Phytosociology of The Beech Forests in East Asia

Geobotany Studies
Basics, Methods and Case Studies

Tukasa Hukusima · Tetsuya Matsui
Takayoshi Nishio · Sandro Pignatti
Liang Yang · Sheng-You Lu
Moon-Hong Kim · Masato Yoshikawa
Hidekazu Honma · Yuehua Wang
Phytosociology
of the Beech
(Fagus) Forests
in East Asia
Geobotany Studies
Basics, Methods and Case Studies
Editor
Franco Pedrotti
University of Camerino
Via Pontoni 5
62032 Camerino
Italy
Editorial Board:
S. Bartha, Vacratot, Ungarn
F. Bioret, University of Brest, France
E.O. Box, University of Georgia, Athens, SA

A. Carni, Slovenian Academy of Sciences, Ljubljana (Slovenia)
K. Fujiwara, University of Yokohama, Japan
D. Gafta, University “Babes-Bolyai” of Cluj-Napoca (Romania)
J.-M. Géhu, Inter-Phyto, Nouvion sur Ponthieux, France
J. Loidi, University of Bilbao, Spain
L. Mucina, University of Perth, Australia
S. Pignatti, University of Rome, Italy
R. Pott, University of Hannover, Germany
A. Velasquez, Centro de Investigacion en Sciencias Ambientales,
Morelia, Mexico
R. Venanzoni, University of Perugia, Italy
For further volumes:

http://www.springer.com/series/10526
About the Series
The series includes outstanding monographs and collections of papers on a given

topic in the following fields: Phytogeography, Phytosociology, Plant Community
Ecology, Biocoenology, Vegetation Science, Eco-informatics, Landscape Ecology,
Vegetation Mapping, Plant Conservation Biology and Plant Diversity.
Contributions are expected to reflect the latest theoretical and methodological
developments or to present new applications at large spatial or temporal scales
that could reinforce our understanding of ecological processes acting at the
phytocoenosis and vegetation landscape level. Case studies based on large data
sets are also considered, provided they support habitat classification refinement,
plant diversity conservation or vegetation change prediction. Geobotany Studies:
Basics, Methods and Case Studies is the successor to Braun-Blanquetia published
by the University of Camerino between 1984 and 2011 with cooperation of Station
Internationale de Phytosociologie (Bailleul-France) and Dipartimento di Botanica
ed Ecologia (Universite’ de Camerino - Italia) and under the aegis of Societe’
Amicale Francophone de Phytosociologie, Societe’ Francaise de Phytosociologie,
Rheinold Tuexen Gesellschaft and the Eastern Alpine and Dinaric Society for
Vegetation Ecology. This series aims to promote the expansion, evolution and
application of the invaluable scientific legacy of the Braun-Blanquetia school.
Tukasa Hukusima • Tetsuya Matsui
Takayoshi Nishio • Sandro Pignatti
Liang Yang • Sheng-You Lu
Moon-Hong Kim • Masato Yoshikawa
Hidekazu Honma • Yuehua Wang
Phytosociology of the
Beech (Fagus) Forests
in East Asia
Tukasa Hukusima Tetsuya Matsui
Masato Yoshikawa Plant Ecology and Diversity Group
Hidekazu Honma Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
Faculty of Agriculture (FFPRI)
Tokyo University of Agriculture Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
and Technology
Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan Sandro Pignatti
Department of Environmental Biology
Takayoshi Nishio University of Rome “La Sapienza”
Weed Science Center (WSC) Rome, Italy
Utsunomiya University
Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan Sheng-You Lu
Taipei Botanical Gardens
Division of Forest Biology
Liang Yang
Taiwan Forestry Research Institute
Yunnan Environmental Monitoring Center
Taipei, Taiwan
Kunming, Yunnan
Republic of China
People’s Republic of China
Moon-Hong Kim Yuehua Wang
Department of Biology School of Life Sciences
College of Natura Yunnan University
Cheju National University Kunming, Yunnan
Jeju, Republic of South Korea People’s Republic of China
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extra.springer.com
ISBN 978-3-642-35619-3 ISBN 978-3-642-35620-9 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35620-9
Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013941363
# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts
in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being
entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication
of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the
Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center.
Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for
any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)

Preface
The beeches (genus Fagus, with a dozen of species) are widespread elements in
the woody flora of the northern hemisphere. In the mountain vegetation, beech
woodlands occupy the upper belt of compact deciduous forests, so that, at more
elevated altitudes only the evergreen needle-lived forests of boreal conifers occur.
At the boundary between deciduous and evergreen forest, the beech forests can
be observed on Mt. Fuji, in the mountains of China, in Caucasus, and in the Alps.
The only exception are the north American species of beech (F. grandifolia)
growing in the plains, under cold climate, together with other deciduous trees,
mainly maple. These mountain forests of the northern hemisphere have a counter-
part in the Nothofagus forests of Patagonia and New Zealand, which look very
similar (as to aspect and ecology) although recent results demonstrate that Fagus
and Nothofagus evolved independently from one another.
The beech forest was clearly perceived from botanists and foresters as a distinct
vegetation form, because of the compact structure of the canopy. This vegetation
was clearly described still in the nineteen century, from the most relevant phytogeo-
graphers, in Germany, Switzerland and Austria. The first concept of the beech
forest, as an essential biological and ecological unit of plant life in the mountains,
is expressed in several publications of B. Pawlowski (prof. in Krakow, Poland),
who in 1928 described the alliance Fagion sylvaticae and order Fagetalia based
on the beech forests of the Tatra mountains (Carpathians): the presence of these
coenological units was successively confirmed on all mountain systems of Central
and Southern Europe, from the Pyrenées to the Alps, Balkans and Apennines, until
the Mediterranean islands Corsica and Sicily. Independently from these develop-
ments, in the years 1949–1954, Tokio Suzuki described in Japan the beech forests
with Fagus crenata. The successive travels and field investigations by R. Tüxen
in Japan (in the 1960s) allowed the possibility to compare the parallel adaptations
(and the differences) between these important forest systems in Europe and Japan.
During the following years, several Japanese scientists visited Europe (in particular
A. Miyawaki) and scientists from Europe had the possibility to be introduced to the
study of the vegetation of Japan (for the writer of these lines, the first experience
was during the memorable International Excursion of 1974). The following
discussions and exchange of experiences (in many papers, meetings and in the
v
vi Preface
field) led to the persuasion that the beech forests on both extremities of Eurasia had
similar composition and ecology. From this background, develops the personal
experience of prof. T. Hukusima, the first Author of this book, who in the period
1980–1990 elaborated a synthesis of beech forests in Japan and successively carried
out many research periods investigating directly in the field the beech forests of
Europe, SW-Asia and N-America, and in particular with excursions in different
countries of E-Asia (Korea, continental China, Taiwan). These field investigations
had a focal point when both Hukusima and myself had the possibility, at the
beginning of November 2003, to investigate the habitat of the rare Fagus mexicana,
growing in a remote chain of the Sierra Madre Oriental.
It has been necessary as shown above to briefly summarize the long historical
development, which lead to the origin of this book. It was realized with the
collaboration of leading scientists from different East-Asiatic countries, the follow-
ing elaboration of data and discussion of the results were carried out successively,
during repeated stages of prof. T. Hukusima in the Botanical Garden of the Rome
University. This study gives, for the first time, the possibility to have a general
outlook on the different aspects of the beech forests in East Asia, from Hokkaido to
Taiwan and from the coasts of the Pacific Ocean to the easternmost chains of the
Himalayan system. This large synthesis gives a general information on over 50
different types of beech forests, distributed in two vegetation classes with 22 types
of forest communities. Over 1,500 species of the forest flora of East Asia (trees,
shrubs, herbs, mosses) are reported. In this way, it is shown clearly the extraordi-
nary biodiversity concentrated in the deciduous forests of the East-Asiatic
mountains. From this synthesis, it is also possibly to propose a hypothesis on the
evolution of the beech forests, based on the central role played by the mountain
systems of SW China (Yunnan) as an ancient centre of origin for botanical groups:
many of them in the following eras spread over most of the boreal hemisphere and
presently are an essential component of the flora in the temperate and cold zone of
Eurasia.
Sandro Pignatti
Acknowledgements
This study was possible because it is based on the previous studies performed
by many senior researchers and associate researchers. Especially, it would not
have been possible for us to understand Chinese beech forests, without the
previous pioneer work performed by Wang, Z.X. of College of Resources and
Environmental Science, Hubei University, former Prof. Dr. Kazue Fujiwara of
Yokohama National University and her colleagues. We here express our respect
and gratitude for their precise research results. We are also grateful to our
colleagues, Hiroyuki Takasuna, Yutaka Tsunetomi and Yutaka Kyan. This study
was partly funded by the Global Environmental Research of Japan (S-8) program,
the Ministry of the Environment. Lastly we wish to dedicate this work to our
mutual masters, the late Prof. Dr. Tokio Suzuki and the late Prof. Dr. Hyoji Suzuki,
both of them contributed greatly to the development of vegetation science in Japan.
This research was partly supported by the Environment Research and Technology
Development Fund (S-8) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan.
vii
.
Contents
1 Phytosociology of the Beech (Fagus) Forests in East Asia . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Fagus Species and Associated Forests in East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Methods for Structuring the Vegetation Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Classification of the Plant Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Syntaxonomy of the East Asiatic Fagus Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Introductory Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 I. Fagetea crenatae (Miyawaki et al. 1964) (Run. No. 1–27) . . . . . . 10
2.2.1 A. Fagetalia multinervis (Kim et al. 1986) (Run. No. 1–5) . . 12
2.2.2 B. Saso-Fagetalia (Suzuki 1966) (Run. No. 6–27) . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 II. Litseo elongatae-Fagetea sp. div. cl. Nov.
(Run. No. 28–48) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.1 C. Sinarundinario nitidae–Fagetalia sp. div.
(Run. No. 28–46) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2 D. Fagetalia hayatae (Hukusima et al. 2005)
(Run. No. 47–48) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4 III. Class of Evergreen-Broadleaved Forests
(Class Name and Definition Are Still Undecided) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4.1 E. Order of Evergreen-Broadleaved Forests
(Order Name and Definition Are Still Undecided) . . . . . . . 45
2.5 Final Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3 Synthetic Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1 The Flora of the East Asiatic Fagus Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 Investigation of Plant Communities at the Level of
Genus Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.3 Phytogegraphical Analysis at the Family Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.4 Life Form Composition of the Plant Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3.5 Relationships Between the Distributions of Vegetation and
Climatic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
3.6 Some Reflections on Origin and Evolution of the Beech Forest
in the Northern Hemisphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
ix
x Contents
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Appendix 1. Alphabetic List—Species of the Beech Forests
in East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Appendix 2. Taxonomical Outlook on the Flora of the East Asiatic
Beech Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
List of the Tables
Table 3.1a Synoptic table of the beech forests in East Asia

(Korea and Japan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 50
Table 3.1b Synoptic table of the beech forests in East Asia
(China and Taiwan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Table 3.1c Synoptic outlook over the beech forests
in East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Online
Table 3.1d Genus composition table of the beech forests
in East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Online
Table 3.2 Sum of presences of each family in the three classes
of beech forests . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 124
Table 3.3 Frequency of the species (totals and percentages) distributed
among the phytogeographical element of their families . . . . . 131
Table 3.4 Climatic conditions for each vegetation unit of beech forests
in East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Table 3.5 Endemic families in the flora of East Asia
(mostly trees and shrubs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Table 3.6 Number of species and percentage (%) within the contingency
table of each life form and phytosociological order ............ 137
table of each life form and phytosociological classes . .. ... .. .. 138
table of each life form and phytosociological association . . . . . 139
Table 3.9 Phytosociological system of the beech forests
in East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
xi
Phytosociology of the Beech (Fagus)
Forests in East Asia 1
1.1 Introduction
The beech (genus Fagus) is often the dominant species in forests in many locations
and is an extremely important species to local ecosystems. In East Asia, forests
including species of Fagus form, in a phytogeografical vision, an extended forest
belt in the zone with temperate climate, that lies between the evergreen broad-
leaved forests spreading out across the lower latitudes of the tropics and the
evergreen coniferous trees (boreal forests) of the northern latitudes. This can be
also considered, in an altitudinal vision, as a horizontal forest belt that also lies
between those two forest types in a vertical sense. In general, beech forests occur in
areas with oceanic climate (at least moderately) and avoid conditions of elevate
continentality. Because of their location, East Asian forests containing species of
the genus Fagus can help clarify, through a comparative study of East Asian
vegetation, the characteristics of beech forests in the Northern Hemisphere (Eurasia
and North America) as well as play a crucial role in providing an understanding of
East Asian vegetation, thus making the beech a key vegetation type.
In addition, although the distribution of the species is wide, beech forests share
their temperate zone habitat with man and in many locations suffer a good deal of
disturbance from human activity. At present, they continue to represent a valuable
resource, providing both material for human habitations and pasturage for stock.
However, severe over-usage has caused a rapid reduction in beech forests in many
areas. East Asia is no exception.
In such an environment, it is extremely important to precisely record the
characteristics of beech forests. Since the 1950s, vegetation studies using phytoso-
ciological procedures have been carried out in each country in East Asia, and the
floristic compositional characteristics of the beech forests distributed over each
country have been clarified. However, in terms of study range, these studies were
focused mainly within each individual country, and until now only limited compar-
ative research has been undertaken. Therefore, there has been little overall study of
the homogeneity or heterogeneity of Asian beech forests as a whole. The present
T. Hukusima et al., Phytosociology of the Beech (Fagus) Forests in East Asia, 1

Geobotany Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35620-9_1,
2 1 Phytosociology of the Beech (Fagus) Forests in East Asia
advance in the accumulation of data for the study of Fagus dominated forests in
each country provides a more comprehensive range from which the compositional
characteristics of the beech forests in East Asia, as a whole, can now be determined.
In this study, we compared the known data on East Asian forests that include
species of the genus Fagus with new data that we obtained from the areas where
little previous research had been conducted. Through this comparison, we aimed to
define the phytosociological characteristics of the beech forests in E-Asia, assess
the forests phytosociologically, and systematically classify the plant communities
therein.
1.2 Fagus Species and Associated Forests in East Asia
East Asia forms the core area of the worldwide distribution of species of the genus
Fagus, Many species of Fagus are distributed across this region (Fig. 1.1). Two
species of Fagus, (Fagus crenata Blume and F. japonica Max.) are distributed over
Japan, although, generally, when the ranges of these species overlap, F. japonica
tends to be found at lower elevations than F. crenata. Differences can be seen in
both their range and ecological adaptations. F. crenata is single-trunked, and
seldom coppice; however, the F. japonica is sparse-leaved, multi-trunked and
coppice vigorously, but is short-lived. F. crenata ranges from about 31 300 N to
42 450 N, covering an area that stretches from Mt. Takakuma in Kagoshima
Prefecture in southern Kyushu, across Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu, to the south-
ern area of Hokkaido. F. japonica ranges from approximately 32 N in Miyazaki
Prefecture in Kyushu, over Kyushu and Shikoku, to 40 N of Honshu (Ishizuka et al.
1992), but with the exception of the Chugoku region, it is not found along the Japan
Sea side of the country. This species is seldom dominant and it tends to be
distributed along the Pacific Ocean side of Japan, where it often forms forests
with Abies firma, Tsuga sieboldii, F. crenata and Quercus mongolica var.
grosseserrata.
Fagus multinervis Nakai is found in Korea. However, this species is not
distributed over the Korean Peninsula, but is restricted to Ulleungdo, an island
140 km to the east of the Korean Pensinsula in the Japan Sea (130 500 E, 37 300 N).
This is a small volcanic island, with a land area of 73 km2, known to have erupted
around 9,300 years ago. The highest point on the island is Seonginbong Peak
(983 m), which occupies one corner of the outer rim of the volcano. The beech
trees coppice, and resemble F. japonica in shape. The form of the leaf is also similar
to that of F. japonica, but the cupules and form of the seeds are different from those
of F. multinervis, being generally larger. The trees are distributed above an eleva-
tion of 350 m, and are dominant across large areas. Because steep slopes dominate
the island’s topography, many valleys are formed, and beech forests range almost to
the bottom of the gorges, although no ravine forests, such as found in Japan, are
present. The island is located at the meeting point of warm and cold ocean currents,
and there are foggy conditions throughout the year. The yearly average humidity is
1.2 Fagus Species and Associated Forests in East Asia 3
Fig. 1.1 Study site locations (A to Q) and geographical features of the study area. Note that the
site B is in the areas enclosed by the dashed-dotted line in Japan
high at 74 %. Reflecting this environment, hygrophilous pteridophytes are domi-

nant on the beech forest floor.
Fagus hayatae Palib. ex Hayata has been reported in Taiwan, which is located
between approximately 22 N and 26 N and lies only approximately 200 km south-
east of mainland China. This species is small-leaved and bears small seeds and
cupules. The trees are limited to the summits of the individual peaks in the
mountainous region in the north of Taiwan. The area is in the subtropical zone
and many evergreens grow among the beech forests. Since most of the island has a
subtropical Pacific monsoon climate, evergreen broadleaved forests dominate the
greater part of the island. Reflecting the high yearly average humidity, many ferns,
bryophytes and epiphytes are found on the trunks of the beech forests; however, the
forest floor is predominantly covered with schulab scrub bamboo, which is particu-
lar to the island, and there is much growth of hygrophilous pteridophytes.
In China, species of the genus Fagus are found in the South and South Central
regions, south of the Yellow River and east of the Henduang mountain range, from
approximately 23 to 34 N, particularly in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan,
Hubei, Henan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces. However, as the forests are limited
to the higher areas of the mountain peaks, their distribution is eminently
discontinuous.
Nine species of beech have been reported in China. Of the nine, the geographical
distribution of the following four species (the last of them occurring in one
subspecies and one variety) is clear: (a) Fagus longipetiolata Seem., (b) F.
engleriana Seem., (c) F. lucida Rehd. et Wils. and (d) Fagus hayatae Palib. ex
Hayata (including Fagus hayatae ssp. pashanica C.C.Yang as well as Fagus

hayatae var. zhejiangensis M.C.Liu et M.H.Wu).
(a) F. longipetiolata has the largest distribution range among the representative
species, ranging from south of the Yangtze River (30 N) to Fujian Province,
and from the southwest Qinling mountains to Yunnan Province and the moun-
tain ranges surrounding Sichuan Province.
(b) F. lucida is distributed between 30 N and 24 N, south of the main Yangtze
River valley, and across Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces.
(c) F. engleriana is distributed from 33.5 N to 27.5 N over the southeast Qinling
mountains, the mountain ranges bordering Sichuan, Hubei, and Guizhou
provinces, and the mountainous districts of western Sichuan.
(d) F. hayatae ssp. pashanica C.C.Yang is distributed broadly over Sichuan Prov-
ince and the mountains bordering Shaanxi Province.
There are large overlaps among these three widely distributed species, although,
south to north, they are found in the following sequence: F. longipetiolata, F.
lucida, F. engleriana, with F. hayatae ssp. pashanica C.C.Yang also found in the
northernmost areas. One feature of the Chinese beech forests is the vigorous growth
of evergreen flora, with most forests consisting of a mixture of a wide variety of
evergreen species. The presence of evergreen arboreal, shrubby and herbaceous
species increases from the north to the south with evergreen pteridophytes becom-
ing abundant on the inferior vegetation layers of the forest. This phenomenon is
remarkably similar to that seen in F. hayatae forests in Taiwan. In addition, other
species are described: F. clavata Y.T.Chang, F. brevipetiolata Hu, F. bijiensis C.F.
Wei et Y.T. Chang, F. tientaiensis Liou and F. cheinii Cheng but their ranges are
not clear. The taxonomical analysis of the genus Fagus in China at the species level
is presently still incomplete and in need of further investigations.
The beech forests of East Asia share the same strong connection between the
dominant species of the genus Fagus and several species of Acer . This is a common
condition also in the beech forests in Europe, the Near and Middle East, and North
America (Suzuki 1966). A characteristic feature of the Fagus forest floors in East
Asia is the strong growth of scrub bamboos such as species belonging to genera
Sasa, Sasamorpha, Sinarundinaria, Indosasa, Qiongzhea, Sinocalamus,
Indocalamus together with Yushania nitakayamensis. Scrub bamboos are not pres-
ent in the Fagus forests of Europe and of North America, indeed other genera of
bamboos (e.g. Chusquea) are widespread in the Nothofagus forests of South
America (in the mountain ranges of Chile and Argentina).
In terms of species composition and vegetation structure, the beech forests of
Japan and Ulleungdo Island (belonging to South Korea) are predominantly decidu-
ous (Suzuki 1949a, b, 1952, 1966; Miyawaki et al. 1964, 1968; Sasaki 1964, 1970).
In contrast, species of the genus Fagus in China and Taiwan grow alongside
evergreens, with the evergreens representing a large proportion of the forest
composition (Suzuki 1954; Wang and Fujiwara 2003; Hukusima et al. 2005;
Wang et al. 2005). In their compositional structures, therefore, the East Asia
beech forests clearly differ from those of Europe, the Near and Middle East, and
North America. Further on, differences in species composition and structure are
1.3 Methods for Structuring the Vegetation Analysis 5
likely to exist also between the various types of forest communities, each of them
with the dominance of one among the four Fagus species (a – b – c – d), because of
the high diversity in the phytogeographical elements distributed over the different
regions of East Asia.
1.3 Methods for Structuring the Vegetation Analysis
As a general rule in structuring these association tables, we used the phytosocio-

logical method. Data analysis was carried out on vegetation relevés from the
different forests in East Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan) in which species of
the genus Fagus were dominant.
A large number of relevés is available for Japan. In this area, two species of the
genus Fagus occur: F. crenata and F. japonica. With regard to the F. crenata
forests, those of each individual region have been investigated from the mid-
twentieth century, and many associations, based on differing concepts were
described. Different criteria for the classification of the F. crenata forest plant
communities have been proposed (Suzuki 1949a, b, 1952, 1966; Miyawaki et al.
1964, 1968; Sasaki 1964, 1970). With the aim of consolidating these many
associations, Hukusima et al. (1995) put together existing data with that obtained
by the authors to create a synoptic table using 2,717 relevès, with the synthesis of all
existing data for the forest plant communities with dominance of F. crenata in
Japan. As a result, this conspicuous amount of data was arranged into one order,
with two alliances and five associations. This structure gave consideration to and
consolidated all the previous plant community concepts and syntaxonomical
tentatives. In the present comparative study, we used the data of Hukusima et al.
(1995) for the forests of Japan, in which F. crenata is dominant. However, there are
considerably more data available from Japan than from other countries; therefore,
for the Japanese data used in this analysis, the relevès that best demonstrated the
compositional, ecological and distributional characteristics of that particular asso-
ciation were selected and extracted from the relevès for each association, leaving
425 relevès. On the other hand, the other Fagus species found across Japan is F.
japonica, which occurs in several forests areas. We took the data for the F. japonica
forests in Japan, as a whole, from Suzuki and Miyawaki (2001), together with data
collected by the authors, and created an association table, which was then compared
against the data for F. crenata forest plant communities from Hukusima et al.
(1995). As a result, we found that F. japonica is rarely dominant in forests, together
with species such as Meliosma myriantha, Rhododendron semibarbatum, Fraxinus
sieboldiana and Ainsliaea apiculata often growing in the same community. There
are some common species that appear in F. japonica forests with high constancy,
but there are a few species which can be really be considered as character species
for these plant communities. In addition, although F. japonica is sometimes the
dominant species in the canopy layer, in the forests where F. japonica occurs, in
general the presence of character species is limited and this vegetation appears
scarcely autonomous because of the presence of many species belonging to other
forests classes such as the coniferous Abies firma forests or to the deciduous broad-
leaved Quercus forests. Therefore, we extracted relevés with strong relations to F.
crenata forests for comparison of species composition with the other beech forests.
The results showed that in mixed stands, where F. crenata and F. japonica grow
together, many lower units can be distinguished, with species differing quantita-
tively; however, these do not represent compositionally autonomous plant
communities. In consequence, these mixed communities were considered as
lower units and placed at the subassociation level of the F. crenata forest
association.
In the Korean Peninsula or Jeju Island, both of which are in close proximity to
Japan, no species belonging to the genus Fagus are present, although in mountain
areas favourable ecological conditions would exist, at least in terms of elevation. In
Korea, F. multinervis Nakiai is distributed only over the isolated Ulleungdo Island,
located in the Sea of Japan, but under the Korean souverainity. Kim et al. (1986)
and Kim (1988) previously undertook studies of the island and reported on its plant
community with Fagus dominance. For the present analysis, we added the data
collected by the authors to that of Kim et al. (1986) and Kim (1988) to obtain a total
of 54 relevès for the association table.
As to the Fagus woodlands in China, Wang and Fujiwara (2003) published a
synoptic table based on data collected in the beech forests such as Fagus
longipetiolata Seem., F. engleriana Seem., F. lucida Rehd. et Wils. and Fagus
hayatae ssp. pashanica C.C. Yang. The relevés were obtained from forest
communities in southwest Hunan Province and the border of Hunan and Guangxi
Province (Nanzan), Fanjingshan Nature Reserve and Kuankuoshui Nature Reserve
in Guizhou Province, northwest Hunan Province, the Badagongshan Nature
Reserve on the border of Hunan and Hubei Province; the Dalaoling forest station,
Longmenhe forest station, and Houhe Nature Reserve in Hubei Province; the
Baotianman Nature Reserve in Hunan Province, and the Sihaishan Nature Reserve
and Qingliangfeng Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province. Thereafter, Wang et al.
(2005) reported on the plant communities and classification of forests with F. lucida
and F. engleriana as dominant tree. An original vegetation survey table with a list
of all species appearing, except for data from the Sihaishan Nature Reserve and
Qingliangfeng Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province, was included. In the present
analysis, data for the two nature reserves in Zhejiang Province were taken directly
from synoptic tables, while we prefer to use the original data from Wang et al.
(2005) for all other areas. Where the study area of Wang et al. (2005) overlapped
with that of the authors for the Fanjingshan Nature Reserve in Guizhou Province,
however, we consolidated the data to create a larger association table. Relevés from
the Sanjiangkou Nature reserve in the north of Yunnan Province, Wenshan and
Xichou counties in the south of Yunnan Province, and Nanjiang country in the north
of Sichuan Province, were all collected by the authors. Raw data from Yunnan
Province are included in Wu et al. (1987), and although these data do not represent a
complete species list, it does provide representative members of the species in each
forest level. Consequently, we decided to include it in this analysis, because these
data were very valuable for these areas, in which no other vegetation survey data
1.4 Classification of the Plant Communities 7
sets were available. We then reached a gross total of 108 Chinese relevès in the
association table.
Because there were no data available for comparison, some of the authors visited
Taiwan to undertake a study in cooperation with researchers from the Taiwan
Forestry Research Institute. In this study we were able to obtain 23 relevès,
distributed on all stands of the Taiwanese beech forests at Mt. Chulu, Mt.
Peichatien, Mt. Lala and Mt. Tonshan. The results were published in Hukusima
et al. (2005).
The present study, is based on the total of 657 relevés, partly collected in the
field by the authors and partly from the literature. These relevés were then used to
produce the general synoptic table, association tables and to select the character
species at all syntaxonomical levels, from the vegetation classes to orders, alliances
and associations.
1.4 Classification of the Plant Communities
All published data, as well as our original data have been assembled in association
tables, and successively organized into synoptic tables. In the first elaboration, we
closely examined the data contained in published or unpublished association tables,
and corrected the data for plant communities presented therein to create synoptic
tables for comparison. After this resorting, we created a general synoptic table with
the synthesis for the entire plant communities including all types of the beech
forests until now described for East Asia (Table 3.1a, 3.1b, 3.1c [Online]). Synoptic
tables are the ideal vehicle to obtain the complete overview of all species connected
with a given vegetation unit. However, it has a sense to give a complete list of all
species only in the case that data derive from a small number of study units. When
there are a large number of study units to consider, as in this case, the large number
of species appearing only a few times (sporadic species) can become a problem. In
this case, we listed only species with an incidence of 2 % or greater, whereas the
merely occasional species were not more taken into consideration.
With regard to the identification of associations, we examined the units previ-
ously reported at the level of associations, and, respecting these previous results as
far as possible, we created a new ordered list of the associations described in the
literature. However, with regard to plant communities with different compositions,
we closely examined the character species and consequently, we arrived to an
improved definition for a number of associations. This method was successively
used for the superior hierarchical levels of alliance, order and class. With regard to
orders and above, we basically used the same method as that used to study
associations and alliances; however, we also undertook a comparison with adjacent
orders and classes reported from each study area.
From the analysis of the climatic conditions (Table 3.5), it results that, in the
beech forests the differences in temperature conditions are quite significant between
the different classes of vegetation, whereas differences in precipitation are more
important in the definition of the growth activity of the forests, at the order and
alliance level.
The analysis of the species composition, genus composition, life form composi-
tion and the examination of the relationships between the classified vegetation units
and climatic conditions overall elucidate the clear differences in characters of the
proposed vegetation classes of beech forests in East Asia. Moreover, the classified
orders and alliances show, for the most of the case, clear differences and unique
characters in terms of species, genus and life form compositions. On the other hand,
associations and subassociations show characters which are distinctive only within
a much smaller context. The two last associations (No. 21–22) are differing in many
characters and belong to a still incompletely defined vegetation class. These results
are all suggesting that, when vegetation units are compared, the evaluation of
species composition (raw data) is the most important procedure at the association
and subassociation level, whereas the analysis of genus and life form composition,
such as similarity and dissimilarity (meta-data), are important for the classification
at the order or class level.
The comparisons at genus-level show that the combinations of genera are most
informative feature for a distinction among the classes. The differences are most
accentuated between Ulleungdo Island in Korea and Japan, which have a prevailing
proportion of deciduous genera; the same can be observed in a comparison between
the beech forests of China and Taiwan, which have higher proportions of evergreen
genera. The same tendency was also found at the level of the five orders. However,
at alliance level, distinct genera became less obvious, and furthermore, at associa-
tion and subassociation level, no important differences at the genus level were
found.
For the comparison of the floristic composition of the different phytosociological
units, Table 3.1 is fundamental. Indeed, the consultation of this table is very
difficult, because of his unusually large dimensions (over 1,500 rows by more
than 50 columns). For this reason, Table 3.1 was divided into Table 3.1a (Korea
and Japan) and 3.1b (China and Taiwan); a general outlook is possible in Table 3.1c
(On line) where the presences III, IV and V (40–100 %) are indicated with a black
square and presences 1–39 % with a point. Alphabetical lists of the species as well
as a taxonomical outlook of the flora of the East Asiatic beech forests are given in
the Appendix 1 and Appendix 2.
Syntaxonomy of the East Asiatic Fagus
Forests 2
2.1 Introductory Notes
Table 3.1 is a synoptic table of the forests dominated by the genus Fagus in East
Asia. According to Table 3.1, the phytosociological system of beech forests in East
Asia was classified as in Table 3.9 and the distribution map of the classified classes,
orders, alliances and associations was depicted as Fig. 2.1. In Table 3.1, 68 species
categorized as the species group 49 are the common species occurring in the beech
forests in East Asia, although there is a regional bias. Many of the 68 species are
character species of beech forests in each region.
Species constantly found in the beech forests in Ulleungdo Island are:
Dryopteris crassirhizoma, D. fortunei var. radicans, Disporum sessile, and Viola
selkirkii.
Commonly found in the beech forests both in Taiwan and Japan are: Viburnum
furcataum, Rhus ambigua, Ardisia japonica, Parathelypteris japonica.
Species distributed in China, Taiwan and Japan, but not in Ulleungdo Island are:
Hydrangea paniculata, Sorbus alnifolia, Oxalis griffithii, Acer mono, Athyrium
wardii, Clethra barbinervis, Ilex macropoda, Lindera umbellata, Cornus kousa,
Vaccicinium japonicum. Moreover, these species are highly frequent in the F.
crenata forests in Japan.
Common species in the beech forests in China and Taiwan are: Daphniphyllum
macropodum, Ardisia crenata, Cleyera japonica, Maesea japonica, Plagiogyria
euphlebia, Skimmia reevesiana, Peracarpa carnosa, Symplocos sumuntia, Smilax
lanceofolia var. opaca. There are many evergreen, broad-leaved species. Moreover,
Daphniphyllum macropodum and Ardisia crenata in Japan are growing in the
evergreen, broad-leaved forests rather than in the beech forests.
In the synoptic table (Table 3.1c), it is possible to have an outlook on the
classification of the beech forests in East Asia into 51 vegetation units. Each of
the units was compared with each of the vegetation unit that have been proposed in
the published literature, with regards to the similarities of the species composition.
As a result of this comparison, we were able to organize the phytosociological

10 2 Syntaxonomy of the East Asiatic Fagus Forests
Fig. 2.1 Distributions of classes, orders, alliances and associations for the beech forests in
East Asia
classification, including new vegetation units (Table 3.9, Fig. 2.1). For the East
Asian forests with dominance in the tree layer of species of the genus Fagus, it was
possible to organize the classification of the plant communities in the following
syntaxonomical treatment.
The first vegetation class (Fagetea crenatae) includes all beech forests
recognized in Japan and on the Korean Ulleungdo Island, associations no. 1–6,
distributed among 2 orders and 3 alliances.
The second vegetation class (Litseo elongatae-Fagetea) includes the beech
forests with prevalence of deciduous species, recognized in China: associations
7–20, distributed among 2 orders and 4 alliances.
The third vegetation class is still incompletely known (and consequently still
unnamed); it includes the beech forests with prevalence of evergreen species,
recognized in South China: associations 21–22, belonging to 1 order and 1 alliance.
In the following chapters, all these vegetation units are described and discussed.
2.2 I. Fagetea crenatae (Miyawaki et al. 1964) (Run. No. 1–27)
Character species: Hydrangea petiolaris, Schizophragma hydrangeoides, Sorbus

commixta, Disporum smilacinum, Kalopanax pictus, Viburnum wrightii, Trillium
smallii, Tripterospermum japonicum, Smilax nipponica, Styrax obassia, Mitchella
undulata, Maianthemum dilatatum.
This class was described for the beech forests of Japan by Miyawaki et al. in
1964. As a result of our revision, it becomes clear to be confirmed that all Japanese
2.2 I. Fagetea crenatae (Miyawaki et al. 1964) (Run. No. 1–27) 11
F. crenata forests and F. multinervis forests on Ulleungdo Island, Korea, fit into this
class. In addition, the composition of the forests distributed over Jeju Island, the
Korean Peninsula and northeastern China, where species of Fagus are not present,
was reported instead to be with Quercus mongolica as dominant tree. A comparison
of the forest composition of the Q. mongolica forests of Jeju Island (Yun et al.
2008), reveals the presence of many common species, suggesting those forests
could be included in this class. Song (1988) defined this class as Quercetea
mongolicae (Song 1988) from a study of the Korean conifer-broad-leaved mixed
forests, and this was supported by Takeda et al. (1994). On the other hand, in the
similar Quercus mongolica forests in North Korea, Kolbek et al. (2003) revised the
concept of the Querco-Fagetea crenatae (Miyawaki et al. 1968) proposed by
Miyawaki et al. (1968). In northeast China, Wang et al. (2006) recognizes
Quercetea mongolicae (Song 1988). Wang et al. (2006) also defined Querco
mongolicae-Betuletea davuricae (Wang et al. 2006) as a new independent class.
A comparison of the reports by Kolbek et al. (2003) and Wang et al. (2006) with the
association tables for beech forests presented in this study shows that many species
not found in Fagus classes, such as Quercus mongolica, Vitis amurensis, Carex
nanella, Lespedeza bicolor, Pinus koraiensis, Philadelphus schrenkii, Tilia
amurensis, Maackia amurensis, Athyrium crenatum, Artemisia keiskeana, Deutzia
glabrata, Rhododendron mucronulatum, and Polygonatum involucratum, are com-
mon and are present at characteristically high constancies. Furthermore, there are
many species that are not distributed in beech forests, indicating that the composi-
tional differences are large. Hence, this class can be judged to be a distinct class.
However, an interesting point to note is that where Quercus mongolica var.
grosseserrata forests (Hoshino 1998; Suzuki 2002) come into contact with beech
forests at lower elevations in Japan, many species common to the Quercus
mongolica forests are found. To explain these relations, it is necessary to examine
not only current climatic factors but also historical factors dating from the Quater-
nary period.
As to the floristic composition, it has to be pointed out that the proportion of
deciduous flora is high, and that of evergreen broad-leaved flora is extremely low in
this class. This represents a major difference between the characteristics of this
class and the Litseo elongatae-Fagetea sp. div.cl. nov. class seen in beech forests in
China and Taiwan.
This class includes two orders: Fagetalia multinervis (Kim et al. 1986) (F.
multinervis order) defined by Kim et al. (1986) on Ulleungdo Island (Korea) and
Saso Fagetalia crenatae (Suzuki 1966) (Fagus-Sasa order) in Japan defined by
Suzuki (1966). Many of the character species of this order are common to the
two abovementioned orders; however, Tripterospermum japonicum, Euonymus
alatus fo. ciliato-dentatus, Smilax nipponica, Styrax obassia, Mitchella undulata,
Maianthemum dilatatum, Asperula odorata, Polystichum retroso-paleaceum and
Viola kusanoana are limited to the beech forests distributed on Ulleungdo Island
and in Japan on the Japan Sea side of Honshu Island, and are extremely rare on the
Pacific Ocean side of Japan, suggesting that Ulleungdo Island and the Japan Sea
side of Japan were historically closely connected.
Fig. 2.2 Landscape of Fagus

multinervis forests on
Ulleungdo Island, Korea. The
beech forests grow at an
elevation of 300 m or above
2.2.1 A. Fagetalia multinervis (Kim et al. 1986) (Run. No. 1–5)
Character species: Acer okamotoana, Acer takesimense, Prunus takesimensis,

Asperula odorata (¼Galium odoratum), Arisaema amurense, Polystichum
retroso-paleaceum, Viola kusanoana, Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantea,
Ligustrum foliosum, Dystaenia takesimana, Aster glehnii, Athyrium brevifrons.
Ulleungdo Island is located in the Sea of Japan, ca. 100 miles off the coast of the
Korean peninsula and at a larger distance from the western coast of Hondo. On
Ulleungdo, the coastal areas below an elevation of approximately 50 m is covered
of evergreen broad-leaved forest with dominant Persea thunbergii, whereas the
habitats at higher elevation are covered with a deciduous broad-leaved forest
(Fig. 2.2). The order Fagetalia multinervis includes all the units in the deciduous
broad-leaved forests distributed on Ulleungdo and it was already named as the
upper units of the F. multinervis forest association by Kim et al. (1986). Further on,
there is no beech forest plant community on the Korean Peninsula that can be
included in this order. Hepatico-Fagion multinervis (Kim et al. 1986) is the only
alliance belonging to this order.
A-a. Hepatico-Fagion multinervis (Kim et al. 1986) (Run. no. 1–5)
Character species: The character species are the same as those of the order.
This alliance was defined by Kim et al. (1986). According to the authors’ data,
the Dystaenio takeshimanae-Aceretum okamotoanae prov. association, where
Hovenia dulcis, Cornus brachypoda, Acer takesimense, Zelkova serrata, Aralia
cordata, Osmorhiza aristata and Cyrtomium fortunei are indicated as character
species, is distributed at the lower elevation areas of Ulleungdo Island from 50 to
350 m above sea level. This alliance includes this association (which has not the
character of a beech forest) and the Hepatico-Fagetum multinervis (Kim et al.
1986), widespread on higher altitude (350–820 m).
1. Hepatico-Fagetum multinervis (Kim et al. 1986) (Run. no. 1–5)
Character species: Fagus multinervis, Hepatica maxima, Allium victorialis var.
platyphyllum, Tilia insularis, Botrychium multifidum var. robustum, Lilium
hansonii, Viola hondoensis, Taxus cuspidata, Ulmus laciniata.
Fig. 2.3 Inner view of Fagus

multinervis forest on the
middle slope (Ulleungdo
Island, Korea). The beech
forms multiple trunks. The
understory is dominated by
herbs and ferns such as
Rumohra standishii with
Hepatica maxima, Allium
victorialis var. platyphyllum
and Maianthemum dilatatum
Type relevé: Kim et al. (1986), Tab. 1, Relevé reference number 17 (Elevation
820 m, Ulleungdo).
This association was recorded and named by Kim et al. (1986) on Ulleungdo
Island (Figs. 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5). Even the relevés published in Kim (1988) were
carried out on this island. The climate of Ulleungdo is warm and humid. The annual
mean temperature of 11.5 C at 357 m elevation (corresponding to 8 C at 1,000 m,
but the island has not such elevate mountains) is relatively high in comparison with
temperatures of the beech forests in Japan (Table 3.4); rainfall is relatively low
(1,371 mm), indeed the elevate atmospheric humidity is maintained by the isolated
location in the middle of the sea. The beech forests distributed on the highlands
above an elevation of 350 m have been little impacted by humans, and remain in a
predominantly natural state.
The Hepatico-Fagetum multinervis is characterized by the abovementioned
character species with Fagus multinervis, Hepatica maxima and Tilia insularis,
all endemic to the island. In addition, although they are not character species,
Dystaenia takesimana, Acer okamotoana, Ligustrum foliosum and Prunus
takesimensis are also endemic to Ulleungdo, indicating the high endemicity of the
flora in this island.
Pteridophytes, such as Rumohra standishii, Polystichum tripteron and
Polystichum retroso-paleaceum, which are character species in Japanese ravine
forests, are predominant on the forest floors in this association. This confirms that
this island experiences a warm, wet, typical oceanic climate. Kim et al. (1986)
sorted this association into the Rumohra standishii subass. (Running number. 1),
Sasa kurilensis subass. (Run. no. 2), typical subass. (Run. no. 3) and Rhododendron
brachycarpum subass. (Run. no. 4), with Kim (1988) later recognizing the same
subassociations. Our addition of new data obtained by the authors to the previous
data published by Kim et al. (1986) and Kim (1988) resulted in the recognition of an
additional subassociation: Celtis jessoensis subass. (Run. no. 5).
The structural characteristics of this association include the dominance of
deciduous species such as Fagus multinervis, Acer okamotoana and A. takesimense
Fig. 2.4 Fagus multinervis

forest growing on the gentle
upper slope and the ridge
(Ulleungdo Island, Korea).
S. kurilensis often dominates
the shrub layer of F. crenata
forests in Japan, on the Sea of
Japan side. Both of the forest
physiognomy look similar
Fig. 2.5 Leaves of Fagus

multinervis Nakai of
Ulleungdo Island. Its leaves
are similar to the leaves of the
Japanese beech Fagus
japonica Maxim.; however,
Fagus multinervis has larger
cupules and no hairs on the
inferior side of leaves
in the canopy layer, with herbaceous species such as Allium victorialis var.
platyphyllum, Hepatica maxima and Maianthemum dilatatum and pteridophytes
such as Rumohra standishii, Polystichum tripteron and Polystichum retroso-
paleaceum forming the forest floor. Evergreen trees and shrubs have a reduced
presence (1–3 %). Very significant is the high presence of geophytes with rhizomes
(30 %) or with bulbs (4 %), the highest values in the beech forests of East Asia.
Very diffused are also the perennial herbs (hemicryptophytes) with a total of over
33 % and climbers (12.5 %).
2.2.2 B. Saso-Fagetalia (Suzuki 1966) (Run. No. 6–27)
Character species: Fagus crenata, Acanthopanax sciadophylloides, Magnolia

obovata, Fraxinus lanuginosa, Quercus mongolica. var. grosseserrata, Skimmia
japonica var. intermedia f. repens, Acer rufinerve, Tilia japonica, Acer
sieboldianum, Acer micranthum, Paris tetraphylla, Smilacina japonica, Acer
Fig. 2.6 Distribution map of the five beech forest associations in Japan
japonicum, Dryopteris sabaei, Carex dolichostachya var. glaberrima, Prunus

grayana, Corylus sieboldiana, Sasa senanensis, Betula grossa, Symplocos coreana,
Acer shirasawanum, Carpinus japonica, Stewartia pseudo-camellia.
This order was named by Suzuki (1966). It is characterized by the above species;
however, Symplocos coreana, Lindera umbellata, Acer shirasawanum, Carpinus
japonica and Stewartia pseudo-camellia are not distributed in the association Saso
kurilensis-Fagetum crenatae (Suzuki 1949). This order includes the F. crenata
forests and parts of the F. japonica forests distributed over the mountain zone in
Japan (Fig. 2.6), and it comes into contact at higher elevations with communities
belonging to the order Abieti-Piceetalia (Miyawaki et al. 1968), a part of class,
Vaccinio-Piceetea (Braun-Blanquet et al. 1939), which is distributed over the
highlands (Braun-Blanquet et al. 1939). However, the species composition of
Saso-Fagetalia has not much in common with the character species of the order,
Abieti-Piceetalia.
On the other hand, at lower elevations it comes into contact with Quercetalia
serratae-grosseserratae (Miyawaki et al. 1971), and to the north with forests of the
order Carpino cordatae-Quercetum grosseserratae (Takeda et al. 1983), where
species of the genus Quercus are dominant. These forests are sometimes impacted
by man, and tend to be second growth. Of these, Quercetalia serratae-grosseserratae

(Miyawaki et al. 1971), which often grows close to beech forests, contains many
significant species such as Euonymus oxyphyllus, Euonymus alatus f. ciliato-
dentatus, Callicarpa japonica, Struthiopteris nipponica, Rhus trichocarpa, Rhodo-
dendron kaempferi, Carpinus laxiflora, Clethra barbinervis, Ilex macropoda,
Carpinus tschonoskii, Hydrangea hirta, Schisandra repanda, Pourthiaea villosa
var. laevis, Viburnum phlebotrichum, Ilex crenata and even Fagus japonica, which
have high degrees of constancy in this order. In addition, in some lowland areas,
this order comes into contact with natural evergreen forests of Illicio-Quercetalia
acutae (Fujiwara 1981), of the class Camellietea japonicae (Miyawaki and Ohba
1963). This order contains some species that penetrate slightly into the beech
forests, but otherwise it has little in common with the beech forests. In addition,
in the same mountain zone, but growing in the valleys, are found the ravine
woodlands, which are sorted into another order Fraxino-Ulmetalia (Suzuki 1966).
Species central to that order, but often appearing in Saso-Fagetalia (Suzuki 1966)
are Aesculus turbinata, Pterocarya rhoifolia, Panax japonicus, Polystichum
tripteron, Leptogramma mollissima, Ligustrum tschonoskii, Peracarpa carnosa
var. circaeoides and Hydrangea macrophylla var. acuminata. Also, separated by
the topographical features is the coniferous order Pinetalia pentaphyllae (Suzuki
1966), which is distributed across the ridge tops.
This order includes two alliances; Fagion crenatae (Suzuki 1952) on the Japan
Sea side of Japan and Sasamorpho-Fagion crenatae (Miyawaki et al. 1968) on the
Pacific Ocean side of this country.
B-a. Fagion crenatae (Suzuki 1952) (Run. no. 6–15)
Character species: Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. nana, Plagiogyria
matsumureana, Ilex crenata var. paludosa, Daphniphyllum macropodum var.
humile, Carex foliosissima, Sasa palmata, Arachniodes mutica, Magnolia
salicifolia, Lindera umbellata var. membranacea, Acer palmatum var. matsumurae,
Viola vaginata, Sasa kurilensis, Hamamelis japonica var. obtusata, Ilex leucoclada,
Aucuba japonica var. borealis, Heloniopsis orientalis
This alliance is distributed in Honshu and southern Hokkaido on the Japan Sea
side from 37 500 to 42 500 N and 136 40 to 142 550 E. It was defined by Suzuki
(1952) to include all the beech forests in Japan. However, as the compositions of the
forests on the Japan Sea side and those on the Pacific Ocean side differ significantly,
Miyawaki et al. (1968) redefined the Suzuki alliance into two separate alliances;
Saso kurilensis-Fagion crenatae and Sasamorpho-Fagion crenatae. Later,
Hukusima et al. (2001) renamed the Japan Sea side beech forest alliance as Fagion
crenatae (Suzuki 1952), in order to respect the principle of priority.
In the canopy layer of the beech forests in this alliance, F. crenata is always
dominant, while the sub-canopy layer is always dominated by Acer species.
Another characteristic of the forests in this alliance is that under the particular
shrub layer with dominance of Sasa species, a second layer exists, where evergreen
shrub species occur, such as Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. nana, Ilex crenata var.
paludosa, Daphniphyllum macropodum var. humile, Ilex leucoclada and Aucuba
japonica var. borealis, all of which are character species of this alliance. Most of
these species originate from areas on the Pacific Ocean side of Japan and have
adapted to the climate on the Japan Sea side, where the snowfall is much greater. In
this region, the climate is cold-temperate, with annual mean temperatures of 6 to
9 ; heavy snow falls in winter are frequent with up to 2 m and more.
The associations included in this alliance are characterized by the prevalence of
broad leaved deciduous trees (ca. 26 %) and shrubs (23 %), together with perennial
herbs (Hemicryptophytes 27 %, Geophytes 20 %). The alliance Fagion crenatae
includes two associations: Saso kurilensis-Fagetum crenatae (Suzuki 1949) and
Lindero umbellatae—Fagetum crenatae (Horikawa et Sasaki 1959).
2. Saso kurilensis-Fagetum crenatae (Suzuki 1949) (Run. no. 6–10)
Character species: Rhododendron albrechtii, Acer mono var. mairii; Acer
tchonoskii, Streptopus streptopoides var. japonicus.
Type relevé: Hukusima et al. (1984), Tab. 2, Relevé reference number HB 40, in
Mt. Yulap (Elevation 490 m, Hokkaido).
This association (Figs. 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, and 2.14) is distributed
across the Hokuriku and Tohoku regions, and on the Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido
from 36 to 43 N and approx. 136 to 142 E. The association, described by Suzuki
(1949a) for the Hokkaido area, occurs in the central and northern regions of Honshu
and in southern Hokkaido, mainly on the Japan Sea side, from 200 to 1,700 m in the
south and close to sea level in the northernmost areas. This climax community is the
most typical beech forest in Japan, very uniform in species composition and occur-
ring over large areas.
In this association, Hukusima et al. (1995) distinguished five subassociations:
typicum (Run. no. 6), carpinetosum (Run. no. 7), aesculetosum (Run. no. 8),
abietetosum (Run. no. 9) and sasetosum (Run. no. 10).
Canopy layer is always dominated by Fagus crenata, and sub-canopy layer with
Acer japonicum and A. tchonoskii. Upper shrub layer always with dominance of
Sasa kurilensis and other species including Lindera umbellata and Viburnum
furcatum. Lower shrub layer with evergreen broad-leaved shrubs, such as Ilex
leucoclada, Ilex crenata var. paludosa, Cephalotaxus harringtonia and Aucuba
japonica var. borealis, together with Carex dolichostachya and Smilacina japonica.
In the sasetosum subassociation, which grows on the flat mountain ridges with
volcanic ash soil in the Kitakami Mountains, Tohoku region, the shrub layer
occasionally lacks scrub bamboo grasses and is dominated by forbs.
The ecological conditions for this association are characterized by very intense
rain (1,700–3,000 mm yearly rainfall) and in the cold season heavy snowfalls: up to
3 m.
3. Lindero umbellatae—Fagetum crenatae (Horikawa et Sasaki 1959) (Run.
no. 11–15)
Character species: Euonymus lanceolatus, Torreya nucifera var. radicans,
Cryptomeria japonica, Menziesia ciliicalyx.
Type relevé: Sasaki (1964), Table 6, Relevé reference number Mt. Daisen, no. 4
(Elevation 1,100 m).
This association is distributed in the Chugoku region on the Japan Sea side of
Japan and on the lowlands in the Hokuriku area of Chubu, in a range from 34 200 to
Fig. 2.7 A typical Fagus

crenata forest (Saso
kurilensis-Fagetum crenatae)
on the Sea of Japan side
(Tambara highland, Gumma
Prefecture, Japan). On the Sea
of Japan side, beech forests
are widely distributed within
200–1,700 m elevation
Fig. 2.8 A typical summer

view of the internal Fagus
crenata forest (Saso
kurilensis-Fagetum crenatae,
Tambara highland, Gumma
Prefecture), the beech forest
which is typical for the
Japanese sea side. The tallest
beech trees are over 20 m; in
the understory, Sasa
kurilensis and Sasa
senanensis are dominant
Fig. 2.9 Fagus crenata

forest in Autumn (Saso
kurilensis-Fagetum crenatae,
Tambara highland, Gunma
Prefecture)
Fig. 2.10 An internal view

of the beech forest on the Sea
of Japan side (Saso kurilensis-
Fagetum crenatae) with
Cryptomeria japonica in
Mt. Hakusan, Ishikawa
Prefecture, Japan
Fig. 2.11 Fagus crenata

forest in early Spring on the
Sea of Japan side (Tadami
town, Fukushima Prefecture,
Japan). In the F. crenata
forest on the Sea of Japan
side, the dense growth of
evergreen broad-leaved
shrubs is characteristic. Snow
melt earlier around the boles
of trees and evergreen broad
leaved shrubs of Camellia
japonica subsp. rusticana and
Ilex crenata var. radicans
have started to grow
Fig. 2.12 Camellia japonica

subsp. rusticana appearing
after the snow melt
Fig. 2.13 Camellia japonica

subsp. rusticana flowering
under cold temperature,
immediately after the snow
melt. Leaves bent by the snow
pressure have not been
recovered yet
37 400 N and from 131 800 to 137 100 E. It was recorded by Horikawa and Sasaki
(1959) in the Geihoku area in Hiroshima prefecture, located in the Chugoku region,
situated in western Honshu. As few of the mountains in this area have sufficient
elevation for F. crenata forests to grow, the associations are observed only sporadi-
cally. In addition to the character species, this association contains character species
of the Fagion crenatae (Suzuki 1952) alliance, although fewer of these character
species are observed towards the west. On the other hand, this association on the
Pacific Ocean side blends with an increasing number of species from the
Sasamorpho-Fagion crenatae (Miyawaki et al. 1968) alliance. Four subassociations
are classified under this association: typicum (Run. no. 11), polystichetosum (Run.
no. 12), rhododendretosum (Run. no. 13) and torpetaleietosum (Run. no. 14). The
F. japonica forests (Figs. 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, and 2.18) have been classified as the
association, Torreyo-Fagetum japonicae (Nakanishi et al. 1970). However, because
of the similarity in their composition with the Lindero umbellatae-Fagetum
crenatae, we now classify it as Lindero umbellatae-Fagetum crenatae torreyetosum
(Run. no. 15), a subassociation of this association. Although the composition is
basically similar to Saso kurilensis-Fagetum crenatae (Suzuki 1949), Cryptomeria
japonica is occasionally seen in the canopy layer in this association.
The ecological conditions for this association correspond to a moderately cool,
rainy climate, with yearly mean temperatures of ca. 8 C at 1,000 m elevation and
average rainfall 2,300–2,700 mm (Table 3.4). Snowfall during the cold season is
lesser intensive than in Saso kurilensis-Fagetum crenatae, and mostly remains in the
range of 1 m to about 2 m.
B-b. Sasamorpho-Fagion crenatae (Miyawaki et al. 1964) (Run. no. 16–27)
Character species: Sasamorpha borealis, Abies homolepis, Acer palmatum var.
amoenum, Rhododendron quinquefolium, Abelia spathulata, Acer tenuifolium,
Stewartia monadelpha, Carex fernaldiana.
This alliance (Miyawaki et al. 1964) is distributed across all areas of Kyushu and
Shikoku, and the Pacific Ocean side of Honshu, in a range from 31 300 to 39 500
Fig. 2.14 Leaves of Fagus

crenata are of moderate size,
and a little thicker than those
of Fagus japonica. It has a
shorter peduncle than Fagus
japonica
Fig. 2.15 Physiognomy of

the Fagus japonica forest in
Oshika village, Nagano
Prefecture, Japan. F. japonica
mainly distributes on the
slopes of the Pacific Ocean
side of Japan. Their canopy
shows in general a not
uniform structure
Fig. 2.16 Multi-stemmed

Fagus japonica can grow on
steep slopes of coarse gravel,
on which scrub bamboos are
missing
Fig. 2.17 Leaves in Fagus

japonica are larger than in
Fagus crenata, thinner and
with many veins; cupules are
smaller and with longer
peduncles
Fig. 2.18 Leaves of

F. japonica at the lower side
have long condensed hair on
the veins
and 130 200 to 142 E. Although the distribution area of this alliance extends over a
wide area, the mountain environment suitable for beech forest growth does not
continue throughout the region; therefore, the associations of this alliance appear
sporadically and the species composing each plant community reflect the flora of
each region. The alliance is characterized by the character species noted above;
however, Stewartia monadelpha and Carex fernaldiana are not observed in the
Sasamorpho-Fagetum crenatae (Suzuki 1949).
The associations of this alliance develop under conditions of cool, rainy climate,
but, as a difference to the previous alliance (Fagion crenatae), during the cold
season snowfall is relatively limited and in average not reaching 1 m. Average
yearly temperatures (Table 3.4) in general are ca. 8 C at 1,000 m elevation,
whereas rainfall is variable (see the different associations).
In the canopy layer, evergreen broad-leaved species such as Quercus acuta, Q.
salicina, Illicium religiosum and Eurya japonica appear among F. crenata, as well
as evergreen conifer species such as Abies firma, Tsuga sieboldii and Torreya
nucifera. Although the forest floor is often dominated by Sasamorpha borealis,
Sasa nipponica prevails on the forest floor in the Kanto region. As these scrub
bamboo species have a high degree of coverage, the herb layer is often not well
developed.
4. Sasamorpho-Fagetum crenatae (Suzuki 1949) (Run. no. 16–19)
Character species: This is the typical association without character species.
Type relevé: Suzuki (1949b), Table 2, Relevé number. M5, Tonakayama/
Shirokura National forest, Shizuoka Prefecture (Elevation 1,490 m).
This association is known from the inland areas of central Honshu to the inland
Kanto regions and the Pacific Ocean side of the Tohoku region, in a range from 35
100 to 39 500 and 137 200 to 142 E. This association, recorded by Suzuki (1949b),
is the typical association showing the basic characteristics of the alliance,
Sasamorpho-Fagion crenatae. As this association occasionally adjoins Saso
kurilensis-Fagetum crenatae (Suzuki 1949) on the Japan Sea side, it often contains
the main species of that association, such as Acer japonicum, Dryopteris sabaei,
Prunus grayana, Vaccinium japonicum, Lindera umbellata var. membranacea and
Acer palmatum var. matsumurae. However, Stewartia monadelpha and Carex
fernaldiana, which are character species of the alliance, are seldom recorded.
Hukusima et al. (1995) classified this association into three subassociations;
typicum (Run. no. 16), aucubetosum (Run. no. 17), and enkianthetosum (Run. no.
18). In addition, the floristic composition of the F. japonica forests distributed over
Mt. Oomuro at the foot of Mt. Fuji, suggests that these forests are to be included in
the Sasamorpho-Quercetum crenatae association, as an additional subassociation
oxalietosum (Run. no. 19). Species richness in the canopy layer is high, with
evergreen conifer species Abies homolepis, Tsuga sieboldii and Abies firma,
along with Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata. However, the sub-canopy layer
is not well developed. The shrub layer is made up of scrub bamboo such as
Sasamorpha borealis and Sasa nipponica. Therefore, the development of the herb
layer is extremely poor.
The inland areas where Sasamorpho-Fagetum develops are humid, but the total
yearly rainfall (1,300–2,000 mm) is inferior than in the areas of the following
associations (3,000 mm and more).
5. Corno-Fagetum crenatae (Miyawaki et al. 1964) (Run. no. 20–22)
Character species: Prunus incisa, Parabenzoin praecox, Plectranthus
umbrosus, Aster ageratoides var. harae f. leucanthus, Aster dimorphophyllus,
Enkianthus campanulatus.
Type relevé: Miyawaki et al. (1964), Table 2-13, Relevé reference number 52,
Mt. Shiragatake in Tanzawa, Kanagawa Prefecture (Elevation 1,380 m).
This association occurs in a limited area in central Honshu on the Pacific Ocean
side of Japan, in a range from 34 500 to 36 N and from 137 500 to 139 100 E. The
association, named by Miyawaki et al. (1964), is distributed across an area referred
to as the Fossa Magna, where relatively recent volcanic mountains, such as Mt.
Fuji, are situated. Reflecting the moist oceanic climate of the area and elevate
rainfall, this association contains species that form ravine forests (Fraxino-
Ulmetalia Suz.-Tok. 1967), such as Viola bissetii, Aster ageratoides var. harae f.
leucanthus and Plectranthus umbrosus. Under this association, Hukusima et al.
Fig. 2.19 Landscape of the

Fagus crenata forest (Sapio
japonici—Fagetum crenatae)
in Mt. Takanawa, Shikoku,
Japan. The beech forests on
the Pacific Ocean side are
distributed in scattered
mountain areas
(1995) classified three subassociations; typicum (Run. no. 20), sasetosum (Run. no.
21), and cacalietosum (Run. no. 22). Although F. crenata is dominant in the canopy
layer, Cornus kousa often grows in the sub-canopy layer. Sasamorpha and Sasa
hayatae are dominant in the shrub layer. However, in the subassociations of
sasetosum and cacalietosum, which develop on flat ridges with thick volcanic ash
soil, the shrub layer lacks scrub bamboo and is dominated by forbs.
6. Sapio japonici-Fagetum crenatae (Sasaki 1970) (Run. no. 23–27)
Character species: Parabenzoin trilobum, Enkianthus cernuus f. rubens, Styrax
shiraiana, Lindera sericea var. glabrata, Hydrangea luteo-venosa.
Type relevé: Miyawaki (1981), Table 132, Relevé reference number C80, Mt.
Kunimi, Shiiba Village, Miyazaki Prefecture (Elevation 1,370 m).
This association (Figs. 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, and 2.22) occurs in Kyushu, Shikoku,
the Kii Peninsula, and the Tokai region on the Pacific Ocean side of Japan, in a
range from 31 300 to 35 100 N and 130 200 to 137 500 E. The climate (Table 3.4) is
relatively warmer than in the previous associations (mean temperature 9–10 C at
1,000 m elevation), with abundant rainfall (up to 3,000–3,600 mm yearly). This
association contains evergreen species, more frequently as usual among the F.
crenata forest associations in Japan. Evergreen broad-leaved species such as
Quercus acuta, Q. salicina and Illicium religiosum, as well as evergreen conifer
species such as Abies firma and Tsuga sieboldii normally occur in the canopy and
sub-canopy layers of this association; in the shrub layer, evergreen species such as
Pieris japonica, Skimmia japonica, Eurya japonica, Neolitsea sericea and Camellia
japonica are often present. Another characteristic of this association is that some
species are closely related to species widespread in beech forests of southwestern
China, such as those seen in Yunnan Province, Sichuan Province, and Guizhou
Province. Hukusima et al. (1995) in this association distinguish four different
subassociations: typicum (Run. no. 23), occurring throughout all the area of distri-
bution, leucosceptretosum (Run. no. 24), which is diffused only in Kyushu,
cacalietosum (Run. no. 25) in Shikoku, and aceretsum (Run. no. 26) observed in
Shikoku and the Kii Peninsula. Although further evaluation is still required, in this
Fig. 2.20 Internal view of

Sapio japonici—Fagetum
crenatae (Mt. Hikosan,
northern part of Kyushu). The
understory is dominated by
Sasamorpha borealis. Fagus
crenata is endemic to Japan
and it usually has a single
trunk

beech forests in Mt. Shiratori,
middle Kyushu, Japan (Sapio
japonici—Fagetum crenatae).
Parabenzoin trilobum and
Symplocos coreana are
regularly dominant in the
sub-canopy layer
Fig. 2.22 Mixed Fagus

crenata-Abies homolepis
forest (Sapio japonici-
Fagetum crenatae) at higher
elevation of Mt. Ishizuchi,
Shikoku. In the canopy layer
beech is dominant, but it is
often mixed with Abies
homolepis
study we classified Styraci shiraianae-Fagetum japonicae Y. Sasaki in Miyawaki

(1981) as a subassociation, styracetosum (Run. no. 27), because of its similarity in
species composition. In leucosceptretosum (Run. no. 24) and cacalietosum (Run.
no. 25), which often occur on flat mountain ridges with volcanic ash soil, the shrub
layer with scrub bamboo is often absent. This vegetation, in the herb layers,
contains the same species that form ravine forests belonging to Fraxino-Ulmetalia
Suz.-Tok., 1967.
2.3 II. Litseo elongatae-Fagetea sp. div. cl. Nov. (Run. No. 28–48)
Character species: Fagus longipetiolata, Litsea elongata, Smilax discotis,

Parathelypteris glanduligera, Ardisia crispa, Dendropanax chevalieri, Rubus
buergeri, Symplocos lancifolia, Dennstaedtia scabra.
The vegetation of this class is composed by all beech forests in China, south of
the Yellow River (Yangtze), excluding the southernmost examples in Yunnan
province; with the differentiated order Fagetalia hayatae (Hukusima et al. 2005),
vegetation of this class extends also to the northern portion of Taiwan.
The character species of this class include the deciduous beech, Fagus
longipetiolata, as well as the evergreen species Litsea elongata, Ardisia crispa,
Symplocos lancifolia and Dennstaedtia scabra. Many of the species frequently
occurring in the associations belonging to this class, are diffused also in Japan,
e.g. Daphniphyllum macropodum, Cleyera japonica, Maesa japonica, Ardisia
crenata, Liriope platyphylla, Lepisorus thunbergianus and Dryopteris erythrosora.
However, in Japan these species do not grow in the beech forests but in the
evergreen woodland communities belonging to the class Camellietea japonicae
(Miyawaki et Ohba 1963). This indicates that the beech forests in China have
important similarities and close relationships, not only with the deciduous Japanese
beech forests but also with the evergreen broad-leaved forests in Japan.
Forests belonging to this class do not cover a continuous area, because they
mostly occur at higher elevation in the mountain ranges, so that they are scattered
over a wide zone. Thus, the species composition of these forests is highly
diversified, and they in general do not share many species in common.
The majority among the species occurring in these plant communities are
evergreen and the proportion of deciduous flora is not so large as in the beech
forests of Japan. This tendency increases as the latitude decreases.
The associations belonging to this class are assembled in two orders, which are
both newly described here: Sinarundinario nitidae—Fagetalia including the beech
forests of China and a second order, Fagetalia hayatae (Hukusima et al. 2005)
which is endemic in Taiwan.
At the more meridional latitudes in Yunnan Province, near to the Tropic, the
beech forests contain even more elements of the evergreen flora and thus lack the
deciduous nature that is characteristic for the forests with dominance of Fagus; here
another type of vegetation appears, where the species of the genus Fagus together
with few other deciduous elements occur, among prevailing components of the
2.3 II. Litseo elongatae-Fagetea sp. div. cl. Nov. (Run. No. 28–48) 27
evergreen broad-leaved forests: here we have the transition to a different, still

unnamed vegetation class (see associations 21–22).
2.3.1 C. Sinarundinario nitidae–Fagetalia sp. div. (Run. No. 28–46)
Character species: Fraxinus chinensis, Pyrola decorata, Stewartia sinensis,

Viburnum sympodiale, Paederia scandens, Lindera glauca, Acanthopanax
evodiaefolius, Ilex penryi, Sinarundinaria nitida, Sorbus folgneri, Acer sinense,
Viburnum betulifolium, Polystichum neolobatum, Fagus lucida, Smilax stans, Viola
schneideri, Ophiopogon bodinieri, Camellia pitardii, Quercus oxyodon,
Lithocarpus cleistocarpus, Symplocos botryantha, Pinus armandii, Dryopteris
labordei, Acer oliverianum, Fagus engleriana, Eurya brevistyla, Lithocarpus
hancei, Symplocos caudata, Ophiopogon mairei, Machilus ichangensis, Symplocos
anomala, Reineckia carnea, Plagiogyria stenoptera, Rubus malifolius, Hydrangea
anomala, Quercus stewardiana, Eurya muricata, Rhododendron mariesii,
Polygonatum odoratum, Schima superba, Rhododendron latoucheae, Carpinus
viminea, Lindera reflexa, Symplocos stellaris, Quercus gracilis, Arthraxon
hispidus, Parthenocissus heterophylla, Dryopteris fuscipes, Ophiorrhiza japonica,
Camellia cuspidata, Ilex wilsonii, Smilax glabra, Rhododendron simsii.
This order includes the beech forests in all areas of Central and South China,
South of the Yellow River, except for Taiwan (Fig. 2.1). Reflecting the wide
diversity in the flora of China, there are many character species in this order.
Only Fraxinus chinensis, Pyrola decorata, Stewartia sinensis, Viburnum
sympodiale, Paederia scandens and Acanthopanax evodiaefolius are diffused
over all the areas of distribution of this order, whereas all other species have a
limited geographical range or are absent from one alliance or another. The
diversified distribution of character species demonstrates how the environment
characteristics of each region are reflected in the local beech forests. In other
words, the floristical composition of the vegetation units is locally limited, and
common character species diffused across the wider region are mostly lacking.
The climate has a warm-temperate and humid character, clearly differing from
the cold-temperate climate of the beech forests in Japan. Temperatures in 1,000 m
elevation range from 10 C to about 16 C and annual rainfall from 900 to
1,600 mm (Table 3.4). For the plants, this means lesser rain and more transpiration
in comparison with the conditions in the beech forests of Japan. Indeed, rain is
mostly concentrated in (late) summer and trees are not exposed to important water
stress; on the contrary, these are in general conditions favourable for elevate
photosynthesis, and giving a chance of survival to some representatives of the
evergreen subtropical flora. In fact, evergreen species range from 14 to 25 % in
the tree layer and from 6 to 17 % in the shrub layer, whereas the corresponding
values in Japan were 1–2 % and 2–3 %.
The isolated communities of Fagus sp. div., scattered in a large portion of the
Chinese mainland, are to be considered a precious reserve of biodiversity (not
limited to plant life). In particular, the inflorescences of the shrub bamboo
Sinarundinaria nitida (¼Fargesia nitida), are the preferred food of the Giant
Panda, and consequently the communities bearing a dense thicket of this bamboo,
often included in natural reserves or National Parks, are among the most important
factors for the survival of the remaining populations of this mammal, worldwide
considered an icon for species highly endangered of extinction.
This order contains four alliances (see Fig. 2.1):
C-a. Abelio englerianae—Fagion all. nov. (associations 7–8) in the Shaanxi
and Sichuan Provinces, North-Western China.
C-b. Aceri davidii—Fagion lucidae (Wang et al. 2005) (associations 9–14) in
the Guizhou, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei Provinces in the central area of China.
C-c. Qiongzheo tumidinodae—Fagion all. nov. (associations 15–17) in Hunan
Province and in the northern part of Yunnan, South-Western China.
C-d. Indocalamo latifolii—Fagion hayatae var. zhejiangensis all. nov.
(associations 18–19) in the Zhejiang Province, Eastern China.
C-a. Abelio englerianae—Fagion all. nov. (Run. no. 28–30)
Character species: Rhododendron bricranthum, Prunus pilosiuscula, Euony-
mus giraldii, Calanthe fimbriata, Abelia engleriana, Quercus glandulifera, Acer
laxiflorum, Holboellia fargesii, Epimedium sagittatum, Lonicera pseudopro-
terantha, Ainsliaea triflora, Berberis dielsiana.
Located at about 32–33 N and 106–107 E, Nanjiang is situated in northern
Sichuan Province, and to the south of the mountains of Shaanxi Province. This is
a relatively restricted territory at the north-western edge of China. In this area,
forests dominated by Fagus engleriana, Quercus glandulifera and Q. spinosa grow
in a mosaic pattern on the lower slopes of the mountains and along the rivers.
Forests dominated by Fagus lucida grow mainly on the upper slopes, and Fagus
hayatae ssp. pashanica occurs on the steep hills and mountain ridges. It is a
characteristic of this area that these three species of beech inhabit different
environments.
This area is situated in a relatively warm part of the Sichuan basin, but with
relatively low rainfall (about 1,000 mm yearly). Deciduous species are the principal
component of the tree layer (30 %) and in the shrub layer (20 %), whereas evergreen
species occur with a lower presence (15 % and about 8 % respectively, cfr.
Table 3.9); in the herb layer, hemicryptophytes and geophytes are prevailing.
This alliance contains the following two associations.
7. Euonymo porphyrei-Fagetum englerianae ass. nov. (Run. no. 28–29)
Character species: Euonymus pourphyreus, Quercus spinosa, Acer ginnola,
Rubus pungens
Type relevé: Relevé reference, page 153–158: number SHI 9, Nanjan in Sichuan
This association (Figs. 2.23, 2.24, and 2.25) was observed in Nanjan in Sichuan
Province between 31 500 and 32 450 N, and 106 270 and 107 100 E. The associa-
tion, when growing around rivers, is often made up of Fagus engleriana. Under the
particular ecological conditions of this community, Fagus engleriana grows, sprout
from the root with multi-trunked individuals, with in general not over 40 cm in
Fig. 2.23 Landscape of

Fagus engleriana forests in
Nanjiang, northern Sichuan
Province, China. They often
distributes on the lower slopes
and along the river

Fagus engleriana forest. F.
engleriana has multiple
trunks. On the forest floor
often grow Abelia dielsii,
Viburnum betulifolium and
Lonicera pseudoproterantha
(Nanjiang, Northern Sichuan
Province)
Fig. 2.25 Leaves and

cupules of Fagus engleriana.
This species has thin and
large leaves, and peduncles
are long
diameter. In the mostly deciduous canopy, Quercus glandulifera, which is an

evergreen species, grows among Fagus engleriana, and occasionally can expand
as the dominant species in the arboreal layer. Although the middle layers are not
well developed, the forest floor is dominated by deciduous flora such as Abelia
dielsii, Viburnum betulifolium and Lonicera pseudoproterantha. On the upper
slopes, Fagus lucida is mixed with F. engleriana in the canopy layer, and also
Quercus glandulifera occasionally occurs. The forest floor is dominated by the
shrub bamboo Sinarundinaria nitida. The relevés of this association can be ordered
in two subassociations: typical subass. (Run. no. 28), also considered as Carpinus
polyneura subassociation, and Pedicularis nasturtifolia subass. (Run. no. 29).
8. Vaccinio henryi-Fagetum hayatae subsp. pashanicae ass. nov. (Run. no. 30)
Character species: Fagus hayatae subsp. pashanica, Rubus bambusarum,
Hugeria vaccinioides, Vaccinium henryi, Daphniphyllum angustifolium.
Type relevé: Relevé reference, page 153–158: number SHI 3, Nanjan in Sichuan
Province (Elevation 1,450 m).
This association (Figs. 2.26, 2.27, and 2.28) was observed in Nanjan, Sichuan
Province, between 31 500 and 32 450 N, 106 270 and 107 100 E. We decided to
describe this forest type as Vaccinio henryi-Fagetum, a new syntaxon, because of
the fact that in this case Fagus hayatae subsp. pashanica is dominant, something
not previously reported. This association grows on the steep slopes of valleys,
occasionally on precipitous slopes with rock-exposed surfaces. It often adjoins
forests of Pinus armandii, and often it grows mixed with this species. The trunk
of F. hayatae subsp. pashanica in the canopy layer of this forest communities is
generally thin, reaching about 30–40 cm in diameter at the maximum, but the trees
can reach 30 m in height. In the sub-canopy layer, the degree of dominance of
Rhododendron hypoglaucum and R. bricranthum is high. The forest floor is not well
developed. However, sometimes a sporadic and limited growth of Sinarundinaria
nitida can be o observed and evergreen trees such as Eurya brevistyla and Quercus
oxyodon often occur together with deciduous species such as Enkianthus chinensis
and Lonicera ovalifolia var. elliptica.
C-b. Aceri davidii—Fagion lucidae (Wang et al. 2005) (Run. no. 31–41)
Character species: Quercus multinervis, Acer davidii, Lonicera japonica,
Lithocarpus henryi, Enkianthus serrulatus, Carex filicina, Polygonatum cyrtonema,
Ainsliaea henryi, Acer flabellatum, Litsea pungens, Pterygocalyx volubilis, Rubus
trianthus, Viola davidii, Mahonia japonica, Viburnum ichangense.
This alliance, recorded by Wang et al. (2005), consists of forests dominated by
species of the genus Fagus, intermittently distributed among evergreen-dominated
forests in the mountainous areas; deciduous and evergreen trees are about with the
same frequency (20 %) or deciduous are a feeble prevalence, see Table 3.1b. In the
shrub layer, deciduous species are mostly prevailing.
The distribution ranges of the associations belonging to this alliance extend from
1,300 to 2,000 m above sea level. The beech forests in this region grow on the upper
areas of the north side of steep slopes. In the associations making up this alliance,
the canopy layer is always mixed with evergreen trees, and the ratio of beech trees
in the canopy layer is highest in Sinarundinario nitidae-Fagetum lucidae distributed

Fagus hayatae subsp.
pashanica forests in
Nanjiang, Northern Sichuan
Province, China. The forests
grow on the steep slopes of
valleys. On the ridge
sometimes they grow together
with Pinus armandii
Fig. 2.27 Fagus hayatae

subsp. pashanica has thin and
tall trunks. Sometimes it
becomes 30 m in height with
30–40 cm in diameter. Forest
floor contains Rhododendron
bricranthum or R.
hypoglaucum, but no scrub
bamboos
Fig. 2.28 The leaves of

Fagus hayatae sub-species
pashanica are quite small and
slightly serrated. It looks very
similar to Fagus hayatae in
Taiwan
in Badagongshan, while it is somewhat lower in Sinarundinario bashersuto-

Fagetum lucidae (Wang et al. 2005). In Sinarundinario chungii—Fagetum lucidae
(Wang et al. 2005) distributed in Fanjingshan Natural Reserve and Kuankuoshui
Natural Reserve in Guizhou Province, the ratio of evergreen broad-leaved trees is
high in the sub-canopy and shrub layer, with the shrub layer often dominated by
scrub bamboo such as Sinarundinaria nitida and S. chungii.
The associations belonging to this alliance are mostly distributed on quite rainy
districts (annual rainfall 1,200–1,600 mm), with the exception of some aspects of
Fagetum engleriano-lucidae, occurring in areas with lower rainfall.
9. Sinarundinario chungii—Fagetum lucidae (Wang et al. 2005) (Run. no.
31–33)
Character species: Sinarundinaria chungii, Illicium simonsii, Rubus pacificus,
Carex henryi, Carpinus pubescens, Celastrus rosthornianus var. loeseneri, Carex
omeiensis, Rubus amphidasya, Aucuba obcordata, Athyrium strigillosum, Camellia
rosthorniana, Selaginella labordei.
Type relevé: Wang et al. (2005), Table 2, Relevé reference number 17,
Fanjingshan Natural Reserve in Guizhou Province (Elevation 1,700 m).
This association (Figs. 2.29, 2.30, and 2.31) is defined in the data collected from
the survey of Fagus lucida forests at 1,570–1,980 m in Fanjingshan Nature Reserve
(27 530 N, 108 420 E) and at 1,460–1,710 m in Kuankuoshui Nature Reserve in
Guizhou Province by Wang et al. (2005). According to Wang et al. (2005), this
association develops on the steep hillsides in the northeast and on the middle to
upper slopes, in the south of Fanjingshan Nature Reserve and Kuankuoshui Nature
Reserve. The association table of the Sinarundinario chungii—Fagetum lucidae is
composed of 27 relevés; of them, 10 relevés are the author’s original data.
Under this association, there are three subassociations classified: typicum (Run.
no. 31) that grows in the Fanjingshan Nature Reserve, whereas subass.
actinodaphnetosum reticulatae (Run. no. 32), as well as subass. chimonobam-
busetosum (Run. no. 33) can be are observed in the Kuankuoshui Nature Reserve.
The canopy layer in this association is dominated by the deciduous Fagus lucida.
However, a mixture of evergreen trees such as Quercus multinervis, Q. glauca and
Rhododendron haofi was often observed. As evergreen trees are observed in the
canopy and sub-canopy layers, the association can be considered as a mixed forest
of deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved species. The forest floor is densely
covered by Sinarundinaria chungii.
10. Polypodio argutum—Fagetum longipetiolatae ass. nov. (Run. no. 34)
Character species: Quercus engleriana, Castanopsis carlesii, Cymbidium
sinense, Polypodium argutum, Lophatherum gracile, Leptogramma scallani.
Type relevé: Relevé reference number FAN14, Fanjingshan Natural Reserve,
Guizhou Province (Elevation 1,170 m).
This association (Figs. 2.32, 2.33, and 2.34), observed on the steep slopes
between 900 and 1,300 m above sea level in Fanjingshan Nature Reserve in
Guizhou Province, presents normally a structure, in which Fagus longipetiolata
grows in the canopy layer together with evergreen broad-leaved species. In this
association, a wide variety of species, mainly of evergreen flora, are observed in
Fig. 2.29 Fagus lucida

forest (Sinarundinario
chungii—Fagetum lucidae) at
an elevation of 1,200 m in the
Fanjingshan Nature Reserve
in Guizhou Province, China.
This association develops on
the steep hillsides

Fagus lucida forests. The
species usually has a single
trunk. Sub-canopy layer is
dominated by evergreen
broad-leaved trees of Quercus
multinervis, Q. glauca and
Rhododendron haofui. Shrub
layer is dominated by
Sinarundinaria chungii
Fig. 2.31 Fagus lucida has

serrate, thick and glossy
leaves. Peduncles are short
and seeds are small

Fagus longipetiolata forests
of Fanjinshan Nature Reserve
in Puizhou Province, China

Fagus longipetiolata forest of
Fanjinshan Nature Reserve in
Puizhou Province, China.
Sub-canopy layer is
dominated by evergreen
broad-leaved trees. The shrub
layer is dominated by
Symplocos botryantha and the
herb layer is dominated by
Elatostema stewardii
Fig. 2.34 In Fagus

longipetiolata, the leaves are
large and peduncles are long
each layer: the shrub layer is dominated by Symplocos botryanta and the herb layer
is dominated by Elatostema stewardii. As the elevation increases, Fagus
longipetiolata in the canopy layer of this association is progressively replaced by
Fagus lucida. The floristic composition of the association also changes, and the
association is often occurring in aspects of transition to the Sinarundinario
chungii—Fagetum lucidae (Wang et al. 2005). On the other hand, deciduous trees
disappear at lower elevations, and evergreen flora such as Castanopsis platyacantha
and Lithocarpus cleistocarpus var. omeiensis, expand as dominant species, with the
transition to an evergreen broad-leaved forest.
11. Sinarundinario bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae (Wang et al. 2005) (Run. no.
35–36)
Character species: Eurya loquaiana, Clethra fabri, Cinnamomum bodinieri,
Callicarpa brevipes, Ardisia affinis, Erythroxylum kunthianum, Fordiophyton
faberi, Indosasa shibataeoides, Dioscorea batatas, Sinarundinaria bashersuta,
Rubus alceaefolius, Viburnum foetidum var. rectangulatum, Rhaphiolepis indica,
Quercus bambusaefolia, Manglietia fordiana, Rhododendron haofui, Castanopsis
eryei, Disporum cantoniense, Oreocharis benthamii var. reticulata, Ternstroemia
kwangtungensis, Phellodendron chinense.
Type relevé: Wang et al. (2005), Table 2, Relevé reference number 7, Nanshan
Nature Reserve, Hunan Province (Elevation 1,760 m)
This association was recorded from the data collected by Wang et al. (2005) in
Nanshan (26 70 N, 110 80 E) in Hunan Province, located on the border of Guangxi
Province. The authors designated the following species as character species:
Sinarundinaria bashersuta, Clethra faberi, Erythroxylum kunthianum, Indosasa
shibataeoides, Manglietia fordiana, Dioscorea batatas, Fordiophyton faberi,
Rubus alceaefolius and Callicarpa brevipes. In our study, we classified all of
these species as character species of the association except Actinidia kolomikta.
In addition, we added a wide variety of species as character species, such as Eurya
loquaiana and Cinnamomum bodinieri. In Nanshan, according to Wang et al.
(2005), forests of Fagus lucida develop on the summit of the mountains and the
upper parts of the northeastern slopes at elevations of around of 1,690–1,830 m. The
association includes two subassociations: symplocetosum lancifoliae (Run. no. 35),
and torricellietosum tiliifoliae (Run. no. 36).
In this association, also according to Wang et al. (2005), Fagus lucida dominates
the canopy layer. Mixed with deciduous species such as Liquidambar formosana,
Acer sinense and Sorbus folgneri and evergreen trees such as Quercus multinervis,
Q. bambusaefolia, Castanopsis eyrei, Manglietia fordiana and Rhododendron
indica, it forms a mixed evergreen-deciduous forest. Evergreen trees prevail in
the sub-canopy layer, and the shrub layer is densely covered by Sinarundinaria
bashersuta and Indosasa shibataeoides. Many F. lucida saplings are also observed.
In the herb layer, many evergreen ferns such as Athyrium strigillosum and
Allantodia wichurae are present.
12. Fagetum engleriano-lucidae (Wang et al. 2005) (Run. no. 37–38)
Character species: Abelia macrotera, Euonymus alatus, Aster ageratoides,
Carex capilliformis, Carex sendaica, Quercus aliena var. acutidentata, Quercus
serrata var. brevipetiolata, Platycarya strobilacea, Adenophora hunanensis, Phil-

adelphus incanus.
Dalaoling Nature Reserve, Hubei Province (Elevation 1,758 m).
Wang et al. (2005) conducted a survey of the beech forests in this association at
the following locations and recorded the association, Fagetum engleriano-lucidae
(Wang et al. 2005): 1,310–1,780 m in Dalaoling Nature Reserve (31 20 N, 110
540 E), 1,620–1,800 m in Longmenhe Nature Reserve (31 180 N, 110 290 E),
1,640 m in Houhe Nature Reserve (30 60 N, 110 320 E), and 1,330–1,450 m in
Baotianmann Nature Reserve (33 300 N, 111 550 E) in Henan Province. In this
study, we were able to identify all of the associations by their floristic compositions
and characteristics, except the data for the Houhe Nature Reserve.
Wang et al. (2005) designated the following species as character species of the
association: Viola selkirkii, Fagus engleriana, Euonymus alatus, Carex
siderosticta, C. sendaica, Abelia macrotera and Aster ageratoides. However, in
our study Viola selkirkii, Fagus engleriana, Euonymus alatus and Carex
siderosticta cannot be considered as character species. Instead, many other species
have been added as character species of the association. Under this association,
there are two subassociations: carpinetosum cordatae var. chinensis seen in
Dalaoling Nature Reserve and Longmenhe Nature Reserve, and carpinetosum
turczaninowii, which occurs in Baotianmann Nature Reserve.
In this association, Fagus engleriana and F. luchida are mixed in the canopy
layer, and deciduous trees such as Castanea henryi, Quercus aliena var.
acutidentata, Carpinus cordata var. chinensis and Sorbus folgneri often dominate.
In the sub-canopy layer, many Rhododendron species grow, and in the shrub layer
the degree of dominance by Fagus engleriana, and Dendrobenthamia japonica, as
well as by evergreen species such as Rhododendron hypoglaucum and Quercus
multinervis, is high. The dominance of scrub bamboo is low.
13. Elatostemo sessile—Fagetum lucidae ass. nov. (Run. no. 39)
Character species: Phoebe sheareri, Cercis chinensis, Elatostema sessile,
Saxifraga stolonifera, Aesculus wilsonii, Bletilla striata, Disporopsis pernyi, Prim-
ula ovalifolia, Zingiber mioga, Toona ciliata, Trachelospermum jasminoides,
Phoebe neurantha.
Dalaoling Nature Reserve, Hubei Province (Elevation 1,758 m).
Wang et al. (2005) recorded Fagetum engleriano-lucidae (Wang et al. 2005) in
the widespread beech forests in the Dalaoling Nature Reserve, Longmenhe Nature
Reserve and Houhe Nature Reserve in Hubei Province, and in the Baotianman
Nature Reserve in Hunan Province. However, in the present study, the data for
Houhe Nature Reserve contained compositional characteristics as well as a large
number of distinctive species, so it was necessary to include it under another
association. This association was not used for beech forests other than those
described in the data for Houhe Nature Reserve, making this reserve newly
independent.
Based on Wang et al. (2005), this association is distributed over a small area at
the northern limit of the Chinese beech forests, forming a small island stretching
from the northeast to the northwest slopes of the Houhe Nature Reserve. Together
with Fagus engleriana, the tree canopy consists mainly of deciduous species
Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata, Q. aliena var. acutidentata and Carpinus
turczaninowii, with occasional conifers Pinus tabulaeformis and Tsuga chinensis.
The sub-canopy layer is not well developed. The development of the shrub layer
varies, but Lindera obtusiloba and Cercis chinensis are conspicuous. The herb layer
has high frequency of Carex capilliformis, Maianthemum bifolium Ophiorrhiza
japonica, Elatostema sessile, Saxifraga stolonifera, Disporopsis pernyi and
Zingiber mioga.
14. Sinarundinario nitidae-Fagetum lucidae (Wang et al. 2005) (Run. no.
40–41)
Character species: Hedera nepalensis.
Badagongshan Nature Reserve, Hunan Province (Elevation 1,460 m).
According to Wang et al. (2005), Sinarundinaria nitida, Lithocarpus sp. Rubus
buergeri and Sarcopyramis bodinieri were proposed as the character species for this
association in the northern region of Hunan province and Badagongshan Nature
Reserve on the border of Hunan and Hubei Province (29 460 N, 110 40 E). Its
distribution is centered on slopes of 30–48 at an elevation of 1,430–1,600 m. Of
the species indicated by Wang et al. (2005), in this study we demonstrate that Rubus
buergeri has to be considered as character species for the class, Sinarundinaria
nitida is a character species for the order, and Sarcopyramis bodinieri is indicated
as the differential species for the subassociation. In the present study, we found that
the only character species, Hedera nepalensis, had low constancy. From this, it can
be said that the association demonstrates the properties of a typical association,
showing the characteristics of the Abelio englerianae—Fagion all. nov. alliance.
We consider this association to be essentially a symplocetosum crassifoliae
subassociation, and Wang et al. (2005) divided this association into two
subassociations; typicum and symplocetosum crassifoliae.
Again according to Wang et al. (2005), the dominance of F. lucida in the canopy
layer in this association is high, with a mixture of the deciduous Sorbus folgneri and
Betula insignis, and the evergreen Quercus gracilis and Q. multinervis. The sub-
canopy layer, shows little dominance of the deciduous species, with the evergreen
species Q. multinervis, Symplocos anomala, Eurya muricata, Camellia caudata and
C. pitardii frequently appearing. Sinarundinaria nitida are scattered among the
shrub layer with little dominance, while deciduous species are dominant in the herb
layer.
C-c. Qiongzheo tumidinodae—Fagion all. nov. (Run. no. 42–44)
Character species: Castanopsis platyacantha, Qiongzhea tumidinoda,
Allantodia hirtipes, Camellia grijsii, Ilex intermedia var. fangli, Rubus
chroosepalus, Rhododendron hypoglaucum, Acanthopanax evodiaefolius var.
gracilis, Viburnum willeanum, Stranvaesia amphidoxa.
This alliance consists of the three associations distributed in Sanjiankou Nature

Reserve in Daguan County, Yunnan Province, Xiaoqiao Nature Reserve in south-
eastern Yunnan Province and on Mt. Daixue in Weixin County in northeastern
Yunnan Province, between 1,600 and 2,400 m elevation. An important feature of
the associations included in this alliance is the clear dominance of evergreen tree
species over the deciduous ones (25–16 %, see in Table 3.9). Other characteristics
are the elevate presence of climbers (15 %) and in the herb layer the presence of
rhizome-geophytes (about 23 %). As to the climate, it has to be pointed out that the
associations of this alliance occur on mountain ranges with relatively low rainfall,
hardly reaching 1,000 mm in the year.
15. Sinocalamo giganteus—Fagetum lucidae ass. nov. (Run. no. 42)
Character species: Galium asperuloides var. hoffmeisteris, Sinocalamus
giganteus, Eurya semisenullata, Carpinus fangiana, Symplocos ramosissima,
Allantodia squamigera, Microlepia marginata, Ligustrum delavayanum, Eurya
graffi, Hydrangea xanthoneura, Arachniodes pseudo-aristata, Spatholirion
longifolium, Acer prolificum.
Type relevé: Relevé reference, page 159–167: number YUN2, Sanjiankou
Nature Reserve, Hunan Province (Elevation 1,780 m).
This association is known for the Sanjiankou Nature Reserve in Daguan County,
Yunnan Province (28 100 N, 103 580 E) at an elevation of between 1,800 and
2,400 m, and distribution is limited to the ridges and upper slopes. The vertical
structure of this association is composed of mainly deciduous species in the upper
layers, with a large increase in the proportion of evergreen species as moving down
to the lower layers. Fagus lucida is dominant in the canopy layer, although a
mixture of Lithocarpus cleistocarpus, Acer prolificum, Castanopsis platyacantha,
Acanthopanax evodiaefolius and other species has also been observed. The sub-
canopy layer is poorly developed. The shrub layer is dominated by Sinocalamus
giganteus, although evergreen shrubs, such as Symplocos botryantha, S.
ramosissima and Eurya semisenullata, grow in profusion. The herb layer is also
poorly developed, although there are many evergreen pteridophytes including
Polystichum makinoi and Plagiogyria stenopteria.
16. Viburno flavescentis—Fagetum englerianae ass. nov. (Run. no. 43)
Character species: Sorbus sargentiana, Toxicodendron radicans var. hispidus,
Lepisorus bicolor, Neolitsea chuii, Dichroa febrifuga, Athyrium delavayi,
Polypodiastrum dielsianum, Davidia involucrata var. vilmoriniana,
Dendrobenthamia melanotricha, Viburnum flavescens, Phyllagathis longipes,
Smilacina yunnanensis, Schizophragma hypoleuca, Smilax opaca.
Type relevé: Wu et al. (1987), Table 8-15, Relevé reference, page 159–167:
number 1, Mt. Daixue, Weixin County, Yunnan Province (Elevation 1,700 m).
This plant community, studied by Wu et al. (1987) at Mt. Daixue, Weixin
County, in northwestern Hunan Province (27 400 N, 104 520 E) at an elevation of
1,600–1,800 m, is recorded to consist of Castanopsis platyacantha, Fagus
engleriana, and Litsea chuii comm. The forest structure largely corresponds to an
old growth condition. The canopy layer consists of a mixture of the evergreen
Castanopsis platyacantha and Machillus ichangensis, and deciduous trees as Fagus
engleriana and Acer oliverianum, to give the appearance of a mixed forest of

evergreen and deciduous species. The sub-canopy layer has extremely few decidu-
ous trees, with evergreen species such as Neolitsea chuii, Symplocos paniculata and
Camellia grijsii being dominant. The shrub layer is poorly developed, with the
sometimes dominant scrub bamboo Qiongzhuea tumidinoda mixed with Dichroa
febrifuga and Viburnum flavescens. Evergreen pteridophytes, including Allantodia
hirtipes, Athyrium delavayi and Plagiogyria stenopteria, are dominant in the herb layer.
17. Tripterospermo cordifolium—Fagetum englerianae ass. nov. (Run. no.
44)
Character species: Schima crenata, Lindera subcaudata var. hemsleyana,
Neolitsea chinensis, Panicum brevifolium, Manglietia duclouxii, Tripterospermum
cordifolium, Sorbus coronata, Microsorium buergerianum, Ophiopogon bockianus,
Elatostema lineolatum, Evodia rutaecarpa var. bodinierii, Hydrangea yunnanensis,
Holboellia angustifolia, Betula albo-sinensis, Eurya handel-mazzettii, Symplocos
discolor, Smilax lebrunii, Euonymus leclerei, Skimmia arborescens, Athyrium
epirachis, Actinidia vitifolia.
Type relevé: Wu et al. (1987), Table 8-14, Relevé reference, page 159–167:
number 7, Sanjiankou Nature Reserve in Daguan County, Hunan Province (Eleva-
tion 1,640 m).
This association was reported as Castanopsis platyacantha, Schima crenata and
Eurya brevistyla by Wu et al. (1987). It exists as moist alpine evergreen broad-
leaved forests in Sanjiankou Nature Reserve in Daguan County, Hunan Province
(28 100 N, 103 580 E) and Suijan County at elevations of 1,600–2,000 m. The
location consists of steep slopes with a gradient of 30–40 . The uneven crowns in
the canopy with a mixture of deciduous species, Fagus engleriana and Acer
oliveriamum, growing together with the dominant evergreens Castanopsis
platyacantha, Schima crenata and Machilus ichangensis. Evergreen species. such
as Eurya brevistyla, Ilex intermedia var. fangii, Neolitsea chinensis and Symplocos
caudata, are common in the sub-canopy layer. The shrub layer is often dominated
by the scrub bamboo species Qiongzhuea humidinoda. The herb layer is poorly
developed, although evergreen pteridophytes, including Allantodia hirtipes and
Plagiogyria stenopteria, are dominant.
C-d. Indocalamo latifolii—Fagion hayatae var. zhejiangensis all. nov. (Run.
no. 45–46)
Character species: Fagus hayatae var. zhejiangensis, Indocalamus latifolius,
Toxicodendron trichocarpa, Quercus nubium, Tripterospermum chinense,
Ainsliaea macroclinidioides, Eurya rubiginosa var. attenuata, Magnolia
cylindrica, Rhododendron ovatum, Dioscorea bulbifera, Albizia kalkora, Liriope
graminifolia, Acer elegantulum, Photinia parvifolia, Smilax nervo-marginata.
This alliance includes the beech forests of Zhejiang Province in China,
characterized by F. hayatae Palib. ex Hayata var. zhejiangensis Liu M.C. et Wu
M.H., which is endemic in this territory (the nominal variety F. hayatae Palib. ex
Hayata var. hayatae occurs in Taiwan, cfr. ass. 20). This vegetation was described
by Wang and Fujiwara (2003) as an Indocalamus latifolius-Fagus hayatae commu-
nity, divided into Pieris japonica and Lyonia ovalifolia subunits. The authors have
not indicated the Latin association name or type relevé. Consequently, Indocalamus
latifolius-Fagus hayatae community can not be considered a validly published
association. As a matter of fact, the two subunits are described for different
localities (Qingliangfeng Nature Reserve and Sihaishan Nature Reserve, respec-
tively). In addition, they differ from one another in more than 20 differential
species. In our opinion, considering the differences among beech associations in
other areas of China, these two subunits should be considered different associations.
As to the nomenclatural problems, we propose to save the original formulation by
Wang and Fujiwara (2003) for one of these new associations (19), because this
corresponds to the subunit, where Indocalamus latifolius occurs with higher fre-
quency. For the other association (18) the name is derived from Carex lanceolata
(which occurs only in this type of beech forest) instead of the widespread Pieris
japonica.
The two associations included in this alliance are described for mountain ranges
not far away from the coast of the Chinese Sea. The climate is relatively fresh
(11–13 C in 1,000 m elevation) and humid, with 1,700–1,800 mm rainfall
(Table 3.5). In contrast with the previous alliances, here the deciduous species are
prevailing (32 % and 23 %) over the evergreen (16 % and 17 %) in the tree layer as
well as in the shrub layer (Table 3.9).
18. Carici lanceolatae—Fagetum hayatae var. zhejiangensis ass. nov. lim.
(Hukusima et al. 2001) (Run. no. 45).
Character species: Carex lanceolata, Schisandra henryi, Viola rossii,
Callicarpa giraldii, Meliosma myriantha var. discolor, Viburnum hengshenicum,
Aster procerus, Picrasma quassioides, Liquidambar acalycina, Eurya hebeclados.
Type relevé: Wang and Fujiwara (2003), Table 2, Reference number 6. We were
not able to indicate the type relevé, because in the literature only a synoptic table
exists.
Wang and Fujiwara (2003) reported data for this plant community from three
study districts on the steep upper slopes, between 970 and 1,040 m, of the
Qingliangfeng Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province (30 60 N, 118 530 E). The
Pieris japonica subunit of the Indocalamus latifolius-Fagus hayatae community
was recorded by Wang and Fujiwara (2003) in these districts. The results of the
present study revealed that this community possessed the abovementioned charac-
ter species as well as species peculiar to it, allowing it to be differentiated from
other beech forests. However, we cannot indicate a type relevé as the original data
provided in Wang and Fujiwara (2003) consist only of a synoptic table with
frequency results, without the detailed cover values for the single relevés.
Many of the character species in this association are the differential species for
the subassociation in Wang and Fujiwara (2003). They described the canopy layer
to be dominated by the deciduous Fagus hayatae var. zhejiangensis, although
Schima superba is sometimes observed in that layer. Development of the sub-
canopy layer below the canopy is poor, with Pieris japonica dominant in the sub-
canopy and shrub layers. The scrub bamboo Indocalamus latifolius grows in the
shrub layer with low coverage. Many species are present in the herb layer, though
none is clearly dominant. Unlike other beech forests, Fagus hayatae var.
zhejiangensis saplings and seedlings are often observed, indicating steady regener-
ation of the community.
19. Indocalamo latifolii-Fagetum hayatae var. zhejiangensis (Wang and
Fujiwara 2003 lim. Hukusima et al. 2001) (Run. no. 46)
Character species: Lyonia ovalifolia, Abelia dielsii, Carex chinensis,
Polygonatum sibiricum, Smilax austro-zhejiangensis, Calamagrostis arundinacea
var. ciliata, Photinia paniculata, Lithocarpus harlandii, Prunus serrulata,
Indigofera nigrescens, Bredia amoena, Ilex ficoidea, Ilex triflora, Spiraea
chinensis, Itea chinensis var. oblonga, Rubus corchorifolius, Quercus fabri,
Diplazium pinfaense.
Type relevé: Wang and Fujiwara (2003), Table 2, Reference number 7. Like in
the previous association, we are not able to indicate the type relevé, because in the
original description only a synoptic table is given.
This association was studied by Wang and Fujiwara (2003) in the Sihaisan
nature reserve in Zhejiang Province (28 300 N, 120 430 E). They made four relevés
at elevations between 900 and 960 m, and the Lyonia ovalifolia subunit of the
Indocalamus latifolius-Fagus hayatae community was recorded. In the present
study, we took the differential species of the lower units presented in Wang and
Fujiwara (2003) as the abovementioned character species. Basing on the species
composition, this unit appear quite independent from one another and consequently
we concluded that the association level is more adequate for this plant communities
so that we propose this one as a distinct association. However, we cannot indicate a
type relevé as only frequency results and not the original data are provided in Wang
and Fujiwara (2003).
A distinctive characteristic of this association is the large number of species,
such as Fagus hayatae var. zhejiangensis and Toxicodendron trichocarpa, in the
canopy layer, and dominated by deciduous species. Evergreen species are dominant
in the shrub and herb layers. Indocalamus latifolius is dominant on the shrub layer.
Unlike other plant communities, Fagus hayatae var. zhejiangensis saplings and
seedlings are plentiful, indicating healthy regeneration of the community.
2.3.2 D. Fagetalia hayatae (Hukusima et al. 2005) (Run. No. 47–48)
Character species: Fagus hayatae var. hayatae, Neolitsea acuminatissima,

Yushania nitakayamensis, Stauntonia purpurea, Elatostema trilobulatum,
Crypsinus echinosporus, Rubus shinkoensis, Schizophragma integrifolium var.
formosana, Camellia tenuifolia, Dryopteris formosana, Acrophorus stipellatus,
Plagiogyria formosana, Quercus sessilifolia, Illicium tashiroi, Smilax elongato-
reticulata, Osmanthus heterophyllus, Pourthiaea villosa var. parvifolia, Viburnum
luzonicum, Tripterospermum lanceolata, Coptis quinquefolia, Eurya leptophylla,
Rhododendron formosanum, Smilax elongato-umbellata, Loxogramme remote-
frondigera, Damnacanthus angustifolius, Ardisia brevicaulis, Trochodendron
aralioides, Polypodium amoenum, Pieris taiwanensis, Selaginella remotifolia,
Viola formosana var. formosana, Euonymus spraguei, Cremastra appendiculata.
Fig. 2.35 Landscape of the

Fagus hayatae forests in
Tungshan, Taiwan. The beech
forests are only distributed in
the north-east part of the
island, and usually grow
above an elevation of 1,300 m
The distribution of Fagus hayatae in Taiwan is extremely limited, being

restricted to the north-eastern part of the island (24 300 N, 121 370 E) (Hsieh
1989). Within this region, the species has been reported to grow in the Mt. Lala
Nature Reserve, which extends from Mt. Lalashan (2,030 m) in the south to Mt.
Chulushan (1,366 m) in the north, and the Mt. Tungshan area, a mountain 25 km
southeast of Mt. Lalashan. On these mountains, beech forests are mainly located on
the ridges at elevations between 1,300 and 2,000 m.
Fagus hayatae forests (Figs. 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, and 2.39) are envisaged to
have had a lower elevation limit and wider distribution at the time of the last glacial
peak about 20,000 years ago. However, the following climatic warming has lead to
the shrinkage of their distribution to the current range. Therefore, F. hayatae forests
in Taiwan are considered relict forests, and their conservation value is high.
The authors undertook a study in Taiwan and redesignated the Yushanio-
Fagetum hayatae (Suz.-Tok.) ex Hukusima et al. (2005) association, which includes
two subassociations, and the Fagion hayatae (Suz.-Tok.) ex Hukusima et al. (2005)
alliance. We also newly reported the order Fagetalia hayatae (Hukusima et al. 2005).
This order includes only the following alliance.
D-a. Fagion hayatae Suz.-Tok. ex Hukusima et al. 2005 (Run. no. 47–48)
Character species: The character species are the same as the order character
species.
In Taiwan, only one phytosociological study on F. hayatae forests has been
performed until present: Suzuki (1954) described and reported the association
Indocalameto-Fagetum hayatae (Suzuki 1954) and the alliance Fagion hayatae
(Suzuki 1954) in Mt. Lala, northern Taiwan. However, the cited study is incomplete
since Suzuki was unable to present vegetation tables, due to the loss of his original
data set during World War II. Therefore, he described the association and alliance
by referring to incomplete notes. An ecological study of vegetation in F. hayatae
forests by Hsieh (1989) clarified the forest physiognomy, structure, and floristic
composition. He classified the vegetation types into three subgroups using cluster
analysis, and suggested that the differences in vegetation types are primarily related
to elevation.

the Fagus hayatae forest in
Tungshan. Evergreen broad-
leaved trees are regularly
dominant in the sub-canopy
layer. The dwarf bamboo
Yushania nitakayamensis is
growing in the shrub layer
Fig. 2.37 The F. hayatae

forest of Mt. Peichatienshan
in Taiwan. The beech usually
grow only on the ridge tops,
and they are no more than
12 m in height, forming
relatively stunted shape
Fig. 2.38 There are large

beech trees growing in
Tungshan. A single tree, with
the trunk of 123 cm diameter.
Many epiphytes are growing
on the trees due to high
humidity
Fig. 2.39 Fagus hayatae has

very small leaves with clearly
serrated margin. Their
cupules are very small
This alliance includes only the following association.

20. Yushanio-Fagetum hayatae Suz.-Tok. ex Hukusima et al. 2005 (Run. no.
47–48)
Character species: The character species are the same as the order character
species.
Type relevé: Hukusima et al. (2005), Table 3, Relevé reference number TU1,
Mt. Tungshan (Elevation 1,790 m).
F. hayatae forests are all growing in the vicinity of evergreen-broadleaved
forests. Floristic comparison with the evergreen-broad-leaved forests in Mt.
Lopeishan (Oono et al. 1997) revealed that of the 160 total species recorded in the
F. hayatae forests, there are 29 evergreen species (18 %) are commonly found in
evergreen-broadleaved forests. This means that F. hayatae forests share a relatively
small number of species in common with the adjacent evergreen broad-leaved forests.
The feature of the F. hayatae forests is that F. hayatae is always dominant in the
canopy layer, and evergreen Quercus species rarely share the canopy. Evergreen
trees are regularly dominant in the sub-canopy layer, and scrub bamboo, Yushania
niitakayamensis, is dominant in the shrub layer. The herb layer is dominated by
Dryopteris formosana or Elatostema species.
The climate in the Taiwanese beech forest is warm-humid of the subtropical
type: in fact, these mountains are close to the Tropic of Cancer. Temperature in
1,000 m elevation is 17 C, the highest one recorded for the associations included in
the class Litseo elongatae-Fagetea; yearly rainfall reaches 2,663 mm.
2.4 III. Class of Evergreen-Broadleaved Forests (Class Name

and Definition Are Still Undecided)
The plant communities below described occur in evergreen broad-leaved forests

largely distributed over the mountainous areas of southeastern Hunan Province; our
relevés were carried out in mountain areas of the southern Yunnan Province. These
2.4 III. Class of Evergreen-Broadleaved Forests (Class Name and Definition Are. . . 45
forests consist primarily of populations of Fagus longipetiolata mixed with few

deciduous species. In general composition indeed, evergreen flora is largely domi-
nant in each forest layer (more than 47 % in the tree layer and 11 % in the shrub
layer) (Table 3.1b). The studied forests develop at elevations of 1,440–1,800 m.
Vegetation of this class has probably a large diffusion in the southern mountainous
ranges of South China, outside of the area occupied by the Fagus species.
This class includes at least one order (still to be described).
2.4.1 E. Order of Evergreen-Broadleaved Forests (Order Name and

Definition Are Still Undecided)
E-a. Ardisio hypargeriae—Castanopsion fabrii all. nov. (Run. no. 49–51)

Character species: Polygala tricornis, Ardisia hypargyrea, Symplocos
glandulifera, Smilax granulicaulis, Cinnamomum burmannii, Castanopsis fabrii,
Lasianthus biermannii, Acer wilsonii, Euonymus mengtzeunus, Chimonobambusa
utilis, Elatostema papillosum, Lithocarpus megalophyllus.
This alliance is proposed as the syntaxon including evergreen broad-leaved
forests with the presence of Fagus species, which were investigated in the Yunnan
province, at subtropical latitudes (ca. 23 N). These Fagus forests fundamentally
differ from the beech forests belonging to the class Litseo elongatae-Fagetea sp.
div. cl. nov., and to the order Sinarundinario nitidae—Fagetalia sp. div., which are
widespread in several Chinese provinces at higher latitudes, as deciduous beech
forests. In fact, the majority of the species composing the communities of the
Ardisio hypargeriae—Castanopsion fabrii belong to the evergreen flora and these
forests are interspersed with only a few species of the deciduous flora typically
found in the more northern beech forests. Therefore, this vegetation should be
clearly regarded as a different class, order and alliance. However, species of the
genus Fagus are included in the canopy layer, occasionally with high dominance;
therefore, we provisionally propose it as an association and alliance in this still
undescribed different class and order characteristic of the South-Chinese evergreen
broad-leaved forests. From compositional estimations, the physiognomy of this
plant community mostly fits with that of evergreen broad-leaved forests. Structur-
ally, Lithocarpus naiadarum is dominant in the canopy layer, growing together with
a mixture of Castanopsis and Cyclobalanopsis species as well as F. longipetiolata
in two different associations.
The associations belonging to this alliance develop in a subtropical mountain
climate, warm and subhumid: temperatures in 1,000 m elevation are over 19 C,
with yearly rainfall of 1,200–1,300 mm. In the tree layer the evergreen species are
strongly prevailing (45–47 % to 7–9 % of deciduous species); also in the shrub layer
evergreen species are prevailing, but there the situation is more balanced. Between
herbs, the highest frequency (19 %) is reached by rhizome-geophytes, mainly ferns.
21. Prismatomerio henryi—Lithocarpetum naiadari ass. nov. (Run. no.
49–50)
Character species: Lithocarpus naiadarum, Acanthopanax evodiaefolius var.

pseudoevodiaefolius, Castanopsis calathiformis, Machilus kurzii, Nyssa javanica,
Parakmeria yunnanensis, Lithocarpus truncatus, Quercus chapaensis, Elaeocarpus
javanicus, Adinandra wangii, Castanopsis rufotomentosa, Rhododendron
macrocarpum, Schima villosa, Manglietia rufibarbata, Albizia turgida,
Prismatomeris henryi, Itea chinensis, Eriobotrya bengalensis, Lindera metcalfiana,
Meliosma sichourensis, Beilschmiedia robusta, Osmanthus corymbosus, Eurya
trichocarpa, Camellia forrestii, Lithocarpus dealbatus, Gomphandra tetrandra,
Illicium yunnanensis, Sloanea elegans, Lasianthus longicaudus, Schefflera
producta, Euonymus forbesianus, Parathelypteris hirsutipes, Asplenium normale,
Ophiopogon clavatus, Athyrium malipoense, Sarcandra hainanensis, Kadsura
heteroclita, Fissistigma acuminatissimum, Neolitsea levinei, Alpinia chinensis,
Pyrrosia lingua, Piper cfr. flaviiflorum, Vittaria yunnanensis.
Type relevé: Wu et al. (1987), Table 8-5, Relevé reference number 3, Mt.
Caoguoshan in Xichou County, Wenshan Zhuang, in southern Yunnan Province
This plant community was reported by Wu et al. (1987) at Mt. Caoguoshan in
Xichou County, Wenshan Zhuang, in southern Yunnan Province as Lithocarpus
naidarum, Acanthopanax evodiaefolius var. pseudoevodiaefolius, and Fagus
longipetiolata Comm. We selected the study districts that included Fagus species
(Run. no. 1–3, 4–11) from Table 8-5 in Wu et al. (1987) for our study. These data
consist in the principal species of constancy level III or above within a 400 m2 area.
Although this species list remains incomplete, the following two plant communities
can be clearly defined, from the differences in species composition.
This plant community is distributed in a primeval condition over the hills around
Mt. Caoguoshan in Xichou County, Wenshan Zhuang at an elevation of
1,500–1,850 m. Many taxa of the families Fagaceae and Lauraceae (at the species
and variety levels) are most abundant, followed by those of Theaceae and
Magnoliaceae. In addition, Araliaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Symplocaceae and other
subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest species are recorded. The forests layers
are structurally well developed, with three upper tree layers, a shrub layer and a
herb layer.
The upper canopy layer is composed of Lithocarpus naiadarum, Acanthopanax
evodiaefolius var. pseudoovodiaefolius, Fagus longipetiolata, Castanopsis
calathiforumis, Machilus kurzii, Nyssa javanica, and Parakmeria yunnanensis.
The middle canopy layer consists of Magnolia rufibarbata, Cinnamomum
burmannii, Albizia turgida, and Itea chinensis. The sub-canopy layer consists of
Lindera metcalfiana, Meliosma sichourensis, Neolitsea levines and Camellia
forrestii, which grow at high densities. In the shrub layer, scrub bamboo
(Chinanobambusa sp.) is extremely dominant. The herb layer is luxurious and
heterogeneous in nature, with evergreen Liliaceae of Ophiopogon spp. and ever-
green pteridophytes such as Allantodia metterums and Parathelypteris hirsuta
growing in profusion.
This plant community is divided into two subassociations with different
compositions: typicum (Run. no. 49) and Plagiogyria maxima subass. (Run. no. 50).
2.5 Final Comment 47
22. Athyrio nardii—Michelietum balansae ass. nov. (Run. no. 51)

Character species: Allantodia petri, Cylindrokelupha balansae, Michelia
balansae, Schefflera bodinieri, Acanthopanax giraldii, Athyrium nardii, Globba
barthei, Michelia yunnanensis, Dryopteris livida, Machilus salicina, Parkmeria
yunnanensis, Lithocarpus carolinae, Liparis japonica, Dendropanax macrocarpus,
Carex perakensis, Canthium simile, Calamus oxycarpus, Asplenium unilaterale,
Schima argentea, Symplocos adenophylla.
Type relevé: Unpublished data.
This association is found at an elevation of 1,700 m in the area of the Xiaoqiao
Nature Reserve in Xichou County in Yunnan province (23 350 N, 105 E). The
canopy layer is well developed, dominated by Fagus longipetiolata, and mixed
with evergreen broad-leaved trees of Michelia balansae, Schefflera bodinieri,
Michelia yunnanensis, Machilus salicina, Parkmeria yunnanensis, Lithocarpus
carolinae, Dendropanax macrocarpus and Schima argentea. The sub-canopy
layer is poorly developed. The shrub layer is also poorly developed, but evergreen
shrubs of Canthium simile and Symplocos adenophylla, deciduous shrubs of
Acanthopanax giraldii often grow. The herb layer is well developed and dominated
by evergreen pteridophytes such as Athyrium nardii, Dryopteris livida and
Asplenium unilaterale.
2.5 Final Comment
The comparative description of 21 forest communities with species of Fagus in the

tree layer, from the cool insular habitats in Japan and Korea, to the subtropical
continental mountains of South Yunnan, offers a rare example of the possibility to
give a synthetic outlook on structure and ecology of a unitary vegetation type over
his complete geographical range. The level of the investigation in the different areas
was not uniform: very detailed in Japan, where it was necessary to synthesize a
large literature, whereas for China only single spots are analyzed. With a complex
elaboration, it was possible to reach a comparable level of information for all
aspects of the Fagus forests of East Asia. The result is condensed in the description
of the adaptations to the local conditions, a good example of unity in the diversity.
Synthetic Remarks
3
Within the wide-ranging beech forests of East Asia, differences in flora can be seen
to reflect differences not only in the capacity of compose plant communities,
depending from the climatic and ecological conditions, as it was described in the
syntaxonomical section of this study, but also in the evolutionary history of each
plant group and the migrations following the last glacial maximum in each area. For
these reasons there are very few species that are uniformly diffused across the whole
range of the study area. However, on the other hand, in many cases, even though
species were different, similar structural properties and functional adaptations can be
observed at the genus or family levels.
Consequently a discussion of similarities and differences among plant communities
only based on the presence or absence of character species is not sufficient. In the
following sections, we will try to develop a further analysis at the species, genus and
family levels, as well as on the periodicity of life processes and relationships between
plant and climate.
3.1 The Flora of the East Asiatic Fagus Forests
First of all, a general outlook on the flora of the East Asiatic Fagus forests. The
species listed in the synoptic table (Tables 3.1a and 3.1b) are 1,535, belonging to
the three groups of the Vascular Plants:
Pteridophyta 145
Gymnospermae 20
Angiospermae 1,370
If we consider only Angiosperms (and without Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms),

these are more than 1,300 species and reach, with some subspecies and varieties, the
gross total of 1,370 taxa. They are distributed among 442 genera and 114 families.
The text of Chapter 3 follows on page 122, after Table 3.1b.

Table 3.1a Synoptic table of the beech forests in East Asia (Korea and Japan)
50
Running number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
Alliance A-a B-a B-b
Association 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Char. sp. of Fagetea crenatae Miyawaki, Ohba et Murase 1964
Hydrangea petiolaris V V V II V II II IV IV V II III I + II I V III III III II IV V III II
Schizophragma hydrangeoides III II III IV III III III IV III II IV IV IV III IV III II II IV IV IV III III II III III IV
Sorbus commixta V V V V V III I II IV III III II II II I I I II + I + II
Disporum smilacinum I I I III I II I I II II II III III II + IV II II + II I II
Kalopanax pictus I I II II I II II I II II II II + II + I + I III II I II
Viburnum wrightii I I IV I I I II II III III V III II III IV III I III II V III II III
Trillium smallii I + II II II II + + I II + II
Tripterospermum japonicum I I III II II II II III I II I II II II + I + + + +
Smilax nipponica V V V V III + I II II I + + I I + +
Styrax obassia III I V IV V III + + I I II I II I II
Mitchella undulata I II II I II II III I III II I II IV II I
Maianthemum dilatatum IV II V V IV II II II IV III + I + + I
Char. sp. of Fagion multinervis Kim, Kimura,Yim 1986 and Fagetalia multinervis Kim, Kimura etYim 1986
3
Acer okamotoana V V V V V
Acer takesimense III V V V III
Prunus takesimensis III IV IV III IV
Asperula odorata V II V I IV + III +
Arisaema amurense IV IV III I III
Polystichum retroso-paleaceum IV II IV III I I + I II +
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Viola kusanoana IV III II I II I

Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantea II I V IV IV
Ligustrum foliosum IV I IV II IV
Dystaenia takesimana III I IV I IV
Aster glehnii II III III III
Athyrium brevifrons II III III
Char. sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum multinervis Kim, Kimura et Yim 1986
Fagus multinervis V V V V V
Hepatica maxima V V V V V
Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum IV II V II V
Tilia insularis III III IV II V
Botrychium multifidum var. robustum I I III I I
Lilium hansonii III I III I II
The Flora of the East Asiatic Fagus Forests
Viola hondoensis I III III II

Taxus cuspidata I I III IV IV + I
Ulmus laciniata III II I I II
Acer pseudosieboldianum I I I III
Alnus maximowiczii I II II
Aruncus dioicus II I II
Diff. sp. of subassociations
Rumohra standishii V II I I
Sambucus williamsii var. coreana III
Viola takeshimana I I IV I
Saussurea grandifolia II V I I
Adiantum pedatum I IV II II
Astilbe koreana I III
(continued)
51
Table 3.1a (continued)
52
Running number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Rhododendron brachycarpum I I V
var. roseum
Celtis jessoensis I IV
Hedera rhombea I IV II
Ophiopogon japonicus III +
Camellia japonica II I
Char. sp. of Saso-Fagetalia Suz.-Tok. 1966
Fagus crenata V V V V V V V V V II V V V III V V V V V V V V
Acanthopanax sciadophylloides IV III IV IV III IV III IV IV III III I IV III II II II I II IV
Magnolia obovata II III III II III II III II I I II II II II I I + I + + + III
Fraxinus lanuginosa III IV IV III V II III II II II IV II III V IV III V II IV V III II
Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata II IV I I III III II IV IV IV III II III + II I II III + III III
Skimmia japonica var. intermedia III II III III I III II III II III + V II III II + II II II
f. repens
Acer rufinerve II II II I IV III III III II II
III II IV V II I III I III III + I
3
Tilia japonica I II II I II I + III I I II + III III I I

Acer sieboldianum II II I I III II III IV IV III I IV II I + II V V V IV V
Acer micranthum I I I I II IV II II I III III II III I I II II II III
Paris tetraphylla III II III IV III II II I I I I I II I + II I I
Smilacina japonica II I III II V II III I I I + + V + III IV + +
Acer japonicum V V V V V III II II IV IV IV IV + II + +
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Dryopteris sabaei I II II I I II I I II I I I II II + + I
Carex dolichostachya var. glaberrima II II III IV II II III II I II + I I I + + I I
Prunus grayana III III III III II II I I III II I II II + +
Corylus sieboldiana I II II II III II IV III I III I + + I + I I
Sasa senanensis I + II II II + + II I
Betula grossa + I + I + II II II + + II II V
Symplocos coreana III V V II V + I IV IV III IV V V IV II
Acer shirasawanum II III + + II II I III + III
Carpinus japonica + + I + II I II II + II + II II III III
Stewartia pseudo-camellia I II II I III II II I + + I
Char. sp. of Fagion crenatae Suz.-Tok. 1952
Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. nana II III III I II III V III III I
Plagiogyria matsumureana III II III V IV IV III II III
Ilex crenata var. paludosa III III II II II III II II III

Daphniphyllum macropodum III II II II I II I II IV II
var. humile
Carex foliosissima I + II + II IV II II II +
Sasa palmata + + I + I III IV I III
Arachniodes mutica IIIII II IV III I I I I I
Magnolia salicifolia IIIII II II + III + II III III + II
Lindera umbellata var. membranacea IV V V III III II IV + + + I
Acer palmatum var. matsumurae I II II + + I II I + I I
Viola vaginata I I + III + II I + + +
Sasa kurilensis I V IV III IV V II IV III
Hamamelis japonica var. obtusata II II + I II IV
Ilex leucoclada IV II III IV IV III
Aucuba japonica var. borealis II III III II II IV
53
(continued)
54
Running number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Heloniopsis orientalis I + I II
Char. sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum crenatae Suz.-Tok. 1949a, b
Rhododendron albrechtii II III I II I +
Acer mono var. mayrii I II II I V + + + I I
Acer tschonoskii II + I IV
Streptopus streptopoides I I IV II
var. japonicus
Abies mariesii IV
Oplopanax japonicus III +
Menziesia pentandra I + III I
Clintonia udensis + + III
Rhododendron brachycarpum II
Ilex rugosa + II + +
3
Betula ermanii + II III I +

Cimicifuga simplex + V + I + II II
Carex pilosa IV
Prunus ssiori + IV +
Aegopodium alpestre IV
Rodgersia podophylla + + IV II
Ligularia dentata III II
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Ligustrum tschonoskii III

var. glabrescens
Cacalia hastata var. tanakae III
Aruncus dioicus var. tenuifolius III
Spuriopimpinella calycina III
Sasa tsukubensis III
Thalictrum tuberiferum III
Rubus peseudo-japonicus III
Adenophora remotiflora + III I II
Carex sachalinensis var. alterniflora III + +
Prunus maximowiczii + III + II II
Polystichum braunii I II
Galium trifloriforme + II +
Sambucus sieboldiana var. miquelii II

Thalictrum minus var. hypoleucum II
Waldsteinia ternata II
Osmorhiza aristata II +
Platanthera sachalinensis II
Char. sp. of Lindero umbellatae-Fagetum crenatae Horikawa et Sasaki 1959
Euonymus lanceolatus II II II II III
Torreya nucifera var. radicans + I II II
Cryptomeria japonica I I I I I II +
Menziesia ciliicalyx I I II III + + +
Rhododendron lagopus + II
Rhododendron nudipes ssp. niphophilum III
Camellia japonica var. decumbens + + II
55
(continued)
56
Running number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Prunus incisa var. kinkiensis II
Pertya rigidula II
Rhododendron reticulatum + III I
var. ciliatum
Sasa veitchii var. tyugokuensis II
Char. sp. of Sasamorpha-Fagion crenatae Miyawaki, Ohba et Murase 1964
Sasamorpha borealis III IV III IV III IV IV III III IV
Abies homolepis IV II I II III IV
Acer palmatum var. amoenum I I I III I II III V II + II
Rhododendron quinquefolium I + IV I I + II
Abelia spathulata + + + III II IV IV II + IV II
Acer tenuifolium + I V + I + III III II
Stewartia monadelpha IV IV + III V II II IV
Carex fernaldiana II IV II II I II I
3

Skimmia japonica + + + IV + I I +
Pertya robusta III
Aucuba japonica I IV
Skimmia japonica f. rugosa III
Quercus acuta III + I
Acer capillipes II
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Dryopteris bissetiana I I II
Ainsliaea apiculata + II +
Torreya nucifera II + I
Pertya scandens II
Dioscorea quinqueloba + II
Prunus verecunda I + + II
Enkianthus subsessilis IV
Pertya triloba III
Rhamnus costata + IV +
Alangium platanifolium var. trilobum I I + + IV
Caulophyllum robustum II III I
Smilax sieboldii I I II + III
Pternopetalum tanakae III +
Clematis japonica V + II III II

Dryopteris polylepis + V + II II +
Chloranthus serratus + V + III I II
Oxalis griffithii var. kantoensis IV III
Galium japonicum + II II + II
Circaea erubescens II
Acer nikoense II I
Char. sp. of Corno-Fagetum crenatae Miyawaki, Ohba et Murase 1964
Prunus incisa I V III III III
Parabenzoin praecox + + III V III +
Plectranthus umbrosus + II II
Aster ageratoides var. harae I + + I III II
f. leucanthus
Aster dimorphophyllus I I II +
57
(continued)
58
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Enkianthus campanulatus + + + I II III +
Elatostema umbellatum IV I +
Acer diabolicum + I IV
Sasa hayatae III
Galium kikumugura III
Chamaele decumbens III
Viola eizanensis I III + +
Cirsium microspicatum + II
Clinopodium gracile var. multicaule I II +
Stellaria sessiliflora II I
Viburnum sieboldii II
Lamium humile II
Arisaema angustatum II
3
Cimicifuga acerina II IV II
Cacalia hastata var. farfaraefolia II + III
Cacalia yatabei II I + + III
Calamagrostis hakonensis + II + III
Aconitum japonicum var. montanum + I III
Anemonopsis macrophylla II
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Potentilla yokusaiana + II
Filipendula multijuga II
Cirsium effusum II
Miricacalia makineana II
Aster ageratoides ssp. amplexifolius + II
Stewartia serrata + II I
Synurus pungens II
Char. sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum crenatae Sasaki 1970
Parabenzoin trilobum + + II IV V V II IV
Enkianthus cernuus f. rubens + II + I + II
Styrax shiraiana + + II I I III
Lindera sericea var. glabrata I + V II II V + III
Hydrangea luteo-venosa I II II III

Leucosceptrum stellipilum var. V
tosaense
Polygonum debile I II IV
Angelica pubescens III
Kilengeshoma palmata III
Viola shikokiana + V III
Veratrum grandiflorum + II II III +
Saxifraga fusca var. kikubuki II
Rubus peltatus I II +
Impatiens hypophylla II
Cornopteris decurrenti-alata II
Polygonum tenuicaule + II
Brylkinia caudata II
59
(continued)
60
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Ligularia stenocephala II
Carex grallatoria + + II
Cacalia yatabei var. occidentalis IV
Acanthopanax hypoleucus IV
Cacalia tebakoensis II + II + IV
Arisaema ternatipartitum III +
Galium kinuta + III
Deparia albosquamata I + III
Cirsium nipponicum var. shikokianum II
Carex sachalinensis var. sikokiana II
Euphorbia sieboldiana II
Cirsium buergeri II
Deinanthe bifida II
Rubia chinensis var. glabrescens II II
3
Philadelphus satsumi + II
Carex filipes II
Elatostema umbellatum var. majus + + II
Paeonia japonica I + + II
Leucosceptrum japonicum + II II
Actaea asiatica + I + I II
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Sasa ishizuchiana II
Hydrangea sikokiana III
Elements of Quercetalia serratae-grosseserratae Miyawaki et al. 1971
Euonymus oxyphyllus II + I II + III I I II I II II III II II II II
III II V II
II
Struthiopteris nipponica III IV II II I IV III IV V V I II + I + III I I II
IV
Callicarpa japonica V I + I + + + I II + II II IV + I + I II
Euonymus alatus f. ciliato-dentatus I I I III I II II III I III II II II + + I +
Rhus trichocarpa IV III II III I III II IV II I II IV + II + II
Schisandra repanda I + II II + I + II I V I I + I + III
Pourthiaea villosa var.laevis + I + II I II + II III III III II I IV III II
Hydrangea hirta + I II III III IV I III II III II II I I
Rhododendron kaempferi + III + + III II I V III II I I II
Hamamelis japonica I + + + II I I III + + II I
Carpinus laxiflora II I II III + IV IV I + + II IV

Viburnum dilatatum I + + II II III II V I + I +
Fraxinus sieboldiana I + + II II III II + + + +
Viburnum phlebotrichum II + II II II I + + II IV II
Ainsliaea acerifolia var. subapoda + I + II IV I II IV IV II
Acer distylum + I + + + I II II IV I
Ilex crenata I III II II III I II IV II II
Abies firma + I IV III I III II + V
Sorbus japonica + I I II III III + I
Acer crataegifolium + II II I + + I
Meliosma tenuis + II I II + II +
Euonymus sieboldianus + I II II I II +
Rhododendron semibarbatum I I II + II IV
Castanea crenata + I + II + I
61
(continued)
62
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Fagus japonica V III II IV V V
Illicium religiosum III I I II + III
Quercus serrata I II II I +
Evodiopanax innovans II III + IV
Buckleya lanceolata + II II I
Elements of Fraxino-Ulmetalia Suz.-Tok. 1966
Ligustrum tschonoskii I + I IV II + + + + V III V III III IV +
Panax japonicus I + II + II I + + IV + II I + II I
Peracarpa carnosa var. circaeoides + III II IV + III I + I I III + III + +
Hydrangea macrophylla I III I + + + I II III II V V + +
var. acuminata
Leptogramma mollissima I I II II + II II + II I + + II
Euonymus melananthus I + IV + + + + IV I I II II
Polystichum tripteron III I II I I III II + I +
3
Aesculus turbinata III III + II I + + I I

Diplazium squamigerum + II I + V + II I +
Hydrangea macrophylla + II + IV + I + +
var. megacarpa
Laportea bulbifera + II + IV III II I I
Prunus jamasakura + + I II I + II
Deparia conilii I I I III II I
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Pterocarya rhoifolia I I III + II III

Acer carpinifolium + V II I II +
Arachniodes standishii + I I
Polystichum ovato-paleaceum I I II
Common species of the beech forests in East Asia
Cornus controversa V I II I I I + I II II I II + + + I + V I I II + I II + +
Dryopteris crassirhizoma V V V V V + I III I V I I I I II
Euonymus fortunei var. radicans II I III III III I I III III I III I I III III + II
Disporum sessile V III IV I IV + + + + + III + + I
Leptorumohra miqueliana I I II IV II I I II I III + + + + II +
Viola selkirkii II I III II + V II +
Tiarella polyphylla II IV I II
Matteuccia orientalis I I III + II
Gynostemma pentaphyllum III II II

Cymbidium goeringii III + + II II +
Tsuga sieboldii III I I II + II I V
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata III + +
Viburnum furcatum I II II V V V V VV V IV IV III III + I + I III II V III II I
Rhus ambigua III III V III II
IV IV III II III II II I V III IV I II IV V IV II
Ardisia japonica I I III + I I + IV II II
Parathelypteris japonica + + III III I I I + I
Clethra barbinervis III II I I IV III IV V V III IV V III III IV IV + IV IV
Hydrangea paniculata III II III III I II + + + II I + II II II + III I
Acer mono II II II II II II III II II II I + II I II + II III
Ilex macropoda II I + II II III II IV V II II II I II I I II III
Sorbus alnifolia II III II I IV II II III III III I I II + + + +
Cornus kousa + I II II II II II I III III III I I III + +
63
(continued)
64
Running number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Lindera umbellata IV V V I V II IV I V III II III II + II
Carpinus tschonoskii + I + II + III + II II II I II II II
Athyrium wardii + I II II III + II + I I III II +
Vaccinium japonicum III III I II III II III IV III + I +
Carpinus cordata I + + I I + V I I II II II
Helwingia japonica + + I + + I V I II I III +
Styrax japonica + I + II II + II II II II II
Akebia trifoliata + + + II I III I III + +
Pieris japonica I + IV + + I III II II II
Oxalis griffithii + II II I IV II I + +
Lyonia ovalifolia var. elliptica + I I II II III II + +
Sapium japonicum I III III + + II I I II
Viburnum erosum I I III IV + I I I II
Carex siderosticta + I + II I I +
3
Asarum sieboldii + + I I I I
Rubus palmatus + + I I IV I
Celastrus orbiculatus I I + + I I
Meliosma myriantha II + II II + III
Ilex pedunculosa I II III I I II
Viola grypoceras I + + + II
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Pertya glabrescens + + I II II
Viburnum plicatum var.tomentosum + II + + I
Acer palmatum II I + + +
Rubus pectinellus IV II + +
Lindera obtusiloba + I III +
Viburnum urceolatum + II I +
Actinidia kolomikta + II II
Oxalis acetosella + II I
Eurya japonica II II II
Lindera erythrocarpa + I +
Lespedeza buergeri + +
Athyrium otophorum I +
Dryopteris erythrosora I +
Lepisorus thunbergianus II I
Schisandra chinensis II
Pachysandra terminalis II
Cayratia japonica II
Symplocos paniculata I
Companions
Pyrola japonica III III V II I + II + IV I
Athyrium yokoscense I II II I I + IV + II II + + II II IV I
Polygonatum falcatum II + + + + I II + II
Actinidia arguta II + + I IV + + + + + I
Lepisorus ussuriensis var. distans I + + I II II +
Phryma leptostachya v .asiatica V I IV I III II + II +
Osmunda japonica I I III I + I I
Desmodium oxyphyllum III I IV I IV + I +
65
(continued)
66
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Trillium tschonoskii II II II + I
Fraxinus rhynchophylla II I
Goodyera maximowicziana I II
Dryopteris expansa I III III II II + II I
Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica + II I III + I + + I + + +
Polygonatum lasianthum I + + + + I I + II + I
Fagus hayatae var. hayatae I III I II + III II II
Carex reinii I III I I I I II II III
Shortia uniflora I I + II + III
Goodyera foliosa + II I + + I + +
Lycopodium serratum var. serratum II + I + I + III I
Tricyrtis affinis + I + I + III + I
Carex conica + I I I + II I +
Sambucus sieboldiana + I II II + II I II
3
Vaccinium hirtum II + I I + II + +
Monotropastrum globosum + I + + + + + II
Stephanandra incisa + II I I II II + I
Phegopteris connectilis + II I
Euonymus macropterus I + II
Carex morrowii var. temnolepis I + + + I
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Vaccinium smallii I + II
Lycopodium serratum II I I II + I + +
Ilex sugerokii var. brevipedunculata + + I + +
Carex sachalinensis + + II
Osmunda cinnamomea var. fokiensis + + I II +
Vaccinium oldhamii I I II
Cacalia adenostyloides + II I
Astilbe thunbergii var. congesta I I III +
Rubus palmatus var. coptophyllus II I IV II III II
Cacalia delphiniifolia I + + + II II I
Smilax china II II II + + I I
Cephalotaxus harringtonia III II + I + II
Viburnum urceolatum II + I + +
var. procumbens
Plectranthus longitubus II + II II
Carex morrowii II II + + + V + II
Ilex geniculata I II I I I I
Sasa nipponica II + + + I I
Acer mono f. dissectum II + II + I + I
Lepisorus onoei III I II +
Rhododendron wadanum II III IV II I III
Deutzia crenata I II I II +
Viola bissetii I + II II
Astilbe thunbergii + I + + II +
Alnus firma II II
Salvia nipponica I II
Tricyrtis macropoda II II
67
(continued)
68
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Zanthoxylum piperitum II + I
Lilium cordatum I I II
Viola boissieuana + I II
Omphalodes japonica +
Symplocos chinensis var. leucocarpa + + + + + + + +
f. pilosa
Cacalia nikomontana + + + I +
Menziesia multiflora I I + I +
Tripterygium regelii + + + + +
Acer argutum I + I + +
Athyrium niponicum + + + I +
Vitis coignetiae I + I I
Wisteria floribunda I I I I
Leucothoe grayana var. oblongifolia I I + +
3
Euonymus planipes + + + +
Brachypodium sylvaticum + I I I
Deparia pycnosorum I + I I
Acer nipponicum + I + +
Callicarpa mollis I I + I
Vaccinium smallii var. glabrum + + + I
Lonicera gracilipes I + I +
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Berberis thunbergii + II + +
Oreorchis patens + + +
Ostrya japonica + I +
Gentiana zollingeri I I +
Geum japonicum I + +
Zelkova serrata I I +
Actinidia polygama I + I
Circaea alpina I + +
Stellaria diversiflora I + I
Polygonatum odoratum + + +
var. pluriflorum
Epigaea asiatica I + +
Polygonum filiforme I + I
Hydrangea involucrata + I I
Oplismenus undulatifolius I + I
var. japonicus
Chamaecyparis obtusa + + I
Shortia soldanelloides var. magnus + I I
Staphylea bumalda + I I
Astilbe thunbergii var. fujisanensis + I +
Acer mono var. connivens + + +
Davallia mariesii II + +
Rhamnus japonica var. decipiens + I I
Acanthopanax trichodon + + I
Prenanthes acerifolia II + +
Polygonum cuspidatum + II I
Sanicula chinensis + + +
69
(continued)
70
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Patrinia triloba var. palmata + + +
Rhododendron metternichii I + +
Valeriana degeletiana I I I
Abelia serrata + II
Chimaphila japonica + I
Aristolochia kaempferi + I
Viscum aibum var. coloratum I +
Luzula plumosa var. macrocarpa I I
Morus bombycis + +
Pinus parviflora + I
Symplocos myrtacea I II
Stachyurus praecox + +
Trachelospermum asiaticum I II
var. intermedium
3
Quercus salicina + +
Acer mono var. savatieri I I
Asarum savatieri + I
Dichocarpum stoloniferum I I
Dioscorea septemloba + +
Dryopteris monticola + +
Arisaema japonicum I I
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Tylophora aristolochioides + I
Sorbus gracilis I I
Shortia soldanelloides + +
Galium pogonanthum + +
Weigela hortensis + +
Aster scaber + I
Prunus apetala I +
Abelia spathulata var.stenophylla I +
Eupatorium chinense + +
var. simplicifolium
Hosta montana + I
Sasa tsuboiana + +
Magnolia kobus I II
Calanthe tricarinata + +
Cacalia farfaraefolia var. bulbifera I +
Polygonatum macranthum + +
Thujopsis dolabrata var.hondae + I
Ligustrum obtusifolium I +
Carex stenostachys var. cuneata I I
Viola violacea I +
Magnolia kobus var. borealis + +
Acanthopanax spinosus + +
Diphylleia grayi I +
Dioscorea tokoro + +
Carex blepharicarpa + +
Rhododendron reticulatum + I
Boehmeria spicata + +
71
(continued)
72
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Picea polita + +
Fraxinus apertisquamifera I I
Epipactis papillosa + I
Anemone pesudo-altaica + I
Streptopus amplexifolius + +
var. papillatus
Asarum heterotropoides + +
Cynanchum sublanceolatum I +
Liparis krameri I +
Tsuga diversifolia I I
Pourthiaea villosa I II
Carpesium triste + +
Abelia spathulata var. sanguinea I I
Scrophularia duplicato-serrata I I
3
Hosiea japonica I I
Galium trachyspermum + +
Lindera sericea I II
Veronica cana var. miqueliana + II
Spuriopimpinella nikoensis + +
Smilacina hondoensis + I
Vitis amurensis f. glabrescens I I
Synthetic Remarks
Athyrium henryi I I
3.1
Poa takeshimana II I
Deparia japonica I +
Carex sp.2 I
Carex sp.1 I
Cornus macrophylla +
Viola acuminata +
Dioscorea nipponica +
Goodyera schlechtendalina I
Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis I
Rhododendron dilatatum +
Neolitsea sericea +
Enkianthus campanulatus +
var. ikokianus
Scutellaria laeteviolacea I
Polystichum polyblepharum +
Plectranthus shikokianus I
var. intermedius
Anemone nikoensis I
Astilbe thunbergii var. shikokiana I
Orixa japonica +
Plectranthus kameba I
Lycopodium obscurum I
Phellodendron amurense I
Athyrium clivicola +
Ainsliaea acerifolia I
Cardiandra alternifolia I
Celastrus orbiculatus var. papillosus I
73
Dryopteris lacera +
Dumasia truncata +
(continued)
74
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Acer mono var. glabrum +
Lycopodium clavatum +
Lilium medeoloides I
Glaucidium palmatum +
Plectranthus inflexus +
Alnus hirsuta var.sibirica +
Syneilesis palmata +
Platanthera florentii +
Tilia maximowicziana +
Rhododendron metternichii +
var. hondoense
Betula maximowicziana +
Dryopteris saxifraga +
Galium kamtschaticum var. +
acutifolium
3
Carex floribunda +
Calanthe discolor +
Euptelea polyandra +
Sasa megalophylla +
Daphne miyabeana +
Carex lasiolepis I
Synthetic Remarks
Viola dissecta I
3.1
Asplenium incisum I
Boehmeria tricuspis I
Circaea mollis I
Isodon excisus I
Saxifraga fortunei var. incisolobata I
Achyranthes japonica I
Cephalanthera falcata I
Chrysosplenium grayanum I
Eutrema japonica I
Elaeagnus macrophylla I
Angelica polymorha I
Polygonum thunbergii II
Lonicera gracilipes var. glandulosa +
Berchemia racemosa +
Smilacina yesoensis I
Malus tschonoskii +
Pyrola renifolia I
Alnus hirsuta +
Acer mono var. ambiguum +
Magnolia sieboldii +
Chelonopsis moschata +
Rubus microphyllus +
Liriope platyphylla I
Monotropa hypopitys I
Arisaema peninsulae I
Angelica edulis +
Thujopsis dolabrata +
75
Pterostyrax corymbosa +
(continued)
76
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Class I
Order A B
No. of releves 20 11 9 5 9 67 18 45 15 10 18 14 9 9 20 16 6 10 13 21 7 23 56 13 9 15 11
Prunus buergeriana +
Chamaecyparis pisifera +
Acer ukurunduense I
Pinus densiflora +
Betula schmidtii I
Ephippianthus schmidtii +
Aconitum japonicum +
Erythronium japonicum +
Struthiopteris castanea +
Rubus illecebrosus +
Woodsia manchuriensis +
Dryopteris chinensis +
Coptis trifolia +
Carex breviculmis +
3
Elaeagnus montana I
Rhododendron decandrum +
Rhododendron weyrichii +
Epimedium sempervirens I
Dioscorea gracillima +
Lilium auratum +
Solidago virga-aurea var. leiocarpa +
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Ophiopogon planiscapus +
Cercidiphyllum japonicum +
Sasa ramosa +
Galium paradoxum I
Tilingia holopetala I
Ligularia fischeri I
Arisaema limbatum +
Ulmus japonica +
Betula corylifolia I
Epimedium grandiflorum I
var. thunberganum
Streptopus streptoides I
Galium kamtschaticum +
Tricyrtis latifolia +
Pleioblastus chino +
Elaeagnus montana var. ovata +
Lastrea quelpaertensis +
Euonymus sieboldianus +
var. sanguineus
Leucosceptrum sp. I
Carex insaniae +
Pteridophyllum racemosum +
Anemone debilis +
Rhododendron pentaphyllum +
Agrostis scouleri I
Polypodium vulgare I
Cephalanthera erecta I
77
Table 3.1b Synoptic table of the beech forests in East Asia (China and Taiwan)
78
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Alliance C-a C-b C-c C-d D-a E-a
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Char.sp of Litseo elongatae-Fagetea sp. div. cl. nov.
Fagus longipetiolata II 3 3 I 3 V 4
Litsea elongata I I I 2 V V I II 2 IV 1
Smilax discotis 1 1 I I II
Parathelypteris glanduligera 1 I I 2 I
Ardisia crispa I II 1 IV
Dendropanax chevalieri I I III 2 3 II
Rubus buergeri 1 1 IV II II
Symplocos lancifolia I IV III III
Dennstaedtia scabra I II 1 II
Char.sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae—Fagetalia sp. div.
Fraxinus chinensis 2 II II 3 3 4
Pyrola decorata 1 I III 2 I 1
Stewartia sinensis 2 1 3 II 2
3
Viburnum sympodiale 3 2 3 II I III III 2 I 3

Paederia scandens 1 I I V 1 I I 3 1
Lindera glauca 1 1 V I I 2 2
Acanthopanax evodiaefolius 2 2 2 II 1 III III 3 4
Ilex penryi 1 2 2 V 3 2 V
Sinarundinaria nitida 2 3 1 I 1 3 V
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Sorbus folgneri 2 2 2 II IV I IV 1 IV
Acer sinense 3 1 I I III 3 1 2 III
Viburnum betulifolium 2 3 3 I III
Polystichum neolobatum 1 I II IV I
Fagus lucida 2 V V V V 4 3 V V
Smilax stans 2 1 1 II IV I 1 III 1 3 II I
Viola schneideri II III III I III II
Ophiopogon bodinieri 1 2 1 I I II 1 II I
Camellia pitardii I II 1 I III III
Quercus oxyodon 3 II II 3 II
Lithocarpus cleistocarpus III 2 V
Symplocos botryantha I 2 IV V
Pinus armandii 1 3 2 II 3
Dryopteris labordei 2 V 2 I
Acer oliverianum 1 2 1 IV I III 2 II I 2 V
Fagus engleriana 3 3 1 IV 4 1 2 V
Eurya brevistyla 2 III III 2 V
Lithocarpus hancei II II II 2 III I I 1 V
Symplocos caudata I II I I 1 I I 2 IV
Ophiopogon mairei III III II I
Machilus ichangensis I 3 I 2 V
Symplocos anomala II I 3 IV IV
Reineckia carnea III II 1 II
Plagiogyria stenoptera III 3 III 2 III
Rubus malifolius II II IV 2 I
Hydrangea anomala I II III IV 1 II I III
Quercus stewardiana I III 2 I 3
79
(continued)
Table 3.1b (continued)
80
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Eurya muricata II 3 IV 2 4
Rhododendron mariesii II 1 3 3 3
Polygonatum odoratum I I 3 2 3
Schima superba I I 1 3 4
Rhododendron latoucheae I I 1 1 4
Carpinus viminea I I 1 II 2 3
Lindera reflexa II I I 2 3 4
Symplocos stellaris I I 1 3 3
Quercus gracilis II 2 3 II 3 4
Arthraxon hispidus I 2 2 1 IV 2
Parthenocissus heterophylla II III 2 I 1 IV 1
Dryopteris fuscipes I V III 1 1 I 3
Ophiorrhiza japonica III II 3 II 1
Camellia cuspidata III III I 3 II 3 3
3
Ilex wilsonii 1 IV 1 4
Smilax glabra III I II 1 I 3 1
Rhododendron simsii I III 1 III 2 3 4
Char. sp. of Abelio englerianae—Fagion all. nov.
Rhododendron bricranthum 1 1 2
Prunus pilosiuscula 1 1 2 I
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Euonymus giraldii 1 3 1
Calanthe fimbriata 2 1 1
Abelia engleriana 1 1 1
Quercus glandulifera 3 2 1
Acer laxiflorum 1 1 1 I
Holboellia fargesii 3 2 II I
Epimedium sagittatum 2 1
Lonicera pseudoproterantha 2 1
Ainsliaea triflora 1 2 III
Berberis dielsiana 1 2
Char.sp. of Euonymo porphyrei-Fagetum englerianae ass. nov.
Euonymus pourphyreus 3 2
Quercus spinosa 2 2 II
Acer ginnola 1 2
Rubus pungens 1 2
Pedicularis nasturtifolia 3
Cacalia roborowskii 2
Meliosma veitchiorum 2
Char.sp. of Vaccinio henryi -Fagetum pashanicae ass. nov.
Fagus hayatae subsp. pashanica 3
Rubus bambusarum 3 I
Hugeria vaccinioides 2
Vaccinium henryi 2
Daphniphyllum angustifolium 2
(continued)
81
82
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Char.sp. of Aceri davidii—Fagion lucidae Wang, Fujiwara et Lei 2005
Quercus multinervis V V V 2 III 3 V
Acer davidii I II II III 1 IV 4 3
Lonicera japonica II I 2 I 2 II
Lithocarpus henryi II II II 2 III I 1
Enkianthus serrulatus II III II 2 2 II
Carex filicina I II 2 I 3 2 IV
Polygonatum cyrtonema I I 1 III 1 I
Ainsliaea henryi II I II III
Acer flabellatum I III I 1
Litsea pungens I II 1 IV 2 II
Pterygocalyx volubilis II IV 1 I
Rubus trianthus II II 2 I
Viola davidii I III 1 I I
3
Mahonia japonica II II 1
Viburnum ichangense I 3 3 III
Char.sp. of Sinarundinario chungii-Fagetum luchidae Wang, Fujiwara et Lei 2005
Sinarundinaria chungii IV IV V
Illicium simonsii I III II II
Rubus pacificus I II I 1
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Carex henryi V III

Carpinus pubescens I III
Celastrus rosthornianus var. loeseneri II II
Carex omeiensis I III
Rubus amphidasya II II
Aucuba obcordata II I
Athyrium strigillosum II I
Camellia rosthorniana I I
Selaginella labordei II I
Actinodaphne reticulata V
Holboellia coriacea III
Liriope muscari III 4
Schima sinensis III 1 3

Carex pachyrrhiza II
Arisaema consanguineum II
Rhododendron leishanicum II
Rhododendron ririei II
Daphne papyracea II
Stellaria wushanensis II
Symplocos lancilimba II
Padus grayana II
Viola brunneostipulosa III II
Rubia cordifolia III I I
Ainsliaea gracilis II I
(continued)
83
84
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Char.sp. of Polypodio argutum—Fagetum longipetiolatae ass. nov.
Quercus engleriana I I 3 II I
Castanopsis carlesii 2
Cymbidium sinense 2
Polypodium argutum 2
Lophatherum gracile 2
Leptogramma scallani 2
Char.sp. of Sinarundinario bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae Wang, Fujiwara et Lei 2005
Eurya loquaiana II V 3
Clethra fabri V 3
Cinnamomum bodinieri I 2
Callicarpa brevipes III 2
Ardisia affinis III 1
Erythroxylum kunthianum V 2 V
3
Fordiophyton faberi III 2

Indosasa shibataeoides V 2
Dioscorea batatas II 4
Sinarundinaria bashersuta V 4
Rubus alceaefolius III 3
Viburnum foetidum var. rectangulatum IV 1
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Rhaphiolepis indica I 3
Quercus bambusaefolia IV 1
Manglietia fordiana IV 2
Rhododendron haofui II IV 1
Castanopsis eryei I II V 1
Disporum cantoniense 1 II 2
Oreocharis benthamii var. reticulata II 1
Ternstroemia kwangtungensis II 1
Phellodendron chinense II 1
Lithocarpus glober III
Eupatorium shinense IV
Arthromeris lehmannii IV
Blastus pauciflorus III

Torricellia tillifolia 3
Dendropanax hainanensis 1 2
Cayratia corniculata 2
Clerodendron colebrookianum 2
Ribes longirucemosum var. davidii 2
Litsea pedunculata 2
Clerodendron fortunatum 2
Char.sp of Fagetum engleriano-lucidae Wang, Fujiwara et Lei 2005
Abelia macrotera III 4
Euonymus alatus IV 4
Aster ageratoides III 1
Carex capilliformis II 4
Carex sendaica III 1
85
(continued)
86
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Quercus aliena var. acutidentata II 4
Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata II 2 I 1
Platycarya strobilacea II 1 3
Adenophora hunanensis I 2
Philadelphus incanus I 2
Carex subpediformis IV
Castanea henryi IV
Carpinus cordata var. chinensis 1 IV
Hamamelis mollis III 2
Rhododendron augustinii 1 III
Rhododendron hypoglancum 2 III
Luzula plumosa III
Parathelypteris nipponica III I
3
Tupistra chinensis 1 III 1

Astilbe rubra II
Calamagrostis sylvatica II
Anaphalis margaritacea II
Acer franchetii II
Rhus punfabensis II
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Stellaria palustris II
Polygonum suffultum II
Smilax polycorea II
Viburnum rhytidophyllum II
Pieris formosa 1 II
Cerasus conradinae II
Ligularia veitchiana II
Lindera floribunda II
Goodyera repens II
Carpinus turczaninowii 2 1 4
Deyeuxia sinelatior 4
Saussurea cordifolia 4
Smilax trachypoda 4
Rosa setipoda 3
Euonymus praewarskii 3
Buckleya henryi 3
Lespedeza formosa 3
Patrinia scabiosaefolia 3
Forsythia suspensa 3
Styrax hemsleyana 2
Spiraea dasyantha 2
Spiraea prunifolia 2
Rhododendron micranthum 2
Morus mongolica 2
Tsuga chinensis 2
Melampyrum roseum 2
Adenophora cordifolia 2
87
(continued)
88
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Adenophora polymorpha 2
Adenophora trachelioides 2
Pertya cordifolia 2
Char.sp. of Elatostemo sessile—Fagetum lucidae ass. nov.
Phoebe sheareri 1 3
Cercis chinensis 2
Elatostema sessile 2
Saxifraga stolonifera 2
Aesculus wilsonii 2
Bletilla striata 2
Disporopsis pernyi 2
Primula ovalifolia 2
Zingiber mioga 2
Toona ciliata 2
3
Trachelospermum jasminoides 2
Phoebe neurantha 2
Char.sp of Sinarundinario nitidoi-Fagetum lucidae Wang et al. 2005
Hedera nepalensis 1 II
Diff. sp. of subassociation
Dryopteris mariformis II
Litsea suberosa II
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Aristolochia mollissima II
Asarum ichangense II
Sarcopyramis bodinieri V 1 I
Plagiogyria atenoptera V
Symplocos crassifolia V
Betula insignis IV
Ilex latifrons III
Photinia villosa I III
Acanthopanax fargersii II III
Symplocos stapfiana II
Phanerophlebiopsis blinii II
Magnolia biondii II
Lactuca graciliflora II
Char.sp. of Qiongzheo tumidinodae—Fagion all. nov.

Castanopsis platyacantha IV 2 V
Qiongzhea tumidinoda III 2 V
Allantodia hirtipes 2 IV
Camellia grijsii 2 V
Ilex intermedia var. fangli 1 V
Rubus chroosepalus 2 IV
Rhododendron hypoglaucum 2 III
Acanthopanax evodiaefolius var. gracilis 2 III
Viburnum willeanum 1 II
Stranvaesia amphidoxa 2 II
Char.sp. of Sinocalamo giganteus -Fagetum lucidae ass. nov.
Galium asperuloides var. hoffmeisteris III
Sinocalamus giganteus III 4
89
(continued)
90
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Eurya semisenullata II
Carpinus fangiana II
Symplocos ramosissima II
Allantodia squamigera II
Microlepia marginata II
Ligustrum delavayanum II
Eurya graffi II
Hydrangea xanthoneura II
Arachniodes pseudo-aristata II
Spatholirion longifolium II
Acer prolificum II
Char.sp. of Viburno flavescentis—Fagetum englerianae ass. nov.
Sorbus sargentiana 2
Toxicodendron radicans var. hispidus 2
3
Lepisorus bicolor 2
Neolitsea chuii 2
Dichroa febrifuga 2
Athyrium delavayi 2
Polypodiastrum dielsianum 2
Davidia involucrata var. vilmoriniana 1
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Dendrobenthamia melanotricha 1
Viburnum flavescens 1
Phyllagathis longipes 1
Smilacina yunnanensis 1
Schizophragma hypoleuca 1
Smilax opaca 1
Char.sp. of Tripterospermo cordifolium – Fagetum englerianae ass. nov.
Schima crenata V
Lindera subcaudata var. hemsleyana V
Neolitsea chinensis V
Panicum brevifolium IV
Manglietia duclouxii IV 1
Tripterospermum cordifolium IV
Sorbus coronata III

Microsorium buergerianum III
Ophiopogon bockianus III
Elatostema lineolatum III
Evodia rutaecarpa var. bodinieri III
Hydrangea yunnanensis III
Holboellia angustifolia III
Betula albo-sinensis II
Eurya handel-mazzettii II
Symplocos discolor II
Smilax lebrunii II
Euonymus leclerei II
Skimmia arborescens II
Athyrium epirachis II
91
Actinidia vitifolia II
(continued)
92
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Char.sp. of Indocalamo latifolii—Fagion hayatae var. zhejiangensis all. nov.
Fagus hayatae var.zhejiangensis 3 4
Indocalamus latifolius 1 3
Toxicodendron trichocarpa 3 4
Quercus nubium 2 4
Tripterospermum chinense 3 2
Ainsliaea macroclinidioides II 2 4
Eurya ribiginosa var. attenuata 1 4
Magnolia cylindrica 3 2
Rhododendron ovatum 2 2
Dioscorea bulbifera I 3 3
Albizia kalkora 1 3
Liriope graminifolia 1 3
Acer elegantulum 1 2
3
Photinia parvifolia 1 1 2
Smilax nervo-marginata 1 2
Char.sp. of Carici lanceolatae—Fagetum hayatae var. zhejiangensis ass. nov.
Carex lanceolata 3
Schisandra henryi 3
Viola rossii 3
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Callicarpa giraldii 2
Meliosma myriantha var. discolor 2
Viburnum hengshenicum 2
Aster procerus 2
Picrasma quassioides 2
Liquidamber acalycina 2
Eurya hebeclados I 2
Char.sp. of Indocalamo latifolii-Fagetum hayatae Wang et Fujiwara 2003
Lyonia ovalifolia 4
Abelia dielsii 3 4
Carex chinensis 4
Polygonatum sibiricum 4
Smilax austro-zhejiangensis 4
Calamagrostis arundinacea var. ciliata 3

Photinia paniculata 3
Lithocarpus harlandii 3
Prunus serrulata I I 3
Indigofera nigrescens 2
Bredia amoena 2
Ilex ficoidea 2
Ilex triflora 2
Spiraea chinensis 2
Itea chinensis var. oblonga 2
Rubus corchorifolius 2
Quercus fabri 2
Diplazium pinfaense I 2
(continued)
93
94
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Char.sp. of Yushania-Fagetum hayatae Suz.-Tok. ex Hukusima et al. 2005
Fagus hayatae V V
Neolitsea acuminatissima V V
Yushania nitakayamensis V V
Stauntonia purpurea V V
Elatostema trilobulatum III II
Crypsinus echinosporus II III
Rubus shinkoensis III V
Schizophragma integrifolium var. formosana III III
Camellia tenuifolia II IV
Dryopteris formosana IV II
Acrophorus stipellatus IV III
Plagiogyria formosana III V
Quercus sessilifolia II IV
3
Illicium tashiroi II V
Smilax elongato-reticullata II III
Osmanthus heterophyllus III V
Pourthiaea villosa var. parvifolia IV I
Viburnum luzonicum V I
Tripterospermum lanceolata III I
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Coptis quinquefolia I V
Eurya leptophylla I IV
Rhododendron formosanum I III
Smilax elongato-umbelata I III
Loxogramme remote-frondigera II I
Damnacanthus angustifolius I II
Ardisia brevicaulis I II
Trochodendron aralioides I II
Polypodium amoenum II I
Pieris taiwanensis I II
Selaginella remotifolia I II
Viola formosana var. formosana I II
Euonymus spraguei II I
Cremastra appendiculata I II
Eurya crenatifolia IV
Camellia brevistyla III
Araiostegia parripinnata II
Lepisorus obscure-venulosus II
Acer kawakamii II
Arachniodes rhomboides II
Elaeocarpus japonicus IV
Enkianthus perlata IV
Lasianthus japonicus III
Symplocos macrostroma III
Neolitsea aciculata III
Barthea formosana III
95
(continued)
96
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Pellionia arisanensis III
Damnacanthus angustifolius var. stenophyllus III
Helicia cochinchinensis III
Litsea acuminata III
Symplocos cochinchinensis subsp. laurina III
Machilus thunbergii II
Hedera rhombera var. formosana II
Myrica rubra var. acuminata II
Rhododendron pseudo-chrysenthnum II
Crypsinus quasioivaricata II
Lycopodium serratum var. longipetiolatum II
Damnacanthus indica II
Berberis mingetsuensys II
Sarcandra glabra II
3
Char. sp. of Ardisio hypargeriae—Castanopsion fabrii all. nov.

Polygala tricornis 1 IV 2
Ardisia hypargyera 2 IV 3
Symplocos glandulifera 3 III 4
Smilax granulicaulis 2 V 4
Cinnamomum burmannii 1 3 V 4
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Castanopsis fabrii 1 III 2

Lasianthus biermannii 1 II 1
Acer wilsonii 2 V 1
Euonymus mengtzeunus 1 III 2
Chimonobambusa utilis 3 V 4
Elatostema papillosum 1 III 1
Lithocarpus megalophyllus III 1
Char.sp. of Prismatomerio henryi—Lithocarpetum naiadari ass. nov.
Lithocarpus naiadarum 3 V
Acanthopanax evodiaefolius var. 3 V
pseudoevodiaefolius
Castanopsis calathiformis 2 V
Machilus kurzii 3 IV
Nyssa javanica 3 III

Parakmeria yunnanensis 2 IV
Lithocarpus fruncatus 2 IV
Quercus chapaensis 2 II
Elaeocarpus javanicus 2 III
Adinandra wangii 3 II
Castanopsis rufotomentosa 1 III
Rhododendron macrocarpum 2 III
Schima villosa 1 I
Manglietia rufibarbata 3 IV
Albizia turgida 3 V
Prismatomeris henryi 2 IV
Itea chinensis 2 IV
Eriobotrya bengalensis 1 II
97
(continued)
98
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Lindera metcalfiana 3 V
Meliosma sichourensis 3 IV
Beilschmiedia robusta II 2 IV
Osmanthus corymbosus 3 V
Eurya trichocarpa 2 III
Camellia forrestii 2 IV
Lithocarpus dealbatus 2 II
Gomphandra tetrandra 1 III
Illicium yunnanensis 2 III
Sloanea elegans 3 I
Lasianthus longicaudus 2 V
Schefflera producta 1 IV
Euonymus forbesianus 1 III
Parathelypteris hirsutipes 1 V
3
Asplenium normale 1 IV
Ophiopogon clavatus 1 III
Athyrium malipoense 2 III
Sarcandra hainanensis 2 III
Kadsura heteroclita 2 IV
Fissistigma acuminatissimum 2 III
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Neolitsea levinei 1 2 V
Alpinia chinensis II 2 IV
Pyrrosia lingua 2 III
Piper cft. flaviiflorum 2 III
Vittaria yunnanensis 1 III
Diff. sp. of subassociation
Plagiogyria maxima V
Castanopsis pachyrachis V
Allantodia metteniana I IV
Phyllagathis ovalifolia IV
Beccarinda tonkinensis IV
Diacalpe aspidioides IV
Symplocos groffii IV
Goodyera cyrtoglossa III

Elaeocarpus baceanus III
Char.sp. of Athyrio nardii—Michelietum balansae ass. nov.
Allantodia petri 4
Cylindrokelupha balansae 4
Michelia balansae 4
Schefflera bodinieri 1 4
Acanthopanax giraldii 1 1 4
Athyrium nardii I 4
Globba barthei 3
Michelia yunnanensis 3
Dryopteris livida 3
Machilus salicina 3
Parkmeria yunnanensis 3
99
(continued)
100
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Lithocarpus carolinae 3
Liparis japonica 2
Dendropanax macrocarpus 2
Carex perakensis 2
Canthium simile 2
Calamus oxycarpus 2
Asplenium unilaterale 2
Schima argentea 2
Symplocos adenophylla 2
Cornus controversa 1 2 1 I II II I II
Dryopteris crassirhizoma I
Euonymus fortunei var. radicans II
Disporum sessile II II I 2
3
Leptorumohra miqueliana II
Viola selkirkii I V 4
Tiarella polyphylla I I II I
Matteuccia orientalis 1 1 1 I
Gynostemma pentaphyllum I I I 2 I I
Cymbidium goeringii I 2 II
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Tsuga sieboldii
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata 1
Viburnum furcatum V III
Rhus ambigua I III
Ardisia japonica 3 II V
Parathelypteris japonica III
Hydrangea paniculata III 2 II 1 2
Sorbus alnifolia II 4 1
Oxalis griffithii 2 II I I 2 II
Acer mono 1 1 I I 1 1
Athyrium wardii 1 1 I 1 II III
Clethra barbinervis 1 4
Ilex macropoda 1
Lindera umbellata I I II
Cornus kousa z 2
Vaccinium japonicum II 2 II
Carpinus cordata 3
Asarum sieboldii II 2
Helwingia japonica II
Akebia trifoliata 1
Actinidia kolomikta II 3
Carex siderosticta III 4
Styrax japonica II 1
Carpinus tschonoskii I
Oxalis acetosella II V
Schisandra chinensis 3 2
Ophiopogon japonicus 2 1 II
101
(continued)
102
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Viola grypoceras II
Pachysandra terminalis I
Lespedeza buergeri II 1
Athyrium otophorum I I
Eurya japonica 1
Rubus palmatus I 1
Pertya glabrescens 2
Dryopteris erythrosora I II
Viburnum plicatum var.tomentosum 4
Rubus pectinellus I
Celastrus orbiculatus II III 1
Cayratia japonica I I 3 II
Lindera erythrocarpa III
Acer palmatum 2
3
Pieris japonica 3
Lyonia ovalifolia var. elliptica 2 I 1 II 1
Lindera obtusiloba 2 1 I II 2 3 III
Meliosma myriantha I
Sapium japonicum 3 4
Ilex pedunculosa III 3 I I
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Viburnum erosum I I IV 1 2 4 III

Viburnum urceolatum III III
Lepisorus thunbergianus III III I 1 I
Symplocos paniculata 1 3 I III II 3 2 II 2
Daphniphyllum macropodum I II 2 I 2 II V
Ardisia crenata I I III 2 II III 2 3 II
Cleyera japonica I 1 I V
Maesa japonica II 1 II
Plagiogyria euphlebia 1 II V II V
Skimmia reevesiana 2 II IV
Peracarpa carnosa I III
Symplocos sumuntia 2 II II I
Smilax lanceaefolia var. opaca II II
Companions
Euonymus fortunei 1 I II I 1 II 2 1 II
Enkianthus chinensis 1 2 I I 1 I
Lonicera henryi 2 II I 1 II II
Lindera fragrans I II 2 II 1 I
Elaeagnus lanceolata II I 2 I 2 I
Dryopteris championii II I I 2 1 II
Symplocos adenopus I III III 2 IV 2
Litsea cubeba I 1 1 I 3 1
Symplocos lanrina 2 1 I 2 I
Sorbus xanthoneura 1 2 I I II
Oplismenus undulatifolius I II 1 I I
Smilax cocculoides I I I II 1
Smilax backii I 1 1 II I
103
(continued)
104
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Microtropis fokienensis I II II 1 III
Rhus sp. 1 1 2 I III
Rhododendron sp. 1 1 IV 2 III
Lithocarpus sp1. 1 I 3 II I
Arachniodes chinensis I I 1 I I
Tetrastigma hypoglaucum I I I I I
Helwingia chinensis 1 2 2 I
Eurya alata 1 1 1 II
Mahonia bealei 1 I I II
Ilex chinensis 2 2 II 1
Viola principis II II I 1
Actinidia chinensis II II 1 II
Aucuba chinensis II I I I
Magnolia sprengeri I v II 1
3
Toxicodendron succedaneum I I 1 II
Liriope spicata II II 2 2
Litsea coreana I I 2 3
Nyssa sinensis 1 II 1 2
Eurya nitida II I 1 2
Hydrangea umbellata I I 1 2
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Prunus phaeosticta I III 2 IV

Prunus sp. 1 I 2 II
Cornus macrophylla 1 1 I I
Impatiens siculifer I I I 1
Tetracentron sinense I I 1 I
Lindera fruticosa I I I 1
Ilex franchetiana I 1 I 1
Rhododendron sutchuenense 1 1 II
Dendrobenthamia japonica var. chinensis 2 2 II
Pyrrosia sheareri II 2 II
Carex cruciata II 3 II
Rubus swinhoei II 1 II
Clethra fargesii I I II
Kerria japonica II 1 I
Viburnum corymbiflorum II I I
Schisandra sphenanthera 1 II I
Viburnum setigerum II I II
Berberis jalianae I II I
Pellionia radicans I II 1
Rhamnus hemsleyana I II I
Schisandra sinensis II 1 1
Betula luminifera I I II
Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis 2 II I
Heterosmilax japonica I I II
Kalopanax septemlobus I I 2
Hydrangea davidii I II 2
Symplocos botryanta II 2 III
105
(continued)
106
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Athyrium sp. I I II
Pittosporum glabratum var. neriifolium I I I
Lindera communis I I I
Acer sp. 1 1 II
Ilex sp. II 1 I
Chrysosplenium lanuginosum I I I
Eurya sp2. I 1 I
Ilex ciliospinosa I I 1
Sorbus aronioides I I I
Celastrus sp. 2 1 I
Lepisorus contortus I 1 I
Smilax arisanensis I I I
Symplocos chinensis I 1 I
Carpinus fargesii 1 1 1
3
Dioscorea althaeoides I r I
Litsea ichangensis 1 II 1
Magnolia sp. I I 1
Rhododendron stamineum II 2 1
Rubus irenaeus II 1 2
Sorbus sp. 1 I II
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Stauntonia sp. 1 I I
Trachelospermum cathayanum 1 II 2
Viburnum sp. 1 I I
Chloranthus henryi 1 I 2
Kadsura longepedunculata I I 2
Eurya obtusifolia 1 II
Ilex yunnanensis II I
Machilus rehderi II I
Eupatorium japonicum I II
Galium asperuloides I I
Indocalamus longiauritus II II
Dryopteris sp1. 2 I
Quercus sp. 2 I
Rubus sp1. 1 IV
Calamus sp. 2 III
Ophiopogon spp. 3 V
Carex sp.2 2 III
Selaginella sp. 1 II
Calanthe sp. 3 II
Euonymus sp1. 2 IV
Chirita sp. 3 II
Piper sp. 2 II
Lepisorus sp. I II
Camellia sp. IV 2
Carex sp.1 2 IV
Eurya sp1. 1 II
Photinia sp. I III
107
(continued)
108
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Lindera sp. III I
Asarum spp. II III
Chimaphila japonica 1 1
Goodyera schlechtendalina 3 II
Allantodia wichurae I I
Euonymus cornutus I I
Cephalanthera erecta 1 I
Goodyera velutina I I
Carex grandiligulata I I
Cinnamomum wilsonii I I
Lyonia ovalifolia var. ovalifolia 1 1
Lindera cercidifolia 1 II
Lithocarpus confinis I II
Neolitsea aurata I 2
3
Smilax glanco-china 1 1
Tripterospermum cordatum I I
Acanthopanax sp. 1 I
Acer grisema I 1
Actinidia sp. 1 I
Aralia chinensis I I
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Ardisia sp. I 1
Aruncus sylvester 1 1
Asarum caudigerum I 2
Berchemia kulingensis II 2
Camellia caudata I II
Castanopsis chunii II 1
Celastrus gemmatus 2 I
Clematis finetiana 1 I
Clematis mantana 1 1
Corylopsis sinensis I 2
Quercus augustinii I I
Cyrtomium macrophyllum 1 I
Dipelta floribunda 1 1
Elatostema obtusum I I
Enkianthus deflexus 1 1
Ficus sp. 1 I
Ilex fargesii I 1
Ilex szechwanensis 2 II
Koelreuteria paniculata II I
Lasianthus henryi 1 1
Ligustrum sinense 1 I
Parathenocissus himalayana I I
Paris bashanensis 1 1
Castanopsis hystrix 3 1
Prunus brachypoda I II
Polystichum deltodon I 1
Prunus dielsiana 1 I
109
(continued)
110
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Prunus vaniotii I 1
Rhododendron fargesii 1 1
Rubia leiocaulis I I
Schizophragma sp. I I
Stauntonia chinensis I 1
Styrax sp. 1 1
Tilia oliveri I 1
Tricyrtis maculata II 1
Tripterospermum affine I I
Acer amplum II 2
Bretschneidera sinensis 1 II
Cymbidium faberi 1 2
Cyrtomium balansae I 1
Diospyros lotus I 1
3
Elatostema stewardii II 1
Epimedium davidii II 3
Euonymus hederaceus I 1
Euonymus sp2. I 1
Helenia elliptica I I
Helwingia himalaica I II
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Lonicera similis I 1
Machilus sp2. I 1
Ophiopogon intermedius 1 II
Osmanthus yunanenesis I 1
Padus wilsonii II 2
Peracarpa sp. I I
Pilea martinii I II
Pilea sp. I 1
Rhus chinensis 1 2
Sargentodoxa cuneata I 2
Saxifraga sibirica I 1
Arctous alpinas 1 1
Woodsia polystichoides I 1
Alangium chinense 1 2
Toxicodendron vernicifluum 1 1
Quercus stenophylloides I I
Arisaema ssp. I I
Sarcopyramis napalensis I I
Viburnum integrifolium I I
Vaccinium japonicum var. lasiostemon I I
Ligustrum japonicum I I
Tripterospermum taiwanense I I
Viburnum taiwanianum I I
Lonicera acuminata II I
Callicarpa cathayana II
Schizophragma molle II
Tupistra wattii II
111
(continued)
112
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Lithocarpus sp2. IV
Schima sp. 3
Smilax sp. III
Rubus sp2. II
Schisandra sp. II
Dioscorea sp. II
Distylium sp. II
Polystichum sp. III
Embelia sp. III
Osmanthus sp. II
Viola sp1. II
Ribes sp. 2
Machilus sp1. 1
Begonia sp. 1
3
Dryopteris sp2. 1
Viola acuminata II
Dioscorea nipponica I
Oreorchis patens I
Aristolochia kaempferi 1
Ostrya japonica 1
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Rubus flosculosus 1
Goodyera biflora I
Carpinus polyneura 2
Phymatopsis sp. I
Lonicera ligustrina I
Asteropyrum peltatum I
Hedera nepalansis var. sinensis I
Epipactis sp. I
Toona sinensis I
Ilex fragilis I
Pseudocystopteris atkinsonii I
Rhus delavayi I
Schizophragma integrifolia 1
Abelia parvifolia I
Abelia sp. 1
Acanthopanax henryi 1
Acanthopanax simonii I
Acer erianthum I
Acer shensiense 1
Aconitum sinomontanuns 1
Actinidia coriacea I
Adina pilulifera 1
Ainsliaea grossedentata 1
Ainsliaea rubrinervis 1
Ainsliaea yunnanensis I
Ajuga nipponensis 1
Akebia trifoliata var. australis 1
113
(continued)
114
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Allantodia chinensis 1
Alpinia sp. 1
Ampelopsis delavayana I
Arachniodes festina I
Arisaema erubescens 1
Asparagus filicinus 1
Asplenium crinicaule I
Asplenium wrightii I
Asteropyrum cavaleriei I
Aristolochia tubiflora 1
Berberis dasytachya 1
Betula chinensis I
Betula sp. 1
Broussonetia karinoki 1
3
Buxus henryi 1
Cacalia ainsliaeflora I
Cacalia profundorum 1
Cacalia sp. I
Callicarpa japonica var. angustata I
Carex baccans I
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Carex brunnea I
Carex sutchanensis I
Castanopsis lamontii 1
Castanopsis umensis I
Cayratia oligocarpa 1
Centella asiatica I
Clematis otophora I
Clematis sp. I
Clematoclethra scandens 1
Cleyera incornuta I
Conandron sp. 1
Cornus paucinervis 1
Cornus sp. I
Corylus heterophylla var. sutchuenensis 1

Corylus heterophylla 1
Cremanthodium decaisnel I
Chrysosplenium henryi I
Dryopteris maximowicziana I
Cynanchum chinense 1
Cynanchum julianae 1
Cynanchum sp. I
Cypripedium japonica I
Cyrtomium hookeranum I
Cystopteris moupinensis I
Dactylicapnos sp. 1
Daphne sp. 1
Davidia involucrata I
115
(continued)
116
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Desmodium sp. 1
Desmodium szechuenense 1
Deyeuxia arundinacea 1
Dictyocline griffithii 1
Diospyros morrisiana 1
Diplopterygium glaucum 1
Diplopterygium laevissimum 1
Disporum sp. I
Dryopteris subtriangularis 1
Elatostema sp. I
Embelia ribes var.pachyphylla 1
Eragrostis ferruginea I
Eulalia quadrinervis I
Euphorbia hylonoma I
3
Euptelea pleiospermum 1
Eurya distichophylla I
Euscaphis japonica I
Ficus harlandii I
Fragaria orientalis I
Grangea maderaspatana I
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Hanceola sinensis I
Hedera sp. 1
Hemselya szechuenensis I
Homalium bhamoense 1
Hopea sp. I
Humata tyermanni 1
Idesia sp. I
Illicium sp. I
Impatiens sp. I
Indocalamus fanjinshanensis 1
Indocalamus sp. 1
Liquidamber formosana 1
Litsea ssp. 2
Lithocarpus thomsonii I
Lithocarpus variolosus I
Litsea grandiflora I
Litsea populifolia I
Litsea thomsinii I
Lonicera gynochlamydea I
Lonicera sp. I
Lyonia ovalifolia 1
Lysimachia clethroides I
Maackia hwashanensis 2
Machilus faberi 1
Mahonia gracilipes I
Meliosma flexuosa 1
Meliosma paupera I
117
(continued)
118
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Meliosma sp. I
Melothria maysorensis I
Michelia sp. 1
Microsorium hymenodes I
Myrsine sp. I
Millettia championii 1
Monochosorum henryi 1
Monotropa uniflora 1
Morinda umbellata 1
Neolitsea sp. I
Neolitsea zeylanica I
Nothopanax davidii I
Oplismenus compostius I
Panax transitorius I
3
Phoebe faberi I
Phymatopsis teneupes 1
Pieris tomentosa 1
Plagiogyria distinctissima 1
Pleuropus euchloron 1
Pollia sp. 1
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Polystichum discretum I
Polystichum squarrosum 1
Polystichum tsus-sinense 1
Primula sp. I
Prismatomeris labordei 1
Pterocarya dalavayi I
Pterostyrax rosea I
Pyrola rugosa 1
Quercus asine 1
Rhododendron anthopogonoides 1
Rhododendron rivulare I
Rhododendron seniavinii 1
Schefflera glomerulata 1
Scutellaria baicalensis I
Scutellaria franchetiana I
Smilacina glabra I
Smilacina paniculata I
Smilacina sp. I
Smilax ferox 1
Smilax lanceiofolia I
Sorbus caloneura 1
Sorbus hemslaya 1
Sorbus rufopilosa I
Stachyurus himalaicus 1
Stauntonia duclouxii I
Stellaria alsine 1
Stewartia sp. 1
119
(continued)
120
Running number 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Class II III
Order C D E
Association 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
No. of releves 3 3 3 10 10 7 3 6 4 23 4 3 3 7 5 2 5 3 4 17 8 3 8 4
Styrax rosea I
Symplocos glauca 1
Symplocos lucida I
Symplocos theaefolia I
Symplocos wikstroemiifolia 1
Synurus deltoides I
Ternstroemia luteoflora 1
Tetrastigma obtectum var. glabrum 1
Thladiantha glabra 1
Thalictrum uncatum 1
Tripterospermum sp. I
Tupistra tui I
Vaccinium sp. 1
Veratrum schindleri I
3
Viburnum cordifolium I
Viola cordifolia I
Viola schiensis I
Viola sp2. 1
Vitis sp. I
Zanthoxylum scandens 1
Synthetic Remarks
3.1
Zanthoxylum schinifolium I
Viola arcuta 1
Viola biflora 1
Vitis flexuosa 1
Elaeagnus pungens I
Asarum chinensis 1
Polystichum makinoi 1
Saxifraga flabellifolia 1
Schisandra incarnata 1
Prunus transarlsanensis I
Lysimachia ardisioides I
Arisaema formosanum I
Polystichum parvipinnulum I
Quercus morii I
Rubia lanceolata I
Rhododendron rubropilosum I
Athyrium arisaense I
Berberis aristato-serrulata I
Abelia serrata
121
122 3 Synthetic Remarks
It is difficult to manage this material, because this flora is scattered over large
territories (partly islands, partly on the mainland), from Hokkaido (45 N) in the
north of the Japanese Archipelago, to Yunnan Province in South China (23 N), and
a floristic survey, treating the flora of the whole region with unitary criteria does not
exist. As the support for our analysis we used the well known classical Floras of
Japan by Makino T. and by Ohwi J., and for China and Taiwan the recently
produced e-Floras (in some parts still unpublished).
Families with the most elevate number of species are:
Polypodiaceae 126
Liliaceaae 84
Rosaceae 82
Ericaceae 65
Asteraceae 62
Lauraceae 56
Caprifoliaceae 48
Saxifragaceae 46
Aceraceae 45
Theaceae 45
Fagaceae 44
Poaceae 42
Cyperaceae 37
Araliaceae 32
Magnoliaceae 32
Rubiaceae 30
Celastraceae 30
Betulaceae 29
The highest values are reached in the Polypodiaceae and Liliaceae, indeed, both
families were recently split in many smaller units; consequently, the only family
reaching more than 5 % are the Rosaceae, followed by Ericaceae, Asteraceae and
Lauraceae with 4 %. Among families with surprisingly low presence there are
Fabaceae (15 species), Brassicaceae and Boraginaceae (each 1 species).
The elevate presence of Ericaceae is the consequence of the high diversity in
Rhododendron: 40 species or infraspecific taxa; among the genera of woody plants
in the flora of the beech forests, only Acer is reaching a higher total (44 species).
Genera in the synoptic table (Tables 3.1a and 3.1b) are in total 442, which is
barely 14 % of the total registered for the entire flora of China (3,143 genera, see
Wang et al. 2006). The genera including more than 20 species or subspecies are:
Acer 44
Rhododendron 40
Carex 37
Symplocos 28
Viola 25
Viburnum 24
(continued)
3.2 Investigation of Plant Communities at the Level of Genus Composition 123
Quercus 23
Rubus 23
Evonymus 22
Ilex 22
Dryopteris 21
The majority of these genera belongs to the woody components of the flora of the
E-Asiatic beech forests (mainly Japan, China and Taiwan).
From these data it is clear, that the flora of the East-Asiatic beech forests is
highly diversified regarding species number, as well as genera and families. In the
phytosociological literature, there are only few examples of syntaxonomical
elaborations dealing with a similar complex floristic information. The complexity
depends from the large geographical range, but also from the previous selection,
based on the presence of forests, composed by the different species of Fagus
(in total seven species, plus some local varieties) endemic in East Asia.
3.2 Investigation of Plant Communities at the Level of Genus

Composition
In this section, similarities at the genus level between plant communities are
discussed. All the species in Tables 3.1a and 3.1b, including Pteridophyta and
Gymnosperms, are distributed among a total of 455 genera (Table 3.1d [Online]).
Considering their appearance or not in units classified by species composition, we
grouped genera displaying similar appearance patterns, and extracted 20 genus
groups. Each individual plant community unit is, therefore, recognizable from the
combination of constituent genus groups. Genera with low frequency were treated
as companions. Therefore, three classes are distinguished in accordance with the
vegetation units shown in Tables 3.1a, 3.1b, and 3.1d [Online]. Within the three
classes in Table 3.1d [Online], differences between class III and the rest of the two
classes are large. At the order level, characteristic genus groups are found at each
order, quite independent from each other. Among them the relatively small Island
Ulleungdo, belonging to Korea (A) is the poorest in distinctive species, followed by
Taiwan (D); in both cases we have to deal with insular floras (in the case of
Ulleungdo a flora with a relatively low species number, because of the isolation
of this very small island, far away from the coasts of the continent and of the
Japanese island of Honshu). Japan and China have many genera in common. Within
each of the lower vegetation units such as alliance, association and subassociation,
much lesser changes in the composition at the genus level exist, and therefore, in
this case it was difficult to point out significant differences among these units.
According to Table 3.1d [Online], the genera constituting groups 1 and 2 have a
quite uniform distribution across the entire range of beech forests in East Asia.
Among these, genera of the evergreen broad-leaved forest class are included in
genus group 1. On the contrary, genus group 2 contains genera, in prevalence
Table 3.2 Sum of presences of each family in the three classes of beech forests
Fagetea Litseo-
Code Element Family name crenatae Fagetea ass. 21-22
1 SE-Asiatic Bretschneideraceae 0 2 0
1 SE-Asiatic Cercidiphyllaceae 1 0 0
1 SE-Asiatic Dipterocarpaceae 0 1 0
1 SE-Asiatic Lithocarpaceae 0 30 10
1 SE-Asiatic Nyssaceae 0 6 2
1 SE-Asiatic Stachyuraceae 2 1 0
1 SE-Asiatic Trochodendraceae 1 3 0
4 43 12
2 E-Asiatic—N-temperate Ulmaceae 17 9 3
2 E-Asiatic—N-temperate Urticaceae 11 7 0
2 SE-Asiatic Arctic-alpine Ericaceae 145 94 2
2 SE-Asiatic Circumboreal Caprifoliaceae 128 86 0
2 SE-Asiatic Circumboreal Elaegnaceae 5 7 0
306 203 5
3 E-Asiatic—subcosmop. Oleaceae 61 18 2
3 E-Asiatic-Pantropical Buxaceae 1 2 0
3 E-Asiatic-Pantropical Hamamelidaceae 18 7 0
3 Pantrop—SE-Asiatic Icacinaceae 2 0 2
3 SE-Asiatic—pantropical Zingiberaceae 0 1 4
3 SE-Asiatic—pantropical Arecaceae 0 0 3
3 SE-Asiatic—pantropical Taccaceae 0 2 0
3 SE-Asiatic—pantropical Theaceae 30 86 11
3 Trop-Subtropical (SE-Asiat.) Celastraceae 100 40 10
3 W-Pacific-subcosmop. Balsaminaceae 1 5 0
213 161 32
4 E-Asiatic anfipacific Gesneriaceae 1 2 4
4 SE-Asiatic anfipacific Staphyleaceae 3 1 0
4 SE-Asiatic anfipacific Styracaceae 33 5 1
4 SE-Asiatic anfipacific Symplocaceae 26 64 9
4 SE-Asiatic anfipacific Sabiaceae 13 6 2
4 SE-Asiatic anfipacific Junglandaceae 6 4 0
4 SE-Asiatic anfipacific Lardizabalaceae 10 17 1
4 SE-Asiatic anfipacific Magnoliaceae 62 38 13
4 SE-Asiatic-Mesoamerican Chloranthaceae 6 8 2
4 SE-Asiatic-Mesoamerican Clethraceae 19 5 0
4 SE-Asiatic and S-American Elaeocarpaceae 0 1 5
4 Tropical amphi-pacific Actinidiaceae 17 10 0
4 Tropical amphi-pacific Melastomataceae 0 10 0
4 Tropical amphi-pacific Ochnaceae 0 1 0
196 172 37
5 Oceanic-subcosmopol. Myricaceae 0 1 0
5 Oceanic-trop. and subtrop. Aquifoliaceae 64 42 0
(continued)
Table 3.2 (continued)

Fagetea Litseo-
5 Oceanic-trop. and subtrop. Aristolochiaceae 12 10 1
76 53 1
6 Arctic-Alpine Diapensiaceae 11 0 0
6 Arctic-Alpine Pyrolaceae 21 8 0
6 Circumboreal Betulaceae 101 30 0
6 Circumboreal—temperate Liliaceae 2 106 43 4
6 Circumboreal—temperate Papaveraceae 1 1 1
6 Circumboreal and SE-Asiatic Cornaceae 63 43 0
6 North-temperate Fagaceae 11 26 3
6 North-temperate Hippocastanaceae 9 1 0
6 North-temperate Tiliaceae 23 2 0
6 North-temperate Valerianaceae 6 1 0
6 North-temperate Verbenaceae 18 5 0
6 North-temperate and boreal Flacourtiaceae 0 1 1
370 161 9
7 Tropical-subcosmopolite Phrymaceae 9 0 0
7 Gondwanan Proteaceae 0 1 0
7 Gondwanan-SE-Asiat Pittosporaceae 0 3 0
7 N-Temp-Pantrop Fagaceae 59 68 15
7 Pantropical Annonaceae 0 0 2
7 Pantropical Begoniaceae 0 1 0
7 Pantropical Commelinaceae 0 2 0
7 Pantropical Ebenaceae 0 2 1
7 Pantropical Erythroxylaceae 0 2 1
7 Pantropical Lauraceae 58 110 17
7 Pantropical Piperaceae 0 0 4
7 Pantropical Simaroubaceae 0 1 0
7 Pantropical and -subtropical Araceae 12 5 0
7 Pantropical and -subtropical Vitaceae 10 25 0
7 Pantropical and -subtropical Anacardiaceae 38 11 0
7 Pantropical and -subtropical Cucurbitaceae 3 9 0
7 Pantropical and -subtropical Dioscoreaceae 8 10 0
7 Pantropical and -subtropical Liliaceae 1 11 7 0
7 Pantropical and -subtropical Liliaceae 3 96 76 3
7 Pantropical and -subtropical Loranthaceae 2 0 0
7 Pantropical and -subtropical Meliaceae 0 2 0
7 Pantropical and -subtropical Moraceae 2 5 0
7 Pantropical and -subtropical Rutaceae 33 8 0
341 348 43
8 Subcosmop Oxalidaceae 14 8 0
8 Pantropical and temperate Santalaceae 4 1 0
8 Cosmopolite Amaranthaceae 1 0 0
8 Cosmopolite Apiaceae 21 1 0
(continued)

Fagetea Litseo-
8 Cosmopolite Arundinaceae 0 2 0
8 Cosmopolite Asteraceae 114 36 0
8 Cosmopolite Boraginaceae 1 0 0
8 Cosmopolite Brassicaceae 1 0 0
8 Cosmopolite Campanulaceae 19 9 0
8 Cosmopolite Caryophyllaceae 5 2 0
8 Cosmopolite Cyperaceae 94 33 3
8 Cosmopolite Fabaceae 15 11 3
8 Cosmopolite Gentianaceae 23 18 0
8 Cosmopolite Lamiaceae 24 4 0
8 Cosmopolite Myrsinaceae 10 25 5
8 Cosmopolite Oenotheraceae 5 0 0
8 Cosmopolite Orchidaceae 32 23 4
8 Cosmopolite Poaceae 69 44 4
8 Cosmopolite Polygalaceae 0 0 3
8 Cosmopolite Polygonaceae 12 2 0
8 Cosmopolite Primulaceae 0 4 0
8 Cosmopolite Ranunculaceae 52 12 0
8 Cosmopolite Rosaceae 157 118 6
8 Cosmopolite Rubiaceae 43 31 9
8 Cosmopolite Sapindaceae 0 2 0
8 Cosmopolite Saxifragaceae 151 48 2
8 Cosmopolite Scrophulariaceae 4 2 0
8 Cosmopolite Violaceae 55 31 0
8 Cosmop. temperate-tropical Aceraceae 223 59 3
8 Cosmop. temperate-tropical Apocynaceae 4 6 0
8 Cosmop. temperate-tropical Araliaceae 72 44 7
8 Cosmop. temperate-tropical Asclepiadaceae 2 0 0
8 Cosmop. temperate-tropical Euphorbiaceae 20 11 0
8 Cosmop. temperate-tropical Rhamnaceae 7 5 0
8 Cosmop. temperate-tropical Thymelaeaceae 1 2 0
8 Cosmop. temperate Alangiaceae 5 2 0
8 Cosmop. temperate Berberidaceae 11 20 0
1,271 616 49
1. Endemic 0.1 2.4 6.3
2. SE-Asiatic—northern 10.9 11.5 2.6
3. SE-Asiatic—southern 7.6 9.1 16.8
4. Anfipacific 7.0 9.8 19.5
5. Oceanic 2.7 3.0 0.5
6. Boreal 13.2 9.1 4.7
7. Tropical 12.2 19.8 22.6
8. Cosmopolite 45.4 35.0 25.8
deciduous, common to the beech forest classes, and this group appears in opposition
to genus group 6, which is comprised in the class III, with genera characteristic of
evergreen broad-leaved forests. Genera such as Fagus, Acer, Prunus and Viola,
which are common to beech forests in Europe and North America (Braun 1974;
Ellenberg 1988) appear in genus group 1 and 2. Among them, members of the genus
Acer are abundant in East Asia, characteristically appearing with high frequency in
every vegetation unit. Other genera frequently appear in the beech forests of East
Asia. Genus group 3 includes a group of scrub bamboos that are characteristic of the
beech forests of East Asia; however, the eight genera in this group differ in terms of
vegetation unit and distribution.
Group 10 contains the genera characteristic of the class Fagetea crenatae which
are in common to the beech forests of Korea and Japan. However, while Trillium and
Lilium are characteristic genera of beech forests in Korea and Japan, the other genera
in the group are not centered in the beech forests and consequently they can not be
considered as particularly indicative for this class. However, in genus group 7,
formed of genera common to beech forests in China, Korea and Japan, eight genera
(Kalopanax, Tilia, Astilbe, Panax, Leptorumohra, Maianthemum, Leptogramma and
Mitchella) clearly appear with high frequency in the class Fagetea crenatae.
Genus group 11 is characteristic of the order Fagetalia multinervis, into which the
beech forests on Ulleungdo Island, Korea, are placed. This genus group is composed
of herbaceous species. In addition, the other distinctive character of this order
Fagetalia multinervis is that it lacks any of the genera found in genus groups 4, 5
and 8. Furthermore, among the genera which characterize the beech forests in
Taiwan, China and Japan, the following evergreen genera are missing from the
beech forests in Korea: Ilex, Daphniphyllum, Pieris, Skimmia, Eurya, Illicium,
Quercus, Symplocos, Neolitsea, Euonymus and Elaeagnus. As a general view, the
flora of these beech forests appears relatively poor, probably as a consequence of the
isolated position in the Sea of Japan and of the small surface of the Ulleungdo Island.
Genus group 12 characterizes the Japanese beech forests classified as order Saso-
Fagetalia crenatae. Although this genus group is characterized by the presence of
many deciduous and herbaceous genera, it also includes coniferous genera such as
Cephalotaxus, Abies, Torreya and Cryptomeria. This order also includes 15 genera
of high frequency from genus group 8, Magnolia, Ilex (D : deciduous), Paris,
Corylus, Cacalia, Smilacina, Hamamelis, Vaccinium, Tricyrtis, Akebia, Diplazium,
Sapium, Aesculus, Pertya, Pterocarya, which are common to beech forests in Japan
and China. This order is divided into two alliances. The two alliances are
characterised by the genus groups 13 and 14, but the presence of these does not
seem very significant. Fagion crenatae species on the Sea of Japan side of Japan are
characterized by the presence of Streptopus and Heloniopsis. In addition,
Arachniodes, Daphniphyllum of the genus group 4, Plagiogyria in the group 5, and
Shortia and Aconitum in the group 12 showed obviously higher frequency in the
alliance Fagion crenatae than in the opponent alliance Sasamorpho-Fagion crenatae.
On the other hand, in the alliance Sasamorpho-Fagion crenatae, distributed along the
Pacific Ocean side of the county and characterized by genus group 14, the evergreen
conifer Chamaecyparis is a very significant presence, although this genus can be
observed only with low frequency. However, scrub bamboo Sasamorpha in the
genus group 3, Celastrus and Sapium in the genus group 8, and evergreen of Illicium
(E), Quercus (E) and Symplocos (E) in the genus group 12 appear in this alliance with
high frequencies. Class Litseo elongatae-Fagetea sp. div., observed in China and
Taiwan, can be distinguished from class Fagetea crenatae in Japan and Korea by the
combination of various genera. Especially, genus groups in China showed low
frequency of these genera. As a result, in the wide-ranging and often isolated
beech forests of China, composition is various and a compositional unity is limited
in an area with a lack of any overlapping unity. The characteristic genera of the class
Litseo elongatae-Fagetea sp. div., the unifying class of beech forests of China and
Taiwan are gathered in genus group 15 and 16, which contains evergreen genera such
as Smilax, Lithocarpus, Litsea, Machilus, Stauntonia, Cleyera and Maesa. From this
it is clear that class Litseo elongatae-Fagetea sp. div., which is characteristic of
Chinese and Taiwanese beech forests, can be distinguished by the presence of
evergreen genera. The genera characteristic of the Chinese order Sinarundinario
nitidae-Fagetalia sp. div. are included in genus group 17. This genus group is also
distinguished by the presence of evergreen genera such as Lonicera, Pilea and
Pittosporum. Genus group 18 is characterized by the alliance Abelio englerianae-
Fagion, which is distributed in areas of Sichuan Province. Furthermore, this alliance
does not have the genera found in evergreen-rich genus group 19 and 20.
Two genus groups (19 and 20) contain the genera characterizing other three
alliances present in Chinese beech forests; Aceri davidii-Fagion lucidae all.,
Qiongzheo tumidinodae—Fagion all. and Indocalamo latifolii-Fagion hayatae var.
zhejiangensis all. These three alliances show variations in species composition, but
they appear quite uniform in terms of genus composition, and only few differences
can be observed. Further on, these alliances include 13 associations and 9
subassociations, and regarding the alliance level, there are few characteristic features
regarding the presence of genera in order to distinguish these associations and
subassociations. Genus group 9 characterizes the order Fagetalia hayatae, found in
Taiwan, and includes evergreen genera such as Damnacanthus and Trochodendron.
In addition, it clearly differs from the Chinese orders in that it lacks genera from
genus groups 7, 8 and 17. This order contains the largest number of evergreen genera
than any other orders in East Asian beech forests. Class III, an evergreen broad-
leaved class, is characterized by genus group 6, and one alliance and two associations
are classified. However, because of the lack of sufficient data, a final study still has
not been reached. Nevertheless, this class can be divided into two associations with
variable distributions on the basis of the genera from genus group 6, such as
Gomphandra, Parakmeria, Chirita, Vittaria, Adinandra, Eriobotrya, Fissistigma
and Meliosma, which characterize this class. There are many evergreen genera in
these associations, too.
Observing the genus composition of all genera which occur in the beech forests
of East Asia, clear similarities and differences can be seen between the three classes
and order levels divided on the basis of species composition. At the alliance level,
although the number of genera which characterize each alliance is small, some
genera show obviously higher frequency at a particular alliance. No genus level
characteristics can be observed at the association or subassociation level. This
3.3 Phytogegraphical Analysis at the Family Level 129
indicates that a careful investigation at the association and subassociation level

needs to be undertaken at the species level, rather than at the genus level.
3.3 Phytogegraphical Analysis at the Family Level
In order to gain an outlook on the phytogeographic relationships of the flora, we

will limit the analysis to Angiosperms, at the level of families, basing on the
excellent information provided in the website Angiosperm Phylogenesis Group
(for details see References).
The first step is the definition of floristic elements, as groups of plants with
similar geographical distribution (a parallel concept is used also in zoogeography),
depending mainly on climate, but also as an effect of the geological history of the
studied areas; in Europe and in the Mediterranean zone a largely accepted classifi-
cation is based on the classical works by Eig and Meusel. In this field, advanced
information exists for the flora of China, at the level of genera, cfr. Wu (1991, 1993)
and Wang et al. (2006). In these publications, the definition is given for 14 floristic
elements (FE). They can be used also for our set of data, but with some limitations:
some FE are dealing with the vegetation of warmer areas, not present in the
mountain Fagus forests, and families are lesser sensitive to climatic limits than
genera. We give the complete list of the floristic elements for the genera of
Angiosperms in the flora of China (Wang et al. 2006):
FE 1. Cosmopolitan
FE 2. Pantropical
FE 3. Tropical Asian–trop. American
FE 4. Palaeotropical
FE 5. Tropical Asian–Trop. Australian
FE 6. Tropical Asian–Tropical African
FE 7. Tropical Asian
FE 8. Holarctic
FE 9. Eastern Asian–North American
FE 10. Temperate Eurasian
FE 11. Temperate Asian
FE 12. Mediterranean, western to central Asian
FE 13. Central Asian
FE 14. Eastern Asian
While treating the data dealing with the beech forests in order to obtain a clearer
overview of the families, we condensed the elements into eight groups with the
following definitions (in brackets, the corresponding FE in the Chinese literature):
a) Endemic—the species of these families are distributed only in the SE-Asiatic
zone, from China to Vietnam, Malaya and eventually in Indonesia (FE 14).
b) SE-Asiatic—Northern—families having the centre of diversity in the SE-Asiatic
zone, with expansion in the Boreal zone and eventually to the Arctic (FE 9).
c) SE-Asiatic—Southern—families having the centre of diversity in the SE-Asiatic
zone, with expansion in the Subtropical and Tropical zones (FE 7).
d) Anfipacific—families with a bi-zonal distribution range: in Asia (on islands
and coastal areas of the continent) and North America on the western coastal
side (among them the family Chloranthaceae, one of the earliest forms of
Angiosperms!); absent at temperate and cold latitudes: in general corresponding
to FE 3.
e) Oceanic—worldwide distribution, but mostly on coastal areas and with large
gaps in areas with continental climate (some of them are probably considered
within FE 3, but with more or less worldwide distribution).
f) Boreal—the biomes of the lowland coniferous forest and tundra (FE 8).
g) Tropical—the cool mountain climate is not favourable for tropical plants,
therefore they are in the beech forests relatively rare and can be concentrated
here, not regarding their continental distribution (FE 2, FE 4, FE 5, FE 6).
h) Cosmopolitan—Families with world-wide distribution, in some cases limited to
the temperate and tropical zones, or with particular presence in warmer climates
(FE 1).
In any case, it has to be pointed out, that our proposal for the definition of
phytogeographical elements is an “ad hoc system”, useful for the particular argu-
ment of beech forests in East Asia, but which cannot be extended, without a careful
revision, to other arguments.
Methods—A complex procedure was necessary to obtain significant results. We
started from Tables 3.1a and 3.1b, with 1,535 rows (species ordered as ecological and
sociological indicators) and 51 columns (associations and subassociations ordered by
their position in the phytosociological system); in Tables 3.1a and 3.1b, for each
species values of frequency are given (from I to V). First, the rows were ordered by
families, in alphabetical order and Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae were excluded,
reducing the table to 1,370 rows. Then, for each family the number of species
occurring in each column (vertical sum) was calculated: this means, as many times
species of every family were present in each column (independently from the fact
whether they were present as I, II, III, IV or V). In this way, the table became reduced
to 114 rows (the families) by 51 columns. Successively, for every row (horizontal
sum) the total of species present in columns 1–27 (class Fagetea crenatae) was
calculated, in columns 28–48 (class Litseo-Fagetea) and in columns 49–51 (the last
two associations with number 21–22); with this transformation Table 3.2 was
obtained, with 114 rows and 3 columns. Finally, families were ordered by phytogeo-
graphical elements and for each element the sum of frequences was calculated: in this
way, Table 3.3 was obtained.
Table 3.3 reaches the maximum level of synthesis, giving a quantitative evalua-
tion for the presence of the different phytogeographical elements in the three
vegetation classes, i.e. reducing the dimensions from 1,370 by 51 to 8 by 3. In
Table 3.4 the raw data (totals) are given on the left side, but a comparison among
the columns remains difficult, because of the big numerical difference among the
three columns. The better outlook on the different incidence of each element is
given on the right side of Table 3.4, where data are normalized as %.
A short commentary to the data in Table 3.3. From a comparison of the normalized
data it is possible to distinguish that the class Fagetea crenatae (ass. 1–6) has a
prevalence in families belonging to the Boreal and Northern elements, but the largest
3.3 Phytogegraphical Analysis at the Family Level 131
Table 3.3 Frequency of the species (totals and percentages) distributed among the phytogeo-
graphical element of their families
Raw data (total) Normalized (%)
Associations (reference no.) 1–6 7–20 21–22 1–6 7–20 21–22
Total of columns in Tables 3.1a and 3.1b 27 21 3 27 21 3
Endemic 4 43 12 0.14 2.4 6.3
SE-Asiatic—Northern 306 203 5 10.9 11.5 2.6
SE-Asiatic—Southern 213 161 32 7.6 9.1 16.8
Anfipacific 196 172 37 7.0 9.8 19.4
Oceanic 76 53 1 2.7 3.0 0.5
Boreal 370 161 9 13.2 9.1 4.7
Tropical 341 348 43 12.2 19.8 22.6
Cosmopolitan 1,271 616 49 45.4 35.0 25.8
Gross total 2,777 1,757 188 99.14 99.7 98.7
component (ca. 50 %) are Cosmopolitan families, i.e. those not giving any phytogeo-
graphical information. The two associations from South Yunnan on the contrary have
elevate frequences of Endemic families, of Southern, Amphipacific and Tropical
families, whereas Cosmopolitan have reduced frequency (ca. 25 %). The class Litseo-
Fagetea occupy an intermediate position between the two extremes.
From the phytogeographical point of view, the most significant component is
represented by the endemic element. In East Asia 6 families can be considered as
endemic (Table 3.5), some of them are monotypic, other with hundreds of species,
mainly belonging to the arboreal flora (Dipterocarps, Lithocarpus). Six families are
a very conspicuous component, even if some of them possibly are to be connected
with other families with broader geographical distribution (e.g. Lithocarpus in
Fagaceae). For a comparison, we can remember that in the whole flora of Europe
(over 10,000 species) not even a single endemic family does exist.
A comparison with the investigation of Angiosperms in the flora of China is
difficult because we are analyzing endemic families, instead of genera. In addition,
Wang et al. (2006) consider as endemics only the genera restricted to China, whereas
we consider as endemic all families with a range extended to the whole SEAsiatic
zone. Indeed, in both cases some similar trends can be observed: the elevate
endemism in the SW provinces (Sichuan and Yunnan), elevate values of boreal
genera in the northern Provinces (Shaanxi, Henan and in particular Heilongjiang),
and a flora rich of tropical elements in the southern provinces (Guangxi, Guizhou
and Yunnan).
The present phytogeographical analysis shows an unexpected condition in the
distribution of Angiosperm taxa in SE-Asia. Previous research (Wang et al. 2006)
interprets the presence of genera of Angiosperms in China as strongly correlated
with the latitude, which for the authors of this study means climate i.e. from the
tropical climate to a cold-temperate one. From the present analysis it appears clear,
that families are not distributed along a geographical (or climatic) gradient, but with
an evident discontinuity, and the concentration of the most peculiar elements can be
Table 3.4 Climatic conditions for each vegetation unit of beech forests in East Asia
132
Mean Snow
Elevation temperature 1,000m 1,500m Precipitation depth
Class Order Alliance Association Location Latitude Longitude (m) ( C) ( C) ( C) (mm) (cm)
I A A-a 1. Hepatico- 1. Ulleungdo in 37 130 510 E 357 11.5 8.0 5.2 1,371
Fagetum Korea 290 N
multinervis
B B-a 2. Saso kurilensis- 2. Mt. Kariba in 42 139 590 E 500 5.8 3.1 0.3 1,755 277
Fagetum crenatae Hokkaido Dist. 350 N
3. Mt. Chokai in 39 140 010 E 727 8.0 6.5 3.7 3,039 253
Tohoku Dist. 080 N
4. Mt. Hakusan in 36 136 400 E 750 9.4 8.0 5.3 3,087 207
Hokuriku Dist. 080 N
3. Lindero 5. Mt. Daisen in 35 133 320 E 1,000 8.1 8.1 5.4 2,705 182
umbellatae- Chugou Dist. 230 N
Fagetum crenatae 6. Mt. Garyu in 34 132 110 E 800 9.3 8.2 5.5 2,301 116
Chugoku Dist. 410 N
B-b 4. Sasamorpho- 7. Nikko in Kanto 36 139 290 E 1,417 5.8 8.1 5.3 2,020 18
Fagetum crenatae Dist. 440 N
8. Chichibu in 36 138 500 E 1,230 7.1 8.4 5.6 1,347 18
Kanto Dist. 000 N
5. Corno-Fagetum 9. Mt. Kintoki in 35 139 000 E 982 9.1 9.0 6.3 2,932 15
crenatae Kanto Dist. 170 N
3
10. Mt. Fuji in 35 138 430 E 1,277 7.8 9.3 6.6 2,821 71
Kanto Dist. 170 N
6. Sapio japonici- 11. Hinodegatake 34 136 060 E 1,318 7.4 9.1 6.4 3,655 6
Fagetum crenatae in Kinki Dist. 110 N
12. Mt. Ishizuchi 33 133 070 E 1,676 5.4 9.1 6.4 2,840 14
in Shikoku Dist. 450 N
13. Mt. Aso in 32 131 060 E 1,200 9.0 10.1 7.4 3,060 16
Synthetic Remarks
Kyushu Dist. 520 N

3.3
II C C-a 7. Euonymo 14. Nanjan in 32 107 100 E 1,371 11.1 13.1 10.4 993 No
porphyrei-Fagetum Sichuan Prov. 450 N data
englerianae
8. Vaccinio
henryi—Fagetum
hayatae subsp.
pashanicae
C-b 9. Sinarundinario 15. Fanjingshan 27 108 420 E 1,758 10.2 14.4 11.6 1,421 No
chungii- Fagetum Natural Reserve 530 N data
lucidae in Guizhow Prov.
16. Kuankuoshui 28 107 080 E 1,464 13.3 15.9 13.1 1,203 No
Nature Reserve 130 N data
in Guizhou Prov.
10. Polypodio 17. Fanjingshan 27 108 440 E 1,185 13.2 14.2 11.5 1,293 No
argutum—Fagetum Natural Reserve 530 N data
longipetiolatae ass. in Guizhow Prov.
Phytogegraphical Analysis at the Family Level
nov.
11. Sinarundinario 18. Nanshan 26 110 060 E 1,648 10.9 14.5 11.7 1,630 No
bashersuto-Fagetum Nature Reserve 080 N data
lucidae in Hunan Prov.
12. Fagetum 19. Longmenhe 31 110 290 E 1,646 9.6 13.2 10.4 1,266 No
engleriano-lucidae Nature Reserve 180 N data
in Hubei Prov.
20. Dalaoling 31 110 560 E 1,534 9.9 12.8 10.1 1,289 No
in Hubei Prov.
21. Houhe Nature 30 110 310 E 1,696 9.6 13.4 10.7 1,527 No
Reserve in Hubei 040 N data
Prov.
(continued)
133
134

Mean Snow
Elevation temperature 1,000m 1,500m Precipitation depth
Class Order Alliance Association Location Latitude Longitude (m) ( C) ( C) ( C) (mm) (cm)
0
22. Baotianmann 33 111 55 E 1,384 8.9 11.0 8.3 917 No
in Henan Prov.
13. Elatostemo 20. Dalaoling 31 110 540 E 1,534 9.9 12.8 10.1 1,289 No
0
sessile—Fagetum Nature Reserve 02 N data
lucidae in Hubei Prov.
21. Houhe Nature 30 110 310 E 1,696 9.6 13.4 10.7 1,527 No
0
Reserve in Hubei 04 N data
Prov.
14. Sinarundinario 23. 29 110 080 E 1,500 10.8 13.6 10.8 1,515 No
nitidoi-Fagetum Badagongshan 580 N data
lucidae Nature Reserve
in Hunan Prov.
C-c 15. Sinocalamo 24. Sanjiankou 28 103 580 E 1,954 10.8 16.0 13.3 992 No
giganteus— Nature Reserve 130 N data
Fagetum lucidae in Yunnan Prov.
16. Viburno 25. Mt. Daixue 27 104 520 E 1,658 12.3 15.9 13.2 956 No
flavescentis— Nature Reserve 400 N data
3
Fagetum in Yunnan Prov.

englerianae
17. Tripterospermo 24. Sanjiankou 28º 103º 580 E 1,954 10.8 16.0 13.3 992 No
cordifolium— Nature Reserve 130 N data
Fagetum in Yunnan Prov.
englerianae
Synthetic Remarks
3.3
C-d 18. Carici 26. 30º 118º 580 E 1,008 11.8 11.8 9.1 1,714 No
lanceolatae— Qingliangfeng 110 N data
Fagetum hayatae Nature Reserve
var. zhejiangensis in Zhejiang Prov.
19. Indocalamo 27. Sihaishan 28º 120º 160 E 927 13.6 13.2 10.4 1,864 No
latifolii-Fagetum Nature Reserve 260 N data
hayatae var. in Zhejiang Prov.
zhejiangensis
D D-a 20. Yushanio- 28. Mt. Lalashan, 24 121 260 E 1,529 14.2 17.1 14.4 2,663 No
Fagetum hayatae North-east 430 N data
Taiwan
III E E-a 21. Prismatomerio 29. Mt. 23 103 580 E 1,572 16.4 19.5 16.8 1,375 No
henryi— Caoguoshan in 070 N data
Lithocarpetum Yunnan Prov.
naiadari
22. Athyrio nardii— 30. Xiaoqiao 23º 104º 580 E 1,657 15.5 19.1 16.4 1,240 No
Phytogegraphical Analysis at the Family Level
Michelietum Nature Reserve 400 N data

balansae in Yunnan Prov.
The numbers in the location column are the same as those shown in Fig. 3.1
135
Table 3.5 Endemic families in the flora of East Asia (mostly trees and shrubs)
Bretschneideraceae—one species: B. sinensis in SW-China, N-Vietnam and Taiwan, recently
connected with Akania (1 sp. in East-Australia)
Cercidiphyllaceae—one genus with two species in China mainly south of the Chang Jiang
(Yangtze) River and Japan (Katsura)
Dipterocarpaceae—over 700 species: main components of the tropical forests from East-Himalaya
to Yunnan, Hainan, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea
Lithocarpaceae—over 300 species, mainly in China, also in Japan and one species in North
America, now included in Fagaceae
Nyssaceae—six genera with ca. 30 species, mainly East-Asian and Indo-Malesian, recently
included in Cornaceae
Stachyuraceae—one genus with ten species: from East Himalaya to China mainly south of the
Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River and Japan
Trochodendraceae—Monotypic: T. aralioides in Japan and Taiwan
observed in a focal area in SW-China. This “Cathaysian” area played an important

role in the period of the earliest evolution of Angiosperms during the middle
Mesozoic (Jurassic), interacting with Gondwanan and S-American land masses.
These conditions will be discussed later in the following sections, dealing with
origin and evolution of the beech forests.
3.4 Life Form Composition of the Plant Communities
The life form of plant species provides significant information on the structure and
growth conditions of plant communities. In the phytogeographical literature, the
concept of life form was first introduced by A. von Humboldt at the beginning of the
nineteen century. The first classification was proposed by Raunkiaer, 100 years later
and is still used in Europe and in the Mediterranean area. Indeed, for the analysis of
the flora in other continents many difficulties arose, because of the underestimation
(in the European flora) of the ecophysiological difference between deciduous and
evergreen species and because other extraeuropean plant forms (e.g. succulents,
palms, bamboo) were not considered. Enlarged and improved classifications were
successively proposed by Ellenberg and Mueller-Dombois, by Box and others. In the
Japanese geobotanical tradition the classification proposed by Suzuki and Arakane
(1968) is used. This classification (cf. Table 3.6) differs in many aspects: by all
categories of woody plants evergreen species are separated from the deciduous ones;
in addition, some categories not considered by Raunkiaer are introduced: needle
leaved trees and shrubs and various types of bamboos.
In fact, one of the most peculiar characteristics of the beech forests in East Asia
is that evergreen and deciduous species mostly grow within mixed communities. In
consequence, also alliances, orders and classes of forest vegetation are composed of
3.4 Life Form Composition of the Plant Communities 137
Table 3.6 Number of species and percentage (%) within the contingency table of each life form
and phytosociological order
Orders
Life form abbreviations A B C D E
PD 15 (15.6) 101 (21.4) 135 (20.1) 5 (4.9) 9 (7.6)
PE 1 (1) 8 (1.7) 131 (19.5) 26 (25.5) 54 (45.8)
PEN 2 (2.1) 16 (3.4) 2 (0.3) 0 (0) 0 (0)
NPD 8 (8.3) 104 (22) 106 (15.8) 14 (13.7) 9 (7.6)
NPE 3 (3.1) 15 (3.2) 57 (8.5) 16 (15.7) 12 (10.2)
NPEN 0 (0) 2 (0.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
GS 1 (1) 13 (2.7) 10 (1.5) 1 (1) 1 (0.8)
PL 12 (12.5) 28 (5.9) 84 (12.5) 9 (8.8) 8 (6.8)
Ch frut 1 (1) 3 (0.6) 3 (0.4) 2 (2) 0 (0)
Ch suffr 0 (0) 5 (1.1) 5 (0.7) 0 (0) 0 (0)
H scap 18 (18.8) 115 (24.3) 80 (11.9) 4 (3.9) 4 (3.4)
H scand 3 (3.1) 9 (1.9) 11 (1.6) 3 (2.9) 0 (0)
H caesp 2 (2.1) 22 (4.7) 26 (3.9) 1 (1) 3 (2.5)
H rosul 9 (9.4) 31 (6.6) 26 (3.9) 3 (2.9) 1 (0.8)
G rhiz 29 (30.2) 70 (14.8) 112 (16.7) 19 (18.6) 24 (20.3)
G rad 1 (1) 13 (2.7) 6 (0.9) 1 (1) 2 (1.7)
G bulb 4 (4.2) 15 (3.2) 9 (1.3) 2 (2) 0 (0)
G paras 0 (0) 2 (0.4) 1 (0.1) 0 (0) 0 (0)
T 2 (2.1) 2 (0.4) 2 (0.3) 1 (1) 0 (0)
E 2 (2.1) 5 (1.1) 4 (0.6) 2 (2) 0 (0)
Total 96 (100) 473 (100) 671 (100) 102 (100) 118 (100)
See Table 3.2 for details of the order
both elements: deciduous and evergreen; the proportion of both components can be
considered as an important basis for the definition of the superior vegetation units.
For this reason, after a detailed analysis of the genera present in the different
vegetation classes, we were able to reach a syntaxonomical scheme, based on
the differences in the ratio between evergreen and deciduous flora. However,
among those genera, 13 (Euonymus, Rhododendron, Smilax, Ligustrum, Meliosma,
Elaeagnus, Lonicera, Quercus, Ilex, Symplochos, Lindera, Magnolia, and Berchemia)
contain both evergreen and deciduous species. As it has already been clearly shown in
the description of plant communities, this particular difference is important in beech
forests of East Asia. Therefore, here, we treat in separated groups evergreen and
deciduous species even belonging to the same genus (Table 3.2).
We compared the life form composition of the species in each plant community
in order to analyze similarities between the communities. The life forms shown in
Tables 3.6, 3.7, and 3.8 were used for this comparison. However, there are signifi-
cant differences in the number of relevés for each plant community in the main
synoptic table of the vegetation (Tables 3.1a and 3.1b). In addition, there are data
that do not include complete flora lists, such as the data regarding Yunnan Province
Table 3.7 Number of species and percentage (%) within the contingency table of each life form
and phytosociological classes
Life form Classes

abbreviations Life form types I II III
PD Deciduous broadleaved trees 111 (21.6) 140 (18.7) 9 (7.6)
PE Evergreen broadleaved trees 8 (1.6) 151 (20.2) 54 (45.8)
PEN Evergreen needle-leaved trees 16 (3.1) 2 (0.3) 0 (0)
NPD Deciduous broadleaved shrubs 106 (20.7) 118 (15.8) 9 (7.6)
NPE Evergreen broadleaved shrubs 16 (3.1) 66 (8.8) 12 (10.2)
NPEN Evergreen needle-leaved shrubs 2 (0.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0)
GS Bamboo 13 (2.5) 11 (1.5) 1 (1)
PL Climbers 31 (6.0) 90 (12.0) 8 (7)
Ch frut Creeping low-shrubs 4 (0.8) 5 (0.7) 0 (0)
Ch suffr Creeping sub-shrubs 5 (1.0) 5 (0.7) 0 (0)
H scap Perennial herbs (erect) 125 (24.4) 83 (11.1) 4 (3.4)
H scand Perennial herbs (climbing) 9 (1.8) 13 (1.7) 0 (0)
H caesp Perennial herbs (cespitose) 24 (4.7) 27 (3.6) 3 (2.5)
H rosul Perennial herbs (rosulate) 36 (7.0) 28 (3.7) 1 (1)
G rhiz Herbs with underground storage 81 (15.8) 126 (16.9) 24 (20.3)
rhizome
G rad Herbs with underground storage root 14 (2.7) 7 (0.9) 2 (1.7)
G bulb Herbs with underground storage bulb 18 (3.5) 11 (1.5) 0 (0)
G paras Herbs with underground parasitism 2 (0.4) 1 (0.1) 0 (0)
T Annual herbs 3 (0.6) 3 (0.4) 0 (0)
E Epiphytes 5 (1.0) 6 (0.8) 0 (0)
Total – 513 (100.0) 747 (100.0) 118 (100.0)
See Table 3.2 for details on the classes
in China provided by Wu et al. (1987). Therefore, it would not be appropriate to

compare plant communities based on the number of constituent species. However,
regardless of these shortcomings in the data, a comparison of the proportion of
the life forms between plant communities can show characteristics of each plant
community.
Table 3.7 shows the actual number and proportion of life forms within the three
classes defined in this study. A common feature which can be observed in all of
these three classes in East Asia is that bamboo species are present in the shrub layer,
a feature not present in any other beech forests in the northern hemisphere, such
as in Europe, the Middle East, and North America. This is one of the major
characteristics of the beech forests in East Asia.
Among the three classes, the proportion of deciduous trees (PD), deciduous
shrubs (NPD), and perennial herbs (erect: H scap) and perennial herbs (rosulate:
H rosul) varies, being highest in Class I and lowest in Class III. On the other hand,
3.4
Table 3.8 Number of species and percentage (%) within the contingency table of each life form and phytosociological association
Associations
Life form abbreviations A-a B-a B-b C-a C-b C-c C-d D-a E-a E-b
PD 15 (15.6) 77 (25.8) 86 (23.8) 39 (30.5) 81 (19.9) 37 (16.3) 26 (31.7) 5 (4.9) 7 (9.5) 4 (6.9)
PE 1 (1) 3 (1) 8 (2.2) 19 (14.8) 86 (21.1) 57 (25.1) 13 (15.9) 26 (25.5) 35 (47.3) 26 (44.8)
PEN 2 (2.1) 10 (3.3) 12 (3.3) 1 (0.8) 2 (0.5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
NPD 8 (8.3) 70 (23.4) 88 (24.3) 26 (20.3) 66 (16.2) 25 (11) 19 (23.2) 14 (13.7) 6 (8.1) 5 (8.6)
NPE 3 (3.1) 11 (3.7) 9 (2.5) 10 (7.8) 34 (8.3) 15 (6.6) 14 (17.1) 16 (15.7) 8 (10.8) 7 (12.1)
NPEN 0 (0) 2 (0.7) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
GS 1 (1) 7 (2.3) 8 (2.2) 2 (1.6) 6 (1.5) 2 (0.9) 1 (1.2) 1 (1) 0 (0) 1 (1.7)
PL 12 (12.5) 20 (6.7) 25 (6.9) 19 (14.8) 48 (11.8) 34 (15) 13 (15.9) 9 (8.8) 6 (8.1) 3 (5.2)
Ch frut 1 (1) 1 (0.3) 3 (0.8) 2 (1.6) 1 (0.2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (2) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Ch suffr 0 (0) 3 (1) 4 (1.1) 1 (0.8) 4 (1) 1 (0.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
H scap 18 (18.8) 60 (20.1) 87 (24) 20 (15.6) 47 (11.5) 18 (7.9) 4 (4.9) 4 (3.9) 2 (2.7) 2 (3.4)
Life Form Composition of the Plant Communities
H scand 3 (3.1) 6 (2) 6 (1.7) 0 (0) 7 (1.7) 3 (1.3) 2 (2.4) 3 (2.9) 0 (0) 0 (0)
H caesp 2 (2.1) 15 (5) 15 (4.1) 2 (1.6) 17 (4.2) 6 (2.6) 2 (2.4) 1 (1) 2 (2.7) 1 (1.7)
H rosul 9 (9.4) 20 (6.7) 22 (6.1) 6 (4.7) 14 (3.4) 11 (4.8) 1 (1.2) 3 (2.9) 1 (1.4) 0 (0)
G rhiz 29 (30.2) 52 (17.4) 51 (14.1) 18 (14.1) 63 (15.4) 52 (22.9) 10 (12.2) 19 (18.6) 14 (18.9) 11 (19)
G rad 1 (1) 7 (2.3) 12 (3.3) 1 (0.8) 4 (1) 1 (0.4) 0 (0) 1 (1) 0 (0) 2 (3.4)
G bulb 4 (4.2) 9 (3) 10 (2.8) 1 (0.8) 7 (1.7) 1 (0.4) 2 (2.4) 2 (2) 0 (0) 0 (0)
G paras 0 (0) 2 (0.7) 1 (0.3) 0 (0) 1 (0.2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
T 2 (2.1) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 0 (0) 1 (0.2) 1 (0.4) 1 (1.2) 1 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0)
E 2 (2.1) 1 (0.3) 5 (1.4) 0 (0) 3 (0.7) 1 (0.4) 0 (0) 2 (2) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Total 96 (100) 299 (100) 362 (100) 128 (100) 408 (100) 227 (100) 82 (100) 102 (100) 74 (100) 58 (100)
See Table 3.2 for details of the associtations
139
the proportions of evergreen trees (PE), evergreen shrubs (NPE) and herbs with
underground storage rhizome (G rhiz) is highest in Class III and lowest in Class I.
The total of herbaceous life forms is by far the highest in Class I, being 60.9 %,
compared to 39.9 % in Class II and 28.9 % in Class III.
Moreover the following eight life forms do not appear in Class III: evergreen
needleleaved trees (PEN), creeping low-shrubs (Ch frut), creeping sub-shrubs
(Ch-suffr), perennial herbs (climbing: H scand), herbs with underground storage
bulb (G bulb), herbs with underground parasitism (G paras), annual herbs (T) and
epiphytes (E). Among them, the absence of epiphytes (E) in Class III probably due
to lack of complete vegetation information, being Class III is the closest to tropical
areas. Nevertheless, there are important differences in life form compositions
between Class I, II and III. It is not reasonable to include Class III among the
communities of the beech forest vegetation, because beech forests are mainly
composed of deciduous flora, with Arcto-tertiary elements.
From these figures it can be said that the deciduous flora in Class I which is
distributed in Japan and Korea, is dominant and, therefore is the most similar to the
beech forests in other areas of the northern hemisphere in which the development of
the herb level has been observed.
The beech forests in China and Taiwan fit somewhere between Class I and
Class III in terms of overall life form composition, and they are very different from
those in Japan and Korea. This difference can already be observed in the species
composing the classes, and it provides an important argument in favour of
maintaining these two classes separately. As we have seen in the description of
the plant communities, while Class I is distributed in areas with low winter
temperatures and large amounts of snowfall, the beech forests in China and Taiwan
develop at high altitudes in warm mountainous regions where evergreen broad-
leaved forests grow, and its flora does not develop into deciduous broad-leaved
forests. Therefore, deciduous broad-leaved flora is mixed with evergreen broad-
leaved flora.
Further on, evergreen conifer life forms appear in Class I and II. This shows that
the relictic nature is preserved in the beech forests in both Classes I and II, as
evergreen conifers are to be considered surviving elements from the Neogene
period. This group is present with higher frequency in Class I, which, on the
other side, has also high proportion of deciduous trees. We consider that the elevate
presence of these groups is somehow related to the geological history of the island
system where Class I can be observed today, in which the evergreen coniferous
species had a chance to survive and the forest communities have reached a higher
degree of differentiation.
Table 3.6 shows the life form composition at an order level, classified by the
appearance of the same species in Tables 3.1a and 3.1b. From Table 3.6 we can see
the variations in each class. The numbers of relevés sampled in Order A and B in
Class I were not equal. However, in spite of the difference, more deciduous shrubs
(NPD) are seen in Order B in Japan, and the number of bamboo species is greater
too. Although the overall proportion of evergreen conifers is low, there exists a
wider variety of such species in Order B. On the other hand, the proportion of herbs
3.4 Life Form Composition of the Plant Communities 141
with underground storage rhizome is obviously high in Order A in Korea. There is

also noticeable difference in the overall proportion of herbaceous plants between
Order A and B, which are 70.9 % and 59.0 % respectively. The beech forest in
Ulleungdo Island includes more herbaceous species than Japanese examples con-
sidering as well the number of relevés between the two regions.
The number of relevés also varies among Orders in Class II. However, taking the
differences into account, the proportion of deciduous broad-leaved trees and peren-
nial herbs (erect) in Order C, Sinarundinario nitidae—Fagetalia sp. div., in China is
obviously higher than that in Order D, Fagetalia hayatae Hukusima et al. 2005, and
the proportion of evergreen shrubs is lower. The proportion of herbaceous (includ-
ing H scap, H scand, H caesp, H rosul, G rhiz, G rad, G bulb, G paras and T) life
forms is 40.6 % in Order C and 33.4 % in Order D. This figure for Order D is close
to that of Class III, which is 28.9 %. Judging from the above, among the orders
classified in Class II, the order in Taiwan is the most closest to Class III which is the
evergreen broad-leaved forest class.
Table 3.8 helps to understand the differences in composition on an alliance level
within an order. As a whole the variation is smaller compared to that at the order
level. We compared Order B and Order C, which both contain multiple alliances.
The two alliances in Order B with similar number of relevés do not present any
considerable difference, although a minor difference is seen in the proportions of
life forms. On the other hand, in Order C, which contains four alliances, Abelio
englerianae—Fagion all.nov. (Alliance C-a) and Indocalamo latifolii—Fagion
hayatae var. zhejiangensis all. nov. (Alliance C-d) have higher proportions of
deciduous trees and shrubs, and Aceri davidii—Fagion lucidae Wang, Fujiwara &
Lei 2005 (Alliance C-b) and Qiongzheo tumidinodae—Fagion all. nov. (Alliance
C-c) have higher proportions of evergreen trees. The proportion of evergreen shrubs
is noticeably high in C-d, and is similar to the proportion the Order Fagetalia
hayatae Hukusima et al. 2005 (Order D). The proportion of herbaceous life forms
is 37.6 % in C-a, 39.3 % in C-b, and 40.7 % in C-c, which are all similar. However,
it is 26.7 % in C-d which is obviously lower than others and is closer to that in Order
D at 33.4 % or in Class III at 28.9 %. Considering the characteristics observed from
an order level as well as from an alliance level, we see that the higher the proportion
of evergreen broad-leaved trees is, the lower is the proportion of herbaceous
species.
As a conclusion of this elaboration, it can be pointed out that distinctive features
in the life form composition are more evident at the class and order level, and the
differences diminish towards lower classification levels. On the contrary, however,
the frequency of character species is higher in alliances, associations and
subassociations. In several cases the combination of some particular features in
the life forms with the presence of special taxonomic groups provide important
information to understand the origin of the actual vegetation cover.
3.5 Relationships Between the Distributions of Vegetation

and Climatic Conditions
Although beech forests distributions in East Asia are disjunct with each other at a
macro scale, they form a distinct vegetation belt in each region. However, as the
beech forests are usually distant from human activity, it is not easy to obtain a
climatic data set of the beech forests. Moreover, even though a meteorological
observation point exists within a beech zone, it is not possible to represent the
climatic data as an entire representative climatic condition within the beech zone,
since one obtains from the observation point “punctual” data, which are not always
suitable to be extended to the entire area of a forest community. Nevertheless, we
believe that it is still worth while comparing climatic conditions at a large geo-
graphical scale, because in this way we are able to obtain a summarized outlook
on the climatic conditions within the entire beech zones of East Asia at least at a
macro scale.
We obtained mesh climatic data released by Japan Meteorological Agency
(1996) for Japan. This climatic data are given on a grid with spatial resolution of
c. 1 km. For the rest of the country, we obtained data set from World Climate
(Hijmans et al. 2005) at a 5 km spatial resolution. For each association, we selected
one or a few representative points on which relevés were obtained, and each of the
climatic information was obtained from those representative points. Occasionally,
elevation was different between the relevé and the mesh, because mesh resolution is
1 and 5 km and a variety of topography may exist within each mesh. In this case, we
tried to look up the climatic data from the neighbouring mesh cell with an elevation
value close to that of the relevé. Although elevation range of relevés ranges
between 357 and 1,954 m, most of the associations are distributed at an average
elevation of c. 1,000 m. Thus, we further estimated mean annual temperature at an
elevation of 1,000 and 1,500 m, by using rapse rate of 0.55 C/100 m. In this way,
it was easy to compare the temperature conditions between the associations.
Some of these temperatures were used also for the description of the different
vegetation units.
Mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, and maximum snow depth are
shown in Table 3.4. The locations of climatic data extracted for Table 3.4 are shown
in Fig. 3.1. Climatic conditions at 1,000 m elevation show clear differences between
the Class levels. That is, mean annual temperature for Fagetea crenatae Miyawaki,
Ohba et Murate 1964 (Class I) shows 10 C at most of the points, whereas Litseo
elongatae-Fagetea sp. div. cl. nov. (Class II) and an unnamed evergreen broad
leaved class (Class III) shows much higher temperature values (Table 3.4). The
lowest value is 3.1 C in Hokkaido, Japan, and the highest value is 19.2 C in
Yunnan, China. At elevation 1,500 m, which is close to the highest elevation of
beech forests in Japan, most of the temperature records in Japan show less than
7 C, whereas that in China and Taiwan show more than 10 C. Furthermore, at the
evergreen class (Class III), temperature shows over 16 C, which is the highest
among the three classes. This differences in temperature indicate that beech forests
in China and Taiwan grow under warmer climatic conditions than in Japan and
3.5 Relationships Between the Distributions of Vegetation and Climatic Conditions 143
Fig. 3.1 Locations of climatic data extracted. The numbers in the figure are the same as the
numbers assigned for the sites in Table 3.4
Korea, and moreover, that the evergreen class (Class III) is obviously under
different temperature conditions than the beech forest classes. At order and alliance
level, it is hard to grasp general trends in climatic conditions due to larger variations
in climate.
Beech forests in Korea and China are living under conditions of lower precipi-
tation, compared to those in Taiwan and Japan. Annual precipitation shows small
differences between the three classes; however, regional differences at the order
level become clear. We examine a first case: the class Fagetea crenatae Miyawaki,
Ohba et Murate 1964 (Class I); in the Japanese Saso-Fagetalia Suz.-Tok. 1966
(Order B:) a large range of precipitation is recorded, with values varying from 1,347
to 3,655 mm; in comparison, the Korean communities of Fagetalia multinervis
Kim, Kimura et Yim 1986 (Order A: 1,371 mm precipitation in the year), have a
low annual precipitation with the total value very close to the lowest observed in the
Saso-Fagetalia. A similar relationship can be measured within Litseo elongatae-
Fagetea sp. div. cl. nov. (Class II): Fagetalia hayatae Hukusima et al. 2005
(Order D) in Taiwan (2,663 mm), reaches a precipitation total, which is clearly
higher than in the mainland Chinese Sinarundinario nitidae—Fagetalia sp. div.
(Order C) where values between 917 and 1,864 mm are measured, and most of
the area is totalizing a yearly rainfall of less than 1,500 mm. Judging from the above
examples, it becomes clear that beech forests in Korea and China have been
developed in regions with relatively low rainfall, whereas beech forests in Taiwan
and Japan have been developed under conditions of elevate humidity.
At the alliance level, Abelio englerianae—Fagion all.nov. (Alliance C-a) in
Sichuan in China and Qiongzheo tumidinodae—Fagion all. nov. (Alliance C-c) in
Yunnan show precipitation values of less than 1,000 mm. The total rainfall in Japan
is mainly much higher and only for one locality a value under 1,500 mm is indicated
(see Table 3.4).
Information on snow depth was available only in Japan, but in Ulleungdo,
Korea, 1 m of snow depth is known (Hukusima pers. comm.), which is similar to
the snow conditions observed on the Sea of Japan side of Japan. Nanjyan in Sichuan
Province in China 30–40 cm of snow depth is known (Hukusima pers. comm.),
where Abelio englerianae—Fagion all.nov. (Alliance C-a) distributed. Sabhiankou
Nature Reseve in Yunnan province, c. 30 cm of snow depth is known (Hukusima
pers. comm.). It is speculated that snow depth of other areas in China is much less
than those reported above. Nevertheless duration period of snow accumulation
should be short, as it can be deduced from the high mean temperature in the region
(Table 3.4). In Japan, the areas of Fagion crenatae Suz.-Tok. 1952 (Alliance B-a),
an alliance on the Sea of Japan side, show much higher snow depth (116–277 cm)
than the areas of Sasamorpho-Fagion crenatae Miyawaki, Ohba et Murase 1964
(Alliance B-b), an alliance on the Pacific Ocean side (6–71 cm). In the areas of
Fagion crenatae Suz.-Tok. 1952 (Alliance B-a), Hokuriku, Tohoku, and Hokkaido
regions, that are the distribution areas of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum crenatae
Suz.-Tok. (Association 2), are particularly known for high snow fall, and over
2 m snow depth is recorded.
By considering the above-mentioned environmental conditions, it may be
concluded that vegetation units at the class level are more strongly associated
with temperature conditions. Indeed this does not match with the differences in
the proportions between evergreen and deciduous components of the flora. On the
other hand, the vegetation units at the order level are more associated with precipi-
tation conditions. This relation between temperature and precipitation shows that
beech forests in Japan are under the conditions of relatively cool climate with high
precipitation. Although beech forests in Korea (Ulleungdo) are under similar
conditions, the amount of precipitation is relatively lower (indeed this comparison
has to be judged with caution, because of the particular climatic conditions, e.g.
elevate atmospheric humidity in this rather small island). Although Chinese beech
forests are under warmer conditions compared to those in Korea or Japan, precipi-
tation is low, and thus forests in China are developing under dry conditions. Among
those Chinese beech forests, those living in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces are
growing under particularly drier conditions. In contrast, beech forests in Taiwan
grow under relatively warm and wet conditions. As discussed above, differences in
climatic conditions for beech forests at each region are the most reflected within
each vegetation order which corresponds well to the different geographical
locations.
3.6 Some Reflections on Origin and Evolution of the Beech Forest in the. . . 145
3.6 Some Reflections on Origin and Evolution of the Beech

Forest in the Northern Hemisphere
The careful analysis of the diversity and regional specialization of beech forests in
East Asia allows to connect the different aspects (structure, ecology, geographical
distribution etc.) in one evolutionary hypothesis. This means to shift from the
synchronic view (all elements considered in the same time: the present) to the
diachronic view (how these elements interacted in the past).
The genus Fagus has a dozen of species occurring in different areas of the
northern hemisphere; in China 4 species occur (one of them with a variety endemic
in Taiwan), some other have been described (e.g. F. chienii) but remain still under
discussion. Anyway, China is the area where the genus Fagus is reaching its highest
diversity.
All Fagus species are deciduous trees. The genus Fagus belongs to the family
Fagaceae, mainly including genera of species with arboreal growth (Castanea,
Castanopsis, Fagus, Lithocarpus, Quercus) and closely related are other genera
of trees, e.g. Carpinus and Ostrya); some of these genera consist of evergreen
species, others are deciduous, whereas from the genus Quercus evergreen as well as
deciduous and “semi-evergreen” species are known. Most of these Fagaceae are
growing in mixed stands, often (e.g. in Quercus) several species can grow together
in the same community (often producing hybrids). All Fagaceae are anemophilous
(wind-pollinated), but as a secondary adaptation, deriving from a group of ento-
mophilous plants; the fruits have no adaptations for dissemination at distance, are
relatively heavy and fall at the basis of the stem (barochorous), but are edible and
often dispersed by animals. A peculiarity of the Fagus species is that their distribu-
tion is seldomly sympatric and in consequence, as a rule, in a single forest complex
only one species of Fagus occurs, even if in the vicinity other Fagus species grow
and in this case the one Fagus species has the tendency to invade the whole tree
canopy (an exception is the complex F. crenata–F. japonica in Japan). Seedlings of
Fagus sylvatica (Europe) can grow in the understory of a dense forest under
reduced solar irradiation, and this is an important factor to maintain a complete
dominance of the beech in the tree layer.
Another important indicator are the evergreen PEN and NPEN conifers, which can
also be interpreted as relict elements. Indeed, they are not widely diffused in the beech
forests of China. Conifers occur (with low frequency, up to 3 %) mostly in the beech
forests of Japan, under a cooler climate, as species of Abies and Picea, the latter
strictly connected with the boreal coniferous forest with circumboreal distribution.
In China conditions are quite peculiar: although four species of Fagus are
present, in general they grow in different, separate areas. The tree layer can consist
of mixed individuals of different species, several of them with evergreen leaves.
The presence of evergreen species is an important link with the evergreen woody
flora adapted to the subtropical climate of South China.
Under these conditions, China appears to be the centre of diversity (hot spot) for
this genus: several species occur in this area, and in general they remain with
regional distribution; with the progressive increasing of the distance from this hot
spot, the number of species decreases but their distribution range has the tendency
to expand: F. crenata on the whole Japanese Archipelago, F. orientalis from Iran to
the southernmost extremity of the Balcan Peninsula, F. sylvatica and F. grandifolia
with continental distribution in Europe and North America respectively.
A particular significance can be given to the South-western mountainous area in
the Yunnan Province, where the associations 21 and 22 are described. Following
Zhu (2008), the flora of this area is rich in endemic components and with the most
elevate frequency of subtropical evergreen elements in the arboreal vegetation; in
the Flora of South Yunnan the similarity with the tropical flora of Asia is 80 % at the
level of families and 64 % of genera. Indeed this is interpreted as a marginal type of
the Indo-Malaysian flora: “The tropical flora of southern Yunnan is supposed to be
derived from tropical Asian flora with the formation of the eastern monsoon climate
after the Tertiary”.
In fact, in this area it is possible to observe many endemic families and genera,
some of them appearing as relicts, which are considered as basal in the process of
the evolution of the eurasiatic flora. In this sense, the flira od South Yunnan
maintains a “Cathaysian” character.
In this frame it seems possible that such evergreen forest stands with Fagus
longepetiolata in the tree layer may offer a model for the earliest example of a
forest community, occurring in the subtropical-mountain environment, where a
deciduous tree species (namely Fagus) had the possibility to grow and to expand
in midst an evergreen broadlived community.
This deciduous tree species was successful and during the geological time slowly
expanded over the mountain areas of China, south of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze)
River. On the isolated mountain ranges followed a slow process of radiation, with
the evolving of several different Fagus species, as local endemics, characterizing the
communities of the class Litseo-Fagetea. In these beech forests there is still an
important presence of evergreen species remaining, but in the same time other
deciduous elements expand, as Acer, Carpinus, Fraxinus, Juglans, Prunus, Sorbus,
and the endemic and subtropical elements tend progressively to vanish.
The following event, of more recent geological age, is the expansion to the North
on the Japanese Archipelago (and Ulleungdo Island): here Fagus and other decidu-
ous trees are completely dominant in the forest canopy, and evergreen species
seem to have lost importance (or are substituted by the evergreen dwarf bamboo
Sasa, Arundinaria etc. which probably are also of Chinese origin). The area, in
present time occupied by the Fagetea crenatae communities was covered by the
pleistocenic glaciation, and later the expansion of these compact deciduous beech
forests in Honshu and Hokkaido is probably recent (postglacial). A similar recent
(holocene) expansion took place also in Europe and in the Eastern North America,
there probably from a still controversial species (F. mexicana, often reduced at
subspecies or variety level), rarely occurring in the mountains of Mexico, in contact
with the American subtropical evergreen forest.
Such relationships can be expressed also in a more abstract and quantitative
form, as part of two different evolutionary syndromes: on the one side (1), a
tendency to a condition of stability, with in situ survival of ancestral forms (relictual
Table 3.9 Phytosociological system of the beech forests in East Asia

Class Order Alliance Association
I. Fagetea crenatae A. Fagetalia A-a. Fagion 1. Hepatico-Fagetum
Miyawaki, Ohba et multinervis Kim, multinervis Kim, multinervis Kim,
Murate 1964 Kimura et Yim 1986 Kimura et Yim 1986 Kimura, et Yim 1986
B. Saso-Fagetalia B-a. Fagion crenatae 2. Saso kurilensis-
Suz.-Tok. 1966 Suz.-Tok. 1952 Fagetum crenatae
Suz.-Tok. 1949a, b
3. Lindero umbellatae-
Fagetum crenatae
Horikawa et Sasaki
1959
B-b. Sasamorpho- 4. Sasamorpho-Fagetum
Fagion crenatae crenatae Suz.-Tok.
Miyawaki, Ohba et 1949a, b
Murase 1964 5. Corno-Fagetum
crenatae Miyawaki,
Ohba et Murase 1964
6. Sapio japonici-
Fagetum crenatae Sasaki
1970
II. Litseo elongatae- C. Sinarundinario C-a. Abelio 7. Euonymo porphyrei-
Fagetea sp. div. cl. nitidae—Fagetalia englerianae—Fagion Fagetum englerianae
nov. sp. div. all.nov. ass. nov.
8. Vaccinio henryi–
Fagetum hayatae subsp.
pashanicae ass. nov.
C-b. Aceri davidii— 9. Sinarundinario
Fagion lucidae Wang, chungii—Fagetum
Fujiwara & Lei 2005 lucidae Wang,
Fujiwara & Lei 2005
10. Polypodio argutum—
Fagetum longipetiolatae
ass. nov.
11. Sinarundinario
bashersuto-Fagetum
lucidae Wang,
Fujiwara & Lei 2005
12. Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae Wang,
Fujiwara & Lei 2005
13. Elatostemo sessile—
Fagetum lucidae ass. nov.
14. Sinarundinario
nitidoi-Fagetum lucidae
Wang et al. 2005
C-c. Qiongzheo 15. Sinocalamo
tumidinodae—Fagion giganteus—Fagetum
all. nov. lucidae ass. nov.
(continued)

Class Order Alliance Association
16. Viburno
flavescentis—Fagetum
englerianae ass. nov.
17. Tripterospermo
cordifolium—Fagetum
englerianae ass. nov.
C-d. Indocalamo 18 Carici lanceolatae—
latifolii—Fagion Fagetum hayatae var.
hayatae var. zhejiangensis
zhejiangensis all. nov. 19 Indocalamo latifolii-
Fagetum hayatae var.
zhejiangensis
D. Fagetalia hayatae D-a. Fagion hayatae 20. Yushanio-Fagetum
Hukusima et al. 2005 Suz.-Tok. ex hayatae Suz.-Tok. ex
Hukusima et al. 2005 Hukusima et al. 2005
III. Class of E. Order of evergreen- E-a. Ardisio 21. Prismatomerio
evergreen- broadleaved forests hypargeriae— henryi—Lithocarpetum
broadleaved forests (class name is Castanopsion fabrii naiadari ass. nov.
(class name is pendulous) all.nov. 22. Athyrio nardii—
pendulous) Michelietum balansae
ass. nov.
groups at the family, genus and species level), and on the other side (2) the natural
tendency to evolve, with the insurgence of new groups, with new ecomorphological
types, invading the marginal zones:
1. As indicators for stability, the following phytogeographical elements can be
considered: a—endemics; c—SE-Asiatic-tropical; d—Amphipacific; g—Tropical
2. As indicators for speciation and invasion of new areas we consider the following
elements: b—SE-Asiatic-Boreal; f—Boreal and Arctic-alpine; h—Cosmopolitan
The ratio between the sums of the frequences of the two groups of indicators for
the opposite tendencies can be expressed as a fraction where, in this case, in the
numerator is the sum of indicators of stability and in the denominator are those for
speciation and invasion. In this form we obtain an index of biological heritage.
aþcþdþg
Index of biological heritage ¼
bþfþh
From the sum of the values given in Table 3.3 for the single elements chosen as
indicators, we obtain the following figures:
Stability Invasion Index

Ardisio hypargeriae—Castanopsion fabrii 65.1 33.1 1.97
Litseo elongate—Fagetea 42.1 55.6 0.76
Fagetea crenatae 26.9 69.5 0.39
The index of biological heritage is at the maximal level in Ardisio hypargeriae—

Castanopsion fabrii (the last three columns in Table 3.1b, corresponding to
associations 21 and 22), which may correspond to the ecological conditions of
the supposed original habitat of Fagus. From there, the successive expansion
towards northern direction has the meaning of an increasing attitude to speciation,
but in the same time also with the decline of the floristic heritage, mainly consisting
in the presence of endemic and indomalesian elements. In a more general sense
the tropical elements are progressively substituted by taxonomical groups with
prevailing northern distribution and by widely distributed cosmopolitan families,
which progressively cancel the value of biological heritage in the local flora.
The forest types of the subtropical mountainous areas in southwestern Yunnan
are still insufficiently known, but it seems that the flora of this area had a funda-
mental importance to understand the evolution of the eurasiatic forest vegetation.
Conclusions
The aim of the present study, is to propose a syntaxonomical synthesis for the
beech forests in East Asia. More than 20 plant communities with Fagus species
in the tree layer were compared and basing on their species composition, were
distributed among three groups (Table 3.1c, Fig. 2.1), corresponding to three
distinct vegetation classes.
In a first phase of our elaboration, it was possible to order the beech forests
into two groups: the first one with northern and insular distribution (Japan and
the Korean Island Ulleungdo), the other mostly in continental areas at lower
latitude, in China (a restricted presence also in Taiwan). The description of two
different classes is the result of a broad comparison among such beech forests.
The first group is organized by the class Fagetea crenatae, with insular distribu-
tion, and includes many deciduous tree and shrub species (and none or few
evergreen elements). The second group corresponds to the class Litseo
elongatae-Fagetea and consists of beech forests scattered among the continental
districts of China, which bear a progressively increasing number of evergreen
woody species. The two classes are very polymorphic and can be further
subdivided into four orders, eight alliances, and 20 associations, reaching a
gross total of 48 elementary units (subassociations) (Table 3.9). Tables 3.1a
and 3.1b are a large synoptic table (see also Table 3.1c, Online) giving particu-
lar evidence to the groups of character species which can be proposed for each
level (orders, alliances, associations). Among them beech forest associations of
Japan/Korea appear relatively homogeneous, whereas beech forests in China
show higher distances in species composition among the different associations.
This can be interpreted probably because the beech forests in China are
distributed over a large geographical area and are disjunct with each other,
occurring on isolated high mountain systems (Fig. 2.1).
Indeed, the last two associations (21 and 22, columns 49–51) do not fit with
these two classes: they belong to the type of the evergreen broad-leaved forest,
but with the penetration of beech species in the tree layer, together with some
other elements from the deciduous woodlands. In consequence, they are ascribed
to a third, still not defined class with subtropical mountain character.
To reach this result, a large amount of information was elaborated and
critically discussed. The synoptic association table is based on 657 relevés
obtained from previous literature and original data of the authors, selected
among several thousands of relevés. These relevés are considered the raw data
for the description of the Fagus vegetation types in East Asia. Further informa-
tion was added, through the definition for every association (and for every
species) of the life forms, life cycle (deciduous—evergreen) and of the compo-
sition at the level of genera: these are meta-data, very significant for the
interpretation of the relationships among the different associations.
The life form composition is a very distinctive characteristic of each unit, at
the class and order level, but as we move down the classification at the alliance
level or below, differences in the life forms became lesser significant. However
the global species composition as well as the presence of character species are
highly informative at the alliance, association and subassociation level.
According to Table 3.1d (Online), the diversity in genus combinations shows
more clearly the differences among the three classes and five orders as the analysis
of species composition. However the number of characteristic genera decreases at
the level of alliance and none are observed at association or subassociation level.
Again this indicates that the investigation at the association and subassociation
level should be focussed at the species, rather than at the genus level.
The current study of species composition and life forms confirms that the
beech forests of China and Taiwan and those of Japan and Korea are clearly
diverging from one another, so that the separation of the beech forests of East
Asia into two main classes appears largely justified. It seems that in the future it
will be necessary to extend forward this result in order to cover the beech forests
of the entire Northern Hemisphere through a comparison with the examples
existing in Europe and North America (see also, Pignatti 1977).
An important feature to understand the significance of the differences
between these classes are the relationships between the presence of evergreen
and deciduous species within the different types of beech forests. The number of
deciduous species regularly decreases from class I to II and III; at the same time
the presence of the evergreen flora increases.
At the order level and alliance level, regional flora including geographically
endemic species characterise each order and alliance. Especially in the islands
of Ulleungdo and Taiwan, where the distribution range is limited to small
areas, endemism is high: in this case, beech forests are considered relictual
communities. In contrast, in Japan beech forests are widely distributed. Espe-
cially in the middle part of Japan northwards, beech forest vigorously develop
and show a high uniformity in species composition. However as beech forests in
western Japan are sporadic on isolated mountains ranges, the presence of the
regional flora is often prevailing. A similar tendency can be observed in the
vegetation of China, where beech forests are distributed in a wide area, but occur
sporadically on isolated mountain groups forming a compact deciduous forest

belt just above the vegetation belt of evergreen broad-leaved forests: as a
consequence, the tendency can be observed to the penetration of evergreen
flora into the beech forests, at least to a certain extent. It is also obvious that
local flora greatly differs in each region. This is reflected by the scarcity or lack
of species in common between the vegetation of different areas.
At the association level regional aspects can be often detected by the combi-
nation of character species of the associations and sometimes also of alliances.
At subassociation level vegetation units are classified by differential species,
that are mainly indicators of the ecological niche conditions. This is probably
due to differences in elevation or in the geographical distribution within the
subassociations or can be, at least in the colder areas, a consequence of different
patterns in the postglacial expansion.
In terms of life form composition, the common feature of beech forest in East
Asia is the presence of scrub bamboo (GS) in the shrub layer. In common are
also evergreen conifer trees in the Class I and II. These conifer tree species are
relict plants of the Neogene period. Among the two classes, Class I, which has a
high proportion of deciduous broad-leaved trees, contains still higher ones of the
evergreen conifers. This is probably related to the fact that Class I is distributed
in archipelago and environmental conditions allowed those conifers to survive
throughout the past glacial periods in the Quaternary period. It can also be stated
that Class I, which is distributed in Korea and Japan, is mostly composed of
deciduous and herbaceous species, and this is the most similar to other beech
forests in the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, North America) other than in East
Asia. Thus, it can be said that in the Class I are included the most representative
beech forests of East Asia. On the other hand, beech forests in China and Taiwan
form on the upper part of mountains a forest zone with deciduous tree layer
above the evergreen broad-leaved forest belt, indeed containing many species
belonging to evergreen life forms. This suggests that the strong floristic differ-
entiation between the deciduous broad-leaved forest and evergreen broad-leaved
is a feature of northern areas, whereas in the south the convenience among the
two groups is largely possible.
In fact, it can be hypothesized, that the coexistence among evergreen and
deciduous woody plants possibly represents a primary condition in the eurasiatic
mountain vegetation of warmer climates. If this is true, these mixed stands in
south China may be interpreted as the original form of beech woodlands. In this
case the compact Fagus forests of cooler areas in Japan and in Europe are to be
considered a more recent, and (at least in many areas) postglacial development.
Appendix
Associations Tables
Association 7 and 8—alliance, Abelio englerianae—Fagion all. nov.; 7. Euonymo porphyrei—

Fagetum englerianae ass. nov.; 8. Vaccinio henryi—Fagetum hayatae subsp. pashanicae ass. nov.
Association number 7 8
Stand number SHI1 SHI2 SHI9 SHI6 SHI7 SHI8 SHI3 SHI4 SHI5
Altitude (m) ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### #####
Exposure N20W N30W S20W N30W N20E S25E N40E N W
Inclination ( ) 40 20 40 35 30 30 42 52 55
Area (m2) 150 200 225 200 150 150 225 150 150
Tree layer
Hight (m) 22 20 17 20 18 20 21 25 26
Cover (%) 75 90 90 80 90 90 85 95 90
Lower tree layer
Hight (m) 10 9 8 6 7 8 6 7 6
Cover (%) 60 65 80 30 35 50 70 65 40
Shrub layer
Hight (m) 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0
Cover (%) 75 70 – 40 8 – 45 55 70
Herb layer
Hight (m) – – – – – – 0.3 – –
Cover (%) – – – – – – 35 – –
Number of species 37 32 47 43 48 50 54 35 30
Char.sp. of Euonymo porphyrei-Fagetum englerianae ass. nov.
Euonymus pourphyreus + + + + ∙ + ∙ ∙
Quercus spinosa ∙ + + + ∙ 4.4 ∙ ∙ ∙
Acer ginnola ∙ ∙ + + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Rubus pungens ∙ + ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙
Deff.sp. of subassociation
Pedicularis nasturtifolia ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.2 +0.2 1.2 ∙ ∙ ∙
Cacalia roborowskii ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Meliosma veitchiorum ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
(continued)
Geobotany Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35620-9,
154 Appendix
Char.sp. of Vaccinio henryi-Fagetum hayatae subsp. pashanicae ass. nov.
Fagus pashanica ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 5.5 5.5 5.5
Rubus bambusarus ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + +
Hugeria vaccinioides ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + +
Vaccinium henryi ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + +
Daphniphyllum ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙
angustifolium
Char.sp. of Abelio englerianae-Fagion all. nov.
Rhododendron + ∙ ∙ 1.2 ∙ ∙ + 2.2 ∙
micranthum
Prunus pilosiuscula + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ +
Euonymus giraldii ∙ ∙ + + + + + ∙ ∙
Calanthe fimbriata ∙ +0.2 + ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙
Abelia engleriana ∙ ∙ 3.3 ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Quercus glandulifera 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.1 ∙ ∙ + ∙
Acer laxiflorum ∙ ∙ + ∙ + ∙ ∙ + ∙
Holboellia fargesii ∙ ∙ ∙ + + + ∙ + +
Epimedium sagittatum ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ + ∙ ∙
Lonicera ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.1 + ∙ + ∙ ∙
pseudoproterantha
Ainsleaea triflora ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ + +
Berberis dielsiana ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ +
Char.sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-Fagetalia sp. divar.
Fraxinus chinensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + +
Pylora decorata ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Stewartia sinensis 2.2 1.1 ∙ + ∙ ∙ + + +
Viburnum sympodiale 1.1 + 2.2 + 1.1 ∙ 1.1 2.2 2.2
Paederia scandens ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Lindera glauca ∙ ∙ + ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acanthopanax ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + +
evodiaefolius
Ilex henryi ∙ ∙ 1.1 ∙ + + ∙ + +
Sinarundinaria nitida 4.4 4.4 ∙ 2.2 4.4 + ∙ ∙ 2.2
Sorbus folgneri ∙ + + ∙ 1.1 + ∙ + +
Acer sinense ∙ ∙ ∙ + + + ∙ ∙ +
Polystichum + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
neolobatum
Fagus lucida 4.4 5.5 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Smilax stans + ∙ + ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙
Ophiopogon bodinieri ∙ ∙ + + ∙ + ∙ + ∙
Quercus oxyodon ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 2.2 + +
Pinus armandii ∙ ∙ + + + +0.2 ∙ + +
Dryopteris labordei ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
(continued)
Associations Tables 155
Acer oliverianum ∙ + ∙ + + ∙ ∙ + ∙
Fagus engleriana 3.3 2.2 5.5 5.5 5.5 3.3 + ∙ ∙
Eurya brevistyla ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 2.2 ∙ 2.2
Char.sp. of Litseo elongatae-Fagetea sp.givar.cl.nov.
Smilax discotis ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +
Parathelypteris ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
glanduligera
Cornus controversa + + ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Matteuccia orientalis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙
Oxalis griffithii 1.1 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acer mono ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Athyrium wardii ∙ ∙ ∙ +0.2 + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Schisandra chinensis ∙ ∙ ∙ + + + ∙ + 1.1
Lyonia ovalifolia var. ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.1 ∙ ∙
elliptica
Lindera obutisiloba + ∙ + ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Companions
Quercus myrsinaefolia 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 ∙ 1.1 + + ∙
Carex sp. + + 3.3 + + 3.3 + ∙ ∙
Taxus chinensis + + +0.2 ∙ + 1.1 ∙ ∙ ∙
Symplocos paniculata ∙ 1.1 ∙ + 1.1 1.1 ∙ ∙ ∙
Helwingia chinensis ∙ + ∙ + + ∙ ∙ + +
Ilex chinensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + 1.1 1.1 ∙
Celastrus sp. ∙ ∙ + + 1.1 ∙ + ∙ ∙
Abelia dielsii ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.1 1.1 2.2 ∙ ∙ ∙
Symplocos laurina 1.1 3.3 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.1 ∙ ∙
Cornus kousa 1.1 ∙ ∙ 1.1 ∙ 1.1 ∙ ∙ ∙
Carpinus 1.1 + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
turczanninowii
Eurya alata ∙ + ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ 3.3 ∙
Enkianthus chinensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ 2.2 ∙ +
Lonicera henryi ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙
Sorbus sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +0.2 ∙ ∙
Lithocarpus sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.1 ∙ ∙
Ophiopogon japonicus + ∙ +0.2 ∙ ∙ ∙ +0.2 ∙ ∙
Sorbus xanthoneura ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.1 1.1 ∙ +
Carpinus fargesii ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Carpinus polyneura 1.1 1.1 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Rhododendron 2.2 ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
sutchuenense
Rhododendron sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ 3.3 ∙
Rhus sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + + ∙
(continued)
156 Appendix
Dipelta floribunda + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +
Clematis mantana + ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Rhododendron fargesii ∙ 2.2 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 4.4
Enkianthus deflexus ∙ 1.1 ∙ 1.1 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Dryopteris sp. + ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Chimaphila japonica ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Arctous alpinas ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙
Paris bashanensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ + ∙ ∙
Ilex szechwanensis ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acer palmatum ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙
Rhododendron ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 3.3 2.2 ∙
hypoglancum
Aruncus sylvester ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Smilax glanco-china + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Cornus macrophylla ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + 1.1 ∙
Viburnum sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.1
Michelia sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Eurya obutsifolia + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acanthopanax henryi + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Tupistra chinensis + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Lindera cercifolia + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Dactylicapnos sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Viola biflora + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Asparagus filicinus + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Euptelea pleiospermum ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Cacalia profundorum ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acer sp. ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Mahonia bealei ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ainsleaea grossedentata ∙ ∙ 1.1 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Prunus sp. ∙ ∙ 1.1 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Rhododendron ∙ ∙ +0.2 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
anthopogonoides
Thaladiantha glabra ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Meliosma flexuosa ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Corylos heterophylla v. ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
sutchuenensis
Cornus paucinervis ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Disporum cantoniense ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Cynanchum chinense ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Gllium aparine v. ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
tenerum
Ajuga nipponensis ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Stellaria alsine ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
(continued)
Associations Tables 157
Desmodium ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
szechuenense
Litsea ichangensis ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Polystichum ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
squarrosum
Pollia sp. ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Pylora rugosa ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Cyrtomium ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
macrophyllum
Stauntonia sp. ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Actinidia sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Carpinus cordata v. ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
chinensis
Arisaema erubescens ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acanthopanax giraldii ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Deyeuxia arundinacea ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Sorbus hemslaya ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Stewartia sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Berberis dasytachya ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Rubus flosculosus ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acanthopanax sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Viola sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Clematocleththra ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
scandens
Chloranthus henryi ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Betula sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.1 ∙ ∙ ∙
Sorbus caloneura ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 3.3 ∙ ∙ ∙
Acer shensiense ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Smilax ferox ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Indocalamus sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.2 ∙ ∙ ∙
Ligustrum sinense ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Cynanchum julianae ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Abelia engleriniana ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Thalictrum uncatum ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Desmodium sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Vitis flexuosa ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Ostrya japonica ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Photinia parviflora ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Quercus asine ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 2.1 ∙ ∙
Vaccinium sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.1 ∙ ∙
Buxus henryi ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 2.2 ∙ ∙
Pieris tomentosa ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.1 ∙ ∙
Polystichum tsus- ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +0.2 ∙ ∙
sinense
(continued)
158 Appendix
Machilus faberi ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Hedera sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Ainsleaea rubrinervis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Ficus sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Phoebe sheareri ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Cymbidium faberi ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Aristolochia tubiflora ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Akebia trifoliata v. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
australis
Pleuropus euchloron ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Aconitum sinomontanus ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Euonymus fortunei ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Goodyera biflora ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Viola arcuta ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙
Pieris formosana ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.1 ∙
Daphniphillum sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙
Plagiogyria ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙
distinctissima
Humata tyermanni ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙
Rhododendron ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 1.1
augustinii
Phymatopsis teneupes ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +
Association table of 15, 16 and 17 in alliance, Qiongzheo tumidinodae—Fagion all. nov.; 15. Sinocalamo giganteus—Fagetum lucidae ass. nov.; 16. Viburno
flavescentis—Fagetum englerianae ass. nov.; 17. Tripterospermo cordifolium—Fagetum englerianae ass. nov.
Association number 15 16 17
Running number 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2 3 4 5
Stand number YNN5 YNN2 YNN3 YNN4 YNN6
Associations Tables
Altitude (m) 2,010 1,780 1,800 1,900 1,930 1,700 1,600 1,800 1,750 1,800 1,850 1,640
Exposure N20E N80E S80E S20W S70W NE NW W NE
Inclination ( ) 31 35 25 42 32 45 40 4 38 25 15
Area 225 150 200 200 225 400 400 400 400 400 400 400
Tree layer Hight (m) 17 17 17 13 20 19 19 22 19 21 24 21
Cover (%) 80 80 75 95 60 90 80 95 85 85 90 85
Sub tree layer Hight(m) 8 7 8 6 7
Cover (%) 65 50 55 50 40
Shrub layer (m) 3.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Cover (%) 45 20 65 20 70
Herb layer (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Cover (%) 20 10 15 50 50
Number of species 64 63 39 49 62
Char.sp. of Sinocalamo giganteus-Fagetum lucidae ass. nov.
Sinanocalamus giganteus 23 ∙ 44 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Galium asperuloides var. hoffmeisteris + + ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Eurya graffi ∙ 22 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Carpinus fangiana ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Eurya semisenullata 11 ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Symplocos ramosissima ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Allantodia squamigera ∙ + ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Microlepia marginata + ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ligustrum delavayanum ∙ + ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
159
(continued)
160
Spatholirion longifolium ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acer prolificum ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Hydrangea xanthoneura ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Arachnioides pseudo-aristata ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Char.sp. of Viburno flavescentis-Fagetum englerianae ass. nov.
Neolitsea chuii ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 33 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Toxicodendron radicans var. hispidus ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 12 22 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Athyrium delavayi ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 22 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Dichroa febrifuga ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Lepisorus bicolor ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +2 +2 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Polypodiastrum dielsianum ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +2 +2 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Sorbus sargentiana ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Dendrobenthamia melanotricha ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 33 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Viburnum flavescens ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Davidia involucrata var. vilmoriniana ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Phyllagathis longipes ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Smilacina yunnanensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Schizophragma hypoleuca ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Smilax opaca ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Char.sp. of Tripterospermo cordifolium–Fagetum englerianae ass. nov.
Schima crenata ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 11 11 + 33
Neolitsea chinensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 + 33 + +
Lindera subcaudata var. hemsleyana ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + + + 11
Panicum brevifolium ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ + +
Manglietia duclouxii ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ + + +
Appendix
Tripterospermum cordifolium ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + 11 + ∙ +
Sorbus coronata ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + +
Microsorium buergerianum ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ +2 11
Ophiopogon bockianus ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 + ∙ +
Elatostema lineolatum ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + 22 +
Associations Tables
Evodia rutaecarpa var. bodinieri ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ + + ∙

Hydrangea yunnanensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 ∙ + + ∙
Holboellia angustifolia ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 + + ∙ ∙
Betula albo-sinensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 33 ∙ 22 ∙ ∙
Eurya handel-mazzettii ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + 11 ∙ ∙ ∙
Smilax lebrunii ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ +
Euonymus leclerei ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ +
Skimmia arborescens ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + +
Athyrium epirachis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ 11
Actinidia vitifolia ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ 11 ∙
Char.sp. of Qiongzheo tumidinodae-Fagion all. nov.
Castanopsis platyacantha 22 + 11 ∙ 11 44 44 22 22 22 44 44
Qiongzhea tumidinoda ∙ + ∙ 12 44 11 44 +2 11 22 33 11
Allantodia hirtipes ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 33 33 33 ∙ 22 33 33
Camellia grijsii ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 + + 11 11 + +
Ilex intermedia var. fangli ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ + 22 22 11 11
Rubus chroosepalus ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 11 + 22 + + ∙
Rhododendron hypoglaucum ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 + + ∙ + ∙ +
Acanthopanax evodiaefolius var. gracilis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + 11 ∙ 44 + ∙ +
Stranvaesia amphidoxa ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 + ∙ + ∙ ∙ +
Viburnum willeanum ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ +
(continued)
161
162
Char.sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-Fagetalia sp. div.
Fagus lucida 33 44 22 22 33 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Lithocarpus cleistcarpus + 11 22 + 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Symplocos botryantha + 11 33 11 + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acanthopanax evodiaefolius 22 + 22 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +
Viola schneideri ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Quercus oxyodon + 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Viburnum sympodiale 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Dryopteris labordei ∙ +2 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Smilax stans ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ophiopogon bodinieri ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Eurya brevistyla ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 + + 44 11 33 33
Lithocarpus hancei ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 33 ∙ 11 ∙ 11 + 22
Machilus ichangensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 11 11 33 33 + 11
Symplocos anomala ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ 11 11 +
Fagus engleriana ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ 44 33 11 22 + + 33
Plagiogyria stenoptera + + ∙ + ∙ 22 + ∙ ∙ 22 +2 +
Acer oliverianum ∙ +2 ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 33 11 + + 22 +
Rubus malifolius ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 11 + ∙ ∙ + +
Hydrangea anomala ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + 11 +
Ilex wilsonii ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + 11 + ∙ 11
Symplocos caudata ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + 11 ∙ 33 + 22 +
Reineckia carnea ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ + ∙
Char.sp. of Litseo elongatae-Fagetea sp. div. cl. nov.
Litsea elongata ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + + 11 +
Appendix
Parathelypteris glanduligara +2 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Dennstaedtia scabra ∙ + ∙ + ∙ ∙ 22 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Cornus controversa ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ + ∙
Euonymus fortunei var. radicans ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ +
Associations Tables
Tiarella polyphylla ∙ + ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙
Ardisia crenata ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ +
Plagiogyria euphlebia ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +2 11 + + +
Matteuccia orientalis ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Athyrium wardii + + ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Oxalis griffithii ∙ + ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Companions
Carex sp. ∙ 11 + ∙ ∙ + 11 ∙ 11 + + 11
Camellia sp. ∙ 11 + + 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Lonicera henryi + ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ +
Sarcopyramis bodinieti ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ 11 + ∙ +
Photinia sp. ∙ + 11 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Smilax sp. + ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Symplocos sp. 33 + ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Rhododendron sp. 22 ∙ ∙ 22 + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Camellia pitardii + ∙ + 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Polystichum makinoi ∙ + ∙ + 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Polystichum sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 ∙ ∙ 11 +
Embelia sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ + ∙ +
Eurya sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 44 11 ∙ ∙ ∙
Symplocos discolor ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 ∙ ∙ 22 11 ∙ ∙
Viola sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ + 11
163
(continued)
164
Quercus myrsinaefolia ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ 11 ∙ 22
Actinidia chinensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + +
Rhus sp. + 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Quercus engleriana ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Prunus sp. ∙ 11 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Arisaema sp. ∙ +2 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acer sp. 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Sorbus sp. + ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Rubus swinhoei + ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Chinamomum sp. 11 ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Rubus sp. + ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Castanopsis sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Dystyllum sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Hydrangea davidii + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Viola brunneostipulosa ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ophiopogon intermedius ∙ ∙ ∙ + + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Illicium simonsii ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Dioscoea sp. ∙ + ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Schisandra sp. ∙ ∙ + ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ilex franchetiana + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +
Symplocos paniculata ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 33 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Camellia sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Helwingia himalaica ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ 22 ∙
Lonicera ligustrina ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ 11
Appendix
Pilea martinii ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ + ∙
Meliosma kirkii ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ + ∙
Osmanthus sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ +
Beilschmiedia robusta ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 +
Hopea sp. 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Associations Tables
Viburnum sp. 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Cremanthodium decaisnei 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Aucuba chinensis 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Lithocarpus variolosus 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Pterostyrax rosea + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Quercus angustinii + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acanthopanax simonii + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ophiopogon maiei + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ilex yunnanensis + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Sorbus rufoilosa + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Cystopteris moupinensis + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Polystichum discretum + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Smilacina glabra + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Viburnum cordifolium + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ainsleaea yunnanensis + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Panax transitorius + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Lindera communis + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Eurya sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Diospyros sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Lonicera sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Neolitsea sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ophiopogon sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
165
(continued)
166
Schizophragma spl + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Lindera sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Primula sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acer laxiflorum + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Lithocarpus sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ficus sp. + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Rhus delavayi ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Elatostema obtusum ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Eurya loquaina ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Acanthopanax sp. ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ilex sp. ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Phymatopsis sp. ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Paederia scandens ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Oplismenus undulatifolius ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Schisandra sphananthera ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Smilax boskii ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Cyrtomium mecrophyllum ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Allantodia metteniana ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ctenitis mariformis ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Arachniodes chinensis ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Pseudocystopteris atkinsonii ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Magnolia sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Calastrus sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Helwingia chinensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Stauntonia sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Appendix
Actinidia sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Peracarpa sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Machilus sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 33 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Begonia sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ilex ciliospinosa ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Associations Tables
Pellionia radicans ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Dryopteris sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Impatiens siculifer ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Ilex fragilis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 22 ∙ ∙ ∙
Prunus pilosiuscula ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11 ∙ ∙ ∙
Microtropis fokienensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Tetrastigma hypoglaucum ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
Toona sinensis ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11
Asteropyrum peltatum ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 11
Epipactis sp. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +
167
Appendix 1. Alphabetic List—Species of the
Beech Forests in East Asia
Life
Species name Family name form Ecological indication
Abelia dielsii Caprifoliaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Abelia engleriana Caprifoliaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Abelio englerianae-
Fagion sp. div.
Abelia macrotera Caprifoliaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Abelia parvifolia Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
presence (mainly China)
Abelia serrata Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
presence (mainly Japan)
Abelia sp. Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Abelia spathulata Caprifoliaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae
Abelia spathulata var. Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
sanguinea presence (mainly Japan)
Abelia spathulata var. Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
stenophylla presence (mainly Japan)
Abies firma Pinaceae PEN Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Abies homolepis Pinaceae PEN Char.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae
Abies mariesii Pinaceae PEN Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Acanthopanax evodiaefolius Araliaceae PD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Acanthopanax evodiaefolius Araliaceae PD Char. sp. of the Quingzheo
var. gracilis tumidinodae-Fagion
Acanthopanax evodiaefolius Araliaceae PD Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
var. pseudoevodiaefolius henryi—Lithocarpetum naiadar
Acanthopanax fargersii Araliaceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Acanthopanax giraldii Araliaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Michelietum balansae
(continued)
170 Appendix 1. Alphabetic List—Species of the Beech Forests in East Asia
Life
Acanthopanax henryi Araliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Acanthopanax hypoleucus Araliaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
crenatae subass.)
Acanthopanax Araliaceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
sciadophylloides
Acanthopanax simonii Araliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Acanthopanax sp. Araliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Acanthopanax spinosus Araliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Acanthopanax trichodon Araliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Acer amplum Aceraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Acer argutum Aceraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Acer capillipes Aceraceae PD Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Acer carpinifolium Aceraceae PD Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
Acer crataegifolium Aceraceae PD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Acer davidii Aceraceae PD Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
lucidae
Acer diabolicum Aceraceae PD Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
(subass.)
Acer distylum Aceraceae PD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Acer elegantulum Aceraceae PD Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
Fagion hayatae var. zhejiangensis
Acer erianthum Aceraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Acer flabellatum Aceraceae PD Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
lucidae
Acer franchetii Aceraceae PD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Acer ginnola Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Euonymo porphyrei-
Fagetum englerianae
Acer grisema Aceraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Acer japonicum Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Acer kawakamii Aceraceae PD Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Acer laxiflorum Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Abelio englerianae-
Fagion sp. div.
(continued)
Appendix 1. Alphabetic List—Species of the Beech Forests in East Asia 171
Life
Acer micranthum Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Acer mono Aceraceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Acer mono f. dissectum Aceraceae PD Companion-species
Acer mono var. ambiguum Aceraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Acer mono var. connivens Aceraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Acer mono var. glabrum Aceraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Acer mono var. mayrii Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso kurilensis_Fagetum
crenatae
Acer mono var. savatieri Aceraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Acer nikoense Aceraceae PD Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Acer nipponicum Aceraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Acer okamotoana Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Fagion multinrvis and
Fagetalia multinervis
Acer oliverianum Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Acer palmatum Aceraceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Acer palmatum var. Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
amoenum crenatae
Acer palmatum var. Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
matsumurae
Acer prolificum Aceraceae PD Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
giganteus-Fagetum lucidae
Acer pseudosieboldianum Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
multinervis
Acer rufinerve Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Acer shensiense Aceraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Acer shirasawanum Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Acer sieboldianum Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Acer sinense Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Acer sp. Aceraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Acer takesimense Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Fagion multinrvis and
Acer tenuifolium Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae
(continued)
Life
Acer tschonoskii Aceraceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso kurilensis_Fagetum
crenatae
Acer ukurunduense Aceraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Acer wilsonii Aceraceae PD Char. sp. of the Ardisio hypargeriae—
Castanopsion fabrii
Achyranthes japonica Amaranthaceae H Companion species with sporadical
scap presence (mainly Japan)
Aconitum japonicum Ranunculaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Aconitum japonicum var. Ranunculaceae G rhiz Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
montanum (subass.)
Aconitum senanense Ranunculaceae NPD Companion-species
Aconitum sinomontanuns Ranunculaceae G rad Companion species with sporadical
Acrophorus stipellatus Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Actaea asiatica Ranunculaceae G rad Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
crenatae subass.)
Actinidia arguta Actinidiaceae PL Companion-species
Actinidia chinensis Actinidiaceae PL Companion-species
Actinidia coriacea Actinidiaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Actinidia kolomikta Actinidiaceae PL Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Actinidia polygama Actinidiaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Actinidia sp. Actinidiaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Actinidia vitifolia Actinidiaceae PL Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
cordifolium-Fagetum englerianae
Actinodaphne reticulata Lauraceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
chungii-Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Adenophora cordifolia Campanulaceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Adenophora hunanensis Campanulaceae H Char. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Adenophora polymorpha Campanulaceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Adenophora remotiflora Campanulaceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
scap crenatae
Adenophora trachelioides Campanulaceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Adiantum pedatum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Diff.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
multinervis (subass.)
(continued)
Life
Adina pilulifera Rubiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
scap presence (mainly China)
Adinandra wangii Theaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
henryi—Lithocarpetum naiadari
Aegopodium alpestre Apiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
scap crenatae
Aesculus turbinata Hippocastanaceae PD Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
Aesculus wilsonii Hippocastanaceae PD Char. sp. of the Elatostemo
sessile_Fagetum lucidae
Agrostis scouleri Poaceae T Companion species with sporadical
Ainsliaea acerifolia Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Ainsliaea acerifolia var. Asteraceae H Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
subapoda scap grosseserratae
Ainsliaea apiculata Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
scap crenatae (subass.)
Ainsliaea gracilis Asteraceae H Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
scap chungii-Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Ainsliaea grossedentata Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
rosul presence (mainly China)
Ainsliaea henryi Asteraceae H Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
scap lucidae
Ainsliaea macroclinidioides Asteraceae H Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
scap Fagion hayatae var. zhejiangensis
Ainsliaea rubrinervis Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Ainsliaea triflora Asteraceae H Char.-sp. of Abelio englerianae-
rosul Fagion sp. div.
Ainsliaea yunnanensis Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Ajuga nipponensis Lamiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Akebia trifoliata Lardizabalaceae PL Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Akebia trifoliata var. Lardizabalaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
australis presence (mainly China)
Alangium chinense Alangiaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Alangium platanifolium var. Alangiaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
trilobum crenatae (subass.)
Albizia kalkora Fabaceae PD Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
Albizia turgida Fabaceae PD Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
(continued)
Life
Allantodia chinensis Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Allantodia hirtipes Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Quingzheo
tumidinodae-Fagion
Allantodia metteniana Polypodiaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Prismatomerio
(subass.)
Allantodia petri Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Allantodia squamigera Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
Allantodia wichurae Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Allium victorialis var. Liliaceae G Char.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
platyphyllum bulb multinervis
Alnus firma Betulaceae PD Companion-species
Alnus hirsuta Betulaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Alnus hirsuta var.sibirica Betulaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Alnus maximowiczii Betulaceae PD Char.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
multinervis
Alpinia chinensis Zingiberaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Alpinia sp. Zingiberaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Ampelopsis Vitaceae PL Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
brevipedunculata East Asia
Ampelopsis delavayana Vitaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Anaphalis margaritacea Asteraceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Anemone debilis Ranunculaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Anemone nikoensis Ranunculaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Anemone pesudo-altaica Ranunculaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Anemonopsis macrophylla Ranunculaceae G rad Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
(subass.)
Angelica edulis Apiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Angelica polymorha Apiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Angelica pubescens Apiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
scap crenatae subass.)
(continued)
Life
Arachniodes chinensis Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Arachniodes festina Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Arachniodes mutica Polypodiaceae H Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
rosul
Arachniodes pseudo- Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
aristata giganteus-Fagetum lucidae
Arachniodes rhomboides Polypodiaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Arachniodes standishii Polypodiaceae H Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
rosul
Araiostegia parripinnata Polypodiaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Aralia chinensis Araliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Arctous alpinas Ericaceae Ch Companion species with sporadical
frut presence (mainly China)
Ardisia affinis Myrsinaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae
Ardisia brevicaulis Myrsinaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Ardisia crenata Myrsinaceae NPE Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Ardisia crispa Myrsinaceae NPE Char.-sp. of Litseo elongatae-Fagetea
Ardisia hypargyera Myrsinaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Ardisio hypargeriae—
Castanopsion fabrii
Ardisia japonica Myrsinaceae NPE Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Ardisia sp. Myrsinaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Arisaema amurense Araceae G Char.-sp. of Fagion multinrvis and
bulb Fagetalia multinervis
Arisaema angustatum Araceae G Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
bulb (subass.)
Arisaema consanguineum Araceae G Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
bulb chungii-Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Arisaema erubescens Araceae G Companion species with sporadical
bulb presence (mainly China)
Arisaema formosanum Araceae G Companion species with sporadical
Arisaema japonicum Araceae G Companion species with sporadical
bulb presence (mainly Japan)
Arisaema limbatum Araceae G Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Arisaema peninsulae Araceae G Companion species with sporadical
Arisaema ssp. Araceae G Companion species with sporadical
Arisaema ternatipartitum Araceae G Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
bulb crenatae subass.)
Aristolochia kaempferi Aristolochiaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Aristolochia mollissima Aristolochiaceae PL Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
Aristolochia tubiflora Aristolochiaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Arthraxon hispidus Poaceae T Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Arthromeris lehmannii Polypodiaceae H Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
caesp bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Aruncus dioicus Rosaceae H Char.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
scap multinervis
Aruncus dioicus var. Rosaceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
tenuifolius scap crenatae
Aruncus sylvester Rosaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Asarum caudigerum Aristolochiaceae G rad Companion species with sporadical
Asarum chinensis Aristolochiaceae G rad Companion species with sporadical
Asarum heterotropoides Aristolochiaceae G rad Companion species with sporadical
Asarum ichangense Aristolochiaceae G rad Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
Asarum savatieri Aristolochiaceae G rad Companion species with sporadical
Asarum sieboldii Aristolochiaceae G rad Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Asarum spp. Aristolochiaceae G rad Companion species with sporadical
Asparagus filicinus Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Asperula odorata Rubiaceae H Char.-sp. of Fagion multinrvis and
scap Fagetalia multinervis
Asplenium crinicaule Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Asplenium incisum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Asplenium normale Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
(continued)
Life
Asplenium unilaterale Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Asplenium wrightii Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Aster ageratoides Asteraceae H Char. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Aster ageratoides ssp. Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
amplexifolius scap (subass.)
Aster ageratoides var. harae Asteraceae H Char.-sp. of Corno-Fagetum crenatae
f. leucanthus scap
Aster dimorphophyllus Asteraceae H Char.-sp. of Corno-Fagetum crenatae
scap
Aster glehnii Asteraceae H Char.-sp. of Fagion multinrvis and
Aster procerus Asteraceae H Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
scap Fagetum hayatae var. zhejiangensis
Aster scaber Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Asteropyrum cavaleriei Ranunculaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Asteropyrum peltatum Ranunculaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Astilbe koreana Saxifragaceae G rad Diff.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
Astilbe rubra Saxifragaceae G rad Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Astilbe thunbergii Saxifragaceae G rad Companion-species
Astilbe thunbergii var. Saxifragaceae G rad Companion-species
congesta
Astilbe thunbergii var. Saxifragaceae G rad Companion species with sporadical
fujisanensis presence (mainly Japan)
Astilbe thunbergii var. Saxifragaceae G rad Companion species with sporadical
shikokiana presence (mainly Japan)
Athyrium arisaense Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Athyrium brevifrons Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Fagion multinrvis and
Athyrium clivicola Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Athyrium delavayi Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
Fagetum englerianae
Athyrium epirachis Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Athyrium henryi Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Athyrium malipoense Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Athyrium nardii Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Athyrium niponicum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Athyrium otophorum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Athyrium sp. Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Athyrium strigillosum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
chungii-Fagetum lucidae
Athyrium wardii Polypodiaceae G rhiz Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Athyrium yokoscense Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion-species
Aucuba chinensis Cornaceae NPE Companion-species
Aucuba japonica Cornaceae NPE Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Aucuba japonica var. Cornaceae NPE Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
borealis
Aucuba obcordata Cornaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Barthea formosana Melastomataceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Beccarinda tonkinensis Gesneriaceae H Diff. sp. of the Prismatomerio
scap henryi—Lithocarpetum naiadari
(subass.)
Begonia sp. Begoniaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Beilschmiedia robusta Lauraceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Berberis aristato-serrulata Berberidaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Berberis dasytachya Berberidaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Berberis dielsiana Berberidaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Abelio englerianae-
Fagion sp. div.
Berberis jalianae Berberidaceae NPD Companion-species
Berberis mingetsuensys Berberidaceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Berberis thunbergii Berberidaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Berchemia kulingensis Rhamnaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Berchemia racemosa Rhamnaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Betula albo-sinensis Betulaceae PD Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Betula chinensis Betulaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Betula corylifolia Betulaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Betula ermanii Betulaceae PD Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Betula grossa Betulaceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Betula insignis Betulaceae PD Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
Betula luminifera Betulaceae PD Companion-species
Betula maximowicziana Betulaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Betula schmidtii Betulaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Betula sp. Betulaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Blastus pauciflorus Melastomataceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Bletilla striata Orchidaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Elatostemo
Boehmeria spicata Urticaceae Ch Companion species with sporadical
frut presence (mainly Japan)
Boehmeria tricuspis Urticaceae Ch Companion species with sporadical
Botrychium multifidum var. Ophioglossaceae H Char.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
robustum caesp multinervis
Brachypodium sylvaticum Poaceae H Companion species with sporadical
caesp presence (mainly Japan)
Bredia amoena Melastomataceae NPE Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Bretschneidera sinensis Bretschneideraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Broussonetia karinoki Moraceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Brylkinia caudata Poaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
caesp crenatae subass.)
Buckleya henryi Santalaceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Buckleya lanceolata Santalaceae NPD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Buxus henryi Buxaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Cacalia adenostyloides Asteraceae H Companion-species
scap
(continued)
Life
Cacalia ainsliaeflora Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Cacalia delphiniifolia Asteraceae H Companion-species
scap
Cacalia farfaraefolia var. Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
bulbifera scap presence (mainly Japan)
Cacalia hastata var. Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
farfaraefolia scap (subass.)
Cacalia hastata var. Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
tanakae scap crenatae
Cacalia nikomontana Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Cacalia profundorum Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Cacalia roborowskii Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Euonymo porphyrei-
scap Fagetum englerianae (subass.)
Cacalia sp. Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Cacalia tebakoensis Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Cacalia yatabei Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
scap (subass.)
Cacalia yatabei var. Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
occidentalis scap crenatae subass.)
Calamagrostis arundinacea Poaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
var. ciliata Fagetum hayatae
Calamagrostis hakonensis Poaceae G rhiz Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
(subass.)
Calamagrostis sylvatica Poaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Calamus oxycarpus Arecaceae PL Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Calamus sp. Arecaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Calanthe discolor Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Calanthe fimbriata Orchidaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Abelio englerianae-
Fagion sp. div.
Calanthe sp. Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Calanthe tricarinata Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Callicarpa brevipes Verbenaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Callicarpa cathayana Verbenaceae NPD Companion-species
(continued)
Life
Callicarpa giraldii Verbenaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae var. zhejiangensis
Callicarpa japonica Verbenaceae NPD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Callicarpa japonica var. Verbenaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
angustata presence (mainly China)
Callicarpa mollis Verbenaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Camellia brevistyla Theaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Camellia caudata Theaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Camellia cuspidata Theaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Camellia forrestii Theaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Camellia grijsii Theaceae PE Char. sp. of the Quingzheo
tumidinodae-Fagion
Camellia japonica Theaceae PE Diff.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
Camellia japonica var. Theaceae NPE Diff.-sp. of Lindero umbellatae-
decumbens Fagetum crenatae
Camellia pitardii Theaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Camellia rosthorniana Theaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Camellia sp. Theaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Camellia tenuifolia Theaceae PE Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Canthium simile Rubiaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Cardiandra alternifolia Saxifragaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Carex baccans Cyperaceae H Companion species with sporadical
caesp presence (mainly China)
Carex blepharicarpa Cyperaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Carex breviculmis Cyperaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Carex brunnea Cyperaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Carex capilliformis Cyperaceae H Char. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
caesp lucidae
Carex chinensis Cyperaceae H Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
caesp Fagetum hayatae
(continued)
Life
Carex conica Cyperaceae H Companion-species
caesp
Carex cruciata Cyperaceae H Companion-species
caesp
Carex dolichostachya var. Cyperaceae H Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
glaberrima caesp
Carex fernaldiana Cyperaceae H Char.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
caesp crenatae
Carex filicina Cyperaceae H Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
caesp lucidae
Carex filipes Cyperaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Carex floribunda Cyperaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Carex foliosissima Cyperaceae H Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
caesp
Carex grallatoria Cyperaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Carex grandiligulata Cyperaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Carex henryi Cyperaceae H Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
caesp chungii-Fagetum lucidae
Carex insaniae Cyperaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Carex lanceolata Cyperaceae H Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
caesp Fagetum hayatae var. zhejiangensis
Carex lasiolepis Cyperaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Carex morrowii Cyperaceae H Companion-species
caesp
Carex morrowii var. Cyperaceae H Companion-species
temnolepis caesp
Carex omeiensis Cyperaceae H Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Carex pachyrrhiza Cyperaceae H Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
caesp chungii-Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Carex perakensis Cyperaceae H Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
caesp Michelietum balansae
Carex pilosa Cyperaceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
caesp crenatae
Carex reinii Cyperaceae H Companion-species
caesp
Carex sachalinensis Cyperaceae H Companion-species
caesp
Carex sachalinensis var. Cyperaceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
alterniflora caesp crenatae
(continued)
Life
Carex sachalinensis var. Cyperaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
sikokiana caesp crenatae subass.)
Carex sendaica Cyperaceae H Char. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
caesp lucidae
Carex siderosticta Cyperaceae G rhiz Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Carex sp.1 Cyperaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Carex sp.2 Cyperaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Carex stenostachys var. Cyperaceae H Companion species with sporadical
cuneata caesp presence (mainly Japan)
Carex subpediformis Cyperaceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
caesp lucidae
Carex sutchanensis Cyperaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Carpesium triste Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Carpinus cordata Betulaceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Carpinus cordata var. Betulaceae PD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
chinensis lucidae
Carpinus fangiana Betulaceae PD Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
Carpinus fargesii Betulaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Carpinus japonica Betulaceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Carpinus laxiflora Betulaceae PD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Carpinus polyneura Betulaceae PD Diff.-sp. of Euonymo porphyrei-
Fagetum englerianae (subass.)
Carpinus pubescens Betulaceae PD Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Carpinus tschonoskii Betulaceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Carpinus turczaninowii Betulaceae PD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Carpinus viminea Betulaceae PD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Castanea crenata Fagaceae PD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Castanea henryi Fagaceae PD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Castanopsis calathiformis Fagaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
(continued)
Life
Castanopsis carlesii Fagaceae PE Char. sp. of the Polypodio argutum-
Fagetum longepetiolatae
Castanopsis chunii Fagaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Castanopsis eryei Fagaceae PE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Castanopsis fabrii Fagaceae PE Char. sp. of the Ardisio hypargeriae—
Castanopsion fabrii
Castanopsis hystrix Fagaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Castanopsis lamontii Fagaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Castanopsis pachyrachis Fagaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Prismatomerio
(subass.)
Castanopsis rufotomentosa Fagaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Castanopsis umensis Fagaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Caulophyllum robustum Berberidaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
Cayratia corniculata Vitaceae PL Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Cayratia japonica Vitaceae H Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
scand East Asia
Cayratia oligocarpa Vitaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Celastrus gemmatus Celastraceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Celastrus orbiculatus Celastraceae PL Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Celastrus orbiculatus var. Celastraceae PL Companion species with sporadical
papillosus presence (mainly Japan)
Celastrus rosthornianus Celastraceae PL Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
var. loeseneri chungii-Fagetum lucidae
Celastrus sp. Celastraceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Celtis jessoensis Ulmaceae PD Diff.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
Centella asiatica Apiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Cephalanthera erecta Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Cephalanthera falcata Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Cephalotaxus harringtonia Cephalotaxaceae PEN Companion-species
(continued)
Life
Cephalotaxus harringtonia Cephalotaxaceae NPEN Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
var. nana
Cerasus conradinae Rosaceae PD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Cercidiphyllum japonicum Cercidiphyllaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Cercis chinensis Fabaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Elatostemo
Chamaecyparis obtusa Cupressaceae PEN Companion species with sporadical
Chamaecyparis pisifera Cupressaceae PEN Companion species with sporadical
Chamaele decumbens Apiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
scap (subass.)
Chelonopsis moschata Lamiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Chimaphila japonica Pyrolaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Chimonobambusa utilis Poaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Ardisio hypargeriae—
Castanopsion fabrii
Chirita sp. Gesneriaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Chloranthus henryi Chloranthaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Chloranthus serratus Chloranthaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
Chrysosplenium grayanum Saxifragaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Chrysosplenium henryi Saxifragaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Chrysosplenium Saxifragaceae H Companion species with sporadical
lanuginosum scap presence (mainly China)
Cimicifuga acerina Ranunculaceae G rad Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
(subass.)
Cimicifuga simplex Ranunculaceae G rad Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Cinnamomum bodinieri Lauraceae PE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Cinnamomum burmannii Lauraceae PE Char. sp. of the Ardisio hypargeriae—
Castanopsion fabrii
Cinnamomum wilsonii Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Circaea alpina Oenotheraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Circaea erubescens Oenotheraceae H Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
(continued)
Life
Circaea mollis Oenotheraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Cirsium buergeri Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Cirsium effusum Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
scap (subass.)
Cirsium microspicatum Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
scap (subass.)
Cirsium nipponicum var. Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
shikokianum scap crenatae subass.)
Clematis finetiana Ranunculaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Clematis japonica Ranunculaceae PL Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Clematis mantana Ranunculaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Clematis otophora Ranunculaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Clematis sp. Ranunculaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Clematoclethra scandens Ochnaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Clerodendron Taccaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
colebrookianum bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Clerodendron fortunatum Taccaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Clethra barbinervis Clethraceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Clethra fabri Clethraceae PD Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Clethra fargesii Clethraceae PD Companion-species
Cleyera incornuta Theaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Cleyera japonica Theaceae PE Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Clinopodium gracile var. Lamiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
multicaule scap (subass.)
Clintonia udensis Liliaceae G rhiz Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Conandron sp. Gesneriaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Coptis quinquefolia Ranunculaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Coptis trifolia Ranunculaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Cornopteris decurrenti- Polypodiaceae G rhiz Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
alata crenatae subass.)
Cornus controversa Cornaceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Cornus kousa Cornaceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Cornus macrophylla Cornaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Cornus paucinervis Cornaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Cornus sp. Cornaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Corylopsis sinensis Hamamelidaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Corylus heterophylla Betulaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Corylus heterophylla var. Betulaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
sutchuenensis presence (mainly China)
Corylus sieboldiana Betulaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Cremanthodium decaisnel Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Cremastra appendiculata Orchidaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Crypsinus echinosporus Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Crypsinus quasioivaricata Polypodiaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Cryptomeria japonica Taxodiaceae PEN Char.-sp. of Lindero umbellatae-
Fagetum crenatae
Cylindrokelupha balansae Fabaceae H Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
scap Michelietum balansae
Cymbidium faberi Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Cymbidium goeringii Orchidaceae G rhiz Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Cymbidium sinense Orchidaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Polypodio argutum-
Cynanchum chinense Apocynaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Cynanchum julianae Apocynaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Cynanchum sp. Apocynaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Cynanchum sublanceolatum Apocynaceae H Companion species with sporadical
scand presence (mainly Japan)
(continued)
Life
Cypripedium japonica Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Cyrtomium balansae Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Cyrtomium hookeranum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Cyrtomium macrophyllum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Cystopteris moupinensis Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Dactylicapnos sp. Papaveraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Damnacanthus Rubiaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
angustifolius hayatae
Damnacanthus Rubiaceae NPE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
angustifolius var. hayatae (subass.)
stenophyllus
Damnacanthus indica Rubiaceae NPE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Daphne miyabeana Thymelaeaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Daphne papyracea Thymelaeaceae NPE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Daphne sp. Thymelaeaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Daphniphyllum Euphorbiaceae PE Char. sp. of Vaccinio henryi-Fagetum
angustifolium pashanicae
Daphniphyllum Euphorbiaceae PE Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
macropodum East Asia
Daphniphyllum Euphorbiaceae NPE Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
macropodum var. humile
Davallia mariesii Polypodiaceae E Companion species with sporadical
Davidia involucrata Nyssaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Davidia involucrata var. Nyssaceae PE Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
vilmoriniana Fagetum englerianae
Deinanthe bifida Saxifragaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Dendrobenthamia japonica Cornaceae PD Companion-species
var. chinensis
Dendrobenthamia Cornaceae PD Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
melanotricha Fagetum englerianae
Dendropanax chevalieri Araliaceae PE Char.-sp. of Litseo elongatae-Fagetea
Dendropanax hainanensis Araliaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
(continued)
Life
Dendropanax macrocarpus Araliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Dennstaedtia scabra Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Litseo elongatae-Fagetea
Deparia albosquamata Polypodiaceae G rhiz Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
crenatae subass.)
Deparia conilii Polypodiaceae G rhiz Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
Deparia japonica Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Deparia pycnosorum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Desmodium oxyphyllum Fabaceae H Companion-species
scap
Desmodium sp. Fabaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Desmodium szechuenense Fabaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Deutzia crenata Saxifragaceae NPD Companion-species
Deyeuxia arundinacea Arundinaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Deyeuxia sinelatior Arundinaceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
caesp lucidae
Diacalpe aspidioides Papaveraceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Prismatomerio
(subass.)
Dichocarpum stoloniferum Ranunculaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Dichroa febrifuga Saxifragaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
Fagetum englerianae
Dictyocline griffithii Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoreaceae G Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
bulb Fagion hayatae var. zhejiangensis
Dioscorea althaeoides Dioscoreaceae G Companion species with sporadical
Dioscorea batatas Dioscoreaceae G Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
bulb bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae
Dioscorea gracillima Dioscoreaceae G Companion species with sporadical
Dioscorea nipponica Dioscoreaceae G Companion species with sporadical
Dioscorea quinqueloba Dioscoreaceae G Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
bulb crenatae (subass.)
Dioscorea septemloba Dioscoreaceae G Companion species with sporadical
Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreaceae G Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Dioscorea tokoro Dioscoreaceae G Companion species with sporadical
Diospyros lotus Ebenaceae G Companion species with sporadical
Diospyros morrisiana Ebenaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Dipelta floribunda Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Diphylleia grayi Berberidaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Diplazium pinfaense Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Diplazium squamigerum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
Diplopterygium glaucum Gleicheniaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Diplopterygium Gleicheniaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
laevissimum presence (mainly China)
Disporopsis pernyi Liliaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Elatostemo
Disporum cantoniense Liliaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Disporum sessile Liliaceae G rhiz Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Disporum smilacinum Liliaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Fagetea crenatae
Disporum sp. Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Distylium sp. Hamamelidaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Dryopteris bissetiana Polypodiaceae G rhiz Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Dryopteris championii Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion-species
Dryopteris chinensis Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Dryopteris crassirhizoma Polypodiaceae H Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
rosul East Asia
Dryopteris erythrosora Polypodiaceae G rhiz Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Dryopteris expansa Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion-species
Dryopteris formosana Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Dryopteris fuscipes Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Dryopteris labordei Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Dryopteris lacera Polypodiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
rosul presence (mainly Japan)
(continued)
Life
Dryopteris livida Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Dryopteris mariformis Polypodiaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
Dryopteris maximowicziana Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Dryopteris monticola Polypodiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Dryopteris polylepis Polypodiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
rosul crenatae (subass.)
Dryopteris sabaei Polypodiaceae H Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
rosul
Dryopteris saxifraga Polypodiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Dryopteris sp1. Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Dryopteris sp2. Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Dryopteris subtriangularis Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Dumasia truncata Fabaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Dystaenia takesimana Apiaceae H Char.-sp. of Fagion multinrvis and
Elaeagnus lanceolata Elaegnaceae PL Companion-species
Elaeagnus macrophylla Elaegnaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Elaeagnus montana Elaegnaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Elaeagnus montana var. Elaegnaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
ovata presence (mainly Japan)
Elaeagnus pungens Elaegnaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Elaeocarpus baceanus Elaeocarpaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Prismatomerio
(subass.)
Elaeocarpus japonicus Elaeocarpaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Elaeocarpus javanicus Elaeocarpaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Elatostema lineolatum Ulmaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Elatostema obtusum Ulmaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Elatostema papillosum Ulmaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Ardisio hypargeriae—
Castanopsion fabrii
(continued)
Life
Elatostema sessile Ulmaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Elatostemo
Elatostema sp. Ulmaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Elatostema stewardii Ulmaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Elatostema trilobulatum Ulmaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Elatostema umbellatum Ulmaceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
scap (subass.)
Elatostema umbellatum var. Ulmaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
majus scap crenatae subass.)
Embelia ribes var. Myrsinaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
pachyphylla presence (mainly China)
Embelia sp. Myrsinaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Enkianthus campanulatus Ericaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Corno-Fagetum crenatae
Enkianthus campanulatus Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
var. ikokianus presence (mainly Japan)
Enkianthus cernuus f. Ericaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
rubens crenatae
Enkianthus chinensis Ericaceae NPD Companion-species
Enkianthus deflexus Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Enkianthus perlata Ericaceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Enkianthus serrulatus Ericaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
lucidae
Enkianthus subsessilis Ericaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Ephippianthus schmidtii Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Epigaea asiatica Ericaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Epimedium davidii Berberidaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Epimedium grandiflorum Berberidaceae H Companion species with sporadical
var. thunberganum scap presence (mainly Japan)
Epimedium sagittatum Berberidaceae H Char.-sp. of Abelio englerianae-
scap Fagion sp. div.
Epimedium sempervirens Berberidaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Epipactis papillosa Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Epipactis sp. Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Eragrostis ferruginea Poaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Eriobotrya bengalensis Rosaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Erythronium japonicum Liliaceae G Companion species with sporadical
Erythroxylum kunthianum Erythroxylaceae PE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Eulalia quadrinervis Poaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Euonymus alatus Celastraceae NPD Char. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Euonymus alatus f. ciliato- Celastraceae NPD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
dentatus grosseserratae
Euonymus cornutus Celastraceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Euonymus forbesianus Celastraceae NPD Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Euonymus fortunei Celastraceae NPE Companion-species
Euonymus fortunei var. Celastraceae PL Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
radicans East Asia
Euonymus giraldii Celastraceae NPD Char.-sp. of Abelio englerianae-
Fagion sp. div.
Euonymus hederaceus Celastraceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Euonymus lanceolatus Celastraceae NPD Char.-sp. of Lindero umbellatae-
Fagetum crenatae
Euonymus leclerei Celastraceae NPD Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Euonymus macropterus Celastraceae NPD Companion-species
Euonymus melananthus Celastraceae NPD Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
Euonymus mengtzeunus Celastraceae NPD Char. sp. of the Ardisio hypargeriae—
Castanopsion fabrii
Euonymus oxyphyllus Celastraceae NPD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Euonymus planipes Celastraceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Euonymus pourphyreus Celastraceae NPD Char.-sp. of Euonymo porphyrei-
Fagetum englerianae
Euonymus praewarskii Celastraceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Euonymus sieboldianus Celastraceae NPD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Euonymus sieboldianus var. Celastraceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
sanguineus presence (mainly Japan)
(continued)
Life
Euonymus sp1. Celastraceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Euonymus sp2. Celastraceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Euonymus spraguei Celastraceae NPD Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Eupatorium chinense var. Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
simplicifolium scap presence (mainly Japan)
Eupatorium japonicum Asteraceae H Companion-species
scap
Eupatorium shinense Asteraceae H Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
scap bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Euphorbia hylonoma Euphorbiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Euphorbia sieboldiana Euphorbiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Euptelea pleiospermum Trochodendraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Euptelea polyandra Trochodendraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Eurya alata Theaceae NPE Companion-species
Eurya brevistyla Theaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Eurya crenatifolia Theaceae NPE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Eurya distichophylla Theaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Eurya graffi Theaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
Eurya handel-mazzettii Theaceae PE Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Eurya hebeclados Theaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Eurya japonica Theaceae PE Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Eurya leptophylla Theaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Eurya loquaiana Theaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Eurya muricata Theaceae NPE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Eurya nitida Theaceae NPE Companion-species
Eurya obtusifolia Theaceae NPE Companion-species
Eurya ribiginosa var. Theaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
attenuata Fagion hayatae var. zhejiangensis
(continued)
Life
Eurya semisenullata Theaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
Eurya sp1. Theaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Eurya sp2. Theaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Eurya trichocarpa Theaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Euscaphis japonica Staphyleaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Eutrema japonica Brassicaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Evodia rutaecarpa var. Rutaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
bodinieri cordifolium-Fagetum englerianae
Evodiopanax innovans Araliaceae PD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Fagus crenata Fagaceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Fagus engleriana Fagaceae PD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Fagus hayatae Fagaceae PD Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Fagus hayatae subsp. Fagaceae PD Char. sp. of Vaccinio henryi-Fagetum
pashanica pashanicae
Fagus hayatae var. Fagaceae PD Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
zhejiangensis Fagion hayatae var. zhejiangensis
Fagus japonica Fagaceae PD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Fagus longipetiolata Fagaceae PD Char.-sp. of Litseo elongatae-Fagetea
Fagus lucida Fagaceae PD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Fagus multinervis Fagaceae PD Char.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
multinervis
Ficus harlandii Moraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Ficus sp. Moraceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Filipendula multijuga Rosaceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
scap (subass.)
Fissistigma Annonaceae PL Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
acuminatissimum henryi—Lithocarpetum naiadari
Fordiophyton faberi Melastomataceae H Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
scap bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae
Forsythia suspensa Oleaceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Fragaria orientalis Rosaceae H Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Fraxinus apertisquamifera Oleaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Fraxinus chinensis Oleaceae PD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Fraxinus lanuginosa Oleaceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Fraxinus rhynchophylla Oleaceae PD Companion-species
Fraxinus sieboldiana Oleaceae PD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Galium asperuloides Rubiaceae H Companion-species
scap
Galium asperuloides var. Rubiaceae H Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
hoffmeisteris scap giganteus-Fagetum lucidae
Galium japonicum Rubiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
Galium kamtschaticum Rubiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Galium kamtschaticum var. Rubiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
acutifolium scap presence (mainly Japan)
Galium kikumugura Rubiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
scap (subass.)
Galium kinuta Rubiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Galium paradoxum Rubiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Galium pogonanthum Rubiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Galium trachyspermum Rubiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Galium trifloriforme Rubiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
scap crenatae
Gentiana zollingeri Gentianaceae T Companion species with sporadical
Geum japonicum Rosaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Glaucidium palmatum Ranunculaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Globba barthei Zingiberaceae G rad Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Gomphandra tetrandra Icacinaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Goodyera biflora Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Goodyera cyrtoglossa Orchidaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Prismatomerio
(subass.)
Goodyera foliosa Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion-species
(continued)
Life
Goodyera maximowicziana Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion-species
Goodyera repens Orchidaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Goodyera schlechtendalina Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Goodyera velutina Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Grangea maderaspatana Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Gynostemma pentaphyllum Cucurbitaceae H Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
scand East Asia
Hamamelis japonica Hamamelidaceae PD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Hamamelis japonica var. Hamamelidaceae PD Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
obtusata
Hamamelis mollis Hamamelidaceae PD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Hanceola sinensis Lamiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Hedera nepalansis var. Araliaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
sinensis presence (mainly China)
Hedera nepalensis Araliaceae PL Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
nitidae-Fagetum lucidae
Hedera nepalensis var. Araliaceae PL Companion-species
sinensis
Hedera rhombea Araliaceae PL Diff.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
Hedera rhombera var. Araliaceae PL Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
formosana hayatae (subass.)
Hedera sp. Araliaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Helenia elliptica Gentianaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Helicia cochinchinensis Proteaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Heloniopsis orientalis Liliaceae H Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
rosul
Helwingia chinensis Cornaceae NPD Companion-species
Helwingia himalaica Cornaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Helwingia japonica Cornaceae NPD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Hemselya szechuenensis Cucurbitaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Hepatica maxima Ranunculaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
multinervis
(continued)
Life
Heterosmilax japonica Liliaceae PL Companion-species
Holboellia angustifolia Lardizabalaceae PL Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Holboellia coriacea Lardizabalaceae PL Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Holboellia fargesii Lardizabalaceae PL Char.-sp. of Abelio englerianae-
Fagion sp. div.
Homalium bhamoense Flacourtiaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Hopea sp. Dipterocarpaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Hosiea japonica Icacinaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Hosta montana Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Hugeria vaccinioides Ericaceae Ch Char. sp. of Vaccinio henryi-Fagetum
frut pashanicae
Humata tyermanni Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Hydrangea anomala Saxifragaceae PL Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Hydrangea davidii Saxifragaceae NPD Companion-species
Hydrangea hirta Saxifragaceae NPD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Hydrangea involucrata Saxifragaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Hydrangea luteo-venosa Saxifragaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
crenatae
Hydrangea macrophylla Saxifragaceae NPD Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
var. acuminata
Hydrangea macrophylla Saxifragaceae NPD Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
var. megacarpa
Hydrangea paniculata Saxifragaceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Hydrangea petiolaris Saxifragaceae PL Char.-sp. of Fagetea crenatae
Hydrangea sikokiana Saxifragaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
crenatae subass.)
Hydrangea umbellata Saxifragaceae NPD Companion-species
Hydrangea xanthoneura Saxifragaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
Hydrangea yunnanensis Saxifragaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Idesia sp. Flacourtiaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Ilex chinensis Aquifoliaceae PE Companion-species
(continued)
Life
Ilex ciliospinosa Aquifoliaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Ilex crenata Aquifoliaceae PE Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Ilex crenata var. paludosa Aquifoliaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
Ilex fargesii Aquifoliaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Ilex ficoidea Aquifoliaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Ilex fragilis Aquifoliaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Ilex franchetiana Aquifoliaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Ilex geniculata Aquifoliaceae NPD Companion-species
Ilex intermedia var. fangli Aquifoliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Quingzheo
tumidinodae-Fagion
Ilex latifrons Aquifoliaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
Ilex leucoclada Aquifoliaceae NPE Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
Ilex macropoda Aquifoliaceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Ilex pedunculosa Aquifoliaceae NPE Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Ilex penryi Aquifoliaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Ilex rugosa Aquifoliaceae PL Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Ilex sp. Aquifoliaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Ilex sugerokii var. Aquifoliaceae NPD Companion-species
brevipedunculata
Ilex szechwanensis Aquifoliaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Ilex triflora Aquifoliaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Ilex wilsonii Aquifoliaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Ilex yunnanensis Aquifoliaceae PE Companion-species
Illicium religiosum Magnoliaceae PE Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Illicium simonsii Magnoliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Illicium sp. Magnoliaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Illicium tashiroi Magnoliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
(continued)
Life
Illicium yunnanensis Magnoliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Impatiens hypophylla Balsaminaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Impatiens siculifer Balsaminaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Impatiens sp. Balsaminaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Indigofera nigrescens Fabaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Indocalamus Poaceae GS Companion species with sporadical
fanjinshanensis presence (mainly China)
Indocalamus latifolius Poaceae GS Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
Indocalamus longiauritus Poaceae GS Companion-species
Indocalamus sp. Poaceae GS Companion species with sporadical
Indosasa shibataeoides Poaceae GS Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Isodon excisus Lamiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Itea chinensis Saxifragaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Itea chinensis var. oblonga Saxifragaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Kadsura heteroclita Magnoliaceae PL Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Kadsura longepedunculata Magnoliaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Kalopanax pictus Araliaceae PD Char.-sp. of Fagetea crenatae
Kalopanax septemlobus Araliaceae PD Companion-species
Kerria japonica Rosaceae NPD Companion-species
Kilengeshoma palmata Saxifragaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Koelreuteria paniculata Sapindaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Lactuca graciliflora Asteraceae H Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
scap Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Lamium humile Lamiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
scap (subass.)
Laportea bulbifera Urticaceae H Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
scap
Lasianthus biermannii Rubiaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Ardisio hypargeriae—
Castanopsion fabrii
Lasianthus henryi Rubiaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Lasianthus japonicus Polypodiaceae NPE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Lasianthus longicaudus Rubiaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Lastrea quelpaertensis Polypodiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Lepisorus bicolor Polypodiaceae E Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
Fagetum englerianae
Lepisorus contortus Polypodiaceae E Companion species with sporadical
Lepisorus obscure- Polypodiaceae E Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
venulosus hayatae (subass.)
Lepisorus onoei Polypodiaceae E Companion-species
Lepisorus sp. Polypodiaceae E Companion species with sporadical
Lepisorus thunbergianus Polypodiaceae E Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Lepisorus ussuriensis var. Polypodiaceae E Companion-species
distans
Leptogramma mollissima Polypodiaceae G rhiz Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
Leptogramma scallani Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Polypodio argutum-
Leptorumohra miqueliana Polypodiaceae G rhiz Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Lespedeza buergeri Fabaceae NPD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Lespedeza formosa Fabaceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Leucosceptrum japonicum Lamiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Leucosceptrum sp. Lamiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Leucosceptrum stellipilum Lamiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
var. tosaense scap crenatae subass.)
Leucothoe grayana var. Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
oblongifolia presence (mainly Japan)
Ligularia dentata Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
scap crenatae
Ligularia fischeri Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Ligularia stenocephala Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Ligularia veitchiana Asteraceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Ligustrum delavayanum Oleaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
(continued)
Life
Ligustrum foliosum Oleaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Fagion multinrvis and
Ligustrum japonicum Oleaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Ligustrum obtusifolium Oleaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Ligustrum sinense Oleaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Ligustrum tschonoskii Oleaceae NPD Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
Ligustrum tschonoskii var. Oleaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
glabrescens crenatae
Lilium auratum Liliaceae G Companion species with sporadical
Lilium cordatum Liliaceae G Companion-species
bulb
Lilium hansonii Liliaceae G Char.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
bulb multinervis
Lilium medeoloides Liliaceae G Companion species with sporadical
Lindera cercidifolia Lauraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Lindera communis Lauraceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Lindera erythrocarpa Lauraceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Lindera floribunda Lauraceae PD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Lindera fragrans Lauraceae NPE Companion-species
Lindera fruticosa Lauraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Lindera glauca Lauraceae NPD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Lindera metcalfiana Lauraceae PD Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Lindera obtusiloba Lauraceae NPD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Lindera reflexa Lauraceae NPD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Lindera sericea Lauraceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Lindera sericea var. Lauraceae NPD Char.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
glabrata crenatae
Lindera sp. Lauraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Lindera subcaudata var. Lauraceae PD Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
hemsleyana cordifolium-Fagetum englerianae
(continued)
Life
Lindera umbellata Lauraceae NPD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Lindera umbellata var. Lauraceae NPD Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
membranacea
Liparis japonica Orchidaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Liparis krameri Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Liquidamber acalycina Hamamelidaceae PD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Liquidamber formosana Hamamelidaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Liriope graminifolia Liliaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
Liriope muscari Liliaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Liriope platyphylla Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Liriope spicata Liliaceae G rhiz Companion-species
Lithocarpus carolinae Lithocarpaceae PE Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Lithocarpus cleistocarpus Lithocarpaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Lithocarpus confinis Lithocarpaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Lithocarpus dealbatus Lithocarpaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Lithocarpus fruncatus Lithocarpaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Lithocarpus glober Lithocarpaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Lithocarpus hancei Lithocarpaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Lithocarpus harlandii Lithocarpaceae PE Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Lithocarpus henryi Lithocarpaceae PE Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
lucidae
Lithocarpus megalophyllus Lithocarpaceae PE Char. sp. of the Ardisio hypargeriae—
Castanopsion fabrii
Lithocarpus naiadarum Lithocarpaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Lithocarpus sp1. Lithocarpaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Lithocarpus sp2. Lithocarpaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Lithocarpus thomsonii Lithocarpaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Lithocarpus variolosus Lithocarpaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Litsea acuminata Lauraceae PE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Litsea coreana Lauraceae PE Companion-species
Litsea cubeba Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Litsea elongata Lauraceae PE Char.-sp. of Litseo elongatae-Fagetea
Litsea grandiflora Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Litsea ichangensis Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Litsea pedunculata Lauraceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Litsea populifolia Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Litsea pungens Lauraceae PE Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
lucidae
Litsea ssp. Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Litsea suberosa Lauraceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
Litsea thomsinii Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Lonicera acuminata Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Lonicera gracilipes Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Lonicera gracilipes var. Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
glandulosa presence (mainly Japan)
Lonicera gynochlamydea Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Lonicera henryi Caprifoliaceae PL Companion-species
Lonicera japonica Caprifoliaceae PL Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
lucidae
Lonicera ligustrina Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Lonicera Caprifoliaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Abelio englerianae-
pseudoproterantha Fagion sp. div.
Lonicera similis Caprifoliaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Lonicera sp. Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Lophatherum gracile Poaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Polypodio argutum-
Loxogramme remote- Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
frondigera hayatae
Luzula plumosa Poaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Luzula plumosa var. Poaceae H Companion species with sporadical
macrocarpa caesp presence (mainly Japan)
Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodiaceae Ch Companion species with sporadical
suffr presence (mainly Japan)
Lycopodium obscurum Lycopodiaceae Ch Companion species with sporadical
suffr presence (mainly Japan)
Lycopodium serratum Lycopodiaceae Ch Companion-species
suffr
Lycopodium serratum var. Lycopodiaceae Ch Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
longipetiolatum frut hayatae (subass.)
Lycopodium serratum var. Lycopodiaceae Ch Companion-species
serratum suffr
Lyonia ovalifolia Ericaceae PD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Lyonia ovalifolia Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Lyonia ovalifolia var. Ericaceae NPD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
elliptica East Asia
Lyonia ovalifolia var. Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
ovalifolia presence (mainly China)
Lysimachia ardisioides Primulaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Lysimachia clethroides Primulaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Maackia hwashanensis Fabaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Machilus faberi Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Machilus ichangensis Lauraceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Machilus kurzii Lauraceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Machilus rehderi Lauraceae PE Companion-species
Machilus salicina Lauraceae PE Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Machilus sp1. Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Machilus sp2. Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Machilus thunbergii Lauraceae PE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Maesa japonica Myrsinaceae NPE Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Magnolia biondii Magnoliaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
Magnolia cylindrica Magnoliaceae PD Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
Magnolia kobus Magnoliaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Magnolia kobus var. Magnoliaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
borealis presence (mainly Japan)
Magnolia obovata Magnoliaceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Magnolia salicifolia Magnoliaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
Magnolia sieboldii Magnoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Magnolia sp. Magnoliaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Magnolia sprengeri Magnoliaceae PE Companion-species
Mahonia bealei Berberidaceae NPE Companion-species
Mahonia gracilipes Berberidaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Mahonia japonica Berberidaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
lucidae
Maianthemum dilatatum Liliaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Fagetea crenatae
Malus tschonoskii Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Manglietia duclouxii Magnoliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Manglietia fordiana Magnoliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Manglietia rufibarbata Magnoliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Matteuccia orientalis Polypodiaceae H Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
rosul East Asia
Melampyrum roseum Scrophulariaceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Meliosma flexuosa Sabiaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Meliosma myriantha Sabiaceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Meliosma myriantha var. Sabiaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
discolor Fagetum hayatae var. zhejiangensis
Meliosma paupera Sabiaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Meliosma sichourensis Sabiaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Meliosma sp. Sabiaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Meliosma tenuis Sabiaceae NPD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Meliosma veitchiorum Sabiaceae PD Diff.-sp. of Euonymo porphyrei-
Melothria maysorensis Cucurbitaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Menziesia ciliicalyx Ericaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Lindero umbellatae-
Fagetum crenatae
Menziesia multiflora Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Menziesia pentandra Ericaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Michelia balansae Magnoliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Michelia sp. Magnoliaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Michelia yunnanensis Magnoliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Microlepia marginata Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
Microsorium buergerianum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Microsorium hymenodes Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Microtropis fokienensis Celastraceae NPE Companion-species
Millettia championii Fabaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Miricacalia makineana Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
scap (subass.)
Mitchella undulata Rubiaceae H Char.-sp. of Fagetea crenatae
scand
Monochosorum henryi Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Monotropa hypopitys Pyrolaceae G Companion species with sporadical
paras presence (mainly Japan)
Monotropa uniflora Pyrolaceae G Companion species with sporadical
paras presence (mainly China)
Monotropastrum globosum Pyrolaceae G Companion-species
paras
Morinda umbellata Rubiaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Morus bombycis Moraceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Morus mongolica Moraceae PD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Myrica rubra var. Myricaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
acuminata hayatae (subass.)
Myrsine sp. Celastraceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Neolitsea aciculata Lauraceae PE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Neolitsea acuminatissima Lauraceae PE Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Neolitsea aurata Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Neolitsea chinensis Lauraceae PE Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Neolitsea chuii Lauraceae PE Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
Fagetum englerianae
Neolitsea levinei Lauraceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Neolitsea sericea Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Neolitsea sp. Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Neolitsea zeylanica Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Nothopanax davidii Araliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Nyssa javanica Nyssaceae PD Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Nyssa sinensis Nyssaceae PD Companion-species
Omphalodes japonica Boraginaceae H Companion-species
scap
Ophiopogon bockianus Liliaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Ophiopogon bodinieri Liliaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Ophiopogon clavatus Liliaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Ophiopogon intermedius Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Ophiopogon japonicus Liliaceae G rhiz Diff.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
Ophiopogon mairei Liliaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
(continued)
Life
Ophiopogon planiscapus Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Ophiopogon spp. Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Ophiorrhiza japonica Rubiaceae H Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
scand Fagetalia sp. div.
Oplismenus compostius Poaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Oplismenus undulatifolius Poaceae H Companion-species
caesp
Oplismenus undulatifolius Poaceae Ch Companion species with sporadical
var. japonicus suffr presence (mainly Japan)
Oplopanax japonicus Araliaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Oreocharis benthamii var. Gesneriaceae H Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
reticulata rosul bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae
Oreorchis patens Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Orixa japonica Rutaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Osmanthus corymbosus Oleaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Osmanthus heterophyllus Oleaceae PE Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Osmanthus sp. Oleaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Osmanthus yunanenesis Oleaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Osmorhiza aristata Apiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
scap crenatae
Osmunda cinnamomea var. Osmundaceae H Companion-species
fokiensis rosul
Osmunda japonica Osmundaceae H Companion-species
rosul
Ostrya japonica Betulaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Oxalis acetosella Oxalidaceae G rhiz Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Oxalis griffithii Oxalidaceae G rhiz Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Oxalis griffithii var. Oxalidaceae G rhiz Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
kantoensis crenatae (subass.)
Pachysandra terminalis Buxaceae H Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
scap East Asia
Padus grayana Rosaceae PD Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
(continued)
Life
Padus wilsonii Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Paederia scandens Rubiaceae PL Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Paeonia japonica Ranunculaceae G rad Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
crenatae subass.)
Panax japonicus Araliaceae H Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
scap
Panax transitorius Araliaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Panicum brevifolium Poaceae T Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Parabenzoin praecox Lauraceae NPD Char.-sp. of Corno-Fagetum crenatae
Parabenzoin trilobum Lauraceae PD Char.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
crenatae
Parakmeria yunnanensis Magnoliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Parathelypteris Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Litseo elongatae-Fagetea
glanduligera
Parathelypteris hirsutipes Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Parathelypteris japonica Polypodiaceae G rhiz Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Parathelypteris nipponica Polypodiaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Parathenocissus Vitaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
himalayana presence (mainly China)
Paris bashanensis Liliaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Paris tetraphylla Liliaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Parkmeria yunnanensis Magnoliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Parthenocissus Vitaceae PL Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
heterophylla Fagetalia sp. div.
Patrinia scabiosaefolia Valerianaceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Patrinia triloba var. Valerianaceae H Companion species with sporadical
palmata scap presence (mainly Japan)
Pedicularis nasturtifolia Scrophulariaceae PD Diff.-sp. of Euonymo porphyrei-
Pellionia arisanensis Urticaceae PL Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Pellionia radicans Urticaceae PL Companion-species
(continued)
Life
Peracarpa carnosa Campanulaceae H Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
scap East Asia
Peracarpa carnosa var. Campanulaceae H Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
circaeoides scap
Peracarpa sp. Campanulaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Pertya cordifolia Asteraceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Pertya glabrescens Asteraceae NPD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Pertya rigidula Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Lindero umbellatae-
scap Fagetum crenatae
Pertya robusta Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
Pertya scandens Asteraceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Pertya triloba Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
Phanerophlebiopsis blinii Polypodiaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
Phegopteris connectilis Polypodiaceae H Companion-species
rosul
Phellodendron amurense Rutaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Phellodendron chinense Rutaceae PD Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Philadelphus incanus Saxifragaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Philadelphus satsumi Saxifragaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
crenatae subass.)
Phoebe faberi Lauraceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Phoebe neurantha Lauraceae PE Char. sp. of the Elatostemo
Phoebe sheareri Lauraceae PE Char. sp. of the Elatostemo
Photinia paniculata Rosaceae PD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Photinia parvifolia Rosaceae PD Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
Photinia sp. Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Photinia villosa Rosaceae PD Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
Phryma leptostachya Phrymaceae H Companion-species
v .asiatica scap
(continued)
Life
Phyllagathis longipes Polypodiaceae H Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
caesp Fagetum englerianae
Phyllagathis ovalifolia Polypodiaceae H Diff. sp. of the Prismatomerio
caesp henryi—Lithocarpetum naiadari
(subass.)
Phymatopsis sp. Polypodiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Phymatopsis teneupes Polypodiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Picea polita Pinaceae PEN Companion species with sporadical
Picrasma quassioides Simaroubaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Pieris formosa Ericaceae NPE Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Pieris japonica Ericaceae NPE Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Pieris taiwanensis Ericaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Pieris tomentosa Ericaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Pilea martinii Urticaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Pilea sp. Urticaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Pinus armandii Pinaceae PEN Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Pinus densiflora Pinaceae PEN Companion species with sporadical
Pinus parviflora Pinaceae PEN Companion species with sporadical
Piper cft. flaviiflorum Piperaceae PL Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Piper sp. Piperaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Pittosporum glabratum var. Pittosporaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
neriifolium presence (mainly China)
Plagiogyria stenoptera Plagiogyriaceae H Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
rosul Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Plagiogyria distinctissima Plagiogyriaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Plagiogyria euphlebia Plagiogyriaceae H Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
rosul East Asia
Plagiogyria formosana Plagiogyriaceae H Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
rosul hayatae
(continued)
Life
Plagiogyria matsumureana Plagiogyriaceae H Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
rosul
Plagiogyria maxima Plagiogyriaceae H Diff. sp. of the Prismatomerio
rosul henryi—Lithocarpetum naiadari
(subass.)
Plagiogyria stenoptera Plagiogyriaceae H Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
rosul Fagetalia sp. div.
Platanthera florentii Orchidaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Platanthera sachalinensis Orchidaceae G rhiz Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Platycarya strobilacea Junglandaceae PD Char. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Plectranthus inflexus Lamiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Plectranthus kameba Lamiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Plectranthus longitubus Lamiaceae H Companion-species
scap
Plectranthus shikokianus Lamiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
var. intermedius scap presence (mainly Japan)
Plectranthus umbrosus Lamiaceae H Char.-sp. of Corno-Fagetum crenatae
scap
Pleioblastus chino Poaceae GS Companion species with sporadical
Pleuropus euchloron Poaceae Ch Companion species with sporadical
suffr presence (mainly China)
Poa takeshimana Poaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Pollia sp. Commelinaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Polygala tricornis Polygalaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Ardisio hypargeriae—
Castanopsion fabrii
Polygonatum cyrtonema Liliaceae H Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
scap lucidae
Polygonatum falcatum Liliaceae G Companion-species
bulb
Polygonatum lasianthum Liliaceae G rhiz Companion-species
Polygonatum macranthum Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Polygonatum odoratum Liliaceae G Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
bulb Fagetalia sp. div.
Polygonatum odoratum var. Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
pluriflorum presence (mainly Japan)
Polygonatum sibiricum Liliaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
(continued)
Life
Polygonum cuspidatum Polygonaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Polygonum debile Polygonaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Polygonum filiforme Polygonaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Polygonum suffultum Polygonaceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Polygonum tenuicaule Polygonaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
Polygonum thunbergii Polygonaceae T Companion species with sporadical
Polypodiastrum dielsianum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
Fagetum englerianae
Polypodium amoenum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Polypodium argutum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Polypodio argutum-
Polypodium vulgare Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Polystichum braunii Polypodiaceae G rhiz Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Polystichum deltodon Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Polystichum discretum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Polystichum makinoi Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Polystichum neolobatum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Polystichum ovato- Polypodiaceae G rhiz Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
paleaceum
Polystichum parvipinnulum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Polystichum polyblepharum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Polystichum retroso- Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Fagion multinrvis and
paleaceum Fagetalia multinervis
Polystichum sp. Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Polystichum squarrosum Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Polystichum tripteron Polypodiaceae G rhiz Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
Polystichum tsus-sinense Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Potentilla yokusaiana Rosaceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
rosul (subass.)
Pourthiaea villosa Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Pourthiaea villosa var. Rosaceae PD Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
parvifolia hayatae
Pourthiaea villosa var. Rosaceae PD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
laevis grosseserratae
Prenanthes acerifolia Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Primula ovalifolia Primulaceae H Char. sp. of the Elatostemo
rosul sessile_Fagetum lucidae
Primula sp. Primulaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Prismatomeris henryi Rubiaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Prismatomeris labordei Rubiaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Prunus apetala Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Prunus brachypoda Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Prunus buergeriana Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Prunus dielsiana Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Prunus grayana Rosaceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Prunus incisa Rosaceae PD Char.-sp. of Corno-Fagetum crenatae
Prunus incisa var. Rosaceae PD Diff.-sp. of Lindero umbellatae-
kinkiensis Fagetum crenatae
Prunus jamasakura Rosaceae PD Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
Prunus maximowiczii Rosaceae PD Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Prunus phaeosticta Rosaceae PD Companion-species
Prunus pilosiuscula Rosaceae PD Char.-sp. of Abelio englerianae-
Fagion sp. div.
Prunus serrulata Rosaceae PD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Prunus sp. Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Prunus ssiori Rosaceae PD Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Prunus takesimensis Rosaceae PD Char.-sp. of Fagion multinrvis and
Prunus transarlsanensis Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Prunus vaniotii Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Prunus verecunda Rosaceae PD Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Pseudocystopteris Athyriaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
atkinsonii presence (mainly China)
Pteridophyllum racemosum Papaveraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Pternopetalum tanakae Apiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
Pterocarya dalavayi Junglandaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Pterocarya rhoifolia Junglandaceae PD Species of the Fraxino-Ulmetalia
Pterostyrax corymbosa Styracaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Pterostyrax rosea Styracaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Pterygocalyx volubilis Gentianaceae H Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
caesp lucidae
Pyrola decorata Pyrolaceae H Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
scap Fagetalia sp. div.
Pyrola japonica Pyrolaceae G rhiz Companion-species
Pyrola renifolia Pyrolaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Pyrola rugosa Pyrolaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Pyrrosia lingua Polypodiaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Pyrrosia sheareri Polypodiaceae G rhiz Companion-species
Qiongzhea tumidinoda Poaceae GS Char. sp. of the Quingzheo
tumidinodae-Fagion
Quercus acuta Fagaceae PE Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Quercus aliena var. Fagaceae PD Char. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
acutidentata lucidae
Quercus asine Fagaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Quercus augustinii Fagaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Quercus bambusaefolia Fagaceae PE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Quercus chapaensis Fagaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Quercus engleriana Fagaceae PE Companion-species
Quercus fabri Fagaceae PD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
(continued)
Life
Quercus glandulifera Fagaceae PE Char.-sp. of Abelio englerianae-
Fagion sp. div.
Quercus gracilis Fagaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Quercus mongolica var. Fagaceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
grosseserrata
Quercus morii Fagaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Quercus multinervis Fagaceae PE Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
lucidae
Quercus nubium Fagaceae PE Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
Quercus oxyodon Fagaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Quercus salicina Fagaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Quercus serrata Fagaceae PD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Quercus serrata var. Fagaceae PD Char. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
brevipetiolata lucidae
Quercus sessilifolia Fagaceae PE Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Quercus sp. Fagaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Quercus spinosa Fagaceae PE Char.-sp. of Euonymo porphyrei-
Fagetum englerianae
Quercus stenophylloides Fagaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Quercus stewardiana Fagaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Reineckia carnea Liliaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Rhamnus costata Rhamnaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Rhamnus hemsleyana Rhamnaceae NPD Companion-species
Rhamnus japonica var. Rhamnaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
decipiens presence (mainly Japan)
Rhaphiolepis indica Rosaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Rhododendron albrechtii Ericaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Saso kurilensis_Fagetum
crenatae
Rhododendron Ericaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
anthopogonoides presence (mainly China)
Rhododendron augustinii Ericaceae NPE Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
(continued)
Life
Rhododendron Ericaceae NPE Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
brachycarpum crenatae
Rhododendron Ericaceae NPE Diff.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
brachycarpum var. roseum multinervis (subass.)
Rhododendron bricranthum Ericaceae NPE Char.-sp. of Abelio englerianae-
Fagion sp. div.
Rhododendron decandrum Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Rhododendron dilatatum Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Rhododendron fargesii Ericaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Rhododendron formosanum Ericaceae PE Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Rhododendron haofui Ericaceae PE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Rhododendron Ericaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
hypoglancum lucidae
Rhododendron Ericaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Quingzheo
hypoglaucum tumidinodae-Fagion
Rhododendron kaempferi Ericaceae NPD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Rhododendron lagopus Ericaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Lindero umbellatae-
Fagetum crenatae
Rhododendron latoucheae Ericaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Rhododendron leishanicum Ericaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Rhododendron Ericaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
macrocarpum henryi—Lithocarpetum naiadari
Rhododendron mariesii Ericaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Rhododendron metternichii Ericaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Rhododendron metternichii Ericaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
var. hondoense presence (mainly Japan)
Rhododendron micranthum Ericaceae NPE Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Rhododendron nudipes ssp. Ericaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Lindero umbellatae-
niphophilum Fagetum crenatae
Rhododendron ovatum Ericaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
Rhododendron Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
pentaphyllum presence (mainly Japan)
Rhododendron pseudo- Ericaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
chrysenthnum hayatae (subass.)
(continued)
Life
Rhododendron Ericaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
quinquefolium crenatae
Rhododendron reticulatum Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Rhododendron reticulatum Ericaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Lindero umbellatae-
var. ciliatum Fagetum crenatae
Rhododendron ririei Ericaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Rhododendron rivulare Ericaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Rhododendron Ericaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
rubropilosum presence (mainly China)
Rhododendron Ericaceae NPD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
semibarbatum grosseserratae
Rhododendron seniavinii Ericaceae NPE1 Companion species with sporadical
Rhododendron simsii Ericaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Rhododendron sp. Ericaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Rhododendron stamineum Ericaceae NPE Companion species with sporadical
Rhododendron Ericaceae PE Companion-species
sutchuenense
Rhododendron wadanum Ericaceae NPD Companion-species
Rhododendron weyrichii Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Rhus ambigua Anacardiaceae PL Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Rhus chinensis Anacardiaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Rhus delavayi Anacardiaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Rhus punfabensis Anacardiaceae PD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Rhus sp. Anacardiaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Rhus trichocarpa Anacardiaceae PD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Ribes longirucemosum var. Saxifragaceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
davidii bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Ribes sp. Saxifragaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Rodgersia podophylla Saxifragaceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
scap crenatae
(continued)
Life
Rosa setipoda Rosaceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Rubia chinensis var. Rubiaceae G rad Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
glabrescens crenatae subass.)
Rubia cordifolia Rubiaceae H Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Rubia lanceolata Rubiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Rubia leiocaulis Rubiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Rubus alceaefolius Rosaceae Ch Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
suffr bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae
Rubus amphidasya Rosaceae Ch Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
suffr chungii-Fagetum lucidae
Rubus bambusarum Rosaceae NPD Char. sp. of Vaccinio henryi-Fagetum
pashanicae
Rubus buergeri Rosaceae H Char.-sp. of Litseo elongatae-Fagetea
scand
Rubus chroosepalus Rosaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Quingzheo
tumidinodae-Fagion
Rubus corchorifolius Rosaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Rubus flosculosus Rosaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Rubus illecebrosus Rosaceae Ch Companion species with sporadical
Rubus irenaeus Rosaceae Ch Companion species with sporadical
suffr presence (mainly China)
Rubus malifolius Rosaceae Ch Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
suffr Fagetalia sp. div.
Rubus microphyllus Rosaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Rubus pacificus Rosaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Rubus palmatus Rosaceae NPD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Rubus palmatus var. Rosaceae NPD Companion-species
coptophyllus
Rubus pectinellus Rosaceae H Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
scand East Asia
Rubus peltatus Rosaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
crenatae subass.)
Rubus peseudo-japonicus Rosaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Rubus pungens Rosaceae PL Char.-sp. of Euonymo porphyrei-
Fagetum englerianae
(continued)
Life
Rubus shinkoensis Rosaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Rubus sp1. Rosaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Rubus sp2. Rosaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Rubus swinhoei Rosaceae NPD Companion-species
Rubus trianthus Rosaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
lucidae
Rumohra standishii Polypodiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
rosul multinervis (subass.)
Salvia nipponica Lamiaceae H Companion-species
scap
Sambucus sieboldiana Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion-species
Sambucus sieboldiana var. Caprifoliaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
miquelii crenatae
Sambucus williamsii var. Caprifoliaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
coreana multinervis (subass.)
Sanicula chinensis Apiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Sapium japonicum Euphorbiaceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Sarcandra glabra Chloranthaceae NPE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Sarcandra hainanensis Chloranthaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Sarcopyramis bodinieri Melastomataceae H Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
scap Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
Sarcopyramis napalensis Melastomataceae H Companion species with sporadical
Sargentodoxa cuneata Lardizabalaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Sasa hayatae Poaceae GS Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
(subass.)
Sasa ishizuchiana Poaceae GS Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
crenatae subass.)
Sasa kurilensis Poaceae GS Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
Sasa megalophylla Poaceae GS Companion species with sporadical
Sasa nipponica Poaceae GS Companion-species
Sasa palmata Poaceae GS Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
Sasa ramosa Poaceae GS Companion species with sporadical
Sasa senanensis Poaceae GS Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Sasa tsuboiana Poaceae GS Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Sasa tsukubensis Poaceae GS Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
crenatae
Sasa veitchii var. Poaceae GS Diff.-sp. of Lindero umbellatae-
tyugokuensis Fagetum crenatae
Sasamorpha borealis Poaceae GS Char.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae
Saussurea cordifolia Asteraceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Saussurea grandifolia Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
scap multinervis (subass.)
Saxifraga flabellifolia Saxifragaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Saxifraga fortunei var. Saxifragaceae H Companion species with sporadical
incisolobata rosul presence (mainly Japan)
Saxifraga fusca var. Saxifragaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
kikubuki rosul crenatae subass.)
Saxifraga sibirica Saxifragaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Saxifraga stolonifera Saxifragaceae H Char. sp. of the Elatostemo
rosul sessile_Fagetum lucidae
Schefflera bodinieri Araliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Schefflera glomerulata Araliaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Schefflera producta Araliaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Schima argentea Theaceae PE Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Schima crenata Theaceae PE Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Schima sinensis Theaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Schima sp. Theaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Schima superba Theaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Schima villosa Theaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Schisandra chinensis Magnoliaceae PL Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Schisandra henryi Magnoliaceae PL Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Schisandra incarnata Magnoliaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Schisandra repanda Magnoliaceae PL Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
(continued)
Life
Schisandra sinensis Magnoliaceae PL Companion-species
Schisandra sp. Magnoliaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Schisandra sphenanthera Magnoliaceae PL Companion-species
Schizophragma Saxifragaceae PL Char.-sp. of Fagetea crenatae
hydrangeoides
Schizophragma hypoleuca Saxifragaceae PL Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
Fagetum englerianae
Schizophragma integrifolia Saxifragaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Schizophragma Saxifragaceae PL Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
integrifolium var. hayatae
formosana
Schizophragma molle Saxifragaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Schizophragma sp. Saxifragaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Scrophularia duplicato- Scrophulariaceae H Companion species with sporadical
serrata scap presence (mainly Japan)
Scutellaria baicalensis Lamiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Scutellaria franchetiana Lamiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Scutellaria laeteviolacea Lamiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Selaginella labordei Selaginellaceae H Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Selaginella remotifolia Selaginellaceae H Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
caesp hayatae
Selaginella sp. Selaginellaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Shortia soldanelloides Diapensiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Shortia soldanelloides var. Diapensiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
magnus rosul presence (mainly Japan)
Shortia uniflora Diapensiaceae H Companion-species
rosul
Sinarundinaria bashersuta Poaceae GS Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Sinarundinaria chungii Poaceae GS Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Sinarundinaria nitida Poaceae GS Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Sinocalamus giganteus Poaceae GS Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
(continued)
Life
Skimmia arborescens Rutaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Skimmia japonica Rutaceae NPE Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Skimmia japonica f. rugosa Rutaceae NPE Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Skimmia japonica var. Rutaceae NPE Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
intermedia f. repens
Skimmia reevesiana Rutaceae NPE Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Sloanea elegans Elaeocarpaceae PE Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Smilacina glabra Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Smilacina hondoensis Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Smilacina japonica Liliaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Smilacina paniculata Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Smilacina sp. Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Smilacina yesoensis Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Smilacina yunnanensis Liliaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
Fagetum englerianae
Smilax arisanensis Liliaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Smilax austro-zhejiangensis Liliaceae PL Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Smilax backii Liliaceae PL Companion-species
Smilax china Liliaceae PL Companion-species
Smilax cocculoides Liliaceae PL Companion-species
Smilax discotis Liliaceae PL Char.-sp. of Litseo elongatae-Fagetea
Smilax elongato-reticullata Liliaceae PL Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Smilax elongato-umbelata Liliaceae PL Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Smilax ferox Liliaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Smilax glabra Liliaceae PL Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Smilax glanco-china Liliaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Smilax granulicaulis Liliaceae PL Char. sp. of the Ardisio hypargeriae—
Castanopsion fabrii
(continued)
Life
Smilax lanceaefolia var. Liliaceae PL Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
opaca East Asia
Smilax lanceiofolia Liliaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Smilax lebrunii Liliaceae PL Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Smilax nervo-marginata Liliaceae PL Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
Smilax nipponica Liliaceae PL Char.-sp. of Fagetea crenatae
Smilax opaca Liliaceae PL Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
Fagetum englerianae
Smilax polycorea Liliaceae PL Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Smilax riparia var. Liliaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
ussuriensis presence (mainly Japan)
Smilax sieboldii Liliaceae PL Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Smilax sp. Liliaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Smilax stans Liliaceae PL Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Smilax trachypoda Liliaceae PL Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Solidago virga-aurea var. Asteraceae H Companion-species
asiatica scap
Solidago virga-aurea var. Asteraceae H Char.-sp. of Fagion multinrvis and
gigantea scap Fagetalia multinervis
Solidago virga-aurea var. Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
leiocarpa scap presence (mainly Japan)
Sorbus alnifolia Rosaceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Sorbus aronioides Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Sorbus caloneura Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Sorbus commixta Rosaceae PD Char.-sp. of Fagetea crenatae
Sorbus coronata Rosaceae PD Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Sorbus folgneri Rosaceae PD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Sorbus gracilis Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Sorbus hemslaya Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Sorbus japonica Rosaceae PD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
(continued)
Life
Sorbus rufopilosa Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Sorbus sargentiana Rosaceae PD Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
Fagetum englerianae
Sorbus sp. Rosaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Sorbus xanthoneura Rosaceae PD Companion-species
Spatholirion longifolium Commelinaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
Spiraea chinensis Rosaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Fagetum hayatae
Spiraea dasyantha Rosaceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Spiraea prunifolia Rosaceae NPD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Spuriopimpinella calycina Apiaceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
scap crenatae
Spuriopimpinella nikoensis Apiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Stachyurus himalaicus Stachyuraceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Stachyurus praecox Stachyuraceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Staphylea bumalda Staphyleaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Stauntonia chinensis Lardizabalaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Stauntonia duclouxii Lardizabalaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Stauntonia purpurea Lardizabalaceae PL Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Stauntonia sp. Lardizabalaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Stellaria alsine Caryophyllaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Stellaria diversiflora Caryophyllaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Stellaria palustris Caryophyllaceae H Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
scap lucidae
Stellaria sessiliflora Caryophyllaceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
scap (subass.)
Stellaria wushanensis Caryophyllaceae H Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Stephanandra incisa Rosaceae NPD Companion-species
Stewartia monadelpha Theaceae PD Char.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae
(continued)
Life
Stewartia pseudo-camellia Theaceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Stewartia serrata Theaceae PD Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
(subass.)
Stewartia sinensis Theaceae PD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Stewartia sp. Theaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Stranvaesia amphidoxa Rosaceae PE Char. sp. of the Quingzheo
tumidinodae-Fagion
Streptopus amplexifolius Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
var. papillatus presence (mainly Japan)
Streptopus streptoides Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Streptopus streptopoides Liliaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Saso kurilensis_Fagetum
var. japonicus crenatae
Struthiopteris castanea Polypodiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Struthiopteris nipponica Polypodiaceae H Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
rosul grosseserratae
Styrax hemsleyana Styracaceae PD Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Styrax japonica Styracaceae PD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Styrax obassia Styracaceae PD Char.-sp. of Fagetea crenatae
Styrax rosea Styracaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Styrax shiraiana Styracaceae PD Char.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
crenatae
Styrax sp. Styracaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Symplocos adenophylla Symplocaceae PE Char. sp. of the Athyrio nardii-
Symplocos adenopus Symplocaceae PE Companion-species
Symplocos anomala Symplocaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Symplocos botryantha Symplocaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Symplocos caudata Symplocaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Symplocos chinensis Symplocaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Symplocos chinensis var. Symplocaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
leucocarpa f. pilosa presence (mainly Japan)
Symplocos cochinchinensis Symplocaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
subsp. laurina hayatae (subass.)
Symplocos coreana Symplocaceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
(continued)
Life
Symplocos crassifolia Symplocaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
Symplocos discolor Symplocaceae PE Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
Symplocos glandulifera Symplocaceae PE Char. sp. of the Ardisio hypargeriae—
Castanopsion fabrii
Symplocos glauca Symplocaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Symplocos groffii Symplocaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Prismatomerio
(subass.)
Symplocos lancifolia Symplocaceae PE Char.-sp. of Litseo elongatae-Fagetea
Symplocos lancilimba Symplocaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Symplocos lanrina Symplocaceae PE Companion-species
Symplocos lucida Symplocaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Symplocos macrostroma Symplocaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae (subass.)
Symplocos myrtacea Symplocaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Symplocos paniculata Symplocaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Symplocos ramosissima Symplocaceae PE Char. sp. of the Sinocalamus
Symplocos sp. Symplocaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Symplocos stapfiana Symplocaceae PE Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario nitidae-
Symplocos stellaris Symplocaceae PE Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Symplocos sumuntia Symplocaceae PE Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Symplocos theaefolia Symplocaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Symplocos wikstroemiifolia Symplocaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Syneilesis palmata Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Synurus deltoides Asteraceae H Companion species with sporadical
Synurus pungens Asteraceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
scap (subass.)
Taxus cuspidata Taxaceae PEN Char.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
multinervis
(continued)
Life
Ternstroemia Theaceae PE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
kwangtungensis bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae
Ternstroemia luteoflora Theaceae PE Companion species with sporadical
Tetracentron sinense Magnoliaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Tetrastigma hypoglaucum Vitaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Tetrastigma obtectum var. Vitaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
glabrum presence (mainly China)
Thalictrum minus var. Ranunculaceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
hypoleucum scap crenatae
Thalictrum tuberiferum Ranunculaceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
scap crenatae
Thalictrum uncatum Ranunculaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Thladiantha glabra Cucurbitaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Thujopsis dolabrata Cupressaceae PEN Companion species with sporadical
Thujopsis dolabrata var. Cupressaceae PEN Companion species with sporadical
hondae presence (mainly Japan)
Tiarella polyphylla Saxifragaceae H Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
scap East Asia
Tilia insularis Tiliaceae PD Char.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
multinervis
Tilia japonica Tiliaceae PD Char.-sp. of Saso-Fagetalia
Tilia maximowicziana Tiliaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Tilia oliveri Tiliaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Tilingia holopetala Apiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Toona ciliata Meliaceae PD Char. sp. of the Elatostemo
Toona sinensis Meliaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Torreya nucifera Taxaceae PEN Diff.-sp. of Sasamorpho_Fagion
crenatae (subass.)
Torreya nucifera var. Taxaceae NPEN Char.-sp. of Lindero umbellatae-
radicans Fagetum crenatae
Torricellia tillifolia Cornaceae PD Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
Toxicodendron radicans Cornaceae PD Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
var. hispidus Fagetum englerianae
(continued)
Life
Toxicodendron Cornaceae PD Companion-species
succedaneum
Toxicodendron trichocarpa Cornaceae PD Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
Toxicodendron vernicifluum Cornaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Trachelospermum Apocynaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
asiaticum var. intermedium presence (mainly Japan)
Trachelospermum Apocynaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
cathayanum presence (mainly China)
Trachelospermum Apocynaceae H Char. sp. of the Elatostemo
jasminoides scand sessile_Fagetum lucidae
Tricyrtis affinis Liliaceae H Companion-species
scap
Tricyrtis latifolia Liliaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Tricyrtis macropoda Liliaceae H Companion-species
scap
Tricyrtis maculata Liliaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Trillium smallii Liliaceae G rhiz Char.-sp. of Fagetea crenatae
Trillium tschonoskii Liliaceae G rhiz Companion-species
Tripterospermum affine Gentianaceae H Companion species with sporadical
scand presence (mainly China)
Tripterospermum chinense Gentianaceae H Char. sp. of the Indocalamo latifolii—
scand Fagion hayatae var. zhejiangensis
Tripterospermum cordatum Gentianaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Tripterospermum Gentianaceae H Char. sp. of the Tripterospermo
cordifolium scand cordifolium-Fagetum englerianae
Tripterospermum Gentianaceae H Char.-sp. of Fagetea crenatae
japonicum scand
Tripterospermum Gentianaceae H Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
lanceolata scand hayatae
Tripterospermum sp. Gentianaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Tripterospermum Gentianaceae H Companion species with sporadical
taiwanense scand presence (mainly China)
Tripterygium regelii Celastraceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Trochodendron aralioides Trochodendraceae PE Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Tsuga chinensis Pinaceae PEN Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Tsuga diversifolia Pinaceae PEN Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Tsuga sieboldii Pinaceae PEN Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Tupistra chinensis Liliaceae G rhiz Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Tupistra tui Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Tupistra wattii Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Tylophora aristolochioides Asclepiadaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Ulmus japonica Ulmaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Ulmus laciniata Ulmaceae PD Char.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
multinervis
Vaccinium henryi Ericaceae NPD Char. sp. of Vaccinio henryi-Fagetum
pashanicae
Vaccinium hirtum Ericaceae NPD Companion-species
Vaccinium japonicum Ericaceae Ch Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
frut East Asia
Vaccinium japonicum var. Ericaceae Ch Companion species with sporadical
lasiostemon frut presence (mainly China)
Vaccinium oldhamii Ericaceae NPD Companion-species
Vaccinium smallii Ericaceae NPD Companion-species
Vaccinium smallii var. Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
glabrum presence (mainly Japan)
Vaccinium sp. Ericaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Valeriana degeletiana Valerianaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Veratrum grandiflorum Liliaceae G rhiz Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
crenatae subass.)
Veratrum schindleri Liliaceae G rhiz Companion species with sporadical
Veronica cana var. Scrophulariaceae H Companion species with sporadical
miqueliana scap presence (mainly Japan)
Viburnum betulifolium Caprifoliaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Viburnum cordifolium Caprifoliaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Viburnum corymbiflorum Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion-species
Viburnum dilatatum Caprifoliaceae NPD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Viburnum erosum Caprifoliaceae NPD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Viburnum flavescens Caprifoliaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Viburno flavescentis-
Fagetum englerianae
(continued)
Life
Viburnum foetidum var. Caprifoliaceae NPE Char. sp. of the Sinarundinario
rectangulatum bashersuto-Fagetum lucidae
Viburnum furcatum Caprifoliaceae NPD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Viburnum hengshenicum Caprifoliaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
Viburnum ichangense Caprifoliaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
lucidae
Viburnum integrifolium Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Viburnum luzonicum Caprifoliaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Viburnum phlebotrichum Caprifoliaceae NPD Species of the Quercetalia serratae-
grosseserratae
Viburnum plicatum var. Caprifoliaceae NPD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
tomentosum East Asia
Viburnum rhytidophyllum Caprifoliaceae NPE Diff. sp. of the Fagetum engleriano-
lucidae
Viburnum setigerum Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion-species
Viburnum sieboldii Caprifoliaceae NPD Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
(subass.)
Viburnum sp. Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Viburnum sympodiale Caprifoliaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
Fagetalia sp. div.
Viburnum taiwanianum Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Viburnum urceolatum Caprifoliaceae NPD Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
East Asia
Viburnum urceolatum var. Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion-species
procumbens
Viburnum willeanum Caprifoliaceae NPD Char. sp. of the Quingzheo
tumidinodae-Fagion
Viburnum wrightii Caprifoliaceae NPD Char.-sp. of Fagetea crenatae
Viola acuminata Violaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Viola arcuta Violaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Viola biflora Violaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Viola bissetii Violaceae H Companion-species
rosul
Viola boissieuana Violaceae H Companion-species
rosul
Viola brunneostipulosa Violaceae H Diff. sp. of the Sinarundinario
rosul chungii-Fagetum lucidae (subass.)
(continued)
Life
Viola cordifolia Violaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Viola davidii Violaceae H Char. sp. of the Aceri davidii-Fagion
rosul lucidae
Viola dissecta Violaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Viola eizanensis Violaceae H Diff.-sp. of Crnoo-Fagetum crenatae
rosul (subass.)
Viola formosana var. Violaceae H Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
formosana rosul hayatae
Viola grypoceras Violaceae H Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
scap East Asia
Viola hondoensis Violaceae H Char.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
rosul multinervis
Viola kusanoana Violaceae H Char.-sp. of Fagion multinrvis and
Viola principis Violaceae H Companion-species
rosul
Viola rossii Violaceae H Char. sp. of the Carici lanceolatae-
rosul Fagetum hayatae var. zhejiangensis
Viola schiensis Violaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Viola schneideri Violaceae H Char.-sp. of Sinarundinario nitidae-
rosul Fagetalia sp. div.
Viola selkirkii Violaceae H Widespead in the Fagus-forests of
rosul East Asia
Viola shikokiana Violaceae H Diff.-sp. of Sapio japonici-Fagetum
rosul crenatae subass.)
Viola sp1. Violaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Viola sp2. Violaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Viola takeshimana Violaceae H Diff.-sp. of Hepatico-Fagetum
rosul multinervis (subass.)
Viola vaginata Violaceae H Char.-sp. of Fagion crenatae
rosul
Viola violacea Violaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Viscum aibum var. Loranthaceae E Companion species with sporadical
coloratum presence (mainly Japan)
Vitis amurensis f. Vitaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
glabrescens presence (mainly Japan)
Vitis coignetiae Vitaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Vitis flexuosa Vitaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
(continued)
Life
Vitis sp. Vitaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Vittaria yunnanensis Vittariaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Prismatomerio
Waldsteinia ternata Rosaceae H Diff.-sp. of Saso kurilensis-Fagetum
rosul crenatae
Weigela hortensis Caprifoliaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Wisteria floribunda Fabaceae PL Companion species with sporadical
Woodsia manchuriensis Polypodiaceae H Companion species with sporadical
Woodsia polystichoides Polypodiaceae E Companion species with sporadical
Yushania nitakayamensis Lauraceae GS Char. sp. of the Yushania-Fagetum
hayatae
Zanthoxylum piperitum Rutaceae NPD Companion-species
Zanthoxylum scandens Rutaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Zanthoxylum schinifolium Rutaceae NPD Companion species with sporadical
Zelkova serrata Ulmaceae PD Companion species with sporadical
Zingiber mioga Zingiberaceae G rhiz Char. sp. of the Elatostemo
Appendix 2. Taxonomical Outlook on the Flora
of the East Asiatic Beech Forests
The present Appendix 2 is the complete list of all species (and infraspecific taxa)
mentioned in Table 3.1a, 3.1b, distributed among the 114 families of vascular
plants, which form the flora of the Esat Asiatic beech forests. The sequence of
families in general follows the recent concepts of the phylogenetical taxonomy, as
exposed in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Website, with minor differences in
order to maintain some units of frequent use in the special literature on the
vegetation of China and of Japan.
Pteridophyta
Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodium serratum var.
longipetiolatum
Lycopodium obscurum Lycopodium serratum var. serratum
Lycopodium serratum
Selaginellaceae Selaginella labordei Selaginella sp. 1
Selaginella remotifolia Selaginella sp. 2
Ophioglossaceae Botrychium multifidum var. robustum
Osmundaceae Osmunda cinnamomea var. fokiensis
Osmunda japonica
Gleicheniaceae Diplopterygium glaucum Diplopterygium laevissimum
Polypodiaceae s. l. Acrophorus stipellatus Dryopteris maximowicziana
Adiantum pedatum Dryopteris monticola
Allantodia chinensis Dryopteris polylepis
Allantodia hirtipes Dryopteris sabaei
Allantodia metteniana Dryopteris saxifraga
Allantodia petri Dryopteris sp1.
Allantodia squamigera Dryopteris sp2.
Allantodia wichurae Dryopteris subtriangularis
Arachniodes chinensis Humata tyermanni
Arachniodes festina Lasianthus japonicus
Arachniodes mutica Lastrea quelpaertensis
Arachniodes pseudo-aristata Lepisorus bicolor
Arachniodes rhomboides Lepisorus contortus
Arachniodes standishii Lepisorus obscure-venulosus
Araiostegia parripinnata Lepisorus onoei
(continued)
236 Appendix 2. Taxonomical Outlook on the Flora of the East Asiatic Beech Forests
Arthromeris lehmannii Lepisorus sp.

Asplenium crinicaule Lepisorus thunbergianus
Asplenium incisum Lepisorus ussuriensis var. distans
Asplenium normale Leptogramma mollissima
Asplenium unilaterale Leptogramma scallani
Asplenium wrightii Leptorumohra miqueliana
Athyrium arisaense Loxogramme remote-frondigera
Athyrium brevifrons Matteuccia orientalis
Athyrium clivicola Microlepia marginata
Athyrium delavayi Microsorium buergerianum
Athyrium epirachis Microsorium hymenodes
Athyrium henryi Monochosorum henryi
Athyrium malipoense Parathelypteris glanduligera
Athyrium nardii Parathelypteris hirsutipes
Athyrium niponicum Parathelypteris japonica
Athyrium otophorum Parathelypteris nipponica
Athyrium sp. Phanerophlebiopsis blinii
Athyrium strigillosum Phegopteris connectilis
Athyrium wardii Phyllagathis longipes
Athyrium yokoscense Phyllagathis ovalifolia
Cornopteris decurrenti-alata Phymatopsis sp.
Crypsinus echinosporus Phymatopsis teneupes
Crypsinus quasioivaricata Polypodiastrum dielsianum
Cyrtomium balansae Polypodium amoenum
Cyrtomium hookeranum Polypodium argutum
Cyrtomium macrophyllum Polypodium vulgare
Cystopteris moupinensis Polystichum braunii
Davallia mariesii Polystichum deltodon
Dennstaedtia scabra Polystichum discretum
Deparia albosquamata Polystichum makinoi
Deparia conilii Polystichum neolobatum
Deparia japonica Polystichum ovato-paleaceum
Deparia pycnosorum Polystichum parvipinnulum
Dictyocline griffithii Polystichum polyblepharum
Diplazium pinfaense Polystichum retroso-paleaceum
Diplazium squamigerum Polystichum sp.
Dryopteris bissetiana Polystichum squarrosum
Dryopteris championii Polystichum tripteron
Dryopteris chinensis Polystichum tsus-sinense
Dryopteris crassirhizoma Pseudocystopteris atkinsonii
Dryopteris erythrosora Pyrrosia lingua
Dryopteris expansa Pyrrosia sheareri
Dryopteris formosana Rumohra standishii
Dryopteris fuscipes Struthiopteris castanea
(continued)
Appendix 2. Taxonomical Outlook on the Flora of the East Asiatic Beech Forests 237
Dryopteris labordei Struthiopteris nipponica

Dryopteris lacera Woodsia manchuriensis
Dryopteris livida Woodsia polystichoides
Dryopteris mariformis
Plagiogyriaceae Plagiogyria stenoptera Plagiogyria matsumureana
Plagiogyria distinctissima Plagiogyria maxima
Plagiogyria euphlebia Plagiogyria stenoptera
Plagiogyria formosana
Vittariaceae Vittaria yunnanensis
Gymnospermae
Pinaceae Abies firma Pinus densiflora
Abies homolepis Pinus parviflora
Abies mariesii Tsuga chinensis
Picea polita Tsuga diversifolia
Pinus armandii Tsuga sieboldii
Cephalotaxaceae Cephalotaxus harringtonia Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. nana
Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis obtusa Thujopsis dolabrata
Chamaecyparis pisifera Thujopsis dolabrata var.hondae
Taxaceae Taxus cuspidata Torreya nucifera var. radicans
Torreya nucifera
Taxodiaceae Cryptomeria japonica
Basal Angiospermae and Magnoliidae
Chloranthaceae Chloranthus henryi Sarcandra glabra
Chloranthus serratus Sarcandra hainanensis
Annonaceae Fissistigma acuminatissimum
Magnoliaceae Illicium religiosum Manglietia duclouxii
Illicium simonsii Manglietia fordiana
Illicium sp. Manglietia rufibarbata
Illicium tashiroi Michelia balansae
Illicium yunnanensis Michelia sp.
Kadsura heteroclita Michelia yunnanensis
Kadsura longepedunculata Parakmeria yunnanensis
Magnolia biondii Parkmeria yunnanensis
Magnolia cylindrica Schisandra chinensis
Magnolia kobus Schisandra henryi
Magnolia kobus var. borealis Schisandra incarnata
Magnolia obovata Schisandra repanda
Magnolia salicifolia Schisandra sinensis
Magnolia sieboldii Schisandra sp.
Magnolia sp. Schisandra sphenanthera
Magnolia sprengeri Tetracentron sinense
Lauraceae Actinodaphne reticulata Litsea populifolia
Beilschmiedia robusta Litsea pungens
Cinnamomum bodinieri Litsea ssp.
(continued)
Cinnamomum burmannii Litsea suberosa

Cinnamomum wilsonii Litsea thomsinii
Lindera cercidifolia Machilus faberi
Lindera communis Machilus ichangensis
Lindera erythrocarpa Machilus kurzii
Lindera floribunda Machilus rehderi
Lindera fragrans Machilus salicina
Lindera fruticosa Machilus sp1.
Lindera glauca Machilus sp2.
Lindera metcalfiana Machilus thunbergii
Lindera obtusiloba Neolitsea aciculata
Lindera reflexa Neolitsea acuminatissima
Lindera sericea Neolitsea aurata
Lindera sericea var. glabrata Neolitsea chinensis
Lindera sp. Neolitsea chuii
Lindera subcaudata var. hemsleyana Neolitsea levinei
Lindera umbellata Neolitsea sericea
Lindera umbellata var. Neolitsea sp.
membranacea
Litsea acuminata Neolitsea zeylanica
Litsea coreana Parabenzoin praecox
Litsea cubeba Parabenzoin trilobum
Litsea elongata Phoebe faberi
Litsea grandiflora Phoebe neurantha
Litsea ichangensis Phoebe sheareri
Litsea pedunculata Yushania nitakayamensis
Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia kaempferi Asarum heterotropoides
Aristolochia mollissima Asarum ichangense
Aristolochia tubiflora Asarum savatieri
Asarum caudigerum Asarum sieboldii
Asarum chinensis Asarum spp.
Piperaceae Piper cft. flaviiflorum Piper sp.
Taccaceae Clerodendron colebrookianum Clerodendron fortunatum
Monocotyledonae
Araceae Arisaema amurense Arisaema japonicum
Arisaema angustatum Arisaema limbatum
Arisaema consanguineum Arisaema peninsulae
Arisaema erubescens Arisaema ssp.
Arisaema formosanum Arisaema ternatipartitum
Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscorea quinqueloba
Dioscorea althaeoides Dioscorea septemloba
Dioscorea batatas Dioscorea sp.
Dioscorea gracillima Dioscorea tokoro
Dioscorea nipponica
(continued)
Liliaceae s. l. Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum Smilacina paniculata

Asparagus filicinus Smilacina sp.
Clintonia udensis Smilacina yesoensis
Disporopsis pernyi Smilacina yunnanensis
Disporum cantoniense Smilax arisanensis
Disporum sessile Smilax austro-zhejiangensis
Disporum smilacinum Smilax backii
Disporum sp. Smilax china
Erythronium japonicum Smilax cocculoides
Heloniopsis orientalis Smilax discotis
Heterosmilax japonica Smilax elongato-reticullata
Hosta montana Smilax elongato-umbelata
Lilium auratum Smilax ferox
Lilium cordatum Smilax glabra
Lilium hansonii Smilax glanco-china
Lilium medeoloides Smilax granulicaulis
Liriope graminifolia Smilax lanceaefolia var. opaca
Liriope muscari Smilax lanceiofolia
Liriope platyphylla Smilax lebrunii
Liriope spicata Smilax nervo-marginata
Maianthemum dilatatum Smilax nipponica
Ophiopogon bockianus Smilax opaca
Ophiopogon bodinieri Smilax polycorea
Ophiopogon clavatus Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis
Ophiopogon intermedius Smilax sieboldii
Ophiopogon japonicus Smilax sp.
Ophiopogon mairei Smilax stans
Ophiopogon planiscapus Smilax trachypoda
Ophiopogon spp. Streptopus amplexifolius var.
papillatus
Paris bashanensis Streptopus streptoides
Paris tetraphylla Streptopus streptopoides var.
japonicus
Polygonatum cyrtonema Tricyrtis affinis
Polygonatum falcatum Tricyrtis latifolia
Polygonatum lasianthum Tricyrtis macropoda
Polygonatum macranthum Tricyrtis maculata
Polygonatum odoratum Trillium smallii
Polygonatum odoratum var. Trillium tschonoskii
pluriflorum
Polygonatum sibiricum Tupistra chinensis
Reineckia carnea Tupistra tui
Smilacina glabra Tupistra wattii
Smilacina hondoensis Veratrum grandiflorum
Smilacina japonica Veratrum schindleri
(continued)
Orchidaceae Bletilla striata Epipactis sp.

Calanthe discolor Goodyera biflora
Calanthe fimbriata Goodyera cyrtoglossa
Calanthe sp. Goodyera foliosa
Calanthe tricarinata Goodyera maximowicziana
Cephalanthera erecta Goodyera repens
Cephalanthera falcata Goodyera schlechtendalina
Cremastra appendiculata Goodyera velutina
Cymbidium faberi Liparis japonica
Cymbidium goeringii Liparis krameri
Cymbidium sinense Oreorchis patens
Cypripedium japonica Platanthera florentii
Ephippianthus schmidtii Platanthera sachalinensis
Epipactis papillosa
Arecaceae Calamus oxycarpus Calamus sp.
Juncaceae Luzula plumosa Luzula plumosa var. macrocarpa
Cyperaceae Carex baccans Carex lasiolepis
Carex blepharicarpa Carex morrowii
Carex breviculmis Carex morrowii var. temnolepis
Carex brunnea Carex omeiensis
Carex capilliformis Carex pachyrrhiza
Carex chinensis Carex perakensis
Carex conica Carex pilosa
Carex cruciata Carex reinii
Carex dolichostachya var. Carex sachalinensis
glaberrima
Carex fernaldiana Carex sachalinensis var. alterniflora
Carex filicina Carex sachalinensis var. sikokiana
Carex filipes Carex sendaica
Carex floribunda Carex siderosticta
Carex foliosissima Carex stenostachys var. cuneata
Carex grallatoria Carex subpediformis
Carex grandiligulata Carex sutchanensis
Carex henryi Carex sp.1
Carex insaniae Carex sp.2
Carex lanceolata
Arundinaceae Deyeuxia sinelatior Deyeuxia arundinacea
Poaceae Agrostis scouleri Eulalia quadrinervis
Arthraxon hispidus Lophatherum gracile
Brachypodium sylvaticum Oplismenus compostius
Brylkinia caudata Oplismenus undulatifolius
Calamagrostis arundinacea var. Oplismenus undulatifolius var.
ciliata japonicus
Calamagrostis hakonensis Panicum brevifolium
Calamagrostis sylvatica Pleuropus euchloron
Eragrostis ferruginea Poa takeshimana
(continued)
Poaceae— Chimonobambusa utilis Sasa nipponica

Bambuseae Indocalamus fanjinshanensis Sasa palmata
Indocalamus latifolius Sasa ramosa
Indocalamus longiauritus Sasa senanensis
Indocalamus sp. Sasa tsuboiana
Indosasa shibataeoides Sasa tsukubensis
Pleioblastus chino Sasa veitchii var. tyugokuensis
Qiongzhea tumidinoda Sasamorpha borealis
Sasa hayatae Sinarundinaria bashersuta
Sasa ishizuchiana Sinarundinaria chungii
Sasa kurilensis Sinarundinaria nitida
Sasa megalophylla Sinocalamus giganteus
Commelinaceae Pollia sp. Spatholirion longifolium
Zingiberaceae Alpinia chinensis Globba barthei
Alpinia sp. Zingiber mioga
Dicotyledonae—Eudicots
Berberidaceae Berberis aristato-serrulata Epimedium davidii
Berberis dasytachya Epimedium grandiflorum var.
thunberganum
Berberis dielsiana Epimedium sagittatum
Berberis jalianae Epimedium sempervirens
Berberis mingetsuensys Mahonia bealei
Berberis thunbergii Mahonia gracilipes
Caulophyllum robustum Mahonia japonica
Diphylleia grayi
Papaveraceae Dactylicapnos sp. Pteridophyllum racemosum
Diacalpe aspidioides
Ranunculaceae Aconitum japonicum Clematis japonica
Aconitum japonicum var. montanum Clematis mantana
Aconitum senanense Clematis otophora
Aconitum sinomontanuns Clematis sp.
Actaea asiatica Coptis quinquefolia
Anemone debilis Coptis trifolia
Anemone nikoensis Dichocarpum stoloniferum
Anemone pesudo-altaica Glaucidium palmatum
Anemonopsis macrophylla Hepatica maxima
Asteropyrum cavaleriei Paeonia japonica
Asteropyrum peltatum Thalictrum minus var. hypoleucum
Cimicifuga acerina Thalictrum tuberiferum
Cimicifuga simplex Thalictrum uncatum
Clematis finetiana
Lardizabalaceae Akebia trifoliata Sargentodoxa cuneata
Akebia trifoliata var. australis Stauntonia chinensis
Holboellia angustifolia Stauntonia duclouxii
(continued)
Holboellia coriacea Stauntonia purpurea

Holboellia fargesii Stauntonia sp.
Proteaceae Helicia cochinchinensis
Sabiaceae Meliosma flexuosa Meliosma sichourensis
Meliosma myriantha Meliosma sp.
Meliosma myriantha var. discolor Meliosma tenuis
Meliosma paupera Meliosma veitchiorum
Trochodendraceae Euptelea pleiospermum Trochodendron aralioides
Euptelea polyandra
Buxaceae Buxus henryi Pachysandra terminalis
Dicotyledonae—Rosids
Cercidiphyllaceae Cercidiphyllum japonicum
Hamamelidaceae Corylopsis sinensis
Distylium sp.
Hamamelis japonica
Hamamelis japonica var. obtusata
Hamamelis mollis
Liquidamber acalycina
Liquidamber formosana
Saxifragaceae Astilbe koreana Hydrangea umbellata
Astilbe rubra Hydrangea xanthoneura
Astilbe thunbergii Hydrangea yunnanensis
Astilbe thunbergii var. congesta Itea chinensis
Astilbe thunbergii var. fujisanensis Itea chinensis var. oblonga
Astilbe thunbergii var. shikokiana Kilengeshoma palmata
Cardiandra alternifolia Philadelphus incanus
Chrysosplenium grayanum Philadelphus satsumi
Chrysosplenium henryi Ribes longirucemosum var. davidii
Chrysosplenium lanuginosum Ribes sp.
Deinanthe bifida Rodgersia podophylla
Deutzia crenata Saxifraga flabellifolia
Dichroa febrifuga Saxifraga fortunei var. incisolobata
Hydrangea anomala Saxifraga fusca var. kikubuki
Hydrangea davidii Saxifraga sibirica
Hydrangea hirta Saxifraga stolonifera
Hydrangea involucrata Schizophragma hydrangeoides
Hydrangea luteo-venosa Schizophragma hypoleuca
Hydrangea macrophylla var. Schizophragma integrifolia
acuminata
Hydrangea macrophylla var. Schizophragma integrifolium var.
megacarpa formosana
Hydrangea paniculata Schizophragma molle
Hydrangea petiolaris Schizophragma sp.
Hydrangea sikokiana Tiarella polyphylla
(continued)
Vitaceae Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Tetrastigma hypoglaucum

Ampelopsis delavayana Tetrastigma obtectum var. glabrum
Cayratia corniculata Vitis amurensis f. glabrescens
Cayratia japonica Vitis coignetiae
Cayratia oligocarpa Vitis flexuosa
Parathenocissus himalayana Vitis sp.
Parthenocissus heterophylla
Celastraceae Celastrus gemmatus Euonymus macropterus
Celastrus orbiculatus Euonymus melananthus
Celastrus orbiculatus var. papillosus Euonymus mengtzeunus
Celastrus rosthornianus var. Euonymus oxyphyllus
loeseneri
Celastrus sp. Euonymus planipes
Euonymus alatus Euonymus pourphyreus
Euonymus alatus f. ciliato-dentatus Euonymus praewarskii
Euonymus cornutus Euonymus sieboldianus
Euonymus forbesianus Euonymus sieboldianus var.
sanguineus
Euonymus fortunei Euonymus sp1.
Euonymus fortunei var. radicans Euonymus sp2.
Euonymus giraldii Euonymus spraguei
Euonymus hederaceus Microtropis fokienensis
Euonymus lanceolatus Myrsine sp.
Euonymus leclerei Tripterygium regelii
Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus baceanus Elaeocarpus javanicus
Elaeocarpus japonicus Sloanea elegans
Oxalidaceae Oxalis acetosella Oxalis griffithii var. kantoensis
Oxalis griffithii
Violaceae Viola acuminata Viola kusanoana
Viola arcuta Viola principis
Viola biflora Viola rossii
Viola bissetii Viola schiensis
Viola boissieuana Viola schneideri
Viola brunneostipulosa Viola selkirkii
Viola cordifolia Viola shikokiana
Viola davidii Viola sp1.
Viola dissecta Viola sp2.
Viola eizanensis Viola takeshimana
Viola formosana var. formosana Viola vaginata
Viola grypoceras Viola violacea
Viola hondoensis
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum kunthianum
Flacourtiaceae Homalium bhamoense Idesia sp.
Ochnaceae Clematoclethra scandens
Euphorbiaceae Daphniphyllum angustifolium Euphorbia hylonoma
(continued)
Daphniphyllum macropodum Euphorbia sieboldiana

Daphniphyllum macropodum var. Sapium japonicum
humile
Fabaceae Albizia kalkora Dumasia truncata
Albizia turgida Indigofera nigrescens
Cercis chinensis Lespedeza buergeri
Cylindrokelupha balansae Lespedeza formosa
Castanopsis platyacantha Maackia hwashanensis
Desmodium oxyphyllum Millettia championii
Desmodium sp. Wisteria floribunda
Desmodium szechuenense
Polygalaceae Polygala tricornis
Rosaceae Aruncus dioicus Rubus amphidasya
Aruncus dioicus var. tenuifolius Rubus bambusarum
Aruncus sylvester Rubus buergeri
Cerasus conradinae Rubus chroosepalus
Eriobotrya bengalensis Rubus corchorifolius
Filipendula multijuga Rubus flosculosus
Fragaria orientalis Rubus illecebrosus
Geum japonicum Rubus irenaeus
Kerria japonica Rubus malifolius
Malus tschonoskii Rubus microphyllus
Padus grayana Rubus pacificus
Padus wilsonii Rubus palmatus
Photinia paniculata Rubus palmatus var. coptophyllus
Photinia parvifolia Rubus pectinellus
Photinia sp. Rubus peltatus
Photinia villosa Rubus peseudo-japonicus
Potentilla yokusaiana Rubus pungens
Pourthiaea villosa Rubus shinkoensis
Pourthiaea villosa var. parvifolia Rubus sp1.
Pourthiaea villosa var.laevis Rubus sp2.
Prunus apetala Rubus swinhoei
Prunus brachypoda Rubus trianthus
Prunus buergeriana Sorbus alnifolia
Prunus dielsiana Sorbus aronioides
Prunus grayana Sorbus caloneura
Prunus incisa Sorbus commixta
Prunus incisa var. kinkiensis Sorbus coronata
Prunus jamasakura Sorbus folgneri
Prunus maximowiczii Sorbus gracilis
Prunus phaeosticta Sorbus hemslaya
Prunus pilosiuscula Sorbus japonica
Prunus serrulata Sorbus rufopilosa
(continued)
Prunus sp. Sorbus sargentiana

Prunus ssiori Sorbus sp.
Prunus takesimensis Sorbus xanthoneura
Prunus transarlsanensis Spiraea chinensis
Prunus vaniotii Spiraea dasyantha
Prunus verecunda Spiraea prunifolia
Rhaphiolepis indica Stephanandra incisa
Rosa setipoda Stranvaesia amphidoxa
Rubus alceaefolius Waldsteinia ternata
Rhamnaceae Berchemia kulingensis Rhamnus hemsleyana
Berchemia racemosa Rhamnus japonica var. decipiens
Rhamnus costata
Cucurbitaceae Gynostemma pentaphyllum Melothria maysorensis
Hemselya szechuenensis Thladiantha glabra
Elaegnaceae Elaeagnus lanceolata Elaeagnus montana var. ovata
Elaeagnus macrophylla Elaeagnus pungens
Elaeagnus montana
Begoniaceae Begonia sp.
Ulmaceae Celtis jessoensis Elatostema trilobulatum
Elatostema lineolatum Elatostema umbellatum
Elatostema obtusum Elatostema umbellatum var. majus
Elatostema papillosum Ulmus japonica
Elatostema sessile Ulmus laciniata
Elatostema sp. Zelkova serrata
Elatostema stewardii
Moraceae Broussonetia karinoki Morus bombycis
Ficus harlandii Morus mongolica
Ficus sp.
Urticaceae Boehmeria spicata Pellionia radicans
Boehmeria tricuspis Pilea martinii
Laportea bulbifera Pilea sp.
Pellionia arisanensis
Betulaceae Alnus firma Carpinus cordata var. chinensis
Alnus hirsuta Carpinus fangiana
Alnus hirsuta var.sibirica Carpinus fargesii
Alnus maximowiczii Carpinus japonica
Betula albo-sinensis Carpinus laxiflora
Betula chinensis Carpinus polyneura
Betula corylifolia Carpinus pubescens
Betula ermanii Carpinus tschonoskii
Betula grossa Carpinus turczaninowii
Betula insignis Carpinus viminea
Betula luminifera Corylus heterophylla
(continued)
Betula maximowicziana Corylus heterophylla var.

sutchuenensis
Betula schmidtii Corylus sieboldiana
Betula sp. Ostrya japonica
Carpinus cordata
Fagaceae Castanea crenata Quercus aliena var. acutidentata
Castanea henryi Quercus asine
Castanopsis calathiformis Quercus augustinii
Castanopsis carlesii Quercus bambusaefolia
Castanopsis chunii Quercus chapaensis
Castanopsis eryei Quercus engleriana
Castanopsis fabrii Quercus fabri
Castanopsis hystrix Quercus glandulifera
Castanopsis lamontii Quercus gracilis
Castanopsis pachyrachis Quercus mongolica var.
grosseserrata
Castanopsis rufotomentosa Quercus morii
Castanopsis umensis Quercus multinervis
Fagus crenata Quercus nubium
Fagus engleriana Quercus oxyodon
Fagus hayatae Quercus salicina
Fagus hayatae subsp. pashanica Quercus serrata
Fagus hayatae var.zhejiangensis Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata
Fagus japonica Quercus sessilifolia
Fagus longipetiolata Quercus sp.
Fagus lucida Quercus spinosa
Fagus multinervis Quercus stenophylloides
Quercus acuta Quercus stewardiana
Lithocarpaceae Lithocarpus carolinae Lithocarpus henryi
Lithocarpus cleistocarpus Lithocarpus megalophyllus
Lithocarpus confinis Lithocarpus naiadarum
Lithocarpus dealbatus Lithocarpus sp1.
Lithocarpus fruncatus Lithocarpus sp2.
Lithocarpus glober Lithocarpus thomsonii
Lithocarpus hancei Lithocarpus variolosus
Lithocarpus harlandii
Junglandaceae Platycarya strobilacea Pterocarya rhoifolia
Pterocarya dalavayi
Myricaceae Myrica rubra var. acuminata
Meliaceae Toona ciliata
Toona sinensis
Oenotheraceae Circaea alpina Circaea mollis
Circaea erubescens
Melastomataceae Barthea formosana Fordiophyton faberi
(continued)
Blastus pauciflorus Sarcopyramis bodinieri

Bredia amoena Sarcopyramis napalensis
Anacardiaceae Rhus ambigua Rhus punfabensis
Rhus chinensis Rhus sp.
Rhus delavayi Rhus trichocarpa
Rutaceae Evodia rutaecarpa var. bodinieri Skimmia japonica f. rugosa
Orixa japonica Skimmia japonica var. intermedia f.
repens
Phellodendron amurense Skimmia reevesiana
Phellodendron chinense Zanthoxylum piperitum
Skimmia arborescens Zanthoxylum scandens
Skimmia japonica Zanthoxylum schinifolium
Sapindaceae Koelreuteria paniculata
Aceraceae Acer amplum Acer mono var. mayrii
Acer argutum Acer mono var. savatieri
Acer capillipes Acer nikoense
Acer carpinifolium Acer nipponicum
Acer crataegifolium Acer okamotoana
Acer davidii Acer oliverianum
Acer diabolicum Acer palmatum
Acer distylum Acer palmatum var. amoenum
Acer elegantulum Acer palmatum var. matsumurae
Acer erianthum Acer prolificum
Acer flabellatum Acer pseudosieboldianum
Acer franchetii Acer rufinerve
Acer ginnola Acer shensiense
Acer grisema Acer shirasawanum
Acer japonicum Acer sieboldianum
Acer kawakamii Acer sinense
Acer laxiflorum Acer sp.
Acer micranthum Acer takesimense
Acer mono Acer tenuifolium
Acer mono f. dissectum Acer tschonoskii
Acer mono var. ambiguum Acer ukurunduense
Acer mono var. connivens Acer wilsonii
Acer mono var. glabrum
Hippocastanaceae Aesculus turbinata Aesculus wilsonii
Stachyuraceae Stachyurus himalaicus Stachyurus praecox
Staphyleaceae Euscaphis japonica Staphylea bumalda
Simaroubaceae Picrasma quassioides
Thymelaeaceae Daphne miyabeana Daphne sp.
Daphne papyracea
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea sp.
(continued)
Tiliaceae Tilia insularis Tilia maximowicziana

Tilia japonica Tilia oliveri
Brassicaceae Eutrema japonica
Dicotyledonae—Asterids
Loranthaceae Viscum aibum var. coloratum
Bretschneideraceae Bretschneidera sinensis
Santalaceae Buckleya henryi Buckleya lanceolata
Polygonaceae Polygonum cuspidatum Polygonum suffultum
Polygonum debile Polygonum tenuicaule
Polygonum filiforme Polygonum thunbergii
Caryophyllaceae Stellaria alsine Stellaria sessiliflora
Stellaria diversiflora Stellaria wushanensis
Stellaria palustris
Amaranthaceae Achyranthes japonica
Cornaceae Aucuba chinensis Dendrobenthamia melanotricha
Aucuba japonica Helwingia chinensis
Aucuba japonica var. borealis Helwingia himalaica
Aucuba obcordata Helwingia japonica
Cornus controversa Torricellia tillifolia
Cornus kousa Toxicodendron radicans var.
hispidus
Cornus macrophylla Toxicodendron succedaneum
Cornus paucinervis Toxicodendron trichocarpa
Cornus sp. Toxicodendron vernicifluum
Dendrobenthamia japonica var.
chinensis
Alangiaceae Alangium chinense Alangium platanifolium var. trilobum
Nyssaceae Davidia involucrata Nyssa javanica
Davidia involucrata var. Nyssa sinensis
vilmoriniana
Ericaceae Arctous alpinas Rhododendron kaempferi
Enkianthus campanulatus Rhododendron lagopus
Enkianthus campanulatus var. Rhododendron latoucheae
ikokianus
Enkianthus cernuus f. rubens Rhododendron leishanicum
Enkianthus chinensis Rhododendron macrocarpum
Enkianthus deflexus Rhododendron mariesii
Enkianthus perlata Rhododendron metternichii
Enkianthus serrulatus Rhododendron metternichii var.
hondoense
Enkianthus subsessilis Rhododendron micranthum
Epigaea asiatica Rhododendron nudipes ssp.
niphophilum
Hugeria vaccinioides Rhododendron ovatum
Leucothoe grayana var. oblongifolia Rhododendron pentaphyllum
Lyonia ovalifolia Rhododendron pseudo-chrysenthnum
(continued)
Lyonia ovalifolia Rhododendron quinquefolium

Lyonia ovalifolia var. elliptica Rhododendron reticulatum
Lyonia ovalifolia var. ovalifolia Rhododendron reticulatum var.
ciliatum
Menziesia ciliicalyx Rhododendron ririei
Menziesia multiflora Rhododendron rivulare
Menziesia pentandra Rhododendron rubropilosum
Pieris formosa Rhododendron semibarbatum
Pieris japonica Rhododendron seniavinii
Pieris taiwanensis Rhododendron simsii
Pieris tomentosa Rhododendron sp.
Rhododendron albrechtii Rhododendron stamineum
Rhododendron anthopogonoides Rhododendron sutchuenense
Rhododendron augustinii Rhododendron wadanum
Rhododendron brachycarpum Rhododendron weyrichii
Rhododendron brachycarpum var. Vaccinium henryi
roseum
Rhododendron bricranthum Vaccinium hirtum
Rhododendron decandrum Vaccinium japonicum
Rhododendron dilatatum Vaccinium japonicum var.
lasiostemon
Rhododendron fargesii Vaccinium oldhamii
Rhododendron formosanum Vaccinium smallii
Rhododendron haofui Vaccinium smallii var. glabrum
Rhododendron hypoglancum Vaccinium sp.
Rhododendron hypoglaucum
Pyrolaceae Chimaphila japonica Pyrola decorata
Monotropa hypopitys Pyrola japonica
Monotropa uniflora Pyrola renifolia
Monotropastrum globosum Pyrola rugosa
Balsaminaceae Impatiens hypophylla Impatiens sp.
Impatiens siculifer
Ebenaceae Diospyros lotus Diospyros morrisiana
Primulaceae Lysimachia ardisioides Primula ovalifolia
Lysimachia clethroides Primula sp.
Myrsinaceae Ardisia affinis Ardisia japonica
Ardisia brevicaulis Ardisia sp.
Ardisia crenata Embelia ribes var.pachyphylla
Ardisia crispa Embelia sp.
Ardisia hypargyera Maesa japonica
Theaceae Adinandra wangii Eurya loquaiana
Camellia brevistyla Eurya muricata
Camellia caudata Eurya nitida
Camellia cuspidata Eurya obtusifolia
Camellia forrestii Eurya ribiginosa var. attenuata
(continued)
Camellia grijsii Eurya semisenullata

Camellia japonica Eurya sp1.
Camellia japonica var. decumbens Eurya sp2.
Camellia pitardii Eurya trichocarpa
Camellia rosthorniana Schima argentea
Camellia sp. Schima crenata
Camellia tenuifolia Schima sinensis
Cleyera incornuta Schima sp.
Cleyera japonica Schima superba
Eurya alata Schima villosa
Eurya brevistyla Stewartia monadelpha
Eurya crenatifolia Stewartia pseudo-camellia
Eurya distichophylla Stewartia serrata
Eurya graffi Stewartia sinensis
Eurya handel-mazzettii Stewartia sp.
Eurya hebeclados Ternstroemia kwangtungensis
Eurya japonica Ternstroemia luteoflora
Eurya leptophylla
Symplocaceae Symplocos adenophylla Symplocos lancifolia
Symplocos adenopus Symplocos lancilimba
Symplocos anomala Symplocos lanrina
Symplocos botryantha Symplocos lucida
Symplocos caudata Symplocos macrostroma
Symplocos chinensis Symplocos myrtacea
Symplocos chinensis var. leucocarpa Symplocos paniculata
f. pilosa
Symplocos cochinchinensis subsp. Symplocos ramosissima
laurina
Symplocos coreana Symplocos sp.
Symplocos crassifolia Symplocos stapfiana
Symplocos discolor Symplocos stellaris
Symplocos glandulifera Symplocos sumuntia
Symplocos glauca Symplocos theaefolia
Symplocos groffii Symplocos wikstroemiifolia
Styracaceae Pterostyrax corymbosa Styrax obassia
Pterostyrax rosea Styrax rosea
Styrax hemsleyana Styrax shiraiana
Styrax japonica Styrax sp.
Diapensiaceae Shortia soldanelloides Shortia uniflora
Shortia soldanelloides var. magnus
Actinidiaceae Actinidia arguta Actinidia polygama
Actinidia chinensis Actinidia sp.
Actinidia coriacea Actinidia vitifolia
Actinidia kolomikta
(continued)
Clethraceae Clethra barbinervis Clethra fargesii

Clethra fabri
Icacinaceae Gomphandra tetrandra Hosiea japonica
Boraginaceae Omphalodes japonica
Gentianaceae Gentiana zollingeri Tripterospermum cordifolium
Helenia elliptica Tripterospermum japonicum
Pterygocalyx volubilis Tripterospermum lanceolata
Tripterospermum affine Tripterospermum sp.
Tripterospermum chinense Tripterospermum taiwanense
Tripterospermum cordatum
Rubiaceae Adina pilulifera Galium trachyspermum
Asperula odorata Galium trifloriforme
Canthium simile Lasianthus biermannii
Damnacanthus angustifolius Lasianthus henryi
Damnacanthus angustifolius var. Lasianthus longicaudus
stenophyllus
Damnacanthus indica Mitchella undulata
Galium asperuloides Morinda umbellata
Galium asperuloides var. Ophiorrhiza japonica
hoffmeisteris
Galium japonicum Paederia scandens
Galium kamtschaticum Prismatomeris henryi
Galium kamtschaticum var. Prismatomeris labordei
acutifolium
Galium kikumugura Rubia chinensis var. glabrescens
Galium kinuta Rubia cordifolia
Galium paradoxum Rubia lanceolata
Galium pogonanthum Rubia leiocaulis
Asclepiadaceae Tylophora aristolochioides
Apocynaceae Cynanchum chinense Trachelospermum asiaticum var.
intermedium
Cynanchum julianae Trachelospermum cathayanum
Cynanchum sp. Trachelospermum jasminoides
Cynanchum sublanceolatum
Oleaceae Forsythia suspensa Ligustrum obtusifolium
Fraxinus apertisquamifera Ligustrum sinense
Fraxinus chinensis Ligustrum tschonoskii
Fraxinus lanuginosa Ligustrum tschonoskii var.
glabrescens
Fraxinus rhynchophylla Osmanthus corymbosus
Fraxinus sieboldiana Osmanthus heterophyllus
Ligustrum delavayanum Osmanthus sp.
Ligustrum foliosum Osmanthus yunanenesis
Ligustrum japonicum
Gesneriaceae Beccarinda tonkinensis Conandron sp.
Chirita sp. Oreocharis benthamii var. reticulata
(continued)
Scrophulariaceae Melampyrum roseum Scrophularia duplicato-serrata

s.l. Pedicularis nasturtifolia Veronica cana var. miqueliana
Lamiaceae Ajuga nipponensis Plectranthus inflexus
Chelonopsis moschata Plectranthus kameba
Clinopodium gracile var. multicaule Plectranthus longitubus
Hanceola sinensis Plectranthus shikokianus var.
intermedius
Isodon excisus Plectranthus umbrosus
Lamium humile Salvia nipponica
Leucosceptrum japonicum Scutellaria baicalensis
Leucosceptrum sp. Scutellaria franchetiana
Leucosceptrum stellipilum var. Scutellaria laeteviolacea
tosaense
Phrymaceae Phryma leptostachya v .asiatica
Verbenaceae Callicarpa brevipes Callicarpa japonica
Callicarpa cathayana Callicarpa japonica var. angustata
Callicarpa giraldii Callicarpa mollis
Aquifoliaceae Ilex chinensis Ilex leucoclada
Ilex ciliospinosa Ilex macropoda
Ilex crenata Ilex pedunculosa
Ilex crenata var. paludosa Ilex penryi
Ilex fargesii Ilex rugosa
Ilex ficoidea Ilex sp.
Ilex fragilis Ilex sugerokii var. brevipedunculata
Ilex franchetiana Ilex szechwanensis
Ilex geniculata Ilex triflora
Ilex intermedia var. fangli Ilex wilsonii
Ilex latifrons Ilex yunnanensis
Caprifoliaceae Abelia dielsii Viburnum cordifolium
Abelia engleriana Viburnum corymbiflorum
Abelia macrotera Viburnum dilatatum
Abelia parvifolia Viburnum erosum
Abelia serrata Viburnum flavescens
Abelia sp. Viburnum foetidum var.
rectangulatum
Abelia spathulata Viburnum furcatum
Abelia spathulata var. sanguinea Viburnum hengshenicum
Abelia spathulata var.stenophylla Viburnum ichangense
Dipelta floribunda Viburnum integrifolium
Lonicera acuminata Viburnum luzonicum
Lonicera gracilipes Viburnum phlebotrichum
Lonicera gracilipes var. glandulosa Viburnum plicatum var.tomentosum
Lonicera gynochlamydea Viburnum rhytidophyllum
Lonicera henryi Viburnum setigerum
Lonicera japonica Viburnum sieboldii
(continued)
Lonicera ligustrina Viburnum sp.

Lonicera pseudoproterantha Viburnum sympodiale
Lonicera similis Viburnum taiwanianum
Lonicera sp. Viburnum urceolatum
Sambucus sieboldiana Viburnum urceolatum var.
procumbens
Sambucus sieboldiana var. miquelii Viburnum willeanum
Sambucus williamsii var. coreana Viburnum wrightii
Viburnum betulifolium Weigela hortensis
Valerianaceae Patrinia scabiosaefolia Valeriana degeletiana
Patrinia triloba var. palmata
Campanulaceae Adenophora cordifolia Adenophora trachelioides
Adenophora hunanensis Peracarpa carnosa
Adenophora polymorpha Peracarpa carnosa var. circaeoides
Adenophora remotiflora Peracarpa sp.
Pittosporaceae Pittosporum glabratum var.
neriifolium
Araliaceae Acanthopanax evodiaefolius Hedera nepalansis var. sinensis
Acanthopanax evodiaefolius var. Hedera nepalensis
gracilis
Acanthopanax evod. var. Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis
pseudoevodiaefolius
Acanthopanax fargersii Hedera rhombea
Acanthopanax giraldii Hedera rhombera var. formosana
Acanthopanax henryi Hedera sp.
Acanthopanax hypoleucus Kalopanax pictus
Acanthopanax sciadophylloides Kalopanax septemlobus
Acanthopanax simonii Nothopanax davidii
Acanthopanax sp. Oplopanax japonicus
Acanthopanax spinosus Panax japonicus
Acanthopanax trichodon Panax transitorius
Aralia chinensis Schefflera bodinieri
Dendropanax chevalieri Schefflera glomerulata
Dendropanax hainanensis Schefflera producta
Dendropanax macrocarpus
Evodiopanax innovans
Apiaceae Aegopodium alpestre Osmorhiza aristata
Angelica edulis Pternopetalum tanakae
Angelica polymorha Sanicula chinensis
Angelica pubescens Spuriopimpinella calycina
Centella asiatica Spuriopimpinella nikoensis
Chamaele decumbens Tilingia holopetala
Dystaenia takesimana
(continued)
Asteraceae Ainsliaea acerifolia Carpesium triste

Ainsliaea acerifolia var. subapoda Cirsium buergeri
Ainsliaea apiculata Cirsium effusum
Ainsliaea gracilis Cirsium microspicatum
Ainsliaea grossedentata Cirsium nipponicum var.
shikokianum
Ainsliaea henryi Cremanthodium decaisnel
Ainsliaea macroclinidioides Eupatorium chinense var.
simplicifolium
Ainsliaea rubrinervis Eupatorium japonicum
Ainsliaea triflora Eupatorium shinense
Ainsliaea yunnanensis Grangea maderaspatana
Anaphalis margaritacea Lactuca graciliflora
Aster ageratoides Ligularia dentata
Aster ageratoides ssp. amplexifolius Ligularia fischeri
Aster ageratoides var. harae f. Ligularia stenocephala
leucanthus
Aster dimorphophyllus Ligularia veitchiana
Aster glehnii Miricacalia makineana
Aster procerus Pertya cordifolia
Aster scaber Pertya glabrescens
Cacalia adenostyloides Pertya rigidula
Cacalia ainsliaeflora Pertya robusta
Cacalia delphiniifolia Pertya scandens
Cacalia farfaraefolia var. bulbifera Pertya triloba
Cacalia hastata var. farfaraefolia Prenanthes acerifolia
Cacalia hastata var. tanakae Saussurea cordifolia
Cacalia nikomontana Saussurea grandifolia
Cacalia profundorum Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica
Cacalia roborowskii Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantea
Cacalia sp. Solidago virga-aurea var. leiocarpa
Cacalia tebakoensis Syneilesis palmata
Cacalia yatabei Synurus deltoides
Cacalia yatabei var. occidentalis Synurus pungens
References
Braun-Blanquet J, Sissingh G, Vlieger J (1939) Prodromus der Pflanzengesellschaften. 6. Klasse

der Vaccinio-Piceetea. Comit International du Prodromus der Phytosociologique, Hannover
Braun EL (1974) Deciduous forests of Eastern North America. The Free Press, New York, p 596
Ellenberg H (1988) Vegetation ecology of central Europe, 4th edn. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, p 731
Fujiwara K (1981) Phytosociological investigation of the evergreen broad-leaved forests of
Japan—I. Bull Inst Environ Sci Technol Yokohama Nat Univ 7(1):67–133 (in Japanese with
English abstract)
Hijmans RJ, Cameron SE, Parra JL, Jones PG, Jarvis A (2005) Very high resolution interpolated
climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol 25:1965–1978
Qian H, Wang S, He J-S, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang X, Guo K (2006) Phytogeographical analysis of
seed plant genera in China. Ann Bot 98:1073–1084
Horikawa Y, Sasaki Y (1959) Phytosociological studies on the vegetation of Geihoku-district (the
Sandankyo Gorge and its vicinity), Hiroshima Prefecture. In: Hiroshima Educational Commit-
tee (ed) Scientific Researches of the Sandankyo Gorge and the Yawata Highland. Hiroshima
Educational Committee, Hiroshima, pp 85–108
Hoshino Y (1998) Phytosociological studies of Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata forest in
Japan. Bull Faculty Agric Tokyo Univ Agric Technol 32:1–99 (in Japanese with English
abstract)
Hsieh CF (1989) Structure and floristic composition of the beech forest in Taiwan. Taiwania
34:28–44
Hukusima T, Lu SY, Matsui T, Nishio T, Liu CL, Pignatti S (2005) Phytosociological study of
Fagus hayatae forests in Taiwan. Rend Lincei Sci Fis Nat 9 16:171–189
Hukusima T, Nashimoto M, Watanabe I (1984) Phytosociological studies on the beech forests in
Hokkaido, Japan. Tech Bull Faculty Hortic Chiba Univ 33:117–131 (in Japanese with English
abstract)
Hukusima T, Nishio T, Matsui T (2001) Floristic composition and differentiation of the
associations of beech forests in Japan. Hikobia 13:335–353 (in Japanese with English
summary)
Hukusima T, Takasuna H, Matsui T, Nishio T, Kyan Y, Tsunetomi Y (1995) New phytosociologi-
cal classification of beech forests in Japan. Jpn J Ecol 45:79–98 (in Japanese with English
abstract)
Ishizuka K, Saito K, Sasaki Y, Hatakeyama S (1992) The newly detected northern Extreme Stands
of Japanese Beech, Fagus japonica Maxim. in North Iwate. J Jpn Bot 67(1):35–43 (in Japanese
with English abstract)
Japan Meteorological Agency (1996) Climate normals for Japan. Japan Meteorological Agency,
Tokyo, Japan (in Japanese)
Kim JW (1988) The phytosociology of the forest vegetation on Ulreung-do, Korea.
Phytocoenologia 16:259–281
256 References
Kim S-D, Kimura M, Yim Y-J (1986) Phytosociological studies on the beech (Fagus multinervis
Nakai) forest and the pine (Pinus parviflora S. et Z.) forest of Ulreung Island, Korea. Korean J
Bot 29:53–66
Kolbek J, Jarolimek I, Valachovic M (2003) Forest vegetation of the Northern Korean Peninsula.
In: Kolbek, Srutek, Box (ed) Forest vegetation of Northeast Asia. Kluer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp 263–361
Miyawaki A (1981) Nihon Shokusei Shi [Vegetation of Japan]: Vol. 2, Kyushu. Shibundo, Tokyo,
Japan, p 484
Miyawaki A, Fujiwara K, Harada H, Kusunoki T, Okuda S (1971) Vegetationskundliche
Untersuchungen in der Stadt Zushi bei Yokohama—Besondere Betrachtung mit Camellietea
japonicae Wald (immergrüner Laubwald) Japans. Zushi Educational Community, Kanagawa,
p 151
Miyawaki A, Ohba T (1963) Castanopsis sieboldii-Wälder auf den Amami-Inseln. Sci Rep
Yokohama Natl Univ II Biol Geol Sci 9:31–48
Miyawaki A, Ohba T, Murase N (1964) Pflanzensoziologische Studien über die Vegetation im
Tanzawa-Gebirge. In: National Park Association (ed) Scientific Reserach of Tanzawa-
Ohyama. Kanagawa Prefectur, Yokohama, pp 54–102 (in Japanese with German summary)
Miyawaki A, Ohba T, Okuda S, Yamanaka K, Fujiwara K (1968) Pflanzensoziologische Studien
über die Vegatation der Umgebung von Echigo-Sanzan and Okutadami. In: Echigo-Sanzan/
Okutadami Scientiphic Resarch Group (ed) Scientific research of Echigo-Sanzan and
Okutadami National Park, Scientific Report of the Nature Conservation Society of Japan.
Nihon Sizen Hogo Kyoukai [Nature Conservation Society of Japan], Tokyo, pp 57–12 (in
Japanese with German summary)
Nakanishi S, Honma H, Tasumi Y (1970) Studies on the vegetation of Mt. Hyonosen and Onzui
areas, Hyogo Prefecture. Bull Fac Educ Kobe Univ 42:111–132 (in Japanese with English
summary)
Oono K, Hara M, Fujihara M, Hirata K (1997) Comparative studies on floristic composition of the
lucidophyll forests in southern Kyushu, Ryukyu and Taiwan. Nat Hist Res Special Issue
4:17–79
Pignatti S (1977) Die Waldvegetation Japans und Westeuropas—Ein Vergleich. In: Miyawaki A,
Tüxen R (eds) Vegetation science and environmental protection. Maruzen, Tokyo, pp 495–500
Sasaki Y (1964) Phytosociological studies on beech forests of southwestern Honshu, Japan. J Sci
Hiroshima Univ B Dviision 2 10:1–55
Sasaki Y (1970) Versuch zur Systematischen und Geographischen Gliederung der Japanischen
Buchenwaldgesellschaften. Vegetatio 20:214–244
Song J (1988) Phytosociological study of the mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaf forests in
south Korea. Hikobia 10:145–156
Suzuki S (2002) Phytosociological studies on the Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata forests in
comparison with Quercus serrata forests in Japan. Ecohabitat 9:1–23
Suzuki S, Miyawaki A (2001) The forest vegetation in the lower part of the Fagetea crenatae
region in Japan -on Fagus japonica forests. Phytocoenologia 31(3):427–443
Suzuki T (1949a) The beech forest of Hiyama subprovince, Hokkaido. J Jpn For Soc 31:138–145
(in Japanese with English Summary)
Suzuki T (1949b) The temperate forest vegetation in the upper stream-area of River Tenryu.
Gijyutsu Kenkyu (Tokyo Regional Forestry Office) 1:77–91 (in Japanese with English
summary)
Suzuki T (1952) Toa no Shinrin Shokusei [The forest vegetation in East Asia]. Kokon Shoin,
Tokyo, p 137, in Japanese
Suzuki T (1954) The forest vegetation of the north-formosana mountains. Jpn J Ecol 4(1):7–13 (in
Japanese with English Summary)
Suzuki T (1966) Preliminary system of the Japanese natural communities. Jpn J For Environ 8
(1):1–12 (in Japanese with English Summary)
References 257
Suzuki T, Arakane M (1968) Flora of higher plants in the Kuzyu volcanic mountains (in Japanese).
Scientic Research Report of Kuzyu, Oita, pp 87–123
Takeda Y, Nakanishi S, Choe D (1994) Phytosociological study on natural summer-green forests
in Korea. Ecol Res 9:21–32
Takeda Y, Uemura S, Nakanishi S (1983) The phytosociological study of Quercus mongolica var.
grosseserrata forests in Hokkaido. Bull Faculty Educ Kobe Univ 71:105–123
Wang L, Fujiwara K, You H-M (2006) A vegetation-ecological study of deciduous broad-leaved
forests in Heilongjiang Province, China: species composition, structure, distribution and
phytosociological scheme. Hikobia 14:431–457
Wang Z-X, Fujiwara K, Lei Y (2005) Phytosociological study of the Fagus lucida forests and
Fagus engleriana forests in China. J Phytogeogr Taxon 53:43–65
Wang ZX, Fujiwara K (2003) A preliminary vegetation study of Fagus forests in central China:
species composition, structure and ecotypes. J Phytogeogr Taxon 51:137–157
Wu ZY, Zhu YC, Jiang HQ (eds) (1987) Vegetation of Yunnan. Science Publishing, Beijing,
p 1024 (in Chinese)
Wu C-Y (1991) The areal-types of Chinese genera of seed plants. Acta Bot Yunnan suppl
IV:1–139
Wu C-Y (1993) Addenda et corrigenda ad typi arealorum generorum spermatophytorum
sinicarum. Acta Bot Yunnan suppl IV:141–178
Yun J-H, Hukusima T, Kim M-H, Yoshikawa M, Homma H (2008) The comparative studies on the
species composition and distribution of the forest communities in the Korean Peninsula,
northern Kyushu and the satellite islands. Veg Sci 25:75–93
Zhu H (2008) The tropical flora of Southern Yunnan, China, and its phytogeographical affinities.
Ann Missouri Bot Garden 95:661–680
Relevant Websites
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Website: http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/
Flora of China: http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id¼2
Flora of Taiwan: http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id¼101

Phytosociology of The Beech Forests in East Asia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Phytosociology of The Beech Forests in East Asia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geobotany Studies

Basics, Methods and Case Studies

Basics, Methods and Case Studies

For further volumes:

The series includes outstanding monographs and collections of papers on a given

Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extra.springer.com

ISBN 978-3-642-35619-3 ISBN 978-3-642-35620-9 (eBook)

# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)

1 Phytosociology of the Beech (Fagus) Forests in East Asia . . . . . . . . . 1

Table 3.1a Synoptic table of the beech forests in East Asia

T. Hukusima et al., Phytosociology of the Beech (Fagus) Forests in East Asia, 1

1.2 Fagus Species and Associated Forests in East Asia

high at 74 %. Reflecting this environment, hygrophilous pteridophytes are domi-

Hayata (including Fagus hayatae ssp. pashanica C.C.Yang as well as Fagus

1.3 Methods for Structuring the Vegetation Analysis

As a general rule in structuring these association tables, we used the phytosocio-

1.4 Classification of the Plant Communities

2.1 Introductory Notes

T. Hukusima et al., Phytosociology of the Beech (Fagus) Forests in East Asia, 9

2.2 I. Fagetea crenatae (Miyawaki et al. 1964) (Run. No. 1–27)

Character species: Hydrangea petiolaris, Schizophragma hydrangeoides, Sorbus

Fig. 2.2 Landscape of Fagus

2.2.1 A. Fagetalia multinervis (Kim et al. 1986) (Run. No. 1–5)

Character species: Acer okamotoana, Acer takesimense, Prunus takesimensis,

Fig. 2.3 Inner view of Fagus

Fig. 2.4 Fagus multinervis

Fig. 2.5 Leaves of Fagus

2.2.2 B. Saso-Fagetalia (Suzuki 1966) (Run. No. 6–27)

Character species: Fagus crenata, Acanthopanax sciadophylloides, Magnolia

japonicum, Dryopteris sabaei, Carex dolichostachya var. glaberrima, Prunus

by man, and tend to be second growth. Of these, Quercetalia serratae-grosseserratae

Fig. 2.7 A typical Fagus

Fig. 2.8 A typical summer

Fig. 2.9 Fagus crenata

Fig. 2.10 An internal view

Fig. 2.11 Fagus crenata

Fig. 2.12 Camellia japonica

Fig. 2.13 Camellia japonica

Fig. 2.14 Leaves of Fagus

Fig. 2.15 Physiognomy of

Fig. 2.16 Multi-stemmed

Fig. 2.17 Leaves in Fagus

Fig. 2.18 Leaves of

Fig. 2.19 Landscape of the

Fig. 2.20 Internal view of

Fig. 2.21 Internal view of

Fig. 2.22 Mixed Fagus

study we classified Styraci shiraianae-Fagetum japonicae Y. Sasaki in Miyawaki

Character species: Fagus longipetiolata, Litsea elongata, Smilax discotis,

evergreen broad-leaved forests: here we have the transition to a different, still

2.3.1 C. Sinarundinario nitidae–Fagetalia sp. div. (Run. No. 28–46)

Character species: Fraxinus chinensis, Pyrola decorata, Stewartia sinensis,

Fig. 2.23 Landscape of

Fig. 2.24 Internal view of

Fig. 2.25 Leaves and

diameter. In the mostly deciduous canopy, Quercus glandulifera, which is an

Fig. 2.26 Landscape of

Fig. 2.27 Fagus hayatae

Fig. 2.28 The leaves of

in Badagongshan, while it is somewhat lower in Sinarundinario bashersuto-

Fig. 2.29 Fagus lucida