Presentation on Breeding Techniques of Banana
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Origin – distribution of species – wild relatives and forms – breeding objectives – major breeding procedures for development of hybrids / varieties.
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Presentation on Breeding Techniques of Banana
- 1. IN RESPECT TO ORIGIN,BREEDING METHODS, PROCEDURES& VARITIES SUBMITTED TO:- Dr. Kaushik Kumar Panigrahi Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics SUBMITTED BY:- GIRIJA SHANKAR MOHARANA ADMISSION NO-28C/14 GROUP-B 3RD YEAR BSC AGRICULTURE
- 2. • (Musa paradisica) – Fruit variety • (Musa sapientum) – Vegetable variety • (2n=22, 33, 44) • The banana is an edible fruit botanically a berry produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called plantains, in contrast to dessert bananas. The fruit is variable in size, color and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind which may be green, yellow, red, purple, or brown when ripe.
- 3. • Musa species are native to tropical Indomalaya and Australia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in Papua New Guinea.They are grown in 135 countries, primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent to make fiber, banana wine and banana beer and as ornamental plants. • Edible bananas originated in the Indo-Malaysian region reaching to northern Australia. They were known only by hearsay in the Mediterranean region in the 3rd Century B.C., and are believed to have been first carried to Europe in the 10th Century A.D. Early in the 16th Century, Portuguese mariners transported the plant from the West African coast to South America. The types found in cultivation in the Pacific have been traced to eastern Indonesia from where they spread to the Marquesas and by stages to Hawaii.
- 4. • Bananas and plantains are today grown in every humid tropical region and constitute the 4th largest fruit crop of the world, following the grape, citrus fruits and the apple. World production is estimated to be 28 million tons—65% from Latin America, 27 % from Southeast Asia, and 7 % from Africa. One-fifth of the crop is exported to Europe, Canada, the United States and Japan as fresh fruit. India is the leading banana producer in Asia. The crop from 400,000 acres (161,878 ha) is entirely for domestic consumption. Indonesia produces over 2 million tons annually, the Philippines about 1/2 million tons, exporting mostly to Japan. Taiwan raises over 1/2 million tons for export. Tropical Africa (principally the Ivory Coast and Somalia) grows nearly 9 million tons of bananas each year and exports large quantities to Europe. • Brazil is the leading banana grower in South America—about 3 million tons per year, mostly locally consumed, while Colombia and Ecuador are the leading exporters. Venezuela's crop in 1980 reached 983,000 tons. Large scale commercial production for export to North America is concentrated in Honduras (where banana fields may cover 60 sq mi) and Panama, and, to a lesser extent, Costa Rica. In the West Indies, the Windward Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe are the main growers and for many years have regularly exported to Europe. Green bananas are the basic food of the people of Western Samoa and large quantities are exported. Distribution: USA, Canada, Europe, Brazil, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Burma and China. In India Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orrisa and West Bengal.
- 5. •M. azizii Häkkinen •M. barioensis Häkkinen •M. bauensis Häkkinen & Meekiong [C] •M. beccarii N.W.Simmonds [A][Note 2] •M. boman Argent [A] •M. borneensis Becc. [C] •M. bukensis Argent [A] •M. campestris Becc. [C] •M. coccinea Andrews [C] – scarlet banana •M. exotica R.V.Valmayor [C] •M. fitzalanii F.Muell. [A] – extinct •M. gracilis Holttum [C] •M. hirta Becc. [A] •M. insularimontana Hayata [A] •M. jackeyi W.Hill [A] •M. johnsii Argent [A] •M. lawitiensis Nasution & Supard. [C] •M. lokok Geri & Ng •M. lolodensis Cheesman [A] •M. maclayi F.Muell. ex Mikl.-Maclay [A] •M. monticola M.Hotta ex Argent [A] [A] and [C] indicate known placement in the former sections Australimusa and Callimusa, respectively.[8] •M. × alinsanaya R.V.Valmayor [A] The currently accepted scientific names for most groups of cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata Colla and Musa balbisiana Colla for the ancestral species, and Musa × paradisiaca L. for the hybrid M. acuminata × M. balbisiana
- 6. • The total number of cultivars of bananas and plantains has been estimated to be anything from around 300 to more than 1000. Names are highly confused, even within a single country. Many common names do not refer to a single cultivar or clone; for example 'Lady's Finger' or 'Lady Finger' has been used as the name for members of different genome groups, including AA and AAB. Many other names are synonyms of cultivars grown in the same or different countries. Attempts have been made to create lists of synonyms. In 2000, Valmayor et al. listed equivalent local names for 68 cultivars across five Southeast Asian countries. • AA GROUP • Diploid Musa acuminata, both wild banana plants and cultivars • Chingan banana • Lacatan banana • Lady Finger banana (Sugar banana) • Pisang jari buaya (Crocodile fingers banana)
- 7. • AAA GROUP • Triploid Musa acuminata, both wild banana plants and cultivars • Cavendish Subgroup • 'Dwarf Cavendish' • 'Giant Cavendish' ('Williams') • 'Grand Nain' ('Chiquita') • 'Masak Hijau‘ • 'Robusta' • 'Red Dacca' • Dwarf Red banana • AAAA GROUP • Tetraploid Musa acuminata, both wild bananas and cultivars • Bodles Altafort banana • Golden Beauty banana AAAB GROUP Tetraploid cultivars of Musa × paradisiaca Atan banana Goldfinger banana
- 8. • AAB GROUP • Mysore subgroup - cooking and dessert bananas[15] • Mysore banana • Pisang Raja subgroup • Pisang Raja banana • Plantain subgroup[13] • French plantain • Green French banana • Horn plantain & Rhino Horn banana • Nendran banana • Pink French banana • Tiger banana • AABB GROUP • Tetraploid cultivars of Musa × paradisiaca • Kalamagol banana • Pisang Awak (Ducasse banana) ABB GROUP BLUE JAVA BANANA SABA BANANA CARABIDA BANANA
- 9. • 1.More fruit yield • 2. To develop dwarf stature trees. • 3. Uniform ripening • 4. High keeping quality • 5. Resistance to prost and other abiotic stresses • 6. Resistance to pests and diseases
- 10. • Hybridization In India, breeding work was started at Central Banana Research Station, Aduthurai (Tamil Nadu) in 1949 .Technique of hybridization in banana is different from other crops. Pollination is best carried out in the morning. The bunches of female parent are bagged at shooting and each successive hand is pollinated as it is exposed. At maturity and ripening the bunch is cut and seeds are extracted. Seeds are sown at once in the green house. • Evaluation of hybrid progenies from seedlings to harvest may not be the correct phase instead, evaluation of the same under next vegetative phase i.e., sucker to harvest stage will be ideal as full expression of yield potential could be observed only in the second crop of the F1 progeny. The first crop (seedling to harvest) takes more than 15-19 months, where most of the energy of the plants is needed for corm formation
- 11. • Mutation breeding Bud mutation in Indian banana is very common perhaps due to spontaneous rearrangement of chromosomes in somatic meristem and structural re-assortment. A great majority of edible bananas are triploids, a condition that interferes with normal equilibrium of plants and may provide the requisite stimulus to structural rearrangement of chromosomes, leading ultimately to the evolution of a new gene complex. Several natural sports of well established commercial clones have been recognized e.g) High gate (AAA) is a semi-dwarf mutant of Gros Michel (AAA), Motta Poovan (AAB) is a sport of Poovan (AAB), Ayiranka Rasthali a sport of Rasthali (or Silk), Barhari Malbhog is a sport of Malbhog, Krishna Vazhai is a natural mutant of Virupakshi (or Pome), and Sambrani Monthan (ABB), a mutant of Monthan (ABB).
- 12. • Biotechnology Plant tissue culture and molecular biology techniques are applied to enhance the handling and improvement of banana. Important application of a cell biology are micro propagation for rapid multiplication and germplasm exchange, embryo culture/rescue for in-vitro seed germination, cryopreservation of germplasm and genome manipulation through genetic engineering using cell suspensions or protoplast culture. Although, Vylsteke et al. (1996) reported that somaclonal variation through micropropagation is of limited use in plantain breeding, it has been successfully applied in Taiwan for the development of improved Cavendish banana cultivars with resistance to Fusarium wilt and acceptable fruit quality (Hwang 1991, Hwang and Ko, 1989).
- 13. • CO-1 • It is a hybrid clone released by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore involving three parents - Ladan, Kadali and Musa balbisiana. • It is akin to hill banana Virupakshi in flavour and taste and suitable for growing in the plains and hills upto 1200 meters elevation. • It yields about 22 t/ha. • The crop duration is 14 months.
- 14. • Udhayam • This hybrid is developed by single plant selection from Pisang Awak (AAB) sub group at National research Centre for banana , Trichi. • Plant is hardy, tall, robust, bunch weight varies from 30-35 kg. • Hands are well spaced with cylindrical shape which facliattes packing, loading and transport with minimum damage. • Fruit quality is medium, sugar acid blend is good with maximum yellow life (7days).
- 15. • Saba • It is an introduction from Phillipines and it is found promising under in saline sodic soils. • It could perform well withpout any yield reduction in sodic soils with PH 8.5-8.75. • Plant with huge pseudostem and grows to a height of 16-20 feet. • It is a sturdy plant and somewhat cold tolerant. • The fruit is large and angular even when ripe. It has a white pulp which is sweet when ripe although very starchy. • This cultivar is used for cooking. • Grand Naine • Each bunch will be having 10 to 12 hands with 175 to 225 fruits. • The fruits of Grand Naine Banana variety are delicious to eat and keeping quality of the fruit is good. • High yield (Avg. 30 kg per plant) • Long cylindrical fruits with less curvature. • Good keeping quality. • Attractive yellowish green colour at maturity. • Internationally acceptable both as fresh fruit and in processed form. • Pulp to peel ratio is more and highly suitable for processing.
- 16. • Monthan • Bunch medium, 20 to 25 kgs, 60 fruits. • Fruits large, irregularly five sided, ridges prominent, slightly curved, broad at base tapering towards apex, rominent knob-like beak, long pedicel. • Peel - thick, tough, peels with difficulty, dark green turning straw yellow. • Pulp - firm, cream coloured, core conspicuous, medium taste. • Fairly tolerant to nematodes and leaf spot and rhizome rot diseases. • Crop duration 12 to 14 months. • It is highly susceptible to Fusarium wilt disease • Rasthali • Plant tall (4 to 4.5m height), stem - yellowish green with brownish blotches, reddish margins of petiole and leaf sheath. • Bunch - 15 to 20kg, 8 to16 hands, 60 to 80 fruits. • Fruits - medium sized, cylindrical to spindle shaped, weak pedicel, skin - thin, peels easily, ivory yellow, flesh - firm, sweet, pleasant aroma. • Demerits are its susceptibility to panama wilt, formation of hard lump in pulp and easy dropping of fruits from the bunch. • Crop duration - 14 to15 months.