Background
Methods
Study area
Field survey and data collection
No. | Name of village | Latitude (north) | Longitude (east) | Altitude(m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Laza Village, Shangri-la County | 27°45’39.6” | 99°40’22.8” | 3320 |
2 | Jiefang Village, Shangri-la County | 27°51’46.8” | 99°41’56.4” | 3280 |
3 | Nishi Village, Shangri-la County | 27°47’21.8” | 99°40’59.5” | 3290 |
4 | Kaisong Village, Shangri-la County | 27°53’49.6” | 99°38’21.5” | 3270 |
5 | Dala Village, Shangri-la County | 27°31’12” | 99°57’36” | 3370 |
6 | Xiaozhongdian Village, Shangri-la County | 27°34’12” | 99°47’59” | 3260 |
7 | Xingfu Village, Shangri-la County | 28°8’27.6” | 99°25’58.8” | 2230 |
8 | Nixi Village, Shangri-la County | 28°4’1.2” | 99°29’34.8” | 3170 |
9 | Laohao Village, Weixi County | 27°10’54.1” | 99°17’20.4” | 2260 |
10 | Gongyuan Village, Weixi County | 27°21’50.35” | 99°5’11.45” | 1690 |
11 | Biluo Village, Weixi County | 27°25’22.8” | 99°1’58.8” | 2630 |
12 | Feilaisi Village, Deqin County | 28°26’31.2” | 98°52’44.4” | 3390 |
13 | Wunongding Village, Deqin County | 28°26’56.4” | 98°54’46.8’ | 3530 |
14 | Mingyong Village, Deqin County | 28°28’8.4” | 98°47’42” | 2270 |
15 | Adunzi Village, Deqin County | 28°29’13.6” | 98°54’38.9” | 3290 |
16 | Gusong Village, Deqin County | 28°29’37.7” | 98°54’10.1” | 3590 |
17 | Adong Village, Deqin County | 28°45’46.8” | 98°39’14.4” | 2690 |
18 | Hongpo Village, Deqin County | 28°17’2.4” | 98°54’18” | 2810 |
19 | Guonian Village, Deqin County | 28°17’16.71” | 98°51’49.61” | 2130 |
20 | Jiulongding Village, Deqin County | 28°20’42” | 98°53’13.2” | 2570 |
21 | Sinong Village, Deqin County | 28°29’9.18’ | 98°47’33.42’ | 2320 |
22 | Badong Village, Deqin County | 27°57’39.6” | 98°54’0” | 2240 |
23 | Cizhong Village, Deqin County | 28°01’16.44’ | 98°54’16.14’ | 1970 |
24 | Gongka Village, Deqin County | 28°35’27.6” | 98°52’12” | 3080 |
25 | Jiunong Village, Deqin County | 28°43’28.77” | 98°41’4.76” | 3160 |
26 | Luwa Village, Deqin County | 28°40’30” | 98°41’38.4” | 2290 |
27 | Xiaruo Village, Deqin County | 27°48’3.77” | 99°18’5.11” | 2040 |
28 | Tuoding Village, Deqin County | 27°46’10.9’ | 99°25’37.2’ | 1940 |
29 | Benzilan Village, Deqin County | 28°14’36.83” | 99°18’7.43” | 2150 |
Results and discussion
Wild food plant diversity and frequently utilized species
Plant group | Number of species | Number of genera | Number of families |
---|---|---|---|
Angiosperm | 153 | 101 | 47 |
Gymnosperm | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Pteridophyte | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Algae | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Lichen | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Total | 168 | 116 | 62 |
Latin name | Local name | Family name | Distribution | Parts used | Local use (edible only) | Collection period | Additional local use(s) | Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actinidia arguta (Siebold et Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. |
Zhemenkoubu
| Actinidiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | ripe fruits eaten fresh. | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as hedge plants. | *** |
Actinidia pilosula (Finet et Gagnep.) Stapf ex Hand.-Mazz. |
Zhemenkoubu
| Actinidiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | ripe fruits eaten fresh. | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as hedge plants. | ** |
Actinidia venosa Rehder |
Zhemenkoubu
| Actinidiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | ripe fruits eaten fresh. | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as hedge plants. | ** |
Adenophora khasiana (Hook. f. et Thomson) Collett et Hemsl. |
Zheibamiedu
| Campanulaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Roots | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic. | Jul-Sept | Flowers and stems used for weisang. Aerial parts used as fodder. Roots used to treat cough and clearing heat. | *** |
Alectoria sulcata Nyl. |
Shuhua
| Usneaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Whole plant | stir-fried | Jul-Sep | * | |
Allium hookeri Thwaites var. muliense Airy-Shaw |
Rijiucai
| Liliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Aerial parts | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Aug | *** | |
Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mazz. |
Rijiucai
| Liliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Aerial parts | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Aug | ***** | |
Allium trifurcatum (F. T. Wang et T. Tang) J. M. Xu |
Rijiucai
| Liliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Aerial parts | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Aug | **** | |
Amaranthus caudatus L. |
Yani
| Amaranthaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | Jun-Jul | Aerial parts used as fodder. | *** |
Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. |
Yani
| Amaranthaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | Jun-Jul | Aerial parts used as fodder. | *** |
Amygdalus mira (Koehne) Ricker |
Yemaotao; Kamu
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh. | Jul-Aug | Seeds used to relieve a cough and cure injuries. | *** |
Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex DC. |
Huzhangcao
| Ranunculaceae | Weixi | Roots | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic | Jun-Sept | Roots used to treat bronchitis. Whole plant used as ornamental. | * |
Aralia caesia Hand.-Mazz. |
Shutoucai
| Araliaceae | Shangri-la | Young leaves and leaf buds | stir-fried or eaten fresh | Apr-May | **** | |
Aralia chinensis L. |
Gege
| Araliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young leaves and leaf buds | stir-fried or eaten fresh | Apr-May | Bark used for weisang | ***** |
Arctium lappa L. |
Baomujicigen
| Asteraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Roots | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic. | Jun-Aug | Fruits, leaves and roots used to relieve fever, and treat measles, dysentery and gastropathy. | *** |
Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott |
Reduo
| Araceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Tubers used to relieve cough and treat hemoptysis and pneumonia. | ** |
Aristolochia delavayi Franch. |
Ricaoko
| Aristolochiaceae | Shangri-la | Whole plants | stir-fried and used as spice | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as stomachic tonic. | *** |
Armeniaca mume Siebold |
Kangjue
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh. | Aug | Used as rootstock for Armeniaca vulgaris. | * |
Arundinaria faberi Rendle |
Sunzi
| Poaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | New shoots | boiled or stir-fried | Jul-Aug | Aerial parts used as fodder and to make bamboo wares. | ***** |
Berberis amoena Dunn |
Qiesi
| Berberidaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems, leaves and fruits | eaten fresh | May-Sep | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Berberis jamesiana Forrest et W. W. Sm. |
Qiesi
| Berberidaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems, leaves and fruits | eaten fresh | May-Sep | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Berberis pruinosa Franch. |
Qiesi
| Berberidaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems, leaves and fruits | eaten fresh | May-Sep | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Berberis weisiensis C. Y. Wu ex S. Y. Bao |
Qiesi
| Berberidaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems, leaves and fruits | eaten fresh | May-Sep | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | ** |
Berchemia hirtella Tsai et K. M. Feng |
Zhila
| Rhamnaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sep | ** | |
Berchemia hirtella Tsai et K. M. Feng |
Zhila
| Rhamnaceae | Deqin | Young leaves | used for making tea | Apr-Jun | ** | |
Berchemia sinica C. K. Schneid. |
Zhila
| Rhamnaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sep | ** | |
Berchemia sinica C. K. Schneid. |
Zhila
| Rhamnaceae | Deqin | Young leaves | used for making tea | Apr-Jun | ** | |
Boehmeria penduliflora Wedd. ex Long |
Sejia
| Urticaceae | Deqin | Young stems and leaves | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Jul | * | |
Boehmeria tricuspis (Hance) Makino |
Sejia
| Urticaceae | Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Jul | * | |
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. | Moraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sep-Oct | Leaves used as fodder. Bark used for papermaking. | * | |
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. |
Zijisuona
| Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Aerial part | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Cardamine yunnanensis Franch. |
Lijisuona
| Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Aerial part | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook. var. alpina H. L. Li |
Miyou
| Cephalotaxaceae | Weixi, Deqin | Seeds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Sep-Oct | Plants used as fuel-wood. Seeds used to expel parasite. | * |
Cerasus conadenia (Koehne) T. T. Yu et C. L. Li |
Xumumiedu
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Aug | Flowers and leaves used for weisang | *** |
Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall. |
Nuosi
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Sept | ** | |
Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai |
Suomugua
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | stewed with meat as spice and used to prepare local wine | Sept-Oct | *** | |
Chenopodium album L. |
Hui
| Chenopodiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Aerial parts used as fodder. | *** |
Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall.) Meisner |
Xiangzhangzi
| Lauraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | stir-fried and used as spices | Aug-Sept | Fruits used to treat stomachache. | * |
Cirsium japonicum (Thunb.) Fisch. ex DC. |
Baimaci
| Asteraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Roots | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic | Jun-Aug | Young stems and leaves used as fodder. | *** |
Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. var. handeliana (Nannf.) L. T. Shen |
Dangshen
| Campanulaceae | Deqin and Weixi | Roots | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic | Jul-Sept | Aerial parts used as fodder. Roots used to invigorate the spleen. | *** |
Coriaria nepalensis Wall. |
Masen
| Coriariaceae | Weixi | Fruits | eaten fresh | May-Jun | * | |
Cornus capitata Wall. |
Jisuo; Jisuziguo
| Cornaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Fruits, stems and leaves used as veterinary medicine. | *** |
Cornus macrophylla Wall. | Dengtaishu | Cornaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Seeds | used for making vegetable oil. | Aug-Sept | Plants used as fuel-wood. | ** |
Cornus schindleri Wangerin | Saisaizi | Cornaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | seeds | used for making vegetable oil | Aug-Sept | Plants used as fuel-wood. | ** |
Cornus ulotricha C. K. Schneid. et Wangerin | Dengtaishu | Cornaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | seeds | used for making vegetable oil | Aug-Sept | Plants used as fuel-wood. | * |
Corylus chinensis Franch. |
Jilizi
| Betulaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used for making pastries | Sept-Oct | Wood used for construction or furniture. | ** |
Corylus yunnanensis (Franch.) Camus |
Shanbaiguo
| Betulaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used for making pastries | Sept-Oct | Woods used for construction or furniture. | * |
Cotinus coggygria Scop. var. glaucophylla C. Y. Wu |
Jiade
| Anacardiaceae | Shangri-la | Young leaves | boiled or stir-fried | May-Jun | Whole plants used as ornamental. | * |
Crataegus chungtienensis W. W. Sm. |
Lubu
| Rosaceae | Weixi and Shangri-la | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Crataegus oresbia W. W. Sm. |
Lubu
| Rosaceae | Weixi and Shangri-la | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Cynanchum forrestii Schltr. |
Babeda
| Asclepiadaceae | Deqin and Weixi | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Oct | Roots stewed with meat and eaten to treat rheumatism. | * |
Davidia involucrata Baill. var. vilmoriniana (Dode) Wangerin |
Labizi
| Nyssaceae | Weixi | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept-Oct | Whole plant used as ornamental. | * |
Debregeasia orientalis C. J. Chen |
Jiaojia
| Urticaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to make local wine | Jun-Aug | Roots used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and broken bones. | * |
Decaisnea insignis (Griff.) Hook. f. et Thomson |
Xianli
| Lardizabalaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to make local wine | Jul-Aug | Roots and fruits used to clearing heat. | *** |
Dioscorea melanophyma Prain et Burkill |
Huangshayue
| Dioscoreaceae | Weixi | Tubers | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Diospyros lotus L. |
Tazhi
| Ebenaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept-Oct | *** | |
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke |
Dihongpao
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jun-Jul | * | |
Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. |
Cibie
| Elaeagnaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jun-Jul | ** | |
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. |
Yangnaiguo
| Elaeagnaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Aug | ** | |
Eriobotrya salwinensis Hand.-Mazz. | Rosaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jun-Aug | Plants used as fuel-wood. | * | |
Eutrema deltoideum (Hook. f. et Thomson) O. E. Schulz |
Limo
| Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Eutrema heterophyllum (W. W. Sm.) H. Hara |
Limo
| Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Eutrema himalaicum Hook. f. et Thomson |
Limo
| Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Fagopyrum dibotrys (D. Don) H. Hara |
Wanao
| Polygonaceae | Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Aerial parts used as fodder. | * |
Fargesia melanostachys (Hand.-Mazz.) T. P. Yi |
Sunzi
| Poaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | New shoots | boiled or stir-fried | May-Aug | Aerial parts used as fodder and to make bamboo wares. | ***** |
Ficus pumila L. |
Dongshili
| Moraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used for making bean jelly | Jul-Aug | Leaves used as fodder. | * |
Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. |
dongshili
| Moraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used for making bean jelly | Jul-Aug | Leaves used as fodder. | * |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. |
Asi
| Apiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | May-Jul | ** | |
Fragaria moupinensis (Franch.) Cardot |
Gasuo
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh. | Jun-Jul | Whole plants used as fodder. | ** |
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. |
Nawabijia
| Asteraceae | Deqin and Weixi | Young stems and leaves | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Whole plants used as fodder. | * |
Ginkgo biloba L. |
Baiguo
| Ginkgoaceae | Deqin, Weixi | Seeds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Sep-Oct | Seeds used to treat asthma. | * |
Gnaphalium affine D. Don |
Qingmincai
| Asteraceae | Weixi | Young leaves | grounded with sticky rice to make rice cake. | Apr-May | Leaves used to treat cuts and gun shot wounds. | * |
Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.) Vuijk |
Lianxiongde
| Orchidaceae | Shangri-la | Whole plant | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic. | Aug-Sep | Whole plant used as fodder. | * |
Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. yunnanensis Rousi |
Xiju
| Elaeagnaceae | Deqin. Shangri-la | Fruits | eaten fresh or used to make beverage and wine. | Aug-Oct | Fruits used to treat cough and invigorate the circulation of blood. | ***** |
Houttuynia cordata Thunb. |
Zhergen
| Saururaceae | Weixi, Shangri-la | Leaves and roots | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Jun-Jul | *** | |
Juglans regia L. |
Daiga
| Juglandaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Seeds | eaten fresh or stir-fried, and used for making vegetable oil. | Aug-Sept | Plants used as fuel-wood. | *** |
Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz. |
Cilaobao
| Araliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | May-Jun | ** | |
Lethariella cladonioides (Nyl.) Krog |
Gangge
| Parmeliaceae | Deqin | Whole plant | used for making tea, wine and beverage | Aug-Oct | Used to tranquilize mind and clearing heat. | * |
Leycesteria formosa Wall. |
Sezha
| Caprifoliaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh. | Aug-Oct | * | |
Ligusticum daucoides (Franch.) Franch. |
Riqincai
| Apiaceae | Shangri-la | Whole plants | stir-fried or added to soups | Apr-May | Aerial parts used as fodder. | **** |
Lindera kariensis W. W. Sm. |
Rihujiao
| Lauraceae | Weixi, Deqin | Fruits | used as spices | Jul-Sept | ** | |
Lindera nacusua (D. Don) Merr. |
Rihujiao
| Lauraceae | Weixi | Fruits | used as spices | Jul-Sept | ** | |
Lindera obtusiloba Blume var. heterophylla (Meisn.) H. P. Tsui |
Rihujiao
| Lauraceae | Weixi | Fruits | used as spices | Jul-Sept | * | |
Lindera reflexa Hemsl. |
Rihujiao
| Lauraceae | Weixi | Fruits | used as spices | Jul-Sept | * | |
Lobaria sp. |
Qingwapi
| Stictaceae | Shangri-la and Weixi | Aerial part | eaten fresh | Jul-Sept | Whole plant used to treat dyspepsia. | * |
Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ex Benth. |
Ganluo
| Lamiaceae | Shangri-la | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried or used for making pickle | Jul-Aug | ** | |
Mahonia duclouxiana Gagnep. |
Jisa
| Berberidaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh. | Aug-Sep | Whole plants used as hedge plants. | * |
Maianthemum atropurpureum (Franch.) LaFrankie |
Zhuyecai;
Nibai
| Liliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young shoots and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ***** |
Maianthemum forrestii (W. W. Smith) LaFrankie |
Zhuyecai;
Nibai
| Liliaceae | Shangri-la and Weixi | Young shoots and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | **** |
Maianthemum henryi (Baker) LaFrankie |
Zhuyecai;
Nibai
| Liliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young shoots and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | **** |
Maianthemum oleraceum (Baker) LaFrankie |
Zhuyecai;
Nibai
| Liliaceae | Weixi, Shangri-la | Young shoots and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | *** |
Maianthemum purpureum (Wallich) LaFrankie |
Zhuyecai;
Nibai
| Liliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young shoots and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ***** |
Maianthemum tatsienense (Franct.) LaFrankie |
Zhuyecai;
Nibai
| Liliaceae | Shangri-la | Young shoots and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | **** |
Malus rockii Rehder |
Tangli
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept | Plants used as fuel-wood, and rootstock for Malus pumila. Whole plants used as fence. | *** |
Malus spectabilis (Ait.) Borkh. |
Haitangguo
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Fruits decoction used to treat dark urine. | ** |
Malva verticillata L. |
Jiangba
| Malvaceae | Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Leaves, stems and seeds used as fodder. Whole plant used as ornamental. | * |
Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tadaro |
Huangguaxiang
| Onocleaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Immature fronds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | May-Jun | **** | |
Medicago lupulina L. |
Mocuo
| Fabaceae | Deqin, Shangri-la | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Leaves, stems, flowers and seeds used as fodder. | * |
Megacarpaea delavayi Franch. |
Yuose
| Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Megacarpaea polyandra Benth. ex Madden |
Yuose
| Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Mentha canadensis L. |
Qiubi
| Lamiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Jun-Aug | ** | |
Nostoc sphaerioides Kützing |
Shuimuer
| Nostocaceae | Shangri-la | Whole plant | eaten fresh or added to soups | Jun-Jul | Whole plant used to treat burns and scalds. | * |
Metapanax delavayi (Franch.) J. Wen et Frodin | Araliaceae | Deqin, Weixi | Young leaves | used for making tea | Apr-May | Whole plants used as hedge plants. | * | |
Ophioglossum reticulatum L. |
Yimuyidun
| Ophioglossaceae | Shangri-la | Immature fronds | stir-fried or added to soups | Jul-Aug | Whole plants used to treat impotence and lumbago. | * |
Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Haw. |
Xianrenguo
| Cactaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sep | Tubers and fruits used as fodder. Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Oreorchis indica (Lindl.) Hook. f. |
Xiabaji
| Orchidaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Pseudobulbs | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Whole plants used as fodder. Pseudobulbs used to stop bleeding and detumescence. | * |
Osmunda japonica Thunb. |
Shuijuecai
| Osmundaceae | Weixi | Immature fronds | stir-fried | May-Jun | *** | |
Osteomeles schwerinae C. K. Schneid. |
Sele
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Leaves and fruits used as fodder. | ** |
Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C. A. Meyer var. major (Burkill) C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng |
Gedeqi
| Araliaceae | Shangri-la | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | May-Jun | Whole plants used as fodder. Roots used to stop bleeding. | *** |
Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C. A. Meyer var. major (Burkill) C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng |
Gedeqi
| Araliaceae | Shangri-la | Rhizomes | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic. | Jul-Aug | Whole plants used as fodder. Rhizomes used to stop bleeding. | *** |
Pentapanax henryi Harms | Araliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Apr-May | ** | ||
Photinia glomerata Rehder et E. H. Wilson |
Chongsi
| Rosaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept | * | |
Phyllanthus emblica L. |
Ganlan
| Euphorbiaceae | Shangri-la | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Sept | Barks used to extract tannin. | *** |
Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. |
Tuoqiong
| Phytolaccaceae | Deqin | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Jul-Aug | Roots used to promote diuresis. | * |
Pinellia pedatisecta Schott |
Luoa
| Araceae | Deqin | Young leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Corms used to treat vomit and http://reduce http://phlegm. | * |
Pinus armandii Franch. |
Seitu; Songzi
| Pinaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Seeds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Sept-Oct | Leaves and stems used for weisang. Needles used as fodder. Plants used as fuel-wood. | ** |
Pistacia weinmanniifolia J. Poiss. ex Franch. |
Li
| Anacardiaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Leaves and stems used for weisang. Leaves and fruits used as fodder. | **** |
Plantago asiatica L. |
Hamaye
| Plantaginaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Whole plants | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Leaves, stems, flowers and seeds used as fodder. | *** |
Plantago major L. |
Hamaye
| Plantaginaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Whole plants | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Leaves, stems, flowers and seeds used as fodder. | *** |
Potentilla anserina L. |
Chuomo
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Roots | eaten fresh or boiled | Jun-Sept | Leaves, stems and fruits used as fodder. Roots used to control leukorrhea flow. | *** |
Potentilla coriandrifolia D. Don var. dumosa Franch. |
Zumuyasha
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Roots | eaten after boiling | Jun-Sept | Whole plants used as fodder. | * |
Potentilla leuconota D. Don |
Pagu
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Roots | eaten after boiling | Jun-Sept | Whole plants used as fodder. | * |
Prasiola subareolata Skuja. |
Shihuacai
| Prasiolaceae | Shangri-la | Whole plants | eaten fresh or added to soups | Jun-Jul | * | |
Prinsepia utilis Royle |
Qingciguo
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Seeds | used for making vegetable oil | Jul-Aug | *** | |
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusclum (Desv.) Underw. ex A. Heller |
Zhila
| Pteridaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Immature fronds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | May-Jul | Whole plant used to treat rheumatism or for clearing heat. | **** |
Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) H. L. Li |
Sare
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept-Oct | * | |
Pyrus betulifolia Bunge |
Reli
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Oct | * | |
Pyrus calleryana Decne. |
Xialie
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Oct | * | |
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don |
Suilun
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Oct | ** | |
Pyrus pseudopashia T. T. Yu |
Suilun
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | ** | |
Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach. |
Shuhua
| Ramalinaceae | Whole plant | Whole plant | stir-fried | Jul-Sept | * | |
Rheum likiangense Sam. |
Mojue
| Polygonaceae | Shangri-la and Deqin | Young leaves | eaten fresh | Jun-Aug | Roots used to remove blood stasis. | * |
Ribes alpestre Wall. ex Decne. |
Suanmiguoguo
| Saxifragaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to prepare local wine | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Ribes moupinense Franch. |
Hiangshen
| Saxifragaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to prepare local wine | Jul-Oct | Leaves, stems and fruits used for weisang. Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Ribes glaciale Wall. |
Niangxu
| Saxifragaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Leaves and stems used for weisang. Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Rosa omeiensis Rolfe |
Xuwabala
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Sept | Whole plants used as fence and ornamental. | *** |
Rosa praelucens Byhouwer |
Xielermiedu
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept-Oct | Flowers used for weisang. Whole plant used as ornamental. | *** |
Rosa soulieana Crép. |
Xuwabala
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence and ornamental. | ** |
Rubus assamensis Focke |
Hongpai; Yongde
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | ** |
Rubus fockeanus Kurz |
Hongpai; Yongde
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | * |
Rubus niveus Thunb. |
Hongpai; Yongde
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | ** |
Rubus pectinellus Maxim. |
Jiaoxumu
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Leaves and stems used for weisang. Whole plants used as fence. | *** |
Rubus pentagonus Wall. ex Focke |
Hongpai; Yongde
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | ** |
Rubus polyodontus Hand.-Mazz. |
Hongpai; Yongde
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | * |
Rubus rubrisetulosus Cardot |
Hongpai; Yongde
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | ** |
Rubus stans Focke |
Hongpai; Yongde
| Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | ** |
Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M. C. Johnst. |
Luozi
| Rhamnaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Apr-May | * | |
Sambucus chinensis Lindl. |
Debangqiongjie
| Caprifoliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Sept | Aerial parts used as fodder. | *** |
Schisandra rubriflora (Franch.) Rehder et E. H. Wilson |
Wuweizi
| Schisandraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to prepare local wine | Aug-Oct | Fruits used as antidiarrheic and for invigorating kidney. Whole plant used as ornamental. | *** |
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T. S. Ying |
Agabule
| Berberidaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Sept | Roots, stems and leaves used to clear heat. Seeds used to cure antenatal pain and help expelling placenta. Whole plant used as ornamental. | ** |
Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames |
Xiaobaiji
| Orchidaceae | Shangri-la | Whole plant | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fodder. | * |
Stachys kouyangensis (Vaniot) Dunn var. franchetiana (H. Lév.) C. Y. Wu |
Riganlu
| Lamiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Tubers | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Sept | Whole plants used as fodder. | * |
Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. |
Yongma
| Asteraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Whole plants | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Whole plants used as fodder. | *** |
Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser |
Yawakeqi
| Loranthaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Oct | ** | |
Taxillus thibetensis (Lecomte) Danser |
Yawakeqi
| Loranthaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Oct | *** | |
Thamnolia vermicularis Ach. |
Xiare
| Thamnoliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Whole plant | used for making tea, wine and beverage | Aug-Oct | Used to tranquilize mind and clear heat. | * |
Thlaspi arvense L. |
Manlancai
| Brassicaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried or used for making pickle | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Thlaspi arvense L. |
Manlancai
| Brassicaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Seeds | used for making vegetable oil | Jul-Aug | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Thlaspi yunnanense Franch. |
Manlancai
| Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried or used for making pickle. | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Thlaspi yunnanense Franch. |
Manlancai
| Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Seeds | used for making vegetable oil | Jul-Aug | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Tibetia himalaica (Baker) H. P. Tsui | Fabaceae | Deqin, Shangri-la | Roots | eaten fresh | Jun-Aug | Aerial parts used as fodder. | * | |
Toona sinensis (Juss.) Roem. | Meliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Leaf buds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | May-Jun | ** | ||
Torreya fargesii Franch. var. yunnanensis (C. Y. Cheng et L. K. Fu) N. Kang |
Shasongguo
| Taxaceae | Weixi, Shangri-la | seeds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Sept-Oct | Leaves and stems used for weisang. Plants used as fuel-wood. | * |
Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze |
Si
| Anacardiaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used for making vegetable oil | Jul-Sept | Wax is extracted from fruits to use in varnish and polish. | * |
Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. Barkley |
Si
| Anacardiaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used for making vegetable oil | Jul-Sept | Wax is extracted from fruits for using in varnish and polish. | * |
Triosteum himalayanum Wall. |
Sachi
| Caprifoliaceae | Shangri-la | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Aerial parts used as fodder. | * |
Typhonium diversifolium Wall. ex Schott |
Banxia
| Araceae | Shangri-la | Young leaves | used for making pickle | Jul-Aug | ** | |
Urtica fissa E. Pritz. |
Yanglala
| Urticaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Jul | ** | |
Urtica mairei H. Lév. |
Yanglala
| Urticaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Jul | ** | |
Viburnum betulifolium Batalin |
Ruosi
| Caprifoliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to prepare local tonic wine | Aug-Sept | * | |
Viburnum kansuense Batalin |
Ruosi
| Caprifoliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to prepare local tonic wine | Aug-Sept | * | |
Vitis betulifolia Diels et Gilg |
Geng
| Vitaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Oct | Leaves used as fodder. | ** |
Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. |
Yemu
| Rutaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Apr-May | **** | |
Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. |
Yemu
| Rutaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used as spices | Jul-Sept | ***** |
Specific use | Number of plants |
---|---|
vegetable | 80 |
fruit | 78 |
wine | 11 |
vegetable oil | 9 |
spice | 8 |
tea | 5 |
Total | 191 |
Multiple uses of wild edible plants
Kind of usage | Number of species | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Edible | 168 | 100.0 |
Fodder | 52 | 31.0 |
Medicinal | 31 | 18.5 |
Fence | 22 | 13.1 |
Ornamental | 11 | 6.5 |
Weisang
a
| 10 | 6.0 |
Fuel-wood | 9 | 5.4 |
Construction | 4 | 2.4 |