Bay Woodpecker X X<br />
Eurylamydae<br />
Psarisomus dalhousiae Long-tailed Broadbill X X X<br />
Serilophus lunatus Silver-breasted Broadbill X X<br />
Passeriformes<br />
Pittidae<br />
Pitta soror Blue-rumped Pitta X X<br />
P. elliotii Bar-bellied Pitta X X<br />
Artamidae<br />
Artamus fuscus Ashy Woodswallow X X X<br />
Aegithinidae<br />
Aegithina lafresnayei Great Iora X<br />
71
Scientific Name Common Name 2004 1 2005 2 In<br />
prep. 3<br />
Prionopidae<br />
Tephrodornis gularis Large Woodshrike X<br />
Campephagidae<br />
Coracina macei Large Cuckooshrike X X<br />
C. melaschistos Black-winged<br />
Cuckooshrike<br />
X<br />
Pericrocotus divaricatus Ashy Minivet X<br />
Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet X X X<br />
Hemipus picatus<br />
Laniidae<br />
Bar-winged Flycatchershrike<br />
X<br />
Lanius schach<br />
Monarchidae<br />
Long-tailed Shrike X X X<br />
Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch X X<br />
Terpsiphone paradise<br />
Oriolidae<br />
Asian Paradise-flycatcher X<br />
Oriolus traillii<br />
Dicruidae<br />
Maroon Oriole X X<br />
Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo X X X<br />
D. leucophaeus Ashy Drongo X X X<br />
D. annectans Crow-billed Drongo X X X<br />
D. aeneus Bronzed Drongo X<br />
D. remifer Lesser Racket-tailed<br />
Drongo<br />
X X X<br />
D. hottenttus Hair-crested Drongo X<br />
D. paradiseus<br />
Rhiphiduradae<br />
Greater Racket-tailed<br />
Drongo<br />
X X X<br />
Rhipidura albicollis<br />
Corvidae<br />
White-throated Fantail X<br />
Urocissa whiteheadi White-winged Magpie X X<br />
Cissa hypoleuca Yellow-breasted Magpie X X<br />
Crypsirina temia Racket-tailed Treepie X X<br />
Temnurus temnurus Ratchet-tailed Treepie X X X<br />
Corvus macrohynchos<br />
Paridae<br />
Large-billed Crow X X<br />
Melanochlora sultanea<br />
Hirundinidae<br />
Sultan Tit X X X<br />
Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow X<br />
H. daurica Red-rumped Swallow X X<br />
Delichon dasypus<br />
Cisticolidae<br />
Asian House Martin X<br />
Prinia flaviventris Yellow-bellied Prinia X<br />
72
Scientific Name Common Name 2004 1 2005 2 In<br />
prep. 3<br />
P. inornata Plain Prinia X<br />
Pycnonotidae<br />
Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul X X X<br />
P. aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul X X X<br />
Iole propinqua Grey-eyed Bulbul X<br />
Alophoixus pallidus Puff-throated Bulbul X X X<br />
Hypsipetes mcclellandii Mountain Bulbul X<br />
H. leucocephalus Asian Black Bulbul X<br />
Sylviidae<br />
Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailorbird X X X<br />
O. atrogularis Dark-necked Tailorbird X X X<br />
Sylviidae<br />
Urosphena squameiceps Asian Stubtail X<br />
Phylloscopus armandii Yellow-streaked Warbler X<br />
P. inornatus Inornate Warbler X<br />
P. borealis Arctic Warbler X<br />
P. reguloides Southern Blyth’s Leaf-<br />
warbler<br />
Abroscopus affinis White-spectacled Warbler X X<br />
A. supercilliaris<br />
Timaliidae<br />
Yellow-bellied Warbler X<br />
Pellorheum albiventre Spot-throated Babbler X<br />
P. ruficeps Puff-throated Babbler X<br />
Trichostoma tickelli Buff-breasted Babbler X X<br />
Malacopteron cinereum Scaly-crowned Babbler X X<br />
Pomatorhinus hypoleucos Large Scimitar Babbler X X<br />
P. schisticeps White-browed Scimitarbabbler<br />
X<br />
P. ruficollis Streak-breasted Scimitar<br />
Babbler<br />
X<br />
P. ocharaciceps Red-billed Scimitar Babber X<br />
Jabouilleia danjjoui Short-tailed Scimitar-<br />
X<br />
babbler<br />
Napothera brevicaudata Streaked Wren-babbler X<br />
N. epilepidota Eyebrowed Wren-babbler X<br />
Stachyris ruficeps Rufous-capped Babbler X<br />
S. chrysea Golden Babbler X X<br />
S. nigriceps Grey-throated Babbler X X<br />
Stachyris striolata Spot-necked Babbler X X<br />
Macronous gularis Pin-striped Tit Babbler X X X<br />
Macronous kelleyi Grey-faced Tit-babbler X<br />
Timalia pileata Chestnut-capped Babbler X X<br />
Garrulax leucolophus White-crested X X X<br />
X<br />
73
Scientific Name Common Name 2004 1 2005 2 In<br />
prep. 3<br />
Laughingthrush<br />
G. monileger Lesser Necklaced<br />
X X X<br />
G. castanotis<br />
Laughingthrush<br />
Rufous-cheeked<br />
Laughingthrush<br />
X X<br />
G. chinensis Black-throated<br />
Laughingthrush<br />
X X X<br />
G. vassali White-cheeked<br />
Laughingthrush<br />
X X X<br />
Pteruthius flaviscapis White-browed Shrikebabbler<br />
X<br />
P. melanotis Black-eared Shrike-babbler X<br />
Gampsorhynchus torquatus Collared Babbler X<br />
Minla cyanouroptera Blue-winged Minla X<br />
Alcippe peracensis Mountain Fulvetta X<br />
Alcippe grotei Black-browed Fulvetta X<br />
Alcippe morrisonia Grey-cheeked Fulvetta X X X<br />
Yuhina zantholeuca<br />
Zosteropidae<br />
White-bellied Yuhina X X X<br />
Zosterops palpebrosus<br />
Irenidae<br />
Oriental White-eye X<br />
Irena puella<br />
Sittidae<br />
Asian Fairy Bluebird X X X<br />
Sitta frontalis<br />
Sturnidae<br />
Velvet-fronted Nuthatch X<br />
Gracula religiosa Hill Myna X X<br />
Acridotheres tristis Common Myna X X<br />
A. cinereus White-vented Myna X X X<br />
A. cristatellus Crested Myna X X X<br />
S. sinensis White-shouldered Starling X<br />
Sturnus nigricollis<br />
Muscicapidae<br />
Black-collared Starling X X X<br />
Myophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling Thrush X X X<br />
Luscinia sibilans Rufous-tailed Robin X<br />
Tarsiger cyanurus Orange-flanked Bush<br />
Robin<br />
X<br />
Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin X X X<br />
C. malabaricus White-rumped Shama X<br />
Enicurus schistaceus Slaty-backed Forktail X X X<br />
Enicurus leschenaulti White-crowned Forktail X X<br />
Saxicola torquatus Common Stonechat X<br />
Saxicola ferrea Grey Bushchat X<br />
Monticola solitarius Blue Rock-thrush X X<br />
74
Scientific Name Common Name 2004 1 2005 2 In<br />
prep. 3<br />
Muscicapa daurica Asian Brown Flycatcher X X X<br />
Ficedula mugimaki Mugimaki Flycatcher X<br />
F. parva Red-breasted Flycatcher X<br />
F. monileger White-gorgeted Flycatcher X X<br />
Eumyias thalassina Verditer Flycatcher X<br />
Cyornis concretus White-tailed Flycatcher X<br />
C. hainanus Hainan Blue-flycatcher X<br />
C. banyumas Hill Blue-flycatcher X<br />
Culicicapa ceylonensis<br />
Chloropseidae<br />
Grey-headed Canary<br />
Flycatcher<br />
X X<br />
Chloropsis cochinchinensis Blue-winged Leafbird X X X<br />
C. hardwickii<br />
Nectariniidae<br />
Orange-bellied Leafbird X X<br />
D. concolor Plain Flowerpecker X<br />
Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed<br />
Flowerpecker<br />
X<br />
Hypogramma hypogrammicum Purple-naped Sunbird X<br />
Nectarinia jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird X X<br />
Aethopyga gouldiae Gould’s Sunbird X<br />
A. christinae Fork-tailed Sunbird X X<br />
A. saturata Black-throated Sunbird X<br />
Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird X<br />
Arachnothera longirostra Little Spiderhunter X X X<br />
A. magna<br />
Passeridae<br />
Streaked Spiderhunter X X X<br />
Passer montanus<br />
Estrilidae<br />
Eurasian Tree Sparrow X X X<br />
Lonchura striata<br />
Motacillidae<br />
White-rumped Munia X<br />
Motacilla alba White Wagtail X X X<br />
M. cinerea Grey Wagtail X X X<br />
Anthus richardi Richard’s Pipit X X<br />
A. hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit X<br />
Note: records in brackets are not seen or heard, but only from interviews and traded parts<br />
1 Nguyen Cu and Le Manh Hung (2004)<br />
2 Anon (2006) Combined list <strong>of</strong> birds listed by Nguyen Cu and Le Manh Hung (2004) and those<br />
recorded on surveys conducted by Le Trong Trai in 2005<br />
3 Listed by Le Manh Hung et al. in prep.<br />
75
Appendix 4. Reptile and Amphibean species list for <strong>Bac</strong> <strong>Huong</strong> <strong>Hoa</strong> <strong>Nature</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong><br />
Scientific Name English Name 2006 1 2007 2<br />
Amphibia<br />
Anura<br />
Megophryidae<br />
Brachytarsophrys intermedia (Smith, 1921) Annam Spadefoot Toad X<br />
Rhacophoridae<br />
Philautus truongsonensis (Orlov, 2005)<br />
Rhacophorus nigropalmatus (Boulenger, 1895) Wallace's Flying Frog X<br />
Reptilia<br />
Squamata<br />
Gekkonidae<br />
Gekko gecko (Linnaeus, 1758) Tokay X<br />
Hemidactylus frenatus (Schlegel, in D. Et) Bib., Spiny-tailed House Gecko X<br />
Agamidae<br />
Calotes emma (Gray, 1845) Emma Lizard X<br />
Physignathus cocincinus (Cuvier, 1829) Indochinese Water Dragon X X<br />
Scincidae<br />
Emoia laobaoensis Laobao Skink X<br />
Mabuya multifasciata (Kuhl, 1820) Flower Skink X<br />
Mabuya macularia (Blyth, 1853) Spotted Skink X<br />
Varanidae<br />
Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) Water Monitor X<br />
Boidae<br />
Python molurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Burmese Python X<br />
Colubridae<br />
Dryocalamus davisoni (Blanford, 1878) David Snake X<br />
Enhydris plumbea (Boie, 1827) Chinese Water Snake X<br />
Oligodon cyclurus (Cantor, 1839) Long-tailed Kukri Snake X<br />
Ptyas korros (Schlegel, 1837) Indochinese Rat Snake X<br />
Ptyas mucosus Common Rat Snake X<br />
Elaphe radiata Radiated Rat Snake X<br />
Rhabdophis subminiatus (Schlegel, 1837) Green Keelback X<br />
Xenochrophis piscator (Schneider, 1799) Black Water Snake X<br />
Elapidae<br />
Bungarus fasciatus (Schneider, 1801) Banded Krait X<br />
Calliophis macclellandi (Reinhardt, 1884) Common Leaf Snake X<br />
Naja naja (Linnaeus, 1758) Indochinese Cobra X<br />
Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) King Cobra X<br />
Testudinata<br />
Emydidae<br />
Cuora galbinifrons (Bourret, 1939) Indochinese Box Turtle X<br />
76
Scientific Name English Name 2006 1 2007 2<br />
Cuora trifasciata (Bell, 1825) Chinese Three-striped Box X<br />
Pyxhidea mouhoti (Gray, 1862) Keeled Box Turtle X<br />
Sacalia quadriocellata (Siebenrock, 1903) Four-eyed Turtle X X<br />
1 Dang Ngoc Can et al. (2006)<br />
2 Cao Tien Trung in prep.<br />
77