Background
Materials and methods
Study area
Data collection
Plant materials
Plant identification
Data analysis
Results and discussion
Demographic features of the respondents
Demographic features | Number | Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
31–40 | 7 | 6.73 |
41–50 | 14 | 13.46 |
51–60 | 28 | 26.92 |
61–70 | 24 | 23.08 |
71–80 | 24 | 23.08 |
81 and above | 7 | 6.73 |
Sex | ||
Female | 4 | 3.85 |
Male | 100 | 96.15 |
Education level | ||
Illiterate | 10 | 9.62 |
Primary school | 61 | 58.65 |
Junior middle school | 12 | 11.54 |
Senior middle school | 8 | 7.69 |
Teacher training school | 1 | 0.96 |
School of health | 2 | 1.92 |
Polytechnic school | 5 | 4.81 |
Junior college | 4 | 3.85 |
University | 1 | 0.96 |
Nationality | ||
Naxi | 74 | 71.15 |
Lisu | 16 | 15.38 |
Han | 5 | 4.81 |
Zang | 5 | 4.81 |
Bai | 3 | 2.88 |
Yi | 1 | 0.96 |
Ways of learning medicine | ||
Ancestral | 73 | 70.19 |
Ancestral,*master | 8 | 7.69 |
Master | 7 | 6.73 |
Ancestral, self-taught | 6 | 5.77 |
Master, self-taught | 4 | 3.85 |
Ancestral, learning at school | 2 | 1.92 |
Ancestral,self-taught, learning at school | 1 | 0.96 |
Master, learning at school | 1 | 0.96 |
Master,self-taught, learning at school | 1 | 0.96 |
Self-taught | 1 | 0.96 |
Diversity of medicinal plants and fungi in the Dongba sutras
Category | Number of families | Number of genera | Number of species |
---|---|---|---|
Fungi | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Pteridophyta | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Gymnospermae | 2 | 3 | 5 |
Angiospermae | 43 | 62 | 74 |
Total | 51 | 71 | 85 |
Living habits | Number of species | Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|
Herbs | 46 | 54.12 |
Trees | 21 | 24.71 |
Shrubs | 5 | 5.88 |
Woody vines | 4 | 4.71 |
Climbing shrubs | 3 | 3.53 |
Herbaceous climbers | 3 | 3.53 |
Macro-fungi | 3 | 3.53 |
Total | 85 | 100.00 |
Medicinal parts | Number of species | Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|
Roots or rhizomes | 29 | 24.37 |
Whole plants | 22 | 18.49 |
Leaves | 19 | 15.97 |
Stems or branches | 17 | 14.29 |
Fruits or seeds | 9 | 7.56 |
Flowers or flower buds | 8 | 6.72 |
Bark | 8 | 6.72 |
Aerial parts | 3 | 2.52 |
Fungi (fruit body) | 3 | 2.52 |
Secretions | 1 | 0.84 |
Total | 119 | 100.00 |
Abundance* | Number of species | Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|
Soe | 4 | 4.71 |
Cop3 | 13 | 15.29 |
Cop2 | 17 | 20.00 |
Cop1 | 38 | 44.71 |
Sp | 10 | 11.76 |
Sol | 3 | 3.53 |
Un | 0 | 0.00 |
Total | 85 | 100.00 |
Sources | Number of species | Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|
Wild | 65 | 76.47 |
Cultivated | 7 | 8.24 |
Mixture of wild and cultivated | 13 | 15.29 |
Total | 85 | 100.00 |
ID | Family | Scientific name | Resource type | Food type |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Amaranthaceae | Amaranthus hypochondriacus | Wild | Vegetable |
2 | Amaryllidaceae | Allium ascalonicum | Cultivated | Vegetable |
3 | Amaryllidaceae | Allium hookeri | Cultivated, wild | Vegetable |
4 | Amaryllidaceae | Allium sativum | Cultivated | Vegetable |
5 | Apiaceae | Foeniculum vulgare | Cultivated | Vegetable |
6 | Brassicaceae | Brassica rapa | Cultivated | Vegetable |
7 | Cactaceae | Opuntia ficus-indica | Cultivated, wild | Fruit |
8 | Cannabaceae | Cannabis sativa | Cultivated, wild | Condiment |
9 | Cucurbitaceae | Lagenaria siceraria | Cultivated | Vegetable |
10 | Ebenaceae | Diospyros lotus | Cultivated, wild | Fruit |
11 | Fabaceae | Pueraria montana var. chinensis | Wild | Beverage |
12 | Juglandaceae | Juglans regia | Cultivated, wild | Dry fruit |
13 | Lamiaceae | Elsholtzia rugulosa | Wild | Beverage |
14 | Lauraceae | Neocinnamomum delavayi | Wild | Condiment |
15 | Pinaceae | Pinus armandii | Wild | Dry fruit |
16 | Poaceae | Setaria italica var. germanica | Cultivated | Food |
17 | Polyporaceae | Poria cocos | Wild | Vegetable |
18 | Rosaceae | Prunus mume | Cultivated, wild | Fruit |
19 | Rosaceae | Rubus biflorus | Wild | Fruit |
20 | Rosaceae | Rubus coreanus var. tomentosus | Wild | Fruit |
21 | Rosaceae | Rubus niveus | Wild | Fruit |
22 | Schizophyllaceae | Schizophyllum commune | Wild | Vegetable |
Medicine preparation methods and applications
ICF, conditions, and diseases treated by the studied plants and fungi
Disease types | The sum of plant species (Nur) | The number of identical plant species used (Nt) | ICF |
---|---|---|---|
A: General and unspecified | 21 | 6 | 0.75 |
D: Digestive | 36 | 15 | 0.60 |
F: Eye | 3 | 0 | 1.50 |
K: Cardiovascular | 3 | 0 | 1.50 |
L: Musculoskeletal | 21 | 12 | 0.45 |
N: Neurological | 4 | 1 | 1.00 |
P: Psychological | 3 | 0 | 1.50 |
R: Respiratory | 29 | 13 | 0.57 |
S: Skin | 11 | 2 | 0.90 |
T: Endocrine/metabolic and nutritional | 1 | 1 | - |
U: Urological | 12 | 4 | 0.73 |
X: Female genital | 16 | 1 | 1.00 |
Y: Male genital | 14 | 1 | 1.00 |
Chinese name | Naxi name | Scientific name | Family/voucher specimen/habitata/habitb | Part used | Preparation method | Route of administration | Diseases treated/number of respondents (ICPC-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhu Sheng Rou Qiu Jun | Men Mu | Engleromyces goetzi P. Henn. | Hypocreaceae/NX0759/W/M | Fruit body | Drying | Oral | Elevated Blood Pressure K85 (57)Headache N01 (64) Throat Symptom R21 (52) |
Lie Zhe Jun | Si Du Mou Pei | Schizophyllum commune Franch. | Schizophyllaceae/NX0360/W/M | Fruit body | Drying | Oral | Cough R05 (104) Pleurisy/Pleural Effusion R82 (104) |
Fu Ling | Tuo Ken Liu | Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf | Polyporaceae/NX0581/W/M | Fruit body | Drying/Soaking | Oral/Topical | Gonorrhoea Female X71 (12) Limited Function/Disability (L) L28 (68) |
Dian Zhuang Juan Bai | Ci Liu Liu Ru Da Bie | Selaginella pulvinata (Hook. et Grev.) Maxim. | Selaginellaceae/NX0281/W/H | Roots | Charring | Oral | Bleeding/Hemorrhage NOS A10 (76) |
Jie Jie Cao | Mie Liu Ku Sa | Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. | Equisetaceae/NX0364, NX0657/W/H | Whole plants | Charring/Drying | Oral | Eye Discharge F03 (80) Genital Disease Male other Y99 (46) Menstruation Excessive X06 (72) |
Chuan Dian Hu Jue | Lu Ba Di Li | Drynaria delavayi Christ | Drynariaceae/NX0151/W/H | Rhizomes | Crushing | Topical | Fracture: Femur L75 (78) Fracture: Hand / Foot Bone L74 (64) Fracture: Other L76 (43) Fracture: Radius/Ulna L72 (37) Fracture: Tibia/Fibula L73 (90) Limited Function/Disability (L) L28 (89) Musculoskeletal Disease other L99 (44) Osteoarthrosis other L91 (37) Pelvis Symptom/Complaint Female X17 (18) |
Li Jiang Yun Shan | Li Ben Le | Picea likiangensis (Franch.) Pritz | Pinaceae/NX0318/W/T | Fruits | Drying | Oral | Osteoarthrosis other L91 (102) Rheumatoid/Seropositive Arthritis L88 (99) |
Hua Shan Song | Se Tong | Pinus armandii Franch. | Pinaceae/NX0223, NX0322/W/T | Secretion | Drying | Oral | Constipation D12 (25) Cough R05 (52) Epilepsy N88 (37) |
Yun Nan Song | Ge Bo Ha | Pinus yunnanensis Franch. | Pinaceae/NX0159/W/T | Flowers, branches | Crushing/stirring | Oral | Acute Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis R78 (75) Chronic Bronchitis R79 (84) Limited Function/Disability (L) L28 (28) Pneumonia R81 (76) Tuberculosis A70 (23) |
Gan Xiang Bai | Xiong Ban | Cupressus duclouxiana Hickel | Cupressaceae/NX0558/W/T | Branches, leaves | Drying | Topical | Leg/Thigh Symptom L14 (87) Low Back Symptom L03 (68) Muscle Pain L18 (104) |
Gao Shan Bai | Xiu Xu | Juniperus squamata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Cupressaceae/NX0257, NX0614/W/S or T | Branches, leaves | Drying | Oral/Topical | Intermenstrual Bleeding X08 (100) Menstruation Irregular/Frequent X07 (86) |
Hong Hua Wu Wei Zi | Gua Ji Liu | Schisandra rubriflora Rehder et E.H.Wilson | Schisandraceae/NX0248/W/WV | Bark | Soaking | Oral | Abdominal Pain Localized other D06 (44) Cystitis/Urinary Infection other U71 (32) Pain General/Multiple Sites A01 (104) Sleep Disturbance P06 (46) Trauma/Injury A80 (104) |
Shan Yu Lan | Han Yi Ba Da | Magnolia delavayi Franch. | Magnoliaceae/NX0701/C/T | Flowers | Soaking | Oral | Abdominal Pain Epigastric D02 (53) |
Xin Zhang | Sei Bi | Neocinnamomum delavayi (Lec.)H. Liu | Lauraceae/NX0760/W/T | Leaves, bark | Stirring | Topical | Diarrhoea D11 (45) |
Chang Pu | Ji Chu Buer | Acorus calamus Linn. | Acoraceae/NX0116/C, W/H | Whole plants | Crushing | Oral | Abdominal Pain Epigastric D02 (99) Influenza R80 (104) Mumps D71 (104) Upper Respiratory Infection Acute R74 (58) |
Dong Fang Ze Xie | He Ke Gu | Alisma orientale (Samuel.) Juz. | Alismataceae/NX0520/C,W/H | Roots | Drying | Oral | Dysuria/Painful Urination U01 (72) |
Shou Shen | A You La Ba | Gymnadenia conopsea (Linn.) R. Br. | Orchidaceae/NX0352/W/H | Roots | Crushing/drying | Oral | Cough R05 (74) Low Back Symptom L03 (45) Pain General/Multiple Sites A01 (55) Sexual Function Symptom/Complaint Male Y08 (31) |
Xi Nan Shou Shen | A You La Ba | Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl. | Orchidaceae/NX0349/W/H | Roots | Crushing/drying | Oral | Cough R05 (74) Low Back Symptom L03 (45) Pain General/Multiple Sites A01 (55) Sexual Function Symptom / Complaint Male Y08 (31) |
Shou Cao | Lu Bu Ge | Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames | Orchidaceae/NX0122, NX0544/W/H | Whole plants | Crushing/soaking/stirring | Oral/Topical | Herpes Zoster S70 (53) Low Back Symptom L03 (86) Pain General/Multiple Sites A01 (97) Sexual Function Symptom/Complaint Male Y08 (24) |
Huo Cong | Cong Ke Pei Er | Allium ascalonicum Linn. | Amaryllidaceae/NX0746/C/H | Whole plants | Drying | Oral | Influenza R80 (69) Upper Respiratory Infection Acute R74 (104) |
Kuan Ye Jiu | Ju Ge Shu | Allium hookeri Thwaites | Amaryllidaceae/NX0705/C, W/H | Leaves, roots | Fresh | Topical | Allergy/Allergic Reation A92 (93) |
Suan | Gu | Allium sativum Linn. | Amaryllidaceae/NX0764/C/H | Whole plants | Drying/fresh | Oral/Topical | Animal/Human Bite S13 (98) Insect Bite/Sting S12 (104) |
Mi Chi Tian Men Dong | Ai Xu | Asparagus meioclados Lévl. | Asparagaceae/NX0640/W/H | Roots | Drying | Oral | Cough R05 (104) Respiratory Disease other R99 (69) |
Ji Xiang Cao | Gu Ke Gu Zhe Le | Reineckea carnea (Andr.) Kunth | Asparagaceae/NX0651/W/H | Whole plants | Crushing/fresh/drying | Oral/Topical | Acute Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis R78 (101) Chronic Bronchitis R79 (103) Cystitis/Urinary Infection other U71 (45) Fracture: Femur L75 (79) Fracture: Hand/Foot Bone L74 (65) Fracture: Other L76 (47) Fracture: Radius/Ulna L72 (53) Fracture: Tibia/Fibula L73 (100) Genital symptom/Complaint Female other X29 (36) Low Back Symptom L03 (100) Pain General/Multiple Sites A01 (66) |
Dian Jiang Hua | Gu Shu | Hedychium yunnanense Gagnep. | Zingiberaceae/NX0610/W/H | Roots | Drying/fresh | Oral/Topical | Influenza R80 (88) Orchitis/Epididymitis Y74 (18) Osteoarthrosis other L91 (64) Rheumatoid/Seropositive Arthritis L88 (59) Upper Respiratory Infection Acute R74 (74) |
Chang Yuan Qiao Jian Zhu | Ju Me | Fargesia orbiculata T. P. Yi | Poaceae/NX0665/W/S | Leaves | Charring | Oral | Influenza R80 (58) Trauma/Injury A80 (28) Upper Respiratory Infection Acute R74 (79) |
Su | Chong Jing | Setaria italica var. germanica (Mill.) Schred. | Poaceae/NX0765/C/H | Whole plants | Drying | Oral | Dyspepsia/Indigestion D07 (35) |
Jin Mao Tie Xian Lian | Hai Ke Si Zi Beng | Clematis chrysocoma Franch. | Ranunculaceae/NX0370/W/WV | Whole plants | Drying | Oral | Bladder Symptom U13 (67) |
He Bing Tie Xian Lian | Ze Die Ba | Clematis connata DC. | Ranunculaceae/NX0721/W/WV | Stem | Drying | Oral | Pelvis Symptom/Complaint Female other X17 (39) |
Pao Hua Shu | Gai Si Ze | Meliosma cuneifolia Franch. | Sabiaceae/NX0669/W/T | Leaves, stem | Drying | Oral | Cystitis/Urinary Infection other U71 (15) |
Chuan Dian Que Er Dou | Wen Lu Ban Qi Shi | Chesneya polystichoides (Hand.-Mazz.) Ali | Fabaceae/NX0265, NX0691/W/H | Roots | Soaking | Oral | Weakness/Tiredness General A04 (85) |
Fen Ge | Gai Gan Er | Pueraria montana var. chinensis (Ohwi) Sanjappa et Pradeep | Fabaceae/NX0632/W/SC | Roots, flowers | Drying | Oral | Elevated Blood Pressure K85 (86) Headache N01 (103) Neck Symptom L01 (74) Pneumonia R81 (41) Vertigo/Dizziness N17 (104) |
Mei | Se Ka Hao | Prunus mume Siebold et Zucc. | Rosaceae/NX0435/C, W/T | Fruits | Charring/drying | Topical/Oral | Abdominal Pain D01 (104) Asthma R96 (77) Diarrhea D11 (86) Nose Bleed/Epistaxis R06 (104) |
Fen Zhi Mei | Qi Pa Ke | Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. | Rosaceae/NX0145, NX0552/W/CS | Roots, branches, leaves | Drying | Oral | Menstruation Irregular/Frequent X07 (67) |
Mao Ye Cha Tian Pao | Qi Dong Bei | Rubus coreanus var. tomentosus Card. | Rosaceae/NX0661/W/CS | Roots | Drying | Oral | Cystitis/Urinary Infection other U71 (100) Menstruation Irregular/Frequent X07 (67) Prostate Symptom Y06 (53) Urinary Calculus U95 (99) |
Hong Pao Ci Teng | A He Le De Ken | Rubus niveus Thunb. | Rosaceae/NX0461, NX0659/W/CS | Roots, leaves, fruits | Drying | Oral | Cystitis/Urinary Infection other U71 (94)Menstruation Irregular/Frequent X07 (67) Prostate Symptom Y06 (53) Urinary Calculus U95 (99) |
Zhou Zhi Shu Li | Qi Na Ze | Rhamnus virgata Roxb. | Rhamnaceae/NX0655/W/T | Leaves, branches | Drying | Oral | Malignancy A79 (86) |
Da Ma | Sa | Cannabis sativa Linn. | Cannabaceae/NX0561, NX0630/C,W/H | Fruits, leaves, stem, bark | Crushing/drying | Oral | Constipation D12 (46) |
Rui Chi Hu Li | La Ze | Quercus aliena var. acutidentata Maxim. ex Wenz. | Fagaceae/NX0646/W/T | Branches, leaves | Drying | Oral | Osteoarthrosis other L91 (101) Rheumatoid/Seropositive Arthritis L88 (104) |
Chuan Dian Gao Shan Li | Bei Shi | Quercus aquifolioides Rehd. et Wils. | Fagaceae/NX0241/W/T | Fruits, bark, flowers | Drying | Oral | Nose Bleed/Epistaxis R06 (55) Viral Hepatitis D72 (66) |
Hu Tao | Gu Du Bai Duo | Juglans regia Linn. | Juglandaceae/NX0570/C, W/T | Bark | Soaking/drying | Oral | Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis D98 (63) Diabetes Insulin Dependent T89 (75) Diabetes Non-Insulin Dependent T90 (69) Dyspepsia/Indigestion D07 (90) Influenza R80 (79) Upper Respiratory Infection Acute R74 (81) |
Hu Lu | Bei Pu Gu De | Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. | Cucurbitaceae/NX0675/C/HV | Leaves | Drying | Oral | Genital Disease Male other Y99 (68) |
Mao Gua | Bu Luo Lan | Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi | Cucurbitaceae/NX0763/W/HV | Roots | Fresh | Topical | Burn/Scald S14 (22) Cough R05 (45) |
Wu Bing Jin Si Tao | Ni Mei Hei Tu Ba | Hypericum augustini N. Robson | Hypericaceae/NX0142/W/WV | Whole plants | Crushing/drying | Oral/Topical | Acute Hepatitis A D73 (75) Dyspepsia/Indigestion D07 (48) Genital Disease Male other Y99 (90) Gonorrhoea Male Y71 (101) Pain General/Multiple Sites A01 (12) Prostate Symptom Y06 (96) Psoriasis S91 (42) Pyelonephritis/Pyelitis U70 (21) Viral Hepatitis D72 (59)Worms/Other Parasites D96 (97) |
Dian Nan Shan Yang | La Ka | Populus rotundifolia var. bonatii (H. Lévl.) C. Wang & S. L. Tung | Salicaceae/NX0672/W/T | Bark | Soaking/drying | Oral/Topical | Infectious Disease A78 (88) Viral Disease A77 (79) Worms/Other Parasites D96 (22) |
Chui Liu | Re Pei | Salix babylonica Linn. | Salicaceae/NX0555/W/T | Branches, leaves, roots | Fresh | Oral | Teeth/Gum Symptom D19 (17) |
Qiu Hua Liu | Ji Re | Salix variegata Franch. | Salicaceae/NX0563/W/T | Branches, leaves | Drying | Oral | Haematuria U06 (97) Urinary Calculus U95 (79) Viral Hepatitis D72 (45) |
Zi Di Yu | Qie Sai Che E | Geranium strictipes R. Knuth | Geraniaceae/NX0378/W/H | Roots | Crushing/drying | Oral | Dyspepsia/Indigestion D07 (82) Mumps D71 (62) Pneumonia R81 (75) Viral Hepatitis D72 (48) |
Yang Jiao Tian Ma | Ju Luo Lan | Dobinea delavayi (Baill.) Baill. | Anacardiaceae/NX0762/W/H | Roots | Crushing | Oral | Limited Function/Disability (L) L28 (53) |
Chuan Dian Wu Huan Zi | Ba De Zi | Sapindus delavayi (Franch.) Radlk. | Sapindaceae/NX0125/C, W/T | Fruits | Drying | Oral | Dyspepsia/Indigestion D07 (25) |
Chuan Lian | Da Liu Liu | Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc. | Meliaceae/NX0169/W/T | Whole plants | Drying | Oral | Abdominal Pain D01 (100) Asthma R96 (94) Diarrhoea D11 (96) |
Lang Du | Lei Bu Ne Du | Stellera chamaejasme Linn. | Thymelaeaceae/NX0077/W/H | Roots | Crushing | Oral | Constipation D12 (85) |
Lan Cang Rao Hua | Wai De | Wikstroemia delavayi Lec. | Thymelaeaceae/NX0066, NX0660/W/S | Whole plants, flowers or bark | Crushing | Oral | Epilepsy N88 (23) |
Wu Jing | A Ke | Brassica rapa Linn. | Brassicaceae/NX0761/C/H | Roots | Drying | Oral | Bladder Symptom U13 (42) |
Tong Qiao She Gu | Mu Gu Xu | Balanophora involucrata Hook. f. et Thomson | Balanophoraceae/NX0502, NX0686/W/H | Whole plants | Soaking/drying | Oral | Neoplasm of Eye/Adnexa F74 (23) Orchitis/Epididymitis Y74 (85) Trauma/Injury A80 (36) Viral Hepatitis D72 (27) |
San Chun Shui Bai Zhi | Ji Xiu | Myricaria paniculata P. Y. Zhang et Y. J. Zhang | Tamaricaceae/NX0197, NX0717/W/S | Branches, leaves | Drying | Oral/Topical | Osteoarthrosis other L91 (103) Rash Localized S06 (100) Rheumatoid/Seropositive Arthritis L88 (98) |
Jin Qiao Mai | Ruo A Kao Ken | Fagopyrum dibotrys (D. Don) Hara | Polygonaceae/NX0490, NX0528/W/H | Roots | Crushing/drying | Oral | Abdominal Pain Epigastric D02 (69) Hair/Scalp Symptom S24 (65) Heartburn D03 (78) Mumps D71 (90) Peptic Ulcer other D86 (49) |
Huo Tan Mu | Zei Lan Xu | Polygonum chinense Linn. | Polygonaceae/NX0708/C, W/H | Whole plants | Drying | Oral | Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis D98 (61) |
Dian Bian Da Huang | Lu Zei Ken | Rheum delavayi Franch. | Polygonaceae/NX0353/W/H | Roots | Drying/fresh | Oral/Topical | Acute Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis R78 (89) Acute Hepatitis A D73 (103) Bleeding/Haemorrhage NOS A10 (26) Chronic Bronchitis R79 (104) Gastrointestinal Infection D70 (71) Haematuria U06 (59) Heartburn D03 (99) Influenza R80 (104) Pneumonia R81 (104) Upper Respiratory Infection Acute R74 (97) |
Li Jiang Da Huang | Ai San Qi | Rheum likiangense Sam. | Polygonaceae/NX0262, NX0693/W/H | Roots | Soaking/drying | Oral | Anal Fissure/Perianal Abscess D95 (85) Bleeding/Haemorrhage NOS A10 (95) Bursitis/Tendinitis/Synovitis NOS L87 (73) Gonorrhoea Female X71 (38) Lump/Swelling Localized S04 (85) Melaena D15 (74) Neck Symptom L01 (88) Pain/Tenderness of Skin S01 (78) Pain General/Multiple Sites A01 (83) Rectal Bleeding D16 (100) Throat Symptom R21 (58) Trauma/Injury A80 (79) Viral Hepatitis D72 (79) |
Yao Yong Da Huang | Hua Zei De | Rheum officinale Baill. | Polygonaceae/NX0753/C, W/H | Roots | Drying | Oral | Constipation D12 (104) Diarrhoea D11 (104) Gonorrhoea Female X71 (104) |
Ni Bo Er Suan Mo | Hua Leng Hua Zei Ke | Rumex nepalensis Spreng. | Polygonaceae/NX0074/W/H | Roots | Drying/fresh | Oral/Topical | Constipation D12 (84) Pruritus S02 (36) Worms/Other Parasites D96 (90) |
Jin Tie Suo | Du La Pei | Psammosilene tunicoides W. C. Wu et C. Y. Wu | Caryophyllaceae/NX0488/W/H | Roots | Crushing/soaking | Topical | Abdominal Pain Epigastric D02 (35) Bleeding/Hemorrhage NOS A10 (103) Musculoskeletal Disease other L99 (104) Osteoarthrosis other L91 (101) Pain General/Multiple Sites A01 (104) Rheumatoid/Seropositive Arthritis L88 (104) Trauma/Injury A80 (98) |
Qian Sui Gu | Mei Ru | Amaranthus hypochondriacus Linn. | Amaranthaceae/NX0525/W/H | Seeds | Drying | Oral | Dyspepsia/Indigestion D07 (39) Sleep Disturbance P06 (24) |
Li Guo Xian Ren Zhang | Cong Hei | Opuntia ficus-indica (Linn.) Mill. | Cactaceae/NX0109/C, W/H | Whole plants | Fresh | Topical | Burn/Scald S14 (99) Gonorrhoea Male Y71 (63) |
Jun Qian Zi | Tao Zhi | Diospyros lotus Linn. | Ebenaceae/NX0170/C, W/T | Fruits | Drying | Oral | Diarrhoea D11 (86) |
Pu Tong Lu Ti Cao | Jiu Gu Lei | Pyrola decorata H. Andr. | Ericaceae/NX0152, NX0652/W/H | Whole plants | Drying | Oral | Abdominal Pain Localized other D06 (86) Acute Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis R78 (95) Chronic Bronchitis R79 (79) Influenza R80 (700) Mouth/Tongue/Lip Symptom D20 (79) Upper Respiratory Infection Acute R74 (69) |
Ye Hua Du Juan | Shua Dai Lan Ba | Rhododendron racemosum Franch. | Ericaceae/NX0085/W/S | Branches, flowers | Crushing | Topical | Psoriasis S91 (34) |
Huang Bei Du Juan | Mu Gou Ba Shi | Rhododendron wardii W. W. Sm. | Ericaceae/NX0310, NX0312/W/T | Flowers, fruits | Crushing/drying | Oral/Topical | Musculoskeletal Disease other L99 (87) Osteoarthrosis other L91 (76) Rheumatoid/Seropositive Arthritis L88 (82) |
Dian Long Dan Cao | Ji Ka | Gentiana rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl. | Gentianaceae/NX0350/W/H | Whole plants | Crushing/soak | Oral | Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis D98 (104) Viral Hepatitis D72 (104) |
Xi Nan Cu Kang Shu | Nu Ao | Ehretia corylifolia C. H. Wright | Boraginaceae/NX0111/W/T | Whole plants | Soaking | Topical | Pruritus S02 (35) |
Ye Ba Zi | Ke Du | Elsholtzia rugulosa Hemsl. | Lamiaceae/NX0178/W/H | Leaves, flowers | Crushing/drying | Oral | Influenza R80 (77) Upper Respiratory Infection Acute R74 (104) |
Li Jiang Huang Qin | Bai Qi Ba Pei Ke | Scutellaria likiangensis Diels | Lamiaceae/NX0696/W/H | Roots | Soak/drying | Oral/Buccal | Swallowing Problem D21 (95) |
Bian Da Xiu Qiu | A You Jian Da Ke | Hemiphragma heterophyllum Wall. | Plantaginaceae/NX0228/W/H | Whole plants | Drying | Oral | Low Back Symptom L03 (75) Menstruation Irregular/Frequent X07 (33) Musculoskeletal Disease other L99 (69) Osteoarthrosis other L91 (88) Pain General/Multiple Sites A01 (75) |
Kuan Ye Tu Er Feng | Du Mei Gu Fu Pie | Ainsliaea latifolia (D. Don) Sch.-Bip. | Asteraceae/NX0098/W/H | Whole plants | Drying | Oral | Cough R05 (104) Haemoptysis R24 (82) Malaria A73 (36) Rheumatoid/Seropositive Arthritis L88 (87) |
Niu Wei Hao | Qi Ai | Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Bess. | Asteraceae/NX0707/W/H | Stem, leaves | Soaking | Topical | Menstruation Absent/Scanty X05 (53) |
Nan Ai Hao | Beng Pei | Artemisia verlotorum Lam. | Asteraceae/NX0358, NX0658/W/H | Above-ground part | Crushing/soaking/drying | Oral/Topical | Anal Fissure/Perianal Abscess D95 (45) Influenza R80 (104) Upper Respiratory Infection Acute R74 (75) |
Yun Nan Hao | Beng Na | Artemisia yunnanensis J. F. Jeffrey ex Diels | Asteraceae/NX0618/W/H | Branches, leaves | Crushing | Topical | Nose Bleed/Epistaxis R06 (68) |
Wu Jing Huan Yang Shen | Ze Ge | Crepis napifera (Franch.) Babc. | Asteraceae/NX0748/W/H | Roots | Fresh | Topical/Oral | Genital Disease Male other Y99 (46) Visual Disturbance other F05 (25) Whooping Cough R71 (101) |
Da Ding Cao | Jiu Ban Er | Gerbera anandria (Linn.) Sch.-Bip. | Asteraceae/NX0464/W/H | Whole plants | Crushing/drying | Oral | Gonorrhoea Female X71 (23) Worms/Other Parasites D96 (52) |
Jie Gu Mu | Su Kua Na | Sambucus williamsii Hance | Adoxaceae/NX0049/C, W/S | Bark | Crushing | Topical | Fracture: Femur L75 (95) Fracture: Hand/Foot Bone L74 (86)Fracture: Other L76 (78) Fracture: Radius/Ulna L72 (77) Fracture: Tibia/Fibula L73 (89) Low Back Symptom L03 (63) Osteoarthrosis other L91 (58) Pain General/Multiple Sites A01 (58) Rheumatoid/Seropositive Arthritis L88 (101) |
Zhu Zi Shen | Man Hai Lü | Panax japonicus var. major (Burkill) C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng | Araliaceae/NX0536, NX0736/C,W/H | Roots | Crushing | Oral | Elevated Blood Pressure K85 (96) Genital Disease Male other Y99 (29) Low Back Symptom L03 (84) Pain General/Multiple Sites A01 (104) Trauma/Injury A80 (104) |
Chuan Dian Chai Hu | Mu Ru | Bupleurum candollei Wall. ex DC. | Apiaceae/NX0453/W/H | Whole plants | Drying | Oral | Influenza R80 (100) Pneumonia R81 (86) Upper Respiratory Infection Acute R74 (104) |
Hui Xiang | Lai Wu Ci E | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Apiaceae/NX0108/C/H | Whole plants | Fresh | Oral | Abdominal Pain Localized other D06 (46) Bedwetting/Enuresis P12 (24) Cystitis/Urinary Infection other U71 (77)Gonorrhoea Female X71 (23) Orchitis/Epididymitis Y74 (31) Urinary Frequency/Urgency U02 (101) |
Bai Liang Du Huo | Guo Ru Ke | Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC. | Apiaceae/NX0334/W/H | Roots | Crushing/drying | Oral | Abdominal Pain D01 (86) Abdominal Pain Epigastric D02 (69) Cough R05 (58) |
Analysis of endemic species
ID | Family | Scientific name | Distribution* | Abundance** | Resource type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Anacardiaceae | Dobinea delavayi | SW | Sol | Wild |
2 | Boraginaceae | Ehretia corylifolia | SW | Cop1 | Wild |
3 | Caryophyllaceae | Psammosilene tunicoides | SW | Sp | Wild |
4 | Compositae | Artemisia yunnanensis | SW,W | Cop2 | Wild |
5 | Compositae | Crepis napifera | SW | Cop2 | Wild |
6 | Cupressaceae | Cupressus duclouxiana | SW | Cop1 | Wild |
7 | Ericaceae | Rhododendron racemosum | SW | Cop3 | Wild |
8 | Ericaceae | Rhododendron wardii | SW | Cop1 | Wild |
9 | Geraniaceae | Geranium strictipes | SW | Cop1 | Wild |
10 | Gramineae | Fargesia orbiculata | SW | Cop1 | Wild |
11 | Guttiferae | Hypericum augustinii | SW | Cop3 | Wild |
12 | Labiatae | Scutellaria likiangensis | SW | Cop1 | Wild |
13 | Leguminosae | Chesneya polystichoides | SW | Sp | Wild |
14 | Liliaceae | Asparagus meioclados | SW | Cop1 | Wild |
15 | Magnoliaceae | Magnolia delavayi | SW | Sp | Cultivated |
16 | Pinaceae | Pinus yunnanensis | SW,S | Soe | Wild |
17 | Polygonaceae | Rheum likiangense | SW | Sp | Wild |
18 | Polygonaceae | Rheum officinale | SW,S,C | Cop2 | Cultivated,wild |
19 | Rosaceae | Rubus coreanus var. tomentosus | SW,C,W | Cop2 | Wild |
20 | Sabiaceae | Meliosma cuneifolia | SW,C,W | Cop1 | Wild |
21 | Salicaceae | Populus rotundifolia var. bonatii | SW | Soe | Wild |
22 | Salicaceae | Salix variegata | SW,C,W | Cop3 | Wild |
23 | Sapindaceae | Sapindus delavayi | SW,C | Sp | Cultivated,wild |
24 | Tamaricaceae | Myricaria paniculata | SW,C,W | Cop1 | Wild |
25 | Thymelaeaceae | Wikstroemia delavayi | SW | Cop1 | Wild |