Complexes of diploid and polyploid species have formed frequently during the evolution of land plants. In false flax (Camelina sativa), an important hexaploid oilseed crop closely related to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the putative parental species as well as the origin of other Camelina species remained unknown. By using bacterial artificial chromosome-based chromosome painting, genomic in situ hybridization, and multi-gene phylogenetics, we aimed to elucidate the origin and evolution of the polyploid complex. Genomes of diploid camelinas (Camelina hispida, n = 7; Camelina laxa, n = 6; and Camelina neglecta, n = 6) originated from an ancestral n = 7 genome. The allotetraploid genome of Camelina rumelica (n = 13, N6H) arose from hybridization between diploids related to C. neglecta (n = 6, N6) and C. hispida (n = 7, H), and the N subgenome has undergone a substantial post-polyploid fractionation. The allohexaploid genomes of C. sativa and Camelina microcarpa (n = 20, N6N7H) originated through hybridization between an auto-allotetraploid C. neglecta-like genome (n = 13, N6N7) and C. hispida (n = 7, H), and the three subgenomes have remained stable overall since the genome merger. Remarkably, the ancestral and diploid Camelina genomes were shaped by complex chromosomal rearrangements, resembling those associated with human disorders and resulting in the origin of genome-specific shattered chromosomes.plantcell;31/11/2596/FX1F1fx1.

中文翻译：

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二倍体和异源多倍体亚麻荠基因组的起源和进化伴随着染色体破碎。

在陆地植物的进化过程中，二倍体和多倍体物种的复合体经常形成。假亚麻（Camelina sativa）是一种重要的六倍体油籽作物，与拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）密切相关，推定的亲本物种以及其他亚麻荠物种的起源仍然未知。通过使用基于细菌人工染色体的染色体涂色、基因组原位杂交和多基因系统发育学，我们旨在阐明多倍体复合体的起源和进化。二倍体亚麻荠（Camelina hispida，n = 7；Camelina laxa，n = 6；Camelinaignorea，n = 6）的基因组源自祖先 n = 7 基因组。Camelina rumelica (n = 13, N6H) 的异源四倍体基因组源自与 C.ignorega (n = 6, N6) 和 C. hispida (n = 7, H) 相关的二倍体之间的杂交，N亚基因组经历了实质性的多倍体后分级。C. sativa 和 Camelina microcarpa (n = 20, N6N7H) 的异源六倍体基因组源自同源四倍体 C.ignorega-like 基因组 (n = 13, N6N7) 和 C. hispida (n = 7, H) 之间的杂交，自基因组合并以来，三个亚基因组总体保持稳定。值得注意的是，祖先和二倍体亚麻荠基因组是由复杂的染色体重排形成的，类似于与人类疾病相关的重排，并导致基因组特异性破碎染色体的起源。plantcell;31/11/2596/FX1F1fx1。N6N7) 和 C. hispida (n = 7, H)，自基因组合并以来，这三个亚基因组总体保持稳定。值得注意的是，祖先和二倍体亚麻荠基因组是由复杂的染色体重排形成的，类似于与人类疾病相关的重排，并导致基因组特异性破碎染色体的起源。plantcell;31/11/2596/FX1F1fx1。N6N7) 和 C. hispida (n = 7, H)，自基因组合并以来，这三个亚基因组总体保持稳定。值得注意的是，祖先和二倍体亚麻荠基因组是由复杂的染色体重排形成的，类似于与人类疾病相关的重排，并导致基因组特异性破碎染色体的起源。plantcell;31/11/2596/FX1F1fx1。