3. 1) Scab – Venturia inaequalis
• First reported from Sweden (1819)
• In India first reported on Ambri variety in
Kashmir valley (1935)
4. Symptoms
• Scab infections usually noticed on leaves and fruits.
• Affected leaves become twisted or puckered and have black, circular
spots on their upper surface.
• On the under surface of leaves, the spots are velvety and may
coalesce to cover the whole leaf surface
• Severely affected leaves may turn yellow and drop
• Scab can also infect flower stems and cause flowers to drop
5. • Scabby spots on fruit begin as sooty, gray-black lesions and may
have a white or red halo.
• The lesions later become sunken and tan and may have spores
around their margins
• Infected fruit become distorted and may crack, allowing entry of
secondary organisms
• Severely affected young fruit may drop
6. Mode of spread
• Ascospores are disseminated by wind during rainy periods in the
spring, and conidia are
• disseminated by wind and rain once infection is established on the
tree
• Primary source of inoculum: affected fallen leaves
• Secondary source of inoculum: airborne conidia
7. Management
• Clean cultivation
• Resistant varieties: Emira, red free, Ambstraking, Ambroyal,
Ambrich and Ambred
• Spray captan@0.2% or dodine@0.25% at short intervals after petal
fall
• Single application of difolaton@0.3% at green bud stage followed
by captan@0.2% at petal fall
9. Symptoms
• Appear soon after the buds develop into new leaves and shoots
• Small patches of white or grey powdery masses on under surface of
leaves
• Leaves grow longer and narrower than normal leaves and the margin
is curled
• Twigs covered with powdery mass
• Affected fruits remain small and deformed and tend to develop
roughened surface
• In nursery plants, formation of wood is affected
10. Mode of survival and spread
• P.I: Mycelium in diseased vegetative buds and fruits
• S.I: Wind borne conidia.
Management
• Sanitation of orchard
• Pre-bloom spray of lime sulphur (1:60)
• Spray dinocap@0.05% or Wettable S
• Resistant varieties: Maharaja chunth and Golden Chinese
(apple cultivars), Yantarka Altaskya, Dolgoe (Crab apple
cultivars)
12. Symptoms
• All above ground tissues including blossoms, fruits,
shoots, branches, and in the rootstock near the graft
union on the lower trunk are affected
• Blossom clusters and young shoots: Blossom
symptoms are first observed 1-2 weeks after petal
fall. The floral receptacle, ovary, and peduncles
become water soaked and dull, grayish green in
appearance. Later these tissues shrivel and turn
brown to black.
• Shoot symptoms: Tips of shoots may wilt rapidly
to form a "shepherd's crook”. Leaves on diseased
shoots often show blackening along the midrib and
veins, before becoming fully necrotic.
13. •Numerous diseased shoots give a tree burnt and blighted appearance.
Bark on younger branches becomes darkened and water soaked. At
advanced stages, cracks will develop in the bark, and the surface will
be sunken slightly.
•Wood under the bark will show streaked discolorations. Similar
symptoms can be observed in infected apple rootstocks
•Infected small immature fruit becomes water soaked, then turn
brown, shrivel, turn black and cling to the tree for several months
after infection
•Droplets of milky coloured, sticky ooze may appear on infected parts
which usually turns brown on exposure to air
14. Survival and spread
• The bacteria overwinter at the margins of the cankers and
possibly in buds and apparently healthy woody tissue.
• Insects such as bees, flies and ants spread the bacteria to the
flowers
15. Management
• During winter prune out and burn blighted twigs, branches and
cankers, and even whole trees, at about 30cm below the point of
visible infection
• Disinfect the tools after each cut with 10% sodium hypochlorite
• Insect control
• Resistant varieties
• Dormant sprays with copper sulphate or bordeaux mixture, however,
bordeaux
• mixture or streptomycin are the only effective blossom sprays
