I

DICTIONARY

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
DENTAL SURGERY.
 ' •• K.i. ,

*
•i I . /
 DICTIONARY
OF

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY,

DENTAL SURGEfiY
AND THE

COLLATERAL SCIENCES.

CHAPIN A. HARRIS, M. D., D. D. S.

PROFESSOR OP TIIE PRINCIPLES OF DENTAL SURGERY IN THE BALTIMORE COLLEGE MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN
;

MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; MEMBER OF TIIE MEDIOO-CIIIRURGICAL FACULTY OF MARYLAND J AUTHOR

OF PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF DENTAL SURGERY, ETC. ETC.

SECOND EDITION.
CAREFULLY REVISED AND ENLARGED.

OFFICr
URS0N GENERAL'S |

MR 5.HKi> |

PHILADELPHIA:
LINDSAY &, BLAKISTON.
1855.
 1855

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by

LINDSAY & BLAKISTON,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania.

SnEBWOOD <& Co., Printebb,

BALTIMORE.
 TO

ELEAZAE PAEMLY, M. D, D. D. S.

LATE PROVOST OF THE BALTIMORE COLLEGE OP DENTAL SURGERY

AS A TOKEN OF

ESTEEM FOR GREAT PROFESSIONAL AND PRIVATE WORTH,

AND AS A

TRIBUTE OF AFFECTIONATE REGARD,

THIS WORK
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,

BY HIS FRIEND,

THE AUTHOR.
 PREFACE
TO THE SECOND EDITION.

The steady and constantly increasing demand for this

work having long since exhausted the first edition, the

author is encouraged to believe that he was not altogether

mistaken in his opinion that a Dictionary containing satisfac-
tory definitions of the words and technicalities belonging to

Dental Surgery, as well as to the other branches of Medicine

and to the Collateral Sciences, was needed. But in the

preparation of the first edition he omitted many of the terms

belonging to the last mentioned departments of science,

fearing they might be regarded as out of place in a lexicon

designed principally for the student and practitioner of

Dentistry. Subsequent reflection has convinced him that a
more extended view of the subject was necessary, since the

scope of professional education for the Dentist has become

so widened that general Medicine and Collateral Science

are now, to a considerable extent, embraced in the curricu-

lum of Dental study. He has, therefore, introduced into the

present edition, not only the words and phrases purposely

omitted in the first, but also those that have subsequently

X PREFACE.
been added to the literature of the above mentioned depart-
ments of science, thus making it a complete Dictionary of
Medicine as well as of Dental Surgery.
The present edition contains about eight thousand more
words than the first. The introduction of these without very

greatly increasing its size, which the author was anxious to

avoid, rendered it necessary to rewrite and compress the

heavier and more elaborate articles into much narrower

limits than were originally assigned to them, and to strike out
the Bibliographical and Biographical departments altogether.

The last was done the more willingly, as a work embracing

these subjects, by a very able pen, has already been an-

nounced as in preparation. The character of the book in

this respect being changed, a corresponding alteration of title

became necessary. All the words, technicalities and other

subjects belonging to Dental Surgery proper, have been

retained, and all new terms, descriptions of subsequent dis-

coveries and improvements in the art and science, have been

carefully added. Numerous synonyms have also been in-

troduced, and it is believed that no important word, in any of

the specialties of Medicine, which has at all passed into

general use, has been refused a place and a minute and

careful definition in the present edition of the work.

The author has of course, as stated in the preface to the

first edition, made free use of the various Dictionaries of

Medicine, Science and Art ; among which he would particu-

larly mention, Hooper's, Cooper's, Dunglison's, Gardener's,

Palmer's, Hoblyn's, Motherby's, the first three hundred pages

 PREFACE. XI

of Mayne's Expository Lexicon, now in progress of publica-

tion ; the French Dictionary of Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy,

Physics, Chemistry and Natural History ; Brande's Encyclo-

paedia ; Ure's Dictionary of the Arts, and Ogilvie's Impe-
rial Dictionary. It was his intention to give due credit
to each author for all original matter taken from his pages,

but this was soon found to be impracticable, inasmuch as a

very superficial comparison of the several works of the kind,

in our own and other languages, served to show that defini-

tions had been considered common property, and transferred

from one work to another without acknowledgment, until

the paternity was beyond satisfactory ascertainment. He

has, therefore, availed himself of the common privilege which
seems to have been claimed by all lexicographers who have
preceded him. For the definitions of the terms belonging

to general Medicine and the Collateral Sciences, he claims

no special originality, although where alterations seemed
necessary, he has not hesitated to make them, and in all in-

stances he has endeavored to be as concise as possible, and

in most cases to give the definition of each word in im-

mediate connection with it, without referring first to one,

and then to another and another synonym for it, as is fre-

quently done by most lexicographers. In these departments

of the work he has confined himself, for the most part, to

mere definitions, but on all subjects connected with Dental

Surgery proper, as well as with the anatomical structures,

diseases, treatment and operations on the mouth and adja-

cent parts, this Dictionary will be found very full. It also
XII PREFACE.
contains many words belonging to the literature of general

Medicine not found in other Dictionaries.

Besides the works already referred to, the author has availed

himself of the best standard authorities in all the depart-

ments of Science and Art, the terms, phrases, and techni-

calities of which this volume professes to contain. In short,

he has spared neither pains nor labor to make the work

desirable and useful. To what extent his efforts will prove

successful, remains for others to determine.

While the book was passing through the press, the author

received many useful suggestions and much valuable aid from

Professors A. S. Piggot and W. R. Handy, to whom he begs

to express, in this public manner, his most grateful acknow-

ledgments.
CHAPIN A. HARRIS.
NORTH EAST CORNER CHARLES AND \
LEXINGTON STREETS. /

Baltimore, Oct. 9th, 1854.

 . DICTIONAKY
OF

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
AND

DENTAL SURGERY.
ABB ABB
A. In some words of Greek derivation ABBREVIATION. Abbrevia'lio; from
this letter is employed as a prefix, in a priv- brecis, short. In Medical Prescriptions,
ative sense, denoting the absence or priva- letters, parts of words, or certain symbols,
tion of any thing as acephalous, headless
;
;
by which the thing meant is designated.
aphonia, voicelessness ; aphyllous, leafless. Thus,
A. or aa. is an abbreviation of the Greek A. or A A. ana, of each ingredient.
ava, ana, of each, and is used in Medical Abdom. Abdomen, the belly.
prescriptions to denote that an equal quan- Abs.febr. Abscnte febre, in the absence
tity of two or more ingredients is to be of fever.
taken. See Abbreviation. Add. Adde et addantur, add, let there
AAA. In Chemistry, a contraction of bo added.
Amalgama, an amalgam. Ad dcf. animi. Ad defectionem animi,
ABACTUS. The words abactus venter to fainting.
have been used to signify a miscarriage. Ad gr. Acid. Ad gratam aciditatem,
ABAN'GA. The eatable fruit of a palm to an agreeable sourness.
tree, the Palma ady. It is called caryoces Ad lib. Ad libitum, at pleasure.
and cariosse. See Palma Ady. Admov. Admovatur, let it be applied.
ABAPTISTON. Abapiis'ta, from a, Adst. febre. Adstante febre, when the
priv., and fkatrtfyt, to plunge. The old fever is on.
trepan, which was shaped like a truncated Aggred. febre. Aggrcdiente febre, while
cone, to prevent it from suddenly plunging the fever is coming on.
into the brain. Various contrivances were Altern. hoiis. Alternis horis, every
adapted to it to avoid this difficulty. other hour.
ABAEEMO-TEMO. A tree of the moun- Alvo adst. Alvo adstricta, when the
tains of Brazil, supposed to be a Mimosa. bowels arc bound.
ABARTIUULATION. From ah, and Amp. Amplus, large.
articulus, a joint. That sjiecies of articu- Anodyn. Anodynus, anodyne.
lation which admits of manifest motion. Applic. Applicetur, let there be applied.
See Diarthrosis and Synarthrosis. Aa. Aqua, water.
ABAS. See Tinea. Sometimes it sig- Aq. bull. Aqua bullions, boiling water.
nifies Epilepsy. Aq. dist. Aqua distillata, distilled wa-
ABBEVILLE, MINERAL WATERS ter.

OF. An acidulous chalybeate Spring, at Aquafcrv. Aqua fervens, boiling water.

Abbeyville, France. Aq.font. Aqua fontana, spring water.
2
 ABC 14 ABB
Aq. marin. Aqua marina, sea water. Decub. Decubitus, lying down, going
Aq. pluv. Aqua pluvialis, rain water. to bed. Attitude of one lying down.
Aq. pur. Aqua pura, pure water. De d. in d. De die in diem, from day
B. A. Balneum arena, a sand bath. to day.

Bain, mar ice. Balneum marie, a salt Dej. alvi. Dcjcctiones alvi, alvine evac-
water bath. uations.
Bain. tep. Balneum tepidum, a warm Dep. Depuratus, purified.
bath. Del. Detur, let it be given.
Bain. tap. Balneum vaporis, a vapor Dext. lat. Dextrum latalis, right side.

bath. Dicb. alt. Diebus alternis, every other

Bib. Bibe, drink. day.
Bis ind. Bis indies, twice a day. Dieb. tert. Diebus tertiis, every third
Bol. Bolus, a bolus. day.
Bull. Bulliat, let it boil. Dig. Digeratur, let it be digested.
Cap. Capiat, let him take. Dil. Dilutus, diluted.
Cat. Cataplasma, a cataplasm. Dim. Dimidium, one half.

Cath. Catharticus, a cathartic. Dir. prop. Directione propria, with a

C. 0. Cornu cervi, hartshorn. proper direction.
C. C. U. Cornu cervi ustuin, burnt Dist. Distillata, distilled.

hartshorn. Diuiarn. Diuturnus, long continued.

C. M. Cras mane, to-morrow morning. Div. Divide, divide.
C. N. Cras nocte, to-morrow night. Donee, alv. sol. fuer. Donee alvus so-
Cochl. Cochleare, a spoon, a spoonful. luta fuerit, until the bowels are opened.
Cocld. inf. Cochleare infantis, a child's Drach. Drachma, a drachm.
spoon. Ed. Edulcora, sweeten ; Edulcorate.
Cochl. magn. Cochleare magnum, a table Ejusd. Ejusdem, of the same.
spoon. Elect. Electuarium, electuary.
Cochl. mod. Cochleare modicum, a des- Emp. Emplastrum, a plaster.
sert spoon. Encni. Enema, a clyster.

Cochl. parv. Cochleare parvum, a tea Exhib. Exhibiatur, let it be given.

spoon. F. or ft. Fiat, let it be made.
Col. Colatus, strained. F. Fil. Fiat pilula, make it into a pill.
Colai. Colatur, let it be strained. F. V. S. Fiat venajsectio, bleed.
Colent. Colcntur, let them be strained. Feb. dur. Febre durante, during the
Comp. Compositus, compound. fever.
Conf. Confectio, a confection. Fm. Filtra, filter.
Cong. Congius, a gallon. Fl. Fluidus, liquid.
Cont. Continuetur, let it be continued. Flor. Flores, nWers.
Cop. Copiosus, abundant. Fol. Folium, a leaf.
Cart. Cortex, bark. Fot. Fotus, a fomentation.
Coq. Coque, boil. Gr. Granum, a grain.
Crast. Crastinus, for to-morrow. Oil. Gutta, a drop.
C. V. Cras vespere, to-morrow evening. Gum. Gummi, gum.
Cucurb cruent. A cupping glass. PI. D. Hora decubitus, at bed time.
Cuj. Cujus, of which. II. S. Hora somni, on retiring to rest.
Cujusl. Cujuslibet, of any. Ind. Indies, daily.
Cyath. theoz. Cyatho thfiffl, in a cup of Inf. Infusum, infusion.
tea. Inj. enem. Injiciatur enema, let a clys-
Deb. spiss. Dcbita spissitudo, a pro- ter be given.
per consistence. Inject. Injectio, an injection.
Dec. Decanta, decanted. Jul. Julepus, a julep.
 ABB 15 ABB
Lai. dol. Lfiteri dolenti, to the pained Q. P. Quantum placet, as much as you
side. please.
lb. Libra, a pound weight. Q. S. Quantum sufficiat, as much as is

Lim. Limones, lemons. sufficient.

Liq. liquor, liquor. PL Eecipe, take.

Lot. Lotioj lotion. Had. Radix, root.
M. Misce, mix. Pas. Rasurae, shavings.
Mac. Maeora, macerate. Pect. Rectificatus, rectified.
Man. Manipulus, a handful. Bed. in pule. Redactus in pulverem,
Min.Minimum, the 60th part of a powdered.
drachm, by measure. Peg. lie]?. Regio hepatis, in the region
Mist. Mistura, a mixture. of the liver.
Mitt. Sang. Mittatur sanguis, let blood Peg. limb. Regio umbilici, the umbili-
be drawn. cal region.

Mod. p-a>s. Modo pnescripto, in the 8. A. Secundum artem, according to

manner directed. art.

Mor. sol. More solito, in the usual Sacch. Saccharum, sugar.

way. Sirob. cord. Scrobiculus cordis, the pit
Muc. Mucilago, mucilage. 'of the stomach.
N. Noctc, at night. Sem. Semen, seed.
No. Numero, in number. Semi-dr. Semi-drachma, half a drachm.
N. M. Nux moschata, a nutmeg. Semi-h. Semi-hora, half an hour.
0. Octarius, a pint. Scq. luce. Sequcnti luce, the following
01. Oleum, oil. day.
Omn. alt. hor. Omnibus alternis horis, Serv. Serva, kee]i ;
preserve.
every other hour. Si op. sit. Si opus sit, if there be occa-
Omn. hor. C)mni hora, every hour. sion.
Omn. bid. Omni biduo, every two days. Si vir. pcfrm. Si vires pcrmittant; if

Omn. bih. Omni bihorio, every two Lours. the strength will permit.
Omn. man. Omni mane, every morn- Signal. Signatura, a label ; also, signe-
ing. tur, let it be labeled.
Omn. nod. Omni nocto, every night. Sing. Singulorum, of each.
0. O. O. Oleum olivaa optimum, best Sol. Solutio, solution.
olive oil. Solv. Solve, dissolve.
Ov. Ovum, an egg. S. 0. S. Si opus sit, if there be occa-
Ox. Oxymel, a syrup of hone}' and sion.
vinegar. Sp. Spiritus, spirit.
Oz. Unci a, an ounce. Sq. Squama, scale.
P. JE. Partes a'quales, equal parts. Ss. Semissis, half.
Part. vie. Partitis vicibus, in divided St. Stet, let it stand.
doses. Substtlph. Subsulphas, a subsulphate.
Per salt. Per saltum, by leaps. Sublep. Subtepidus, lukewarm.
PU. Pilula, a pill. Succ. Succus, juice.
P. r. n. Pro re nata, as circumstances S. V. Spiritus vini, spirit of wine.
may require. S. V. R. Spiritus vini rectificatus, rec-
P. rat. cat. Pro ratione ajtatis, accord- tified spirits of wine.
ing to the age of the patient. Syr. Syrupus, syrup.
Pro. pot. com. Pro potu communi, for T. 0. Tinctura opii, tincture of opium.
a common drink. T. O. C. Tinctura opii camphorata.
Prox. Inc. Proxima luce, the day before. Paregoric elixir.

Pulv. Pulvis, powder. Tr. or Unci. Tinctura, tincture.

 ; . ;

ABD 16 ABE
Trit. Tritura, triturate. ABDOMINA'LES. An order of soft-
Troch. Trochiscus, a troche or lozenge. finned fishes which have the ventral fin
Umb. Umbilicus, the navel. placed under the abdomen, behind the pec-
Uag. Ungucntum, ointment. torals, as the salmon, the trout, &c.
Usq. ut liq. anim. Usque ut liquerit ABDOMINOSCOTY. Abdominoscopia
animus, until fainting is produced. from abdomen, and ckotteu, I view. Ex-
Utend. Utendus, to be used. amination of the abdomen for the detection
Vent. Ventriculus, the stomach. of disease.
V. 0. S. Vitello ovi solutus, dissolved ABD U'CENT. Drawing apart or from.
in the yolk of an egg. The sixth pair of nerves are called the
V. S. Venajsectio, bleeding. nerd abducentes. See abductor.
Zz. Zingiber, ginger. ABDUCTION. Abductio; from abdu-
TTJ, . Minimum, a minim. cere, to separate. The action by which a
Gr. Grana, a grain. limb or part is separated from the axis of
9 . Scrupulum, a scruple. the body. In Surgery, a fracture near the
5 • Dracluna, a drachm, troy. articular extremity of a bone in which the
| . Uncia, an ounce, troy. fragments recede from each other. Ceelius
ffi. Libra, a pound. Aurelianus uses this word to express a
ss. Semissis, half. strain.

j, one ; ij, two ; iij, three ; iv, four, &c. ABDUCTOR. From abducere, to sepa-
See Prescription. rate. In Anatomy, a muscle which sepa-
ABDO'MEN. From Mere, to hide, rates the part or member to which it is
because it conceals the viscera. The larg- attached from some other part. Its antag-

est cavity in the body, bounded, supe- onist is called adductor.

riorly,by the diaphragm inferiorly, by Abductor Auricularis. A portion of
;

the pelvis laterally and anteriorly, by an the posterior auris.

;

expansion of muscles and posteriorly, by Abductor Indicis Manus. An inter-

;

the lumbar vertebra?. osseous muscle of the fore-finger.

ABDOMINAL. Pertaining to the ab- Abductor Indicts Pedis. A muscle of
domen, as the abdominal muscles, abdom- the fore-toe.
inal viscera, &c. Abductor Medii Digiti Pedis. A
Abdominal Regions. The abdomen is muscle of the middle toe
divided into three zones : 1. The epigas- Abductor Minimi Digiti Manus. A
tric or upper ; 2. The umbilical, or middle muscle of the little finger.

3. The hypogastric, or lower region. Each Abductor Minimi Digiti Pedis. A

i >f these is sub-divided into three compart- muscle of the little toe.

ments or regions, a middle and two lateral. Abductor Ppllicis Manus. A mus-
The middle or the upper, situated over the cle of the thumb.
small end of the stomach, Abductor Pollicis Pedis. A muscle
is the epigastric
proper j and the two
under the of the great toe. lateral,

cartilages of the ribs, are the hypochon- Abductor Tertii Digiti Pedis. A
driac regions. The middle region is divi- muscle of the foot.
ded into the central or umbilical, and two ABELMELUCH. A species of Riei-
lateral or lumbar regions. The lower re- nus ; also the name of a tree growing near
gion is divided into the central or hypogas- Mecca, the seeds of which are said to act
tric proper, and on each side there is an as a violent cathartic.
iliac or inguinal region. ABELMOS'CHUS. An Arabic name
To the above, anatomists have added a musked seeds. The musky seeds,
signifying
tenth region, called the regio pubica, and Grana moschata, of a species of Hibiscus,
situated on the front surface of the pubic employed by the Arabians for flavoring
bone. coffee.
 ;

ABL 17 ABR
ABERRATION. Aberratio; from ab ABLATION. Ablatio; from avfero,
errare, to stray ; to wander from. Devi- to remove. Removal or separation of a
ated from that which is natural; irregular- part, limb, organ or tumor, by accident or
ity; deviation from the healthy condition surgical operation.
ii^the appearance, structure, or functions ABLEP'SY. Ablepsia; from a, priv.,
of one or more organs ; mental alienation. and ftTieiTu, to see. Blindness.
In Optics, a deviation of the rays of light ABLUENTS.
; from athi ere, Ablnentia
from a true focus, in certain lenses, pro- to wash. Detergents; cleansing remedies.
ducing a distorted or colored image. When ABLUTION. Abhdio; to wash away.
the image is distorted the aherration is said The act of cleansing or purifying with
to he spherical; when it is colored hy pris- water.
matic hues, it is called a chromatic aherra- ABNOR'MAL. From ab, from, and
tion. norma, rule. Not conformable to rule
ABERDEVINE. The Carduelis spinus irregular.
of Cuvier, a small green and yellow finch, ABOLITION. AboUtio; from abolere,
belonging to the same subgenus as the to abolish. Cessation of the function of
goldfinch of England. the whole, or part of the body, as the loss

ABEVACUATION. A term used by of sight, hearing, &c.

some old medical writers to express a par- ABOMA'SUS. Abomasum. The fourth
tial or incomplete evacuation of the faulty stomach of ruminating animals, the one
humors, whether by nature or by art. from which, in calves, rennet is formed.
ABHAL. An Asiatic fruit, obtained ABORTION. Abortio. Miscarriage ; ex-
from a species of cypress, supposed to be pulsion of the foetus before the sixth month.
an emmenagogue. ABORTIVE. Abortivus ; from abortio,
ABIES. The Fir ; a genus of plants of a miscarriage. In Medicine, that which has
the order Conifercc, abounding in resin. the power of exciting abortion. In Botany,
All those trees which, like the spruce, the plants that do not acquire their usual per-
cedar, and the larch, have their leaves sol- fection ; a flower only partially formed, or
itary, distinct at their base, and the scales a seed which contains no embryo.
of the cone even and thin. For the species ABORTUS. Abortion.
of aides, see Tinus. ABRA'CHIA. From a, priv., and ftpax-
ABIETIC ACID. An acid recently dis- io>v, the arm. Absence of arms.
covered in the resin of trees of the genus ABRANCHIATE. From a, priv., and
Abies. fipayxia, gills. Without gills, like the earth-
ABIETI'NTB. A division of the natu- worm, the leech, &c.
ral order of coniferous plants, including the ABRACADAB'RA.
The name of an
firs, and araucaria-like pines, all of ancient Syrian idol, which, when pro-
pines,
which have cones with many rows of scales. nounced and repeated a certain number of
ABIETINE. Ahidina. A resinous sub- times, was supposed to possess the power
stance obtained from the Strasburg tur- of curing fevers, and of preventing many
pentine. diseases.
ABIETIS RESTNA. Thus, or frank- ABRACALAN. A cabalistic word used
incense ; the resin of the spruce pine. by the Jews as a substitute for the above,
ABIRRITATION. Abirritatio; from though but another name of the same
ab. priv., and irrilatio, irritation. Absence divinity.
of irritation ; debility; asthenia. ABRA'SION. Abrasio; from abradere,
ABLACTATION. Ablaciio; from ab. to scrape. The act of wearing or rubbing
priv., and larto, to give suck. Cessation of off; also, the state of a part some of which
the periods of suckling, as regards the has been worn off by attrition. In Pa-
mother. The same period with regard to thology, superficial ulceration, with loss of

the child is termed weaning. substance in shreds of the intestinal mu-

 ABE 18 ABR
cous membrane ; also, excoriation and ul- thence proceeds to the lateral incisors, the
ceration of the skin. cuspidati, and sometimes, though not very
Abrasion of the Teeth. Odonto- often, to the first bicuspids. In other re-
tribc. Wearing away of the teeth grad- ;
no inconvenience is expe-
spects, little or
ual loss of a portion of the substance of rienced from it until the crowns of the
the teeth, which may be produced either affected teeth are nearly destroyed.
by mechanical or chemical causes. When Mr. Bell gives a description of an inter-
by the former, it is called mccfianical, and esting case of a gentleman whose teeth were
when by the latter, spontaneous abrasion. thus affected " About fourteen months :

Abrasion of the Teeth, Mechan- since, 1831, this gentleman," says Mr. B
ical. When the incisors and cuspidati of " perceived that the edges of the incisors,
the upper jaw shut over the coixespond- both above and below, had become slightly
ing teeth of the lower, it rarely happens worn down, and, as it were, truncated, so
that much loss of substance from mechan- that they could no longer be placed in con-
ical causes takes place ; it is only in those tact with each other. This continued to
cases where the former plumb upon increase and extend to the lateral incisors,
fall

the latter, that mechanical abrasion, in any and afterwards, successively, to the cuspi-
very considerable degree, occurs but when dati and bicuspids. There has been no
;

they come together in this manner, their pain, and only a trifling degree of uneasi-
crowns are sometimes worn down to the ness, on taking acids, or any very hot or
gums, or at least, those occupying the an- cold fluids, into the mouth. When I first

terior part of the alveolar arch. The rea- saw had exactly the ap-
these teeth, they
son of this is obvious. When the upper pearance of having been most accurately
and lower front teeth strike upon each filed down at the edges, and then perfectly
other, the lateral motions of the jaw are and beautifully polished and it has now
;

not in the least restricted; consequently extended so far, that when the mouth is
the cutting edges of the incisors and points closed, the anterior edges of the incisors of
of the cuspidati, as well as the cusps of the and lower jaws are nearly a
the upper
bicuspids and molars, though not to the The cavities
quarter of an inch asunder.
same extent, are subjected to an amount of of those of the upper jaw must have
friction to which they are not exposed in been exposed, but for a very curious and
any of the other relationships which the up- beautiful provision, by which they have
per and lower teeth sustain to each other. become gradually filled by a deposit of new
The wearing away of the crowns of the bony matter, perfectly solid and hard, but
teeth would expose the lining membrane, so transparent that nothing but examina-
but for a most curious and singular pro- tion by actual contact, could convince an
vision of nature, which consists in the observer that they were perfectly closed.
gradual obliteration of the pulp cavities, by This appearance is exceedingly remarkable,
the conversion of the pulp into osteo-den- and exactly resembles the transparent lay-
iine. By this wise provision of nature, an ers which are seen in agatose pebbles, sur-

event from which the most painful conse- rounded by a more opaque mass. The
quences would result, is prevented, so surface is uniform, even, and highly polish-
that but little inconvenience results from ed, and continuous, without the least break,
it, or, at any rate, not until the crowns of from one tooth to another. It extends, at
down to the gums.
the teeth are worn present, to the bicuspids, is iwrfeetly equal
Abrasion of the Cutting edges of on both sides, and when the molars are
the Front Teeth, Spontaneous. Spon- closed, the opening, by this loss of sub-
taneous abrasion of the cutting edges of the stance in front, is observed to be widest in
front teeth, is an affection of rare occur- the centre, diminishing gradually and
rence. It commences on the central incis- equally on both sides to the last bicus-
ors of both jaws at the same time, and from pids."
 ;

ABR 19 ABS
*' On the cause of this very extraordinary the action of acids, and to impressions from

occurrence," says Mr. Bell, " I confess my- heat and cold.
self wholly at a loss to offer even a conjec- The progress of the affection is variable.
ture. It cannot have been producer! by The destructive process sometimes goes on
the friction of mastication, for these teeth very rapidly ; but at other times it proceeds
have never been in contact since the first so slowly that several years are required for
commencement of the affection nor does it to produce any appreciable effect.
;

it arise from any apparent mechanical ABRAXAS. Abrabax, a magical word

cause ; for nothing is employed to clean comprehending the days of the year in nu-
the teeth, except a soft brush. Absorption meral letters.
will equally fail to account for it; for not ABRO'MA. A gum-bearing tree of New
only would this cause operate, as it always South Wales.
does, irregularly, but we find that instead ABROTANUM. Southern wood; a
of these being the subjects of absorption, species of evergreen plant of the genus Ar-
a new deposition of bony matter is, in temisia.
fact, going on to fill the cavities which ABRUP'TE-PINNATUS. In Botavy,
would otherwise be exposed." a pinnate leaf terminating abruptly with-
Mr. Bell is correct in supposing that it out an odd leaflet.

is not the result either of mechanical action ABRUPTION. Abrvptio ; from abrvm-
or absorption. If, then, neither of these pere, to tear asunder. In Svrgcry, sud-
agendas is concerned in its production, it den separation of one part of a bone from
must be the result of some chemical action, another.
and the author is of the opinion that it is ABRUTTUS. Abrupt.
caused by acidulated mucus, secreted by ABRUS. A genus of leguminous plants
the mucous follicles of the end of the wild liquorice.
tongue, which is brought in contact with AB'RUS PRECATORIUS. Jamaica
the cutting extremities of the front teeth wild liquorice. Its seeds, of a bright red,
almost constantly, and he believes that it is with a black spot, were formerly employed
in this way that their loss of substance is for necklaces and rosaries.

effected. AB'SCESS. Abscessns ; from abscedere,

Dr. Niihn, a German physician, de- I separate from, or depart. An impos-
scribes a gland which he has recently dis- thume, or boil ; a collection of pus in the
covered in the interior of the tip of the cellular tissue, or some other part, resulting
tongue. It is represented as having a from inflammation and suppuration. An
number of ducts opening through the mu- abscess is acute when succeeding acute in-
cous membrane over it. It is thought to be flammation, and chronic or serofuhvs when
a mucous gland, and it may be, that this resulting from chronic or scrofulous disease ;

gland in peculiar idiosyncrasies, or habits idiopathic, when occupying the same site as
of body, secretes the acidulated mucus the previous affection and symptomatic or ;

which is concerned in the production of the metastatic, when occurring in a remote sit-
affection under consideration. But wheth- uation. Abscesses are designated according
er this hypothesis be correct or not, it is to the part in which they are situated.
evidently the result of the action of a ABSCESSUS. Abscess.
chemical agent, and that this is furnished Abscessus Lumborum. Lumbar abscess.
by the end of the tongue is rendered more Abscessus MammyE. Mammary abscess.
than probable from the fact that the end of Abscessus Pectoris. Empyema.
this organ is brought in contact with the Abscessus Puemonum. Empyema.
cutting edges of the teeth every time the Abscessus Oculi. Hypopion.
mouth is opened, giving to the teeth where Abscessus Gangr2enosus. Anthrax.
the jaws are closed, a truncated appear- Abscessus Capitis Sanguineus Neo-
ance, and increasing their susceptibility to natorum. Cephala-matoma.
 ABS 20 ACA
ABSCIS'SION. Abscissio; from absci- cleanse. Any application which cleanses
dere, to cut
off. The excision of a morbid the part to which it is applied ; a detergent.
or superfluous part, especially of a soft AB'STINENCE. Abstinentia ; from abs,
part. from, and tenere, to hold. The act of vol-
ABSCISSIO PR/EPUTII. Circumcis- untarily refraining from any indulgence, as
ion. from the use of certain articles of food, or
4BSINTHATE. A salt of the absin- drinks.
^ic acid. ABSTRACTION. From abstraho, I
ABSINTHIA. Absinthine. The bitter draw off. In Chemistry, the distillation of
uncrystallizable principle of absinthium. a liquid from any substance.
ABSINTHIC ACID. Acidum obsiiv- ABUTILON. An Arabic name for the
thicnm. A peculiar acid of absinthium. mallow. Recently it has been used as a
ABSINTHIUM. Wormwood. See Ar- generic name for certain plants which have
temisia. been separated from the genus sida. Abu-
ABSOR'BENT. Absorbens; from ab- tilon avicennw, one of the commonest of our
sorbcre, to suck up, to imbibe. In Anato- native malvaceous plants, is an example.
my, a delicate transparent vessel, which AB'SUS. Cassia absus. The small
exercises the function of absorption. In Egyptian lotus.
Materia Medica, any medicine which de- ACA'CIA. AKaiaa, from ant], a point.
stroys acidity in the stomach and bowels, A genus of spiny trees and shrubs, with
as magnesia, chalk, &c. pinnated leaves, of the order Legumi-
Absorbent System. The vessels and iiosaz.

glands of the body which exercise the func- Acacia Catechu. The tree which pro-
tion of absorption. duces the Catechu, or Terra Japonica.
ABSORPTION. Absorptio. In Phys- Acacia Gum. Gum Arabic, which is

iology, an organic function common to all colorless or of a pale yellow ; it is hard,

things endowed with life, plants or ani- brittle, soluble in water, but not in alcohol.
mals; whereby the former take up from It is mucilaginous, and used as a demul-
without, and the latter from the interior of cent and for suspending oily medicines.
their own body, the materials necessary to Acacia Vera. The Egyptian thorn,
their sustenance. In Chemistry, the action which yields the Chim Arabic. This sub-
of certain solidsand liquids in taking up stance is also produced from other species
gases and vapors, which may or may not of this genus.
enter into chemical composition with the ACALETILE. Acalephans ; ana^y , a
absorbent. nettle. A class of soft marine zoophytes,
Absorp'tion Interstitial. The func- including the medusa;, sea-nettle, jelly-fish,
tion by which the particles of the tissue &c.
filling the meshes of the capillary net- ACALYPHA. A genus of plants of the
work are removed, as in the pupillary mem- order Eiiphorbiaca3 .

brane of the foetus, and in the development Acalypha Betulina. Birch-leaved aea-
of the cells in bone. lypha. The leaves have an aromatic odor,
Absorption Cutaneous. A function of and are used in India as a stomachic in
the skin, by which substances applied to dyspepsia and cholera.
the surface of the body are taken into the Acalypha Indica. A Malabar plant,
circulation, and produce the same action as possessing anthelmintic properties.
when taken internally. Acalypha Virginica. Mercury weed,
ABSTE'MIOUS. Abstemins ; from abs, found in most parts of the United States,
without, and temetum, wine. Abstaining and said to act as an expectorant and
from the use of wine. Also temperate liv- diuretic.

ing, with regard to diet, &c. ACANTHA. From any, a point. In

ABSTER'GENT. From ahstergere, to Botany, a thorn or prickle of a plant. In

 ;

ACC 21 ACE
Anatomy, the spinous process of a vertebra, ACCESSORY. Accessorixis ; from ac-
also the spina dorsi. cedere, I approach. Connected with or
ACAN'THOPTERY'GII. Spiny-finned dependent upon any thing; helping to
fishes. A great division of fishes established produce an effect. In Anatomy, a name
by Cuvier, characterized by strong sjiines given to several auxiliary muscles and
in their dorsal fins. They comprise a very nerves, joined to other similar parts, and
great number of the bony fishes, among assist in their functions. In Botany, addi-
others the perch family. tional, supernumerary.
ACAN'THUS. A genus of spiny herba- ACCIDENT. Aceidens ; from accidere,
ceous plants. to happen. Literally, the occurrence of an
Acan'thtjs Mollis. Bear's breech, event not foreseen or expected. In Path-
brank-ursine. The leaves are mucilaginous ology, the unexpected occurrence of any
and are used for thesame purpose as marsh- thing in the course of a disease not essen-
mallow. tially connected with it, and hence differing
ACAR'DIAC. Acardia; from a, priv., from an inherent symptom or phenomenon.
and Without a heart.
xapdia, the heart. In Surgery, hemorrhage, erysipelas and
A'CARUS. From and netpu, to
a, priv., severe pain, constitute the accidents of a
cut, too small to see divided. A numerous wound. In Dental Surgery, an injury in-
genus of insects. The tick or mite. upon any part of the mouth in the
flicted
Acarus Autumna'lis. The harvest performance of an operation, or from the
bug, or wheat insect. application of a remedy as fractures of the
;

Acarus Domesticus. Domestic tick, teeth and alveolar processes, and hemor-
found in the head and near gangrenous rhage after the extraction of teeth. The
sores, and on dead bodies. term is also applied, by French dentists, to
Acarus Dysenterle. Dysentery tick. the morbid phenomena which develop them-
Acauus Folliculorum. A tick said to selves during dentition.
be found in the follicles of the skin. ACCIDENTAL. Happening by chance ;
Acarus Scabiei. The itch tick. casual. In Morbid Anatomy, all structures
Acarus Siro. The cheese mite. developed as the consequence of disease.
ACATAPOSIS. From a, priv., and Accidental Colors. Ocular spectra.
Kaiamvu, deglutition. Inability to swallow. ACCIP'ITER. The Hawk; from accip-
ACAULES'CENT. From a, priv., and ere, to take. A name given to a bandage
KavXog, a stem. In Botany, ajiparently applied over the nose, from its likeness to
without a stem. the claw of a hawk.
ACAWERIA. The Singalese name for ACCIPITRES. From accipere, to take.
the bitter root of Ophyoxylum, a supposed Rapacious birds, known by their crooked
antidote to the poison of serpents. beaks and talons.
ACCELERATION. Accderalio ; from ACCLI'MATED. Climati assuetus
arcelcro, to hasten. In Physiology and from ad, and clima, climate. Accustomed
Pathology, increased action of the heart and to a climate.
respiratory organs. ACCOUCHEE. A woman who has
ACCELERATOR URI'N.E. A muscle just lain in.
of the penis. ACCOUCHE'MENT. Parturition ; child-
ACCENT. Inflection of the voice. birth, the expulsion or extraction of the
ACCES'SION. Accessio ; from accedere, foetus from the uterus.
I approach. The commencement of a ACCOUCHEUR'. A man who practices
disease, but usually restricted to the phe- midwifery.
nomena which signalize the recurrence of ACCOUCHEUSE'. A female midwife.
periodical diseases, as intermittent fever, ACECHLORULE. A compound radi-
comprehending their cold, hot, and sweat- cal, (C4 CL3) of which chloral has been sup-
ing stages. posed to be the hydratcd oxide.
 ACE 22 ACE
ACCRETION. Aca-etio ; from ad, and ACERV'ULUS CEREBRI. A mass of
crcscere, to increase. Growth ; also, a yellow, sandy concretions, collected under
growing together of parts. the tela choroidea, near the posterior com-
ACCUM'BENT. Lying against any missure of the brain, after the age of pu-
thing. berty.
ACKPH'ALOBRACirUS. Acephalobra- ACES'CENT. Acescens ; from acescere,
cliia ; from a, priv., KEfyalr], head, and iipa- to grow sour. Turning sour a tendency
j

X luv , arm. A foetus without head or anus. to acidity.

ACEPH'ALOCHEI'RUS. From a, priv., ACETAB'ULUM. From acetnm, vine-

KE<t>a?iij, head, and x eLP, hand. A fcetus born gar, because it resembles the old saucer in
without head or hands. which vinegar was held. A name given
ACEPH'ALOCYST. From a, priv., to the cavitywhich receives the head of
KE<pa?,r], liead, and kvotic, bladder. The hy- the os femoris, or thigh bone.
datid, or headless bladder worm. ACETA MEDICATA. Pharmaceutical
ACEPHALOGASTER. From a, priv., preparation of vinegar.
KE<t>alri, head, yacrrip, stomach. A foetus ACETAL. A colorless liquid, resem-
born without the head, chest and upper bling ether, with a peculiar vinous odor,
part of the abdomen. boiling at 200° to 204°. Its formula is

ACEPHALOSTOMA. From a, priv., Cg Hg O3. It was discovered by Dobcroiner,

Kf(f>a?.Ti
} head, and arofia, mouth. A foetus who called it oxygen-ether.
without a head, but with an opening at its ACETARIUM SCORBUTICUM. A
upper part resembling a mouth. pickle, recommended to scorbutic patients,
ACEPIIALOTHO'RUS. From a, priv., made of fol cochlear marine
§ iij, sacch.
KE$akr\, head, #wpa£, chest. A foetus born aloes § ij, sal
§ j. These are well
cochlear
without head or chest. bruised and sacc. aurant § ij, added.
ACEPIPALUS. AcapMa; from a, priv. ACETARIOUS PLANTS. From acet-
and KEtyalri, a head. Without a head. In aria, a salad. Plants used for salads, as
Anatomy, the young of any animal born, lettuce, mustard, cress, endive, &c.
from defect of organization, without a ACETAS. From acetum, vinegar. A
head. In Zoology, one of the divisions of a salt formed by the union of acetic acid with
class of Molluscous animals, which have an earthy, alkaline, or metallic base. An
no head, as the oyster and mussel. acetate. The medicinal acetates are those
A'CER. A genus of trees of the order of ammonia, potassa, zinc and lead.
Aceraceoe ; also, acrid, sharp. Acetas Ammonite. Acetate of am-
Aceb Sacchari'num. The sugar maple, monia.
a tall tree, from two to three feet in diame- Acetas Ferri. Acetate of iron.
ter, containing a large quantity of sap in Acetas Hydrargyri. Acetate of mer-
the spring of the year, from which sugar cury.
may be extracted. Acetas Morphine. Acetate of morphia.
ACERATE. A salt of the aceric acid. Acetas Plumbi. Acetate of lead sugar ;

ACERBTTY. AcerbHas ; from am-, sharp. of lead.

A sour, bitter and astringent taste, proper- Acetas Totassje. Acetate of potassa ;

ties met with, in some kinds of unripe fruit. a salt formed by the union of potassa and
ACERIC ACID. A peculiar acid said to acetic acid.
exist in the Bap of the common maple, Acer Acetas Sodje. Acetate of soda.
eampenlre, in the state of acerate of lime. Acetas Zixcr. Acetate of zinc, a salt
ACE'RIDES. From a, priv., and M/pog, formed by the union of zinc and acetic acid.
wax. A plaster without wax. ACETATE. Acetas. A salt of acetic

AC'EROSE. Acerosus ; from acus, chaff. acid.

In Botany, chaffy ; also leaves tapering to ACETIC ACID. Acidum aceUcum.
a point like a needle, as those of the pine. The acid of vinegar. The sour principle
 ;

ACE 23 ACH
which exists in vinegar. It exists free and radical,produced by the abstraction of
combined with bases in several vegetable two atoms of oxygen from ethyl, bydcoxy-
products, and is the principal result of dating processes. It derives its nature
acetous fermentation. It unites readily from acetic acid, which, with a series of
with most of the earths, and acts slowly other compounds, it pervades. Aldehyde
upon the teeth, increasing their sensibility, is its hydrated oxyd. Its formula is C4 II3.

and putting them on edge. In Medicine, ACFLE'ATUM. From a, priv., and

it is used as a rubefacient. Xaivu, to open. In Botany, a small, hard,
ACF/ITCA. Pharmaceutical prepara- one-seeded, one-celled, indehiscent fruit.
tions, consisting of vegetable principles ACHEI'LIA. From a, priv., and *«/loc,

dissolved in vinegar. lip. A Malformation, consisting in a de-

ACETIC ETHER. See Ether Acetic. ficiency of one or both lips.
ACETIM'ETER. An instrument for ACHETR. From a, priv., and X ElP,
ascertaining the strength of vinegar. hand. Without hands.
ACETONE. From acetum, vinegar. ACHILLEA. A genus of plants of the
Tyro-acetic spirit. Formula, C3 H3O. order Composite. Milfoil; yarrow.
ACETONYL. The hypothetical radi- Achillea Age'ratum. A plant pos-
cal of acetone. sessing the qualities of tansy.
ACETO'SA. From acescei'e, to be sour. Achilllea Atra'ta. A plant possess-
Bumex Acetosa ; Sorrel. ing the same or similar properties.
ACETOSELLA. From acetosa, sorrel, Achillea Millefo'lium. The com-
because of the acidity of its leaves. The mon yarrow, or milfoil.
wood sorrel, on account of the grateful Achillea Ptar'mica. Sneczcwort, or
taste of its leaves, is sometimes used in bastard pellitory.
salads, but the oxalic acid which it con- ACHILLES. The name of a Grecian
tains is exceedingly hurtful to the teeth, whom a tendon and plant have
hero, after
inasmuch as it has a much stronger affin- been named.
ity for the lime of these organs than the Achillis Texuo. The strong round
phosphoric acid with which it is united. tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus
The teeth of persons in the country where muscles.
sorrel abounds, are often injured by being ACIILAMYD'EOUS. From a, priv.,
frequently rubbed with its leaves for the and ^rc/rt'f, a cloak. In Botany, plants
purpose of removing stains and discolor- in which the floral envelopes, the calyx
ations. and the corolla, are both absent.
ACE'TUM. From acer, sour. Vinegar ACIILYS. Dimness of sight. Opac-
a sour liquid, produced by fermentation. ity of the cornea.
There are four varieties, viz : wine vinegar, A'CHOLIA. From a, priv., and x°^V,
malt vinegar, sugar vinegar, and wood bile. Deficiency of bile.
Vinegar. Common vinegar contains less AC1IOR. A pointed pustule, contain-
than five per cent, of pure acetic acid. ing a light, straw-colored matter, and
Acetum Aromaticum. Aromatic vin- changing into a brown scab. Crusta lac-
egar. tea.

Acetum Cantharidis. Vinegar of ACHRAS 8APOTA. See Sapota Aohras.

cantharides. ACIIROA. Crusta lactea. From a,

Acetum COLCHICI. Vinegar of meadow priv., and X9 oa , color. A colorless state of

saffron. the skin.
ACETUM Distillatum. Distilled vin- ACHROMATIC. From a, priv., and
egar. ^pw,ua, color. A lens constructed so as to
Acetum Opii. Vinegar of opium. correct the refrangibility of the common
Acetum Soiled. Vinegar of squills. lenses.
ACETYL. A hypothetical compound ACHROMATOPSIA. From a, priv.,
 ACI 24 ACI

Xpu/i-a, color, and okto/icu, to see. Inability to Acidum Gallicum. See Gallic Acid.
distinguish different colors from each other. Acidum Hydrocyanicum. See Hydro-
ACIC'ULAR. From aeicula, a little cyanic Acid.
needle. In Crystallography, needle-shapedAcidum Hydrochloricum. Hydro-
crystals, and in Botany, leaves that are chloric Acid Muriatic Acid. ;

long, stiff, and pointed. Acidum Muriaticum. See Muriatic

ACID. In common language, any li- Acid.
quid, solid or gaseous body, imparting to Acidum Muriaticum Dilutum. Di-
the organs of taste a sour sensation. In lute Muriatic Acid.
Chemistry, a compound capable of neu- Acidum Nitricum. See Nitric Acid.
tralizing an alkali ; the electro-negative Acidum Nitricum Purum. Pure Ni-
compound of a salt, consisting of more tric Acid.
than two elements. The acids constitute Acidum Nitricum Dilutum. Dilute
a very numerous class of chemical sub- Nitric Acid.
stances. They are called mineral or or- Acidum Nitro-muriaticum. See Ni-
ganic, as they are derived from inorganic, tro-muriatic Acid.
or organic bodies. The names of those Acidum Nitrosum. See Nitrous Acid.
formed from the same base, change in their Acidum Oxalicum. See Oxalic Acid.
terminations according to the quantity of Acidum Phosphoricum. See Phospho-
oxygen they are presumed to contain. ric Acid.
Those which terminate in ic, contain the Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum. Di-
largest proportion of oxygen ; those in ous, a luted Phosphoric Acid.
less amount. Those which begin with Acidum Pyroligneum. See Pyroligne-
hyper, denote an excess of oxydation ; those ous Acid.
with hypo, the lowest proportion. When Acidum Succinicum. See Succinic Acid.
combined with the alkaline and other bases, Acidum Sulphureum. Sec Sulphurous
they form a class of bodies called salts. Acid.
ACI DHTABLE. Capable of being con- Acidum Sulphuricum. Sec Sulphuric
verted into an acid, by uniting with an Acid.
acidifying principle. Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum.
ACIDIFICATION. The act of being Aromatic Sulphuric Acid.
changed into an acid. Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum. Di-
ACIDITY. Sourness. luted Sulphuric Acid.
ACID'ULATE. To render slightly acid. Acidum Sulphuricum Pubum. Pure
ACID'ULOUS. Slightly acid. Sulphuric Acid.
ACIDUM. From acer, sour. An acid. Acidum Tanntcum. See Tannic Acid.
Acidum AOETICUM. See Acetic Acid. Acidum Tartaricum. See Tartaric
Acidum Aceticum Camphoratum. — Acid.
Camphorated acetic acid. Acidum Vitriolicum. See Sulphuric
Acidum ACETICUM Dilutum. Dilute Acid.
acetic acid. ACIESIS. From a, priv., and kvelv, to

Acidum Aceticum Coxcentratum. — conceive. Barrenness in females ; inability

Concentrated acid of vinegar; vinegar de- to conceive.

prived of its water. AC'IFOKM. From amis, a needle, and

Acidum Acetosum. Aoetum. forma, form. Needle-shaped.
Acidum Arsexiosum. See Arscnious ACINACTFOKM. From arinaees, a
Acid. eimctcr, and forma, form. A term applied
Acidum Benzoicum. See Benzoic Acid. in Botany to the leaves of certain plants,

Acidum Cabbonicum. See Carbonic from their shape.

Acid. ACINK'SIA. From a, priv., and kiviioic,

Acidum Citricum. See Citric Acid. immobility. Loss of motion.

 ;

ACO 25 ACR
ACINUS. A grape stone. In Anatomy, vovoog, disease. Diseases of the ears and
the ultimate secreting follicles of glands. audition.
The granulations of conglomerate glands, AC'OPA. Medicines against weariness.
&c, are called acini.
as in the liver, Soft cerate, which was formerly applied to
ACIPEN'SER. A genus of fish of the tumors.
order Ghondropta-ygii. The sturgeon. A'COR. From aceo, to be. sour. Acid-
ACMASTICOS. From aKurj, the top, ity ; acrimony.
and arau, I remain. A species of fever ACO'RIA. From a, priv., and Kopeu, to
which preserves a uniform intensity to the satisfy. Insatiable hunger canine appetite.
;

end. A'CORUS. A genus of plants, of the

ACME. From anuv, the top. In Pa- order Aroide<s.
thology, the height of a disease. Acobus Calamus. Sweet flag; cala-
ACMEL'LA. A Ceylonese plant, once mus aromaticus.
used in nephrites. ACOTYLE'DON. From a, priv., and
ACNE. Stone-pock ; maggot pimple KorvArjduv, a seed lobe. Without a cotyle-
a small, slowly suppurating pimple, occur- don ;
plants which have no seed lobes.
ring, most frequently, on the face. Four ACOUOMETER. From anovu, to hear,
varieties are enumerated. 1. Acne sim- } and fJte.Tpov a measure. An instrument in-
plex, simple pimple] 2. Acne punctata, vented by Itard, for measuring the de-
maggot pimple; 3. Acne indurata, stone- grees of the sense of hearing.
pock 4. Acne rosacea, rosy drop ; car
;
•
ACOUOPHO'NIA. Cophonia; froma*-
bunclcd-face. ovo), Iand <puvTj } voice. Auscultic
hear,
ACNES'TIS. From a, priv., and nvaeiv, investigation from the sounds produced by
to scratch. That part of the back between percussion.
the shoulder blades. ACOU'STIC. Aconsticus ; from anovu } I
ACOL'OGY. Acologia ; from anog, a hear. Belonging to the ear, as the acous-
remedy, and hoyoc, a discourse. The doc- tic nerve, acoustic medicine, &c.
trine of therapeutical agents. A CO USTICS. The science of the cause,
ACONI'TIC ACID. A white crystal- nature, and phenomena of sounds.
line acid, obtained from the aconilum na- ACRAI. An Arabic word, signifying
pellus. satyriasis or nymphomania.
ACONITIC ETHER. Aconitateofoxyd ACRA'LEA. From a/cpoc, extreme.
of ethyl. A colorless oily liquid, with an The extremities, as the hands, feet, head,
odor like calamus. ears, nose, &c.
ACONITINE. Aconitina; from aconi- ACRA'NIA. From a, priv., and xpaviov,

lum; the name of a plant. A very poison- cranium. Deficiency of a part or the whole
ous alkaloid extracted from several species of the cranium.
of aconitum. ACRA'SIA. From a, priv., and icpamg,
ACONI'TUM. Monkshood, mixing. Wine unmixed with water. Hence
Aconite.
wolf's-bane. A genus of plants, of the drunkenness and intenqierance of all sorts,
order llanunculacece. whether in eating, drinking or vencry.
Aconitum Antho'ra. Salutary monks- ACRATI'A. From a, priv., and Kparoc,
hood, a poisonous plant like the rest of strength. Imbecility; weakness.
the genus. ACRID. From acer, sharp. Having a
Aconitum Napel'lus. Aconite; the hot, pungent taste.

common monkshood, or wolfs-bane. It ACRIMONY. Acrimonia; from acer,

is an active narcotico-acrid poison. sharp. A quality in substances which ir-

Aconitum Paniculatum. A species ritates, corrodes, or dissolves others.

possessing properties similar to the last, ACRIS'IA. From a, priv., and Kpivu,
very poisonous. to judge. A state of disease, with regard
ACONU'SI. From clkoti, audition, and to which no correct judgment can be formed.
 ACR 26 ACT
ACRITES. Acrita; from anpirog, indis- ACROPOSTHIA. That part of the pre-
cernible; so culled because of the absence puce which is cut off in circumcision.
or indistinction of the nervous system. ACROPSFLON. The naked end of the
The lowest division of the animal king- glans penis.
dom, composed of the classes spongios, pol- ACROPO'DIUM. From anpog, extrem-
ypi, polygastrica, sterehnintha, and aca- ity, and irovg, foot. In Zoology, the upper
lephce. surface of the whole foot.
ACROBYS'TIA. From mpog, the tip, ACROT'ICA. From mpog, summit.
and (ivo, to cover. The extremity of the Diseases affecting the external surface of
prepuce. the body.
ACHROCHOR'DON. From mpog, ex- ACROTERIA. The extremities of the
treme, and X°P&>1, a string. A small, dense body.
tumor, attached by a narrow base or ped- ACROTERIAS'MUS. Amputation of
icle. an extremity.
AC'RODUS. From mpog, extreme, and ACROTIS'MUS. From a, priv., and
odovg, a tooth. A genus of sharks, charac- KpoTog, pulse. Defect of pulse ; asphyxia.
terized by large polygonal, obtuse teeth, AC'IVE'A. A genus of plants of the
aggregated at the extremities of the jaws, order llanuncnlacem.
and found only in the fossil state. Act^ea Americana. "White and red
ACRODY'NIA. From mpog, extremity, cohosh, a drastic purgative.
and odvvri, pain. A name given to an Aci\ea Racemosa. Black snake-root.
epidemic, attended with great pain in the Actjea Spicata. Baneberry.
tendons, which prevailed in Paris in 1828- ACTPNIA. From mrw, a ray of light.
29. Sea- Anemones or Animal-flowers, so named
AC'ROGENS. From mpog, extreme, from the resemblance of their tentacula to
and yevvau, Cryptogamous and the petals of a flower. The genus contains
to grow.
acotyledonous plants, which grow only by upwards of twenty species, several of which
additions to their extremities. are edible.
ACROLEIN?]. In Chemistry, a vola- ACTFNOLITE. From mnv, a ray of
tile, oily, pungent liquid, obtained by boil- light. A variety of hornblende.
ing fats, but especially by the destructive ACTINO-CHEMISTRY. From mnv,
distillation of glycerine. a ray of light. That department of chem-
ACROMANTA. From mpog, extreme, istry which treats of the action of the sun's
and fiavia, madness. Incurable madness. rays.
ACRO'MIAL. Acromialis. Pertaining ACTINOM'ETER. From mnv, and
to the acromion. lieipov, a measure. An instrument to
Acromial Artery. The external scap- measure the intensity of the sun's light.
ular artery. ACTION. Actio; from agere, to act.
Acromio-Coracoid. Belonging or re- The exertion of power or force ; the opera-
lating to the acromion and coracoid pro- tion of an active power. In Physiology,
cesses. The func-
the performance of a function.
ACRO'MION. From mpog, body may be divided into vol-
extreme, tions of the
and u/wg, the shoulder. A process termi- untary, involuntary and mixed. The volun-
nating the spine of the scapula. tary are produced by acts of the will the :

ACROM'PHALON. The middle of the involuntary are either mediate, through

navel. the nerves and spinal marrow, or immedi-
ACROP'ATHOS. A disease at the top ate, as those of irritability; and to the
of any organ or on the surface of the body. mixed, belong the acts of respiration.
A'CROITS. From mpov, the extremity, Action, Morbid. A derangement of
and orp, the voice. Faulty articulation, the ordinary functions of the body.
from a defect in the tongue. ACTIVE. Activus That wliich acts or
 ACU 27 ADA
enters into action ; energetic. The term is or>en, and it slides to the point designa-
applied to medicines and diseases. ted for its reception, immediately below
ACT'UAL. This word is applied to any- which, the jaws are perforated with a hole
thing endued with a special property in- for the introduction of the needle during
herent in itself. It is the reverse of po- the employment of the instrument in the
tential. Thus, operation. Two inches from the inferior
Actual Cautery is a red hot iron, end of the staff, a pair of rings are affixed
or a lire, while a potential cautery is to receive the thumb and index finger, the

only a chemical caustic. The former was rings standing parallel with the staff, and
once much used by surgeons for the extir- sideways to the direction of the arms of
pation and cure of tumors and other dis- the instrument. A slide is formed of steel,

eases. equal in length, thickness, and breadth

ACU'LEATE. From aculeus, a pric- to the staff, made to fit to the upper
kle. Prickly. In Botany, the surface surface of the staff, and to move with
covered with prickles, as the stem of a ease up and down on guides placed on the
rose. same. From the superior end of the slide
ACUMINATE. Pointed ; terminating is a short straight spear-shaped needle,
in a point. constructed just back of its point, with a
ACUPUNCTURE. Acupunctu'ra; from small notch opening to it from the upper
acus, a needle, and punctura, a puncture. surface.
The puncturing of parts with a small When the ligature has been fitted in its

needle. place of reception in the jaws of the instru-

ACUS. A needle. ment, and the slide adjusted to the staff;
ACUTE'. Sharp. In Pathology a sharp the slide is forced upward, the needle and
pain ; a disease characterized by a certain jaws approach each other, and the needle
degree of severity, or which is attended by passes through the hole in the latter just
violent symptoms, and runs its course in under the ligature, which is caught in the
a few days. notch of the needle, and as the slide is

ACUTENAC'ULUM. Porte aiguille. drawn backward, the eye of the needle is

A needle-holder. threaded and the ligature drawn through
Acutenaculum, Dr. Hullihen's. An the velum, and the introduction of the
instrument invented by Dr. S. P. Hullihen, stitch completed.
of Wheeling, Va., to be used in passing ACYANOBLEP'SIA. From a, priv.,
the needle through the cleft edges of the Kvavog, blue, and (Henu, to see. Inability
soft palate in the operation of staphylora- to distinguish blue s from defective vision.
phy. This instrument is composed of two ACYE'SIS. Inability to conceive in
parts, a staff and a slide. The staff is a females ; barrenness.
small steel bar, six inches in length, two- ADAC'TYL. From a, priv., danTvlog,
eighths of an inch in breadth, and one- a digit. In Zoology, a locomotive extrem-
eighth of an inch in thickness, with an ity without a digit.
arm at the superior end, rising at a curved ADAMANT. From a, priv., <5a/xao, to
right angle from the staff, and half an subdue. Diamond was formerly so named
inch long. On the external or superior from its hardness.
side of this arm, a duplicate arm is re- ADAMANTINE CEMENT. A nos-
tained by a steel spring attachment, which trum used for filling teeth, consisting of
brings the two arms in close contact, form- finely pulverized silex or pumice-stone,
ing the jaws of the instrument. Between mixed with an amalgam, of mercury and
these two arms, and on the duplicature is silver. See Amalgam.
a small groove formed to receive the liga- ADAMANTINE SPAR. The crystals
ture,and when the ligature is pressed be- of corundum are so named from their hard-
tween the jaws of the instrument, they ness. See Corundum.
 ;

ADE 28 ADH
ADDEPHA'GIA. From aMqv, much, gland, and ypa<p(>>, I describe. A descrip-
and tyayo, to eat. A voracious appetite tion of the glands.
insatiable craving for food. ADENOL'OGY. Adenolog'ia; from
ADDU'CENT. Adducens; from ad, and a8r)v, a gland, and hoyog, a discourse. A
ducere, to draw. A term applied in Anat- treatise on the glands.
omy to muscles which perform the func- ADENO-MENINGEAL. From adyv,

tion of adduction. a gland, and pyviy!;, a membrane. An

ADDUCTION. The action by which epithet applied by Tinel to a fever, be-
a part is drawn towards the axis of the cause, in his opinion, the cryptai of the
body, or of a limb. gastro-intestinal mucous membrane were
ADDUCTOR. From ad, and ducere, principally affected by the disease.
to draw. In Anatomy, a muscle whose ADENO-MESENTERI'TIS. From adqv,
offico drawing the limb, or a gland, fieaog, midst, and evrepov, intes-
consists in
part moved by it, towards the axis of tine. Inflammation of the Mesenteric
the body, or of the member to which it glands. Tabes mesenterica.
belongs. ADENO- PHARYNGITIS. From a<5ev,

Adductor Brevis Femoris. The short a gland, and yapvyt, the pharynx. Inflam-
adductor of the thigh. mation of the tonsils and pharynx.
Adductor Indicis Pedis. The adduc- ADENOPHTHAL'MIA. From aSr\v, a
tor of the first toe. gland, and o<pdakfiog, the eye. Inflamma-
Adductor Longus Femoris. The long tion of the Meibomian glands.
adductor of the thigh. ADENO-SCLERO'SIS. From aV, a
Adductor Magnus Femoris. The gland, and anlripog, hard. A name given
great adductor of the thigh. by Swediaur to tumefaction and indura-
Adductor Minimi Digiti Pedis. The tion of the glands, which do not termi-
adductor of the little toe. nate in scirrhus.
Adductor Pollicis Manus. The ad- ADENO'SUS. From a6 V v, a gland.
ductor of the thumb. Gland-like.
Adductor Pollicis Pedis. The ad- ADENOT'OMY. Adenotom'ia; from
ductor of the great toe. adrjv, a gland, and refivu, I cut. Dissec-
Adductor Tertii Digiti Pedis. The tion of the glands.
adductor of the third toe. ADEPS. Lard ; the fat of the hog.
ADECTA. Sedatives. Adeps Anserinus. Goose grease.
ADEL'PHIA. From cuhlfyog, a brother. Adeps villus. Mutton suet.
In Botany, a term applied by Lin- Adeps Suillus. Hogslard.
naeus, to those plants in which the sta- Adeps Pr^eparata. Prepared hogs-
mens, instead of growing singly, combine lard.
into one or more parcels or brother- ADHE'SION. Adhai'sio; from adhcereo,
hoods. to stick to. In Pathology, the morbid
ADEMO'NIA. From adefiovsu, Iam union of parts naturally contiguous, but
grievously tormented. Ecstlessness ; anx- not adherent, by adhesive inflammation.
iety of mind. In Surgery, the re-union of parts which
A'DEN. AStjv. A gland. have been separated by accident or de-
ADENAL'GIA. From adqv, and akyog, sign.
pain. Pain in a gland. ADHESIVE INFLAMMATION. In-
ADEN'IFORMIS. From aden, a gland, flammation which terminates by an adhe-
and forma, resemblance. Resembling a sion of the inflamed and separated sur-
gland. faces.
ADEN'ITIS. Glandular inflam- Adhesive Plaster. A plaster pos-
mation. sessed of adhesive qualities, used by sur-
ADENOG'EAPIIY. From a6 n v, a geons.
 ADU 29 ME
ADIANTUM. From a, priv., and duuvu, ADULTERATION. The admixture of
to moisten, so culled because they cannot be noxious or inert ingredients with that
made moist. A genus of ferns. See As- which is pure.
plenium. ADUSTION. Adustio ; from adurere,
Adiantum Capillus Veneris. Maiden- to burn. Cauterization ; the action of heat
hair. applied to the body.
ADIAPHORE'SIS. AdiapUrosis ; from ADUST US. Burned; parched.
a, priv., and dia^opeu, to dissipate. Defect ADVENTITIOUS. Adventitius; from
of cutaneous perspiration. adcenio, I come to. Accidental ; not in-
ADIAPHOROUS. From a, priv., and herent. In Medicine, acquired diseases.
dtacpepei., it differs. A volatile and inodor- ADY. See Palma Ady.
ous principle obtained from tartar by dis- ADYNA'MIA. Impotentia ; from a,

tillation. Neutral ; applied to medicines priv., dvva/xic, power. A defect of vital

which have no effect either for good or ill. power ; debility.
Also used to exju-ess neutral salts. 7EDOFA. The pudenda.
AD'IPIC ACID. A volatile and fusible iEDOITIS. From attioia, pudenda, and
acid, obtained by treating oleic with nitric His, inflammation. Inflammation of the
acid. pudenda.
AD'irOCERE. Adipocera, from adeps, ^DOPSOPHTA. A name given by
fat, and cera, wax. A fat-like substance Sauvages to a fetid air issuing from the
into which the human body is converted vagina or urethra.
by long immersion in water or spirit, or by iE'GIDES. Small white spots on the pupil.
burial in moist earth. Chevreul showed iEGIDTON. A collyrium.
it to be an imperfectly saponified human fat. ^EGILOPS. From mi, a goat, and <*!>.
AD'irOSE. From adeps, fat. Fatty. the eye. A sore under the inner angle of the
Adipose Membrane. Mcmbrana Adi- eye, so called because goats were supposed
posa. The membrane winch encloses the to be subject to it.

adeps or fat. iEGOPH'ONY. Mjopho'nia; from «f,

ADIPO'SLS. Excessive fatness. a goat, and <j>uvij, voice. A peculiar sound
ADIP'SIA. From a, priv., and 6iipa, of the voice resembling the bleating of a goat.
thirst. Absence of thirst, usually symptom- It is diagnostic of pus in the pleural sac.

atic of cerebral disease. yEOLIITLE. A hollow metallic ball,

AD'JUVANT. From adjurare, to aid. with a small pipe for the conversion of
A medicine added to a prescription to assist water into steam. Also an alcohol blow-pipe.
the operation of the principal ingredient. AER. hyp. Air, gas ; often used as a
ADNATA. In Botany, this term is ap- prefix denoting the presence of air or gas.
plied to parts which arc closely united to AERATED. Impregnated with air or
one another. In Anatomy, the tunica ad- gas.
nata is that portion of the conjunctiva AERTFORM. Air-like ; a term applied
which covers the sclerotic coat of the eye. to gaseous fluids.
ADOLES'CENCE. From adolescere, to AEROL'OGY. A'erdogia ; from ar/p, air,

grow. Growing; applied to the human and hoyoc, a discourse. The doctrine of the
race ; the period between puberty and the nature and properties of air.

full development of the body. AEROM'ETER. An instrument for as-

ADOPTER. Adapter. A chemical ves- certaining the weight of air, or bulk of
sel with two necks, placed between a re- gases.
tort and receiver. iEROSUS LAPIS. The name given by
ADULA'RIA. A mineral, the most per- Pliny to lajns calaminaris, a native carbo-
fect variety of feldspar. nate of zinc.
ADULT' AGE. The age succeeding ado- iERU'GO. Verdigris ;
properly the rust
lescence. of metal, but especially of copper.
 MT 30 AFF
JE^'CULItfE. An alkaloid discovered vesiculosits (sea-oak) in a covered crucible
in the JEscidns Hippocastanum. and reducing it to powder. It contains io-
iES'CULUS. From esca, food. Horse- dine and was employed in glandular dis-
chestnut. A genus of trees of the order eases.
JEsculaccoz. ETHMOID. Ethmoid.
iEscuLus Hippocas'tanum. The horse- ^ETHOGEN. Fromaitfuv, brilliant,
chesnut tree. yeivo/jai, to become. A compound of boron
iESTME'SIA. From aicftavofiai, to feel. and nitrogen, so called from the brilliant
Perceptive sensation ; feeling. phosphorescent light it gives when heated
iESTT'VAL. From JEstas, summer. Be- before a blow-pipe.
longing to summer. .ETH'RIOSCOPE. From aidpia, serene
iE>,TI NATION. Prceforation. A term weather, and aKorreu, to examine. An in-
employed in Botany to express the particu- strument invented by Sir John Leslie, for
lar state of a bud, before the expansion of indicating the power of the clouds in pre-
the corolla. venting radiation of heat.
TEST US VOLATICUS. From cestus, iETHU'SA. A genus of umbelliferous
heat, and volo, to fly. Transient heat or plants.
flushing of the face. yEthusa Cyna'pium. Fool's parsley,
^ETAS. Age. or lesser hemlock, possessing poisonous
JE'THAL. See Cetyl. properties.
iETHER. From ai&r)p, air. A highly vol- iETIOL'OGY. JEtido'gia ; from curia, a
atile and inflammable fluid; oxyd of Ethyl. cause, and toyoc-, a discourse. The doc- "-

iEniER Acet'icus. Acetic ether. trine of the causes of disease.

JEtuer Hoffmanni. Spiritus Etheris AETI'TES LAPIS. See Eagle-stone.
Sulphur ici Compositus. Hoffmann's ano- AFFECTION. Affectio. In Medicine,
dyne solution. a disease ; in common language, an emo-
yEther Hydrocyan'icus. Cyanuretof tion or modification of the mind.
ethyl. Hydrocyanic ether. AFFINITY. Affinitas. In Chemistry,
MTBX& Muriat'icus. Chloride of ethyl. attraction, or that tendencywhich different
Muriatic ether. substances have to unite, and form another
TEtuer Nitro'sus. Nitrous ether. body.
TEther Rectifica'tus. Rectified ether. Affinity, Compound. Affinity is called
JEtheb Sulphu'ricus. Sulphuric ether. compound, when three or more bodies, by
iETHER'EA. The ethers. their mutual attraction, unite and form one
/Ethe'real Oil. Oleum a3therium. homogeneous body.
iETIFIOPS. Prom cu$unj>, sun-burnt, Affinity, Double. Double elective at-
swarthy. A tcnn employed by the an- traction. " When two bodies, each consist-
cientfl to designate several black powders, ing of two elementary parts, come in con-

oxyds, sulphurets, &c. tact, and are decomposed, so that their

/Erinops Antimonia'lis. A compound elements become reciprocally united and
obtained by treating black sulphuret of produce two new compound bodies; the
mercury with sulphuret of antimony. decomposition is then termed decomposi-
Huxham's formula was to rub up mercury, tion by double affinity."

§ iv, sulphuret of antimony, § iij, and Affinity, Elect'ive. The preference

sulphur, § ij. manifested by one body to combine with
yEtiiiops Martta'lis. Deutoxyde of another, rather than with a third, a fourth,
iron. &c.
iTCTinoPS Mineralts. Affinity, Single.
Black sulphuret The power by
of mercury. which two elementary bodies combine.
iE'rniops Veoetabilk. A species of AFFLATUS. From afflare, to blow
charcoal, obtained by burning the Fucus upon. A term applied in Pathology, to a
 AGE 31 AGE
species of erysijjelas, which attacks jiersons cetas, cetas jxrmata, thirty years ; adas con-
suddenly. stans, forty years; cetas matura, fifty

AFFLUX'US. From affluere, to flow years ; manhood, from the thirty-fifth to

in. The determination of fluids to a part. the fifty-fifth year. 5. Senecius, aitas pro-
AFFU'SION. Affusio; from affun- vecia, aitas mala; old age, from fifty to

dere, to pour upon. The pouring of any sixty. 6. Crepita adas, aitas ingravescens,
liquid ujion the hody. cetas decrepita, cetas affeda, tetas exada,
AFTER-BIRTH. The placenta and mem- cetas extrema: decrepid age, ending in
branes of the ovum are so called from death.
their being expelled after the delivery of The most common division of life is into
the foetus. four stages, or ages; namely, infancy, youth,
AFTER-PAINS. The pain succeeding manhood, and old age. But the division of
childbirth. Halle seems to be more distinctly marked
AGACE'MENT DES DENTS. Teeth by changes in the economy than any other.
set on edge. He divides life into,
A'GAMOUS. From a, priv., and ya/iog, 1. Infancy, extending from birth to the
marriage. A term applied in Botany to seventh year of age. To this, three sub-
eryptogamous plants, from the supposition divisions have been proposed. 1. The pe-
that they do not possess sexual organs. riod of the commencement of the eruption
AGARICUS. Ag'aric. The generic which is usually
of the temporary teeth,
name of the mushroom family order, Fun- about the seventh month from birth. 2.
;

gi ; class, Cryptogamia, comprehending sev- The period of the completion of first den-
eral species. tition, which is ordinarily about two and

Agaricus Mineraus. One of the 3. When the tem-

a half years after birth.
purest of the native carbonates of lime. porary teeth begin to be replaced by the
Agaricus Pipera'tus. The pepper permanent teeth.
mushroom, or pepper agaric. 2. Childhood, from the seventh to the

Agaricus Quercus. Boletus ignia- fifteenth year, during which period the
rius. Agaric of the oak a fungus form- whole contour of the face and expression o f
;

erly used for arresting external hemor- the countenance is changed by the elonga-
rhage. tion of the jaws, development of the al-
Agaricus Yiolac'eus. Violet mush- veolar borders, and dentition of all the
room. permanent teeth, except the dentcs sapien-
AGATE. A variegated chalcedony. tial, or last molars.
AGA'VE. A genus of plants found in 3. Adolescence, or adolesccntia, extend-
some parts of America, resembling aloes ing from the fifteenth to the twenty-fifth
in its mode of growth and appearance. year of age, during which period, the jaws
Agave Americana. Mexican aloe. elongate sufficiently to admit the last mo-
Agave Cubensis. American aloe the lars, the eruption of which completes the
;

roots of which resemble the sarsaparilla of dentition of the permanent teeth.

the shops. 4. Adult age, or virilitas, a period of life

AGE. In Human Physiology, the dura- extending in man from the twenty-fifth to
tion of the life -of man also, a certain ju-
: the sixtieth year of age, and in woman from
ried of life marked by a difference of state. the twenty-first to the fiftieth. This period
The ancients divided life into six stages : 1. is divided again, into increasing, estab-
Infantia vel pueriiia, reckoned from birth and decreasing virility, during
lished,
to the fifth year of age. 2. Addescentia,
which, the teeth undergo no change except
aias bona; youth reckoned to the eighteenth, that which they experience from disease.
and youth, properly so called, to the twen- 5. Old age, or senedus, embracing that

ty-fifth year. 3. Juvenius, from the twen- period when the powers of the body are de-
ty-fifth to the thirty-fifth year. 4. Virilis clining, ending in death. During this time
 AGN 32 AGU
the alveolar processes often waste away, AGNOI'A. Agncea. From a, priv., and
causing the teeth to loosen and drop out. yivuonu, I know. Want of memory ; for-
AGENESIA. Agennesia ; from a, priv., getfulness.
yevvau, to beget. 1. Impotence; male AG'NUS CASTUS. The chaste tree;
sterility j inability to beget offspring. a species of vitcx ; also castvr oil.

2. Atrophy and imperfect development of AGOMPH1ASIS. Agomphosis; from

the brain. a, priv., and yo/upou, I nail. Looseness of
A'GENT. From ago, to act. Any the teeth, usually caused by disease in the
thing which produces an effect. In Pa- gums and the gradual destruction of the
thology, the extraneous causes of disease are alveoli. See Gums, diseases of ; also, Al-
termed morbific agents. In Therapeutics, veolar Processes, destruction of the.
any thing used in the treatment of disease AG 'ONE. Henbane.
is termed a therapeutic agent. In Chemis- AGONOS. Barren.
try, any substance ca])able of producing AG'ONY. From ayuv, a contest. The
chemical action, is termed a chemical agent, last struggle of life against death.

&e. AGRESTIS. Wild. When applied to

AGEUS'TIA. From and yevofiai, disease by the old
a, priv. writers, it means violent,
gusto, to taste. Loss or diminution of taste. unmanageable.
AGGLOM'ERATE. From agglomerare, AG'KIA. Holly. Also, a malignant pus-
to wind up yarn into a ball, to collect to- tule.

gether. Applied to humors or glands in AGFJAMTELOS. The wild vine.

aggregation. AGRIEL.EA. The wild olive.
AGGLUTINATION. From Aggluti- AG'HIMONIA EUPATORIA.
The
nate, to glue together. The act of being common agrimony ; a plant of the natural
united by means of some tenacious sub- order Ilosacece.
stance. In Surgery, the adhesion of divi- Agrimony Hemp. Eupatorium canna-
ded parts, as the lips of a wound. binnm.
AG'GREGATE. Aggregatus ; from ag- AGRIOTHYMTA. From aypioc, wild,

grego, to assemble together. Bodies of the and fivpog f disposition. Furious insanity.
same kind when united together, are called AGRIPAL'MA. Motherwort, or wild
an aggregate. Glands which are in clus- palm. Leonurus cardiaca.
glanduke aggregates.
ters are called AGRIP'PA. From aypa, a capture, and
AGGREGATION. A form of attrac- note, a foot; or perhaps from cegre partus,
tion usually termed cohesion, by which born with difficulty.
particles are aggregated or retained in the AGRYPNOCO'MA. From aypvitvia,

state of a solid. sleeplessness, and icu/ia, drowsiness. Le-

AGIL'IA. From agilis, swift. A fam- thargic watchfulness.
ily of rodents, including the squirrels and AGRYP'NIA. From a, priv., and vmoc,
dormice. sleep. Sleeplessness ; watchfulness.
AGITATION. Agitaiio; from agito, A'GUE. Trembling shuddering ; ; inter-
freq. of ago; to act. Restlessness; con- mittent fever.
stant movement of a patient; inquiet- Ague and Fever. Intermittent fever.
ude. It often arises from the Ague, Dead. Ague, Dumb.
irritation at- An irregu-
tending dentition. See Dentition, Morbid. lar or masked intermittent.
AG'LIUM. A glossy tubercle on the Ague-Drop. A solution of arsenite of
face ; also, a white speck on the eye. potassa in water.
AGLOS'SIA. From a, priv., and yluaaa, Ague-Tree. Laurus sassafras.
the tongue. Absence of the tongue. Ague- Weed. Eupatorium perfoliatum.
AGNATHIA. From a, priv., and yva-doc, Ague-Cake. A hard tumor on the left
aw. A malformation consisting in the side below the false ribs, caused by a vis-
want of the jaw, especially of the lower. ceral obstruction, generally of the spleen,
A
 ;

ALA 33 ALB
which may he felt externally. It is the like substance, extracted from the roots of
effect of intermittent fever. the Inula helenium, and of Colchicum.
AIR. A.r/p. Aiir ; from «w, I breathe. ALARIS. From ala, a wing. Wing-like
Atmospheric air ; an elastic, invisible fluid, belonging to a wing.
surrounding the earth to the height, it is Alaris vena. The inner of the three
said, of fifteen or sixteen leagues. veins at the bend of the arm.
Air Cells of the Lungs. Bronchial ALAU'DA: A Linnajan genus of pas-
cells. serine birds. The larks.
Air, Fixed. Carbonic add; mephitic air. Alauda Arvensis. The field lark.

Air, Inflammable. Hydrogen. ALBAMEN'TUM. The white of an egg.

Air Passages. The larynx, trachea, ALB A'TION. Albatio. The act of be-
bronchia, &c. coming white.
Air Vital. Oxygen. ALBICAN'TIA COR'PORA. From albi-
AISTHETE'RION. become white. See Corpora albicantia.
JEstlieterium. The co, to
sensorium commune. ALBI'NISM.
The anomalous constitu-
AJUGA CHAM^EPITAS. Ground pine. tion which characterizes the albino.
AL. The Arabic definite article. ALBFNO. From albus, white. A Span-
ALA. Pinna ; pteryx. A wing. Tarts ish word applied to the white progeny of
projecting like a wing from the median negro parents. The skin has a pallid hue ;
line are designated by anatomists by this the hair on every part of the body resem-
name, as the alai nasi, &c. In Botany, the bles bleached flax the iris has a pale red- ;

lateral petal of a papilionaceous corolla. dish color, and is so sensitive that it can
Ala Auris. The wing of the ear. This scarcely bear the light of day. The term
is the upper part of the external ear. is also applied to all persons who have

Ala Nasi. The

winch forms these characteristics.
cartilage
the outer part of the nostril. AL'BITE. Soda feldspar ; a silicate of
ALABASTER. A variety of compact alumina, possessing properties similar to
gypsum ; it has a white or grayish color. It common feldspar, with the substitution of
was at one time much used in dentifrices, soda for potash.
but at present it is seldom employed for AL'BORA. A species of leprosy.
this purpose. When used upon the teeth, ALBOR'CA. An old name for mercury.
no matter how finely pulverized, it gets ALBOTIM. Turpentine.
between the free edges of the gum and ALBUGIN'EA OCULI. The white fi-

necks of these organs, where its mechanical brous membrane of the eye, situated im-
action is often productive of much injury. mediately under the conjunctiva. The
There are two kinds of alabaster : 1. Gyp- white of the eye.
seous alabaster, a natural semi-crystalline Albuginea Testis. The thick, white
sulphate of lime, forming a compact gyp- membrane which immediately invests the
sum of various colors, employed in making testicle.

statuary, vases, &c. 2. Calcareous alabaster, ALBUGIN'EOUS. From albus, white.

a mixed carbonate and sulphate of lime, A term applied by anatomists to textures
deposited by the dripping of water in stal- and humors which are white.
actitic caves. ALBU'GO. From albus, white. A
AL.E MINORES The nymphoz. white opacity of the cornea of the eye.
ALiEFORM. Ahrformis. From ala, a ALBUM GILE'CUM. Album canis.
wing, and forma, a resemblance. Resem- The white faeces of dogs.

bling a wing ; wing-shaped. Album Nigrum. The faeces of mice and

ALANIN. An alkaloid obtained by act- rats.

ing on aldehyd- ammonia with hydrocy- ALBU'MEN. A protein compound, the

anic acid. chief constituent of the body, or rather the

ALAN'TINE. Inuline; a whitish starch- material from which the tissues are mainly
 ALC 34 ALE
formed. It is found in great abundance AL'CHEMY. The mysterious art which
in the serum of the blood, and constitutes 2>retends to transmute the baser metals into
the white of the egg, whence its name. gold, and to find a panacea for all diseases.
Heat, creosote and the acids (excepting the AL'CHITRAN. The oil of juniper also ;

acetic) coagulate it. the name of the dentifrice of Mesue, an

Vegetable Albumen, found in most vege- ancient Arabian physician.
table juices, is identical with and is proba- AL'COHOL. Pure or highly rectified
bly the source of, animal albumen. spirits of wine. It is a powerful diffusible
Albumen Alumino'sum. Alum curd. stimulant, and is used both as a medicinal
Albumen O'vi. The white of an egg. and pharmaceutic agent. Chemically pure
ALBUMINATE OF SODA. When al- alcohol is styled absolute alcohol. It is an
bumen is treated with soda, it loses some oxyhydrate of ethyl, and is represented by
of its properties. Heat does not coagulate the formula AeO, HO, Ae, or ethyl, being
it, but changes it to a jelly. When the C4 H5. The empirical formula is there-
solution is boiled, a film forms on the sur- fore C4 He O2. The common alcohol of
face resembling that of casein under simi- the shops, however, contains a variable
lar circumstances. quantity of water.
ALBU'MINOSE. See Peptones. Alcohol Ammoniatum. A combina-
ALBU'MINOUS. Of the nature of, or tion of alcoholand ammonia.
containing albumen. Alcohol of Sulphur. Busulphuret of
Albuminous Group. A term of Prout's carbon.
classification, signifying that class of ani- ALCOHOLATES. Officinal medicines, in
mal and alimentary substances the compo- which alcohol is first impregnated with me-
sition of which is analogous to albumen. It dicinal principles by maceration, and then

includes albumen, fbrin, gluten, legumin, by distillation, so that it only retains the
globulin, casein, and the substances called volatile portions. Also, compounds of al-
oxyds of Protein. cohol with salt, called alcoates.
ALBUMINURIA. A disease in which ALCORNOQUE. Alcornoco. The bark
the urine contains albumen. It is com- of an unknown South American tree, ex-

monly appled to Bright's disease. tolled as a specific in phthisis pxilmonalis.

ALBUR'NUM. The soft white sub- ALCYO'NIUM. Bastard sponge; the
stance found between the inner bark and ashes of which were formerly used as a
wood of trees ; in time it becomes wood. dentifrice.
ALCALES'CENT. Becoming alkaline. AL'DEHYDE. The hydrated protoxyde
ALCAIt'GEN. Cacodylic acid. of acetyl, an ethereal fluid.
ALCAR'SIN. Oxyd of kakodyl ; a liquid AL'DER. Betula alnus.
obtained by treating acetate of potash and ALE. Alia. A fermented infusion of
arsenious acid, remarkable for its insup- malt, usually combined with hops.
portable odor and spontaneous inflamma- ALEI'PHA. From ateupu, to anoint.
bility in air. Medicated oil.

ALCALL Alkali. ALE'MA. From a, priv., and lifioe,

AL'CEA. A genus of malvaceous plants. hunger. Any thing which satisfies hun-
The hollyhock. ger. Boiled meat. Farina.
Alcea Ro'sea. The common hollyhock. ALEM'BTC. Alembicus ; a vessel mado
ALCHEMIL'LA. A genus of Rosace, of glass, metal, or earthenware, for the re-
ous plants, so called from their pretended ception of volatile products from a retort.
alchemical properties. ALEM'BROTH SALT. A compound
Alchemilla Arvensis. Ladies' man- of bichloride of mercury and sal ammoniac.
tle ;
parsley breakstone. The Salt of Wisdom of the alchemists.
AL'CHEMIST. One who practices al- ALETRIS. A genus of plants of the
chemy. order Liliacew.
 ALI 35 ALL
Aletbis Farinosa. Star-grass, the ALIZARINE. The red coloring matter
root of which is employed as a tonic. of madder.
ALEXIPHAR'MIC. From atef«*>, to re- ALKALES'CENT. Any substance con-
pel, tyapumov, poison. An antidote. A taining manifest alkaline properties, or in
term formerly applied to sudorifics, be- which these properties are becoming de-
cause they were supposed to eliminate the veloped or predominate.
poisonous matter of fevers through the skin. AL'KALI. A term ajiplied to certain
ALEXITE'RIUM. From ward oxyds, soluble in water, possessing the
alefa, to
off, and rrjpeu, to preserve. An ancient power of neutralizing acids, so as to form
\

medicine used as a prophylactic against a saline compound, and of changing some

poison. vegetable blues to green, and some vegeta-
AL'GA. Meergrass ; sea- weed. ble yellows to brown. There used to be
AL'GyE. Plants which vegetate exclu- 1. The
reckoned three kinds of alkalies.

sively under water, and are destitute of vegetable, or potash The mineral, or ; 2.

sexual organs. soda ; and 3. The animal, or ammonia,

AL'GAROTH, POWDER OF. From^Z- also called the volatile alkali. Modern
garoth, the name of a physician of Verona, chemistry has added to these, lithia.

its inventor. Oxychloride of antimony. Alkali Causticum. Caustic alkali.

ALGE'DO. From alyoc, pain. Pain in Alkali Fixum. Fixed alkali.
the region of the neck of the bladder and ALKALIM'ETER. An instrument for
anus, caused by sudden suppression of determining the purity of the alkalies of
gonorrhoea. commerce.
AL'GOR. Chilliness, rigor. AL'KALINE. Substances which con-
AL'ICES. From altfa, to sprinkle ; or tain, or partake of the nature of an alkali.

alica, a kind of grain, from their size. The ALKALINE EARTHS. Earths which
reddish spots which appear on the skin possess alkaline properties, as magnesia,
previously to the eruption of small-pox. lime, baryta and strontia.
ALIENATION. Alienatio ; from alieno, ALKALIZATION. The impregnation
to estrange.Applied to a wandering of the of any thing with an alkaline salt.
mind ; insanity ; mental derangement de- AL'KALOID. A salifiable base exist-
;

lirium. ing as a proximate principle in some vege-

AL'IFORM. Aliformis; from ala, a wing, tables, and possessing the properties of an
zndiforma, likeness. Pterygoid; wing-like. alkali in a greater or less degree.

ALIMENT. Alimentum ; from ah, to AL'KANET. SeeAnchusa Tinctoria.

nourish. Food. Any substance which, ALKEKENGI. Winter cherry, the fruit
when introduced into the alimentary canal, of the Physalis alkekengi.
may, after being subjected to the action of ALKERM'ES. celebrated electuary, A
the digestive organs, afford nourishment to in which kermes is the basis.
the body. ALLANTOIC FLUID.
The fluid fill-
ALIMENTARY. Pertaining to food, or up the space between the allantois and
ing
aliment. the amnion. In the cow it contains allan-
Alimentary Canal. A musculo-mem- tina, albumen, lactates, phosphates and
branous tube, through which the food pass- chlorides.
es. It extends from the mouth to the anus. ALL'ANITE. A mineral of a brown-
Alimentary Duct. Alimentary canal. ish black color, having associated with it
ALIMENTATION. The act of nourish- mica and feldspar.
ing; the assimilation of food. ALLANTO'IS. Membrana allantoides ;
ALIPT7E. From aleujxj, I anoint. Those from alloc, a sausage, and eidog, likeness.
who anointed the Athleta^ after bathing. A
membrane of the foetus, found in most of
ALIS'MA PLANTAGO. Water plan- the mammalia, situated between the cho-
tain. rion and amnion.
 ALL 3G ALL
ALLANTO'INE. A crystalline sub- A'LLIUM. Garlic. A genus of plants
stance obtained from the allantoic fluid o' of the order Asphodelece.
the cow. Its formula is Cs H4 N5 O5 + HO. Allium Ascalonicum. The shallot, a
ALLEN'S -FUSIBLE SILICEOUS CE- bulbous plant resembling the garlic.
MENT. A composition for uniting single Allium Cepa. The common onion.
porcelain teeth to a plate and to each other ; Allium Poruum. The leek or porret.
the use of wliich is secured to Dr. John Allium Sativum. Garlic.
Allen, of Cincinnati, Ohio, by letters pat- Allium SciiiENOFiiAsuM. The chive.
ent. It consists of silex, 2 oz. ; white or ALLOTPJOPHAGIA. From aklorpiag,
flint glass, 2 oz. ; borax, 1 oz. ; wedgwood, J strange, and <j>ayu, I devour. A desire, or
oz.; asbestos 2 drachms, feldspar, 2 drachms; morbid longing to eat inedible substances,
kaolin, 1 drachm. This composition is inter- as chalk, leather, coal, &c. ; depraved ap-
mixed or underlaid upon the plate with petite.

scraps of gold or platina. A plate having ALLG]0'SIS. Alloiosis ; from alloiou,

been prepared, and the teeth arranged to change. Alteration in the character of
on it, the composition is applied in a plastic a disease, or in the constitution.
state upon the outside, between and around ALLGiOT'ICA. From dkUq, another.
the base of the teeth, forming an artificial Alterative medicines.
gum upon the teeth and plate. This is ALLOGNO'SIS. From aklog, another,,

covered with a thick mixture of asbestos and ytvuonu, to know. Perversion of mind ;

and plaster of Paris. The wax is now re- incapability of distinguishing persons.
moved from the inside of the teeth, and the ALLOPATHIC. Allopathicus. Per-
composition applied on the plate and be- taining to allopathy.
tween and around the base of the teeth. ALLOTATHIST. One who practices
When dry, the piece is put in the furnace, or advocates allopathy.
and when the composition fuses, is with- ALLOP'ATHY. Alhpaihia; from aX.
drawn, and cooled slowly. Aof, another, and na-dog, disease. An em-
The plaster mixture is now removed and pirical designation applied to the practice

glim enamel, composed of feldspar, £ oz., of medicine, in contradistinction to homoe-

white glass, 1 oz., oxyd of gold, 1\ grains, opathy, or that system of medical practice
applied. The piece is again placed in the which proposes the cure of disease by es-
furnace, and when the enamel has fused suf- tablishing in the system a condition oppo-
ficiently, is withdrawn and cooled as before. site to, or different from, the disease to be

"We believe the above formula? have cured.

been altered somewhat since the patent for AL'LOPHANE. The name of a mineral,
its use was obtained. See Hunter's Fusi- of a blue, and sometimes of a green or
ble Bilicious Cement. brown color.

ALLIA'CEOUS. AJliacciis ; from al- ALLOTIUODON'TIA. From alUrpiog,

lium, garlic. Pertaining to garlic ; simi- foreign, and otiovg, a tooth. The transplant-
lar to garlic. ation of teeth. See Transplanting Teeth.
ALLIAHIA OFFICINALIS. Erysi- ALLOTIIOPISM. AHotropy. The
mum alliaria. Hedge garlic. The seeds property witnessed in elementary bodies, as
are diuretic, diaphoretic and expectorant. carbon, sulphur, &c, of existing in differ-
ALLIGATION. From alligo, to bend. ent modifications.
An arithmetical formula for ascertaining ALLOX'AN. Erythric acid ;
purpuric;
the proportions of the constituents of a mix- acid. Its formula is Cs H4 N2 O10. It is

ture when they have undergone no change formed by the action of nitric upon uric acid.
of volume by chemical action. ALLOXANIC ACID. An acid discov-
ALLTTURIC ACID. An acid generated ered by Wohler and Leibig, in decompo-
when allantoine is boiled with hydrochloric sing alloxan with alkalies. Its formula is

?cid. C* H 2 N 2 Oe-H HO.

 ALO 37 ALT
ALLOXANTINE. A crystalline sub- Aloes Hepatic. Barbadoes aloes. The
stance formed by the deoxidation of alloxan. name was originally applied to a product
Formula, Cs H 5 N 2 Oio. from the East Indies, but from a supposed
ALLOY. A compound of two or more resemblance between this and the aloes

metals by fusion. See Gold Plate ; also, from the West Indies, the name is now
Gold Solder. very generally applied to the latter.

ALLYL. Oil of garlic, obtained by dis- Aloes Socotorina. The aloes produced
tillation of garlic with water, and purified in the Island of Socotra. The species of
by re-distillation. Formula, C6 H5. aloewhich yields this variety, is supposed
ALLSPICE. Jamaica pepper. SeeMyr- to be thesame as those which produce the
tus Pimenta. Cape aloes.
AL'MOND. The nut of the Amygdalus Aloes Wood. Lignum aloes. A fragrant
communis. Amygdala. resinous substance, consisting of the in-
ALMONDS, BITTER, OIL OF. Vol- terior of the trunk the aquilaria ovata. ;

atile oil of almonds. A golden yellow oil, ALOET'IC. A medicinal preparation

obtained by distilling with water, or with containing aloes.
water and salt the cake of bitter almonds
; Aloetic Acid. Aloetinic acid. The
from which the fixed oil has been expressed. precipitate obtained by heating nitric acid
It is a deadly poison. on aloes.

Almonds, Oil of. Fixed oil of al- ALOIN. The bitter principle of aloes
monds. A bland fixed oil, usually obtained after the resin is removed.
from either sweet or bitter almonds, but ALOGOTROPH'IA. From aloyog, dis-

chiefly the former, by compression. It proportionate, and rpe6u, to nourish. Dis-

has a mild oily taste. proportionate nutrition, as of the bones in
Almond Paste. A popular cosmetic rickets. Hypertrophy of a part or organ.
for softening the skin, made from equal ALOPE'CIA. From alom^, a fox. Fall-
parts of blanched bitter almonds, the white ing off of the hair ; baldness.
of an egg, and rectified spirits. ALO'SA. The shad. A genus of fishes
ALMONDS. A term applied in popular of the order Mala'opterygini.
language to the exterior glands of the neck ALOUCH'I. A giun obtained from the
and to the tonsils, as the almonds of the eanella alba
ear, &c. ; the almonds of the throat. ALPAM. A Malabar shrub, from which
AL'NUS. A genus of plants. The al- an ointment made.
for the itch is
ders. See Betula Alnus. ALPHON'SIN. An instrument for the
Alnus Glutinosa. Common European removal of bullets, so called from the name
alder. of the inventor.
Alnus Serrtjlata. Common Ameri- AL'PHOS. Alfyog ; from alfycuvu, to
can swamp alder. The Sambucus Cana- change because it changes the ; color of the
densis is also called alder. skin. Lepra alphoides.
AL'OE. A genus of plants of the order ALPHO'SIS. The albino skin.
Asphodeleas. ALTERATION. Alieratio ; from alter,
AL'OES. The inspissated juice of the other. In General Pathology, a change in
several species of aloe. The three principal the structure of an organ, or in the nature
commercial varieties are, Cape, Socotrine, of excreted finals. In Dental Pathology ;

and the Hepatic or Barbadoes. applied to the changes which occur in the
Aloes, Cape. The aloes obtained from structure of the enamel of the teeth, or the
the Aloe Spicata and other species which dentinal tissue of these organs, from the
grow in great abundance in Southern Af- action of morbific agents. Also, to changes
rica, near the Cape of Good Hope. This which take place in the gums.
variety is used almost exclusively in the ALTERATIVE. Alteram ; from altero.
United States. to change. A medicine given for the pur-
 ;

ALV 38 ALV
pose of restoring the healthy functions of ALVEO-LABIALIS. The buccinator
the body without causing any sensible muscle.
evacuation. ALVE'OLAR. Alveolaris ; from alveus,
ALTFLE'A. A genus of plants of the a cavity. Pertaining to the alveoli.
order Malvaceae. Marsh-mallow. Alve'olar Abscess. Gum-boil. A col-
Altilea Officinalis. The systematic lection of pus in a sac formed in the socket
name of marsh-mallow. of a tooth at the extremity of the root,
ALTHIONIC ACID. An acid obtained which generally escapes through the gum.
from the residue of the preparation of ole- The popular designation of the affection is
fiant gas. gum-bile, or gum-boil, a name that by no
ALU DEL'. A subliming vessel resem- means conveys a correct idea of its true
bling the head of an alembic, used in dis- character ; inasmuch as the gums are only
tilling mercury. secondarily affected, while the seat of the
AL'UM. A double sulphate of potassa disease is always within the alveoli-

and alumina. Hence, Mr. Bell has given it the more ap-
Alum Earth. A massive mineral of a propriate name of alveolar abscess.
blackish brown color. Abscess is one of the most common af-
Alum Curd. A coagulum made of fections to which the alveolar cavities are
alum with the white of an egg. liable. Its effects are always exceedingly

Alum Root. Heuchera contusa. pernicious, not only to the socket in which
Alum Stone. A silicious subsulphate it is seated, and the gums covering it, but,
of alumina. also, very often to the general health.
Alum Whey. A whey made by boil- Whenever severe inflammation of the
ing alum with milk. periosteum of the root of the tooth, or of
ALU'MEN. Alum. that of the alveolus is excited, an effusion
Alumen Catinum. Potash of com- of coagulable lymph takes place, which,
merce. hardening, attaches itself to the root, around
Alumen Commu'ne. Common alum. its apex, and ultimately a sac is formed.

Alumen Exsicca'tum. Burnt alum; This, as suppuration takes place, distends

Alum melted until ebullition ceases. and presses against the surrounding wall
Alumen Fixum. Potash. of the alveolus, causing an opening to be
Alumen Roma'num. Roman alum. Red formed through the socket and gum for
alum. the escape of the matter.
Alumen Rupeum. Native alum. A direct lateral passage, however, is not
ALU'MINA. Alumine. The earth of always effected through the alveolus and
pure clay. gum. The confined matter sometimes makes
Alumina Pura. Alumina. for itself a passage through the roof of the
ALUMIN7E SULPHAS FUSUS. Alu- mouth, the cheek, or lower part of the face ;

men exsiccatum. at other times it traverses the jaw for a con-

ALU'MINOUS. Pertaining to, or of the siderable distance, divesting it of its perios-
nature of, alum. teum, causing necrosis and exfoliation
ALUMINUM. The metallic basis of at other times again it is discharged into
alumina. the maxillary sinus.
ALU'MINITE. An opaque, dull-white The formation of an abscess in the alveo-
mineral ; the hydrated subsulphate of alu- lus of a dens sapiential of the lower jaw, is
mina. sometimes attended with severe inflamma-
ALU'SIA. Illusion hallucination.
; tion and swelling of the tonsils, so as not
ALAr EA'RIUM. From alveare, a bee- unfrequently to render deglutition exceed-
hive. The bottom of the concha or hollow ingly difficult. At other times it induces
of the ear, terminating in the meatus-audi- inflammation and rigidity of the muscles
torius externus, or external auditory canal. of the cheek.
 ALV 39 ALV
The immediate cause of alveolar abscess advantage. But, even where this happens,
is, inflammation of the lining or investing the opening generally, soon closes, after the
membrane of the tooth, and whatever tends removal of the tooth. The face, however,
to produce this, may be regarded as its ex- will ever after be disfigured by a scar, and
citing cause. It often happens that a fill- sometimes by a depression in the cheek.
ing in a tooth in which the lining membrane The irritation consequent upon an ab-
has been destroyed, gives rise to the forma- scess in the socket of a wisdom tooth is

tion of abscess by preventing the escape of usually much greater than that produced
the matter forming at the apex of its by one in the socket of any other tooth.
root. Its egress being thus prevented, it In one case which came under the obser-
accumulates, and becomes a source of irri- vation of the writer, it terminated in lock-
tation to the investing membrane in its jaw, and Dr. Greenwood, of New York,
immediate vicinity, which, in consequence, describes a case, in the American Journal
thickens, forms a tubercle, and ultimately of Dental Science, in which the matter
suppurates. The roots of teeth, too, on from an abscess in the socket of a lower
which artificial crowns are placed, for the dens sapiential, made a passage for itself
same reason, often give rise to abscess. to the ear, and escaped from the meatus
The treatment of alveolar abscess should auditorius externus. Dr. Moberly, of New
be preventive, rather than curative ; for Market, Maryland, communicated to the
the latter, to be effectual, calls for the re- writer a case which terminated in phthisis
moval of the tooth. When, therefore, the pulmonalis, and death.
formation of abscess is apprehended, leeches The occurrence of alveolar abscess, pre-
should be promptly applied to the gum viously to the shedding of the temporary
over the affected alveolus. Should this teeth, frequently causes necrosis and ex-
fail to check the inflammation, nothing foliation of the alveoli of several of the ad-
short of the removal of the tooth or the joining organs, and sometimes of considera-
destruction of the pulp, will afford relief. ble portions of the jaw, often injuring, and
When occasionally carrying away the rudiments
a tooth occupying the affected
al-

veolus is comes of several of the permanent teeth. Two

removed, the sac often
away with it, and thus the formation of examples of this sort have fallen under the
an exterior opening for the escape of the observation of the author.
matter is prevented. Alve'olar Arches. The margins of
But there are circumstances which some- the two jaws in which the teeth are im-
times render the performance of this ope- planted. They are more or less elliptical
ration inadvisable; for —
example, certain in their shape the lower more so than the
states of the constitutional health, as well upper. The number of cavities which they
M that of the mind of the patient. In contain corresponds with the number and
such cases, the escape of the matter through shape of the roots of the teeth. They con-
the face or cheek, should be carefully sist of two bony plates, an external and an
guarded against by the application of fo- internal, with transverse septa which form
mentations to the gums, and by opening the alveoli.
the tumor as soon as it becomes soft, with At first, the growth of the alveolar arches
a lancet or other suitable instrument. keeps pace with, and, for a time, outstrips
The application of fomentations and that of the teeth, enclosing them in cells,
emollient poultices to the by which admirable provision of nature, a
face, is, per-
haps, under hardly any circumstances, ad- firm support is given to the gums previously
visable ; unless the disease is seated in the to the eruption of the teeth.
socket of a front tooth, where there is no The structure of the outer and inner
danger of the formation of an external plates of these arches is compact, while in-
opening, and even then it is very ques- teriorly, it is cellular. Each alveolus is
tionable whether they are productive of any pierced at the bottom with one or more
 ALV 40 ALY
minute foramina for the transmission of the In enumerating the membranes of the
vessels and nerves which go to the lining teeth, he divides them into deciduous and
membrane of the tooth. persistent. The former consists of two la-

Alve'olar Artery. This artery arises mellae which form the sac, and which, after
from the internal maxillary, and winds performing the functions assigned them,
around the maxillary tuberosity from be- are absorbed the latter derived from the —
hind forward, sending off twigs through periosteum of the maxillary bones, consists
the posterior dental canals which supply of the periosteum of the internal dental
the molar teeth, and go to the maxillary cavity, which, during the formation of the
sinus —while the main branch had performed the office of secreting
passes for- tooth,
ward, furnishing the gums and alveolo- the bone, the j^eriosteum of the root, and
dental periosteum. the periosteum of the alveolus, of which the
Alve'olar Border. Limlnis alveola' ris. last mentioned is a reflection.
The parts of the jaws in which the alveolar Delabarre, and other writers, arc of the
cavities are situated. opinion that the alveolo-dental periosteum
Alve'olar E^osto'sis. See Exostosis is derived 'from the membranes of the sac,
of the alveoli. especially the outer, and that it is continu-
Alve'olar Necro'sis. See Necrosis of ous with the gums.
the Alveoli. ALVE'OLI. The cavities in which the
Alveolar Processes. The alveoli, or roots of the teeth are implanted.
sockets of the teeth. Alveoli, Inflammation of the. Odoii-
Alveolar Processes, Destruction of tobothri'tis. The immediate cause of this
the. A gradual wasting of the alveoli, affection is inflammation of the alveolo-
causing the teeth to loosen and some- dental periosteum, and when continued for
times to drop out. It is an affection of fre- a considerable length of time, and esjiecially
quent occurrence, and in the majority of cases in bad habits of body, it is apt to ter-
results from a diseased condition of the
gums. minate in necrosis.
See Wasting of the Alveolar Processes. ALVE'OLUS. Odontouoth'rium. A di-

Alveolar Structure. A name given minutive of alveus, a cavity. The socket of

by Hewson to the minute superficial cavi- a tooth.
ties observed in the mucous membrane of AL'VEUS. A cavity.
the stomach, oesophagus, and small intes- Alveus Ampullas'cens. The enlarged
tines. part of the thoracic duct.
Alve'olar Vein. The distribution of Alveus Communis. The common duct
this is similar to that of the artery. of the ampullae of the semi-circular canals
ALVE'OLO-DENTAL PERIOSTEUM. of the internal ear.
The membrane which lines the alveoli and ALVIDU'CA. From alvus, the belly,
invests the roots of the teeth. It is attached and duco, to draw. Purging medicine.
to the gums at the necks of the teeth, and ALVIFLUX'US. From alvus, and fluo,
Mr. Thos. Bell is of the opinion that it to flow. A diarrhoea.
also forms the lining membrane of these AL'VINE. From alvus, the belly. Re-
organs. " The periosteum of the maxillary lating to the belly or bowels.
bones," says he, " after covering the alveo- AL'VUS. The abdomen, stomach and
lar processes, dips down into each alveolar intestines.
cavity, the parietes of which it lines. From Alvus AstricTa. Constipation; cos-
the bottom of the cavity, where the vessels tiveness.
and nerve of the internal membrane enter, Alvus Renum. The pelvis of the kidney.
it appears to be reflected over the root of AL'YCE. From akvu, to be anxious.
the tooth, which it entirely covers as far as Morbid restlessness.
the neck, at which part it becomes inti- ALYS'MUS. From alvu, to be vexed.
mately connected with the gum." Anxiety ; restlessness arising from disease.
 AMA 41 AMB
ALYS'SUM. From a, and Ivcca, canine the optic nerve, and generally character-
madness, because it was supposed to cure ized by dilatation of the pupil, immobility
hydrophobia. Madwort ; water-plantain. of the iris, and want of natural expression.
AMAL'GAM. Amalgama; from a/ua } to- AMAUROTIC. Affected with amaurosis.
gether, and yaueiv, to marry ; or a/xa and Amaurotic Cat's Eye. Ambhjc^/ia
fiakarru ) to soften. A combination of senilis. An amaurotic affection, occurring
mercury with some other metal or metals. chiefly in very old persons, and accompa-
Within the last few years an amalgam of nied by remarkable paleness of the iris.
mercury and silver, either alone, or in com- AMBE. Afi(3v. The edge of a rock.
bination with finely pulverized silex, The name of an ancient machine used for
glass or pumice-stone, has been much used reducing dislocations of the shoulder.
by many dentists for filling teeth, but it is AMBER. Siiccinum. A hard, brittle,

thought by eminent practitioners to be the tasteless, bituminous substance, sometimes

most objectionable material that has ever transparent, but often semi-transparent or
been employed for this purpose. In the ojiaque. It is met with of all colors, but
first place, being introduced in a soft state, is most frequently yellow, or orange.

it shrinks from the walls of the cavity in AM'BERGRIS. Ambragrisea. A con-

hardening. Secondly, the exposed surface crete substance, exhaling a pleasant aro-
soon oxydizes, turns black, and gives to matic odor, found in irregular masses float-
the tooth an exceedingly disagreeable ap- ing on the sea, near the Molucca islands,
pearance ; and thirdly, in the [mouths of Madagascar, Sumatra, on the coast of Co-
individuals very susceptible to the action romandel, Brazil, America, China and Ja-
of mercury, it is liable to produce saliva- pan. It is thought by some to be produced
tion,and even in the best constitutions it in the intestines of the whale.
seldom fails to exert a morbid effect upon AMBIDEXTER. Amphidexius ; from
the aveolo-dental periosteum, gums, and ambo, both, and dexter, right. One who
mucous membrane of the mouth. uses both hands with equal facility.
AMALGAMATION. In Metallurgy, AMBLO'SIS. Miscarriage ; abortion.
the process of combining mercury with AMBLYAPH'IA. From a^Tivg, dull,
some other metal, as practiced in separat- and apy, touch. Loss of the sense of touch
ing silver and gold from some other ores. or general feeling.
AMANITA. A genus of fungi. AMBLYOTIA. From a/xfUvg, dull, and
Amanita Muscaria. Fly amonita, a uip, the eye. Dimness of sight; partial
plant possessing a poisonous principle. amaurosis.
AMANIT1NE. A name given by Letil- Amblyopia Dissitorum. Shortsighted-
licr to the poisonous principle of fungi. ness.
AMARA DULCIS. Bitter-sweet. See Amblyopia. Proximorum. Longsight-
Dulcamara. edness.
Amara Medicamenta. Bitters tonics. AMBLYG'ONITE. A phosphate of alu-
;

AMARIN. The bitter principle of mina and lithia, a rare mineral.

vegetables. AMBREIC ACID. A peculiar acid, ob-
AMA'RUS. Bitter. The principal bit- tained by treating ambreine with nitric acid.
ters used for medicinal purposes are, gen- AMBREAS. Ambreate. A salt formed
tian, quassia, columba, cinchona, &c. from ambreic acid with a salifiable base.
AMASE'SIS. Amassesis ; from a, priv., AMBREINE. Ambreina. The fatty
and fiaai]aic, mastication. Impaired or substance which forms the greater part of
imperfect mastication. ambergris, and is somewhat analogous to
AMAURO'SIS. From afiavpou, to darken cholesterine.
or obscure. Gutta serena.Partial or total AM'BON. The margins of the sockets
loss of sight, without any apparent altera- in which large bones are lodged.
tion in the eye, arising from paralysis of AMBULANCE. From ambidare; to
 ;

AMI 42 A MM
move about. A light caravan, furnished AMILINE. Amylen. A liquid hydro-
with a surgeon, surgeon's assistants and carbon, obtained by distilling hydratcd
every thing necessary for attending upon oxyd of amyl with anhydrous phosphoric
the wounded in the held of battle. acid.
AMBUSTION. Ainbustio ; from am- AMMA. A truss.
buro, to bum. A burn or scald. AMMI. A genus of umbelliferous plants
AMELINIC ACID. An acid generated Bishop's-wecd, comprising several species,
by the action of chlorine upon cail'eiu. of which the ammi majus furnishes aro-
AMENORRHEA. From a, priv., urjv, matic seeds, formerly employed as a car-
a month, and peu, to flow. A partial or minative and tonic.
totally obstructed menstruation. AMMO'NIA. A transparent colorless,
AMENTA'CEiE. Amentaceous plants. elastic alkaline gas, of a penetrating odor
AMENTACEOUS. Resembling an and acrid taste, obtained by the destructive
ament or thong ;
growing in an anient. distillation of animal matters. It is com-

AMEN'TIA. From a, priv., and mens, posed of three parts hydrogen and one ni-

the mind. Imbecility of mind. trogen, and is supposed to contain a metallic

AMENTUM. Anient. A species of base, ammonium.
inflorescence, ranged along a stalk or slen- AMMONI'ACUM. Gum-ammoniac. The
der axis, as in birch, oak, chestnut, &c. dorema ammonia-
inspissated juice of the
AMEIi. The bitter principle produced cum, an umbelliferous plant which grows
by digesting nitric acid on raw silk. in Persia. It is brought to this country in

AMERICAN CENTAURY. Sabbatia small white globules, clustered together, or

angularis. in lumps of a brownish color.

American Dittany. Cunila mariana. AMMONIACO. A term prefixed to salts

American Hellebore. Veratrum album. in which ammonia has been added in suf-
American Ipecacuanha. Euphorbia ficient quantity to combine with both the
ipecacuanha, and Gillenia trifoliate. acid and the base.
American Sanicle. Heuchera Ameri- AMMONITE. A name given to a fossil

cana. shell, allied to the genus Nautilus.

American Senna. Cassia marilandica. AMMO'NIUM. A name given to a hy-
American Spikenard. Araliaracemosa. pothetical compound of hydrogen and ni-
AMETHYST. From a, priv., and ueVvg), trogen, NH4, the supposed metallic base
to be intoxicated. Purple rock crystal, a of ammonia.
variety of quarz. AMMONIA ACETATIS LIQUOR.
AMETR1A. Intemperance. Aqua ammonia aceiatce. A solution of ace-
AMIANTHUS. From a, priv., and tate of ammonia.
(iicuvu, to pollute. Mountain flax asbestos, Ammonite Carbonas. Subcarbonate of
;

an incombustible mineral, consisting of fine ammonia.

silky fibres. Ammonite Liquor. Liquor of ammonia.
AMIDES. [Saline compounds containing Ammonia Murias. Muriate of ammo-
a base composed of one atom of nitrogen nia.
and two of hydrogen. Ammonia Nitras. Nitrate of ammo-
AMIDOGEN. A compound of nitrogen nia.
and hydrogen, NII2, existing in combina- Ammonia Subcarbonas. Subcarbonate
tion with a few metals and organic sub- of ammonia.
stances. Kane regards it as the basis of Ammonite Subcarbonatis Liquor. A
all the ammoniacal compounds. According solution of subcarbonate of ammonia.
to him, ammonia is an amide (Ad H), Ammonue Tartras. A salt composed
and ammonium a subamide (Ad Ho ) of of tartaric acid and ammonia.
hydrogen. Its symbol is Ad. AMMONIURET. A compound of am-
AMIDTNE. The soluble part of starch. monia and a metallic oxyd.
 AMP 43 AMY
AMNESIA. From a, priv., and fivtfaif, jileopov, a net, and ecdog, a resemblance.
memory. Loss of memory forgetfulness.
; Reticular ; like a net.
AMNION. Amnios. The innermost AMPHIDIARTHRO'SIS. From a^i,
membrane which surrounds the foetus in both, and dtapdpoaig, a movable articula-
utero. In Botany, the innermost membrane tion. The temjioro-maxillary articulation
which surrounds the seeds. is by "Winslow, because it
so designated
AMO'MUM. A genus of Zingiber acc- partakes both of ginglymus and arthro-
ous plants. dia.

Amo'mum Cardamo'mum. AM'PHORA. From a/xfopevc, that which

Cardamo-
mum minus. Less an can be carried on both sides, by reason of
cardaniomum,
East India plant, the seeds of which, when its two handles. A measure used by the Ro-
chewed, impart to the mouth a grateful mans, containing, as is supposed, about
aromatic warmth. nine gallons.
Amo'mum Granum Paradisi. Carda- AMPHORIC RESONANCE. From
momum majus. The plant which affords amjjhora, a vessel. A stethescopic sound
the grains ( >f paradise, or the greater carda- like that heard on blowing into a decanter.
momum seeds. AMPLEXICAUL. From amplexus, an
Amomum Verum. The true stony pars- embrace, and caulis, a stem. A term ap-
ley. plied in Botany to leaves which embrace
Amomxtm Zingiber. The plant which the stem.
affords ginger. AMPUL'LA. A term applied in Chem-
AMOK. Love. istry, to a large bellied bottle; in Anat-
AMOR'PHA. The name of a genus of omy, to the dilated part of the membranace-
plants of the order Decandria, of which ous semicircular canal in the ear ; and in
only one species is known. The bruised Pathology, to a water-bladder on the skin,
root of this is said to possess anti-odontalgic hence pemphigus is sometimes called Fe-
virtues. bris avipnllosa.

AMORPH'OUS. Of an irregular shape 5

AMPULLAS'CENS. See Alvcus Am-
without a determinate form. pullascens.

AMPHAPJSTEROS. From a^i, both, AMPUL'LULA. Dim. of ampulla, a

and aptarepog, left-handed. Awkward with bottle. A term sometimes applied in Anat-
the hands ; opposed to ambidexter. omy, to a sac slightly enlarged in the
AMrilEMEEINUS. From a^t and centre.
yftepa, a quotidian fever. AMPUTATION. Amputatio : from am-
AMPUL Afi(pi. A Greek preposition, putare, to cut off. The removal of a limb,
used as a prefix, signifj-ing about, on all or any projecting part of the body by
sides, &c. means of a cutting instrument.
AMrHIARTHRO'SIS. From a^,both, AM'ULET.
Amvletum: from amolire,
and apdpumg, an articulation. A mixed to remove, or put away, because it was sup-
articulation, in which the articular surfaces posed to drive off evil spirits and diseases.
of bones are united by an intermediate sub- Any image or substance worn around the
stance, which admits of but little motion, neck for the prevention of disease or evil.
as the vertebral by the intervertebral car- AMYEL'A. From a, priv., and fJ.ve2.oc,
tilages. marrow. A monstrosity, in which there is
AMPIIIB'IA. A class of animals so a partial or complete absence of the spinal
formed as to be capable of living on land, marrow.
and for a long time under water. AMYGDALA. From a/iv^u, to strain

AMPHIBTOUS. Capable of living in milk, from the resemblance of the blanched

two elements, air and water, almond to curd, or milk strained and sepa-
as the croco-
dile, beaver, frog, &c. rated from its serum. The almond, of
AMPIIIBLESTROI'DES. From a^L- which there are two kinds the amygdala ;
 :;

ANA 44 AN2E
amara, and amygdala diila's. The tonsils ANACARDIACE2E. The cashew tribe
are also called amygdala'. of Dicotyledonous plants, which abound in
Amygdala Amara. The bitter almond. resinous, sometimes acrid, and very poison-
AMYGDALA Dulcis. The sweet almond. ous juice.
Amyg'dal^e Oleum. Oil of almonds. ANACAR'DIUM. A genus of plants
AMYG'DALUS. The common almond of the order Anacardiaceoz.
tree. Anacardium, Oil of. A volatile oil
Amyg'dalus Communis. The system- distilled from the cashew nut. It is power-
atic name of the plant from which the fully irritant and vesicant.
common almond is procured. Anacardium Occidentale. The cashew
Amygdalus Per'sica. The peach-tree. nut.
AMYL. The radical of a class of bodies Anacardium Orientale. The Ma-
resembling the Ethyl Series. It is, as now lacca bean.
obtained, a colorless, transparent fluid, of ANACATHAR'SIS. From ava, up-
slightly etheric odor, and varj'ing taste. ward, and icadaipeiv, to purge up. Pur-
It is found as an oxyhydrate in fusel oil gation upward expectoration. ;

from potato whiskey. Its formula is Cio ANACATHAR'TIC. An expectorant or

Hii- emetic.
AMYLACEOUS. Having the proper- ANACHREMP'SIS. Hawking up from
ties of starch. the lungs.
A'MYLUM. Starch. ANACLA'SIS. From avanlau, to bend
Amylum Marant^e. Arrow-root. back. Recurvature of any part.
AMYO'SIS. Imperforate iris. ANACLINTE'RIUM. A recumbent
AMYRIDA'CE.E. An order of Dico- chair or couch.
tyledonous plants, abounding in fragrant ANACOLLE'MA. From ava, together,
resin. and Kollau, I glue. A collyrium com-
AM'YRIS. A genus of plants abound- posed of agglutinating substances, and
ing in resin. stuck on the forehead ; also, healing medi-
Amyris Elemifera. The plant from cines.
which the gum elemi is obtained. ANACONCHYLIS'MOS. From avaKoy.
Amyris Gileadensis. The name of %»fa(jOt to sound as a shell. A gargarism
the plant from which the opobalsamum is so called, because it makes a noise in the
obtained. The balm of Gilead tree. throat like the sound of a shell.
AMYX'IA. From a, priv., and (iv$a, ANACTE'SIS. From avanTao/iat, to re-
a mucus. Deficiency of mucus. cover. Recovery of strength; recovery
ANA. A word, in medical prescriptions (
from sickness.
signifying, of each. Its abbreviations, a ANADIPLO'SIS. From ava, again,
and aa, are more frequently employed. It and (Vtv2.og), I double. A redoubling or
is also used as a prefix, denoting through, frequent return of paroxysms, or disease.
above, upward, &c. ANADORA. Excoriation.
ANABASIS. From avafiaivo, I ascend. AN^E'MIA.
a, priv., and ai/ia, From
Augmentation or paroxysm of disease. blood. Exsanguinity deficiency of blood, ;

ANABEX'IS. From avajinrru, to cough arising either from repeated hemorrhages

up. Expectoration. or disease, and characterized by paleness
ANABLEP'SIS. From ava, again, and of the face, lips,. and general surface of the
filenu, to see. Recovery of sight. body quick, feeble pulse, impaired appe-
;

ANAB'OLE. From ava, up, and (ia?lu, tite, &c.

least. Vomiting; expectoration. ANiEMOT'ROPHY. Anamotrophia
ANABROCHE'SIS. From ava, again, from a, priv., ai/ia, blood, and rpfrj, nourish-
and /3po,vew, to absorb, Re-absorption of ment. Deficiency of sanguineous nourish-
matter. ment.
 AN.E 45 ANA
AN^ESTHE'SIA. From a, priv., and ANAGALL'IS ARVEN'SIS. Scarlet
motiavo/iai, I feel. "Want of feeling ; loss pimpernel; a plant of the order Prinm-
of the sense of touch ; insensibility. lacea;.

ANESTHETIC. Pertaining to want ANAL'CIME. Cubic zeolite.

of feeling, as anaesthetic agents, those which ANALEP'SIS. From ava?M^avu, to

prevent feeling. restore. Pecovery of strength after dis-
Anesthetic Agents. The agents em- ease. In Surgery, the support of a frac-
ployed to prevent pain during surgical tured limb by means of a suitable appa-
operations and parturition. It has recently ratus.
been ascertained that the inhalation of the ANALEPTIC. Restorative ; applied to
vapor of ether or chloroform will have this medicines and food which restore health
effect. The practicability of producing it and accelerate the progress of convales-
by the inhalation of a gaseous substance cence.
is believed by some to have originated with ANALO'SIS. From avakiotio, to con-
Dr. H. Wells, a dentist of Hartford, Ct., but sume. Atrophy; wasting.
the credit of fully demonstrating that the in- ANALYSIS. From avalvu, to resolve.
halation of the vapor of sulphuric ether The separation of any compound substance
would do it, has been very generally into its primary and constituent parts.
awarded to Dr. W. T. G. Morton, a dentist ANAMNESTIC. From ava/ii/n>j]OKa, to
of Boston, though the idea of employing this remember. A term sometimes applied to
particular agent in this way, is said to have medicines which have the effect of invig-
been suggested to him by Dr. C. T. Jack- orating and improving the memory.
son, an eminent chemist of that city. More ANANAS. Bromelia ananas. The
recently, Professor Simpson, of Edinburgh, common pine apple.
has discovered that the vaj)or of chloroform ANAPHALAN1TASIS. From ava^a-
would produce the same effect, and more Xavrac, bald. Loss of the hair of the eye-
promptly than that of ether. brows, and baldness in general.
Much judgment and care arc required in ANAPHORYX'IS. From avcupopvaoa,
the employment of these agents, as loss of to grind down. The reduction of any
life has resulted from their use in a great thing to a fine powder.
number of instances. In general surgery, ANAPHRODIS'IA. From o, priv.,
and during parturition, they may be often and atjipodtn), the Grecian name of Venus.
used, no doubt, with great advantage, but Impotence ; from organic, functional, or
they should seldom be resorted to in so other causes.
simple an operation as the extraction of a ANAPLERO'SIS. From avaizlrtpou, to

tooth. fill again. The restitution of wasted parts.

A variety of instruments has been in- ANAPLEU'SIS. From avairteu, to
vented from which to inhale the vapor of float. Looseness of an exfoliated bone, or
these agents, but the usual and best method of a tooth. For the latter, see Gomphiasis.
of administration consists in pouring three ANAPNEU'SIS. From avanvea, to
or four tea spoonfuls of ether, or from respire. Respiration.
fifty to a hundred and twenty drops of ANAPTO'SIS. From avanmru, to fall
chloroform, into the interior of a hollow back. A relapse.
sponge, or on a pocket handkerchief or ANARRHCE'A. From ava, up, and peu,
napkin, and holding it to the mouth and to flow. An afflux of fluid to the head or
nose. In this way the vapor may be towards the upper part of the body.
freely inhaled, and the desired effect will A'NAS. A genus of Anserine birds.
generally be produced in from seven to ten Anas Anser. The Goose.
minutes with the former, and in from Anas Cygnus. The Swan.
thirty seconds to two minutes with the Anas Domesticus. The tame Duck.
latter. ANASAR'CA. From ava, through, and
 '

ANA 46 AND
cap!;, flesh. General dropsy, or an accu- to perforate. A perforation like that made
mulation of serum in the cellular mem- by trepanning.
brane. ANATRIBE. Anatripsis. From avaTpifiu,
ANASTALTICA. From avaorEMa, to to rub. Friction upon the body.
contract. Styptic medicines. ANAU'DIA. From a, priv., and aviit,

ANASTOMO'SIS. From ava, through, the speech. Privation of speech. Cata-

and aiofia, a mouth. The communication lepsy.
of vessels with each other. AN'CHILOPS. From ayxt, near to, and
ANASTOMOTIC. Anastomotims. Med- unj), the eye. An inflammatory tumor in
icines which were thought to open the the inner angle of the eye.
pores and mouths of vessels. ANCHORA'LIS. A name applied to
ANATASE. Pyramidal titanium ore. the coracoid process.
It is pure titanic acid. It occurs in octa- ANCHU'SA. A genus of plants of the
hedral or tabular crystals. Its color is order Boraginece.
brown of various shades, passing into indi- Anchusa Officinalis. The officinal

go blue or greenish yellow by transmitted bugloss.

light. It is said to accompany native Anchusa Tincto'ria. The alkana of
titanium in the slags from the iron furnaces the Parmacopoeias ; the alkanet plant.
in Orange Co., New York. ANCHUSIN. A resinous coloring mat-
ANATOMY. From ava, and Tepviev, ter, extracted from alkanet.
to cut. The ANCHYLO'SIS. Ancylosis. Ankylosis.
dissection of organized bodies
so as to expose the From aynvkof, crooked. A stiff-joint.
structure, situation,
and use of the various parts. The word, ANCONE'US. From aynw, the elbow
as at present used, has reference also to The name of a muscle situated on the back
the study of the parts of organized bodies of the elbow.
and their uses. In a word, it may be Anconeus Externus. Triceps exten-
properly called the science of organization, sor cubiti.
though it is commonly limited to the study ANCONOID. Resembling the elbow.
of the human body. ANC'TER. A fibula or clasp to connect
Anatomy, Comparative:. Zootomy. the edges of a wound.
The comparative study of the organs of ANCUNNUEN'TA. A menstruating
animals generally. woman.
Anatomy, Descriptive. The anatomy ANCUS. From oy/cwv, the elbow. A
of the various organs of the human body, distorted or stiff elbow.
including their shape, mutual relations, ANCYLOBLEPH'ARON. From ayKvfy,
&c. contraction, and (iteipapov, an eyelid. A dis-
Anatomy, General. This treats of ease of the eye, by which the eyelids are
the structure and properties of the different closed.
tissues common to several organs, embra- ANCYLOGLOS'SUM. From ayKvkv, a
cing an examination of the general charac- hook, and yluaaa, the tongue. Tongue-
ters of all the organs and humors. tied.
Anatomy, Morbid, or Pathological. ANCYLO'SIS. Anchylosis.
This treats of diseased states or altera- ANDA. An Euphorbiaceous tree of
tions of structure. Brazil, the fruit of which isan oval nut,
Anatomy, Special. This treats of the containing two seeds. From these an oil
healthy state of the organs. is obtained possessing strong cathartic
Anatomy, Transcendental. The in- properties, which has also an emetic
vestigation of the plan or model upon effect.
which the living frame and its organs are ANDI'RA. A genus of plants of the
formed. order Mimosece.
ANATRE'SIS. From ava, and nrpau, Andira Inermis. The cabbage tree.
 ANE 47 ANG
ANDRO'CEUM. From avr/p, a man, Anethum Foenic'ulum. The fceniculum
a term applied in Botany to the male or- of the shops ; sweet fennel.
gans in plants ; the stamens. Anethum Grav'eolens. The system-
ANDROG'YNUS. From avr,p, a man, atic name of anethum. Dill.
yvvrj, a woman. An hermaphrodite. An ANET'ICA. From aviyfu, to remit.
effeminate man. Medicines that ease pain.
ANDROMA'NIA. From avr\p, a man, AN'EURISM. Aneurisma; from avevpv-
and fiavia, fury. Nymphomania. veiv, to dilate or distend. A tumor formed by
ANDROM'EDA. A genus of plants of the dilatation of gan artery, or of the heart.
the order Erkacece. There are three varieties of aneurism. 1.

Andromeda Maria'na. Broad-leaved When the blood in the dilated artery does
moorwort ; leather leaf. not escape, but is covered by the arterial
Andromeda Arborea. The sorrel-tree. coats, it is called True aneurism. 2. When
The leaves have an acid taste, and have there an opening in the artery, and the
is

been used in decoction in fevers. blood escapes into the cellular tissue which
ANDROTOMTA. Androtome; from forms a sac around it, it is called False or
avrip, a man, and refrvw, to cut. The dis- spurious aneurism. 3. When, in opening
section of the human body. wounded, and blood es-
a vein an artery is

ANDRUM. A name given by Kajmp- capes into the vein, and causes it to become
fer to a species of hydrocele, connected varicose, it is called varicose aneurism.
with elephantiasis, endemic in the south of ANEURIS'MAL. Belonging to an an-
Asia. eurism.
ANEBIUM. From avaflatvu, to ascend. Aneurismal Sac or Cyst. The sac or
The alkanet is so called because of its quick pouch of an aneurism.
growth. ANFRACTUOSTTY. Anfractus; from
ANECPYE'TUS. That which is not am, around, and fractus, broken. A wind-
likely to suppurate. ing or curvature ; applied in Anatomy to
ANEMIA. Amentia. a winding depression or grove. The fur-

ANEMOM'ETER. From avcpog, wind, rows which separate the convolutions

and (iirpov, a measure. An instrument for of the brain are called cerebral anfractu-
measuring the force or velocity of the wind. osities.

ANEMONIA. A camphor obtained by ANGEIAL. From ayyiurv, a vessel. Vas-

distillation from Anemone nemorosa, Pulsa- cular ; abounding with, or full of minute
tilla and pratensis. Its formula is O15 B H vessels.
06- Boiled with baryta water, it iscon- ANGEIOL'OGY. See Angiology.
verted into anemonic acid, On H7 O7. ANGEIOT'OMY. See Angiotuny.
ANEMO'NE. A genus of Ranuncula- ANGEIOPATHPA. From ayyuov, a
ceous plants. The wild-flower. vessel, and 7rm9oc, a disease. Disease of the
Anemone Hepat'ica. The Eepatica vessels.
nobilis, or herb trinity. ANGEIOSPERMIA. From ayyuov, a
Anemone Nemoro'sa. The systematic vessel, and ompua, seed. A term applied
name of Ranunculus albus in Botany to plants which have their seeds
Anemone Praten'sis. Meadow ani- enclosed in a vessel, or pericarp,
mony. ANGEIOSTEO'SIS. From ayyeiov, a

ANENCEPH'ALUS. From a, priv., vessel, and ooreuoic, ossification. Ossifica-

cynetyakov, the brain. A monster without tion of vessels.
brains. ANGELTCA. So called from its sup-
ANE'SIS. From avirjut, to remit. Re- posed angelic virtues. A genus of umbel-
mission of a disease or symptom. liferous plants ; the garden angelica, the
ANE'THUM. A genus of umbellifer- roots of which have a fragrant odor and
ous plants. pungent taste, possessing aromatic and car-
 ;

ANG 48 ANG
urinative properties. They are used by the two lines ; one drawn from the most
of
Laplanders in pectoral affections. prominent part of the forehead to the edge
Angelica Archangeli'ca. The name of the alveolar border of the upper jaw,
for the angelica of the shops. opposite the incisors ; the other, from the
Angelica Sylves'this. Wild angelica. meatus auditorius externus of the same
ANGELIC ACID. An acid found with point. By the size of this angle it is said
valerianic acid in the roots of angelica. the relative proportions of the cranium and
Formula, HOi Cio H 7 3 . face may be ascertained, and to a certain
ANGELI'NA. A Malabar tree of great extent, it is thought by some, but with
size ; the Andira inermis. how much probability of truth the author
ANGELI'NA CORTEX. The bark of is unable to say, the amount of intelligence
a tree of Grenada, called by that name. possessed by individuals and animals.
ANGI'NA. From angere, to strangle. These lines form an angle, in the white vari-
Inflammation of the throat and air passages. eties of the human species, of about 80°
Angina Maligna. Malignant sore in the negro, of from 65° to 70°. In de-
throat. scending the scale of animals the angle
Angina Parotidea. The mumps. grows less and less until it almost entirely
Angina Pec'toris. A disease charac- disappears.
terized by severe pain about the lower part Angle, Optic. Visual angle the an- ;

•of the sternum, accompanied with difficult formed by two rays of light proceed-
gle
•breathing, palpitation of the heart, and ing from different points, and meeting in
great anxiety. the pupil of the eye.
Angina Tonsillaris. Cynanche ton- AN'GLICUS SUDOR. A sweating fe-

sillaris. ver, once very prevalent and fatal in Eng-

Angina Trachealis. Cynanche tra- land.
chealis. AN'GONE. From ayxu, to strangle. A
ANGIOGRAPHY. Angiographia ; from nervous constriction of the fauces, in hys-
ayyeiov, a vessel, and ypafu, I describe. A terical women, attended with a feeling of
description of the vessels of the body. suffocation.

ANGIOL'OGY. Angeiolog'ia ; from ay- AN'GOR. Intense pain about the epi-
yeiov, a vessel, and hoyo^, a discourse. The gastrium, attended with great anxiety, and
doctrine of the vessels. often with palpitation.
ANGIOP'ATHY. Angiopathia ; from AN'GULAR. Angidaris ; from angulus,
ayyeiov, a vessel, and Ttadog, disease. A an angle. Belonging to an angle.
term applied in Pathology to vascular dis- Angular Artery. The end of the
ease, or a morbid affection of the vessels. facial artery, which inosculates at the inner
ANGIOPLERO'SIS. From ayyeiov, and side of the orbit with the ophthalmic ar-
nlrjpuoig, repletion. Engorgement of the tery.
vessels ; vascular congestion. Angular Processes. The orbitary pro-
ANGIOT'OMY. Angiotomia ; from ay- cesses of the os frontis.
yetov, a vessel, and ti/jvo), I cut. Dissection Angular Vein. The vein which ac-
of the vessels. companies the angular artery.
ANGLE. Angulus. The incidence of ANGULA'RIS SCAPULiE. The leva-
two lines, straight or curved; the point tor anguli scapulse.
where two lines or surfaces meet. In Anat- ANGULO'SUS. Angular.
omy, the term is applied to parts which ANGUSTU'RA BARK. The product of
have an angular shape, as the external and a South American evergreen tree. It pos-
internal angle of the eyes, the angle of the sesses bitter, aromatic, tonic properties,
lower jaw, &c. and is but little inferior to the Cinchona
Angle, Fa'cial. The facial angle, ac- bark.
cording to Camper, is formed by the union Angustura Bark, False. A poisonous
 ;

ANI 49 ANN
bark, which was formerly occasionally a manner as to admit of free motion, and
mixed with the genuine angustura bark, which are moved by means of muscles at-
and which produced some unlucky acci- tached to them interiorly; the radiated,
dents. It contains the alkaloid brucia. have all their parts attached in a circu-
ANHELATION, Anhdatio ; from an- lar manner, with their mouth in the cen-
hdo, I pant. Shortness of breath; pant- tre.

ing, symptomatic of lesion of the pulmo- Animal. Adjective. That which be-
nary functions. longs to or concerns animals.
ANHEL'ITUS. Panting. Animal Heat. The heat or caloric of
ANHYDRITE. Anhydrous gypsum. the body of a living animal resulting from,
ANHY'DROUS. From a, priv., and and necessary to, its vitality, and which
vdup, water. A term applied in Chem- enables it to preserve nearly a uniform
istry to a salt which contains no water of temperature, whatever may be the external
crystallization ; also, to any substance de- changes.
prived of water. Animal Economy. The conduct of
ANIL. The plant from which indigo is nature in the preservation of the organ-
prepared. ism. The organism itself.

ANILIN. An alkaloid obtained by the Animal Kingdom. The whole series of

destruction of various organic substances. animated beings, from man to the lowest
It is a volatile, colorless, pungent liquid. zoophyte.
Formula, C12 NH7. It is found in coal, tar ANIMAL'CULE. A very small ani-
oil, and in Dippel's oil. mal, invisible to the naked eye.
AN'IMA. From ave/ioc, wind or breath. AN'IMALIZATION. The transforma-
A word used to denote the principle of life. tion of the nutritive parts of food into the
Also, a soul, or the intellectual manifesta- living structures of the body.
tions of man. ANTME GUMMI. A resinous sub-
Anima Aloes. Refined aloes. stance obtained from the trunk of Hymencea
Anima Hepatis. Sal martis; sul- courbaril, or locust-tree.
phate of iron. AN'IMUS. See Anima.
Anima Pulmonum. The soul of the ANISETTE DE BOURDEAUX. A
lungs. A name given to saffron, on ac- French liquor made by distilling anise, fen-
count of its being used in asthmas. nel, and coriander seed, with brandy, su-
Amima Rhabarbari. The best rhubarb. gar and water.
Anima Saturni. Sugar of lead. ANISI SEMINA. Aniseed.
Anima Veneris. A preparation of cop- ANI'SUM. Pimpinella anisum ; the an-
per. ise plant.
ANIMAL. An organized animated be- ANKYLOBLEPHARON. Fromay^^,
ing, endowed with the power of locomotion. a clasp, and fJleQapov, the eyelid. Adhesion
The term, according to its common accep- of the eyelids to each other.
tation, is restricted to irrational creatures. ANKYLOGLOS'SUM. From ay Kvlog,
Animals are divided by Cuvier into four crooked, or contracted, and yluaaa, the
classes, viz: 1. Vertebrata ; 2. Mollusca tongue. Restricted or impaired motion of
3. Articidata, and 4. Radiata. The verte- the tongue.
brated animals are those which have a ANKYLOMERIS'MUS. From ayKvlv ,
spinal column, composed of vertebra? the a contraction, and yepo i} a part. Morbid
;

mollusca are those which have soft bodies, adhesion between parts.
with no osseous frame work, as the shell- ANKYLOSIS. See Anchylosis.
fish ;the articidated are those whose ANKYLOT'OMUS. From aynvUg,
bodies are supported by a hard external crooked, and re/iveiv
} to cut. A curved
envelope, divided into numerous pieces, ar- knife.
ticulated together by a membrane in such ANNEAL'. From the Saxon, Annelan,,
 ;

'ANN 50 ANO
to heat. To heat and cool slowly, as glass, order of Cuvier's class articulata. Their
gold or other metals. body consists of a number of segments,
ANNEALING. The process of apply- each of which is a ring. The leech and
ing heat to a metal for the purpose of re- earth-worm belong to this order.
moving brittleness and increasing its duc- ANNOTTO. Annotta. A brownish red
tility and malleability. Glass is rendered substance obtained from the pellicles of the
less frangible by the same process. With- seeds of the Bixa oreUana, a South Amer-
out annealing, glass flies to pieces very rea- ican tree. In the Arts it has been used for
dily, may be seen in Prince Rupert's dying silks and cotton an orange yellow;
as
drops. In many of the arts, the process of and in Pharmacy, to color plasters.
annealing is a matter of great importance, AN'NULAR. Anmdaris ; from annu-
and in none more so than that of the den- lus, a ring. Shaped like a ring.
tist. The gold employed for filling teeth, Annular Bone. Oirculus osscus. A
unless thoroughly and uniformly annealed, circular bone, situated before the cavity of
cannot be introduced, in a sufficiently the tympanum in the foetus.
thorough and substantial manner, to pre- Annular Cartilage. The cricoid car-
vent its liability of coming out, and at the tilage of the larynx is so called from its
same time to secure the perfect preserva- resemblance to a ring.
tion of the organ. Annular Ligaments. A name given
During the process of manufacturing to certain ligamentous bands, as the annular
gold into foil, it is necessary frequently to ligament of the radius, which is of a fibro-
subject it to the process of annealing, which cartilaginous structure, and which, with
consists, after it is reduced to leaves, in the lesser sigmoid cavity of the cubitus,
heating each leaf separately to a cherry- forms a ring around the head of the radius
red heat, either over the flame of a spirit and the annular ligaments of the carpus
lamp, or on a plate of stone or metal, over and tarsus, to each of which there are two.
a furnace. But in annealing gold foil, dif- Annular Vein. The name of a vein
rerent methods are adopted by different situated between the annular, or ring fin-
manufacturers. [See Gold Foil.] In an- ger, and little finger.
nealing gold, during its preparation for AN'NULARIS. The finger between
plate, less nicety is required. It simply the little and middle fingers is so called,
consists in bringing the metal, after it has because this is the one on which the wed-
been cast into ingots, before it be planished, ding ring is worn.
and also frequently during its lamination, ANNULATE. Annidatus. Furnished
to a cherry-red, by putting upon with rings or belts surrounded by rings.
the gold ;

charcoal or rather peats, which have a more AN'NULUS. A ring. In Anatomy, a

equal and lively flame, and covering it circular orifice traversed by a tube, vessel,
quite up and taking care that the thin parts or other organs. In Botany, the name of
of the gold do not become hotter than the the membrane which surrounds the stem of
thick. When the gold has by this process the fungi.
acquired its proper heat, it should be re- An'nulus Abdominis. The abdominal
moved to hot ashes to cool, without com- ring.
ing in contact, more than possible, with the Annul us Albidus. The ciliary liga-

cold air, by which its temperature would ment, or circle.

be too suddenly changed. But gold and Annulus Ovalis. The rounded border
•even silver are not so much affected by a on the septum, occupying the place of the
sudden transition from heat to cold, as are foramen ovale in the foetus.

many of the other metals, yet it does, to ANODE. From ava, upward, and 060c,

some extent, increase their brittleness. That part of the surface of a body
a way.
ANNELIDE'S. Annelida*, anndlata ; decomposing under the influence of elec-
from annuttus, a little ring. The lowest tricity, at which the current enters.
 ;;

ANO 51 ANT
ANODOUS. Edentulus. From a, priv., ANOR'CHIDES. From av, priv., and
and odovg, a tooth. Without teeth ; tooth- opx<C, a testicle. Such as are born without
Icss. testicles are so termed.
Ak'odon. From a, priv., and odov i} a ANOREX'IA. From av, priv., and
tooth. In Zoology, tlie name of a genus ope£i£, appetite. Want of appetite without
of Lamellibranchiate Bivalves, the shell of loathing of food.
which has no articular processes, or teeth, ANORMAL. Abnormal; from anor-
at the hinge. mis, without rule. Irregular; not in ac-
AN'ODYNE. Anodynus. From av, cordance with ordinary laws.
priv., and otivvq, A medicine which ANOS'MIA. From o, priv., and oa/nt,
pain.
relieves pain opium and belladonna,
; as odor. Loss of tlie sense of smelling.
ANODYNUM MARTIALE. Ammo- ANSER. The goose.
nio-chloride of iron, precipitated from water Ansee Domesticus. The domestic goose.
by potassa. ANSERI'NA. Silver weed, or wild
Anodynum Minebale. Nitrate of po- tansey.
ANT. See Formica.
AN'ODYNIA. Absence of pain; in- ANTACIDS. From anti, against, and
sensibility. acida, acids. Medicines which remove
ANOMALOTROPHY. From o, priv., acidity in the stomach, as the carbonates
ofiahog, regular, and rpoyr), nourishment. of soda, magnesia, &c
Irregular nutrition of organs. ANTAGONIST. Antagonistes ; coun-
ANOM'ALOUS. From o, priv., and ter-acting. A
term applied, in Anatomy,
ofiatog , regular. Irregular ; deviation from to muscles which act in opposition to each
that which is natural. In Medicine, some- other, as the flexors and extensors of a
thing unusual in the symptoms which limb.
properly belong to a disease. In Odontol- ANTAL'GIC. From avri, against, and
ogy, something unnatural in the conforma- akyoq, pain. Medicines which relieve
tion or growth of a tooth, or of the alveo- pain.
lar arches ; and in Dental Pathology, in the ANTAL'KALINE. From «m, against,
phenomena of the diseases to which the and alkali, an alkali. That which neutral-
teeth are liable. izes alkalies.
ANOMALY. Deviation from ordinary ANTArHRODIS'IAC. Antaphrodit'ic
Jaws; as sometimes seen in the develop- from avri, against, and a^podiaiaKoq , aph-
ment of certain organs or parts of the rodisical. A term applied to medicines
body. which repress the genital appetite.
ANOMOCEPHALUS. From », priv., ANTAPODO'SIS. From mnmitSufn,
vofios, rule, and netyafai, head. Having a I return in exchange. Succession and re-
deformed head. turn of febrile paroxysms.
ANOM'PHALUS. From a, priv., ofi<j>a- ANTARTHRTCTC. Antarihriiicus
&og, the navel. Without a navel. from avri, against, and apdpnig, gout.
ANONA'CE^E. The fourth order of the Remedies against gout.
Jassienan system. It contains nine genera, ANTEN'NiE. In Zoology, certain ap-
all trees or shrubs, and mostly tropical. pendages borne in the head of insects, crus-
ANON'YMOUS. From a, priv., and taceans, and some mollusks.
ovo/ia, Without a name.
name. ANTECENDENTIA. The premoni-
ANOPHTHAL'MUS. Anommatus; from tory symptoms of disease.
av, priv., and oty$a}.[ioc, an eye. A mon- ANTELA'BIA. From ante, before, and
ster without eyes. labia, the lips. The extremity of the lips.

ANOP'SIA From and orp, the

av, priv.,ANTEM'BASIS. From avri, mutually,
eye. A case of monstrosity, in which the and e(i(3aivu, I enter. The mutual recep-
eye and orbit are wanting. tion of bones.
 ; ;;

ANT 62 ANT
ANTENEASTklUS. From a vn, against, any to an European species of Aeonitum,
and eavTov, one's self. A description of or wolfsbane.
madness, in which the patient attempts his ANTHRA'CIA. From avdpa?, coal.
own life. Carbuncular exanthem. An eruption of
ANTE'RIOR. Before. imperfectly suppurating tumors, with in-
Anterior Aur'is. The name of a durated edges.
muscle of the ear. Anthracia Pestis. The plague.
Anterior Intercostal nerve. A ANTHRACIN. A volatile substance ob-
branch of the great intercostal nerve, given tained from the distillation of coal in com-
in the thorax.
ofif pany with naphthalin. Formula, C30 Hn.
ANTEVER'SIO UTERI. From ante, ANTHRACITE. From avtipai, a burn-
before, and verto, to turn. A morbid incli- ing coal. A species of stone-coal, con-
nation of the fundus of the uterus forward. taining no bituminous substance and yield-
ANT'HELIX. See Antihelix. ing no inflammable gases by distillation.
ANTHELMINTIC. Anthelmintics ANTHRACO'SIS. Anthracia, carbo-pal-
from avn, against, and t\uivg, a worm. A pebrarum, from avSpa£, coal. A species of
remedy for the destruction or expulsion of carbuncle, winch attacks the eyelids and
worms. eyeballs.

ANTHEMIS. From avdeu, to blossom. ANTHRAKOK'ALI. From a^K coal,

A genus of plants of the order Compositaz. and kali, potassa. A remedy of recent in-
The chamomile. troduction in the treatment of certain he-
Anthemis Cotula. The systematic patic affections.
name of the plant called cotula fartida. ANTHRAX. From avtipat, a coal. A
Mayweed, dog-fennel, or wild chamomile. hard, circumscribed, inflammatory tumor,
Anthemis Nob'ilis. The systematic resembling a boil, seated in the cellular
name of the common chamomile. membrane and skin on the back, which
Anthemis Py'rethrum. The plant soon becomes gangrenous, and discharges
from which the pyrethrum is obtained. an exceedingly fetid sanies.
The Spanish chamomile, or pellitory of ANTHROPO-. From avdpjnoc, a man.
Spain. A prefix to many words, signifying human.
ANTHER. From avtieu, to flourish. ANTHROPOCENY. Anthropogenia
The male sexual organ in plants, forming from av&poKoc , man, and yevemg, genera-
the summit of the stamen, and containing tion. The study of the phenomena of the
the pollen and fecundating substance. generation of man.
ANTHETtA. From avdripoc, florid, so ANTHROPOG'RAPHY. From mr&pu.
called from its having The name
this color. troc, a man, and 7po0«, to write. A descrip-
of an ancient remedy, compounded of tion of the human organism.
myrrh, sandarac, alum, &c. ANTHROPOL'OGY. Anihropologia f
ANTHE'SIS. From avQeu, to blossom. from mrdpumc, a man, and Aoyof, a dis-
The period when flowers expand. course. The doctrine of the structure and
ANTHIARIN. The active principle of functions of the human body.
a gum-resin, obtained from the Anthiaris ANTHROPOMETRY. From ard^ncc,
toxicaria, the most deadly of the upas pois- a man, and fterpov, measure. The admeas-
ons. urement of the proportions of the differ-
ANTHOTHUM. From avdodijc, full of ent parts of the human body.
flowers. The head of flowers like the this- ANTHROPOPHAG'IA. From avtipunoe,
tle, daisy, &c, and in all cases where a a man, and ^ayw, I eat. Cannibalism;
number of florets are combined in a head, feeding on human flesh.
with one common involucrum. ANTHROPOT'OMY. Anthropotomia
ANTHORA. From em, against, and from avdpairog, a man, and re/nvu, I cut.
tiopa, corruption. A term applied in Bot- The dissection of the human body.
 ;
;; ;;

ANT 53 ANT
ANTHYPNOT'IC. Anthypnot'icus; from ANTIDI'NIC. From avn, against, and
avn } against, and vrrvuriKog t stupefying. A divog, vertigo. Medicines used against ver-
remedy against sleep or drowsiness. tigo.

ANTHYPOCHON'DRIAC. ANTIDOTE. Antid'otum; from avn,

Anthypo-
cfiondi'i'acus ; from avn, against, and vno- against, and dtdupi, I give. A remedy for
%ov6piaiio it hypochondriac. A remedy for combating or counteracting the effects of
hypochondriasis, or low-spiritedness. poison.
ANTHYSTERICA. From avn, against, ANTIDYSENTERTC. Antidysmter'i-
and varepa, the womb. Medicines which cus ; from avn, against, and dvaevrepta, a
relieve hysteria. flux. Opposed to, or remedy for, dysen-
ANTI. Avn, A
Greek preposition sig- tery.
nifying against, opposed to. ANTIEMETIC. Antiemet'icus ; from
ANTIADES. The tonsils. avn, against, and efienicof, a vomit. That
ANTIADITIS. Inflammation of the which prevents vomiting.
tonsils. ANTIEPHIAL'TIC. AntiepMal'tims
ANTIAGRI. From avnag, a tonsil, and from avn, against, and eQtaXrrig, the night-
aypa, a prey. Swelling of the tonsils. mare. That which is opposed to night-
ANTIARIN. See Anthiarin. mare.
ANTI ARTHRITIC. Antiarthrit'icus ; ANTIEriLEP'TIC. Antiepilep'iicus
from avn, against, and apdpmg, the gout. from avn, against, and emXriipia, the epi-
A remedy against gout. lepsy. That which is opposed to epilepsy.
ANTIASTHMATIC. Antiasthmat'icus; ANTIFET3RILE. Antifebrilis ; from
from avn, against, and acr&fca, asthma. A avn, against, and febris, a fever. A feb-
remedy against asthma. rifuge, or that which opposes fever.
ANTIATROPHTC. Antiatroph'ieus ANTIHEC'TIC. Aniihec'ticus ; from
from avn, against, and arpoipta, an atrophy. avn, against, ennnog, hectic fever. A rem-
A remedy against atrophy or wasting away. edy against hectic fever.
ANTIBRA'CHIAL APONEURO'SIS. ANTIHE'LIX. From avn, against, and
A portion of the aponeurotic sheath, which fvlif, the helix. The inner circle of the ear
envelops the whole of the upper limb, is so is so named from its opposition to the outer,
termed. which is called the helix.
ANTICACHEC'TIC. Anticachec'ticus ANTIHEMORRHOIDS. Antihcemor-
from avn, against, and icaxe£ia, a cachexy. rhoida'lis ; from avn, against, and aipoppoi-

A remedy against cachexy or a bad habit 6eg, hemorrhoids. Remedies against the
of body. piles.

ANTICAN'CEROUS. Anticancero'sus; ANTIHERPETTC. Antiherpei'icus; from

Anticarcinom'atous ; from avn, against, and avn, against, and epneg, herpes. That
KapKtvufia, cancer. Opposed to cancer. A which is opposed to herpes.
remedy against cancer. ANTIHYDROPHOB'IC. AnMydro-
ANTICAR'DIUM. From avn, against, phob'icus ; from avn, against, vdup, water,
and napdia, the heart. The scrobiculus cor- and 4>o[3og, dread. Opposed to hydropho-
dis, or pit of the stomach. bia.
ANTICATARRH'AL. Anticatarrha'lis ANTIHYDROPTC. Antthydrop'icus ;
from avn, against, and mrappog, a catarrh. from avn, against, and vdpuij>, dropsy. A
Opposed to, or a remedy for, catarrh. remedy for dropsy.
ANTICHEIR. The 'thumb. ANTI-ICTERIC. From avn, against,
ANTICHOL/IC. From avn, against, and and iKTepog jaundice. A remedy against
KuliKog, the cholic. A remedy against the jaundice.
cholic. ANTILITHTCS. Antilith'ica ; from mm,
ANTIDIARRHffiTC. A remedy against against, "kidog, a stone. A remedy to pre-

diarrhoea. vent the formation of urinary calculi.

 ;; ;

ANT 64 ANT
ANTILO'BIUM. From avn, against, from avn, against, and vefping, inflamma-
and /W?oj, thebottom of the ear. That tion of the kidneys. A remedy for inflam-
part of the ear which is opposite the lobe. mation of the kidney.
ANTILOI'MIC. Antiloi'micus ; from ANTIODONTAL'GIC. Antiodontal'gi-
avn, against, and hoiuoc, the plague. Op- cus ; from avn, against and odovrafyia,
posed to the plague. tooth-ache. Remedies against tooth-ache.
ANTIMO'NIAL. Antimonia'lis ; from See Odontalgia.
Antimonium, antimony. A preparation in ANTIODONTAL'GICUS. The name
which antimony is an ingredient. of an insect, so called from its supposed an-
Antimonial Powder. A peroxyd of tiodontalgic properties. It is described by
antimony combined with phosphate of lime. Germi, in a work published at Florence,
Antimoniale Causticum. Chloride of 1794. It is a sort of Curculio, found on a
antimony. species of thistle, Carduus spinosissimus.
ANTIMONIC ACID. Acidum stibicum. The manner recommended for using these
A combination of one part of antimony insects is, to rub a number of them between
with five of oxygen, (SbOs. ) Its salts are the thumb and fore-finger, until they lose
called antimoniates. The best known of their moisture, and then to touch the de-
these is antimoniale of lead, the Naples yel- cayed part of the painful tooth. In some
low of the painters. instances it was said to have produced im-
ANTIMONII ET POTASS^} TAR- mediate relief, except when the gums
TEAS. Tartrate of antimony and potash. around it were inflamed, in which case it
Antimonii Oxydum. Oxyd of anti- failed to produce the desired effect. Other
mony. insects are also said to possess the property
Antimonii Sulphure'tom Pr-ecipita- of relieving the tooth-ache, as the Scarabaius
TUM. Precipitated sulphuret of antimony. ferrugineus of Fabricius; the Coccinella
Antimonii Sulphure'tum Rubrum. septempunctala, or lady-bird ; the Gkryso-
Red sulphuret of antimony. mela populi, &c. These insects at one
Antimonii Tartarizati Vinum. Wine time, were quite popular as remedies for
of tartarized antimony. tooth-ache in Germany, but their anti-
Antimonii Vitrum. Glass of anti- odontalgic virtues have not proved so great
mony. as represented by those who recommended
ANTIMONIOUS ACID. Acidum stibi- them, and to be realized in any sensible
osum. A white powder formed by oxy degree, requires a larger amount of credu-
dating antimony with nitric acid. Its salts lity than most persons possess; consequently
are called antimonites. It colors glass they have fallen into disrepute. It is pos-
and porcelain yellow. sible, by exciting the gum, they might
ANTIMO'NIUM. Antimony. sometimes produce temporary relief.

Antimonium Diaphoret'icum. White ANTIPARALYT'IC. Antiparalyt'icus

oxyd of antimony. from avn, against, and napalvms, the palsy.
ANTIMONY. From avn, against, and Medicines against palsy.
povog, alone, because it is not found alone ANTIPATHY. Antipathia ; from avn,
or according to others, from avn, against, against, and iza-dog, passion, affection.
and moine, a monk, because as some affirm, Aversion to particular objects or things.
Valentine, by a careless administration of ANTIPERISTALTIC. Antiperistal'li-
it, poisoned his brother monks. Antimony cus; from avn, and -nepicTeXku, I compress

is a heavy, solid, brittle metallic substance, or contract. Any thing which obstructs
seldom found in its native state. It has a the peristaltic motion of the intestinal tube.
slight inclination to a metallic lustre and a ANTIPHAR'MIC. Antipharmi'cus; from
Its symbol
steel-gray color. is Sb j its avn, against, and, <t>apnanov , a poison.
combining number 129.24. Preservatives against, or remedies for poi-
ANTINEPHRIT'IC. Antinephrit'icus son. A counter-poison.
 ;;

ANT 55 ANY
ANTIPHLOGISTIC. AniipMogis'ticus ; ANTITHE'NAR. Abductor pollicia

from avn, against, and faeyo), I burn. That pedis, a muscle of the foot.
which opposes inflammation. ANTITRAG'ICUS. Antitragus ; a small
ANTIPHTHIS'ICAL. Antiphthis'icus muscle of the ear.
from avn, against, and <j>&iaig, consump- ANTITRAG'US. From avn, against,
tion. Opposed to consumption. and rpayog, the tragus. An eminence op-
ANTIPHY'SIC. Antiphysi'cus; from posite the tragus of the outer ear.
avn, against, and (j>vaau, to blow. A car- ANTIVENE'REAL. From avn, against,
minative or remedy against flatulence. and vcnereus, venereal. A remedy for the
ANTIPLEURIT'IC. Antipleurii'icus venereal disease.
from avn, against, and n2.evpi.nc, pleurisy. ANTIZYM'IC. From avn, and fyjtof,

A remedy against pleurisy. yeast. That which prevents or arrests fer-

ANTIPODAG'RIC. Antipodag'ricus ; mentation.
from avn, against, and nodaypa, the gout. ANTO'NII SANCTI IGNIS. St. An-
Opposed to the gout. thony's fire. Erysipelas.
ANTIPRAX'IS. From avn, against, ANTRITIS. From antrum, a cave, and
and npaoou, I work. A contrary state of itis, a terminal signifying inflammation.
different parts in the same individual. Inflammation of any cavity of the body,
ANTIPYRETIC. Antipyrel'icus ; from especially of the maxillary sinus.
avn, against, and •nvperoc, fever. Opposed ANTRUM, avrpw, a cave or cavern.
to fever ; a febrifuge. A cavity which has a small opening into it.
ANTIQUARTANA'RIUM. From avn, An'trum Auris. The cochlea of the ear.
against, and quartana, a quartan fever. A Antrum Dentale. The pulp cavity of
remedy for quartan fever. a tooth. See Dental Cavity.
ANTIRACHITIC. Antirhachit'icus; from Antrum Highmorianum. Antrum of
avn, against, and rachitis, the rickets. Op- Highmore, called so after the name of the
posed to the rickets. anatomist who gave the first correct de-
ANTIRRHI'NUM. A genus of plants scription of it. See Maxillary Sinus.
of the order Scrophulariiiece. Antrum Maxillare. Maxillary sinus.
Antirrhi'num Elati'ne. The system- Antrum Pylori. A cavity of the
atic name of the plant called fluellen, or stomach near the pylorus.
female speedwell. The elatine of the shops. ANTYL'ION. From Antyllus, its in-
Antirrhinum Lina'ria. The common ventor. An astringent cataplasm, recom-
toad flax, a perennial indigenous plant. mended by Paulus ^Egineta.
ANTISCOL'IC. Antiscol'icus ; from avn, ANURIA. From o, priv., and ovpov,
against, and okoXtj^, a worm. Opposed to urine. Literally ,without urine, but the term
worms. Anthelmintic. is usually used synonymously with is-
ANTISCORBUTIC Aniiscorbu'ticus churia, retention of urine.
from avn, against, and scorbutus, the scur- ANUS. A contraction of annulus, a
vy. Remedies for the scurvy. ring. The opening at the inferior extremi-
ANTISCROF'ULOUS. Antistrumo'sus; ty of the rectum. The term anus is also
Opposed to scrofula. applied to an opening of the third ventricle
ANTISEPTIC. AntisejMcus
from of the brain which communicates with the
;

avn, against, and otjttu, That fourth.

to putrefy.
which is opposed to putrefaction. Anus, Artificial. An artificial open-
ANTISPASMODIC. Antispasmod'icus ing, made to supply the natural anus.
from avn, against, and anaafiog, a spasm. Anus, Imperforate. A malformation
That which possesses the power of allaying in which the anus is wanting. Imperfora-
or removing spasms. tion of the anus.
ANTISTRUMO'SUS. Anti-scrofulous. AN'VIL. A mass of iron with one
ANTISYPH1LITTC. Anti-venereal. smooth surface, on which metals are ham-
 ;

APE 66 APH
mered and shaped. It is used by smiths, A'PEX.
The point or extremity of a
jewelers and mechanical dentists. apex of the tongue, nose, root
part, as the
AN'VILED. Shaped or wrought on an of a tooth, &c.
anvil. APHiER'ESIS. The amputation or ex-
ANXI'ETY. Anxie'tas. Eestlessness tirpation of a superfluous or injured part.
agitation ;
general indisposition, with a dis- APHAGIA. From a, priv., and <j>ayo>
t
tressing sense of oppression about the epi- I eat. Inability to take food.
gastric region. APHELX'IA. From a<peto(j, I separate
AOCHLE'SIA. From a, priv., and oX log, or abstract. A
which induces ab-
disease
disturbance. Calmness ; tranquillity ; a sence or abstraction of mind.
state of rest. APH'ESIS. From a+atfu, I relax. The
AORTA. From aoprij, a vessel. The remission or cessation of a disease.
great trunk of the arterial system. It arises APHLOGISTIC LAMP. From a, priv.,
from the left ventricle of the heart, passes and <pleyu, to burn. A lamp which burns
upward, forms a curve and descends in without a flame.
front, but rather on the left side of the APHIDiE. A family of insects of the
spine, into the abdomen. order Hemiptera, embracing the Linnean
AORTITIS. From aorta, and Ms. In- genus aphis.
flammation of the aorta. APHIS. The plant-louse. A genus of
AOTUS. From a, priv., and ovg, an ear. insects remarkable for fecundity.

A monster without ears. Also, a genus of APHO'XTA. From a, priv., and Qwvri,

Australian plants. the voice. A loss or privation of voice.

APALOT'ICA. From airah>rvg, soft- APH'ORISM. Aphoris'mus; from a^ptdu.

ness, tenderness. Accidental lesions, or to distinguish.A principle or maxim set
deformities of soft parts. forth in few words, or in a short sentence.
APANTHRO'PY. Apanthro'pia ;from APHRODISI'A. From a<f>podiTV , Venus.
ano, from, and av&ponog, a man. Melan- Venereal commerce. Puberty.
choly, with aversion to society. APHRODISIAC. From a<j>po6icia, venery,
APARI'NE. From pivq, a file, so called, A term applied to food or medicine which
because its bark is rough like a file. Ga- excites the venereal appetite.

lium aparine, or goose-grass. APHRODIS'IUS MORBUS. Syphilis.

APARTHRO'SIS. From roro, and ap-dpov, APHRODITARIUM. A powder recom-
a joint. Diarthrosis. mended by Paulus iEgineta for hollow
AP'ATHY. Apathi'a; from a, priv., and ulcers.
7rai9of , affection. Morbid insensibility ; in- APHRODITE A species of Meerschaum,
difference. from Sweden.
AP'ATITE. Native phosphate of lime. APHROSYNE. From afruv, silly. Folly
APEL'LA. From a, priv., and pedis, or dotage.
skin. Shortness of the prepuce. APHTHAE. From awro, I inflame. The
APEP'SIA. From o, priv., and nenru, thrush. A disease which consists of round-
to concoct. Dyspepsia. ish, pearl-colored ulcers or vesicles, upon the
APE'RIENT. Ape'riens from aperire, tongue, gums, and inner walls of the mouth,
;

to open. A mild purgative, or medicine sometimes extending through the whole

which operates gently upon the bowels. of the alimentary canal, and generally ter-

APERISTAT'UM. Aperistation ; a minating in curd-like sloughs.

small ulcer not surrounded by inflammation. Aphthous ulcers are supposed by Pro-
APERTOR OCULI. The levator pal- fessor Wood, to be the result of vesicular
pebral superioris. eruption of the mouth, and in treating of
APETALOUS. From a, priv., and the disease, he says, " The vesicle is small,
itETakov, a petal. A term applied in Bota- oval or roundish, white or pearl -colored,
ny to plants which have no petals. and consists of a transparent serous fluid
 ; ;;

API! 57 APH
under the elevated epithelium. In a few which may be mentioned, as especially
days the epithelium breaks, the serum es- useful, emollient applications to the abdo-
capes, and a small ulcer forms, more or men, and the warm bath. When the fever
less painful, with a whitish bottom, and assumes the typhoid form, a tonic and sup-
may be required.
usually a red circle of inflammation around porting treatment
it. The sometimes distinct and
vesicles are " In the early stages, the local treatment
scattered, sometimes numerous and con- should consist of demulcent applications,
fluent. The distinct variety, though pain- as flaxseed tea, mucilage of gum arabic, or
ful, is a light affection, continuing in gen- almond emulsion, with or without a little

eral only a few days or a week, and laudanum, or some preparation of morphia.
is

usually confined to the mouth. It produces But after the inflammation has somewhat
little or no constitutional disorder, though subsided, and ulcers are left indisposed to

it may be associated with fever and gastric heal, astringent washes may be resorted to.

irritation as an effect. It attacks equally Solutions of acetate of lead, sulphate of

children and adults ; but it is said not to zinc, and alum; water acidulated with
be very common in early infancy. In sulphuric or muriatic acid, and sweetened
adults it is frequently occasioned by
with the honey of roses and various veg-
the ir- ;

ritation of The confluent etable astringent and tonic infusions have

decayed teeth.
variety is much more severe and obstinate. been recommended. The author usually
This frequently extends to the fauces and employs a strong solution of sulphate of
pharynx, and is even said to reach the in- zinc, in the proportion of fifteen to twenty
testinal canal, though it may
be doubted grains to the ounce of water, which he ap-
whether the affection of the stomach and plies by means of a camel's hair pencil,
bowels is identical with that of the mouth. exclusively to the ulcers, with the almost
When it occupies the fauces, it renders uniform effect of disposing them to heal
deglutition painful. It is sometimes at- and, even in the eruptive stage, this appli-
tended with gastric uneasiness, vomiting, cation will often be found to effect an
and and diarrhoea. Fever almost immediate cure."
intestinal pains,
occasionally precedes it, and it moderates Dr. Berg, physician to the Children's
without entirely ceasing upon the appear- Hospital at Stockholm, recommends the use
ance of the eruption. The fever sometimes of alkalies and their carbonates, giving the
assumes a typhoid character." The cause preference to soda, for correcting the disor-
of the disease is prob- dered condition of the digestive functions,
obscure, though it is,

ably, dependent upon a vitiated state of arising from superabundant formation of

the humors of the body and acidity of the and carbonic acids
lactic, butyric, acetic,

gastric juices. and when excessive development of gas

In the treatment of the disease, Prof. ensues, lime water and magnesia; when
Wood says, " Magnesia may be given to cor- attended by colicky pains, he advises the
rect acidity, and the diet regulated by the use of antispasmodics.
state of the stomach. In the severer cases, With regard to the local treatment, the
fever should be obviated by refrigerant ca- last named writer says, After the aphthous
tharticsand diaphoretics, and by a liquid crusts fall off, little more is necessary than
farinaceous or demulcent diet. When the to wash the affected parts with soft and tepid
disease attacks the fauces or pharynx, it water ; he also advises the use of a solution
occasions painful swallowing, and is at- of subcarbonate of soda and borax, varying
tended with much fever and a strong pulse the strength according to the necessity of
general bleeding may become necessary, the case. Nitrate of silver has been used
and, subsequently, the application of in some cases with advantage.
leeches to the throat. Diarrhoea must be When it occurs in females during lacta-
counteracted by the usual remedies calcu- tion, weaning the child is sometimes found
lated to relieve intestinal irritation, among necessary.
 AFO 58 APO
APHTHOUS. Relating to aphthae. APO'COPE. From ano and kottto, to
APHYLLiE. The second division of cut. Abscission ; amputation ; extirpa-
the class Ccllulars in Botany. tion.

APHYL'LUS. From a, priv., and pX- APOCRENIC ACID. A dark colored

%ov, a leaf. Leafless. A plant without acid, soluble in water and alcohol, found in
leaves. soils, springs, &c. It is manifestly a pro-
APIC'ULATED. From apex, a sharp duct of decomposition. It is formed arti-

point. A term applied in Botany to a ficially by treating ulmin or humin with

leaf or other part, terminated in a distinct nitric acid.

point. APOCYE'SIS. From ano and nvu, to bring

APIIN. An alkaloid found in parsley. forth. Parturition ; bringing forth young.
APIRIN. A substance obtained by APOCYNA'CE.E. An order of Dico-
Bixio, from the fruit of the Cocos lapidea, tyledonous plants, nearly agreeing with As-
by extracting with water and hydrochloric clepiadaceas, but of more suspicious proper-
acid, and precipitating with ammonia. ties. Trees or shrubs, usually with milky
APIS. A genus of hymenopterous in- uice, leaves opposite, sometimes inserted ;

sects. The bee. corolla monopetalous, hypogynous; sta-

Apis Mellif'ica. The honey-bee. mens inserted into the corolla ovaries ;

APITES. Apites vinum. From ano$, two fruit a follicle, drupe or berry, single
;

a pear tree. Wine of the pear or cherry. or double.

ATIUM. A genus of plants of the or- APOCYNINE. A bitter principle from
der umbettiferce. Apocynun cannabinum.
A'pium Grav'eolens. The herb small- APOCYNUM. A genus of plants of
age. When cultivated it is called celery. the order Hypocynacece. Dogsbane.
Apium Petroseli'num. The pharma- Apocynum AndrosjEmifo'lium. Dogs-
copceial name of common parsley. bane; Milk-weed. The root possesses
APLASTIC. From a, priv., and nlaoau, emetic properties thirty grains producing —
to form. Not plastic. A term applied to about the same effect as twenty of ipecac-
those effusions which are unsusceptible of uanha.
organization ; as tubercle, &c. Apocynum Cannab'inum. Indian hemp.
AP'LOME. The name of a very rare This species is powerfully emetic and ca-
mineral ; a variety of chrystallized garnet. thartic,and sometimes produces diuretic
APNEUSTIA. Apncea. and diaphoretic effects.
APNCE'A. From a, priv., and nvea, I A'PODES. From a, priv., and nov i} a
respire. Difficult respiration. foot. A term applied in Anatomy, to ani-
APNEOL'OGY. Apneologi'a. From mals destitute of feet. In Zoology, to foot-
anvoia } loss of breath, and 2-°yoj, discourse. less animals, and fishes which have no ven-
A treatise on apncea. tral fins.

APO- Aw. A Greek preposition, sig- APOGALACTIS'MUS. From anoyaUK-

nifying from, off, out, and used as a com- re^u, to wean. Weaning; removal of the
mon prefix. infant from the mother's breast.
APO'CARP^E. From otto, from, and APOGEU'SIS. From ano and yevofiat,

napnos, fruit. Apocarpous ; a term applied to taste.Impaired sense of taste ; ageustia.

in Botany to plants which have distinct APOLEP'SIS. From ano and topPavu,
carpels. to take from. A suppression or retention
APOCATHAR'SIS. From ano and ica- of any of the natural evacuations.
daipu, to purge. Complete purgation. APOM'ELI. From ano, from, and fieXt,

APOCATHARTIC. Cathartic. honey. An oxymel or decoction made of

APOCENO'SIS. From otto, out, and honey.
and nevoid, to evacuate. A morbid flux of APOMYLE'NAS. From anoftvXIaiva, I

blood or other fluids. make a wry mouth. Projection of the lips

 APO 59 Arp
by pressing them against each other ; it APO'RIA. From a, priv., and 7ropo$, a
issometimes a symptom of disease. duct. Restlessness caused by the stoppage
APONEUROSIS. From aim and vevpov, of any of the natural secretions.
a nerve. A fibrous or tendinous expan- APOSI'TIA. From ano, from, and <"-

sion, supposed by the ancients to be nerv- TOf, food. Loathing of food.

ous ; hence its name. APOSPAS'MA. From anoanaio, to tear
APONEUROTIC. Relating to aponeu- off. A violent severance of a ligament or
roses. tendon.
APO'NIA. From a, priv., and novo 5 ,
APOSPHACELI'SIS. Mortification,
pain. Without pain. usually resulting from bandaging wounds
APOPEDA'SIS. From ano and mflao, and fractures too tightly.
to jump from. A luxation. APOSTE'MA. From ano, from, and
APOPHLEGMA'SIA. From mo and iotti/m, I settle, or from a^ioTe/ii, I recede.
Qfayfia, phlegm. A discharge of mucous. A term used by the ancie,nts to denote ab-

APOPHLEGMAT'IC. Apophlegmat'icus; scesses in general.

from ano and ifkeypa, phlegm. Apopldeg- APOTHE'CA. From anon-Stifii, to place.
viatizan'tia. Medicines which excite mucous A place where medicines are kept.
secretions from the mouth and nose. APOTH'ECARY. Apotheca'rius ; from
APOPH'YLLITE. A mineral \ an hy- ano, and ndr/fii, pono, to put : so called,
drated silicate of potassa and lime, some- because his employment is to prepare and
times containing fluorine. keep the various articles of medicine, and
APOPH'YSIS. From anofva, to proceed to compound them for the physician's use.
from. In Anatomy, a projection or process In every country, except Great Britain, one
of a bone. In Botany, the enlarged base of who sells drugs, and puts up prescriptions.
the capsule adhering to the frondose mosses. In addition to this, apothecaries in Eng-
APOPLECTIC. From wrevAffM, apo- land exercise in certain cases, and under
plexy. Belonging to apoplexy. certain restrictions, the duties of the phys-
AP'OPLEXY. Apoplex'ia; from ano and ician.
nfaioou, to strike or knock down ; because APPARATUS. From apparo, to pre-
when a person is attacked by this disease, pare. A collection of instruments or means
he suddenly falls down. A disease charac- for any business or operation whatever. In

terized by a sudden loss of sense, motion, Anatomy, an assemblage of organs which

and stertorous breathing. The term is work for the accomplishment of the same
used by some to denote a sudden effusion end, or a system of organs formed of a
of blood into the substance of organs or similar texture or having analogous func-
tissues, but it is tions. In General and Dental Surgery,
usually restricted to the
brain, and the above are among the phe- a collection of the various instruments and
nomena which characterize cerebral apo- appliances necessary for an operation or
plexy. dressing also, certain methods of opera- ;

Apoplexy, Cutaneous. Sudden de- ting for stone. In Chemistry, the instru-
termination of blood to the skin and subja- ments required for chemical experiments
cent cellular tissue. and investigations.
Apoplexy, Pulmonary. A violent Apparatus, Dental. See Dental Ap-
determination of blood to the lungs, and paratus.
effusion into the bronchial cells, followed Apparatus, Pneumatic. Instruments
by suffocation. by which aeriform fluids may, in distilla-
APOPNIX'IS. From anonviyu, I stran- tions, solutions, and other operations, be
gle. Suffocation. caught, collected, and properly managed.
APOPTO'SIS. From ammino, to fall APPAREIL. Apparatus.
down. The falling down of any part from APPENDIC'ULA. A small append-
relaxation ; the relaxation of bandages. age.
 ;

APT 60 AQU
Appendicula C;eci Vermiformis. A APYRETTC. Apyret'icus; from"a, priv.,
vermicular process, about four inches long, and fray), fire. Without fever. A word ap-
of the size of a goose-quill, which hangs plied to those days in which there is no
from the intestinum ccecum of the human paroxysm of disease.
body. APYIiEXTA. From a, priv., and m>p.
Appendicula Cerebri. The pituitary c|ij, fever. Absence of fever. Intermis-
gland. sion between the febrile parox}? sms.
Appendicula Epiploic^. The adipose APYROUS. From and nvp,
a, priv.,
appendices of the colon and rectum, which fire. A term applied which
to substances
are filled with adipose matter. contain a strong heat without change of
APPENDICULATUS. A term ap- shape or other properties; refractory.
plied to leaves, leaf-stalks, &c., that are A'QUA. U. S. Any natural water of
furnished with an additional organ for some good quality. This substance when in a
purpose not essential to it. pure state, is a transparent liquid, without
APPEN'DIX. From appewkrc, to hang color, taste, or smell, and is composed of
to. An appendage ; something added to a one part hydrogen and eight of oxygen,
principal or greater thing, though not ne- by weight, and of two of hydrogen and
cessary to it. In Anatomy, a part attached one of oxygen by volume.
to, or continuous with, an organ. In Bot- Aqua Acidi Carbonici. Carbonic acid
any, the parts which project from the or- water. Artificial seltzer water.

gans of plants. Aqua Ammonee. Water of ammonia.

Appendix Auricularis. A process of Aqua Amygdala'rum Concentea'ta.
the anterior and upper part of the auricles Water of bitter almonds.
of the heart. Aqua Anethi. Dill water.
AP'PETENCY. From appetere, to de- Aqua Brocchie'ri. A supposed styp-
sire. The disposition of organized beings tic, which at one time attracted consider-

to imbibe and appropriate such substances able attention in France, but which is said
as serve to support and nourish them also, ; to possess no efficacy.

ardent desire for an object. Aqua Calcis. Lime water.

AP'PETITE. From appetere, (ad and Aqua Calcis Composita. Compound
petere,) to desire. An internal desire, lime water.
which warns us of the necessity of exert- Aqua Carbonatis Sodje Acidula.
ing our digestion or generative functions Acidulous water of carbonate of soda.
a relish for food ; a desire for sezisual pleas- Aqua Camphors. Camphor water.
ures. Aqua Carui. Caraway water.
AP'PLE. The fruit of the Pyrus malus. Aqua Cassia. Water of cassia.
Apple, Acid of. Malic acid. Aqua Chlorinii. Chlorine water.
Apple, Adam's. See Pomum Adami. Aqua Cinnamomi. Cinnamon water.
Apple of the Eye. The pupil. Aqua Distillata. Distilled water.
APPLICATION. Applicatio; fromqp- Aqua Florum Aurantii. Orange
plicare, to apply. In Therapeutics, exter- flower water.
nal remedies, as opposed to medicines de- Aqua Fluvialis. River water.
signed to be given internally. Aqua Fontana. Spring water.
APPOSITION. Adding to, sitting to, Aqua Fortis. Weak and impure ni-

addition, accretion. In Dental Prosthesis, tric acid.

it is sometimes employed synonymously Aqua Funiculi. Fennel water.

with coaptation. Aqua Lauro-cerasi. Cherry-laurel
AP'TERA* From a, priv., and nrepov, a water.
wing. Insects without wings. Aqua Marine. Beryl.
APTYS'TOS. From a, priv., and mvtt, Aqua Mentha Piperita. Peppermint
I spit. Without expectoration. water.
 ;

AQU 61 ARA
Aqua Mentha Pulegii. Pennyroyal and opening at the posterior surface of the
water. pars petrosa.
Aqua Mentha Vibidis. Spearmint AQUATTC. Aquat'icus ; from aqua,
water. water. Living or growing in water, as an
Aqua Picis Liquids. Tar water. aquatic plant, bird, &c.
Aqua Pimento. Pimento water. A'QUEOUS. Watery; composed of
Aqua Regia. A mixture of nitric and water, or resembling it in color and con-

muriatic acids. sistence.

Aqua Ros^e. Rose water. Aqueous Humor of the Eye. The
Aqua Sambuci. Elder water. limpid fluid which fills both chambers of
Aqua Styp'tica. A powerful astring- the eye.
ent, composed of sulphate of copper, sul- AQUET'TA. The name of a poison used
phate of alumina, and sulphuric acid. by the Roman women, under the Pontifi-
Aqua Toffana. The name of a sub- cate of Alexander VII.
tile, slow-consuming poison, prepared by a AQUIFO'LIUM. From acus, a needle,
woman of that name in Sicily. and folium, a leaf ; so called because it
Aqua Yitm. Brandy. has a prickly leaf. Eex aquifolium. Holly.
Aqua Vulnera'hia. From vidtnus, a A'QUILA. Literally, an eagle. A name
woimd. A remedy applied to wounds ar- given by the Alchemists to sal ammoniac,
;

quebusade. precipitated mercury, arsenic, sulphur and

1
Aqu^s Distilla't^e. Distilled wateis, the philosopher's stone.
made by putting mint, pennyroyal, &c, Aquila Al'ba. One of the names by
into a still with water, and drawing off as which calomel was designated among the
much as is impregnated with the proper- ancients.
ties of the plants. Aquila Alba Philosopho'bum. Aquila
Aqu^e Minera'les. Mineral waters. alba Ganymodis. Sublimated sal ammo-
AqujE Stillatit'le Simplices. Sim- niac.
ple distilled waters. Aquila Ccelestis. A panacea, or uni-
Aqu,e Stillati'ti-s: Spirituos^:. Spir- versal cure ; of which mercury was a con-
ituous distilled water. stituent.
AQ'LLEDUCT. Aquceduc'tus ;Aquila Ven'ebis. An ancient prepa-
aqueduct;
from aqua, water, and ducere, to convey. ration made of verdigris and sublimated
In Anatomy, a term applied to certain ca- sal ammoniac.
nals, occurring in different parts of the Aquila Lig'num. Eagle-wood.
body, because they were supposed to carry Aquila Ve'n2e. The temporal veins.
water. AQUILE'GIA. A genus of plants of the
Aqueduct of Fallo'pius. A canal in order Ranunculaceae. The herb Columbine.
the petrous portion of the temporal bone, Aquile'gia Vulga'ris. Columbine
first accurately described by Fallopius. a perennial herbaceous plant, formerly con-
Aqueduct of Sylvius. A canal com- sidered diuretic, diaphoretic, and antiscor-
municating between the third and fourth butic. It has been employed externally as
ventricles of the brain. a vulnerary.
Aquceduc'tus Cer'ebri. See Infundi- AQUU'LA. Diminutive of aqua, water.
bulum of the Brain. Hydatid
Aquteductus Cocu'LEiE. A narrow ARABIN. The chief constituent of
canal proceeding from the tympanic scala Gum Arabic. Formula, C12 H10 Ojo.
of the cochlea, to the posterior edge of the ARABIS. A genus of plants of the
pars petrosa. order cruciferce.
Aqu^ductus Vesttb'uli. A canal AR'ACA MIRA. A shrub found in the
proceeding from the vestibule near the com Brazils, the roots of which are said to be
mon orifice of the two semicircular canals, |
diuretic and anti-dysenteric
5
 ARA 62 ARC
ARACEiE. Aroidece. The arum tribe ARANTII CORPORA. The tubercles on
of Monocotyledonous plants. the semilunar valves of the great arteries
ARACHNI'DA. Arachni'des ; from at their origin. So called from Julius Cae-
apaxvT), a spider. A class of apterous Con- sar Arantius, an anatomist of Bologna, born
dylopeds, comprising articulated animals, in 1571, who first described them.
generally with four pairs of legs, without AR'BOR. A tree. In Botany, it signi-
wings or metamorphosis. The class con- fies a plant having but one trunk, which
tains numerous genera. The bite of some a great height, is durable, woody,
rises to

of the species has occasionally been at- and divided at its top into many branches,
tended with fatal consequences. which do not perish in winter. In Anat-
ARACH'NOID. Arachnoi'des ; from omy, the word is applied to parts which
apaxvi), a spider, or spider's web, and eiAoq, ramify like a tree, as the arbor vita3 of the

likeness. Cobweb-like. cerebellum ; and in Chemistry it is applied

Abach'noid Membrane. Membrana ar- to crystallizations which ramify like the
achnoides. A thin membrane, without ves- branches of a tree.
sels and nerves, between the dura and pia Arbor Al'ba. Melaleuca minor; the
mater, and surrounding the cerebrum, cere- plant which is said to afford the cajuput
bellum, medulla oblongata and medulla oil.
spinals. Abbor Dia'n^e. The silver tree made ;

A'RACK. Arac. The name of an East by precipitating a solution of nitrate of sil-

Indian spirituous liquor. ver with mercury.
AR^EOM'ETER. Areometer.From apau- Arbob Ma'bis. Coral.
Pf, thin, and fierpov, a measure. Hydrom- Arbor Toxica'ria. The Upas tree.
eter. An instrument for ascertaining the Arbor Vl'TJfc Literally, the tree of life.
specific gravity of liquids. A term applied in Anatomy to the arbor-
ARJSO'TICA. From apavou, to rarefy. escent appearance of the cerebellum when
Medicines supposed to possess the quality cut vertically.
of rarefying the fluids of the body. Abbob VitjE Uteri'na. An epithet
ARA'LIA. A genus of plants of the applied to the arborescent folds of the inte-
order Arcdiacece. rior of the cervix uteri.

Aralia Nudicau'lis. False Sarsapa- ARBORES'CENT. Having the appear-

rilla; wild Sarsaparilla ; small spikenard. ance of a tree, as distinguished from that of
It is a gentle stimulant and diaphoretic, a shrub.
and is sometimes used in rheumatic, syph- AR'BUTUS. A genus of plants of the
ilitic, and cutaneous affections. order Ericaceae.
Aralia Racemo'sa. Large spikenard, Ar'butus Uva Ursi. Bear's berry;
said to possess properties similar to those bear's whortleberry. The leaves are as-
of the other species. It has been recom- tringent, tonic, and employed in diseases
mended as an application to chronic ulcers. of the urinary organs.
Aralia Spinosa. Angelica tree ; tooth- ARC. From arcus, an arch. Arch;
ache tree ; prickly ash. An indigenous ar- a term applied in Anatomy to any part
borescent shrub, possessing stimulant and which has the shape of an arch.
diaphoretic properties. An infusion of the AR'CA ARCANO'RUM. Literally, a
recent bark is emetic and cathartic. chest of secrets. The mercury of philoso-
ARA'NEA. The spider. phers — the alchemical name of the philoso-
ARANEA'RUM TELA. Cobwebs. The pher's stone.
web of the common house-spider. It is of- Arca Cor'dis. The pericardium.
ten used as a domestic remedy for ague. ARCA'NUM. A secret ; a nostrum, the
ARANEOSUS PULSUS. A pulse de- preparation of which is kept a secret to
scribed by Galen as moving as though enhance its supposed value.
shaken by short puffs of air. Arcanum Duplex. Arcanum duplicar
 AEC 63 AEE
turn ; a name formerly given to sulphate AR'CULiE. A diminutive of area, a
of potassa. chest. The sockets of the eyes.
Arcanum Tartabi. Acetate of potassa. ARCULA CORDIS. The pericardium.
ARCH. A term applied in Anatomy to AR'CUS SENI'LIS.
Opacity around
any part which exhibits the an the cornea, occurring in advanced life.
figure of
arch. AR'DENT. Ardens ; from ardere, to
Arch, Alve'olar. See Alveolar Arches. burn. Burning, or ardent applied to fe- ;

Arch, Anastomo'tic. The union of two vers also to alcoholic spirits. ;

vessels, which anastomose by describing a AR'DOR. From ardere, to burn. Burn-

curved line. ing or intense heat.
Arch, Den'tal. See Dental Arches. Ardor Febri'lis. Feverish heat.
Arch, Fem'oral. An arch formed over Ardor Uri'n^;. A scalding sensation
the concave border of the pelvis. produced by the urine in the urethra.
ARCHiE'US. Arche'us; from apxv, Ardor Ventric'uli. Heartburn.
commencement. A word adopted by Van A'REA. A vacant space a term ap- ;

Helmont, and used to designate the active plied by Celsus to two kinds of baldness :

principle of the material world. This uni- 1. Area diffluens, consisting of bald plots
versal archajus, according to Van Helmont, on the scalp of an indeterminate figure and ;

is an immaterial principle, which exists in 2. Area serpens, baldness commencing at

the seed prior to fecundation, and presides the occiput and winding to each ear, and
over the growth and development of the sometimes to the forehead.
body, and over all organic phenomena. Area Pellu'cida. The areated space
ARCHE. From apxn, the beginning. formed, after a few hours, around the first

The beginning or first manifestations of a trace of the embryo in the incubated egg,
disease. by the middle portion of the germinal
ARCHIL. A violet-red dye, or paste, membrane.
prepared from Lichen roccella, and other Area Vasculo'sa. The second space
species of Lichen, called Roccella tinctoria, around the area pellucida, in which blood-
and fuciformis. vessels are formed.

ARCHOPTO'MA. From apxo s , anus, Area Vitelli'na. A third space, sur-

and mivTO), to fall. Prolapsus ani. rounding the area vasculosa, which ulti-
AR'CIFORM. From arcus, a bow, and mately encloses the whole yolk.
forma, likeness. A term applied by Solly ARE'CA. A genus of palms.
to a set of curved fibres proceeding from Areca Cat'echu. Areca Indica. From
the corpus pyramidale, beneath the corpus the nut of this plant two kinds of catechu
olivare to the cerebellum. are extracted, the cuttacamboo and cash-
ARCTA'TIO. From arcto, I make nar- cutti.

row. Contraction of a natural opening, as Areca Olera'cea. Areca Americana.

of a canal. A constipation of the intestines The cabbage-tree palm.
from inflammation. AREFAC'TION. The process of drying
ARCTIUM. A genus of plants of the substances previously to pulverizing them.
order Composite. ARE'NA. Sand. An old term applied
Arc'tium Lap'pa. Clot-burr, or com- to gravel deposited in urine.
mon burdock, the roots of which are diu- ARENAMEN. Armenian bole.
and sudorific.
retic, aperient, ARENA'TIO. From arena, sand. A
ARCTIZITE. The foliated scapolite. sand bath, or the application of hot sand
ARCTU'RA. From arcto, I straiten. to the body. In Anatomy, a term applied
Inflammation of the finger caused by a to the small interstices of the cellular or
nail grown into the flesh. other tissues ; and in Pathology, to an in-

ARCUA'TIO. From arcus, a bow. An flamed ring around pustules.

anterior gibbosity of the sternum. ARE'OLA. A diminutive of area, a
 ; ;

ARG 64 ARI

void space. The circle which surrounds Argentum Nitra'tum. Nitrate of silver.
the nipples of females. In Pathology, the Argentum Vi'vum. Quicksilver mer- ;

disk which surrounds pustular inflamma- cury.

tions of the skin. ARGIL'LA. From apyo$, white. Argil
AREOLAR TISSUE. Cellular Tissue. white clay. See Alumina.
Divided into areola? or small spaces. Argilla Pu'ra. Pure argil, or alumina.
AREOM'ETER. See Araeometer. ARGILLACEOUS. Of, or belonging
AR'GAND LAMPS. Lamps with hol- to argilla, or aluminous earth.
low or circular wicks, so called from the Argillaceous Tooth Polisher. See
name of the inventor. Tooth Polisher, Argillaceous.
AR'GEMA. From apyo if white. A AR'GOL. Ar'gal. Wine-stone; crude
small white ulcer of the eye. tartar ; a concrete acidulous salt, deposited
ARGEM'ONE. A genus of plants of by wine.
the order Papaveracece. ARICINA. An alkaloid, analogous in
Argemone Mexica'na. Thorn poppy its properties to cinchona and quina, found
prickly-popp3r ; the inspissated juice of in Cusco bark.
which is said to he useful as a hydragogue ARIDITY. Arid'itas. A term employed
in dropsy and jaundice. in Pathology to express dryness of any
AR'GENTAN. German silver ; an al- part, especially of the chin and tongue.
loy of copper, nickel, and zinc. ARID'IUM. A new metal recently
ARGEN'TI CYANURE'TUM. Cyan- discovered by M. Ulgren, of Stockholm.
uret of silver. A tasteless white powder, It is found in the mineral chromate of iron
having no medical uses. of Reoras. Its oxyds are analogous to
Argen'ti Ni'tras. Argcritum nitra'tum; those of iron, but exhibit distinct reactions.
causticum lunare. Nitrate of silver. Lu- ARIDU'RA. From areo, to be dried up.
nar caustic ; a white salt, in the form of Atrophy, as wasting of a limb or part.
hard brittle sticks, having an intensely ARIL'LUS. From arere, to be dry or
bitter taste is deemed tonic, alterative, and
; parched. The tunic of the permanent husk
antispasmodic, as an internal remedy and ; investing a seed, which falls off spontane-
externally it is employed as a vesicant, ously as it becomes dry.
stimulant, alterative, and escharotic. ARIS'TA. In Botany, the sharp, stiff,

ARGENTI'NA. A genus of abdominal bristle-like appendage from the husk or

fishes of thesalmon family, characterized glume of grasses. In Zoology, the long
by a small mouth, without maxillary teeth,slender bones in the muscular structure of
with curved teeth on the tongue, and a fishes, unconnected with the skeleton,
transverse row of small teeth on the vo- called the Ossicula muscidonim, and very
mer. numerous in the shad.

ARGEN'TUM. Ar 'gyrus ; from apyo i} ARISTALTH^'A. Althaea. The com-

white ; because it is of a white color. mon marsh-mallow.
Silver. ARISTOLOCHI'A. From api<no ? , best,

Argentum Folia'tum. Silver and Aoxta, or h)xeia, parturition because

leaf. ;

This, when not too thin, is sometimes used it was supposed to aid in parturition. A
for filling teeth, but in consequence of its genus of plants of the order Aristolochiaeea.
hardness and great liability to be acted Aristolochia Anguici'da. The snake-
upon by the secretions of the mouth, killing birthwort supposed to be an anti-
it- ;

is seldom employed for this purpose. Tin dote for the bite of serpents.
is by far preferable. Aristolochia Clemati'tis. ArisiUo-
Argentum Musi'vum. Mosaic silver; chia vulgaris. Upright birthwort.
a preparation of tin and bismuth melted Aristolochia Longa, and Aristolo-
together, with the addition of quicksil- chia Rotunda. The long and round
ver. birthwort.
 ARQ 66 AES
Aristolochia Serpent a'ria. Virginia aromatics, so called because it was origi-

snakeroot. This species of Aristolochia is nally applied to wounds inflicted by the

an herbaceous plant with a perennial root, arquebus.
consisting of numerous slender fibres, pro- ARRACHE'MENT. From arracher, to
ceeding from a short horizontal caudex. tear out. The separation of a part of the
It is a stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, and body, tearing it from the part with which
diuretic, and, when taken in large doses, it was connected. The term is sometimes
occasions nausea, griping pains in the bow- applied to the extraction of a tooth.
els, sometimes vomiting and dysenteric ARRACK. Arack.
tenesmus. AR'RAGONITE. A mineral of a green-
Aristolochia Triloba'ta. Three-lobed ish pearly-gray color. It is a carbonate of
birthwort. lime, containing a little carbonate of strontia.
ARISTOLOCHIA'CEiE. The birthwort AR'RAPHON. From a, priv., and pa<j>v,
tribe of Dicotyledonous plants. a suture. Without suture. A term ap-
ARM. That part of the plied to the cranium when it has no sutures.
Brachium.
upper extremity between the shoulder and ARRHCEAl. From a, priv., and peu, I
elbow. flow. The suppression of any natural flux.

ARMENIAN BOLE. See Bole, Arme- Amenorrhcea.

nian. ARRIERE' DENT. Dens serotinus. A
Armenian Stone. A variety of the wisdom tooth.
azure carbonate of copper. ARROW
ROOT. The fecula of the
ARMIL'LjE MANUS MEMBRA- Maranta arundinacea, a plant
root of the
NOS./E. The annular ligaments of the which grows in the West Indies. See
carpus. Maranta.
ARMORA'CLE RADIX. The root of the ARSE'NIATE. From arsenicum, arse-
Cochlcaria armoracia. Horse-radish root. nic. A salt formed by a combination of
AR'NICA. A genus of plants of the arsenic acid with salifiable bases.
order Composite. Arseniate of Ammonia. Ammonias
Ar'nica Monta'na. The systematic arsenias. A crystallized salt, formed by
name for the arnica of the pharmacopoeias. a combination of arsenic acid and ammo-
Leopard's-bane. nia, or carbonate of ammonia.
Arnica Spu'ria. See Inula Dysenterica. Arseniate of Iron. Ferri arsenias.
AROIDE^E. See Aracete. A salt formed by double decomposition, by
ARO'MA. Apufia, perfume; from apt, adding a solution of sulphate of iron to one
intensely, and o£,o, to smell. Spiritus rec- of arseniate of soda. It precipitates in the
tor. The odorous principle of plants and form of a dirty green powder.
other substances. AR'SENIC. Arsenicum. The name of
AROMATTC. Aromat'ieus ; from apu- a metal of a blackish or steel-gray color.
fia, an odor. Any
thing which has a grate- It is found native, as an oxyd, and a sul-
ful spicy scent, and an agreeable pungv.' phuret. Its symbol is As its combining ;

taste, as cinnamon, ginger, cardamoms, number 753. Arsenic and its various pre-
mint, &c. parations are among the most active of all
Aromatic Vin'egar. An acetic solution poisons. Hydrated sesqui-oxyd of iron,
of camphor, oil of cloves, rosemary and lav- freshly precipitated, is an antidote to it.
ender. Magnesia has also been used for the same
AROMATOPO'LA. From apo/ia, an purpose.
odor, and 7rwAew, I sell. One who sells Arsenic Acid. Acidum arsenicum.
drugs and spices. Arsenic, Oxyd of. White arsenic.
ARQUEBUSADE'. From arquebus, a Arsenious acid.
hand-gun. A lotion composed of vinegar, Arsenic, White. Oxyd of arsenic, or
sulphuric acid, honey, alcohol, and various arsenious acid.
 ARS 66 ART
ARSENICAL CAUSTIC. A prepara- the mouth, or from becoming displaced,
tioncomposed of two parts of levigated and being swallowed. To prevent any ac-
antimony and one of white arsenic. cident of this sort, the cavity in the tooth
ARSENICA'LIS LIQUOR. Fowler's so- should be tightly and securely sealed up
lution; arsenical solution. with yellow or white wax.
ARSENICAL PASTE. Pate Arsenicale. ARSENIS POTASS^E. Arsenite of
A French composition, used as an applica- potash.
tion to malignant ulcers, composed of ARSENITE. salt formed by the A
seventy parts red sulphuret of mercury, union of arsenious acid with a base.
twenty parts dragon's blood, and eight Arsenite of Copper. Scheele's green.
parts arsenious acid, made into a paste with Arsenite of Potash. Liquor arseni-
saliva. calis.

ARSENICUM ALBUM. White arse- ARSENOVI'NIC ACID. An acid pro-

nic. duced by the action of arsenic upon alcohol.
ARSE'NIOUS ACID White
arsenic, ART. The application of a system of
Oxyd of arsenic. Ratsbane. This com- rules to the performance of certain actions.
pound is prepared by digesting the metal Art, Healing. The application of the
in dilute nitric acid. It combines with rules of medicine in the treatment of dis-
the earthy and akaline bases, forming arse- ease.
nites. Art, Dental. The application of the
This powerful agent has been extensively rules of dental surgery to the treatment of
employed, both in America and Europe, the diseases of the teeth, and the replace-
during the last few years, for destroying ment of the loss of these organs.
the pulps of decayed teeth, but in conse- ARTANECK. Arsenic.
quence of the great liability of a tooth, af- ARTEMISIA. So called because it was
ter the destruction of its lining membrane, first used by a queen of that name, or from
to give rise to inflammation of the alveole- kpTefiig, Diana, because it was formerly em-
dental membrane, and abscess, its indiscrim- ployed in the diseases of women, over
inate use is rapidly falling into disrepute. whom she presided. A genus of plants
Dr. Maynard of Washington city, how- of the order Compositce.
ever, has proposed a plan of treatment, by Artemisia Abrot'anum. Common
which it is thought these effects may, in the southernwood.
majority of cases, be prevented. See Fill- Artemisia Absin'thium. Absinthium
ing Teeth. vulgare. Common wormwood.
Dr. Spooner, of Montreal, was the first Artemisia Chinen'sis. Moxa japonica.
to use arsenious acid for the destruction of Mugwort of China.
an exposed dental pulp, but the discovery Artemisia Glacia'lis. Mountain worm-
was made known to the dental pro- wood.
first

fession, by his brother, Dr. S. Spooner, of Artemisia Juda'ica. Santonieum. See

New York, through the medium of a popu- Artemisia Santonica.
lar treatise on the teeth, published in 1836. Artemisia Marit'ima. Absinthium
The application of a fortieth or fiftieth maritimum. Sea wormwood.
part of a grain, with an equal quantity of Artemisia Pon'tica. Absinthium pon-
the sulphate of morphia, to an exposed ticum. Roman wormwood.
dental pulp, will destroy its vitality in Artemisia Rupes'tris. Creeping worm-
from three to seven hours, and often with- wood; sickly wormwood.

out causing any unpleasant sensation, but Artemisia Santon'ica. The Tartarian
in most instances it is productive of more southernwood, or wormseed.
or less pain. It should always be used Artemisia Vulga'ris. Mugwort.
with great care, to prevent it from coming ARTERIA. From arip, air, and rr\puv,

in contact with the mucous membrane of to keep, because it was supposed by the
 ;

ART 67 ART
ancients that they contained air. An ar- The principal arteries of the body are

tery. mentioned in the following table :

ARTE'RIAC. A medicine formerly pre-

Table of the Arteries.
scribed for diseases of the trachea.
ARTE'RI^E ADIPO'S.E. The arteries 1. The pulmonary artery.

which secrete the fat about the kidneys. The pulmonary artery, soon after emerg-
ARTE'RIAL. Arterio'sus. Belonging ing from the right ventricle of the heart,
to the arteries. divides into two branches, a right and a
Arterial Blood. The red blood which are distributed to the lungs.
is left,

so called because it is contained in the ar- 2. The aorta.

teries. The pulmonary veins also contain The aorta arises from the left ventricle
red blood, on which account they have been of the heart, and is the great trunk from
called arterial veins. which the other arteries of the body are
Arterial System. All the arteries of derived. These are given off in the follow-
the body. ing order. At its origin it gives off,
ARTERIALIZA'TION. The conversion 1. The anterior cardiac, or right coronary
of the venous into arterial blood ; a term artery.
applied to the change which the blood un- 2. The posterior cardiac, or left coronary
dergoes as it passes through the lungs, pro- artery. At the arch it gives off three
duced by the evolution of carbonic acid branches,
and the absorption of oxygen. 1. The arteria innominata, which divides
ARTERIOG'RAPHY. Arteriographia into the right carotid and right subclavian.
from aprripia, artery, and ypa<t>V, a descrip- 2. The left carotid.
tion. A description of the arteries. 3. The left subclavian.
ARTERI'OLA. A small artery. The carotids are divided into external
ARTERIOL'OGY. Arteriolog'ia ; from and internal.
aprripia, artery, and ^070$, a discourse. A The external gives off,
treatise on the arteries. 1. The superior thyroid.
ARTERIOSTEIE. From aprripta, artery, 2. The lingual.
and ooteov, a bone. Ossification of an artery. 3. The labial or facial.
ARTERIO'SUS DUCTUS. See Ductus 4. The inferior pharyngeal.
arteriosus. 6. The occipital.
ARTERIOT'OMY. Arteriotom'ia ; from 6. The posterior auris.
an artery, and re/jvu, I cut. The
aprr/pia, 1. The internal maxillary, which
gives
opening of an artery to draw blood. off the spinous artery of the dura mater,
ARTERITIS. From aprr/pia, an artery, the maxillary, and several branches which
and itis, inflammation. Inflammation of go to the palate and orbit.
an artery. 8. The temporal.
AR'TERY. Arte'ria. A firm and elastic The following branches are given off
cylindrical tube, composed of three mem- from the internal carotids,
branes, a common or external, a muscular, 1. The ophthalmic.
and an internal, for conveying the blood 2. The middle cerebral.
from the heart. There are but two main 3. The communicans.

arteries, the pulmonary artery and the aorta; The following are the branches given off
all the rest are branches. The first originates by the subclavian arteries,

from the right ventricle of the heart, and 1. The internal mammary, which sends

the second from the left. It is by means off the thymic, comes phrenici, pericardiac
of the arteries that the blood is conveyed and phrenico-pericardiac arteries.

to every part of the body. The pulsation 2. The inferior thyroid, from which the
of the arteries corresponds with that of the tracheal, ascending thyroid, and transver-
heart. salis humeri are derived.
 ART 68 ART
3. The which forms within and 2. the cystic artery. The splenic artery
vertebral,
the cranium artery, which gives off the pancreatica magna, the left
the basilar
gives off the anterior cerebelli, the posterior gastro-epiploic, and the vasa brevia.
cerebri, and many other branches. 2. The superior mesenteric, which gives

4. The cervicalis profunda. off, 1. the colica media, 2. the colica dextra,

5. The cervicalis superfcialis. and 3. the ileo-colica.

G. The superior intercostal. 3. The inferior mesenteric.

7. The supra-scapular. 4. The emulgent or renal arteries.

When the subclavian arrives at the ax- 5. The spermatics.

illa, it receives the name of the axillary 6. The lumbar arteries.

artery, and the latter when it reaches the 7. The middle sacral.

arm is called brachial. After giving off the foregoing, the aorta
The following are the branches given off divides into two branches, called the inter-
by the axillary artery, nal and external iliac arteries.
1. Four mammary arteries. The internal iliac or hypogastric artery
2. The sub-scapular. gives off,

3. The posterior circumflex. 1. The ilio-lumbar.

4. The anterior circumflex. 2. The lateral sacrals.
The following branches are given off by 3. The obturator.
the brachial artery, 4. The middle hamorrhoidal.
1. Many lateral branches. 5. The gluteal or posterior iliac.
2. The profinula humeri superior. 6. The ischiatic.
3. The profunda humeri inferior. 7. The pudica interna, from which the
4. The great anastomosing artery. inferior hemorrhoidals, the transvei'se pe-
At the bend of the arm, the brachial rineal, and the dorsalis penis arise.
artery divides into the ulnar and radial ar- The external iliac or great artery of the
teries. lower extremity gives off,

The ulnar gives off, 1. The epigastric.

1. Several recurrent branches. 2. The circumflexa ilii.

2. The common intcrosseal. After passing under Foupart's ligament,

3. The palmaris superfcialis, the ^;aZ- the artery of the lower extremity takes the

mar arch, and the digital. name offemoral artery, and gives off,
The radial artery gives off the following 1. Theprofunda.

branches. 2. The anaslomotica.

1. The radial recurrent. When it reaches the ham, it is called the
2. The superfcialis voUe, after which it popliteal artery. It here gives off articular
divides into the palmaris profunda, and branches, and below the joint divides into
the digitals. the anterior and posterior tibial.
The arteries given off by the descending The anterior tibial gives off,
aorta in the thorax are, 1. The recurrent.
1. The bronchial. 2. The internal malleolar.
2. The oesophageal. 3. The external malleolar.

3. The inferior intercostals. 4. The tarsal.

4. The inferior diaphragmatic. 6. The metatarsal.

In the abdomen the aorta gives off, 6. The dorsalis Jiallucis.

1. The celiac, which, at the distance of The posterior tibial gives off the fol-

half an inch from its origin, divides into lowing,

three branches : the gastric or coronary 1. The peroneal or fbular.
artery, 2. the hepatic, and 3. the splenic. 2. The nutritia tibia?.
The hepatic artery, before it reaches the 3. The internal plantar.
liver, gives off; 1. the right gastroepiploic, 4. The external plantar, which makes a
 ;

ART 69 ART
curvature across the metatarsal bones, ARTHRO'SIA. From apdpou, to articu-
where it gives off four digital arteries, late. Arthritis ; inflammation of the joints.

which, after reaching the base of the toes, A genus of diseases in Good's Nosology,
divides into the digital arteries. [
embracing rheumatism, gout and white
Artery, Angular. See Facial Artery. I
swelling.
ARTETIS'CUS. From artus, a limb. ARTHRO'SIS. From apdpou, to articu-

One deprived of a limb, or having a very late. An articulation.

imperfect one. ARTHROSPON'GUS. From apdpov, a
ARTHANI'TA. From aproj, and anoyyof, a sponge.
bread. joint, A white
The herb sowbread. See Cyclamen Euro- fungous tumor of the joints.
pa3iim. ARTICULAR. Articula'ris ; from ar-
ARTHANITIN. A crystalline sub- ticulus, a joint. Pertaining to a joint.
stance found in the root of the Cyclamen Articular Arteries of the Knee.
europamm. Several small branches are given off from
ARTUET'ICA. The herb ground-pine, the popliteal artery, which surround the
so called because itwas supposed to be tibio-femoral articulation, and from their
useful in diseases of the joints. situation, are designated by this name.
ARTHOI'CUM. Artoi'cum; from apro s They are divided into superior and inferior,
,

bread. An oil formerly made by digesting and there are generally three of the former
several roots with bread. and two of the latter.

ARTHRAL'GIA. Arihronal'gia ; from Articular Veins of the Knee. These

apdpov, a joint, and atyo i} pain. Pain in generally follow the course of the arteries.
the joints. ARTICULATA. A term applied in
ARTHREM'BOLUS. From ap&pov, a Zoology to a primary division of the ani-
joint, ami efj.(3alXo), to impel. An instru- mal kingdom, characterized by an external
ment employed by the ancients for the articulated covering, consisting of a series
reduction of dislocations. of rings corresponding to the internal skele-
ARTHRITIC. Arthnt'icus; from ap&pm i} ton of vertebrated animals.
the gout. Pertaining to the gout. ARTICULATION. Articulatio ; from
ARTHRITIS. From apdpov, a joint. ariiculus, a joint. The connection of bones
The gout. See Podagra. with each other. Articulations are gener-
ARTHROCACE. From apdpov, a joint, ally divided by anatomists into three kinds ;

and nama, defect. Disease of the joints, namely, diarthrosis, synarthrosis , and am-
and especially caries of the articular sur- phiarthrosis. In Physiology, the formation
faces. The term is also applied to spina of distinct syllables or words by the organs
ventosa. of speech. In Botany, the connection of the
ARTHRO'DIA. From parts of a plant by joints.
aptipov, a joint.

A movable articulation or connection of Articulation of Dental Substitutes.

bones, in which the head of one is applied The adjustment and arrangement of one or
to a superficial cavity of another, so that more artificial teeth, so that it or they, if
it can be moved in every direction. there be more than one, when placed in the
ARTHRODYNTA. From apdpov, a mouth, shall sustain the same relationship
joint, and odwr/, pain. Pain in a joint to the organs with which they antagonize,
chronic rheumatism. See Rheumatism. when the jaws are closed, as the natural
ARTHROL'OGY. Arthrolog' la ; from teeth do previously to their loss.
apdpov, a joint, and foyoj, a description. A Articulation of the Teeth. See
description of the joints. Teeth, Articulation of.

ARTHRON. Apdpov. A joint. Articulation, Temporo-Maxillary.

ARTIIROPYO'SIS. From ap-dpov, a See Temporo-Maxillary Articulation.
joint, and nvov, pus. Suppuration, or a Articulation of Models. See Models
collection of pus in a joint. for artificial teeth, antagonizing.
 ART 70 ART
Articulation, False. A false joint This substitute is kept in place by means
formed between the united extremities of a of two straps of cloth, covered with kid,
fractured bone, or between the articular ex- properly painted.
tremity of a luxated bone and the parts If the subject be a man, false whiskers
with which it is in contact. are applied, which will more effectually
ARTICULAT'US. Artk'idate. Jointed. conceal the mode of attachment. To the
ARTIFICIAL. Artificia'lis. That which end of each strap a piece of metal may be
is formed by art. fixed, and bent so as to be secured to the
Artificial Eye. A sort of hollow hem- ear, or the straps may be fastened behind
isphere, painted so as to represent the an- For greater security it is recom-
the head.
terior part of the globe of the eye, and mended that metallic plates be fixed to the
enameled, applied beneath the eyelid. The sides of the artificial chin, which may be
manufacture of artificial eyes has been made fast and concealed in the folds of the
brought to such perfection in Paris, that it cravat.
is difficult for a common observer to dis- Artificial Upper Lip. In the con-
tinguish the difference between them and struction of an upper lip, the method of
the natural organs. procedure is very similar to that for sup-
Artificial Lower Lip and Chin. It plying the loss of the lower the only dif- ;

sometimes happens that persons are de- ference consists in the method of attach-
prived of the lower lip and chin by wounds ment. Besides the straps covered with
or other causes, so as greatly to interfere beard, two plates are fastened to it, which
with the utterance of speech and the reten- pass up along and secured to a
the nose,
tion of the saliva. To remedy such loss, pair of preservers, whose branches serve
various contrivances have been invented, as a means of attachment. We should
varied in their construction to suit the pe- think the best method of retaining an arti-

culiarity of the cases to which they have ficial upper lip in its place, would be to
been applied. fix means of attachment on the inner side,
In the construction of an appliance of which might be secured to the teeth.
this sort, the first thing to be done is to take But a substitute for either the upper or
an impression of the lip and chin of a per- lower lip cannot be so constructed as to
son, resembling, as near as possible, in be worn without inconvenience, and it is

these parts of the face, the individual re- fortunate that they are seldom required.
quiring such substitute. From this im- The method of procedure consists, first,

pression, suitable plaster and metallic in taking an accurate impression of the

models and counter-models are obtained. void occasioned by the destruction of the
Between these a platina plate may be natural organ, then making a model to fit
stamped, which, after being fitted to the the inequalities of the parts; and afterwards
parts to which it is to be applied, should obtaining a metallic model and counter-
be enameled and properly colored. model, between which a thin plate of
But the best substitute of this sort which gold or platina is swaged. After fitting
has been invented, is described by M. De- this accurately to the parts, it should be
labarre in his Trait de la Partie Mecanique enameled and painted to correspond with
de VArte du Chirurgien Dentisie. It con- the rest of the face.
sists of a thin layer of gum-elastic in so- Artificial Nose. As in the case of
lution, applied to a plaster model. After artificial lips, it is impossible to construct
this has become dry, another and another is a substitute for the nose that can be worn
applied, then a piece of hempen cloth, after without some inconvenience, yet the latter
which, three more layers of a solution of is by far more frequently called for, and
gum-elastic are put on. Upon these a piece happily can be made to subserve a much
of fine linen is spread, and over the whole better purpose, as it can be more perma-
a piece of kid, properly colored, is glued. nently and securely applied.
 ART 71 ART
The methods of attachment are various. to the parts ujton which it rested, as almost
The simplest is by means of a slip of to elude detection. The palatine obturator
leather, painted flesh color, passing up was of fine gold, covering the entire vault
over the middle of the forehead, and made of the palate, and secured by clasps, one
fast under the hair. But this method is on either side, to a molar tooth. To the
objectionable. The leather is visible, and upper surface of this plate, at a point cor-
it does not afford a firm and secure support responding with the central portion of the
to the artificial appliance. Another method opening in the palate, and on a line be-
consists in attaching to the interior of the tween the two teeth, to which the clasps
nose a superior and two lateral wings, were attached, one end of a gold wire,
which are made to act above and on each an inch in length, was
three- fourths of
side in such a way as to retain the piece in soldered ; this passed forward and up-
its place ; but it has been found that these ward through the opening of the palate,
cause not only a loss of the soft tissues the upper end being parallel with, and at
against which they are made to act, but a convenient distance from the opening of
that they are liable to give rise to disease. the nares, the point of attachment between
Mr. Ballif, however, reports the case of a it and the artificial nose. Through the
woman who had lost her nose in conse- upper end of this upright wire, on a level
quence of a syphilitic disease, for whom he with the opening in the nose, a platina
constructed an artificial substitute with wire, one inch in length, with a screw cut
three wings, which he moved by means of on it, was passed upon the anterior ex- ;

a spring made to work by means of a but- tremity of the platina wire there was a
ton fixed in one of the nostrils. Although hook which acted as a support to the artifi-
it caused a little pain at first, he states cial nose, by means of a gold loop attached

that this did not last long, and that she to the septum, the tightness of which was
did not ultimately suffer any serious incon- regulated by screwing the horizontal wire
venience from it. in or out, and by altering the position of
When the loss of the organ is the result the upright wire by bending it backward
of disease, as is almost always the case, it or forward. By this simple contrivance,
is generally complicated with the loss of which was worn with the greatest comfort
other parts, generally of the hard and softand satisfaction, a deformity which before
palate, which also, as far as practicable, had shut this young lady out from society,
require replacement and in this case the was completely removed.
;

two may be connected together in such a Artificial Palate. A mechanical

way as to serve as a mutual support for contrivance for supplying the loss of the
each other. The author had an opportu- whole or a portion of the hard or soft pal-
nity of examining a complication of appli- ate, or both. The simplest description of
ances of this sort a few years ago, con- substitute of this sort, consists in a thin plate
structed by his brother, the late Dr. John of gold, fitted to the gums covering the pal-
Harris, for a j
r
oung lady about twenty atine portion of the alveolar border, behind
years of age. So far as the loss of the nose the dental arch concave inferiorly, and ;

was concerned, an unsuccessful effort had convex superiorly, and confined by means
been made by an eminent surgeon of Cin- of clasps fitted to one or more teeth on each
cinnati, Ohio, to supply the defect, by side of the mouth. But this, while it pre-
the transfer of integument from the arm, vents, to some extent, the passage of fluids
over the deltoid muscle, by what is called and food from the mouth into the nose,
the rhinoplasties or Taliacotian operation. remedies but very partially the defective
The artificial nose, in this case, was utterance of speech, while the sharp edge
made of very close-grained apple-tree wood, of the plate posteriorly, if it be extended
painted to correspond exactly with the sufficiently far back to separate the buccal
color of the skin, and so accurately adapted from the nasal cavities, is apt to interfere
 ART 72 ART
with and irritate the tongue. But what- i There are difficulties connected with the
ever may be the description of substitute |
which none but
insertion of artificial teeth
employed, the advantages derived from it an experienced practitioner has any idea
will greatly depend upon the accuracy of of. Besides those of properly constructing
its adaptation and the extent of its sur- and applying them in such a manner, as
face. that they may be easily removed and re-
In the application of an artificial palate, placed by the patient, and at the same
it often becomes necessary to connect with time be securely fixed in the mouth, and
it one or more artificial teeth, which can in such a way as not to produce injury to

easily be done by extending the plate over the parts with which they are connected
so much of the alveolar ridge as may be or associated, there are sometimes others
required for the last named substitute. equally difficult to overcome. For exam-
Delabarre, Desirabode, Stearns, Hulli- ple : the loss of a tooth in one jaw is gen-
hen, and Blandy, have invented substitutes erally followed by the gradual protrusion
of this sort, which, under certain cir- from its socket of the one with which it

cumstances, answer a most excellent pur- antagonized in the other, so that if that be
pose. For a full description of the various replaced with an artificial tooth of equal
appliances which have been employed for size, it will strike against this at each oc-
remedying defects of the palatine organs, clusion of the mouth, and prevent the
the reader
is referred to the author's Prin- other teeth from coming together. This ten-
ciples and Practice of Dental Surgery, dency of the teeth in one jaw to protrude
fifth
edition. is always in proportion to the number lost

ARTIFICIAL TEETH. Contributing, in the other and if not soon counteracted ;

as the teeth do, to the beauty and pleasing by the replacement of the latter with arti-
—
expression of the countenance to correct ficial substitutes, it often gives rise to an
enunciation, to the function of mastica- obstacle to their proper application, which
tion, which they are the chief agents in will require no little ingenuity and tact to
performing, and to the health of the whole overcome. If it were necessary, the author
organism, — it is not surprising that their could mention other difficulties connected

loss should be considered a serious affliction, with this branch of practice, equally great,
and that art should be invoked to replace but will let it suffice to state that there
such loss with artificial substitutes. So are few, as formidable as they oftentimes
great, indeed, is the liability of the human are, which the well-informed and skillful
teeth to decay, and so much neglected are dentist cannot overcome.
means of their preservation, that few per- Substances employed for Artificial Teeth.
sons reach even adult age without losing Among the substances which have been
one or more of these invaluable organs. employed for replacing the loss of teeth,

But happily for suffering humanity, they are, 1. The crowns of human teeth ; 2. The
can now be replaced with artificial substi- teeth of neat cattle, sheep, 8fC. ; 3. The
tutes so closely resembling those planted ivory of the elephant's and hippopotamus's
In the jaws b}- the hand of nature, as al- tusk; and lastly, mineral or porcelain
most to elude detection, even by the most teeth.
critical and practiced observers. Though Human Teeth. The crowns of human
there is a perfection in the works of nature teeth are preferable to any other osseous
that can never be equaled by art, artifi- substance, and when used for this purpose
cial teeth can, nevertheless, be so construct- they should be of the same class as those

ed and applied as to subserve, to a con- whose place they are designed to supply.
siderable extent, in the majority of cases, If well selected, and properly inserted, the

the purposes of the natural organs, though artificial connection with the alveolar ridge
not as perfectly, nor with the same con- cannot easily be detected.
venience to the person wearing them. The durability of these teeth, when thus
 ART 73 ART
employed, depends on the density of their is covered with a hard thick enamel, teeth
structure, the soundness of their enamel, may
be cut from it, which will, at first,
and the condition of the mouth which very much resemble those given us by
in
they are placed. If they are of a close nature. There is, however, a peculiar ani-
texture, and have sound and perfect en- mation about the natural teeth which those
amel, and are inserted in a healthy mouth, made from this substance do not possess.
they will last from six to twelve, or a They, moreover, soon change their color,
greater number of years. assuming first a yellow, and then a dingy
Teeth of Cattle. Of the various kinds of or dark bluish hue. They are also, like
osseous suhstance employed for dental sub- those just mentioned, very liable to decay,
stitutes, the teeth of neat cattle are, perhaps, and to give to the air, returned from the

after the human teeth, the best. By slightly lungs, an insufferably offensive odor, which
altering their shape they may be made to cannot be corrected or prevented. They
resemble very closely the incisors of some may be washed half a dozen times a day,
persons ; and taken out and cleansed again at night,
but a configuration similar to the
cuspidati cannot be given to them
and it will still be grossly perceptible.
; and in
the majority of cases they are too white But objectionable as this substance is,
and glossy to match any of the human it is still employed by a few practitioners,
teeth. and twenty years ago it was used by one-
There are other objections to the use of half of the dentists in the country.
these teeth. In the first place, they are Mineral or Porcelain Teeth. The man-
only covered anteriorly with enamel, and, ufacture of porcelain teeth did not for a
in the second, their structure is less dense long time promise to be of much advantage
than that of human teeth, and conse- to dentistry. But by the ingenuity and
quently they are more easily acted on by indefatigable exertions of a few, they have,
chemical agents. They are, therefore, less within the last fifteen or eighteen years,
durable, seldom lasting more than from almost entirely superseded every other kind
two to four years. of artificial teeth.
Ivor;/of the Tusk of the Elephant and The French, with whom the invention
Hippopotamus. The employment of ivory of these teeth originated, encouraged their
for artificial teeth has been sanctioned manufacture by favorable notices ; and the
by usage from the earliest periods of the rewards offered by some of the learned and
existence of this branch of dentistry, but scientific societies of Paris, contributed
we must not hence conclude that it has much to their improvement. They were
been approved by experience. On the still, however, deficient in so many quali-
contrary, of all the substances that have ties, that they received the approbation of
been used for this purpose, this is cer- very few of the profession, and then only
tainly the most objectionable. in some few cases.
The ivory of the elephant's tusk is more It is principally to American dentists,
permeable than that obtained from the that we are indebted for that which the
tooth of the hippopotamus. So readily French so long labored in vain to accom-
does it absorb the fluids of the mouth, that, plish.
in three or four hours after being placed A want of resemblance to natural teeth,
there, becomes completely penetrated in color, translucency, and animation,
it

with them. Consequently it is liable to was the great objection urged against the
chemical changes; and when several teeth, porcelain; and, had not these objections
formed from it, are worn, they affect the been obviated, they would have pre-
breath to such a degree as to render it ex- vented them from ever being extensively
ceedingly offensive. employed. Until recently, all that were
The ivory of the tusk of the hippopota- manufactured had a dead, opaque appear-
mus is much firmer in its texture, and, as it ance, which rendered them easy of detec-
 ART 74 ART
tion, when placed along side of the natural The insertion of an artificial tooth on a
teeth, and gave to the mouth an un- diseased root, or on a root having a dis-
healthy and sickly aspect. But so great eased socket, is always followed by injuri-
have been the improvements in their man- ous effects. The morbid action already
ufacture, that few can now distinguish any existing in the root orits socket, is aggra-

difference between them and the natural vated by the operation, and often caused
organs. to extend to the contiguous parts, and,
The advantages which these teeth pos- sometimes, even to the whole mouth. Nor
sess over every sort of always proper to apply a tooth imme-
animal substance, is it

are numerous. They can be more nicely fit- diately after having prepared the root. If
ted to the mouth, and be worn with greater any irritation is produced by this prepara-
convenience. They do not absorb its se- tory process, the tooth should not be in-
cretions, and consequently, when proper serted until it has wholly subsided. The
attention is paid to their cleanness, they do neglect of this precaution not unfrequently
not contaminate the breath, or become, in gives rise to inflammation of the alveole-
any way, offensive. They never change dental periosteum and alveolar abscess.
their color. They are not acted on by the The manner of preparing a root and ap-
chemical agents found in the mouth and plying a tooth to it, will be noticed in
;

hence the name incorruptible, which lias another article.

been given to them. mounted on a Plate with

Artificial Teeth

Artificial Teeth —Different

Methods of Clasps. This method of applying artificial
Applying. The methods of applying arti- teeth is, perhaps, in favorable cases, with
ficial teeth are, On the roots of the
1. the exception of the one just noticed, the
natural teeth. On a plate with clasps.
2. best that can be adopted ; and, on account
3. With spiral springs. 4. By atmospheric more extensive applicability, may be
of its

pressure. The peculiar advantages of each considered as more valuable even than
of these methods we shall point out briefly, that. By this means, the loss of a single

as well as the cases in which they are par- tooth, or of several teeth, in either or both
ticularly applicable. jaws, may be supplied. A plate may be
Artificial Teeth placed on Natural Roots. an aperture in the dental
so fitted to circle,

This method of inserting artificial teeth, and secured with clasps to the other
teeth,
on account of its simplicity, was formerly as to afford a firm support to six, eight,
more extensively practiced than any other, ten, or twelve artificial teeth.
and, under favorable circumstances, is un- Teeth applied in this way, when prop-
questionably the best that can be adopted. erly constructed, will last for many years,
If the roots on which they are placed be and sometimes during the life of the indi-
sound and healthy, and the back part of vidual. But it is necessary to their dura-
the jaws supplied with natural teeth, so as bility that they should be correctly ar-
to prevent those with which the artificial ranged, accurately fitted, and substantially
antagonize from striking them too directly, secured to the plate, and that the plate
they will subserve the purposes of the itself be properly adapted to the gums,
natural organs more perfectly and effect- and attached to teeth that are firmly fixed
ually than any other description of den- in their sockets.
tal substitute. When thus placed, they Gold, until recently, was almost the only
rest on firm bases, and if they are pro- metal employed for making the plate and
perly fitted and secured, their connection clasps. This, for the former, should be from
with the natural roots cannot easily be twenty to twenty-one carats fine, and from
detected. But unfortunately the incisors eighteen to nineteen for the latter. If gold
and cuspidati of the upper jaw, are the of an inferior quality be used, it will be
only teeth which it is proper to replace in liable to be acted on by the secretions of
this way. the mouth. Platina, when the teeth are to
 ;

ART 76 ART
be united to the plate by means of a fusi- succeeded so perfectly in confining lower
ble silicious cement, answer a better pur- pieces by this means, that he rarely finds
pose than gold ; but there are few persons it necessary to employ spiral springs for
in the United States who understand melt- double sets.

ing and reconverting the scraps into plate The firmness of the adhesion of the plate
and when this cannot be done, the use of or base to the gums, to which the teeth
it is attended with great loss. are attached, depends upon the extent of
Artificial Teeth with Spiral Sj/rings. the surface which the plate presents, and
When attached to plates, the only differ- the accuracy of its adaptation. It is also
ence between the method last noticed, of important that the teeth should be so ar-
applying artificial teeth and the one now ranged and antagonized, that they shall
to be considered, consists in the manner of strike those in the other jaw all the way
confining them in the mouth. The former around at the same instant. This is a
is applicable in cases where there are other matter that should never be overlooked, for
teeth in the mouth to which clasps may be if they meet on one side, before they come
applied ; the latter is designed for confining together on the other, the part of the plate
whole and parts of sets, where clasps or base not pressed on, will be detached,
sets

or other means of attachment cannot be and the admission of air between it and
conveniently employed for their retention. the gums will cause it to drop.
When plates are employed, the teeth The application of artificial teeth on this
are attached to them in the same manner principle has been practiced for a long
as when clasps are used ; but instead of be- time ; but the plates formerly used were
ing fastened in the mouth to the other teeth, ivory instead of gold, and could seldom be
they are kept in place by means of spiral fitted with sufficient accuracy to the mouth
springs, one on either side of the artificial to exclude the air ; so that, in fact, it could
denture, between it and the cheeks, pass- hardly be said that they were retained by
ing from one piece to the other. its pressure. Unless fitted in the most
Atmospheric or Suction Method of Ap- perfect manner, the piece is constantly lia-
plying Artificial Teeth. The method last ble to drop, and the amount of substance
described, of confining artificial teeth in necessary for such a base renders it awk-
the mouth, is often inapplicable, inefficient ward and clumsy and besides, ivory ab-
;

and troublesome, especially for the upper sorbs the fluids of the mouth so readily,
)nw and it is in such cases, more par- that after being worn for a few weeks it
;

ticularly, that the atmospheric or suction becomes exceedingly offensive.

method is valuable. It was for a long The application of artificial teeth upon
time thought to be applicable only for an this principle originated with the late Dr.
entire upper set, because it was supposed Gardette, of Philadelphia, and we believe
that a plate sufficiently large to afford the that soon after he made his first successful
necessary amount of surface for the atmos- experiment, Mr. John Woffendale, of New
phere to act upon could not be furnished York, constructed a dental substitute for
by a piece containing a smaller
number of was retained in the
the upper jaw, which
teeth. Experience, however, has proven same way and at the time
mouth in the ;

this opinion to be incorrect. A

single tooth he did it he was not aware that it had
may be mounted upon a plate presenting ever been done by any one else.
a surface large enough for the atmosphere The adhesion may be greatly increased by
to act upon it sufficiently for its retention in the formation of an air chamber in the plate
the mouth. For a like reason it was thought opening upon the gum or roof of the mouth.
that the narrowness of the inferior alveolar Other methods, as the ligature and trans-
ridge would precludo the application of a planting, have been employed in the ap-
plate to it upon this principle, and in this plication of artificial teeth; but as they
opinion the author participated j but he has have long since been abandoned, a descrip-
 ;

ARY 76 ASA
tion of them in this place is not deemed Areteno-Epiglottide'us. A muscle
necessary. See Mechanical Dentistry; from the arytamoid
of the epiglottis, arising
Pivot Teeth, Manner of inserting ; Metallic cartilage.

Base for Artificial Teeth ; Models, Plaster ARYTENOID. Arytcenoi'des. From

Model and Counter-model Mounting Ar- apvracva, a funnel, and «<5o$, shape. A
;

tificial Teeth upon a Metallic Base, and term applied in Anatomy to two cartilages

other articles on dental prosthesis. of the larynx, and the muscles, glands, &c.,
ARTIS'CUS. A little loaf or roll; a connected with them.
troch. Arytenoid Cartilages. The name
ARTOCAIl'PUS. From aproj, bread, of two cartilages of the larynx.
and napnof, fruit. A genus of plants of Arytenoid Glands. Small glandular
the order Artocarpece. whitish bodies, anterior to the arytamoid
Aktocarpus Incisa. The bread fruit cartilages.

tree. ARYT^ENOIDE'US. The name of a

Artocarpus Integrifolia. The Jack muscle which passes from one arytamoid
fruit tree. Caoutchouc. cartilage to the other. It is divided by

ARTOM'ELI. A cataplasm of bread and some anatomists into three portions.

honey Arytenoideus Major. See Arytav
ARUM. A genus of plants of the natu- noideus transversus.
ral order Jroidece. Arytenoideus Minor. See Arytav
Arum Dracun'culus. The systematic noideus Obliquus.
name of dragonswort. Arytenoideus Obliquus. The name
Arum Macula'tum. Common arum, of a muscle of the glottis.
or wake-robin. The root is the medicinal Arytenoideus. Transver'sus. An
part of this plant, and when recent is acri- azygos or single muscle of the glottis.

monious. There are also several other ARYTH'MUS. Appwfyo 5 ; from a, priv..
species of Arum. and pvdftoc, rythm —measure. A term
AEUNDINA'CEOUS. From arundo, a sometimes applied to an irregular pulse.
reed. Peed-like ;
pertaining to a reed. ASAB. See Borozail.
ARUN'DO. A genus of plants of the ASA BEN. Old name for soap.
order Graminea*. A reed. ASAFCE'TIDA. Assafce'tida; from the
AiiUNDO Bam'bos. The bamboo plant. Hebrew word asa, to heal. A gum resin ;

Arundo Brachii Major. An old name the concrete juice of the Ferula asafoeUda.
for the Ulna. An umbelliferous plant.
Arundo Brachii Minor. Old name ASAGIN. Dragon's blood.
for the Radius. ASAGR^E'A OFFICINALIS. The
Arundo Major. Old name for the name recently given to the plant from
Tibia. which is obtained the alkaloid veratria.
Arundo Minor. Old name for Fibula. ASAPHA'TUM. From a, priv., and
-
Arundo Phargmi'tes. The common Ga<t>T)$, clear. A cutaneous affection, con
reed. It has been used in syphilis. sisting of collections in the sebaceous folli-
Arundo Saccharif'era. The sugarcane. cles of the skin, which, when pressed out,
ARVIC'OLA. From arvum, a field, look like small black-headed worms.
and colore, to inhabit. A genus of rodents, ASAPHIA. From a, priv., and aa^
of the family of the rat and mouse, char- clear. Defective utterance or articulation
acterized by the prismatic and fangless resulting from disease of the palate.
structure of the molar teeth. ASARABAC'CA. From asarum, a kind
ARVINA. Old name for hogslard. of plant, and bacca berry. A small, stem-
ARVUM. Vulva. less, hardy European herbaceous plant, of
ARYT^'NO. Belonging to the ary- the order Aristolochiacem. See Asarum
tamoid cartilage. i Europceum.
 ;

ASC T7 ASI

AS'ARIN. A sort of stearoptcne ob- ASCEN'SUS MORBI. The ascent or

tained from the Asarum europosum. increase of a disease.
AS'ARUM. From a, priv., and oaipeiv, ASCIA. A name given to a kind of
to adorn ; so called because it was not ad- bandage from its supposed resemblance to
mitted into ancient coronal wreaths. A ge- a hatchet.
nus of plants of the order Arisiolochiacece. ASCITES. From aaimg, a sack or bot-
As'arum Canaden'se. Asarum caro- tle ; so called because of its bottle-like pro-
linia'num. Canada snakeroot wild ginger. tuberance.
; Dropsy of the abdomen, or
As'arum Europium. The asarabacca rather of the peritoneum, characterized by
of the shops, formerly used as an emetic, fluctuation, increased size of the abdomen,
but at present seldom employed, except as &c.
an errhine. ASCLEPIADA'CE^E. The Asclepias
ASBESTOS. Asbes'lus. A mineral tril>e of Dicotyledonous plants.
more or less flexible and ASCLETIAS. A genus of plants of
fibrous. The an-
cients manufactured cloth from
wrap- the order Asclepiadacea.
it for
ping up dead bodies when exposed on the Ascle'pias Asthmat'ica. A creeping
funeral pile. In consequence of its being plant of the Isle of France. Coromandel
a non-conductor of caloric, the application ipecacuanha ; supposed to be a specific in
of it to the bottom of cavities of very sen- asthma.
sitive teethwas recommended by Dr. S. Asclepias Gigante'a. Mudar; an
Brown, a few years since, in the American East Indian plant possessing purgative,
Journal of Dental Science, to prevent the alterative and diaphoretic properties.
painful sensation sometimes produced in Asclepias Syri'aca. Syrian dogsbane,
cases of this sort, by cold or hot fluids, or the juice of which is an acrid poison.
air, when taken into the mouth. Asclepias Tubero'sa. Butterfly- weed
As a
non-conductor of caloric it possesses every The root is sometimes used
pleurisy-root.
desirable property, and it is as indestructi- in pulmonary affections it is diaphoretic, ;

ble in a tooth as gold. and slightly cathartic.

ASBOLIN'. From acfiolt), soot. A name Asclepias Vincetox'icttm. Vinceton-
given to a substance, supposed to be a pe- icum. Swallow-wort. It is said to pos-
culiar principle, obtained from soot but sess hydragogue properties, and was for-
;

said by others to be only a combination of merly thought to be beneficial in cutaneous

acid pyretin with that form of pyretin and eruptions.
pyrelain obtained from the distillation of ASCO'MA. From aoicos, a bottle. The
pyretin. The anthelmintic qualities ascribed eminence of the pubes of females at the
to soot have been supposed to reside in age of puberty is so called from its shape.
this substance. ASEPTA. From a, priv., and cyna, to

ASCARDAMYCTES. One who stares putrefy. A term applied to substances

with fixed eyes without moving the eyelids. not subject to putrefaction.
AS'CARTS. From aompd,u, to leap. ASHES. The remains of the combus-
A genus of intestinal worms, comprehend- tion of organic substances.
ing a great number of species. ASIATIC PILLS. Pills composed of
Ascaris Vermicula'ris. The thread one-fourteenth of a grain of arscnious acid
or maw-worm, found in the rectum. and a little more than half a grain of black
Ascaris Lumbricoi'des. The long pepper.
round worm. AS'INUS. The ass. The milk of the
AS'CELES. One without legs. female ass is given to patients suffering
ASCEN'DENS. From asoendere, to under phthisis or debilitated stomach, as
ascend. Ascending. A term applied in being more easy of digestion than cow's
Anatomy to parts which have their origin milk.
lower than their termination. ASI'RACUS. The old name of a kind
6
 ASP 78 ASP
of locust, supposed to be an antidote to the ASPERSION, Aspersio. From asper-
poison of the scorpion's sting. gere, to besprinkle. The act of sprinkling
ASIT'IA. From a, priv., and airoc, water or other fluid on the surface of the
food. Abstinence from food ; want of ap- body, or any part of it.
petite. ASPHAL'TUM. A bituminous sub-
ASO'DES. From cuttj, disgust, satiety. stance found in a soft liquid state on the
A fever attended with a sense of nausea, surface of the Dead Sea, which, by age,
loathing, and great internal heat. becomes hard and dry.
ASPALASO'MUS. From smaXaf, a ASPHODE'LE^E. A tribe of Morwco-
mole, and oufia, body. A genus of mon- tyledonous plants, allied to the lilies.
sters having the eye imperfectly developed. ASPHOD'ELUS. A genus of plants of
(J. G. St. Hilairo.) Also a malformation the order Asphodelece.
in which the lower part of theabdomen is Asphod'elus Ramo'sus. The name
opened and the viscera exposed, the uri- for the officinal, or branched asphodel.
nary apparatus, the genitals and rectum The bulb was formerly supposed to be
opening externally by three distinct orifi- diuretic and emmenagogue.
ces. ASPHYXIA. From o, priv., and
ASPARAGUS. A genus of plants of °f"te, pulse. This term was originally
the order Asphoddece. employed to signify privation of pulse, but
Aspab'agus Officinalis. Common it is now applied to suspension of all the
asparagus. The root is supposed to be vital phenomena produced by causes op-
diuretic, and the young shoots are much erating on the respiratory organs, but in
prized as an article of diet. which life is not actually extinct. Dr.
ASPARAMIDE. Aspar'agin, AUhcdn, John Mason Good divides asphyxia in-
Malamid. A peculiar principle discov- to four varieties 1. Asphyxia svffoca- :

ered in the juice of asparagus, the root of iionis, asphyxy produced by hanging or
marsh-mallows and liquorice. drowning. 2. Asphyxia mephitica, choke-
ASPAR'MIC ACID. Aspariic acid, damp or asphyxy, produced by inhaling ;

Malaminic acid. An acid obtained from carbonic acid or some other irrespirable
asparamide. exhalation. 3. Asphyxia Elcctrica, Elec-

ASPA'SIA. A ball of wood soaked in trical asphyxy, produced by a stroke of

infusion of galls, used to constringe the lightning or electricity. 4. Asphyxia Al-

vagina. gida, frost-bitten asphyxy, produced by

AS'PEN. See Populus Tremula. intense cold.
ASPERITY. Roughness. A term ap- The effects of asphyxy upon the teeth are
plied in Anatomy to the inequalities on the peculiar. It causes their bony or osseous
surface of bones, usually serving for the tissue to be slightly injected with red blood,
insertion of tendons of muscles ; and some- giving to them a faint red or purplish tinge.

times, in Pathology, to inflammation of the This is particularly observable in the teeth

eyelids on account of the sensation of rough- of persons who have been drowned or
ness which attends the movements of these hung, or who have died from the Asiatic
organs upon the eyeballs. cholera, and demonstrates, beyond doubt,
AS'PERA ARTERIA. The trachea ; so the vascularity of these organs. The au-
called from the inequalities of its cartilages. thor has a number of specimens of teeth
ASPERMA'SIA. From a, priv., and thus injected in his cabinet.
onepfia, seed. Deficiency or want Asphyxia Idiopath'ica.
of se- Fatal syn-
men. cope, caused by relaxation of the heart.
ASPERMATIS'MUS. Same etymon. Asphyxia, Local. Gangrene.
Dyspermatis' mits refiuus. Absence or non- Asphyxia Neonatorum. A term ap-
emission of semen, owing to its reflux into plied to asphyxy of new-born infants.
the bladder. ASPHYX'IED. In a state of asphyxia.
 ; ;

ASS 79 AST

ASPIDIS'CUS. The sphincter ani. usually alludes to the analysis of an alloy

ASPID'IUM. A genus of plants of the of gold or silver, or both ; and is sometimes
order Filices. Male fern. equivalent to parting.
Aspidittm Fi'lix Mas. Male fern ; po- ASSIDEN'TIA SIGNA. Accessory
lypody. The root has acquired great celeb- symptoms. Those which are usually but
rity for its effects upon tape- worm. not always present in a disease.
ASPIS. AffTttf. Asp, Aspic. The an- ASSIMILATION. AssimUatio ; from
cient name for the Egyptian viper, sup- assimilare, to make like to. The conver-
posed to be the serpent which killed Cleo- sion of food into nutriment, a function
patra. common to all organized things, animal
ASPLE'NIUM. A genus of ferns of the and vegetable. Nutrition.
order Filices. ASSOCIATE MOVEMENTS. Consen-
Asplenium Adian'tum Nigrum. Leek sual movements. Movements which ac-

fern black maiden-hair, used as an astrin- company other voluntary motions.

;

gent and pectoral. ASSODES. Asodes ; from aorj, loath-

Asplenium Cet'erach. The systematic ing. A fever attended with internal fever,

name of spleenwort. Miltwaste, used in anxiety and loathing of food.

diseases of the chest and in nephritic and AS'TACUS. A genus of shell-fish.

calculous affections. Astacus Fluvia'tilis. The crevis, or

Asplenium Filix Fcs'mina. Female cray-fish.

fern. Astacus Mari'nus. The lobster.

Asplenium Ru'ta Mura'ria. Wall-rue ASTATIC. From a, priv., and arau, to
white maiden-hair. It has been used as a stand. A
term applied to the magnetic
remedy for abscess of the lungs. direction of one needle neutralized by
Asplenium Scolopen'drium. The sys- another, the two standing in any position,
tematic name of scolopendrium. Hart's but not constantly north and south.
tongue. ASTHENIA. From a, priv., and odevoc,
Asplenium Trichom'anes. The sys- strength. Debility want of strength. ;

tematic name of trichomanes. Common ASTHMA. From aotiuafr, to breathe

maiden-hair, or spleenwort. with difficulty. Difficult respiration, re-
ASPRE'DO. Gr. Syn. Tpa%ufia. Asper, curring at intervals, attended with a sense
rough. A hardness and unequal rough- of stricture across the breast, and in the
ness between the eyelids. lungs, with a wheezing cough. It is placed
AS'SALA. Old name for the nutmeg. by Dr. Cullen in the class Neuroses, and
ASSAFCETIDA. Asafoetida. order Spasmi.
ASSARABAC'CA. Asarum Europceum. ASTHMATTC Affected with, or re-
ASSAY'. From the French, essayer, to lating to, asthma.
try. A chemical process, the object of ASTIG'MATISM. From a, priv., and
which is to determine the quantity of metal oTiyfja, a mark, spot or sign of any thing
contained in any mineral, or metallic mix- terminal, tofioe. A structural error or mal-
ture, by analyzing a small part of it. formation of the crystalline lens, causing
There are two processes, the dry, and the dimness of vision.
humid or wet. By the first the metal is ASTOMUS. Aarofioc, from a, priv.,
extracted by the agency of fire and fluxes, and aTOfia, a mouth. Without a mouth.
and it is by this assay that ores are bought ASTRAG'ALUS. From acTpayaloc, a
and sold. The second is more accurate, die; so called because of its
supposed re-
and is accomplished by dissolving the ore semblance to the die used in the ancient
or other substances in acids and precipitat- games. In Anatomy, a short bone of the
ing the metals from the solution. tarsus. In Botany, a genus of leguminous
When the term assay is used alone with- plants.
out the qualifying name of any metals, it Astragalus Creticus. Astragalus trag-
 ATA ATH
acantha. Cretan milk- vetch, a plant which functions of the body, and in Pathology, in
was supposed to afford the gum-tragacanth. the symptoms of a disease.
Astragalus Ex'scapus. Stemless ATAX'O-ADYNA'MIC FEVER. Ty-
milk-vetch, said to he antisyphilitic. phus fever ; so called because of the ine-
Astragalus Tragacan'tha. See As- quality of its nervous symptoms, and the
tragalus Verus. prostration of strength which attends it.

Astragalus Ve'rus. Goat's-thorn j

ATCHAR. A condiment made of green
milk-vetch. The gum-tragacanth of com- plants of various kinds, garlic, ginger,
merce is said to be principally derived from mustard and pimento, pickled in vinegar.
this species. It is used in India.
ASTRAN'TIA. A genus of plants of ATECH'NIA. Anaphrodisia.
the order Digynia. ATELECTASIS PULMO'NUM. Pneu-
Astrantia Ma'jor. Astrantia vulgaris; monatelectaisis. Imperfect dilatation of the
Astrantia nigra. Black master-wort ; the lungs at birth, or coming on occasionally
root is purgative. during the first weeks of life.
ASTRIC'TION. Astrictio. The action AT'ELES. krelrig.In Zoology a genus
of an astringent. of monkeys. The spider monkeys. In
ASTRICTUS. From astringo, to bind. Anatomy, imperfect; defective.
When applied to the abdomen, it signifies ATELOCHEI'LIA. From arefoig, im-
costiveness. perfect, and *«/toc, lip. Imperfect develop-
ASTRIN'GENT. Asiringens ; from as- ment of the lip.
tringo, to bind. That which has the pro- ATELOENCEPHALTA. From areXvg,
perty of contracting and rendering more imperfect, and eynetyalov , the encephalon.
solid the organic textures. Imperfect development of the brain.
Astringent Principle. Tannin or ATELOGLOS'SIA. From ar^m, im-
tannic acid. perfect, and yXuaaa, tongue. Imperfect
ASTROBOLIS'MOS. From aarpov, a star, development of the tongue.
and to smite.
/3e/U.«, That which is planet- ATELOGNATHIA. From artkrii im-
struck. Applied formerly to the blasting perfect, and yvadog, the jaw. Imperfect
of a tree. It has been used to express apo- development of the jaw.
plexy and sphacelus. Obsolete. ATELOMYELTA. From artlm, im-
ASTROL'OGY. Astrologia; from aarpov, and fjvelog, marrow. Imperfect
perfect,
a star, and toyog, a discourse. The art of development of the spinal marrow.
divining by inspecting the stars. ATELOPROSO'PIA. From artkr\g, im-
AS'TRUM. A
In the old chem- perfect, and npocunov, the face. Imperfect
star.

istry it signifies that vrtue which sub- development of the face.

stances acquire from preparation thus the ATELOSTOM'IA. From aielr,g, im-
;

astrum of a salt is its resolution to a fluid perfect, and arofia, mouth. Imperfect de-
state, so that it can exert its power upon velopment of the mouth.
the oeconomy. ATHAMANTA. From Athamas in
As'trum Duplica'tum. A medicine Thessaly. A genus of umbelliferous plants.
composed of the tinctures of antimony and Athamanta Creten'sis. Candy car-
coral essence of amber and musk.
; rot. The seeds are carminative and diu-
ASUOLI. Soot. retic.

ATAVISM. From aiavus, an old grand- Athamanta Oreoseli'num. The sys-

sire or ancestor, indefinitely. The re-ap- tematic name for the officinal oreoselinum.
pearance of an anomaly or disease, after it Black mountain parsley. An oil, obtained
had been lost in one or more genera- from the seed by distillation, was esteemed
tions. a valuable odontalgic remedy.
ATAX'IA. From a, priv., and raaau, ATHAMANTIN. An alkaloid obtained
to order. In Physiology, irregularity in the from the last named plant.
 ;

ATM 81 ATR
ATHANA'SIA. From a, priv., and tiav- vented by Professor Leslie for measuring
arog, death, because its flowers do not the quantity of vapor exhaled from a
easily wither. Tansey. The term has also moist surface in a given time.
been applied to several medicines. Its AT'MOSPHERE. From arfiog, vapor,
regular meaning is immortality. and a<paipa } a globe. The elastic invisible
ATHE'NA. A highly prized plaster fluid which surrounds the earth.
used in wounds of the head, described by ATMOSPHERIC. Belonging, or per-
Oribasius, Aetius, Paulus iEgineta, &c. taining to the atmosphere.
It was composed of ATO'CIA. From aw/tog, a root, which,
oxyd of copper, galls,
myrrh, colophony, ammoniacum, with the ancients, signified barrenness,
verdigris,
galbanum, wax, pitch, &c. not from physical causes, but from avoid-
ATHELAS'MUS. From a, priv., and ance of the man. Barrenness sterility. ;

#^77, a nipple. Inability to give suck, ATOCIUM. An old name for a remedy
either from want of a nipple, or some other which was supposed to destroy the power
cause. of conception.
ATHENIPTUM. An ancient collyri- AT'OM. From a, priv., and reuvu, to
um made from pompholyx, oxyd of cop- cut. A particle of matter incapable of
per, saffron, myrrh, spikenard, hasmatite, further division. In Chemistry it is syn-
white pepper, opium, and chian wine. onymous with equivalent.
ATHERO'MA. From a&tipa, pap or ATOMTC THE'ORY. A theory for ex-
pulp. An encysted tumor, containing a soft plaining the lawfr of definite proportions in
substance of the consistence of a poultice. chemical combinations, founded on the be-
ATHEROMATOUS. Pertaining to lief that matter consists of ultimate indi-
atheroma, as an atherom'atous tumor. visible particles, called atoms, in the same
Atherom'atous Disease. Fatty de- body, but differing in weight in different
generation. bodies, and that bodies combine in differ-
ATHLE'TA. From atilog, combat. The ent proportions with reference to those
men who exercised themselves in combat weights.
at the public festivals were called Athletaj. ATON'IC. Atonicus. Diminished as to
ATHLETTC. Athleticus. Possessing muscular power.
great muscular strength. AT'ONY. Atonia ; from a, priv., and
ATHYM'IA. From a, and tivfiog, rovog, tone.
priv., Debility. Want of tone
courage. Pusillanimity despondency mel- weakness.
; ;

ancholy. ATRABILTARY. From ater, black,

ATIN'CAR. Borax. and bilis, bile. Black bile. An epithet
ATLANTAL. Relating to the atlas. applied by the ancients to melancholic and
ATL AN'TO-AX'OID. Atloido-Axoid. hypochondriac dispositions, because it was
Pertaining to both the atlas and the axis. believed that the atrabilis predominated in
ATLAN'TO-OCCIPTTAL. Atloido- Oc- them.
cipital. Belonging to the atlas and occiput. ATRACHE'LUS. From a, priv., and
AT'LAS. From ailau, I sustain, be- rpaxv^og, the neck. Short-necked.
cause it sustains the head ; or from the fable ATRAC'TYLIS. A genus of plants of
of Atlas, who was supposed to sustain the the order Composite. The distaff thistle.

world upon his shoulders. The name of Atractylis Gummif'era. Pine this-
the first vertebra. tle. A gummy
matter exudes from the
ATMIATRPA. Atmidiatrice. From root when wounded, which, when chewed,
aruog, vapor, gas, and larpsia, treatment. is said to harden the gums.
The treatment of disease by the action of ATRAMEN'TUM. Ink. It has been
vapors or gases. used as an astringent, and an external ap-
ATMOM'ETER. From aruog, vapor, plication in herpetic eruptions.
and [lerpov, a measure. An instrument in- ATRE'SIA. From a, priv., and rpau } .
 ATR 82 ATR
to perforate. Imperforation, usually ap- bility of the term atrophy, as the two prin
plied to deficiency of a natural opening. cipal varieties of the affection consist rather
ATRE'TUS. From a, priv., and rpao,
and most frequently
in a congenital defect,
I perforate. some portion of the enamel of two or
Imperforate in the anus or of
parts of generation. more teeth, than wasting, from want of
AT'RICES. Small tubercles which some- nourishment, of any of the dental tissue,
times appear about the anus. may, perhaps, be considered as somewhat
ATRICHIA. Baldness. questionable and this would seem to be ;

AT'RICI. Small sinuses about the anus, rendered still more so by the fact that
but which do not perforate the rectum. neither of the two principal varieties oc-
ATRIP'LEX. A genus of plants of the curs subsequently to the formation of the
order Chenqpodiacece. enamel. But as the congenital form of the
Atriplex Fce'tida. See Chenopodium disease is evidently the result of altered
Vulvaria. function in a portion of one or more of the
Atriplex Horten'sis. Atriplex saliva. formative organs, if not of absolute degen-
Grass-leaved sea-orache ; the herb and seeds erationfrom vicious nutrition, the term
are said to be antiscorbutic. may, perhaps, be regarded as the most
A'TRIUM. A name applied to certain applicable of any that can be applied to it.

cavities of the body ; as atrium vaginae, the Atrophy of the teeth may very properly
vestibulum vagina} ; atrium cordis, an au- be divided into three varieties, each having
ricle. distinctive peculiarities which characterize
AT'ROPA. From krponog, the goddess it from either of the others.
of destiny, so called from its fatal effects. The first variety is characterized by
A genius of plants of the order Solanacece. white, light or dark brown irregular-
Atropa Belladon'na. Belladonna. shaped spots on the labial or buccal sur-
Deadly nightshade or dwale ; a powerful face of the affected tooth. This variety
narcotico-acrid poison. occurs oftener than the third, and less fre-
Atropa Mandraq'ora. Mandrake. quently than the second, rarely appearing
Mountebanks used to sell it as a wonder- on more than one or two teeth in the same
working medicine, especially as an incen- mouth. The temporary teeth are rarely
tive to love. affected by it. The size and shape of the
AT'ROPINE. Atropia. A highly poison- spots are exceedingly variable.
ous organic base found in all parts of Atropa The second variety, which may very
Belladonna, and possessing the prop- properly be termed perforating or pitting
erty, in the minutest proportion, of dila- atrophy, is characterized by irregular de-
ting the pupil of the eye. One fiftieth pressions or holes in the enamel, extending
of a grain is dangerous. It is a narcotic transversely across and around the tooth.
and powerful sedative. The homceopa- These holes or pits are sometimes separated
thists put it in their pillicules. one from another ; at other times they are
AT'ROPHY. Atrophia. From a, priv., confluent, forming an irregular horizontal
and rpefyu, to nourish. Marasmus. At- groove. They sometimes penetrate but a
rophy. A gradual wasting of the body, short distance into the enamel ; at other
usually attended by fever, loss of appetite times they extend entirely through it, the
and impaired digestion. Any organ of the surface of their walls presenting an irregu-
body thus affected is said to be atrophied. lar but usually a glossy and polished ap-
Atrophy of the Teeth. Odontatro- pearance, a peculiarity which always dis-
phia. An affection characterized either by tinguishes this variety from erosion. Teeth
perforations in, or discolored spots on the are sometimes marked with two or three
enamel, of a shriveled, yellowish, or rows of these pits.
farownish aspect, of two, four, or more Two, four, six or more corresponding
rteeth in each jaw. But the strict applica- teeth of each jaw are always affected at the
 ATR 83 ATT
same time, the disease never being confined as soon as the constitutional disease has
to a single tooth. run its course, the secretion of earthy mat-
In the third variety the whole or only a ter for the enamel fibres will be resumed,
part of the crown of the tooth may he af- and unless the child experiences a relapse,
fected, the dentine being often implicated or has a second attack of disease capable
as well as the enamel, and in this variety of interrupting the secretory functions of
the affected organ has a pale yellow, or the cells of the enamel membrane, the other
brownish and shriveled appearance it is ; parts of the enamel will be well formed.
also partially or wholly divested of enamel, It is to the occurrence of eruptive dis-
and its sensibility and susceptibility to ex- eases that the interruption of this peculiar
ternal impressions are greatly increased. function seems to be principally attributa-
The disease is often confined to a single ble.
tooth, hut more frequently it Atrophy, characterized by an imperfect
shows itself
on two corresponding teeth in the same development of the osseous part of the
jaw, and the bicuspids are oftener attacked crown of a tooth, discoloration, &c, of the
than the incisors, cuspids or molars. enamel, is doubtless the result of diseased
The first variety seems to be the result action in the pulp at the time of ossifica-
of the action of some cause capable of de- tion.
stroying the bond of union between the The nature of this affection, under con-
enamel and the subjacent dentine subse- sideration, is such as not to admit of cure.
quently to the formation of the crown of The treatment, therefore, must be prevent-
the tooth. When the affection occurs pre- ive rather than curative. All that can be
viously to the eruption of the tooth, the done is to mitigate the severity of such
intermediary membrane, which constitutes diseases as are supposed to produce it, by
this bond of union, may, at the affected the administration of proper remedies. By
place, have perished, as a consequence this means the effects may, perhaps, be
either of local or constitutional disease; partially or wholly counteracted.
but when the atrophy occurs subsequently It seldom happens that atrophied teeth
to this period, the destruction of this mem- decay more readily than others, so that
brane at the atrophied spot is doubtless the only evil resulting from the affection
the result of mechanical violence. is disfiguration of the organs. When the
The second variety of dental atrophy, cutting edges of the incisors only are af-
which is always congenital, we have every fected, the diseased part may sometimes be
reason to believe, results from constitu- removed with a file without inflicting the
tional disease, whereby the secretion of slightest injury on the teeth.
earthy salts, deposited in the enamel cells, ATTENDANTS. Attenuans; from at-
or secretory ducts of the enamel membrane, tenuo, to make thin. Medicines which
is interrupted, and by occurring at the increase the fluidity of the blood.
time this process is going on, prevents AT'TITUDE. Law Latin, aptitudes;
them from being filled, causing them to from apture, to fit. Situation or posture of
wither and perish, and hence the pitted the body. It is a very important point in
appearance which characterizes this variety Semeiology.
of the affection. In other words, the secre- ATTOL'LENS. From attoUo, to lift up.
tion of the inorganic constituents of the A term applied in Anatomy to certain mus-
enamel being interrupted for a short time, cles, the peculiar function of which, is to
the horizontal row of cells in the enamel lift up the parts to which they are at-
membrane, into which it should be depos- tached.
ited, will not be filled, and as a conse- Attol'lens Aurem. A lifting muscle
quence as might naturally be supposed, of the ear.
they waste away, leaving a circular row Attoi/lens Oculi. A lifting muscle
of pits around the crown of the tooth ; but of the eye. The rectus superior.
 ;

AUD 84 AUR
ATTONITUS. Thunder-struck. Ap- Auditory Arteries and Veins. The
oplectic. which enter the auditory canals.
vessels
ATTRACTION. Attractio; from at- Auditory Canals. See Meatus Audi-
iraho, to attract. Affinity tendency of torius Externus, and Meatus Auditorius
;

bodies or particles of matter to approach Internus.

one another and adhere together. See Af- Auditory Nerve. Portio mollis of the
finity. seventh pair.
Attraction, Capillary. The power AUGITE. A green, black, or brown min-
by which a liquid rises in a fine tube or eral, found in volcanic rock and basaltes,
between two plates, higher than the liquid AU'RA. From aw, to breathe. Any
which surrounds it. subtile vapor or emanation.
Attraction of Cohesion. Cohesion; Adra Elec'trica. A cold sensation,
the force which unites similar particles that of wind blowing on a part, occasioned
into masses. by the reception of electricity from a sharp
Attraction, Elective. Chemical at- point.
traction. The tendency of those sub- Aura Epilep'tica. The peculiar sen-
stances in a mixture which have the sation experienced before an attack of epi-
strongest affinity for each other to unite. lepsy.
Thus, if sulphuric acid be poured into a Aura San'guinis. The odor exhaled
solution containing baryta, magnesia and from blood immediately after being drawn.
soda, it elects the baryta and forms, by its The halitus.
union with it, sulphate of baryta. Aura Semina'lis. The subtile ema-
Attraction, Electrical. The ap- nation from the semen, supposed, by some
proach of bodies dissimilarly electrified. physiologists, to impregnate the ovum
Attraction of Gravitation. The but the existence of this aura is not estab-
mutual tendency of bodies to each other. lished.
ATTRAHENS AURIS. Anterior au- Aura Vita'lis. The vital principle.
ris. The anterior auris muscle which AURANTIA'CE^E. The orange tribe
draws the ear forward and upward. of Dicotyledonous plants.
ATTRAHENTS. Attrakent; from ad, AURAN'TIUM. The orange-tree; a
to, and traho, I draw. Remedies which species of Citrus.
attract fluids to the parts to which they Aurantium Curassaven'tia. The Cu-
are applied. Stimulants. rassoa apples or oranges. Immature or-
ATTRITION. From ad and terere, anges.
to bruise. Friction ; bruising. Anciently AURANTII A'QUA. Aqua jlorum
applied to severe cardialgia. aurantii. Orange-flower water.
A'TYPIG. Atypus ; from a, priv., and Aurantii Cor'tex. Orange peel.
rvnoc , a type. Literally without type. A AURANTINE. Aurantin. The bitter
term applied to periodical diseases which principle of the orange rind.
have no regular type. AU'RATE OF AMMO'NIA. Fulmina-
AU. Symbol for gold. ting gold.
AUAN'TE. A name applied by Hippoc- AU'RIC ACID. The peroxyd of gold,
rates to a disease attended with emaciation, so called from its property of forming salts
supposed to proceed from an acid ferment with alkaline bases.
in the stomach, and a morbid state of the AURICHAL'CUM. Brass.
pancreatic juice. AU'RICLES OF THE HEART. The
AUDITION. From audire, to hear. two cavities of the heart which receive the

Hearing. blood from every part of the body ; the

AU'DITORY. Anditorius from au- right from the two vena? cava?, and coro-
;

dire, to hear. Belonging to the organ of nary vein, and the left from the four pul-
hearing. monary veins.
 ;

AUS 85 AXE
AUEIC'ULA. Diminutive of auris, the ear is applied directly over the walls of
ear. An auricle; the prominent part of the chest — in the former a stethoscope is

the ear ; also a name applied to two cavi- interposed between the ear and the chest.
ties of the heart. AUTOCARATEPA. The vital principle.
Auricula JuDiE. See Peziza Auricula. AUTOGONIA. Equivocal generation,
Auiucula Muris. Hieracium PUosella. applied to a medicine given to act on
Mouse-ear. another in its operation.
AURICULAR. Auricula 'ris ; from ow- AUTOMATIC. From avjouar^u, to
ns, the ear. Pertaining to the ear. act spontaneously. A
term applied in
AURIC'ULO-VENTEIC'ULAR OPEN- Physiology to those functions which are
INGS. The openings between the auricles performed independently of the will.

and ventricles of the heart. AUTOPHO'NIA. From avrog, self, and

AURIC'ULATE. Eared. A term ap- voice.
<j>o)V7j, An auscultatory process of
plied in Botany to leaves which have two noting one's own voice when speaking
rounded lobes at the base. with the head close to the patient's chest,
AUEIPIGMENTUM. From aurum, which, it is said, will be modified by the
gold, and pigmentum, paint. Yellow or- condition of the subjacent organs.
piment. AUTOPLAS'TY. The restoration of
AUEISCALPIUM. From auris, the lost parts.

ear, and scalpo, to scrape. An ear- AUTOP'SOEIN. A homoeopathic slang

scraper. phrase used to express the disgusting prac-
AU'RISCOPE. An instrument for ex- tice of those quacks of making a patient
ploring the ear to ascertain the condition of swallow his own scabs when he happens
the Eustachian tube. It resembles a flexi- to be afflicted with the itch, cancer, pox,
ble stethoscope. &c.
AURIST. From auris, the ear. One AUTOP'SIA. From avrog, himself, and
who occupies himself with the treatment <npig, vision. Ocular examination. Dis-
of the diseases of the ear. section of a dead body.
AURIUM TINNITUS. Buzzing or AUXILIARY. Assisting. That from
ringing in the ears. which assistance is obtained.
AUEU'GO. Jaundice. AVEN'TUEINE. A reddish brown va-
AU'EUM. Gold. riety of quartz filled with spangles of mica.
Aurum Folia'tum. See Gold Foil. AVELLANA CATHAE'TICA. The
Aurum Ful'minans. Aurate of ammo- purgative nut of the Jatropha curcas.
nia. The precipitate formed by putting AVE'NA. The oat plant.
ammonia into a solution of gold. AVE'N^E SEMINA. Oats. The fruit
Aurum Grap'hicum. A gold ore. of the Aoena Saliva, of the order Grami-
Aurum Horizonta'le. Oil of cinna- neoz.
mon and sugar. Avesle; Fart'na. Oat-meal ; used as an
Aurum Lepro'sum. Antimony. article of diet for the sick.
Aurum Musi'vum. Mosaic gold a ; AVE'NltfS. Veinless. In Botany, a
preparation used as a pigment for giving term applied to leaves which have no
to plaster figures a golden color. It is a veins.
bisulphuret of tin. A'VES. From am, a bird. The fourth
Aurum Pota'bile. Dissolved gold class of vertebrated animals.
mixed with oil of rosemary. AVIS MEDTCA. The peacock.
AUSCULTATION. AuscuUatio ; from AVUL'SION. Avulsio; from avello,
ausculto, to listen. Auricular exploration, to tear asunder. Pulling or tearing from
used as a means of diagnosis in diseases of a rending or forcible separation.
the lungs, heart, &c.Auscultation is either AXE-STONE. species of nephrite, A
mediate or immediate. In the latter the a tough silico-magnesian stone.
 AZO 86 AZY
AXIFEROUS. From axis, a centre, Lcewig to organic radicals, composed of ni-
and fero, I bear. A term applied in Bot- trogen and carbon, as cyanogen, para-
any to plants which consist of an axis, with- ban, &c.
out leaves or other appendages. AZOERYTH'RINE. A coloring princi-
AXIL'LA. The arm-pit, or cavity un- ple obtained from archil.
der the arm. AZOLIT'MINE. A deep 'red coloring
AXILLARY. Axilla'ris; from axUla, matter obtained from litmus.
the arm-pit. Belonging to the axilla or AZOODYNA'MIA. From a, priv., !,<*),

arm-pit. life, and 6vva[ug, strength. Privation or

Axillary Artery. Arteria axillaris. diminution of the vital powers.
The axillary artery is a continuation of the AZOTANE. A compound of chlorine
subclavian, extending from the clavicle to and azote.
the insertion of the pectoralis major. AZOTE'. From a, priv., frv, life. One
Axillary Nerve. Nervus axillaris. of the constituents of atmospheric air. See
Articular nerve. A branch of the brachial Nitrogen.
plexus, and sometimes of the radial nerve. Azote, Protox'yd of. A gaseous oxyd
Axillary Vein. Vena axillaris. A of nitrogen.
continuation of the brachial veins, which AZ'OTIZED. Impregnated with azote
terminates in the subclavian. or nitrogen.
AXINITE. From a&v, an axe. A AZOTIC ACID. Nitric acid.
mineral, so called from its axe-shaped crys- AZOTU'RIC. A class of diseases char-
tals ; an alumina-silicate of lime and iron. acterized by a great increase of urea in the
AXIS. From ago, to act. A right line urine.
passing through the centre of a body. In AZUL'MIC ACID. A black substance
Anatomy, the second vertebra. In Botany, deposited during the spontaneous decom-
the part around which particular organs position of hydrocyanic acid.
are arranged. AZURE STONE. An azure blue min-
AXUN'GIA. From axis, an axletree, eral, the Lapis lazuli, from which the un-
and unguo, to anoint. Hogslard. manageable blue color, ultramarine, is pre-
AYALLY. A grass of St. Domingo, pared.
used as a laxative. AZURITE. Prismatic azure spar. See
AZA'LEA. From afaXeog, dry. A ge- Lazulite.
nus of beautiful plants, so named from AZYGOS. From a, priv., and fyyog, a
their brittleness. yoke, because it has no fellow. Applied to
Azalea Pon'tica. Pontic azalea. It single muscles, veins, bones, &c.
exudes a nectareous, intoxicating and Azygos U'vul.j:. A small muscle of the
poisonous juice. uvula.
AZELATC ACID. An acid closely re- Azygos Vein. Vena sine pari. A vein
sembling the suberic ; a product of the ni- situated in the right cavity of the thorax,
tric or oleic acid. #
receiving its blood from the vertebral, in-
AZOBEN'ZIDE. A substance obtained tercostal, bronchial, pericardiac, and dia-

by heating a mixture of nitro-benzid with phragmatic veins, and discharging it into

an alcoholic solution of potassa. the vena cava superior.
AZOCAR'BYLS. A name applied by AZYMUS. Unfermented bread.
 ;

BAD 87 BAL

B.

is Mercury.
B, in the chemical alphabet, Suabia, the other in Switzerland, near Zu-
It is symbol of Boron.
also the chemical rich.

BA. The chemical symbol of Barium. BADEN-BADEN, MINERAL WA-

BABIAN'A. A genus of Cape plants TERS OF. Thermal springs situated
of the order Iridacece. about a league from the high road between
BAB'ILLARD. A small frugivorous Basle and Frankfort. Their temperature
Passerine bird, the Curruca gurrula, or is from 130° to 154° Fahrenheit.
babbling fauvette, or lesser white throat. BADIA'GA. An alga, used in Russia
BABOON'. A name common to several for dispelling the livid marks of bruises.
of the larger species of monkeys, belong- powder, applied to the part, is said to
Its
ing to the genus Quadrumana, and family have this effect in a single night.
Simice. BADISIS. From pad^u, to go. Am-
BABUZICA'RIUS. From (Saj3ai<j, to bulation ; walking.
speak inarticulately. The incubus or night- BAGNIGGE WELLS. A saline spring
mare. in London resembling the Epsom.
BAC'CA. A berry. Fruit having seeds BALANCE. Bilanx; from bis, twice,

a pulpy pericardium enclosing seeds con- and lanx, a dish. Literally, the double
nected by a delicate membrane, dispersed dish. A pair of scales for weighing bodies,
through the pulp, as in the gooseberry. consisting of a beam suspended exactly in
BAC'CATED. Bearing berries ; set or the middle with a scale or basin attached
adorned as with pearls. to each extremity of equal weight.
BAC'CIIARIS. Bamcapig. A plant with BALANCE ELECTROMETER. An
an aromatic root, yielding an oil, worn by instrument for estimating the mutual at-
the ancients in their garlands to destroy en- traction of oppositely electrified surfaces.
chantment. BALANITIS. Inflammation of the
BAC'CHIA. From bacchus, wine. A glans penis.
red or pimpled face resulting from intem- BA'LANOS. Bahxnus. An acorn. The
perance. Gutta Rosacea. Acne. glans penis.
BACCHICA. The ivy. BALANIOS. A gem, a sort of carbuncle.
BACCIF'ERUS. From bacca, a berry. BA'LANO-POSTHITIS. Inflammation
Berry-bearing. Plants which bear berries of the glans and prepuce, attended by a
are called by this name. fetid, muco-purulent discharge.
BACHER'S TONIC PILLS. Pills of BALARUC, MINERAL WATERS OF.
hellebore and myrrh. These are saline and thermal, are con-
BACOPA. A Linnajan genus of plants sidered tonic, and are much used. Tem-
of the class Pentandria, order Monogynia. perature 118° Fahr.
Bacopa Aquatica. A species used in BALBITO'DES. BaXf3iT(o6v5 , from BaX-
Cayenne as a remedy for burns. (3ig, an oblong cavity. An ancient term,
BA'DEN, MINERAL WATERS OF. used by Hippocrates, to express the troch-
At Baden, six miles from Vienna, are lea of the humerus, which articulates with
twelve springs containing carbonates of the ulna.
lime and magnesia, sulphates of lime, mag- BALAN'DA. The beech tree.

nesia and soda, and chlorides of sodium BALBU'TIES. From balbutio, to stam-
and aluminum. The water is used in dis- mer. Stammering; a defect of articula-
eases of the skin, rheumatism, &c. There tion, the causes of which are but little un-
are two other towns of the same name, at derstood.
which are warm sulphur springs, one in BALD'NESS. Galvities. Loss of the hair.
 BAL 88 BAL
BALLIS'MUS. From j&Aigu, to dance. Balsam, Canada. Canada turpentine ;
Chorea ; St. Vitus's dance. balsam of fir; the product of the Abies
BALLOON'. In Pharmacy, a spherical balsamea. It is transparent when fresh, of
glass vessel with a cylindrical neck, to a slightly yellowish color, of the consist-
serve as a receiver in condensing vapors ence of honey has an acrid bitterish taste,
;

from a retort. and a strong agreeable odor.

BALLOT'A. A genus of plants of the Balsam, Carpathian. The product of
order Labiatce. the Pinus cembra, or Siberian stone-jnne of
Ballota Ni'gra. Ballota fcetida. Black, the Alps and Carpathian mountains.
or stinking hoarhound. Balsam, Chalybeate. A mixture of
Ballota Lana'ta. A Siberian plant, nitrate of iron, alcohol and oil.
supposed to be diuretic, recommended by Balsam, Commander's. Compound
Brera in rheumatism, gout and dropsy. tincture of Benzoin.
BALLOTTEMENT. The motion
F. Balsam, Cordial of Sennertus. A
imparted to the foetus in utero, by an im- stimulant, composed of musk, ambergris
pulse of the fingers or hand. and the oils of citron, cloves and cinna-
BALM. The name of several plants or mon. Dose 6 to 15 drops.
shrubs any thing which soothes or miti-
; Balsam, Friar's. Tr. Benzoin comp.
gates pain. Balsam, Green of Metz. A green
Balm of Gilead. Balsam of Gilead caustic oil used in atomic ideer. It is com-
;

Mecca Balsam. posed of fixed oils, holding in solution sub-

BAL'NEUM. A bath, or bathing carbonate of copper, sulphate of zinc, tur-
house. pentine, aloes and the essential oils of
Balneum Animale. An animal bath. cloves and juniper.
A term used to indicate that application of Balsam, Hungarian. A product of the
heat which was made by opening Pinus pumilio, growing in the mountains
a newly
killed animal and applying it to a part or of Switzerland, Austria and Hungary.
a whole of the body. Balsam, Hypnot'ic. A preparation of
Balneum Aren^:. The sand bath. opium, hyoscyamus, camphor, &c, used
Balneum Marine. In Chemistry, the externally to procure sleep.
salt water bath. Balsam, Hyster'ic. A preparation of
Balneum Siccum. Balneum arenas. opium, aloes, asafcetida, castor, oils of rue,
Balneum Vaporis. The steam bath. amber, &c. It is held to the nose, or rub-
BAL'SAM. Balsamum ; from baal sa- bed on the abdomen in hysterical cases.
men, Hebrew. The name of any natural Balsam, Indian. Balsam of Peru.
vegetable resin, concrete or liquid, having Balsam of Copaiva. The juice of the
a strong odor, inflammable, not soluble in Cqpaifera officinalis and other species of
water, but readily dissolved in volatile oil, copaifera.
alcohol, or ether. There are five natural Balsam of Fierabras. A Spanish vul-
balsams ; namely, those of Peru and Tolu, nerary balsam, mentioned by Cervantes.
Benzoin, solid styrax, and liquid styrax. Balsam of Fioravente. This name
Besides these, there are a number of phar- has been applied to various products of the
maceutical preparations and resinous sub- distillation of resinous and balsamic sub-
stances which have a balsamic odor, that stances.
have received the name of balsam. But Balsam of Fourcroy or of Laborde.
these hist are termed artificial balsams. A liniment used in chapped skin and
Balsam Apple. Momordica balsamina. cracked nipples. It is composed of aro-
Balsam of Arcceus. An ointment made matic plants, balsams, resins, aloes, tur-
by melting together 2 parts of mutton suit pentine, theriac and olive oil.
and 1 of lard, 1J of turpentine and as Balsam of Fir. Balsam of Canada.
much resin. Canada turpentine.
 ,

BAL 89 BAL
Balsam of Gilead. Balm of Gilead. Balsam, Riga. Balsamum carpaticum.
A resinous Amyris gileadensis
juice of the The juice of the young twigs of the pinus
which, by exposure, becomes solid. cembra.
Balsam of Genevieve. An ointment Balsam of Saturn. A solution of ace-
used in contused wounds, gangrene, &c. tate of lead in turpentine, evaporatedand
It is made of wax, turpentine, oil, red mixed with camphor.
saunders and camphor. Balsam of the Samaritan. A lini-
Balsam of Honey, (Hill's.) A pec- ment made by boiling together equal parts
toral mixture, made of tolu, honey, (aa lbj.) of wine and oil.
and spirit (a gallon.) Balsam, Saxon. Hoffman's balsam of
Balsam of Hoarhotjnd. (Ford's.) A life.

tincture of hoarhound, liquorice root, cam- Balsam of Sulphur. Oleum sulphu-

phor, opium, benzoin, dried squills, oil of ratum. An extremely fetid, acrid, viscid

aniseed and honey. fluid, resulting from the reaction of sulphur

Balsam of Leictoure of Condom or upon olive oil at a high temperature.
Vincequine. A strongly stimulant and ar- Balsam, Sympathetic An unguent
omatic mixture of camphor, saffron, musk made of blood, human fat and the raspings
and ambergris, dissolved in essential oils. of the human skull, applied to the instru-
The ancients used it for dispelling or over- ment which inflicted the wound.
coming unpleasant odors. Balsam, Thibault's. A tincture of
Balsam of Life. (Hoffman's.) A myrrh, aloes, dragon's blood, Hypericum
stimulant tincture, composed of essential flowers and chian turpentine.
oils and amber. Balsam of Tolu. The juice of the
Balsam of Locatelli, or Lucatel- Myroxylon toluiferum.
li. A mixture formerly administered in Balsam, Turkey. Dracocephalum Ca-
phthisis. It is composed of wax, oil, tur- nariense.
pentine, sperry and balsam of Peru, col- Balsam of Turpentine. The red res-
ored with red saunders. idue of the distillation of oil of turpentine
Balsam of Mec'ca. Balsam of Gilead. in a glass retort.
Balsam, Nefhrit'ic. (Fuller's.) A Balsam, Vervain's. Tinctura Benzoini
liquid medicine obtained by the action of composita.
sulphuric acid in certain oils, resins and Balsam, Vulnerary of Mindererus.
balsams. A liniment made of turpentine, resin, oil of
Balsam, Nervous. An ointment com- clenri, oil of Hypericum and wax.
posed offat, volatile oils, balsam of Peru, Balsam Weed. Jewel- Aveed; touch-
camphor, &c, used in sprains and rheu- me-not.
matism. BALSAMIC. Balsamicus ; from /M-
Balsam of Pareira Brava. A domes- aauov, balsam. Having the qualities of
tic compound of balsam, resin, chloride of balsams.
ammonium and powder of the root of Par- BALSAMIF'ERA. Balm-bearing.
eira brava. BALSAMPTA SUA'VEOLENS. A
Balsam of Peru. The juice of My- plant of the family compositce corymbife-
roxylon toluiferum. rai, common in the south of France,
Balsam, Paralytic of Mynsicht. where it is used for the same purposes as
A liniment of the essential oils of different tansy.
aromatic plants, of turpentine and amber. BALSAMODEN'DRON MYRRIIA. A
Balsam of Rackasi'ra or of Rak- plant of the order Terebinthacece, the tree
asi'ri. A yellowish brown substance, which yields the gum-resin myrrh.
brought from India in gourd shells, and BALSAMUM. A balsam.
used in diseases of the urinary and genital Balsamum Canadense. Canada bal-
organs, especially in blennorrhagia. sam.
 BAO 90 BAK
Balsamum Carpaticum. Riga balsam. gigantic tropical tree. The bark has been
Balsamum Gileadense. Balsam of used as a substitute for cinchona.
Gilead. BAPTICA COCCUS. The kermes in-
Balsamum Libant. Riga balsam. sect.

Balsamum Peruvianum. Balsam of BAPTISTA TINCTO'RIA. Wild indi-

Peru. go. The root in small doses is laxative*
Balsamum Tolutanum. Balsam of but in large doses is emetic and cathartic.
Tolu. BAPTORRHaS'A. From Panrog, cor-
Balsamum Traumaticum. Vulnerary rupt, poisoned, and pew, to flow. A name
balsam. Compound tincture of benzoin. proposed by Dr. R. G. Mayne for the dis-
Balsamum Vit^e. A name formerly ease hitherto known by the names of Gon-
applied to several artificial balsams. orrhoea, Blcnnorhcca, and Blennorrhagia,
BALUX. A name applied to iron sands &c.
containing gold. BAPTOTHECORRHffiA. From Panrog,
BAMBALIA. Stammering. infected, &n K V, a sheath, and pew, to flow.

BAMBA'LIO. From Pa/xpaivu, I speak Gonorrhoea in women. Literally an infec-

inarticulately. One who stammers or lisps. tious flow from the vagina.
B A MB AX. Cotton. BAPTURETHRORRH03A. Gonorrhoea
BAMBOO. A plant of the reed kind, in males.

growing in India and other warm cli- BAR AS. An Arabic name for white
mates. leprosy.

BANANA. A tropical tree ; a species BAR'BA. The beard. In Botany, a

of the Musa, the fruit of which is exten- pubescence on the leaves of some plants.
sively used as an article of diet. BARBA'DOES LEG. Elephantiasis
BAN'DAGE. A piece of cloth for sur- Arabum. A disease characterized by great
rounding parts of the body in surgical op- distention of the cellular tissue of the leg,

erations, or binding up a wound. A ban- and dark color.

dage may be simple or compound. The Barbadoes Nuts. The fruit of the Ja~
first consists of a simple piece of cloth in- tropha curcas.
tended to encircle a limb or part. The Barbadoes Tar. Petroleum barbadense-
second, of two or more pieces united. A dark-colored liquid bitumen.
Names expressive of the manner of its ap- BARBA'RIA. Rhubarb.
plication have been given to the simple BARBARY GUM. A variety of gum
bandage as the circular, the spiral, the arabic, said to be obtained from the Acacia
;

creeping, &c. The names applied to the gummifera

compound are expressive of its shape or BARBA'TUS. From barba, a beard.
the parts to which it is applied. A term applied in Zoology to animals
Bandage, Fox's. which have a beard or an appendage re-
See Fox's Bandage.
BANDY LEG. A which the sembling a beard. In Botany, the hair-
leg in
bones are curved outward or inward. like appendage on the leaves or other parts
BANG. An intoxicating liquor prepared of some plants, as the Mesembryanthemum
from the leaves of the Cannabis Indica, or barbatum, &c.
Indian hemp. BAR'BELS. Small cylindrical vermi-
BANGER'S OINTMENT. An oint- form processes, appended to the mouth of
ment composed of half a pound of litharge, certain fishes.
two ounces of burnt alum, one ounce and BABBIERS. A term applied to a par-
a half of calomel, half a pound of Venice alytic affection of the tropics, followed by
turpentine, and two pounds of lard, well loss of voice, emaciation, and prostration
rubbed together. It is used in porrigo. of strength.
BANIL'LA. Epidendrum vanilla. BARCLAY'S ANTIBILIOUS PILLS.
BA'OBAB. The Adansonia digitata, a These are composed of colocynth 3 ij, ex-
 BAR 91 BAS
tract of jalap 3 i, almond soap 3 iss, guiac. BARTHOLINIAN.E GLANDULE.
3 iij, emetic tartar gr. viii ; essential oils The sublingual glands named after Bartho-
of juniper, carroway, and rosemary, of lin.

each gtt. iv, made into a mass with syrup BARWOOD. A red dye-wood brought
of buckthorn, and divided into sixty-four from Africa.
pills. BARYOCOCCALON. The Datura Stra-
BARDAN'A. Burdock. monium.
BARGES. A village on the east side of BARYECOI'A. From papvg, heavy,
Pyrenees, celebrated for its thermal sul- and anoT), hearing. Deafness.
phurous waters. BARYPHO'NIA. From Papvg, heavy,
BARIL'LA. Impure soda obtained <j>uvri, the voice. Difficulty of speech.
from the ashes of different plants that grow BARYTA. From Papvg, heavy; so
on the sea shore. called because of its ponderosity. An
BA'RIUM. From baryta, from which oxyd of barium. A simple alkaline earth
it is obtained. The metallic basis of the of a gray color, very ponderous, and not
earth baryta. easily fused.
BARK. A name formerly applied to Baryta, Hydriodate of. Iodide of
three species of Cinchona. barium.
BARLEY. The fruit of the Hordeum Baryta, Muriate of. Chloride of
distichon. See Hordei Semina. barium.
BARNET, MINERAL WATERS OF. BARYTES. Baryta.
Bar net is near London, and its waters have BARYTIN. A new base obtained from
cathartic properties like those of Epsom, Veratrum album.
though not so strong. BASAAL. An Indian tree, the leaves

BAROMACROM'ETER. From Papog, of which, made into a decoction, are used

weight, fianpog, long, and fierpov, a meas- as a gargle in diseases of the fauces. The
ure. An instrument for ascertaining the kernels of the fruit are anthelmintic.
weight and length of new-born infants. BASANASTRA'GALA. Pain in the
BAROM'ETER. From Papog, weight, ankle-joint ;
gout in the foot.

and fierpov, measure. An instrument for BASALT. Trap-rock of a dark-green,

ascertaining the weight of air. gray or black color, consisting of silica,
BAR'RAS. The resin which exudes alumina, oxyd of iron, lime, and magnesia.
from wounds made in the bark of fir trees. BASANITE. A variety of silicious
BARREES, DENTS. See Barred Teeth. slate, sometimes used for testing the purity
BARRED TEETH. Teeth, the roots of gold by the color of its streak. Mor-
of which, after separating, come together, tars for pulverizing medicines were for-
embracing a greater or less portion of the merly made of it.

maxillary bone, and which cannot be ex- BASCULA'TION. A word of French

tracted without bringing away the part derivation, applied to the half see-saw
thus enclosed. movement of the uterus, in examinations
BARRE, MINERAL WATERS OF. of that organ in retroversion, the fundus
Thermal, diuretic, and tonic waters at being pressed upward and the cervex
Bar re, six leagues from Strasburg. drawn downward.
BARREN. Unfruitful, sterile. A term BASE. Basis, from Paivu, I go, I rest
applied in Botany to a flower which has I support myself. The foundation or sup-
no pistile. port of any thing the principal ingredient ;

BAR'RENNESS. Sterility. of a compound. In Chemistry it is applied

BARRY'S EXTRACTS. Extracts pre- to alkalies, earths, metals, sulphurets, or-

pared by the evaporation being carried on ganic and other compounds, in their rela-
in a vacuum made by admitting steam into tions to acids, metalloids and salts. In
the apparatus. Medical Prescriptions and Pharmacy, the
 BAS 92 BAT
principal constituent of a compound. In parts which were supposed to play an im-
Dental Surgery, a metallic, ivory, or hip- portant part in the animal economy.
popotamus plate or cuvette, used as a sup- Basilic Vein. A large vein running
port or attachment for artificial teeth. In along the internal part of the arm ; at the
Anatomy, the lower or broader portion of fold of the elbow it lies over the humeral ar-
a bone or organ. tery. The median basilic vein crosses this
Bases for Artificial Teeth. In at the bend of the arm and joins the great
the construction of a base for artificial vein. Either of these veins may be opened
teeth, a transfer or model of plaster of in the operation of bleeding.
Paris is first obtained. Then a metallic BASIL'ICON. An ointment composed
model and counter-model, if the base is to of pitch, resin, wax and oil.
be of metal, is procured, and between these BASILICUS PULVIS. A name given
a plate of suitable size and thickness is to a powder, formerly composed of calomel,
swadged. In this way it is made to fit rhubarb and jalap, called the royal powder.
accurately the parts upon which it is to BA'SIO. Muscles originating from the
rest. If the base is to be constructed from basilary process of the occipital bone are
the ivory of the elephant or hippopota- so called.

mus's tusk, the plaster model alone is suffi- Basio-Ce'rato-Glos'sits. A name given
cient. The ivory is cut to the proper size to the hyoglossus muscle,
from its connec-
and then carved until it fits the model. tion with the base and horn of the hyoid
But ivory is now seldom used for this bone and the tongue.
purpose. See Metallic Base ; Osseous Base, Basio-Glossus. That portion of the
and Mineral Base. hyoglossus muscle inserted into the base of
BASIA'TOIt. Orbicularis oris. the hyoid bone.
BASIC. Belonging to, or of the nature Basio-Pharyng^'us. The constrictor
of a base. pharyngis medius.
Basic Water. Water combined with BASIS. A base.
an acid or other substance, as a regular Basis Cordis. The base of the heart.
metallic base, and not only in crystals or BASSI COLICA. A medicine composed
as a hydrate. of aromatics of honey, invented by Julius
BASIL. See Ocimum. Bassus.
BASILAR. Baslla'ris. A name given BASSORA GUM. A gum brought
to several parts of the body which serve from the neighborhood of Bassora, on the
as bases to others. Gulf of Persia, in irregular pieces of vari-
Basilar Artery. An artery of the ous sizes, white or yellow, intermediate in
brain, formed by the union of two verte- the degree of transparency between gum
bral arteries within the cranium. Arabic and tragacanth.
Basilar Fossa. A fossa in the upper BASSORIN. A constituent part of
surface of the basilar process of the occipi- Bassora gum, as also of gum tragacanth
tal bone. and of some gum resins. It does not dis-
Basilar Process. The inferior angle solve in water, but swells and forms a
of the occipital bone. mucilage with it.

Basilar Surface. Inferior surface of BASTARD. False; spurious.

the basilary process. Bastard Dittany. Dictamnus fraxi-
Basilar Vertebra. The last lumbar nella. It has no apparent medicinal prop-
vertebra. erties.

BASILEION. KamliKoc, royal, from its BASYLE. From fiaotg , a base, and vlrj,

excellence. An ancient collyrium reputed nature. A term applied by Mr. Graham

efficacious against dimness of sight. to the metallic radicle of a salt.
BASIL'IC. Basilicus ; from (iaoikiKoc, BATEMAN'S PECTORAL DROPS.
royal. A name given by the ancients to A mixture composed of tincture of castor,
 BAT 93 BAT
with camphor and opium, flavored with consisting of dilute aqua regia, employed
aniseed and colored with cochineal. by Dr. Scott, of India, in hepatic dis-
BATH. Balaveiov •
balneum. A bath. eases.

A receptacle of water for persons to wash Bath, Sand. Balneum Are'nce. A

or plunge in ; a bathing place. Baths vessel filled with sand and placed over a
are either hot or cold, natural or artificial. fire ; into this another is placed containing
Bath, Acid. Acid hydrochloric lb. ij, the substance to be evaporated.
aquae cong. lxvj. Bath, Shower. Implu'vium. A bath
Bath, Alkaline. Half a pound of where the water falls like a shower on the
pearlash or carbonate of soda, to sixty-six body.
gallons of water. Bath, Steam. The introduction of
Bath, Animal. Balneum animale. steam into a closed vessel or room, in place
* Bath, Antipso'bic. Sulphuret of po- of water.
tassium § iv, dissolved in water, cong. lx. Bath, Succession. Transition bath.
Bath, Antisyphilittc. Two drachms The rapid succession of baths of different
to an ounce of corrosive sublimate dissolved temperatures.
in sixty gallons of water. Bath, Sul'phurous. Water in which
Bath, Blood. Baths of human blood sulphuret of potassium is dissolved in the
were formerly used against leprosy. proportion of four ounces of the latter to
Bath, Cold. A bath the temperature thirty gallons of the former.
of which is from 30° to G0° Bath, Tan. An astringent bath made
Bath, Cool. A bath at 00° to 75° by adding a decoction of two or three
Bath, Dry. A
bath used by the an- handfuls of tan to the water of a bath.
cients, composed of ashes, salt, sand, &c. Bath, Tem'perate. A bath at from
Bath, Chemical. An apparatus for 75° to 85°
regulating the heat in various chemical Bath, Vapor. See Vaporarium,.
processes, by interposing sand or other Bath, Warm. A bath .at 92° or 98°
substances between the fire and the vessel BATH, WATERS OF. The waters of
to be heated. See Bath, Sand. Bath, England, are celebrated for their
Bath, Electric. An electric bath con- thermal qualities rather than their mineral
sists in placing a person upon an insulated —
components their temperature being from
stool, connected by a metallic wire with 112° to 117° Fahrenheit.
the principal conductor of an electric ma- BATHMIS. From (Saivu, to enter.
chine in action. Bathmus. The seat or base the cavity Of ;

Bath, Foot. Pedilu'vium. A bath for a bone which receives the head or protu-
the feet. berance of another.
Bath, Half. Semicu'pium. A bath BATHRON. From (ia-dpvv, bench. An
adapted for only half of the body, as for instrument invented by Hippocrates for
the hips or extremities. reducing fractures and luxations.
Bath, Hand. Manulu'vium. A bath BATRA'CHIA. From f^arpaxoc, a frog.
for the hands. An order of Reptilia, including among
Bath, Head. Capitilu'vium. A bath others the frog. The toad tribe.

for the head. BATRA CHITS. Ranula.

Bath, Hot. Balneum cal'idum. A BATTARIS'MUS. Battalism'us. From
bath having a temperature of 98° and up- ficiTTapifa, to stammer. Stammering with
wards. hesitation.
Bath, Med'icated. Balneum medical- BATTERY, ELECTRICAL. A term
turn. A bath consisting of decoctions or applied to a combination of Leyden jars
infusions of certain vegetable substances for collecting electricity, all of which may
or any medicinal ingredients. be charged and discharged at the same
Bath, Nitrc-Muriatic Acid. A bath time.

7
 ; ;

BEA 94 BEC
Battery, Galvanic. A name applied by |
the continuance of bead-like bubbles
and copper plates.
to pairs of zinc See on the surface.
Galvanic Battery. I

BEADED. Knotted like a string of

B^TTLEY'S SOLUTION. Liquor opii beads.
sedativus. A narcotic preparation of which |
BEAK. The bill of a bird ; a point
acetate of morphia is supposed to be the ! the jaws of forceps employed for the ex-
active ingredient traction of teeth are sometimes so called.
BA.UDRICOURT, WATERS OF. The In Chemistry, the tubular portion of a
waters of Baudricourt, a town in France, retort.
are sulphurous. BEAN. A
term applied to several
BAUHIN, VALVE OF. A name kinds of Leguminous seeds and the plants
given to a transverse valve situated where producing them. They belong to several
the ileum opens into the coecum. genera, particularly the Vicia, Phaseolus,
BAU'LAC. An and Dolichos.
Arabic name for nitre
or salt in general. From this Bean, French. The kidney bean.
word comes
borax. Bean, Malac'ca. The Fruit of the
BAURIN, WATERS OF. The min- Semicarpus Anacardium, a tree growing
eral waters of Baurin, a village in the in Malabar and other parts of India.
department of the Somnie, are strongly Bean of St. Igna'tius. Faba Sancti
chalybeate. Igna'tii. The fruit of the Strychnos Ignatii,

BAY BERRIES. The berries of the a tree, native of the Philipine Islands.

Laurus nobilis. BEARD. The hair growing on the

Bay-Rum. Spirit flavored with bay- chin, lip and cheeks in adults of the male
leaves. sex.

Bay-Salt. Chloride of sodium. Salt BEAR'S BERRY. See Arbutus Uva

obtained by evaporating sea-water by the Ursi.
sun in warm countries. Bear's Breech. See Acanthus Mollis.
Bay Sore. A disease endemic at Hon- Bear's Foot. Stinking hellebore. See
duras, and supposed by Dr. Moisely to be Helleborus Fcetidus.
a true cancer, commencing with scirrhus. BEAUME DE VIE. Balm of life. A
Bay, Sweet. See Laurus Nobilis. compound decoction of aloes.
BAYNTON'S ADHESIVE PLASTER. BEAVER. An amphibious quadruped
An adhesive plaster composed of six of the genus Castor. See Castor Fiber.
drachms of resin and one pound of litharge. BEBEERIA. Bebeerine. An alkaloid
Baynton's Bandage. Strips of adhe- obtained from the Bebeeru, or greenheart
sive plaster regularly encircling the leg, tree of British Guiana. Its sulphate has
and overlapping each other They are used been used as an anti-periodic.
in the treatment of ulcers. BEC. A French word signifying beak.
BDELLA. A leech. Bec-de-corrin. A Surgical instrument
BDELLO'METER. An artificial leech, forceps for the extraction of teeth. See
consisting of a cupping glass, to which is Extraction of Teeth.
attached a scarificator and an exhausting Bec-de-cuiller. A surgical instru-
syringe. ment for the extraction of balls from gun-
BDEL'LIUM.. A gum resin resem- shot wounds.
bling impure myyrh. Bec-de-lievre. Hare-lip.
BDEL'LUS. Bddygmus, Bddus. A Bec D'Ane. A name given by Fouch-
discharge of wind from behind. ard to a trenchent chisel-pointed instru-
BDELYG'MIA. Nausea, or dislike for ment employed for the removal of salivary
food ; also a disgusting footer. Bdolus. calculus.
BEAD PROOF. An epithet denoting Bec De Perroqtjet. An instrument
the strength of spirituous liquors as shown so called, by Fauchard, from its resem-
 BEG 95 BEL
blance to the point of the hill of a parrot, BEJUIO. The bean of Carthagena
for removing salivary calculus from the famed as an antidote against the poison
teeth. of all serpents.

BE'CHICS. Be'cMca, bee'ehica, from /3?/£, BELCHING. Eructation.

a cough. Medicines for relieving a cough. BELEMNOI'DES. From petepvw, a
BECONGUIL'LES. A South Amer- dart, and «<5of, form. Having the form
ican root possessing emetic properties. of a dart.
BEDEGUAR. Bed'egar. A spongy Belemnoides Pbocessus. The styloid
excrescence found on various species of processes.
the wild rose, produced by the puncture BELL METAL. An alloy of copper,
of several species of insects. zinc, tin, and antimony.
BEDFORD SPRINGS. Several BELLADON'NA. See Atropa Bella-
springs, saline, chalybeate, and sulphu- donna.
rous, at Bedford, Pa. BELLADONNIN. A volatile alkaline
BEE. A
numerous species of insects principle found in belladonna, said to be
of the genus Apis, but of which the distinct from atropia.
honey bee, Apis mellifica, is the most im- BELLIS. The daisy. This flower was
portant. once used as a vulnerary.
BEEF, ESSENCE OF. This is made BELLOTAS. The berries of the Ilex
by putting finely cut lean beef into a Major.
bottle, corking it, and then immersing it BEL'LOWS. An instrument for pro-
in boiling water. The juice of the meat, pelling air through a tube or small orifice.
highly concentrated, is found in the bot- It is variously constructed according to
tle. the purpose for which it is designed to be
Beef Tea. Jus bovinum. An infu- used. In the laboratory of the dentist it

sion of beef. Take two pounds and a is used for blowing the fire of a furnace
half of beef free from fat, cut it in fine for melting gold or other metals. The air,
pieces into three pints of water in an being permitted to escape only by a small
earthen pipkin ; let it simmer, but never orifice, rushes out with great velocity.
boil, till it is reduced to a pint and a half. Bellows and Blow-pipe, Van Emen's.
BEER. Cerevis'ia. A fermented infu- A circular bellows nine or ten inches in
sion of malted barley and hops. The diameter, with a small gum-elastic tube,
term is also applied to various saccharine three or four feet in length, terminating in
beverages in a partial state of vinous fer- a tapering metallic tube, to be inserted in a
mentation, differently flavored, as spruce blow-pipe leading from it. The bellows is
beer, &c. worked by the foot, while with the blow-
BEESTINGS. The first milk taken pipe held in the hand, a jet of flame from
from the cow after calving. a lamp may be projected on the object de-
BEES'WAX. See Cera. signed to be heated. Although intended
BEET. A plant of the genus Beta, for the use of the mechanical dentist, it

See Beta Vulgaris. may be employed advantageously by

BEG'MA. From cough up, chemists, mineralogists, and jewelers.
Ptjooeiv, to

to expectorate, to spit. Bellows Sound. A peculiar sound

Expectorated
matter. resembling that produced by a pair of
BEGO'NIA. A genus of plants of the bellows, sometimes heard through a steth-
order Segoniacece. The roots of some of oscope, as a morbid phenomenon indicat-
the species are used in Peru in diseases of ing enlargement of the heart, or contrac-
the chest and in scurvy. tion of its orifices.
BEGUIN'S SULPHURATED SPIRIT. BEL'LY. The abdomen.
Hepatized ammonia; hydrosulphate of BELUL'CUM. From petef, a dart, and
ammonia. e?Mo) t I draw out. An instrument used by
 BEN 9G BET
surgeons for the extraction of darts and BENZONITRILE. A clear, colorless
thorns. liquid, formed during the fusion of ben-
BEX NUT. The fruit of the Moringa zoatc of ammonia.
qptera. BENZULE. Benzoyle. From benzoin,
Ben Oil. The expressed oil of the Ben and v?,?]
} principle. A compound of carbon,
nut. hydrogen, and oxygen, supposed to be
BENEOLEN'TIA. From bene, well, the base of benzoic acid.
and olere, to smell. Sweet-scented medi- BER'BERIN. A yellow crystalline sub-
cines. stance obtained from the root of the bar-
BENEDIC'TA CENTAUREA. Tho berry.
blessed thistle. BERBE'RIS. A genus of plants of the
Benedicta Laxati'va. Rhubarb, and order Berberidacece.
the lenitive electuary. Berberis Yulga'ris. Barberry. The
Benedicta Sylves'tris. Gum rivale. berries of this shrub are refrigerant, as-
B E N E D I C T U S.
' From benedico, tringent, and anti-scorbutic.
blessed. A
term formerly applied to cer- BER'GAMOT. A sj)ecies of citron or
tain herbs and compositions on account of small orange, of an agreeable taste and
their supposed good qualities. pleasant odor. An oil is obtained from
BENIG'NUS. Benign; not malignant; its bark, which is much used as a perfume.
applied to mild forms of disease. BERGMEIIL. Mountain- meal. An
BENJAMIN, ok BENZOIN. Bdzoim. earth composed of the shells of infusoria,
A dry, resinous, brittle substance, ob- resembling fine flour, and celebrated for
tained from the styrax benzoin. See Sty- its nutritious qualities.
rax Benzoin. BER'IBERI. Beribe'ria. A disease
Benjamin Flowers. Benzoic acid. characterized by debility and tremor, pe-
BENNE. Sesamum orientale. culiar to India.
RENZ AMIDE. A substance obtained BERLIN BLUE. Prussian blue.
by saturating chloride of benzoyl with BER'RY. See Bacca.
dry ammonia, and washing to remove the BERS. An exhilarating electuary, for-
muriate of ammonia. merly used by the Egyptians.
BEN'ZIDAM. An oil of a light yellow BER'YL. Aqua marine. A valuable
color, obtained by passing sulphureted mineral of a greenish yellow color.
hydrogen through nitro-benzid. It is BETA. A genus of plants of the order
identical with Aniliii and Kyanole. Chenopodiaceai. The beet.
BEN'ZILE. A substance obtained by Beta Rubra. The red beet.
passing a stream of chlorine gas through Beta Vtjlga'ris. The common beet
fused benzoin. root.
BENZIL'IC ACID. An acid obtained BETEL. Piper-betel. An Indian plant,
from benzile. which, when chewed, blackens the teeth.
BEN'ZIN. Hyduret of benzid, C12, H6 , Its properties are said to be tonic and
obtained by heating benzoic acid with lime. astringent.
BENZOTC ACID. Acidum benzoienm. BETON'ICA. A genus of plants of the
An acid obtained from benzoin, by subli- order Labiatai.
mation. It exists, Betonica Officina'lis. Wood betony.
however, in nearly all

the balsams. Its salts are benzoates. A

perennial European herb, having a
BENZOIN. A balsam obtained from warm and somewhat astringent taste,
incisions made in the styrax benzoin. highly esteemed by the ancients, and em-
BENZOYL. Benzin, which see. ployed in numerous diseases. The leaves
BENZONE. A colorless oily fluid, pro- are said to possess aperient, and the root
duced by distilling, in the dry way, ben- emetic properties.
zoate of lime. BET'ONY. Betonica officinalis.
 ;

BEZ 97 BIC

Betony, Water. See Scrofularia Bezoardicum Sola're. A preparation

Aquatica. of gold filings, nitric acid and butter of
BET'ULA. A genus of plants of the antimony, possessing diaphoretic proper-
order Betulinece. ties.

Betula Al'ba. White birch. The Bezoardicus Pulvis. Pulverized ori-

leaves and bark are slightly astringent and ental bezoar stone.
tonic. BI. From bis, twice ;
prefixed to words
Betula Al'nus. The alnus of the used in anatomy, chemistry and botany,
pharmacopoeias. The common European meaning two, twice, double, a pair, &c.
alder. Also, when standing alone, the chemical
BET'ULINE. A peculiar white sub- symbol for Bismuth.
stance obtained from the bark of the Be- BIARTIC'ULATE. From bis, twice,
tula alba. and articulus, a joint; two-jointed. A
BEX. From Ptjooo, to cough. A cough. term applied to the antenna! of insects
BEXAGUILL'O. The white Ipecacu- which have but two joints.
anha of Peru. BIAUPJC'ULATE. From bis, twice,
BEZAHAK. Fossil bezoar. and auricula, an auricle. A term applied
BEZ'OAR. From pa-zahar, Persian, a in Comparative Anatomy to a heart with
destroyer of poison. Lapis bezoardicus; two auricles, as in most bivalve Mollus-
an earthy concretion found in the stomach, cles, «fec.

intestinesand bladder of animals. These BIBA'SIC A term applied in Chemis-

bezoars were formerly supposed to possess try to acids which combine with two atoms
wonderful alexipharmic virtues. of base ; also, to salts having two distinct
Bezoar Bovi'num. The bezoar of the ox. bases.
Bezoar German'icum. Bezoar from BIBITO'RIUS. Bibitorious, from bibo,
the Alpine goat. to drink, for the reason that when the eye
Bezoar Hystricis. Lapis porninus is drawn inward toward the nose, it

lapis malacens is ; petro delporco. Bezoar causes those who drink to look into the
of the Indian porcupine. cup. A name formerly applied to the rec-
Bezoar Microcos'micum. The calculi tus interims oculi.
found in the human bladder. BIBLIOG'RAPHY. From /fc/Wo f , a
Bezoar Occidentale. The occidental book, and ypafyu, I describe. Skill in the
bezoar, found in the fourth stomach of theknowledge of books, their authors, sub-
wild goat of Peru. editions and history.
jects, Among the
Bezoar Orientale. Oriental bezoar most distinguished dental bibliographers,
stone, found in the fourth stomach of the are Duval, Laforgue, Delabarre, Maury,
Capra oegagrus. Desirabode, Nasmyth, Owen, Midler,
Bezoar Simile. Bezoar of the monkey. Fitch, Hayden, Bell and Goddard.
BEZOAR'DICUM. Bezoardic medicine. BIB'ULOUS. Having the property of
A name given to numerous complex bodies. absorbing water.
Bezoar'dicum Jovia'le. A greenish BICAP'SULAR. In Botany, having
powder composed of tin, antimony, mer- two capsules.
cury and nitric acid, as a diaphoretic. BICAR'BONATES. Salts which con-
Bezoardicum Luna're. A preparation tain a double portion of carbonic acid.
of silver and antimony. BICAUDA'LIS. Two-tailed. Some-
Bezoardicum Martia'le. A prepara- times applied to the Posterior auris mus-
tion of iron and antimony. cle, which consists of two small bundles of

Bezoardicum Minera'le. Deutoxyd fibres.

of antimony. BICEPHA'LIUM. A sarcoma on the-
Bezoardicum Satur'ni. A preparation head so large as to appear like a second,
of antimony and lead. head.
 ;

BIC 98 BIF

BI'CEPS. From bis, twice, and caput, The external cusp is more prominent than
head. Two-headed. A term applied to the internal. In the lower jaw the cusps
muscles which have two heads. are smaller than in the upper, as are also
Biceps Exter'nus. The long portion and the groove which
the teeth themselves,

of the triceps extensor cubiti. separates them The inner

is not so deep.
Biceps Flex'ob Cru'bis. A muscle sit- tubercle of a first bicuspis in the lower jaw
uated on the back part of the thigh. is sometimes wanting. The roots of the
Biceps Flexor Cu'biti. Biceps Brachii. bicuspids are generally simple, but have
A flexor muscle of the forearm on the fore- a vertical groove on their anterior and pos-
art of the os humeri. terior surfaces, which frequently unite in

BICHICHIiE. Old pectoral troches the upper jaw, forming two roots, each
made of liquorice, sugar, starch, traga- having an opening for the vessels and
canth, almonds and mucilage of quince- nerves to enter.
seeds. The bicuspid teeth belong to second den-
BICHO DI CULO. A disease endemic tition, and replace the temporary or milk
in Brazil, consisting of great relaxation of molars. They are sometimes termed small
the anus. molars.
BICTIOS. Portuguese name for Indian BI'DENS. A genus of plants of the or-
worms that penetrate the toes, and are de- der Compositaz.
stroyed by the oil of the cashew-nut. Bidens Tripartita. Hemp agrimony,
BICIPITAL. A term applied to any formerly supposed to be diuretic, sudorific
thing relating to the biceps, as the bicipital and vulnerary.
groove between the tuberosities of the os BIDENTAL. Bidentatus. In Zoology,
humeri, which lodges the tendon of the animals which have only two teeth, as the
long head of this muscle and the bicipi- Physeter bidens, two-toothed Cacholot. In
;

tal upper extremity of Botany, organs which have the bidental

tuberosity near the
the radius, which gives attachment to the character.
biceps muscle. BIDET'. F. A chamber bathing appara-
BICON'JUGATE. Arranged in two tus which is bestridden when used. It is
pairs a term applied in Botany to leaves employed in hcemorrhoids, prolapsus ani,
;

in which the common petiole is divided at diseases of the genitals and other affections
its summit, and each bifurcation supports demanding local applications to the peri-

a pair of leaflets. neum.

BICUS'PID. Bicuspidatus, from bis, BIEN'NIS. Biennial. In Botany, a
twice, and cuspis, a spear. Having two term applied to plants that are in leaf one
points. year and in flower the next, after which
Bicus'pid Teeth. Denies bicuspidati. they perish. Less strictly, it has been used
Bicuspides, or bicuspidati, the plural of to denote the fructification of perennial
bicuspis, which is derived from bis, twice, plants, like some oaks, which bear fruit
and cuspis, a point. The two teeth on only every other year.
each side of each jaw, between the cuspi- BIFA'EIOUS. Arranged in two series
dati and the first molars. They are so or opposite rows.
called from their having two distinct tu- BI'FEP*. Biferous. Applied to plants
bercles or cusps on their friction surface, that bear fruit twice in every year.
one outer and one inner. Their crowns are BIFTDUS. From bis, twice, and fido,
slightly flattened from before backward, to cleave. Forked divided in two bifid.; ;

and their transverse diameter is greater BIFURCATION. Bifurcatio, from bis,

than their antero-posterior. The cusps twice, and furca, a fork. Division into
upon their friction or grinding surfaces are two branches, as of a tooth into two roots
separated from each other by a furrow run- of the trachea and of the aorta into two
ning in the direction of the alveolar arch. branches.
 BIM 99 BIS

BIGNO'NIA. A genus of plants of the Two-handed a term ap-

mantis, a hand. ;

order Bignoniacece. man, because ho is the

plied solely to a
Biononia Catal'pa. The catalpa tree. only animal that has two perfect hands.
BILABIATE. Two-lipped ; a term ap- BFNARY. Bind'rius. A term applied
plied in Botany, to all or any of the parts in Chemistry to a compound of two simple
of a flower divided into two parcels or lips. or elementary substances.
BILABE. An instrument for extract- BINATE. Binatus. In pairs.
ing foreign bodies from the bladder, through BINOCULAR. Relating to or affecting
the urethra. both eyes ; as binocular vision, seeing one
BILAMELLA'TUS. Having two lamina. object with both eyes.
BILAT'ERAL. Having two symmet- Binocular Microscope. A microscope
rical sides. In Surgery, applied to an op- contrived to be used by both eyes. It gives
eration in which incisions are made into a wonderful distinctness and elevation to
both sides of an organ, as the bilateral ope- objects examined through it.
ration for the stone. BINOC'ULUS. From binus, double,
BILBERRY. The name and and oculics, the eye. Having two eyes also,
of a shrub ;

its fruit a species of Vacclnlum.

; a bandage for both eyes.
BILE. Bills. A bitter, yellow, green- BIN'SICA. A disordered mind.
ish fluid, secreted by the liver. The gall. BIOCHYMIA. Vital Chemistry.
Bile is distinguished into hepatic and cystic, BIOL'OGY. Blohgla; from piog, life,
the former flows directly from the liver, and hoyoc, a discourse. The doctrine of life.
and the latter from the gall-bladder. BIOLYCHNION. Blolychnium. Ani-
BIL'IARY. Billa'rls, from bills, the mal heat. Also, a secret preparation from
bile. Pertaining or belonging to the bile. human blood.
Biliary Apparatus. The parts con- BIOLYSIS. Destruction of life.

cerned in the secretion and excretion of BIOLYT'IC. Destroying life.

bile. BIOTE. From dm, life. Life. Also,

Biliary Concre'tions. Concretions that which is necessary for its preservation.
found in some parts of the biliary apparatus. BIOTHAN'ATI. From (3ta, violence,
BILIFUL'VIN. Gall yellow a bile- or (3iog, life, and davaTog , death. A violent
;

pigment supposed to be derived from cho- or sudden death, as if there were no space
lepyrrhine. between life and death.
BILIN. Picromel. The resinous or BIPARTITE. Bipartitus. A term in
gummy portion of the bile. Botany, applied to an organ divided almost
BIL'IOUS. Bilio'sus ; from bills, bile. to its base.
Pertaining to, containing, or produced by BI'PED. Bipes ; from bis, twice, and
bile. A termapplied to certain constitu- pes, pedis, a foot. Two-footed. A term in
tions, and to diseases supposed to be pro- Zoology, applied to all two-footed animals.
duced by too great a secretion of bile. BIPINNATE. Bipinnatus; from bis,
BILIPH^IN. Cholepyrrhine. twice, and pinna, the fin of a fish. Dou-
BILIVER'DIN. A name given by Ber- ble pinnate ; in Botany, applied to a vari-
zelius to the green precipitate produced by ety of compound leaves.
dropping acids into the yellow coloring BIRDLIME. A glutinous substance
matter of the bile. prepared from the middle bark of the holly.
BILOBATE. Two-lobed. A term ap- BIRTHW ORT. See Aristolochia.
plied in Botany to organs of plants divided BISCHE. Biecho. Dysentery of a ma-
into two lobes by an obtuse sinus. lignant character, which often prevails in
BILOC'ULAR. BUocularls ; from bis, the Island of Trinidad.
twice, and loculus, a little cell. Having BIS'CUIT. From bis, twice, and cuit,
two cells ; two-celled. baked. A named applied to porcelain
BI'MANUS. From bis, twice, and paste, which, after having been moulded
 BIT 100 BLA
or carved, has been subjected to a red heat tain crystallized varieties of dolomite, or
in the muffle of a furnace or a charcoal double carbonates of lime and magnesia.
fire, for the purpose of hardening it suffi- Bitter Sweet. Solanum dulcamara; a
ciently for trimming, and to receive the plant possessing feeble narcotic properties.
enamel. This process is termed biscuiting Bitter Wood. Quassia.
porcelain. BITTERN. The mother water which
BIS'MUTH. Bismuthum ; wismuthum ; remains after the crystallization of the salt
regidus of bismuth; marcasita. Tin glass. in sea or salt spring water.
A metal of a yellowish white color, some- BITTERS. Medicines of a bitter taste.
what from lead, possessing but lit-
different BITU'MEN. Asphaltum, of which
tle malleability, and fusible at 400° Fah- there are several varieties. See Asphal-
renheit. When combined in the proper tum, Naphtha and Petroleum.
proportion with tin and lead, the alloy is BITUMINOUS. Of the nature of bi-
known by name of D'Arcet's metal, tumen.
the
fusible at the temperature of boiling water, BI VENTER. From fas, twice, and «era-
and was at one time used for filling teeth. ter, a belly. A name applied to muscles
See D'Arcet's Metal. which have two bellies, as the digastricus
Bismuth Subnitrate. Bismuthum al- and biventer cervicis of the lower jaw.
burn. Bismuth trisnitrate. An insoluble, BIXA. A genus of plants of the order
inodorous, tasteless, beautifully white pow- Bixaceoe.
der, called pearl powder, Spanish white, Bixa Orella'na. The name of the
and magistery of bismuth. plant affording the terra orellana or anotto,
Bismuth, Butter of. Chloride of bis- a substance used in Jamaica, in dysentery.
muth. BLACCIiE. Rubeola; measles.
Bismuth, Flowers of. Sublimed oxyd BLACKBERRY. The fruit of the Bubus
of bismuth. fructicosus.
Bismuth, Valerianate of. A salt of Black Chalk. Drawing-slate.
bismuth and valerianic acid. It is a ner- Black Draught. An infusion of senna
vine medicine. with salts.

BI'SON. A species in Zoology of the Black Drop. A fermented aromatic

bovine genus, improperly called the buf- vinegar of opium.
falo. Black Flux. A mixture of carbonate
BISTOURF CACHE. A bistoury, the of potash and charcoal, obtained by defla-
blade of which is concealed in a sheath grating cream of tartar with half its weight
and starts out on pressing a spring. of nitre.
BIS'TOURY. From Bistort, a town Black Jack. A name applied by mi-
once celebrated for the manufacture of ners to Sulphuret of zinc.
these instruments. A small knife with a Black Lead. Plumbago.
straight or curved blade, plain or guarded Black Lion. Syphilis, attended with
at the point, used in surgery. phagedama.
BIS'TORTA. Polygonumbistoria. Snake Black Naphtha. Petroleum. Rock-oil.
weed. Black Vomit. One of the fatal symp-
BISULPHAS. Bisulphate. toms of yellow fever also, a name by
;

BIT NOBEN. Supposed to be the salt which a disease that sometimes prevails
of bitumen ; a white saline substance used during the months of August and Septem-
by the Hindoos as a panacea. ber, in some of the western and southern
BITTER. See Amarus. parts of the United States, is designated.
Bitter Apple. The fruit of the Ouc- Black Wadd. One of the ores of man-
umis colocynthis. ganese.
Bitter Salt. Sulphate of magnesia. Black Wash. A lotion of calomel and
Bitter Spar. A term applied to cer- lime water.
 ;

BLE 101 BLE

BLADDER. See Urinary-bladder and BLEAR-EYE. A chronic catarrhal in-
Gall-bladder. flammation of the eyelids.
BL^E'SITAS. From blccsus, one wbo BLEB. A bulla, or bladdery tumor, or
stammers. Inaccurate enunciation of ar- small vesicle of the skin.
ticulate sounds. BLEEDING. The operation of blood-
BLAIN. An elevation of the cuticle letting ; also, the discharge of blood.

filled with a watery fluid. BLENNA. Blewa. Blena. Mucus.

BLANC-MANGE. An animal jelly to Blenna Narium. Mucus from the nose.
which has been added sugar, milk of al- BLENNADENFTIS. Inflammation of
monds and an aromatic. mucous follicles.

BLANCH. To whiten. BLENNELYT'RIA. From ptewa, mu-

BLAS. An unintelligible term used by cus, and elvipov, a sheath.

Van Helmont to denote certain motions of BLENNEM'ESIS. Mucous vomiting.

the body. BLENNENTERIA. Dysentery.
BLASTE'MA. From p\aoravi->, I ger- BLENNOPHTHALMIA. Purulent oph-
minate. A bud or shoot ; a germ ; a soft, thalmia.
plastic, gelatinousmass the rudiment of
; BLENNOP'TYSIS. From /JAewa, and
an organ in a state of development also, tctvu, I spit. Expectoration of mucus.
;

used by some of the ancients to signify a Catarrh.

bud-like cutaneous pimple. BLENNOP'YRA. A term applied by
BLASTODERMA. From (JXaorava, I Alibert to fevers complicated with mucous
germinate, and dep/za, skin. The germinal inflammation.
membrane. BLENNORRHA'GIA. Gonorrhoea.
BLASTODERMIC VESICLE. A dis- BLENN ORRHffi'A. From (Uevva, mu-
tinct granular envelope immediately sur- cus, and peo), I flow. Discharge of mucus
rounding the yolk of a bird's egg, and from any of the mucous surfaces, but par-
covered by the vitelline membrane. ticularly from the urethra.
BLAT'TA BYZAN'TIA. Anguis odo- BLENNO'SES. Catarrhal affections of
ratus. A marine substance obtained from the mucous tissues.

some shell-fish and used by the ancients BLENNU'RIA. Cystorrhcea.

as a remedy for hysteria, epilepsy and he- BLEPHARITIS. From (Ue<j>apov, tho
patic obstructions. eyelid, and itis, a terminal signifying in-
BLAUD'S PILLS. Pills recommended flammation. Inflammation of the eyelid.
by M. Blaud for the cure of chlorosis. The BLEPHARON. (31e<?apov. The eyelid.
following is his formula :
" Take of gum From this word various others are com-
tragacanth, in powder, six grains ; water pounded.
one drachm ; macerate in a glass or marble BLEPHAROPHTHAL'MIA. From /&*-
mortar until a thick mucilage the eyelid, and o^alfua, a disease
is formed tyapov,

then add sulphate of iron, in powder, half of the eye. Inflammation of the eyelid.
an ounce beat well until the mixture is
; BLEPHAROPTO'SIS. From p^apov,
quite homogeneous; then add subcarbo- the eyelid, and irruoie, fall. Prolapse or
nate of potassa half an ounce. Rub this falling of the upper eyelid.
until the mass, which quickly becomes of a BLEPHAROSPAS'MUS. From pie-
yellowish green, passes into a deep green, (j>apov, the eyelid, and cTzaajiog, spasm. A
and assumes a soft consistence. Divide into spasmodic action of the eyelid.
forty-eight pills. BLEPHARADENITIS. Ophthalmia
BLEACHING. A chemical process of tarsi.

whitening linen or woolen cloths. BLEPHAROBLENORRHffiA. Puru-

Bleaching Liquid. Oxymuriatic al- lent ophthalmia.
kaline water. BLEPHAROPLASTY. Formation of
Bleaching Powder. Chloride of lime. an eyelid from the neighboring integument.
 BLO 102 BLO
BLEPHAROXYS'TUM. An instrument eight pounds, and the veins are supposed
used by the ancients to scrape away cal- to contain nearly four times the quantity
losities from the eyelids. that the arteries do. The blood in the ar-
BLESTRIS'MUS. Restlessness of the sick. teries is of a florid red j in the veins it is
BLIGHT. A term applied to the sud- of a dark brownish red, except in the pul-
den death of plants, or the withering and monary vessels. Here the color is reversed,
drying up of some of their leaves and the arteries containing the dark and the
branches. In Pathology, a slight palsy, veins the red blood.
caused by sudden cold or damp. Blood
is composed of water, albumen,

BLINDNESS. Ccecitas. Deprivation an animal coloring matter, a little

fibrin,
of the power of vision. fat, and several salts.

BLISTER. Vesicatorium. Any sub- Blood-Letting. Every artificial dis-

stance which, when put on the skin, raises charge of blood procured for the preven-
the cuticle in the form of a vesicle, and oc- tion or cure of disease. An operation which
casions a serous secretion. The canthar- consists in opening a vessel for the extrac-
most frequently tion of blood. It is divided into general
ides, or blistering flies, are
employed but there are and topical.
for this purpose, Venaiseclion and arterioiomy
other substances which will produce this are examples of the first, and the applica-
effect on the cuticle. Also, elevation of the tion of leeches, or cupping glasses, after

cuticle with a deposition of serous fluid un- scarification, of the latter.

derneath. Blood-Root. Sanguinaria canadensis.
BLISTERING FLY. Blood-Shot. Distention of the vessels
See Cantharis.
BLI'TUM. A genus of plants of the of the eyeball with red blood.
order Chenopodiacece. Strawberry blite. Bloodstone. Hcematite. A dark green
BLITUM FCETIDUM. The chenopo- silicious mineral, variegated by red spots. It
dium vulnaria, or stinking orach. is a native oxyd of iron, and being sus-

BLOCK TEETH. Two or more arti- ceptible of a very high polish, it is some-
ficial teeth carved from a piece of ivory, times used by jewelers and mechanical den-
or from a mass of porcelain paste and af- tists as a burnisher.
terwards baked and enameled. The former Blood- Vessel. A vessel containing and
substance, at present, is seldom used for conveying blood.
this purpose. The latter has, within the BLOODY FLUX. Dysentery.
last few years, been brought to a very high BLOW-PIPE. A cylindrical tube from
state of perfection. But a dental substi- twelve to eighteen inches long, about a
tute of this description, unless of the most half an inch in diameter at one end, and
perfect construction, is not worn with as gradually tapering to a fine point or noz-
much comfort as single teeth when properly zle, which may be straight or bent at

mounted on a gold base, and, moreover, right angles, according to the purposes
it is more liable, from a fall or other acci- for which it is to be used. With an in-
dent, to break, and when broken, cannot strument of this sort, " a jet of air may
be as easily repaired. Many dentists use be injected into the flame of a lamp or can-
them, notwithstanding; and when well dle, so as to divert it in a long and slender
adapted to the inequalities of the parts cone upon a piece of charcoal or other sub-
against which they are placed, they sub- stance placed to receive it." The greatest
serve a good purpose. See Porcelain Teeth. heat of a flame when thus urged is just be-
BLOOD. Sanguis. A red homogene- yond the extremity of the inner flame, for
ous fluid, formed chiefly from chyle, of a the reason that the greatest amount of com-
saltish taste and glutinous consistence, cir- bustion is at this point. To the mechan-
culating in the cavities of the heart, arte- ical dentist, as well as to the jeweler and
ries and veins. The average quantity of chemist, the blow-pipe is an instrument of
this fluid in an adult is estimated at twenty- great importance.
 ;

BLO 103 BOL

Blow- pipe, Elliot's Compound Self- nites, and throws off a jet of flame lat-
acting. A combination of the common erally five or six inches in length. Each
with the self-acting blow pipe. burner is provided with an extinguisher,
Blow-pipe, Hook's Self-acting. A which can be so managed as to increase
brass globe composed of two hemispheres or diminish the volume of flame projected
firmly fastened together, having an orifice laterally by the blow-pipe or vapor-tube.
at the top for the purpose of introducing Accompanying the blow-pipe is a small
alcohol, and a tube leading from the upper sheet-iron furnace, for heating a piece of
to the flame of a spirit lamp placed under- work before soldering, and also for melt-
neath the brass globe. When this is partly ing metals for casting models.
with alcohol, and a lamp placed un-
filled Blow-pipe and Furnace, Somerby's.
derneath it, the alcohol is soon converted in- An apparatus invented by Dr. R. Somerby,
to vapor, which finding no vent, excepting of Louisville, Ky., consisting of a furnace
through a small tube, rushes directly against and blow-pipe, arranged in an iron frame,
the flame of the lamp which ignites it and supplied with air from a bellows.
forms a jet of flame of great intensity. BLUE DISEASE. See Cyanosis.
Blow-pipe, Oxy-Hydrogen. See Oxy- Blue Ointment. Unguentum hydrar-
Hydrogen Blow-Pipe. gyri; strong mercurial ointment.
Blow-pipe, Parmly's Self-acting. Blue Pill. Filulce hydrargyri. Mer-
An apparatus invented by Dr. Jaliial curial Pill.
Parmly of New York, consisting of a cop- Blue Stone. Cupri sidphas. Sulphate
per globe, about five inches and a half in of copper.
diameter, and two alcoholic reservoirs, BLUNT HOOK. An instrument used
arranged in a small portable japanned by obstetricians to draw down the foetus.
tin case. One of the reservoirs is placed BOA. A genus of serpents, of which
beneath the globe on the floor of the some of the species, as the Boa Constrictor,
case, which it completely covers. This is attain an immense size. Also, the Latin
about an inch and a half deep, and in word for a papular eruption.
its centre, immediately beneath the globe, BODY. Generally, every substance
a burner is placed. The other reservoir which is cognizable by our senses.
is of the same size, and placed imme- It is applied by the manufacturers of
diately above the globe. In the top porcelain teeth, to the paste composing the
of one side of this, one extremity of a principal portion of the artificial organ.
curved tube or siphon, provided with a Body. In Anatomy, the collection of
stop-cock, enters, while the other extremity organs which compose the animal body, or
passes down through a protuberance on the main part, or trunk of such body, as
the top of the globe, to near the bottom of distinguished from the head and limbs
the globe. Through this tube alcohol is also, the principal portion of a bone or mus-
introduced from the upper reservoir into cle. In Physics, a portion of matter consist-
the globe, and when a sufficient supply ing of molecules united by cohesive attrac-
has been let in, the stopcock is closed, and tion, the existence of which can be perceived
the communication between the two cut by any of our senses. Bodies are solid,
off. In the top of the other side of the liquid, or gaseous, according to the forms
upper reservoir, a burner is fixed. A little in which they exist.
above this, a tube, communicating with BOETHE'MA. A medicine aid succor. ; ;

the protuberance in the top of the globe, BOFAREI'RA The ricinus communis,
.

terminates. When both burners are lighted, used as a galactagogue or stimulant to

the vapor, generated in the globe from the the flow of milk.
alcohol by the heat from the lower burner, BOLE. BwZof, a mass. An argillaceous
rushes through the tube last described, earth, used as an absorbent and alexiphar-
into the flame from the upper burner, ig- mic.
 ;

BON 104 BON

Bole, Arme'nian. Bolus Armenia. A perior classes. They serve as a support
pale, bright red-colored earth, supposed to and protection to other organs, and give
possess astringent and styptic properties. attachment to muscles. "With the ex-
It constitutes a principal ingredient in many ception of the crowns of the teeth, they
of the tooth-powders vended in the shops. are covered with a fibrous and vascular
BOLETIO ACID. Acidum Boleticum. membrane, called the periosteum, from
An acid obtained from the juice of the which they are liberally supplied with
Boletus pseudo-igniarius. vessels for their nutrition. The bones of
BOLE'TUS. A genus of fungi, char- an animal, united, constitute the skeleton
acterized by numerous vertical tubes ar- when united by artificial means,
artificial,

ranged beneath the pileus of the plant. such as wires, &c, and natural, when con-
Boletus Esculen'tus. The eatable nected by their own ligaments.
mushroom. The texture of bones varies. The mid-
Boletus Ignia'bius. The systematic dle portion of long bones is compact, with
name of the agaricus of the pharmaco- a cavity in their centre their extremities :

poeias. Agaric of the oak; touchwood are spongy, " and the central cavity is oc-
boletus; female agaric. It was formerly cupied by a long net-work, formed of thin
much used as a styptic by surgeons. plates and fibres, called the reticulated
Boletus Pur'gans. Boletus laricis. tissue of the bones."** The greater num-
Larch agaric, a drastic purgative, in the ber of bones have several processes and
dose of from one to two drachms. cavities, which are distinguished from

Boletus Suave'olens. The Fungus So- their figure, situation, use, &c. Thus, pro-
lids of the Pharmacopoeias, formerly given cesses extending from the end of a bone, if
in phthisis pulmonalis and asthma. smooth and round, are called heads, and
BOLOG'NI AN STONE. A native sul- condyles when flattened either above or
phate of baryta, found at Bologna. It That part which is beneath the
laterally.

becomes a powerful solar phosphorus when head, and which exceeds the rest of the
heated with charcoal. bone in smallness and levity, is called the
BOLUS. Buloc, a bole. A bolus. Any neck. Rough, unequal processes are called
medicine having the shape of a pill, but tuberosities, or tubercles, but the longer
larger, and not too large to be swallowed. and more acute, spinous or styloid pro-
Bolus Armenia. Bole, Armenian. cesses, from their resemblance to a thorn.

Bolus Armenle Albus. The white Their broad processes, with sharp extrem-
Armenian bole. ities, are known by the name of crista or

Bolus Gallicus. French Bole. Bolar sharp edges. Other processes are distin-
earth, of a pale red color, with irregular guished by their form, and called alar, or
variegated veins of white and yellow, pos- pterygoid, maxillary, or mastoid, dentiform,
sessing absorbent and antacid qualities. or odontoid, &c. Others, from their sit-

BOM'BAX. A genus of very large uation, are called superior, inferior, ex-
trees, containing many species of the order terior and interior. Some have their names
Bombaceaz. The cotton tree. from their direction; as oblique, straight,

BOM'BUS. BouGoc . A ringing or buz- transverse, &c, and some from their use,
zing in the ears, sometimes accompanied as trochanters, rotators, &c. Furrows, de-
by a sensation like what might be sup- pressions and cavities, are destined either
posed to be produced by blows repeated for the reception of contiguous bones to

at certain intervals. See TinnitusAurium. form an articulation with them, when they
BONE. Os, ooteov. Bones are hard, are called articular cavities, which are
insensible organized parts of the body, of sometimes deeper, sometimes shallower;
a whitish color, and a spongy compact or they receive hard parts, but do not
structure. They constitute the solid frame- constitute a joint with them," &c.f
work of the bodies of animals of the su- * Wistar's Anatomy, f Hooper's Med. Die.
 :. .. .

BON 105 BOR

According to Barzclius, every one hun- f
The thigh Femur 2
C Patella 2
dred parts of bone in man contain,
K The Zeg < Tibia .
Cartilage, (gelatin,) completely f Fibula.
»
soluble in water 32.17 o Calcaneus. ..
Vessels 1.13 Astragalus.
Neutral phosphate of lime 51.04 £
^2
.
f
Tarsus or instep Cuboides os.
Carbonate of lime 11.30 o Naviculare os
o
Fluate of lime 2.00
o
<u
V ^Cuneiforme os 6
Phosphate of Magnesia 1.16 c -c Metatarsus 10
Soda, with a small proportion of
o
,
H Phalanges 23
chloride of sodium 1.20 Sesamoid bones of the thumb and
great toe, occasionally found 8
100.00
According to some anatomists, there are Total, 248

two hundred and forty-eight bones in the Bone Black. Ivory black ; charred
human adult, namely bones.

Frontal 1
Bone Earth. The inorganic basis of
f
|
Parietal 2 the bones of animals, consisting of phos-
Bones of the cra- Occipital, phate of lime.
nium or skull. . . "j Temporal..
Ethmoid. ...
Bone Nippers. Forceps with cutting
|

I Sphenoid. ... edges, furnished with strong handles, used

f Sup'r Maxill by surgeons for cutting off sjilintcrs of
Jugal
bone, and by dentists for the excision of
I
Nasal 2
Bones of the face.
J
Lachrymal. . 2 the decayed crowns of teeth.
* Palatine 2 BONE'SET. Eupatorium perfoliatum
«N Infe'r spongy 2 thoroughwort.
;

Vomer
Infe'r maxil, 1
Bone Spirit. Impure ammonia, ob-
'
Incisors 8 tained in the process of manufacturing
A Dentes or teeth . Cuspidati ... 4 animal charcoal from bones.
Bicuspids... 8
.Molars 12 BONES, SOFTENING OF. Mollities
Bone of the tongue, Hyoides os. 1 ossium.
Bones of the ear, f Malleus 2
within the tem- Incus
BONBLANDIA
TRIFOLIATA. tall A
J 2
poral bones Stapes 2 South American tree, from which it was
j

[Orbiculare os 2 supposed the Angostura, or Cusparia bark,

was obtained. See Galipia officinalis.
C Cervical .... 7
k f Vertebrae..., 1 Dorsal 12
BO'NY. Osseous. Pertaining to, of, or
(Lumbar resembling bone.
rJ _ 5
S I
Sacrum 1 BORAC'IC ACID. Acidum boracium.
E-,
(.Coccygis os. 2
Sternum
The acid of borax.
The ( ... 1
thorax ,

J
Ribs 24 BO'RACITE. Native borate of magne-
The pelvis Innom'ata ossa 2 sia.
B BORAGINA'CEiE. Boraginece. The
f Clavicle ....
2
The shoulder. Borage tribe of Dicotyledonous plants.
\ Scapula 2
The arm Humeri os.. 2 The Borageworts. Most of the species are

The fUlna 2 mucilaginous and emollient, and many of

w forearm.
\ Radius 2
r
Naviculare os 2 them are diuretic. A red coloring matter

m Lunareos ... 2 is obtained from the roots of several.

Cuneiforme os 2 BORA'GO. A genus of plants of the
Orbiculare os 2
f Carpus or wrist <
order Boraginaceai.
Trapezium os 2
Trapezoides os 2 Borago Officinalis. Borage ; a Eu-
Magnum os. 2 ropean plant, formerly esteemed as a cor-
Unciforme os 2
cq Metacarpus. 10 dial and diuretic.
E-, j .,

I Phalanges 28 BO'RAS. Borate.

 ; ;

BOT 106 BOW

Boras Sod2E. Borate of Soda. BOT'ANY. Botan'ica. BoraviKi], from
BO'RATE. A salt of Boracic acid and (3oTavT]
} an herb or grass, which is derived
a salifiable base. from (iou, or Pooku, to feed, because grass
BO'RAX. Boras sodce; sodce biboras. is the chief food of animals most useful to
A saline compound of boracic acid and man. The science of plants ; a knowledge
soda found in a native state in Thibet and of every thing relating to the natural his-
South America. When purified, borax is tory of the vegetable kingdom, embracing
white, transparent, presenting in its frac- the terminology, classification, synonyms,
ture a greasy appearance, and affecting the sensible qualities, anatomy, physiology,
form of six-sided prisms, terminating in &c, of plants.
three-sided, or six-sided pyramids. It is BOTANY-BAY GUM. A resinous ex-

used as a flux in metallurgy. In soldering udation from the Acarois Resinifera.

or uniting pieces of gold or silver, it is the BOTHRENCHY'MA. From /3otfpof, a
principal one employed. It is seldom used pit, and eyxvpa, enchyma. term in Bot- A
as a medicine, except as a lotion in aphtha). any, recently applied to the pitted tissue,
BORBORYG'MUS. From popPopvfa, I or dotted ducts of former writers.
make a dull noise. Rumbling noise in the BOTH'RION. Bodpiov. A little pit.

intestines caused by flatus. A small cavity ; the socket of a tooth j a

BORDER, ALVE'OLAR. Alveolar small deep ulcer of the cornea.
arch. BOTHRIOCEPH'ALUS LATUS.
BOR'NEEN. The name given to a com- From (3odpiov, a pit, nefyalri, the head.
pound and hydrogen found in Tainialata. The broad tape- worm.
of carbon
which acquires the properties
valeric acid, BOTTS. The larvaa of the horse gadfly,
of Borneo camphor on being exposed to found in the stomach and intestines of
moisture. horses.
BORNEO CAMTHOR. A white foli- BOTULINTC ACID. A poisonous,
aceous crystalline solid, somewhat translu- fatty acid, produced by decomposing sau-
cent, of an odor analogous to that of com- sages.
mon camphor, found in longitudinal fis- BOUGIE'. Literally, a wax candle.
sures of the Dryobalonops-irees, of the A slender, flexible instrument, designed to

Islands of Sumatra and Borneo. These be introduced into the bladder through the
trees also yield a fragrant liquid, called oil urethra.
of camphor. BOULIM'IA. From fiovc, an ox, and
BO'RON. Bori'um. A solid substance hftoc, hunger. A canine or voracious ap-
of a greenish-black color, forming the com- petite ; insatiable hunger.
bustible base of boracic acid. BOURBON-LANCY. A small village
BOR'OZAIL. A disease endemic on the in France, where there are thermal saline
shores of the river Senegal. It affects the springs, containing carbonic acid, muriates
genital organs, but differsfrom syphilis, of soda and lime, carbonates of lime, iron
though arising from venereal excess. and silica".
BOSWEL'LIA. A genus of plants of BOURDONNEMENT. A name given
the order Terebinthaceos. by the French to certain sounds heard by
Boswellia Sebbata. A large tree persons while under the influence of dis-
growing in the mountains of India, from ease, termed, 1. Syrigmus, or singing in
which the India olibanum is obtained. the ears ; 2. Susurrus, or whizzing sounds
BOTAL FORA'MEN. The foramen 3. Bombus, or beating sounds.
ovale of the heart. BOVINA FAMES. From bos, an ox,
BOT'ANIST. Botan'icus. One who un- and fames hunger. Voracious appetite.
derstands the nature and history of plants BOW-DRILL. A drill turned by a
one skilled in every thing pertaining to stock with a bow and string or cord.
plants. Bow-Dbill, Elliot's Impboved. An
 BRA 107 BRA
improvement made by Dr. W. H. Elliot, BRACHIO-CUBITAL. Belonging to the
of Montreal, which consists in using two brachium and cubitus or ulna.
cords instead of one. This prevents them Brachio-Radial. Brachio-radialis. Be-
from slipping upon the pully, and at the longing to the brachium and radius.
same time prevents any friction of the cord. BRACHIOCYLLO'SIS. From Ppa X iuv,
The drill stock is also furnished with a an arm, and nvhXuaif, curvature. Paralysis
universal joint, which enables the operator or loss of power from curvature of the arm.
to drill the fangs of the back teeth. BRACHION'CUS. From PpaX iuv, the
BOX PLATE. A metallic plate with arm, and oy/coj, a swelling. A tumor of
an air-tight chamber, used as an obturator, the arm.
or in connection with artificial teeth, for BRACHIO'PODA. From PpaX uov, an
the replacement of the loss of natural arm, and 7rov$, a foot. Arm-footed ani-
structure. See Raised Plate. mals ; an order of headless bivalve Mollus-
Box-Tree. See Buxus Sempervirens. cous animals.
Box- Wood. See Cornus Florida. BRACIIIORRHEU'MA. Rheumatism of
BRACHE'RIUM. From brackiale, a the arm.
bracelet. A truss or bandage for hernia. BRA'CHIUM. Bpaxiuv, the arm. The
BRACHLE'US. Brachial. Belonging arm from the shoulder to the wrist.
to the arm. Brachium Arterius and Brachium
BRA'CIIIAL. Brachials. That which Posterius. Two rounded processes which
belongs to the arm. pass from the tubercula quadrigemina into
Brachial Aponeurosis. An aponeu- the optic thalamus.
rosis enveloping the muscles of the arm. BRACHU'NA. Nymphomania. Saty-
Brachial Artery. Arteria brachialis. riasis.

A continuation of the axillary artery, run- BRACHYCHRO'NIUS. From PpaXv if

ning down on the side of the arm to the short, and *|Ocwo$, time. A disease of short
bend of the elbow, where it divides into duration.
the radial and cubital arteries. BRACHYPNCE'A. From PpaX vc, short,
Brachial Muscle, Anterior. A mus- and irvtu, to breathe. Difficulty of breath-
cle situated on the anterior and inferior ing ; shortness of breath.
part of the arm. BRACIIYAU'CHEN. Short-necked.
Brachial Plexus. Plexus brachialis. BRACHYGNATHUS. From ppaX vc,
A nervous plexus, seated deeply in the hol- short, and yva-dog, a jaw. A monster with
low of the axilla, extending to the inferior too short an under jaw.
and lateral part of the neck. BRACHYPOT'IC. Persons who drink
Brachial Veins. Two
which veins, rarely.

frequently anastomose with each other, and BRACHYRHYN'CHUS. A monster

accompany the artery. with too short a nose.
BRACHIALE. A bracelet. Anato- BRACT. Bractea. A term in Botany,
mists have applied the term to the car- applied to a leaflet situated below the
pus, the part on which a bracelet is worn. point of the insertion of flowers, and which
BRACHIALIS EXTERNUS. See Tri- it assists in covering previously to its de-
ceps Extensor Cubiti. velopment.
Brachialis Internus. A muscle of the BRACTEIFORM'IS. Resembling a bract.
forearm. , BRADY^ESTHE'SIA. From ppadv i} dif-
BRACHI'ATE. Brachia'tus ; from pp*- ficult, and aiadr/mg, sensation. Impaired
X iuv, an arm ; armed ; brachiated. A term sensation.
in Botany, applied to the branches of a BRADYBOLIS'MUS. See Bradysper-
plant or tree, which go off at nearly right matismus.
angles from the trunk or stem. BRADYECOIA. Deafness.

I BRACHILUVIUM. An arm bath. BRADYLOG'IA. Difficulty of speech.

 BRA 108 BRE
BRADYMASE'SIS. Bradymasse' sis ; BRASS. A yellow metal ; an alloy of
from (3pa<h if difficult, and fiaaj]at i} mastica- copper and zinc.
tion. Difficult mastication. Dysmasesis. BRAS'SICA. Cabbage, or colewort.
BRADYPEP'SIA. From Ppa6v s , slow, Also, the name of a genus of cruciferous
itetttio, to concoct. Slow digestion. plants.
BRADYSPERMATIS'MUS. Too slow Brassica Acidulata. Sauer kraut.
an emission of semen. Brassica Alba. White cabbage.
BRADYSU'RIA. From ppaSu s , diffi- Brassica Apiana. Jagged or crimpled
cult, and ovpew, to pass the urine. Pain- colewort.
ful evacuation of urine ; dysuria. Brassica Congylodes. Turnip cab-
BRAIN. The cerebrum; the highest bage.
and largest portion of the encephalon ; but Brassica Cuma'na. Red colewort.
according to the popular acceptation of the Brassica Eru'ca. Garden rocket.
word, the entire contents of the cranium. Brassica Flor'ida. The cauliflower.
Brain, Little. The Cerebellum. Brassica Lactur'ria. The Savoy
BRAMBLE. The Bubusfructicosus, or plant.
common blackberry. Brassica Na'pus. Wild navew, or rape.
BRAN. Furfur tritici. The proper coat Brassica Ra'pa. The turnip.
of wheat, rye, or other farinaceous grain, Brassica Sativa. American garden
separated from the flower. cabbage.
BRANCH. From fipaxiuv, an arm, be- Brassica Ru'bra. Red cabbage, of
cause branches of a tree, &c, go off like which there are several varieties. It is
an arm. Generally applied to the princi- used as a test for acids and alkalies. For
pal division of an artery or nerve. It is this purpose it is superior to litmus ; alka-
usually employed as synonymous with ra- lies turn it green, and acids turn it red.

mus. BRAYERA ANTHELMINTICA. An

BRANCHES. From fipayxog, hoarseness. Abyssinian tree of the family Rosacea;. An
Swelling of the tonsils and thyroid gland. infusion of the flowers is esteemed by the
BRAN'CHI^). From ppayxia, the gills natives as of great value as a vermifuge,
of a fish. Gills.The respiratory organs especially against tape-worm.
of those animals which extract oxygen BRAZIL NUTS. The fruit of the Ber-
from air contained in water. tholletia excelsa. Brazil chesnuts.
BRANCHIO'PODA. From ppayXia, Brazil Wood. The wood of the Cce-
gills, and nov^, a foot. An order of crus- salpinia Braziliensis. It is used in dy-
taceans in which the gills perform the func- ing.
tions of feet. BREAD FRUIT. The fruit of the Ar-
BRANCHUS. From Ppayxoc, hoarse- tocarpus incisa, a tree of the Isles of the
ness; sore throat; overstraining of the Pacific ocean.
voice. BREAK-BONE FEVER. Common
BRANDY. Spiritus gaMicus. A pow- name for Dengue.
erful and diffusible stimulant, obtained by BRA'THU. Juniperus sabina.
distillation from wine. BREAST. The mamma also the ; fore-
BRANKS. Mumps. part of the thorax.
BRASDOR, CORSET DE. An appa- Breast Glass. A glass resembling a
ratus employed by Brasdor in fractures of small cup, adapted to the nipple, and used
the clavicle. for the reception of the milk when se-

BRASDOR'S OPERATION FOR AN- creted in too large a quantity.

EURISM. Tying the aneurismal vessel Breast Pump. A small bell-shaped
on the distal side of the tumor. glass, furnished with an air pump or sy-
BRASMA. Brasmos. From ppaoou, ringe, and used for the purpose of drawing
to boil. Fermentation. the milk from tumid breasts.
 ;

BRO 109 BRO

BREGMA. From ppex u , to moisten. BRO'MAL. A colorless, caustic oily

The sinciput or upper part of the head; liquid compound.

the junction of the parietal hones. BROMATOG'RAPHY. Bromatograph'-
BRE'VIAVASA. Short Vessels. Ap- ia. From pp<->(ia, food, and jpa<pv, a de-
plied to several branches of the splenic scription. A description of aliments.
arteries and vein3. BROMATOL'OGY. Bromatolog'ia, siti-

BRE'VIS CU'BITI. The anconeus mus- ol'ogy. From flpu/*a, food, and Aoyor, a dis-
cle. course. A treatise on food.
BREVIS'SIMUS OCULI. The obli- BROME'LIA. A genus of plants of
quus inferior. the order Bromeliacece.
BREZILIN. The coloring matter of Bbomelia Ana'nas. The pine-apple
Brazil wood. tree.

BRICK, OIL OP. Oil of Spike. Bromelia Pen'guin. Broad-leaved wild

BRICKLAYER'S ITCH. A species of ananas ; the plant that produces the pen-
tetter on the hands of bricklayers, pro- guin fruit.

duced by the contact of lime. BRO'MIC ACID. A combination of

BRI'ER, WILD. Rosa canina. bromine and oxygen, obtained by decom-
BRIGHT'S DISEASE. A granular posing bromate of baryta with sulphuric
degeneration of the kidney, generally at- acid.

tended by the presence of albumen in the BRO'MIDE. A compound formed by

urine,and a train of other morbid phe- the union of bromine with a base.
nomena. BRO'MOFORM. A combination of bro-
BRIM OF THE PELVIS. The ilio- mine and fomcyl analogous to chloroform.

pectineal line leading from the tuberosities BRO'MINE. From ppo/ia, a strong
of the ossa outward and back-
pubis, odor. Anundecomposed substance, of a
ward, to the prominent point of the sa- very volatile nature, offensive smell, and
crum, dividing the cavity of the pelvis suffocating odor, resembling chlorine and
from the cavity of the abdomen. iodine. With oxygen it forms the bromic
BRIMSTONE. Sulphur. acid.

BRISTOL HOT WELL. A thermal BROMIUM. Bromine.

spring near Bristol, England. The water BRONCHIA. Bron'chice; hroncM
is slightly acidulated. from ftpoyxog, the throat. The two tubes
BRITISH GUM. Starch reduced to a which arise from the bifurcations of the
gum-like state by being heated to 700° trachea, with their ramifications.
Fah. BRON'CHIAL. Bronchia'lis. Belong-
BRITISH OIL. Common Petroleum; ing to the bronchia.
also, a rubefacient liniment, for the prepa- Buonchial Arteriks. The arteries
ration of which there are various formula;. given off by the thoracic aorta which go
BROACH, WATCHMAKER'S. A five- off to the lungs and accompany the bron-
sided steel instrument, three or four inches chia in their ramifications.
long, with a flattened point, very grad- Bronchial Cells. The air-cells at the
ually increasing in size towards the. ex- termination of the bronchia.
tremity intended for the handle. It is Bronchial Glands. Numerous black-
sometimes used by dentists for enlarging ish glands, seated in the course of the
the canal in the root, and the opening into bronchia and trachea.
a decayed cavity in the crown of a tooth. Bronchial Nerves. The nerves of
BROCHUS. According to some, a per- the bronchia, furnished by the two pulmo-
son whose teeth project, or one who has a nary plexuses.
prominent upper lip. Bronchial Veins. The veins which
BRO'DIUM. Jus'culum. The liquor arise from the left division of the bron-
in which any thing is boiled j broth. chial arteries.
 BRU 110 BRU
BRONCHIECTASIS. Dilatation of Bruit de Diable. A sound resembling
one or more of the bronchial tubes. that of the humming-top, heard in the
BRONCHOSTENOSIS. Contraction veins and arteries of the neck, and deno-
or narrowing of the bronchi. ting impoverishment of the blood.
BRONCHITIS. Inflammation of the Bruit de Frottement. Friction sound.
lining membrane of the bronchial tubes. Bruit de Mouche. A sound like the
BRONCHLEMMI'TIS. Croup. buzzing of a fly, heard in chlorosis.
BRONCHOCE'LE. From j3P o 7X og, Bruit Musculaire. The first sound of
the
windpipe, and nrfkri, The Der- the heart.
a tumor.
byshire neck wen ; goitre. A tumor on
; Bruit de Parchemin. Parchment
the forepart of the neck, resulting from an sound, said to be heard when the valves
enlargement of the thyroid gland. of the heart are thickened and stiff.

BRONCHOPH'ONY. Bronchial reson- Bruit de Pot Fele. Sound of cracked

ance of the voice. vessels, heard when percussion is made

BRONCHO-PNEUMO'NIA. From Ppoy- over a cavern in the lungs filled with air
Xos, bronchus, and pneumonia. Inflam- and having a narrow outline.
mation of the bronchia and lungs. Bruit de Rape. Rasping sound ; heard
BRONCHORRHOZ'A. From ppoyxoc, in various valvular diseases of the heart.
bronchus, and peu, I flow. Increased se- Bruit de Scie. Sawing sound; re-
cretion of mucus from the air-passages. sembles the last.

BRONCHOT'OMY. Bronchotom'ia; from Bruit de Soufflet. Bellows sound.

(3poyxo5, the windpipe, and te[ivu } to cut. Bruit Tympanique. Tympanic sound ;
Tracheotomy an operation which consists
; the clear sound obtained by percussing
in making an opening into the larynx or over the stomach or intestines when these
trachea for the removal of foreign bodies, organs are inflated with air.
or the admission of air to the lungs. BRUN'NER'S GLANDS. Brunneri
BRON'CHUS. The trachea, or wind- glandule. The muciparous follicles sit-

pipe ; also its first divisions. uated between the villous and cellular
BRONZE. An alloy of copper and tin. coats of the intestinal canal.
BROOKLIME. Veronica beccabunga. BRUNO'NIAN THEORY. A system
BROWN SPAR. Pearl spar. Side- of medicine founded by John Brown, in
rocalcite. A white, red, brown or black which all changes of the excitable powers
spar, harder than the calcareous. are attributed to previous excitement, &c.
BRU'CEA. A genus of plants of the BRUNSWICK GREEN. Friesland
order Terebinthacece. Green. Anammonio-chloride of copper,
Brucea Ferbugin'ea. An Abyssinian used as a pigment.
shrub, the bark of which employed byis BRUSH. An instrument for cleansing
the natives in the cure of dysentery and the teeth ; for finishing metallic appliances
diarrhoea. The second bark is known by for the mouth, and for the application of
the name of false angustura, a solution of borax to pieces of metal that
BRU'CIA. Brucine. A vegetable alkali, are to be united by soldering. See Tooth
extracted from the bark of the falso an- Brush, Polishing Brush, and Pencillus.
gustura, or brucea antidysenterica. Brushes are also used for other "purposes,
. BRUIT'. Sound. A term from the as rubbing the surface of the body, paint-
French, applied, in Pathology, to the sounds ing, &c.
heard on auscultation and percussion. BRU'TA. Juniperus sabina. The Sa-
Bruit i>e Craquement. Bruit de cuir. vin plant.
A sound resembling the creaking of new BRU'TIA. A resinous pitch, obtained
leather,produced by the friction of the from Brutia, in Italy, and used to make
two surfaces of the pericardium when the Olium picinum.
roughened by inflammation. BRUXANELLI. A tall Malabar tree :
 BUG 111 BUC
the bark of which is diuretic, and the root Buccal Artery. The sub-maxillary
antiarthritic. artery.
BRYG'MUS. Bpvyfiog, Stridor denUum. Buccal Membrane. The mucous mem-
Grinding of the teeth. brane which lines the cavity of the mouth.
BRYO'NIA. From ppvo, to abound, Buc'cal Gland. Follicles in the buc-
from its abundance. Bryony ; also, a ge- cal mucous membrane.
nus of plants of the order Cucurbitacece. Buccal Nerve. A branch of the in-
Bryonia Al'ba. White bryony. The ferior maxillary nerve going to the Buc-
root is purgative, hydragogue, emmena- cinnator muscles.
gogue, diuretic, and, when fresh, emetic. Buccal Teeth. The teeth behind the
Bryonia Mechoacan'na Nigricans. canines are so called because they are sit-
Convolvulus jalapa. The jalap plant. uated on the inside of the cheeks. In the
BUBASTECOlt'DIUM. Artemisia vid- human subject, they are the bicuspids
garis. Mugwort. and molars.
BU'BO. From (iovfiuv, the groin. A BUC'CEA. From bucca, the cheek. A
tumor of the glands of the groin, and also polypus of the nose, because it was sup-
of the axilla, resulting from local absorp- posed to come from the mouth ; also, a
tion of irritating matter, such as venereal morsel, a mouthful.
poison, or it may be symptomatic of con- BUCCINATOR. From buccina, a
stitutional disease. trumpet; so named from its agency in
BUBON. In Botany, a genus of plants forcing the wind into the trumpet. The
of the order Umbclliferce. buccinator, or trumpeter's muscle, which
Bubon Gal'banum. The name of the is broad and flat, forming a large portion
plant from which the officinal galbanum, of the walls of the cheek.
at first a gummy-resinous juice, but which BUCCO. Blub-cheeked or wide-mouthed.
soon becomes concrete, is Bucco-Facial Obturator. An instru-
obtained.
Bubon Macedon'icum. The name of ment for closing an opening caused by a
the plant which affords the Semen petrose- wound or disease, through the cheek into
lini Macedonici of the shops. Macedonian the cavity of the mouth. The inconve-
parsley. nience resulting from a very considerable
BUBONAL'GIA. From (iov(lu>v, the ojiening from the mouth through the wall
groin, and aXyof, pain. Pain in the groin. of the cheek, is a very serious one, and the
BUBO'NIUM. A plant formerly used closure, on replacement of it with an arti-
in diseases of the groin ; a species of star- ficial substitute that can be worn with con-
wort. venience, becomes an object of great im-
BUBONOREX'IS. From
portance. When it can be done with nat-
pov(3a>v, the
groin,and pn&S, a rupture. Bubonocele ac- ural integument, by means of a plastic op-
companied by division of the peritoneum. eration, it is certainly better than any mere
BUBONOCE'LE. From (3ovpuv, the mechanical appliance, but inasmuch as it

groin, and kt/Xtj, a tumor. Inguinal her- cannot always be closed by means of a
nia, or rupture of the groin. surgical operation, an artificial obturator
BUBON'ULUS. A painful swelling of sometimes becomes indispensable, and in
the lymphatics of the penis extending France it has been successfully applied.
along the dorsum of that organ to the In treating upon bucco-facial obtura-
groin. It occasionally accompanies gon- tors, M. Delabarre says, " In order to con-
orrhoea. struct a proper and capable instrument for
BUCCA. Gnathos. The mouth. The filling this indication, it is only necessary
hollow of the cheeks. Also, the vulva. to take an impression of the wound with
BUCCAL. Buccalis, from bucca ; the soft wax. From the model procured from
mouth, or rather cheek. Belonging to the this, a gold or platina cap is formed, com-
mouth, and especially the cheeks. posed of two parts, entering the one within
 ; ;

BUO 112 BUN

the other, covered with a shield or plate. BUCTON. Old name for the hymen.
That for the mouth should be slightly con- BUFO. The Toad ; a genus of Batra-
cave, whilst that for the face should be chian animals.
slightly convex. If the loss of substance BUF'FALO. A species of the Bovine
embraces the duct from the gland, it will genus; a name applied to wild oxen in
be necessary, for the escape of the saliva general, and particularly, though incor-
in the mouth, to form a new channel, by rectly, to the bison of North America.
making it pass through a pipe formed in BUFFY COAT. Corium Phlogisti-
the machine, and opening through the buc- cum. The grayish crust or buff which
cal plate. Finally, the surface of the fa- appears on the surface of the coagulum of
cial plate may be rendered unequal by blood drawn in certain states of disease.
cutting it Avith a knife, and afterwards BUGAN'TIA. Chilblain.
covering it with enamel, w of a pale rose BUG. Cimex.
CJlor, slightly tinged with yellow, so as BUG'GERY. The unnatural crime.
to make it resemble the natural skin. BUGLOSS. The popular name of An-
Bucco-Labial. Bucco-Labialis. Be- clmsa officinalis.
longing to the cheek and lips. A name BULAM FEVER. A name given to
sometimes applied to a nerve of variable yellow fever by the natives of the African
origin, but generally a branch of the infe- coast.
rior maxillary. BULB. Parts of the body which have
Bucco-Pharynge'al. Belonging to the a bulbous shape, as the bulb of a tooth ;
mouth and pharynx. the bulb of the urethra the bulb or root
;

BUC'CULA. From bucca, the mouth. A of the hair ; the bulb or globe of the eye,
small mouth; the fleshy part under the cliin. &c.
BUCCELLATIO. A method of ar- BULBIF'ERUS. From bulbm, and
resting hemorrhage, by the application of fcro, to bear. Bulb-bearing. Having one
small pieces of lint to the bleeding vessels. or more bulbs.
BUCHU. Diosma crenata, a South BULBO-CAVERNOSUS. So called
African plant. from its origin and insertion. The accel-
BUCK'BEAN. Menyanihes Trifoliata. erator urina3 muscle.
A plant of the order Gentianacece, possess- BULBUS. A bulb. A term in Botany,
ing tonic, cathartic, and, in large doses, applied to a scaly pyriform body formed
emetic properties. on a plant, above or beneath the surface
BUCK-EYE. The jEsculus glabra, a of the earth, which shoots forth a flower-
small tree indigenous in Western ing stem, and sends out roots from the
the
States. base. In Anatomy, parts of the body
BUCKTHORN. The popular name of which bear some resemblance to the root
the Rhamnus cathariicus, or common purg- of a bulbous plant.
ing buckthorn. The berries yield a deli- BULIM'IA. Boulimus. Oanine appetite.
cate green, called by painters verdevissa. BULGA. The vulva.
BUCK'WHEAT. A kind of grain, the BU'LITHOS. From (3ovc, an ox, and
product of the Polygonum fagopyrum lu&o$, a stone. A bezoar, or stone found
cultivated in some countries as an article in the kidneys, gall bladder, or urinary

of food. bladder of an ox or cow.

BUCNE'MIA. From (3ov, a Greek aug- BUL'LA. A clear vesicle arising from
mentative, and Kvrj/iij, the leg. A diffuse, burns, scalds, or other causes.
inflammatory swelling of the leg. BU'NIUM. A genus of plants of the
Bucnemia Spargano'sis. Phlegmasia order Umbellifero3.
dolens. Bunium Bulbocas'tanum. Earth-nut
Bucnemia Teop'ica. Elephantiasis pig-nut, supposed to be useful in strang-
Arabum. ling.
 . ;

BUR 113 BYS

BUN YON. Bun' ion; from ftovvog, an Bursje Synovia 'les. Bursa? mucosa?.
eminence. Inflammation and swelling of BURSAL'OGY. Bursalog'ia; from (3vp-

the bursa mucosa at the inside of the ball aa, a bag, and hoyog, a discourse. The doc-
of the great toe. trine or consideration of the bursa? mu-
BUPHTHAL'MUS. From an ox,
(3ovg, cosas.

and ofy&akfiog, an eye. Hydropthalmia. BURSULA. Scrotum.

Dropsy of the eye. BUTIGA. Gutta rosea.
BUPEI'NA. Bulimia. BUT'TER. Butyrum; from fiovg, a
BUPLEU'RUM ROTUNDIFO'LIUM. cow, and rvpog, coagulum or cream. A
An herb formerly celebrated as a cure for concrete oil obtained from the cream of
ruptures. milk.
BUR'DOCK. Arctium lappa. Butter-Nut. The fruit of an Ameri-
BUR'GUNDY PITCH. The prepared can tree the Juglans cinerea. ;

resin of the Pinus abies. Butter-Bur. Tussilago petasites. Pes-

BURIN' A TROIS FACES. A name tilent-wort.
applied by Fouchard to a long-pointed en- BUTYRAL'. Oxyhydrate of Butyryl.
graving instrument which he employed A clear thin liquid obtained by the dry
for the removal of tartar from the teeth. distillation of butyrate of lime.
BURIS. A scirrhous hernia, or hard BUTYR'IC ACID. A clear, thin acid

abscess. by saponifying butter.

liquid obtained
BURN. Ambiistio. An injury or le- BUTYRIN'. The fatty matter of butter.
sion produced by the action or application It is a butyrate of oxyd of lipyl.
of too great heat. BUTYRONE'. A colorless fluid, of pe-
BURNING. Brenning. Old English culiar penetrating odor and burning taste,
name for gonorrhoea. obtained with butyral by cautiously heat-
BURNT SPONGE. Spongia usta. ing butyrate of lime.
Sponge cut into pieces and burnt in a close BUTY'RUM. Butter.
iron vessel until it becomes black and fri- Butyrum Antimonii. Murias anti-
able, then rubbed into very fine powder. monii. Butter of antimony.
BURNEA. Pinus sylvcstris ; pitch. Butyrum Znroi. Chloride of zinc.
BURNTSITER. One who polishes. BUTYRYL. The base of butyric acid,
Also, an instrument used in polishing dif- &c. CaH 7 .

ferent kinds of metals, and in the labora- BUXINE'. An alkaloid obtained from
tory of the dentist, for finishing pieces of Buxus semp>ervirens
dental mechanism. The burnishers used BUX'US. From 7nma£w, to become hard
by dentists are generally made of steel, the box-tree. Also, a genus of plants of
and have differently shaped, rounded, and the order Euphorbiacece.
highly polished points, so that they may Buxus Semper'virests. The leaves of
be readily applied to any part of the piece. this plant have been used, in decoction, in
Burnishers are also sometimes made of dropsy and asthma.
firm, fine-grained wood, bone, agate, or BYRETH'RUM. A sort of cap filled
other stone. with cephalic substances.
BUR'SA. From (Svpoa, a leather bottle. BYSAU'CHEN. From (3va, to hide,
A bag or purse. and avxnv, the neck. Morbid stiffness of
Bursa Cor'dis. Pericardium. the neck.
Bursa Test'ium. The scrotum. BYSSA'CEOUS. Divided into very
BURS.E MUCO'SZE. Small membra- fine filaments, like flax, as the roots of
nous bags or sacks, situated about artic- some agarics.
ular cavities, filled with an oily mucus BYS'SOLITE. From ilvooog, flax, and
for lubricating the tendons, muscles and If&og, a stone. A fibrous mineral found
bones. on the Alps.
 CAC 114 CAC
BYS'SUS. The hairy appendages by are worn, it is supposed, with benefit by
which certain acephalous molluscs attach rheumatic patients.
themselves to rocks. BYTHOS. Bviiog, deep. Applied by
In Italy it is woven into clothes which Hippocrates to the bottom of the stomach.

c.

C. Chemical symbol for carbon. cuadrjcug, feeling. Morbid sensation ; indis-

CAA-AP'IA See Dorstenia Braziliensis. position.
CAA-ATAY'A. A Brazilian plant, pos- CAC AGOG UE. An ointment composed
and cathartic properties.
sessing bitter of alum and honey, and applied to tho
CAB. Alchemical term for gold. anus to produce alvine dejections.
CABALA. Kabbcda ; from the Hebrew CACA'LIA. A genus of plants of the
Kihd, to receive; because it was said to order Compositai.
have been received from the Deity by Cacalia Alpi'na. Strange colt's foot,

Moses, and transmitted, in uninterrupted supposed to possess desiccativc properties.

tradition, through Joshua, the seventy Cacalia Hastala. A plant of Siberia,
elders, &c, to the Rabbinical doctors. A possessing violent purgative, and it is said
term applied to the whole system of occult antisyphilitic properties.
philosophy cultivated by the Itabins. These CA'CAO. The chocolate nut.
doctrines were adopted by the Rosicru- CACA'TION. Defecation.
cians, and by Paracelsus, who divided it CACEPHEBOTE'SIA. From nemos, bad,
into Judaic or theological,and Hermetic or and efcPoTTtg, puberty. Morbid puberty.
medical. The latter, according to them, Disease occurring at the period of puberty.
was the art of knowing the most secret CACHALOT. The spermaceti whale.
properties of bodies by an immediate" com- CACHEXIA From warns, bad, and .

munication with spirits; the knowledge e&g, a habit. A depraved habit or condi-
thus acquired being obtained by inspira- tion of the body, as a scorbutic, cancerous,
tion, and consequently infallible. &c.
CABAL' AAN. A Mexican plant used Cachexia Africa'na. A sort of Fica
for poisoning arrows. to which the negroes are subject. Its
CAB'ALIST. Cabalista. One instructed prominent symptom is a desire for eating
in traditionary knowledge. dirt.

CAB'BAGE, The vernacular name

Cachexia Londinen'sis. The cachexy
of
a genus of cruciferous plants. London and of other large cities.
See Bras- of
sica. Cachexia Sple'nica. The cachexy
Cabbage-Bark Tree. Geoffrmja Ja- accompanying enlarged spleen.
maicensis. The Andira inermis ; a native Cachexia Vene'rea. Syphilis.
of Jamaica and other West India Islands. CACHEX'LE. An important class of
The bark is cathartic, and in large doses diseases in the Nosology of Cullen and
sometimes occasions vomiting, fever and Sauvages, depending upon a depressed
delirium. habit of body.
Cabbage Skunk. See Dracontium CACHIRI. A fermented liquor made
fcetidum. in Cayenne of the rasped root of the ma-
CACiE'MIA. Cachaxnia; from Kcmog, nioc. It resembles perry.
bad, and ai/xa
} blood. A bad condition of CACHINNA'TION. From cachinno, I
the blood. laugh. Excessive laughter, a symptom of
CACESTHE'SIS. From naKog, and hysterical and other affections.
 CAC 115 CAD
CACHLEX. Old term for a little stone yaka } milk. A bad or vitiated condition
or pebble, found on the sea-shore, which, of the milk.
when heated and quenched in whey, com- CACOMORPHIA. From naKog, and
municates astringency; formerly used in fioptyri, form. Deformity.
dysentery. CACONYCHIA. From mnog and owf,
CACHOLONG. A species of quartz. a nail. A morbid condition of the nails.
CACHOU. Catechu. CACOPATHI'A. From icaKog, bad, and
CACHRYS. A genus of plants of the Ttadog, affection. A disordered state of
order Umbdliferce. mind.
Cachhys Libano'tis. A plant possess- CACOPHO'NIA. Defective articulation.
ing aromatic and astringent properties. CACOPRA'GIA. From KaKog, bad, and
CACHUN'DB. A medicine composed nparru, I perform. A morbid condition
of a number of aromatic ingredients, per- of the chylopoietic organs.
fumes, earths, &c, supposed, in India, CACORRACHI'TIS. From micog, and
to possess wonderful therapeutical vir- paxv, the spine. Disease of the vertebral
tues. column.
CACOCHO'LIA. From KaKog, bad, and CACORRHYTH'MUS. From Ka K og, and
X°hy, bile. A vitiated or depraved condi- pvtirjve, rhythm. Irregular pulse, or inter-
tion of the bile. mittent fever.
CACOCHROI. From Kmog, bad, and CACOSIT'IA. From mK og, bad, and
Xpoa, color. Diseases in which the com- amov, aliment. Aversion to food.
plexion is changed. CACOSPHYX'IA. From mmg, bad,
CACOCHYLTA. From Kanog, bad, and and o<t>v£ig, pulse. A bad condition of the
XvTiog, chyle. Depraved chylification. pulse.
CACOCHYM'IA. From kokqc, bad, CACOSTOMUS. From mKog, bad,
and x vH°S, juice, humor. A
morbid or de- and arofia, mouth. A deformity, or dis-
praved condition of the humors. eased condition of the mouth.
CACOCNE'MOS. From Kanog, bad, CACOTHYMTA. From nmog, bad, and
and Kvrifir], the leg. A defect in the legs. dv/xog, the mind. A vicious or diseased
CACOCORE'MA. From micog, bad, and condition of mind.
Kopeu, I purge or cleanse. A medicine which CACOTROPH'IA. From m K og, bad,
purges off morbid or vitiated humors. and rpocpTi, nutriment. Bad nutrition.
CACODiE'MON. From icaxog, bad, and CACOX'ENE. From Kmog, bad, and
fiut/juv, a spirit. An supposed frvog, foreign.
evil spirit A mineral occurring in
to preside over the bodies of men and to yellowish, radiating crystals, containing
afflict them with many disorders. The phosphoric and fluoric acids, Per oxyd of
nightmare. iron and silica.

CACO'DIA. From Kaicog } bad, and u&>, CACTUS. The artichoke ; also a genus
to smell. Anosmia, or defect in the sense of plants of the order Cactacece.
of smelling. Cactus Coccinell'ifeb. Napal the —
CACODYL. From mm*, bad, and leaves of which are inhabited by the cochi-
o'-%, odor. A limpid, ethereal liquid of a neal insect.
fetid odor, resembling arsenical compounds Cactus Opun'tia. Opuntia. The In
derived from acetyl. dian fig, or prickly pear.
CACODYL'IC ACID. Alcargen ; an CADA'VER. From cadere, to fall. A
acid obtained by oxydation of cacodyl and body deprived of life ; a dead body.
its oxyd. CADET', FUMING LIQUOR OF
CACOE'THES. From Kaicog and v$og, Chloride of arsenic.
disposition. A bad habit of body, or a CADIA. An Egyptian leguminous
malignant sore. plant, used by the Arabs against colic.
CACOGALACTIA. From itanog, an d CADMI'A. A name applied to several
 (LES 116 CAL
metallic compounds, as Calamine, Cobalt, of Brazil woods. The principal species
Tutly, &c. are the Cozsalpinia echinata, which is the
CADMI'I SULPHAS. Sulphate of best ; the Ccesalpinia crista, and the Coz-
cadmium ; a salt used as a colly rium in salpinia Sappan, a Siamese tree.
diseases of the eye. QaSA'RIAN OPERATION". Caesa-
CADMI'UM. A metal found in carbon- rian section. From eccdere, to In
cut.
ate of zinc, of a compact texture, and a Obstetric Surgery, an operation which con-
bluish-gray color, approaching tin. It has sists in making an incision into the uterus
recently been combined with mercury for for the removal of the foetus.
the formation of an amalgam for filling OESTITOSE. From ccespes, turf. Ces-
teeth. The result of the experiments, how- pitose. In Anatomy, growing in tufts.
ever,which have been made with the CAFFEIC ACID. An acid obtained
compound, has not been as satisfactory as from coffee in the form of a white powder.
was at first anticipated. When heated it yields the odor of roasted
CADU'CITY. The French use the term coffee.

caducite' to express that portion of life CAFFEIN". A white, silky, crystalline

which immediately precedes decrepitude. substance obtained from coffee. Its salts
CADU'CIBKAN'CHIATE. From ca- have been lately used as nervines.
dacus, fading, and branchice, gills. A CAIN'CA. Chainca. Caincai radix. The
term, in Zoology, applied to those Bratra- root of a species of Chiococca, celebrated
chians, which, before they arrive at matu- as an antidote to the bite of serpents. It
rity, undergo a metamorphosis, and lose is tonic, emetic and diuretic.
their branchial apparatus, as the frog, toad, CAJEPUT OIL. Oleum Capipxdi. The
salamander, and newt. volatile oil of the leaves of Melaleuca caju-

CADU'COUS. From cadere, to fall. puti.

Deciduous. A term in Botany, applied to CAL AT5 A. The Indian mastich-tree.
parts or organs of a plant which are not CALAME'DEN. A term applied to
permanent, but fall early. In Anatomy, various fractures.
to the tunica decidua uteri, and the tempo- CAL'AMINE. Calamina. A native
rary or milk teeth. In Pathology, to epi- carbonate of zinc. It was used in the
lepsy, because its attacks are attended by manufacture of brass.
the sudden falling of the patient ; and in CALAMFNA PR.EPARATA. Cal-
Zoology, to insects, as the caterpillar, the cined calamine reduced to an impalpable
legs ofwhich do not appear in all the powder.
changes through which the animal passes. CALAMINTHA. Calamint. See Me-
GM'GAL. Belonging to the ca3cum. lissa Calamintha.
OE'CITAS. From ccecus, blind. Blind- CALAMINTA. Dry styrax.
ness. See Caligo and Amaurosis. CAL'AMUS. The pharmacopooial name
CiE'CUM. Ldestinum cacum. From of the Acorus calamus. The acorus is a
caucus blind. The caacum or blind gut is genus of seed-plants of the order Aracew.
so called from its being perforated only at Calamus Aromat'icus. Acorus cala-
one end. mus. Sweet flag. The root is stimulant,
C^'CUS. Blind. A term applied, in tonic, and aromatic.
Anatomy, to cavities or holes which havo Calamus Dra'co. The plant which
but one opening. yields dragon's blood.
CiECUM Fora'men. A small cavity in Calamus Sacchari'nus. Calamus In-
the frontal bone at the inferior extremity dicus. The common sugar-cane.
of the external coronal crest. Calamus Scripto'rius. A small cav-
OESALPFNIA. A ity or furrow at the bottom of the fourth
genus of plants of
the order which afford ventricle of the brain, so called from its. re-
Fabacece, all of
dye-wood, known in commerce by the name semblance to a pen.
 .

CAL 117 CAL

CALCEOLARIA. A genus of beauti- Calculi of the Pine'al Gland. Con-
ful shrubby plants, with yellow, orange, cretions formed in the pineal gland.
or purple flowers. Slipperwort. Calculi of the Prostate Gland.
CALCIG'EROUS CELLS. The cells Concretions in the prostate gland, usually
of the bony or dentinal part of a tooth are composed of phosphate of lime.
so calledby Professor Owen. Calculi, Sal'ivary. Concretions of a
CAL'CII CHLO'RIDUM. Chloride of calcareous kind formed in the substance of
calcium. the salivary glands, or in their excretory
CALCINATION. From calx, lime. ducts, or upon the teeth. See Odontoli-
Oxydation. The act of submitting to a thos, and Salivary Calculus.
strong heat any infusible mineral substance Calculi, Sfermat'ic. Concretions found
for the purpose of depriving it either of its occasionally in the vesicular seminales.
water, or any other volatile substance en- Calculi of the Stomach and Intes-
tering into its composition, and reducing Concretions formed in the stomach
tines.
it to ashes or cinders. and intestines.
CAL'CINATUM MA'JUS POTE'RII. Calculi of the Ton'sils. Concretions
Mercury dissolved in nitric acid and pre- formed in the tonsils.
cipitated with salt and water. Calculi, Urina'ry. Concretions of an
CAL'CINED MAGNE'SIA. The pro- earthy nature formed in the bladder.
toxyd of magnesium. CAL'CULUS. Diminutive of calx, a
CAL 'CIS A'QUA. Calcis liquor. Lime- limestone. An earthy concretion formed
water. in the bladder, kidneys, mouth, or some
Calcis Mu'rias. Muriate of lime ; old other part of the body.
name for the chloride of lime. Calculus Denta'lis. Salivary calcu-
Calcis Os. The bone of the tarsus lus.
which forms the heel. CALDAR. The old Arabic chemical
Calcis Oxymurias. Chloride of lime. name for tin.
Calcis Sulphuke'tum. Hepar calcis. CALDA'RIUM. A cauldron. Applied
Sulphuret of lime. by the old writers to the hot bath.
CAL'CIUM. The metallic base of CALDE'RLE ITALTCiE. Warm
lime. baths in the neighborhood of Ferrara, in
CALCULIF'RAGUS. From calculus, Italy, used against dysuria.
a stone, and frango, to break. A stone- CALEBASH. A gourd.
breaker; an instrument for breaking a CALDAS SPRINGS. Thermal Springs
stone in the human body —a lithontriptic at Caldas, near Lisbon, containing sulphu-

instrument. rate of iron and the common salts.

CAL'CULI, ARTHRITTC. Calculi ar- CALEFA'CIENT. Calcfaciens ; from

ticular. Concretions formed in the liga- Calidus, warm, and facio, I make. To
ments, and within the capsules of the excite warmth. Any substance, as mus-
joints of persons affected with gout. tard, pepper, &c, capable of exciting
Calculi, Bil'iary. Biliary concre- warmth in the part to which it is applied.
tions ;
gall-stones. CALENDULA MARTIA'LES. Fer-
Calculi in the Ears. Hard concre- rum Ammoniatum.
tions formed in the meatus auditorius ex- CALEN'DULA. A genus of plants of
tcrnus. the order Composite
Calculi Intes'tinal. Intestinal con- Calendula Officinalis. The garden
cretions. Bezoars. marigold, supposed to be antispasmodic,
Calculi, Lach'rymal. Concretions sudorific, deobstruent and emmenagogue.
formed in the lachrymal ducts. CALENDULIN. A peculiar principle
Calculi, Pancreat'ic. Concretions supposed by Berzelius to be analogous to
formed in the pancreas. bassorin, obtained from the marigold.
 ;

CAL 118 CAL

CALENTU'RA. From ccdere, to be CALC SPAR. Crystallized carbonate
warm. Applied to a species of delirium of lime. Calcareous spar.
to which sailors are subject in the torrid CALCA'NEUM. From calx, the heel.
zone, the chief symptom of which is a The os calcis.
desire to throw one's self into the sea, CALC'ARATE. Calcara'tus. From cal-
thinking, say the old writers, that it is a car, a spur. Spurred. A term in Botany,
green field. A kind of phrenitis. applied to the corals and nectaries of
CALENTURA. Cinchona. Also a plants.
tree of the Philippine Islands, the wood CALCAREOUS. From calx, lime.
of which and febrifuge.
is bitter Containing lime ; of the nature of lime.
CALE'SIUM. A Malabar tree, the bark Calcareous Spar. Crystallized car-
of which, made into an ointment, is said to bonate of lime.
cure convulsions from wounds, and to heal CALCARIUS LAPIS. Limestone.
ulcers and the juice of the bark, aptha?
; CALLICAR'PA AMERICA'NA. A
and dysentery. plant of South Carolina and Virginia.
CALIBER. The diameter of any cyl- The leaves have been used in dropsy.
indrical body. CALLIDON'TIA. From *aM, beauti-
CAL'IDUM ANIMA'LE. Animal heat. ful, and odovg, a tooth. The art of pre-
CALIDUM INNATUM. Animal heat, serving the beauty of the teeth. See Den-
or Vis Vitce. tal Hygiene.
CALI'GO. A mist. Obscurity of vis- CALLIIXE'DIA. The art of begetting
ion, caused by a speck on the cornea; beautiful children, or simply the fact of
also, the speck itself. It is divided into having them.
six species; 1. Caligo palpebrarum, ob- CALLOSTTY. Callositas. Preternat-
structed vision from disorder in the eye- ural hardness.
lids ; 2. Caligo corneal, opacity of the cor- CALLO'SUS. Hard.
nea; 3. Caligo lentis, cataract ; 4. Caligo CALLOUS. Callosus. Hardened ; in-
pupiUce, blindness from closure of the iris durated, as the edges of an ulcer.
5. Caligo humorum, blindness from loss of CAL'LUS. The bony matter thrown
transparency in the aqueous or vitreous hu- out between, and uniting the fractured
mors ; 6. Caligo synizesis, blindness from extremities of a bone. It is also applied
closed pupil. to induration of a soft or fleshy part.
CALISAY'A BARK. Cinchona flava. CAL'OMEL. Calomclas ; from koIoc,
CA'LIX. Calyx Infundibulum ; from good, and fieTiac, black. A term originally
a cup. Small membranous canals applied to black sulphuret of mercury, but
noli!;,

which surround the papillae of the kidneys, now to Hydrargyri chloridam mite, mild
and open into the pelvis. chloride of mercury.
CALLECA'MENON. Old name for CA'LOR. Heat.
oxyd of copper. Calor Anima'lis. Animal heat.
CALLE'NA. Old name for a kind of Calor Fer'vens. Boiling heat.
nitre or saltpetre. Calor Le'nis. Gentle heat, between
CALLIBLEPH'ARON. An old medi- 90 and 100° Fahr.
cine used to beautify the eyelids. Calor Mor'dicans. A term applied in
CALLICOCCA IPECACUAN'HA. Ce- Pathology to the biting and pungent heat
phaclis Ipecacuanha. of the skin. A dangerous symptom in
CALIPERS. Compasses with closed typhus fever, which leaves an unpleasant
legs. smarting sensation on the fingers for sev-
CAL'ICES. Calyces. From seven to eral minutes after touching them.
thirteen funnel-shaped tubes, called the CALOR'IC. Caloricum ; from color.
infundibida, into which the points of the The matter, cause, or agent by which all

papillae of the kidneys project. the effects of heat are produced.

 ;
;

CAL 119 CAM

Caloric, La'tent. Insensible heat. Calx IIydrar'gyri Al'ba. Ammoni-
That portion of heat existing in all bodies ated mercury.
not made evident by approaching the ther- Calx, Metal'lic. A metal which has
mometer also heat passing into ice as it
; undergone calcination, combustion, or some
becomes water, and into liquids to convert other equivalent process.
them into vapor. CALY'CES. Small membranous caps
Caloric, Specif'ic. The amount of which cover the points of the papillae of
heat required to raise different bodies to an the kidney. Their union forms the infun-
equal degree of temperature. dibnla.
CALORIFICATION. Calorificatio CALYCIFLOTLE. From calx, a flower-
from calor, heat, and fieri, to become. cup, and fios, a flower. Plants which have
The production of heat; especially the their stamina inserted into the calyx.
function of generating animal beat. CALYCiFORM. Shaped like a calyx.
CALORIMETER. From calor, heat, CALY'CLE. In Botany, a row of small
and uerpov, a measure. An instrument leaflets on the outside at the base of the
by which the whole quantity of absolute calyx ; also the outer proper covering of
heat existing in a body, in chemical union, the seed adhering to it.

can be ascertained. CALYC'ULATE. Calyculatus ; having

CALOR1 MOTOR. A galvanic appara- a calycle at the base on the outside ; ap-
tus invented by Dr. Hare, of Philadelphia, plied also to a double calyx, or several
for evolving caloric. successively diminishing in size.
CALOTROITS GIGANTEA. Ascle- CALYPTRA. From nalvmrip, a cover.
pias Giganica. An Indian plant known A veil or cover. In Botany, a membran-
under the name of mudar. It is alterative ous envelope placed over the capsule of
and sudorific. mosses, enclosing their sporules.
CAL'OTYPE. The name given by Mr. CALYPTRATE. Calyptra'tus. Fur-
Talbot, to his improved method of pho- nished with calyptra.
tography, by which pictures can be ob- CALYX. KaAvf. From koIvtzto, to
tained on paper rendered sensible to light cover. The outermost of the enveloping
by the gallo-nitrate of silver. organs of a flower. The flower-cup.
CALTHA. A genus of plants of the CAMANDAG. Camandung. A tree
order Ranuncnlacex. of the Philippine Islands, which yields a
Caltha Palus'tris. Populago. The milky juice, called by the natives tague,
common single marsh marigold. There used to poison arrows.
are several other species. CAM'BIUM. In Physiology, the nutri-
CALUM'BA. Calumbo ; a root having tious humors supposed to be elaborated
an aromatic smell, a bitter, pungent taste, from the blood to repair the losses, and
and tonic and antiseptic properties. accomplish the increase of the various or-
CAL'VA. Calvaria ; sometimes improp- gans of the body. In Botany, a colorless,
erly called calcarium. From cairns, bald. viscid juice, found in the spring between
The scalp or upper part of the cranium is the bark and wood of trees, which, it is

so called because it often becomes bald. supposed, becomes gradually organized,

CALVIT'IES. Baldness. The loss or assuming the vegetable structure.
absence of hair upon the top of the head. CAMBO SPRINGS. Two Springs,—
CALX. From kulak, to burn. Chalk one acidulous and chalybeate, and the
lime. Also, in old chemical language, an other sulphurous, at the village Cambo, in
oxyd. the department of Basses Pyrenees, France.
Calx Antimo'nii. Oxyd of antimony. CAMBO'GIA. From Cambodia, in the
Calx Chorina'ta. Bleaching powder. East Indies, where it is obtained. Gam-
Calx Cum Ka'li Pu'ro. Totash with boge.
lime. CAMBU'CA. Camhucca membrata. A
 CAM 120 CAN
bubo or ulcer in the groin or near the U. S. Mitura camphor ae. Camphor mix-
genitals. ture ; a mixture of camphor, alcohol, car-
CAMELIDiE. From camelus, a camel. bonate of magnesia, and distilled water.
A family of ruminant mammalia, of which CAM'PHORA OFFICINA'RUM. The
the Camel and Dromedary of the old Laurus Gamphora, or camphor tree, a
world, and the Llama, Guanacho. and native of China and Japan.
Yicugna, of the new world, are the exist- CAMPHORiE FLO'RES COMPOSTTI.
ing species. Camphor sublimed with benzoin.
CAM'ERA. A
chamber or cavity. CAMPHORA'TA. See Camphorosma.
Applied to the chambers of the eye. CAMPHORATE. Campharas. A salt
Camera Lu'cida. An instrument mak- resulting from the union of camphoric acid
ing the image of any object ajjpear on the with a salifiable base.
wall in a light room. CAMPH'ORATED. Relating to, or
Camera Obscuba. An optical appa- containing camphor.
ratus for tin-owing the image of external CAMPHOR'IC ACID. Acidum cam-
objects on a white surface, in a dark room, phoricum. An acid obtained by repeated
and representing them in their proper distillation of nitric acid from camphor.
and shapes.
colors CAMPHOROS'MA. From camphora,
CAMOSIERS SPRINGS. Two Springs and oauij, smell. A genus of plants of the
at Camosiers, a canton near Marseilles, order Atripliceoi.
containing carbonate of lime, sulphur, Camphorosma Monspeliaca. The sys-
chloride of soda, &c. These waters are tematic name of the plant called camphor-
purgative and recommended in diseases of ata. The stinking ground-pine.
the skin. CAMPHRONE. A light oily substance
CAMPAN'ULA. A genus of plants of obtained by dropping pieces of camphor
the order Campanidaceai. into a porcelain tube containing quick
Campanula Trache'lium. Great throat lime, heated to redness and condensing the
wort, the root of which was formerly used vapor.
in decoction for sore throat and relaxation CAMPULI'TROPOUS. From Kannvloc,
of the uvula. curved, and rpenu, to turn. A term in
CAMPAN'ULATE. Bell-shaped. A Botany, applied to such ovules of plants as,
term in Botany, applied to the calyx and instead of remaining upright, bend down
corolla, when shaped like a little bell. upon themselves till their apex touches
CAMPIIIRE. Camphor. the base.
CAM'PHOR. From the Arabian caphur CAMPYLO'TIS. From Ka^wvloq, bent.
or kamphur. Camphor ; a concrete sub- A preternatural incurvation of a part;
stance, derived from the Laurus Catn- also a distortion of the eyelids.
phora, and purified by sublimation; of a CAMWOOD. A red dye-wood—the
crystalline texture, strong fragrant odor, product of the Baphia nitida, a native of
and possessing narcotic and diaphoretic Sierra Leone.
properties. CANADENSIS. Canadian ; the name
Camphor, Borneo. See Borneo Cam- of a balsam.
phor. CANAL. Canalis ; ductus; meatus.
Camphor, Liquid. Camphor oil; the A channel or passage for fluids or solids.

fluid obtained from the dryobalanops by Alimen'tary.

Canal, The canal
incision into the tree. leading from the mouth to the anus.
Camphor, Oil of. Nitrate of camphor. Canal, Arachnoi'dian. A canal, sup-
A solution of camphor in dilute nitric acid; posed to have been discovered by Bichat,
also applied to liquid camphor, and lini- formed by the extension of the arachnoid
ment of camphor. over the transverse and longitudinal fis-
Camphor Water. Aqua Camphoroz. sure of the brain, and which surrounds the
 :

CAN 121 CAN

vena magna galeni. Cruvcilhier denies Canary-Seed. The fruit or seed of
the existence of this canal. Canary grass a plant of the genus Pha-
;

Canal, Arte'rial. Ductus arteriosus. laris.

Canal, Hy'aloid. A cylindrical body CANCELLT. Lattice-work. The re-

formed by the reflection of the hyaloid ticular or spongy texture of bones.
membrane into the interior of the vitreous CANCELL'US. From cancer, a crab.
body. A Bernard the
species of crayfish, called
Canal, Intestinal. That portion of hermit, and the wrong heir, which is sup-
the alimentary canal formed by the intes- posed to cure rheumatism when rubbed on
tines. the affected part.
Canal of Ja'cobson. Tympanic canal. CAN'CER. Kapnivog. Literally, a crab.
Canal, Medulla'ry. The cylindrical In Zoology, a genus of crustaceous animals.
cavity in the shaft of a long bone. In Pathology, a scirrhous tumor, generally
Canal, Na'sal. Lachrymal canal. terminating in a fatal ulcer, called by the
Canal of Nuek. A cylindrical sheath Greeks carcinoma, from mpitivoc, a crab,
formed around the round ligaments of the from the resemblance of the affected part
uterus, by a prolongation of the perito- and the surrounding raised veins to that
neum, into the inguinal canal. animal. The disease is ordinarily attended
Canal of Sci-ilemm. A minute circu- with severe lancinating pain, and the text-
lar canal at the junction of the sclerotic ure of the affected part is exceedingly vari-
and conjunctiva. able. The following are the species enu-
Canal, Spi'nal. Vertebral canal. merated by Dr. Bayle
Canal, Tympa'nic. A canal opening 1. The Chondrdid ; from x ov 3p°S, carti-

on the lower surface o: the petrous portion lage, and eidog, likeness, or cartilaginiform.
of the temporal bone, containing Jacob- 2. The Hyaloid ; from valog, glass, and

son's nerve. eidoc, likeness, or vitriform.

CANA'LIS ARTERIOSUS. Arterial 3. The Larinoid ; from lapivoc, fat, and
duct ; a vessel through which the blood eidog, likeness, or lardiform.
passes in the fcetus from the pulmonary 4. The Bunioid; from (3wtov, a turnip,

artery into the aorta, but which is obliter- and eidog, likeness, or napiform.
ated after birth. 5. The Encephaldid ; from eynetycfiioq, the
Canalis Semicircula'ris. The semi- brain, and euhg, likeness, or cerebriform.
circular canal. There are three in the 6. The Colloid; from nolle, glue, and
posterior portion of the labyrinth of each eidog, likeness, or gelatiniform.
ear, which open by five orifices into the 7. The Compound cancerous, the Mixed
vestibulum. cancerous, and the Superficial cancerous.
Canalis Veno'sus. A Cancer, Gale'ni. A cancer bandage,
canal which
conveys the blood in the from the or a bandage with eight tails for the head.
foetus

porta of the liver to the ascending vena Cancer Mundito'rum. Chimney sweep-
cava, but it ceases to exist after birth. er's cancer. An irregular superficial, pain-
CANALICULATE. Canalic'ulatus. ful ulceration, occurring in the scrotum of
Channeled ; furrowed. In Botany, a deep chimney sweepers.
longitudinal furrow or groove above, and CAN'CEROUS. Tertaining to cancer.
convex underneath ; applied to the stem- CANCRORUM LAPILLI. Crabs' eyes,
leaves or petioles of plants. or crabs' stones ; two calcareous concretions
CANALIC'ULI. Diminutive of canalis, found in the stomach of cray-fish, Asta-
a canal. A little canal, applied in Anat- cus Jluviatilis , when the animal is about
omy to some large lacuna which secrete to change its shell.

mucus in the urethra. CAN'CROID. Cancroideus ; from can-

CANA'RY-BIRD. A species of Frin- cer and u6oq, form. Having the appear-
gilla j a singing bird from the Canary Isles. ance of a cancer.
 CAN 122 CAN
CANCRO'RUM CHELJE. Crabs' stones protracted cases, attended with debility, it

or claws, consisting of carbonate and phos- may be found advisable have recourse to
to
phate of lime. the mineral acids, and infusion of bark or
CANCROSUS. Cancerous. sulphate of quinia. In the febrile state,
CANCRUM O'RIS. Canker of the the diet should consist exclusively of fari-
mouth; a spreading ulceration of the naceous liquids. In the absence of fever,
gums, inside the lips and cheeks, and it milk may be allowed; and, in cases of
may occur in any part of the buccal cavity debility, animal broth, jelly, &c. Sour
or fauces, attended with a preternatural and acescent food should be avoided.
—
flow of saliva inflammation and tume- " But the local treatment is chiefly to be
faction of the neighboring parts —
fetid relied on. Various applications have been
breath, fever and constipation. The dis- recommended. Among these are mouth
ease is usually confined to children of from waters of tincture of myrrh, and, with
two to six years of age, and is supposed to Peruvian bark, dilute mineral acids with
result from a debilitated state of the body, honey and solution of alum. I have found
induced by want of cleanliness and im- nothing so useful as a solution of sulphate
proper food. of zinc, in the proportion of fifteen or
The disease evidently has some of the twenty grains to the fluid ounce of water,
characteristics of gangrenous inflamma- applied twice or three times a day to the
tion of thegums, as well as of other affec- ulcer, by means of a camel's-hair pencil,
tions, which consist of ulceration of the and continued until the yellowish white
gums, and exfoliation of the alveolar pro- exudation is removed, and the surface as-
cesses yet it differs from both of these, sumes the healthy reddish hue.
;
With
in many particulars, and therefore should this application I have in no instance failed
not be confounded with either. The last to effect a cure." Prof. W. is also of the
named affection, we believe, never occurs opinion that a strong solution of sulphate
among the wealthy, but seems always to of copper, or nitrate of silver, might prove
be confined to children of the poor, and to equally efficacious, though he does not
be dependent upon defective nutrition, bad seem to speak from experience.
air, and a cachectic habit of the body; For the purpose of correcting the fetor

whereas cancrum oris is occasionally met of the breath, the mouth should be gargled
with among children of the wealthier six or eight times a day with some aro-
classes of society. matic lotion or wash.
In the treatment of the disease, Prof. CANDE'LA FUMA'LIS. A perfumed
Wood says, "from two to six grains of or medicated candle, used for purifying
calomel may be given at the commence- the air.

ment, with some other

either associated CANDELA'RIA. From candela, a can-
cathartic, such as rhubarb or jalap, in dle. Mullen is so called from the resem-
order to insure its operation upon the bow- blance of its stalk to a candle. See Ver-
els, or followed, should it not operate in bascum.
six or eight hours, by a dose of castor oil. CANDLE-TREE OIL. A solid oil ob-
The bowels may afterwards be kept open tained from the seeds of the candle-tree,
by the occasional administration of castor Oroton sebiferum, a native of China.
oil, magnesia or its carbonate, or the sul- CANEL'LA. A genus of plants of the
phate of magnesia ; small doses of the neu- order Meliacece.
tral mixture, or of antimonial wine, should Canella Al'ba. The laurel-leaved
be given when the fever is considerable; canella, the bark of which is a stimulant
and, if the breath should be sour, a few and pungent aromatic.
grains of the bicarbonate of soda in car- CANIC7E. Meal containing much bran.
bonic acid water, repeated three or four CANINA APPETENTIA. Canine ap-
times a day, will be found useful. In petite. See Boulimia.
 ;

CAN 123 CAP

Canina Babies. Hydrophobia. Spanish fly. A genus of Coleopterous
CANINE. Pertaining to, or partaking insects containing many species. Canthar-
of the nature of a dog.. ides, when taken internally, are powerfully
Canine Appetite. Insatiable hunger. stimulant, producing a peculiar effect upon
Canine Fos'sa. A depression in the the urinary and genital organs; applied
outer surface of the superior maxillary externally, they excite inflammation of the
bone, above the canine or cuspid tooth. skin, and a copious secretion of serum
Canine Mad'ness. Hydrophobia. under the cuticle.
Canine Teeth. Denies canini; cyno- Cantharis Vitta'ta. The potato fly.
dontcs ; denies laniarii ; denies angidares ; CANTHUS. Kan9of. The angle or corner
cuspidati ; conoides ; eye-teeth. See Cus- of the eye.
pid Teeth. CANTIA'NUS PUL'YIS. A cordial
CANI'NUS. From canis, a dog. A powder, commonly called the ° Countess of
cuspid tooth is so called because it resem- Kent''s potoder ," composed of coral, amber,
bles that of a dog. See Cuspid Teeth. It crabs' eyes, prepared pearls, &c. It was
is also the name of a muscle, the levator given in cancer.
anguli oris, because it is situated near the CANTON'S PHOSPHOEUS. A sub-
canine tooth. stance made by exposing three parts of
CANIRAM. Strj'chnos nux vomica. calcined oyster shells with one of flowers
CAN'KER. A corroding ulcer in the of sulphur, in a covered crucible, to a red
mouth. See Cancrum Oris. heat for one hour. On exposure to light,
CAN'NA. A reed or hollow cane. The the resulting substance acquires the pro-
fibula has been so called from its resem- perty of shining in the dark.
blance to a reed. CANULA. Diminutive of canna, a
Canna Fis'tula. See Cassia Fistula. reed. Cannula. A small tube used in
Canna In'dica. See Sagittaria Alexi- surgery.
pharmica. CAOUT'CHINE. A volatile oil ob-
Canna Ma'jor. The tibia. tained by the destructive distillation of
Canna Mi'nor Cru'ris. The fibula. caoutchouc.
Canna Starch. A variety of starch CA'OUTCHOUC. Indian rubber; gum
recently introduced from the West Indies, elastic. The concrete juice of the Hwvea
under the French name " 2hus les mois." guianensis, jatropha clastica and siphonia
CANNABIS. A genus of plants of the elastica, South American trees. It is re-

order Urticacece. markable for its elasticity, and, being in-

Cannabis Sati'va. Common hemp. soluble in water and alcohol, is applied to
The tops of this plant have a strong nar- various valuable purposes. It is used in
cotic smell, causing giddiness, dimness of the manufacture of catheters, bougies,
sight, and a species of intoxication. pessaries, and, recently, in the prosthesis
Cannabis In'dica. The hemp culti- of the velum palati. It did not, however,
vated in the East is thought to be different answer very well at first for this latter
from the common hemp, but the two purpose, as the secretions of the mouth
plants are regarded by most botanists as and nasal cavities soon destroyed it. But
identical. It is admitted, however, to be this objection has, within a feAv years, been
more powerful in its action upon the sys- completely obviated by the discovery of a
tem. An intoxicating liquor is prepared peculiar method of preparing it, made by
from the leaves, under the name of bang, Mr. Goodyeare, a celebrated manufacturer
or ganga, in India. of New Haven, Connecticut. Mr. Stearns,
CANNULA. A surgical instrument. a surgeon of London, who has employed
See Canula. a preparation of it made by this gentle-
CANTHARIS. Cantharis vesicatoiia man, commends it very highly.
nai-ifapic, a beetle. The blister-beetle; CATER. See Cappares Spinosa.
 ;

CAP 124 CAP

CATERS. The pickled buds of the cies of inflorescence, composed of many
Capparis Spinosa. flowers, arranged in a globular form upon
CAPELl'NA. A sort of bandage re- a common stem.
sembling a woman's riding hood. CAPNIS'MOS. Fumigation.
CAPHOPICRITE. From ica+eu, to in- CAP'NOMAN'CY. From aanvoc, smoke,
hale, and Tnapog, bitter. The bitter prin- and uavreia, prophecy. Divination by
ciple of rhubarb. smoke. Among the ancients this was done
CAPHORA. Capliura. Camphor. by burning the seed of poppy and other
CAPI'BARA. A rodent quadruped of herbs, and observing the fancied figures
the largest size, found along the rivers of which the smoke assumed.
South America. The water-hog. CAPNOMAR. From /canvog, smoke,
CAriLLAMEN'TUM. Any villous or fioipa, part. A volatile, transparent liquid,
hairy covering. Also, a small fibre or fibril. obtained from tar, and having the property
CAPILLARY. CapMaris ; from capil- of dissolving caoutchouc.
lus, a little hair. Resembling a hair hair- CAPON SPRINGS. Sulphurous, cha-
;

like ; small. It is applied to the extreme lybeate and alkaline springs in Hampshire

radicles of the arteries and veins. Also, County, Virginia.

parts of plants which bear a resemblance CAP'PA. The monk's-hood has been so
to hairs. called from its supposed resemblance to the
Capillary Attrac'tiox. The power head.
by which a liquid rises higher in a fine CAP'PARIS. A genus of plants of the
tube than the surface of the liquid hi which order Capparidcoz. Capers.
one end of it is placed. Capparis Baduc'ca. A species of ca-
CAPIL'LUS. The hair. per cultivated in India from the juice of ;

CAITS'TRUM. Literally, a bridle. The which the natives make a liniment, said to
single split bandage used in fractures and be anodyne. The flowers are purgative.
other injuries of the lower jaw. Capparis Spino'sa. The caper plant, a
CAPIPLE'NIUM. A sort of catarrh. native of the South of Europe. The buds
Also, a heaviness or disorder of the head, are used as a pickle.
common at Rome. CAPPING: THE NERVE OF A
CAPITAL. Capitalis. Belonging to TOOTH. An operation recommended by
the head. Applied to surgical operations Dr. Koecker for the purpose of protecting
it denotes those of greater magnitude, as an exposed dental pulp from injury in
amputations, excisions, &c. filling a tooth. See Filling Teeth.
CAPITA'LIA REME'DIA. Remedies CAPREOLA'RIS. From cqprcolus, a
for the head. tendril, Capseolatus. Twisted ; contorted j

CAPITATE. From caput, the head. applied by some to the spermatic vessels.
Headed ; terminated in a head or sudden CAP'RIC ACID. A volatile acid of a
enlargement. disagreeable odor, obtained from butter on
CAPITILU'VIUM. From caput, the its conversion into soap.
head, and lavare, to wash. A lotion or CAPRIFOLIA'CE/E. A family of di-

bath for the head. cotyledonous monopetalous plants, having

CAITTITRAHA. Instruments to draw for its type, the genus Caprifolium, and
down the head of the foetus. nearly allied to the Cinchonaccce.
CAPITO'NES. Foetuses whose heads CAPRIFO'LIUM. From capra, a goat,
are so large as to interfere with delivery. and folium, a leaf. The genus to which
CAPIT'ULATE. Capitulatus. Headed; the wild honeysuckle belongs, consisting of
arranged in the form of a little head. twining shrubs, having, in most cases, long
CAPIT'ULUM. Diminutive of caput, tubular flowers of peculiar sweetness.
the head. A small head or knot. In CAPRILO'QUIUM. iEgophony.
Chemistry, an alembic. In Botany, a spe- |
CAPRINIC ACID. An acid with a
 ; ;

CAP 125 CAR

sweet like odor, obtained from butter in CAPSULAR. Capsularis. Having the
fine acicular crystals. form, or partaking of the nature, of a cap-
CAPRINYL. The organic radical of sule.
the foregoing. Oil of rue supposed to
is CAPSULE. Capsula.
be its oxyhydrate. Its formula is 0>o Capsule, Gelatinous. An envelope
Hi* of gelatin enclosing copaiba and other dis-
CAr'ROMYS. From aanpog, a boar, agreeable oils.

and junf, a mouse. A genus of rodent Capsule of Glisson. A dense cellular

mammalia, exclusively confined to the membrane surrounding the vena porta? in
island of Cuba. They have four molar its most minute ramifications in the liver,
teeth on each side of each jaw, with three described by Glisson.
outer, and one inner cusp in the upper Capsule, Renal. Supra-renal capsule.
teeth, and in the lower this arrangement is See Capsula Atrabiliaris.
reversed. Capsule, Seminal. A name given by
CAPRON'IC ACID. A clear, oily, un- Bartholine to the dilatation of the extrem-
pleasantly smelling fluid, obtained from ity of the vas deferens. Some anatomists
cocoanut oil, butter and Limburg cheese. give this name to the vesicuke semi-
CAPRONYL. The basis of the fore- nales.
going. Formula C12 Hn. Capsule, Syno'vial. A membranous
CAP'SICIN. An acrid resin obtained bag enveloping an articulation, and secret-
from Cayenne pepper. ing a lubricating fluid.
CAP'S CUM. From nan™, to bite be-
I CAPUT. The head, cranium, or skull
;

cause of its effect on the mouth. A genus the upper extremity of a bone, as the head
of plants of the order Solanacece. of the femur. Also, the origin of a mus-
Capsicum An'nuum. Cayenne pepper cle, as the long head of the biceps ; and it
Guinea pepper. It is a powerful stimulant is sometimes applied to a protuberance re-
and produces, when taken into the sto- sembling a head, as also to the beginning
mach, a sense of heat and a glow u]5on the of a part.
skin. It is used as a condiment and is Caput Gallinag'inis. Verumontdnum,
valuable as a medicinal agent. A protuberance in the urethra in men, sit-
Capsicum Frutescens. Shrubby plants uated before the neck of the bladder.
growing in hot climates, said to produce Caput Mort'uum. Dead head. A term
most of the Caj enne pepper brought from formerly applied to the inert residuum of
T

the West Indies and South America. chemical operations.

CAP'SULA. Diminutive of capsa, a Caput Ob'stipum. Wry neck.
chest or case. A capsule. A membran- Caput Pur'gum. A remedy which
ous bag enclosing a part of the body, as causes a defluxion from the head, as an
the capsular ligament, the capsule of the errhine, sialagogue, &c.
crystalline lens, &c. The matrices or sacs Caput Scapulae. Acromion.
of the teeth are sometimes called capsules. Caput Succeda'neum. A swelling of
In Botany, the membranous pericardium the head of the foetus, which occurs in cer-
or seed-vessels of a plant. tain cases of labor.

Capsula Atrabilia'ris. The supra- Caput

The epididymis.
Tes'tis.
renal capsules, or supra-renal glands two
; CARABAC'CIUM.
The name of a yel-
flattened triangular bodies, one on each lowish aromatic wood of India, supposed 1

side surmounting the corresponding kid- to possess stomachic and antiscorbutic prop-
ney. erties.

Capsula Cor'dis. Capsule of the Heart. CAR'ABUS. A genus of coleopterous-

The pericardium. insects. Two species, the Crysocephalus
Capsula Lumba'ris. The receptaculum and Ferrugineus, were at one time much
chyli. vaunted as a remedy for tooth-ache, and 1

9
 CAR 126 CAR
even quite recently they were highly re- CARAWAY. SeeCarum.
commended in Germany for this purpose. CARBAZO'TIC ACID. A peculiar acid
They were first rubbed between the thumb formed by the nitric acid on indigo.
and finger, and then applied to the affected CARBO ANIMA'LIS. Carlo carnis.
tooth and gum. See Coccinella Septem- Animal charcoal. Ivory-black.
punctata. Carbo Fossilis. Stone coal.
CARAMATA. A tree in the inland Carbo Ligni. Charcoal.
parts of Pomeroon, the bark of which is CARBOHYDRATES. Hydrates of car-
supposed to be febrifuge. bon. Organic substances composed of
CARAMEL. The black, shining carbon- nearly equal parts of carbon, hydrogen and
aceous mass resulting from the slow com- oxygen. Cellulose, starch and sugar be-
bustion of sugar. long to this class.

CARAN'NA. Caran'nce gummi ; car- CARBOL'IC ACID. Hydrated oxyd of

agna, A concrete resinous substance, phenyl. One of the products of the distilla-
having an aromatic smell and bitter taste, tion of the coal of tar. When pure, it ap-
formerly used as an ingredient in vulnerary pears as a colorless, oily liquid.
balsams, and in discutient and strengthen- CARBOMETHYL'IC ACID. An acid
ing plasters. resulting from the action of carbonic acid
CAR'AT. From the Arab hjrat, a upon pyroxylic spirit.

weight, or from nepanov, a small weight, CAR'BON. From carbo, coal. In Chem-
or, according to some, from kuara, an Af- istry this term is used to signify a pure
rican term for the bean used by the natives combustible base of the varieties of char-
of the Gold Coast for weighing gold dust. coal and other carbonaceous substances.
A weight of four grains, used in weighing The diamond is the purest form of crystal-

diamonds. It is also used in reference to lized carbon.

the fineness of gold. For example, sup- Carbon, Sksqui-I'odide of. A yellow
pose the mass spoken off " to weigh 24 precipitate, obtained by adding water to
carats, of twelve grains each and the pure an alcoholic solution of iodine deprived of
;

gold is celled fine. Thus, if gold be said to its color by potassa. It has been used in
be 22 carats fine, or standard, it is implied glandular and cutaneous affections.
that 22-24ths are pure gold, and 2-24ths Carbon, Sulphuret of. A transpa-
alloy. In the process of assaying gold, rent colorless fluid, of an unpleasant taste
the real quantity taken is very small, gen- and smell. It was formerly supposed to
erally from six to twelve grains and this be diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue and
;

is termed the assay pound. It is sub- antispasmodic.

divided into 24 carats, and each carat into CAR'BONAS. A carbonate.
four asiay grains, and each grain into quar- CAR'BONATE. A salt formed by the
ters ; so that there are three hundred and union of carbonic acid with a salifiable base.
eighty-four separate reports for gold. CAR'BONATED. Carbonatus. Aera-
When the gold assay pound is only six ius. That which is combined with car-
grains, the quarter assay grain only weighs bonic acid.
l-64th of a grain. This will give some idea CARBONIC ACID. Ac'idum carbon'i-
of the accuracy required in the weights cum. Fixed air ; carbonaceous acid ; me-
and scales used for such delicate opera- phitic acid. A transparent, colorless, gase-
tions." The still further division of the ous acid, without smell, irrespirable, and
carat brings it to l-32d of the original incapable of supporting combustion. It
|

weight. This method of exposing the is acompound of carbon and oxygen CO ; .

|

fineness of gold, however, is gradually Carbonic Oxyd. Gaseous oxyd of car-

yielding to the more scientific decimal bon ; the protoxyd of carbon, CO.
mode. CARBONICUM NATRUM. Carbon-
* Brand's Encyclopaedia. ate of soda.
 CAR 127 CAR
CARBO'NIS SULPHURETUM. Sul- sound. A fever in which the patient is af-

phuret of carbon. fected with tremor and unceasing noise in

CARBO'NIUM. Carbon. his ears.
CARBONIZATION. The conversion CARCINO'MA. From Kapnivoc, a crab,

of organic substances into charcoal. a cancer. See Cancer.

CARBUNCLE. See Anthrax. Carcinoma H^mato'des. Hawiatodes.
CARBUN'CULUS. Diminutive of carlo,
Fungus haimatodes. Most authors use the
a burning coal. A carbuncle. term in the same sense as cancer. Some
Carbunculus Rubi'ntjs. A shining red apply it to incipient cancer, and some to
gem of great value. Formerly the most that species of cancer which resembles ce-
astounding stories were told of its miracu- rebral substance.
lous powers in medicine and divination. CARDAM1NE. A genus of plants of
Carbunculus Ulcusculo'sus. Cynan- the order Cruciferoz.
che maligna. Cardamine Praten'sis. The cuckoo-
CARBURET. A
com- flower, or ladies' smock ; a perennial her-
Carburetum.
pound of carbon with any simple combus- baceous plant, formerly supposed to be
tible substance. For example, carbureted diuretic and antispasmodic.
hydrogen is hydrogen holding carbon in CAR'DAMOM. Cardamo'mum ; from
solution.Steel is a carburet of iron. napdia, the heart, because it was supposed
Carburet op Sul'phur. A liquid com- to strengthen this organ. The fruit of
pound of carbon and sulphur. It was Alpinia cardamomum is a warm and grate-
formerly called alcohol of sulphur, and is ful aromatic, but chiefly employed as an
now obtained by passing the vapor of sul- ingredient in compound medicinal prepa-
phur over ignited charcoal. rations.
CARBURETED HYDROGEN. Car- Cardamoms, Ceylon. The fruit of the
bon and hydrogen ; light inflammable air ; Amomum Grana Paradisi, consisting of
defiant gas. Ifydrognrcl of carbon. There seeds of an ovate form, often angular and
aretwo gaseous compounds of carbon and slightly cuneiform, and of a strong hot and
hydrogen, ole.fi ant gas, or oil-making gas, peppery taste. They are rarely used as a
so called because it forms an oily compound medicinal agent.
with chlorine, and light carbureted hydro- CARDAMOMUM. Cardamoms.
gen, found in some coal mines, which is CAR'DIA. Kapdta, the heart. Also,
known by the name
damp, and is the upper orifice of the stomach.
of jire
the cause of the explosions which some- CAR'DIAC. Cardiacus, from aapdta, the
times took place previously to the inven- heart. Relating to the heart. Also, to the
tion, by Sir Humphrey Davy, of the safety superior opening of the stomach.
lamp. It is also evolved from the mud of Cardiac ARTERIES. Coronary arteries.
stagnant pools and ditches. Olcfiant gas Two arteries given off by the aorta above
.is obtained by distilling a mixture of one the free edges of the sigmoid valves, and
part of alcohol and two in bulk of sulphu- distributed to both surfaces of the heart.
ric acid, and which is
collected over water, Cardiac Nerves. The nerves of the
said to absorb more than one-seventh of its heart. They are distinguished into right
volume of the gas. and left, and arise from the cervical gang-
CAIl'BYLS. A term used by Lowig, in lia.

his classification of animal substances, to Cardiac Gano'lion. A ganglion situated

denote those radicals which consist of two beneath the arch of the aorta.
or more atoms of carbon. Thus, oxalic Cardiac Plex'us. A net-work formed
O3 H3 is said to be a hydrated by the cardiac nerves at the back part of
acid , Oa ,

oxvd of oxotyl, Ox or C2, which is a car- the aorta, near the heart.
byl. Cardiac Veins. The coronary veins.
CAR'CAROS. From Kapmipu, to re- They are four in number, two anterior, and
 CAR 128 CAR
two posterior, and open by one orifice into milk-thistle, or lady's thistle. Tire seeds
the right auricle of the heart. yield a bitter oil.

CARDIA'GRA. Gout of the heart. Carduus Pineus. Pine thistle, or gum-

CARDIAG'RAPHY. Gardiagra'phia, my-rooted atractylis.
from napdia, the heart, and ypa<?ri, a descrip- Carduus Sati'vus. Carduus domesfi-
tion. A description of the heart. ais. Artichoke.
CARDIAL'GIA. From napdia, the car- Carduus Solstitia'lis. The common
dia, and alyoq, pain. Pain of the stomach. star thistle.
Heartburn. Carduus Tomento'sus. The cotton this-
CARDIALOG'IA. From napdia, the tle.

heart, and hoyog, a discourse. A treatise on CAREBA'RIA. From icapt, the head,
the heart. and (3apog } weight. Heaviness of the head.
CARDIATOM'IA. From aapdia, the CARE'NA. The twenty-fourth part of
heart, and re/nvetv, to cut. Dissection of a drop.
the heart. CA'REX ARENA'RIA. Sea sedge. The
CARDIATROPH'IA. Atrophy of the root has been used in affections of the tra-

heart. chea and in rheumatism.

CARDIELCO'SIS. From napta, the CARIBBEAN BARK. The bark of Ex-
heart, and elaoq, an ulcer. Ulceration of ostema caribozum ; a false cinchona.
the heart. CAR'ICA. The fig-tree. See Ficus Ca-
CARDIOMALA'CIA. From mpHia, the rica.

heart, and fic&cuaa, softness. Softening of Carica Papa'ya. The papaw-tree; a

the heart. native of warm climates; every part of
CARDION'CHUS. From mpduz, the which, except the fruit, yields an acrid
heart, and oy/cof, a tumor. An aneurism milky juice, considered, while fresh, a rem-
of the heart, or of the aorta near it. edy for tape-worm.

CARDIOPAL'MUS. From napSia, the CARIES. From netpw, to abrade. Ul-

heart, and naX/iog, pulsation. Palpitation ceration of bone.
of the heart. Caries Dentium. See Caries of the
CARDIOPATHY. Cardiopath'ia. From Teeth.
Kapdia, the heart, and 7ra#of, disease. Dis- Caries of the Teeth. A chemical de-
ease of the heart. composition of the earthy part of any por-
CARIORRHEX'IS. From Kapdca, the tion of a tooth, accompanied by a partial

heart, and pv&c, rupture. Rupture of the or complete disorganization of the animal
heart. framework of the affected part.
CARDIOSTEND'SIS. Mr. Thomas Bell has substituted for
Contraction of
the openings of the heart. term gangrene, supposing the
caries, the
CARDIOT'ROMUS. From mpSia, the latter to convey a more correct idea of the
heart, and rpo/jog, tremor. Feeble palpita- true nature of the affection but as the lat- ;

tion, or fluttering of the heart. ter might be applied to another affection of

CARDIOT'ROTUS. One wounded in the teeth, namely, nea-osis, with as much
the heart. propriety as to the one now under consid-
CARDITIS. From mp6ia, the heart, eration, the author thinks it better to con-
and itis, inflammation. Inflammation of tinue the use of the former.
the heart. The occurrence of the disease is ordina-
CAR'DO. A hinge. The articulation rily first indicated by an opaque or dark
called ginglymus. spot on the enamel and, if this bo re- ;

CAR'DUUS. A genus of plants of the moved, the subjacent dentine will exhibit a
order Composite?. black, dark brown, or whitish appearance.
Carduus Domes'ttcus. The artichoke. It usually commences on the outer surface
Carduus Maria'nus. The common of the dentine, under the enamel ; from
 CAR 129 CAR
thence it proceeds towards the centre, until ous, peeling, perforating, black, deruptive,
it reaches the pulp cavity. stationary and wasting caries.

If the diseased part is of a soft and humid The roots of the teeth frequently remain
character, the enamel, after a time, usually firm in their sockets for years after their
breaks in, disclosing the ravages it has made crowns and necks have been destroyed, but
on the subjacent dentine. But this does not nature, after the destruction of the latter,
always happen the tooth sometimes re- as if conscious that the former are of no
;

mains nearly perfect, until its whole inte- further use, exerts herself for their expul-
rior structure is destroyed. sion, which is effected by the gradual wast-
There is no portion of the crown or neck ing and filling up of their sockets.
of a tooth exempt from the disease; yet Three distinct theories of the cause of
some parts are more liable to be first at- dental caries have, at different times, pre-
tacked than others ; as, for example, the vailed — 1st, the chemical theory ; 2d, the
depressions in the grinding surfaces of the and 3d, the chemico-viial. To these a
vital,

molars and bicuspids, the approximal sides 4th might be added, viz: the endosmotic, but
of all the teeth —
the posterior or palatine this last is merely an explanation of the
surfaces of the lower incisors ; and, in short, first.

wherever an imperfection in the enamel ex- Fauchard, Auzebe, Bourdet, Lecluse,

ists, it may develop itself. Jourdain, and most of the French writers
When the enamel is first attacked, the of the eighteenth century, on the diseases
disease is usually called erosion ; but as the of the teeth, as well as nearly all of the
enamel does not contain as much animal more modern French authors, though their
matter as the subjacent osseous structure, views with regard to the causes of dental
the part is washed away by the saliva of caries are exceedingly vague and confused,
the mouth, while in the dentine, in most express the belief that the disease is, for
instances, it remains, and may be removed the most part, the result of the action of
in distinct laminae, after the calcareous chemical agents; such, for example, as
molecules have been decomposed. vitiated saliva, the putrescent remains of
In teeth that are very hard, the decayed particles of food lodged between the teeth,
part is of a much firmer consistence, and or in their interstices, acids, and a corrupt-
of a darker color, than in soft teeth. Some- ed state of the fluids conveyed to these or-
times it is black ; at otlier times it is of a gans for their nourishment. They also
dark or light brown ; and at other times mention certain states of the general health,
again, it is nearly white. As a general mechanical injuries, sudden transitions of
rule, the softer the teeth, the lighter, soft- temperature, &c, as being conducive to
er, and more humid the decay. The color the disease. A similar explanation, too,
of the decayed part, however, may be, and of the cause of dental caries, is given by
doubtless is, in some cases, influenced by Salmon, the author of a Compendium of
—
other circumstances perhaps by some pe- Surgery, published in London, 1644.
culiar modification of the agents upon the Since the publication of Mr. Fox's cele-
presence of which the disease is depend- brated treatise on the "Natural History
ent. and Diseases of the Teeth," in 1806, and
The appellations, deep seated, superficial, until quite recently, inflammation of the
external, and internal, simple and compli- dentine has been regarded by most Eng-
cated, have been applied by some writers lish writers as the immediate cause of the
to this disease. But these distinctions are disease. Having, as this author supposed,
unnecessary, since they only designate the discovered an identity of structure between
different stages of the disease. the teeth and other bones, he at once came
Equally unnecessary is the classification to the conclusion that the diseases of the
adopted by M. Duval, who enumerates one were the same as those of the other.
seven varieties or species, namely, calcare- But subsequent observation has shown the
 CAR 130 CAR
inference to be incorrect. There is but lit- By the removal of the decomposed part and
tle, if any, analogy between the disease as the filling the cavity with an indestructible
it occurs in the one and manifests itself in material, the presence of those agents,upon
the other. In the teeth it consists simply the chemical action of which the disease
depends, is prevented, and its further
in the decomposition of the inorganic basis,
and the disorganization of the animal progress arrested.
framework of the affected part, whereas, Among the indirect causes of caries, the
in other bone, it is analogous to ulceration following may be enumerated ; depositions
in soft parts, constantly discharging a fetid of tartar upon the teeth ; a febrile or irrita-
sanies and throwing out fungous granula- ble state of the body a mercurial diathesis
;

tions, phenomena which dental caries never of the general system ; artificial teeth, im-
exhibit. properly inserted, or of bad materials;
If inflammation of the dentine, then, is roots of teeth ; irregularity in the arrange-
not the cause of the decay of these organs, ment of the teeth ; too great a pressure of
how is the disease produced ? This ques- the teeth against each other ; and, in short,
tion can only be answered in one way. It every thing that is productive of irritation
is the result of the action of external chem- to the alveolar and dental membranes, or
ical agents, and this explanation of the gums.
cause is not based upon mere hypothesis. All teeth are not equally liable to decay,
It is supported by facts which cannot be or in other words, not equally susceptible
successfully controverted. It is well known to the action of the causes that produce the
that the fluids of the mouth, especially the disease. Teeth that are well formed, well
mucus, whtn in a vitiated condition, are arranged, and of a compact and close tex-
capable of decomposing the enamel of teeth ture, seldom decay, and even when they
not possessed of more than ordinary den- are attacked by caries, the progress of the
sity. The truth of this assertion is dem- disease is less rapid than it is in imperfect,
onstrated by the fact that dead teeth, and ly formed teeth, or teeth which are of a
the crowns of human teeth, or those of an- soft texture, or irregularly arranged.
imals, when employed as substitutes for CARI'NA. Literally, a keel. In Bota-
the loss of the natural organs, are as liable ny, the two lower petals of a papilionace-
to decay as living teeth, and the decayed ous corolla, more or less united together by
part of the one exhibits about the same char- their lower margins.
acteristics that it does in the other. The CARINATE. Keel-shaped, furnished
same is true, too, with regard to all artifi- with a sharp and prominent back, like the
cial teeth constructed from bone of any sort, keel of a vessel.
or of ivory. If the disease was depend- CA'RIOUS. Affected with caries.
ent upon any vital operation, neither dead CARLI'NA. A genus of plants of the
teeth nor dental substitutes, composed of order Composite.
bone, would ever decay. But inasmuch Carlina Acanthifo'lia. The wild ar-

as they do, it is reasonable to suppose tichoke.

that the cause which produces it in the Carlina Acaul'is. The carline thistle,

one case is capable of producing it in the at one time used as a vermifuge.

other. CARLO SANCTO. St. Charles's root.

Inflammation may influence the suscep- CAR'MEN. A verse ; a charm ; an am-

tibility of a tooth to the action of the causes ulet.

which produce decay, and even the ap- CARMINANTIA. See Carminative.
pearance of the decayed part, but it is not CARMIN'ATIVE. Carminativus ; from
the immediate cause of the disease. carmen, a verse, or charm ; because their
This theory of the cause of dental caries operationwas ascribed by the ancients to
explains the rationale of the treatment at a charm. Medicines which allay pain and
present adopted for arresting its progress. dispel flatus from the alimentary canal.
 CAR 131 CAR
CARMINE. A beautiful red pigment the cavity of the cranium by the internal
prepared from cochineal. carotid.
CAR'NEiE COLUMNS. The fleshy Carotid Canal. A canal in the tem-
fasciculi in the ventricles of the heart. poral bone traversed by the carotid artery,
CAR'NEOUS. Carneus carnosus , and several nervous filaments.
from caro, flesh. Fleshy, Resemblim Carotid Forami'na. The foramina at
flesh. each extremity of the carotid canals. They
CARNIC'ULA. Diminutive of caro, are distinguished into external and inter-
flesh. The gums A small fleshy sub- nal.
stance. Carotid Ganglion. See Carotid Nerve.
, CARNIFICA'TION. Carnificatio; from Carotid Nerve. A branch from the
caro, flesh, and fieri, to become. Becom- superior cervical ganglion of the great
ing flesh ; conversion into a substance re- sympathetic, ascending by the side of the
sembling a term applied in Pa- internal carotid artery, and forming, in the
flesh ;

thology to a morbid alteration in which carotid canal, with branches of other nerves,
certain organs assume the appearance of the carotid plexus. The carotid ganglion
flesh, as in hepatization of the lungs. is a small gangliform swelling on the under

CARNIFOR'MIS. From caro, flesh, side of the artery.

and forma, likeness. Having the appear- CAROTIN. A peculiar crystallizable,
ance of flesh ; usually applied to an abscess, ruby-red, neutral principle, inodorous and
having a hardened orifice. tasteless substance obtained from carrots.
CARNIV'ORA. An order of animals CARPA'THIAN BALSAM. A product
which subsist on flesh. of the Pinus cembra.
CARNIVOROUS. From caro, flesh, CARPEL. A term in Botany, applied
and voro, I eat. Feeding on flesh. Any to one or more whorls of modified leaves,
thing which eats flesh. Applied also to constituting the pistil.
substances which destroy fleshy excrescen- CARPHOLOGTA. From mp^, the
ces. nap of cloths, and leyu, I pluck. Deli-
CARNO'SUS. Carneous; fleshy. rious picking of the bed clothes, a danger-
CA'RO. Caro, carnis. Flesh ; the red ous symptom in disease.

part or belly of a muscle ; the pulp of CARPAL. Belonging to the carpus.

fruit. CARPOBAL'SAMUM. From kci P koc,

CAROLI'NA PINK. Spigelia marilan- fruit,and fialoauov, balsam. The fruit of

dica. the Amyris gileadensis.
CARO'TID. From icapou, to cause to CARPOL'OGY. Carpolog'ia ; from Kap-
sleep. The carotid artery is so called be- irog, fruit, and hoyoc, a treatise on fruits.

cause, when it is tied with a ligature, the CARPO-PEDAL SPASM. A spasmodic

animal becomes comatose. affection of the larynxand chest occurring
Carotid Artery. Arteria carotidca. A in young children, with croupy cough
and
large artery on each side of the neck for sjiasmodic contraction of the thumbs and
carrying the blood to the head. The right toes.
arises from the arteria innominata, and CARPOTHORE. In Botany, the axis
the left, from the arch of the aorta. Each of the fruit in umbelliferai.
is divided into an external and internal. CARPOT'ICA. The third order in the
The superior thyroideal, the sublingual, the class Gcnetica of Dr. Good's Nosology.
inferior, external, and internal maxillary, Diseases affecting impregnation.
the occipital, the external auditory, and the CARPUS. YLapnoc, the wrist. The
temporal, are branches of the external ca- wrist, consisting of eight bones, viz : the
rotid. The anterior cerebral, the posterior, scaphoides, lunarc, cuneiform, pisiform,
the central artery of the optic nerve, and trapezium, trapezoides, magnum, and unci-
the internal orbital, are given off within form.
 ;

CAR 132 CAS

CARRAGEEN MOSS. Irish Qarum Carui. The Caraway plant.

Moss; the
Chondrus crispus. The ^eds have a warm, aromatic and
CARRAGEE'NIN. The mucilaginous spicy taste. They arc used as a carmin-
matter obtained by boiling carrageen moss ative and stomachic.
vegetable jelly. CARUNCLE. Caruncula. Diminutive
CAR'ROT. An esculent root of the ge- of caw, flesh. A small fleshy excrescence.

nus Daucus. See Daucus Carota. CARUN'CULA. Caruncle.

CAR'THAMUS. A genus of plants of Caruncula Lachryma'lis. A small,
the order Compositce. red glandular body, at the inner angle of
Carthamus Tincto'rius. The system- each eye.
aticname of the saffron flower, or bas- Caruncul2E Cuticula'res Nymphaj.
tard saffron. The seeds are cathartic, Caruncula Myrtifor'mes. Several
emetic and diuretic. The flowers are used small reddish tubercles near the orifice of
for dying, under the name of safflower. the vagina, supposed to be the remains of
CARTHAMIN. A brilliant red, or the hymen.
rouge coloring matter, obtained from saf- Caruncula Papilla'res. The papillse
flower. within the pelvis of the kidneys.
CAR'TILAGE. Cartilago. A white, CA'RUS. Kapof, from xapa, the head,
hard and elastic part of the body, which as being the part affected. Insensibility
in the foetus serves as a substitute for and sleep. Coma.
bones, but in the adult is found only Carus Apoplex'ia. Apoplexy.
in the joints and at the extremity of the Carus Asphyx'ia. Asphyxia.
ribs. Carus Catalep'sia. Catalepsy.
Cartilages Articular. Cartilages CAR'YA. A genus of plants of the or-
which surround surfaces that are in contact der Juglandiacece. Hickory.
with each other. CARYOCOST'INUS. A purgative elec-
Cartilages, Interarticular. Carti- tuary prepared from the costus and other
lages situated within the joints. aromatic substances.
Cartilages of Ossification. The CARYOPHYLLA'CE.E. The chick-
temporary cartilages of the foetus which are weed tribe of Dicotyledonous plants.
turned to bone. CARYOrHYLL'IC ACID. Eugenic
CARTILAGINOUS. Cartilagin'em. acid. Heavy oil of cloves.
Partaking of the nature of, or resembling CARYOPHYL'LIN. A sub-resin ex-
cartilage. tracted from cloves by alcohol.
CARTILAGO ANNULARIS. The ring- CARYOPHYLLUS. A genus of plants
like, or caricoid cartilage. of the order Myrtacea;. Also, the clove,
Cartilago Aryt.enoidea. Two carti- or unexj)anded flower buds of the Caryo-
lages of the larynx. phyllus aromaticus.
Cartilago Cricoidea. The cricoid car- Caryophyllus Aromat'icus. The clove
tilage. A cartilage of the larynx, situated tree.

between the thyroid and arytenoid carti- Caryophyllus Horten'sis. The clove
lages. pink. See Dianthus caryojuiyllus.
Cartilago Ensiformis. The ensiform CARYOP'SIS. The fruit of gramineacios,

cartilages attached to the lowest part of the as of wheat, oats, rye, &c.
sternum. CASCARIL'L^E CORTEX. The bark
CARUEN. Non-oxygenated oil of Car- of the Qroton Eleideria and some of the
away, obtained by distilling the crude oil other species. It is in quills has an
;

with hydrate of potassa. agreeable smell, and a slightly bitter taste,

CARUM. Kapog, from Carta, a province with considerable aromatic warmth. It is

in Asia. Caraway. A genus of plants of aromatic, tonic, and febrifuge.

the order Umbelliferoe, CASHEW. Anacardium orientale.
 ;

CAS 133 CAS

CASEIN". Caseum ; from caseus, cheese. soda, or common salt, to each pint of the
A protein compound, the only nitrogenous dilute acid. The tin should be very pure,
constituent of milk. It is obtained by pre- and must be added to the acid, a small

cipitating milk with dilute sulphuric acid, piece at a time. When the first piece is
dissolving the precipitate in a solution of dissolved, add a second, and so on, until
carbonate of soda, reprecipitating with the acid is saturated. The solution should
acid, and washing out the fat and extract- be of a yellow color, and the operation car-
ive with alcohol and ether. When dry it ried on very slowly, and in a cool place.
is an amber yellow mass, slightly soluble When it is finished, filter the liquid and

in water, but very readily so in an alkaline dilute it by the addition of about one hun-
solution. dred times its volume of water.
CASEUS. Cheese. " Now place the dilute solution of gold
CASSE'RIAN GANGLION. The gan- in a glass vessel, and add the solution of
glion of the fifth nerve, from which proceed tin, drop by drop, stirring with a glass rod

the ophthalmic, the superior and inferior incessantly, until the liquid takes the color
maxillary nerves. of Port wine, suffer it to stand, and large
CAS'SIA. A genus of plants of the or- flocks of the purple will fall to the bottom
der Ler/uminosce. Also, the cassia bark. of the vessel, decant the solution, wash and
Cassia Ciiam^ecris'ta. A small pros- dry the precipitate, which will be of the
trate shrub, common in the United States, most splendid purple color."
resembling Cassia Marilandka in its medi- CASSUMU'NIAR. A bitter aromatic
cinal properties. root, brought in irregular slices from the
Cassia Caryophylla'ta. The clove East Indies.
bark tree. CASTA'NEA. A genus of trees and
See Myrtus Caryophyllata.
Cassia Fis'tula. The purging cassia shrubs of the order Cupuliferw. The chest-
the fruit of the Cassia jistula. The pulp nut.
of the pods of this tree is generally lax- Castanea Equina. An erroneous name
ative. for the horse chestnut.
Cassia Marilan'dica. American senna. Castanea Pumila. The chinquapin.
A native cassia, resembling the foreign in CASTILE SOAP. Hard, olive-oil soda
its medicinal qualities, but less active. soap.
Cassia Senna. One of the plants which CASTING. In Dental Surgery, running
produce senna. fused lead, tin, zinc or brass, into a mould
Cassia Fistula Pulpa. The pulp of made in sand with a plaster transfer of any
purging cassia. portion, or the whole of the alveolar border
CASSIUS' PRECIPITATE. A purple and so many of the teeth as may be re-
powder used as a coloring ingredient in maining in it, and palatine arch when it
gum enamel for porcelain teeth. It is com- becomes necessary to adapt a plate to it.
monly called purple powder, and the fol- The castings employed in mechanical den-

lowing is Thenard's method of preparing tistry are sometimes made by pouring fused
it: metal directly upon the plaster model, and
" Make an aqua regia of one part of afterwards into the mould thus formed.
muriatic or chloro-hydric acid, and two See Metallic Models. -,

parts of nitric, to dissolve the gold. When CASTLE-LEOD SPRING. A sulphu-

it is dissolved, dilute it with water and fil- rious spring in Ross-shire, Scotland, cele-
ter it, then make it very dilute by the ad- brated for the cure of cutaneous diseases
dition of a large quantity of water, make and foul ulcers.
also an aqua regia to dissolve the A genus of animals. Also,
tin, of CASTOR.
one pa.t of nitric acid, and two parts of a peculiar concrete substance, having a
pure water, to which is to be added one strong and unpleasant odor, found in bags
hundred and thirty grains of muriate of near the rectum of the beaver.
 CAT 134 CAT
Castor Fiber. The beaver which fur- loose. A term applied in Chemistry to the
nishes the castor. decomposition and the formation of a new
Castor Oil. The oil obtained from the compound of the proximate and element-
seeds of the Eicinus communis. ary principles of one or more compounds,
CASTO'REUM. Castorium. Castor. by the presence of one or more substances
CASTOKINE. A crystalline resin ob- which do not of themselves enter into com-
tained from a hot alcoholic solution of cas- bination ; decomposition by the catalytic
toreum. force, or the action ofpresence.
CASTRATION. Castra'tio. The opera- CATALYTIC. Relating to catalysis.
tion for the removal of the testicles. Catalyt'ic Force. That modifica-
CASTRA'TUS. One deprived of his tion of the force of chemical affinity which
testicles. determines catalysis.
CATAB'ASIS. From naTa(3aivu, to de- CATAMASSE'SIS. From xara/iaaaao-
scend. An expulsion of humors down- fuu, to manducate. Grinding of the teeth,
ward. Also, a descent, as of the testicle. and biting of the tongue, as is often the
CATABLE'MA. From naraflallu, to and epilepsy.
case in convulsions
throw around. The outermost bandage or CATAME'NIA. The menses, or monthly
fillet which secures the rest. discharge from the uterus of females be-
CATACAU'MA. From Kara/catw, to tween the ages of fourteen or fifteen and
burn. A burn or scald. forty-five.

CATACAU'SIS. From naTaiccuo to burn. CATAPAS'MA. From Kamnaaau, a

Combustion. sprinkle. A dry compound medicine pow-
Catacausis Ebrio'sa. From Karaicaiu, dered, to be sprinkled on ulcers.
to burn,and ebriosus, full of strong liquor. CATAPH'ORA. From xara^epu, to
General combustibility of the body. make sleepy. A term applied by some to
CATAC'LASIS. From bowuOom, to a disposition to sleep, and by others to
break or distort. Distorted eyelids. profound sleep.
CATACLEIS'. From Kara, beneath, CATAPHRAC'TA. From xara^paaau,
kXuc, the clavicle. The first rib beneath I fortify. A bandage for the thorax and
the clavicle. Also, applied to the acromion, shoulders.
and the connection of the sternum with the CATAPLASM. Cataplas'ma, from xar-
ribs. anXaaau, to spread like a plaster. A poul-
CATACLYS'MUS. Cataclys'ma; from tice or plaster.
Karaiikv^ELv , to submerge, inundate. A clys- CATAPLAS'MA. A cataplasm.
ter. Also, applied to a shower bath and Cataplasma AcETo'siE. A sorrel poul-
ablution. tice.

CATAG'MA. From Kara, and cryo, to Cataplasma Alu'minis. An alum

break. A fracture. plaster.
CATAGMATTCS. From Karayfia, a Cataplasma Coni'i. A hemlock poul-
fracture. Remedies supposed to promote tice.

the formation of callus. Cataplasma Dau'ct. A carrot poultice.

CATALEPSY. Catalep'sia; from Kara- Cataplasma Fermen'ti. A yeast poul-
/la/^avu, to seize, to hold. A disease char- tice.

acterized by sudden suspension of motion Cataplasma Li'ni. A linseed poultice.

and and trunk remain-
sensation, the limbs Cataplasma Sinapis. A mustard
ing in any position in which they may be plaster.
placed. CATAPLEXTS. From xara, and kItjo-

CATALTA CORDIFO'LIA. A Sudden deprivation of sen-

tree of oto, to strike.
the family Bignoniacece. The seeds have sation or power in any of the organs or
been used in asthma. members of the body.
CATAL'YSIS. From Kara, and Avw, to CATAPSYXTS. From /carafe >, I re-
 ; ;;

CAT 135 CAT

frigerate. Coldness of the body without peroxyd of iron, and none at all with tar-

shivering. antimony and potassa.

trate of

CATAPTO'SIS. From Karamnro, to CATECHUIC ACID. Catechin. A

fall down. The action of suddenly falling humin tannic acid obtained from catechu.
down, as in apoplexy. It gives a blackish blue color to persalts of

CATARACT. Catarac'ta, from koto- iron.

paaau, to confound, or disturb. A cataract. CATEIAD'ION. From mia and eia, a
Loss of sight, caused by opacity of the crys- blade of grass. A long instrument thrust
talline lens, or its capsules, which prevents into the nostrils to excite hemorrhage.
the rays of light from passing to the optic CATHiERET'IC. Catharet'ica ; from
nerve. Kadaipti, to remove. Corrosive or caustic
Cataract is divided into true and false substances used for the destruction of exu-
the former when the disease is seated in berant granulations, warts, &c.
the lens or capsule, and the latter, when CATH^E'RESIS. Exhaustion.
consisting of a deposition of matter between CATHAR'MA. From natiaipu, to re-
the capsule and lens. It is also distin- move. Matters purged from the body,
guished into idiopathic and accidental, and whether caused by purgatives or otherwise.
into hard, caseous and milky, according to CATHA1VMUS. From natiaipo, to re-

its consistence; also into white, brown, gray, move. Purgation. Applied also to the
yellow, black, pearly and green, according to cure of disease by magic.
its color. It may, also, be simple or com- CATHAR'SIS. From nadaipu, to take
plicated with glaucoma, amaurosis, adhe- away, to purge. Natural or artificial pur-
sion or sj)ecks on the cornea. gation by any of the passages.
CATARRH'. Calar'rhus, from Karappeu, CATHARTIC. Galhar'iicus ; from kci9-

I flow down. Increased secretion and dis- aipu, to purge. A medicine which, when
charge of fluid from the mucous membrane taken internally, increases the number of
of the nose, fauces and bronchia, accom- alvine evacuations. The medicines belong-
panied with fever, cough, sneezing, loss of ing to this class are numerous.
appetite and lassitude. It sometimes as- CATHARTIN. The active principle
sumes an epidemic form, prevailing very of senna.
generally throughout a whole country. CATHARTOCARTUS. Cassia fistula

CATARRHAL. Relating to catarrh. a leguminous tree of the East and West

CATCH-FLY. Silene virginica. The Indies. It yields the cassia pulp of the

root is said to possess vermifuge properties. pharmacopoeia.

Catch Pivot. See Clacking Pivot. CATHETER. Kaderyp • from ftoftfltytf,

CATARRHCE'TICUS. From Karappeu, to thrust into. A hollow tube to be intro-

I flow from. A catarrhal affection. duced into the urinary bladder, to draw off
CAT A RTI S'MUS . From aarapTiieiv, to the water, made of silver or elastic gum.
repair, replace. Coaptation of a fractured Cathetek, Eusta'chian. A catheter

or luxated bone. for opening obstructions in the Eustachian

CATASTASIS. From K«tor«pt, I es- tube.

tablish. The state, condition, or consti- Catheter Na'sal. An instrument for

tution of any thing. catheterizing the nasal duct.

CAT'ECHU. The various extracts from CATHETERIS'MUS. From natiemp, a

the Acacia catechu. It is a powerful astrin- a catheter. The introduction of a catheter

gent. into the bladder.

Catechu Tannin. Catechu Tannic CATHODE. From naia and «fof, a way
Acid. A tannin obtained from catechu. It the downward way, or the direction in

is amorphous mass, soluble in which the sun sets. A term invented by

a yellow,
water, alcohol and ether. It gives a Faraday, in his new galvanic nomenclature,
grayish green precipitate with salts of the to indicate what was formerly called the
 CAT 136 CAU
negative pole of the battery. When the below. Diseases which affect internal sur-
poles are placed east and west, the positive faces, and produce a morbid condition of
current enters at the anode, (from ava, up- the fluids.
ward, and o(5oj, or the way in which the CAT'S EYE. A variety of chalcedony,
sun rises,) or eastern, and leaves at the or quarts, so called from the resemblance
western end of the circuit, whence its point of the opalescent reflections from within,
of departure has been called the cathode. to those observed in the eye of a cat.
CATHODIC. An epithet applied by Cat's Foot. Ground ivy, or gill.
Dr. Marshall Hall to the downward course Cat's Purr. A characteristic auscult-
of nervous action. atory sound of the chest.
CATHOL'ICON. From nara, andoAt/coj, CAUDA. From Cado, to fall. A tail.

universal. A universal medicine, or rem- Cauda Equi'na. The spinal mar-

edy supposed to be capable of curing all row, at its termination about the second
diseases. lumbar vertebra, gives off a large number
CATION. From Kara and iov, that of nerves, which, when unraveled, resem-
which goes. A term used by Faraday to ble a horse's tail, and hence the name.
indicate those atoms of a substance, under- CAUDATE. From cauda, a tail. Tailed;
going galvanic decomposition, which ap- a term applied, in Botany, to organs of
pear at the cathode. Those appearing at plants which have a tail-like elongation,
the anode are called anions. and in Zoology, to an animal furnished with
CATIL'LIA. A nine
ounce weight. a long tail.
CATKIN. In Botany, an ament, or CAUDEX. In Botany, the trunk of a
species of inflorescence, consisting of many tree ; the main body of a tree or root, as
scales ranged along a stalk, as in hazel, candex ascendens and caudex descendens.
oak, willow, &c, so called from its resem- CAUL. The omentum.
blance to a cat's tail. See Amentum. CAULE'DON. From navlos, a stalk.

CAT'LING. A long, sharp-pointed, A transverse fracture.

double-edged knife, used chiefly for divid- CAULES'CENT. Caules'cens. Having
ing the interosseous ligaments, in amputa- a true stem.-
tions of the forearm and leg. CAU'LIFLOWER EXCRESCENCE.
CATOCATHARTIC. Catocathar'iiciis; Excresentia syphilitica. An excrescence
from kbtcj, downward, and icadaipu, to which occurs in syphilitic diseases, chiefly
purge. A medicine which purges down- about the anus and vulva.
ward. CAULINE. Growing on the stem.
CATOCHUS. From tcarexa, to detain. CAU'MA. Kav/ia, heat, from aaiu, to
A spasmodic disease in which the body is burn. The heat of the body in fever ; burn-
held in an upright position ; a species of ing heat.
catalepsy. CAUSE. That which produces an effect.
CATOPTRIC EXAMINATION OF An act preceding another and in which
THE EYE. A
means of diagnosis in the former is necessary to the latter.
cataract, founded on the phenomena of re- CAU'SIS. From mio, to burn. To
flected light. Thus, when a lighted candle burn. Act of combustion.
is held before the eye, if the cornea, the CAUSO'MA. From nauj, to burn. Great
cr3'stalline lens and its capsules are trans- heat. Inflammation.
parent, three images will be seen ; the first CAUSTIC. Gaus'ticus ; from kom, to
from the cornea, and the other two from burn. A substance which, when applied
the anterior and posterior surfaces of the to the body, produces a burning sensation,
crystalline lens, but opacity of any of these and disorganizes animal substances by
surfaces will destroy their reflecting prop- destroying their texture.
erty. Caustic Alkali. Pure alkali.
CATO'TICA. Cato'iicus; from koto, Caustic Barley. Sec Cevadilla.
 CEA II CEL
Caustic, Lunar. Nitrate of silver. Ceanotiius Americanus. New Jer-
Caustic Volatile Alkali. Ammo- sey tea ; red root ; a small shrub growing
nia. throughout the United States. The root
CAUSTICITY. Having a caustic prop- is astringent, and said to be useful in
erty. syphilitic affections.
CAUSTICUM. A caustic. GEAS'MA. From keu, to split or divide.
CAU'SUS. A name applied by Hippoc- A fissure.

rates to an ardent fever, from its extreme CE'DAR. A name given to several spe-
heat, supposed to be a variety of bilious and to a species of pinus.
cies of juniper,

intermittent. Cedar, Red. An evergreen tree, the

CAUTERIZATION. The act of cau- Juniperus virginiana, seldom growing to
terizing. a height of more than forty or fifty feet.
CAUTERY. Cautc'rium ; from kqiu, to The tops are considered stimulant, emmen-
burn. An instrument used for burning or agogue, diuretic, and diaphoretic.
disorganizing the part to which it is ap- CEDEIA. Embalming.
plied. Formerly, cauteries were divided GEDMA. Aneurism. Varix.
into actual —the hot iron, and potential, CED'MATA. Keduara. Pains in the
which consists of some escharotic but it ; joints, particularly those of the hips.
is now restricted to the first, or hot iron. CEDRELE'UM. From /c«5po$, the ce-
Potential was then applied to kali purum, dar, and ehatov, oil. The oil of cedar.
or potassa, but this term is now used syn- CEDREN. The liquid portion of juni-
onymously with caustic. per oil.

CAVA, VENA. A name given to the CE'DRINUM VI'NUM. Cedar wine.

two great veins of the body which meet at A wine prepared by steeping half a pound
the right auricle of the heart. of bruised cedar berries in six French pints
CAVER'NA. From cavus, hollow. A of sweet wine. It is diuretic and sub-
cavern, an antrum. Applied to the female astringent.
organs of generation. CEDRIRET. A substance, crystallizing
CAVERNOUS. Caverno'sus. Filled in red needles, obtained from the empyreu-
with small caverns or cavities. matic oil of the tar of beech-wood, by
CAVTTAS PULT^J. The pulp cavity treating it with caustic potassa, and dis-
of a tooth. See Dental Cavity. tilling.

CAVITY. Cavitas, from cavus, hollow. CEDRITES. A vermifuge wine pre-

Any hollow. pared from the resin of the cedar, by treat-
Cavity Plate. A
term applied in ing it with sweet wine.
Mechanical dentistry, to a metallic base for CEDROLE. The solid portion of juni-
artificial teeth, so constructed as to have per oil.

one or more vacant spaces between it and CEDRUS. From Kedron, a valley
the gums, which, when applied and the air where this tree grows. See Pinus Cedrus.
exhausted, contributes very greatly to the Cedrus Americana. The arbor vit».
firmness of its adhesion. See Metallic Base Cedrus Baccifera. Savine.
for Artificial teeth. CEI'RIA. From mpw, to abrade. The
CAVUM DENTTS. See Dental Cav- tape- worm is so called from its abrading
ity. the intestines.
Cavum Nar'ium. The nares. CELASTRUS. Ceanothus Americanus.
Cavum O'ris. The mouth. CELE. Kv^V, a tumor ; a swelling. A
CAVUS. A hollow; a cavity. tumor caused by the protrusion of a soft
CAYENNE PEPPER. The ground part, and hence the compound terms, hy-
seeds of Capsicum annum. drocele, bubonocele, %-c.
CEANOTHUS. A genus of plants of CELERY. The cultivated species of
the order Ehamnacece. Apium. See Apium Graveolens.
 ;

CEM 138 CEM

CELIA. Cerevisia. M. 0. Ostermaier for filling teeth, consist-
CELL. Cella. A cavity or chamber. ing of thirteen parts of quicklime, chemi-
A minute cavity in the tissues, devoted to cally pure,and finely pulverized prompt- ;

purposes of nutrition, growth, develop- ly mixed with twelve parts anhydrous

ment or secretion. phosphoric acid, obtained by the combus-
Cells, Bronchial. The air-cells of tion of phosphorus in dry air. " A suffi-
the lungs, in which the finest ramifications cient quantity of this powder, which has
of each lobular bronchial tube terminates. become moist by the process of mixing, is

Cell, Calciu'erous. See Calcigerous then introduced into the cavity of the
Cells. tooth, previously dried by means of blot-
Cell, Epidermic or Epithelial. The ting paper, care being taken to fill the
cells which cover the free membranous cavity properly, and to level and polish
They are developed the outer surface, which is afterwards
surfaces of the body.
from germs furnished by the subjacent moistened with a little water." If more
membrane. than two minutes elapse after this mixture
Cell Ger'minal. See Cytoblast. is made, the inventor says it is unfit for

Cell-Growth. Growth by the agency use, but when used according to the direc-
of cells. tions, he asserts that it renders a carious
Cells, Mastoid. The irregular cavi- tooth similar to a sound one ; but experi-
ties in the substance of the mastoid process ence has failed to confirm his assurances
of the temporal bone. of its value.
Cell, Nucleated. See Cytoblast. CEMENTUM. One of the substances
Cell, Pigment. Cells in various parts or parts of a tooth. It covers the fang or
of the body, secreting pigment. root, and has been traced over the enamel
CEL'LULAK. Cdlula'ris. Composed it is thickest at the extremity of the root
of small cells. and becomes gradually thinner as it ap-
Cellular Membrane. Membrana cellu- proaches the neck of the tooth. Purlcinje
losa. Cellular tissue. and Fraenkel mention one case which came
Cellular System. The whole of the under
their observation, where it covered
cellular tissue of the body. the enamel of the teeth of an old man, and
Cellular Tissue. The areolar tissue. Mr. Nasmyth is of opinion that it always
CEL'LULE. Gellula; diminutive of envelops the crowns of the teeth. The
cella, a cell. A small cell. author, however, has never been able to
CEL'LULOSE. The fundamental sub- detect it, except upon the roots of the
stance of which vegetable tissue is com- teeth. Cementum also joins together the
posed, left after all products of secretion plates of compound teeth, like those of
are dissolved out. Its formula is C12 IIjo the elephant, and fills up the cavities and
O10. folds in the teeth of ruminants. It is of a
CELOTOM'IA. From *v*V, a hernia, cellular and vascular texture.
and T£fj.vu) ) to cut. The operation by cut- According to Professor Owen, cementum
ting for the cure of hernia. " always closely corresjwnds in texture
CELOTOMUS. A hernia knife. with the osseous tissue of the same animal,
CELTIC NAKD. See Valeriana Celt- and wherever it occurs of sufficient thick-
ica. ness, as upon the teeth of the horse, sloth
CEMENT'. The name of substances or ruminants, it is also traversed, like bone,
employed by chemists for uniting things by vascular canals. In reptiles and mam-
together. It has also been applied to mals, in which the animal basis of the
amalgam, a substance used by some den- bones of the skeleton is excavated by mi-
See Amalgam.
tists for filling teeth. nute radiated cells, forming with their con-
Cement for the Teeth, Ostermai- tents the ' corpuscles of Purkinje ;' these
er's. An earthy compound proposed by are likewise present, of similar size and
 CEN 139 CEN
form, in the ' cement,' and are its chief holy thistle. It is tonic, diaphoretic and
characteristic as a constituent of the tooth. emetic.
The hardening material of the cement is Centaurea Calcitra'pa. The common
partly segregated and combined with the star-thistle, or star knap- weed. The juice
parietes of the radiated cells and canals, and has been used in intermittents and neph-
is partly contained in aggregated grains in ritic disorders.

the cells, which arc thus rendered opaque." Centaurea Centau'rium. The greater
With regard manner of the
to the for- centaury, the root has been used as an
mation of the cementum, which is the last aperient and coroborent in alvine fluxes.
to appear of the dental tissues, nothing CENTAURIN.
The bitter principle
positive known. Raschkow thinks it
is European centaury. of the
may be produced by the remains of the CENTAURIUM. The common Euro-
enamel pulp, but as it cannot be detected pean centaury.
on the crowns of the human teeth, we have CENTAURY, AMERICAN. The sab-
reason for believing that it is secreted by batia angularis, or American centaury.
the periosteum, and the fact that it in- It is tonic and is used in intermittent and
creases in thickness with age, would seem remittent fevers.
to render this opinion, by far, more pro- Centaury, European. Erythraja cen-
bable. taurium a small, annual herbaceous plant,
;

CEMENTATION. A chemical process possessing tonic properties analogous to

which consists in surrounding a solid body those of gentian. It has been employed
with the powder of other substances, and in dyspeptic affections and fevers.
exposing the whole to a red heat in a closed CENTIGRAMME. From centum, a
vessel for a length of time. It is in this hundred, and ypafifia, gramme. Centi-
way that iron is converted into steel. gramma. The hundredth part of a gram-
It is also a process adopted in some of the me, which is equal to about the fifth part
mints for refining gold. See Gold, Refin- of a French grain, gr. 0.1544 troy.
ing of. CENTILITRE. The hundredth part of
CEMENTE'RIUM. A crucible. a litre, equal to about 2,7053 fluid drachms.
CENEANGEI'A. From xevog, empty, CENTIMETRE. Centimetre. The
and ayyetov, a vessel. Deficiency of blood hundredth part of a metre, which is about
in the vessels. four lines, .3937 English inch.
CEXEMB ATE'SIS. From xevog, empty, CENTIPEDE. From centum, a hun-
and e/JiSiavcj, to enter. Paracentesis, also dred, and pes, foot. The name of the myr-
the act of probing a cavity. iapodus insects of the genus Scolopendra.
CENEONES. The flanks. The largest, when full grown, have from
CENTG'DAM. Geniplam ; cenigotam ; fifty to two hundred pairs of feet.
cenipolam. The name of an instrument CENTRADIArH'ANES. Cataract due
anciently used for opening the head in to opacity of the centre of the crystalline
epilepsies. lens.
CENO'SIS. From nevo ? , empty. Gen- CENTRIP'ETAL. From centrum, the
eral evacuation ; also, sometimes applied centre, and peto, to move toward. Ap-
to inanition. proaching the centre. In Botany, an in-
CENOT'ICA. Cenol'icus ; from Kevuaig, florescence in which the marginal flowers
evacuation. Morbid or excessive dis- open first, and the central last.
charges. CENTRE OF ATTRACTION. Centre
CENTAU'REA. A genus of plants of of gravitation. The point to which bodies
the order Compositce. tend as a consequence of gravitation.
Centaurea Behen. Behen album. The CENTRES, NERVOUS. Nervous cen-
white behen. It is said to be tonic. tres. The organs, as the brain and spinal
Centaurea Benedic'ta. The blessed or marrow, from whence the nerves originate.
 ;

CEP 140 CER

CENTRUM. From kevteu, to prick. anterior or outermost vein of the arm is

The centre ; the middle point or place of so called, because taking blood from this
any thing. vein was supposed to afford relief to affec-

Centrum Commu'ne. The solar plexus. tions of the head.

Centrum Ova'le Ma'jus. The large CEPHALITIS. Phrenitis, or inflam-

white medullary mass, surrounded by cor- mation of the brain.
tical substance, seen in each hemisphere CEPHALODY'MIA. A class of double
of the brain, when divided to a level with monstrosities, in which the heads are
the corpus callosum. united.
Centrum Ovale Minus. The white CEPHALODYNIA. Cephalalgia.
central mass, surrounded by a stratum of CEPHALOMA. A medullary, or en-
gray, seen in each hemisphere of the brain, cephaloid tumor.
where a horizontal section is made about CEPHALOM'ETER, Cephelometrum
half an inch above the corpus callosum. from Ketyakr), the head, and uerpov, a meas-
CE'PA. From icijnog, a wool-card, from ure. An instrument for measuring the
the likeness of its roots. The onion. dimensions of the foetal head in parturition.
OEPHAEUS IPECACUANHA. The CEPHALON'OSUS. From Ka^akr,, the
plant from which Ipecacuanha is obtained. head, and vooo$, a disease. Febris Hungar-
CEPHA LiE'A. From Ke^alri, the head. ica. A disease which principally affects
The fleshy covering of the skull, also, head- the head.
ache. CEPHALO-PHARYNG^'US. From
CEPHALHEMATOMA. A bloody tumor netyalr), the head, <j>apvy^, the pharynx.
under the scalp. Constrictor pharyngis superior, a muscle
CEPHALiE'MIA. Accumulation of of the head and pharynx.
blood in the vessels of the brain. CEPHALO'PODA. CepJialo'pods. From
CEPHALAGO'GUS. An instrument for Kefalrj,and nov i} the foot. In Zoology, an
drawing down the foetal head. order of Mollusca, whose organs of locomo-
CEPH'ALAGRA. Gout in the head. tion are placed around the mouth, as the
CEPHALAGRATHIA. From ke<$>o1t,, cuttle fish, &c.

the head, and ypQ<Pn, a description. Ana- CEPHALOPONIA. From KeQafy, the
tomical description of the head. head, and novo ; , pain. Head-ache.
CEPHALALGIA. From nefalv, the CEPHALOSOMATODYMTA. A class
head, and alyog, pain. Cephelcea. Head- of double monstrosities in which the union
ache. is between the heads and the trunks.

CEPHALALO'GIA. An anatomical CEPHALO-SPINAL. Belonging to the

treatise on the head. head and spine, as the cephalo spinal fluid,
CEPHALAN'THUS OCCIDENTALS. a fluid found beneath the arachnoid in
A shrub of the natural order Jinbiacece, both the head and spine.
growing all over the United States, near CEPHALOTRIBE'. An instrument in-
streams and ponds. The bark of the root vented by Baudelocque for crushing the
has been used as an antiperiodic tonic. foetal head.
CEPHALARTIC^. Cephalic remedies. CEPHALOTRIP'SY. The operation of
CEPHALATO'MIA. Anatomy; dis- crushing the foetal head.
section or opening of the head. CERA. Wax. Bees-wax. A solid
CEPHALE. Ketyaln. The head. concrete animal product, prepared by the
CEPHALTC. From Ke^alri, the head. bees, and extracted from their combs, after
Pertaining to the head. the removal of the honey. When first

Cephalic Remedies. Medicines, or obtained from the comb it is called yellow

remedies used for the cure of diseases of wax, or cera flava, which is of a bright
the head. yellow color when fresh, or recently ex-
Cephalic Veins. Vena cephalica. The tracted. When softened by the fire, or in
 CER 141 CER
warm water, is very malleable and tough, CERATONYXTS. Depression of the
but it becomes brittle with age, and loses crystalline lens by a needle introduced
its fine yellow color. In Dental prosthesis, through the cornea.
it is used for the procurement of impres- CERATOT'OMUS. The name of a knife
sions of the jaws. But when used for this invented by Wenzel, for dividing the
purpose it should always be fresh. transparent cornea, in the operation of
By and reducing yellow wax cataract.
softening
into thin cakes,and exposing it for a long CERA'TUM. From cera, wax. A
time to the sun and open air, it becomes cerate.
white. This, when melted and formed in Ceratum Calamine. Cerate of cala-
cakes, is termed virgin or white wax, Cera mine.
alba. But most of the white wax sold in Ceratum Canthar'idis Cerahtm lyttce.
!

the shops is adulterated and brittle, and Cerate of the blistering fly.
consequently not so good for taking im- Ceratum Ceta'cei. Ceratum sperma-
pressions of the mouth as the yellow. ceti ; ceratum album. Spermaceti cerate.
Cera Alba. White wax. Ceratum Coni'i. Hemlock cerate.
Cera Flava. Yellow wax. Ceratum Plum'bi Aoeta'tis. Ungnen'-
Cera Vegetabilis. Vegetable wax; tum cerus'sx aceta'tce. Cerate of acetate of
natural wax. lead.
I

CERAIN. A fatty matter obtained Ceratum Plum'Bi Carbona'tis. Ce-

from white wax, not susceptible of saponi- rate of carbonate of lead.
fication. Ceratum Plum'bi Compos'itum. Ce-
CERASIN. One of the proximate prin- ratum Miliar'gyri aceta'ti compositum. Com-
ciples of cherry gum, which is insoluble pound cerate of lead.
in cold water. |
Ceratum Resi'n^;. Ceratum resince
CERAS'US. A genus of plants, insti- flava ; ceratum cii'rinum. Resin cerate.
tuted by Tournefort, of the order Drupaceai. Ceratum SABi'NiE. Savine cerate.
Cerasus Lauro-Cerasus. Cherry-lau- Ceratum Sapo'nis. Soap cerate.
rel, the leaves of which possess proper- Ceratum Sim'plex. Simple cerate.
ties similar to those of hydrocyanic acid, CERAU'NION. From icepavvoc, thun-
and are employed for preparing the cherry der, a thunderbolt. A meteoric stone. A
laurel water. stone believed to be formed during thunder,
Cerasus Serotina. The wild cherry and to be possessed of narcotic and other
tree, primus virginiana, the bark of which virtues. It was formerly rubbed on swelled
is a valuable medicinal agent. knees, breasts, &c.
CE'RATE. Ceratum. A composition CERC^E. From Kipmc, a tail. The
of wax and oil, or lard, with or without feelers which project from the hind part of
other ingredients and of a consistence inter- some insects.

mediate between that of ointments and CERCA'RIJE. From nepnoc, a tail. A

plasters. family of infusorial animalcules, having
CER'ATO. From Kepag, horn. A term an enlarged body with a slender tail-like
used as a prefix in composition, in the appendage, one of the most curious of
names of muscles. See Cerato-Glossus. which is found in salivary calculus. In-
Cerato-Glossus. A muscle of the deed, M. Mandl asserts that the tartar of

tongue. See Hyoglossus. the teeth consists of nothing more than a

Cerato-Hyoideus. The stylo-hyoideus deposit of the skeletons of dead infusoria,
muscle. agglutinated together by dried mucus, very
CERATOCE'LE. From «epaj, and mM, similar to certain earths, which, according
tumor. Hernia of the cornea, or protru- to M. Ehrenberg, are. composed almost
Bion of the membrane of the aqueous humor wholly of fossil infusoria.

through an opening in the cornea. If the theory of M. Mandl were correct,

10
 ;

CER 142 CER

tartar would be deposited upon all teeth namely, the anterior, or artery of the cor-
alike. But this is not the fact. Some pus caUosum, the middle, or arteria syl-
teeth, as the lower incisors and the outer viana, and the posterior, or posterior and
surfaces of the molars of both jaws, and inferior. The first two are furnished by
particularly the upper, are, by far, more the internal carotid, and the other by the
liable to have it deposited on them, than vertebral.
any of the other teeth. The infusoria found Cerebral Nerves. The nerves which
in salivary calculus are doubtless generated arise within the cranium.
in the muoous fluid of the mouth, which CEREB'RIFORM. Encephaloid.
is always mixed more or lessabundantly CEREBRI'TIS. Inflammation of the
with this substance as it is deposited upon cerebrum.
the teeth. It is in this way that their pres- CEREBRIC ACID. A phosphorized
ence in the tartar of the Jeeth is to be ac- acid found in the fatty matters of the brain
counted for. and nervous system.
CERCH'NOS. Cerchnus. From ke 9X o, CEREBRO-SPIN AL. Pertaining to the
to be hoarse. Wheezing. cerebrum or brain, and spinal chord.
CERCIS. A sort of pestle. Also, the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid. The fluid
radius. found beneath the arachnoid membrane of
CERCOPITHE'CUS. k£P koc, a tail, and the brain and within the sheath of the
OTii97//iof, an ape. A genus of Quadruma- spinal-marrow.
na, with long, but not prehensile tails. Cerebro-Spinants. Narcotics have been
The monkeys of the old world. so called from their effects upon the cerebro-
CERCO'SIS. From nepnoc, a tail. A spinal system.
term applied in Pathology to elongation of CERE'BRUM. The brain. A term
the clitorisalso to polypus of the uterus. sometimes applied to the whole of the con-
;

The clitoris. cranium at other times only

tents of the ;

CEREA'LIA. From upper portion of the brain. " The

ceres, the goddess to the
of harvest. Those species of graminecc, as cerebrum is divided into a right and left
wheat, corn, barley, and rye, from the hemisphere, vertically separated from each
seeds of which bread or any nutritious other, and inferiorly into six lobes, two an-
substance is made. terior, two middle, and two posterior ; sit-

CE'REA.From cera, wax. The ceru- uated within the cranium, and surrounded
men aurium, or wax of the ear. by the dura and pia mater, and tunica
CEREBELLI'TIS. Inflammation of the arachnoidea. It is composed of a cortical
cerebellum. substance, which is external ; and a med-
CEREBEL'LUM. Diminutive of cere- ullary, which is internal. It has three"
brum. The little brain, which is that por- distinct "cavities called ventricles; two
tion of the medullary mass of the cavity of anterior, or lateral, which are divided from
the cranium situated in the inferior part each other by the septum lucidum, and in
of the occipitalfossae, below the tentorium. each of which is the choroid plexus, formed

It is divided by a septum into a right and of blood-vessels ; the third ventricle is a

left lobe, and like the other part of the space between the thalami nervorum opti-

brain is composed of cortical and medul- corum. The principal prominences of the
lary matter. brain are the corpus callosum, a medullary
CER'EBRAL. Gerebralis ; from cere- eminence, conspicuous upon laying aside
brum, the brain. Belonging to the brain. the hemispheres of the brain ; the corpora
Similar to brain. striata, two striated protuberances, one in
Cerebral Apophysis. The pineal the anterior part of each lateral ventricle
•gland. the thalami nervorum oplicorum, two whit-
Cerebral Arteries. The arteries of ish eminences behind the former," from
the brain. There are three on each side, " which the optic nerves " were said to
 CER 143 CER
originate; "the corpora quadrigemina, four heated, found in a Swedish mineral called
medullary projections, called by the an- cerite.

cients nates and testes; a little cerebral CER'NUOUS. In Botany, drooping;

tubercle lying upon the nates, called the hanging down.
pineal gland; and, lastly, the crura cere- CE'ROMA. From mpoc, wax. A term
bri, two medullary columns, which proceed applied in Pathology to a fatty, waxy, or
from the basis of the brain to the medulla ob- lardaceous tumor of the brain.
longata. The cerebral arteries are branches CEROMANTI'A. From mpoc, wax,
of the carotid and vertebral arteries. The and (lavTEia, divination. The art of fore-
veins terminate in sinuses, which return telling the future from the figures which
their blood into the internal jugulars. The melted wax, when dropped on the surface
use of the brain is to give off nine pairs of of water, assumes.
nerves, and the spinal marrow, from which CEROPIS'SUS. From unpeg, wax, and
thirty-one more pairs proceed, through niaaa, pitch. A plaster composed of pitch
whose means the various senses are per- and wax.
formed, and muscular motion excited." CEROPLAS'TIC. From nypog, wax,
The brain " is also considered as the organ and nTiaarucj] rexvi), the art of the modeler
of the intellectual functions." or carver. The art of modeling in wax.
" Vauquelin's analysis of the brain is in This art is of great antiquity, and to the
100 parts 80 water, 4.53 white fatty dental surgeon who is anxious to preserve
;

matter, 0.7 reddish fatty matter, 7 albu- a transfer of the various cases of irregulari-
men, 1.12 osmazome, 1.6 phosphorus, 6.15 ty of the teeth which may come under his
acids, salts, and sulphur." notice, is particularly valuable.
Cerebrum Elongatum. Medulla ob- CEROS'SIC ACID. An acid obtained
longata, and medulla spinalis. from sugar-cane wax.
CERELjE'UM. From nvpog, wax, and CEROTUM. Cerate.
eXaiov, oil. Cerate composed of wax and CE'RULIN. Indigo dissolved in sul-
oil. Also, oil of tar. phuric acid.
CEREOLUS. A bougie CERU'MEN. From cera, wax. See
made of wax.
CE'REUS. From cera, wax. Having Cerumen Aurium.
a waxy appearance or texture. Cerumen Au'rium. The unctuous se-
CEREVISTA. From ceres, corn; so cretion, which is of a waxy consistence,
called, because it is made from it. Any found in the meatus auditorius externus.
liquor made from grain, as beer, yeast, &c. CERU'MINOUS. Relating to, or hav-
CERIA. From cereus, soft, pliant. ing the properties of, cerumen.
The flat worms found in the intestines. Ceruminous Glands. The follicular
CERIC ACID. A wax obtained from glands, situated beneath the membrane lin-
cork. ing the meatus, which secrete the cerumen.
CERIN. Cerotic acid. Beeswax con- CERUSE'. Carbonate of lead.
sists of this acid united with miricin. CERVI SPINA. Ehamnus catharticus,
CERION. From /c^ptov, a honey-comb. or purging buckthorn.
A species of porrigo ; also, a honey-combed CERVICAL. Cervicalis ; from cervix,
ulcerative affection of the head. the neck. Belonging to the neck; also,
CE'RITE. A silicious oxyd of ce- every thing that concerns it.

rium. Cervical Arteries. The cervical ar-

CE'RTNUS. A term in Botany, denoting teries are three in number, namely The :

a dull yellow, slightly tinged with reddish ascending, anterior, or superficial, derived
brown. from the inferior thyroid the transverse, ;

CE'RTUM. A white brittle metal, dif- or cervico-scapulare, given off from the ax-
ficult of fusion, but volatile when intensely illary artery ; and the posterior, which is a
* Hooper's Med. Die. branch of the subclavian.
 ;

CEE 144 CHM

Cervical Gan'glions. The three gan- horns and hoofs of which hartshorn shav-
glions of the great sympathetic nerve. The ings are obtained.
Jirst is situated opposite the second cervical Cervus Muntjac The Indian roebuck.
vertebra; the second, or middle cervical Cervus Taran'dus. The rein-deer.
ganglion is ojtposite to the interval hetween Cervus Virginian'us. The Virginia deer.
the fifth and sixth cervical vertebra; and the CESTOI'DEANS. From ksotos, a
third, which is sometimes called the first girdle, and eidoe, likeness; ribbon-like.
thoracic, is situated between the transverse The order of Sterelmintha, or parenchyma-
process of the last cervical, vertebra and the tous entozoa, to which tape- worm belongs.
head of the first rib. CESTRA'CION. From Keorpatos, the
Cervical Ligaments. The cervical name of a fish. A genus of sharks, with
ligaments, are two in number. The first is two kinds of teeth, arranged in oblique
called the anterior, and extends from the subspiral rows. Those at the anterior part
basilar process of the occiptal bone to the of the jaws are pointed, and those at the
anterior part of the first cervical vertebra back part are flattened.

and the second is denominated the poste- CESTRON. Betonica officinalis. Betony.
rior, and extends from the outer occipital CETA'CEA. Cetacean. In Natural
protuberance to the spinous process of the IRstory, an order of marine mammalia, in-
last cervical vertebra. cluding the whale, dolphin, porpoise, &c.
Cervical Nerves. The eight pairs of CETA'CEUM. From ktitoc, a whale. A
nerves first given off from the spinal mar- white, insipid, unctuous substance, ob-
row. tained from the brain of the spermaceti
Cervical Plexus. The net-work of and other varieties of whale.
nerves formed by the first three cervical CETIC ACID. The result of the action
nerves. of alkalies upon cetine.
Cervical Veins. These veins have CETINE. Pure spermaceti.
nearly the same distribution as the cervical CETRA'RIA ISLAND 'ICA. Lichen Is-
arteries. landicus. Iceland moss. It is demulcent,
Cervical Vertebra. The seven up- nutrive and tonic.

permost vertebra? of the spinal column. CETRARINE. The bitter principle of

CERVICA'LIS DESCEND'ENS. The Iceland moss.
upper continuation of the sacro-lumbalis. CETYL. A hypothetical radical of a
GERVICA'RIA. From cervix, the neck. series of compounds obtained from sperma-
The Campanula trachelium, or herb throat- ceti. Its formula is C32 H33.
Avort, so called because it was supposed to CEVADIC ACID. An acid resulting
be beneficial in affections of the throat and from the action of potash on the oil of the
neck. Veratrum sabadilla.
CERVICO-FA'CIAL NERVE. A branch CEVADIL'LA. See Veratrum Sabadilla.
of the facial nerve, distributed to the neck CEYLANITE. The name of a mineral
and face. of an indigo blue color.
CERVIX. Collum. The neck. Ap- CEYLON MOSS. A Cryptogamic plant
plied also to organs or parts, as the cervix of the order Algai, recently introduced in
uteri, neck of the uterus, &c. Europe as an article of food.

CER'VUS. A genus of rnminantia. CHABAZITE. The name of a crystal-

Cervus Al'ces. The moose deer, or elk. lized silicate, of a faint rose color.

Cervus Ax'is. The spotted Indian deer. CHABERT'S OIL. Three parts oil of
Cervus Canadensis. The Wapiti deer. turpentine and one of DippePs oil, distilled.
Cervus Capre'olus. The European roe- CILEROPHYL'LUM. A genus of plants
buck. of the order Umbillifera:.
Cervus Da'ma. The fallow deer. Ch^rophyllum Odoratum. Sweet ci-

Cervus El'aphus. The stag, from the cely.

 CHA 145 CHA
Oxerophyllum Sylvestre. Bastard Acies, steel, or the proto-carburet of iron.
hemlock. In its medicinal virtues, steel does not dif-

CHAIN SAW. A saw made of a watch fer from iron.

spring, having seratnres on one side. One Chalybs Rubigo. Sub-carbonate of
end is attached to a handle and the other to iron.
a hook. It is used in the operation for the Chalybs Tartarizatus. Ferrum tar-

removal of the lower jaw. tarizatum. Tartrate of iron and potash.

CHALA'SIS. From xalau, I relax. Re- CHAM^ME'LUM. See Anthemis No-
laxation. bilis.

CHALAS'TICUS. From xa*™, I re- CHAM^'MORUS. Xafiai/iopea ; from

lax. A relaxing medicine. on the ground, and /xopea, the mul-
xafJ-at,

CHALA'ZA. In Botany, a vascular disk berry tree. See Rubus Chamamiorus.

at the base of the nucleus of an ovule. The CHAMjE'PITYS. Ajuga Chamcepitys.
cicatrula of the egg. With the ovologists, Ground pine.
the chalazce or jwlcs are the spirally twisted Chamcepitys Moschata. Teuwium iva.
bands of the dense internal layer of albu- The French ground pine.
men in the egg, adhering to the yolk and CHAMBAR. Magnesia.
the extremities of the egg. CHAMBER. Camera; a term employed
CHALAZIUM. From XaMa, a
hail- in Anatomy, in speaking of the eye, in
stone. A mova- which there are two chambers an anterior
species of hordeolum, or ;

ble tumor on the margin of the eyelid, and a posterior. The space before the iris
commonly called a stye. is termed the anterior chamber, and that

CHALCANTHUM. From x^m, brass, behind it the posterior.

and avtfoc, a flower. Red calcined vitriol, CHAME'LEON. From x^ai, on the
or the flowers of brass. dwarf lion.
ground, and leuv, a lion, i. e.

CHALCED'ONY. A mineral, so called The chameleon, an animal able to change

from having been found by the ancients in his color at pleasure. It is also applied to
Chalcedon, in Asia Minor, supposed to be many thistles, from the variety and uncer-
pure silica with a little water. tainty of their colors.
CHALCITES. Colcothar, or the red Chameleon Mineral. A compound of
oxyd of iron. manganesic acid and potash, presenting a
CHALCOI'DEUM OS. The cuneiform variety of tints when dissolved in water.
bone of the foot. CHAM'OMILE FLOWERS. The flower
CHALK. A calcareous earth of a white heads of the Anthemis nobills. They pos-
color. Carbonate of lime. See Creta. sess mild tonic properties, and in large
Chalk, Black. Drawing slate, used in quantities act as an emetic. They are also
crayon drawing. valuable as a febrifuge.
Chalk, Red. A clay, colored with oxyd Chamomile Drops. Alcoholic spirits,
of iron. oil of chamo-
impregnated with essential
Chalk-Stone. Earthy concretions found mile.
in the hands and feet of persons affected' Chamomile, German. See Matricaria
with gout. Chamomilla.
CHALYB'EATE. Ghalybea'tus ; from Chamomile, Wild. See Anthemis Co-
chalybs, iron or steel. Of, or belonging to, tula.
iron. Any medicine into which iron en- CHAMOMIL'LA. Chamomile.
ters, as chalybeate mixture, pills, waters, CHAN'CRE. From napnivog, cancer. A
&C. sore resulting from the direct application
Chalybeate Waters. Any mineral of the venereal poison to any part of the
water containing iron. body. The term is never applied to sores
CHALYBS. From Chalybes, a people occurring in other parts of the body from
of Pontus, who dug iron out of the earth. absorption or general contamination of the
 CHA 146 CHE
system. The French apply the word chan- are closed. In this way the wood is de-
cre to cancerous ulcers, and malignant prived of its volatile parts and converted
aphthae of children. into a black, brittle, porous substance,
CHANDOO. A preparation of opium called charcoal, but retaining the shape of
used by the Chinese for smoking. the vegetable from which it is obtained.
CHAOMANTI'A. A term used by the Charcoal, Animal. The carbonaceous
ancients to signify the art of predicting the residue of bones or of blood, usually the
future from observations of the air. former.
CHARA'CE^E. A family of Acrogens, CHARDS. The footstalks and midrib
destitute of a vascular system, and inhab- of artichokes, cardoons, and the white beet.
iting fresh and salt waters. They are chiefly They are used as an article of diet.
composed of tubes, and the rotation of CHAR'LATAN. A quack a mounte- ;

their fluids may be distinctly seen under the bank; an empirical pretender one who —
microscope. sells medicines to which he attributes mar-

CHARACTER. XapaKTr/p, a mark or velous virtues. Any one who attempts

impression. In General Medicine the term to deceive others by pretending to have
is used synonymously with stamp or ap- more skill than he really has.
pearance. Thus, " a disease is of unfavor- CHARM. A trick, words, sound, phil-
able character," or " has a bilious charac- ters, or characters of occult power, en-
ter," &c. In Dental Surgery it is applied chantment, spell, incantation, magic ; a
to the appearances which the teeth present sort of superstitious practice, by which it

and pathological con- was supposed a person might be deprived

in their physiological
ditions. same signification of life, struck with sickness, or restored to
It has, also, the

when applied to the gums. health.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEETH. CHARPIE'. A French word signifying
See Teeth, Characteristics of. scraped linen, or old linen torn in small
CHARAD'RIUS. A genus of wading pieces, or lint, used in dressing wounds
birds, or Grallatores, including the British and ulcers.
plover and allied species. CHAS'ME. From fcaww, to gape.
CHARANTIA. Momordica elaterium. Yawning gaping. ;

CHAR'COAL. Carbo. An impure form CHATTERING OF THE TEETH.

of carbon, obtained by burning wood with Denlktm crepitus; Odontosynerismus; cla-

imperfect access of air, or exposing it to a quement. A phenomenon resulting from

strong heat in a distilling apparatus com- tremor of the muscles of the inferior max-
posed of cylinders of iron, so constructed illa,and commonly dependent on rigo*
that the volatile product may be collected. arising from cold or mental emotion.
Among this there will be a certain propor- CHAUDEPISSE. Gonorrhoea.
tion of tar and pyroligneous acid, or im- CHAY. Chaya. The oldenlandia um-
pure vinegar. This, when it is wished to bellata, the root of which is used in Madras
procure a pure article, should be suffered as a red dye-stuff.
to escape, while the reiibsorption of the CHEEK. The side of the face, extend-
crude vapor should be prevented, by cut- ing from the lower eyelid to the base of
ting off the communication between the the jaw, and from the nose and commissure
interior cylindersand the apparatus used of the lips to the ear.
for condensing the pyroligneous acid, after Cheek-Bone. Malar bone.
the removal of the fire from the furnace. Cheek-Tooth. The hindermost tooth
The charcoal obtained for common pur- has been so termed.
poses, as fuel, &c, is made from wood, CHEESE. Ca'seus. The coagulum of
piled up in the shape of a pyramid, co- milk compressed into a solid mass.
vered with earth, with a few air holes, but CHEILI'TIS, or CH1LITIS. From
which, as the pile becomes well lighted, xe&QQ, a lip. Inflammation of the lips.
 ;;

CHE 147 CHE

CHEILOC'ACE. From x^K, a lip, for extending a limb, because the slow-
and KaKos, evil. Swelling and induration ness of its motion resembles that of a tor-

of the lip, but without suppuration. toise. Also, a genus of plants.

CHEILOCAECINO'MA. From gfAtfj CHELO'NION. From x&™n, a tor-
a lip, and KapKivuy.a } cancer. Cancer of toise, from its resemblance to the shell of
the lip. a tortoise. A hump or gibbosity of the
CHEILON'CUS. A swelling of the lip. back.
CHEILOPLAS'TICE. Ghiloplastice CHELSEA PENSIONER. A nostrum
from X £ &°S, a and irfaumicog, forming. for rheumatism, composed of one drachm
lip,

The operation for an artificial lip. of guaiac, two drachms of rhubarb, one
CHEILOS. The lip. ounce of cream of tartar, one ounce of
CHEIRAN'THUS. A genus of plants flowers of sulphur, one nutmeg, and a
of the order Oruciferce. pound of clarified honey.
Cheiranthus Cheiri. From x"P, a CHELYS. XeAvS, the chest. The thorax.
hand. The common yellow-wall flower. CHELYS'CION. From x&vs, the chest.
CHEIRIA'TER. From xwp, the hand, A dry hacking cough, attended with sore-
and larpoi, a physician. A surgeon. ness of the muscles of the chest.
CHEIRIS'MA. From x^P^ ^, to labor CHEMICAL. Of, or belonging to,

with the hand. Any manual operation chemistry.

the act of touching or handling. Chemical Affinity, or Attraction.
CHEIRIXIS. From x^o/tai, The force which draws dissimilar particles
to labor
with the hand. Surgery in all its branches. of matter together, causing them to com-
CHEIRONOMTA. From x^ovofieu, I bine and form new bodies endowed with
exercise with the hands. An exercise con- new properties. It acts only at insensible
sisting in using the hands, as in the exer- distances.
cise with the dumb-bells. Chemical Formula. A symbolic ex-
CHEIROPTERA. From xw, the hand, compound, but in
pression of a chemical
and nrepov, a wing. An order of Manv the composition of chemical formula?, alge-
miferous animals, having the anterior ex- braic representations are employed.
tremities so modified as to serve the office Chemical Nomenclature. The tech-
of wings, as the bat. nical terms appropriated to chemistry.
CHE'LA. X?;At7, forceps ; from xe ", to Chemical Symbols. The abbreviations
take. A bifurcated probe used for the ex- used to designate the elements and radi-
traction of nasal polypi. Applied also to cals. See Equivalents, Chemical.
a fissure in the feet and to the claws of a CHEMICO-HISTOLOGY. The doctrine
crab. of the organic chemistry and morphology
CHE'LiE. Chaps or cracks in the skin. of tissue.
Chelae Cancro'rum. Crab's claws. CHEM'IST. One versed in chemistry.
CHELIDON'IUM. Bryony. Also a CHEMISTRY. A word supposed to
genus of plants of the order Ranunculacece. be derived from the Arabic, chema, a se-
Chelidonium Ma 'jus. Tetter-wort, and cret. It is defined by Brande, to be " a
the common celandine. The fresh juice has department of science the objects of which
been used to destroy warts and films on are to investigate the nature and proper-
the eyes. ties of the elements of matter, and their

Chelidonium Minus. Celandine; a mutual actions and combinations; to as-

papaveraceous plant, yielding an acrid certain the proportions in which they unite,
yellow juice, often applied to warts and and the modes of separating them when
corns. The herb and root are purgative, united and to inquire into the laws and
;

diuretic, diaphoretic and expectorant. powers which preside over and affect these
CHELO'NE. XtluvTi. A tortoise. A agents."
term applied in Surgery to an instrument CHEMO'SIS. From xaivu, to gape, or
 CHE 148 CHI
from xw°i, fin humor. Inflammation of one of the adjoining teeth. See Irregu-
the conjunctiva of the eye, characterized larity of the Teeth.
by distention of its vessels and the forma- CHEZANAN'CE. From *£&>, to go to
tion of an elevated ring around the cor- and avayKTj, necessity. An ointment
stool,
nea. composed of honey and alum, rubbed on
CHENOC'OPRUS. Goose-dung. It the anus to occasion evacuation.
was formerly employed as a febrifuge and CHI A. Chia terra; from Chios, the
diuretic. island where it was originally found. A
CHENOrO'DIUM. A genus of plants variety of white earth, formerly used for
of the order Chenopodiacece. burns.
Chenopodium Ambrosioi'des. Mexico CHIADUS. Furunculus.
tea ; Spanish tea. This species of cheno- CHIAS'MOS.
From *«$», to form like
podium is have been used with ad- the letter x.
said to A bandage shaped like the
vantage in chorea. Greek letter x, chi. Also, the crucial union
Chenopodium Anthelmin'ticum. Che- of parts.
nopodium. Wormseed; Jerusalem oak; CHIASTOLITE. A mineral having
stink weed. The fruit of this plant is cele- some resemblance to the steatite.
brated for its anthelmintic properties. CHIASTOS. A crucial bandage, so
Chenopodium Bonus Henri'cus. The called because it resembles the letter X.
systematic name of the English mercury. CHIASTER. See Kiaster.
Chenopodium Botrys. The systematic CHICKEN POX. See Varicella.
name of the Jerusalem oak. Tins species CHIGRE. Chiggre ; eliegre, Chique.
possesses anthelmintic virtues. From the Spanish, chiquito, small. A small
Chenopodium Vulva'ria. The stink- insect of the Southern States and the West
ing orach, sometimes employed as an em- Indies, which penetrates the skin, causing
menagoguc. slight inflammation and intolerable itching.
OHEQUERBERRY. See Gaultheria. CHII/BLAIN. Fer'nio; bugan'tia; cry-
CHERRY. The fruit of the primus the'ma pernio; from chill, cold, and Main,

cerasus. a pustule. Erythematous inflammation of

CHESIS. A frequent desire to evacuate the feet, hands, or other part of the body,
the bowels. resulting from exposure to cold.
CHESTNUT. See ^Esculus and Fagus. CHILD-BED FEVER. Puerperal fever.
Chestnut, Horse. See iEsculus Hip- CHILO. From x s&°C, a lip. A word
pocastanum. used as a prefix.
CHEVAS'TER. A double-headed roller, CHILOGNA'THES. Ghilognatha; from
applied round the head, the middle sup- Xeiloc, a lip, and yvatiog, a jaw. The my-
porting the chin, in cases of fracture or riapoda or centipedes, in which the two
luxation of the lower jaw. It has received mandibles, or jaws, and tongue are so
the names of simple, double, and oblique, united as to form a larger lower lip.

according to the manner in which it is ap- CHFLON. Ghei'lon; cheilitis, from

plied. This bandage, however, has, to Xe&og, a lip. Inflammation and swelling
some extent, been superseded by one con- of the lips.
trived by Mr. Fox. See Fox's Bandage. CIIILO'MA. A term applied in Zoology
CHEVAUCHEMENT. A French word to the upper lip or muzzle of a quadruped,
signifying, in General Surgery, the riding when it is tumid and continued without in-
of the extremities of a fractured bone on terruption from the nostril.
each other and in Denial Surgery, defect-
; CHIMAPHILA. A genus of plants
ive arrangement of the teeth, consisting in of the order Pyrolaceod.
the gradual displacement of a cuspid or Chimaphila Umbel'lata. Chimaph-
which assumes a position in front ila, U. S. Pipsissewa; winter green;
incisor,
of the dental arch and obliquely across ground-holly. The fresh leaves have a
 CHI 149 CHL
fragrant odor and a bitterish, astringent CHIRO'NIA. A genus of plants of the
and aromatic taste. They are diuretic, as- order Gentianeas.
tringent and tonic. Chironia Angula'ris. The American
Chimaphila Macula'ta. Poison pip- centaury. It has the tonic properties of
sissewa. Its properties are supposed to be simple bitters, and is used with advantage

identical with the preceding. in autumnal intermittent and remittent fe-

CHI'MIA. Chemistry. vers in the form of decoction, extract and

CHIMIA'TEIt. From XW M , chemistry, tincture.

and larpog, a physician. One who applies Chiuonia Centau'ritjm. Centau'rmm;

the science of chemistry to medical pur- erythra'a centaurium. Common European
poses. centaury, which has tonic properties simi-
CHIMNEY-SWEEPERS' CANCER. lar to those of gentian, and has been used
Cancer of the scrotum. in fever and dyspeptic affections.
CHIMPAN'ZEE. The African orang, CHIRONPUM. From x<*P<<>v, the Cen-
simia troglodytes, which is of a black color taur, who is said to have been the first to
and from four to five feet in height. It heal them. A malignant ulcer, with cal-
approaches nearer to man than any other lous edges, difficult to cure.
animal of the brute creation. CHIROP'ODIST. From *eq>, the hand,
CIIIXCIIIL'LA. A genus of gnawing and novc, the foot. One whose profession
mammalia, or rodents, peculiar to South is to remove corns and bunyons from the
America. feet.

CHI'NA GLAZE. A blue frit composed CHIROTHE'CA. From XW, the hand,
of ten parts glass, two parts lead, and three and Vw"l, a sheath. A bandage, applied
of blue calx. in spiral turns, so as to envelop the hand
China Nova. A variety of red bark, and fingers.
the produce of Cinchona oblong [folia. CHIRUR'GEON. A surgeon.
China, Pride of. Melia azedarac. CHIRUR'GIA. From *«p, the hand,
China Root. The root of the Smilax and epyov, a work. Surgery.
China. It has the same properties as Sar- CHIRUR'GICUS. Surgical.
saparilla. CHIRURGIEN DENTISTE. Surgeon
CHINA ROTH. A red substance, de- dentist.

posited from cinchona tannin, on the ab- CII1TINE. A chemical principle exist-
sorption of oxygen. ing in the wings and elytra of coleopterous
CHINCHINA. See Cinchona. insects.

CHINCOUGH. Pertussis. CHITON. From x"w, a garment. A

CHININUM. See Quinia. genus of Gastropodous Mollusca; also, a
CHINIOIDINE. Chinoidine; chinoi- membrane or tunic.
dina; from China, cinchona. A sub- CHIUM VINUM. Chian wine ; wine
stance separated from cinchona, supposed grown in Chios.
to be an alkaloid, and to consist of a CHIVE. In Botany, a stamen; also,
mixture of quinia, cinchonia, and a pecu- a species of leek, of the genus Allium,
liar resinous matter. It is really impure growing in tufts.
quinia. CHLIARUS. A name given to slight
CHINQUAPIN. Cutanea pamila. fevers.
CHI'RAGRA. From x^P, the hand, CHLIAS'MA. A tepid and moist fer-
and aypa, a seizure. Gout in the joints of mentation.
the hand. CHLOAS'MA. Chloasma pseudo-jior-
CtirilOMANCY. Chiromanti'a; palm- rigo. Blotches on the skin,
Liver spots.
istry ; from %ttp f the hand, and (lavieia, di- of irregular shape and yellowish brown hue.
vination. The pretended art of divination CHLORACE'TIC ACID. A modifica-
by an inspection of the lines of the hand. tion of acetic acid, in which three atoms of
 CHL 150 CHO
chlorine take the place of three atoms of at 141°. It is recommended in asthma,

hydrogen. Formula C4 CI3 O3, HO. and when taken into the stomach, produ-
CHLORACETYL. A modification of ces a grateful and soothing effect.
acetyl. C4 CI3. Professor Simpson, of Edinburg, has re-
CHLORAL. A new compound of chlo- cently discovered that the vapor of chloro-
rine, carbon and oxygen. an oxy- form, when inhaled, acts as a powerful
It is
hydrate of chloracetyl. HO (C 4 Cl 3 ) 0. anaesthetic agent, producing complete in-
,

CHLORAN'THUS. A genus of plants sensibility in from thirty seconds to three

of the order Chloranthacece; allied to Pi- or four minutes, and during the last three
peracece. It is a most powerful stimulat- or four years it has been extensively used,
ing agent. both in Europe and America, not only for
CHLORAS'MA. Chlorosis. the purpose of producing insensibility in
CHLORATE. A compound of chloric surgical operations, but also to prevent the
acid with a salifiable base. pain attending parturition. Its use, how-
, CHLORIC ETHER. A compound ob- ever, has, in a number of instances, been
tained by passing hydrochloric acid gas attended with fatal effects.
into alcohol to saturation and distilling the CHLOROFORMIZA'TION. A term ap-
product. plied to the aggregate of the symptoms
CHLO'RIDE. A compound of chlorine produced by the administration of chloro-
with different bodies. form.
CHLO'RINE. From x^pos, green. A CHLOROPHiEITE. A mineral which
yellowish green colored gas, of a disagreea- when recently broken is green, but after-
ble taste and strong, suffocating odor, ex- wards becomes black.
citing great irritation and spasm of the CHLOROPHANE. A species of fluor
glottis when inhaled, even in a diluted spar, transmitting a beautiful pale green
Btate ; incapable of supporting combustion, light when heated.
and soluble in water. It is obtained by CHLOROPHYLL. The green matter of
the action of hydrochloric acid on peroxyd the leaves of plants.
of manganese. CHLORO'SIS. From ^upof, green. The
Chlorine Water. Aqua chlorinii. A green sickness. A disease affecting young
solution of chlorine gas in water. females, particularly before menstruation,
CHLORIO'DIC ACID. A compound or those laboring under a suppression of
of chlorine and iodine. menses, characterized by languor, palpita-
CHLORITE. An earthy mineral of va- tion of the heart, pain in the loins, fatigue,
rious tints of green. a pale, greenish hue of the face, a small,
CHLORO. A term formed from the quick pulse, and sometimes with cedema-
Greek, and used to indicate a clear, lively- tous swellings of the feet.

green color. CHLOROT'IC. Affected with, or per-

CHLO'ROFORM. Terchloride offormyl; taining to, chlorosis.
so called because it is a combination of chlo- CHLORUM. Chlorine.
rine with formyl, the basis of formic acid. CHLO'RURET. Chloride.
A dense, colorless liquid, possessing a fra- CHOCOLATE. A paste prepared from
grant, fruit-like, ethereal odor, and a sac- the cacao-nut, with sugar. It is a nourish-
charine taste. ing article of diet.

It consists of two atoms of carbon, Chocolate Tree. Theobroma cacao.

one of hydrogen, and three of chlorine- CHOKE-DAMP. A term applied by
Its formula is therefore (C2 H) CL3, or miners to irrespirable gas, or vapors con-
Fo CI3, 0> H, being the expression for taining carbonic acid.

formyl, otherwise written Fo. Its specific CHOLiE'MIA. From xo^v, bile, and
gravity is 1.48.0, and the density of its va- aifta, blood. A morbid state in which bile
por is 4.2. It is uninflammable, and boils is found in the blood. Jaundice.
 CHO 151 CHO
CHOL^US. Biliary. CHOLEROPHO'NE. The peculiar voice
CHO'LAGOGUE. Cholagogus ; from of a patient affected with cholera

X°%y, bile,and ayu, I expel. Purgative CHOLEROPROSOTON. The facial ex-

medicines which excite biliary secretions. pression of one affected with cholera.
CHOLE. Cholos. Bile. CHOLES'TERIC ACID. A substance
CHOLEC'CHYSIS. Effusion of bile. obtained by heating cholesterine with ni-
CHOLED'OCHUS. From *•»*, bile, tric acid.

and doxog, containing or receiving. Receiv- CHOLES'TERINE. Cholesierina ; from

ing or containing bile. X°M, bile,, and erepeog, solid, or oreap T
Choledochus Ductus. Ductus commu- suet. An inodorous, pearly white, insipid,
nis choledochus. The duct which conveys shining substance, found in certain bili-
the bile from the liver to the duodenum. ary calculi, and in nearly all the animal
CHOLEDOCITTS. Inflammation of the fluids.

choledoch duct. CHOLICE'LE. From *«*#, bile, and

CHOLEDOG'KAPHY. Choledogra'phia, K-rfki], a tumor. A swelling caused by an
from x°M, bile, and ypa<j>eiv
f to describe. A accumulation of bile in the gall-duct.
description of that which relates to the bile. CHOLIC ACID. A resinous acid ob-
CHOLEDOL'OGY. Gholedologia, from tained from bile. It has been supposed to
X°M, bile, and h>yog, a discourse. A treat- be oleic acid, conjugated with a radical C12
ise on the bile. H6 06, though other chemists regard it as
CHOLE'IC ACID. Taurocholic acid. a nitrogenous acid, and Lowig puts it

Bilin. According to Liebig, that part of a among his hydroazocarbyls. The truth is
bile soluble in alcohol, and containing the that the same acid has received several
bilin. different names, and the cholic acid of
CHOLELITHUS. From x°M, and Tudog, Demarcay, Lehmann, and other organic
a stone. Biliary calculi. chemists, is the cholalic acid of the classifi-
CHOLEME'SIA. Vomiting of bile. cation of Lowig, who has followed Strecker.
CHOLEPYR'RHIN. The brownish- CHOLINIC ACID. A white floculent
yellow coloring matter of the bile. acid, obtained, by Berzelius, from cholic
CHOLER. Bile. Anger was supposed acid. must not be confounded with
It
to proceed from a superabundance of bile, Lowig's choleinic acid, which is the tauro-
hence the application of the term choler to cholic acid of Lehmann.
anger. CHOLOLITHUS. Biliary calculi.
CHOL'ERA. Cholera morbus; from CHOLO'MA. From x^og, lame, or
X°M, and Purging and vomit- maimed. Lameness or distortion of a leg.
pew, I flow.
ing, generally of bile, with gripings and CHOLO'SES. Frome xo*v, bile. Dis-
spasms of the abdominal muscles, and eases of the liver and spleen generally.
often in the legs and arms. In the Asiatic CHONDRIN. A gelatinous substance
cholera, or cholera asphyxia, the discharges obtained from the permanent cartilages
resemble rice-water and the disease is gen- by boiling.
erally of a more malignant and fatal char- CHONDRITIS. From X'vfyog, cartil-
acter. Its pathology is but little understood. age, and His, a termination signifying in-
Cholera Infantum. Cholera of infants. flammation. Inflammation of cartilage.
CHOL'ERIC. Gholeri'cas. Belonging CHONDROGENESTA. Chondrogen'e-
to cholera morbus or to the bile. sis, from x ov fy°C, cartilage, and yevemc,

CHOLERINE. A slight diarrhoea du- formation. Formation of cartilage; con-

ring the prevalence of cholera —a premoni- version of parts into cartilage.
tory symptom of the disease. CHONDROGLOS'SUS. From x<>v6pog
f
CHOLEROMA'NIA. Dread of cholera a cartilage, and yhuoaa, the tongue. A
so great that the patient believes himself fasciculus of fleshy fibres, extending from
to be affected with it. the less cornu of the os hyoides to the
 ;.

CHO 152 CUR

tongue, forming part of the hyoglossus CHORDEE'. A French word, applied
muscle. in Pathology to a painful spasmodic con-
CHONDROG'RAPHY. A description traction of the penis, attending gonorrhoea.
of the cartilages. CHORE' A. Xopaa, from x°P° c , a cho-
CHONDROID. Chondroi'des ; from rus, which formerly accompanied dancing.
Xovdpoc, cartilage, and eidoc, resemblance A disease called St. Vitus's danc,e, charac-
Cartilaginous. Resembling cartilage. terized by convulsive motions of the limbs,
CHONDROL'OGY. Chondrolog'ia; from resembling the movements of a person
Xovdpog, cartilage, and "kayos, a discourse. dancing.
A treatise on cartilages. CHO'RION. Xopiov, skin, from x u P a , a re-
CHONDRO'MA. A cartilaginous growth ceptacle. The second membrane of the foetus.
in bones. CHORIONI'TIS. Induration of the cel-
CHONDRO-PHARYNGE'US. From lular tissue.
Xovdpoc, cartilage, and <j>apvy^, the pharynx. CHORIUM. From xopiov, skin. The
The muscular coat of the pha- eutis vera, or innermost layer of the skin.
fibres of the
rynx, arising from the lesser cornu of the CHO'ROID. Choroi'dcus ; from xopiov,
os hyoides, which form part of the constric- the chorion, and Eidoc, resemblance. A
tor medius. name applied to several parts because of
CHONDROS. Xovdpog, cartilage. A their resemblance, in the vascularity of
cartilage. their structure, to the chorion.
CHONDRO'SES. Morbid formation or Choroid Membrane. Membrana cho-
condition of cartilages. roides.The choroid tunic, a dark vascular
CHONDROSYNDES'MUS. From x»v- membrane of the eye, between the sclerot-
and ovvdau, to tie together.
fyoc , a cartilage, icaand the retina.
Union of bones by means of a cartila- Choroid Muscle. Ciliary muscle.
ginous ligament. Choroid Plexus. Plexus choroidals.
CHONDRUS. A genus of sea-weeds. Two membranous and vascular duplicatures
Chondrus Crispus. Carrageen; Irish of the pia mater, situated in the lateral
moss. It possesses demulcent
and nutri- ventricle of the brain.
and has been used in pul-
tive qualities, CHREMMA. Sputum.
monary diseases and bowel affections. CHRISIS. Xpiaig. From XP M , I anoint.

CHO'RA. Xupa, a region. Any void Inunction. The anointing of any part.
space, as the orbit of the eye, &c. CHRISTE'RION. An ointment or lini-
CHOR'DA. From xopfy, a string. The ment.
word has several significations. An inter- CHROA. Chroma. Color in general.
stice, a tendon, an assemblage of fibres The body the skin.
surface of the ;

and it is sometimes applied to a painful CHRO'MAS. A chromate, or salt formed

tension of the penis. by the union of chromic acid with salifia-
Chorda Dorsa'us. The rudiment of ble bases.
the vertebral column in the foetus. CHROMATICS. From xpopa, color.
Chorda Mag'na. The tendo Achillis. That part of optics which treats of the col-
Chorda Tendin'ea. A cord-like ten- ors of light and natural objects.
dinous substance connecting the corneas CHROMIC ACID. An acid composed
colnmnce of the ventricles of the heart to of one part of chromium and three of oxy-
the auricular valves. gen. Its salts It has
are red or yellow.
Chorda Tym'pani. A branch of the been used as an escharotic in external
seventh pair of nerves is so called because hoemorrhoids.
it crosses the tympanum of the ear, like a CHROMIDRO'SIS. Abnormal colora-

string across the bottom of a drum. tion of the sweat.

CHORD AP'SUS. Constriction or twist- CHRO'MIUM. From XP^W, color, be-

ins of the intestines. cause it gives color to its combinations. A

 CHR 153 CHY
whitish, brittle, and very infusible metal, CIIRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Golden saxi-
extracted from the native chromate of lead frage.
or iron. By heating it with nitre it is CHRYSULCUS. From xp^oog, gold,
converted into chromic acid. and eX/cw, to take away. Aqua regia, or
CHROMOGEN. Vegetable coloring nitro-muriatic acid.
matter acted upon by acids or alkalies, CHURRUS. Bangue. The resinous
producing yellow or green tints. juice of Indian hemp, Cannabis Indica.
CHROMOP'SIA. Chrup'sia; from jpupft, It is employed in the East as a narcotic
color, and otpig
} vision. Colored vision. and anti-spasmodic.
CHROMULE. Chlorophyll. CHUSITE. A very fusible yellowish-
CHRONIC. Ghronicus; from XP 0V0 S, time. green, translucent mineral.
A term aj>plied to diseases of long continu- CHYAZIC. Initials of carbon, #?/dro-
ance, and, for the most part, without fever. gen and azote. Of, or belonging to a com-
CHRONO-THERMAL. A fanciful no- bination of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen.
tion that medicines are electrical in their Applied to prussic acid.
action, erected, as usual, into a " system." CHYLE. XvAof, juice. A nutritive
CHRUP'SIA. From xpoa, color, and
milky appearance, found in the
fluid of a
oipig, sight. A disease of the eyes, or a lacteal vessels of the mesentery, and in the
state of vision, in which a colored impres- thoracic duct, extracted from the food by
sion is made on the retina. the absorbents of the intestines, after it has
CHRYSALIS. From xpvaog, gold. The been submitted to the action of digestion.
second or inactive state of a metabolion or CHYLIF'EROUS VESSELS. The lac-
changeable insect, embracing the period teals, which carry the chyle from the intes-
when it is enclosed in a transparent cover- tines to the thoracic duct.
ing, which sometimes reflects a metallic CHYLIFICATTON. Ghylifica'tio; from
lustre, and hence the appellation. Xv^og t and facere, to make. The process
CHRYSANTHEMUM. A genus of by which the chyle is formed or separated
plants of the order Compositce. They have from the chyme.
been naturalized in this country. CHYLIS'MA. From X"^oc, juice. An
Chrysanthemum Leucan'themum. Ox- extract, or expressed juice.
eye daisy. Maudlin-wort. CHYLOG 'R APH Y. From X»**C, chyle,
Chrysanthemum Parthe'nium. Ma- and ypatyy, a description. A description of
tricaria parthenium. Motherwort. the chyle, and of the parts which elaborate
CHRYSITTS. From xpwog, gold. Lith- it.

arge. CHYLOPOIET'IC. Chylopoieti'cus; from

CHRYSOBALANUS. From xpwog, Xvh)g , chyle, and noieu, I make. Any thing
gold, and ftalavog, a nut ; so called because connected with the formation of chyle, as
it is yellow before it is dried. The nut- the chylopoietic viscera, vessels, &c.
meg. See Myristica Moschata. CHYLOPOINE. A term used by CI.
CHRYSOB'ERYL. A mineral of a green Bernard to express the active principle of
color and vitreous lustre. the pancreatic juice.
CHRYSOCOL'LA. From xpvooc, gold, CHYLO'SIS. The process by which
and /coAAa, cement. Old name for borax, be- food is changed into chyle. Chylification,
cause it was employed in soldering gold. or the formation of chyle.

CHRYSOCOMA. Milfoil or yarrow. CHYLOSTAG'MA. Distillation or ex-

CHRYSOGONIA. From XP"°og, gold, pression of juice from solids.

and yivojiai, to become. A tincture of gold. CHYLU'RIA. From x^oc, chyle, and
CHRYS'OLITE. From xpvoog, gold, and ovpov, urine. A discharge of milky urine,
?li$oc, a stone. Topaz. without any apparent lesion of the urinary
CHRYS'OPRASE. A silicious mineral organs.
of a pale-green color. CHYLUS. XvXof. Chyl*.
 CIC 154 CIL

CHYME. Chymiis ; from x»P°C , juice. CICER. A genus of plants of the order
A homogeneous mass, formed by the food Leguminosce.
in the stomach, and from which, after it CrcEB Arieti'num. The chick pea-
passes into the intestines, the chyle is sepa- plant.
rated. CICHO'RIUM. A genus of plants of the
CHYMIA. Xvpta. Chemistry. order cichoracece.
CHYMIA'TER. A chemical physician. Cichorium Endiv'ia. The endive, a bit-
CHYMIATRI A. The art of curing dis- ter salad.

eases by chemical remedies. Cichorium In'tybus. Wild succory.

CHYMIFICA'TION. Chimijica'tio; from The juice of the root is said to be aperi-
xv/xoc, juice, and facere, to make. The con- ent.

version of foed into chyme. CICIN'DELA. The Lampyn's noctUuca,

CHYM'ISTRY. Chemistry. or glow-worm formerly supposed
; to be an-
CHYTLEN, RADIX. A cylindrical odyne and lithontriptic, but not now used.
root, of a bitterish taste, brought from CI'CINUM OLEUM. An oil obtained
China. The Chinese hold it in high esti- from the bruised seeds of Jatropha curcas,
mation for its stomachic virtues. possessing properties similar to castor oil.

CHYT'LON. From x^, I pour out. A CICO'NIA. A stork ; a genus of wad-

mixture of oil and water formerly used for ing birds of the tribe Cultrirostres of Cuvier.
bathing the body. CICU'TA. A genus of plants of the
CI'ATOME. An instrument for dividing order Aptacece. Until recently the term
pseudo-membranous bands in the rectum was often applied to conium maculatum,
or bladder. a different genus.
CIBA'LIS. From cibus, food. Of, or Cicuta Aquat'ica. Cicuta virosa, an
belonging to, food. active poison, seldom employed medicin-
CIBA'TIO. From cibus, food. The act ally.

of taking food. Cicuta Macula'ta. American water

CICA'DA. A genus of hemlock spotted cowbane beaver poison.
insects, cele- ; ;

brated for their powers of song or shrill It is a powerful narcotic, seldom employed
!

chirp, embracing the tree-hopper, frog-hop- in practice, and is supposed to be identical

per, &c. The manna of the shops is the with cicuta virosa. ,

inspissated juice of the Fraxinus ornus, ex- CICUTA'RIA. Cicuta, hemlock. Bas-
uded from the wounds inflicted by the tard hemlock.
Cicada orni. CIDER. A fermented liquor, made from
CICATRIC'ULA. Diminutive of Ci- the expressed juice of apples.
catrix. A small cicatrix ; applied also to CIL'IA. Blephar'ides. The eyelashes,
the small white speck seen on the yolk of or hairs on the eyelids.
the fecundated egg. CIL'IARY. CUia'ris. Belonging to the
CICATRISANT. from ci-
Cicatris'ans; eyelashes.
catrizo, to skin over. Such applications as Ciliary Ar'teries. The ciliary arteries
are supposed to dispose wounds and ulcers are divided into short, or posterior,and
to dry up and heal. j
anterior. The first are numerous and pene-
CICATRIX. From cicatrizo, to heal trate the sclerotic coat of the eye near the
up, or skin over. A scar upon the skin and spread out upon the cho-
optic nerve,
after the healing of a wound or ulcer. membrane and supply the iris and
j
roid
CICATRIZATION. The process by ciliary processes. They originate from the
which a wound or ulcer cicatrizes. I ophthalmic artery in three or four branches,
CICELY, SWEET. A plant, scandix but are divided into about twenty by the
odorata, Myrrhis odorata, possessing arc- time they arrive at the sclerotica. The an-
matic, aperient and diuretic properties, terior ciliary arteries are few in number,
Scandix odorata. I and pierce the sclerotica near the cornea,
 ;

CIM 155 CIN

and are principally distributed upon the table and animal substances from which
iris. they obtain their subsistence. The Cimex
Ciliary Body. A ring of the choroid lectularius, or bed-bug, may be regarded
coat of the eye, surrounding the crys- as the type of this numerous tribe of in-

talline lens like a crown placed behind the sects.

iris and ciliary circle. CIMICIC ACID. From cimex, a bug.

Ciliary Circle. Ciliary ligament. An acid obtained by Thenard from the
Ciliary Ligament. A grayish ring bug.
situated between the iris, cornea and scle- CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA. Actea
rotica. racemosa; black snake-root, a plant pos-
Ciliary Margin. The border of the sessing tonic, antispasmodic and expector-
eyelid. ant properties.
Ciliary Muscle. That part of the or- CIMO'LIA PURPURESCENS. Ful-
bicularis palpebrarum in the vicinity of the lers-earth.

cilia. CIMOLITE. A grayish white earth,

Ciliary Nerves. The nerves of tho consisting of silex, alumina, oxyd of iron,
ciliary ligament. and water. Cimolian earth.
Ciliary Processes. The radiated plaits CINA CINA. Cinchona.
of the choroidmembrane, which resemble CINARA. A genus of plants of the or-
the disk of a radiated flower, lodged in the der Compositor.
depressions of the anterior part of the vit- Cinara Scolymus. The artichoke.
reous humor. CINCHO'NA. The name of several
Ciliary Stiile. Pale radiated stria? in kinds of Peruvian bark, the use of which
the posterior part of the ciliary body, so is said to have been discovered by this cir-
covered with pigment as not to be seen cumstance Some of the trees from which :

distinctly till that is removed. it is procured having been blown by the

Ciliary Veins. Vasa vorticosa. They wind into a pool of water, they lay there
follow the same course as the arteries, and until they had imparted to it such a bitter
discharge their blood into the ophthalmic taste that every body refused to drink it
vein. but a person residing in the neighborhood,
Ciliary Zone. Ciliary crown, ciliary was seized with a fever, and not being able
disk. The appearance, like the disk of a to procure other water to quench his thirst,
flower, which the pigment between the cil- drank of this, and was soon completely
iary processes leaves on the hyaloid mem- cured. This circumstance was related to
brane. others ill of fevers, who drank it and were
CILIATED. Ciliatus. Fringed with cured. Its use, however, as a medicinal
fine hairs like the eyelashes. agent, did not become general, until about
CILIOGRADE. Ciliograda; from cti!- the year 1638, when the Spanish viceroy's
ium, and gradior, I proceed. A tribe of lady, the Countess de Cinchon, was cured
Acalephoz or sea-nettles, which swim by of fever by
Lima, and hence the ap-
it at
means of cilia. pellation of cortex cinchona?, and pulvis
CILTUM. From cileo, to twinkle. The comitissre, or the countess' powder. It was
eyelash. afterwards introduced into Europe by the
CIL'LO. From cilium, the eyelid. One Jesuits, among whom the countess, on her
affected with cillosis. recovery, had distributed it, and thence
CILLO'SIS. A perpetual spasmodic arose the name of cortex or pulvis Jesuiti-
trembling of the eyelids. cus, Jesuit's bark
; called also cardinal de
CI'MEX. A Lugo's powder, because a large quantity
genus of Hemipterous in-
sects, characterized by a lengthened and of it was taken to Rome for the use of the

jointed proboscis, with sharp, bristle-like religious poor by that charitable prelate.
processes employed in wounding the vege- Cinchona is called, also, cortex; bark;
 ;

CIN 156 CIN

Peruvian bark; cortex China; China Cinchonic Red. An insoluble red sub-
Chinchina ; kina; kinkina ; quina quina; stance found in Cinchona barks.
quinquina. These barks are possessed of CINCIN'NUS. The hair on the tem-
bitter, astringent, tonic and febrifuge prop- ples.
erties, and have constituted one of the most CIN'CLESIS. Involuntary winking or
valuable remedies of the materia medica, nictitation.
in the treatment of intermittent fevers, as CINERARIUM. The ash-pit of a fur-
well as other diseases, but since the dis- nace.
covery of their active principle, quinina, CFNERES. Plural of cinis, ashes.
they have not been so much used. Ashes.
Cinchona Alkalies. Cinchonia; quinio, Cineres Clavellati. Poiassa im-
and aricina. They are regarded as oxyds pura. Pearl-ash.
of a common base, termed quinogen. CINERPTIOUS. Cineritius; fromew-
Cinchona Barks, False. Barks pro- is, ashes. Of the color of ashes. The cor-
cured from trees formerly ranked among tical substance of the brain is sometimes
the Cinchonacece and distinguished from so called, from its resemblance to ashes.
the true Peruvian bark by the absence of CINET'ICA. KivrinKog, having the pow-
quinia and cinchonia. er of motion. Diseases affecting the mus-
Cinchona Flava. Yellow Bark, called cles. Spasms. The third order in the
in commerce Calisaya Bark. There are class neuroses, in the Nosology of Dr.
several other varieties of yellow bark, but Good.
the Calisaya, the product of the Cinchona CINETUS. The diaphragm.
Canceolata, is the most valuable. CIN'GULUM. From cingo, I bind. A
Cinchona Pallida. Pale Bark, called girdle applied to the body below the ribs.

in commerce Loxa Bark. There are several Cingulum Hildani. A leathern girdle
other commercial varieties, but this is the formerly used for the reduction of luxations
most highly esteemed, and is the produce and fractures of the extremities.
of the Cinchona condaminea. Cingulum Mercuria'le. A girdle of
Cinchona Rubra. Red Bark, called in flannel applied to the loins, containing
South America cascarilla roxa and Colorado. mercurial ointment.
This is from an undetermined species of CINIS. Ashes.
Cinchona. CINNABAR. Hydrargyri sulphxiretum
CINCHONACE.E. The Cinchona tribe rubrum. A sulphuret of mercury. It oc-
of dicotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs curs native, and is made artificially. The
with leaves opposite flowers in panicles
; former appears in the form of brilliant red
stamens arising from the corolla fruit in- ; crystals, and also in amorphous masses of
ferior, either splitting into two cacci or in- different shades of red and brown the lat-
;

dehiscent. ter is the red bisulphuret, the vermilion of

CINCHONIA. Cinchonina; cinchonine. commerce.
The active principle of cinchona lancifolia. CINNAMIC ACID. An acid obtained
An organic, crystalline alkali, of a white from the oil of cinnamon.
color, bitter taste, slightly astringent, sol- CINNAMO'MUM. From Kinnan, He-
uble in 2500 parts of boiling water, but brew. A genus of plants of the order
very soluble in boiling alcohol, and slight- Lauracea;.
ly soluble in ether and the fixed and vola- Cinnamomum Zeylanicum. The tree
tile oils. But the sulphate of cinchonia, which yields the Ceylon cinnamon, the
which is formed directly from cinchonia, is Laurus cassia of the gardens.
soluble in water as well as alcohol. Cinnamomum Cassia. Cinnamomum
CINCHONIC ACID. Kinic acid; an Aromatkum. The cinnamon cassia, which
acid found in Cinchona barks, and in the yields the cassia lignea, cassia buds, and
alburnum of Abies communis. cassia bark of commerce.
 cm 157 era

CIN'NAMON. The bark of Cinnamo- is forced into the left ventricle, to be again
mum Zeylanicum, and of cinnamomum aro- conveyed by the arteries to the different
maticum. parts of the body.
Cinnamon Stone. A silicate of lime, Circulation, Capillary. The passage
alumina, and oxyd of iron ; a rare mine- of the blood through the minute vessels
ral, from Ceylon, of a hyacinth-red color, which lie between the arteries and veins,
or yellowish brown. and penetrate all the tissues. The blood,
Cinnamon Suet. An oily and waxy in its passage through these vessels, is

product of the cinnamon tree s used in changed from arterial to venous,

Ceylon for making candles. Ciuculation, Fostal, See Fcetal Cir-

CIN'NAMYL. Cinnamide. The hypo- culation.
thetical radical of cinnamon oil, &c. CIRCULA'TOR. From circvlo, to com-
CINOPLANE'SIS. From kcvsu, I move, pass about. A wandering quack. A char-
and nlavijaiq, a wandering about. Irregu- latan.
lar motion. CIRCULATO'RIUM. Old name for a
CTNQUEFOIL. A creeping plant, called digesting vessel in which the fluid is made
five-leaved grass ; a species of PotentUla. to perform a circulating motion.
CION. Kiuv. The uvula was formerly
CIR'CULUS. A circle or ring. In
so called from its pyramidal shape.
Anatomy, any part of the body which is
CI'ONIS. From kiuv, the uvula. Swell- round like a circle, as the circulus octtlL
ing and elongation of the uvula. Circulus Arteriosus I'ridis. Th«
CIONI'TIS. From kluv, the uvula, and artery which forms a circle round the iris.
itis, signifying inflammation. Inflamma- Circulus Articuli Vasculo'sus. The
tion of the uvula. narrow vascular border formed around the
CIOT'OMY. Excision of the uvula. articular cartilages by the abrupt termina-
CIRCxE'A. From Circe, the enchantress. tion of the subsynovial vessels.
A genus of plants. Enchanter's night- Circulus Osseus. The bony ring of
shade. the foetus, afterwards united to the tempo-
CIR'CINATE. To make a circle; to ral bone, forming the meatus auditorius
compass. Applied in Botany to leaves, externus.
and other parts when rolled inward from Circulus Quad'ruplex. The name of
the point to the base, like the young frond a bandage used by the ancients.
of a fern. Circulus Tonsillaris. A plexus
CIRCOCE'LE. Cirsocele. formed by the lingual and glossopharyn-
CIR'CULAR. Gircidaris; from circu- geal nerves around the tonsil.
lus, a circle. Having the form of a Circulus Willisii. The circle of Wil-
circle.

CIRCULATION, Circtda'lio; ; an anastomosis between the branches of

from cir- lis

culus, a circle, or from circum, around, and the vertebral and internal carotid arteries
ferre, latum, to carry. In Physiology, the within the cranium.
circulation of the blood through the differ- CIRCUMAGENT'ES. The oblique mus-
ent vessels of the body. In this vital ac- cles of the eye.
tion, the blood is ejected from the left ven- CIRCUMCAULA'LIS MEMBRANA.
tricle of- the heart into the aorta and taken The conjunctiva.
to every part of the body, passes into the CIRCUMCISTON. Circumcisw ; from
veins and is returned to the right auricle of eircumccedo, to cut about. An operation
the heart, which, after distending to re- practiced among the Jews, consisting in
ceive it, and forces it into the the removal of a portion of the prepuce of
contracts
right ventricle.Thence it passes into the the infant, by a circular operation.
pulmonary artery, is conveyed to the lungs, CIRCUMDUCTION. Circumdudio.
and brought back to the heart by the pul- See Perisphalsis.
monary veins ; entering the left auricle, it CIRCUMDUCTIO'NIS OP'IFEX. The
11
 CIR 158 CIT

worker of circumduction ; an epithet for CIRSOCE'LE. From mpaog, a dilated

the superior oblique muscle of the eye. vein, and mkri, a tumor. Morbid enlarge-
CIRCUMFLEX. A name applied to ment of the veins of the scrotum.

various arteries of the extremities. CIRSOMTHALUS. From icipaog, a di-

CIRCUMFLEXA IL'II. An artery lated vein, or varix, and op<j>alog } navel.

passing around the crest of the ilium, Varicose condition of the veins surrounding
springing from the external iliac. the navel.
CIRCUMFLEX'US. From circum, CIRSOPHTHAL'MIA. From atpaog,

around, and flexus, bent. Bent circularly. and otydalfiog, the eye. A varicose condi-
In Anatomy, a name given to several or- tion of the vessels of the eye.
gans of the body. A muscle of the palate. CIRSOT'OMY. From Kipaog, a varix,
Circumflexus Pala'ti. Tensor palati. and to/itj, an incision. The removal, by
A muscle of the palate, which arises from incision, of varices.
the spinous process of the sphenoid bone, CIRSUS. Kipaog ; from mpaou, to dilate.
and is inserted into the velum pendulum A morbid distention of any part of a vein.
palati, and the semilunar edge of the os A varix.
palati, extending as far as the suture which CISSAMTELOS. A genus of plants
unites the two bones. of the order Menispermaceai.
CIRCUMFU'SA. In Hygiene, every Cissampelos Pakeiba. The systematic
thing which acts externally and generally name of the pareira brava, a plant, the root
upon man. of which is said to possess anti-nephritic
CIRCUMGYRA'TIO. From circum- and calculous properties.
gyro, to turn round. Turning a limb CISSA'RUS. See Cistus Creticus.
around in its socket. Vertigo. CIS'TA. From KUfiai, to lie. A cyst.
CIRCUMOSSA'LIS MEMBRA'NA. Pe- CISTER'NA. From cista, a cist. Parts
riosteum. of the body which serve as repositories for
CIRCUMSCIS'SILE. Gircumscissus. fluids. The fourth ventricle of the brain
From circumscindo, to cut round about. is also so called.
Circumcised. Applied in Botany to a mem- CISTUS. A genus of plants, of the
branous capsule cut round transversely by order Cistacece.
a circular fissure. Cistus Creticus. The plant from which
CIR'CUMSCRIBED. In Medicine, tu- the ladanum is obtained; a gum resin
mors which are distinct at their base from which exudes from the leaves.
the surrounding parts. CIT'RATE. A salt of citric acid.
CIRRHO'SIS. From mppog, yellow. A
Citrate of Ammonia. Ammonia cit-
term applied in Pathology, by Laence, to ras. A salt formed by neutralizing ses-
a morbid yellow concretion of the liver. quicarbonate of ammonia with citric acid.
CIR'RIPEDS. Clrripedia. From cir- Citrate of Potash. A salt formed
rus, a tendril, and pes, a foot. Curly- by evaporating to dryness a solution of cit-
footed a class of homogangliatc animals, ric acid, saturated by carbonate of potassa.
;

having a number of long, curled, articu- CITREUM. The citron tree.

lated processes, projecting from the central CITRIC. Of, or belonging to, the lemon.
aperture of the multivalve shell protecting Citric Acid. Acidum citricum. Acid
the body. They are commonly called bar- of lemons.
/ CITRINE OINTMENT. Ointment of
nacles.
CIR'ROSE. Clr'rhose; Clrro'sus ; from nitrate of mercury.

cirrus, a tendril. A term applied in Bot- CITRFNULA. A diminutive of citrus.

any to organs which terminate in a spiral A small lemon.
filiform appendage or tendril, as the Peti- CITRON. See Citrus Medica.
ole of pisum sativum. CITRULLUS. Cucurbita citrullus.
CIRRUS. A tendril ; a curl. CITRUS. The lemon. See Citrus Medica.
 ;

CLA 159 CLA

Citrus Aurantium. The systematic sometimes, with advantage in typhoid fe-

name of the orange tree. vers.

Citrus Medica. The systematic name CLARETA. Old name for the albumen
of the lemon tree. The citron is the same of the egg.
species of tree as the lemon. CLARETUM. Claret.

Citrus Vulga'ris. The Citrus Auran- Claretum Laxati'vum. Old name for
tium. wine impregnated with senna, mechoa-
CITTA. An inordinate or voracious canna, turbeth and aromatics.
appetite. Claretum Purgato'rium. Old name
CITTARA SPRINGS. Thermal springs for a vinous solution of glass of antimony
in the Isle of Ischia. The waters contain with cinnamon water and sugar, used as an
carbonate and sulphate of lime and muri- emetic and purgative called, also, vivum ;

ate of soda. Ilippocratium antimonialc.

CIVET'TA. An unctuous odoriferous CLASIS. Clasma. Fracture.
drug, obtained from a fold in the skin be- CLARIFICATION. Glarificatio ; de-
tween the anus and organs of generation jmration ; from clarus, clear, and facio, I
of an animal called a civet cat. make. The process of freeing a fluid from
CLACKING PIVOT, OR TENON. all insoluble and heterogeneous matters.
Clack-pivot ; a method of attaching an CLASP. In Mechanical Dentistry, a
artificial crown to the root of a natural hook fitted to a tooth, and designed for
tooth invented by Maggiola. See Pivot the retention of a dental substitute or other
tooth, manner of inserting. apparatus to be worn in the mouth. See
CLADONIA 1SLANDICA. See Ce- Metallic Base for Artificial Teeth.
traria Islandica. CLASP'ER. In Botany, the tendril of
Cladonia Rangiferina. Reindeer a vine or other part, which twines around
moss ; a very nutritious species of Lich- any thing for support.

ens. CLASPING. In Botany, partly or

CLADRASTIS TINCTO'RIA. Yellow wholly surrounding the stem with the base
Ash, Fustic Tree, Yellow Locust. An in- of the leaf.
digenous tree flourishing in the Western CLASS. Classis. In Natural History
and Southern States. The bark and
and Medicine, a group or assemblage of a
root
are cathartic. certain number of objects having one or
CLAMP. In Mechanical Dentistry, a more common characters. A scientific di-
piece of round or flattened iron wire or vision or arrangement of objects. A class
other metal not easily fused, bent in such comprehends the minor divisions of order,
a manner as to hold two or more pieces of genus, species and varieties.
gold or silver in contact with each other CLASSIFICATION. Classificatio
while they are being soldered together. from classis, a class. The act of classify-
CLAIRVOYANCE. Clear-seeing. A ing or arranging objects or things into
power supposed communicated to
to be classes.
persons by animal magnetism, by which CLAUDICATION. Claudicatio ; from
they are said to discern objects not present, claudicare, to be lame. Halting or limp-
to see through stone-walls, and
have the ing.
to
quality of vision diffused over the whole CLAUSTRUM. From claudere, to shut.
body. An aperture capable of contracting itself,
CLAP. Gonorrhoea. as the throat.
CLAQUEMENT. A French word, sig- CLAUS'URE. Clausura. In Anatomy,
nifying chattering of the teeth. an imperforation of a canal or cavity.
CLAR'ET. Claretum ; from clareo, to CLAVARIA. A genus of fungi.
be clear. A light French wine, possessing Clavaria Coralloi'des. Goat's-beard
tonic and anti-dyspeptic properties, used, mushroom. Coral wort. Formerly used as
 ;

CLE 160 CLI

a corroborant and astringent. It is said to communicate with each other. See Palate,
have been found growing on the splints of Congenital defects of.
white wood used in the treatment of frac- CLEIDION. The clavicle. Also, an
tures, at the Hotel Dieu. astringent pastil or epithem.
CLAVATB. Club-shaped ; larger at top CLEIDO-MASTOIDEUS. From kteie,

than bottom. the clavicle, and uaoToeidris, the mastoid pro-

CLAVA'TIO. From clava, a club. An cess. The sterno-cleido-mastoideus muscle.
articulation which does not admit of mo- CLEIS'AGRA. Firom K*$ts, the clavicle,
tion, as that of the teeth in their sockets, and aypa, a seizure. Gout in the articu-
called gomphosis. lations of the clavicle.
CLAVICLE. ClavieuLa, diminutive of CLEM'ATIS. A genus of plants of the
davis, a key. The clavicle or collar-bone. order Banunculaceoz.
CLAVIS. The clavicle. A key. Clematis Dapiinoi'des. The less peri-

CLAVUS. A nail. A term applied in winkle.

Pathology to a horny cutaneous extuber- Clematis Passiflo'ra. The passion
ance, having a central nucleus, and sensi- flower.

on the toes, pro-

tive at its base, as corns Clematis Rec'ta. The systematic name
duced by pressure of tight shoes. Also, a of the upright virgin's bower a plant, the
;

painful, pulsating affection of the forehead, leaves of which are said to possess anti-
giving a sensation like what might be sup- venereal virtues.
posed would be produced by driving a nail Clematis Vital'ba. The systematic
into this part of the head. When con- name of the traveller's-joy.
nected with hysteria, it is termed clavus CLEO'NIS GLUTEN. An astringent
hystericus. formula of myrrh, frankincense, and the
Clavus Occlorum. A staphyloma, white of an egg.
or tumor on the eye-ball. CLIMACTERIC. Climacter'ieus ; from
Clavus Secali'nus. Ergot. * K?aua.KT7ip, a step. By degrees, but com-
CLAW. In Botany, the taper base of monly applied to certain critical periods
a In Dental Surgery, the hook of of life, or periods at which certain great
petal.
the key-instrument is somecimes so called. changes occur, as the periods of puberty
CLAY. Argilla. An argillaceous earth ;
in both sexes ; the cessation of the flow of
of which there are a number of varieties, the menses in women, &c.
consisting of silica, variable quantities of Climacteric Diseases. A term some-
alumina, and generally of more or less times applied to a general alteration of
oxyd of iron. They are used in the man- health, occurring at a certain period of life,

ufacture of pottery, and, some of them, in and characterized by gradual loss of the

the manufacture of porcelain ware and min- powers.

eral teeth. See Mineral Teeth and Kaolin. Climacteric Teething. The develop-
CLEANS1NGS. Lochia. ment of teeth at a very late period of life
CLEAVAGE. The natural line of sep- after the loss of those of the second denti-
aration exhibited in crystals when their and usually between the sixty-third
tion,
laminae are separated by mechanical force. and grand climacteric
eighty-first year^ the
CLEAVERS. Galium aparine ; goose- years of the Greek physiologists.
grass. Climacteric Years. From remote an-
CLEFT. In Botany, split or separated tiquity, a peculiar importance has been at-
less than half-way. tached to certain periods in the life of man
Clkft Palate. A separation or fissure periods at which great changes are sup-
extending, sometimes, through both the posed to occur in his health and fortunes.
hard and soft palate, in the direction from It is said that this superstitious belief had
before backward, along the median line, its origin in the doctrines of Pythagoras.
causing the buccal and nasal cavities to Sixty-three was regarded by the ancients
 ;

CLI 161 CLI

as a climacterical year of peculiar danger, ter of disease as well as the action of rem-
and it was called by astrologers, " heroi- edies. They also determine the physical
cus," from a prevalent belief that it was characteristics of the different races of man-
particularly fatal to great men. This year kind. But for full information upon these
seems to have derived its peculiar import- subjects, we would refer the reader to the
ance from its being a multiple of the mys- works of Sir James Clark and Dr. Torry.
tical years of seven and nine.According CLIMATTC. Belonging to, or depend-
to most writers the climacteric periods in ent upon climate.
the life of man are multiples of the num- CLINANTHUS. Clinanthium; from
ber seven; others have applied the term kIivt), a bed, and avdog, a flower. In Bot-
to years resulting from the multiplication any, the common receptacle of compound
of seven by an odd number. Almost all flowers.
countries have attached a peculiar import- CLIN'ICAL. Clinicus ; from k?uvt), a
ance to tb/>se years indicated by compounds bed. In Pathology, the transactions which
of the number seven. Hence fourteen years take place, especially the instructions giveu
have been fixed for the period of puberty at the sick bed.
twenty-one for adult age, and Aristotle has Clinical Lecture. A lecture given
selected thirty- five for the perfection of at the bed-side, or on a particular case of
bodily vigor, forty-nine for the perfection disease.
of the mind; sixty-three, as the grand Clinical Medicine. That which is
climacteric, and seventy as the ordinary occupied with the investigation of disease
limit of the age of man. In old age, or at the bed-side, or with individual cases of
after the vital powers of the system begin disease.
to decline, an effort is sometimes supposed CLI'NIUM. In Botany, the summit of
to be made, at these periods, by the econ- a floral branch, of which the carpella are
omy, to renew the body. the termination.
CLIMATE. From dUpa, a region. The CLINKER. The vitreous substance
word climate is differently defined. Ac- which collects in furnaces and stoves where
cording to some, it is a space upon the sur- stone coal is used ; also the black oxyd of
face of the terrestrial globe, between two iron of the smith's forge.
circles,forming a belt parallel to the equa- CLINK-STONE. A dark greenish-
tor,and measured according to the length grays yellowish, bluish, or ashy-gray
of days. But in a hygienic sense, it is the mineral, of a slaty structure, generally
prevailing constitution of the atmosphere, arranged in tabular masses, and usually
relative to heat, cold, moisture and wind, translucent at its edges.
peculiar to any region ; also, its purity or CLINOID. CHnoideus ; from kIlvt), a

mixture with miasmatic and gaseous ema- bed, and et6og

} resemblance. Eesembling
nations. Climate depends upon a variety a bed.
of circumstances, as its Clinoid Processes. The four processes
distance from the
equator, its distance from, and
upper surfaee of the sphenoid bone,
altitude at the
above the level of the sea, the extent, con- which surround the sella turcica, are so
figuration, inclination and local exposure called from their resemblance to the posts
of the country, the nature of the soil, the of a bedstead; two are anterior and two
from cultivation, the
effects resulting direc- posterior.
tion of the mountains by which it is inter- CLINOM'ETER. An instrument for
sected, or that are in its vicinity, and the measuring the dip of mineral strata.
actions of the winds by which the temper- CLINOPO'DIUM VULGARE. Wild
atures of different latitudes are blended. basil, a plant formerly held in high repute
The circumstances connected with cli- against the bite of serpents, and also used
mate exert a powerful influence upon the to facilitate parturition.
animal economy ; they modify the charac- CLIPPINGS. A term applied, in the
 ;;

CLU 162 CNE

Dental Laboratory, to the small portions of toes are drawn upward so that he is com-
gold, platina, or silver, which are cut from pelled to walk on his heels.
a plate in shaping the dimensions of a CLUNE'SIA. From dunes, the nates.
base, or other portions of the metallic part Inflammation of the buttocks.
of a dental substitute, or piece of dental CLU'PEA. A genus of fishes. Sprats
mechanism. and herrings.
CLISEOM'ETER. An instrument for Clupea Alo'sa. The shad. This has
measuring the angle which the axis of the been erected into a new genus, Alosa.
pelvis makes with that of the body. Clupea Encrasic'olus. The anchovy.
CLITORTDIS MUS'CULUS. See Erec- Clupea Hareng'us. The common her-
tor Clitoridis. ring.
CLIT'ORIS. From uleiu, to enclose or Clupea Lat'ulus. The whitebait.
hide; so called because it is hid by the Clupea Filchard'us. The pilchard.
labia pudendorum. A small, round or- Clupea Thrys'sa. The yellow-billed
gan situated above the nympha3 at the sprat of the West India seas.
upper part of the vulva, before the orifice CLU 'SI A. A genus of plants of the
of the urethra in females. order Clusiacece.
CLITORIS'MUS. An enlargement of Clusia Lnsignis. A plant, the flowers
the clitoris ; also Sapphism. of which exude resinous gum, highly es-
CLIVERS. Clevers. Goose-grass; Gali- teemed in the West Indies as a vulnerary.
um aparine. It is also employed with butter of cocoa
CLOA'CA. A cavity at the extremity of on the sore breasts of nursing women.
the intestinal canal in birds, reptiles, many CLUTEA ELEUTHERIA. Croton cas-
fishes, and some mammals, in which the carilla.
urinary ducts in both sexes, and vagina in CLY'DON. Klvduv. Flatulence; fluc-
females, terminate. tuation of the contents of the abdomen.
CLONIC. From nlovog, agitation. Ir- CLYPEALIS CAETILAGO. The thy-
regular s]>asmodic, or convulsive motions roid cartilage.
opposed to tonic. CLYP'EATE. From clypeus, a shield.
CLONODES. A term formerly applied Shield-shaped.
to a vibrating pulse. CLYS'MA. A clyster.

CLONUS. From k2,oveu, to agitate. CLYSTER. Clysterivm; from nlvfa,

Clonic spasms. to wash. A liquid thrown into the rectum
CLOT. Coagulum a clot of blood.
; by means of a syringe or bladder, with a
CLOTTY. Made up of clots. —
pipe the nozzle of the instrument being
CLOVE. The unexpanded flower-bud introduced into the anus.
of the clove-tree, Caryophyllus aramati- Clyster Tipe. A tube or pipe used
cus. for injections.
Clove-Pink. Carnation pink. CNE'ME. The tibia.

CLUB-FEET. A deformity, either con- CNEMO-DACTYL^EUS. Extensor lon-

genital or acquired, but usually the for- gus digitorum pedis.,
mer, caused by a contraction of the exten- CNEMOLORDO'SIS. Bending of the
sor muscles of the feet. The affection has leg forward.
been variously designated according to the CNEMOSCOLIO'SIS. Bending of the
nature of the deformity, as tip-foot, when leg sidewise. Bandy-leg.
the heel is drawn upward and the patient CNEORUM TRICOC'CUM. Spurge
is compelled to walk on his toes ; knot-foot, olive. It contains a powerful acrid prin-
when he walks on the back of his foot ciple, and was formerly used as a purga-
cross-foot,when he walks on the outer tive.
edge out-bow-foot, when he walks on the
; CNE'SIS. From nvau, to scratch. Cnes-
inner edge, and heel-club-foot, when his mos. Painful itching.
 COA 163 COC

CNICIN. A crystalline substance ob- which admits of manifest motion. See

tained from Cnicus benedidus. Diarthrosis and Synarthrosis.
CNICUS. A genus of plants of the COBALT. A brittle, reddish gray
order Asteraccce. metal, fused with difficulty, and generally
Cnicus Benedictus. Ccntaurea; blessed combined in its ores with nickel, arsenic,
thistle. It is tonic, diaphoretic or emetic, iron and copper. Its oxyd is largely used

according to the mode of administration. to color porcelain blue. It is frequently

CNIDO'SIS. From Kvt&n, the nettle. in the man-

employed as a coloring matter
An itching sensation like that produced by ufacture of porcelain teeth.
the nettle. A dry ophthalmia. COBI'TIS. From cobio, a gudgeon. A
CNISSOREG'MIA. From Kvtooa, the genus of soft-finned fishes of the carp fam-
smell of burnt fat, and opeyu, to put forth. iiy.

A nidorous eructation resembling rotten CO'BRA DE CAPEL'LO. The hooded

eggs- snake.
CNY'MA. A slight itching ; also a punc- COCCINEL'LA. Diminutive of coccus,
ture or vesication. a berry ; from its resemblance to a berry.
COAG'ULABLE LYMPH. Liquor san- The cochineal insect. See Coccus Cacti.
guinis ;
plastic lymph ; a clear, colorless COCCINELLIN'. The coloring princi-
fluid, which exudes from wounds or in- ple of cochineal. Carmine.
flamed vessels, and serves for the repara- COCCO-BALSAMUM. The fruit of
tion of injuries, and to produce adhesions. the Amyris gileadensis, the plant from
COAGULANT. That which has the which opobalsamum is obtained.
power of coagulating the blood. COCCOLITE. A mineral of a green
COAGULATION. Coagulatio ; from color, of various shades.
con and ago, to drive together. The act COCCOLOBA UVIFERA. A poly-
of changing from a fluid to a jelly-like con- gonaceous plant of the West Indies ; the
sistene. sea-side grape.
COAG'ULUM. A jelly-like, or soft COCCULUS INDI AROMATICUS.
and tremulous mass, formed in a coagula- Jamaica pepper. See Myrtus pimenta.
ble liquid. Cocculus Palmatus. The systematic
Coagulum Alu'minis. A coagulum name of a plant which affords the Calumba
formed by beating the white of eggs with root.
a little alum. It is used in cases of ophthal- COCCUM. A species of capsule, or dry
mia where an astringent is required. seed vessel, more or less aggregate, with
COALES'CENCE. In Medicine, the elastic sides, projecting the seeds with
union of parts previously separated, as in great force.

the case of preternatural adhesions. COCCUS. A tribe of insects.

COALTER'NiE FEBRES. Double in- Coccus Cacti. The systematic name of
termittent fevers. the cochineal insect. Cochineal.
COAPTATION. Coaptatio; from con, Coccus Lacca. The insect from the
together, and aptare, to adjust, adapt. supposed puncture of which, in the ex~
The act of placing the two extremities of a treme branches of certain East India trees,
fractured bone in contact with each other, lac or gum-lac exudes.
or of restoring a luxated bone to its proper COCCYGE'US. From M**f, because
place. it is inserted into the coccyx. A muscle
COARCTA'TION. Goardatio; from which arises from the spinus process of the
coardare, to straighten. In Pathology, the ischium, covers the inside of the sacro-
contraction or straightening of a canal, as ischiatic ligament, and is inserted at the
of the urethra or intestinal canal. extremity of the sacrum.
COARTICULA'TIO. From con, and COCCYGIS OS. Os coccygis. Cauda.
articulatio, an articulation. Articulation From JMiacvL the cuckoo, whose bill it is
 ;

coc 164 CXEL

said to resemble. A bony appendage at CODEFA. Codein, from audia, a poppy

tbe point or lower extremity of the sacrum, head. An alkaloid discovered in opium
terminating in an acute point. by Robiquet.
COCCYX. The os coccygis. CODE'IC ACID. An acid formed from
COCHINEAL. Coccus cacti, an insect codeia.
found on several species of cactus. COD LIVER OIL. Oleum jecoris
COCH'LEA. From aoxafa, to turn aselli.

round. The anterior of the three cavities CODOCE'LE. Codoscella. Bubo.

constituting the labyrinth of the ear, is so CCE'CUM. From ccecus, blind. That
called from its resemblance to a snail. part of the large intestines situated below
COCHLE ARE. From cochlea, a cockle, the ileum ; called also, the blind gut, from
because its bowl represents a shell. A its forming a cul-de-sac, extending down-
spoon ; a spoonful. ward from the commencement of the colon.
Cochleare Magnum. A table-spoon- CCELACAN'THIDiE. From notTuig, hol-
ful, which is about half a fluid ounce. low, and anavdog, a spine. A family of
Cochleare Me'dium. A dessert-spoon- ganoid fishes armed with hollow spines.
ful, or two tea-spoonfuls. CffiLELMIN'THA. From Koilog, hol-

Cochleare Minimum. A tea-spoonful, low, and t/t/uvf, a worm. A class of En-

•r one fluid drachm. tozoa, including such of the intestinal
COCHLEA'RIA. From cochleare, a worms as have an intestinal canal continu-
spoon. A genus of plants, of the order ing in a distinct abdominal cavity.
Brassicacem. COiLES'TINE. A name applied by
Cochlearia Armora'cia. Horseradish. Mineralogists to sulphate of strontia, from
Cochlearia Officinalis. Cochlearia its blue tint.
hortensis. The common scurvy-grass, said C03LIA. From Koilog, hollow. A cav-
to be a powerful antiscorbutic. ity in any part of the body, as the abdo-
COCHLEA'TUS. Cochleate. Spiral. men, uterus, &c.
Applied in Botany to leaves, leguminous CCE'LIAC. Cceliacus ; from Koilia, the
seeds, &c. abdomen. Pertaining to the abdomen.
COCHONE. The junction of the hip Ccsliac Artery. Arteria cceliaca. The
or paunch with the seat or thigh. The first branch of the aorta given off in the
breech. The perineum. The coccyx. abdomen.
COCOA-NUT. The fruit of the cocos Ccsliac Flux or Passion. From noilia >
nucifera. the abdomen. A chronic diarrhcea, in
COCOON'. An oblong envelope of silk, which the food is discharged in an undi-
spun by the silk worm, previously to its gested state.
transformation into the chrysalis state. Coeliac Plex'us. A plexus formed of
The same name is given to the envelope of numerous nervous filaments from the semi-
other larvse. lunar ganglia of the great sympathetic,
COCOS BUTYRACEA. The system- and from branches of the right and left
atic name of the plant from which the pneumogastric nerves. It is situated be-
palm oil is obtained. hind the stomach around the trunk of the
Cocos Nucifera. The systematic name coeliac artery.

of the plant which produces the cocoa- CGELFACA. Cocliacus ; from KoTaa^

nut. alvus venter. Diseases of the digestive

COC'TION. Coctio; from coquere, to functions ; the first class in Good's Nosolo-
boil. Digestion of the food in the stomach gy, containing two orders, enterica and
boiling, or decoction. A term formerly splanchnica.
used in medicine to express the change COZLO'MA. From noiloc, hollow. An
morbific matters were supposed to experi- ulcer of the cornea of the eye.
ence before elimination. C03LOSTOMTA. From hoiTloc, hollow,
 ;

COK 165 COL

and cTOfia, mouth. Defective enunciation, men or other extraneous or volatile matter

characterizedby hollowness of voice. by fire.

CCEN.ESTHE'SIS. Concesthe' sis ; from COLATU'EA. From colare, to strain.
noivog, common, and aiotiTjoig, perception. A liquor which has been filtered or

Common perception or general sensibility strained.

of the system. COL'CHICUM. From Colchis, the name

CCENO'BIO. A
term applied by the of the place where this plant is supposed
French to a fruit which consists of two or to have abounded. A genus of plants of
more carpels, united at the base and sep- the order Melanthaceoz and family colchica-
arated at the apex, from the middle of cece. Meadow-saffron.
which a single style arises. Colchicum Autum'nale. Meadow-
C(ENOLOG'IA. From Koivog, common, saffron ; a bulbous plant, found in many
and hoyog, a discourse. A consultation. parts of Europe, usually growing in mead-
CCE'NOTES. From noivog, common. ows. It is an irritant in ; over doses, an
The methodic sect of Physiceous, who de- acro-narcotic poison. In small doses it is

clared that all diseases arise from relaxa- a nauseant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and ca-
tion, stricture, or both. thartic, and is employed in the treatment
CCE'NUEE. Ccenurus. The hydatid of gout and rheumatism. All the species
found in the brain of sheep. yield the alkaloid veratria.
COF'FEA. A genus of plants of the COL'COTHAB. Colcothar vitrioli

order Itubiacece. brown-red rouge ; crocus mortis vitriolaius

Coffea Arabica. Jas'minum Arab'i- seu adstringens. A brown-red oxyd of
cum. The plant which affords the coffee. iron, which remains after the distillation
COF'FEE. The berry of the Coffea of the acid from sulphate of iron.
ardb'ica. COLD. Privation of heat, or the sen-
COHABITATION. The act of living sation produced by the abstraction of cal-
together. In Legal Medicine, intercourse oric from the body. Also, the common
between the sexes. name for a catarrh.
COHE'SION. Cohcesio ; from cohcereo, Cold Ckeam. Unguen'tuma'quazro'sce.
I hold together. U. S. Ph. Take of rose-water, oil of al-
Attraction or cohesion is

that power by which monds, each two fluid ounces spermaceti,

particles of matter ;

are connected and held together in such a half an ounce ; white wax, a drachm.
way as to resist any attempt at separa- Melt together, by means of a water bath,
tion. the oil, spermaceti, and wax then add the ;

COHOBATION. Cohoba'tio. In Chem- rose-water and mix until cold.

istry, the distillation of a fluid, on a sub- COLEOPTEEA. An order of insects
stance of the same kind as that upon which with sheaths to their wings, as beetles, &c.
it was at first distilled, and repeating it COLE'WOET. Cabbage.
several times. COL'IC. Co'licus; from kuIov, the co-
COI'LIMA. Sudden swelling of the lon. Pertaining to the colon. A term
abdomen from flatulence. applied in Pathology to almost all acute
COINDICANTIA. From con, and in- pains in the abdomen.
dico, to indicate. Signs furnishing the Colic Arteries. These are six in
same indications, or which are confirma- number. Three are given off by the su-
tory of the indications furnished by other perior mesenteric, which are called the
signs. Such signs are called coindicant. coliccc dextrce. The other three are given
COIKAS. Scrofula. off by the inferior mesenteric artery, and
COITION. Co'itus ; from co'eo, to go are called the colicce sinistrce.

together. Copulation. Carnal union, or CO'LICA. The cholic.

conjunction of the sexes. Colica Accidenta'lis. Colica cra-
COKE. Pit coal deprived of its bitu- pulosa.
 COL 166 COL
Colica Bilio'sa. Bilious colic. Colica Vermino'sa. Worm colic, or
Colica Calculo'sa. Colic produced colic from the presence of worms in the
by earthy concretions in the intestines. intestines.

Colica Callo'sa. Colic attended with COLICODYNIA. Colic.

a sense of stricture in some part of the in- COLITIS. From kuXov, the colon, and
testinal canal. His, inflammation. Inflammation of the
Colica Convulsi'va. Idiopathic colic. mucous membrane of the colon.
Colica Crapulo'sa. Colic produced COLLA PISCIUM. Ichthyocolla.
by eating hard and indigestible aliments. COL'LAPSE. Collapsus,
Colica Damnonio'rum. Metallic colic, COLLAP'SUS. From colldbor, to
shrink
a colic peculiar to Devonshire. Colic at- down. Shrinking of the body. Prostra-
tended with fever. tion of strength.

Colica Flatulen'ta. Colic from an COLLAR-BONE. The clavicle.

accumulation of air in the intestines. Flat- COLLARE MISERICORDIiE. A band-
ulent colic. 1
age used for securing a patient during the
Colica Hemorrhoida'lis. A colic sup- operation of lithotomy.
posed to precede hemorrhoids, or to super- COLLAT'ERAL. Cdlaiera'lis ; from
vene on their suppression. cum, with, and lahis, side. Accompany-
Colica Hepat'ica. Hepatic colic. ing, or proceeding by the side of another.
Colica Hysterica. Colic attending COLLECTION. Cdlec'tio ; from col-

hysteria. lingere, to collect. Used in Pathology to

Colica Inflammato'ria. Inflamma- denote the collection or gathering of pus,
tory colic ; enteritis. or some other purulent or serous matter.
Colica Lappon'ica. Colic peculiar to COLLET. From collum, the neck. A
Laplanders. neck or collar. A term applied by some
Colica Madriden'sis. A colic endemic French writers, in Dental Anatomy, to the
in several provinces of Spain, resembling neck of a tooth.
somewhat lead colic in its symptoms. COLLIC'ULUS. A little hill or emi-
Colica Menstrua'lis. Colic which nence; applied in Anatomy to various
precedes or follows menstruation, or de- elevations in the body.
pends on the suppression of that flux. Colliculus Cave^e Posterioris Ven-
Colica Mesenter'ica. Colic produced triculorum Lateralium. Hippocampus
by disease of the mesentery. minor.
Colica Metal'lica. Metallic colic. Colliculus Nervi Ethmoidalis. Cor-
Painter's colic. pus Striatum.
Colica Nephret'ica. Acute pains at- Colliculus Nervi Optici. Optic Thal-
tending nephritis or calculi of the ureter. amus.
Colica Nervo'sa. Nervous colic. Colliculus Seminalis. An eminence
Colica Picto'num. Painter's colic. in the prostate gland.
Metallic colic. COLLIGA'MEN. From coUigo, to tie
Colica Scorto'rum. A colic to which, together. A ligament.
according to Dr. Martin Hassing, the pros- COLLINSO'NIA CANADENSIS. Heal-
titutes of Copenhagen are subject. all; horse-balm; an indigenous plant, used

Colica Spasmod'ica. Spasmodic colic. in domestic practice as an emetic, diuretic

Colica Sterco'rea. Colica stipa'ta. and diaphoretic.
Colic from the retention of fseces in the in- COLLIQUAMENTUM. From colli-
testines. queo, I melt. The first rudiment of an
Colica Vena. A branch of the upper embryo.
mesenteric vein. COLLIQUATION. Diminution of the
Colica Vena Recta. A vein of the solids, with copious excretion of liquids by
colon. one or more outlets.
 COL 167 COL
COLLIQUATIVE. Colliquati'vus; from COLLYEIUM ZlNCI SULPHATIS. A Col-

colliqueo, I melt. Applied to various dis- lyrium of sulphate of zinc.

charges, as colliquative perspiration, diar- COLOBO'MA. KoXo^ua, any thing
rhoea, &c, which occasion rapid loss of truncated or shortened. A mutilated or
strength. maimed organ.
COLLISION. Collis' io. From coUido, to COL'OCYNTII. The fruit of the Ciir-

heat together. In Physics, the shock of two cumis colocynthis deprived of its rind. It
bodies brought into contact with each other. is a powerful drastic, hydragogue cathartic.
COLLOBO'MA. From KoUau, to glue COLOCYNTHTN. The bitter principle

together. Culobroma. Agglutination of of colocynth.

the eyelids together. COLOMBO. See Columba.
COLLO'DES. From noUa, glue. Gluti- CO'LON. Colum ; Intesti'num majus.
nous. The portion of the large intestine which
COLLOID. From icoUa, glue. In Pa- extends from the cajcum to the rectum.
thology, the jelly-like degeneration of some COLONFTIS. Acute dysentery.
malignant tumors, as a colloid cancer. COLOPHO'NIA. So called from Colo-
COLLO'DION. Collodium. Ethereal phon, the city from which was first
it

solution of Gun-cotton. An impervious brought. The black resin which remains

adhesive plaster is made of this solution, in the retort, after distilling common tur-
peculiarly adapted to the dressing of pentine with a strong fire.

w ounds which
r
require water dressing. COLOQUINTIDA. Colocynth.
Collodion, Canthau'idal. A vesica- COLOR. In Physics, an inherent prop-
ting solution of cantharides in collodion. erty in light, which gives to bodies particu-
Collodion, Elastic. A solution of lar appearances to the eye. The primary
gutta percha in chloroform. colors, according to Sir Isaac Newton, are
COL'LUM. From kuIov, a member, as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and
being one of the chief; or diminutive of violet.

columnia, as being the pillar and support COLORING MATTER. A coloring

of -the head. The part of the body be- principle existing in vegetable substances.
tween the head and chest. The neck. The colors which adhere to cloth without a
COLLU'TION. Collu'tio. Washing the basis are termed substantive, and those
mouth, or any other part. which require a basis, adjective.
COLLUTO'RIUM. From colliw, to COLOS'TRUM. The first milk secreted
wash. A mouth- wash a gargarism. ; in the breast after parturition.
COLLU'VIES. From colluo, to cleanse. COLPOCE'LE. Vaginal hernia.
Filth ; excrement ; the matter discharged COLPOC'OSE. Gangrene of the vagina
from an old idcer. and labia.
COLLYR'IUM. From kuIvco, I check, COLPOCYSTOTOM'IA. Lithotomy
and povc, , a defluxion ; because it stops the through the vagina.
defluxion. This term was applied by the COLODESMORRAPHTA. Removal of
ancients to a medicine used to check any a portion of the mucous membrane of the
discharge, but at present it is restricted to vagina, for the cure of prolapsus of the
a wash, or application to the eyes. The vagina and uterus.
collyria of the jiharmacopceias are, for the COLPOL'GIA. Pain in the vagina.
most part, metallic lotions. COLPORRHEX'IS. Rupture of the va-
COLLYRIUM PlUMBI ACETATIS. A Col- gina.
lyrium of acetate of lead. COLPO'SIS. Colpi'tis. Vaginitis.

COLLYKIUM PLUMBI ACETATIS ET OpII. COLPOT'OMY. Incision of the vagina

A collyrium of opium and acetate of lead. in parturition.
COLLYRIUM ZlNCI ACETATIS. A Colly- COLPOPTO'SIS. A prolapsus of the
rium of acetate of zinc. vagina.
 COM 168 COM
COLPOTRE'SIA. Imperforation of the attraction, from which results a compound
vagina. possessing new properties.
COLT'S FOOT. See Tussilago. COMBUSTIBLE. Capable of being
COL'UBEE. In Zoology, a genus of burnt.
serpents, having numerous subgenera. COMBUS'TIO. From comburo, to burn.
Coluber Bekus. The systematic name A burn.
of the viper, a poisonous reptile. COMBUSTION. Conbustio; from com-
COLUMBA. Calumba. The combina-
buro, to burn. Burning.
COLUMBIC ACID. An oxygen with a combustible body.
acid obtained tion of

from the ore of columbium. Among the phenomena which attend com-
COLUM'BIUM. A metal discovered by bustion, is the evolution of heat and light,
Mr. Hatchet in Massachusetts. It is also but as these are supposed to be dependent
termed Tantalum. on chemical action, they may also be ex-
COLUMEL'LA. Diminutive of co- pected in other chemical processes. The
lumna, a column. A column or little pil- presence of oxygen, therefore, is not abso-
lar ; the central column, or filament unit- lutely necessary to them.

ing the partitions in the capsules of plants ;

Combustion, Spontaneous. This most
also the uvula and clitoris. remarkable phenomenon frequently occurs
COLUMELLARES DENTES. The in accumulations of vegetable, animal, and
cuspid teeth are so called from their shape. even mineral substances, under circumstan-
COLUM'NA. A column. In Anatomy, ces favorable to its development. It is also
applied to parts of the body, which resem- said to occur sometimes in the human body.

ble in shape or office a column, as the co- COMENIC ACID. A pale yellow
lumnar carnce of the heart ; columna nasi, crystalline and slightly soluble substance,
&c. produced by the decomposition of meconic
Columna Nasi. The lowest part of the acid by heat.
septum of the nose. COM'FRY. The popular name of Sym-
Columna Oris. The uvula. phytum officinalis.

COLUM'NA CARNzE. The small COMITIA'LIS MORBUS. An old epi-

fleshy columns which project into the auri- thet for epilepsy, because when any one
cles and ventricles of the heart. was attacked by it in the comitia, the as-
COLUTORIUM. A gargle. sembly was dissolved.
CO'MA. Ku/xa. A profound sleep from COMITISSzE PULVIS. The Countess'
which the individual cannot be roused. Bark, so called because the Countess de
It occurs as a symptom in many dis- Cinchon was cured by it at Lima. Cin-
eases. chona.
Coma Somnolen'tum. A deep morbid COMMANDUCATIO. From comman-
sleep. Lethargy. duco ; to eat. Mastication.
Coma-Vi'gil. A term for the lethargic COMMEM'ORATIVE. Commemorati'-
condition of the patient in bad cases of ty- vus ; from commemorare, con and memor,
phus in which he is watchful and mutter- to cause to remember. That which pre-
ing in delirium. Agrypno-coma. serves the remembrance of something.
CO'MATA. The plural of coma. Dis- Commemorative Signs. Signs which
eases characterized by a diminution of the point at the previous condition of the pa-
powers of voluntary motion, with sleep or tient. So far as the innate constitution is
the senses impaired. concerned, none can be relied upon with
COMATOSE. Having a propensity to more certainty than those furnished by the
sleep. Affected with coma. teeth. See Teeth, Characteristics of the.
COMBINATION. From cum, with, COMMI. Gum.
and binus, two. The union of two or more COM'MINUTED. Comminu'tus ; from
bodies in definite proportions, by chemical comminuere, con and minuo, to break to
 ;

COM 169 COM

pieces. In Surgery, a bone broken into a COMPLEXION. The color of the face
number of pieces ; applied also to food af- the aggregate of physical characters pre-
ter it has been masticated or ground be- sented by a body, with reference to consti-
tween the teeth. tution, temperament, &c.
COMMINUTION. The fracture of a COMPLEX'US. Complex. Composed
bone into a number of pieces the tritura- of several distinct things.
;

tion, breaking to pieces between the teeth, Complexus Mi'nor. Mastoideus later-
or mastication of food. alis. The name of a muscle which arises
COM'MISSURE. Commissu'ra; from from the transverse processes of the last
committo, I join together. A point of four cervical vertebra?, and is inserted into
union between two parts. The commis- the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
sures of the lips and eyelids are the angles Complexus Mus'culus. Complexus seu
where they come together. biven'ter cervi'cis ; complexus major ; dorso

Commissure, Anterior, of the Brain. irachelon-occipital. A muscle situated on

A small medullary-like substance, crossing the back part of the neck.
the anterior part of the third ventricle of COMPLICATION. Complica'tio. In
the brain, uniting the two hemispheres. Pathology, the presence of several diseases,
Commissure, Posterior, of the Brain. or several circumstances, foreign to the
A medullary substance uniting the two primary disease.
hemispheres of the brain across the pos- COMPOSITION. Composii'io; from
terior part of the third ventricle, and above componere, to place together. The act of
the corpora quadrigemina. composing or compounding, or that which
Commissure of the Uvea. The ciliary results from such act, as a chemical or
ligament. pharmaceutical composition, or a compo-
COMMU'NICANS. From communis, sition for the body or enamel of porcelain
common. That which communicates or teeth.
establishes a communication. Applied to COMPOSTT2E. In Botany, the largest
two arteries of the cranium, one anterior, of all natural groups of plants, and so
and one posterior. The first extends from called because the old botanists who in-
one anterior cerebral artery to the other ; vented the name regarded the flower-heads
the second from the internal carotid to the as compound flowers. They answer to
posterior cerebral. the Syngenesia polygamia of Linnajus, and
Communicans Tible. The external are positively characterized by having cap-
saphenal branch of the tibial nerve. itate flowers, syngenesious anthers, and an
COMOSE. In Botany, ending in a inferior ovary with a single erect ovule.
tuft. They are sometimes trees, but generally
COMTACT. Compac'tus ; from con and herbaceous plants or shrubs.
pangere, to strike, to fix. Solid, close. In COMPOS1TUM. A compound, or com-
Anatomy, applied to the hardest and closest position of different things.
parts of a bony tissue. COMPOTES. Preserved fruits.
COMPAGES. From compingo, to put COMPOUND. To
two or mix or unite
together. An articulation, a commissure. more ingredients in one mass or body, or
COMPARATIVE. In Anatomy and a mass or body resulting from such mix-
Physiology, that which illustrates by com- ture. Compound Medicines have been di-
paring with the human body, or any part vided into two classes, viz Officinal Pre- :

of it as, for example, the comparative parations, and Magistral or Extemporane-

;

anatomy of the teeth embraces a knowl- ous. The former are those ordered in the
edge of the differences that exist between pharmacopoeias the latter are constructed ;

these organs in different animals. by the practitioner at the moment.

COMPLEX. Complex' us; from con, Compound Radicals. Substances
with, and plectere, to twist. Complicated. which, though containing two or more
 ; ;

COM 170 CON

elements, have the capacity of uniting with plied by Albinus to the anterior fibres of
elementary bodies to form new compounds. the levator ani, which embrace the pros-
COM'PRESS. Compres'sa ; from com- tate gland.

primere, to 2>ress together. Pieces of lint Compressor Urethra. A muscle aris-

or folds of a rag, or any other substance, ing from the ramus of the ischium, and in-
so contrived as, with the aid of a bandage, serted into the membranous urethra, which
to make upon any part.
pressure In Sur- it embraces.
gery a compress is employed to arrest COMPRESSED. Compres'sus. A term
hemorrhage, as well as various other pur- applied, in Surgerg, to a blood-vessel, ca-
poses. nal, or other organ suffering compression;
COMPRESSIBILITY. The property in Botany, to the various organs or parts of
possessed by bodies of occupying a small- plants; and in Mineralogy, to crystals
er space when subjected to the action of which have a flattened figure.
pressure. COMPTONIA. A genus of plants of
COMPRESSION. In Physics, the ac- the order Myricacece.
tion exerted upon a body by external Comptonia Asplenifo'lia. Sweet
forcewhereby its constituent molecules are fern-bush spleenwort gall. A plant pos-
;

pressed more closely together. It is em- sessing tonic and astringent properties.
ployed in Surgery for the repression of COMPUNCTIO. From compungo, to
hemorrhages, and in the treatment of prick. A puncture.
aneurisms, wounds, sores and various in- CONA'RIUM. From nuvog, a cone, be-
juries of the animal organs. The agents cause of its conical shape. A cone. The
ordinarily used in such cases are the torne- pineal gland. j

quet, bandages, laced-stockings, com- CONCAVUS. Hollow; depressed in

presses, &c. the centre.
Compression of the Brain. This may CONCENTRATION. Concentra'tio
bo caused by cxtravasated blood, a de- from con, and centrum, a centre. In Med-
pressed portion of bone, an accumulation icine, an afflux of fluids, or a convergence
of fluid, or a tumor. of vital force towards an organ. Also, the
COMPRESS'OR. A name applied to evaporation of the water of fluids for the
muscles which draw together parts upon purpose of increasing their strength.
which they act. Also the name of instru- CONCEN'TRIC. Concentri'cus. Com-
ments invented for compressing the fem- posed of many layers arranged circularly,
oral artery, and other purposes. one within the other.
Compressor of Dupuytren. An in- CONCEP'TACLES. Conceptac'ulum. In
strument invented by Dupuytren for com- Botany, the cavity containing the repro-
pressing the femoral artery, consisting of a ductive corpuscles of cryptogamous plants.
semi-circle of steel with a pad at each CONCEPTAC'ULUM. A receiver; a
end. vessel ; the uterus.
Compressor Naris. Jtence'us nasa'lis CONCEPTION. Goncep'tio; from con-
transversa'lis nasi; dilatato'res ala'rum cipio, to conceive. The impregnation of
nasi. A flat triangular muscle arising the ovum in the ovarium, by the contact
externally at the root of the ala nasi, and of the aura seminis.
inserted with its fellow into the extremity Conception, False. Term for a blighted
of the os nasi, and when the two contract, ovum or imperfect impregnation.
they draw the sides of the nose towards CONCHA. Koyxv. The name of a li-

the septum. quid measure among the Athenians. In

Compressor of Nuck. An instrument Anatomy, applied to several hollow parts
invented by Nuck for compressing the of the body.
urethra in cases of incontinence. Concha ArjRic'uLiE. The concha of the
Compressor Prostata. A name ap-
 CON 171 CON
Concha Auris. The hollow part of the CONCUS'SION. From cmcutio, I
cartilage of the external ear. shako together. In Surgery, agitation
Concha Naritjm. The turbinated part communicated to one organ by a fall upon
of and the inferior another, as the brain from a fall on the
the ethmoid bone,
spongy bones, covered by the pituitary buttocks. Concussion of the brain often
membrane. causes very alarming symptoms.
CON'CHIFERS. From Chocha, a shell, Concussion of the Brain. A disturb-
and ferre, to carry. A term applied by ance of the brain produced by a fall or
Lamarck and other Naturalists, to all blow. It has been supposed that some of
molluscous animals protected by bivalve the nervous fibres are broken under these
shells. circumstances. It differs from compression
CON'CHOID. Conchoi'des. Shell-like. in the absence of stertorous breathing.
CONCHO-HELIX. The small muscle CONDENSAN'TIA. Inspissaritia. Med-
of the Helix. icines supposed to inspissate the humors.
CONCIIOL'OGY. From *oyxn t a shell, CONDENSATION. Condensa'tio; from
and hoyog, a discourse. The science of shells. condenso, to make thick. A thickening of
CON'CHUS. From ko 7X v, a shell, so a fluid. In Anatomy and Pathology, an
called from its resemblance to a shell. increase in the density of the blood, or
The cranium the ; sockets of the eyes. other fluids, or any of the tissues of the
CONCHYLIA. The turbinated bone. body. In Chemistry, the subjection of
CONCIDEN'TIA. From Concido, to a3iiform bodies to pressure, or the conver-
fall down. In Pathology, synonymous sion of vapors to fluids by cold.
with collapse. A wasting or falling away. CONDENSER. An alembic.
-CONCOCTION. Concoc'tio; from con- Condenser, Liebig's. A contrivance of
coquo, to digest. Digestion. Coction. Liebig for condensing volatile liquids du-
Maturation. ring distillation. It consists of two tubes,
CONCOMITANT. Concom 'items ; from the inner of which contains the vapor, and
con, and comitare —
itself from comire —
the outer a stream of cold water constantly
cum, and ire, to go with. That which flowing.
accompanies, or goes with. In Pathology, CON'DIMENT. Gondimen'tum ; from
a symptom which accompanies other symp- condire, to preserve or season. Any thing
toms. used for seasoning food, as butter, salt,

CONCREMATION. Calcination. pepper, spice, &c.

CONCRETION. Concre'tio ; from con- CONDI'TUM. A pharmaceutical com-
cresco, to grow That which has pound of wine, honey and some aromatics,
together.
thickened, condensed, and become more especially pepper.
solid. It was formerly used to signify the CONDOM. The intestinum caxum of
adhesion of parts. the sheep, cleansed and used as a covering
Concretion, Biliary. Gall-stones. of the penis during coition, to prevent ve-
Concretions, Salivary. A deposit nereal infection, or pregnancy. Such con-
of phospate of lime and animal matter trivances, however, are, as a witty woman
sometimes found in the substance of the once remarked, " bucklers against pleas-
salivary glands, or in the ducts, and on ure, but cobwebs against danger."
the teeth. CONDUCTOR. From conducere, to
Concretions, Urinary. Calculi de- lead or guide. That which conducts or
posited from the urin in the kidneys, serves as a guide. In Surgery, an instru-
ureters, bladder or urethra. ment used for directing a knife or bistoury

CONCUR'SUS. From concurrere, to in certain operations. In Physics, a body

meet together. The congeries of symp- capable of conducting caloric and electric-

toms which constitute and distinguish a ity.

particular disease. CONDUIT. A passage of small dimen
 CON 172 CON
sions. A canal. A pipe for conveying Confectio Hamec. A confection com-
water. posed of the bark of the yellow myrobal-
CONDYLARTHRO'SIS. Articulation ans, violets, pulp of colocynth, polypody
by condyles. of the oak, absintheum, rhubarb, thyme,
CON'DYLE. Con'dylus ; KovdvXog, the fennel, red roses, pulps of prunes, raisins,
joint of the finger, a tubercle or knot. An sugar, aniseed, honey, senna, &c.
articular process of a bone, flat in one di- Confectio Hyacin'thi. A confection
rection and round in the other. of hyacinth.
CONDYLI DIGITORUM MANUS. Confectio O'pii. A confection of
The phalanges. opium.
CON'DYLOID. Condyloi'deus ; from Confectio Pip'eris Ni'gri. A confee-
Kov&vTiog, a condyle, and eidog, shape. tion of black pepper.
Shaped like a condyle. Confectio Ro's^e Cani'n.e. A confec-
Condyloid Foram'ina. Foram'ina con- tion of conserve of dog-rose.
dyloi'dea. Four foramina, two anterior, Confectio Ros^e Gal'lice. A confec-
and two posterior, in the occipital bone. tion or conserve of the red rose.
Condyloid Process. A condyle. Confectio Ru't^e. A confection of rue-
CONDYLO'MA. Gondylus ; from kov-Confectio De San'talis. An astring.
duAof, a knot, an eminence. A soft wart- ent composed of sandal wood, red coral,
like excrescence, of an indolent character, bole armenian, tormentil, &c.
which appears about the anus and orifice Confectio Scammo'nle. A confection
of the genital organs, and sometimes on of scammony.
the fingers, as a consequence of syphilis. Confectio Senn^:. A confection of
CONDYL/OPODS. Gondylopo'da; from senna.
KovdvAog , and -novg, a foot. A subdivision Confectio de Thure. Frankincense
of encephalous articulate animals with confection.
jointed feet. CONFER'VA. The tribe of crypto-
CONDYLUS. A condyloma. gamous plants, of the order Mgoz, con-
CONE. In Botany, the conical fruit of sisting of simple, tubular, jointed water-
several evergreen trees, as of the pine, fir, weeds.
cedar and cyprus, Conferva Riva'lis. This species has
CONEIN'. Gicutin. The active princi- been recommended in cases of spasmodic
ple of hemlock. asthma, phthisis, &c.
CONFECTIO. from con-
Confec'tion; CONFIRMANTIA. Tonics.
Jicio, to make up. In Pharmacy, any CONFLATION. Confla'tio ; from con~
thing made into a pulpy mass with sugar flo, to blow together. In Metallurgy, the
or honey. The term is nearly synonymous blowing together of fires in melting met-
with conserve and electuary, als.
Confectio Alkermes. Alkermes. CONFLU'ENT. Conflu'ens; from con,
Confectio Amygdala. A confection and jluere, to flow. Running together.
of almonds. In Pathology, applied to certain exanthe-
Confectio Archig'enis. A which the eruptions
confection matous affections, in

of castor, long pepper, black pepper, sto- run together.

are so thick that they
rax, galbanum, costus and opium. Confluent Small Pox. This disease
Confectio Aromat'ica. An aromatic is divided into distinct and confluent. In
confection. the latter division the pustules run into
Confectio Aurantii Corticis. A con- each other.
fection of orange peel. CONFLUXIO. That sympathy of the
Confectio Casslze. A confection of different parts of the animal body by which
cassia. the actions of life are sustained.
Confectio Damocratis. Mithridate. CONFORMATION. Conforma'iio. In
 ;

CON 173 CON

Anatomy, the natural disposition or ar- CONIA. Conine, conicine. A volatile

rangement of the parts of the body. alkaloid of Conium maculatum, obtained

CONFRICA'TION. Reduction of a fri- by distilling the concentrated infusion with
able substance to powder by rubbing it potash.
between the fingers. CONICE PAPILLAE. The lenticular
CONFUM FEBRES. Intermittent fe- papillaj of the tongue.
vers, irregular in their paroxysms. CONICUS. Conical.
CONFU'SIO. From con/undo, to mix CONIF'ERvE. The cone-bearing tribe
together. A which of Dicotyledonous plants.
disease of the eye in
the membranes become ruptured and the CO'NIS. Dust fine powder ashes. ; ;

humors run together. CONI'UM. A genus of plants of the

CONGELATION. Congela'tio, from order Umbelliferce. All the plants belonging
congdo, to congeal, to freeze. The act of to it are poisonous.
congealing, or passing from a fluid to a Conium Macula'tum. Hemlock ;
poi-
solid state, as in the case of water when it son parsley. A plant possessed of narcotic
freezes. The word is also used synomy- and poisonous properties.
mously with concretion and coagulation. It CONI VASCULO'SI. The conical con-
was formerly applied to diseases attended volutions of the vasa efferentia of the tes-
with stupor and numbness, as in paralysis ticle.

and catalepsy. CONJU'GATE. Conjuga'tus. Yoked

CON'GENER. Congen'erous; from con, together; growing in pairs. Applied in
with, and genus, kind. Of the same kind Botany to a leaf consisting of leaflets ar-

or species. In Anatomy, muscles which ranged in pairs on each side of a common

concur in the same action. petiole.
CONGENITAL. That
Congen'itus. CONJUGATED ACIDS. Acids com-
which existed Thus congenital bined with basic substances, without losing
at birth.
affections are those which exist at birth, as their saturating power. The organic sub-
a disease or deformity. See Atrophy and stance, combined with the acid, materially
Erosion of the Teeth. alters its properties, while it does not in-
CONGESTION. Conges'tio; from con- terfere with its acidity.

gerere, to amass, accumulate. An accu- CONJUGATION. Conjuga'tio, from

mulation of blood, bile, or other fluids, in conjugate, to yoke together. An assem-
an organ. blage ; a union. Applied in Anatomy to
CONGESTIVE DISEASES. Diseases the orifices on each side of the vetebral
produced by congestion. column which result from the conjugation of
CONGESTIVE FEVER. A fever as- notches in each vertebra above and below.
sociated with congestion of some viscus. CONJUNCTIVA. Membra'na conjunc-
It is attended with much oppression, ob- tiva; conjunctiva tu'nica. A delicate,
scure symptoms and slow reaction. transparent, mucous membrane, covering
CON'GIUS. Congia'rius. A gallon. the anterior surface of the eyeball and lin-
CONGLO'BATE. Congloba'tus ; from ing the inner surface of the eyelids.
conglobate, to gather into a small ball. Ap- CONJUNCTIVITIS. Inflammation of
plied to glands formed of a contortion of the conjunctive membrane.
lymphatic vessels, connected by cellular tis- CONJUNCTUS. Conjoined.
sue, without a cavity or excretory duct. CON'NATE. From con and natus, born
CONGLOM'ERATE. Conglomera'tus with. Congenital.
from conglomerare, to heap upon. Ap- CONNECTION. A term used by some
plied to glands which consist of a number authors in the same sense as that of union-
of small glands. CONNICTI'VUM. In Botany, the pro-
CONGLUTINATION. Agglutination. longation of a filament supporting the lobes
CONGRES'SUS. Congress; coition. of an anther.
12
 ;

CON 174 CON

CONNIV'ENT. Conniv'ens, from con- CONSTELLA'TUM UNGUENTUM.
nivere, to close. A term in Anatomy, ap- An old ointment used in tooth-ache, and
plied to the valvular folds of the mucous as a vulnerary. It was composed of earth-
membrane of the small intestines, called worms and bear's or wild boar's fat.
valvulce conniventes, from their approach CONSTIPATION. Constipa'tio; from
to each other. It is applied in Botany to constipare, con and stipare, to cram close.
the calyx and corolla, the petals of which Costiveness. A state of the bowels in
converge or bend inward. which the alvine evacuations take place
CONOID. From kuvoc, a cone, and less frequently than usual.
ecdog, Of a conical shape.
shape. CONSTIT'UENS. Constituent. The
Conoid Ligament. A ligament attached vehicle ; that which imparts an agreeable
to the scapular extremity of the clavicle form. See Prescription.
and to the coracoid process of the scapula. CONSTITUTION. Constiiu'tio. In
CONOIDES CORPUS. The pineal Physiology , the general condition of the or-
gland. gans of the body, considered with refer-
CONQUASSATION. Gonquassa'tio. In ence to their particular arrangement, and
Pharmacy, the operation of bruising the the manner in which they perform their
different parts of a vegetable substance functions. Individual organization.
with a pestle. Constitution of the Atmosphere.
CONSECUTIVE. Consecuti'vus; from The state of the air its temperature, hu-
;

con, with, and sequor, to follow. Follow- midity, dryness, heat, &c, with respect to
ing as a consequence. its influence upon the human body, and
Consecutive Symptoms. Phenomena during the prevalence of epidemics.
which appaar after, or during the decline CONSTITUTIONAL. Belonging to,
of a disease, and as a consequence of it. or inherent in, the constitution.
CONSEN'SUS. Sympathy; consent of CONSTRICTIVE. Gonstricti'vus; from
parts. constringo, to bind together. Styptic.
CONSENT OF PARTS. Consensus. CONSTRICTOR. From consiringere,
CONSER'VA. From conservare, to to straiten. To bind in a circular direction.
keep. A conserve ; Applied to a muscle which contracts any
a preparation com-
posed of a recent vegetable substance and opening in the body.
sugar, mixed together in a uniform mass Constrictor Alm Nasi. The depressor
of about the consistence of honey. It is labii superioris alteque nasi.
the same as confection. Constrictor Ani. The sphincter ani.
Conseiiva Absin'thii. Conserve of Constrictor Cunni. The sphincter va-
wormwood. gina?.

Conserva Art. Conserve of arum. Constrictor Isthmi Faucium. GIossg-

Conserva Aurantii. Conserve of or- staphilinus ; palato glossus. A muscle at
ange peel. the opening of the fauces, occupying the
Conserva Lu'julje. Confection of wood- anterior lateral half arches of the palate
sorrel. it arises from the side of the tongue near
Conserva Mentha. Conserve of mint. its root, and is inserted in the velum near
Conserva ScilLjE. Conserve of squills. the uvula. It draws the velum down, and
CONSERVATORY. In Hmiiculture, a closes the opening into the fauces.
glazed structure in which exotic plants and Constrictor Labiorum. Constrictor
shrubs are grown in a bed or floor of soil. oris. Orbicularis oris.
CONSISTENT! A. From consisio, to Constrictor (Esophagi. Constrictor
stand still. The acme of a disease. of the oesophagus. A muscle composed of
CONSOLIDANTIA. A name formerly a number of fibres, situated at the open-
applied to substances supposed to be capa- ing of the oesophagus.
ble of hardening recently healed wounds. Constrictor Oris. Orbicularis oris.
 CON 175 CON
Constrictor Palpebrarum. Orbicu- CONTACT. Contac'tus; from contin-
laris palpebrarum. gere, to touch. The state of two bodies
Constrictor Pharyn'gis Inferior. A which touch each other.
muscle situated at the posterior part of the CONTA'GION. Conta'gio; from con-
pharynx. It arises from the side of the tingere, to touch. The communication of
thyroid cartilage and its inferior cornu, and disease from one person to another, either
from the side of the cricoid cartilage, and by direct or indirect contact. This term
is inserted with its fellow in the middle has been employed to signify all atmos-

line on the back of the pharynx. It as- pheric and morbid poisons, effluvia, mias-
sists to lessen the cavity of the pharynx, mata, and infections which cause fevers or
and thus compels the food to take the diseases that give rise to them. But ac-
downward direction into the oesophagus. cording to the strict definition of the term,
Constrictor Pharyn'gis Me'dius. A it means the communication of a disease
muscle at the posterior part of the pha- by personal contact with the sick, or by
rynx; it arises from the appendix and the affluvium from the body of the sick.
cornu of the os hyoides, and from the It is generally regarded as synonymous
—
thyro-hyoid ligament its fibres ascend, with infection.
run transversely and descend, giving it a CONTA'GIOUS. Capable of being
triangular appearance; the upper ones transmitted by direct or indirect contact.
overlap the superior constrictor, while the CONTENSIO. Tension.
lower are beneath the inferior, and the CONTIGUITY. Contact of bodies; a
whole pass back to be inserted into the touching; applied to the teeth when in
middle tendinous line of the pharynx. contact with each other.
Constrictor Pharyngis Supe'rior. A CONTINENCE. Continen'tia ; from
muscle on the posterior part of the phar- continere, to hold or keep. Abstinence
ynx, which arises from the cuneiform pro- from physical indulgences, especially from
cess of the occipital bone, from the lower sexual passions.
part of the internal pterygoid plate of the CONTl'NENS. A term applied in
sphenoid bone, from the pterygo-maxillary Pathology to any disease which, in its

ligament, and from the posterior third of course, presents no marked exacerbations
the mylo-hyoid ridge of the lower jaw, or remissions of itssymptoms.
near the root of the last molar tooth, and Continens Febris. Continued fever.
is inserted with its fellow into the middle CONTINUED FEVEK. A fever which
tendinous line on the back of the pharynx. proceeds without interruption.
Constrictor Vesica Urinaria. De- CONTINUITY. Continui'tas. Adher-
truser urinaB. ence of two things. Connection ; cohesion
CONSTRIN'GENS. Astringent ; styp- of two bodies which cannot be separated
tic. without fracture or laceration.
CONSULTATION. In Medicine, a CONTORT'ED. Twisted.
meeting of two or more physicians to de- CONTORTION. Contor'sis ; from con-
liberate upon any particular case of disease. torquere, to twist. In Pathology, violent
CONSUMP'TION. Consump'tio; from movement and twisting of the affected part
consumere, to waste away. A gradual or or member.
progressive emaciation of the body, espe- CONTRA-APERTU'RA. In Pathol-
and hence ogy, a counter-opening to give exit to mat-
cially in phthisis pulmonalis,
the name consumption which this disease ter which cannot escape from the opening
has received. that already exists.
Consumption, Pulmonary. See Phthi- CONTRACTILITY. Contractu' Has. A
sis Pulmonalis. property in living parts which gives to
CONTABESCENTIA. Consumption; them the power of contracting.
atrophy. CONTRACTION. Gmtrac'iio; from
 ;

CON 176 CON

contraherc, to draw together. Action of CONUS. A cone. Strobile.
contraction arising from excited contractil- CONVALES'CENCE. Convalesen'tia
ity. The shortening of a muscle or fibre. from convalescere, to grow well. Recovery
CONTRACTU'RA. Contraction of a of health after the cure of disease.
muscle. In Fathology, the state of rigidity CONVALESCENT. Recovering health
which the flexor muscles slowly and pro- after the cure or subsidence of disease.
gressively assume as a consequence of CONVALLA'RIA. From convaUis, a
gouty, rheumatic, paralitic, or other affec- valley, from its abounding in valleys. A
tion. genus of plants of the order Liliaceoz.
CONTKA-EXTENSIO. Counter ex- Convallaria Maja'lis. The lily of
tension. the valley. May-lily.
Contba-Fissu'ra. From contra, against, Convallaria Polygon'atum. Solo-
and findo, to cleave. A fracture or injury mon's seal. The root is astringent and
in a part distant from thatwhich received corroborant.
the blow. most
Counter-fissures occur CONVEX. A swelling on the exterior
frequently in the cranium, but are not surface of a round or spherical form j gib-
.always confined to it. bous ; opposed to concave.
Contra-Indication. Counter indica- CON' VOLUTE. Convoke' tus. Rolled
tion. A symptom which forbids the em- up into a cylinder. A term applied in
ployment of a remedy which, under other Anatomy to the upper and lower turbi-
circumstances, might be used. nated bones of the nose, and, in Botany,
Contra-Luna'ris. A woman who con- to leaves of a plant.
ceives during menstruation. CONVOLUTION. Convolu'tio; from
CONTRAYER'VA. From contra, convolvere, to roll together. A substance
against, and yerva, poison. An herb sup- rolled upon itself.

posed to be a preventive against poison. Convolutions of the Brain. The

Contrayerva Alba. Contrayerva Ger- round, undulating, winding projections of
manorum. A species of asclepias. the surface of the brain.
Contrayerva Nova. Mexican con- Convolution Internal. Convolution
trayerva. of the corpus calhsum. A great convolu-
Contrayerva Virginiana. SeeAris- tion on the inner side of each hemisphere
tolochia Serpentaria. of the brain, surrounding the corpus callo-
Contre-Coup. See Contra-Fissura. sum.
CONTltEXEVILLE, WATERS OF. Convolutions of the Intestines. The
The waters of Contrexeville, a town in the windings made by the intestines in the ab-
department of Vosges, France, contain car- dominal cavity.
bonates of iron and lime, chloride of lime, Convolution, Supra-orbital. A con-
carbonic acid, and a bituminous substance. volution on the under side of the anterior
CONTRO-STIM'ULANT. A medicine lobe of the brain, resting on the orbital
which debilitates or diminishes the vital process.
force. CONVOLVULA'CE^. Thebind-weed
CONTRO-STIMU'LUS. A doctrine of tribe of Dicotyledonous plants — an order of
Rasori, founded on the contro-stimulant twining herbs and shrubs with leaves alter-
property of certain medicines, as emetic nate, entire, or variously cleft.

tartar, &c. CONVOLVULUS. In Pathology, in-

CONTU'SION. Contu'sio;from con- tussusceptio. In Botany, a genus of plants
tundere, to knock together. A bruise
; an of the order Convolvidacew.
injury or lesion, in which there is extrava- Convolvulus Bata'tas. The sweet
sation of blood, caused by the shock of a potato, native of both Indies and China.
body with a large surface. When the skin Convolvulus Jala'pa. The Jalap
is divided, it is called a contused wound. plant.
 COP 177 COP

Convolvulus Major Albus. Convolv- placed in capsules, formed of a concen-

ulus sepium. trated solution of gelatine.
Convolvulus Scammo'nia. The scam- COPAIVIC ACID. The yellow, brit-

mony plant. tle resin of copaiba balsam.

Convolvulus Se'pium. A plant, the COPAL. A resinous substance used in
juice of which is possessed of active purga- making varnishes.
tive qualities. COPALCHE BARK. The bark of the
Convolvulus Soldanel'la. The sea Croton Pseudo-China.
convolvulus. Soldanella. The seeds are COPHO'SIS. Copho'ma. From kw^oj-,

said to be a drastic purgative. deaf. Deafness.

Convolvulus Turpe'thum. The tur- COPOS. A state of the body in which
bith plant. Turpethum. the functions are languidly performed.
CONVUL'SIO. Convulsion. COPPER. A metal of a reddish-brown
Convulsio Canina. Kisus Sardonicus. color, inclining to yellow, of a disagreea-
Convulsio Cerea'lis. Raphania; a con- ble taste and smell ; very malleable and
vulsive affection supposed to be brought ductile, but possessing the former quality
on by eating spoiled corn. in a higher degree than the latter. It is
Convulsio Habitua'lis. Chorea. possessed of greater tenacity than either
CONVUL'SION. Convul'sio; from con- gold, silver, or platinum. It is found na-
vellere, to pnll together. Violent agitation tive, —
and in many ores the most import-
of the whole body, attended by alternate ant of which are the varieties of pyrites,
violent involuntary contractions and relax- sulphurets of copper and iron. Its spe-

ations of the nmscles, and, as a conse- cific gravity is 8.6. It fuses at about
quence, distortion of the limbs, muscles of 20Q0° of Fahrenheit's scale. It readily
the face, &c. When the alternate contrac- tarnishes, forming a red sub-oxyd. The
tion is slight, it is called tremor, but when salts of most part, of a
copper are, for the
violent and permanent, tetanus, trismus, green color, and those which are soluble
&c. It may be general or partial. When are poisonous. But for its medicinal pre-
general, all the muscles of the body are parations, see Cuprum. In Mechanical
more or less affected, as in the case of Dentistry, it is used for alloying gold, and
epilepsy and hysteria. When partial, it in gold solders. See Gold, Alloying of,
affects only several muscles, as in the cases and Gold Solder.

of chorea, risus sardonicus, &c. COPPERAS. Sulphate of iron. A

CONVUL'SIVE. Tending to convul- common name for the metallic sulphate.
sion. Slightly spasmodic. COPPERNICKEL. A copper colored
CONVULSIVES. Medicines which in- mineral of Westphalia; a native arseniuret
crease the irritability of the muscles, and of nickel.
induce convulsions, as strychnia, brucia, &c. COPPER NOSE. Gutta rosea.
CONY'ZA. A genus of plants of the COPRAGO'GUM. From Konpog, the
order Composites. Great fleabane. excrement, and ayu, I bring away. A
COOPERTORIUM. The thyroid car- cathartic.
tilage. COPREM'ESIS. From Konpog, fasces,
COPAT'BA. The resinous exudation of and efieu, I vomit. Vomiting of fa?ces.
various copaiferous trees. Balsam of co- COPREM'ETUS. One affected with
paiva. Copremesis.
COPAIF'ERA. A genus of plants of COPROCRIT'ICUS. A mild cathartic j

the order Fabacece. an eccoprotic.

Copaifera Officinalis. The system- COPROPHORTA. Old term for cathar-
aticname of the plant from which the sis.

copaiba balsam is obtained. COPROSCLERO'SIS. Induration of

COPAIVA CAPSULES. The balsam fzecal matters.
 COR 178 COR
COPROSTA'SIS. Constipation; cos- Corallium Nigetjm. Black coral.
tiveness. Coballium Rubbum. Red coral, the
COPTE. A cake made of vegetable hard calcarious substance of the his no-
substances and placed externally over the bilis.

stomach or liver. CORD, UMBILICAL. The cord formed

COPTTS. Cqptis trifolia ; a bitter plant, by the union of the umbilical vessels and
sometimes used in aphthous and other ul- integuments, which connects the foetus with
cerations of the mouth. the placenta.
COPULA. Ligament. CORDA. A cord.
COPULATION. Coition. CORDATE. From cordis, the heart.
COPYO'PIA. Weakness of sight. Heart-shaped.
COR. Tho heart. COR'DIA. A genus of plants of the
CORACO-BRA'CHIALIS. A muscle order Cordiacece.
situated at the innerand upper part of the Cobdia Myxa. The Sebesten plant.
arm. It from the forepart of the The fruit is black, mucilaginous, and gent-
arises
coracoid process of the scapula, and is in- ly laxative. It has been used in bronchial
serted about the middle of the inner side of affections.
the os humeri. COR'DIAL. from cor, cor-
Cordia'lis ;
CORACO-CliAVICULAR LIGAMENT. A dis, the heart. Warm and exciting medi-
ligament which serves to unite the clavicle cines, formerly supposed to be strengthen-
to the coracoid process of the scapula. ing to the heart.
Cobaco-Hyoideus. A muscle between CORDINE'MA. Vertigo.
the os hyoides and shoulder. See Omo- CORDIS. The heart.
hyoideus. CORDS, VOCAL. The ligaments of the
CORACOID. Coracoi'deus; from nopal-, glottis.

a bird, a crow, and eidog, resemblance. CORDOLIUM. From cor, the heart,
Resembling the beak of a crow. A name and doler, pain. Cardialgia, or heart-burn.
applied to some processes from their fan- CORDY'LEA. Old term for the dung
cied resemblance to a crow's beak. A pro- of the Laccrta Stdlis, prized in the East as
cess situated at the anterior part of the a remedy for cutaneous diseases, and as a
upper margin of the scapula is designated cosmetic.
by this name. CORE. In Anatomy, the pupil of the
CORAL. From nopeu, I adorn, and als, eye. In Pathology, the slough in the cen-
the sea. A beautiful production, attached to tral part of boils.
sub-marine rocks, in the form of a shrub. CORECTOMEDIAL'YSIS. From koP t),
It is of a bright red, black, or white color,
the pupil eKTtfivu, to cut out, and dcaTiou,
;

and is composed of calcarious to liberate. Formation of artificial pupil

principally
substance, secreted by tho animals which by detaching the iris from the ciliary liga-
form it. ment.
CORALLATUM. Old name for red CORECTOMTA. Formation of artifi-
precipitate. cial pupil by removal of a part of the

CORALLI'NA. A genus of marine iris.

productions, supposed to be polypifers, CORECTOPTA. From Kopn, the pupil,

having the appearance of a plant, and con- en, out, and tokqq, place. A deviation of
taining gelatine, albumen, chloride of sodi- the pupil of the eye from the centre, occa-
um, phosphate, carbonate and sulphate of sioned by one segment of the iris being
lime, carbonate of magnesia, silica, oxyd larger than the other.
of iron, and a coloring principle. COREDIALY'SIS. Formation of arti-

CORAL'LIUM. Marine poly-

Coral. ficial pupil by separating a part of the ex-
pifers, having a stony or horny axis. ternal margin of the iris from the Corpus
Coballium Album. White coral. ciliare, ciliary folds or processes.
 COR 179 COR

CORE'MATA. From Kopeu, I cleanse. CORNACHINUS PULYIS. Named

Remedies for cleansing the skin. in honor of Cornachini, a physician of Pisa.
COREMORPHO'SIS. The operation A preparation made of scammony, dia-
for artificial pupil. phoretic antimony and cream of tartar.
CORENCLEI'SIS. Operation for arti- The names varied with the formulas, as

ficial pupil, by drawing out a portion of Pulvis de tribus, Pvlvis trium didbolorum,

the iris through an incision in the cornea Pidvis comitis Warwicensis.

and cutting it off. COR'NEA. Membrana cornea; from
COREON'CION. Goron'cion; from Kopri, cornu, horn. The anterior transparent
the pupil, and ojkivov, a hook. An instru- tunic, or sclerotic membrane of the eye,

ment used for the formation of an artificial is so called from its horny consistence.
pupil. Cornea Opaca. The sclerotic coat of

COREPLAS'TICE. Term for the op- the eye.

eration for artificial pupil in general. Cornea, Opake. Caligo.
CORETOM'IA. From uopl, the pupil, CORNEI'TIS. Inflammation of the
and TEfiveiv, to cut. The operation for the cornea.
formation of an artificial pupil, consisting CORNEOUS. Horn-like ; of a horny
of a simple cut through the iris without consistence.
the removal of any part of it. CORNIC'ULA. An old cupping in-
CORIA'CEOUS. Coria'ceus ; from co- strument, shaped like a trumpet, with a
rium, leather. Leathery. hole at the small end for exhausting the
CORIANDER. Coriandrum Sativum. air by sucking.
CORIAN'DRUM. A genus of plants of Cornic'ula Process'us. The coracoid
the order Apiacem. process of the scapula.
Corian'drum Sati'vum. The coriander CORNICULATE. Having horn-like
plant. The seeds of this plant have a processes.
slightly warm and grateful pungent taste ; CORNIFOR'MIS. Shaped like a horn.
and are moderately carminative. COR'NINE. An alkaline substance dis-
CORIAN'NON. Coriandrum sativum. covered in the bark of the Cornus Florida.
CO'RIS. From iceipu, to cleave, or cut, It has properties similar to quinine.
because it was used to heal wounds. St. CORNU. A horn ; a corneous excres-
John's-wort. Also, a genus of plants. cence, as a wart on the skin ; a corn ; the
Coins Monspelien'sis. Symphjtum angular cavities formed by the termination
petrceum. Heath-pine j a nauseous, bitter of the ventricles of the brain are called
plant. cornua, or horns.
CORIUM. Corion. Leather. The cutis Cornu Acousticum. An ear-trumpet.
vera. Cornu Ammonis. Cornu arietis. The
Corium Phlogis'ticum. The grayish cortical substance of the human brain, as
which forms on blood taken shown by cutting transversely through the
crust or buff
from a vein during inflammation, &c. pes hippocampi, is so called from its re-
CORK. The bark of Quercus suber. semblance to the horn of a ram. The pes
CORMOPHY'TES. Stem-growing hippocampi is also sometimes called the
plants. cornu ammonis.
CORMUS. Kop/iOf, a bulbous enlarge- Cornu Ante'rius Seu Anti'cum Ven-
ment of the stem of a plant distended un- triculi Lateralis. Anterior cornu of
der ground. the Lateral Ventricle The curved process
CORN. From cornu, a horn. Clavus; spi- of the lateral ventricle advancing forward.
na pedis. In Pathology, a horny induration Cornu Cervi. Heartshorn. The horns
of the skin, formed generally on the toes. of several species of the stag contain a con-
CORNA'CEiE. The natural group to siderable quantity of gelatin, which they
which the dogwood trees belong. impart to water when boiled. When
 COR 180 COR
burnt they afford the cornu ustum ; and Cornus Flor'ida. Dogwood. The bark
the spirit of hartshorn, (liquor volatilis of this, as well as that of the preceding,
cornu cervi,) at present superseded by am- is tonic, and has been used in the treat-
monia, is obtained from them by ment of intermittents.
distilla-

tion. Cornus Seri'cea. Swamp dogwood.

Cornu Descen'dens Ventric'uli Lat- COROA. Coruova ; cornova. The name
eralis. The termination of the lateral of a very bitter bark, possessing febrifuge
ventricle of the brain in the middle lobe, properties, obtained in the East Inches,
behind the fissure of Sylvius. and recently brought to Europe.
Cornu Poste'rius Ventric'uli Lat- COROL'LA. From coronula, a little

eralis. The triangular prolongation of crown. That part of a flower within the
the lateral ventricle backward into the calyx which immediately surrounds the
occipital lobe of the brain. organs of fructification.
Cornu Ustum. Cornu cervi calcina- COROLLARY. A consequent truth,
tum. Calcined cornu cervi, which consists drawn from a proposition already demon-
of phosphate of lime with a very small strated.
proportion of carbonate of lime and phos- COROLLIF'ERUS. Bearing a corolla.
phate of magnesia. COROLLIFORM. Of the form and
CORNUA. The turbinated bones ; also, consistence of a corolla.
applied to the processes of the hyoid and COROL'LULA. A little corolla or
other bones. floret.

CORNUA CARTILAG'lNIS THYROIDEiE. CORO'NA. A crown. A term used in

Eminences on the thyroid cartilage, the Anatomy and Botany, to designate parts
superior of which are articulated with the which are supposed to resemble a crown.
hyoid bone, and the inferior with the cri- Corona Cilia'ris. The ciliary liga-
coid cartilage. ment.
Corntja Coccy'gis. Two tubercular Corona Dentis. The crown of a
eminences at the base and outer side of tooth.
the coccyx, articulated with those of the Corona Glandis. The margin of the
sacrum. glans penis.
Cornua Cutanea. Horny excrescences. Corona Imperia'lis. Eritillaria impe-
Cornua Hyoidei Ossis. The cornua of rialis. A plant used by the Turks as an
the hyoid bone, situated above its body, emetic.
and designated by small or superior, and Corona Ra'dians. The radiating fibres
great or lateral. of the optic thalamus.
Cornua Lachrymalia. TheCorona Regia. Trifolium melUotus of-
lachry-
mal ducts. The plant melilot.
ficinalis.
Cornua Sacra'lia. The cornua of the Corona Terrj?:. Ground-ivy.
sacrum. Corona Turulo'rum. A circle formed
Cornua Sphenoida'lia. Cornets Sphe- by the minute mouths of the excretory
noidaux. Ossicula Bertini. Two small ducts of the glands of Peyer.
turbinated bones blocking up the orifices Corona Veneris. Venereal blotches,
of the sphenoidal cells. They have been or pustules, on the forehead.
very carefully described by Wistar. CORO'NAD. Towards the coronal as-
Cornua U'teri. The cornua of the pect.
uterus are the angles where the Fallopian CORO'NAL. Corona'lis ; from corona,
tube arises. crown. Belonging to a crown; a name
CORNUS. A genus of plants of the formerly given to the os frontis, because it
order Cornacece. is the part on which the crown of kings

Cornus Circina'ta. Round-leafed dog- partly rests.

wood. Coronal Aspect. An aspect towards
 COR 181 COR
the place of the corona, or crown of the Corpora Mammilla'ria. Corpora albi-
head. cantia.
Coronal Sutube. The suture which Corpora Oliva'ria. Two whitish ob-
extends over the head from one temporal long eminences of the medulla oblongata,
hone to the other, uniting the parietal exterior to the corpora pyramidalia.
hones with the frontal. Corpora Pyramida'lia. Two small
COR'ONARY. Coronarius, from co- eminences, one on each side of the occipital
rona, a crown. In Anatomy, applied to surface of the medulla oblongata, and be-
parts which are supposed to resemble a tween the corpora olivaria.
crown. Corpora Quadrigem'ina. Tubercula
Coronary Arteries of the Heart. quadrigemina.
The two arteries which supply the heart Corpora Restifor'mia. Two oblong
with blood. medullary eminences, one on each side of
Coronary Artery of the Stomach. the upper extremity of the medulla ob-
Arteria coronaria ventricvli. A branch of longata.
the coeliac artery, distributed upon the Corpora Stria'ta.
Eminences of a
less curvature of the stomach. brownish gray color, of a pyriform
It is ac- light
companied by a vein called the vena coron- shape, which form part of the floor of the
aria ventriculi. ventricles of the brain.
Coronary Ligament. A reflection of Corpora Striata Superna Posteri-
the peritoneum which surrounds the poste- ora. The thalami nervorum opticorum.
rior margin of the liver. COR'PULENCY. From corpus, the
Coronary Veins. Veins following the body. Excessive increase of the human
coronary arteries. body from accumulation of fat.

COR'ONATE. Gorona'tus. A term in COR'PUS. A body. This term is ap-

Botany, applied to a petal having little plied to many parts of the human body,
crown-like eminences. as the corpus callosum, &c.
CORO'NE. Kopuvv, a crow. The cor- Corpus Annula're. Pons Varolii.
onoid process of the lower jaw is so called Corpus Callo'sum. The white medul-
from its resemblance to the bill of a crow. lary part of the brain joining the hemi-
COR'ONOID. Coronoi'des, from Kopuvrj, spheres.
a crow, and eidog, likeness. Like the beak Corpus Denta'tum. An oval nucleus
of a crow ; applied to a process of the in- of cineritious matter, seen in the cerebel-
ferior maxillary, and to one of the ulna. lum.
CORPO'RA. The plural of corpus, a Corpus Fimbeia'tum. The flattened ex-
body. tremity of the posterior crus of the fornix.
Corpora Albican'tia. Two white em- Corpus Glandulo'sum. The prostate
inences, each about the size of a pea, at gland.
the base of the brain. Corpus Glandulosum Mulie'rum. A
Corpora Aran'tii. Small tubercles on vascular, spongy body, surrounding the
the semilunar valves. orifice of the female urethra.
Corpora Caverno'sa. Two cylindrical, Corpus Highmoria'num. An oblong
fibrous distensible bodies constituting the eminence, running along the superior edge
greater part of the penis and clitoris. of the testicle.
Corpora Genicula'ta. Two small em- Corpus Lu'teum. A yellow spot ob-
inences situated at the lower and outer part served in the ovarium from which the ovum
of the optic thalami. has proceeded.
Corpora Malpighia'na. Acini of Mal- Corpus Muco'sum. The second layer
pighi.A number of small dark points of the skin, situated between the cutis
scattered through the plexus of blood- vera and cuticle, which gives color to the
vessels and urinary tubes in the kidney. body.
 1

COR 182 COR

Corpus Nervo-Spongio'sum. The cav- and vigor to the body, as wine, cinchona
ernous substance of the penis. and iron.
Corpus Nervo'sum. The cavernous body CORROBORAN'TIA. Tonics.
of the clitoris. CORRO'SION. Corro'sio; ero'sio; from
Corpus Pampinifor'me. Pampiniforme; con, and rodere, rosum, to gnaw. The ac-
from pampinus, a tendril. The plexus of tion of corrosive substances.
veins which surrounds the spermatic arterj' CORRO'SIVE. Substances which cor-
in the abdomen. rode, or when placed in contact with liv-
Corpus Papilla're. The nervous and ing parts disorganize them.
vascular papillae of the rete mucosum. Corrosive Sub'limate. Corrosive chlo-
Corpus Psalloi'des. See Lyra. ride of mercury; bichloride of mercury.
Corpus Pyramida'le. The corpora Hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum.
pyramidalia. CORRUGATION. Corruga'lio ; from
Corpus Reticula're. The rete muco- con, and ruga, a wrinkle. Wrinkling,
sum. frowning.
Corpus Rhomboid'eum. Corpus denta- CORRUGA'TOR. Applied to muscles,
tum. the office of which is to corrugate the parts
Corpus Spongiosum Ure'thr^;. The upon which they act.
spongy structure around the urethra. Corrugator Supercil'ii. A small mus-
Corpus Stria 'tum. The corpora stri- cle of the eyebrow.
ata. CORSET' DE BRASDOR. A bandage
Corpus Varico'sum. The spermatic invented by Brasdor, for keeping in place
plexus of vessels. the fragments of a fractured clavicle.
Corpus Vit'reum. "Vitreous humor. COR'SICAN MOSS. A Cryptogamic
Corpus Wolffi'anum. Two bodies sit- plant, the Gigartina hehniihocorton, native
uated in the region of the kidneys in the of the Mediterranean, formerly much es-
young foetus, wluch disappear about the teemed as a vermifuge. It has also been
tenth week. used as a remedy for cancer.
CORPUS'CLE. A very minute body; COR'TEX. Bark or the common integ-
a mere atom. uments of plants. It is sometimes ap-

Corpuscles, Blood. The globules of plied exclusively to the Peruvian bark, or

the blood. cortex cinchona.
Corpuscles, Exudation. The organi- Cortex Adstring"ens Brazilien'sis.
zable nuclei contained in fibrinous fluids, An astringent bark from Brazil, introduced
constituting the organizing centres of new into Germany in 1828. It is said to be ob-
tissue. Mimosa cochlea carpa.
tained from the
Corpuscles, Pacin'ian. Small oval Cortex Angelina. The bark of a tree
bodies connected with the terminations of which grows in Grenada, the Andira iner-
some nervous fibrils. mis, or cabbage-tree.
CORPUS'CULAR ACTION. Molecu- Cortex Angustu'r^e. Cusparia.
lar action. Cortex Antiscorbu'ticus. The canella
COR'RIGENT. Cor'rigens; correcto'rius.
'

alba.
That which corrects ; in a Medical pre- Cortex Bela-aye. Bark of the Nerium
scriplion, the addition of a substance to antidysentericum or codaga-pala bark.
modify or render the action of another Cortex Canella Malabaric^e. Lau-
more mild. rus cassia, or wild cinnamon tree.
CORRIGTA. A leather strap; also, Cortex Cardinalis de Lugo. The Pe-
applied to tendons and ligaments. ruvian bark.
CORROB'ORANT. Corrob'orans ; from Cortex Cer'ebri. The gray portion of
eorroborare, to strengthen. Strengthening the brain, seen at the exterior of the cere-
medicines; medicines which impart tone brum and cerebellum.
 ;

COR 183 COS

Cortex Cinciio'n^e Cordifo'li^e. Yel- CORYMBIF'ERiE. From corymbus, a

low or Calisaya bark, obtained from the corymb, and fero, I bear. In Botany,
Cinchona Lanceolata, in flat or curled plants which bear a corymb, or produce
pieces. The quina is chiefly obtained flowers or fruit in clusters.
from this species. CO'RYPHA. A genus of plants of the
Cortex Cinchona Lancifo'lle. Lance- order Palmacece.
leaved cinchona. Pale, loxa, or crown Corypha Umbraculif'era. The Tali-
bark, the produce of the Cinchona conda- pot palm of Ceylon and Malabar, the
minea. which are of immense size. The
leaves of
Cortex Cinchona Oblongifo'lle. Eed pith of the young plant is used as an ar-
bark. See Cinchona Rubra. ticle of food.

Cortex Chinee Regius. Cinchona. CORY'ZA. Kopvfa. From Kapa, the

Cortex Jamaicen'sis. Bark of Achras- head, and £«•), to boil. Inflammation at-
sapota. tended with increased discharge of mucus
Cortex Massoy. Massoy bark. from the nose. A cold in the head; a
CORTICAL. Corlica'lis ; from cortex, catarrh.
bark or rind. Belonging to, or resembling, Coryza Maligna. Malignant coryza.
bark. A
term applied in Anatomy to the Ozena.
exterior gray portion of the brain and kid- COSMET'IC. Cosmet'icus ; from kog/ieu,

ney. to adorn. An external medicine used for

CO'RU. The name of a tree which grows beautifying the skin.
in India ; the juice of the bark of which COSMOL'OGY. Cosmolog'ia; from koo-
is employed in diarrhoea and dysentery. fjioc, the universe, and hoyoc, a discourse.
CORUNDUM. A very hard crystalline A treatise on the physical laws of the
mineral composed of nearly pure alumina universe.
it is almost opaque, and of a reddish color. COS'MOS. Koafxog. Order; arrange-
It is allied to the sapphire. ment ; the system of the world —the uni-
Corundum Wheels and Slabs. Wheels verse. Sometimes applied, in Pathology,
and composed of corundum, reduced to
slabs the order which is supposed to preside
to powder, —
and gum shellac an article of over critical days.
recent manufacture, and used for grinding COS'SUM. A malignant ulcer of the
mineral teeth. nose.
CORYBAN'TIASM. In Pathology, a COS'SIS. A little pimple on the face,
species of phrenzy, in which the patient caused by inflammation, or an enlarge-
has fantastic visions, with constant watch- ment of a sebaceous follicle.
fulness. COST A. In Anatomy, the rib of an
CORYD'ALIN. An alkaloid found in animal in Botany, the thick fibres of a ;

the root of the Corydalis bulbosa and Fu- leaf which proceed from the base to the
maria. apex are called ribs.

CORYDALIS BULBOSA. See Fuma- COSTAL. Costa'lis ; from costa, a rib.

ria Bulbosa. Belonging to a rib; a name applied to
CORYLUS. A genus of plants of the some muscles, arteries, nerves, ligaments,
order Corylacece. &c.
Corylus Avella'na. The hazel-nut COSTA'TUS. Ribbed.
tree. COS'TIVENESS. Constipation.
CORYMB'. Corymbus. A species of COSTO. From costa, a rib. A prefix,
inflorescence, formed by many flowers, the applied to muscles, nerves, &c. connected
partial flower stalks being produced along with the ribs.

the common stalk on both sides, and, COSTUS. From hasta, Arabian. A
though of unequal length, rising to the genus of plants of the order Asieraceos.
same height, and forming an even surface. Costus Arabicus. Costus indicus. The
 cou 184 COU
aweet and bitter costus are considered dia- Counter-Ir'ritation. Contra-irrita-
phoretic, diuretic, andemmenagogue. tion. Irritation excited in a part, not the
Costus Cortico'sus. The canella alba. seat of the disease, for the purpose of in-
COTTON. A white, soft, downy sub- ducing a derivation of blood, and changing
stance, resembling fine wool, the produce the seat of the morbid action to a part less
of the pods of Gossypium herbaceum. It important than the affected organ.
is employed, in Dental Surgery, for wiping Counter-Opening. See Contra-aper-
out and drying the prepared cavity of a tura.
carious tooth preparatory to filling. See Counter-Sink. A steel stem fixed in
Filling Teeth. a handle, with a cone-shaped burr at the
COTU'LA. Colula foetida; anthemis opposite extremity, employed in the labor-
cotvla. The May-weed, or wild chamo- atory of the dentist for enlarging the ori-
mile. fice of a hole in a metal plate for the recep-
COTUN'NIUS, AQUEDUCT OF. tion of the head of a rivet. Also, a steel-
Aquzeductus cochlea? and vestibuli. burr so constructed as to be attached to
Cotunnius, Liquor of. A transpar- the extremity of the mandrel of a lathe,
ent fluid of the labyrinth of the internal ear. and used for excavating ivory and osseous
Cotunnius, Nerve of. The nasopala- bases for artificial teeth, and for cutting
tine nerve. solder from a metallic plate.
COT'YLE. Korvkn. Any thing hollow. COUP. A blow, shot, or stroke.
The acetabulum. Coup de Maitre. The introduction
COTYLE'DON. The seminal leaves, of a sound or catheter into the urethra,
or lobe that nourishes the seed of a plant. with the convexity towards the abdomen,
COTYLEDONE^E. Phonerogamia, or and afterwards giving it a half-turn to
flowering plants. enter the bladder.
COTYLEDONS. In Comparative An- Coup de Sang. Sudden congestion of
atomy, the cup-like processes of the cho- an organ without hemorrhage also, loss ;

rion, which form the placenta. of sensation and motion caused by conges-
COT'YLOID CAVITY. The cavity in tion or hemorrhage in an important organ.
the ilium, which receives the head of the Coup de Soleil. A stroke of the sun.
thigh-bone, called the acetabulum. An affection produced by exposure to the
COUCHING. A surgical operation for rays of the sun, as the phrenitis, &c. It
the removal of the opaque lens from the is generally the result of exposure of the
axis of vision, by means of a needle con- naked head to the sun's rays, and usually
structed for the purpose. occurs in hot climates, or during the hot-
COUGH. A sonorous and energetic ex- test days of summer.
pulsion of air from the thorax and fauces. Coup de Vent. An affection produced
It occurs as a symptom of asthma, phthi- by exposure to a keen wind, extremely
sis, pneumonitis, catarrh, &c, and is often cold or with rain and sleet ; a wind-blast.
attended with expectoration. COUPEROSE. An old term for the
Cough, Hooping. See Pertussis. metallic sulphates.
COUMAPJN'. A concrete volatile sub- COURAP. An Indian name for an
stance, constituting the odoriferous princi- eruptive disease attended with perpetual
ple of the Tonka bean, Dipteryx odorata. itching and discharge of matter.
COUNTER-EXTENSION. Contra-ex- COURBARIL. The name of the tree
tension. In Surgery, holding one end of from which the gum anime is obtained.
a dislocated or fractured limb firmly by COURONDI. An East Indian ever-
means of bandages or otherwise, while green tree said to be anti-dysenteric.
traction or extension is made upon the COURONNE DES TASSES. A circle of
other end. cups. A galvanic apparatus consisting of a
Counter-Indication. Contra-indication. circle of cups containing salt or acid water,
 cow 185 CKA
and connected by compound metallic arcs COWSLIP. Cow's lip. A plant of the
of copper and zinc. genus Primula or primrose, of several va-
COURSES. The menses. rieties. The American belongs to the
COURT PLASTER. Emplastrum ad- genus Dodecantheon ; the Jerusalem and
hcesivum anglicum. Black, white, or flesh- mountain, to the genus Pulmonaria.
colored silk, covered on one side with some COXA. The haunch, or hip-joint ; also,

adhesive substance, most frequently with the ischium and os coccygis.

a solution of isinglass. COX^ELU'VIUM. From coxa, and lavo,
COURTOIS' LOTION. Take pulv. to wash. A hip-bath.
rock alum 3 ij» tine, of myrrh and aloes COXAG'RA. A neuralgic affection of
3 i, camphor 3 i, brandy 3 viij. Mixture the thigh.
to be used as a gargle, and applied to the COXAL'GIA. From coxa, hip, and
ulcerated gums several times a day. ahyog, pain. Pain in the hip.
COUTOU'BEA ALBA. A bitter plant COXA'RIUS MORBUS. Coxarum.
of Guiana, supposed to be anthelmintic, Hip disease.
emmenagogue, and anti-dyspeptic. COXEN'DIX. Coxa or haunch. Ap-
COUVRE-CHEF. A bandage for the plied to the ischium and sometimes to the
head made by folding a handkerchief. ilium.
COVOLAM'. SeeCratseva. COXI'TIS. Inflammation of the hip-
COWBANE. Cicuta aquatica. Water joint.
hemlock. COXO-FEM'ORAL. Coxo-femora'lis.
COWDIE GUM. Cowdie pine resin. Belonging to the coxal bone or ilium, and
The resinous juice from the Dammara aus- os femoris.
tralis, a coniferous tree of New Zealand. Coxo-Fem'obal Articulation. The
It is one of the ingredients of copal var- hip-joint.
nishes. CRAB. A genus of shell-fish, compris-
COWHAGE. Cow-itch. See Dolichos ingmany body and limbs of
species, the
Pruriens. which are covered with an articulated
COWPER'S GLANDS. Glandules Cow- crust, renewed annually.
peri. Two small groups of mucous follicles, Crab's Eyes. Cancrorum chela. Con-
situated before the prostate gland, behind cretions found in the crayfish, consisting
the bulb of the urethra, into which their principally of carbonate and phosphate of
excretory ducts open. lime.
Cowper's Glands in the Female. Crab-Louse. See Pediculus.
Two small glands on each side of the en- Crab-Yaws. A West Indian name for
trance of the vagina, beneath the skin at a kind of ulcer on the soles of the feet.

the posterior part of the labia. See Frambcesia.

COW PARSNIP. Masterwort. See CRADLE. A semi-cylindrical apparatus
Heracleum Lannatum. used by surgeons to prevent the contact of
Cow-Pox. Vaccina; vacciola. Kine-pox. bed clothes with diseased parts.
A pustular disease of the teats of cows, CRAM'BE. A genus of plants of the
consisting of vesicles of a bluish and livid order Cruciferoz.
color, elevated at their margins and de- Crambe Marit'ima. Sea-Kale, a plant
pressed in the centre, containing a limpid when blanched and cul-
of a delicate flavor
fluid. One of the greatest blessings that tivated for the table.
have ever been conferred upon mankind CRAME'RIA. Krameria.
consists in the discovery, by Dr. Jenner, CRAMP. Sudden and involuntary con-
that the introduction of this matter under traction of one or more muscles. See
the skin of the human subject produces a Spasm.
similar disease, and is a preventive against CRAN'BERRY. The fruit of the Vac-
small-pox. See Vaccination. cinium oxycoccus. These berries form a
 CRA 186 CRE
sauce of a delicious flavor, and are used all the species have been called garlic
for tarts. pears, from their peculiar alliaceous odor.
CRANIOMETRY. Measurement of the CRAW-FISH. A species of Crustacea,
skull. of the genus of the lobster, but smaller,
CRANIOL'OGY. Phrenology. and found in fresh water.
CRANIOS'COPY. From Kpavtov, the CREA. Ocrea. The anterior part of
skull, and okoiteu, to explore. The exam- the leg. The shin.
ination of the skull. CREAM. A thick unctuous matter
CRANIUM. From Kpavtov, the head. which rises to the surface of milk, com-
The bony encasement of the brain and posed of butter, serum and casein.
its membranes. It is composed of eight Cream of Tartar. See Potassa? Bitar-
bones namely, the os frontis, the two tras.
;

ossa parietalia, the two ossa temporum, CRE'ASOTE. Creasotum; creasoton;

the os occipitis, the os ethmoides, and the from Kpeag, flesh, and oufc, to preserve.
os sphenoides. The two last are common A colorless, transparent fluid, of a disa-
to the cranium and face. greeable penetrating odor, soluble in alco-
Cranium Huma'num. The human hol and acetic acid, obtained from tar by
skull, or cranium. distillation.

Cranium, Perforation of. Crani- CREATINE'. A neutral, colorless,

otomy. An operation sometimes performed transparent, crystalline body, obtained by

by the accoucheur, when from deformity Liebig, from the juice of muscles. It is
of the pelvis, the head of the foetus cannot one of the first steps in the metamorphosis
pass through it. It consists in the intro- of the products of decay to urea.
duction of a perforator, invented by Smel- CREATININE'. A base formed from
lie,through the fontanelle, and rotating it creatine by heating it in hydrochloric or
so as to break up the brain. nitric acid.
CRANTER. From upaivuv, to finish, CREEPING SICKNESS. The gangren-
render perfect. The dentes sapientire are ous form of ergotism.
sometimes so called, because the presence CREMAS'TER. From Kpe/xau, I sus-
of these teeth is necessary to a perfect pend. The muscle by which the testicle
denture. is suspended, drawn up and compressed
CRA'SIS. From nepavvvfti, I mix. A during the action of coition.
mixture of the constituents of a fluid. The CREMNON'CUS. From Kpvfivoc, the
term is applied to the fluids of the body. labia pudendi, and oyKog, a tumor. A
When their constituents exist in the proper swelling of the labia pudendi.
proportion, health results, but when some CRE'MOCARP. The fruit of umbellif-
predominate, as in dropsy, scurvy, &c, erous plants.
the healthy mixture of the principles of CRE'MOR. Cream. Any substance float-
the blood or crasis is destroyed. ing on the top of a liquid., and skimmed
CRASSAMEN'TUM. From crassus, off.

thick. The thick part of any fluid. The Cremor Tartari. Cream of tartar.
clot of the blood. CRE'NIC ACID. A sulphur-yellow
CRASSULA'CE^E. A natural order of acid, the product of vegetable decomposi-
herbaceous or shrubby exogens, remarka- tion found in soils and springs.
ble for the succulent nature of their stems CRENA. Crenatura. The irregular
and leaves. projection, or serratures by which an accu-
CRASSUM INTESTINUM. The colon. rate junction of the bones of the cranium is

CRASSUS PULSUS. A strong, full formed by the sutures.

pulse. CREOSOTE. Creasote.
CRATiEVA. A genus of plants of the CREPITANT. Crepitans. A term
order Capparinacece. The fruit of nearly applied in Pathology, to the peculiar rat-
 CRE 187 CEI

tling sound heard during respiration in the characterized by an idiotic expression of

first stages of pneumonia, and
oedema countenance, enfeeblement of the mental
in
of the lungs. In Zoology, the name of an faculties, obtuse sensibility and goitre.
insect of the Brachinus genus, which emits CRI DE CUIR. Friction sound of per-
a crackling sound when assailed. icarditis.

CREPITATION. From crepitare, to CRIBRA'TUS. Cribro'sus. Like a

crackle. In Surgery, the noise made by sieve ;
perforated with holes.
the friction of the extremities of fractured CRIB'RIFORM BONE. Cribriformis ;
bones against each other when moved in from cribrum, a sieve, and forma, likeness,
certain directions. In Chemistry, the because it is perforated like a sieve. The
crackling noise made by certain salts du- ethmoid bone.
ring calcination. The term is also applied CRICK IN THE NECK. An exceed-
to the crackling noise made by effused air ingly painful rheumatic affection of the
into the cellular membrane when pressed muscles of the neck, causing the person to
between the fingers. hold his head to one side, and preventing
CREPITUS. From crepo, to make a him from turning it in any other direction.
noise. Crepitation ; the noise made by CRI'CO-ARYTENOID. Crico-aryier^-
the discharge of wind from the bowels, or oidceus. Pertaining to the cricoid and
by joints when there is a deficiency of arytenoid cartilages.
synovial fluid. Crico-Arytenoid, Lateral. A mus-
CRESCEN'TIA. Increase; augmenta- cle which arises from the cricoid cartilage,
tion; growth. and is inserted into the anterior part of the
Crescen'tia Cuje'te. The narrow- base of the arytenoid cartilage.
leaved calabash tree a West India plant,
; Crico-Arytenoid, Posterior. A tri-
the pulp of the fruit of which is acidulous angular muscle situated at the back part
and is used in diarrhoea, &c. of the larynx, arising from the middle of
CRESCENTI^E. Enlargement of the the posterior surface of the cricoid carti-
lymphatics in the groins. Waxing kernels. lage, and inserted into the base of the ary-
CRESS. The name of several species of tenoid cartilage.
plants ; a number of them have a pungent CRico-PHARYNGiETjs. See Constrictor
tasteand are used as salads, and are es- Pharyngis Inferior.
teemed in medicine for their anti-scorbutic Crico-Thyroideus. Crico-thyroid. A
qualities. muscle of a triangular shape at the an-
Cress, Garden. Lepidium sativum. and inferior part of the larynx. It
terior

Cress, Indian. Tropceolum majus. from the side and anterior part of
arises

Cress, Water. Sisymbrium aquati- the cricoid cartilage, and is inserted into
cum. the inferior margin of the thyroid carti-
CREST. See Crista. lage.

CRESTED. See Cristate. Crico-Tiiyro-Pharyng^us. The con-

CRE'TA. From Greta, the island where strictor pharyngis.
it was first found. Chalk. Native friable CRICOID. Cricoides, cricoideus ; from
carbonate of lime. KpiKog, a ring, and eidog, resemblance. The
Creta Pr^epara'ta. Prepared chalk. name of one of the cartilages of the larynx.
CRETA'CEOUS. Chalky. Containing It is round like a ring.
or relating to chalk. CRICOS. KpiKog. A ring.
CRETIN. One affected with cretinism. CRIMNO'DES. Crimnoides, from Kptf*.

CRETTNISM. Cretinismus. Supposed vov, coarse meal, and eidog, resemblance.

to be derived from cretira, old Italian for a Resembling meal. A term applied to
poor creature. A
peculiar endemic affec- urine, when it deposits a sediment like
tion common in some parts of Valois, coarse meal or bran.
Tyrol, Switzerland, and the Pyrenees, CRINA'LE. From crmis, hair. A com-
 CRI 188 CRO
pressing instrument formerly used in cases secretion of urine and a discharge of the
of fistula lachrymalis. One end of the in- menses. Samphire ; sea-fennel.
strument consisted of a cushion stuffed Crithmum Marit'imum. The Linnaean
with hair, and hence its name. name of the samphire or sea- fennel.
CRINIS. The hair. CRIT'ICAL. Criticus ; from crisis, and
CRINOM'YRON. An ointment made Kpivu, to judge. Belonging to a crisis, or
of lilies and aromatics. determining the result of a disease from
CRINO'NES. An infantile disease, con- certain symptoms.
sisting in the eruption of hlack hairs from Critical Days. The days on which
the skin of the back, arms and legs, with the ancients supposed the crisis of fever
febrile emaciation and irritation. would be likely to happen. According to
CRIO'GENES. Ancient name for troches Hippocrates and Galen, the seventh and
used for cleaning foul ulcers. fourteenth were the most favorable; then the
CRIOMYX'OS. Ancient name for one ninth, elvenih and twentieth ; then the sev-
who had much mucus flowing from and fifth, and, lastly, the fourth,
his enteenth
nasal fossae. and eighteenth. The sixth day was re-
third
CRISIS. Diacrisis ; decision; from garded by Galen as unfavorable for the
Kpivu, I decide apioic, the final issue.
; A crisis. The most unfavorable days for the
sudden change in diseases, especially fe- crisis, after the sixth, were the eighth, tenth,
vers, for the better or worse. Its meaning twelfth, sixteenth and nineteenth. The thir-
is restricted by some to favorable changes. teenth is a day not marked by any particu-

CRISPA'TION. Crispatura; frommV lar change, either favorable or unfavorable.

pare, to wrinkle. Contraction of any part, Physicians of the present time place little

whether natural or the result of a morbific reliance in the doctrine of critical days of
cause. fevers.

CRISTA. The comb of a cock a crest. CRO'CI STIG'MATA. The dried stig-
;

A term applied in Anatomy to several pro- mas of Crocus Sativus, or common crocus.
cesses and parts of bones, and also to the CROCI'NUM. From k P okoc, saffron.
clitoris. In Surgery, excrescences about the Made with saffron colored with
; saffron.
anus, and near the genital organs, pro- A mixture of oil and saffron.

duced by syphilitic diseases are so called CROCODIL'EA. Excrements of the

from their resemblance to the comb of a crocodile, used by the Arabs against cuta-
cock. neous diseases, and as a cosmetic.
Crista Gai/li. A triangular process, or CROCOMAGMA. An ancient troche
eminence of the ethmoid bone above the made of oil of saffron and spices.
cribriform plate, which gives attachment CROCONTC ACID. Rhodizonic acid.
to the anterior part of the falx cerebri, so CRO'CUS. A genus of bulbous-rooted
called from its resemblance to the comb of plants. Saffron ; the pharmacopceial name
a cock. of the prepared stigmata of saffron. Also,
Crista of the Il'ium. The superior the name of several preparations of me-
margin of the ilium. tallic substances, as Crocus Martis and

Crista Urethra'lis. The caput Gal- Crocus Veneris.

linaginis. Crocus Antimo'nii. A sulphureted
Crista Vestib'uli. A crest which di- oxyd of antimony.
vides the vestibulum of the ear into two Crocus German'icus. Carthamus tinc-
fossas, the fovea hemispherica and fovea torius, or bastard saffron.

eUiptica. Crocus In'dicus. The turmeric plant.

CRISTATE. Oristatus. Crested. Hav- Crocus Mar'tis. Calcined sulphate of
ing an appendage like the comb of a cock. iron. See Polishing Rouge.
CRITH'MUM. From npivu, to secrete, Crocus Sati'vus. The saffron plant,
from its supposed virtues in promoting a which has a sweetish, fragrant odor; a
 CRO 189 CRU
warm, pungent, bitter taste, and is of a Croton Tig'lium. A Ceylonese plant,
deep orange-red color. It is sometimes every part of which is said to possess medi-
used in exanthematous diseases and nervous cinal properties. The root acts as a drastic
affections, but more frequently as a color- cathartic. From the seeds, the croton oil,

ing ingredient in compound preparations. oleum tiglii, is expressed.

Crocus Veneris. Oxyd of copper, Croton Tinctorium. The lac plant.
formed by calcining the metal. CROTONATE. A salt formed from
CROMMYOXYREG'MIA. Sour, foetid, crotonic acid with a base.
onion-like eructations. CROTO'NE. A fungus found on trees,
CROP. Craw; the first stomach of a produced by an insect like a tick. Also,
fowl, formed by an expansion of the oeso- by extension, applied to small fungous tu-
phagus. mors of the periosteum.
CROSS-STONE. A species of harmo- CROTON'IC ACID. An acid obtained
iome, so called from the intersection of its from the seeds of Croton tiglium.
crystals. CROUP. Cynanche trachealis. Suffo-
CROSS WORT. Eupatorium perfolia- cating breathing, accompanied by a stridu-
tum. Boneset thorough wort.
; lus noise, dry cough, and expectoration of
CRO'TALUS. From Kpoialov, a rattle. tough membranous sputa.
A genus of poisonous serpents, character- Croup Hysteric. A spasmodic affection
ized by the appendage of a rattle at the of the larynx attacking hysterical females.
tail a rattle-snake.
; CROW-BERRY. A plant of the genu*
CROTAPHI'TES. From Kpora+oc, the Empetrum, or berry-bearing heath.
temple. Pertaining to the temples. A Crow's Bill. In Surgery, a kind of for-
term applied to the temporal artery, vein ceps for extracting balls and other foreign
or nerve. bodies from wounds.
CIIOT'APHOS. Crota'phhim ; from icpo- Crowfoot. See Ranunculus.
teu, to pulsate. Pulsating pain in the Crowfoot-Crane's Bill. See Gera-
temples. nium Pratense.
CROTCH'ET. A small hook. Applied CROWN. Coro'na. In Anatomy, ap-
by the French, in Dental Prosthesis, to plied to parts of a circular form surmount-
clasps employed for the retention of a den- ing other portions of the same body, as the
tal substitute in the mouth. In Obstetric crown of a tooth, corona dentis, &c.
Surgery, a curved instrument with a sharp Crown Bark. Loxa bark cortex cin- ;

hook for the extraction of the foetus in the chonas lancifolise the bark of the Cin-
;

operation of embryotomy. chona condaminea.

CRO'TON. A genus of plants of the Crown of a Tooth. The exposed part
order Euphorbiaceaz. of a tooth above the gums, covered with
Croton Benzoe. See Sty rax Benzoin. enamel. See Teeth.
Croton Cascaril'la. See Croton Eleu- CRU'CIAL. Crucia'lis ; from crux, a
theria. cross. Having the shape of a cross.
Croton Eleuthe'ria. The plant which Crucial Bandage. A bandage shaped
affords the cascarilla bark. like a capital T.

Croton Laccif'erum. The name of an Crucial Incis'ion. An incision made

East Indian tree, the resinous juice of which in the shape of a cross.

affords gum lac. Crucial Ligaments. Two ligaments

Croton Oil. O'leum tig'lii. The ex- of the knee joint.
pressed oil of the seeds of the croton tig- CRUCIATE. Crucia'tus. Cruciform.
lium, which, when pure, is a drastic purge, CRU'CIBLE. From crucio, I torment,

operating with great rapidity ; but its use because metals were tortured by fire to
is dangerous from the irritation it some- yield up their various virtues. A vessel of
times produces. a conical shape in which substances are
13
 ;

CRU 190 CRT

exposed to the heat of a fire or furnace, Crusta Adamantina Dentium. The
formed of earthenware, porcelain, black- enamel of the teeth.
lead, silver or platina. They are used by Crusta Carno'sa. The middle tunic
dentists, goldsmiths and jewelers, for re- of the intestines.
fining and alloying gold and silver, and for Crusta Ge'nu Equi'n^:. Knee scab. A
this purpose they should be formed of sub- scab or corn formed on the knees of some
stances capable of bearing considerable al- horses.
ternations of temperature without break- Crusta Inflammato'ria. The buffy
ing or cracking. The best crucibles are coat of inflamed blood.
formed from pure clay, mixed with pulver- Crusta Lac'tea. Porrigo larvalis.
ized old crucibles, black-lead, and pounded Crusta Petro'sa. The cementum of
coke. the teeth.
CRUCIF'ER^E. The cruciferous tribe Crusta Villo'sa. The inner or mucous
of dicotyledonous plants. coat of the stomach and intestines.
CRU'CIFORM. From crux, cruris, a CRUSTA'CEA. A class of articulated
cross, and forma, shape. Cruciformis animals protected by a hard shell.

cross-shaped. Applied, in Anatomy, to the CRUSTA'CEOUS. Covered with a

ligaments which close the articulations of shell, or resembling a shell.

the phalanges and to the crucial ligaments. CRUSTULA. A small shell or scab;
CRUDE. Unprepared; raw. Applied also an effusion of blood under the con-
to natural or artificial products which re junctive membrane of "the eye.
quire purification. CRYMO'DES. Kpvfiudeg. From Kpv/wg,
CRU'DITY. Cru'ditas; from crudus, cold. A fever in which the internal parts
crude, unprepared. Rawness, crudeness. are hot and the external cold.
Applied to aliments in a raw state ; also, CRYMODYNTA. From ttpv/ioc, cold,
to undigested substances in the stomach. and oSvvri, pain. Chronic rheumatism.
CRUOR. Coagulated blood. CRYMO'SES. From itpvuoc, cold. Dis-
CRU'RA. The plural of crus, a leg. Ap- by the action of cold.
eases caused
plied to some parts of the body from their CRYO'LITE. From icpvog, ice, and fodog ,

resemblance to a leg, as crura cerebri, stone. A rare mineral, fusible in the flame
crura cerebeUi, crura of the diaphragm, &c. of a candle ; a double fluoride of sodium
CRURiE'US. From crus, a leg. Cru- and aluminum.
ra'lis. A muscle of the anterior part of CRYPSOR'CHIS. Cryptor'chis. From
the thigh. Kpvirru, I conceal, and opxtg, a testicle.

CRU'RAL. Crura'lis. Belonging to the One in whom the testes have not de-
leg, or lower extremity. scended.
Crural Arch. The inguinal arch. CRYPTA. From Kpvnrog, concealed. In
Crural Artery. The femoral artery. Anatomy, a small oval hollow body; a
Crural Canal. The femoral ring. follicle or small pit a follicular gland. In ;

Crural Hernia. Femoral hernia. Botany, the round receptacles for secretion,
Crural Nerve. A nerve situated on observed in the leaves of some plants, as
the outside of the psoas muscle and fem- in the myrtle and orange.
oral artery, proceeding from the lumbar CRYPT^E. The rounded excrescences
plexus. at the ends of the small arteries of the cor-
Crural Plexus. A plexus formed by tical substance of the kidneys.
the union of the last four pair of lumbar CRYPTOCEPHALUS. From Kpvnrog,

nerves. concealed, and nefyalj), a head. A monster

CRURA'LIS. Crurams. with a small head which does not project
CRUS. The leg; also the thigh. from the trunk.
CRUST A. A scab; a shell; the scum CRYPTOGAMOUS. Cryptogam' icus ;
of a fluid. from KpviTTog, concealed, and yaftog, a mar-
 CRY 191 cue
riage. Plants whose organs of fructifica- CRYSTALLOG'RAPHY. From Kpve-

tion arc concealed or not manifest. raXkog, a crystal, and ypapw, I describe.
CRYPTS, SYNOVIAL. The bursa? The doctrine of the modifications and forms
mucosae. of crystals.
CRYSTAL. Orystal'lus; KpvoraMog. CRYSTALLOID. From upvoraUog, a
When fluids become solid, their particles crystal, and eidog, form, resemblance. Re-
unite and frequently assume regular deter- sembling crystal or the crystalline lens.
minate forms which are termed crystals. The capsule or membrane of the crystal-
Crystallized quartz was supposed by the line also, the crystalline lens itself.
;

ancients to be water congealed by intense CTEDONES. Old name for the fibres
cold, and hence, says Cleaveland, the term and filaments of the tissues of the body.
Kpvarallog, which signifies ice and as regu-
; CTEIS. From wig, a comb. Old
larity of form is no where more beautifully name for the pubis.
" crystallized quartz, the
exhibited than in CTENES. Kreveg. Incisor teeth.
name has been extended to all mineral and CUBEBA.
The berries of the Piper
inorganic substances which exhibit them- cubeba. Cubebs Java pepper. They are ;

selves under the form of regular geometri- stimulant, carminative and stomachic, and
cal solids." act specially on the genito-urinary or-
CRYSTAL'LI. Vesicles filled with a gans, and are sometimes employed in gon-
watery fluid. Pemphigus. orrhoea.
Crystalli Taetari. Cream of tartar. CUBEBIN. A peculiar neutral principle
CRYSTALLIN. The protein compound contained in cubebs.
of the fluid of the crystalline lens. See CUBEBS. See Cubeba.
Globulin. The name has also been given Cubebs, Oil of. Oleum cubeba?.
to one of the products of the distillation of CUBIFORME OS. Os cuboides.
indigo. CUBIT^E'US EXTER'NUS. An ex-
CRYSTAL'LINA. A vesicle or phlyc- tensor muscle of the fingers.
tama on the prepuce, surrounded by a red Cubit^ius Internus. A flexor muscle
areola. of the fingers.
Crystallina Membrana. The arach- CUBITAL. Oubita'lis ; from cubitus,
noid membrane. the forearm. Connected with, or relating
CRYSTALLINE. Crystalli' nus. Crys- to, the forearm.
tal-like. Having the form or appearance Cubital Artery. Arte'ria cubita'lis ;
of crystal. arieria ulna'ris. A
branch of the humeral
Crystalline Lens. A clear, trans- artery, given off a little below the bend of
parent, spherical body, situated in a de- the elbow, which passes down along the
pression of the anterior part of the vitreous inner part of the forearm.
humor of the eye, and enclosed in a mem- Cubital Nerve. The ulnar nerve.
branous capsule. and refracts
It transmits CUBITUS. From cubo, to lie down.
the rays of light. The forearm ; also the larger of the two
CRYSTALLIZATION. Crysialliza'lio ; bones of the forearm, called os cubitus.
from crystallus, a crystal.The act of CUBOI'DES OS. From nvpog, a cube
crystallizing, or that process by which the or die, and eidog, a likeness. A tarsal bone
particles of crystallizable bodies unite and of the foot.
assume a regular and determinate solid CUCULLA'RIS. From cucullus, a
form. This property is possessed by most hood. The trapezius muscle has been so
minerals, but in a more eminent degree called from its broad hood-like appear-
by saline substances. ance.
Crystallization, Water of. The CU'CULLATE. CucuUa'tus. Hooded.
water which combines with certain salts In Botany, rolled or folded in, as in the
to give them the form of crystals spatha of the wild turnip.
 CUL 192 CUP
CUCUL'LUS. A hood; an odoriferous The bites of these insects often cause con-
cap or bandage for the head. siderable local inflammation.
CU'CULUS. The cuckoo, an interest- CULBUTE. A French word signifying
ing genus of Passerine birds, characterized somerset, a turning heels over head, and
by having two toes before and two behind. applied in Obstetrics to the movement
CUCUMBER. See Cucumis. which the foetus was supposed tomake at
CU'CUMIS. A genus of plants of the the seventh month of gestation.
order Cucurbitacece. Also the pharma- CULM. In Mineralogy, a provincial
copoeial name of the common garden cu- synonym of anthracite; in Botany, the
cumber. stem of grasses.
Cucumis Agres'tis. The wild or squirt- CULMIF'EILE. A term applied in Bot-
ing cucumber. See Momordica Elaterium. any to plants which have soft smooth stems.
Cucumis Colocyn'this. Cdocynth. Bit- CULUS. The anus.
ter apple ; cucumber an annual
bitter ; CUMIN SEED. The fruit of the Gu-
plant, native of Syria and Africa. The minum cyminum. It has a bitter, aromatic
fruit is a round pepo, the size and color of taste, and very peculiar odor.
an orange. The pulp is bitter and nauseous; CUMINUM. A genus of plants of the
the extract of which is a drastic purgative, order Apiaceaz.
producing severe griping. It is generally Cuminum Cymi'num. The systematic
given in combination with other drugs. name of the cumin plant.
Cucumis Me'lo. The melon plant. CUMYL. An hypothetical radical exist-
Musk-melon. ing in the oil of cumin.
Cucumis Sati'vus. The cucumberplant. CUNEA'LIS SUTU'RA. The suture
CU'CUPHA. See Cucullus. between the great and little ala of the
CU'CURBITA. A genus of plants of sphenoid bone and the os frontis.
the order Cwurbitacea. Also, a chemical CUNEIFORM. Cuneifor'mis ; from cu-
vessel shaped like a gourd ; a retort. neus, a wedge, and forma, shape. Shaped
Cucurbita Citrul'lus. The water- like a wedge. Cuneate ; a name applied to
melon plant. several bones, leaves, &c. It is applied to

Cucurbita Cruen'ta. A cupping-glass. one of the bones of the carpus, and to three
Cucurbita Lagena'ria. The gourd. of the tarsus also to the basilary process ;

Cucurbita Melo Pepo. The large of the occipital bone.

squash. CUNILA. A genus of plants of the
Cucurbita Pepo. The common pump- order Lamiaceaz.
kin. The seeds have been recently used Cunila Maria'jta. Dittany mountain ;

as aremedy for tape-worm, and are said to dittany; stone-mint; a plant possessing
be more powerful than any of the common stimulant, carminative, and aromatic prop-
vermifuges against this form of disease. erties.

CUCURBITA'CE^E. From cucurbita, CUPEL'. A' shallow earthen vessel,

a gourd. Plants resembling the gourd. somewhat like a cup, generally

of made
CUCURBITI'NUS. A species of worm, bone-earth, and used in assaying and re-

the tenia solium. See Tamia. fining gold and silver.

CUCURBIT'ULA. A cupping-glass. CUPELLA'TION. A process of purify-

CucuitBiTULA Cruenta. Cupping with ing or refining gold or silver by means of
scarificator. an addition of lead, which, at a sufficiently
Cucuiibitula Sicca. Dry cupping. high temperature, vitrifies and promotes

CUDBEAR. A powder of a violet red the vitrification and calcination of such

color, prepared from lichen, lecanora tar- base metals as may be in the mixture,
tarea, used for dying. which are carried off in the fusible glass
CU'LEX. A genus of insects compre thus formed, while the precious metals are
hending the gnat and musquito family. left in nearly a pure state.
 ;

CUR 193 CUS

CUPPING. The abstraction of blood CURETTE. An instrument for the re-

by means of a scarificator and a cupping moval of any opaque matter which may
glass. remain after the extraction of a cataract.
CUPRES'SUS. A genus of plants of CUR'RANT. The fruit of two specie*

the order Coniferce. of Mibes.

Cupres'sus Semper'virens. The sys- CURRY. A condiment formed of vari-
tematic name of the cupressus, or cypress ous spices.
tree. CURVATOR COCCY'GIS. A muscl«
CUPRI AMMONIURETUM. See Cu- of the coccyx.
prum Ammoniatum. CURVATE. Curva'tus. Bent.
Cupri Ammoniati Liquor. See Liquor CURVATURE. From curvare, to bend.
Cupri Ammonio-sulphatis. Curved or bent ; a departure from an erect
Cupri Rubi'go. Verdigris. Impure or straight line, as in the case of the spine,
tnibacetate of copper. duodenum, &c.
Cupri Subace'tas. Subacetate of cop- Curvature of the Spine. A devia-
per. tion of the spinal column from its regular
Cupri Sulphas. Sulphate of copper. figure.
Blue vitriol. CUSCU'TA. Dodder. A genus of para-
CU'PRUM. From avnpoc, the Greek sitical plants.
name of the island Cyprus, where it was Cuscuta Epith'ymum. The dodder of
first found. Copp'er. thyme, a parasitical plant of a strong, dis-
Cuprum Ammonia'tum. Ammomated agreeable smell and pungent taste.
copper. Ammoniacal sulphate of copper. Cuscuta Europoo'a. Flax dodder.
CUPULA. The cup of the acorn. CUSPA'RIA. Cusparice cortex. Cus-
CUPULTF'ERiE. The oak and chest- paria, or Angostura bark.
nut tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Cusparia Febrifuga. Bonplan'dia tri-
CURA'TIO. The treatment or cure of a folia'ta. The South American tree which
disease or injury. furnishes the cusparia, or Angostura bark.
CU'RA AVENA'CEA. A decoction of CUSPID TEETH. Dentes cuspidati
•oats with nitre and sugar. denies canini ; angidares ; dentes laniarii;
Cura Fa'mis. Abstinence from food. and the conoides of Chaussier. The four
CURA'RI. Wourari. A powerful poi- teeth which have conical crowns. They
son used by the South American Indians are situated, one on each side, in each jaw
on their weapons of war. between the lateral incisor and first bicus-
CU'RATIVE. Relating to a cure ; sus- pis. Their crowns are convex externally
ceptible of cure. and slightly concave and unequal posteri-
CURCU'LIO. A genus of Coleopterous orly, and pointed at the extremity. Their
insects. crowns, when not worn, are longer than
CURCUMA LONG A. The systematic any of the other teeth.
those of Their
name of the turmeric tree. and also the longest of all
roots are larger
Curcuma Paper. Paper dyed in a the teeth, and like the incisors, are single,
decoction of turmeric, and employed as a but have a vertical groove on each side,
j

test of free alkali, which gives to it a brown laterally, extending from the neck to the

btain. extremity, showing a step towards the

CURCUMIN'. The coloring matter of formation of two roots.
turmeric. The upper cuspidati, sometimes called
CURD. Coagulum of milk. the eye-teeth, are larger than the lower,
CURE-DENT. A French word signi- which have been called the stomach teeth.

fying a tooth-pick. The enamel upon these teeth is thicker

Cure-Langue. A French word signify- than on the incisors. Both anteriorly and
ing a tongue-scraper. posteriorly, a slight curve is seen in the
 CUT 194 CYA
neck, and the crown projects a little from retemucosum being the vascular net-work
the parabolical curve of the dental arch. of the former. The outer surface of the
The cuspidati of second dentition are skin is covered by conical eminences called
larger and longer than those of first denti- papilla;, which are very nervous and vas-
tion, and as the teeth are situated nearer cular. The skin serves as a medium of
the attachments of the muscles which move communication with external objects, while
the lower jaw than the incisors, which are it protects the subjacent parts, and is the
at the extremity of the lever, they are ena- seat of touch. Its color, which is deter-

bled to overcome greater resistance. Being mined by the rete mucosum, varies accord-
pointed at their extremities, they are in- ing to age, sex, races, &c.
tended for tearing the food, and in some of Cutis Anseri'na. fforrida cutis. Goose-
the carnivorous animals, where they are skin. That contracted state of the skin
very large, they not only serve to rend, which accompanies the cold stage of an in-
but also to hold prey. termittent, in which the papillae become
CUSPIDATE. A term applied in Bot- prominent and rigid.
any to a part terminating in a stiff point. Cutis Exter'na. The epidermis.
CUSPIDATI. The plural of cuspidatus. Cutis Ve'ra. The true skin.
The cuspid teeth. CUTITIS. Erysipelatous inflamma-
CUSPIDATUS. From cuspis, a point. tion.

A cuspid tooth. CUTTLE FISH. A genus of mollus-

CUTAM'BULUS. From cutis, the skin, cous animals of the order Cephalopoda, and
and ambulo, to walk. Old name for a genus* Sepia.
small worm under the cuticle, supposed to CUTTUBUTH. Arabian name for a
be the Gordius medinensis. kind of Melancholia, accompanied with
CUTA'NEOUS. Cutaneus; from cutis, great restlessness.
the skin. Belonging to the skin. CUUHDO CANELLA. Laurus cinna-
Cutaneous Absorp'tion. Absorption momum.
by the skin. CYAMUS iEGYPTIACUS. Nymphcoa.
Cutaneous Diseases. Diseases at- nelumbo.
tended with eruption on the skin. CYANHYDRIC ACID. Hydrocyanic
Cutaneous Exhalation. Exhalation acid.
from the skin. CYA'NIC ACID. A compound of cy-
Cutaneous Nerves. Two nerves given anogen and oxygen.
off by the brachial plexus, an internal and CYANITE. From tcvavog, blue. A mas-
an external, to supply the arm and hand. sive crystallized mineral, of pearly lustre,
Also, four nerves given off by the lumbar translucent, and of various shades of blue.
plexus, or anterior crural nerve, which go CYANOGEN. From nvavoe and yiyvo.
to the leg. fiai, I am produced, because it is an essen-

CUSTARD APPLE. A West India tial ingredient of Prussian blue. Bicarburet

jaame for the fruit of Anona reticulata. of nitrogen ; a colorless gas, of a strong
CUTCH. Catechu. pungent odor. It is condensed into a
CUTICLE. In Anatomy, the epidermis limpid liquid at a temperature of 45° and
<sr scarf-skin. In Botany, the thin vascu- under a pressure of 3.6 atmospheres. It
lar membrane covering the external sur- extinguishes burning bodies, but burns
face of vegetables. with a light purple flame, and supports a
CUTIS. Dermis ; pellis. The skin, strong heat without decomposition. It is

which is said to consist of three parts, the composed of nitrogen and carbon.
cutis vera, or true skin, the rete mucosum, CYANOM'ETER. From kvqvoc, and
or mucous net, and epidermis, or scarf-skin. measure. An instrument for
fjeTpov, de-
Others consider it as consisting of only two termining the deepness of the tint of the

layers, the cutis vera, and epidermis, the atmosphere.

 CYC 195 CYM
CYANOP'ATHY. Cyanopathi'a ; from obtained from the root of Cyclamen Euro-
Kvavog, and na-dog , disease. Cyanosis. pceum, possessing acrid, purgative and
CYANO'SIS. From icvavuotc, the giv- emetic properties.
ing a blue color. The blue disease. A CY'CLE. Cyclas ; from icvicXog, a circle.

disease in which the skin of the whole body A determinate period of a certain number
assumes a blue color, arising, generally, of days or years, which finishes and com-
from congenital malformation of the heart, mences perpetually.
consisting of a direct communication of the CYCLIS'MOS. Cyclisus. A lozenge.
right and left cavities, thus preventing the Also, a circular rasp for bones.
whole of the blood from being oxygenated CYCLOBRAN'CHIANS. Cyclobranchi-
in the lungs. ata ; from kvkIos , and fipayxta, gills. An
CYAN'URET. Cyanide. A compound order of hermaphrodite Gastropodous Mok
of cyanogen with a base. lusks.
Cyanuret of Mercury. Cyanide, or CYCLOCEPH'ALUS. A monster whose
bicyanide of mercury. See Hydrargyri eyes are in contact or united into one.
Cyanuretum. CYCLOGANGLIA'TA. From kvkIoc,
Cyanuret of Potassium. Cyanide of and yaykiov, a nerve knot. A subdivision
potassium. of Mollusks, distinguished by ganglia ar-
Cyanuret of Silver. Cyanide of sil- ranged in a circular manner around the
ver. oesophagus.
Cyanuret of Zinc. Cyanide of zinc. CYCLONEU'RA. From kvkIos, and
CYANURIC ACID. An acid obtained vevpov, a nerve. The first division of radi-
by decomposing urea by heat. ate animals.
CYANURIN. A very rare substance CYCLOPHO'RIA. Circulation.
deposited from urine as a blue powder. CYCLOPS. From aviikoq, and urp, an
CY'AR. The meatus auditorius inter- eye. A monster with one eye, situated in
nus. the middle of the forehead.
CYATHIS'CUS. A probe with a hol- CYCLO'SIS. In Botany, the circulation
low at one end. of the latex or the vital fluids in plants.
CY'ATHUS. Kvadog, a cup. A meas- CYCLOS'TOMA. A genus of air-breath-
ure both of the liquid and dry kind, equal ing gastropods or snails.
to about an ounce and a half. CYDO'NIA VULGARIS. Cydonium.
CY'CEON. An ancient medicine, com- The quince tree.

posed of wine, water, honey, flour, barley CYE'MA. Kvrjfia; from kvu, to bring
meal and cheese. forth. The product of conception.
CY'CAS. A genus of plants of the or- CYESIOL'OGY. Cyesiologi'a ; from
der Cycadacece. Kvrjmg, pregnancy, and toyoq, a description.
Cycas Circina'lis. The meal-bark tree, The doctrine of generation.
which furnishes the Japan sago. The pulp CYESIS. Conception.
of the fruit is bitter and emetic in its nat- CYL'INDER. From nvXivdu, I roll. A
ural state, but edible when cooked. long, circular body of uniform diameter.
Cycas Iner'mis. Another species, which A round tube is a hollow cylinder. The
also furnishes a kind of sago. long bones are called cylindrical.
Cycas Revouj'ta. This has similar CYLINDRICAL. Cyl'indroid. Resem-
properties. bling a cylinder.
CYCLA'MEN. A genus of plants of CYLLO'SIS. KvM,G)oi if distortion. Lame-
the order Primidaeece. ness, mutilation, mal con formation.
Cyclamen Europium. The sow- CYCLOPHO'RIA. Circulation.
bread. The root is bitter, and is a drastic CYCLO'PION. The white of the eye.
purgative and anthelmintic. CYMA. From Kv/irja, a foetus. In Bota-
CYCLAMINE. A crystalline principle ny, a species of inflorescence consisting of a
 ;

CYN 196 CYN

solitary flower seated in the axilla of di- ropean plant, the leaves of which are
chotomous ramifications. emetic.
CYMATO'DES. Kvpamttom An undu- Cynanchum Yomito'rium. The ipecac-
lating, unequal pulse. uanha of the Isle of France.
CYMBIPORM. Boat-shaped. CYNANTHROTIA. From kwp, dog,
CYM'BIUM. A sea-shell belonging to and avdpunoc, a man. A sort of melan-
the genus Choncha globosa, or dolium. choly in which the patient fancies himself
CYNAN'CHE. From ***, a dog, and changed into a dog.
ayx u , I suffocate. So called from dogs CYN'ARA. The artichoke.
being said to be subject to it. Sore throat CYNARA'CE^E. Cyna'rce. One of the
inflammation of the upper part of the air divisions of the great group of composites,
passages and the supra-diaphragmatic por- containing the thistle, artichoke, &C.
tion of the alimentary canal. CYNARRHO'DIUM. In Botany, a
Cynanche Epidemica. Cynanche ma- fruit with distinct ovaria, and hard in-
lig'na ; ; cynanche gan- dehiscent pericarpia enclosed within the
cynanche fau'cium
grenosa Epidemic sore throat. fleshy tube of the calyx, as Rosa.
; tonsillitis.

Cynanche Malio'na. Cynanche gan- CYN'ICUS. From kvcjv, a dog. Re-

grenosa; angi'na ulcero'sa. Putrid ul- lating to, or resembling, a dog. A cynic
cerated sore throat. Gangrenous inflam- spasm is characterized by a contortion of
mation of the pharynx. one side of the face, in which the eye,
Cynanche Parotid^'a. Cynanche cheek and mouth are dragged downward.
maxilla' r is ; inflamma'lio paro'lidum. The CY'NIPS. From kvu, I am pregnant.
mumps. A genus of hymenopterous insects, belong-
Cynanche Pharynge'a. Inflamma- ing to that section which has not a poison-
tion of the pharynx. ous sting.
Cynanche Tonsillaris. Inflamma- Cynips Quercus Folii. Cynips gaUat
tory sore throat, characterized by redness tinclorice. The oak-gall insect.
and swelling of the mucous membrane of Cynips Rosje. The insect that pro-
the fauces and tonsils, accompanied by duces the excrescence on rose-trees, called
pain, fever, and difficult deglutition. Bedeguar.
Cynanche Trachea'lis. Cynanche CYNODEC'TUS. One bitten by a mad
larynge'a ; suffoca'tio strid'ula. Croup. A dog.
disease, for the most part, peculiar to chil- CYNODES'MION. The framum of the
dren, and characterized by inflammatory prepuce.
fever, sonorous suffocative breathing ; the CYNODONTES. From kvuv, a dog,
formation of false membrane in the tra- and odovg, odoi'Toc, a tooth. The canine
chea beneath the glottis, which is some- teeth are so called from their resemblance
times coughed up or expectorated, and at to the teeth of a dog. See Cuspid Teeth.
other times causes dyspnoea and suffocation. CYNOGLOS'SUM. From kvuv, a dog,
CYNAN'CHICA. Medicines for the and yAuCTCTQ, a tongue. Dog's-tongue. A
relief of quinsy. genus of plants of the order Boragineai.
CYNAN'CHUM. A genus of plants of Cynoglossum Officinale. Hound's-
the order Asclepiadacece. tongue, a plant said to possess poisonous
Cynanchum Monspeliacitm. A black and narcotic powers.
resinous gum, possessing purgative prop- CYNOLOPHOI. The spinous processes
erties. Montpellier scammony. of the vertebra?.
Cynanchum OlejEfo'lium. A plant, CYNOLYSSA. Hydrophobia.
the leaves of which are frequently mingled CYNOMO'RIUM. A genus of plants
with those of Alexandrian Senna, which of the order Graminacece.
it resemhles in its action. Cynomo'rium Coccin'eum. Fungus
Cynanchum Vincetox'icum. A Eu- melitensis, formerly used as an astringent.
 .

CYS 197 CYS

CYNOHEX'IA. Canine appetite. Bou- from the gall bladder, and which, after
limia. uniting with the hepatic, forms the ductus
CYTERUS. From Kvnapoc, a little communis chdedochus
round vessel. A genus of rushes of the Cystic Oxyd. See Cystin.
order Oyperacece. CYSTICA. Remedies used for diseases
Cyperus Esculen'tus. The rush nut. of the bladder.
Cyperus Lon'gus. Galangale. Its root CYSTICER'CUS. From kvotic , a blad-

is aromatic and hitter. der, and KepKog, a tail. The tailed bladder-
Cyperus Pap'yrus. Cyperus Byb'los ; worm.
Gyperus Anliquo'rum. The large rush of CYSTIN. Cystic oxyd. A peculiar
Syria and Egypt, which furnished the animal matter found in certain conditions
ancient papyrus. of the urine, and in some urinary calculi.
Cyperus IIotun'dus. The round cy- CYSTIRRHAG'IA. Hemorrhage from
perus. The root is aromatic. the bladder.
CYPHO'SIS. Cypho'ma; from kv^oc, CYSTIRRHCE'A. From kvotic, and peo,
gihbosity. Gibbosity of the spine. to flow. A copious discharge of mucus
CYP'RINUM O'LEUM. Oil of cy- from the bladder, passing out with the
press, composed of oil of unripe olives, urine. Vesical catarrh.
cypress flowers, calamus, myrrh, carda- From kvotic, a bag. A cyst,
CYSTIS.
moms, &c. bladder, or small membranous bag. The
CYP'HINUS. A lituueaa genus of fishes. urinary bladder, or membranous bag en-
Cyprinus Albur'nus. The bleak. closing any morbid matter.
Cyprinus Bar'bus. The barbel. Cystis Urinaria. The urinary bladder.
Cyprinus Carp'io. The carp. CYSTITIS. Inflammation of the blad-
Cyprinus Go'bio. The gudgeon. der.
Cyprinus Leucis'cus. The dace. CYSTO-BUBONOCE'LE. From kvo-
CYPRIPE'DIUM. Lady's slipper; moc- tic, the bladder, and j3ov,3ov, the groin. A
casin flower. Some of the species are said species of hernia in which the urinary blad-
to be nervine. der is protruded through the abdominal
CYRTO'SIS. Cyrto'ma ; from Kvproc, ring.
curved. Gibbous a tumor.
; CYSTOCE'LE. From kvotlc, the blad-

Cyrtosis Cretinis'mus. Cretinism. der, and ktjXtj, a tumor. Hernia of the

Cyrtosis Rachia. Rachitis. bladder.
CYS'SARUS. The rectum. CYSTODYNTA. Pain in the bladder.
CYS'SOTIS. Inflammation of the anus. CYSTO-MEROCE'LE. Protrusion of
Tenesmus. the bladder through the crural arch.
CYST. Kyst. From kvotiq, a bladder. A CYSTOPLASTY. An operation for the
membranous sac or cavity, in which mor- cure of fistulous openings into the bladder,
bid matters are collected. consisting in the dissection of skin from a
CYSTAL'GIA. From kvotiq, a bladder, neighboring part, and uniting it by suture
and alyog, pain. A painful spasmodic af- to the edges.
fection of tbe bladder. CYSTOPLE'GIA. From kvotic, the
CYSTAUX'E. Hypertrophy of the blad- bladder, and tvIt/oou, I strike. Paralysis
der. of the bladder.
CYSTEOL'ITHUS. A stone in the CYSTOPTO'SIS. From kvotic , the blad-
urinary or gall bladder. der, 7U7rrw, to fall. Protrusion of the in-
CYSTIC. Cys'licus, from nvarig, a bag. ternal coat of the bladder into the canal of
Belonging to the urinary or gall bladder. the urethra.
Cystic Artery. The artery of the gall CYSTOTOMY. Cysiotom'ia; from kvo-
bladder. tic, the bladder, and te[ivg>, to cut. Cut-
Cystic Duct. The duct proceeding ting or puncturing the bladder.
 ;

DAC 198 DAF

CYT'INUS. A genus of plants of the spot on the growing cell, from which all
order Cystinaceae. animals and vegetables are supposed to be
Cyttnus Hypocist'is. Rape of cystus developed. The rudiment of every new
a fleshy, pale yellowish parasitical plant, cell.

found on the roots of several species of cys- CYTOBLASTE'MA. Blastema. The

tus, and from which the succus hypocistidis fluidwhich nourishes the cytoblast. The
is obtained. dextrine in plants, and liquor sanguinis
CYTOBLAST. From kvtoq, a cell, and in animals.
PAaarog, a germ. A cell-germ, nucleus, or CYZICE'NUS. Old name for a plaster
areola. A primary granule, or minute for obstinate ulcers and wounds of tendons.

D.

DACHAUSSOIR. A French name for DACRYOPYORRH(EA. Flow of tears

gum-lancet, but particularly applied by mingled with pus.
Laforgue to a curved, sharp-pointed knife DACTYLE'THRA. Substances intro-
used for separating the gum from the neck duced into the throat to excite vomiting.
of a tooth previous to extraction. DACTYLTON. Dactyl'ium ; from 6ok-
DACNE'RON. An old collyrium of Tv"kog } Adhesion of the fingers to
a finger.
copper, pepper, cadmia, saffron, myrrh, each other. It may be a congenital de-
gum arabic and opium. formity, or caused by a burn.
DACRYALLCEO'SIS. A morbid con- DACTYLITIS. From daKtvlog, a fin-

dition of the tears. ger, and itis, a terminal signifying inflam-

DACRYDION. Scammony. mation. Inflammation of the finger ; a
DACRYGELO'SIS. A species of in- whitlow. See Paronychia.
sanity in which the patient laughs and DACTYLITIS. A ring; any thing
weeps at the same time. ring-shaped.
DACRYOADENITIS. From taicpv, a Dactylitis Aculea'tus. A cylindrical
tear, adrjv, a gland, and the terminal itis. worm of a light color, sometimes found in
Inflammation of the lachrymal gland. diseased urine.
DACRYOBLENNORRHCEA. A flow DACTYLOP'TEROUS. From Awrvto*,
of tears mixed with mucus. and nrepov, wing, or fin. Finger-finned. A
DACRYOCYSTIS. The lachrymal sac. term applied to a fish when the inferior
DACRYOCYSTOBLENNORRHCE'A. rays of i
fs pectoral fin are partially or en-
Discharge of mucus from the lachrymal tirely full.
cyst. DAC'TYLUS. kanTvloq. A finger;
DACRYOCYSTOSYRINGOKA- also, the shortest Greek measure of length,
TAKLEI'STS. A term applied by a finger's breadth, which is about seven-
Dieffenbach to the cure of lachrymal fis- tenths of an inch.
tula; by transplantation. DiEDION. A bougie.
DACRYOHCEMORRH(EA. A flow of DiEMONOMA'NIA. Damonia ; from
tears mixed with blood. Sai/iuv, a demon, and fiavia, madness. A
DAC'RYOLITE. A concretion in the melancholy in which the patient fancies
lachrymal passages. himself to be possessed by demons.
DAORYO'MA. From f5a/cpuw, to weep. DAF'FODIL. A plant of the genus
See Epiphora. Narcissus.
DACRYOP(E'US. That which causes DAFFY'S ELIXIR. Compound tinc-
the tears to flow. ture of senna, aniseed and elecampane root.
 DAP 199 DAU
DAGUERR'EOTYPE. A process re- doses. It is generally given in combina-
cently introduced by Daguerre, a French tion with other drugs. The bark of the
artist, whereby the images of objects formed root is the officinal part.
on a camera-obscura are made to depict DAPHNELiE'ON. Oil of bay berries.
themselves on the surface of metal plates. DAPH'NIA. A genus of Entomostra-
DAH'LIA. A South American plant, cans, or crustaceous insects belonging to
bearing a large compound flower of every the order Branchiopoda. The Monoculus
variety of hue. pulex is the type and most common species
DAH'LIN. The fecula obtained from of this genus.
elecampane. DAPH'NINE. The bitter crystalline
DAI'SY. A plant of the genus BeUis, principle of daphne alpina, mezerion, &c.
of several varieties. DAROO' TREE. The Ficus sycamarus,
Daisy, Ox-Eye. A plant of the genus or Egyptian sj'camore.
Chrysanthemum. DARSIS. From cJepw, I excoriate, I
DALBY'S CARMIN'ATIYE. A cele- skin. Excoriation.
brated carminative nostrum, composed of DARTA. See Impetigo.
carbonate of magnesia, oil of peppermint, DARTOS. From 6epu } I excoriate. A
oil of nutmeg, oil of aniseed, tincture of condensed cellular structure under the skin
castor, tincture of assafcetida, tincture of of the scrotum, which the ancients sup-
opium, spirit of pennyroyal, compound posed to be muscular, and by means of
tincture of cardamoms and peppermint. which the outer covering is corrugated.
DALTONIAN. One who cannot dis- DARTRE. Herpes. Impetigo.
tinguish colors, so called because the cele- DASYMA. From daavg, rough, hairy.
brated chemist, Dalton, had this defect. A disease of the eye. See Trachoma.
DAMA. A deer. DAS'YTES. Roughness, particularly
DAMMARA AUSTRALIS. A conif- of the tongue and voice. Hairiness.
erous tree of New Zealand. See Cowdie DATE. Pal'mula ; dac'tylus. The fruit

Gum. of the phoenix dactylifera.

DAMMARIC ACID. A resinous acid DATH'OLITE. Dat'olite. A mineral
of cowdie gum. composed of silica, lime, and boracic acid.
DAM'SON. A plum tree, the Prunus A borosilicate of lime.
domestica ; also, the fruit of the tree. DATU'RA. A genus of plants of the
DANDELION. A plant of the genus order Solan acece.
Leontodon, having a naked stalk with one Datura Stramo'nium. Thorn apple ;

large flower. Jamestown weed Jimson weed. The her- ;

DAN'DRUFF. Dan'driff. A scurf baceous part of the weed and the seeds are
which forms on the head and comes off in narcotic and poisonous. The plant has a
small scales. See Pityriasis. foetid odor, and a nauseous, bitter taste. It

DANSE DE SAINT GUY. Chorea. relieves pains, causing sleep, and the inha-
DAPH'NE. A genus of plants of the lation of the smoke affords much relief in
order Thymelacece. The laurel or bay tree. asthma. The seeds are more powerful
Daphne Alpi'na. Chamcel'ea. Dwarf than any other part of the plant.
olive. It is said to be purgative. DA'TURINE. Datu'ria; daturi'na; da-
Daphne Gnid'ium. Spurge flax ; flax- tu'rinum. A poisonous alkaloid ; the active
leaved daphne. The plant which affords principle of datura stramonium.
the garou bark. DAUCI'TES VINUM. Wine in which
Daphne Laureola. The systematic wild carrot has been steeped.
name of spurge laurel. DAUCUS. A genus of plants of the
Daphne Meze'reum. The systematic order Umbdliferce.
name of the mezereon, or spurge-olive; a Daucus Caro'ta. The carrot plant.
violent irritant poison when taken in large The officinal root is of the variety culti-
 DEA 200 DEC
vatcd in gardens. The seeds are from the DEAURA'TIO. Tincture of metals,
wild carrot, and have an aromatic odor. &c, of a golden color ; also, the operation
Daucus Sylves'tris. The wild carrot. of gilding pills.
D'ARCET'S METAL. An alloy DEBIL'ITANTS. Remedies which,
fusible
at 212° Eahrenheit, composed of eight when exhibited, reduce excitement. Anti-
parts bismuth, five parts lead, and three phlogistics.
parts tin. It was at one time much used DEBILTTAS. Debility.
for filling teeth, especially of the lower DEBILITY. Debil'itas ; asiheni'a.
jaw, into the cavities of which, while in a Weakness.
fused state, it can be easily introduced. DEBRIDEMENT. Literally, unbri-
The use of it, however, for this purpose, dling. A French word applied in Surgery
was soon abandoned, for the reason that to the removal of strangulation of certain
the temperature at which it had to be ap- parts or organs by the division of other
plied could not, in all cases, be borne, structures that exercise compression on
and it frequently caused inflammation of them.
the lining membrane. Besides, it was DEBRIS'. A French word signifying,
found that it shrank from the walls of the literally, remains, wreck, ruins. Applied
cavity in cooling, so as to admit the secre- in Dental Surgery to the remains of de-
tions of the mouth, consequently it did not cayed teeth ; also to the fragments and
prevent a recurrence of disease. small particles removed from a carious
In preparing the alloy, the lead is first tooth in the preparation of a cavity for
melted, the tin then added, and after-
is filling.

wards the bismuth. It may be rendered DECAGRAMME. Ten French gram-

still more fusible by adding a small quan- mes, equal to 5.65 drams avoirdupois, or
tity of mercury. 154.34 grains troy.
DAVIER. A French word, signifying DECAGYNTA. An order of plants
tooth-forceps. with ten pistils.

DAVY'S SAFETY LAMP. A lamp DECALITRE. A French metrical meas-

surrounded by a net-work of gauze wire, ure of ]0 litres, equivalent to 010.28 Eng-
to prevent explosion in coal mines. lish cubic inches.

DAY'MARE. A species of incubus oc- DECAMETRE. A French measure of

curring during wakefulness, and attended 10 metres, or 393.71 English inches, about
by that peculiar pressure of the chest char- 32.75 feet.

acteristic of night-mare. See Ephialtes. DECAN'DRIA. A class of plants with

DAY-SIGHT. See Nyctalopia and ten stamens.
Hemeralopia. DECANTA'TION. Decanta'tio. A phar- .

DEADLY-NIGHTSHADE. A plant of maceutical operation, consisting in pouring

the genus Atropa. See Atropa Belladonna. off a liqxior clear from the sediment, by
DEAFNESS. Diminution or complete decanting the vessel which contains it.
loss of hearing. See Dysecoea. DECAPITATIO ARTICULORUM.
DEALBATIO. Paleness. Resection.
DEAMBULA'TIO. Walking. DECAPOD. From <5fA.a, ten, and novg,
DEATH. The final cessation of all the a foot. Having ten feet. An order of
vital functions, the aggregate of which a-ustacea.
constitutes life. DECARBONIZA'TION. In Physiol-
Death, Apparent. Asphyxia, or ogy, the transformation of venous into ar-
merely a suspension of the vital functions. terial blood by respiration. ILraiatosis.
Death, Black. The plague of the DECATORTHOMA. A medicine com-
fourteenth century was so called. posed of ten ingredients.
Death, Partial. Gangrene; mortifi- DECHAUSSEMENT. A French word
cation. applied, in Dental Surgery, to the separa-
 DEC 201 DEC
tion of the gum from the neck of a tooth temperature. Also, the product of this
previously to extraction. operation.
DECHAUSSOIR. A French word sig- DECOCTUM. From decoquere, to boil.
nifying gum-lancet. A decoction.
DECIDEN'TIA. Cataptosis. Epilepsy. Decuctum Al'bum. See Mistura Cornu
DECID'UA MEMBRA'NA. The lining Usti.
membrane of the uterus during pregnancy. Decoctum Al'oes Compos'itum. Com-
DECID'UOUS. Deciduus; from de- pound decoction of aloes.
cidere, to fall off or down. Falling oft*. Decoctum Althte'^e. Althece offici-

In Botany, applied to trees and shrubs nalis. Decoction of marsh mallows.

which lose their leaves on the approach of Decoctum Ama'rum. Bitter decoction ;

winter ; in Dental Anatomy, to the milk or decoction of gentian.

temporary teeth. Also, the membranes Decoctum Anthem'idis. Decoctum an-
which form the sacs that enclose the teeth themidis nobilis . A decoction of chamomile.
of both dentitions previous to their erup- Decoctum Cassi^e. Decoction of cassia.
tion. In Physiology, the outermost mem- Decoctum Cetra'hi^e. Decoction of
brane of the foetus in utcro. Iceland moss.
Deciduous Membranes of the Teeth. Decoctum Cincho'n^e. Decoction of
A name applied by Mr. Thomas Bell, to cinchona.
the two lamellae, which form the sacs that Decoctum Colum'b^e Compos'itum.
envelop the rudiments of the teeth, and Compound decoction of columba.
which, on the eruption of these organs, Decoctum Cornus Flok'id^e. Decoc-
disappear, being, as he supposes, wholly tion of dogwood bark.
absorbed. Decoctum Daphnes Meze'bei. De-
Deciduous Teeth. The temporary or coction of mezereon.
milk-teeth are so called because, after sub- Decoctum Diaphoheticum. Com-
serving the purposes of early childhood, pound decoction of guaiacum.
they are removed by an operation of the Decoctum Digita'lis. Decoction of
economy, to give place to others of a larger foxglove.
size, and of a more solid texture. See Decoctum Dulcama'r^e. Decoction of
Teeth, Temporary. woody nightshade.
DECIGRAMME. The tenth part of a Decoctum Gxoff&s'jB Inermis. De-
gramme, equal to 1.543 grains troy. coction of cabbage-tree bark.
DECILITRE. The tenth part of a litre ; Decoctum Glycyrrhi'z^e. Decoction
6.1028 English cubic inches. of liquorice.
DECIMA'NA FEBRIS. A fever ap- Decoctum Guaiaci Compos'itum. Com-
pearing on every tenth day. pound decoction of guaiacum.
DECIMETRE. A French measure, the Decoctum ELematox'yli. Decoction
tenth part of a metre, equivalent to 3.937 of logwood.
English inches. Decoctum Hor'det. Barley water.
DECLINE. Declina'tio. The abate- Decoctum Hordei Compos'itum. Com-
ment of a disease or paroxysm. pound decoction of barley.
Enfeeble-
rnent of the vital powers of the Decoctum Kin^e Kin^: Compositum
body from
age. Wasting of the powers of the body, et Laxans. Compound laxative decoc-
accompanied by fever and emaciation, as tion of cinchona.
in the case of tabes. It is also applied to Decoctum Liche'nis. Decoction of
persons affected with phthisis pulmona- liverwort.
le. Decoctum Ligno'rum. Compound de-
DECOCTION. The process of boiling coction of guaiacum.
certain ingredients in a fluid for the pur- Decoctum Lusitan'icum. Lisbon diet
pose of extracting the parts soluble at that drink.
 ;

DEC 202 DEF

Decoctum Mal'TJI Compos'itum. Com- crackling noise, as made by salts when
pound decoction of mallows. exposed to a certain degree of heat.
Decoctum Papav'eris. Decoction of DECREPITUDE. Decrepitu'do. Old
poppy. age ; the last period of life ; last stage of
Decoctum Quercus Alba. Decoction decay.
of white oak bark. Take of the inner DECRETO'RII DIES. Critical days.
bark of young green white oak § ij, water DECU'BITUS. From decumbere, to lie
oiss. Boil down to a pint and strain. It down. Act of lying down, or assuming
is astringent, and in the treatment of in- an horizontal posture. Also, manner of
flamed, spongy and ulcerated gums, may lying.
be employed with advantage as a gargle. DECUM'BENT. In Botany, drooping
Decoctum Sarsaparil'la. Decoction prostrate, but rising from the earth at the
of sarsaparilla. upper extremity.
Decoctum Sarsaparilla Compos'itum. DECUR'RENT. A term applied in Bot-
Compound decoction of sarsaparilla. any to leaves which are prolonged down
Decoctum Scilla. Decoction of squill. the stem, giving to it a winged appearance.
Decoctum Sen'ega. Decoction of sen- DECURTATUS. Running to a point.
ega. Sometimes applied to a declining pulse.
Decoctum Tarax'aci. Decoction of DECUS'SATE. Decussa'tus. Applied
dandelion. in Botany to leaves and spines arranged in
Decoctum Ulmi. Decoction of elm pairs, which alternately cross each other.
bark. DECUSSATION. Decnssa'tio ; from

Decoctum XJvje Ursi. Decoction of decusso, to cross each other. In Anatomy,

uva ursi. applied to nerves and muscles which cross
Decoctum Yera'tri. Decoction of each other, as a decussation of the optic
white hellebore. nerves.
DECOLORATION. Decolora'tio. Loss DECUSSO'RIUM. An instrument used
of the natural color ; the removal of color- by the ancients for depressing the dura
ing matters from any object. mater after trepanning.
DECOMPOSITION. Decomposi'tio. De- DEDOLATION. The infliction of a

cay ;
putrefaction. In Chemistry, the sep- wound with loss of substance.

aration of thecomponent parts or princi- DEER. Ruminating quadrupeds with

ples of compound
bodies from each other. deciduous horns or antlers, distinguished
DECOMPOS'ITUS. A term applied in from other ruminants by not having any
Botany to the stem of plants when divided gall-bladder.
into numerous ramifications at its base, DEFECATION. From de, and foeces,
and to leaves when split into many irregu- excrements. Expulsion of the faeces from
lar divisions. the body. In Pharmacy, the separation of
DECOimCA'TION. Dccortica'tio. The any substance from a liquid in which it

removal of the bark, husk, or shell, from may be suspended.

any thing. DEFECTIO ANIMI. Syncope; faint-

DECORTICATING PROCESS. A term ing.

sometimes applied in Dental Pathology to DEFENSIVES. Defensiva. A term
a species of caries of the teeth, designated formerly applied to applications made to

by Duval, peeling decay, which consists in wounds for guarding them against injury,
the detachment from the osseous tissue of and to medicines which were supposed to
the tooth of small portions of the enamel. resist infection.

See Caries of the Teeth. DEF'ERENS. The excretory canal of

DECOS'TIS. Without ribs. the testicle. See Vas Deferens.
DECREMEN'TUM. Decrease, decline. Deferens, Vas. See Vas Deferens.
DECREPITATION. Decrepita'tio. A DEFIX'US. Impotent.
 ;

DEG 203 DEL

DEFLAGRATION. Deflagra'tio. Rapid rate; to prevent which it is necessary
combustion, as that which occurs when a that it should be more accurately embraced
mixture of sulphur and nitre is inflamed. by the parts which convey it from the
DEFLEC TIO. Derivative j revulsive. mouth into the oesophagus.
DEFLEX'US. Deflex. Bending slightly Deglutition, Difficult. Dysphagia.
outward. DEG'MOS. Deg'mus. A gnawing sen-
DEFLORATION. A term applied in sation ; a biting pain about the upper ori-
Botany to an anther after the emission of fice of the stomach.
its pollen, and in Forensic Medicine to the DEGREE'. From gradus, a step. A
extinction of the marks of virginity by step or stage. An arbitrary measure on a
connection Avith the male. scale of temperature, &c. The French use
DEFLUVIUM CAPILLORUM. Bald- it to signify the intensity or particular stage
ness. Loss of the hair. of an incurable disease, as phthisis, can-
DEFLUX'ION. Deflux'io; from defluo, cer, &c.
to run off. A catarrh, or cold. A descent of DEGUSTATION. The act of tasting.
humors from a superior to an inferior part. DEHIS'CENT. ; from de-
Dehiscens
DEFOLIATION. Falling of the leaves. gape or open. A term apjjlied in
hiseo, to

DEFORMATION. A deformity. Botany to the opening of the capsules for

DEGENERATION. Degeneracy. De- the discharge of the seed.
terioration. In Pathology, a morbid change DEJECTIO ALVL The discharge of
in the structure of an organ. the faeces.
DEGLUTITION. Deglutit'io; from de, DEJECTION. Dejec'tio ; from dejecio,
and glutire, to swallow. The act of swal- to go to stool. The expulsion of the fieces.
lowing. The various muscles of the soft DEJECTO'RIUM. Cathartic.
palate and tongue are all concerned in con- DELAP'SUS. Delap'sio. Prolapsus.
ducting the food into the pharyngeal cavity. DELETE'RIOUS. From (%A£W 1 injure. ,

The elevators raise the palate, and at the Poisonous ; destructive ; hurtful ; injurious.
same time protect the posterior nares from DELIGATIO. From deligare, to bind
regurgitation of the food, while the tensor up. The act of applying a bandage.
puts it on the stretch, and after having, DELIGATION. Deligatio.
by the approximation of the tongue and DELIQUES'CENCE. Deliquescen'tia
palate, been conveyed behind the velum, from deliquescere, to melt down. The as-
the constrictor isthmi-faucium and palato- sumption of a fluid state by the absorption
pharyngeus draw the palate down, which, of moisture from the atmosphere. There
by the aid of the tongue, cuts off the com- are certain salts which do this, as the chlo-
munication between the fauces and mouth, ride of lime, acetate of potassa, and car-
while at the same time the passage into bonate of potassa, and hence they are
the posterior nares is nearly closed by the called deliquescent salts. Applied in Bot-
contraction of the muscles of the posterior any to a panicle which is so much branched
palatine arch. The food is now conveyed that the axis disappears.
by the action of the constrictor muscles DELPQUIUM. From delinquo, to
of pharynx
the into the oesophagus, leave. In Chemistry, the spontaneous so-
through which it is forced by the contrac- lution of a deliquescent salt. In Pathology,
tion of the muscular coat into the stomach. fainting ; syncope.
The passage of the food from the mouth Deliquium Animi. Fainting syncope. ;

to the oesophagus is mostly the result of Deliquium VitjE. Death.

voluntary action, but the propulsion of it DELIRTOUS. One affected with delir-
down this duct is involuntary. ium.
The deglutition of liquids is always more DELIRIUM. From deliro, to rave.
difficult than solids, because the particles Wandering of the mind, as in cases of dis-
of a fluid have a greater tendency to sepa- ease, from disturbed function of brain. It
 DEM 204 DEN
may be violent, as in the case of acnte DEMENTIA. From de, and mens,
inflammation of the membranes of the without mind. Insanity; absence of thought.
brain, or low and muttering, as in typhoid DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM. A
fevers. minute acarus found in the sebaceous fol-

Delirium Furio'sum. Mania. licles of persons living in large cities, whose

Delirium Sen'ile. Senile insanity; skin is not sufficiently excited by pure air.

imbecility and moral insanity resulting DEMI-BAIN. A French term, applied

from old age. in Hygiene and Therapeutics to a bath in
Delirium Tre'mens. Ma'nia a potu, which the lower half only of the body is

delirium ebriosita'tis ; delirium potaio'rum. immersed.

Delirium peculiar to drunkards, attended DEM'ONSTRATOR. From demonstrare,
with great agitation and sleeplessness. to exhibit. In Anatomy, one who exhibits
DELITES'CENCE. From deliiescere, the various parts of the body an
; instruct-
to hide. Sudden termination of inflamma- or. In Dental Surgery, one who demon-
tion by reso ution. strates and teaches the method of perform-
DELIVERY. Parturition. ing the various operations connected with
DELPHIN'IA. Delphine. A nitrogen- this branch of medicine.
ous base, found in the seeds of Delphinium DEMOTI'VUS LAPSUS. Sudden death.
staphisagria. It has been used like vera- DEMUL'CENT. Demid'ccns; from de-
tria, as a local ointment in various forms mulccrc, to soothe. A medicine capable of
of nervous disorder. obviating and preventing the action of acrid
DELPHIN'IC ACID. An acid extracted and irritating humors.
from tbe oil of the dolphin. DEMUSCULA'TUS. From de, and mus-
DKLTHINATE. A salt resulting from culus, a muscle. Without flesh ; emaciated.
the combination of delphinic acid with a DEN'GUE. Dandy. A fever which
base. first prevailed in the West Indies and in
DELPHINIUM. From fctytv, the dol- the Southern States in 1827 and 1828, at-

phin, from the resemblance of tended with violent pains in the joints and
so called
its flower to the head of the dolphin. The eruption on the skin.
larkspur. Also, a genus of plants of the DENIGRATION. Derigra'tio ; from
order Ranunculacece. denigrare, to blacken. Act of becoming
Delphinium Consol'ida. The system- black, as in cases of a bruise, and sphac-
atic name of the Gonsolida regalis, or the elus.

branching larkspur. The root and seeds DENS. A tooth. Also, the specific
are bitter, and in large doses purgative name of many herbs, from their supposed
and emetic. resemblance to the teeth of some animal,
Delphinium Staphisa'gria. The sys- as dens leonis, leontodon taraxacum.
tematic name of the stavesacre. The seeds Dens Exsertus. From dens, a tooth,
are bitter, acrid and nauseous, and some- and ex and sers, to thrust out. A gag-
times used in decoction as an anthelmintic. tooth ; a tooth which projects or stands out
They contain delphinia. from the dental arch.
DELTA. Vulva. DENT. A tooth.
DEI/LTFORM. Deltoid. DENT AGRA. Denticeps, from dens, a
DELTOID. Deltoi'des. Deltoi'deus; from tooth, and aypa, a seizure. An instrument
the Greek letter A, and eidoc, a likeness. for extracting teeth ; tooth forceps. The
A triangular muscle of the shoulder, ex- term is also applied to toothache.
tending from the outer third of the clav- DENTAL. Denta'lis, denta'rius ; from
icle, and from the acromion and spine dens. Pertaining to the teeth.
of the scapula to the middle of the os Dental Apparatus. The teeth, to-

humeri. gether with the alveoli in which they are

DE'MANUS. Without a hand. implanted, and jaws. Also, a set of arti-
 DEN 205 DEN
ficial teeth. The instruments and appli- Dental Ex'cavator. An instrument
ances employed in dental operations are employed for the removal of the decayed
likewise sometimes so termed. part of a tooth, preparatory to the opera-
Dental Ab'ches. Arcades dentaires. tion of filling. A number of instruments
The arches formed by the teeth when ar- varying in size and shape are required for

ranged in their sockets in the alveolar bor- this purpose by every practitioner of den-
ders. tal surgery, to enable him to remove with

Dental Ar'teries. The arteries which facility caries from any part of a tooth,
supply the teeth with blood. The teeth of and to give to the cavity such shape as
the upper jaw are supplied from the su- may be required for the permanent reten-
perior dental, which winds around the tion of a filling. Instruments of this de-
maxillary tuberosity from behind forward, scription should be made from the very
sending off twigs through the posterior and be so tempered as neither
best steel,
dental canals to the molars and bicuspids, bend at their points. See
to break nor
and from a twig of the infra orbitar, sent Tempering.
off just before it emerges from the infra Dental Exosto'sis. See Exostosis of
orbitar foramen, which passes down the the Teeth.
anterior canal to the incisors and cuspi- Dental File. A file manufactured for
dati. The teeth of the lower jaw are sup- operations upon the teeth. See File, Den-
plied from the inferior dental artery, given tal.

off by the internal maxillary. It enters Dental Forceps. See Forceps for ex-
the posterior dental foramen, and as it tracting teeth.
passes along beneath the roots of the teeth, Dental Fol'licle. FoUic'ulas dentis;
sends up a twig to each, until it arrives at follicule dentaire. A follicle, formed of two
the mental foramen, from which, after membranes, one outer, and one inner, in
sending a small branch to the incisors, it which a tooth is situated during the early
emerges. stages of its formation, and which ulti-

Dental At'rophy. Atrophia dentalis. mately becomes a sac, completely enclosing

See Atrophy of the Teeth. it. See Dental Sac.
Dental Bone. Dentine. The osseous Dental For'mula. A notation used to
part of a tooth. designate the number and class of teeth
Dental Canals. The canals which in mammiferous animals, forming an im-
perforate the alveoli, and give passage to portant generic character. In the cats,
the blood vessels and nerves that enter the or genus felis, for example, the formula
teeth at the extremities of their roots. is, incisors $, canini -f, {, premolars
Dental Caries. See Caries of the or bicuspids -§, •§, molars f, f, 30, =
Teeth. signifying that they have six incisors in
Dental Car'tilage. The cartilagin- each jaw, one canine tooth on each side
ous ridge along the margins of the gums, of each jaw, two premolars, or bicuspids,
which serves as a substitute for the teeth on each side, in each jaw, and two true
during the first months of infancy. molars. In man, the dental formula is,
Dental Cav'ity. Cav' itas pulpa:; cavum incisors $, canines or cuspidati |, },
deniis; antrum denta'le. The pulp
premolars or bicuspids f, f, molars §,
cavity.
The cavity occupied by the dental pulp in §. The upper figures refer to the upper
the interior of a tooth. Its shape resem-
and the lower figures to the lower jaw.
bles that of the tooth ; it is larger in Dental Instruments. Instruments
young
persons than in old, and when the teeth employed in operations on the teeth, such
suffer great loss of substance, either from as excavators, filling instruments, files,

mechanical or spontaneous abrasion, it forceps, &c. There is no class of surgical «

sometimes becomes completely obliterated. instruments in which more care and me-
See Abrasion of the Teeth. chanical skill are required in their manu
14
 ;

DEN 206 DEN

facture than those used by the dental sur- Dental Netjral'gia. See Odontalgia.
geon. Dental Opera'tion. An operation
Dental Lab'oeatoet. A room or upon the teeth.
place where the operations connected with Dental Orthop^cdi'a. The art of cor-
mechanical dentistry are performed. The recting deformity, occasioned by irregular-
fixtures and implements belonging to it, ity or other cause, of the teeth. See Irreg-
when complete, are a small forge, anvil, ularity of the Teeth, Treatment of.
and hammers, ingot moulds, rolling mill, Dental Or'ganism. The organism of
draw- bench, lathe, with grinding and pol- the teeth ; the organical structure of these
ishing wheels and brushes, work-table, organs j the vital forces which govern
small bench-vice, sliding tongs, pliers, them.
snips or shears for cutting plate, solder- Dental Pathol'ogy. The pathology
ing lamp, blow-pipe, files, scrapers, bur- of the diseases of the teeth.
nishers, pickling pot, and sometimes the Dental Perios'teum. Periosteum den-
fixtures used in the manufacture of porce- tium. A white fibrous membrane which
lain artificial teeth. But as the manufac- invests the roots of the teeth, and to which
ture of these teeth does not properly come it is intimately united by fibrous prolonga-
within the province of the dentist, the fix- tions and numerous minute blood vessels.

tures required for the purpose are not It is through the medium of this, and their
essential to his laboratory. lining membrane, that these organs receive
Dental Necro'sis. Odontonecrosis. their nutritive fluids.
See Necrosis of the Teeth. The dental periosteum is supposed to be
Dental Nerves. The nerves which a reflection of the alveolar ; it covers the
go to the teeth. The teeth of the upper root of each tooth, is attached to the gums
jaw are supplied from the superior maxil- at the neck, and to the blood vessels and
lary. Three or four branches descend on nerves where they enter the extremity, and
the tuberosity of the superior maxillary, Mr. Bell is of the opinion that it enters the
and entering the posterior dental canals cavity and forms the lining membrane
are conveyed to the molar teeth. The in- but this is a mere conjecture, the correct-
cisors, cuspidati and bicuspids are sup- ness of which, we think, it may not be
plied by a branch from the infra orbital, easy to establish. This membrane consti-
which passes along the front of the max- tutes the bond of union between the roots
illary sinus in the anterior dental canal, of the teeth and alveolar cavities.
sending off twigs to each of these teeth. Dental Periosti'tis. Periosti'tis den-

The teeth of the lower jaw are supplied tium. Inflammation of the dental perios-
from the third branch of the infanor max- teum. See Odontalgia.
illary, which, in its course, passes between Dental Pulp. A soft vascular and
the pterygoid muscles, then along the ra- highly sensitive substance, of a reddish-
mus of the lower jaw under the pterygoide- grey color, occupying the cavity of a liv-

us internus to the posterior dental foramen, ing tooth. It also constitutes the rudiment
which it enters along with the artery and of a tooth. See Teeth, Origin and forma-
vein, sending off twigs to the roots of the tion of.
molar and bicuspid teeth, xintil it arrives According to Mr. Nasmyth, the struc-
at the mental foramen here it divides into ture of a dental pulp is cellular, like that
;

two branches ; the smaller is continued in of the osseous or dentinal part of a tooth.
the substance of the jaw, supplying the When the internal structure is examined,
cuspid and incisor teeth ; the larger passes he says, "the number of minute cells"
out through the mental foramen to be dis- which present " themselves in a vascular
tributed to the muscles and integuments form is very remarkable ; they seem, in-

of the lower lip, and, finally, communi- deed, to constitute the principal portion
cates with the facial nerve. of its bulk." They are described by this
 DEN 207 DEN
able writer as varying in size from the medicine, that it cannot, at the present
smallest microscopic appearance, to one- time, be traced with any degree of accura-
eighth of an inch in diameter, and as be- cy. We learn, however, from Hehodo-
ing disposed in different layers " through- tus, the Grecian historian, that when he
out the body of the pulp." He also states went
Egypt, from his then compara-
to
that careful investigation has convinced tively barbarous home, to learn the sacred
him that they exist on the surface of the mysteries and the sciences in the world's
pulp in opposition to the ivory (dentine) of earliest nursery of learning and civilization
the tooth, and that these are essentially on the banks of the Nile, he found surgery
concerned in the development of the tooth. and medicine divided into distinct profes-
The would seem sions.
correctness of this opinion There were surgico-physicians for
to be fully confirmed by a number of dia- the eye, others for the ear, others for these
grams representing the microscopic ap- organs, and so on for the different classes
pearance of the structure of this tissue. It of disease the appropriate professor was
would appear, by a comparison of some of found.
these diagrams, that the cells or vesicles It is evident from the writings of Hip-
are arranged in a more distinctand regu- pocrates, who flourished about three hun-
lar form on the surface than in the interior dred and sixty years before the Christian
of the pulp, presenting the appearance of era, that little was known concerning the
beautiful reticular leaflets. anatomy, physiology and pathology of the
Dental Sac. The teeth, previously to teeth.
their eruption, and after their rudiments The teeth were not entirely overlooked
have acquired a certain size, are enclosed by Aristotle, Aret^eus and Celsus but ;

in membranous bags which are termed the best writings of ancient times on these
sacs. Each sac consists of two lamina?, organs now extant, are those of Galen,
—
an outer and an inner the outer is de- who wrote in the second century after
scribed by Mr. Hunter as soft and spongy, Christ, after having enjoyed the medical
and without vessels, while the inner is ex- advantages offered by that eldest and most
tremely vascular and firm. But more re- splendid of libraries which was so soon
cent investigations show both to be vascu- afterwards doomed to the flames by the
lar ; the structure of the outer is spongy, hand of barbarian power.
the inner is of a firmer consistence, and of From the time of Galen, until the six-
a fibro-mucous and cellular structure. See teenth century, few traces of the art are to
Teeth, Origin and formation of. be found among the records of medicine.
Dental Substitute. Any mechani- In connection with the anatomy of the
cal contrivance used for the replacement teeth, Aetius mentions the fact that they
of one or more of the natural teeth. See have an opening in their roots for the ad-
Artificial Teeth. mission of small nerves, which he regards
Dental Sur'geon. Chirurgien den- as the reason that these organs are the
tiste. Surgeon dentist. One who devotes only bones which are liable to become pain-
himself to the study and treatment of the ful, and Rhazes has described, though very
diseases of the teeth, and their connections. imperfectly, the process of dentition, but
Dental Sur'gery. Ghirurgia denti- with regard to the replacement of the loss
wm. That branch of medicine which has of the natural teeth, Albucasis is said to
reference to the treatment of the diseases have been the first to teach that it might
of the teeth and their connections, and be done, either with other human teeth,
which at the same time embraces the pros- or with substitutes made from bone.
thesis, or replacement of the loss, of these Vesalius, who has been styled the re-
organs with artificial substitutes. storer of human anatomy, and author of
So remote is the origin of dental sur- " De Corporis Humani Fabrica," pub-
gery, and imperfect the records of ancient lished at Basil, in 1543, describes the tern-
 DEN 208 DEN
perary teeth as constituting the germs of the French modern school, as he, with
the permanent teeth, an error into which others equally philosophic, taught that no
some other of the older writers have fallen. theory should be received, however plausi-
Eustachius, however, may be regarded ble, which could not be proven by demon-
as the first to have given any thing like a stration. Neither Hunter nor Bichat was
correct description of the number, growth a practical dentist, but the mighty energy
and different forms and varieties of the of their minds embraced the dental with
teeth. Urbain Hemard, also a writer of the other branches of surgery; and the
the sixteenth century, gave a very good principles of physiology and pathology at
description of the teeth of both dentitions, large included this important branch, and
both before and after their eruption, and revealed the connection and sympathies of
describes some of their diseases. About this the teeth with the entire frame-work of
time the subject began to attract some atten- man. Blandin, Bichat's editor, although
tion iu Germany, Spain and Switzerland. not a practical dentist, was much better
But it Avas not until near three hundred acquainted with the science of the teeth
years ago, about the time of the revival of than Bichat himself; and Cuvier's exten-
letters, that Ambrose Pare, in his cele- sive researches into osteology, as well as

brated work on Surgery, gave evidence of the arcana of nature at large, all, all came
the vitality of dentistry amidst the awak- in to aid the French dental surgeons:
ening chaos of ancient science and erudi- Serres, Delabarre, F. Cuvier, Rous-
tion. From this time, the treatment of the seau, Maurv, Lefoulon, and Desira-
diseases of the teeth began to attract much bode, have illustrated the modern im-
attention. provements of the art and science, build-
But it is to Pierre Fauchard that we ing, as they have, on the foundation laid
are indebted for the first systematic Trea- years before, by Fauchard, Bunon,
tise on Dental Surgery. This was pub- Bourdet, Lecluse, Jourdain, Herris-
lished in France in 1728, a work making ant, Baume, Laforgue, and others.
two 12mo volumes, and, altogether, about It would, doubtless, be interesting to the
nine hundred closely printed pages. dental student, if we were to trace more in
Although a number of works were con- detail the progress of this branch of sur-
gery through the eighteenth century, but
tributed to the literature of dental surgery,
and among which we should not omit to the limits to which we have restricted this
mention those of Bunon, Lecluse, Jour- article will not permit us to do so. Among
dain, Bourdet, Herissant and Berd- the writers who have contributed most
more, yet, with the exception of the orig- largely to the advancement of Dental Sci-
inal suggestions of these authors, but few ence in France, since the commencement of
improvements were made in practice until the present century, are, Laforgue, Gariot,
towards the close of the eighteenth cen- Baume, Jourdain and Maggiolo, Duvall,
tury. Pare wrote in 1579, and in 1771, Delabarre, Lemair, Serres, Audibran, F.
John Hunter wrote the first, and in Cuvier, Meil, Rousseau, Maury, Blandin,
1778, the second part of his Treatise on Lefoulon, Schange and Desirabode & Sons.
the Teeth, on which the broad and firm To the we might add the
foregoing,
foundation of the English school of den- names of many more, but those we have
tistry was laid. This has subsequently already mentioned will suffice to show the
been improved and beautified by Blake, progress which the science of dental sur-
Fox, Koecker, Bell, Nasmyth, Robin- gery has made in France since the com-
son, Tomes, and other distinguished men mencement of the present century.
of the dental profession. Leaving the French school, we shall pro-
What that eminent anatomist and sur- ceed to examine very briefly the progress
geon, John Hunter, was to the English which dental surgery has made in Great
school of dental surgery, Bichat was to Britain during the same period. The pub-
 DEN 209 DEN
lication of Dr. Robert Blake's Inaugural works on the teeth, one published in 1848,
Dissertation on the Structure of the Teeth and the other in 1851.
in Man and various Animals, at Edinhurg, The researches of Professor Ketzius,
in 1798, was followed in 1803 by the first of Sweden, have excited much attention in
part of Fox's celebrated Treatise on the Europe, and, though they do not go to
Natural History and Diseases of the Human confirm previous opinions with regard to
Teeth, and in 1806, by the second part. the minute structure of the teeth, have
Both of the above works hold a deservedly nevertheless thrown much valuable light
high place in the literature of this depart- upon the subject. These researches are
ment of medicine. The publication of this both curious and interesting, and consist
work at once gave to the subject, as a of microscopic examinations of the teeth
branch of the healing art, of man and other animals, conducted upon
an importance
which it had never before had, and awa- an extensive scale, and would seem to prove
kened a spirit of inquiry which soon led the structure of these organs to be tubular.
to the adoption of a more correct system Having now glanced very briefly at the
of practice than had hitherto been pur- progress of the science and art of dental
sued. surgery in most of the principal countries of
Among the authors who have contrib- Europe, we shall proceed to notice their in-
uted to the advancement of dental science troduction and growth in the United States.
in Great Britain since the publication of The first dentist in the United States, of
Mr. Fox's work, are Fuller, Murphy, Bew, whom we have any account, was Mr. R.
Koecker, Bell, Waite, Snell, Jobson, Eob- Wooffendale, who came over from England
ertson, J. P. Clark, Nasmyth, Tomes, Good- to New York, in 1766, and remained in
sir, Lintot, Sauders, Eobinson, Clendon this country about two years, practicing in

and Professor Owen. New York and Philadelphia, but not meet-
The names of many other writers might ing with much encouragement, he returned
be added to the above list, but as most of to England in 1768. It is believed, how-
their contributions were intended for the ever, that Mr. Jas. Gardette, a surgeon
general rather than the professional reader, from the French navy, was the first medi-
we have not thought it necessary to men- cally educated dentist in the United Statec
tion them. He came to New York in 1783, and the
In Germany, dental surgery, though its following year went to Philadelphia.
progress has been less rapid there than in Mr. John Greenwood, however, it is
France and Great Britain, has attracted believed, was the first regular native
considerable attention. Few works, how- American dentist. He commenced prac-
ever, of much merit have emanated from tice in New York about the year 1778,

that country since the commencement of and is said to have been the only dentist
the present century. There are two, how- in that city in the year 1790. But Mr.
ever, published at Berlin, particularly Greenwood did not remain long alone in
—
worthy of notice one in 1803, and the the profession in New York. About the
other in 1842. The first of these works, year 1796, Mr. Wooffendale, son of E.
written by Serre, treats of dental opera- Wooffendale, of London, came to the
tions and instruments, and forms an octavo United States and commenced practice in
volume of nearly six hundred pages, illus- this city. About the year 1805, Dr. Hud-
trated with upwards of thirty plates. The son, of Dublin, commenced the practice of
last is by C. J. and J. Linderer, and dental surgery in Philadelphia. But about
treats of Dental Anatomy, Physiology, five years previous to the last mentioned
Materia Medica and Surgery, forming an period, Dr. H. H. Hayden established
octavo vohime of about five hundred pages, himself in practice in Baltimore, where,
illustrated with several plates. Mr. J. Lin- in 1807, he was joined by Dr. Koecker,
derer is the author of two ably written but in a short time the last named gentle-
 DEN 210 DEN
man moved where he re- ing into details of particular modes of
to Philadelphia,
mained until 1822, when he went
to Lon- practice, and of improvements and inven-
don. tions, which have, from time to time, been

But, until 1820, Dental Surgery had made made, as well as from an analysis of the
but little progress in the United States j works which have been mentioned for, if ;

since that period its advance has been he had done so, it would have swelled
more rapid. In 1839 a periodical devoted this article to a size wholly incompati-
to the interests of the profession, entitled, ble with the design of a work like the
"The American Journal of Dental Sci- present.
ence," was established. In February, 1840, Dental Theeapeu'tics. Odontothe-
the Legislature of Maryland chartered the rapi'a from dens, a tooth, and depaireva,
;

Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, and to heal. That branch of medicine which
in July following, the American Society relates to the treatment of diseases of the
of Dental Surgeons was organized. The teeth.
combined influence of the Journal, the DENTA'LIS LAPIS. Salivary calcu-
College, and the American Society, gave an lus tartar of the teeth.
;

impetus to the science which it had never DENTA'LIUM. From dens, a tooth.
before had, and contributed, in an eminent The dog-like tooth shell. A genus of shells
degree, to the dignity and respectability of resembling in shape a tooth.
the profession. DENTA'RIA. Plumbago europcea.
Since the Baltimore College of Dental Toothwort.
Surgery and the American Society went DENTAR'PAGA. From dens, a tooth,
into operation, four local associations of and apnafa,
I fasten upon. An instrument
dentists have been formed—one in the for the extraction of teeth. Anciently, this
Mississippi valley,one in Virginia, the operation was performed with rude and
third in Pennsylvania, and the fourth in clumsily constructed forceps, and hence
New York. Three other colleges have the operation was regarded as formidable,
also been established —one in Ohio, one in and difficult to perform. See Extraction
Philadelphia, and the other in Syracuse, of Teeth.
New York. Four other dental periodicals DENTA'TA. From dens, a tooth. The
have likewise been started, three of which second vertebra of the neck is so called
aie still published, viz: the New York from its having a tooth-like process at the
Dental Recorder; the Dental Register of upper part of its body.
the West, and the Dental News Letter. DEN'TATE. Denta'tus; from dens, a
Although the United States may not tooth. Having points like teeth ; applied
have contributed as much to the literature to roots, leaves, &c.
of this branch of medicine as Europe, den- DENTES. The plural of dens. Teeth.
tal surgery has, nevertheless, progressed See Teeth.
with as much rapidity here as there, and Dentes Acuti. The incisor teeth.
the works of American authors upon this Dentes Adulti. The teeth of second
subject would suffer little, if at all, by dentition.
comparison with similar publications of Dentes Adversi. The incisor teeth.
But few elementary trea-
other countries. Dentes Angulares. The canine or
tises on the subject have ever been pub- cuspid teeth, so called, probably, because
lished any where, and of those purporting they are situated at the angles of the alve-
to be such, which have appeared during olar arch, at the corners of the mouth, or
the last fifteen or twenty years, American from the angular shape of their crowns.
dentists have contributed their full share. Dentes Bicuspidati. Bicuspid teeth.
In thus briefly glancing at the rise and Dentes Columellares. The molar
progress of dental surgery, the author has teeth.
necessarily been compelled to avoid enter- Dentes Canini. The cuspid or canine
 ;

DEN 211 DEN

teeth ; so called from their resemblance to I£. —Cortex cinchona, % iv.

the teeth of a dog. Cretae prep., § iss.

Dentes Cariosi. Carious teeth. Armenian bole, § iss.

Dentes Cuspidati. KwodovTEc. Cus- Oleum bergamii, gtt. xxv.

pid teeth. Mix and reduce to an impalpable pow-
Dentes Exserti. From dens, a tooth, der.
and exsertere, to thrust out. Teeth which ]£. — Cretae prep., § iv.

project or are in front of the dental arch, Pul. orris root, § iss.

but applied more particularly to the cus- Cortex cinchona, § ijj.

pidati. Saccharum album, § ss.

Dentes Inctsores. Incisor teeth. Carb. sodae, 3 *•

Dentes Lactei. The milk, tempo- Oleum cinnamoni, gtt. xv.

rary, or deciduous teeth. See Deciduous Mix and reduce to an impalpable pow-
Teeth. der.

Dentes Molares. Molar teeth. 51. —Pul. orris root, tt ii.

Dentes Primores. The incisor teeth " cinnamon, § iv.

so called because they occupy the front or Cretan prep. Ibi.

anterior part of the dental arch. Sup. carb. sodas, 5 i 8S -

Dentes Sapientle. The wisdom or Sac. album, § vii.

third molar teeth. Olei rosaa, gtt. xii.

Dentes Tomici. From dens, a tooth, Mix and reduce to an impalpable pow-
der.
and tomicus, cutting. The incisor teeth.
Astringent and Aromatic Dentifrice.
DENTICEPS.
DENTICULATE.
See dentagra.
Denticula'im. Fur-
fy. — Pul. gallae, § iss.
" orris root, § ij.
nished with small teeth.
Cretae prep. § ij.
DENTIC'ULUS. A little tooth.
Corticis cinchonae, § i.
DENTIDUCUM. Dentagra. Tooth
Mix and reduce to an impalpable pow-
forceps. der.
DENTIEE. A French word signify- Baume's Dentifrice.
ing a base of metal, ivory or any other ]£. —Prepared pumice-stone, § i.
substance, employed as a support or at- " red earth, § i.
tachment for artificial teeth. The term is * " coral, § i.
also sometimes applied to a set of artificial Dragon's blood, § ss.
teeth. Cream of tartar, § ss.
DENTIFORM. Dentiformis; from Cinnamon, § ii.
dens, a tooth, and forma, form. Having Cloves, gr. xxv.
the shape of a tooth. Mix and pulverize.
DENTIFRICE. By leaving out the pumice-stone and
Dentifricfium ; from
dens, a tooth, and fnear e, to rub. A topi-
cream of tartar, the last formula would
cal remedy for the teeth a powder or not be very objectionable.
;

paste for cleaning the teeth. Although Other formulas might be given, but the
the teeth can, in most cases, be kept clean foregoing will suffice.
by the use of a suitable brush and waxed Paste for Gleaning the Teeth.
floss silk, a powder or paste may some- 8f. —
Pul. orris root, § v.
times be advantageously employed for the " cinnamon,
% ss.
removal of discolorations, stains, or clam- § iv.
Cretae prep.
my mucus. Corticis cinchonae, § iij.
The following are the formulas of a few Mix, pulverize to a fine powder, and
of the many dentifrices at present em- add a sufficient quantity of honey to form
ployed; others will be found in different a stiff paste.
parts of the work. Dentifrice Electuary, Lelande's.
 ; j

DEN 212 DEN

I£. —Pumice stone, dried bone, red coral,
Florentine orris, calcined alum,
a French line, or about
from
^
commencement
of an English
at the cav-
a a 3 ij j line,) their
pulverized cinnamon, a a 9 ij ; rock alum ity of the pulp to the middle of the outer
3 i cochineal 3 i pulverize finely, and third of their course it then diminishes
;
>
;

add a sufficient quantity of Narbonne rapidly, until the terminal branches cease
boney made into a syrup to form an elec- to be visible, or terminate in small irregu-
tuary. After fermenting forty-eight hours, larly round cells." With a magnifying
stir it, and put in alcohol of cloves, 24 power of 300 to 500 diameters, it can be

drops, and 10 drops of alcohol of musk. seen that the tubes are not simple, but
Triturate the mixture again, and put it in branch by a dichotomous division, and in
tin boxes, or fine earthen pots for use. their whole extent give off numerous side
Dentifrice Powder, Alibert's. I£. twigs, which again subdivide and occupy
Magnesia 3 vi, shell lac 3 ij , Floren- the spaces between the principal tube9.
tine orris 3 v^ SU P- tart, potassa 3 These minute lateral branches are seen
ij-

Mix. most readily in the deciduous teeth those ;

Dentifrice Miailhe's. ]£. — Sugar of from different tubes appeared to Hetzius

milk, 1000 grammes lake, 10 grammes ;not to anastomose, except, perhaps, by
pure tannin, 15 grammes oil of mint and their finest extremities. The tubes have a
;

oil of anise, each 20 drops oil of orange more regular arrangement, their lateral
;

flower, 10 drops. Eub the lake with the branches are smaller, and the cells more
tannin, and add, gradually, first the sugar minute and difficult to discover in the
of milk, previously powdered and passed human teeth than in those of any other
through a sieve having wide meshes, and animals.
then the essential oils. " When the wall of the cavity of the
DENTINE. Denti'num. Tooth-bone; pulp of a tooth is regarded with a suffi-

ivory. The name given by Professor Owen ciently high magnifying power, it is seen
to the tissue which forms the chief part of to be perforated by numerous small orifi-
a tooth, termed, by German anatomists, ces, separated by numerous narrow inter-
Knochensubstanz, Zahnbein, and Zahnsub- spaces ; these are the openings of the den-
stanz, and situated between the enamel tal tubes. In sections also made to the
of the crown cementum of the root, and course of the tubes, their lumen can be
the pulp-cavity. The structure of den- seen, and they then appear as bright rings
tine, according to Professor Eetzius, of surrounding a spot, which, according to
Stockholm, is tubular. The tubes radiat- the variations of the light, is dark or light,
ing from the pulp are " directed perpen- or in part dark and in part light. Some
dicularly to the surface of the tooth,"and of the tubes are seen to be cut obliquely.
pursuing a waving course, "each tube The rings have a different aspect from the
having three curves like the Greek letter f. substance in which they are imbedded, and
Besides these primary curves, the tubes have sometimes a yellowish color hence, ;

when examined with a " high " magnify- as well as from the observations of Pro-
ing power, are seen to present smaller fessor Muller, it is evident that the tubes
secondary undulations, which are less per- have special parietes, and are not mere
ceptible in the deciduous than in the per- excavations in the substance of the ivory.
manent teeth, and less marked at the ex- Professor Retzius confirms the observation
ternal extremity of the tubes than in the of Professor Muller, that the tubes contain
middle of their course. The undulations an organic earthy matter in glandular
are nearly parallel in the different tubes, masses, which disappears under the action
and thus give rise to the appearance of of the dilute muriatic acid. The cells, and
concentric lines around the cavity of the the small tubes which radiate from them,
pulp in a section of the ivory. Their di- also contain earthy matter, as in bone.
ameter remains the same, (namely, 7|T of They are naturally white and opaque
 DEN 213 DEN
but, after maceration in dilute muriatic and wolf-fish, the numerous divisions of
acid,become colorless and transparent. the pulp anastomose with each other, like
" Examining the ivory in different mam- the medullary canals of bone. This form
malia, reptiles, and fishes, Retzius met with of ivory presents in many animals, partic-
many varieties of structure the most im- ; ularly in the walrus, the most striking
portant of which, are those which show resemblance to bone ; the divisions of the
the great resemblance of ivory to bone. pulp are seen surrounded with concentric
The cells or corpuscles are in many mam- lamina?, which, like the layers of bone
malia in greatest abundance at the super- surrounding the medullary canals, con-
ficies of the ivory ; but in others, they, to- tain rings of cells or corpuscles, and these

gether with fine tubes which issue from lamina?, again, are traversed by fine radi-
them or terminate in them, and which are ating tubes analogous to the radiating stria?
continuous with the larger dental tubes, in bone, which were supposed by Deutsch
occupy in greater part all the interspaces to be tubes."
between the latter. These cells of the Professor Retzius ascribes to the dental
ivory contain calcareous matter, and are tubes and cells the office of distributing to
evidently analogous to the corpuscles dis- by the
the tooth a nutritive fluid secreted
covered by Purkinje in bone, which also and while he does not
surface of the pulp,
have fine anastomosing tubes radiating believe that the dentinal and cortical sub-
from them. The part of the ivory, after stances undergo any change, he is of the
the teeth have emerged from the gum, opinion that they are the seat of a vital
namely, the extremity of the fang, and process, consisting in an interchange of the
that part which fills up the cavity of the fluid of a tooth, which operation he regards
pulp, has less regularity of structure than necessary to preserve in them that property
the ivory previously formed ; the tubes are by which they are enabled to endure con-
less parallel, the cells larger, and the anas- stant pressure without injury or loss of
tomoses of the small tubes terminating in substance. But that the dentinal part of
these more distinct ; all of which circum- a tooth is vascular, and, under certain cir-
stances give this imperfectly formed ivory cumstances, capable of being injected with
a great resemblance to true bone. But the red blood, is now well established. The
ivory in the teeth of some animals presents author has several preparations of dentine
characters which assimilate it still more in which, when examined under the micro-
remarkably to the structure of bone. In scope, vessels injected with red blood are
the teeth of man and most mammalia, the seen.
ivory is formed regularly in successive lay- The researches of Professor Owen con-
ers on the surfaces of the pulp, which, in firm most of the observations of Retzius.
the body of the teeth, undergoes no other He says, " The prolongation or persistence
change than gradual diminution in size. of cylindrical canals of the pulp cavity in
In other animals, however, as the sloth, the dentinal tissue, which is the essential
(bradypus,) walrus, (trichechus,) pike, character of vascular dentine, manifests
(essox,) ling, (gadus molva,) and wolf- itself under a variety of forms. In mam-
fish, (anarrhichas lupus,) the pulp, after mals and reptiles, these canals, which I
forming the most external layer of ivory, have termed ' medullary,' from their close
consisting of closely set dental tubes per- analogy with the so-called canals of bone,
pendicular to the surface, divides into a are straight, and more or less parallel with
number more each other they bifurcate, though rarely j
of processes, similar to, but ;

numerous than, those which form the fangs and when they anastomose, as in the me-
of the human molars and around each of gatherium, it is by a loop at, or near, the
;

these processes or branches of the pulp periphery of the vascular dentine. In the
ivory is formed in layers. In many in- teeth of fishes, in which the distinction
stances, as in the saw-fish, (pristis,) ling, * Vide Appendix to JVfuMer's Physiology.
 DEN 214 DEN
between the dentinal and osseous tissues The name has also been applied to a gum-
is gradually effaced, the medullary canals lancet and tooth-pick, but we think it ap-

of the vascular dentine, though in some in- plies more strictly to the first mentioned
stances straight and parallel, and sparingly instruments.
divided or united, yet are generally more DENTIST. Dentis'ia; odontia'ter; den-
or less bent, frequently and successively tarius ; a dental surgeon. See Dental Sur-
branched, and the subdivisions blended geon.
together in so many parts of the tooth, as DENTISTRY. Odontotech'ny ; odwv-
to form a rich reticulation. The calciger- tiatri'a ; odontoiherapi'a. Dental Surgery,
ous tubes sent off into the interspaces of embracing every thing pertaining to the
the net-work, partake of the irregular treatment and replacement of the loss of
character of the canals from which they the natural teeth.
spring, and fill the' meshes with a moss- DENTITION. Denti'tio; from dentin,
like plexus." ° to breed teeth. Teething. The emergence
The microscopical researches of Mr. of the teeth from the alveoli and gums.
Nasmyth represent dentine to be With regard to the manner in which this
cellular

in its structure. The fibres he found to be operation of the economy is effected, a

interspersed and made up of different com- variety of explanations have been given.
partments, the shape and size of which Some, and we believe by far the greater
vary in different animals. In the human number, attribute it to the prolongation of
tooth they are oval, their long axis corre- the pulp for the formation of the root of
sponding with the course of the fibre, and the tooth, or, in other words, that a tooth
the extremity of each in apposition to the is pushed from its socket and through the

adjoining one. The cells constitute the gum, by the formation of its root. But
frame-work in which the osseous matter is that this opinion is erroneous would seem
deposited, and thus become the fibres of evident from the fact that, if the elongation
the dentine. of the pulp commenced before the crown of
Dr. C. Johnson, of Baltimore, who has the tooth had made any advance towards
devoted much time to microscopical re- the gum, it would come in contact with the
searches, is of the opinion that the bac- floor of the alveolus, and being in a soft
cated appearance of the fibres of dentine, and yielding condition, would be caused to
as described and represented by Mr. Na- assume an unnatural configuration. It is
smyth, is owing to the manner in which apparent, therefore, that the crown must
the specimens for examination are pre- make some progress toward the gum before
pared. an elongation of the pulp can commence,
The researches of Leeuwenhoek, Fraen- and this must be effected by some other
knel, Purkinje, Schwan and Tomes, have agency; others believe that the tooth is
also thrown much valuable light on the forced from its socket by the moulding of
structural arrangement of dentine. the alveolus to its root, but the objections
DENTIFRICTUM. From dens, a tooth, which apply to the other theory will ap-
and fricare, to rub. A tooth powder or ply with equal force to this.
any thing for rubbing the teeth ; a denti- M. Delabarre believes the exit of a tooth
frice. from its matrix and its passage through the
DENTISCALTIUM. From dens, a alveolus and gum are effected in precisely
tooth, and scalpere, to scrape. An instru- the same manner as the birth of a child.
ment employed for the removal of salivary The sac he regards as the chief agent, and
calculus, and for scraping the teeth. A that it is by the contraction of this, which
number of instruments are often required is adherent to the neck of the tooth, that the
for these purposes, so shaped that they may organ is lifted from its socket, and its neck
be readily applied to any part of a tooth. ultimately brought to a level with the gum.
•Vide Odontography. This is the only philosophical and truly
 DEN 215 DEN
plausible explanation that has ever been teeth made their appearance, but the cen-
given of this most curious and interesting tral incisors, which should have appeared
operation of the animal economy, and when first, were not erupted until about the usual
we take into consideration that the inner period.
membrane of the sac is of a fibro-mucous Sometimes there is an extraordinary tar-
and cellular structure, it is easy to per- diness in the eruption of the temporary
ceive how the advance of a tooth may somewhere on record the
be teeth. There is

effected by the contraction of this enclos- which did not get any of
case of a child
ure, which is firmly attached to its neck, its teeth until it was ten years old; and
and also to the gum. Lefoulon states that he saw a young girl,
Goodsir divides dentition into three seven years of age, whose inferior incisors
stages, to wit the follicular, the saccular, had not appeared. Several cases have come
:

and the eruptive. See Teeth, Development under the observation of the author in
of pulps and sacs of. which dentition did not commence until the
Dentition, First. The dentition of fifteenth, and one not until the twentieth
the deciduous, milk, or temporary teeth. month. On the other hand, there are cases
As the progress of the teeth through the of precocity of action in the eruption of the
various stages of dentition will be described teeth equally remarkable, as, for example,
in the article on " Teeth, Development of when the two lower incisors are cut at
Pulps and Sacs of," it will only be neces- birth. Louis XIV was born with four
sary, in this place, to notice the periods of teeth, and Polydorus Virgilius mentions a
the eruption of the temporary teeth, which child that was born with six. Haller, in
are variable; depending, probably, upon his Elements of Physiology, enumerates the
the state of the constitutional health of the cases of nineteen children who were born
child. The following, however, may be with teeth. Similar examples are on re-
regarded as a very near approximation to cord, and there are few physicians or den-
the periods when they are most frequently tists, who have been in practice ten or fif-

erupted. teen years, who have not met with them.

The central incisors from 5 to 8 months In the eruption of the teeth, those of the
after birth ; the lateral incisors from 7 to lower jaw are said to precede the upper,
10; the molars from 12 to 16; the but the latter appear first nearly as often
first

cuspidati from 14 to 20 and the second as the former.

;

molars from 20 to 36 months. Dentition, Morbid. Although denti-

No general rule, however, can be laid tion may be regarded as a healthy opera-
down from which there will not be fre- tion of the economy, it is sometimes per-
quent variations. But the following is the formed with difficulty, and attended with
most remarkable variation, not only from serious and occasionally alarming effects.
the most common period, but also from the There are few children who do not suffer
natural order in which the eruption of the more or less during the progress of denti-
teeth usually takes place, which the author tion, and when we consider the early age
has ever met with. In November, 1846, at which this operation commences, and
he was sent for to lance the gums of an in- the irritable state of the body while it is
fant only four months old. On exam- going on, it will not appear strange that it

ining the mouth, the gums on each fole should often be attended with painful ef-

of both jaws, immediately over the first fects. Even in latter life, during the den-
temporary molar, were found much swol- tition of the wisdom teeth, it is sometimes
len and inflamed. As these teeth were productive of very alarming symptoms.
evidently forcing their way through the First dentition is generally regarded as a
gums, and as the child was threatened with most critical period of life, and it has often
convulsions, it became necessary to lance proved one of bereavement and sorrow.
them immediately. A few days after, the The irritation resulting from difficult den-
 DEN 216 DEN
tition is supposed to be produced, princi- healthy children cut their teeth earlier than
pally, by tbe pressure of the advancing the weak and tender." The robust, how-
tooth against the gum. When the absorp- ever, he says are more subject to fever,
tion of this keeps pace with the growth of and "that the extremes of high health,
the tooth, there is little when and of debility, are both dangerous the
pressure, but ;

the reverse happens, as is often the case, one being exposed to acute fever, or con-
it sometimes becomes so considerable, as to vulsions, the other to a slow hectic and

be productive of great irritation, inflam- marasmus. Therefore, air, exercise, food

mation and tumefaction of the gums. It of easy digestion in small quantities, and
is not altogether unlikely that a portion taken frequently, and every thing that has
of the irritation may be produced by the a tendency to promote general health, and
pressure of the tooth upon the elongated to guard against fever, will greatly contrib-
pulp, for when its progress is retarded by ute to the safety of dentition."
the resistance of the gum, it would, of ne- In addition to the above, the bowels
cessity, cause the ossified part to press should be kept open, when necessary, with
upon it. This, as a matter of course, mild cathartics, such as senna and manna,
would give rise to magnesia, rhubarb, or castor oil, and should
great irritation.
According to Dr. Good, the pressure of there be much fever with constipation, a
the advancing tooth against the gum is dose of calomel may often be advantage-
not constantly and uniformly exerted ously given. Cold drinks and refrigerant
throughout its whole progress, " but is diaphoretics, as the neutral mixture and the
divided into distinct periods or stages, as spirit of nitric ether, are recommended as
though the vital or instinctive principle, serviceable in controlling irregular nervous
which is what we mean by nature, be- action. Should eruptions appear upon the
comes exhausted by a certain extent of ac- skin, and especially upon the face, scalp,
tion, and requires rest and a state of inter- and behind the ears, no attempt should
mission." be made to dry them up, as the irritation
But with regard to the effects produced which attends them might in that case
by the irritation, their nature and extent fall upon some more vital organ, as the
are always determined by the state of the brain. When, as is often the case, an ul-
health of the child and its constitutional ceration or scabby affection appears behind
susceptibilities and tendencies. When the the ears, its continuance should be encour-
irritation is merely slight, it is generally of aged, and some physicians have recom-
short duration, subsiding as soon as the mended, in cases of difficult and obstinate
tooth emerges from the gum. But when dentition, when this disorder fails to ap-
it is great, the functional operations of pear, irjitating it, by the application of
other parts of the body are often disturbed, blisters,and afterwards keeping them open.
attended by febrile and other symptoms of But the most important indication, as is
a more or less aggravated character, such justly remarked by Dr. Underwood, is to
as drowsiness, constipation of the bowels, assist the eruption of the teeth. For this
diarrhoea, &c. The gums inflame, swell, purpose he recommends the application of
become red and hot, with a copious flow cooling sedatives, and demulcent applica-
of saliva, circumscribed redness of the tions to the gums; rubbing them with
cheeks, cutaneous eruptions, particularly some smooth hard substance, as the coral,
upon the face and scalp, green or pale and dividing them with the lancet. The
stools, griping of the bowels, moaning and last, after all, he says, " is the only means
starting during sleep, and various other to be depended upon," and when this ope-

unpleasant phenomena, such as difficult ration is performed, it should be effectually

micturition, sometimes attended with ve- done, cutting through not only the gum,
hement shrieking and convulsions. but also the sac, so that they be completely
Dr. Underwood says, "strong and relieved of the tension occasioned by the
 DEN 217 DEN
pressure of the advancing tooth. The lan- an ellipsis, so that the number of teeth
cet, therefore, should always be carried required, at the one period, is but little

down to it by a single cut, making the in- more than half the number required at the
cision in the direction of the curvature of other.
the alveolar border. In cutting the gum
The rudiments of the permanent incisors
over an incisor or cuspid tooth, the incis-and cuspidati have attained their full size
ion should be about a line in front of the at birth, and each is situated immediately
summit of the ridge and directed slightly behind its corresponding temporary tooth.
backward, to avoid cutting behind the The following concise description of the
tooth, as is often done. In cutting the gum relative position of the teeth, at the fifth
over a molar tooth, a crucial incision is re- year after birth, is given by Mr. Bell :
" In
quired, and each cut should be equal in the upper jaw the central incisors are situ-
extent to the diameter of the grinding sur- ated immediately beneath the nose, the
face of the tooth, in order to secure the full thrown back behind the
lateral incisors
benefit of the operation. and the base of the
points of the cuspidati,
This is a very simple and safe operation, latter scarcely a quarter of an inch below
and is rarely productive of much pain, of- the orbit. In the lower jaw the cuspidati
ten affording instantaneous and complete are placed at the very base, with only a
relief from the most painful sufferings. thin layer beneath them, but the crowding
Of the advantages resulting from this is much less considerable than in the up-
operation, Dr. Underwood says he is con- per jaw, from the smaller comparative size
vinced that it " is often inexpressibly use- of the incisors.
ful, and appears to have saved many lives, " The permanent central incisor of the
after the most dangerous symptoms had lower jaw is placed immediately beneath
taken place, and every other means of the temporary, with its point directed a
cure had been made use of." little backward, behind the partially ab-
But lancing the gum will not always sorbed root of the latter. The lateral inci-
remove the irritation produced by the den- sor, not yet so far advanced, is placed
tition or growth of a wisdom tooth. It deeper in the jaw, and instead of being
often happens that nothing short of the immediately beneath the temporary, is sit-

removal of the tooth itself will remove the uated with its point between the roots of
morbid effects induced by it, and this be- this and the cuspidatus. The permanent
comes more especially necessary in the cuspidatus is still very deeply imbedded in
lower jaw, where, for want of room be- the bone, with its point resting between
tween the second molar and coronoid pro- the roots of the temporary cuspidatus
cess, or some other cause, the dens sapien- and the temporary molar. The two
first

tiaj has been forced to take a false direction spreading roots of the latter encompass, as
in its growth. it were, within their span, the first bicus-
Dentition, Second. There is no ope- pis; and those of the second temporary
ration of the animal economy more curious molar, in like manner, the second bicuspis.
or interesting than that which is exhibited Nearly a similar arrangement is found
in the gradual destruction of the roots of to exist in the upper jaw, except that the
the temporary, and in the growth and teeth are altogether more crowded."
dentition of the permanent teeth. The Before proceeding further with second
time of life when this occurs constitutes an dentition, it may be proper to offer a few
important epoch in the history of every remarks on the destruction of the roots
individual. and the shedding of the temporary teeth.
During childhood each of the alveolar
Shedding of the Temporary Teeth.
arches forms only about the half of a circle,
but by the gradual elongation of the jaws, With regard to the manner of the de-
each ultimately forms nearly the half of struction of the roots of the temporary
 DEN 218 DEN
some diversity of opin- " is there a dissolving fluid that acts chem-
teeth, there exists
ion. Most writers removed ically on the surrounding parts, or do the
believe they are
by the absorbents, while some are of the absorbents, without any intermediary, de-
opinion that it is a chemical operation. stroy every thing that would obstruct the
Laforgue, observing a fleshy body behind shooting up of the tooth ?" In reply to
the root of the temporary tooth, which, in this, he says, "Not possessing positive
fact, had been noticed by Bourdet, and proof suitable to guide me in the decision

supposed by him to exhale a fluid which of this question, and finding those of others
possessed solvent qualities, gave it the of little importance, I shall not attempt to
name of absorbing apparel, and assigned answer them."
to it the office of removing the root of the In as few words as possible, we have
primary tooth. given the views of this ingenious writer
Delabarre, who has on the subject under consideration, and
treated this subject
at greater length, although they do not seem to have at-
and apparently investi-
gated it more closely, corroborates the tracted much attention from English wri-
views of Laforgue, and gives the following ters, and are rejected by Mr. Bell, on the
description of the manner of the formation ground, as he says, but which we have
and function of the carneous substance never known to be the case, that the de-
spoken of by this author as the absorbing struction of the root of the temporary fre-
apparel. " While the crown of the tooth quently commences on a part M the most
of replacement," says Delabarre, " is only remote from the sac of the permanent
in formation, the exterior membrane of the tooth," we are disposed to believe them,
matrix is simply crossed by some blood ves- for the most part, correct. As to the ex-
sels ; but as soon as it is completed, the istence of the fleshy tubercles, there can
capillaries are then developed in a very be no question, and that it is through the
peculiar manner, and form a tissue as fine agency of these that the roots of the tem-
as cobweb ; from this tissue the internal porary teeth are destroyed, we are fully
membrane, instead of continuing to be convinced. But whether it is through the
very delicate, and of a pale red color, in- agency of their absorbent vessels or a chem-
creases in thickness and assumes a redder exhaled for the purpose, may not,
ical fluid

hue. As was before said, it is at the in- as Delabarre says, be so easy to determine.
stant in which commences the reaction of There seems to be in this interesting op-
the coats of the matrix, that are conveyed eration of the economy an association of

from the gum neck of the tooth, functions, each dependent upon all the
to the
that the plaiting of the vessels, that enter others, so that if one be suspended, the
into their tissue, compose a body of a car- others fail to be performed. Thus, if from
neous appearance, whose absorbents ex- any cause the fibres of the sac fail to con-
tend their empire over all the surrounding tract, the fleshy tubercle is not developed,
parts ; it is, therefore, the dental matrix nor does the formation of the root take
itself, which after being dilated to serve as place— consequently the crown of the tooth
a protecting envelope to the tooth, is con- remains in the alveolus. Harmonious con-
tracted to form not only this bud-like body sent of associated functions are no where
which we find immediately below the milk more beautifully exemplified than in these
which it naturally
tooth, at the instant in three operations of the economy.
falls out,and whose volume is necessarily happens that the root of a
It oftentimes
augmented as odontocia gradually goes on, temporary toothfails to be destroyed, and

but also a carneous mass by which the that the crown of the replacing organ
whole is surrounded, and whose thickness comes through the gum in a wrong place.
is the more remarkable as the organ that Whenever this happens, the carneous
it envelops is nearer its orifice." body is developed only beneath the parts
After giving this description, he asks, through the opening of which the new
 DEN 219 DEN
tooth has emerged, and is not brought in incisors, from 6 to 8 years; lateral inci-
contact with the bony partition between it sors, from 7 to 9 years ; first bicuspids,
and the root of the temporary tooth. from 9 to 10 years; second bicuspids,
The manner of the destruction of the from 10 to 11 J years; cuspidati, from 11
roots of the temporary teeth has been a to 12 years ; second molars, from 12 to 14
subject of close and critical inquiry with years; third molars, (dentes sapientite,)
the writer for several years, and the more from 17 to 21 years.
he has examined the subject, the more But, as before stated, the periods of the
fully has he become convinced that it is eruption of the permanent teeth, like those
the result of the action of these fleshy tuber- of the temporary, are very variable. The
cles upon them. Andformation cuspidati often appear before the second
wliile its
seems to be the result of the contraction of bicuspids, and, in some cases, the dentes
the sacs of the permanent teeth and their sapiential not until the thirtieth or even
appendages, for the purpose of effecting fortieth year, and sometimes they never
their eruption, they are especially charged show themselves.
with the removal of every thing that would Maury fixes the period for the eruption
obstruct their passage. of the first four molars at from six to eight
In conclusion, it is only necessary to ob- years, and M. Desirabode at from six to
serve that the temporary teeth are shed seven. Both of these authors, too, place
in the order in which they at first appear. the cuspidati in the order of the eruption
After one pair has been shed, a sufficient of the teeth, before the second bicuspids.
time usually elapses before the shedding of For the proper method of managing sec-
another, for those of the same class of the ond dentition, the reader is referred to the
permanent set to come forward and take author's Principles and Practice of Dental
their place. Thus, the jaws are never de- Surgery.
prived, unless from some other cause than Dentition, Third. That nature does
the destruction of the roots of the tem- sometimes make an effort to produce a third
porary, of more than two teeth in each set of teeth, is a fact which, however much
jaw, at any one time. See Teeth, Develop- it may have hitherto been disputed, is now
ment of pulps and sacs of. so well established, that no room is left for
cavil or doubt.
Eruption of the Permanent Teeth.
A case of this kind is related by Dr. Bis-
Second dentition usually commences at set, of Knayton, in which the patient, a
about six or seven years after birth, and female, in her ninety-eighth year, erupted
is generally completed, as far back as the twelve molar teeth, mostly in the lower
second molars, by the twelfth or fourteenth jaw, four of which were thrown out soon
year. The dentes sapientiaj seldom appear afterwards, wliile the rest, at the time of
before the eighteenth or twentieth year. examination, were found more or less loose.

The periods of the eruption of the adult Mr. Hunter witnessed the re-production
teeth are, however, so variable, that it is of a complete set in both jaws, apparently
impossible to state them with perfect ac- with a renewal of their sockets. From this
curacy. Sometimes the first permanent he infers that nature sometimes makes an
molars appear at four years, and the cen- effort to renew the body.
tral incisors at five; at other times they Dr. Good says " he once attended a lady
are several years later. in the country, who cut several straggling
But as some importance that the teeth at the age of seventy-four ; and, at
it is of
periods of the eruption of the several classes the same time recovered such an acuteness
of the permanent teeth should be known, of vision as to throw away her spectacles,
the author will state them with as much which she had made use of for more than
accuracy as possible. twenty years, and to be able to read with
First molars, from 5 to 6 years ; central ease the smallest print of the newspapers."
 :

DEN 220 DEN

In another case, that occurred to him, a tus, and one molar. Their appearance is

lady of seventy-six, mother of the late that of bone, extremely rough, without
Henry Hughes Eryn, printer of the Jour- any coating of enamel, and of a dingy
nals of the House ofCommons, cut two mo- brown color."
lars, and at the same time completely re- Several examples somewhat like the fore-
covered her hearing, after having for some going, have come under our own observa-
years been so deaf as to be obliged to feel tion.

the clapper of a small hand-bell, which Dr. W. H. Dwindle, in the second num-
was always kept by her, in order to de- ber of the eighth volume of the American
termine whether it rung or not. He also Journal and Library of Dental Science,
informs us that the " German Ephemerides gives the history of a case of four success-
contain numerous examples of the same ive dentitions of the medial or central in-
kind in some of which teeth were pro- cisors. Other examples might be adduced,
;

duced at the advanced age of ninety, a but the foregoing will suffice.
hundred, and even a hundred and twenty No attempt, that the writer is aware of,
years. One of the most singular instances has ever been made to explain the manner
on record is that given by Dr. Slade, which of the formation of these anomalous pro-
occurred to his father, who, at the age of ductions. The rudiments of the teeth of
seventy-five, re-produced an and second dentition, are the product
incisor, lost first
twenty-five years before, so that, at eighty, of mucous membrane, while those of third
he had hereby a perfect row 'of teeth in dentition would seem to have their origin
both jaws. At eighty-two, they all drop- in the periostial tissue, if not from the bone
ped out successively two years afterwards,
; itself.

they were all successively renewed, so that In obedience to what law of develop-
at "eighty-five he had at once an entire set. mental anatomy are they formed ? If the
His hair, at the same time, changed from a establishment of the law which governs the
white to a dark hue ; and his constitution development of a part, depends upon a
seemed, in some degree, more healthy and certain condition of other contiguous parts,
vigorous. He died suddenly, at the age of it is possible that the following may fur-
ninety or a hundred." nish a correct explanation of the phenome-
A physician of this city informed the non. Certain parts, in certain states or
author, some years ago, that a case of third conditions, and in particular locations, per-
dentition had come under his own observa- form functions peculiar to the latter. In
tion. The subject was a female, who, at other words, the condition and location of
the age of sixty, erupted an entire set. a part determines the functions which it
The following extract of a letter to the performs. For example, when the mucous
author from Dr. J. C. McCabe, describes membrane along the course of the alveolar
another very interesting case border begins to assume a duplicated or
"I have just seen," says Dr. M., "a grooved appearance, which it does about
case of third dentition. The subject of the sixth week of intra-uterine existence,
this 'playful freak of nature,' as Dr. Good dental papilla? shoot up from it, and when,
styles it, is a gentleman residing in the by a similar duplication of this same tissue,
neighborhood of Coleman's Mill, Caroline behind the sacs of the temporary teeth,
He is now in his seventy- forming what Mr. Goodsir styles " cavities
county, Virginia.
eighth year, and, as he playfully remarked, of reserve," the papilla? of the permanent
' is just cutting his teeth.' There are eleven teeth, one
from the bottom or distal ex-
out, five in the upper, and six in the lower tremity of each duplication, begins to be
jaw. Those in the upper jaw are two developed. Hence, it would seem that
central incisors, one lateral, and two bicus- this particular state or condition of this
pids, on the right side. Those in the tissue, and in these particular locations, is
lower are the four incisors, one cuspida- necessary to determine the development of
 ; ;

DEN 221 DEN

teeth germs. This arrangement or condi- This, in our opinion, is the only way
tion of mucous membrane, in these partic- that these fortuitous productions can be
ular locations, which always results from accounted for in accordance with true phys-
the development of the foetus, may be some- iological principles. It seems impossible
times produced by accidental causes, after to explain the manner of their formation
all the organs of the body have obtained in any other way.
their full size, or at any time during life If the foregoing views which we have
and when it does occur, it is not unreason- advanced be correct, these productions are
able to suppose that a new tooth papilla not the result of a mere freak of nature,
should be formed. Proceeding still farther, as they are sometimes facetiously styled.
the development of a dental papilla is the They are the result of the operation of an
signal for the production of a dental folli- established law of the economy; and al-
cle, which ultimately becomes a sac, and though, after the completion of the teeth
then an organ to supply the tooth, now of the second dentition, its course is sus-
considerably advanced in the process of pended, the occurrence of a similar ar-
formation, with a covering of enamel. But rangement or condition of the mucous tis-

as the maxillary bone has previously at- sue in the parts in question will again put
tained its full size, it rarely, if ever, hap- it in operation.

pens that alveoli arc formed for these acci- DENTI'TIO. Dentition.
dental productions, and, consequently, they DENTIUM CAVEKN/E. The sockets
seldom have roots, or if they do, they are of the teeth.
very short and blunt. They arc usually Dentium Cor'tex. The enamel of the
connected to the periosteum of the alveolar teeth.

border, and this union is sometimes so close Dentium Do'lor. Pain in the teeth;
and intimate, that very considerable force tooth- ache.

is necessary for their removal. As a gene- Dentium Nit'or. Enamel of the teeth.
ral rule, however, they loosen in the course Dentium Scalptu'ua. Lancing the
of a few years and drop out. gums.
But it may be asked, how arc such acci- Dentium Vacillant'ia. Looseness of
dental duplications of the mucous mem- the teeth.
brane formed? This is a question, we admit, DEN'TO. From dens, a tooth. One
which it may not be easy to answer satis- who has jn-ominent teeth one whose teeth
;

but we do not think it at all impro-

factorily, project.

bable that they sometimes occur during the DENTOG'RArHY. Dentograjih'ia

curative process that follows the removal from dens, a tooth, and ypatyv, description.

of one or more teeth. The granulated A description of teeth.

walls of the gums surrounding an alveolus DENTOIDEUS. Odontoid j tooth-like.

from which a tooth has been extracted, DENTOL'OGY. Dentolog'ia;

from dens,
may become covered with this tissue before a tooth, and Aoyog, a discourse. A treatise
the socket is filled with a deposit of new on the teeth.
bone, or, at any rate, of the surfaces of the DENTON'OMY. Dontonom'ia; from
duplicated membrane near the bone, and dens, a tooth, and vo uo'c, a law. The ar- t

whenever such arrangement or condition rangement of the teeth into classes. Also,
of this tissue does take place upon the the classification of the teeth according to
alveolar border, and that it may occasion- their physiognomical characters, and their
ally, we think there can be no question, pathological and physiological indications.
it is probable that a new tooth papilla is See Teeth, Characteristics of.

produced, which, in the progress of its DENTS BABBLES. See Barred Teeth.
development, is attended by the formation Dents Bicuspidees. The bicuspid
of the various appendages necessary to the teeth.

production of a perfect tooth. Dents, Col Des. Neck of the teeth.

15
 ;

DEN 222 DEP

Dents Cono'ides. The canine teeth. of having been scooped out with a broad,
Dents de Lait. The milk or tem- round, or square pointed instrument.
porary teeth. The cause of this affection appears to be
Dents Machelieres. The molar teeth. involved in some obscurity. We are deci-
Dents Molares. The molar teeth. dedly of the opinion that it is the result of
Dents Multicuspidees. The large the action of an acid contained in the mu-
molar teeth. cous secretions of the mouth. The other
Dents (Eileieres. Canine teeth. teeth being more constantly bathed in the
DENTURE. A complete set of teeth saliva than the anterior surfaces of the
the whole assemblage of teeth in both jaws. incisors, cuspidati and bicuspids, the mu-

DENUDATION. Denuda'tio ; from cous fluids of the mouth are either washed
denudare, to make bare. The laying bare, from them, or so diluted as to render them
or deprivation of a part of its covering or harmless, but upon the parts of the teeth
envelope. In Surgical Pathology it is usu- last mentioned it is often permitted to re-
ally applied to bones deprived of their main for days. That this is the true cause
periosteum; in Dental Pathology, to the would seem to be rendered certain by a
teeth when deprived of their enamel, or case which fell under the observation of
when the roots are exposed by the reces- Dr. E. Parmly a few years since, in which
sion of the gums and the destruction of the crowns of human teeth, used as a den-
their sockets. tal substitute, were attacked by this curi-
DENU'DING OF THE TEETH. An ous affection, thus proving, most conclu-
affection which consists in the gradual sively, that the loss of substance was caused
destruction of the enamel of the anterior by the action of chemical agents, and if
or labial surfaces of the incisors, cuspidati, such cause is capable of producing it in
and sometimes of the bicuspids ; the mo- one case, it is in all others.

lars are rarely affected by it. It generally In the treatment of this affection, the
forms a continuous horizontal groove, as most that can be done, is to widen the
smooth and regular as if it had been made groove at the bottom, after it has gone
with an oval file, though sometimes it far enough to require it, and fill it with
spreads over nearly the whole of the ante- gold. This will arrest its further progress.
rior surface, completely denuding this part See Filling Teeth.
of the organs of enamel. Commencing on DEOB'STRUENT. DcoV strums; from
the central incisors, it extends to the later- de, and obslruere, to obstruct. Medicines
als, the cuspidati, and bicuspids. which remove obstructions, as aperients.
After
having removed the enamel, it The word has an
indefinite meaning and is
attacks the
subjacent dentine, the groove becoming now seldom used.
gradually deeper and deeper until the pulp DEODORIZATTON. The correction of
cavities of the teeth are exposed. The any foul or offensive odors through the ac-
color of the enamel is rarely changed, but tion of chemical agents, capable of absorb-
the bone, as soon as it becomes exposed, ing the odoriferous matter.
assumes, first, a light, and afterwards a DEOPPFLANS. Deojipila'tius. Deob-
dark brown appearance —the surface of struent.
the groove the whole time remaining per- DEOXYDATION. From de, from,
fectly hard and smooth. and oqyd, a compound of oxygen. The
This most curi-
ous and singular affection usually com- separation of oxygen from any compound.
mences at a single point upon each of the DEPART. In Metallurgy, an old name
central incisors, and proceeds horizontally for parting, which see.
backward; but at other times it attacks DEPAS'CUS. Phagedenic.
several points almost simultaneously, but DEPAUPERATED. Impoverished in
gradually the affected parts approach and quality. Applied in Botany to certain stip-
unite, giving to the enamel the appearance ules, bracts, &c, which are imperfectly
 DEP 223 DEP
developed, or shriveled, as for want of DEPRESSANTS. That which reduces
nourishment. the vital energy, by diminishing the fre-
DEPEND'ENS. Dependent. In Bot- quency of the pulse, or the action of the
any, hanging down. heart and arteries.
DEPERDITIQ. Abortion. DEPRESSED. Dejwcs'sus. Flattened
DEPETI'GO. Old name for tetter, ring- from above downward. Applied in Zoology
worm or itch, when the skin is rough. to the whole or part of the animal body,
DEPH LEGMATTON. DcpMegma'tio ; when its vertical section is shorter than the
from de, from, and phlegma, a watery dis- transverse.
tilled liquor, as distinguished from a spirit- DEPRESSION. Depres'sio; from de-
uous liquor. In Chemistry, the separation, primere, to press down. In Anatomy, a
by distillation or other means, of the water fossa, hollow, or excavation. Applied in
existing in admixture with another liquid. Pathology to the pulse when its strokes are
DEPIILOGISTICATED. From de,
and slow in Surgery, to fractures
feeble ;

from, and phlogiston, the inflammable of the cranium in which portions of the
principle. Without phlogiston. bone are depressed also, to an operation ;

Dephlogisticated Air. Oxygen gas. for cataract, which consists in the depres-
Dephlogisticated Marine Acid. Chlo- sion of the opaque lens from the axis of
rine. vision into the vitreous humor. In Dental
DEPILA'TION. Depila'tio; from de, Anatomy, the indentations on the grind-
and pilus, hair. Loss of hair. ing surfaces of the molar and bicuspid
DEPILATORY. That which causes teeth.
the loss of the hair, as caustic lime, &c. DEPRESS'OR. In Anatomy, any mus-
DEPPLIS. Hairless. cle which depresses the part on which it
DEPLETION". DepU'tio; from deplco, acts. In Dental Surgery, an instrument
I unload. The act of diminishing the full-
employed for confining the tongue to the
ness of the vascular system, by the ab- floor of the mouth while introducing a fill-
straction of blood, or by any system of ing into a tooth of the lower jaw. See
evacuation. Tongue-holder.
DKPLETORY. That which tends to Depressor Al.*: Nasi. See Depressor
deplete, as blood-letting, emetics and Labii Superioris Alajque Nasi.
cathartics. Depressor An'guei Oris. A muscle
DEPLUMA'TION". Depluma'tio; from of a triangular form, situated beneath the
deplumis, without feathers. A disease of lower lip. It arises broad and fleshy from
the eyelids which causes the loss of the the base of the lower jaw at the side of
eyelashes. the chin, and is inserted into the angle of
DEPOSIT. From depono, to lay down. the mouth.
In Dental Pathology, the precipitation of Depressor La'bii Inferio'ris. A small
an earthy substance (commonly called tar- thin muscle which arises from the side and
tar) upon the teeth. In General Pathology, front of the lower jaw at its base, and is in-
the accumulation of fat in an abnormal po- serted into the greater part of the lower lip.
sition, or morbid growths. The sediment Depressor La'bii Superioris. A mus-
of the urine is also called a deposit. clesituated above the mouth ; it arises
DEPOSITTO. *A term applied in Sur- from the alveolar processes of the incisor
gery to the depression of the lens in the and cuspid teeth, and is inserted into the
operation of couching. upper lip and side of the ala of the nose.
DEPRAVATION. Depravdtio ; from DEPRESSO'RIUM. An instrument
de, and pravus, to corrupt. A depraved used to guard the dura mater when the
condition, or morbid change in the solids skull is cut or sawed through.
or fluids of the body ; also, depravation of DEPRTMENS AURICULA. See Re-
taste or sight. trahens Auris.
 ;

DER 224 DES

DEPU'RANT. A term applied in Ther- horizontal; the two membranous wings
apeutics to medicines which are supposed being folded longitudinally, and the tail

to purify the fluids of the body. armed with forceps.

DEPURATION. From depurare, to DERM ATA GRA. Pellagra.
purify. In Pathology, a process for puri- DERMATITIS. Dermatis. Erysipela-
fying the animal economy ; also, the clari- tous inflammation.
fication of any thing. DERMATOBRAN'CHUS. From Seppa,
DEPU'RATORY. Depurato'rious. That and fipayxia, gills. A genus of snails in
which purifies the body, or removes from which the branchiae consists of ramified
itmorbid humors, whether it be by disease productions of skin.
or medicines and diet. DERMATOCHOLOSIS. Icterus.
DERADENITIS. From depn, neck, DER'MATOID. Dennatoi'des ; from
aSijv, a gland, and itis, signifying inflam- dsppa, the skin, and eifiog, form. Resem-
mation. Inilammation of the glands of the bling the skin.. Applied to tissues which
neck. resemble the skin.
DERADENON'CUS. Tumors of the DERMATOL'OGY. DermaMog'ia; from
glands of the neck. deppa, the skin, and hoyog, a discourse. A
DERANENCEPHA'LIA. A monstros- treatise on the skin.
ity in which but a small portion of the DERMATOL'YSIS. From Seppa, Ivu,
brain exists, resting on the cervical verte- to loosen. Cutis pendirfa. Hypertrophy of
bra?. the skin characterized by great extension
DERANGEMENT. Insanity. of this organ, whereby it hangs in large
DERBYSHIRE NECK. Bronchocele. loose folds or in pendulous masses.
Derbyshire Spar. Fluor spar. Spar DERMATOPERISCLERIS'MUS. In-
of various colors, the large nodules of which duration of the cellular tissue.
are peculiar to Derbyshire, and are beauti- DERMATOPHY'MA. A tumefaction of
fully veined. It is found in some places in the skin.
cubic crystals of a pale sea-green color. It DERMATORRHA'GIA. A discharge
and calcium.
consists of fluorine of blood from the skin.
DEKENCEPH'ALUS. A monster whose DERMESTES. From fcppa, and eotfiu,

brain is in the neck. I eat. Skin-devourcrs ; a genus of Clavi-

DERIVATION. Derioa'tio ; fromde- corn Coleopterous insects, noted for their
rico, to drain off. The drawing away of ravages on dead animal substances, espe-
any morbid vital action from its original cially dried skins.

seat to a less important part, by exciting DERMOG'RAPHY. Bermograph'ia

irritation or inflammation in it, by the ap- from Aeppa, the skin, and ypapu, I describe.
plication of some local stimulant. A description of the skin.
DERIVATIVE. That which procures DERMOILE'MIA. From foppa, ami
a derivation. A revulsive medicinal agent. aipa, blood. Hypcra-mia, or excessive vas-
DERMA. Deris. The cutis or skin. cularity of the skin.
DERMAD. Dermal aspect aspect to- ; DERMOID. Dermatoid.
ward the skin. 1 )E RMOL'OGY. Dermatology.
DERMAL. Relating to the skin. DERMOT'OMY. Dermotom'ia; from
DERMAL'GIA. More properly, Der- depfta, the skin, repveiv, to cut. The dis-

matalgia. From depfia, the skin, and ahyog, section of the skin.

pain. Pain in the skin. Cutaneous neu- DEROSNE'S SALT. A crystalline sub-
ralgia. stance obtained by treating opium with
DERMAPTERANS. Dcrmap'tera; from ether.
dsppa, and nrepov, a wing. DERTRON. The omentum, peritone-
Skin-winged ;

an order of insects characterized by having um, or small intestines.

the elytra wholly coriaceous, and always DESCEN'DENS NONE The descend-
 ;;

DES 225 DET

ing cervical branch of the ninth pair, or despumo, to clarify. Applied in Pharmacy
hypoglossal nerves to the clarification of a fluid by separating
DESCENSUS. A term sometimes ap- from it the scum and other impurities.
plied in Pharmacy to distillation when the DESQUA MA'TION. Desquama'tio ;
fire is applied at the top and sides of the from desquamare, to scale off. The sep-
vessel, while the orifice is at the bottom. aration of scales, of a greater or less size,
DESCENSO'RIUM. A furnace in which from the skin.
the distillation is performed by descent. DESQUAMATO'RITJM TRE'PANUM.
DESHLER'S SALVE. Compound resin Old name for a trepan for detaching lami-
cerate. na; from exfoliating bones.
DESICCATION. Desicca'tio; from de- DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION.
sicco, to The drying up of any Distillation of organic bodies at a red heat,
dry up.
thing moist the act of making dry.
; whereby they are disorganized and yield
DES1CCATIVE. Desiccativus ; from their volatile empyreumatic products.
desicco, to dry up. Medicines possessed of DESUDA'TIO. From desudo, to sweat
drying properties, used for drying up ul- much. Profuse and excessive sweating.
cers. Applied also to a miliary eruption with
DESIPIENTIA. Delirium. which children are sometimes affected.
DES'MA. From deofiog, a ligament or DETEN'TIA. Deten'tio. Catalepsy.
bandage. A ligament or bandage. DETERMENTS. From deiergcre, to
DESMATUR'GIA. Bandaging. cleanse. Medicines which cleanse foul
DESMITIS. Inflammation of liga- ideers, wounds, &o.
ments. DETERMINATION. In Pathology,
DESMOCHAUNO'SIS. From deo/toe, the afflux of blood or other humors in a
a ligament, and xawumg, relaxation. Re- part, causing congestion.
laxation of an articular ligament. DETERSIVE. Detergent.
DESMODYNTA. Pain in the liga- Detersive Opiate for the Teeth,
ments. —
Maury's. J£. Fine honey lb ij, calcined
DESMOG'RAPHY. Desmograph'ia alum § ij, extract of bark § i, essential
from (kufioc, a ligament, and ypaQn, a de- oil of peppermint % ss, essential oil of cin-
scription.A descrijition of the ligaments. namon § ss, spirit of amber, musk rose,
DESMOID TISSUE. Ligamentous 3 ij. Reduce the honey by boiling down
tissue. This tissue has a close resemblance to one-third color it with alkanet mix; ;

to the cellular, and in some places is con- the bark into it ; strain through a fine
tinuous with it. It constitutes aponeu- sieve, and, when nearly cold, incorporate
roses and ligamentous membranes, and the alum with it, but do not add the essen-
consists of condensed cellular tissue. tial oils until it is entirely cold.
DESMOL'OGY. Desmolog'ia; from 6ea- DETONATION. Detona'tio. Explo-
fj.og, a ligament, and hoyog, a discourse. A sion ; the report which accompanies the
treatise on the ligaments. chemical combinations or decomposition
DESMOPH'LOGY. Desmophlog'ia of certain bodies. Sudden explosion.
from fcofiog, a ligament, and (pTioyeog, in- Detonating Powder. Fulminating
flamed. Inflammation of the ligaments. mercury and silver, and other compounds
DESMORRHEXTS. From dee/iog, a which explode suddenly on being struck
ligament, and pv&, rupture. Rupture of or heated. They are used for igniting
a ligament. powder in percussion locks.
DESMOS. A ligament. DETRACTOR. From detraho, to draw.
DESMOT'OMY. Desmotom'ia ; from Applied to muscles which draw the parts
fiicfiog, a ligament, and te/xveiv 3 to cut. to which they are attached from some other
Dissection of the ligaments. part.
DESPUMA'TION. Despuma'tio; from DETRAHENS. Detractor.
 DEX 226 DIA
Detrahests Quadra'tus. Platysma DEXTANS. An old weight of 10
myoides. ounces, the pound containing 12.
DETRITUS. From deterere, to bruise DEXTRINE. From dexter, right-
or wear out. The inorganic remains of a handed so called from its possessing the
;

disorganized organic texture. power of reflecting the rays in the polari-

DETRUNCATION. Detrunca'tio; from zation of light toward the right hand. A
de, from, and truncus, the body or trunk. gummy substance obtained from starch.
In Obstetric Surgery, the separation of the It also exists abundantly in plants.
head from the trunk or body of the foetus. from <%, twice, used in
DI. A prefix
DETRU'SOR URI'N^E. From detru- anatomy, chemistry, &c. Hence digastri-
dere, to thrust out. The muscular coat cus, dioxyd, dichloride, &c.
of the bladder, which, by contracting, DIA. A prefix from &a, through. In
causes the expulsion of the urine. Composition, extension, perversion, separa-
DEURENS FEBRIS. Causus. Ardent tion. It was anciently used to signify the
fever. presence of an ingredient before which it

DEUNX. An old weight of 11 ounces. was written, as diacydonium, a medicine

DEUTERIA. Detention of the secun- containing the quince, &c.
dines. Also, old name for a weak or in- DIABACANNA. From paKavov, the
ferior wine. seed of the radish, because that was the
DEUTERION. The secundines. chief ingredient in the compound. An old
DEUTEROPATHIA. Morbus secon- remedy for diseases of the liver.

darius ; from devrepog, the second, and DIABETES. From 6ia, through, and
7rai9of, disease. A sympathetic affection, jiaivu, I pass. A disease attended by
or secondary disease. immoderate secretion of urine, excessive
DEUTO. From devrepog, second. A thirst, and gradual emaciation. It is di-

j) re fix, denoting two, twice, or double, as vided into three species : 1. Diabetes in-
deutoxijd, having two equivalents of oxy- sipidus, characterized by a superabundant
gen. The second oxyd. discharge of limpid urine, having the usual
DEVALGATUS. Bow-legged. urinary taste. 2. Diabetes mellitus, in
DEVEL/OPMENT. In Physiology, in- which there an excessive secretion of
is

crease; growth. urine, of a sweetish taste, and containing

DEVIATION. Devia'tio; from de, a considerable quantity of saccharine mat-
from, and via, the way. Vicious curva- ter. 3. Diabetes cJiylosus, in which there
ture of the spine, or other bones ; a faulty is a copious secretion of urine of a whitish
direction or position of one or more teeth, color.

&0. DIABETIC SUGAR. The sweet prin-

DEVONSHIRE COLIC. Painters' col- ciple of diabetic urine.
ic ; a species of colic occasioned by the in- DIABRO'SIS. Corrosion; the action
troduction of lead into the system. which occupy an intermedi-
of substances
DEW. The deposition of water from ate rank between escharotics and caustics.
the atmosphere on the surface of the earth DIABOTANUM. An old plaster com-
from cold. posed of many herbs, and used by the an-
Dew-Berry. The fruit of a species of cients as a topical application to tumors,
brier belonging to the genus Iiabas. &c.
Dew-Point. The temperature of the DIACAR'YON. The rob of nuts.
atmosphere at which its moisture begins DIACASSIA. Old electuary of cassia.
to be deposited. DIACATHOLTCON. Diacathol'icum ;
DEX'OCARDTA. From &&of, right, from Aa, and Ka&oTuKog, universal, so called
and Kapdia, the heart. The beating of the from its general usefulness. A purgative
heart on the right side, as in pleurisy and electuary, composed of senna leaves, the
pneumothorax. pulp of cassia, root of polypody, tama-
 DIA 227 DIA
rinds, rhubarb, violets, aniseed, sweet fen- any, the seventeenth class in the sexual
nel, liquorice and sugar. system of Linnaais, containing those plants
DIACAU'SIS. From duutaoo, I burn. in which the filaments of the stamens are
Excessive heat. united into two equal or unequal bundles,
DIACAUS'TIC. Diacaust'icus. Caus- termed brotherhoods.
tic by refraction, as a double convex lens, DIADE'MA. An ancient bandage for
or, as it is sometimes called, a burning the head, supposed to be efficacious against
headache.
DIACENTAU'RIUM. Duke of Port- DIADERMIATRFA. From Sia, dep/xa,

land's powder. the skin, and tarpeta, healing. The ender-

DIACETATE OF COPPER. Verdigris. mic method of treating disease. See En-
DIACHALA'SIS. Fracture of the skull dermic.
or opening of its sutures. DIADEXTS. From dtadexofiai, I trans-
DIACHALCIT'EOS. Diachalci'tis; from fer. I succeed to. The transformation of
<5ta, and nakiunc, chalcitis or calcothar. A one disease into another of a different char-
plaster consisting of a mixture of oil and acter and seat.

calcothar. DIADO'SIS. StaSidufiai, to distribute.

DIACHORE'MA. Diachore'sis. Ex- Distribution of nutritive matter through-
crements, especially fteoes. out the whole body nutrition ; the cessa-
;

DIACHRI'SIS. Inunction. tion of disease.

DIACHYLON. Diach'ylum; from&a, DI^IR'ESIS. From iuupeu, J divide or
and kvIocf juice i. e., composed of juices. separate. A solution of continuity, as a
;

Formerly an emollient plaster made of cer- wound or ulcer, or, as in the case of a sur-
tain juices, but at present the term is only gical operation, consisting in the division
applied to the emplastrum plumbi, or lead of some part of the body.
plaster. DLERET'ICUS. From duupeo, I divide.
Diachylon Com Gummi. Yellow di- Caustic ; escharotic.
achylon. Gum diachylon. DLETA. Dicetema; from diairau, I
Diachylon Simplex. The emplastrum nourish. Diet j aliment.
plumbi. DIAGNOSIS. From &o, and ytvooiui,
DIACEIYT'ICA. Discutients. know. The art of discriminating a dis-
I
DIACINE'MA. From Sia, and klveu, I ease by its symptoms, and one disease from
move. A subluxation. another.
DIACLYS'MA. From Suuthfa, to wash DIAGNOSTIC. A pathognomic sign,
out. A gargle ; a mouth-wash. or symptom, which is characteristic of a
DIA'COPE. Diacom'ma ; from Sia, disease.
through, and nonr), a stroke. In Surgery, DIAHYDRIC. A term invented by
a fracture or fissure of a cranial bone ; a Dr. C. J. B. Williams, to express the pe-
deep wound or cut. culiar sign of percussing through a liquid,
DIACRANIAN. From&a, separation, as when, in examination of the liver, an
and icpavtov, the skull. A
term sometimes effusion separates that organ from the walls
applied in Anatomy to the lower jaw, be- of the abdomen.
cause it is merely connected with the skull DIALEM'MA. Intermission of fever.
by a loose articulation. DIAL/LAGE. A mineral of a foliated
DIA'CRISES. From &a, and Kpivu, I structure, easily separated in one direction.

separate. A class of diseases characterized DIALU'RIC ACID. An acid obtained

by a vitiated state of the secretions. by the action of hydrosulphuric acid on

DIACRISIS. From Sut, and tepmc, alloxantin in solution.
judgment. Diagnosis. DIAL'YSIS. From dcalvu, to dissolve.
DIADEL'PHIA. Diaddpltous. From Weakness of the limbs.
&?, twice, and adttyog, a brother. In Bot- DIAMAGNETIC. A term invented by
'
 DIA 228 DIA
Faraday to express those bodies which are separate by a partition. The midriff. A
repelled by both poles of the magnet, so thin, almost circular muscle, tendinous in
that, when suspended over a horse-shoe the centre, which separates the thorax from
magnet, they take a position at right angles the abdomen.
to the line joining the poles. DIAPHRAG'MA. Diaphragm.
DIAMASTE'MA. Masticatory. Diaphkagma Cerebri. The tentorium.
DIAMOND. Ad'amas ; from c, priv., Diaphragma Narium. The septum
and Safiao), I conquer, from its extreme narium.
hardness. Pure or crystallized carbon ;
DIAPHRAGMAL'GIA. Pain in the
the most valuable of precious stones, and diaphragm.
the hardest known substance. It was DIAPHRAGMATIC. DiaphragmaW-
formerly supposed to possess valuable cus. Belonging to the diaphragm ; applied
medicinal virtues. to several vessels and nerves.
DIAMO'RUM. An old gargle made of Diaphragmatic Arteries. Phrenic
hone}' and mulberry juice. arteries.The arteries of the diaphragm.
DIAMOTO'SIS. From ftorog, charpie, Diaphragmatic Hernia. Protrusion
lint. The introduction of lint into a wound of some of the abdominal viscera through
or ulcer. a rupture of the diaphragm.
DIAN'A. Old name for silver. Diaphragmatic Nerves. See Phrenic
DI ANANCAS'MOS. Dianawas'mus ; Nerves.
from foa, and avaynaCo>, I force. The re- Diaphragmatic Plex'uses. These are
duction of a dislocated or fractured limb. two in number one situated on the right, —
DIAN'DRIA. Dian'drous; from fy, and the other on the left side of the dia-
twice, and avrip, a man. A class of plants phragm.
with two stamens, the second in the Lin- Diaphragmatic Ring. An aperture
ncean system. through the diaphragm giving passage to
DIANTHUS CARYOPHYL'LUS. The the vena cava ascendens.
clovo pick. DIAPHRAGMATITIS. Inflammation
DIAPAL'MA. A plaster composed of of the diaphragm.
litharge, olive oil, axunge, water, sulphate DIAITPTHORA. From fa, and ftfo-
of zinc and white wax, which, when mixed peiv, to corrupt. Corruption of any part.
with a fourth of its weight of olive oil, DIAPHTSIS. From diafvu, I rise be-

forms the cerate of diapalma. tween. An interspace. Any thing which

DIAPAS'MA. From dutnaaaeiv, to separates two bodies. It is sometimes
sprinkle. A medicine reduced to powder applied to the middle part of a long bone,
and sprinkled over the whole or some and to the crucial ligaments.

part of the body. DIAPLAS'MA. From 6ta-yacou, to

DIAPEDE'SIS. From dian^au, I leap anoint. The application of an unction to
through. Transudation or escape of blood the whole or any part of the body.
through the coats of the vessels, skin, or DIAPNOE. From 6icfxvew, to breathe
any membrane. through. Gentle perspiration.
DIAPHANOUS. Diaphano'sus ; from DIAP'NOIC. That which promotes
6ut, through, and <t>aivu, to shine. Trans- gentle perspiration.
parent. In Anatomy, applied to delicate DIAPOPH'YSIS. A name given by
serous membranes, as the arachnoid. Owen to the homologue of the upper
DIAPHORE'SIS. From 6ia<poP £u>, I con- transverse process of a vertebra.
vey, I dissipate. A perspiration more DIAPYE'MA. Diapye'sis ; from 4tt,

profuse than natural. and "nvov, pus. Suppuration.

DIAPHORETIC. Medicines which ex- DIAPYET'IC. DiapycU'cus ; from «J«i-

cite perspiration. TrvTjfia, a suppuration. Medicines which

DPAPHRAGM. From iia^paoau, to promote suppuration.
 ;

DIA 229 DIA

DIARkLE'MIA. From 8ia, through, DIASPHYX'IS. The pulse.
pew, I flow, and aifia } blood. Thinness of DIASTALT'IC. A term applied by Dr.
the blood from deficiency of the globules, Marshall Hall to the reflex system of nerves.
and, as a consequence, transudation of it DIASTASiE'MIA. From diamaoig, sep-
through the coats of the vessels. aration, anol aifia, blood. Disorganization
DIA'llIUS. Lasting one day; epheme- of the globules of the blood, and separa-
ral. Applied to fevers. tion of the fibrin and albumen from the
DIAKRIIAGE. A fracture. coloring matter.
DIARRIKEA. From Sia, through, and DIASTASE. A vegetable principle
pew, I flow. Purging, looseness of the having the property of converting starch
bowels, frequent liquid alvine evacuations, into dextrine and grape sugar. It is the
usually attended with slight griping pains, principal agent in the germination of seeds,
but ordinarily without any fever. There and is produced when they sprout.
are several varieties of diarrhoea, as the DIASTASIS. From «J«*y and iottj/u, to
bilious, serous,mucous, &c. place, separation, distance. Separation of
Diarrhoea Al'ba. Diarrhoea coeliaca. bones and cartilages from each other, as of
Diarrhoea with white milky evacuations. those of the cranium in some cases of hy-
Diarrhcea Carno'sa. Dysentery in olrocephalus, &c.
which the discharges resemble pieces of DIASTE'MA. A term applied in Zo-
flesh. ology, by which
Illigcr, to the interspace

Diarrhoea Choler'ica. A diarrhoea exists inmost mammiferous animals be-

in which the alvine evacuations are loose, between the canine and premolar teeth.
copious, and of a yellow color. DIASTEMATELYTTJA. A congeni-
Diarrhoea Ciiylo'sa. Coeliac passion tal defect consisting in a longitudinal divis-

coeliacfiux. Chylous diarrhoea. ion of the vagina.

Diarrhoea Hepat'ica. A diarrhoea DIASTEMATOCHEI'LIA. From Siao-

attended with copious bilious evacuations. T7)fia } interstice, and x EL^°C, the lip. Con-
Diarrhoea Sero'sa. A diarrhoea in genital deviation consisting in a longitudi-
which the alvine evacuations are of a wa- nal division of the lip.
tery or serous character. DIASTEMATOGLOS'SIA. From Sma-
Diarrhoea Urino'sa. Diabetes. re/ja } and y'kuoaa, tongue. A congenital
Diarrikea Vermino'sa. A diarrhoea longitudinal division of the tongue.
caused by the presence of worms in the DIASTEMATOGNATHIA. From dt-

intestines, especially in the rectum. acrefia, and yva&oq, jaw. An organic

DIARTHRO'DIAL. Eclating to diar- longitudinal division of the jaw.
throsis. DIASTEMATORHTNIA. A congeni-
DIABTHBO'SIS. From Siapdpou, I tal longitudinal division of the nose.

articulate. A movable articulation of DIASTEMATOSTALHYL'IA. A con-

bones, in which there are five species; genital longitudinal division of the uvula.
namely, enarthrosis, arthrodia, ginglymus, DIAS'TOLE. From (kaoreMio, I send,
trochoides and amphi'arthrosis. I dilate, I open. Dilatation of the heart
DIASAPO'NIUM. An ancient soap and arteries when the blood enters them.
ointment. It is immediately followed by contraction,
DIASATYR'ION. An ancient electuary which sends forth the blood, and this latter

believeil to be aphrodisiac, and composed movement is called systole.

chiefly of orchis root. DIASTOLIC. Relating to diastole, as
DIASCOlt'DIUM. From dta, and oaop- the diastolic action of the heart.
fiiov, the water germander; so called be- DIASTOMO'TRIS. From 'haarofwo, J

cause scordium enters into its composition. dilate,an aperture. Any dilating instru-
An electuary. ment, as a speculum for the mouth, &c.
DIASOSTIC. Prophylactic. DIA STREM'MA. Distortion or sprain.
 — ;

DIC 230 DIE

DIAS'TROPHE. Diastremma. double door, and oarucng, ossification. Os-

DIAT'ASIS. From diareivo, I distend. sification of valves, as of the heart.

The reduction of a fractured limb by ex- DICOC'COUS. In Botany, having two

tension and counter-extension. capsules united, each with one cell.

DIATES'SARON. An old remedy com- DICOR'YPHUS. A monster with a

posed of four medicines Aristolochia ro- double vertex or cranium.
tunda, gentian, laurel berries and honey. DI'CROTUS. From die, twice, and
It was esteemed tonic, emmenagogue, and Kpvo, I strike. A pulse which seems to
alexipharmic. beat double, or twice as fast as usual.
DIATH'ESIS. From diand W i, I dis- DICOTYLE'DONS. From die, twice,
pose. Disposition, and KorvlTjduv, a seed-lobe. Plants whose
constitution; predis-
position to certain diseases. The most com- embryo have two seed-lobes or cotyledons.
mon diatheses are the scrofulous, scorbutic, DICTAM'NUS ALBUS. White fraxi-
rheumatic, gouty, cancerous, calculous, and nella or bastard dittany.
nervous. Dictamnus Cbe'ticus. See Origanum
DIATRI'ON PIPEREON. An old stom- Dictamnus.
made of the three peppers.
achic confection DID'YMI. From 'M^oc, double. The
DIAT'RITOS. From 6ta, and rpeig, testicles.

three. Diet of three days. The plan pur- DIDYMITIS. Hernia humoralis.
sued by the methodic physicians in the DIDYM'IUM. A metal recently die-
treatment of disease. covered united with cerium ores.
DIATRP UM. Old name for a medicine DID'YMOUS. In Botany, growing in
composed of three ingredients. pairs.
DIAVOLETTI. Diavoli'ni. Aphro- DIDYNA'MIA. A Linm-ean class of
disiac lozenges made of cocoa and the most plants having four stamens, two long and
pungent aromatics. two short.
DIAZO'MA. Diazos'ma. The dia- DIECBOL'ION. An ancient name for
phragm. a medicine supposed to possess the power
DIAZOS'TER. From SiaCovvvfii, I sur- of producing abortion.
round. The twelfth vertebra of the back, DI'ES. A day.
because it Dies Ciut'ict. Critical days, or days on
corresponds to the girdle.
DIBRANCH'IATES. Dibranchia'ta which it was formerly supposed a favor-
from 6ic, twice, and (loavxia, gills. Two- able or unfavorable change would take
gilled an order of Cephalopo' ds , including place in the progress of a disease.
;

those which have two gills. DIET. Dice'ta. Food such as is most
DICEN'TRA CANADENSIS. Squir- conducive to health and its preservation.
rel com ; colic weed. A plant of the order The term was formerly used to designate
Fumariaceai, indigenous in the Northern the general manner of living, comprehend-
States. It has been used in syphilis and ing every thing necessary for the suste-
gonorrhoea. nance of life.

DICEPH'ALUS. From &, double, and Diet Drink. A decoction of sarsapa-

Ksijialri, head. Having two heads. rilla and mezereon. The Lisbon diet drink,
DICERAS RUDE. An intestinal worm. or compound decoction of sarsaparilla,
DICHASTE'RES. From &*«&», to di- which it resembles, is the most celebrated.
vide. Old name for incisors. DIETETIC. Dietet'icus; from diairau,

DICHOPHY'IA. From 8tX a, double, I nourish. Belonging to diet.

and (j>vu, I grow. That condition of the DIETETICS. Dietit'ica. Dieting ac-
hairs in which they split and grow forked. cording to medical rides.

DICIIOT'OMOUS. From 6tg, twice, DIETET'ISTS. Physicians who treat

and te/ivu, to cut. Forked ; bifurcate. disease only by the application of dietetic
DICLIDOSTO'SIS. From tot**, a rules.
 DIG 231 DIG
DIFFERENTIAL THERMOM'ETER. bodies may be subjected to the action of
A thermometer showing the difference of high-pressure steam.
the temperature of its two hulhs. DIGESTIBLE. Capable of being di-
DIFFLATIO. Transpiration. gested.
DIFFRACTION. The inflexion which DIGESTION. Diges'iio; from digere,
the rays of light undergo in passing near to dissolve. In Physiology, the change
any opaque body. which food undergoes on being taken into
DIFFUSE'. Diffusns. Spreading the body.
; In Chemistry and Pharmacy,
ap-
plied in Pathology to diseases which spread, an operation which consists in subjecting
in contradistinction to those which are cir- substances to the action of each other, at a
cumscribed. slightly elevated temperature, as a solid to
DIFFU'SIBLE. A term applied in water, alcohol, or other menstruum.
Materia Medica to stimulants which aug- DIGESTIVES. In Surgery, substances
ment the action of the vascular and nerv- which, when applied to a wound or ulcer,
ous system, but which are transitory in promote suppuration.
their effects, as ammonia, alcohol and sul- Digestive Tube. The alimentary canal.
phuric ether. DIGITAL. From digitus, a finger. Be-
DIFFUSION OF GASES. The inter- longing to, or resembling a finger.
mingling of the particles of two or more DIGITA'LINE. Dir/ita'lina. The
ac-
gaseous bodies, without chemical action, tive principle of digitalis.
with each other, so that ultimately, what- DIGITALIS. From digitus, a finger, be-
ever may have been their relative densities, cause its flower resembles a finger. A genus
they become thoroughly blended. The exact of plants of the order Scrophtdariaceos.
proportions with which the components of Digitalis Purpu'rea. Foxglove. The
the atmosphere are mixed, furnish a fine leaves of this plant are powerfully sedative
example of the diffusion of gases. and diuretic, and require to be adminis-
DIFLUAN. An indifferent body pro- tered with great caution.
duced by the evaporation of allexanic acid. DIGITA'TION. Divided into finger-
DIGASTRIC GROOVE. A depression like processes. Applied to muscles, as the
in the mastoid process from which the di- serratus magnus, which exhibit digitations.
gastric muscle arises. DTGITATUS. Digitate; fingered.
DIGAS'TRICUS. From &r, and yaortip, DIGITIFORM. Finger-like.
a belly. A
muscle with two bellies, united DIG'ITIGRADES. Digiiigrada; from
in the middle by a tendon which passes digitus, a finger or toe, and gradior, I tread.
through the stylo-hyoid muscle, and is at- Carnivorous quadrupeds which walk only
tached to the hyoid bone. Of the two bel- on the extremity of their toes.
lies, is posterior, and occupies the
the one DIGITIUM. Contraction or atrophy of
fossa at theend of the mastoid process of the fingers. Paronychia.
the temporal bone; the other is anterior, DIGITUS. A finger.
extending from the os hyoides to the base Digitus Annula'ris. The annular, or
of the lower jaw by the side of the sym- ring finger.
physis. Its use is to depress the lower Digitus Indicato'rius. The index
jaw, to raise the os hyoides, or to move finger.
it forward or backward, as in deglutition. Digitus Pedis. A toe.
DIG'ERENTS. From digero, to digest. DIG'NATHUS. A monster with a dou-
Digestives; medicines which promote the ble jaw.
secretion of proper pus in wounds and ul- DIGNOTIO. Diagnosis.
cers. DIGYNTA. From %, twice, and yvvq,
DIGEST'ER. A strong and tight iron female.A term applied in Botany to plants
or copper vessel, with a tightly adjusted which have two distinct pistils or female
lid provided with a safety-valve, in which organs.
 ;

DIO 232 DIP

DIHYSTE'RIA. Double uterus. DIONYSIS'CUS. One who has a bony

DILATATION. Dilala'iio; from dila- or horn like excrescence near the temporal
tare, to enlarge. Increase of bulk of a body or frontal region.
by separation of some of its molecules. In- DIOPTRA. From SionTo/mi, to see
crease of the size of a canal or opening. through. Dioptron. A speculum ; a dilator.
DILATOR. Dilatato'rius. In Anatomy, DIOPTRICS. From Sia, through, and
applied to muscles the office of which is o-nro/iai, I see. That branch of optics which
to dilate certain parts. In Surgery, an in- treats of refraction.
strument for dilating a natural or artificial DIOPTRIS'MUS. The dilation of a part
opening. or opening with a speculum.
Dilator, Arnott's. An instrument for DIORRHO'SIS. Diorrlic'sis; from Sia,

removing strictures of, and dilating, the and oppas, the serum. The conversion of
urethra. any part into serum.
DILATO'RIUM. A speculum ; also, a DIORTHO'SIS. From Siopdpoco, to di-

piece of sponge or any other mechanical rect. The reduction of a fracture or dislo-
contrivance for dilating a wound. cation.
DILL. The common name of the Ane- DIOSCO'REA. A genus of plants of
tlmm graveolens. The seeds are warming, the order Dioscoriaceos.
purgative and aromatic. Dioscorea Alata. The yam, which is

DIL'UENTS. Medicines which increase also obtained from the Dioscorea bidbifera
the fluidity of the blood. and Dioscorea Sativa. See Yam.
DIMIDTATE. Dimidia'tus ; from di- DIOS'MA. A genus of plants of the
midus, half. In Botany, half formed ; ex- order Bidacece. See Barosma and Buchu.
tending half way round. Dios'ma Cuesta'ta. Barosma crcnata ;
DIMORPHTSM. From Sis, twice, and buchu. The leaves are diuretic, stimulant,
fioptyri, form. The property of crystallizing aromatic and tonic, and in moderate doses
in two distinct forms not derivable from promote the secretory functions of the kid-
one another. neys and skin.
DINANT WATERS. Chalybeate and DIOSME.E. The Buchu tribe of Dico-
saline springs at Dinant, a town near St. tyledonous plants.
Malo, France, DIOS'MIX. The bitter principle of
DIN'ICA. From Sivea, I turn round. the leaves of diosma.
Medicines which relieve vertigo. DIOS'PYROS. The persimmon ; an in-
DINUS. Vertigo; giddiness. indigenous plant of the order Ebenaccce.
DINOTHE'RIUM. From deivog, The bark and unripe fruit are astringent,
terri-
ble, and tir/pov, beast. An extinct gigantic,
and have been used in diarrhoea, ulcerated
herbivorous, aquatic animal. sore throat and uterine hemorrhage.
DI'ODON. From Sis, and oSovs, a tooth DIOXYD. A compound of oxygen with
two-toothed. A genus of plectognathic a base, in which there is one atom of the
fishes with jaws undivided, each having a former and two of the latter.
single and continuous dental plate. DIPET'ALOUS. In Botany, two-pet-
DIODONCEPH'ALUS. From Sis, dou- aled.
ble, oSovs, tooth, and KeAakrj, head. A mon- DIPHTHERITIS. DipWic'ria ; from
strosity with two rows of teeth. Sicfiepa, a skin or membrane. Angina pel-
D IOC 'CIA. From Sis, twice, and oikos, licularis. A name given by M. Brcton-
a house. A term applied in Botany to a neau to a form of pharyngitis, attended by
class of plants in which the stamens and the formation of false membranes.
pistils are in separate flowers, and on sepa- DiPHTHiiiTis Traciiealis. Croup.
rate plants. DIPHYLLUS. Two-leaved.
DIONCO'SIS. From Sia, and oyaos, a DIPLASIAS'MUS. Duplicated. Re-
tumor. Tumefaction or plethora. exacerbation of a disease.
 DIP 233 DIS

DIT'LOE. From SutlMt, I double. The Dir'TERA. From &r, twice, and mepov,
cancellated structure which separates the a wing. Insects which have two wings.
two tallies of the skull. DIPTERA'CE.E. A natural order of
DIPLOGAN'GLIATA. Applied by dicotyledonous trees, peculiar to India and
Dr. Grant to articulated animals, because the Indian Archipelago, distinguished by
of the increased size of their ganglionic the petals not being fringed, and in the
knots. want of albumen. To it belongs the cam-
DIPLOGEN'ESIS. From tmloog, dou- phor tree.
ble, and yevEoig, generation. Organic de- DIPTERYX. A genus of trees of the
fect, caused by the union of two germs. order Fabacece.
DirLO'MA. An instrument of writing Dipteryx Odorata. A tree found in
conferring some privilege. In Medical af- Guiana, which yields an odoriferous seed,
fairs, a license to practice physio, or some called the Tonquin bean.
one or more of its branches ; usually ap- DIP'TEROUS. Having two wing-like
plied to a document issued by a chartered appendages.
college, certifying that the title of doctor DIRC'A PAULUSTRIS. Leather-
has been conferred upon the person who wood; a small indigenous shrub, which
has received it. In Pharmacy, a vessel grows in wet boggy places, in many parts
with double walls, as a water-bath. of the United States.
DIPLONEU'KANS. Applied to verte- DIRECTOR. From dirigere, to direct.
brate animals, because they have two ner- A grooved sound for guiding a knife in
vous systems, the spinal and sympathetic. some surgical operations.
Also, by Dr. Grant, to an order of worms. DIRIG'ENT. Dirig'ens. That constit-
DIPLOTIA. From fonAooc, double, and uent in a prescription which directs the
onTOfiat, I see. An affection of the sight, action of the associated substances.
in which an object makes a double impres- DIRT-EATING. A disorder of the nu-
sion upon the retina. Double vision. tritive functions common among African
DIPLOSIS. Diploe. negroes, in which the desire for eating dirt
DIPLOSO'MA. From dinloog, double, is irresistible, and producing the Cachexia
and aafia, body. The diplosoma crcnata, Africana.
is fin entozoon, having the appearance of DISCHARGE'. In Pathology, increased
two worms united, which has sometimes flow from any secreting organ or part.
been known to pass the urinary bladder. DIS'COIDS. A term applied to uni-
DIITEL'S ANIMAL OIL. An empy- valve shells in which the whorls are ar-
reumatic oil obtained from bones and ani- ranged vertically on the same plane, so as
mal substances. It is antispasmodic and to form a disc.
diuretic. DISCOLORATION. Alteration of col-
DIPROSO'PUS. From 61, double, and or, especially for a darker hue.
npoou-jov, countenance. A monster with Discoloration of the Teeth. The
two faces. teeth often lose their natural whiteness and
DIPSACUS. A genus of plants of the peculiar brilliancy, assuming a yellowish,
order Dipsacacew. Also, Diabetes. brownish, greenish, or blackish appear-
Dipsacus Fullo'xum. Fuller's teasel. ance. Any of these changes may take
Dipsacus Sylves'tris. Cultivated tea- place at any period of life, by the exposure
sel. of the teeth to the action of the causes that
DIPHETTCUS. From M>a, thirst. Pro- produce them, and from want of proper
ductive of thirst. attention to their cleanliness. Discolora-
DIPSOMANTA. From &V'a, thirst, and tion of the teeth may be produced by
[uivia, madness. The thirst of drunkards. the action of acidulated mucous fluids

Also, delirium tremens. of the mouth, or by the habitual use

DIPSO'SIS. Morbid thirst. of substances containing coloring matter,

 ;

DIS 284 DIS

as tobacco, &c, and if permitted to con- in a certain region ; intercurrent, when

tinue until the thirtieth year of age, when arising from adventitious causes and oc-
occasioned by the latter, can never be re- curring in the midst of epidemic or en-
moved. But, when dependent upon the demic disease ; contagious or infectiotis,
chemical action of the former, or the re- when it can be communicated from one
sult, simply, of an accumulation of viscid person to another by contact or effluvia

and discolored mucus, the teeth may be diffused through the air congenital, Avhen ;

restored to their natural color. existing from birth ; hereditary, when de-
DISCREET'. Discretus. Distinct, sep- scended from parent to offspring ; acquired,
arate. Applied to exanthemata, in which when dependent on some cause operating
the eruptions or pustules are not confluent, afterbirth sthenic, when attended by
;

but are distinct and separate from each strong activity of the vital energies ; as-
other. •
when attended with sinking of the
thenic,

DISCRETO'MUM. The diaphragm. vital powers and sjwradic, when arising

;

DISCRl'MEN. A bandage used in from occasional causes, as cold, &c, af-

bleeding from the frontal vein ; so called fecting the individual.
because it passed over the sagittal suture, DISECOIA. Deafness.
dividing the head into two equal parts. DISFIGURATION. Deformation.
Disckimen Calva'ri2E Me'dium. Diploe. DISGORGEMENT. The opposite of
Discrimen Na'si. An X bandage for the engorgement. Act of disgorging, or dis-
nose. charging any fluid previously collected in
Discrimen Thoracis and Ventris. a part or viscus, as the disgorgement of
Diaphragm. bile, or a portion of the contents of the

DIS'CUS. A term applied in Botany stomach, as in vomiting.

to the disk or central part of a leaf or DISGUST'. A loathing of food a men- ;

compound flower. tal repugnance to any thing.

DISCUS'SION. Discus'sio. In Surgery, DISINFECTANTS. Agents which

resolution the subduction or subsidence of destroy or neutralize morbid effluvia.
j

the inflammatory action of a tumor. DISINFECTING LIQUID, LABAR-

DISCUS'SIVES. Discutients. RAQUE'S. A solution of chlorinated soda.
DISCUT1ENTS. Discutien'tia ; dis- DISINFECTION. Disinfec'tio. The
cusso'ria; from discutere, to shake apart. act of neutralizing or destroying the con-
Applied to substances which have the tagious miasmata with which the air or
power of repelling or resolving tumors. clothing may be affected.
DISEASE. According to Chomel, a DISK. See Discus.
perceptible disorder occurring either in DISLOCATION. Disloca'tio. Luxa-
the material disposition of the parts com- tion. Displacement of the articular ex-
posing the living body, or in the exercise tremity of a bone.
of its functions. It is DISORGANIZATION.
termed local, when A morbid
affecting only some particular part con- change in the structure of an organ, or
;

stitutional, when affecting the whole sys- even total destruction of its texture, as in

tem ; specific, when characterized by some the case of sphacelus, and some kinds of
disordered vital action, not common to dis- ulcers.

eases generally ; idiopathic, when not de- DISPEN'SARY. Dispensa'rium ; from

pendent on any other disease symptomatic, dispendere, to distribute.
; place where A
when the result of some other disease medicines are prepared also, a place where ;

periodical, when recurring at fixed periods the poor are furnished with advice and the
;

acute, Avhen severe and not of long dura- necessary medicines.

tion ; chronic, when not severe and of long DISPENSATION. In Medicine, put-
continuance ; epidemic, when arising from tang up prescriptions.
a general cause ; endemic, when prevailing DISPENSATOR. Apothecary.
 DIS 235 DIS

DISPEN'SATORY. Dispensato'rium. bid concretions, swellings, &c. Also, a

A book wliich treats of the properties and menstruum.
composition of medicines. DISTAD. Away from a centre. To-
DISPER'MUS. From «fef, double, and wards the distal aspect.
cnepfia, seed. A term applied in Botany DISTAL ASPECT. An aspect of an
to the fruit of plants which contains two extremity furthest from the trunk.
seeds. DISTEMTER. A disease occurring
DISPERSION. In Optics, the angular among dogs, consisting of irritation of the
separation of the rays of light when de- brain and spinal marrow, and attended by
composed by the prism. a sort of catarrh.- It is vulgarly termed
DISPLACEMENT. A process in Phar- the snuffles. Also, disease in general.
macy, by which any quantity of liquid, DISTENTION. Listen 'Ho ; from dis-
with wliich a powder may be saturated, tendere, to stretch out. Dilatation of a
may, when put into a proper apparatus, viscus by inordinate accumulation of its
be displaced by an additional quantity of contents.
that or any other liquid. See Percolation. DISTICHI'ASIS. From dtp, double,
DISPOSITION. Disposit'io ; from dis, anxog, a row. Increased number of eye
and ponere, to put or set. In Anatomy, a lashes, with some turning in, irritating the

particular arrangement, or mutual rela- eye, while the others retain their proper
tions of different parts. In Pathology it places, and form, with the first, two rows.
issynonymous with diathesis, but has a DISTILLATION. Distilla'tio ; from
more extensive signification. distillare, to drop little by little. The
DISSECTING ABSCESS. An abscess separation by the aid of heat of the vola-
which insinuates itself between muscles, tile from the fixed parts of bodies. The
separating them from each other. operation is effected in a retort or still.
Dissecting Aneurism. An aneurism Distillation, Destructive. See De-
in which the inner and middle coats of the structive Distillation.
artery are ruptured, and the blood passes Distillation, Dry. Sublimation.
between them and the outer coat. Distillation in Vacuo. Distillation
DISSECTION. Dissec'tio; from dis- in a vessel in which there is little or no
secare, to cut asunder. The cutting to air.

pieces of a dead body for the purpose of DISTOMA. From dig, and oto/xo., a
exposing the different parts and examining mouth. Having two mouths. A genus
their structure, or cutting to pieces any of worms.
part of an animal or vegetable for this Distoma Hepat'icum. Fasciola hepat-
purpose. ica. The liver fluke a small flat worm,
;

DISSECTOR. Prosec'tor. A practical about an inch in length, and nearly an

anatomist. One who cuts to pieces a dead inch in width, sometimes found in the gall
body for the purpose of examining the ducts of man.
structure and arrangement of its different DISTORTION. Distor'sio; from dis-
parts, or for an anatomical lecture. torquere, to wrest aside. Deformity of
DISSEPIMENT. From dissepio, to parts, as a preternatural curvature of a
separate. In Botany, the partition which bone, curved spine, &c. Also, contraction
separates the cell of a capsule. of the muscles, as in strabismus.
DISSOLUTION. Dissolu'tio; from DISTORTOR ORIS. The zygomatic™
dissoloere, to loosen, to melt. In Humoral minor.
Pathology, a diminution of the consistence DISTRIX. From dig, double, fytj, the
of the blood. Also, death. hair. A morbid condition of the hair,
DISSOL'VENT. hom. dis- characterized by splitting at their extrem-
Dissol'vens ;

soloere, to loosen. Medicines which are ities.

supposed to be capable of dissolving mor- DISTYLE. Disty'lus; from dig, double,
 ;

DIV 236 DOO

and orvlog, a style. A terra applied in I Dividing Bandage. A bandage used
Botany to plants which have two styles, to keep parts separated from each other,
DITRACIIYC'ERAS. From &?, two, and preventing unnatural adhesions.
rpaxvg, rough, and nepag, horn. A genus I DIVISIBILITY. The property which
of intestinal worms. The ditrachyceras all bodies possess of being separated into
rudis, or diceras rude. I
parts.
DITTAN'DER. Pepper-wort j a spe- DIVUL'SIO. In Surgery, a rupture Of
cies of Lepidum. It has a hot, biting laceration caused by external violence,
taste. Divul'sio Uki'n^:. Urine which has
DITTANY. Dictam'nus cd'bus. A plant ! a cloudy appearance.
of the genus Bictamnus, the root of which DIXON'S ANTI-BILIOUS PILLS.
was formerly used as a tonic. composed of aloes, scammony, rhu-
Pills
Dittany, American. A plant of the barb and emetic tartar.
genus Cunila. See Cunila Mariana. DIZZINESS. Vertigo.
Dittany of Crete. A plant of the DOBEEEINER'S LAMP. A means of
genus Origanum. obtaining an instantaneous light, by turn-
DIURE'SIS. From &a, through or by, ling a stream of hydrogen gas from a reser-
and ovpeu, I pass the urine. Abundant I
voir upon spongy platina, by which the
excretion of urine. j
metal instantly becomes red hot and sets
DIURETIC. Bhtret'icus. A medicine ! fire to the gas.
which increases the secretion of urine. | DOCH'ME. A Greek measure equal to
DIVARICATION. The separation of the breadth of about four fingers.
two things previously united. DOCIMA'SIA. From doni/Mifc, to exam-
DIVARICATE. Standing wide apart
Applied in Mineralogy to the art of
ine.
to diverge at an obtuse angle, as do some- examining minerals, for the purpose of dis-
times the roots of a molar tooth. covering what metals, &c. they contain.
DIVER'GENT. Diverging, receding Docimasia Pulmo'nium. The exam-
from each other. ination of the respiratory organs of a new-
DIVERSIFLO'RUS. A term applied born child for the purpose of ascertaining
in Botany umbels with legular florets whether it had breathed after birth.
to
in the centre, and irregular towards the DOCIMASTIC ART. From Souuafr,
circumference. I prove. The art of assaying minerals or
DIVERSO'RIUM CIIYLL Therecep- ores, with a view of ascertaining the quan-
taculum chyli. tity of metal they contain.
DIVERTICULUM. A turning; from DOCK. The popular name of a species
diverterc, to turn aside. Any receptacle of large-leaved Ihunex.
capable of holding a more than ordinary DOCTOR. From doctus, learned. A
quantity of blood, for temporary purposes, title commonly applied to a practitioner of
when the circulation is obstructed, serves medicine, but properly confined to one who
as a diverticulum. Also, a hollow ap- has received from a regularly chartered
pendage attached to, and communicating institution or college the degree of doctor
with the intestinal canal, or any hole to The power
of medicine, or dental surgery.
get out of, or by-passage. for conferring thewas first latter degree

Diverticulum Chyli. The receptacu- invested in the Baltimore College of Den-

lum chyli. tal Surgery, by the Legislature of the State

Diverticulum Nuc'kii. An opening of Maryland, in an act of incorporation,

on each side through which the round liga- granted in 1840, and conferred for the first
ment of the uterus passes. time at the first annual commencement
Diverticulum Pharyn'gis. Pharyn- '

6f this institution, on the 9th of March,

gocele. j
1841.
DIVI'DING. That which separates. | DOCTRINE. In Medicine, the theory or
 ;

DOL 237 DOR

principles of any medicinal sect, teacher, skin, they excite an intolerable prurient
or writer. sensation.
DOD'DER. A creeping, parasitical DOL'OMITE. A magnesian limestone.
plant of the genus Cuscuta. It is almost DO'LOR. Pain.
destitute of leaves, fixing to some
itself DOMBE'YA TURPENTINE. A strong-
other plant, as hops, flax, and particu- scented whitish turpentine, obtained from
larly the nettle, and receiving its nourish- the Dombeya excelsa of Chili.
ment from the plant which supports it. DOMESTIC MEDICINE. Medicine as
Dodder of Thyme. Cuscuta epithymunu practiced by unprofessional individuals in
A parasitical plant, possessing a strong, their own families. Also, applied to trea-
unpleasant smell and pungent taste. tises written for the purpose of enabling
DODECADAC'TYLON. Duodenum. unprofessional persons to treat diseases^,

DODECAN'DRIA. Dodecan'drous when the services of a regular physician

from Sodem, twelve, and <zvqp, a man. A cannot be procured.
class of hermaphrodite plants having twelve DOMINA'RUM AQUA. Old name for
stamens. a supposed emmenagogue medicine.
DODECAGYNTA. A Linnfean order DORE'MA. A genus of plants of the
of plants, characterized by the presence of order Apiacece.
twelve pistils. Dorema Ammonia'cum. The plant which
DODECAHED'RON. A solid of twelve yields ammoniacum.
sides; a form frequently met with in crys- DORON'ICUM. A genus of plants of
tals. the order Compositce.
DOEGLICACID. Doeglinic acid. An Doronicum German'icum. Ar'nica mon~
acid found in train oil, as oleic acid is in ol- ta'na. Leopard's bane.
ive oil. It is the oxyd of a radical, Doeglyl. Doronicum Pardalian'ches. Doron-
DOG-CHOKE. Cynanclie. icum roma'num. Roman leopard's bane.
Dog-Days. Dies canicula'res. The days DORSAD. Toward the back.
comprised between the 24th of July and DOR'SAL. Dorsa'lis; from dorsum, the
the 23d of August are so called, because back. Relating to the back, or the back
the dog-star, Sirius, rises and sets at this of any organ.
time with the sun. DORSE. A fish which yields some portion
Dog-Rose. The wild brier, Bosa ca- of the cod-liver oil. The cjadus caUarias.
nina. The fruit, called hips, has a sourish DORSIBRAN'CHIATES. Dorsibranch-
taste. ia'ta ; from dorsum, back, and branchice,
Dog-Stone. A plant belonging to the gills. An order of red-blooded worms with
genus orchis. gills projecting from the middle part of the
Dog-Wood. A species of cornus or cor- back or sides of the body.

nelian cherry. DOR'SO-COSTA'LIS. The serratus pos-

DOG'MATISTS. From foyua, a doc- ticus superior muscle.
trine. A set of ancient physicians, who Dorso-Supra Acromia'nus. The tra-

founded their practice upon conclusions pezius muscle.

drawn from certain theoretical inferences. Dorso-Trachealia'nus. The splenius
DOL'ERITE. A trap rock composed of colli muscle.
augite and felspar. DORSTE'NIA. A genus of plants of
DOLTCHOS. From 5oli X oc, long. A the order Urticacece.
genus of plants of the leguminous family, Dorstenia Brazilien'sis. Caa-apia.
including a number of species.The root is emetic and anti-diarrhoeic.
Dolichos Pru'riens. Cowhage. The Dorstenia Contrayer'va. Contra-
pods are covered with stiff hairs, called yerva. The root has a pleasant aromatic
dolichi pubes, which are used in medicine smell, and a rough, bitter and penetrating
as an anthelmintic. When applied to the
j
taste.

16
 ;

DRA 238 DRA

DOR'SUM. From deorsum, downward, Common whitlow grass. The seed is hot
becauseit may be bent downward. The and stimulating.
back. The posterior part of the trunk. DRACiE'NA. A genus of plants of the
The vertebral column. The back of any order SmUaceo3.
dorsum pedis, back of the foot
part, as the Drac^na Dra'co. The dragon tree.
dorsum manus, back of the hand, &c. The inspissated juice constitutes the purest
DO'SAGE. A term applied in Chem- variety of dragon's blood.
istry to a plan of analysis in which the Dracaena Reflex'a. The young shoots
reagent is added in measured quantities, emmen-
of this species are said to possess
from a graduated tube, to a measured and agogue properties.
weighed solution of the assay. Dracaena Termina'lis. The root of this
DOSE. Dosis ; from StAuui, to give. species is said to be anti-dysenteric.
The amount of medicine to be given at one DRACHM. Drachma. An eighth of
time for producing a desired effect. an ounce, or 60 grains.
DO'SIS. A dose. DRACINE. A precipitate obtained from
DOS'SIL. In Surgery, a pledget of lint a concentrated alcoholic solution of dragon's
made up in a cylindrical form, to be ap- blood.
plied to a wound or bleeding surface. DRACO. Apanuv, the dragon. A fabu-
DO'TAGE. Feebleness or imbecility of lous serpent with wings and feet.

mind from old age ; dementia. Draco Mitigatus. Calomel j

proto-
DOTHINENTERI'TIS. From todap>, chloride of mercury.
a boil,and evrepov, an intestine. Inflam- Draco Sylves'tris. Sneezewort, or
mation and enlargement of the glands of bastard pellitory.
Peyer and Brunner, and supposed by Bre- DRACOCEPHALUM CANARIEN'SE.
'tonneau to be the cause of the symptoms Turkey balsam ; Canary balsam ; balm of
which constitute a large class of fevers. Gilead tree.
DOT'TED. Puncta'tus. In Botany, DRACO'NIS SAN'GUIS. Dragon's
sprinkled with hollow dots or points. blood.
DOUBLE HEARING. Sounds heard DRACON'TIUM. A genus of plants of
doubly. the order Aroideai.
Double Touch. Mode of exploration, Dracontium Foc'tidum. Skunk cab-
in which the forefinger is introduced into bage. A plant which exhales a very foetid
the rectum and the thumb into the vagina. odor. The powder of the root is given as
Double Wedge. An instrument in- an antispasmodic.
vented by Dr. Elliott, of Montreal, for re- DRACUN'CULUS. Dracontium. Also,
moving an artificial crown from the root of the Guinea worm, which breeds under the
a tooth upon which it has been set. skin among the natives of Guinea.
DOUCHE. A French word applied in DRAGACAN'THA. Dragant gum.
Therapeutics to a dash of water, or other Dragantin. Tragacanth gum.
fluid, upon any part of the body. DRAGAN'TIN. A mucilage obtained
DOULEUR. Pain. fromgum tragacanth.
Douleur des Dents. Pain in the teeth. DRAG'ON. The popular name of a
See Odontalgia. genus of saurian reptiles; also, of certain
DOVE'S FOOT. The popular name of plants of the genus Dracontium.
a species of Geranium. Dragon's Blood. Sanguis draconis.
DOVER'S POWDER. Pulvis ipecac- A concrete resinous substance, of a blood-
uanhas et qpii. Powder of ipecacuanha, red color, used in varnishes, and sometimes
opium and sulphate of potassa. in detifrices.
DR A'BA. A genus of plants of the or- Dragon Fly. A neuropterous insect of
der Cruciferaz. the genus Agrion or Libellula.
Draba Ver'na. Ero'ph'da vulgaris. Dragon Root. Indian turnip j the
 ;

DEI 239 DEO

popular name of a plant of the genus fitted to a socket, in a handle or drill-stock,
Arum. with the other extremity flattened and pre-
Dragon's Wobt. The popular name senting a sharp, triangular-shaped point.
of Arum Dracuncvlus. Drill-Stock. An instrument for hold-
DEA'KENA. See Dorstenia Contra- ing and turning a drill, moved either with
yerva. the thumb and and
finger or with a string
DEASTIC. bow.
Dras'ticus; cenoi'ic; from
ipau } I operate strongly. Generally ap- Drill-Stock, Lewis's. A very beauti-
plied to purgatives which operate power- ful and ingeniously contrived instrument
fully. fur drilling into a molar tooth. It is so
DEAUGHT. In Therapeutics, a suffi- constructed that a drill may be worked in
cient quantity of fluid medicine for a dose. it in any direction from a line with the
DEAW-BENCH. A bench for drawing handle or shaft, to a parallel with the
wire, so constructed as to confine a wire same, though not with sufficient conve-
plate at one end, with a roller and wind- nience to the operator to render it of much
lass at the other for drawing the wire practical utility.
through the plate. It is used in the me- Drill-Stock, McDowell's. A drill-
chanical laboratory of the dentist. stock upon the principle of the helix lever
DEEAM. Somnium. Imaginary transac- the drill, being inserted at the end of the
tions which occupy the mind during sleep. screw, is moved by means of a female
DEEGS. Feculence. screw attached to the handle of the instru-
DRENCH. A purgative draught for a ment. It is so arranged that drills point-
horse. ing in three different directions may be
DEESS'EE. A surgeon's assistant, who worked in it.

applies the dressings in a hospital. DEIMYPH A'GI A From dpi/ivc, acrid, .

DEESS'ING. The proper application and <payu } I eat. An exciting diet.

of bandages, plasters and apparatus to a DEIMYS WINTEEI. Wintera aro-
diseased part. matica ; winter bark tree.

DEESS'INGS. The bandages, plasters DELNK. Every liquid introduced into

and apparatus used in dressing a diseased the stomach purpose of allaying
for the
part. thirst, diluting the alimentary mass, and
DEILL. A small steel instrument, repairing the losses which the fluids of the
either with a flat point or a burr at the body are constantly experiencing.
end, sometimes used by dentists in the re- DEIV'ELING. An involuntary flow
moval of caries from a tooth preparatory of saliva from the mouth, as in infancy,
and for other purposes.
to filling, old age, and in idiots.
Drill-Bow. A bow and string for DEO'MA. An old plaster. .

rotating a drill-stock, which it does by DEOP. Gutta. So much of any

passing the string around it, and moving it liquid as coheres together when poured
backward and forward. slowly from a vessel. It varies, however,
Drill, Burr. An instrument used in in volume and weight, according to the
Dental Surgery for the removal of caries of nature of the liquid and the size of the
the teeth, and enlarging the canal in the orifice or mouth of the vessel from which
root of a tooth preparatory to the applica- it is poured. In Pharmacy it is generally
tion of an artificial crown. It consists of estimated at one grain.
a small stem attached to a handle, or
steel DEOPS. Certain liquid medicines.
so constructed as to be introduced into a Drops, Anodyne. A solution of ace-
socket-handle, or socket of a drill-stock, tate of morphia.
with a bulb at the other extremity, with a DEOPSICAL. Affected with dropsy.
surface like that of a coarse single-cut file. DEOPSY. From vdup f water and uip,
Drill, Flat. A small steel stem, the look or aspect. An effusion of serum
 ,

DRY 240 DUC

into the cellular tissue or into any of the DUALITY. The quality of being
natural cavities of the body. It is desig- double. Applied in Physiology to a the-
nated according to the part affected by it. ory that the two hemispheres of the brain
See Hydrops. are distinct and independent organs. This
Dropsy of the Belly. See Ascites. is spoken of as the Duality of the Mind,

Dropsy of the Chest. Hydrothorax. as if each individual actually possessed

Dropsy of the Eye. Hydropthalmia. two distinct minds.
Dropsy Fibrinous. Dropsy in which DUCK. A water fowl of the genus
the effused fluid contains fibrin. Anas. See Anas Domestica.
Dropsy General. Anasarca. DUCT. See Ductus.
Dropsy of the Pericardium. Hy- DUCTILITY. From duco, I draw. A
dropericardium. property possessed by certain bodies, which
Dropsy of the Skin. Anasarca. enables them to be drawn out, or elongated,
Dropsy of the Testicle. Hydrocele. without causing any interruption in their
DROSE'RA. A genus of plants of the constituent particles. This property is pe-
order Droseracece. some metals, as gold, silver, lead,
culiar to
Drose'ra Rotundifo'lia. The sun- &c, under all temperatures. Gold may
dew, a plant which has a bitter, acrid and be drawn into wire of only the 4000th part
caustic taste. of an inch in diameter, and it may be re-
DROSOM'ETER. An instrument for duced, by passing it through rollers, to tho

ascertaining the amount of dew falling at 8000th part of an inch in thickness.

any given time. DUCTOR. Director.
DRUG. A simple medicine. DUCTS, BILIARY. The ductus com-
DRUGGIST. One who sells drugs. munis coledochus. The cystic and the he-
DRUM OF THE EAR. The tympanum. patic ducts.
DRUNK'ENNESS. Intoxication ebri- ; Ducts of Bellini. The urinary canals
ety. The habitual use of intoxicating of the kidneys.
liquors is attended by loss of appetite, DUCTUS. A canal or duct.
restlessness, tremulous motion, delirium Ductus Aquosi. The lymphatics.
tremens, &c. Ductus Arterio'sus. Canalis arterio-
DRUPA'CEOUS. Resembling a drupe. sus. The arterial tube which forms a di-
DRUPE. In Botany, a pulpy fruit, rect communication between the pulmo-
without an outer covering or valve, as the nary artery and the aorta of the foetus. It
peach, apricot, plum, cherry, &c, usually becomes obliterated after birth.
called stone-fruit. Ductus Au'ris Palati'nus. The Eus-
DRY CUPPING. The application of tachian tube.
the cupping-glass without previous scarri- Ductus Bartholinian'us. From Bar-
fication. tholin, its discoverer. The duct of the
Dry Pile. A galvanic apparatus, sublingual gland.
with pairs of metallic plates, separated by Ductus Bellin'iani. Uriniferous tubes.
layers of farinaceous paste mixed with com- Ductus Bil'iaris. Biliary duct.
mon salt. Ductus Commu'nis Chole'dochus. The
Dry Rot. A disease which sometimes common excretory duct of the liver and
attacks wood, rendering it brittle and de- gall-bladder.
stroying the cohesion of its particles. Ductus Cys'ticus. The cystic duct.
DRYOBAL'ANOPS. A genus of large Ductus Ejaculato'rius. A duct with-
trees of the family Dipteracece. in the prostate gland, opening into the
Dryobalanops Cam'phora. The name urethra.
of a tree of the Eastern Archipelago, which Ductus Excreto'rius. An excretory
by incision, yields the camphor and the duct.
oil,

trunks often contain the concrete camphor. Ductus Hepat'icus. The hepatic duct.
 DUL 241 DUT
Ductus Hygiiobleph'aei. Ductus Ey- DULCIFICATION, Dulcijica'iio ; from
grophthalmici. The Meibomian glands. dulcis, sweet, and facio, to make. A term
Ductus Inciso'rius. A small canal applied to the act of mixing mineral acids
leading from the foramen incisivum into with alcohol for the purpose of diminish-
the cavity of the nares. ing their caustic and corrosive proper-
Ductus Lachryma'lis. The lachry- ties.

mal duct. DUMASINE. An empyreumatic oil

Ductus Lactif'eri. The excretory obtained by rectifying acetone derived from

ducts of the glandular substance of the fe- the acetates.
male breasts. DUMBNESS. Aphonia. Inability to
Ductus Nasa'lis. The ducts which utter articulate sounds.
convey the tears from the lachrymal sac to DUMOSE. From dumus, a bush. A
the nose. term applied in Botany to a low shrub
Ductus Omphalo Mesenter'icus. Duct much branched.
leading from the umbilical vesicle to the DUODENITIS. Inflammation of the
intestine in the human ovum, and becom- duodenum.
ing afterwards a constituent of the umbili- DUODE'NUM. From duodeni, twelve;
cal cord. so called because it was supposed it did
Ductus Pancreat'icus. The pancre- not exceed the breadth of twelve fingers.
atic duct. The first part of the intestinal canal.
Ductus Rorif'erus. Thoracic duct. DUO-STER'NAL. A name given by
Ductus Saliva 'lis Inferior. Ductus Beclard to the second bone of the sternum.
Whartonianus. DUPLEX. Double; two-fold.
Ductus Saliva'lis Superior. Ductus DU'PLICATE. Duplicatus. Doubled.
Stenonius. DU'PLICATURE. Duplicatu'ra; from
Ductus Steno'stis. The Stenonian or duplex, double, two-fold. In Anatomy, a
parotid duct. reflection of a membrane upon itself.

Ductus Thoracicus. Thoracic duct. DUPUYTREN, COMPRESSOR OF.

Ductus Umbilica'lis. Umbilical cord. An instrument for compressing the femoral
Ductus Urin^e. The ureter. artery, consisting of a semicircle of steel
Ductus Veno'sus. Canalis venoms. A with a pad at each end, which, acting only
venous canal, forming in the foetus a com- on the thigh, does not impede the collat-
munication between the umbilical and left eral circulation like the tourniquet.

hepatic veins. It becomes obliterated after DU'RA MATER. Durameninx; from

birth. durus, hard. A thick, semi-transparent,
Ductus Whartonian'us. Called so membrane, of a pearly-white
sero-fibrous
name of its discoverer.
after the The ex- color,which invests the brain, lines the
cretory duct of the submaxillary gland. cranium, and contains the spinal marrow.
Ductus Wirtsungi. The Pancreatic DURA'MEN. The heart wood of a
duct. tree.
DUEL'LA. Ancient weight of eight DURUS. Hard.
scruples. D UTCH DROPS. A preparation of oil
DULCE'DO AMO'RIS. Clitoris. of turpentine, tincture of guaiac, spirits of
Dulcedo Saturni. White lead. nitric ether, oil of amber and oil of cloves.
Dulcedo Sputorum. A term ap- DUTCH GOLD. An alloy of copper
plied by Frank to that form of ptyal- and zinc.
ism in which the saliva has a sweetish or DUTCH MINERAL. Copper beaten
mawkish taste. out into very thin leaves.
DULCAMA'RA. From dulcis, sweet, DUTCH PINK. Chalk or whiting,
and amarus, bitters. Bitter-sweet ; woody dyed yellow with a decoction of birch
night-shade. See Solanum Dulcamara. leaves, French berries and alum.
 DYS 242 DYS
DWALE. The deadly nightshade. See culty of motion, as in the case of rheuma-
Atropa Belladonna. tism, or paralysis.

DWARF. Nanus. An animal or plant DYSCOPHO'SIS. From fog, with dif-

whose average height is greatly inferior to ficulty, and ko(j)ou s I am deaf. Impair-
the species to which it belongs. ment of the sense of hearing.
Dwarf Elder. A plant of the genus DYSCO'RIA. From fog, and Kopn, the
Sambucus. See Sambucus Ebulus. pupil. Irregularity of the pupil.
DYES. Coloring matters obtained from DYSCRA'SIA. From 5vg, and upamg,
vegetable substances. temperament. A bad temperament, or
DYNAMIC. Dynam'icus ; from fova- habit of body.
fug, strength, power. In Biology, that DYSECCE'A. From fog, and okov, hear-
which relates to the vital forces, increased ing. Deafness ; hard of hearing.
action or force, and used in contradistinc- DYSEME'SIA. Painful and ineffectual
tion to adynamic. In Pathology, synony- efforts at vomiting.
mous with sthenic. DYS'ENTERY. Dysente'ria; from (for,

DYNAMICS. The science of motion ;

with difficulty, and evrepou, intestine.
or a treatise on the laws and results of mo- Bloody flux, diarrhoea attended by excre-
tion. tion of blood. Inflammation of the large
DYNAMOM'ETER. An instrument intestines, fever, and painful tenesmus.
for measuring the comparative muscular The stools are mostly mucus, sometimes
power of man and animals, or of man or streaked with blood, and mixed with hard
animals at different periods, and in differ- substances, called scybala.
ent conditions. DYSEPULOT'IC. Dysepulotus ; from
DYS. From fog, difficult, faulty. Used fog, and env?.ou, to cicatrize. Applied in
as a prefix, and often signifying painful ; in Pathology to ulcers difficult to be healed.
ordinary cases it implies negation, as dys- DYSGENNE'SIA. From fog, and yeve-
ecxa, want of hearing. oog, generation. Lesion of the functions
DYSESTHESIA. From A*, with dif- or organs of generation.
ficulty, and aiotiavofiai, I feel. Diminished DYSGEU'SIA. From fog, and yevmg,
sensibility, or abolition of the senses. taste. A morbid condition, or impair-
DYSESTHESIA. A term, in Gul- ment, of the sense of taste.
len's Nosology, used to designate an order DYSHiE'MIA. From
fog, and aifia,

of diseases, the first in the class debilitates, blood. Depraved condition of the blood.
characterized by an impairment or exten- DYSHEMORRHOJl'A. From fog, with
sion of one or all of the senses. difficulty, and aifioppoig, the piles. Diffi-
DYSANAGO'GOS. Difficulty of ex- culty in the hemorrhoidal flux.
pectoration on account of viscidity of the DYSHAPH'IA.
From fog, and •*,
sputa. Impairment of the sense of touch.
touch.
DYSANNARRHOPHE'SIS. Dimin- DYSHI'DRIA. From fog, and ifoug,
ished absorption. sweat. Morbid condition of the perspiration.
DYSCATABRO'SIS. Difficult degluti- DYSLALIA. From fog, and Tialca,
tion. speech. Difficult or indistinct articulation
DYSCATAPO'SIS. Difficulty of swal- of words.
lowing liquids. DYSLYSIN. A resin obtained by de-
DYSCHRCE'A. From fog, and xpoia, composing choloidic acid with dilute hy-
color. Morbid change in the color of the drochloric acid and alcohol.
skin. DYSMASE'SIS. From foe, and (mori-
DYSCHE'ZIA. Difficult and painful otg, mastication. Difficult mastication.
defecation. DYSMENORRHEA. From fog, and
DYSCINE'SIA From fog, with diffi- frrjvoppoia, the menses. Difficult, or re-
culty, and klveu, I move. Loss or diffi- tarded menstruation.
 EAR 243 EAR
DYSMNE'SIA. From fog, bad, and fivrj- culty, and Qayu, I eat. Difficult or im-
cig, memory. Impaired or defective mem- peded deglutition.
ory. Dysphagia Consteic'ta. Dysphagia
DYSO'DIA. Avoudca, fetor. Diseases pharyn'gea ; dysphagia cesophagea. Stric-
attended with foetid emanations. ture of the oesophagus, or pharynx.
DYSODONTI'ASIS. From 6vg, with DYSPHO'NIA. From dvg, badly, and
difficulty, and odovnaoig, dentition. Diffi- (jxjvij, the voice. Alteration in the state of
cult dentition. the voice ; difficulty in the production and
DYSO'PIA. From fog, bad, and uf, articulation of sounds.
an eye. Defective vision. Inability to DYSPHO'RIA. From fog, and fopeu,
see except in an oblique direction. to The restlessness and anxiety
bear.
DYSOREX'IA. From Ac, with diffi- which accompany many diseases.
culty, and ope£cg, appetite. Depraved ap- DYSPNCE'A. From fog, with diffi-

petite. culty, and nveu, I breathe. Difficult re-

DYSOS'MIA. From fog, with diffi- spiration ; shortness of breath.
culty, and oona, smell. Diminished sense Dyspncea Convuls'iva. Asthma.
of smell. DYSSPERMATIS'MUS. From fog, and
DYSOSPHRE'SIA. From fog, with onep/iano/iog, emission. Impeded or slow
difficulty, and oa^ptjaig, the sense of smell. emission of semen during coition.
An impaired condition of the sense of DYSTHETTCA. From foo&eriKa, a bad
smell. state of body. A bad habit of body. The
DYSOSTOSIS. From A*, and ooteov, fourth order in the class Hcemalica of Dr.
a bone. A faulty conformation, or dis- Good, including cachexies.
eased condition of bone. DYSTHYM'IA. From fog, bad, and
DYSPEP'SIA. From fog, with diffi- Qvfiog, mind. Despondency of mind. Mel-
culty, and irenTo, I concoct. Indigestion. ancholy.
Weak or impaired digestion ; a disease DYSTO'CIA. Dystochia ; from fog , and
consisting, usually, of a want of appetite, TucTo, to bring forth. Difficult parturition.

eructations, pyrosis, a painful burning DYSTOCOLO'GIA. From 6vg, and

sensation and transient distension in the toyog, a discourse. A treatise on difficult

region of the stomach sometimes accom-

;
parturition.
panied by flatulence and frequently by DYSTCECHIA'SIS. From fog, and
constipation of the bowels or diarrhoea, oroixog, a row. A vicious disposition of
together with a long train of nervous the eyelashes.
symptoms and other disagreeable concomi- DYSU'RIA. From fog, with difficulty,

tants. and ovpov, urine. Difficulty of voiding the

DYSPHAGIA. From fog, with diffi- urine.

E.

EAGLE-STONE. An old pharmaceu- hending the auricle, and meatus auditorius

tical term applied to globular clay, iron externus middle, which includes the tym-;

stone, called lapis ostites. panum and its connections and the in- ;

Eagle-Wood, jfltites. A fragrant wood ternal, which includes the semi-circular

used in the East for burning as incense. canals, cochlea, vestibule and whole laby-

EAR. Auris. The organ of hearing, rinth.

which is divided into external, compre- Ear Pick. A small scoop and probe
 EAU 244 ECC
ased for the removal of hardened cerumen Eau de Javelle. A solution of chlo-
from the meatus auditorius externus. ride of soda.
Ear Trumpet. An instrument used Eau de Luce. Succinated spirit of am-
by persons partially deaf for collecting and monia.
increasing the intensity of sound. Eau de Naphre. A water obtained by
Ear- Wax. Cerumen, aurium. distillation from the leaves of the bitter or-
Ear-Ache. Otalgia. ange.
EARTH. In Chemistry, the earths are Eau de Rabel. Aqua reibelii. A mix-
certain metallic oxyds, of which there ture of concentrated sulphuric acid and al-
are nine, namely, baryta, strontia, lime, cohol.
magnesia, alumina, glucina, zirconia, yttria Eau de Vie. Brandy.
and thorina. EBEAUPIN SPRING. A chalybeate
Earth, Aluminous. Alumina, or clay. spring, containing carbonic acid, carbon-
Earth of Bones. Phosphate of lime. ates of lime and magnesia, in the depart-
Earth, Bolar. Argillaceous earth of ment of Loire Inferieure, near Nantes.
a pale but bright-red color. See Bole, Ar- EBENACE^E. Diospyros ebenum. The
menian. name of a family of plants allied to the
Earth, Fuller's. Cimolia purpures- ebony tree.
censes. • EBENUM. Ebe'nus. Ebony.
Earth, Heavy. Baryta. EBRAC'TEATE. In Botany, without
Earth, Japan. See Acacia Catechu. a bractea or floral leaf.
Earth Nuts. Bulbous substances pro- EBRIETY. Ebriatas; from ebrius, in-
duced by the roots of plants. The name toxicated. Intoxication by spirituous li-
is applied in England to the nut of Cono- quors.
podium flexuosum; in Egypt, to the round EBULLITION. Ebuttitio; from elnd-
tuber of Cyprus rotundus ; and in China, lire, liquid by
to boil. The motion of a
to the subterranean pods of AracJtis hy- which it gives off bubbles of vapor, pro-
pogcea. duced by heat or fermentation.
Earth-Worm. Lumbricns terrestris. EBUR. Ivory.
EARTHS, ABSORBENT. Earths which Ebur Ustum niorum. Ivory black.
have the property of neutralizing acids, as EBURNIFICA'TION. Eburna'tio; from
magnesia, chalk, &c. Ebur, ivory, and jio to be made. An
EATON'S STYPTIC. A solution of sul- incrustation of the articular surfaces of
phate of iron in alcohol, to which some bones with phosphate of lime, which gives
other ingredients have been added. them the hardness and whiteness of ivory.
EAU. The French name for water. It attends the latter stages of rachitis.
Eau D'Arquebusade. A vulnerary ECBALIUM OFFICINALIS. New
water formerly much used, consisting of name for Momordica elaterium.
alcohol distilled with various aromatic ECBO'LIC. From £K/3aJJl(j, to expel. In
herbs. Materia Mectica, medicines calculated to
Eau de Belloste. A compound of facilitate the expulsion of the fcetus in dif-
equal parts of muriatic acid, brandy and ficult parturition, or to cause abortion.
saffron, formerly used as a resolvent. ECBRAS'MATA. From eKppafr, to
Eau de Brocchieri. A styptic, said to make boil. Old term for an eruption of
be a solution of creasote. fiery pimples.
Eau de Carmes. The name of a French ECBYRSO'MA. Old name for a protu-
preparation used as a stomachic and stim- berance of a bone at the points appearing
ulant. through the skin.
Eau de Cologne. Cologne water ; a ECCATHAR'TIC. Cathartic.
perfumed spirit, originally prepared at Co- ECCEPHALO'SIS. Cephalotomy.
logne. ECCHELY'SIS. Expectoration.
 ; y

ECU 245 ECP

ECCHLO'MA. An extract. ECHFNOPS. Echi'nopus. A genus of

EC'CHYMA. Eczema. plants of the order Compositce.
ECCHYMO'MA. Prom m t
out of, and Echinops Sph^roceph'altjs. The
XVfiog, juice. Ecchymosis. globe-thistle.

Ecchymoma Antebio'sum. False aneu- ECHINORHYN'CUS. From eX ivog, a

rism. hedge-hog, and pv X og, a beak. genus A
ECCHYMO'SIS. From dqw, to pour of intestinal worms, of the order Acan-
out. A black or blue spot, occasioned by thocephalice. One species, the echinorhyn-
an extravasation of blood. cus bicornis, has been found in the human
ECCHY'SIS. Effusion. subject.
ECCLI'SIS. A luxation. ECHFNUS. The hedge-hog; also, ap-
EC'COPE. Excision of any part. plied to the prominent points on the sur-
ECCOPROT'IC. Eccoprot'icus; from e£, face of the pileus ofmushrooms.
and Konpog, excrement. Laxatives which Echinus Mari'nus. The sea-urchin.
simply remove the contents of the aliment- ECHTUM. A genus of plants of the
ary canal. order Boraginece.
ECCRINOL'OGY. Eccrinolog"ia; from Echium iEGYPTTA'cuM. Wall bugloss,
EKupivu, I separate, and "koyog
%
a discourse. the root of which is said to be sudorific.
A treatise on the secretions. ECLAMP'SIA. From EKkapjug, vivid
EC'CRISIS. Excretion of any kind. light. A term applied in Pathology to the
ECCRIT'ICA. Diseases of the excer- appearance of flashes of light before the
nent function. Also, medicines that act on eyes, occurring in some diseases ; also, to

the secretions. the epileptic convulsions of children, and to

ECCYE'SIS. From etc, and Kvr/aig, gra- puerperal convulsions.
vidity. Extra uterine foetation. ECLECTICS. Enlec'iicus; from e/c^o,
ECCYLIO'SIS. From ek, and kvTueiv, to I select. Writers who select from the va-
turn round. A disease of evolution or de- rious works, upon the same department of
velopment. science, such doctrines as seem most con-
EC'DORA. From ek, and fepu, I flay. formable to truth.
Excoriation, especially of the urethra. ECLEG'MA. From ek1eiX u, to lick. A
ECDO'RIUS. That which excoriates. pharmaceutical preparation of a soft con-
EC'DYSIS. Moulting. Desquamation. sistence and a sweet flavor ; a linctus.
ECHETRO'SIS. White bryony. EC'LYSIS. Exsolu'tio; from ekTlvo, I
ECH'INAT E. Echina'tus. In Botany, loosen. Faintness ;
prostration of strength.
bristly ; set with small sharp points ECON'OMY. From oma, a house, and
prickly. ve/iu, I rule. Literally, the management
ECHINOCOC'CUS. From eX ivog, a of household affairs. In Animal Physiol-
spine, and /co/c/coc, a cyst. A genus of Hy- ogy, the assemblage of laws which govern
datids or cystic Entozoons; one of the the organization of animals.
species is said by Rudolphi to infest the ECPHLY'SIS. Vesicular eruption. A
human subject. generic term, including herpes, eczema,
ECHIN'ODERMS. Echinoder'ma; from pompholyx and rupia.
£Xw°S, a sea-urchin, and Aspfia, skin. A ECPHRAC'TIC, Ecphracti'cus ; from
class of invertebrate animals with a cori- EKfpaaaco, to remove obstructions. Deob-
aceous skin, most commonly armed with struent.
tubercles or spines. ECPHRO'NIA. Insanity melancholy. ;

ECHINOPHTHAL'MIA. From EX ivog, ECPHY'MA. A cutaneous excrescence,

a hedge-hog, and ofytiakfiia, an inflamma- as a wart, corn, physconia, &c.
tion of the eye. Inflammation of the eye- ECPHYSE'SIS. From ek<jwo(iu, to blow.
lids, characterized by projection of the Hurried respiration, as of a person out of
eyelashes. breath.
 ;

ECT 246 EDE

EC'PHYSIS. Apophysis. They are seldom numerous
their base.

ECPIES'MA. From eKmeCu, and appear most frequently upon the ex-
I press out.
In Surgery, a fracture of the skull, with tremities, neck and shoulders. Three spe-
depression of the bone. cies are noticed, namely, ecthyma vulgare
;
ECPIES'MOS. From mtmntyt, I press ecthyma infantile and ecthyma luridum.
out. Protrusion of the eye from an af- ECTILLOT'ICUS. Having power to
flux of humors without increase of its vol- pull out. Applied to that which eradicates
ume. corns or hairs, as a depilatory.
ECPTO'MA. Ecpto'sis. A falling down of ECTO'MIA. Excision; amputation of
any part ; applied to luxations, expulsion any part.
of the secundines, falling off of gangren- ECTOPIA. From ek-tokoc, out of place.
ous parts, scrotal hernia and prolapsus Morbid displacement of any part ; luxa-
uteri. tion.

ECPYC'TICA. See Incrassantia. Ectopia A'ni. Prolapsus ani.

ECPYE'MA. From e«, out of, and ttuov, Ectopia Cok'dis. Displacement or un-
pus. Suppuration ; an abscess ; a collec- natural position of the heart.
tion of pus. ECTRIM'MA. In Pathology, ulceration
ECPYE'SIS. Ecpye'ma. From eicnveu, of the skin, especially of those parts of the
to suppurate. A generic term for suppura- body in contact with the bed after long
tive diseases of the skin. confinement.
ECPYE'TIC. Suppurative; promoting ECTRO'PIUM. Ectropion. From
suppuration. EKrptnu, I avert. Eversion of the eyelids,
ECREG'MA. In Pathology a segment or so that the inner surface is turned out.
rough fragment. Also, an eruption or pus- ECTRO'SIS. Ectro'ma. Miscarriage
tule. abortion.
ECREX'IS. Rupture; laceration, es- ECTROT'IC. That which is calculated
pecially of the vulva or womb. to cause abortion. Applied, also, to the
ECRHYTH'MOS. From «t, out of, treatment of disease, or that line of treat-
pv&ftoc, rhythm, irregular. In Pathology, ment which destroys at once the morbid
irregular pulse. action, without giving it a chance to in-
EC'RYSIS. Ecroe. From enpeu, I run volve the economy.
from. A discharge. ECZEMA. From e^eu, I boil out.
ECSARCO'MA. From e«, out of, and Heat ; eruption. A cutaneous eruption of
<rap|, flesh. A fleshy excrescence, or sar- small vesicles thickly crowded together,
coma. without any manifest inflammation.
EC'STASIS. From tfmrapm, I am be- Eczema Meucuria'l,e. Eczema rubrum.
side myself. An ecstasy. A total suspen- Eczema caused by the irritation of mer-
sion of sensibility and voluntary move- cury.
ments, with retarded vital action. Eczema of the Face. This sometimes
ECSTASY. Ecstases. occurs in advanced age, and in young chil-

ECSTATIC TRANCE. Catalepsy. dren.

EC'TASIS. Extension; expansion. Eczema of the Scalp. Scald head.
Ec'tasis I'eidis. That expansion of EDENTATA. Eden'tals. The name
the iris which occasions diminution of the of an order of mammals characterized by
pupil. the absence of the incisor, and, generally,
ECTEX'IS. Emaciation. Colliquation. of the cuspid teeth.
ECTHLIM'MA. Chafing or excoriation EDENTULOUS. Anodon'tos; anodous;
produced by external violence. from e, and dens, dentis, a
edentatus ;

ECTHYMA. From eictivu, I break out, tooth. Without teeth one who never had ;

as heat, &c. A cutaneous eruption of large, teeth, or one who has lost his teeth. The
round and distinct pustules, inflamed at causes which most frequently give rise to
 ;
;

EFF 247 EJA

the loss of the teeth, are caries and chronic into a pulverulent substance. In Botany,
inflammation of the gums and alveole-den- act of flowering. In Pathology, acute ex-
talmembranes. See Caries of the Teeth anthemata.
and Gums, Diseases of. EFFLUVIUM. From effluo, to flow
Although it is impossible completely to out. An exhalation, generally noxious or
remedy this defect, yet, to such a high state disagreeable.
of perfection has the prosthesis of these or- EFFRACTU'RA. Fracture of the cra-
gans been brought, that their loss is now nium with much depression.
replaced with artificial substitutes which EFFU'SION. From efundere, to pour
subserve a most valuable purpose. See out. In Pathology, extravasation of a
Artificial Teeth. fluid into a visceral cavity or into the cel-
EDES. Amber. lular tissue.
EDUCATION, PHYSICAL. The train- EGES'TA. From egero, to carry out.
ing of the body in such exercises as are The expulsion of faeces from the healthy
cal-
culated to give strength, vigor and health body. The excretions.
to all of its organs. EGG. The ovum of birds and oviparous
EDUL'CORANT. Edul'corans. Medi- animals.
cines which are supposed to deprive fluids Egg-Plant. The popular name of the
of their acrimony. solarium melongena.
EDULCORATION. Edulcora'tio. The EG'LANTINE. The popular name ap-
act of rendering substances mild, either by plied to the sweet-brier rose.
the affusion of water for the removal of EGOPH'ONIC. Pertaining to egophony.
their saline and other disagreeable qualities, EGOPH'ONY. JEgopho'nia ; from o^,
or by the addition of saccharine matter. a goat, and (puvij, the voice. Goat's voice.
EF'FERENT. Ef'ferens; from effero, I Applied by Laennec to the human voice
carry, I transport. Applied to vessels where it gives through the stethoscope a
which convey from glands, as the clear and acute sound, resembling the voice
fluids
tasa which carry lymph from of the goat, and which he regards as indic-
efferentia,
lymphatic glands to the thoracic duct, and ative pf moderate effusion into one of the
to nerves which convey the nervous influ- pleura?.
ence from the nervous centres of the cir- EGREGOR'SIS. Morbid watchfulness.
cumference. EGYPTIAN BEAN. The popular name
EFFERVES'CENCE. Effervesceritia of the fruit of the Nelumbium speciosum.
from effervescere, to boil over, to ferment. Egyptian Pebble. A species of Jasper.
In Chemistry, the commotion produced by EILAMI'DES. The meninges of the
the escape of gas from a liquid, at the or- brain.
dinary temperature of the atmosphere. In EILE'MA. A painful convolution of
Humoral Pathology, a supposed ebullition the intestines or tormina produced by flat-

of the blood or other fluids produced either ulence. Also used by Vogel to express a
by elevation of temperature, or the action fixed pain in the intestines, as if a nail
of the principles contained in them, on were driven into the part.
each other. EILEON. The ileum.
EFFERVESCING DRAUGHT. A car- EILEOS. Ileus.
bonated beverage, used, sometimes, as a EISANTHE'MA. Eruption on a mu-
vehicle for saline medicines. cous membrane, such as aphthae.
EFFETE'. Effaitus. Impoverished EISBOLE. The access of a disease or
worn out. of a particular paroxysm. Also, injection.
EF'FILA. Freckles. EISPNOE. Inspiration.
EFFLORES'CENCE. Efflora'tio ; from EJACULATION. IJjacula'tio ; from
Efflorescere, to blow as a flower. In Chem- ejaculare, to cast out. The act by which
istry, the spontaneous conversion of a solid the semen is darted through the urethra.
 ELA 248 ELE
EJAC'ULATORY. Ejac'ulans. Con- a plate, and Srjp, a beast. An extinct
cerned in the ejaculation of the semen. Pachydermatous animal, the type of a
Ejaculatory Ducts. The vessels new genus, with teeth of a laminated
which convey the semen to the urethra. structure, intermediate between the horse
EJECTION. Ejec'tio ; from ejicere, to and rhinoceros.
throw out. Excretion of the fajces, urine, ELATERIUM. Name given to a crys-
&c. tallizable substance distinct from Elatin,

ELABORATION. Elabora'tio ; from found in the juice of Elaterium.

e, and laborare, to work. In Physiology, ELASTIC. Elasti'cus; from ekamw,

the various changes which assimilative impulsion, itself from tkavvuv, to impel;
substances undergo, through the action to push. Endowed with elasticity.

of living organs, before they become sub- Elastic Fluid. A gas.

servient to nutrition. Elastic Gum. Caoutchouc.
ELiEAGNACE^E. A natural order ELASTICITY. A property in bodies
of shrubby, arborescent exogens, having which restores them to their original form,
leprous leaves, superior fruit, tubular ca- after having been made to deviate from it

lyx, and apetalous flowers. by external force.

EL^EOM'ETER. A delicate glass hy- ELATERS. In Botany, the loose spi-
drometer for estimating the purity of oils. ral fibres found in great numbers, mixed
EL^EOM'ELI. From eTmlov, oil, and with the sporules, in the conceptacles of
fieTii, honey. A purging oil, of a sweet some cryptogamic plants.
taste, obtained from the trunk of a tree in ELATE'RIUM. A substance deposited
Syria. from the juice of the wild cucumber. See
EL/EON. Oil. Momordica Elaterium.
ELiEOPHANES. From elaiov, oil, ELATIN. The active principle of ela-
and <paivo/iai, I appear. Having the ap- terium.
pearance of oil. EL'BOW. From ell, and boio. Ap-
ELiEO-SACCHARUM. From tUtov, plied to the articulation of the arm with
oil, and oaicxapov, sugar. A mixture of the forearm, and especially to the projec-
essential oil and sugar. tion formed by the ulna.
ELAIDINE. A substance resulting EL'CAJA. An Arabian tree, the fruit
from the action of nitrous acid upon olive, of which is emetic.
almond, and some other oils. It resembles ELCO'SIS. From eAKOf, an ulcer. Ul-
stearine. ceration. Applied by Sauvages to cachec-
ELAIN. From ekaiov, oil. Oleine. tic diseases attended with foetid, carious,
The oily principle of solid fats and oils. and chronic ulcers.
ELAIOD'IC ACID. One of the com- ELD'ER. See Sambucus.
pounds resulting from the saponification Elder, Dwarf. Sambucus ebulus.
of castor oil. Oleoricinic acid. ELECAMPANE. The popular name
ELAIS GUINEEN'SIS. A palm found of the Inula Helenium.
in Guinea and the West Indies, which ELECTIVE AFFINITY. See Affin-
yields an emollient, fatty substance. ity, Elective.
ELAOLITE. From e?mcov, oil, and ELECTRIC. Relating to, or contain-
xti9oa, stone. A mineral of a brittle, ing, electricity.
crystalline texture, greasy lustre, grayish, Electric Attraction. The attrac-
greenish or reddish shade, composed of tion which exists between certain electri-
silica, alumina and potassa. fied substances, as glass, amber, sealing-
ELA PIS. A subgenus of vipers. wax, sulphur, and other light bodies.
ELAS'MA. Old name for a clyster- Electric Aura. The current or breeze
pipe. produced by the discharge of electricity
ELASMOTHE'RIUM. From elaofiog, from a highly charged conductor. It has
 ELE 249 ELE
sometimes been employed as a mild stim- when it is made to pass through them.
ulant to delicate parts, as the eye. Also, the science which treats of the phe-
Electric Friction. The irritating ac- nomena of electricity.
tion produced by the reception of sparks Electricity, Voltaic. Galvanism.
from a person in the electrical bath through ELECTRIZERS, HARRINGTON'S.
flannel. Plates of copper and zinc, or silver and
Electric Fishes. A term applied to zinc, employed for medical purposes.
certain fish, the species of the class Pisces ELECTRO-BIOLOGY. One of the ali-
which have the power of discharging the ases of animal magnetism.
electric shock. Electro-Chemistry. That branch of
Electric Repul'sion. The repulsion science which treats on the application of
of light bodies from certain electrified sub- electricity as a chemical agent.
stances after having come in contact with Electro-Mag'netism. The science of
them. the mutual action of conductors and mag-
Electric Shocks. The partial and nets magnetic
; electricity.
rapid convulsions produced by the sudden ELECTRODE. The end of a wire
administration of a large amount of elec- which communicates with a voltaic circle,
tricity from the Leyden jar. commonly called a pole, is so termed by
ELECTRICAL. Pertaining to, or con- Faraday, because, as he believes, it serves
taining electricity. as a path or door to the electric current.
Electrical Battery. A number of ELECTRODYNAMICS. The action
Leyden jars placed in a box lined with tin of the conductors of electricity or galvan-
foil, and communicating with each other
ism upon each other when conveying this
by means of metallic rods. subtile agent.
Electrical Column. A species of elec- ELECTROL'YSIS. The direct decom-
trical pile consisting of thin plates of dif- position of bodies by galvanism.
ferent metals, arranged in pairs, with paper ELECTROLYTE. A substance under-
between them. going direct decomposition by the action
Electrical Machine. A mechanical of the electric current.
contrivance, consisting of a round plate or ELECTROM'ETER. An instrument
cylinder of glass, made to revolve upon its for measuring electricity.
axis, and pressed during each rotation by ELECTROPO'LAR. A term applied to
a cushion of leather covered with silk and a conductor in which one end or surface
smeared with an amalgam of tin and zinc. is positive while the other is negative.
There is also attached to the machine the ELECTROPH'ORUS. An instrument
prime conductor, usually made of brass and invented by Volta for collecting weak elec-
sustained by one or more glass legs. The tricity, consisting of a flat cake of resin
end nearest the glass plate or cylinder is and a disk of metal, of rather smaller
furnished with a number of small wires diameter, supplied with a glass handle,
which come in such immediate proximity used in electrical experiments, to show the
with it, that the electric condition of the generation of electricity by induction.
one is immediately transferred to the other. ELECTROPUNCTURE. The introduc-
ELECTRICITY. Electric 'Has ; from tion of two or more wires into any part of
rilenTpov, amber, the substance in which the body and then connecting them with
it was first discovered. A property which the poles of a galvanic battery.
certain bodies exhibit, either naturally or ELECTROSCOPE. An instrument for
when subjected to the action of various ex- the discovery of electrical excitement.
citants, causing them to attract or repel ELECTROTINT. A process by which
light bodies, emit sparks, or streams of an engraving may be made by the electro-
light, and to produce involuntary muscu- type from an original painted in thick
lar contraction in the bodies of animals colors.
 ELE 250 ELI

ELEC'TROTYrE. The precipitation, is flat or slightly concave on one side and

by means of convex on the other, attached to a straight
a galvanic current, of a metal,
from a solution, upon any metallic object or curved shank, according to the fancy of
immersed in it. the operator, or the part of the jaw on
ELECTRUM. Amber. which it is designed to be employed, and
ELECTUA'RIUM. An electuary; a inserted in a large, strong, ivory, wood, or
confection. pearl handle.
Electuarium Cassia. A confection of Elevator Ani. Levator ani.
cassia. Elevator, Goodwin's. An instru-
EL'EMENT. A substance which can- ment invented by Mr. C. T. Goodwin, of
not be divided or decomposed by chemical Philadelphia, for the extraction of the roots
analysis. of cuspid teeth. It is shaped something

ELEMI. Amyris demif'era. A fragrant like the punch, bent downward near the
resinous exudation from several species of point. With regard to the merits of the
Amyris. instrument the author is unable to speak,
ELEOSELTNUM. Apium graveolens. not having seen it.

EL'EPHANT. A genus of pachyder- Elevator La'bii Inferio'ris Pro'prius.

matous mammalia, comprehending two Levator labii inferioris.
species, the Elcphas Indicus, and the Ele- Elevator La'bii Superio'ris Pro'prius.
phas Africanus. Levator labii superioris ala^que nasi.
ELEPHANTIASIS. From ete<j>ac, an Elevator Labio'rum. Levator anguli
elephant. A chronic inflammation of the oris.

skin, occurring in warm climates, as in Af- Elevator Na'si Ala'rum. See Leva-
rica, the West Indies, Maderia, and the tor Labii Superioris Alaxpue Nasi.
Isle of France, in which the integument Elevator Oc'uli. Rectus superioris.
becomes rough, indurated, wrinkled and Elevator Pal'pebr^; Superio'ris. Le-
scaly, like the skin of an elephant, attended vator palpebral superioris.
by a diminution and sometimes a total loss Elevator Scap'ul^e. Levator scapula?.
of sensibility ; the formation of fissures in Elevator Testic'uli. The cremaster
the skin, ulcerations, &c. muscle.
EL'EPHAS. The elephant ; ivory. Elevator Ureth'rje. The transversus
ELETTA'RIA. A genus of plants of perinan muscle.
the order Zinziberacece. ELEVATO'RIUM. The elevator; a
Elettaria Cardamomum. The offi- surgical instrument.
cinal cardamom, the seeds of which are ELIQUA'TION. Liquation. In Met-
aromatic and gently pungent when chewed. allurgy, a process of separating two metals
ELEUTHERIA. Cascarilla bark. of different fusion points, by heating the
ELEVATOR. From devare, to lift up. mixture sufficiently to melt that metal
In Anatomy, a muscle whose function con- which fuses at the lower temperature,
the part into which it is in-
sists in raising when it runs out, leaving a porous cake of
serted. See Levator. In General Surgery, the more infusible metal. The same pro-
an instrument used to raise depressed por- cess is applied to the separation of fusible
tions of bone, especially of the cranium, or sulphurets, as that of antimony, from their
for the removal of the circle detached by ores. This operation is sometimes called
the trephine. In Dental Surgery, an in- In Pathology, colliquation.
leveating.
strument sometimes employed in the ex- ELIXA'TION. Elixatio; from elixus,
traction of roots of teeth. The elevator boiled, sodden. The act of boiling or seeth-
used in the last mentioned operation is of a ing.
pointed shape, bearing some resemblance ELIX'IR. Generally supposed to be
to the tongue of a carp, and is hence called from dekser, quintessence. A solution of
by the French dentists langue de carpe; it various medicinal substances, or their
 ;

ELI 251 ELY

active principle, in alcohol. It is analo- Elixir Vitje Mathi'oli. A tincture
gous to tincture. of twenty-two aromatic and stimulating
Elixir Acidum Halleri. A mixture substances formerly used in epilepsy.
of concentrated sulphuric acid and alcohol. Elixir Vitrioli. Aromatic sulphuric
Elixir Al'oes. Tincture of aloes and acid.
myrrh. ELIXIVIA'TION. Lixiviation.
Elixir Antiasthmat'icum Boerhaa- ELK. The cervus aids, or moos deer.
vii. Boerhaave's anti-asthmatic elixir, ELLA'GIC ACID. An acid obtained
composed of alcohol, aniseed, orris root, from nut-galls* distinct from gallic and
liquorice, elecampane, sweet flag and as- taanic acids.
arabacca. ELLYCHNIO'TOS. Old name for a
Elixir for the Teeth, Argelat's. liniment because made of the material
Take spirits of rosemary g viij, rad. py- from which torches or candles are formed.
rethrum § i. Put into a matrass, and in- ELM. The popular name of all the
fuse for some days, and filter. When used, trees belonging to the genus Ulmus.
mix with two parts water. ELMINTHO'COETON. Corallina Cor-
Elixir for the Mouth, Botet's. sicana.
Take spirits of wine, at 33°, two litres; ELO'DES. From eAof, a marsh, and
pounded cloves, cinnamon, green anise, etdog, resemblance. Marsh fever.
each 32 grammes; powdered cochineal, '
ELONGATION. Elongdiio ; from elon-
essence of peppermint, each 16 grammes. gare, to lengthen. In Surgery, an imper-
Elixir for the Mouth, Maury's. I£. fect luxation, in which the ligaments are
Root of ratania § viij, vulnerary alcohol stretched and the limb lengthened. Also,
lb iv, essential oil of English mint 3 iv, the extension required in the reduction of
essential oil of orange rind 3 i. Put the a dislocation or fracture.
bruised root into a matrass ;
pour over the ELUTRIA'TION. Elutria'tio; fromeZu-
alcohol, digest for 18 days, filter and add trio, to cleanse. In Chemistry and Phar-
the essential oils. Add 15 or 20 drops to macy, the separation of the light from the
a tumbler one-third full of water, and rub heavy particles of a powder by suspending
gums with it.-
the teeth and both in water, allowing the coarser grains
Elixir, Dr. Capon's Odontalgic. An to fall and decanting the fine powder.
composed of the oil of cloves, oil of
elixir ELU'VIES. From duo, to wash out.
thyme, opium, alcohol of roses, and Fron- A preternatural discharge of any fluid
tignac wine. also the fluid itself. Applied sometimes to
Elixir Paregoricum. Paregoric. lucorrhoea.
Elixir Pectora'le Ee'gis Da'nle. A ELYTRATRE'SIA. Imperforation of
mixture of liquorice, Fennel water and the vagina.
Ammoniated alcohol. ELYTRI'TIS. From elvrpov, the vagina,
Elixir Proprieta'tis. Compound tinc- and itis, inflammation. Inflammation of
ture of aloes. the vagina.
Elixir, Roger's Tonic, for the Mouth. ELYTROCE'LE. From elvrpov, an en-
An composed of the following ingre- velope, and jfla&e, a tumor. Vaginal hernia.
elixir

dients vulnerary water, rhatany root, oil

: ELYTROIDE. From elvrpov, and eidoc,
of English mint, oil of orange peel, and resemblance. The tunica vaginalis.
alcohol. ELYTRON. From elvio, I involve. A
Elixir Sacrum. Tincture of rhubarb sheath; the vagina. In Anatomy, the
and aloes. membranes enveloping the spinal marrow
Elixir Salu'tis. Compound tincture are called elvrpa. In Zoology, the coriace-
of senna. ous envelope which sheathes the inferior
Elixir Stomach'icum. Compound tinc- or membranous wing of Coleopterous and
ture of gentian. Orthopterous insects.
 EMB 252 EME
ELYTRON'CUS, From slvrpov, and EMBAM'MA From EjiQa-nrw, I immerse
.

0-yK.og, a tumor. A swelling or tumor of in. A medical condiment, or sauce in

the vagina. which the food is dipped.
ELYTIIOPLAS'TY. Operation for the EMBOITEMENT. A French word,
cure of vesico-vaginal fistula, consisting of applied by Bonnet to that hypothesis of
transplanting skin from the labia or nates. generation which considers the embryos of
ELYTROPTO'SIS. From e?,vt P ov, a successive periods for hundreds of years, as
sheath, and nruaig, fall. Applied to inver- encased within one another, each possessed
sion and prolapsus vagina. of a complete series of organized parts.
ELYTRORRHA'GIA. From slvrpov, EMBON'POINT. A French word sig-
and pyyvv/u, to burst forth. Vaginal hem- nifying in good condition, or in full health.

orrhage. EMBROCATION. Emh-oca'tio; from

ELYTRORRHCEA. From and ep/3pex u , I sprinkle.
elvipov, A fluid application,
pso, to flow. Passive hemorrhage from especially a liniment, to be rubbed on any
the vagina also a mucous discharge from part of the body.
;

the vagina. EMBROCHE. Embrocation.

ELYTROR'RHAPHY. From elvrpov, EM'BRYO.
Em'bryon; from E/i/3pv<o, I
and patyn, a suture. The restoration of the grow. The foetus in utero, during the early
vagina by suture in cases of fissure and stages of its development. Also the germ
prolapsus. of a tooth or of a plant.
EMACIATION. Emaeia'iio; from em- EMBRYOG'RAPHY. Embryograph'ia;
aciare, to grow lean. Wasting of the flesh. from efiflpvov, the embryon, and ypatyn, a de-
The condition of a person who is losing scription. An anatomical description of the
flesh. Becoming lean. embryo.
EMANATION. Emana'tio ; from em- EMBRYOL'OGY. Embryolog'ia; from
anare, to issue from. A
term applied to s/jfipvov, and Aoyog, an account A descrip-
fluid or gaseous bodies, which proceed, or tion of, or treatise on, the embryo.
orginate from other bodies, as light from EMBRYOTHLASTES. Embryothlas'-
the sun, odors from plants, and miasmata, ta; from e/i(3pvov, the embryo, and -dlavu, to
from the decomposition of animal and veg- crush. In Obstetrics, an instrument for
etable substances. crushing the dead foetus to facilitate its re-

EMAN'SIO MEN'SIUM. Amenorrhoea, moval in difficult parturition.

usually applied to that form of the disease EMBRYOTOMY. Embryotom'ia ; from
in which the patient has never menstruated. e/ifipvov, the embryo, and 7f.fj.vw, to cut. In
EMAR'GINATE. In Botany, notched Obstetric Surgery, the dismembering of
in a peculiarmanner at the apex. In Zo- the foetus in utero in order to its removal.
ology, having the margin broken by an ob- EMBRYUL'CIA. From e^pvov, and
tuse notch on the segment of a circle and eIkw, to draw.
; The removal of the dead
in Mineralogy, having all the ridges of the foetus with a blunt hook.
primitive forms truncated, each by one EMBRYUL'CUS. From evppvov, and
face. e2.ko), to draw. The blunt hook forceps
EMAS'CULATE. Emascula'tus. A male for the extraction of the foetus from the
deprived of the generative power. uterus.
EMASCULATION. Emascula'iio; from EM'ERY. A variety of corundum char-
emasculare, to render impotent. The act acterized by extreme hardness. The pow-
of destroying or removing the male genera- der is used for cutting and polishing glass,

tive organs. and in the composition of wheels for grind-

EMBALMING. The preservation of ing porcelain teeth.
the dead body, which among the Egyptians Emery Wheels. " Wheels varying in
was usually done by saturating every part thickness from an eighth to three-quarters
with asphaltum. of an inch, and in diameter from one to
 EMI 253 BMP
nine or ten inches, composed of shellac and EMISSO'RIUS. Emissory ; that which
emery. They are employed in the me- conveys any fluid out of the body.
chanical laboratory of the dentist for grind- EMMEN AGOGUES. Emmenago'ga ;
ing porcelain or mineral teeth. When from e/i/JTjvia, and ayu, I drive,
the menses,
well made they are preferable to any other or expel. Medicines which promote or fa-
grinding wheel, except the corundum, used vor the discharge of the menses.
for this purpose. EMME'NIA. The menses.
EM'ESIS. Eme'sia. The act of vomit- EMMENOLOGTA. From e/i/irivia, the
ing. menses, and ?<oyog, a discourse. A treatise
EMETATROPHTA. Atrophy induced on menstruation.
by vomiting. EMOL'LIENTS. EmoUien'tia; from emol-
EMETIC. Emet'ieum ; from efieu, I lire, to soften or relax. Substances which
vomit. A substance capable of exciting soften or relax inllammed parts, as bland
cmcsis. oils, fomentations, cataplasms, &c.
Emetic Tartar. Tartarized antimony. EMOTION. Emo'tio. Affection of the
Emetic Weed. Lobelia inflata. mind. Delirium.
EM'ETIN. Emeti'na. The active prin- EMPATHE'MA. EprafoK ; from vra-
ciple of ipecacuanha. ST)fia } passio, ajfectio. Ungovernable pas-
EM'ETO-CATHAR'TIC. Em'eto-cath- sion.
ar'ticus. A medicine which excites vomit- EMPEI'RIA. Empericism ; medicine
ing and purging at the same time. founded exclusively upon observation.
EMINENCE. Eminen'tia. A projec- EM'PHLYSLS. From ev, in, and#to«f,
tion or protuberance on the surface of an a vesicular tumor or eruption. Vesicular
organ. eruption, with a discharge of an acrid fluid,
EMINEN'TIA ANNULARIS. The as in aphtha, erysipelas, pem})higus, &C.
pons varolii. EMPHRAC'TICUS. EnqJirac'tic; from
EMINENTI^) CANDICAN'TES. The EfKppaTTu, I close, I obstruct. A medicine
corpora albicantia of the brain. which closes the pores of the skin when
Eminentee Lenticula'res. The cor- applied to it.

pora striata. EMPHRAG'MA. That which obstructs.

Eminenti^: Magn^e Cereb'ri. The Emphragma Lachhyma'le. Fistula
thalami opticorum. lachrymalis.
Eminenti^e Quadrigem'in.e. The tu- Emphragma Saliva're. Ranula.
bercula quadrigemina. EMPHRAXTS. Obstruction of any
EMISSA'HIA. From emiltere, to send cavity or canal.
or let out. A term applied in Anatomy to EMPHY'MA. A tumor, or morbid
excretory ducts. growth.
Emissa'ria DrjRRiE Mat'is. The pro- EMPHYSE'MA. From e^voau, I in-
cesses of duramater which accompany the An elastic, crepitant swelling, caused
flate.

cerebral nerves through the cranial fora- by the introduction of air or other aeriform
mina. fluid into the cellular texture.
Emissaria Santori'ni. The minute Emphysema Abdominis. See Tympan-
veins which communicate with the sinuses ites.

of the dura matter through the foramina Emphysema of the Lungs. Infiltra-

of the cranium, and may, sometimes, con- tion of the intercellular texture of the lungs
vey to the exterior the blood circulating with air.

within. Emphysema Pec'toris. See Pneumo-

EMIS'SION. Emis'sio ; from emiltere, thorax.
to send out, drive out. The act by which EMPIR'IC. Empiri'cus; from efmnpia,
matter of any kind is thrown from the experience. Formerly applied to one who,
body. in the practice of physic, followed experi-
17
 EMP 254 EMP
who de-
ence alone, but, at present, to one Emplastrum Galbani Compos'itum.
viates from the course pursued hy regular U. S. Compound plaster of galbanum.
practitioners, and vends nostrums. The Emplastrum Gummo'sum. Ed. Gum
term is used in nearly the same sense as plaster.
that of charlatan, or quack. Emplastrum Hydrar'gyri. U. S.,
EMPIRICISM. The practice of empir- Lond., Ed. Mecurial plaster.
ics. Quackery. Emplastrum Hydrar'gyri Compos'i-
EMPLASTICUS. An emphractic. tum. Ph., Dub. A mercurial plaster, with
EMPLAS'TRUM. From e/iirfaeoo, I resin.
spread upon. A plaster. A solid glutin- Emplastrum Lithar'gyri. Emplas-
ous compound, which at the ordinary tem- trum plumbi. Litharge plaster.
perature of the body, adheres to the part Emplastrum Norimbergen'se. Anoint-
on which it is placed. ment of red lead, wax, oil and camphor.
Emplastrum Adile'sivum. Emplastrum Emplastrum Opii. U. S. An opium
resince. Resin jester; adhesive plaster. plaster.
Emplastrum Adile'sivum An'glicum. Emplastrum Pi'cis. Lond., Ed. Em-
Court plaster. plastrum picis compos'itum. Compound
Emplastrum Ammoni'aci. U. S. An pitch plaster.
ammoniac plaster. Emplastrum Pi'cis Cum Cantharide.
Emplastrum Ammoniaci Cum Hy- Plaster of pitch, with Spanish flies.

drar'gyro. Lond. A plaster composed of Emplastrum Plum'bi. U. S., Lond.

ammoniac, mercury, olive oil and sulphur. Lead plaster.
Emplastrum Aromati'cum. Dub. Emplastrum Plumbi Carbona'tis.
Aromatic plaster. Plaster of carbonate of lead.
Emplastrum Asafce'tidje. U. S. Em- Emplastrum Resi'n^:. U. S., Lond.
plastrum antihyster'icum. An asafcetida Resin plaster.
plaster. Emplastrum Sapo'nis. U. S. Soap
Emplastrum T>elladon'n2e. U. S. A plaster.
plaster of belladonna. Emplastrum Saponis Compos'itum.
Emplastrum Calefa'ciens. Dub. A Adhesive plaster.
calefacient plaster. Emplastrum Sim'plex. Ed. Emplas-
Emplastrum Cantiiar'idis. Lond. A trum cera. Wax plaster.
plaster of Spanish
flies. Emplastrum Thu'ris Compos'itum.
Emplastrum Cantharidis Compos'i- Compound frankincense plaster.
tum. Ed. Compound plaster of Spanish Emplastrum Vesicato'rium. Emplas-
flies. trum cantharidis. Plaster of Spanish flies.

Emplastrum Ce'r^e. Lond. A wax EMrO'RIUM. A mart. The brain was

plaster. formerly so called because all the affairs of
Emplastrum A
French prepa- the mind are transacted there.
Cicu't2e.
ration of pitch plaster, with hemlock pow- EMPRES'MA. From efinpri^u, I burn
der. within. Visceral inflammation; inflam-
Emplastrum Cumi'ni. Lond. Cumin mation of any of the viscera.
plaster. EM'PRION. From ev, and npuov, a saw,
Emplastrum Diach'ylon. Emplas- Applied by some of the older
serrated.
trum. plumbi. Litharge plaster. writers to a pulse in which the strokes of
Emplastrum Epispas'ticum. Emplas- the artery are unequally distended.
trum cantharidis. Blistering plaster. EMPROSTHOT'ONOS. From e/jirpoc-

Emplastrum Fer'ri. U. S., Ed. Iron #ev, forward, and reivu, I stretch, I ex-
plaster. Strengthening plaster. tend. A form of tetanus, in which the
Emplastrum Gal'bani. Dub. Gal- body is drawn forward.
ban um plaster. EMPSYCHO'SIS. From e^vxou, I an-
 EMU 255 ENA
imate, I vivify. The act of animating. Emulsion of Asafcetida. Asafcetida
The union of soul and body. mixture.
EMPTO'SIS. Emulsion, Camphorated. See Emul-
Imbibition. Endosmosis.
EMPTY'SBS. . From Camphorata.
efimvi-), I spit out. sio

Haemoptysis spitting of blood.

; Emulsion of Gum Ammoniac. Am-
EMPYE'MA. From ev, within, and moniac mixture.
ttvov, pus. A collection of pus in the cav- Emulsion of Gum Arabic. Mucilage
ity of the pi ura. of gum arabic.
EMPYE'SIS. Suppuration. A phleg- EMUL'SIVE. Applied to seeds and
monous eruption, in which the pimples the kernels of nuts which yield oil when
gradually fill with purulent fluid, and af- pressed. ,

ter awhile dry up, leaving thick scabs. EMUNC'TORY. Emuncto'rium ; from
EMTYOCE'LE. From ev, in, ttvov, pus, emungere, to drain off. Any excretory
and Kyty, a tumor. A tumor of the scro- organ of the body, or cavity, containing
tum formed by a collection of pus. fluids to be excreted.
EMPYOM'PHALUS. From ev, in, ttvov, EMUN'DANS. Cleansing or purifying;
pus, and ontyaloc, the navel. A suppura- applied to washes for ulcers.
ting tumor under the navel, or umbilical EMUNDAN'TIA. Detergents.
hernia. EMYS PALUS'TRIS. Salt-icater Ter-
EMPYOS. Purulent. rapin. A turtle found in salt and brack-
EMPYltEAL AIR. Oxygen gas. ish waters along the Atlantic coast of the
EMPYREU'MA. From e/nrvpevu, I United States.
kindle. A peculiar offensive odor which ENTE'MOS. A topical application for
animal and other substances contract when arresting hemorrhage, by agglutinating
decomposed by being exposed to a heat in the parts.
a closed vessel. ENiEORE'MA. From ev, in, and aiu-
EMPYREUMATTC. EmpyreumaUcus. P«j, I lift up, that which hangs or floats
Possessing the qualities of empyreuma, as in. A deposit floating in the urine.
an empyreumatic smell or taste. ENAM'EL. A vitreous substance used
Empyreumatic Oil. Oil derived from for painting on porcelain, glass, and for
the destructive distillation of animal mat- covering metals with various kinds of
ters. ornamental work. It is composed of col-
EMUL'GENT. Emul'gens; from emnl- oring matters which consist of metallic
gere, to milk out, to draw out. The renal oxyds, fluxes of verifiable substances, as
artery and vein are so called, because the silicates, borates, or boro-silicatcs. See
ancients imagined they strained, or milked Porcelain Teeth.
the urine through the kidneys. Enamel of the Teeth. Cortex siria'ia ;
EMUL'SIN. Albumen of almonds. adaman'tina den'tium ; crusta denthtm ada-
EMUL/SIO. An emulsion. man'tina ; substantia vitrca. A seemingly
Emulsio Acacle. Gum Arabic emul- semi-vitreous substance which covers the
sion. crown and extends to the neck of a tooth.
Emulsio Amyg'dalje. Almond emul- It is the hardest of all animal substances,
sion almond milk.
;
is usually of a pearly milk-whito color,

Emulsio Camphor a'ta. An emulsion and extremely smooth and glossy on its
composed of camphor, blanched sweet surface. Like dentine, it varies in den-
almonds, refined sugar and water. sity, being much harder on some teeth

EMUL'SION. Emul'sio. A medicine than others ; it is thickest on those parts-

of a milky- white appearance, composed of most exposed to friction, as on the protu-
oil and mucilage. berances of the molars, the cutting edges
Emulsion, Almond. Mistura amyg- of the incisors, and the cusps of the bicus-
dalae ; almond mixture. pids and cuspidati, and is thinnest towards
 ; :

ENA 256 ENA

the neck. The structure of the enamel is diverge from each other, shorter comple-
fibrous ; its fibres radiating from the den- mental ones fill up the interspaces. Each
an arrange-
tine to the surface of the tooth, fibre is l-5000th of an inch in thickness,
ment by which immense strength and and is marked throughout its entire course
power of sustaining great pressure, are by faint, close set, transverse stria?. When
given to it. a section of enamel includes several fibres
In describing the microscopic structure in its thickness, certain of the overlapping
of the enamel of the human tooth, Pro- curves intercept a portion of light, and
fessor Owen says, it " consists of long and occasion the appearance of dusky, brown-
slender, solid, prismatic, for the most part ish waves. Another appearance, more
hexagonal, fibres of phosphate, carbonate immediately related to the formation of
and Uuate of lime," which " are essentially enamel, is produced by lines crossing the
the contents of extremely delicate mem- enamel-fibres, parallel with the outer mar-
branous tubes, originaly sub-divided into gin of the enamel, but not always parallel
minute depressed compartments or cells, with that attached to the dentine. These
of which membranes scarcely a trace can lines are not of equal clearness, but are
be detected in fully formed teeth. The very nearly equi-distant, being about
fibres are arranged closely together, side l-2000th of an inch apart ; they are more
by side, with occasional narrow angular plainly scon in transverse sections of the
Assures, or interspaces, which are most crown than longitudinal sections, and they
common between the ends nearest the den- have the same relation to the fibres of the
.tine ; their general direction is perpendicu- enamel which the contour-lines of the den-
lar to the surface of the dentine, where the tine bear to the calcigerous tubes. With-
ends of the prisms are fixed in shalluw de- out doubt they indicate, in like manner,
pressions ; the opposite and larger ends strata of segments of the fibres and stages
form the exposed surface of the enamel in the formation of the substance. Where
the fibres proceeding to the horizontal mas- these strata, which are arranged very ob-
ticating surface are, therefore, vertical ; the liquely to the vertical surface of the den-
greater number, whioh are directed to the tine, cross out upon that surface, they
circumference of the crown, are horizontal, occasion those waves, transverse annular
or nearly so ; every fibre, as a general rule, markings which Leeuwenhoek no-
delicate

having, like the tubes of the dentine, that ticedupon the exterior of the enamel, and
direction which is best adapted for resisting which he supposed to indicate successive
either the external force of mastication or stages in the jn'otrusion of the tooth
the effects of lateral pressure. Besides the through the gum, in taking its place in
minute pits corresponding with the inner the dental series."
•
ends of the enamel fibres, the outer surface Mr. Nasmyth has demonstrated with the
of the dentine sometimes presents larger microscope that the enamel of the human
depressions The enamel fibres tooth, as well as the dentinal part, is cel-

describe a fiexuous course, the curves lular. Each cell " is of a semi-circular
being much stronger and shorter than the form, and the convexity of the semi-circle
primary curves of the dentinal tubes. The looks upward toward the free external
parallelism of the fibres continues over a portion of the tooth." Thus, by this most
much smaller extent of any part of the peculiar structural arrangement, a capa-
enamel than that of the calcigerous tubes bility of resisting mechanical force is im-
in the dentine in some parts of the
: parted to the enamel, which its simple
enamel they curve in opposite directions fibrous structure would wholly fail to
to one another, like the vane of a feather. supply.
Sometimes the fibres may be traced through The chemical composition, according to
the entire thickness of the enamel ; where Berzelius, in every 100 parts of enamel is,

they fall short, and where the larger fibres to wit

 ENC 257 ENC
Phosphate of lime, 85.3 ENCEPHAL'IC. Encephal'iciis ; from
l
Fluate of lime, 3.2 sv, in, /c^aA^, the head. Relating to the
Carbonate of lime, 8.0 encephalon.
Phosphate of magnesia, 1.5 ENCEPHALA'TA. The great sub- king-
Soda and muriate of soda, 1.0 dom of vertebrata in which the brain is

Animal matter and water, 1.0 protected by a bony case.

ENCEPHALITIS. Inflammation of
100. the brain.
These proportions, however, are not al- Encephalitis Exsudato'ria. Hydro-
ways the .same. They vary in the enamel cephalus interims.
of the teeth of different individuals. ENCEPHALOCE'LE. From ey/c^aAof,
Enamel of Porcelain Teeth. See the brain, and, ktjTit], hernia. Hernia cer-
Porcelain Teeth. ebri. Fungus cerebri.
ENANTE'SIS. The confluence or near ENCEPHALOID. From s ixapayo?, and
approach of ascending and descending eiSoi, resemblance. Cerebriform. This
blood vessels. term is applied by Laennec to a species of
ENANTHE'SIS. Enanthe'ma; from ev,morbid substance which frequently consti-
in, and avdeu, I flourish. An eruption on tutes the mass of scirrhous or cancerous
the skin ; rash exanthem, including scarlet tumors, because of its resemblance to the
fever, measles and urticaria. medullary substance of the brain.
ENARTHRO'SIS. From ev, in, and ENCEPHALO'MA. Fungus cerebri.
apdpov, a joint. A species of diarthrosis, ENCEPHALOMALA'CIA. Mollities
in which the round head of one bone is re- cerebri, or softening of the brain.
ceived into the cavity of another, so as to ENCEPHALON. Enceph'alum; from sv,
admit of motion in all directions. in, and K.etya'kri, the head. The contents of
ENAR'THRUM. A foreign body in a the cranium, including the cerebrum, cere-
joint. bellum, and medulla oblongata, with their
ENCANTHIS. From and navM,
sv, vessels, nerves and investing membranes.
the angle of the eye. A tumor or excres- ENCEPHALOPHY'MATA. Tubercles
cence in the internal angle of the eye. of the brain.
Encantiiis Benic/na. A soft, red, and ENCEPHALO'SIS. A tumor of a brain-
sometimes rather livid excrescence of the like appearance.
caruncula lachrymalis, which generally ENCEPHALOPYO'SIS. From eyKe^a-
yields to astringent collyria. log, the brain, and nvov, pus. Ulceration
Encantiiis Malig'na. A malignant of the brain.
excrescence of the caruncula lachrymalis. ENCEPHALOSIS'MUS. Concussion of
ENCAR'POS. Pregnant. the brain.
ENCATALEP'SIS. Catalepsy. ENCEPHALOZOA. term applied A
ENCATH IS'MA. Semicupium. animal
in Zoology to that division of the
ENCAU'MA. From sv, in, and aavo, I kingdom which comprehends those ani-
burn. The scar of a burn, or the vesicle mals that have two nervous sj'stcms, one
caused by a burn also, an ulcer of the ganglionic, the other cerebro-spinal.
;

cornea, followed by escape of humor. Also, ENCHARAX'IS. Scarification.

the old name for nitrate of silver. ENCHONDRO'MA. From sv, in, and
ENCAU'SIS. A burn encauma mox- xovdpog, a cartilage. A cartilaginous tu-
; ;

ibustion. mor.
ENCEPHALA. A generic term ap- ENCHO'RIOS. Endemic.
plied to mollusca which have a distinct head. ENCHYMO'MA. Enchymo' sis ; from
ENCEPHALAL'GIA. Head-ache. sv, in, and xvu , I pour. Infusion or pour-
Enckphalalgia Hydrop'ica. Hydro- ing in of blood into the cutaneous vessels,
cephalus, or dropsy of the brain. caused by joy, anger, or shame.
 END 258 END
ENCLYS'MA. From ev, in, and kkufr, properly performed dental operation. It
to cleanse out. A clyster. may also occur as the result of constitu-
ENCOZ'LIA. From ev, in, and noi?.ia, tional disease. But from whatever cause
the belly.The abdominal viscera. always attended with the
produced, it is

ENCCELITIS. Inflammation of the severest and most agonizing pain, and is

abdominal viscera. seldom relieved, when acute, by any other
ENCOLPIS'MUS. Introduction of any means than the extraction of the tooth,
medicament into the vagina. or the destruction of the pulp.
ENCYST'ED. From ev, in, and Kvarig, ENDO-ENTERITIS. Enteritis.
a bladder. Applied to a tumor or other ENDO-GASTRITIS. Inflammation of
matter enclosed in a cyst or sac. the lining membrane of the stomach.
ENCYS'TIS.An encysted tumor. EN'DOGENS. Endogence. Yvomtvb\>v,
ENDAN'GIUM. Endangi'on. The and yewau, to produce. In Botany plants
lining membrane of vessels. which grow by successive additions to the
ENDEIXIS. Indication. inside, and the vessels of their leaves run
ENDEM'IC. Endem'icus ; from tv, in, parallel to each other without branches, as
and foipog, the people. Prevalent disease in grapes, lilacs, asparagus, &c.
in a particular region or district of coun- EN'DOLYMPH. The liquid contained
try. in the membranous canals of the ear.
ENDERMATTC. Endermat'icus ; en- ENDOMETRITIS. Inflammation of
dcr'mic; from tv, in, and dep/ianicog, cuta- the lining membrane of the womb.
neous. The treatment of disease by the ENDOPHLCEUM. The inner bark of
application of remedies to the skin, espe- a plant ; the liber.
cially after the removal of the cuticle. ENDOPHYL'LOUS. From evhov, and
EN'DIVE. A plant; a species of Ci- tyvllov, a leaf. A term applied by Du-
ehorium, used as a salad. mortier, to the young leaves of Monocotyle-
ENDO. From evdov, within. A com- dons, from their being enfolded within a
mon prefix. sheath.
ENDO- AORTITIS. From evdov, within, ENDOPLEU'RA. From evZov, and
and aortitis, inflammation of the aorta. rCkivpa, the side. In Botany, the internal
Inflammation of the inner membrane of integument of a seed.
the aorta. ENDORRHIZ/E. From evhov, and p&,
ENDOCAR'DIAC. Within the heart; a root. A term applied in Botany to the
applied to sounds produced within that embryo of Monocotyledons, in which the
organ. radicle is emitted from the base of a seed
ENDOCARDITIS. Inflammation of before entering the earth, appearing to come
the lining membrane of the heart. from within the mother root; plants which
ENDOBRANCHIATA. From evdov, have a sheathed root.
within, and (ipayxta, gills. A family of ENDOSIS. Remission.
the class Annelidcs, destitute of external ENDOSMOM'ETER. An instrument
gills. for measuring the force of the endosmotic
ENDOCOLITIS. Dysentery. action.
ENDODONTICS. From evdov, within, EN'DOSMOSE. Endosmo'sis ; from
oSovg, a tooth, and itis, signifying inflam- evhov, within, and oofiog, impulse. Imbibi-
mation. Inflammation of the lining mem- tion. The transmission of a fluid through a
brane of a tooth. This may
from membrane from the interior, or the passage
arise
exposure of the pulp cavity and the pres- of a thin fluid from without by a dense
ence or contact of acrid and irritating one within. The property depends mainly
agents, or from exposure to sudden transi- upon the capillary attraction of the walls
tions of temperature, or from mechanical of the cavity. Mr. Lintot, an English den-
violence, as in the case of a blow, or im- tist, and author of a small treatise on the
 ENG 259 ENT
Teeth, is of the opinion that dental caries ENGEISO'MA. Engizo'ma; fromeyy^,
is the result of the chemical action of an I approximate. A fracture of the skull,
acidulated fluid of the mouth, upon the in which a broken portion of bone passes
dentinal tissue, while undergoing an en- beneath a sound portion.
dosmotic action on it. That such ac- ENGOMPHO'SIS. Gomphosis.
tion might, under certain circumstances, ENGORGE'MENT. From en, in, and
take place through the cells of the den- gorge, the throat. Inordinate flow of blood

tine, is not improbable, and in tie event to the vessels of a part or organ, and con-
of its occurrence, would, it is fair to pre- sequent obstruction and increase of vol-

sume, hasten the decomposition of the ume.

part of the tooth in which it was taking ENGOUEMENT. A French term sig-
place. nifying obstruction ; congestion.
ENDOSMOT'IC. Relating to endosmose. ENNEAN'DRIA. From ewea, nine,
ENDOSPElt'MIUM. From svSov, and and avTjp, man. In Botany, plants which
cnrep/ia, seed. In Botany, the fibro-cellular have nine stamens.
tissue lining the anther. ENNUI. Mental languor weariness.
;

ENDOSTEI'TIS. Inflammation of the ENOSTO'SIS. From ev, in, and oatsov,

lining membrane of a bone. a bone. A tumor formed in the medullary
ENE'CIA. A generic term applied by part of a bone.
Dr. Good to continued fever. ENRYTH'MOS. From tv and pvtiuog,

EN'EMA. From eviq/u, to inject. An number. Irregularity in the beating of

injection ; a clyster. the pulse.
Enema Anod'ynum. An anodyne clys- ENS. Being; entity; existence. In
and opium.
ter; a clyster of starch Chemistry, a substance supposed to con-
Enema Cathar'ticum. A purging clys- tain, in a small compass, all the virtues of
ter. the ingredients from which it is drawn.
Enema Commd'ne. A common clyster, Ens Mar'tis. Ammoniated iron.
composed of water gruel, or molasses and Ens Pri'mum Sola're. Antimony.
water, with a little oil or lard, and com- Ens Ven'eris. Chloride of copper.
mon salt. EN'SIFORM. From ensis, a sword,
Enema Fcst'idum. A purging clyster and forma, form. Sword-like. In Anat-
of tincture of asafoetida. omy, applied to some parts from their re-
Enema Nicotia'n^e. A tobacco clyster. semblance to a sword, as the ensiform car-
Enema Terebin'thinj-:. A turpentine tilage.

clyster. ENSTALAX'IS. Instillation, or drop

ENEPIDER'MIC. Enepider'micus; from by drop. '

tv, in," &ti, upon, and depfia, the skin. The EN'STROPHE. Inversion of a part.
treatment of disease by the application of ENTA'SIA. Entasis.
remedies, such as plasters, blisters, &c, ENTA'SIS. Enta'sia; from evreivu, to
upon the skin. stretch. A term applied by Dr. Good to
EN'ERGY. Energi'a; from evepyeco, I constrictive spasm, embracing wry-neck,
act. In Physiology, the active operation cramp, locked-jaw, &c.
of the various organs of the body. Thus ENTELMIN'THA. From evrog, within,

we say, the vital energy, the muscular en- and elfins, a worm. Synonymous with
ergy, the nervous energy, &c. Entozoa.
ENERVATION. Enerva'tio; from e, ENTERA. E^jpa, the bowels, from
out of, and n&'vus, strength. The act of evrog, Avithin. The intestines.
debilitating ; a state of weakness. ENTERAD'ENES. From ^rfpo *, an
ENGASTRIMY'THUS. From ev, in, intestine, and adqv, a gland. The mucous
yaorrip, the belly, and pvdeo/jai, I discourse. intestinal glands.
A ventriloq7iist. ENTERAL'GIA. From evt^ov, intes-
 ;

ENT 260 ENT

tine, and alyog, pain. Colic ;
pain in the repov, intestine, yaarrip, the belly, and Kr\kri,

intestines. a tumor. Abdominal hernia.

E NTE II ANGIEMPIIR AXIS. Obstruc- ENTEROG'RAPHY. Enterograph'ia
tion of the vessels of the intestine. from svttpov, intestine, and ypa<t>V, descrip
ENTERATROPHTA. Erom evrepov, tion. An anatomical description of tho
intestine, and atrophia, want of nutrition. intestines.

Atrophy of the intestines. ENTERO-HYDROCE'LE. From ev-

ENTERAUXE. Hypertrophy of the repov, intestine, ix5wp, water, and kv?-V, tu-

muscular coat of the intestines. mor. Scrotal hernia, complicated with

ENTEREMPHRAX'IS. From evrepov, hydrocele.
intestine, and BpQpa&c, obstruction. Ob- ENTERO-ISCHIOCE'LE. From evre-

struction of the intestines. pov, intestine, ioxiov, the ischium, and kijTlti,

EXTEllEPIPLOMPHALOCE'LE. Um- a tumor. Intestinal hernia at the ischiatic

bilical hernia containing both omentum foramen.
and bowel. ENTERO'LITHUS. From evrepov, in-

ENTERIC. Entcri'cus ; from evrepov, testine, and fatiog, a stone. Intestinal cal-
an intestine. Pertaining to the intestines. culous concretion.
ENTER'ICA. Diseases affecting the ENTEROL'OGY.
Enterolog'ia ; from
intestinal canal. and "kayos, a discourse.
evrepov, intestine,

ENTERITIS. From evrepov, an intes- Anatomical treatise on the intestines.

tine, and itis, signifying inflammation. In- ENTERO-MESENTERIC FEVER. Ty-
flammation of the intestines. phus fever attended by ulceration of tho
Enteritis, Follicular. Typhoid fever. small intestines and enlargement of the
ENTERO. A prefix; from evrepov, an mesenteric glands.
intestine. ENTEROM'PHALUS. From evrepov,
ENTEROBIASIS. From evrepov, an intestine, and ofifyalog, umbilicus. Umbil-
intestine, and fipuoic, the act of gnawing. ical intestinal hernia.

Perforation of the intestines. ENTERON. Evrepov. Intestine.

ENTER0C4CE. Adynimic dysentery ENTEROPATHY. Enteropath'ia; from
accompanied by diphtheritis and gangrene evrepov, intestine, and rra-dog, a disease. A
of the colon and rectum. generic term for intestinal disease.
ENTEROCE'LE. From evrepov, an in- ENTEROPHLO'GIA. Enteritis.
testine, and Krikq, hernia, tumor. Intes- ENTERORRHAGTA. From evrepov,

tinal hernia. and priyvviii, to burst forth. Hemorrhage

ENTEROCYSTOCE'LE. From evrepov, of the intestines.
intestine, nvarig, a bladder, and ity'toi, a tu- ENTERORRHATHIA. Enieror'raphy;
mor. Intestinal hernia in which a portion from evrepov, intestine, and patyri, a suture.
of the bladder is included. A suture of the intestines.
ENTERODE'LA. From evrepov, and ENTERORRHOE'A. Diarrhoea.
detog, manifest. A section of a class of ENTEROSARCOCE'LE. From evre-

Pciygastrica, in which the alimentary ca- pov, intestine, cap,, flesh, and nr/2.7], a tumor.
nal is terminated by a mouth and anus. Intestinal hernia complicated with sar-
ENTERO-EPIPLOCE'LE. From evre- cocele.
pov, an intestine, emxfaiov, the omentum, ENTERO'SES. A class of diseases em-
and icrjkr}, a tumor. Hernia containing bracing all that affect the intestines.
both intestine and omentum. ENTEROT'OMY. Enteroiom'ia. In
ENTERO-EPIPLOM'PHALUS. From Anatomy, dissection of the intestines. In
evrepov, intestine, eirinkoov, the omentum, Surgery, an operation for an artificial

and ofifakog, the navel. Umbilical hernia, anus, or for the evacuation of accumulated
containing both intestine and omentum. faeces.

ENTERO-GASTROCE'LE. From ev- ENTEROZO'A. Worms. SeeEntozoa.

 ;

ENT 261 EPE

ENTHAL'SIS. Fracture of the cranium The Polycephalus, or many-headed worm;
with depression of the fragments. 4. Echinococcus, the small granular bod-
ENTH ELMIN'THES. Worms. ies found in Aceplialocysts ; 5. The Fila-
ENTOMOL'OGY. From evrofia, in- ria medinensis, or guinea worm ; 6. The
sects, and ao/oc, a discourse. A treatise on Acarus of the itch.

Insects. ENTOZO'ON FOLLICULOTIUM. Ac-

ENTOMOBTRACAN8. From arus Jblliculorum. An articulated ani-
wropot,
incised, and ooTpaaov, a shell. The division malcule, found in the cutaneous follicles.
of the class Crustacea, which are Covered EN'TKAILS. The abdominal viscera
with a thin horny tegument in the form of the intestines.

a shell of one or two pieces. ENTRICHO'MA. From »t in, and rpt-

ENTO'NIA. Tension. Tonic spasm. XUfM, hair. The ciliary edge of the eye-
ENTON'IC. Enton'icus ; from ev, de- lids.

noting excess, and tovoc, tone. Having ENTROP'IUM. Entropion; from ev,

great tension, or increased action. in, and Tpeiru 3 I turn. Inversion of the
ENTOZOA. Entozoa'ria ; from svtoc, eyelids, so that the eyelashes are brought
within, and £uov, an animal. Lowly organ-
and irritate and inflame
in contact with,
ized invertebrate, and generally vermiform, the globe of the eye.
animals ; the most of which are parasitic ENTJRE'SIS. From evovpeu, I void
on the internal organs of other animals. urine in bed. Involuntary flow of urine
There are five sj)ccies of worms which from paralysis or relaxation of the sphinc-
infest the human intestines, viz: 1. As- ter of the bladder.

caris lumbrico'ides, the long, round worm; EOCENE. From yuc, aurora, and kcu-

2. Ascaris vcrmicidaris, the maw or thread vog, recent. A term applied in Geology, to
worm ; 3. Twuia lata, or vulgaris, the the earlier tertiary deposits, in which there
broad tape- worm ; 4. Tcenia solium, the are only a few organic remains of existing
long tape worm ; 5. Trichocephalus, the species of animals.
long thread-worm. EP-,EPH-,EPI-. Ett, e$, e<j>t, upon;
There is another class of entozoa which, above; used as prefixes, and meaning,
though of rare occurrence, have been found above, exterior, augmentation, addition,
in different parts of the body. 1. The Fas- increase, reciprocal action, repetition, &c.
ciola hepaiica, called the Distoma hepati- EPAORIDA'CEJE. A natural order of
cum,or fluke, sometimes found in the gall- shrubby Exogens.
bladder ; 2. The Scarabcevs, or beetle EPACMAKTICOS. From ski, and an-
grubs ; several species of which have been /;a£w, I increase. Fevers which increase
found in the ear, intestines, and vagina 8. ; in violence, from the commencement to
The (Estrus, a fly, the larvae of which are the crisis.

deposited in wounds or footed ulcers 4. ; EPANE'TUS. From enaviyfii, to re-

The Gordius, or horse-hair worm, found mit. A generic term applied 1>3
t
Dr. Good
in stagnant water, and are sometimes taken to remittent fevers.
into the stomach; G. The Musca, several Epanktus Hec'tica. Hectic fever.
of which genus, as the Musca carna- Epaxetus Malio'nus Fla'vus. Yellow
ria, or flesh-fly, the Musca vomitoria, or fever.
blow-ily, the Musca cibaria, or pantry-fly, Epanetus Mi'tis. Remittent fever.
and the Musca putris, or hopper-fly mag- EPAPHiE'EESIS. From STra^aipeu, I
got, deposit their eggs in the nose, maxil- take away. Repeated obstruction, par-
lary antra, and rectum. ticularly of blood.
There is still another class of entozoa EPAR'MA. Epar'sis. A tumor.
which infest different parts of the body, EPENDYNIA VENTRICULORUM.
as 1. Accphalocystis, or hydatid; 2. The The lining membrane of the cavities of the
Cysticercus, or bladder-tail hydatid; 3. brain.
 EPI 262 EPI

EPHE'BUS. From em, towards, and EPICON'DYLE. From em, upon, and
ilfirj, i)uberty. A term applied in Physi- novdvlog, a condyle. A protuberance at the
ology to one who has attained the age of lower extremity of the os humeros, which
puberty. gives attachment to the outer lateral liga-
EPHEL'CIS. From m, upon, and el. ment of the elbow joint, and to a very
nog, an ulcer. The crust of an ulcer. strong tendon to which several muscles of
EPIIE'LIDES. Promm, upon, and the posterior part of the forearm are at^
rfkiog, the sun. Freckles ; sunburns. A tached ; and so called because it is above tho
cutaneous affection characterized by small condyle.
and large brown spots upon the skin, EPICONDYLO-CUBITA'LIS. The an-
name imports, by the direct coneus muscle.
caused, as the
action of the rays of the sun. Epicondylo Radia'lis. The supinator
EPHE'LIS. Ephelides. radii brevis.
EPHEM'ERA. From em, during, and
Epicondylo-Supra-Metacarpia'nus.
ijfiepa, a day. In Pathology, an epithet
The extensor carpi radialis brevior.
applied to disease, especially a fever, which EpiCONDYLO-SUPRA-PHALANGKTTIASrrjB
lasts but a day, and also, by the French, to Communis. The extensor-digitorum com-
a poison which proves fatal within a day. munis.
EPHEM'ERANS. EpJiemeri'nce ; from Epicondylo-Supra-Pualangkttia'nus
efyrjuepoq, daily. A family of Neuroptc- Mi'nimi Digiti.The extensor proprius
rous insects, called day-flies, from the en- minimi digiti.

joyment of the last stage of their existence EPICOPIIO'SIS. Cophosis; deafness.

being limited to a day. EPICRA'NIUM. From tm, upon, and
EPHIAL'TES. From eQaMofiai, to leap KpavLov, the cranium. Applied to various

upon. Nightmare; a distressing sensa- parts of the cranium, as the tendinous ex-
tion which occurs during sleep, in which pansion of the occipito-frontalis muscle,
the individual fancies himself threatened by and even to the whole scalp.
the approach of an enemy or of imminent EPICRA'SIS. From em, upon, and
danger from which he cannot escape. Kepavvvpx, I temper. The treatment of dis-
EPHIDRO'SIS. From efidpou, to per- ease by soothing and demulcent remedies,
spire. A copious, morbid perspiration. which the humorists supposed possessed
A colliquative sweat. the power of correcting the vitiated hu-
EPICARTDANS. Epicar'ides ; from mors.
Mi, upon, and aapig, a shrimp. A family EPICRI'SIS. The judgment of the na-
of Isopodous Crustaceans, parasitic upon tural causes, treatment and probable ter-
shrimps. mination of a disease, founded on scientific
EPICANTHUS. From em, upon, and principles.
icavdog, the angle of the eye. A fold of EPICTE'NIUM. The parts upon and
skin extending from the exterior of the above the pubes.
nose over the inner angle of the eye. EPIDEMIC. Epidem'icus ; from em,
EPICARP. From em, upon, and nap- upon, and <%<>£, the people. A disease
nog, fruit. The epidermis or outer cover- which simultaneously attacks multitudes
ing of fruit. of persons at the same time, and in the
EPICAR'PIUM. From em, upon, and same district, and which is dependent on
nap-nog, the wrist. Application to the wrist. a noxious condition of the atmosphere.
EPICHRO'SIS. From em, upon, and EPIDEM'Y. An epidemic disease.
Xpup-a, color. Discoloration of the sur- EPIDEN'DRUM. A genus of plants
face. Ephelides. of the order Orchidiaceoz.
EPICOL'IC. From em, upon, and no- Epiden'drum Vanil'la. See Vanilla.
7mv, the colon. The part of the abdomen EPID'ERIS. The clitoris 5 the nymphaa
over the colon. or preputium clitoridis.
 En 263 EPI

EPIDER'MIC. Epider'micus ; from at once from each parent the materials

emdepiJis, the scarf skin. Pertaining to necessary for its formation.
the epidermis. EITGINOM'ENA. From mm, and ye-
EPIDER'MIS. From em, upon, un&dep- vofiat, to succeed or supervene. A term
(ia, the skin. The cuticle, or scarf skin. applied in Pathology to symptoms which
EPIDERMOID. From emdep/ug, and occur in the course of a disease, but not
u6og, resemblance. Resembling the epi- necessarily belonging to it.

dermis. EPIGLOTTIC. Ejv'glot'ticus. Pertain-

EPIDESIS. In Surgery, the act of ing to the epiglottis.
binding up a wound ; also, the application Epiglottic Gland. A collection of
of a ligature to a wounded vessel. small glands situated at the base of the
EPIDES'MOS. A bandage or ligature. anterior surface of the epiglottis.
EPIDIDYMIS. From em, upon, and
EPIGLOTTIS. From mm, upon, and
&i5vy.og, a testicle. A ylumg, the tongue. An oval cartilage,
hard oblong sub-
stance upon the testicle, formed by the concave posteriorly, and convex anteriorly,
convolutions of the vas deferens. situated at the root of the tongue upon the
EPID'OSIS. From mm, and (JwJu/u, to superior opening of the larynx. It is loose at
give. Increase, as of a disease, or in the its superior extremity, and attached at its
growth of the body. inferior to the thyroid cartilage. Its uso

EP'IDOTE. A massive, crystallized, is to ease the glottis, or superior opening

granular mineral, of a fibrous structure, of the larynx, and prevent the introduc-
and of various shades of green. tion of alimentary substances into the air
EPID'ROME. From erndpE^u, I run passages during deglutition.
upon. An afflux of humors. EPIGLOTTITIS. Inflammation of the
EPIG.E'A REPENS. A sweet-scented epiglottis.

running plant, flowering in early spring, EPIGLOUTIS. From mm, upon, and
the leaves and twigs of which are used I
y?.ovn£, the buttocks. The superior region
like uva ursi. of the buttocks.
EPIGASTRIC. Epigas'tricus ; from EPFGYNOUS. From mm, and yvvt), a
em, upon, and yaoTiip, the stomach. Re- female. A term applied in Botany to any
lating to the epigastrium. organ growing upon the summit of the
Epigastric Ar'tery. An artery given ovarium.
off by the external iliac when it passes EPILEPSY. Epilep'sia. EmXt^ta;
under Poupart's ligament, ascends be- from emlajifiavu , I seize upon. A disease
tween the rectus muscle and peritoneum, of the cercbro-spinal organs, attended with
and anastomoses about the umbilicus violent convulsions, coma, and, generally,
with the internal mammary artery. foaming at the mouth. The disease may
Epigastric Region. The region, on be idiopathic or symptomatic. In tho
each side, below the short ribs, extending former case it results from a morbid affec-
from the diaphragm to within two fingers tion of the encephalon ; in the latter, from
of the umbilicus. worms, intestinal irritation, external vio-
EPIGASTRIUM. The epigastric re- lence, or from some other accidental cause.
gion, or part situated immediately over EPILEPTIC. Epilep'iicus ; affected

the stomach. with, or relating to, epilepsy.

EPIGASTROCE'LE. From mm, upon, EPIMANES. A maniac in a parox-
jacTrip, the stomach, and Krfky, a tumor. ysm.
Hernia at or near the epigastric region, EPIMOR'IOS. An unequal pulse.
whether of the stomach or not. EPINEPH'ELOS. Cloudy applied to ;

EPIGEN'ESIS. From mm, upon, and urine.

yeveoig, generation. A theory of genera- EPINYCTIDES. From mm, upon, and
tion which regards the foetus as receiving vv$, night. Eruptions which appear du-
 EPI 264 EPI

ring the night, and disappear in the morn- from the gastroepiploic artery which are
ing. A kind of nettle-rash. distributed to the epiploon.
EPIPAROXYS'MUS. The two fre- EPIPLO-ISCHIOCE'LE. From mm.
quent occurrence of the fehrile paroxysm. 2.oov,the epiploon, to%m3 the ischium,
EPIPE'CHU. The upper part of the and nr[Kri, a tumor. Protrusion of the
elbow. omentum through the ischiatic notch.
EPITHiENOM'ENON. The occurrence EPIPLOI'TIS. From emnloov, the
of any unusual symptom during the prog- omentum, and Ms, denoting inflammation.
ress of a disease. Inflammation of the omentum.
EPIPHLOGIS'MA. Prom em, upon, EPIPLOMEROCE'LE. From emnloov,
and fyXoyifa, I inflame. Inflammation or the omentum, pypog, the thigh, and ktiItj,
burning heat in any part. a tumor. A femoral hernia, formed by a
EPIPH'ORA. From em<j>epu, I carry protrusion of the omentum.
to. Weeping. Continued involuntary EPIPLOM'PHALON. From emnloov,
flow of tears, caused by disease, or irrita- the omentum, and op^alog, the navel. An
tion of the lachrymal passages. omental umbilical hernia.
EPIPHRAG'MA. In Botany, a trans- EPIPLOMTHRASIS. From emnloov,
verse membrane of the peristoma of mosses, omentum, and ep<j>paoao,
the I obstruct.
which sometimes closes the orifice of the Obstruction of the omentum.
urn and remains long after the opercula EPIP'LOON. From em, above, and
have separated. nleu, I swim, or float. The omentum, or
EPIPHYL'LA. From em, upon, and caul, which consists of a duplicature of
(j>vl?.ov, a leaf. In Botany, parts or organs the peritoneum, and is so called because it
growing upon the leaf, as the pedicle of floats, as it were, above a portion of the
jungermannia cpiphylla ; also, to plants intestines.
themselves, which vegetate on the leaves EPIPLOSCHEOCE'LE. From emn-
of other plants, and hence are called epiph- loov, the omentum, oaxeov. the scrotum,
yllous fungi. and ntjlr], a tumor. Omental hernia, in
EPIPHYMA'TA. Diseases of the skin. the scrotum.
EPIPHYSIS. From em, upon, and EPIPORO'MA. Emmpapa. A hard tu-
tyvu, I arise. Any portion of bone sep- mor about the joints the callus of a frac- j

arated from the body of the bone by in- ture.

tervening cartilage, which ultimately be- EPIS'CHESTS. From emaxeu, I re-

comes converted into bone. The epiphysis strain. A suppression of excretions.

then becomes a process. EPISCOPATES VALTULM. The
EPIPLE'GIA. Paralysis of the upper mitral valves.
extremities. EPISEMA'SIA. A sign. A symptom.
EPIPLERO'SIS. Repletion, distension. EPISION'CUS. A swelling or tumor
EPIPLOCE'LE. From emnloov omen- , of the labia pudendi.
tum, and KtjAr), hernia. Hernia, formed by EPISPADIAS. From em, above, and
the omentum. onau, I draw. A malformation of the
EPIPL ENTER OSCHEOCELE. urethra, consisting in its opening on the
Scrotal hernia containing both omentum upper side of the penis.

and gut. EITSPAS'TIC. Epispas'ticus ; from

EPIP'LOIC. Pertaining to the epip-
em, above, and anau, I draw. Any sub-

loon or omentum. stance which, when applied to the skin,

Epiploic Appen'dages. Numerous excites inflammation and causes an effusion

small prolongations of the peritoneum of serum under the epidermis. Among
filled with adipose matter, extending be-
which produce these
the substances effects,

yond the surface of the colon and rectum. are cantharides and mustard.
Epiploic Ar'teuies. The branches EPISPAS'TICUM. A blister.
 ;

EPI 2G5 EPI

EPISPERM. From em, upon, and bladder, ureters, pelvis of the kidneys and
oirepua, seed. In Botany, the outer envel- some mucous glands.
ope of a seed the testa of seeds, called by
; Epithelium of the Mouth. On the
Decandolle the Spermoderm. structure of that portion of the epithelium
FPIS'TASIS. From m, upon, and which lines the cavity of the mouth, Mr.
amo, I rest. A substance which floats on Nasmyth observes, " In the foetal subject,
the surface of urine. previous to the extrusion of the teeth, it

EPISTAX'IS. From m, upon, and forms on the alveolar arch a dense pro-
0Ta&} I flow, drop by drop. Nasal hem- jecting layer, distinguishable from the sur-
orrhage. rounding membrane by its whiteness, and
EPISTER'NAL. From em, upon, and by the existence on its surface of ridges
arepvov, the sternum. The first or anterior and sidci, having a waving course and a
portion of the sternum, which, in birds, variable direction. The alveolar epithe-
sustains the forked clavicle. lium is thicker in proportion to the youth
EPISTHOT'ONOS. From eino&ev, for- of the subject examined. It is most prom-
ward, and reivo), to extend. A variety of inent where it corresponds with the molar
tetanus, in which the body is drawn for- teeth; its internal surface is concave, re-
ward. ceiving the projecting mucous membrane.
EPISYNAN'CIIE. Spasm of the pha- This portion presents various objects for
rynx. investigation.
EPIT'ASIS. From em, and miveiv, to " First, as regards its composition It :

extend. The period of violence of a fever, is made up of a mass of scales, lying one
paroxysm, or disease. on the surface of the other. This dis-
EITTHE'LIUM. From em, upon, and position shows that the terms * dental car-
tin^y, a nipple. The thin layer of epider- tilage,' and the 'cartilage of the gum,'
mis which invests parts deprived of the which have hitherto been applied to this
derma, properly so called, as the nipple and structure, give an erroneous idea of its
mucous membrane in general. It is cel- true nature, for cartilage always presents
lular in its structure, and presents itself the corpuscle discovered and described by
under three different forms ; each differing Purkinje. As in other portions of the epi-
somewhat from the others. 1. The tesse- thelium, the external scales here are larger,
lated epithelium, composed of oval nucle- and this holds good generally, until we
ated cells, and found on the conjunctiva, come to the surface of the vascular mucous
in the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, on the membrane, which presents simple cells
vulva, in the vagina and some distance with their corpuscles.
into the uterus, and in the entrance of the " In the interior of this alveolar epithe-
urethra. 2. The columnar, or conical epi- lium, where it corresponds to the molar
Uielium, consisting of elongated cells. This teeth, small vesicles may be frequently ob-
variety extends from the cardiac orifice of served, varying in size, from one-quarter
the stomach to the anus ; it also lines the to one-eighth of a line in diameter. They
principal gland ducts opening upon the appear to the naked eye to be transparent
mucous surface of this tract, and the greater under the microscope their parietes are
part of the male geni to-urinary organs. found to consist cf attenuated scales, and
3.

The ciliated epithelium, consisting of colum- their cavity to contain a fluid abounding in
nar particles, with pellucid, hair-like pro- minute granules and cells. The internal
cesses at their extremities, which are con- surface of the epithelium, covering the al-
stantly undergoing a vibratory motion. * The here alluded to are most
vesicles
There is also another variety of epithe- probably those which Serres describes as
glands for the secretion of tartar; they are
lium, called the Spheroidal, found in the
very numerous, even after the extrusion of
urinary passages succeeding the columnar, the incisor teeth of the calf, and are seen
near the inner orifice of the urethra, in the with great facility internally.
 EPI 266 EQU
vcolar arch, frequently presents concavities Epithelium Cells. The cells of the
or indentations which are from a and epithelium.
line
a half to three or four lines in circumfer- EP'ITHEM. EpUhe'ma; from em, upon,
ence they correspond to projections from and ndrifiL, 1 put. A term which compre-
:

the mucous membrane formed by a larger hends all topical remedies, with the excep-
species of vesicle. The latter is deeply im- tion of plasters and ointments.
planted in the vascular mucous membrane. EPITHEMATTUM. Epithcm.
The parietes of these vesicles are composed
EPITH'ESIS. The straightening of
of a very delicate membrane they contain crooked limbs by means of instruments.
;

a transparent fluid which coagulates on the EPITHYM'LE. Morbid desires or long-

application of heat or acid, or on immer- ings.
sion in spirit,and in this fluid float nume- EPIZO'ANS. Epizo'a; from em, upon,
rous globules and scales similar to those of and £wov, animal. A class of parasitic an-
the epithelium generally. The internal or imals which chiefly infest fish.
attached surface of the alveolar epithe- EPIZOOTIA. Epizouty. From em,
lium also presents numerous fringed pro- upon, and faov, an animal. The simulta-
cesses measuring from one line to one and neous occurrence of a disease among a
a half lines in length, and half a line in great number of the lower animals. In
breadth, which sink into the substance of the Veterinary Art it has the same mean-
the subjacent mucous membrane. Under ing that epidemic has in medicine.
the microscope these fringes are found to EPIZOOTIC. Epizobt'icns. Pertaining
be composed of elongated scales connected to epizootia.
together, forming masses which divide and EPIZOOTY. Epizootia.
subdivide, until they attain such an ex- EPODE. The treatment of disease by
treme tenuity that the most minute termin- incantation.
ations consist but of two scales in marginal EPO'MIB. From em, upon, and w//o?,

apposition. If the epithelium be carefully the shoulder. The acromion; the upper
separated from the surface of the mucous part of the shoulder.
membrane corresponding to the unextruded EPOSTO'MA. Eposio'sis. Exostosis.
molar teeth, and placed in water or in di- EPSE'MA. Decoction.
luted spirit of wine for some little time, its EPSOM SALTS. Sulphate of magne-
internal or attached surface presents these sia.

fringes much enlarged and forming a mass EPU'LIS. From em, upon, and ovlov,
more considerable in size than the dense the gum. A fungous excrescence or tumor
epithelium itself. of the gums. It is sometimes soft, at other
"The epithelium covering the mucous makes its appearance upon
times hard, and
membrane of the palate presents transverse the gum between two teeth, or from the
ruga?, corresponding to those of the mu- sockets of decayed teeth. It is sometimes
cous membrane. If these palatal ruga? of of a simple and at other times of a malig-
the epithelium of the calf be carefully ex- nant character. See Jaws, morbid growths
amined from the internal surface with a of. #
magnifying power of one inch focal dis- EPULO'SIS. Cicatrization.

tance, each will be found to consist, or to EPULO'TIC. EjJidot'icus; from enwh>w,

be composed of numerous depressions, or to cicatrize, or heal up a wound. Applied
cul de sacs, which receive prolongations or to remedies which promote cicatrization.

pointed processes of the subjacent mucous EQUILIBRIUM. From cequus, equal,

membrane. and librare, to weigh. In Medicine, har-
"They are of extreme tenuity, and, mony in the reciprocal action of the organs
when viewed by the aid of high magnify- of the body.
ing powers, are observed to consist of dis- EQUI'NIA. From equinus, belonging
tinct scales." to a horse. Glanders. A contagious, and
 ..

EQU 267 ERA

sometimes a dangerous disease, produced Lanthanum . . La.
by inoculation with certain diseased fluids Lead . . . . Pb. 103.70
generated in the horse, mule, &c. Two Lithium . . L. 0.50
species are met with, equinia mitls, caused Magnesium . . Mg. 12.20
by inoculation with the fluid of grease, and Manganese . . Mn. 27.60
equinia glandidosa, a malignant and usu- Mercury • • Mg. 100.00
ally fatal disease. Molybdenum . . Mo. 46.00
EQUISE'TUM. A genus of plants, the Nickel . . . . Ni. 29.60
Bpecies of which are called horse-tail, or Niobium . . . Nb.
mare's-iail. See Hippuris Vulgaris. Nitrogen . . N. 14.00
E'QUITANT. Equitans. A term ap- Norium .

plied in Botany to leaves arranged in op- Osmium . . Os. . 99.60

posite rows, so as to overlap alternately Oxygen . . O. 8.00
each other's edges. Palladium . . . Pd. 53.30
EQUITATION. From equas, a horse. Pelopium . . . Pe.
Exercise on horseback. Phosphorus . . P. 32.00
EQUIVALENTS, CHEMICAL. In Platinum . . Pt. 98.70
Chemistry, a term introduced by Dr. Wol- Potassium . . K. 39.20
laston to express the proportional weight Rhodium . . . R. 52.20
in which elementary and compound bodies Ruthenium . . Ru. 52.20
reciprocally unite. Selenium . . . Se. 39.05
Silicon . . . Si. 21.30
Elementary Substances, with their Symbols
Silver . . . • Ag. 108.10
and Chemical Equivalents.
Sodium . . . Na. 23.01
Elements. Symbols. Equivalents. Strontium . . Sr. 43.80
Aluminum . Al. 13.70 Sulphur . S. 16.00
Antimony . Sb. 129.00 Tellurium . . . Te. 64.20
Arsenic . . As. 75.00 Terbium . . . Tb.
Barium . . Ba. 68.50 Thorium . . . Th. 59.60
Bismuth . Bi. 213.00 Tin . . . . . Sn. 59.00
Boron . . B. 10.90 Titanium . . . Ti. 25.00
Bromine . Br. 80.00 Tungsten . . . W. 95.00
Cadmium , Cd. 56.00 Vanadium . . . V. 68.60
Calcium Ca. 20.00 Uranium . . . U. 60.06
Carbon . . C. 6.00 Yttrium . Y.
Cerium . . Oe. 46.05 Zinc . . . . . Zn. 32.60
Chlorine CI. 35.45 Zirconium . . . Zr. 22.40
Chromium , Cr. 26.70 E'QUIVALVE. A bivalve in which its
Cobalt . , Co. 29.50 two valves are of similar size and form.
Columbium , Ta. 184.00 EQUIVOCAL. From cequus, equal,
Copper , Cu. 31.70 and vox, voice. Symptoms of a doubtful
Didymium , D. nature, or which belong to several dis-
Erbium , E. eases.

Fluorine , F. 18.90 EQUUS. A horse. A generic name of

Glucinum G. the quadrupeds which have a single diget
Gold . , Au. 197.00 and hoof on each foot, as the horse, ass,

Hydrogen . H. 1.00 and zebra.

Ilmenium , II. ERADICATION. Eradica'tio; from e,

Iodine . , I. 127.10 from, and radix, a root. The complete

Iridium , Ir. 99.00 removal, or rooting out of a disease.
Iron . . Fe. 28.00 ERADICATIVE. Any thing which
 ERE 2G8 ERO
possesses the power of rooting Erethismus Mercuria'lis. A state of
out, or
completely curing a disease. constitution produced by mercury,
the
ERBIUM. A metal occurring with characterized by depression of strength,
yttria. anxiety about the pnecordia, frequent
ERECTILE TISSUE. A peculiar sighing, irregular action of the heart,
tissue of the animal economy, clescrihed small, quick, sometimes intermitting,
by some writers, but not recognized by pulse; tremors, shriveled countenance, a
others, consisting of a vascular net-work, sense of coldness, &c.
liberally supplied with nerves, and sus- ERETHITTC. Appertaining to ere-
ceptible of erection by an increased flow thism.
of blood. It enters into the composition EREUC'MOS. Eructation.
of the corpora cavernosa of the penis and ERGOT. Spurred rye. See Secale
clitoris, the inferior part of the vagina Cornutum.
and corpus spongiosum urethras ; of the ERGO'TINE. Ergolin. A peculiar
lips, iris, nipples, nervous papilla}, &c. principle discovered in ergot, consisting of
The same tissue is sometimes developed an unctuous, reddish, neutral powder.
as a morbid structure, as exemplified in ERGOTA. Ergot.
namis maternus, many hemorrhoidal, va- ER'GOTISM. The effects produced by
ricose, polypous, and other tumors. ergot.
ERECTION. Erec'tio. The action or ERICA'CEyE. A natural order of
enlargement which takes place in erectile shrubby exogens, differing from Vacci-
tissues. nacece and Campanulacece in their superior
Erector Clitoridis. A name applied ovary; from Epacridacece, in the anther
to certain muscles, the functions of which being two-celled ; from Pyrolaccce and
are to raise the port into which they arc Monotropacece, in the structure of tho
inserted. The ischio-cavernosus. A muscle seeds, and in habit; and from all tho
which, by drawing the clitoris downward orders represented by Scrophulariacece, and
and backward, forces the blood into it Gentianacece, in the number of the cells
from its cms, and serves to make the of the ovary agreeing with the lobes of
body of it more tense. the calyx and corolla. Their general
Ekector Penis. The ischio-cavernosus. qualities are astringent and diuretic, but
A muscle of the penis, which, by its con- some few are poisonous. The Arbutus,
traction, forces the urine and semen for- Andromeda, Kalmia, Bhododendron, Aza-
ward, and causes the blood to flow into lea, all well known shrubby plants of
the corpus cavernosum and the glans, great beauty, belong to this order.
and thus to distend them. ERI'GERON. A genus of plants of tho
EREMACAU'SIS. From ep^of, waste, order Compositce.
and Kavaig, combustion. The slow com- Erigeron Canaden'se. Canada flea-

bustion, oxydation, or decay which takes bane ; a bitter, acrid, and somewhat as-
place in organic bodies when freely ex- tringent plant.
posed to air and moisture. Erigeron Philadel'phicum. Phila-
ER'ETHISM. Erethis'mus; fromep^u, delphia fleabane; a biennial herb, used
I irritate. Exaltation, or increase of vital in nephritic and dropsical diseases.

phenomena in any organ or tissue. Irri- ERIOCAULO'NE/E. A natural order

tation. of Endogens, composed of herbaceous
ERETHIS'MA. Rubefacient. plants, with their flowers growing in close
ERETHIS'MUS. Irritation. heads.
Erethismus Ebrio'sum. Delirium ERO'DED. Gnawed.
tremens. ERO'DIUM MOSCHA'TUM. Gera-
Erethismus Hydropho'bia. Hydro- nium moschatum.
phobia. ERO'SION. Erosio; from erodere, to
 ;

ERR 269 ERY

eat away. The gradual destruction of a when applied to the nose, excites sneezing
part by the action of a corrosive sub- and increased secretion.
stance. From ev, in, and pea, I
ER'RHYSIS.
Erosion of the Teeth. A species of flow. A slight hemorrhage.
caries, characterized by gradual decom- ERROR LOCI. An epithet employed
position, first, of the enamel, and after- by Roerhaave to express deviation of flu-
wards of the subjacent osseous tissue of a ids, when they enter vessels not destined to
tooth. It has been divided by European receive them as, for example, when red ;

continental writers into congenital and ac- blood enters vessels which circulate only
cidental. The former occurs previously to the serous part of this fluid, they become
the eruption of the teeth, and is dependent obstructed by eiror ofplace.
upon an acidulated condition of the mucous EIIUCA'IC ACID. A crystalline acid
fluid contained in the sacs of the teeth j
obtained from oil of mustard seed.
the latter, at any subsequent period of ERUCTATION. Eructa'tio; from eruc-
life, and is referable to an acidulated con- An emission from the mouth
tare, to belch.
dition of the mucous fluids of the mouth. of gas from the stomach.
Erosion, properly speaking, confines ERUPTION. Erup'lio; from erumpere,
itself to the enamel, and is usually devel- to break or burst out. In Pathology, ac-
oped on a series of teeth at the same time. cording to the usual acceptation of this
When the disease occurs subsequently to term, the development of an exanthematous
the eruption of the teeth, affection on the surface, and the exanthema
it generally
develops on their surfaces near the itself. It is, however, sometimes applied to
itself

margin of the gums, and the decomposed a copious evacuation of a fluid blood, ;

part of the enamel is white, and of a soft, serum, pus, or gas, from a canal or cavity.
chalky texture. The exposed dentine is Also, the emergence of the teeth from the
usually very sensitive to the touch, and to gums.
impressions of heat and cold. Eruption of the Teeth. See Denti-
The enamel is sometimes so badly tion.

eroded on the eruption of the teeth, as to ERUPTIVE. Applied to

Ernpti'vus.
render their preservation almost impossible. diseases, which are ac-
especially fevers,
But whether the disease be congenital or companied by an eruption on the skin.
accidental, the treatment is the same; for ER'YUM. A genus of plants of the or-
a description of which, the reader is refer- der Leguminosce.
red to the article on caries of the teeth. Ervum Ervil'la. The tare.
EROT'IC. Ero'ticus; from epuc, love. Ervum Lens. The lentil, which are
Relating to the passion of love, as erotic eaten as peas.
melancholy, erotic delirium, &c. ERYN'GIUM. A genus of plants of
EROTOMANIA. Eroma'nia
from the order Umbellifera'.
;

epoc, love, and uavia, madness. Melancholy Eryngium Aquat'icum Eryngium

or alienation of mind produced by love. water eryngo button snake-root. The ;

ERPETOL'OGY. From epnerog, a rep- and in large

root is sudorific, expectorant,
tile, and That branch of doses, emetic.
hoyoc, a discourse.

Zoological science which treates on reptiles. Eryngium Marit'imum. The sea holly
See Herpetology. or eryngo. The root is slightly aromatic.
ERRAT'IC. Erat'icus; from errare, to ERYSIMUM. A genus of plants of
wander. Wandering; irregular.In Pa- the order Cruciferce.
thology, applied to fevers which observe no Erys'imum Allia'ria. The systematic
regular type, and to pains and cutaneous name of Jack-in-the-hedge, or stinking
diseases which shift from place to place. hedge-mustard.
ER'RHINE. Errhi'num; from «», in, ERYSIP'ELAS. From epvu, I draw in,
and ptv, the nose. A substance which, and nelac, near, so called, from its tend-

18
 ERY 270 ESE
ency to spread to neighboring parts. A ERYTHRiE'A CENTAU'RIUM. Com-
cutaneous phlegmasia, vulgarly termed St. mon centaury a plant of the order Qen-
;

Anthony's fire, accompanied with swelling, tianacece.

diffused redness, but more or less circum- ERYTH'RIC ACID. Purpuric acid ; a
scribed, pain and heat, and vesications. red substance obtained by the action of
Several species are described by medical nitric on uric acid. Alloxan.
writers. ERYTHROEI'DES. The tunica vagi-
ERYSIPELATOUS. Belonging to ery- nalis testis.

sipelas. ERYTHRI'NA CORALLODEN'DRON.

ERYTHE'MA. From epvdpot , red. Red- The coral tree.
ness. According to Dr. Cullen, a rash, or ERYTHRINE. A red coloring matter
inflammatory blush, without fever. It is obtained from lioccella tinctoria.
regarded also, by some authors, to be anal- ERYTH'ROGEN. A green, tasteless
ogous to erysipelas. The term is employed liquid sometimes found in the gall bladder
by Dr. Willan to designate a genus of cu- of persons who have died of jaundice.
taneous diseases of the third order, exan- ERYTHROID VESICLE. A pyriform
themata; he enumerates six species. He vesicle of the foetus, longer, but of the same
•defines it to be "a nearly continuous red- diameter as the umbilical vesicle.
;ness of some portion of the skin, attended ERYTHRO'NIUM. A metal called
with disorder of the constitution, but not Vanadium. Also a genus of plants of the
contagious." order Liliacece.
Erythema An'thrax. A carbuncle. Erythronium America'num. Yellow
Erythema Centrif'ugum. Erythema snake-leaf; adder's tongue. A plant pos-
of the face, characterized by a small red sessing emetic properties.
spot, which sometimes spreads over the ERYTHROPHYLL. The red color-

entire face. ing matter of leaves and fruits.

Erythema Epidem'icum. See Pella- ERYTHROPROTIDE. A substance

gra. resulting from the action of a concentrated
Erythema Fu'gax. An erythema of boiling solution of potash on protein.
an irregular shape,and which sometimes ERYTHRO'SIS. From epvdpoc, red.
occurs in febrile diseases and during den- Florid plethora.
tition. ES'APHE. Examination of the uterus
Erythema L-eve. A slight shining by touch.
redness of the skin, especially on the lower ES'CHAR. Es'chara; from eoxapow, to
extremities, of persons affected with ana- scab over. The crust or disorganized por-
sarca. tion of animal substance produced by the
Erythema Marginatum. Erythema application of caustic.
bounded by a hard, irregular red border, ESCHAROTTC. Escharot'icus; from
and in which the patches are distinctly eoxapa, eschar. Any substance which,
separated from each other. when applied to living tissues, is capable of
Erythema Mercuriale. See Eczema producing an eschar. Among the sub-
Mercuriale. stances which produce this effect, are the
Erythema Nodo'sum. A form of ery- caustic potassa, concentrated mineral acids,
thema peculiar to females, consisting of sulphate of copper, &c.
oval patches on the legs which soon rise ES'CULENT. Esculen'ius; from esca,
into hard oval protuberances. food. Such plants and animals as may be
Erythema Papula'tum. Erythema used for food.
which appears in irregular patches on the ES'CULINE. An alkaloid obtained from
neck, arms and breast, and which in about JEscuLw Hippocastanum.
two weeks disappears, leaving a bluish hue ESENBECKINA. An organic alka-
>upon the skin. loid obtained from Brazilian Cinchona.
 ,

ETH 271 ETI

ESO-. Eao>, within. A prefix signify- Ether, (Enan'thic. The aromatic li-

ing, in Pathology, an internal disease. quid which imparts to wines their peculiar
ESOCOLITIS. Dysentery. odor.
ESOENTERITIS. Inflammation of Ether, Sulphu'ric. JEther sutyhuri-
the lining membrane of the intestines. cus. Common ether, prepared by distill-

ESOGASTRITIS. Inflammation of the ing alcohol with sulphuric acid.

inner membrane of the stomach. ETHE'REAL. Pertaining to, or of the
ESPAR'TO. A species of rush; the nature of, ether.

stipa tenacissima, found in the southern Ethereal Oil. Oleum aihereum. The
provinces of Spain. oleum vini, found in the residuum of sul-
ESPHLA'SIS. From fXm, I break. A phuric ether.
fracture of the skull, in which the frag- ETHERIFICA'TION. The conversion
ments are depressed. of fluids into ethers.
ESPRIT'. A French word signifying ETHERINE. A solid body deposited
spirit, or essence, tincture, volatile oil, or from etherole in the cold. It contains the
fluid. same elements in the same ratio with ethe-
ES'SENCE. Essen'tia. A volatile oil, role.

obtained from plants by distillation, di- ETHEROLE. An oily product of the

luted with alcohol. decomposition of the sweet oil of wine
ESSEN'TIA. An essence; also, a tinc- when heated with water. It is insoluble,
ture. and isomeric with olefiant gas.
ESSENTIAL. Pertaining to an essence. ETHIONIC ACID. A product obtained
Essential Oil. Any volatile oil. by the action of anhydrous sulphuric acid
Essential Salt of Bark. A watery on alcohol.
extract of Peruvian bark. ETH'MOID. Ethmbi'des; from ffyof
Essential Salt of Lemons. A mixture a sieve, and eidog, form. Sieve-like.
of cream of tartar and binoxalate of potash. Ethmoid Bone. Os ethmbides. One of
ES'SERA. Sora. Sare. A species of the eight bones of the cranium, situated be-
cutaneous eruption, consisting of broad, tween the eyes and ethmoidal notch of the
shining, red spots. os frontis, of a light cellular texture and
ESTHIOM'ENUS. From totim, I eat. cubical form. It is articulated with the
An eroding disease, as some forms of herpes frontal, lachrymal, sphenoid, superior
and ulcers. maxillary, palatine, the vomer, and infe-
ES'TIVAL. jEs'tieus. Pertaining to rior spongy bones.
summer,as summer diseases. ETHMOIDAL.
Applied to parts which
ETHER. JEther. Awfyp. In Chemis- pertain to, or are connected with, the eth-
try, a very light, volatile, and inflammable moid bone, as the ethmoidal cells, ethmoidal
fluid, produced by distillation of alcohol, arteries, &C.
with a concentrated acid, especially the sul- ETHNOG'RAPHY. From edvoc, nation,
phuric. and ypa<f>V, description. A description of the
Ether, Ace'tic. An acetate of the oxyd different natural races and families of men.
of ethyl. Acetic naphtha. ETHNOL'OGY. From etivoc, nation,
Ether, Chlo'ric See Chloroform. and toyos, discourse. A treatise on the dif-
Ether, Hy'dric. Sulphuric ether. ferent natural races and families of men.
Ether, Hydrochlo'ric. The extremely ETH'YL. A term applied by Berzelius
volatile chloride of ethyl. to the elementary carbo-hydrogen of ether.
Ether, Hyponitrous. Nitrous ether. C4 H5 .

Nitric ether. ETIOLATION. Ghloro'sis. The pro-

Ether, Muriat'ic. JEther hydro- cess of whitening plants by depriving them
chloricus. Hydrochloric ether. of light, or raising them in the dark.
Ether, Ni'tric. Nitrous ether. ETIOL'OGY. See .Etiology.
 . ;

Eur 272 EUP

EILE'MIA. From ev, well, and ai/m, \ Eupatorium Perfolia'tum. Thorough-
blood. A good state of the blood. wort ; boneset. It is esteemed a tonic and
EUiESTHE'SIA. From ev, well, and diaphoretic.
aiodrimc, perception. Good perception. Eupatorium Purpu'reum. Purple-
EUCALYPTUS RESINIF'ERA. An Trumpet weed.
stalked eupatorium.
gum resembling kino.
astringent Eupatorium Teucrifo'lium. Wild
EUCHLO'RINE. From tv, brilliant, and hoarhound. It has properties similar to
X^upor, green. The protoxyd of chlorine, the eupatorium perfoliatum.
so called from its deep yellow-green color. |
EUPEPSIA. From ev , well, and mirTu,
EUCHRO'NIC ACID. An acid obtained I digest. Good digestion.
by the decomposition of the neutral mel- EUPHLO'GIA. From ev, well, and
ammonia by heat.
litate of <j>2.eyu, I burn. Mild inflammation.
EUCHYM'IA. From ev, well, and xvP°C, EU'PHONY. Eupho'nia; from ev, well,

juice. A good condition of the humors. and <j>wvriA good voice.

} voice.
EU'CLASE. A rare mineral, consisting EUPHOR'BIA. A genus of plants of
of small greenish crystals, a silicate of glu- the order Euphoi'biacece.
cina and alumina. Euphorbia Capita'ta. An astringent
EUCUA'SIA. From and npaaig, Brazilian plant.
ev, well,

temperament. A good temperament. Euphorbia Corolla'ta. Tuc large

EUDIOM'ETER. From evdta, purity of flowering spurge, or milk-weed.
air, and jierpov, a measure. An instrument Euphorbia Cytparis'sias. The cypress
for ascertaining the quantity ofoxygen or spurge.
any other gas in a given mixture of gases. Euphorbia Hyperictfo'lia. A species
EUDIOM'ETRY. The art of ascertain- of Euphorbia indigenous in the United
ing the quantity of any gas contained in a States, used as an astringent and tonic.
given bulk of atmospheric air. Euphorbia Ipecacuan'ha. Ipecacu-
EUETHES. Benign. anha spurge. The root is powerfully emetic.
EUEX'IA. Fromei', well, and efa, con- Euphorbia Lath'yris. The system-
stitution. A good constitution. atic name of the plant which affords the

EUGE'NIA. A genus of plants of the eataputia seeds.

order Myrtacea.'. Euphorbia Officina'rum. The sytcm-
Euge'nta Caryophylla'ta. The clove atic name of the plant which affords the
tree of India. eiqdiorbium, an inodorous gum-resin.
EUGE'NIC ACID. An acid obtained Euphorbia Palus'tris. The greater
from cloves and Jamaica pimento. spurge. The juice is purgative.
EU'LABES. A genus of Passerine birds, Euphorbia Paral'ias. The sea spurge.
belonging to the family of thrushes. EUPHORBIA'CEiE. A natural order
EULI'MA. A genus of marine shell- of exogenous plants, inhabitants of almost
clad Gastropods. all parts of the globe.
EUNUCH. Eunu'chus ; from evvjj, the EUPHOR'BIUM. Euphwbiai gum res-
bed, and ex u , I keep. One who has been ina. The concrete juice of several species
castrated, or whose genital organs have of Euphorbia. It is emetic and cathartic,
been so altered as to render him incapable often acting with great violence.
of reproducing his species. EUPHRASIA. A genus of plants of
EUPATHl'A. From ev, and nadog, the order Scrofulariacece.
well,
suffering. Easily affected by pain ; also, Euphrasia Officinalis. Eye-bright
health a popular remedy for diseases of the eye.
EUPATO'PJUM. Agrimony. Also, a EUPION. A limpid, colorless liquid
genus of plants of the order Compositce. obtained by distillation from fatty oils, es-
Eupatorium Cannab'inum. Hemp ag- pecially that of rape seed.
rimony. The juice is emetic and purgative. EUPLAS'TIC. From ev, and Klaa^,
 EVA 273 EXA
formation. An employed by Lob-
epithet EVACUATION. Evacua'iio. Any dis-
stein for the elaborated matter out of which charge from the animal body, whether
animal tissues are formed. from the natural passages or by an artifi-
EUPYRTON. From ev, easily , and nvp, cial opening, or whether spontaneous or
fire. Any contrivance for obtaining instan- provoked by artificial means.
taneous light, as the phosphorous bottle. EVAPORATION. Empora'tio; from
EURYTH'MIA. From ev, well, and e, and vaporarc, to emit a vapor. The con-
evdfiog, rhythm. A regular pulse. version of a fluid or any other substance
EURODONTIA. From wpof, caries, into a vapor, for the purpose of obtaining
and odovg, a tooth. Caries of the teeth. the fixed matters in a separate state, while
EURONDONTICUS. One suffering the volatile parts are dissipated and lost.

from caries of the teeth. EVENTRATION. Eventra'tio; from e,

EU'ltUS. Corruption of the humors. out of, and venter, the belly. A tumor
EUSAR'CUS. Fleshy and robust. from general relaxation of the walls of the
EUSE'MIA. From ev, well, and oti(teuvt abdomen and protrusion of the viscera.
a sign. Favorable sign. Also, hernia which takes place
through
EUSPLANCH'NIA. A healthy state of any other than the natural oiienings of the
the viscera. abdominal walls and, lastly, the protru-
;

EUSTACHIAN TUBE. The tube sion of the viscera through a wound of the
which forms a communication between the walls of the abdomen.
upper part of the pharynx and the ear. It EVERGREEN. A term applied in Bot-
is bony and cartilaginous, and lined by a any to plants which retain their leaves the

continuation of the mucous membrane of whole year.

the pharynx. The entrance from the EVERRIC'ULUM. An instrument used
pharynx is indicated by a depression in the for the removal of fragments of calculus,
mucous membrane. or coagula of blood from the bladder, after
Eustachian Valve. Valvitla Eustachii. the operation of lithotomy.
A membranous semilunar fold, at the EVOLUTION. Evolu'tio; from evolvere,
inferior vena cava. to unroll. In Physiology, increase, growth
EUSTHENI'A. Exuberant health. or development. Also, that theory of gen-
EUTAX'IA. A constitution in which eration which supposes the germ of the
every part has its proper relation. new being to exist previous to fecunda-
EUTHANA'SIA. From ev, well, and tion, and to be only developed by the pro-
davaroc, death. An easy death. cess of generation.

EUTHYM'IA. Mental sanity or tran- Evolution, Spontaneous. In obstet-

quillity. a term applied by Dr. Denman to
rics,

EUTO'CIA. An easy labor. spontaneous turning and natural delivery,

EUTROPH'IA. From ev, well, and after the protrusion of the arm and
Tpoij>r}, nourishment. Healthy nutrition. shoulder of the child from the vagina.
EUTROPH'IC. Eutroph'icum. A term EVUL'SION. Ecid'sio; from evellere,

introduced in medical terminology by Pro- to pluck out. The forcible extraction of

fessor Dunglison, " for an agent whose ac- any part, as a tooth.
tion is exerted on the system of nutrition, EXACERBATION. Exacerba'tio; from
without necessarily occasioning manifest exacerbare, to provoke. An increase of
increase of any of the secretions." intensity in symptoms of a diseasewhich
EUXANTHIC ACID. An acid obtained recur at intervals. It is sjmonymous with
from Indian Yellow. paroxysm.
EVAC'UANTS. Evacaan'tia; from e, EXiE'RESIS. From e^aipeu, to remove.
and vacuare, to empty. Medicines which The removal of whatever is obnoxious to
occasion a discharge from some emunctory, the human body, as the extraction of a
as emetics, cathartics, &c. carious or dead tooth, the amputation of
 ;

EXA 274 EXC

a limb, the removal of foreign bodies, et-apxog, a leader, and tarpog, a physician.
tumors, &c. The first or principal physician.
EXAL'MA. Displacement of the ver- EXAR'MA. Swelling.
tebra. EXAR'SIO. A burning heat.
EXALTATION OF THE VITAL EXARTERI'TIS. Inflammation of the
FORCES. A morbid increase of action, outer coat of an artery.
as thatwhich takes place in an inflamed EXARTICULA'TION. From ex, out
part. used by some authors as syn-
It is of, and articulus, a joint. A dislocation.
onymous with inflammation. EXCARNA'TION. Making anatomical
EXAMBLO'MA. Abortion. preparations by corrosion.
EXANGFA. From e^ayyieu, I evacuate EXCISING FORCEPS, ELLIOT'S
from a vessel. An enlargement or perfo- IMPROVED. This improvement consists
ration of a blood vessel without external in placing between the handles of a com-
opening. A genus of diseases, in the order mon excising instrument, a joint, operated
Dysthetica, class Hcematica, of Dr. Good, by a key handle, capable of closing the
which includes aneurism, varix, and cyania. instrument with a force five or six times
EXAN'GUIOUS. Exsan'guis; from ex, greater than can be produced by the hand
out of, and sanguis, blood. Deficient in alone.
blood, as in those who have suffered from Excising Instbument, Elliot's. An
hemorrhages. instrument invented by Dr. W. H. Elliot
EX A'NIA . From and amis. of Montreal, for excising the crowns of
ex, out of,
Prolapsus of the rectum. teeth, and which is so constructed that a

EXANIMATION. Death, real or ap- tooth is in no danger of being moved in

parent. its socket by the oj)eration. The cutting
EXAN'THEM. Exanthe'ma; from efrv- parts of the instrument are brought to-
•deu, I flourish. A cutaneous eruption, or gether with a force seventy-two times
rash. The term is employed by some greater than that applied to the handle by
writers to designate every sort of eruption the hand.
that appears on the skin, but Dr. Willan EXCIS'ION. Excis'io; from ex 'cider-e, to
uses synonymous with rash.
it as cut off. The removal of a tumor or other
Exanthem Mercubiale. Eczema mer- small part with a cutting instrument also ;

curialo. amputation at a joint.

Exanthem Caebun'culab. Anthrax. EXCITABILITY. Excitabili'tas. The

EXANTHEMATA. An order of dis- capability of living bodies being brought
eases, of the class Pyrexia;, of Dr. Cullen's into action, under the influence of exciting
Nosology. agents. Irritability.

EXANTHEMAT'IO. Eruptive. EXCITANT. A stimulant.

EXANTHEMAT'ICA. Eruptive fevers EXCITATION. Excitement. The
the third order in the class Hcematica of action of excitants upon the living body.
Dr. Good. EXCFTO-MO'TORY SYSTEM. A term
EXANTHEMATIS'CHESIS. Suppres- applied by Dr. Marshall Hall to the fibres
sion of an eruption of the skin. of the anterior and posterior roots of the
EXANTHEMATOPHTHAL'- spinal nerves, which are supposed to
MIA. Ophthalmia occurring during or derive their origin and power of action
after an exanthematous disease. from the cineritious matter of the spine,
EXANTHE'SIS. From etavdeu, I efflo- inwhich they arise, and to be brought into
resce. The breaking out of an efflorescence action by exterior agency, independently
on the skin ; also, the efflorescence itself. of the direct power of the will.

EXANTHROP'IA. From e$avdpunog, EXCORIATION. Excoria'tio ; from

misanthropic. A misanthrope. excoriare, to remove the skin. Abrasion
EXARCHIATER. Exarchia'tros ; from of the skin.
 EXF 276 EXO
EXCEEATION. The act of spitting. from, and folium, a leaf. Desquamation.
EX'CEEMENT. Excremen'tum ; from The separation or detachment of dead por-
excemere, to separate. All matters evacu- tions of bone, cartilage, fascia, or tendon.
ated from the animal body by the natural The definition, however, is generally re-
emunctories as superfluous, as the fasces, stricted to the separation of portions of
urine, perspiration, &c, but generally bone.
applied to the faeces. EXFOLIATIVE. Medicines which
EXCEEMENTITIOUS. Eclating to, promote exfoliation. Also, instruments
or of the nature of, excrement. for effecting or accelerating exfoliation.
EXCEEMEN'TO- EECEEMENTI- EXHA'LANT. Exha'lent; from exha-
T'lOUS . A
term applied to secretions lare, to exhale, to throw out. A small
which are partly absorbed and partly re- vessel which performs the function of ex-
jected. halation.
EXCEES'CENCE. Excrescentia ; from Exhalant Vessels. A distinct system
excrescere, to grow out. Any preterna- of vessels, which, according to Bichat,
tural growth, as a tumor, corn, or wart, originate from the capillary arterial sys-
from an organ or from tem, and are distributed to all the tissues
tissue, especially
the skin, mucous membrane, or an ulcer- of the body, pouring out on the surfaces
ated surface. of the mucous and serous membranes, and
EXCEETION. Excre'tio; from excer- skin, a peculiar fluid. They are purely
nere, to separate. The expulsion, by the imaginary.
various outlets of the body, of such mat- EXHALATION. Exhala'tio. The ema-
ters as are useless, as the urine, fa)ces, nation which arises from organized and
perspiration, &c. inorganic bodies, in the form of vapor.
EX'CEETOEY. Excreto'rius. A vessel EXHAUSTION. That state of body
or duct which conveys a secreted fluid which results from great fatigue, privation
from the gland which has secreted it. of food, excessive evacuations, great men-
Excretory Organ. An organ destined tal effort, anxiety, or from disease. Also,
for excretion. the effect resulting from the removal of
EXCUTIA VENTEIC'ULI. A stomach air from a vessel with an air pump.
brush. An instrument formerly used for EXHIL'AEANTS. Agents which en-
the removal of foreign bodies from the liven and gently stimulate.
oesophagus. EXHOEEHI'ZiE. From e£, out of,

EXELCO'SIS. Ulceration. and pifa, root. A term applied in Botany

EXELCYS'MOS. From «f, from, and to the embryo of Dicotyledons, as their
elicvu, I draw. Extraction. radicle always elongates downward, from
EXEEA'MA. From throw out. the outside of the base of the embryo.
efrpau, I
The act of vomiting, or the matter vomited. EXHUMATION. Exhuma'tio; from
EX'EECISE, Exercita'tio; from exer- ex, and humus, the ground. The disinter-
cere, to work. Movements of the body ment of a corpse.
produced by the contraction of muscles, EXIS'CHIOS. From e£, out of, and
in obedience to the will. toxiov, the ischium. Luxation of the thigh
EXEBCITATION. Exercita'tio; from bone.
exercere, to work. Exercise ; gymnastics. EX'ITUS. The outer opening of a
EXEREHO'SIS. From ef, out of, and canal. The termination of a disease.
pea, I flow. The discharge from insensible EXO-. E£u, outward. Used as a prefix
perspiration. to other words.
EXFCETATION. Extra uterine fceta- EXO'CHAS. From e£u, without, and
tion, or the development of the ovum in £#<•>, I have. A tumor at the anus.
some organ exterior to the uterus. EXOCULATIO. Absence of eyes.
EXFOLIATION. Exfolia'tio; from ex, Blindness.
 EXO 276 EXO
EXOCYSTE. Exocys'tis; from ef, out the thickening of their walls, and a con-
of, and Kvang, the bladder. Prolapsus of sequent displacement of the teeth.
the urinary bladder. Exostosis op the Teeth. Exostosis
EXODONTO'SIS. Exostosis of the dentium; Exodonto'sis. The only part of
teeth. a tooth subject to exostosis is the root, and
EXOG"ENOUS. From ef, outside, and the development of the affection usually
yeivo/xai, I grow. A term applied in Botany commences at or near the extremity ; ex-
to plants whose vessels are disposed round a tending from thence upward, it sometimes
cellular substance or pith, so that the more covers a greater or less portion of the exter-
recently produced parts fire in the circum- nal surface. Occasionally, however, it com-

ference. They are also called dicotyledons, mences on the side, and so great a deposr-
and constitute one of the primary classes tion of osseous matter takes place, that a
into which the vegetable world is divided. large irregular tubercle is formed at other ;

EXOLU'TIOX. Syncope. Trance. times the bony deposit is diffused regularly

EXOM'PHALUS. From ef, out of, and over nearly the whole of the root, but more
o/MpaAog, the navel. An umbilical hernia. frequently it is irregular. The bony mat-
EXONCO'MA. From ef, and oy/coc, a ter thus deposited is generally of a denser
tumor. • A large tumor or protuberance. structure than cementum, of a slightly
EXOPHTHAL'MIA. From ef, out of, yellowish hue, and semi-translucent ap-
and o<p$atyoc, the eye. A protrusion of pearance.
the bulb of the eye. Although sound as well as carious teeth
EXOSMO'SIS. From ef, out of, and are liable to be attacked by exostosis,
ua/iog, impulse. Transudation. The op- the occurrence of the affection is evidently
posite, of endosmosis. the result of increased action of the vessels
EXOSTE'MA. A genus of trees of the of the periosteum, arising sometimes from
natural family Cinchoniacece. caries, sometimes from the loss of one or

Exostema Carib'BjEum. The which more antagonizing teeth, and at other

tree
furnishes the Caribbean or Jamaica cin- times from pressure of the adjoining teeth,
chona bark. or from malposition of a tooth, or from
Exostema Peruvia'num. The tree from some operation that has been performed
which the Peruvian bark is obtained. upon it. But none of these causes would
Exostema Souza'num. The Brazilian be sufficient to produce the disease, if it
cinchona. were not favored by some peculiar consti-
EXOSTOME. From if, out of, and tutional idiosyncrasy. As the affected part
cnoua, a mouth. The foramen through of the root increases in size, the alveolus
the outer integument of an ovule. enlarges, so that the pressure of the former
EXOSTOSIS. Hypa-osio'sis ; from ef, upon the latter is rarely very great, and
out and oareov, a bone. An osseous
of, hence the deposition often goes on for years
tumor formed on the surface, or in the without being attended with much pain,
cavity of a bone. Three varieties are but at other times it causes the tooth to
enumerated, namely, ivory exostosis, from ache and become sore to the touch, and in
its resemblance in structure to ivory; lamel- some instances it gives rise to neuralgia of
lated exostosis, from its being developed in the face.
laminra ; and spongy exostosis, from its One of the most remarkable cases of
resemblance in structure to the tissue of exodontosis on record is by Mr.
related
bones. Fox. The subject was a young lady, who,
Exostosis of the Alveoli. The al- at the time she sought the professional

and other osse-

veoli as well as the teeth, advice and aid of Mr. Fox, had suffered so
ous structures of the body are sometimes severelyand so long, that the palpebras
attacked by exostosis, which may develop of one eye had been closed for near two
itself in the form of a bony tumor, or in months, and the secretion of saliva had
 EXO 277 EXP
for some time been foreign bodies or of a foreign body with
so copious, that
it

flowed from her mouth whenever was the human. it

opened. She had tried every remedy EXPAX'SION. Expan'sio; from expan-
which had been recommended by the dcre, to spread out. The dilatation of an
ablest medical advisers, without realizing expandible body the increase of bulk or ;

any permanent benefit, and was only re- size which it undergoes by recession of its
lieved from her suffering by the extraction particles from one another. In Anatomy,
of every one of her teeth. the prolongation or spreading out of an
In the Museum of the Baltimore College organ, or structure, as of aponeuroses.
of Dental Surgery, are some very remark- EXrECT'ANT MEDICINE. Expecta'-
able examples of dental exostosis. In one, tion. A theory which restricts practition-
a present from Dr. E. G. Hawes, of New ers of medicine to the observation of dis-
York, the three superior molar teeth of ease, without any effort to control or arrest
one side are united by a deposit of bony its progress, leaving the cure to the efforts
matter. In another, a present from Dr. of nature, unless very alarming symjitoms
Blandin, of Columbia, S. C, two upper occur.
molars are united. In a third, a pres- EXPECTORANT. Expec' torarts; from
ent from Dr. Ware, of Wilmington, X. and pectus, the breast. A med-
ex, out of,

C, there is a deposition of bone on the icine which promotes expectoration.

roots of a first superior molar as large as EXPECTORATION. Expectora'tio. The
a hickory nut, and on the root of a cuspi- act by which mucous and other thuds are
datus, placed there by the author, the de- expelled from the respiratorjr passages.
position of osseous matter forms a bull) at EXPECTORA'TIO SANGUINIS. See
its apex, the size of a large pea. But be- Haemoptysis.
sides the above, there are in this institu- EXPEL'LANT. Expulsive; driving
tion many other very remarkable exam- out.
ples of the disease. EXrE'RIENCE. Experien'tia. The
The disease, having once established it- knowledge of things acquired by long
self, does not admit of cure, and when it has practice.
progressed so far as to be productive of EXPERIMENT. Experimen'tum. In
pain, the loss of the affected tooth becomes Medical Science, a made upon man or
trial

necessary. But as the prognosis is exceed- other animals with a view of making dis-
ingly obscure, its existence can only be in- coveries in the structure or functions of
ferred from the unpleasant symptoms to organs, or for the purpose of testing the
which it gives rise. a new medicinal agent,
effects of or of an
When the enlargement is very consider- unknown alimentary substance.
able and confined to the extremity of the ENTERS NUPTIA'RUM. Virgin.
root, and has not been followed by a cor- EXPIRATION. Expira'tio; from ex-
responding enlargement of the alveolus pirare, to breathe out. The expulsion of
around the neck of the tooth, its removal the air from the lungs.
is often attended with difficulty, and can EX'PIRATORY. Expiratio'm. An ep-
only be effected by cutting away a greater ithet applied to those muscles which, by
or less portion of the socket. their contraction, diminish the cavity of
S
Exostosis Steatomatodes. See Osteo- the chest and thus effect the expulsion of
\ Steatoma. air from the lungs.

\ EXOT'IC. Exoticus; from e&, without, EXPLORATION. Exphra'tio ; from

^at which comes from a foreign country. czplorare, to search into. The act of in-
In Natural History and Medicine, animals, vestigating the physical signs of disease
plants and medicinal agents which are pro- with the eye, hand, and stethoscope.
cured from abroad. EXPLORATOR. Exploring needle.
EXOTICO SYMTHYSIS. A union of A long needle enclosed in a canula, or
 EXT 278 EXT
grooved on the surface, for introducing Extensor Carpi Radialis Lon'gus.
into tumors or cavities to determine the na- An extensor muscle of the carpus.
ture of the fluids with which they are filled. A muscle
Extensor Carpi Ulna'ris.
EXPLORATO'RIUM. A sound. which from the condyle of the os
arises
EXPRESSED OIL. An oil obtained humeri and from the edge of the ulna,
by pressing. and is inserted in the metacarpal bone of
EXPRESSION. Expres'sio; from ex- the little finger.

primere, to press out. The separation, by Extensor Digito'rum Commu'nis. A

pressure, of the fluids which a substance large flat muscle of the forearm which ex-
contains. Also, the manner in which im- tends to the fingers.
pressions are depicted upon the counte- Extensor Digitorum Longus. See
nance. Extensor Longus Digitorum Pedis.
EXPUL'SIVE. Expel'lens; from ex- Extensor Longus Digitorum Pedis.
pettere, to drive out. In Surgery, a band- A muscle of the leg, extending to the joints
age used for the expulsion of pus or other of the four small toes.
fluid from a part.
Also, applied to med- Extensor Magnus. The gastrocnemius
icines which are supposed to have the muscle.
power of driving the humors toward the Extensor Ossis Metacar'pi Pol'licis
skin. Ma'nus. A muscle of the wrist situated
EXSANGUINTTY. From ex, out of on the forearm.
and sanguis, blood. Bloodlessness. Ap- Extensor Pri'mi Interno'dii. A mus-
plied to persons who have little blood. cle of the thumb, situated on the hand.
EXSERTUS. Protruding ; sometimes Extensor Pro'prius Pollicis Pedis.
applied to teeth which protrude. See Dens An extensor muscle of the great toe.
Exsertus. Extensor Secun'di Interno'dii In'di-
EXSICCATION. Drying. cis Proprius. See Indicator.
EXSPUITTON. From ex, out of, and Extensor Tar'si Magnus. The gas-
spuo, I spit. Spitting. trocnemius and soleus muscles.
EXSTIPULATUS. Without stipule. EXTENUA'TIO. Emaciation.
EXSTROPHTA. Ex'sirophy ; from e£, EXTERGEN'TIA Detergents.
out and orpo<j>7), turning. The displace-
of, EXTERNAL DISEASES. Diseases oc-
ment of an organ, especially the urinary cupying the surface of the body.
bladder. EXTER'NUS AU'RIS. The laxator
EXTEMPORA'NEOUS, From ex, and tympani muscle.
tempore, out of time. Medicines com- EXTINCTIO. Death.
pounded from written prescriptions made Extinctio Vocis. Incomplete aphonia.
on the spot or at the bedside of the patient, EXTINCTION OF MERCURY. The
and not by formula;. trituration of mercury with other substan-
EXTENSIBILITY. Exknsibil'itas. Ca- ces, as lard, until its metallic globules dis-
pable of being extended. appear.
EXTEN'SION. Exten'sio; from extend- EXTIRPATION. Extirpa'tio; from ex-
ere, to stretch out. In Surgery, the pull- tirpare, to root out. The complete removal
ing of a limb for the reduction of a fracture of a part, (applied generally to a morbid
or dislocation. structure,) by excision or with caustic.
EXTENSOR. In Anatomy, an epithet EXTIRPATOR. A name applied to an
applied to a muscle whose function is to instrument invented by Mr. C. T. Good-
extend or straighten certain parts. win, of Philadelphia, for the extraction of
Extensor Bhe'vis Digito'rum Pe'dis. the roots of cuspid teeth. It is shaped
A muscle of the toes situated on the foot. something like the common straight punch
Extensor Car'pi Radia'lis Bre'vis. which is sometimes employed for the re-

An extensor muscle of the wrist. moval of roots of teeth.

 :

EXT 279 EXT

EXTRACT. Extract'um; from extrahere, its antagonizing teeth, or other causes, has
to draw out. In Pharmacy, a tenacious become partially displaced, or is a source
substance, obtained by the evaporation of of constant irritation to the surrounding
a vegetable solution. Also, a substance parts, it should be removed.
held in solution by the juice of a fresh Second. A constant discharge of foetid
plant, as well as that to which some men- matter through a carious opening in the
struum has been added at the time of its crown from the nerve cavity, and the canal
preparation. of the root, may, also, be regarded as an
EXTRACTION. Extrac'tio; from ex- indication for the operation.
trahere, to draw out. In Chemistry, the Third. A tooth which is the cause of
separation of a simple or compound sub- alveolar abscess should not, as a general
stance from a body of which it forms a rule, be permitted to remain in the mouth,
part. In Surgery, the act of removing but, if it be an incisor or cuspidatus, and
foreign or diseased bodies or organs, from the discharge of matter through the gums
any part of the body, as a urinary calculus is small, occurring only at long intervals,
from the bladder, a bullet or splinter from and especially if the organ cannot be
a wound, or a tooth from the jaw. securely replaced with an artificial substi-
Extraction of Teeth. "Of all the tute, it may be advisable to permit it to
remedies," says Desirabode, " for diseases remain.
of the teeth, there is none which has been Fourth. Irregularity in the arrangement
used so long as their extraction ; for not of the teeth, resulting from a disproportion
only is it spoken of in formal terms by between the size of these organs and the
Hippocrates, Avho also attempts to correct alveolar arch, is another indication which
the abuses to which it might lead ; but a calls for the operation.
passage in Cicero designates Esculapius, and roots of teeth,
Fifth. All dead teeth
the third of that name, as the person by and which have become so much
teeth
whom it was first proposed." loosened from the destruction of their sock-
ets as to be a constant source of disease to
Indications for the Operation.
the adjacent parts, or teeth which are other-
Beginning with the teeth of first denti- wise diseased, and are a cause of neuralgia
tion, it will be sufficient to state that when of the face, a morbid condition of the max-
a tooth of replacement is about to emerge illary sinus, dyspepsia, or any other local
from the gums, or has actually made its or constitutional disturbance, should, as a
appearance, either before or behind the general rule, be extracted.
corresponding temporary, the latter should There are other indications which call
at once be removed ; and when the aper- for the extraction of teeth, but the forego-
ture formed by the loss of this is so nar- ing are among the most common, and will
row as to prevent the former from acquiring be found sufficient in most cases, to deter-
its proper position, it may sometimes be mine the propriety or impropriety of the

necessary to extract even an adjoining tem- operation.

porary tooth. Alveolar abscess, necrosis
of the walls of an alveolus, and pain in a
Accidents which sometimes residl from the
Operation.
temporary tooth, which cannot be assuaged
by any of the usual remedies, may also The extraction of a tooth, though in the
be regarded as indications which call for majority of cases, a simple operation, is,
the operation. nevertheless, sometimes attended by tri-
With regard to the indications which fling accidents, which the most skillful and
should determine the extraction of a per- prudent cannot always avoid. The con-
manent tooth, the following may be men- formation or condition of a tooth is some-
tioned as constituting the principal times such as to render its removal, with-
First. When a molar, from the loss of out fracturing it or the aveolus, impossible,
 ;;

EXT 280 EXT

but no accident of a serious nature need the right hand, the tooth may, by means
ever occur if the operation be performed of a firm, steady rotation of the wrist, be

with a suitable instrument, and by a skill- raised from its socket. In order to pre-
ful hand, except such perhaps as may vent the claw from slippling, (an accident
result from a hemorrhagic diathesis of which too frequently occurs,) it should be
the general system, or from peculiar states pressed down with the forefinger or thumb
of the constitutional health. of the left hand of the operator, until, by
The removal of a wrong tooth, or of the rotation of the instrument, it becomes
two, and even three, instead of one, are securely fixed to the tooth.
such common occurrences, that it were If the tooth be situated on the left side

well if by the illus- of the mouth, the position of the operator

the precautions given
trious Ambrose Pare were more frequently should be at the right side of the patient
observed. So fearful was he of injuring but if it be on the right side of the mouth,
the adjacent teeth, that he always isolated he should stand before him.
the tooth to be extracted with a file before For the removal of a tooth on the left
he attempted its removal. side of the lower jaw, or the right side in
the upper, the palm of the hand should be
Instruments employed in the Operation. beneath the handle of the instrument
A description of the various instruments and, vice versa, in the extraction of one on
employed in the extraction of teeth will be the right side in the lower jaw, or on the
found, each, under its appropriate name. left side in the upper. The manner of
grasping the instrument is, perhaps, of
Manner of Extracting Teeth with the Key more consequence than many imagine. If
of Garengcot. it be not properly done, the operator, to a
The key of Garengcot, although for a great extent, loses his control over it, and
long time almost the only instrument used applies the power to it disadvantage-
for the extraction of teeth, has recently, ously.
to a very great extent, been superseded by
forceps, which, when of the proper con- Manner of Extracting Teeth with Forceps.

struction, are far preferable. But inas- In describing the manner of extracting
much as it still holds a place among the teeth with forceps, the author will begin
instruments employed in the operation, it with the incisors and cuspidati of the up-
will be proper to describe the method of per jaw.
using it. Before Ave do this, it may be Incisors and Cusjridati of the Upper
well to observe that its use is restricted to Jaw. —The patient being seated, the gum
the molar and bicuspid teeth. should be completely separated from the
The step to be taken in the opera- neck of the tooth.
first This done, it may be
tion, afterhaving placed the patient in a grasped with a pair of straight forceps,
good light, and selected a hook with a with thin crescent-shaped jaws, made
curvature proportioned to the size of the
sufficiently concave on the inside to press
organ, is to separate the gum
from the neck upon the crown of the tooth, which should
of the tooth down to the alveolus. For be firmly forced outward and inward
this purpose suitable gum lancets or knives several times in quick succession, giving
should be provided. it at the same time a slight rotary motion,
After the tooth has been thus prepared, and as soon as it is found to .yield, it

the key, with the proper hook attached, may be removed from the socket.
should be firmly fixed upon it ; the bolster, The position of the operator, while ex-
on the inside, resting upon the edge of the tracting the above mentioned teeth, should
alveolus, the extremity of the claw, on the be partly at the right and partly behind
opposite side, pressed down upon the neck. the patient, as, indeed, it should be for the
The handle of the instrument grasped with removal of most teeth with forceps, as it
 ;

EXT 281 EXT

enables him to control the patient's head under the gum as possible, and after
with his left arm, and to separate the lij>s having thoroughly loosened it by an out-
with the hand of the same. Sometimes, ward and inward movement, repeated a
however, it be necessary to occupy a sufficient number of times, it may be re-
may
different position,but of the propriety of moved, by a downward effort, from the
this he alone must be the judge. socket. The head of the patient during
—
of the Lower Jaw. The direc- the operation should be firmly confined
Incisoi's

tions which have been given for the with the left arm of the operator against
extraction of the upper incisors and cus- the back or head-piece of the operating
pidal i, will be found, for the most part, chair, while the corner of the mouth is re-

applicable for the removal of the incisors tracted with the fingers of the same hand,
of the lower jaw but forceps of a some-
; and one of which should, when practica-
what different construction are required. ble, be placed on either side of the tooth.
The jaws of the instrument should not be Upper Denies Sapientice. —These teeth
more than one-third as wide, and they are generally less firmly articulated than
should be bent downward, so as to form either the first or second superior molar*,
an angle of thirty degrees with the handles and consequently are more easily removed.
for, if they are straight, the hand of the But the directions for the removal of the
operator will frequently come in contact one will be found applicable for the re-
with the teeth of the upper jaw. moval of the other. In most cases, how-
Superior and Inferior Bicuspids and ever, forceps of a different shape and con-
Inferior Cuspidati —The roots of the up- struction are required for their extraction.
per bicuspids, being considerably flat-See Forceps for the Extraction of Teeth.
tened and often bifid, will seldom admit of Lower Molars. —Although the inferior
much rotary motion. But in the extrac- molars have but two roots, they are some-
tion of one of those teeth after the gum times very firmly articulated, requiring
has been separated, and the tooth grasped considerable force to extract them, but
as high upon its neck as possible, its con- for their removal only one pair of forccj)s
nection with the alveolus is, first, to be are required, provided they are of the
partially broken up by several quick proper construction. In applying them,
motions outward and inward, then, by after having first separated the gum, the
a downward pull, it may, in most cases, points at the extremity of the beaks should
be removed from its socket. In the be forced between the roots or into the
extraction of a lower bicuspis, or infe- groove a little above where they are given
rior cuspidatus, a slight rotary motion off, as far as possible, and after having ob-
joined to the outward and inward move- tained a firm hold, the tooth should be
ment, forced outward and inward several times
will facilitate the destruction of the
bond of union between the tooth and in quick succession, or until the tooth
alveolus, and then, by an upward effort, moves freely, then by an upward effort it
it may be removed from the socket. But should be lifted from the socket. If the
one pair of forceps is required for the re- crown of the tooth has been destroyed by
moval of the upper and lower bicuspids caries, the upper edge of the alveolus
and lower cuspidati. should be included between the beak or
—
Upper Molars. For the extraction of jaws of the instrument, through which they
upper molars two pair of forceps, one for may readily be made to pass, on applying
the right, and one for the left side, are pressure to the handles, and by this means
needed. The directions for the removal a secure hold upon the tooth will be ob-
of these are few and simple. The gum tained, when it may generally be easily
should be separated in the manner as extracted.
before described, the tooth then grasped Lower Denies Sapiential. The extrac- —
with the appropriate forceps, as high up tion of a dens sapientia? of the lower jaw,
 EXT 282 EXT
when it is situated far back under the cor- second molar. In these cases it will often
onoid process, or the crown destroyed by be necessary to extract the latter before
caries, is removing the former.
sometimes attended with great
difficulty. But as a general rule it can be
Other obstacles sometimes present them-
removed more easily than either of the selves in the extraction of teeth, which the
other molars. The gum having been sep- judgment and tact of the operator alone,
arated from around the neck, the tooth can enable him to overcome. To point
should be grasped as low down
of which is impossible. The na-
as possible out all

with the proper forceps, and and peculiarity of each case can
after moving ture
it outward and inward several times in alone suggest the method of procedure
quick succession, it may, by an upward most proper to be pursued in the perform-
be removed from the socket.
effort, ance of the operation. The dentist should
In the foregoing directions, the author never hesitate, when it may be neces-
has supposed the arrangement and forma- sary to enable him to obtain a firm hold
tion of the teeth to be natural. upon the tooth, to remove a portion of
It some-
times happens that the roots of the and the alveolus, or to include it between
first

second molars, as well as those of the dentes the jaws of the forceps. The removal of
sapiential, are either bent, divergent or the upper edge of the socket of a tooth is
convergent in such a manner as to render never productive of injury, as it is always,
their extraction extremely difficult. In- soon after the extraction of the organ, de-
deed it cannot always be done without stroyed by a peculiar operation of the
fracturing the roots, or alveoli, and some- economy.
times bringing away a portion of the latter, In the extraction of the temporary teeth,
especially when the roots, after diverging, the operator should be careful not to injure
converge and come nearly or quite to- the pulps of the permanent ones, or the
gether at their apices. Sometimes it is ne- alveolar border. Accidents of this sort
cessary to cut away a portion of the alveo- sometimes occur.
lus before the tooth can be removed, which Extraction or Koots of Teeth.
may be done with forceps constructed for The extraction of roots of teeth is some-
the purpose, or with a sharp and strong- times attended with considerable diffi-
pointed instrument. Similar obstacles culty; but generally they can be more
are occasionally met with in the removal easily removed than whole teeth, and
of the bicuspids, and cuspidati. At other especially those of the molars, for, after
times the extraction of a tooth is ren- the destruction of their crowns, an effort
dered very difficult by the enlargement isusually made by the economy to expel
of the root by exostosis. It occasionally them from the jaws.
happens, too, when a tooth has decayed It sometimes happens, however, that
on one or both of its approximal sur- they are deeply lodged in the alveoli, re-
faces, that the adjoining tooth or teeth quiring considerable force for their re-

have so impinged upon it as to lock it in moval, often defeating the efforts, and
the jaw, and to attempt to extract it with- placing at defiance the skill of the timid
out first filing away a portion of the ad- and inexperienced
practitioner. For their
joining teeth would be to fail in the opera- extraction a great variety of instruments
tion or to bring away two or more teeth at have been invented, among which are
the same time. a pair of narrow-beaked forceps, like

A dens sapientiae of the lower jaw those mentioned for the removal of the
sometimes occupies a horizontal position, lower incisors, a hook, punch, elevator,
the root being lodged in the base of the and screw. See Forceps, Elevator, Punch
coronoid process while the grinding sur- and Screw, for the Extraction of Teeth.
face of the crown is For the removal of the roots of the
in contact with the
posterior surface of the crown of the bicuspid and molar teeth, and often for
 EXT 288 EXT
those of the cuspidati and incisors, the vented by Dr. S. P. Hullihen of Wheeling,
narrow-beaked forcep most conve- Va., is a much better instrument for the
is the
nient and efficient instrument that can be removal of the roots of the superior inci-
employed. In using it for the extraction sors and cuspidati, than the simple screw,
of a root which does not protrude from inasmuch as it combines the advantages
the alveolus, the gums should be separated of both the screw and forceps. See For-
from the latter, and so much of it as may ceps, Compound Screw.
be necessary to obtain a secure hold upon
For the extraction of the roots of the
the former, included between the jaws of upper molars, before they have become
the instrument, which, from their being separated from each other, Dr. Maynard
Very narrow, readily pass through it, and invented two pair of very valuable for-
a firm hold is at once obtained upon the ceps, one for the right and one for the
root; then, after moving it a few times left side of the mouth. See Forceps, Dr.
outward and inward, it may be easily Maynard's. Dr. Elliot also invented a
removed from the socket. There are some very ingenious instrument for the extrac-
cases, however, in which the punch, hook, tion of roots of molar and bicuspid teeth.
and elevator may be advantageously used. The hook can only be advantageously
We have also occasionally met with cases employed for the removal of the roots of
where we have succeeded in removing upon the left side of the
the molar teeth
roots of teeth with great ease with an mouth, and the manner of using it is as
elevator shaped like the blade of a knife, follows : —After having separated the gum
by forcing it doAvn into the socket by the is forced down on
from the root, the hook
side of the root,and then turning it so as the outside, and held firmly in place, with
to make the back press against the former one or more of the fingers of the left hand,
and the edge against the latter. When an while with the handle of the instrument
elevator of this sort is used, the blade in the right, it is gradually forced from
should not exceed an inch in length ; and the socket.
it should be straight, sharp on the point, Extraction of Concealed Teeth. It
and have a very thick back, to prevent it sometimes happens that teeth are devel-
from breaking in the operation. In using oped in other parts than the alveolar border,
the common elevator, it is necessary that and remain out of sight, occasionally giv-
there should be an adjoining tooth or root, ing rise to and it
severe local irritation ;

to act as a fulcrum. When more frequently happens that they remain

this can be
obtained, a root, or even a whole tooth, buried in parts adjacent to the place which
may sometimes be removed with it; but they should occupy in the alveolar border.
as a general rule, the forceps should be "These teeth, however," as Desirabode
preferred to any of these instruments. justly observes, " almost always ultimately
For the extraction of the roots of the make their appearance ; but the difficulty
upper front teeth, after they have become with which their eruption is effected is of-
so much funneled out by decay, as to ten troublesome enough to constitute a state
render their walls incapable of sustaining of disease, and their presence is frequently
the pressure of forceps, the screw is inval- the cause of phenomena, the true charac-
uable. This is of a conical shape, and ter of which may be completely misun-
with it a sufficiently firm hold can be derstood." Numerous examples of this

obtained for the removal of a root, by on record. But so variable is the

sort are
screwing it up into the cavity. But before place which they occupy, that no specific
it is introduced, the softened decomposed directions can be laid down for their ex-

dentine on the inner walls of the root should traction. The method of procedure can
be removed with a conical three-cornered alone be determined by the circumstances
instrument of the size of the screw. connected with each individual case.
But the compound screw forceps, in- EXTRACTIVE. In Chemistry, a pe-
 .

EXT 284 EXT

culiar, immediate principle in extracts, Extractum Digita'lis. Ph., L. Ex-
supposed to consist of combinations of acid, tract of foxglove.

coloring matter, and an azotcd body. Extractum Dulcama'r^e. Extract of

EX'lil ACTUM. An extract. The term bitter-sweet.
is applied to a variety of organic princi- Extractum Elate'rii. Extract of ela-
ples which have not been studied, their terium

only resemblance to one another being the Extractum ER'ooTiK. Ergotin.

fact that they are soluble in the same Extractum Folio'rum Sabine. Ex-
mixture. They are divided into aqueous, tract of savine.
alcoholic and ethereal extractives or ex- Extractum Genis'tjs Cacu'minum.
tracts. Extract of broom tops.
EXTRACTUM AbSIn'tIIII CaCU'MINUM. Extractum Gentia'n2e. U. S., Ph.
Extract of wormwood. and L. Extract of gentian.
Extractum Aconi'ti. U. S., Th. and Extractum Glycyrrhi'z.e. Extract of
L. Extract of aconite. liquorice.
Extractum Aconiti Alcohol'icum. Extractum Gram'inis. An extract
U. S. Alcoholic extract of aconitum. prepared from Triticum repens, thought by
Extractum Al'oes Purifica'tum. Ph. the Germans to be a mild tonic.
L. Purified extract of aloes. Extractum ELematox'yli. U. S., Ph.
Extractum Anthem'idis. U. S., Ph. and L. Extract of logwood.
and L. Extract of chamomile. Extractum Helle'bori Alcoholi'cum.
Extractum Artemi'sle Absin'thii. U. S. Alcoholic extract of black hellebore.
Ph. 1). Extract of wormwood. Extractum Hellebori Nigri. Ph., L.
Extractum BELLADOx'xiE. U. S., Ph. Extract of black hellebore.
and L. Extract of belladonna. Extractum Hu'muli. Extract of hops.
Extractum Belladonna Alcoholi- Extractum Hyosoy'ami. U.
S., Ph.
cum. U.S. Alcoholic extract of belladonna. and L. Extract of henbane.
Extractum Cathar'ticum. See Ex- Extractum Hyoscyami Alcoholi'cum.
tractum Colocynthidis Compositum. U. S. Alcoholic extract of henbane.
Extractum Cathol'icum. Tills com- Extractum Jala'p^e. U. S. Extract
posed of aloes, black hellebore, colocynth, of jalap.
resin of jalap and scammony. Extractum Jalaps Resino'sum. Ees-
Extractum Cincho'n^e. U. S. Extract inous extract of jalap.
of cinchona. Extractum Juglan'dis. U. S. Extract
Extractum Cinchona Kesino'sum. of butternut.
Ph. L. Eesinous extract of bark. Extractum Krame'rle. U. S. Ex-
Extractum Colchi'ci Aceti'cum. Ph. tract of rhatany.
and L. Acetic extract of meadow saffron. Extractum Lactu'oe. Ph., L. Ex-
Extractum Colchici Cormi. Ph., L. tractum of lettuce.
Extract of meadow saffron. Extractum Mar'tis Ace'ticum. Ace-
Extractum Colocyn'thidts. Ph., L. tate of iron.
Extract of colocynth. Extractum Nu'cis Vomi'c^:. U. S. Ex-
Extractum Colocynthidis Composi- tract of nux vomica.
tum. U. S., Ph. and L. Compound ex- Extractum O'pii Purifica'tum. Ph.
tract of colocynth. L. Extract of opium.
Extractum Conii. U. S., Ph. and L. Extractum Panchymago'gum. An
Extract of hemlock. ancient drastic purge.
Extractum Conii Alcohol/icum. U. S. Extractum Papav'eris. Ph.,L. Ex
Alcoholic extract of hemlock. tract of white poppy.
Extractum Cube'b^e Flu'idum. Fluid Extractum Pareirjj. Extract of pa
extract of cubebs. reira.
 ; ;

EXT 285 EYE

Extractum Pip'eris Flu'idum. Fluid mon language, the end or point of any
extract of black pepper. thing. Also, applied to the last moments
Extractum Podophyl'li. XJ. S. Ex- of life.

tract of May-apple. EXTRIN'SIC. Extrin'secus. External,

Extractum Quas'sle. U. S. Extract outward. In Anatomy, applied to the ex-
of quassia. ternal muscles of certain organs, as the ear,
Extractum Quercus. Ph. L. Ex- tongue, &c.
tract of oak bark. EXTROVER'SION. Turned inside out
Extractum Qui'nle. Impure sulphate applied to hollow organs, especially to the
of quinine. bladder, when turned inside out.
Extractum Ehe'i. Ph. L. and D. Ex- EXUDATION. Exuda'iio; from ex-
tract of rhubarb. udo, to sweat out. A sweating or discharge
Extractum Ru't^e. Extract of rue. of a fluid or moisture from the skin, the
Extractum Sambu'ci. Ph. L. The surface of a membrane, an ulcer, &c.
inspissated juice of the elderberry. Also, the discharge of the juices from a
Extractum Sars^e Compositum. Com- plant, moisture from tlie earth, &c.
pound extract of sarsaparilla. EXU'BER. From ex, from, and ubera,
Extractum Sarsaparil'l2E. U. S. a teat. Weaned from the breast.
Extract of sarsaparilla. EXULCERATION. Exulcera'iio; from
Extractum Satur'ni. ^Solution of ace- exulcero, to cause to ulcerate. Incipient
tate of lead. ulceration.

Extractum Stramo'nii. U. S. Ex- EYE. The globular organ which occu-

tract of stramonium. pies the cavity of the orbit, constituting
Extractum Uv^; Ursi. U. S. Ph. and the
especial ajmaratus of vision. Its ap-
L. Extract of bearberry. pendages are the eyelids, cilia, lachrymal
Extractum VALERiA'NiE. Extract of apparatus, &c. The globe of the eye is
valerian. composed of membranes arranged one
EXTRA'NEOUS BODIES. Fromerfro, within the other, and humors enclosed by
without. Corpora exter'na. In Hygiene them. It is moved by four straight, and
all substances, whether solid, liquid or two oblique muscles. With the exception
gaseous, animate or inanimate, introduced of the optic, it is principally supplied with
from without, or formed in the body, with- nerves from the ophthalmic ganglion.
out constituting any part of the organ- Eye-Bright. A plant of the genus
ism. Euphrasia.
EXTRA-UTERINE PREGNANCY. Eye-Glass. An optical instrument used
The development of the ovum outside of to assist vision.

the uterus. Eye-Stone. The opercula of small spi-

EXTRAVASATION. Extravasa'tio ral shells, used to remove particles from
from extra, out of, and vas, a vessel. Es- between the lids and globe of the eye.
cape of fluids, especially blood and serum, Eye-Teeth. The cuspidati of the up-
from their proper vessels, and infiltration per jaw are so called because their roots

or affusion of the same into the meshes extend nearer to the orbit than those of
of the surrounding textures. any of the other teeth.
EXTREMITY. Extremi'ias. A term Eye of Typhon. The mystic name
applied in Anatomy to the limbs, as the given by the Egyptians to Scilla maritima,
upper and lower extremities j but., in com- or squill.
•
19
 — :

FAC 286 FAC

F.

F. In Chemistry, the symbol of fluorine. passes forward and outward with the
In Medical Frescriptions it is used as an portio mollis, to the foramen auditorium
abbreviation of fiat or fiant, let it, or internus, which it enters and passes on to
them, be made. the base of this opening ; here these two
FAB A. From raw, to feed. A bean. nerves separate, the latter going to the
FABA'RIA. See Sedum Telephium. labyrinth of the ear, while the facial en-
FABKATiUM AQUA. Forge water. ters the aqueduct of Fallopins, where it
FACE. Fades. The anterior part of is joined by the Vidian ; it then goes on
the head, consisting of the forehead, eyes in a curved direction outward and back-
and eye-brows, nose, cheeks, lips and chin. ward behind the tympanum, where it
In an Anatomical point of view, it consists parts with the Vidian, and proceeds thence
of that portion of the head situated below to the stylo-mastoid foramen, from which
and in front of the cranium. it emerges.

Face, Bones of. The face is formed of At this point it sends off three branches
fourteen bones ; namely, the two superior 1. The posterior auricular ; 2. The stylo-
maxillary, the two malar, the two ossa hyoid ; 3. The digastric. The posterior
nasi, the ttco ossa unguis, the vomer, the auricular ascends behind the ear, crosses
two ossajfalati, the two ossa spongiosa, and the mastoid process to the occipito-frontalis
the inferior maxillary. To these may be muscle. The stylo-hyoid is distributed to
added the os frontis, and thirty-two teeth. the stylo-hyoid muscle, and the digastric
Face Giuppee. The pinched-in face, to the posterior belly of the digastric mus-
as seen in persons afl'ected with peritonitis. cle.

FACET'. A small, circumscribed, smooth The facial nerve, being deeply imbedded
plane of bone. in the substance of the parotid gland, di-
FA'CIAL. Facia'lis. Belonging to the vides into two branches, a superior and
face, as the facial nerve, facial neuralgia, inferior these have frequent unions called
;

&c. the pes anserinus, or parotidian plexus,

Facial Angle. See Anglo, facial. and send branches to the whole of the side
Facial Ak'tery. The third branch of of the face.
the external carotid. It ascends to the The upper branch, called the temporo-
sub-maxillary gland, behind which it facial, ascends in front of the ear upon the
passes on to the bone of the lower jaw zygoma, supplying the sides of the head,
thence it goes in front of the masseter ear and forehead, and anastomosing with
muscle to the angles of the mouth, and, the occipital and supraorbital nerves; a
finally, terminates at the side of the nose set of branches pass transversely to the
by anastomosing with the ophthalmic ar- cheek, rami malares, furnishing the lower
teries. eyelids, lips, side of the nose, and uniting
In its course it gives off the submental, with the infra-orbitar nerve.
inferior labial, superior and inferior cor- The inferior, or cervico-facial branch
onary arteries, which mainly simply the descends, supplying the lower jaw and
elevators, depressors, and circular muscles upper part of the neck, giving off the
of the mouthy or those agents concerned in following branches : 1. The maxillary,
the first steps of digestion —the prehension which passes the ramus of the jaw and
of food. masseter muscles to the lower lip and its
Facial Nerve. The facial nerve arises muscles; 2.* The sub-maxillary, which
from the medulla oblongata between tlie passes along the base of the lower jaw,
corpus olivare and restiforme, close by the supplying the muscles which arise from
lower margin of the pons Varolii ; it then this part; 3. The cervical, which go to
 FAG 287 FAL
the platysma and superficial muscles of Fagus Sylvat'ica. The systematic
the neck. name of the beech tree.
Facial Neuralgia. See Neuralgia FAINTTNG. See Syncope.
Faciei. FAL'CIFORM. Falcifor'mis ; from
Facial Vein. The vein which returns falx, a scythe, and forma, shape, scythe-
the blood of the facial artery. It generally shaped. Applied to parts of the body
descends obliquely on the face to the ex- which resemble a scythe.
ternal or internal jugular. Falciform Process. The falx. A
FACIES. The face; also, any given process of the dura mater which separates
portion of an animal or vegetable body or the hemispheres of the brain.
organ. FAL'CO. From falco, a falcon. A
Facies Hippocrat'ica. That peculiar genus of accipitrcs diurnal birds, as the
alteration of the human face which im- eagle, hawk, falcon, &c.
mediately precedes death, so called from FALLING SICKNESS. Epilepsy.
having been first described by Hippoc- FALLO'PIAN LIGAMENT. Poupart's
rates. 1 igament.
Facies Ru'bra. Gutta rosacea, or red Fallopian Tube. See Tube, Fallo-
face. pian.
FACTITIOUS. Fadit'ius; from facere, FALSE. Falsus. Pseudo; spurious.
to make. That which is made by art. That which is not pure. Adulterated. De-
Artificial, as factitious teeth, etc. viating from nature.
FACULTY. Facul'tas. False Conception. Conception and
The power by
which any function is executed. In Medi- gestation, in which the product, instead
cal and Dental Colleges, the professors. of a well organized infant, is a mole, or
F.ECES. The plural of ftcx. Alvine some other abnormal body.
excretions. Also, dregs or sediment. False Membrane. A morbid product
FJECULA. See Fecula. resembling a membrane, formed from an
FxEX. An excretion. Also, a sedi- exudation of coagulable lymph. It is
ment. produced in croup, pleurisy, &c.
FAGA'EA. A genus of trees of the or- False Passage. An accidental passage
der Salicacecv. sometimes made in carelessly performed
Faga'ra Octan'dra. The systematic operations, as in the introduction of a
name of the tree which affords the Tacama- catheter when armed with caustic.
liaca, a resinous substance of a delightful False Waters. An accumulation of
odor. serous fluid between the chorion and the
Fagara Tiperi'ta. A plant found in amnios, discharged at different periods of
Japan and the Philippine islands the ber- pregnancy.
;

ries of which are called Japan pepper. False Winter's Bark. Canclla alba.
FAGAItAS'TRUM CAPEN'SE. A FALSIFICATION. From falsus, false,
South African plant, called Wild Cardamom andfacere, to make. Adulteration.
by the colonists, used as a carminative. FALX. A scythe. See Falciform Pro-
FAGIN. A narcotic substance obtained cess.
from beech nuts. Falx Cerebel'li. A triangular process
FAGOP'YItUM. See Polygonum Fa- of the dura mater between the lobes of the
gopyrum. cerebellum.
FA'GUS. The beech. A genus of trees Falx Cer'ebri. The falciform process.
of the order Ciqmlifcrcv. Falx Major. The falx cerebri.
Fagus Casta 'ne a. The old systematic Falx Minor. The falx cerebelli.
name of the chestnut tree. Falx Peritonei. The great falx of the
Fagus Castanea Pu'mila. The chin- peritoneum. A process of the peritoneum
quapin. extending from the umbilicus.
 ;

FAS 288 FAS

FAMIGERATIS'SIMUM EMPLAS'- Fascia Dividens. A dividing bandage,
TRUM. An ancient plaster, made of aro- used to keep parts separated from each
matic and irritating substances, to be ap- other.

plied to the wrist for the cure of ague. Fascia Ili'aca. An aponeurotic cover-
FAMES. From payw, to eat. Famine ing of the psoas and iliacus muscles.
hunger. Fascia Inguina'lis. The spica band-
Fames Bovi'na. Insatiable hunger. age.
Fames Cani'na. Canine appetite. Fascia Lata. The fascia of the thigh,
Fames Lupi'na. A species of Bouli- which is attached superiorly to Poupart's
mia, in which the patient eats ravenously, ligament, the crest of the ilium, sacrum,
and passes his undigested food very soon coccyx, tuberosity of the ischium, ramus
through the amis. of the ischium, and pubes ; and inserted
FAMILY. In Natural ITistory, a col- into the linea aspera of the thigh, and to
lection of a number of genera, allied to the prominent points of the knee joint.
each other by common characters, and Fascia Lata Muscle. The tensor
having a close affinity in organization. vagina) femoris, a muscle of the upper
FANCY MARK. Namis. and outer part of the thigh.
FANON. A peculiar splint employed Fascia Pro'pria. The proper cellular
in fractures of the lower extremities. envelope of a hernial sac.
FANTOME. See Phantom. Fascia Sculte'ti. A bandage of sepa-
FARCIMEN. The equine species of rate strips.
scrofula called fairy. Fascia Spira'lis. A spiral bandage.
FARCY. Farcimen. Fascia Superficia'lis. The aponeu-
Farcy Glanders. See Equinia. rotic covering of the abdominal muscles.
FAR'FARA. Colt's Foot. SecTussilago Fascia T-formis. The T bandage.
Far far a. Fascia Tortilis. A tourniquet.
FARI'NA. From far, corn, of which Fascia Transversa'lis. A cellulo-
it is made. Meal or flour. fibrous membrane, which lines the inner
Farixa Amygdala'rum. Almond pow- surface of the transversalis muscle.
der. FASCIAL. Fascia'lis. Of or belong-
Farina Fos'silis. The agaricus mine- ing to a fascia.
ralis ; a pure carbonate of lime or moun- FASCIA'TIO.
The binding up with
tain milk. bandages a diseased or wounded parti In
Faring Resolven'tes. Rcsolventflours. Botany, a form of inflorescence, like that
FARINA'CEOUS. Resembling flour. of most grasses.
All alimentary substances which contain FASCICULA'RIA. From fasciculus,
farina. a bundle. A genus of extinct zoophytes.
FARINO'SUS. Farinaceous. FASCICULATE. Clustered; bundled.
FAR-SIGHTEDNESS. An
In Anatomy, applied to nerves; and in
affection
resulting from a natural malformation of Botany to stems and leaves.
the eye. See Presbyopia. FASCICULI TERETES CORDIS.—
FAS'CIA. From fascis, a bundle. A The carneas columnar.
bandage, fillet, or roller. Also, an apo- FASCICULUS. From fascis, a bun-
neurosis, or tendinous expansion which dle. In Anatomy, an assemblage or bundle
binds parts together. of fibres, cither muscular, nervous, or apo-
Fascia Aponeurot'ica Fem'oris. See neurotic. In Pharmacy, a handful, and
Fascia Lata. in Botany, a number of flowers closely
Fascia Cribriform'is. A fibrous sub- arranged, in which the short and straight
stance, pierced with numerous openings, pedicles have attained nearly the same
extending from Poupart's ligament over level, as in the Sweet-William.
the inguinal glands. Fasciculus Cunea'tus. A band of
 FE 289 FEB
fibres which ascend from the corpus inno- FEBEES. Febris. An order in the
minatum of the brain over the upper part class pyrexias of Dr. Cullen, characterized
of the pons Varolii into the optic thalami, by fever without primary local affection.
forming in its course the anterior side of FEBEICO'SUS. Feverish.
the fourth ventricle. FEBEIC'ULA. Diminutive of febris.
FASCI'OLA. Diminutive fascia. A A slight degree of fever.
genus of entozoa. The fluke-worm. FEBEIFEROUS. From febris, a fever,
Fasciola Cine'rea. The tuberculum and fero, I carry. Fever-bearing. En-
cinerium. gendering fever.
FASTID'IUM CI'BI. Disgust. Aver- FEB'EIFUGE. From febris, a fever,
sion to food. and fugare, to drive away. A medicine
FASTIGTATE. Flat-topped. Ap- which possesses the property of curing or
plied in Botany to the branches of a stem abating fever.
when they are of equal height, and to FEB'EILE. Febrilis. Caused by or
pedicles when they elevate the fructifica- connected with fever, as a febrile pulse, &c.
tions in a bunch FEB'EIS. From ferveo, to be hot. Py-
so as to be equally high.
FASTING. Abstaining from food.
; fever. A term which has been
rexia
Loss or want of appetite without any applied to every case of disease in which
other apparent affection. there is an acceleration of pulse, increased
FAT. A concrete oil contained in the heat, thirst, &c.
cellular membrane of animals. Febris Acmas'tica. Synocha.
FATTY. Adipose. Adipo'sus. Ec- Febris Alba. Chlorosis.
lating to, or of the nature of, fat. Febris Al'gida. Algid fever. A ma-
Fatty Liver. Adiposis hepatica. A lignant remittent, characterized by icy
diseased state of the liver, characterized coldness of the skin.
by increase of bulk, and accumulation of Febris Amato'ria. Chlorosis. Hectic
fat. fever.
Fatty Liga'ment. A reflection of the Febris America'na. Yellow fever.
synovial membrane of the knee-joint, Febris Amphimeri'na. A quotidian
which passes from the ligamentum pa- ague.
tellaa to the cavity that separates the con- Febris Ampullo'sa. Pemphigus.
dyles of the femur. Febris Anabat'ica. Continued fever.
FATUTTY. Fatu'itas; from fatuus, Febris Angino'sa. Angina.
foolish. Idiotism. Febris Angioten'ica. Synocha.
FAU'CES. The plural of faux. The Febris Aphon'ica. Aphonic fever.
pharynx and posterior part of the mouth. Febris Apiitho'sa. Aptha.
FAUX. In the plural, fauces. In Febris Ar'dens. Synocha.
Anatomy, the opening of the throat; in Febris Aso'des. Bilious fever. See
Botany, the orifice of the tube of a mono- Asodes.
petalous corolla. Febris Bullo'sa. Pemphigus.
FAVO'SUS. From favus, a honey- Febris Carce'rum. Jail fever. Typhus
comb. Kesembling a honeycomb. gravior.
FA'VUS. A honeycomb. Applied in Febris Castren'sis. Camp fever.
Pathology to a state of ulceration resem- Febris Catarrha'lis. Catarrhal fever.
bling the honeycomb. Febris Catarrha'lis Epidem'ica. In-
FAYNARD'S POWDEE. A powder fluenza.
for stopping hemorrhage, said to consist of Febris Causo'des. Synocha.
finely pulverized charcoal of beech wood. Febris Choler'ica. Bilious fever.
FEATHER. In Botany, the plumose Febris Contagiosa. Typhus fever.
crown of a seed. Febris Contin'ua. Continued fever.
FE. The symbol of iron. Synochus.
 FEB 290 FEB
Febris Continua IVtiuda. Synochus. Febris Lethar'gica. Apoplectic fever.

Febris Continua Ictero'des Caroli- Febris Lochia'lis. Lochial fever. .

NIEn'sis. Yellow fever. Febris Malig'na. Malignant fever.

Febris Culicula'ris. Miliary fever. Febris Maligna Bilio'sa. Yellow fe-

Febris Dia'ria. Ephemera. ver.

Febris Elo'des. See Elodes. Febris Maligna Cum Sopo're. Typhus
Febris Epia'la. A fever accompanied gravior.
by irregular shivering. Febris Marasmo'des. Hectic fever.
Febris Epidem'ica Cum Angi'na. Cy- Febris Milia'ris. Miliary fever.
nanche maligna. Febris Morbillo'sa. See Rubeola.
Febris Erysipelato'sa. Erysipelas. Febris Muco'sa. Adeno-meningeal fe-

Febris Essero'sa. Miliary fever. ver. Mucous fever.

Febris Exanthemat'ica. An eruptive Febris Mucosa Vermino'sa. Infantile
fever. remittent fever.
Febris Fla'va. Yellow fever. Febris Nau'tica Pestilentia'lis. Ty-
Febris Gangr^eno'des. Gangrenous fe- phus gravior.
ver. Febris Nephrit'ica. Nephritic fever.
Febris Gas'trica. Gastric fever. Bil- Febris Nervo'sa. Nervous fever.
ious fever. Febris_Nosocomio'rum. Typhus gra-
Febris Gastro-Adynam'ica. Gastro- vior.
adynamic fever. Febris Palus'tris. Marsh fever.
Febris Hec'tica. Hectic fever. Febris Periodica. Periodic fever.
Febris Hectic a Maligna Nervo'sa. Febris Pes'tilens. Plague.
Typhus mitior. Febris Pestilentia'lis. Pestilential fe-
Febris Hepat'ica. Bilious fever. ver.
Febris Hepatica Inflammato'ria. Febris Petechia'lis. Typhus 'gravior.
Hepatitis. Febris Phthis'ica. Hectic fever.
Febris Horrif'ica. See Febris Algida. Febris Pleurit'ica. Pleurilis.
Febris Hunga'ria. Hungarian fever. Febris Puer'perum. Puerperal fever.
Febris Hydrocephal'ica. Internal hy- Febris Purulen'ta. Purulent fever.
drocephalus. Febris Putrida Nervo'sa. Typhus
Febris Hydro'des. Fever with profuse gravior.
perspiration. Febris Putrida Sanguin'ea. Typhus
Febris Hydrophob'ica. Hydrophobic mitior. !

fever. Febris Quarta'na. Quartan fever.

Febris Hysterica. Hysteric fever. Febris Quinta'na. Quintan fever.
Febris Ili'aca Inflammato'ria. En- Febris Quotidia'na. Quotidian fever.
teritis. Febris Remit'tens. Remittent fever.
Febris Inflammatoria. Synocha. In- Febris Remittens Infan'tum. Infan-
flammatory fever. tile remittent fever.
Febris Intermittens. Intermittent Febris Rheumat'ica Inflammatoria.
fever. Acute rheumatism.
Febris Intestina'lis Ulcero'sa. Ty- Febris Ru'bra. Scarlatina.
phus fever. Febris Rubra Prurigino'sa. Urticaria.
Febris Intestino'rum. Enteritis. Febris Sanguin'ea. Synocha.
Febris Lac'tea. Milk fever. Febris Sapropyra. Typhus gravior.
Febris Larva'ta. Masked fever. Febris Scarlatinosa. Scarlatina.
Febris Len'ta. Hectic fever. Syno- Febris Scorbu'tica. Scorbutic fever.
chus. Febris Syno'cha. Inflammatory fever..
Febris Lenta Nervo'sa. Typhus mi- Febris Tab'ida. Colliquative hectic fe-
tion, or nervous fever. ver.
 FEL 291 FEN
Febris Tertia'na. Tertian fever. FELLIS OBSTRUCTIO. Jaundice.
Febris Tro'pica. Yellow fever. FELON. See Paronychia.
Febris Typho'des. Typhoid fever. FEL'SPAR. A mineral of various shades
Febris Urticaria. Nettle rash. of white and red, composed of silica, alu-
Febris Variolosa. mina and potash, with traces of lime, and
Variola fever.
FebrisVesiculo'sa. Erysipelas. sometimes of oxyd of iron. It is the chief
FebrisVirginum. Chlorosis. ingredient in fine porcelain ware, and in
FEBRURE'S LOTION. A celebrated the translucent porcelain teeth. But for
remedy for cancer, consisting of white arse- the last named purpose, the only kind suit-
nic, conium, snbacetate of lead, tincture of able for use is the pure white, or that
opium and water. which is nearly so. Previously to being
FECES. Faaces. used, it is put into a fire and heated to a
FECULA. An
immediate principle of red heat, then thrown into cold water. It
vegetables, obtained by grinding or bruis- is then broken into small pieces, and after
ing them in water, and composed of hy- removing the impurities, reduced in a mor-
drogen, carbon and oxygen. An impure tar to a fine powder. This is easily fused,
starch. and when united with silex and koalin,
Fecula Amylacea. Starch. diffuses itself, in baking, throughout the
Fecula Marant^e. Arrow-root starch, mass, giving to it a beautiful semi-trans-
FECULENCE. Fceculen'tia. The de- parent appearance.
posit from turbid fluids. Dregs. FEMALE. From fccmi'na, a woman.
FECULENT. Excrementitious. Of In animals, the one which bears the foetus.
the nature of faeces or dregs. FE'MEN. Inner part of the thigh.
FECUND A'TION. Fecunda'iio ; from FEMIN'EUS. Female.
fecundo, to make fruitful. Impregnation. FEM'ORAL. Femora'lis; from femur,
The act by which the germ contained in the thigh bone. Pertaining to the thigh.
the organs of the female, receives from Femoral Ar'tery. The artery of the
those of the male, the vivifying principle thigh ; a continuation of the external iliac

necessary for its development. artery from Poupart's ligament, to the

FECUN'DITY. The faculty of repro- bend of the knee.
duction, possessed by organized bodies. Femoral Bone. The os femoris; the
FEEL'ERS. Organs fixed to the mouth thigh bone.
of insects, usually smaller than the an- Femoral Hernia. Hernia cruralis.
tennas. FEMORA'LIS. The triceps cruris mus-
FEET, DISTORTION OF THE. See cle.

Club-feet. FEM'ORO-TIB'IAL. Femoro-tibialis.

FEIGNED DISEASES. Pretended dis- Belonging to the femur and tibia.

eases. by impostors to
Diseases simulated FE'MUR. The os femoris, or thigh bone.

answer some particular end, as by beggars, FENESTRA. A window. A term ap-

to excite sympathy, criminals, to escape plied by anatomists to two orifices in the
punishment, and soldiers, to avoid service. ear.
FEL. Bile. Fenestra Oc'uli. The pupil of the
Fel Bovi'num. The bile of an ox. eye.

Fel Natu'r^. Aloes. Fenestra Ova'lis. An oval-shaped

FE'LIS. A cat ; a genus of Ferine or orifice,covered by the base of the stapes,
carnivorous animals, of which the cat is an between the tympanum and vestibule of
example. the ear.

FELLIF'LUAPASS'IO. Gall-flux dis- Fenestra Rotunda. A round fora-

eases; cholera. men, communicating with the internal
FELLINTC ACID. An acid obtained spire of the cochlea, closed by a delicate
from bilin. membrane.
 FER 292 FER
FENESTRAL BANDAGE. A band- FERN. The first order of plants of the
age perforated for the escape of pus or class Cryptogamia.
other matters. Fern, Female. The common bark, or
FENESTRATE. Having the appear- Pteris Aquilina.
ance of a window; applied to plants in Fern, Male. Aspidium filix mas. See
which the leaves are perforated between Fern, Male Shield.
the woody fibres. Fern, Male Shield. The Nephrodium
FENNEL. A plant of the genus Fcenic- Jilix mas. Polypody.
ulum. Fern, Mules. A plant of the genus
Fennel, Dog's. Wild Chamomile. Asplenium.
See Anthemis Cotula. Fern Root. The root of Aspidium Jilix
Fennel, Sweet. See Anethum Fcenic- mas, or male fern.
ulum. FERONIA ELEPHANTUM. A large
Fennel, Water. Fine-leaved water- plant of the family Amentaceai, native of
hemlock. See Phellandrium Aquaticum. India, which exudes from the stem a res-
FE'R^E. From ferus, wild. An order inous substance resembling gum arabic.
of Mammalia which subsist more or less FERRA'RIA. Scrofularia aquatica.
exclusively on the flesh of other animals, The water figwort.
characterized by having three classes of FERRI ACETAS. Ph. D. Acetate of
teeth, namely, and mo- iron. Iron water.
incisors, canines
lars; unguiculate extremities, without an Ferri Acetatis Tinctura. Ph. D.
opposable thumb on the forefoot, with Tincture of acetate of iron.
power to rotate the forearm. Ferri Alkalini Liquor. Alkaline so-
FER'GUSONITE. A crystallized com- lution of iron.
pound of columbic and yttria with a
acid Ferri Ammo'nio-Chloridum. Ph. L.
small quantity of zirconia, oxyds of tin, Ammonio-chloride of iron.
cerium, iron, and uranium. Ferri Carbonas. Common iron rust.
FERINE. Feri'nus. Savage, brutal. Ferri Carbonas Pr^para'tus. U. S.
Applied to a malignant or acute disease. Ferri Carbonas Sacchara'tum. Ph.
FERMENT. In Chemistry, an insolu- E. Saccharine carbonate of iron.
composed of oxygen, hy-
ble precipitate, Ferri Citras. Citrate of iron.
drogen, carbon and azote, capable of ex- Ferri Cyanuretum. Prussian blue.
citing fermentation in certain solutions, as Ferri Ferro-Susquicyanidum. U. S.
sugar, &c. In Humoral Pathology, an Ferro-sesquicyanide of iron
imaginary principle, supposed to be in- Ferri Filum. Iron wire.
troduced into the system, and by exciting Ferri Iodium. Ph. L., E., D. and U.
fermentation, to deteriorate the fluids, and S. Iodide of iron.
cause diseases. Ferri Lactas. Lactate of iron.
FERMENTATION. Fermenta'tio. An Ferri Limatura Purificata. Puri-
intestinalmovement, developed spontane- fied iron filings.
ously, or by the agency of yeast or some Ferri Oxydi Squamae. Ph. D. The
other ferment, in a liquid, from which from a smith's forge.
scales of iron
result substances not previously exist- Ferri Oxydum Nigrum. Ph. D. and
ing. There are three kinds of ferment- E. Black oxyd of iron. Iron scales.
ation, namely, the alcoholic or vinous, the Ferri Oxydum Rubrum. Ph. E. and
acid or acetous, and the putrid or putre- D. Red oxyd of iron. Iron rust.
factive. Ferri Pernitras. Pernitrate of iron.
FERMEN'TUM. Yeast. Ferri Persulphas. Persulphate of iron.
Fermentum Cerevi'si^e. Yeast; barm; Ferri Phosphas. U. S. Phosphate of
the scum formed on beer during the pro- iron.
cess of fermentation. Ferri Pila. Iron filings.
 ;;

FER 293 FEV

Febri Potassio-Tartras. Ph. L. Po- Ferrum Salitum. Chloride of iron.
tassio- tartrate of iron. Ferrum Tartariza'tum. Ferri sesqui-
Febbi Pbotocabbonas. Protocarbon- oxydum. Tartarized iron.
ate of iron. Ferbum Vitbiola'tum. See Sulphate
Febki Protosulphas. Protosulphate of Iron.
of iron. Green vitriol. FERTILE. Ferti'lis. Fruitful. Ap-
Febbi Sesquioxtdum. Ph. L. Ses- plied in Physiology to women and the fe-
quioxyd of iron. Subcarbonate of iron. male of brute animals, which are prolific.
Febbi Sesquioxydum Hydbatum. U. In Botany, a flower which produces a seed
S. Hydrated sesquioxyd of iron. capable of vegetation, or which contains
Febbi Sulphas. Ph. U. S., L., E. and both male and female organs.
D. Sulphate of iron. FERTILIZATION. A term applied
Febbi Sulphas Exsiccatum. Ph. E. in Botany to the function of the pollen
Dried or exsiccated sulphate of iron. upon the pistil, by means of which tho
Febbi Sulphas Calcinatum. Per- ovules are converted into seeds.
oxyd of iron. FER'ULA. A genus of plants of the
Febbi Sulphubetum. Ph. U. S., D. order Umbelliferai.
and L. Sulphuret of iron. Ferula Africa'na Galbanif'era. The
FERRIDCYAN'OGEN. A galbanum plant.
hypotheti-
calcompound radical of iron and cyanogen. Ferula Asafce'tida. The asafoetida
FER'RO. From ferrum, iron. A prefix plant.
in Chemistry, attached to compounds in Ferula Per'sica. Stinking giant plant,
which this element unites with cyanogen supposed by some to yield the Sagapenum.
and other radicals. FER'VOR. From ferveo, to boil. A
Feebo-Cy'anate. Ferro-cyanide. violent and scorching heat.
Febbo-Cyanate of Potash. The old FETUS. Fce'tus ; from feo, I bring
name for ferro-cyanide of potassium. Yel- forth. The unborn of animals after its
low prussiate of potash. parts are distinctly formed, until birth.
Feebo-Cyanic Acid. A yellow, acid, Previously to this tune it is generally
crystalline body; a compound of ferro- termed embryo.
cyanogen and hydrogen. FETI'CIDE. From foetus, and ccedo, to
Febbo-Cyanide of Ieon. Prussian blue. kill. The destruction of the foetus in utero
Febbo-Cyanide of Potassium. Yellow criminal abortion.
prussiate of potash. FE'VER. Feb'ris; from fervor, heat.
Febbo-Cya'nogen. A hypothetical rad- A disease characterized by rigors, increased
ical, supposed to form the basis of the heat of the skin, quick pulse, disturbed

ferro-cyanides. circulation, languor and prostration. Fe-

Febro-Pbussic Acid. Ferro-cyanic acid. vers are divided into idiopathic and symp-
Febro-Tabtbate of Ammonia. A tomatic. The former occur independently
Bait of tartrate of iron and ammonia. of, or without any apparent or local cause

FERRO'SO-FER'RIC OX'YD. Magnetic the latter are dependent upon local irrita-
iron ore. Scales from the Smith's anvil. tion. But these divisions admit of many
FERROUS OXYD. Protoxyd of iron. subdivisions. Pinel makes the following :
FERRU'GINOUS. Pertaining to iron. 1. Angeiotenic, or inflammatory fevers,
FERRUGO. Ph. E. Ferri sesquiox- situated in the organs of circulation. 2.
ydum hydratum. The meningo-gastric, or bilious, which have
FER'RUM. Iron. their origin in the mucous membrane of the
Ferrum Ammonia'tum. Ammoniated intestines. 3. Adeno-meningeal, or gastrio
iron. Ammonio-chloride of iron. fever, resulting from disease of the mucous
Ferrum Oxydum Hydra'tum. Hy- follicles. 4. Ataxic, or irregular fever, af-

drated sesquioxyd of iron. fecting principally the brain and nervous

 FEV 294 FEV
system. 5. Adynamic, or fever attended Fever, Infantile Remittent. A
by great prostration of the vital powers. low fever occurring in childhood, supposed
Fever, Adynam'ic. Typhoid fever. to originate from gastro-intestinal disturb-
Fever, Asthen'ic. Typhus fever, or ance.
fever attended by debility. Fever, Inflammatory. Synocha.
Fever, Asthmat'ic. An intermittent, Fever, Intermittent. Ague and
accompanied with symptoms of asthma. fever.
Fever, Ataxo-Adynamic. A fever Fever, Jail. Typhus gravior.
characterized by prostration and disturb- Fever, Malignant. Typhus gravior.
ance of the nervous system. A fever which is insidious in its attacks,
Fever, Bilious. Summer and autum- and of a formidable and dangerous char-
nal remittent fever. acter.
Fever, Bilious Remit'ting. Bilious Fever, Masked. An intermittent in
fever. which the stages of the paroxysms are
Fever, Bilious Remittent, op In- irregular.
fants. Infantile remittent fever. Fever, Milk. The slight febrile dis-
Bladdery. Pemphigus.
Fever, turbance which precedes or accompanies
Brain. Phrenitis.
Fever, the secretion of milk.
Camp. Typhus gravior.
Fever, Fever, Mixed. Synocha.
Catar'rhal. Adeno-meningeal
Fever, Fever, Paludal. Ague.
fever. Fever, Paroxysmal. Remittent fever.
Fever, Cer'ebral. Phrenitis. Fever, Pestilen'tial. The plague;
Fever, Childbed. Puerperal peritonitis. also, typhus gravior.
Fever, Conges'tive. A fever attended Fever, Putrid. Typhus gravior.
with great oppression, obscure symptoms, Fever, Ship. Typhus gravior.
and congestion of some viscus. Fever, Spotted. Typhus gravior,
Fever, Continued. Fever, at first attended by vomiting, hemorrhages, or
inflammatory, but in its latter stages purple or black petechia?.
typhoid. Fever, Syphilit'ic. The fever which
Fever, Convulsive. An intermittent accompanies syphilis.
fever, attendedwith convulsions. Fever, Tertian. _ An intermittent in
Fever, Diges'tive. The chilliness and which the paroxysms return every third
fever which sometimes accompany diges- day.
tion. Fever, Typhoid. Entero-mesenteric
Fever, Double. A complex inter- fever.
mittent, in which two paroxysms occur in Fever, Ver'minous. Fever caused by
a given time instead of one. the irritation of worms in the intestinal
Fever, Endem'ic. Remittent fever. canal.
Fever, Entero-Mesenteric. Ty- Fever, Ver'nal. An intermittent or
phoid fever. other fever occurring in the spring.
Fever, Ephem'eral. A simple fever Fever, Vesic'ular. Pemphigus.
of short duration. Fever, Yellow. An endemic malig-
Fever, Epilep'tic. An intermittent, nant fever, supposed to be caused by
accompanied with attacks of epilepsy. miasm, of a more or less adynamic char-
Fever, Erup'tive. Exanthematica. acter, attended by yellowness of the skin

Fever, Exacerba'ting. Remittent and vomiting of black matter.

fever. FEVIL'LEA CARDIFO'LIA. Anti-
Fever, Gas'tric. Bilious fever. dote cocoon, a climbing shrub of the West
Fever, Hospital. Typhus gravior. Indies. The seeds are said to be an anti-
Fever, Ic'teric. Fever followed by dote to poisoning from fish in large closes ;

jaundice. they are purgative and emetic.

 FIC 295 FIL

FE'VERWORT. Thoroughwort j eupa- Ficus Elasti'ca. A plant which fur-

torium perfoliatum. nishes caoutchouc in India.
FIBER. The Beaver or Pontiac clog. Ficus Sycamorus. The tree which
See Castor Fiber. furnished the wood from which the imper-
FIBRA SAN'GUINIS. Fibrin. ishable Mummy cases of Egypt were con-
FIBRE. Fibra. In Anatomy and Botany, structed.
a simple organic filament, which enters into FIDA. An old name for gold and sil-

the textures of animal and vegetable bodies. ver.

FI'BRIL. A small thread-like fibre. FIDG'ETS. General restlessness, with
FI'BRIlsr. Fibrine. An immediate constant inclination to change position.
principle of animal bodies, composed of FIDICINA'LES. The lumbricales mus-
azote, hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon, ex- cles of the hand, so called from their use-
isting in chyle, coagulum of the blood, fulness in moving the fingers.
and once thought to constitute the chief FIG. The fruit of the Ficus carica;
part of the muscles of red-blooded animals. also, the tree itself.

FI'BRINOUS. Fvbrino'sus. That which FIG'WORT. The popular name of a

is composed, or has the nature of, fibrin. plant of the genus Scrofularia.
FimiO-CXR'TILAGE.Fibro-cartila'go. FIL'AMENT. Filamen'tum; from filum,
A tissue composed of an admixture of a thread. In Anatomy, a small fibre, or

fibrous and cartilaginous tissues. thread-like substance, adhering to any

Fibro-Mucous. Fibro-muco'sus. Fibrous part. A
minute cellular or nervous fibre.
membranes, intimately united with others In Botany, that part of the stamen sup-
of a mucous structure; also, membranes porting the anther.
of a fibrous and mucous structure, as the FILA'RIA MEDINENSIS. The Guinea
inner membrane of the sac of a tooth. worm.
Fibro-Serous. Fibro-Sero'sus. Mem- FILE. In Dental Surgery, a steel in-

branes which are of a fibrous and serous strument cut in fine furrows, and used in
texture. operations on the teeth.
FI'BROUS. Fibro'sus. Composed of File Carrier. A file holder. An in-
fibres. strument employed by dentists for holding
Fibrous Membranes. Membranes com- a file while separating the molar teeth.
posed of fibres. have also been employed for
File carriers
FIB'ULA. The outer, or splint-bone holding the thin
files used for separating

of the leg. the front teeth, but these last are little
FI'CUS. In Botany, a genus of plants used. Those employed in separating the
in the order Urticacea. In Pathology, a molar teeth are sometimes so constructed
soft, though sometimes scirrhous, reddish, as to require two, one for the right, and

fleshy excrescence, attached by a small one mouth but

for the left side of the ;

peduncle to the tongue, chin, eyelids, two has been obviated by

the necessity for
anus, or organs of generation. having the part of the instrument which
Ficus Carica. The fig-tree. holds the file so connected with the other
Ficus Inbica. The Banyan-tree, native part, as to admit of being turned from
of the East Indies. It yields a white side to side, or to revolve upon a screw
acrid juice, said to be efficacious in tooth- when loosened.
ache. The bark is a powerful tonic, and File Carriers, Dayton's. Two in-
useful in diabetes. Gum-lac is obtained struments, a right and a left, constructed
from this tree. by Dr. A. C. Dayton, dentist, of Colum-
Ficus Reltgiosa. The Pippul-tree, un- bus, Mississippi, for holding a file while
der the branches of which the fabled god separating the molar teeth. The shaft of
Vishnu, of the Bramins, is said to have each is bent so as to bring the handle and
been born. the file into the same line. The shaft has
 :

FIL 296 FIL

a double curve, so as to make the handle separating the bicuspid teeth, including
and the file correspond both horizontally the handle, is from six and a half to seven
and perpendicularly. and a half inches.
File Carrier, Elliot's. An instru- Files for Separating Molar Teeth, should
ment invented by Dr. Elliot of Montreal, be bent in such a manner as not to inter-
possessing the following advantages over fere with the corner of the mouth, with a
the one in common use. It has no screws file either flat or shaped like the pinion
or joints, being composed of one piece of file of a clock, and from an inch and a
steel. It is both right and left without quarter to an inch and a half in length.
alteration, and the file may be turned so They are made in pairs, one for the right,
as to act upon a tooth at any required and one for the left side of the mouth, and
angle. A common file may be fitted to it their construction is such that they may be
by grinding the ends on a common stone. used with the greatest facility on the molar
File Carrier, Westcott's. This dif- teeth of either jaw.
fersfrom most of the other file carriers The molar teeth can be separated with
in use, in not having any movable fix- much greater ease with files of this descrip-
file being intro-
tures, joints, or screws, the tion than with files held in a file carrier.
duced by springing the back part of the Files for Preparing the Boot of a Tooth
instrument which holds it but as it is for an Artificial Crown, are oval or half
;

made with a double bend, two are required, round, having a diameter as nearly equal
one for the right, and one for the left side to that of the neck of the tooth as possible.
of the mouth, and besides, it is necessary With a view of obviating the difficulty
to have files constructed especially for sometimes experienced in making a perfect
them. It is a decided improvement on joint between the root and crown, Dr. E-
the file carriers previously used. Townsend, of Philadelphia, had two files

File, Dental. Odontorine; Scal'prum constructed, one oval and the other grooved,
Denta'rium ; Lima Denta'ria. A tooth-file the former exactly fitting into the latter.
an instrument for the removal of a por- But the grooved file is only useful in those
tion of one or more teeth. See Files for cases where the crown of a natural tooth
Separating Front, Bicuspid, and Molar is employed.
Teeth. Files, Townsend's 'Dental. A steel

Files for Separating Front Teeth, are instrument about seven inches in length,
from four and a half to five inches in with thin, curved, oval and other shaped
length, from a third to a half of an inch files at each extremity, invented by Dr. E.
in width, and from a twentieth to a thir- Townsend, of Philadelphia, and used prin-
tieth part of an inch in thickness. Some cipally in finishing the surface of fillings,
are cut only on one side, others on both, after the gold has been consolidated.
and all are cut on both edges. Those FIL'ICES. Plural of filix. Ferns.
which are cut only on one side are termed Plants which bear their fruit on the back
safe-sided, and are intended to act but of their leaves.
upon one tooth at a time. Those which FILIFORM. Filifor'mis; from filum,
are cut on both sides are designed for a thread, and forma, form. Thread-like.
separating two teeth preparatory to using In Anatomy and Botany, parts which re-
the safe-sided. semble the form, or have the shape of a
Files for Separating Bicuspid Teeth, thread, as the filiform papillai of the
may be oval on one side and fiat on the tongue, formed by the termination of the
other, or they may be shaped like the pin- filaments of the lingual nerve, &c.
ion file of a clock, their two sides coming FI'LING TEETH. An operation for
nearly together at one edge, while at the the removal of superficial caries in the
other they are an eighth or twelfth of an approximal surfaces of the teeth, and in
inch apart. The length of files used for cases of deep-seated caries occupying the
 :

FIL 297 FIL

same locality, preparatory to moving the corrosive agents with the teeth, the neces-
diseased part and rilling. It is, also, some- sity for this precaution is obvious. The
times performed for other purposes. bony structure of these organs is more
In a paper published in the fifth volume easily acted upon by such causes, than the
of the American Journal of Dental Science, enamel, and for this reason, when it be-
the merits of the operation are examined comes necessary to expose it with a file,
at considerable length by Dr. John Harris, for the removal of disease, it should be
brother of the author, and from which the done in such a way as to admit of its being
following is quoted kept thoroughly and constantly clean, so
lie says, " Filing the teeth is one of the that if it afterwards becomes carious, it
most important and valuable resources of will bo owing altogether to the inattention
the dental, art it is one that has stood the of the patient.
; In view of this, whenever
test of experience, and is of such acknowl- it becomes necessary to file the teeth,
edged utility, as to constitute of itself, in whether for the complete removal of caries,
the treatment of superficial caries in the or as only preparatory to plugging, we
lateral surfaces of the teeth, one of the should always impress upon the patient
most valuable operations that can be per- the importance of brushing the surfaces
formed on these organs. And even after thus operated upon, at least three or four
caries of the teeth, in the localities just times every day. The future preservation
mentioned, has progressed so far as to ren- of the organs, and, especially, such as are
der its removal by this means impractica- of a soft and chalky texture, for they are
ble or improper, the use of the most then, by far, more easily acted upon by
file, in
cases, is still decomposing agents than when hard, will
necessary, in order to the
successful employment of other remedial depend upon the constant and regular ob-
agents. But in either case a failure to ac- servance of this salutary precaution."
complish the object for which it is used To insure success of the operation, it

would only be equivalent to doing nothing is sometimes necessary to file away a con-
at all. siderable portion of the tooth, but in doing
" But, notwithstanding the utility and this, the operator should be careful not to
value of the operation, filing the teeth may destroy the symmetry of its labial surface.
be regarded as a predisposing cause of ca- The aperture, anteriorly, should only be
ries. But if this be true, it may be asked, wide enough to admit of a free oblique or
why file at all ? I answer, in this country, diagonal motion of a safe-sided file of about
owing to the prevalence of the immediate one-third of a line in thickness. In this
or direct cause of caries, the operation way, one-fourth or more of a tooth may
is

only performed as remedial, for the purpose be removed without materially altering its
of removing actual disease, or as prepara- external appearance. But a tooth should
tory to plugging. It does not, of necessity, not be filed entirely to the gum ; a shoulder
follow that caries of the teeth, after having or projection should be left to prevent the
been judiciously removed or treated, al- approximation of it and the adjoining or-
though the organs be predisposed to dis- gan.
ease, should ever again occur. The general When the decay occupies a large portion
system often escapes the development of of the approximal surface, and has pene-
disease to which it is predisposed through trated into the tooth to a considerable
life; so, also, do the teeth. If the opera- depth and destroyed the enamel anteriorly,
tion be properly performed, and the filed so as to cause it to present a ragged and
surfaces kept thoroughly clean, a recur- uneven edge, it form a
will be necessary to
rence of the disease, notwithstanding the wider exterior aperture than correct taste
increased predisposition thus induced, will would dictate. When the approximal sur-
never again take place. The immediate faces of two front teeth are affected with
cause of dental caries bein^ the contact of caries, about an equal portion, if circum-
 ;

FIL 298 FIL

stances will permit, should be filed from the diseased part, in filling the cavity
each tooth. The file, during the operation, with some metal, or other substance of
should bo frequently dipped in water, so an indestructible nature.
as to prevent it from becoming heated or This is the most difficult operation the
choked. dental practitioner is ever called upon to
After a sufficient portion of the tooth perform, and, when well performed^ the
has been filed off, the surface should be most certain and only means that can be
made smooth as possible with a very applied for arresting deep-seated caries.
as
fine or half-worn file and burnisher. The The preservation of a tooth, when well
edges and sharp corners should be rounded filled, and with a suitable material, if the
and made smooth, and when the operation surface be afterwards kept constantly clean,
is completed, the patient should be di- may be regarded as certain. At any rate,
rected to keep the filed surfaces perfectly it will never again be attacked in the same
clean, for, if the mucous secretions of the place by caries.

mouth, or extraneous matter, is permitted It is necessary, however, that the ope-

to adhere to them, a recurrence of the dis- ration should be performed before the ca-

ease will take place. ries has reached the pulp cavity, for after

In separating the bicuspids, an aperture this, the chances of securing the perma-
should bo made somewhat in the form of nent preservation of the tooth are greatly
the letter V ; it should not, however, form diminished.
an acute angle at the gum. For the form- Manner of Forming the Cavity.
ation of such an aperture, a file, shaped The removal of the diseased part of the
like the pinion-file of a clock, or one that tooth is not always all that it is necessary
is oval on one side and flat on the other, to do, preparatory to the introduction of
will be found most suitable. An aper- the gold. The cavity must be so shaped
ture, shaped like this, will prevent the as, when properly filled, to prevent the
approximation of the sides of the teeth, liability of the filling to come out. The
and, if plugging be necessary, it will en- part of the tooth, too, surrounding the
able the operator to do it in the most per- orifice, should present no rough or brittle
fect manner. edges or points. The bottom of the cav-
"When the separation of the molar teeth ity should be as nearly of the size of the
becomes necessary, the same shaped aper- orifice as it is possible to make it, and
ture should be formed. But, as these teeth it would be better to have it even a little

are situated farther back in the mouth, it larger than smaller. But the difference
cannot often be done with a straight file, between the size of the one and the other
and to obviate the difficulty, a file-carrier should never be very great for if the in- ;

is usually employed, but fdes constructed terior of the cavity is much larger than the
expressly for the purpose have been found orifice, it will be difficult to make the fill-

more convenient. ing sufficiently firm and solid to render it

FILIX. Fern. See Polypodium. impermeable to the fluids of the mouth

Filix Flor'ida. The osmonda-regalis. and if, on the other hand, the orifice is

Fiiiix Fozm'ina. Pteris aquilina. Fe- larger than the bottom of the cavity, there
male fern. will be danger of not being able to obtain
Filix Mas. Aspidium Jilix mas. Male prevent
sufficient stability for the filling to

fern. it from ultimately loosening and falling

FIL'LET. From fdum, a thread. A out. It often happens, however, that the
little band. situation and extent of the decay is such
FILLING TEETH. Odontoplero'sis. as to render it impossible to make the
An operation for arresting the progress, cavity as large at the bottom as at the ori-
and preventing a recurrence of caries of fice, and when this is the case, several cir-
the teeth, consisting, after the removal of cular grooves should be cut on its inner
 —

FIL 299 FIL

walls for the purpose of obtaining as much Manner of Introducing and Consolidating
security for the filling as possible. the Gold, and Jinishing the Surface of
As a general rule it is much easier to the Filling.
remove caries from the grinding than any The operator, being provided with the
of the other surfaces of a tooth, but it often necessary instruments, shoiild cut his gold
happens that one or more fissures or seams with a pair of scissors, into strips of from
run out from the depressions, the points half an inch to an inch wide. Each of
most likely to be attacked by disease. In these should be loosely rolled or folded to-
this case they should be widened with suit- gether lengthwise, and after the cavity has
able excavators, in such a manner as to been properly cleansed and dried, one end
admit of beings securely filled. When the of one should be introduced and carried to
caries is situated in the approximal sur- the bottom of the cavity, with a straight
face, the tooth should be separated from or curved wedge-pointed plugger ; the roll
the adjoining organ, either by gradual and on the outside should be folded on the part
long continued pressure, or with a suitably first inserted. The folding should be com-
constructed file. The aperture thus formed menced on one side of the cavity, and the
should be wide enough to afford ready ac- inner end of each fold should be taken to
cess to the affected part. Every particle the bottom, and the outer should extend
of decomposed dentine should be removed, nearly the twelfth of an inch on the out-
and the cavity thoroughly cleansed from side of the orifice, and thus fold after fold

all fureign matters, and dried before the is introduced, until the cavity is tolera-

filling is introduced. bly well filled. Having proceeded thus

far with the operation, a wedge-pointed
Instruments for Introducing the Gold.
plugger is forced through the centre of
For introducing and consolidating the the filling, and the gold firmly pressed
gold, a number of instruments are required. out against the walls of the cavity. The
These should be sufficiently strong to re- opening made through the centre of the
sistany amount of pressure the operator filling is then filled in the manner first

may be capable of putting upon them in described, and this time it should be
the operation. They should have round packed in as tightly as possible. This
or octangular handles, large enough to done, the operator should endeavor to
prevent the liability of their being broken, force in a smaller wedge-pointed instru-
and to enable him to grasp them firmly in ment than was employed in the first part
his hand. Their points should vary in of the operation, at the side or some other
size, though none should be very large. part of the cavity and thus he should
;

Several should be straight, but for the proceed until he has tried every part of
most part, they require to be curved the exposed surface, filling, as he proceeds,
some very slightly, others so as to form every opening which he shall have made,
with the shaft of the instrument an angle and exerting, in the packing of the gold,
of ninety degrees. Most of them should all the pressure which he can put on, with-
have a slim wedge shape. Some, how- out endangering the tooth. If one roll or
ever, both of the straight and curved in- fold of gold is not enough, he should take
struments, should have blunt points with another and another, until the cavity is
a crucial groove filed across them, and a thoroughly filled.
few should have highly polished oval The advantage derived from introducing
points, for finishing the surfaces of the the gold into the cavity in this manner is

fillings in the grinding and other exposed obvious. By extending the folds from the
surfaces of teeth. For a fuller description of orifice to the bottom of the cavity, the lia-
the various instruments required for filling bility of the gold to crumble and come out
teeth the reader is referred to the author's is effectually prevented, and by putting it in
Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery. with a wedge-pointed instrument, it may
 FIL 300 FIS

be pressed out into all the depressions of into fine wire. The author does not think
the walls of the cavity, and rendered alto- it will ever wholly supersede the use of
gether more solid than it could otherwise foil, but there are many cases in which a
be made. better filling can be made with gold in this
After the cavity has been thoroughly form than with foil. See Gold Sponge.
filled, every portion of the projecting part FIL'TER. An instrument, generally
of the gold should be consolidated, either composed of paper, linen, sponge, sand,
with a small straight or curved blunt- pulverized charcoal, or glass, properly ar-
pointed instrument, as may be most con- ranged in a funnel.
venient ; or if the filling be in the side of FILTItA'TION. Filtra'tio; from JU-
a tooth next another, it may be compressed trum, a strainer. A pharmaceutical ope-
with the angle of the point of the plugger, ration, which consists in freeing a fluid
making the adjoining organ a kind of ful- from any feculent, earthy, or other insolu-
crum for the instrument. After the filling ble matters, too light for precipitation.
has been thus consolidated, as long as it FIL'TRUM. A filter.

can be made to yield in the least to the FI'LUM. A fibre or thread.

pressure of the instrument, the protruding FIM'BRIA. A fringe. In Anatomy,
part should be scraped or cut, if in the any fringe-like body, as the fimbriated ex-
side, down to the tooth, so as to form a tremity of the Fallopian tube.
smooth, uniform, gently swelling, or per- FIMBRIATED. Fringed.
fectly flat surface. FIN'GER. Digitus. A small member
After having prepared the surface of the tapering to a point.
filling in the manner as here described, it FIN'GERED. In Botany, digitate;
should be rubbed with finely powdered having leaflets like fingers.
pumice-stone, or with what is by far and FIR. The name of several species of
incomparably better, a small piece of Ar- the genus Abies, allied to the pines. See
kansas oil-stone, until all the file scratches Pinus.
or other asperities shall be perfectly re- Fir, Canada. The popular name of
moved. Pinus balsamea.
The surface of the filling, after all the Fir, Norway Spruce. The Norway
asperities have been thus ground off, should spruce-fir tree. See Pinus Abies.
be washed until every particle of the pum- Fir, Scotch. The Scotch fir. See Pi-
ice-stone, or grit from the oil-stone, if the nus Sylvestris.
latter has been used, which may have been Fir, Silver. The common fir. See
left Every portion of Pinus Picea.
upon it, is removed.
it should then be polished with a suitable Fir, Balsam. Canada balsam. See
burnisher, which should, from time to Pinus Balsamea.
time, be dipped in water having a small FIRE. Ignis. According to Professor
quantity of the purest Castile soap dissolved Silliman, heat and light emanating visibly,
in it, until it is perceptibly and simultaneously from any
rendered as brilliant as a
mirror. This done, it should again be
body; caloric.
washed, and the operation completed by Fire-Damp. The explosive carbureted
rubbing it from three to six minutes with hydrogen gas of coal-mines.
dry floss silk. Fire, Saint Anthony's. Erysipelas.
As a substitute for foil, gold in a spongy FISH GLUE. Isinglass; a glue ob-
or crystalline form has recently, to a lim- tained from different fish. See Ichthyocolla.
ited extent, been employed for filling teeth. Fish-Skin Disease. See Ichthyosis.
The particles or crystals, when pressed Fish Tongue. A name given by some
firmly together, unite and become a solid dentists to an elevator used for the extrac-
mass, the union becoming so perfect that tion of teeth, more especially their roots
it may be rolled into thin plate or drawn after the crowns have decayed and broken
 FIS 301 FLA
off. It is more frequently called carp's ing in the cheek communicating with the
tongue, langue de carpe, by the French, parotid duct.
as it is the tongue of this fish which the FIXED. Fixus ; from jigere, to fasten.
Instrument in question is supposed most In Chemistry, a substance not capable of
to resemble. See Elevator. being volatilized by fire.
FISSIPAItA. From jindo, I divide, Fixed Air. Carbonic acid gas.
and pario, I generate. A term applied in Fixed Oils. Such as remain in a per-
Zoology to animals which propagate by manent state and are not easily volatil-
spontaneous fission or subdivision. ized.
FISSU'RA. From jindere, to cleave. FIXT DEN'TES. The teeth of second
A fissure, crack, or cleft. A fracture in dentition.
which the bone is not completely sepa- FLABELLA'TION. Flabella'tio; from
rated. Also, a lesion of the skin or mu- fiabellare, to agitate the air. Agitation of
cous membrane, as a chap on the hand, or the air with a fan.
a deep depression in a part. FLABEL'LIFORM. Flabellifor'-
FISSURE. See Fissura. mis. Having the form of a fan.
Fissure, Cap'illary. See Pilatio. FLACCID'ITY. Flaccid'itas; from flac-
Fissure of the Palate. Cleft palate. cidus; flabby, soft. Softness of a part.
A division of the soft and sometimes of FLAG. An aquatic plant.
the hard palate. Flag, Sweet. Acorus calamus.
Fissure, Cen'tral. Flag, Water. The yellow water flag.
The aggregate of
the cavities of FLAGEL'LIFORM. Applied in Botany
the brain, regarded by
Meckel as but one, in the form of a cross. to a long and pliant stem whip-like. ;

Fissure, Glenoid. A fissure situated FLAGEL'LUM. In Botany, a trailing

in the deepest part of the glenoid cavity shoot ; a runner or twig.
of the temporal bone. FLAGG'S DRILL STOCK. An in-
Fissure of Rolan'do. A fissure pass- strument invented by Dr. J. F. Flagg for
ing transversely between the two superior drilling into the pulp cavity of a tooth for
convolutions of the brain. the purpose of giving egress to matter
Fissure, Semilu'nar. A notch at the formed there by the suppuration of the
anterior edge of the cerebellum. —
pulp an operation proposed by Mr. Fox.
Fissure of Sylvius. A deep, narrow FLAME. A light, glowing, luminous
sulcus on each side, parting the middle fluid, proceeding from the surface of a
and anterior lobes of the cerebrum, as- burning body, and resulting from the
cending obliquely backward from the tem- combustion of its volatile particles. The
poral ala of the sphenoid bone to near the flame of a spirit or oil lamp is used in
middle of the parietal. mechanical dentistry for uniting or solder-
FISTULA. A deep sinuous ulcer, kept ing the different parts of a piece of dental
up by an altered texture of the parts, and mechanism.
communicating with a natural cavity, ex- FLAKE- WHITE. The oxyd of bis-
cretory duct, or secretory gland. A fistula muth is so called from its occurring in
is said to be complete when it has an ex- small flakes.
ternal and internal opening, and incom- FLANK. The iliac region.

plete when it has but one opening. FLATULENCE. An accumulation of

Fistula in Ano. A sinuous ulcer by gas or wind in the stomach or intestines.

the side of the rectum. FLATULENT. Windy.

Fistula Cibalis. The oesophagus. FLATUS. Wind in the stomach and
Fistula Lachryma'lis. An ulcerative bowels.
opening into the lachrymal sac, giving FLAVOR. The quality of a sapid sub-
egress to a puriform fluid. stance which affects the taste or smell.

Fistula, Sal'ivary. An ulcerous open- FLAVUS. Yellow.

20
 FLE 302 FLO

FLAX. The fibre of the Linum usi- toe, situated at the anterior and middle
talissimum. See Linum. part of the sole of the foot.
Flax, Purging. A plant of the genus Flexor Carpi Radia'lis. A long thm
Linum, native of Europe, and formerly- muscle of the forearm, which serves to bend
used as a cathartic and diuretic. the hand.
Flax-Leaved Daphne. See Daphne Flexor Longus Digito'rum Pedis Pro-
Gnidium. fun'dus Per'forans. A flexor muscle of
FLAXSEED. The seeds of Linum the toes, situated at the posterior and inner
usitatissimum. part of the leg.
FLEABANE. A plant of the genus Flexor Longus Pollicis Manus. A
Inula. See Inula Dysenterica. flexor muscle of the thumb, situated at the
Fleabane, Great. A plant of the anterior part of the forearm.
genus Conyza, formerly esteemed an em- Flexor Longus Pollicis Pedis. A
menagogue. Sec Conyza Squarrosa. flexor muscle of the great toe, situated al
Fleabane, Canada. A plant of the the posterior part of the leg.
genus Erigcron, said to possess tonic and Flexor Ossis Metacarpi Pollicis. A
•astringent properties. muscle of the thumb, which serves to turn
FLEA WORT. An herb of the genus the first bone of it upon its axis.

Plantago, bearing nauseous, mucilaginous Flexor Parvus Min'imi Dig'iti. A

seeds. See Plantago. muscle situated along the inner side of the
FLEAM. In Veterinary Surgery, an metacarpal bone of the little finger. It
instrument for bleeding horses. assists the abductor muscle in bending the
FLEGMEN. See Flemen. little finger.

FLEMEN. Swelling of the ankles. Flexor Profun'dus Per'forans. A

FLESH. The soft part of an animal, long, thick, flat muscle of the fingers, sit-

especially the muscles. uated under the perforatus.

Flesh Brush. A brush for rubbing Flexor Subli'mis Perfora'tus. A
the surface of the body. thick, flat muscle of the forearm, which
Flesh, Proud. Fungous granulations. serves to bend the second joint of the
FLEXIBILITY. A property possessed fingers.
by certain bodies of bending or yielding FLEXUO'SUS. Full'of windings.
without rupture. FLINT. A mineral consisting of nearly
FLEXTON. Flex'io; from fiectere, to pure silicious earth ; silex.

bend. In Physiology, the action of the Flint-Glass. A species of glass so

flexor muscles and the state of a joint bent called because flint was formerly employed
by them. in its manufacture. It contains from 20
FLEXOR. A muscle, the function of to 30 per cent, of lead. It is extensively
which is to bend a certain part or organ. used for domestic purposes ; also, in opti-
Flexor Brevis Digito'rum Pedis cal instruments, and sometimes in the en-
Perfora'tus. A flexor muscle of the toes, amel of porcelain teeth.
situated at the middle part of the foot. FLOCCI. The fine down or villi which
Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti Pedis. forms the nap of mucous membranes.
A flexor muscle of the little toe, situated Flocci Volitantes. Imaginary vision
at the inferior and outer edge of the me- of objects. See Pseudoblepsis.
tatarsal bone of the same. FLOCCITA'TIOX. Flocci la! tio ; from
Flexor Brevis Pol'licis Manus. A fioccus, the nap of cloths. Picking the bed
flexor muscle of the second joint of the clothes, a dangerous symptom in disease.
thumb, situated at the outer part of the FLOCCULI. See Flocci.
palm of the hand. FLOCCULUS. A small tuft; applied
Flexor Brevis Pollicis Pedis. A in Anatomy, to the pneumogastric lobule
flexor muscle of the first joint of the great of the cerebellum.
 FLU 303 FLU
FLOODING. Uterine hemorrhage. good constitutions, has a light, frothy ap-
FLO'RA. The hotanical production of pearance, and but very little viscidity. In-
any given country or district; or a de- flammation of the gums, from whatever
scriptive catalogue of the plants of any cause produced, increases its viscidity 3 and
particular country. causes it to be less frothy. In a healthy
FLO'RAL. Flora'lis; from Jlos, a state it is inodorous, floats upon and mixes
flower. Pertaining to, growing in or on a readily with water, but when in a viscid
flower. or diseased condition, it sinks and mixes
FLORES. The plural of Jlos. Flow- with it with difficulty.

ers ; a term applied in Chemistry to sev- Irritation in the mouth, from diseased
eral crystalline bodies. gums, apthous ulcers, inflammation of the
Flores Benzoes. Flowers of Benjamin. mucous membrane, the introduction of
Benzoic acid. mercury into the system, or taking any
Flores Boracts, Boracic acid. thing pungent into the mouth, increases
Flores Martiales. Ammonio-chlo- the flow of this fluid, and causes it to be
ride of iron. more viscid than it is in its natural and
Flores Sulphuris. Sublimated sul- healthy state.
phur. M. Delabarre says, " "When this fluid "
Flores Zinci. Oxyd of zinc. (the saliva) " has remained in the mouth
FLORESCEN'TIA. Act of flowering. some moments, it there obtains new prop-
FLORET. A little flower. erties, according to each individual's con-
FLOS. In Botany, a flower. In Chem- stitution and the integrity of the mucous
istry, formerly applied to whatever had a membrane, or some of the parts which it
flower- like appearance, as jlowers of sul- covers.
phur, &c. " In subjects who enjoy the best health,
FLOWERS. The menses. whose stomach and lungs are unimpaired,
Flowers of Benjamin. Benzoic acid. the saliva appears very scarce, but this
Flowers of Sulphur. Sublimated is because it passes into the stomach
sulphur. almost as soon as it is furnished by the
FLU ATE. A fluoride. glands that secrete it. It only remains
FLUCTUATION. Fluctua'tio; from long enough in the mouth to mix with a
jluctus, a wave. The movement or undu- small quantity of mucus, and absorb a
lation of a fluid accumulated in a natu- certain portion of atmospheric air, to ren-
by der it frothy.
ral or artificial cavity, distinguishable
pressure with the finger. " On the other hand, the saliva of an
FLUID. Flui'dus ; from fltiere, to flow. individual, whose mucous system furnishes
A body, the inherent particles of which a large quantity of mucus, is stringy and
yield to the slightest pressure and move heavy is but slightly charged with oxy-
;

with the greatest facility in all directions. gen, contains a great proportion of azote
Fluids are divided into liquids, or incom- and sulphur, and stains silver."
pressible fluids, and gases, or aeriform Increased redness and irritability of the
fluids. The greater part of the human mucous membrane
of the mouth is an al-
body consists of fluids. most invariable accompaniment of gene-
Fluids of the Body. The fluids of the ral acidity of these fluids. Excoriation and
body consist of blood, lymph, the perspi- aphthous ulcers of the mouth, and bleed-
ratory, follicular and glandular fluids. ing of the gums, also, frequently result
Fluids of the Mouth. The saliva from this condition of the salivary and
furnished by the parotid, submaxillary mucous juices of this cavity.
and sublingual glands, and the secretions Anorexia, languor, general depression
of themucous membrane which lines it. of spirits, head- ache, diarrhoea, and rapid
The saliva, in healthy persons having * Vide TraiU dt la Seconde Dentition.
 ;

FLU 304 F(ET

decay of the- teeth, are very common Flux, Bloody. Dysentery.

among persons habitually subject to great Flux, Chemical A mixture employed
viscidity of the buccal fluids. It is like- to assist the fusion of minerals. Alkaline
wise among subjects of this kind, and par- fluxes are the ones most frequently used.
ticularly when the viscidity is so great as Flux, Crude. A mixture of nitre and
to cause clamminess of these juices, that cream of tartar, used to assist in the fusion

the green discoloration of the enamel of the of metals.

teeth is most frequently met with. Flux, "White. Sub-carbonate of pot-
The saliva in good constitutions, and ash obtained by the deflagration of equal
during health, is slightly alkaline, and the parts of cream of tartar and nitre.
mucous secretions of the mouth slightly FLUX'ION.
Flux'io; from fluere, to
acid, but the alkalinity of the one, in this In Chemistry, fusion. In Pathol-
flow.
case, is sufficient to neutralize the acidity ogy, an afflux or determination of blood
of the other. towards any organ or part of the body, as
FLUIDITY. A liquid or gaseous state a consequence of irritation or inflamma-
the state of a fluid. tion.
FLUTDUM. A fluid. FLUXUS. A flux ; a discharge.
FLUKE. Disto'ma hepat'icum. A small FLY. In Zoology, a winged insect, of
flatworm found in the bile ducts of sheep which there are various species. See
and oxen, and sometimes in the human Musca.
subject. Fly, Spanish. See Cantharis.
FLUOBOR'IC ACID. A gaseous acid FOCAL DISTANCE. A term applied
produced by the decomposition of fluoride in Optics to the distance between the cen-
of calcium, by vitrified boracic acid. tre of a lens and the point at which the

FLUOlt ALBUS. Leucorrhcea. rays meet.

Fluor Albus Malig'xus. Gonorrhoea. FOC'ILE. A bone of the forearm or
Fluor Spar. Native fluoride of cal- leg.

cium. FOCUS. The point at which converg-

FLUORIC ACID. The hydrofluoric or ing rays of light and heat come together.
fluohydric acid, obtained by treating fluor FCENIC'ULUM. Anethumj fennel j an
spar with sulphuric acid. umbelliferous plant.
FLU'OPJDE. A compound of fluorine. Fceniculum Aquat'icum. Water fennel.
FLU'ORINE. Fluor'inum, A halogen, Fceniculum Dulce. Sweet fennel. The
known only in combination, the radical of seeds arc carminative.
hydrofluoric acid. It is povrerfully cor- Fceniculum Vulgare. Common fen-
rosive, dissolving silex and all the metals nel.

but lead and platinum. FCETAL. Focta'lis. Pertaining to the

FLUX. Fluxus ; from flaere, to flow. fcetus.

In Chemistry, any highly fusible substance Fcetal Circulation. There being no

or mixture, as the sub-borate of soda, em- pulmonic circulation in the foetus, the blood
ployed in the fusion of metals. In Physi- seems to undergo in the placenta a change
ology, a natural discharge, as the menstrual similar to that which it experiences in the
flux. In Pathology, a morbid evacuation, lungs after birth, and is conveyed from
as in cases of dysentery, diarrhoea, &c. here through the umbilical vein to the
Flux, Bilious. A discharge of bile liver and vena cava, by the ductus veno-
either by vomiting or purging. sus. Thence it is conveyed into the right
Flux, Black. A mixture of charcoal auricle of the heart. From thence a small
and carbonate of potash, obtained by the portion is sent into the right ventricle, then
deflagration of cream of tartar with about into the pulmonary artery, and is returned
half its weight of nitre. It is used in the by the ductus arteriosus into the aorta;
separation of metals from their ores. but larger portions pass directly through
 ;

FOL 305 FOR

the foramen ovale into the left auricle omy, a simple gland or involution consist-
from thence it is thrown into the left ven- ing of a roundish hollow, and an excre-
tricle and passes into the aorta, to be con- tory duct, like the mucous and sebaceous

veyed through the arterial system. The follicles. In Botany, a seed-vessel.

umbilical arteries return it to the placenta. Follicule, Ciliary. See Meibomian
Fcetal Head. The measurements of Glands.
the foetal head are the Transverse, or bipa- Follicule, Dentaire. See Dental
rietal, between the parietal protuberances, Follicles.

3g inches ; the Temporal, across the tem- FOLLIC'ULUS FELLIS. Tho gall-

ples, 3 inches; the Occipitomental, from bladder.

the occiput to the chin, 5 inches ; the FOMENTATION. Fomenta'tio. A
Anteroposterior or Occipito-frontal, 4 J or partial bathing with simple or medicated
4| inches; the Fronto-mental, 3£ inches; warm water, effected with cloths previ-
the Cervico-bregmatic, from the nape of the ously dipped in it, and then applied to
neck to the centre of the anterior fonta- the part.
nelle ; the Trachelo-bregmatic, from the FOMENTUM. Fomentation.
front of the neck to the anterior fontanel, FOMES. Literally fuel. In Medical
3£ inches ; and the Vertical diameter from Language, substances imbued with conta-
the vertex to the base of the cranium, 3 gious effluvia, as woolen goods, cloths, &c.
inches. Fomes Morbi. In Pathology, the excit-
FCETATION. Pregnancy. ing cause of a disease.
FOETICIDE.. See Feticide. FOM'ITES. Plural of fomes.
FCETOR. From fceteo, to stink. An FONS PULSANS. A fontanel.
offensive smell. FONTA'NA, CANAL OF. A trian-
Fcetor Oris. An offensive breath. gular canal at the inner side of the ciliary
This may result from disease of the lungs circle of the eye.
or stomach, but the most frequent cause of FONTANEL'LA. A fontanel. Di-
fcetor of the breath is a morbid condition minutive of fons, a fountain. The open-
of the gums, caries of, or accumulations ing between the frontal and parietal bones,
of salivary calculus on, the teeth. Inflam- which is not closed until about the third
mation, sponginess and ulceration of the year after birth. There is, sometimes, a
gums, and large accumulations of light second opening between the occipital and
brown or yellow salivary calculus, how- parietal bones, the first is called the an-
ever, impart to the breath a much more terior fontanel, and the other, the posterior
offensive odor than caries of the teeth. fontanel.
See Gums, Diseases of, and Salivary Cal- FONTIC'ULUS. An abscess. A small
culus. ulcer produced by art.
FCETUS. Fetus. FOOD. Nutrient, digestible substances,
FOLIA'CEOUS. Leafy ; leaf-like. not combined with poisonous ingredients.
FOLIATION. Folia'tio; from folium, FOOT. Pes. The lower extremity of
a leaf. The folded arrangement of leaves the leg, or that part on which an animal
while in their buds. stands or walks.
FO'LIATE. Folia'tus. Leafy. Foot-Bath. Fediluvium.
FOLIUM. A leaf. Foot, Flat. See Kyllosis.
FOLLICLE. See Follicule. FORAMEN. From/oro, I pierce. A
Follicles, Ciliary. See Meibomian little opening.
Glands. Foramen Centra'le. See Foramen of
Follicles, Dental. See Dental Folli- Soemmering.
cles. Foramen Cce'cum. An opening in the
FOL'LICULE. Follic'ulus ; diminutive base of the cranium between the ethmoid
of fdllis, a bag. A little bag. In Anat- and frontal bones. A depression near the
 FOR 306 FOR
root of the tongue has also received the muscles ; vital forces, the powers inherent
appellation of foramen coocum, as well as to organization, &c.
a little sulcus hetween the corpora pyra- FOR'CEPS. From ferrum, iron, and
midal ia and the pons Varolii. capio, I take. An instrument for taking
Foramen Incisi'vum. A foramen he- hold of, and extracting bodies or parts
hind the incisor teeth of the upper jaw, which it would be difficult to seize or re-
common to two bones below, but move with the fingers.
the
proper to each above. Forceps for Extracting Teeth.
Foramen Lac'erum Ante'rius. The Tooth forceps. This was probably among
opening between the greater and lesser the first, and, perhaps, almost the only
wing of the sphenoid bone, through which instrument employed for the extraction of
the third, fourth, first branch of the fifth, teeth, until the invention of the key by Ga-
and the sixth pair of nerves, and ophthal- rengeot, in the early part of the eighteenth
mic artery, pass. century. But from the time of Celsus,
Foramen Lacerum in Basi Cranii. A who wrote in the first century of the
foramen in the base of the cranium which Christian era, down to this period, the for-
gives passage to the internal jugular vein, ceps used for the extraction of teeth were
and the eighth pair and accessory nerves. so rude in their construction, and so illy
Foramen Magnum Occipitts. The adapted to the purpose, that for the re-
great opening at the base and anterior moval of the molar teeth, the employment
part of the occipital bone. of the key instrument soon became gene-
Foramen Monroia'num. The aper- ral, both among dental and medical practi-
ture beneath the anterior part of the body tioners.
of the fornix, through which the lateral Forceps
for the Extraction of the Upper
ventricles of the brain communicate called ;
Incisors and Cuspidaii.
so after Monro, the discoverer.
For the extraction of the upper incisors
Foramen of Soemmering. The cen-
and cuspidati, one pair of forcejis only is
tral foramen or depression in the retina.
necessary. These should be straight, with
Foramen of Winslow. An opening
grooved or crescent-shaped jaws, accurately
in the omentum.
fitted to the necks of the teeth, and thin,
Foramen Opticum. The opening
so that when it becomes necessary, from
through which the optic nerve passes.
the decay of the tooth, they may be easily
Foramen Ovale. The opening be-
introduced under the gum, up to the edge
tween the two auricles in the heart of the
of the alveolus. Their handles should
foetus. Also, a foramen of the sphenoid
bo large enough to prevent them from
bone.
springing in the hand of the operator, one
Foramen Rotun'dum. See Fenestra
which should be bent at the extrem-
of
Rotunda.
recommended by Mr. Snell, so as
ity, as
Foramen Supra-Orbitarium. The
to form a hook to pass around the little
superior ohitar hole.
finger, to prevent the hand of the operator
Foramen Vesalii. A scarcely per-
from slipping, which, in the extraction of
ceptible hole between the foramen ro-
a firmly articulated cuspidatus, and espe-
tundum and foramen ovale of the sphe-
cially, when moist from perspiration, it
noid bone.
is liable to do.
FORAMINA THEBE'SII. Openings in
the right auricle of the heart through which Foixepsfor the Extraction of Bicuspids of
the blood from the substance of the auricle both Jaws and the Lower Cuspidati.
enters that cavity. Forceps for the extraction of the above
FORCE. From fortis, strong. Any mentioned teeth should be bent, so as to
power which determines an action. By be easily and readily applied to them;
muscular forces, is meant the power of the their jaws should he narrow, thin, and
 FOR 307 FOR
slightly grooved. If but one pair be em- tween the two roots just at their bifurca-
ployed, which is all that are really required, tion. Mr. S. employs two pair for the ex-
both handles must be straight. traction of the lower, as well as the upper
molars, in order, as he says, to have a
Forceps for the Extraction of the Upper
"hook to turn round the little finger,"
Molars.
supposing that this must be on opposite
For the extraction of the upper molars, sides of the instrument. But this is ren-
two pair, one for each side, are required. dered unnecessary by an improvement
Those described by Mr. Snell are curved made by the author in 1833, which consists
justbelow the joint, so that the jaws of the il having the handle of the instrument so
beak form an angle with the handles, of bent that it may be as readily applied to
about twenty or thirty degrees, or just one side of the mouth as the other, while
enough to clear the lower teeth. The inner the operator occupies a position at the right
jaw of each is grooved to fit the palatine and a little behind the patient. By this
root or side of the neck of a superior mo- improvement, the necessity for two pair is
lar, while the outer jaw has two grooves
wholly superseded, and it moreover ena-
In it, with a point in the centre to fit the bles the operator to control the head of his
depression just below the bifurcation of
patient with his left hand, rendering the
the two outer roots. One of the handles
aid of an assistant wholly imneccssary.
is bent, forming a hook. This passes
around the little hand of the Forceps for the Extraction of the Denies
finger of the
operator and prevents from slipping.
it Sapientioz.
The handles should be lasge enough to The forceps described for the extraction
prevent them from springing under the
of the bicuspids of both jaws and the
grasp of the hand; wide, and accurately
canines of the lower, are, in the majority
fitted to it and their length should not
;
of cases, as well suited for the removal of
exceed five or five and a half inches. The
both the upper and lower wisdom teeth as
beak should not be bent any more than is any instrument that can be employed for
absolutely necessary to prevent the handles
the purpose. It sometimes happens, how-
from coming in contact with the lower
ever, that the crowns of the upper second
teeth, for in proportion to the greatness of
molars are so much longer than the dentes
the curvature, will the force applied to the
sapiential as to render their application
instrument be disadvantageous^ exerted. exceedingly difficult and often impossible.
Forceps for the Extraction of the Lower To obviate this difficulty, Dr. Edward P.
Incisors. Church, about twenty-three years ago, had
a pair of forceps constructed with the beak
The lower incisors being narrower than
any of the other teeth, require very nar- bent above the joint, so as to form nearly
row-beaked forceps for their removal, to two right angles. This has proved to be a
prevent interfering with the teeth adjoin- very valuable instrument not only for the
ing the one upon which the instrument is
purpose for which it was originally de-
applied. Their width should not exceed signed, but also for the extraction of roots

the twelfth part of an inch. The beak of teeth situated immediately behind a
should be bent to an angle of about twenty- long crowned bicuspid or molar.

five degrees.
Forceps, Compound Screw, Hulli-
hen's. An instrument combining the ad-
Forceps for the Extraction of the Lower vantages of the conical screw and upper
Molars. incisor forceps, invented by Dr. S. P. Hul-
Each jaw of the beak of the lower molar lihen, for the extraction of the roots of the
forceps recommended by Mr. Snell, has upper incisors and cuspidati. It is thus
two grooves, with a point in the centre, described by the author " Lengthwise, :

which, in grasping the tooth, comes be- within and between the blades of the beak
 ;

FOR 308 FOR

is a steel tube, one end of which is open E. Maynard, for the extraction of the roots
the other solid and and joined in a of the upper molars before they have
flat,

mortice in the male part of the joint of the become separated from each other. The
forceps. When the forceps are opened, outer jaw of each instrument is brought
this joint permits the tube to fall backward to a sharp point, for perforating the alve-
and forward from one blade of the beak olus between the buccal roots, and for se-
to the other, without any lateral motion. curing between them a firm hold, while
Within this tube is a spiral spring which the inner nib is intended to rest upon
forces up a shaft two-thirds of the tube, the edge of the aveolus, and embrace the
the other part is a well tapered or conicdt palatine fang.
screw The
and tube are
shaft FOREARM. Cu'bitus. Pars inferior
so fitted together, and to the beak of the brachii. The portion of the extremity
forceps, that one-half of the rounded part extending from the elbow to the hand.
of the shaft projects beyond the end of the FOREN'SIC MEDICINE. The appli-
tube so that the shaft may play up and cation of medical science to the solution of
;

down upon the spring," about half an inch, judicial questions.

and the screw or shaft be embraced be- FORESKIN. The prepuce.
tween the blades of the beak of the instru- FORFEX. A pair of scissors also, an ;

ment. iron hook.

"The forceps," says Dr. H., "are used, Forfex Denta'ria. A hook used by
by first embracing the shaft between the dentists for the extraction of roots of teeth.
blades." " Then screwing it as gently The point is shaped something like the
and deeply as possible, the blades are extremity of a hook used with the key
—
opened pushed up on the root, which is instrument. Some are forked, and others
then seized" and extracted. are slightly crescent-shaped. It is partic-
" The screw thus combined with the ularly applicable for the removal of roots
forceps," as is justly remarked by Dr. H., of molar teeth on the left side of the mouth,
" prevents the root from being crushed. after they have become partially loosened.
It acts as a powerful lever when a lateral It was formerly much more generally used
motion is given ; it is likewise of advan- than at present.
tage when a rotary motion is made —it FORFIC'ULAAURICULA'RIA. The
prevents the forceps from slipping — or of earwig; an insect of the order Orihoptera,
their action being lost, should even one which enters the external auditory meatus
side of the root give way
and causes severe pain by its ])resence in
in the act of
extracting it and is used with equal ad- that canal.
; It is killed by blowing to-
vantage where one side of the root is bacco smoke or dropping oil into the ear.
entirely gone." FORGE. See Furnace, Forge.
Forceps, Crane's. Two pair of forceps FOR'MAL. Basic formate of methyl,
designed by Dr. J. W. Crane, of New obtained by distilling equal parts of wood-
York, for the extraction of the lower mo- spirit, peroxyd of manganese, sulphuric
lar teeth, one for the removal of the first acid and water. It is a colorless aromatic
and second molars on either side of the fluid.

lower jaw, and the other for the third mo- FOR'MIC ACID. Acidum formicum.
lars, or dentes sapientia). The beaks and An acid found in the ant, or Formica rufa,
handles of these instruments are so bent and obtained by distillation. It is also

as not to interfere with the teeth of the prepared artificially.

upper jaw, and at the same time so con- FORMI'CA. The ant; a genus of in-
structed as to give the operator a firm sects. Also, the name of a black wart
grasp upon them. with a broad base and cleft surface. The
Forceps,Maynard's. Two instru- epithet is applied, too, to a varicose tumor
ments, a right and a left, invented by Dr. which appears on the anus and glans penis.
 FOT 309 FEA
FOEMICA'TION. A slight tingling Fotus Communis. A decoction of pop-
sensation, such as one might suppose pies.

would be produced by a number of ants FOUECIIETTE. Fur'cula. A fork. In

creeping on a part. Surgery, a forked instrument used for rais-
FOIt'MULA. From forma, a form. A ing the tongue in the operation of dividing
medical prescription. In Chemistry, the the framum. In Anatomy, the posterior
algebraic expression of the constitution of commissure of the labia magna; the carti-
a body. lago ensiformis; and the semilunar notch of
FOEM'ULAEY. A collection of medi- the sternum.
cal prescriptions or formulae. FOUSELOIL. Fusel oil. Oil of grain,
FOE'MYL. The radical of formic acid. or potato-spirits.
C2 H2 .
FO'VEA. From fodio, I dig. A slight
FOE'NIX. An arch or vault. A med- depression ; thepudendum muliebre. Also,
ullary body beneath the corpus callosum a vapor bath.
is so called because, in one direction, it FOWLEEITE. Manganese spar.
presents an arched appearance. FOWLEE'S SOLUTION. An arseni-
FOSSA. From fodio, I dig. A cavity cal solution, colored and flavored with com-
with an orifice wider than the base. pound spirit of lavender. It is similar to the

Fossa, Amyg'daloid. The depression arsenical solution of the pharmacopoeias.

inwhich the tonsil is lodged. FOXGLOVE. Digitalis purpurea.
Fossa Amyn't^:. A double-headed FEACTU'EA DEN'TIS. Fracture of
bandage used in fractures of the nose. a tooth, which see.
Fossa Cekebel'li. The inferior occipi- FEAC'TUEE. Fractu'ra; from frail-
tal fossa. gere, to break. In Mineralogy, the surface
Fossa Corona'lis. A depression in the of a broken mineral, a character which is

orbital plate of the frontal bone. important in the diagnosis of different

Fossa Coronoi'dea. The depression
species. In Surgery, the breaking of a
in
the humeros for receiving the coronoid pro- bone in two or more pieces. A fracture is
cess of the ulna. termed simple when it occurs without in-
Fossa Hyaloide'a. A depression in jury to the surrounding integuments com- ;

the vitreous humor for the reception of the pound when accompanied by laceration
crystalline lens. or contusion of the integuments, and com-
Fossa Instomina'ta. The space be- minuted when the bone is broken into nu-
tween the helix and antihelix of the ear. merous pieces and forced into the soft
Fossa Magna. The great groove of the parts. Fractures may be transverse, ob-
ear. Also, the pudendum muliebre, or lique, &c.
vulva. Fracture of the Alveolar Pro-
Fossa Menta'lis. The depression on cesses. An accident which more fre-
the side of the symphysis of the lower quently results from the extraction of
jaw. teeth by unskillful hands than from any
Fossa Ovalis. A depression in the other description of mechanical violence.
right auricle of the heart, occupying the " The danger of the occurrence of this ac-
place of the foramen ovale in the fcetus. cident," asMaury very properly observes,
FOS'SIL. From fodio, I dig. Literally, "also dcrjends upon several circumstan-
any thing dug out of the earth, but usually ces, as the adhesion of the tooth to the
applied to the organic remains of animals socket by its periosteum, the thickness
and vegetables. of the alveolar walls, the length, num-
FOTHEEGILL'S PILLS. com-
Tills ber, curvature, and divergence of the
posed of aloes, colocynth, scammony and roots, &o,j" and, as Mr. Thomas Bell cor-
oxyd of antimony. rectly remarks, " as many of the molars
FO'TUS. A fomentation. occupy a considerably smaller space at the
 fr^: 310 FRA
neck, where the edge of the alveolus sur- FRiE'NUM. A bridle. In Anatomy,
rounds them, than at the extremities of a term applied to a fold of membrane
the diverging roots, it is ohvious that no which binds down or restrains the move-
tooth of such form can he extracted, with- ment of a part.
out more or Fr^enum Clitor'idis. The union of the
less yielding of the alveolar

process. This should, if nymphse over the clitoris.

possible, he con-
fined to a simple fissure in that part FrjEnum Glandis. Frcenum penis.
towards which the tooth is moved; but See Framum Pramutii.
even should a small portion of bone be Fr^num Labio'rum. Folds of mucom
attached to the side of the tooth, and be membrane, which bind down the lips to
removed with it, not the slightest injury the maxillary bone at the medial line.
is inflicted by such a circumstance, unless Also, the Fourchette.

it should extend to the next tooth, and Frcenum Lingua. A triangular fold
partially denude it of its support. If ofmucous membrane from the floor of the
the portion of alveolar process which is mouth whkh binds down, or rather re-
broken, should still remain in the socket, strains the motion of the tongue.
attached to the inner part of the gum, it Frcenum Pr^pu'tii. A membranou*
is better at once toremove it, which may fold connecting the prepuce with the lower
be easily done with a pair of common part of the glans penis.
dressing forceps." FRAGA'RIA. From fragro, I smell
Very serious accidents of this nature sweetly. A genus of plants of the order
sometimes occur in the extraction of teeth, Rosacece.
when the requisite care and skill are not Fragaria Sterilis. The barren straw-
exercised in the operation. Cases are on berry.
record in which nearly half of the jaw Fragaria Vesca. The strawberry plant.
has been brought away in an attempt to Fragaria Virginia'na. The wild
extract a tooth. strawberry of the United States. Its leaves
Fracture of a Tooth. Odontocla'sis; are astringent.
Fraciu'ra den'tis. This is an accident of FRAGILTTAS OSSIJUM. Brittleness
daily occurrence. The molars, and even of the bones.
bicuspids, are sometimes so securely arti- FRAG'MI^NT. Frag'men; fragmen'tum;
culated as to render extraction difficult, from fragere, to break. In Surgical Pa-
and occasionally impossible, without frac- thology, a splinter of bone.
turing one or more of their roots, especially FRAMBffi'SIA. From framboise, a
when the alveolar processes are firm and raspberry. The yaws a disease peculiar ;

unyielding. In this case, if the fractured to the Antilles and Africa, characterized
portion is not deep, it should always be by cutaneous excrescences, resembling
removed, though, in so doing, it may be mulberries, which suppurate and discharge
necessary to cut away a small portion of an ichorous fluid.
the edge of the avcolus. But when it is FRAN'GIPAN. An extract of milk,
deep, and not productive of pain or incon- used for the preparation of artificial milk.
venience to the patient, it may be suffered FRAN'GULA. Black alder.
to remain, until by the gradual destruc- FRANKINCENSE. At present the
tion and filling up of the aveolus, it can resin of spruce fir, but formerly, olibanum.
be reached with a pair of forceps or eleva- FRA'SERA. A genus of plants of the
tor, when it may be readily removed. order Gentianos.
FRENULUM. A little framum. Frasera "Walteri. American calum-
Frenulum Lamo'rtjm. Fourchette. ba false calumba. It has the properties
;

Frenulum Ve'li Medulla'ris Ante- of gentian.

rio'ris. A slip of Nervous matter at the FRAXINEL'LA, WHITE. Dictamnus
upper edge of the valve of Yieussens. albus, or bastard dittany.
 : ; ;;

FRI 311 FRU

FRAXTNUS. A genus of plants of the impotence. Frigidity of the stomach, An-
order Oleaeece. orexia exhaustorum, consists of loss of ap-
Fraxinus Excel'sior. The ash tree. petite, occasioned by excessive venery.
Fraxinus Ornus. The flowering ash FRIG ORIF'IC. Possessed of the power
the manna-tree. of producing cold. See Freezing Mixture.
FRECKLES. See Ephelides. Frigorific Mixture. See Freezing
FREEZING POINT. For water, thirty- Mixture.
two degrees of Fahrenheit. FRIGUS. Cold.
Freezing Mixture. A preparation Frigus Tenuo. A rigor.
capable of suddenly producing cold. The FRIT. The mass produced by the ma-
two following are selected from Mr. Walk- terials of glass on calcination. See Porce-
ex's table of frigorific mixtures lain Teeth.
Mixture with Snow. Therm, falls FROG TONGUE. Ranula.
Snow, or pounded ice, five ")
FROND. In Botany, a combination of
parts by weight,
Muriate of soda, 2
I

f
tn
t0 _ 12
^ iZ o stem and leaf in one organ. Applied by
the French, in Surgery, to a bandage used
Muriate of ammonia, 1 J
Therm, in diseases and wounds of the nose and
Mixture without Snow. falls
chin.
Muriate of ammonia, 5 ~\
from _i_5oo
Nitrate of potash,' 5 > ~ 1n FRONT. Frons. The forehead.
10 o
.

t0
Water, * 16 J FRONTAL. Frontalis. Belonging or
FREMITUS. Shuddering; vibration. relating to the forehead.
In Pathology, a peculiar tremulous sensa- Frontal Ar'tery. A branch of the
tion communicated to the hand under cer- ophthalmic, the supra orbital, distributed
tain circumstances, when applied to the to the muscles of the forehead.
chest, as in lesions of the left auriculo- ven- Frontal Bone. The os frontis.
tricular orifice of the heart, or ossification Frontal Fur'row. The groove in the
of the mitral valve. middle of the cerebral surface of the fron-
Fremitus, Vocal. The vibration of tal bone, which lodges the superior longi-
the chest during the exercise of the voice. tudinal sinus.
FRENA. The socket of a tooth. Frontal Nerve. A branch of the oph-
FRENCH BERRIES. The fruit of thalmic, which divides into two branches
several of the species Iihamnus. one passing up through the supra-orbitar
French Polish. Gum lac dissolved in foramen, and the other between the inter-
alcohol. nal orbitar beneath the pulley of the su-
French Red. Carmine, mixed with perior oblique muscle.
fine sifted starch according to the shade re- Frontal Protu'berance. The protu-
quired. berance above the superciliary ridge.
FRIABILITY. Friabili'tas; from frio, Frontal Sinuses. Two cavities in the
to break or crumble. The property of os frontis, separated by a medium septum,
being easily broken into small fragments and communicating with the anterior cells
or coarse powder. of the ethmoid bone.
FRIABLE. Easily crumbled. Frontal Spine. A vertical ridge on
FRICTION. from fricare, the middle of the inner side of the os fron-
Fric'tio;
to rub. The act of rubbing any part of tis, which gives attachment to the falx
the surface of the body with the hand, a cerebri.
piece of flannel or a brush, or with medi- FRONTA'LIS. Frontal.
cinal substances. FROST-BITE. Numbness and imper-
FRIESLAND GREEN. An ammonio- fect or arrested circulation in a part, aris-

chloride of copper. ing from the action of severe cold.

FRIGIDITY. Frigidi'tas; from frig- FRUCTIFICATION. Fructifca'iio
idum, cold. A sensation of cold. Also, from fructus, fruit, and facio, to make.
 ;

FUL 312 FUL

The collection of phenomena which attend fixed point ' about which a lever moves.
the formation of fruit. The fulcrum of the key instrument used
FRUCTUS. The fruit of a plant. for the extraction is the bulb
of teeth
FRUGIV'OROUS. From fruges, fruits, around which the hook moves, and is
and voro, I eat. An animal that feeds on placed on the opposite side of the tooth.
fruits. In Botany, the term, in its plural sense,
FRUIT. Fructus. In Botany, the seed fulcra, signifies the appendages of the axis
with the pericarp. of a plant, except the leaves.
Fruit-Sugar. Glucose. An uncrys- FULGORA. From fulgor, an efful-
tallizahlesugar found in fruits in connec- gence. The genericname of certain He-
tion with grape-sugar. moptcrous insects of the family Cicadarios.
FRUMENTA'CEOUS. An epithet ap- The lantern-fly is one of the larger spe-
plied to plants like wheat. Also, made of cies.
wheat, or like grain. FULGURA'TION. The sudden bril-
FRUMEN'TUM. Wheat; also, the liancy emitted by gold and silver in the
cerealia, from the grains of which bread cupel of the assayer, immediately the last
is made. film of vitreous lead and copper leaves the
FRUTEX. A shrub; a plant, the surface.
branches of which are perennial, and pro- FULIGINOUS. Fuligino'sus; from
ceed directly from the surface of the earth, fuligo, soot v Having a smokey, or dark
without any supporting trunk. brown color. Applied to the lips, tongue
FU'CUS. A sea weed. and teeth, when they assume this appear-
Fucus Amyla'ceus. Ceylon moss ma- ance. ;

rine moss Irish moss

; Carrageen moss.
; FULI'GO. Soot. Fuligo ligni. Wood
Fucus Baccif'erus. Culf-weed, an soot.
edible fucus. Fuligo'kali. From fuligo, soot, and
Fucus Digita'tus. Sea girdle and kali, potash. An alkaline medicine pre-
hangers a species which affords soda.
; pared by boiling soot and potassa in cer-
Fucus Helminthocor'ton. Corsican tain proportions in water, and afterwards
worm weed, a plant in high repute as an evaporating and filtering the solution.
anthelmintic. FULLER'S EARTH. An argillaceous
Fucus Na'tans. Sea lentil, supposed earth. Like other soft aluminous miner-
to be useful in dysuria. als, it has the property of absorbing grease.
Fucus Vesiculo'sus. The sea oak FULMINAN. A hypothetical radical
sea wreck ; bladder wreck. When in the assumed as the basis of fulminie acid,
open air and reduced to a black powder, it which is the acid of the fulminates. Its
forms the JEthiops formula is N2 C4, and its symbol, Fu.
vegetabilis of the shops.
FUGA'CIOUS. Fugax; from fugere, FULMINATING GOLD. A detona-
to fly. Fading quickly. In Botany, ap- ting compound powder prepared by keep-
plied to organs which speedily fade away. ing recently prepared peroxyd of gold in
In Pathology, symptoms which appear and strong ammonia for about twenty-four
disappear almost immediately afterwards. hours.
FU'GILE. A name with various sig- Fulminating Mixture. A term ap-
nifications. It has been used to denote plied to certain mixtures which detonate by
cerumen; nebulosity of the urine, and ab- heat or friction.
scess, especially in the region of the ear. Fulminating Mercury. A detonating
FULCRA. From fulcrum, a prop. In powder employed in making percussion
Botany, tendrils, prickles, hooks, spines, caps, and obtained by dissolving mercury
or any other processes by which plants sup- in nitric acid and pouring the solution into
port themselves upon other plants. alcohol.
FUL'CRUM. A prop or support the Fulminating Platina. A substance
;
 FUN 313 FUN
obtained by the action of ammonia on a circulation, assimilation, respiration, ex-
solution of sulphate of platinum. and the evolution of heat.
halation, 2.

Fulminating Powder. A compound Those which relate to the maintenance of

of three parts nitre, three of chlorate of the species, as coition, gestation, parturi-
potassa, one of sulphur and two of car- tion and lactation. 3. Those of relation,
bonate of potassa. embracing sensation, the intellectual and
Fulminating Silver. A black pow- moral facidties, locomotion and voice.
der prepared by leaving oxyd of silver for FUN'DA. A bandage split at each end
ten or twelve hours in contact with a to within two inches of the middle, em-
strong solution of ammonia. ployed in diseases of the nose, and espe-
FULMIN'IC ACID. An acid com- cially in cases of fracture or dislocation of
posed of cyanogen and oxygen. It cor- the lower jaw.
responds in ultimate composition with FUNDAMENT. Fundamen'ium. The
cyanic acid. anus.
FULLNESS. Iicple'tio. Plethora. FUNDUS. The base of an organ which
FUMA'KIA. Fumaria officinalis. Fu- has an external opening, or ends in a
mitory common fumitory.
; neck.
Fumauia Bulbo'sa. A plant, the root FUN'GI. The plural of fungus. In
of which was formerly used as an cmmen- Botany, the Mushroom tribe of Acotyledo-
agogue and anthelmintic. nous plants.
FUMARIC ACID. An acid, obtained FUNGIC ACID. An acid obtained
from fumaria and Iceland moss, and, also, from several species of fungi.
from malic acid. FUN'GIFORM. Fungifor'mis. Resem-
FUMIGATION. Fumiga'tio; from bling a fungus.
fumus, smoke. The application of vapor, Fungiform Papillae. A term some-
as fumes, to purify the atmosphere from times applied to the papilla) near the
some noxious emanation or miasma. Chlo- edges of the tongue.
ride of lime is supposed to be the most FUN 'GIN. The whitish substance
powerful disinfecting agent, and, conse- which forms the base of mushrooms.
quently, is most frequently employed for FUNGOID. Fungoi'des ; from fungus,
this purpose. a mushroom, and ei6og, resemblance. That
FUMING LIQUOR, BOYLE'S. Proto- which has the shape of or resembles
sulphuret of ammonia. fungus.
Fuming Liquor, Cadet's. Chloride of FUNGOS'ITY. Fungosi'tas. A fungous
arsenic. excrescence. Proud flesh.
Fuming Liquor, Libavius'. The an- FUNGUS. In Surgery, a soft, spongy,
hydrous bichloride of tin. luxuriant growth, or tumor, developed on
FUMITORY. Fumaria. the membranes or other textures of the
FUMUS. Smoke. body.
Fumus Albus. Mercury. Fungus Artic'uli. Spina ventosa.
Fumus Citrinus. Sulphur. Fungus, Bleeding. Fungous hanna-
Fumus Duplex. Sulphur and mercury. todes.
Fumus Terr.e. Fumitory. Fungus Cerebra'lis. An encephaloid
FUNCTION. Func'tio; irom fungor, tumor.
to execute an office. In Physiology, the Fungus Cerebri. Hernia cerebri.
action of an organ, or system of organs, Fungus ELematodes. Medullary sar-
in the animal or vegetable economy. The coma; spongoid inflammation; a morbid
functions of the living body may be di- excrescence of a malignant character, and
vided into, 1. Those which relate to the somewhat similar to the substance of the
preservation of the individual, as nutrition, brain. Three varieties are enumerated by
embracing digestion, absorption, secretion, Laennec :
—
1. The encysted; 2. The unen-
 ;

FUR 314 FUS

cysted, and 3. The infiltrated or diffused. stances into vapor by means of heat, in
The first rarely attains a very great size order to separate the fixed from the vola-
the second sometimes grows to the size of tile principles.
a child's head, and the third consists of Furnace for Baking Porcelain
uncircumscribed masses. Teeth. A muffle furnace, which is made
Fungus Medullabis. Fungous hajm- of fire clay, cased or hooped with iron
atodes. Also, an encephaloid tumor. bands, to prevent it from cracking when
FUNICULI GRACTLES. Posterior heated, with a muffle, or arched clay
median columns of the medulla oblongata. vessel with a flat bottom in the side, for
Funiculi Sil'iqu^e. Longitudinal fibres the reception of a slide or tile, on which
enclosing the base of the corpus olivare. the teeth are placed. Some furnaces used
FUNICULUS. Dimunitive of funis, for this purpose are in two pieces, the top
a cord. A little cord. one being shaped like a dome ; others
Funiculus Spermat'icus. The sper- constructed on a more extensive scale are

matic cord. cased Avith brick. See Porcelain Teeth.

Funiculus Umbilica'lis. The umbili- Furnace, Forge. A furnace in which
cal cord. the current of air is supplied by a bellows.
Funiculus Yarico'sus. A varicose en- It is sometimes used in the laboratory of
largement of the spermatic veins ; cirsocele. the dentist.
FUNIS. A cord. Furnace, Reverbeeatory. A furnace
Funis Umbilica'lis. The umbilical cord. in which the flame is made to diffuse itself
FURCATE. Furcatus. Forked. over an arched surface, as in distillation.
FURCULA. The clavicle. Furnace, Wind. Air furnace. A fur-
FUR'FUR. Bran. nace depending for its supply upon the
FURFURA. A genus of scaly diseases. natural current of air.

FURFURA'CEOUS. Resembling bran; FU'ROR UTERI'NUS. Nymphomania.

applied to the bran-like sediment some- FURUN'CULUS. From furiare, to
times deposited in the urine. make mad. A species of phlegmon, or
FURNACE. Fornax. An apparatus boil, seated in the dermoid texture, which,
in which a vehement fire and heat may be after some days, suppurates and discharges
made, for melting ores or metals, baking a bloody pus. It is vulgarly called a boil.
clay, or porcelain ware, or teeth, supplied Furunculus Gangr^eno'sus. An an-
with air by various means, for the purpose thrax.
of facilitating the combustion of the com- FUSEL OIL. Oil of grain ; corn-spirit
bustible matter employed for heating it. oil potato-spirit oil. ;

Furnace, Blast. A furnace the heat FUSIBILITY. Capability of being

of which is produced by a current of air fused.
forced through the burning fuel by artifi- FUSIBLE. Possessed of fusibility.
cial means, as by a bellows. Fusible Alloy, Rose's. An alloy
Furnace, Ceylonese
Goldsmith's. composed of two parts bismuth, one of
A small low earthen pot, filled with chaff lead, and one of tin.
or saw-dust, on which a charcoal fire is Fusible Metal. See D'Arcet's MetaL
placed. This is excited with a small bam- FUSIFORM. Spindle-shaped.
boo blow-pipe inserted in a nozzle, placed FUSION. Fu'sio ; from fundere, to
at the bottom of the fire. It is sometimes melt. The transformation of solids into
used by dentists for refining and alloying liquids,by exposure to the action of heat.
gold. FUSTIC. A yellow dye-wood, of which
Furnace, Cupelling. A dome fur- there are two kinds one is the wood of ;

nace containing a muffle for cupellation. the Morus tinctoria, called old fustic, and
Furnace, Evaporatory. A furnace the other is the wood Rhus cotinus, which
used for the purpose of reducing sub- is called young fustic.
 ;

GAL 315 GAL

G.

G. "With the ancient Greeks, an ounce. plied in Materia Medica to substances which
GABIR'EA. A fatty kind of myrrh. possess the property of increasing the
GAD'OLINITE. A mineral, so called secretion of milk.
from the discoverer Gadolin, a Swedish GALACTOPO'SIA. A term employed
chemist. in Hygiene and Therapeutics to designate
GADUS. A genus of fishes, containing a milk diet.

many species highly valued as articles of GALACTOPY'RA. From yala, milk,

diet, among which are the codfish, ha- and nvp, fever. Milk-fever.
dock, &c. GALAN'GA. The pungent aromatic
Gadus Morrhua. The codfish, the Maranta galanga.
root of the
liver oil of which is a highly valued medi- GALBANE'TUM. Balsam of galbanum
cinal agent. with turpentine.
GALAC'TIA. From yaka, milk. A GAL'BANUM. A foetid, aromatic gum-
morhid flow or deficiency of milk mis- resin, the product of Bubon galbanum,
;

lactation. In Good's Nosology, a genus of possessing properties similar to those of

disease. asafcetida.

GALACTIC ACID. Acid of milk. GAL'BULUS. From galbus, yellow.

GALACTIN. A substance obtained The cone of the cypress tree. Also, a
from the juice of the Gdlaclodendron utile, natural yellowness of the skin with which
or cow tree of South America, and used some persons are affected.

in place of cream. GALE. Dutch myrtle.

GALACTIRRH(E'A. From 70^, milk, GALEA. A helmet. In Pathology,
and peu, to flow. An excessive secretion head-ache, involving the whole head. In
of milk. Surgery, a bandage for the head, called
GALACTOM'ETER. From yala, and Galen's bandage. In Botany, the upper
(xerpov,measure. An instrument to deter- petal of the lobate corolla.
mine the quality of milk by the propor- GALEATE. In Botany, helmet-shaped.
tion of butter it contains. GALE'GA. A genus of plants of the
GALACT1/TES. A calcareous mineral, order Leguminosce.
supposed by the ancients to possess the Gale'ga Officinalis. Galegaj ruta
property of promoting the secretion of capraria. Goat's rue.
milk. GALE'NA. Native sulphuret of lead.
GALACTODEN'DRON. The cow tree GALENIC. Relating to the doctrines
of South America. of Galen, or Galenism.
GALACTOPH'ORUS. From yala, GALENISM. The doctrines of Galen.
milk, and fcpu, to bring. A term applied GALENISTS. The followers of the
in Anatomy to the lacteal absorbents, on doctrines of Galen.
account of the color of the fluid which GALEN'S BANDAGE. ATour-headed
they convey ; also, to the excretory ducts bandage.
of the glands of the breast, which convey GA'LIA. The name of two ancient
the milk to the nipples. medicines ; in one ofwhich galls were an
GALACTOPLERO'SIS. From yala, ingredient, the galia pura; the other,
milk, and Ttlypuoig, the act of filling up. galia moschata, contained aloes, amber,
Redundant secretion of milk. and musk.
GALACTOPOIE'SIS. The function GALIPE'A CUSPARIA. The Angus-
possessed by the glands of the female tura bark-tree ; Bonplandia trifoliata

breast of secreting. Galipia officinalis.

GALACTCTOIET'ICA. A term ap- GALIPOT. White turpentine.

 GAL 316 GAN
GA'LIUM. A genus of plants of the electricity for producing the cauterizing
order fiubiacece. effects of the moxa.
Galium Al'bum. See Galium Mol- GAL'VANISM. Galvanis'mus ; from
lugo. Galvani, the discoverer. The electrical
Galium Apari'ne. Goose grass. Clea- phenomena manifested on the contact of
vers. two metallic plates of a different nature,
Galium Mollu'go. Galium album. which, when executed on animal parts en-
Greater ladies' bedstraw. dowed with irritability, excite sensible
Galium Verum. Ladies' bedstraw, or movements. A form of electricity.
The galium
cheese-rennet. of the phar- GALVANO-MAGNETISM. Electro-
macopeias. magnetism. An assemblage of phenom-
GALL. Bile. ena, produced by the passage of a magnetic
Gall-Bladder. Vesic'idafellis. An current through a wire wound around a
oblong membranous receptacle, serving centre of soft iron.
as a reservoir for the bile, and attached to GALVANOM'ETER. From galvanism,
the interior surface of the right lobe of the and fierpov, a measure. An instrument for
liver. measuring the force of galvanic electricity.
Gall Ducts. The ductus communis GALVAN'OSCOPE. From galvanism,
choledochus, and the cystic and hepatic and ff/coTrew, to examine. An instrument
ducts. for ascertaining the direction of an electric

Gall-Nuts. Excrescences produced on current a magnetic ; needle.

the tender shoots of the Quercus infedoria, GAM'BIR. An astringent extract ob-
a species of oak, by the deposition of the tained from the Uncaria gambier, called
eggs of a small insect, called the cynips. square catechu, and by tanners terra japon-
The best galls are obtained from Aleppo ica.
and Smyrna. Their principal ingredients GAMBOG'E. Gambo'gia. The concrete
being tannin and gallic acid, they are juice of an uncertain tree, probably a spe-
powerfully astringent. cies of Hebradendron. It is an active hy-
Gall-Stone. Biliary calculus. dragogue and drastic cathartic. In a full
GAL'LA. A gall nut. Gall oak. dose, it is apt to produce nausea and
GAL'LATE. A salt of gallic acid. vomiting.
GAL'LIC ACID. Acidum gallicum. A GAMBOGIA. Gamboge.
silky, crystalline substance, obtained by GAMBOGIC ACID. An acid obtained
the oxydation of tannic acid. from the etheral tincture of gamboge.
GALLI'NiE. From gallus, a cock. GAMMARUS. The common lobster.
The family of fowls to which the cock, GAMOPET'ALOUS. From yafieu, to

pheasant, and partridge belong. marry, and iremlov, a petal. A term ap-
GAL'LIPOT. A glazed earthen pot plied in Botany to a corolla when the pet-
used for medicines. als cohere so as to form a tube.
GALLS. Gall-nuts. Also, diseases of GAMOSEP'ALOUS. A term applied
plants produced by the puncture of insects, in Botany to a calyx when the sepals co-
and characterized by excessive deposits of here by their continuous edges.
cellular tissue. GAMPHE'LE. The cheeks the jaw. ;

GALVANIC BATTERY. A number GAN'GLIA ABDOMTNAL. The semi-

of zinc and copper plates fastened together
lunar ganglia and solar plexus.
and arranged in a wooden or earthen Ganglia Cerebri Postica. The tha-
trough, so as to form a number of cells, lami novorum opticorum.
which are filled with diluted sulphuric Ganglia, Cervical. The superior,
acid. middle and inferior cervical ganglions.
Galvanic Moxa. A term applied in GAN'GLIFORM. Having the form o
Therapeutics to the employment of voltaic a ganglion.
 ,

GAN 317 GAN

GANG'LION. Tayyhov, a knot. In Ganglion, Submaxillary. A round
Anatomy, a tubercle, or knot-like enlarge- ganglion, situated in the submaxillary
ment, varying in form, texture, color, size gland.
and consistence, composed of a net-work GAN'GLIONEURA. From yayyliov,
of nervous filaments or blood vessels, uni- and vevpov, a nerve. A term applied in
ted by cellular substance, and enveloped in Zoology to the molluscous and articulate
a capsular membrane. In Surgical Pa- division of the animal kingdom, character-
thology, a hard, colorless tumor, of varia- ized by a ganglionic type of the nervous

ble size, situated in the course of an ex- system.

tensor tendon, and formed of a viscid GANGLIONIC. Ganglion'tens. A
albuminous fluid contained in a cyst, term applied in Anatomy to nerves which
communicating either with the sheath of have ganglions in their course.
the tendon or the synovial capsule of a GANGltiE'NA ORIS. Slough'ing pha-
contiguous joint. geda'na of the mouth. Nea'o'sis infantilis.
Ganglion, Abdom'inal. The semi- An which seems to be peculiar to
affection

lunar ganglion. more frequently during

children, occurring
Ganglion Az'ygos, Vel Impar. A the shedding of the temporary, and the
small ganglion situated on the first bone of dentition of the permanent teeth, than at
the coccyx which serves to connect the in- any other period of life. Although re-
ferior extremities of the sympathetic system. garded as a result of inflammation, Dr.
Ganglion, Cak'diac. A ganglion sit- Wood, in treating of it as it occurs in the
uated upon the concavity of the arch of mouth, says, " an unsettled point,,
it is

the aorta. whether it has in general any dependence

Ganglion, Casse'rian. A large semi- upon it." He further states that it is

lunar ganglion on the posterior chord of thought " by many to be an original affec-

the fifth pair of nerves, situated near the tion, and the inflammation which some-
extremity of the petrous bone. times attends it " is regarded " rather as

Ganglion, Cil'iary. A
small gang- an effect than a cause."
lion situated within the orbit, between the Among
the symptoms which character-
and the optic nerve. ize the affection, are itching, ulceration
external rectus muscle
Ganglion, Ehrenritter's. A ganglion and separation of the gums from the necks
on the pneumogastric nerve above the of the teeth and alveolar processes, the dis-
ganglion of Andersch. charge, at first, of muco-purulent, but
Ganglion, Ju'gulare. The superior ultimately of foetid ichorous matter. The
ganglion in the jugular fossa of the glosso- gums and lips assume a deep red or pur-
pharyngeal nerve. ple color ; and ulcers are formed in various
Ganglion, Op'tic. A small, flattened, parts of the mouth ; the gums ultimately
oval-shaped ganglion, situated immediately slough, and the alveolar processes exfoli-

below the foramen ovale. ate, bringing with them the temporary,
Ganglion, Petro'sum. Ganglion of and sometimes the crowns of the perma-
Andersch. The inferior ganglion of the nent teeth. To these symptoms may be
glosso-pharyngeal nerve situated in the added loss of appetite, dryness of the skin

jugular fossa. small quick pulse, constipation of the

Ganglion, Plexiform'e. A gangli- bowels, though sometimes there are diar-

form swelling of the pneumogastric nerve, rhoea, lassitude, and frequently a disposi-
situated between the internal carotid ar- tion to sleep.
tery and internal jugular vein. With the exfoliation of the alveolar

Ganglion, Sphe'no-Pal'atine. The processes, the disease usually abates, and

largest of the cranial ganglia of the sym- sometimes entirely disappears. Pelabarre-

pathetic nerve, and situated in the spheno- says, " among the great number of chil-

maxillary fossa. dren brought to the Orphan Asylum, he-

21
 GAN 318 GAN
has had frequent occasion to notice singu- though upon insufficient .grounds. It is
lar complications of the affection," which possible that mercurial sore mouth may
are modified according to the strength, sometimes have degenerated into this com-
" sex, and idiosyncrasies of the different plaint, in persons predisposed to it. The
subjects." The gums and lips, in some, opinion is highly probable which ascribes
he describes as being of a beautiful red constitutional predisposition to the disease
color ; in others, the lips are rosy and the to a depraved condition of the blood."
gums and sometimes much swollen.
pale, This opinion is also maintained by Dela-
He also among the symptoms,
enumerates barre, who says its " seat is in the organs
burning pain in the mucous membrane of and in the fluids conveyed to
of nutrition,
the cheeks, ulceration, pain and swelling them." The bad disposition which gives
in the submaxillary glands. rise to it, the last mentioned writer thinks

In the majority of cases the disease is is sometimes innate, and at other times the
confined to one jaw and to one side, though result of unwholesome diet.
sometimes both are affected with it. Dela- j
In the treatment of the disease, such con-
barre says, if children reach the seventh or stitutional remedies should be prescribed as
eighth year, the permanent teeth are not are best calculated to sustain and strengthen
injured, except that it causes them to be the enfeebled energies of the system. Sul-
badly arranged, owing to the want of phate of quinine, mineral acids, and a nu-
proper development of the jaw, but the tritious diet are recommended.
.author has nevermet with a case, in which The local treatment should consist, in
j

'theyhad not suffered more or less seriously the early stages of the disease, that is, be-
from it. fore sloughing has commenced, in acidu-

The author just referred to enumerates lated and astringent gargles, and a solu-
among the symptoms of the disease in its tion of chloride of lime or soda may also be
most aggravated form, inordinate appetite, advantageously used. The ulcerated and
burning thirst, a small spot on the cheek, discolored parts should be occasionally
or about the lips, resembling anthrax, touched with a strong solution of nitrate
which rapidly increases in size, turns of silver, and Delabarre says he has de-
black, separates, discharges an ichorous j
rived great advantage from touching them
fluid, and its edges " roll themselves up with the actual cautery. A strong solution
like fleshexposed to the action of a brisk of sulphate of copper is recommended by
fire." The flesh separates from the face Dr. B. H. Coats, to be applied to every
;

the bones become exposed, hectic fever en- part of the diseased surface. Dr. Wood
sues, and in the course of fifteen or twenty says : "solid nitrate of silver, or a strong
days, death puts an end to the sufferings solution of the salt; if sloughs are already
of the child. We by formed, the mineral acids, and undiluted
are also informed
more com- tincture of chloride of iron, have also been
Delabarre, that this affection is

mon among females than males, and that recommended as topical applications, "and
the bones of the jaws are so much softened will, in roost cases, be found effectual.*1
as to be easily cut with a knife. As soon as exfoliation of the alveolar pro-
The disease seems to be dependent upon cesses takes place, the detached portions
a cachectic habit of body and defective nu- of bone should be removed.
trition, or unwholesome most
food. "
Gangr^ena Seni'lis. The dry gan-
It is

prevalent," says Dr. Wood, °

miasma- grene which sometimes occurs in old age,
in

tic districts, and in public establishments commencing, generally, in a purple or

where children are crowded together. It black spot under one of the small toes, and
is a frequent sequela of other diseases, from thence, gradually extending up the

especially of intermittent and remittent leg.

fever, and the exanthemata. Mercury has GANGR^ENOPS'IS. Gangrenous sore
sometimes been accused of producing it, mouth, also, gangrene of the eyelids.
 ;

GAR 319 GAS

GANGR,ENO'SIS. Gangrenous} also, illata § vi ; cream tartar § ij ; cloves £) i.

the state of becoming gangrenous. No. 2. $. —Pumice-stone § cream vi ;

GAN'GRENE. Gangrce'na; from ypau, tartar g ij ; carmine § cinnamon

lac i ;

to feed upon. Incipient mortification. § ij. No. 3. —Dragon's blood §

I£. i

That condition of a part which immedi- red coral § iv ; fine carmine 3 ss j

orange
ately precedes mortification. See Morti- peel ij. These are to be mixed and re-
fication. duced to an impalpable powder.
GARCINTA. A genus of plants of the Gariot's Odontalgic Elixir. T%. —
order Clusiacew. Cloves, opium, cinnamon, each 3 ij
5 py-
Garcinia Cambo'gia. Cambogia gutta. rethrum 3 i > resin § ss brandy § viij. ;

A tree of Ceylon, called by the natives Gariot's Elixir for the Gums. ]£. —
Kana Goraka, the concrete juice of which Vulnerary water 3 viij spirit of scurvy j

constitutes one of the commercial varieties grass 3 i 5 essential oil of cloves gtt. iv.

of gamboge. GARLIC. The bulb of Allium Sativum,

Garcinia Mangosta'na. The man- which has a disagreeable pungent odor and
gosteen of Java and the Molucca islands. bitter, acrid taste. It has been used both
It bears a very delicious edible fruit, and as a condiment and medicinal agent almost
the bark has been used in dysenteries and from time immemorial.
tenesmus, and in ulcerated sore throat. Garlic, Hedge. Stinking hedge mus-
GARDE'NIA GRANDIFLO'RA. An tard. See Alliaria.
East India plant, the fruit of which is GARNET-BLENDE. A sulphate of
thought to be cathartic and anthelmintic. zinc.
GAR'GALUS. Tittillation ; irritation j
GAROSMUM. The stinking orach.
itching. Masturbation. Animal magnetism. GARROPHYL'LUS. The Indian clove
GARGA'REON. The uvula. tree.

GAR'GARISM. GAS. An aeriform fluid. Any perma-

Gargaris'ma ; garga-
ris'mus ; wash the mouth nently elastic fluid, whether simple or
from yapyapiCu, I

and throat. A gargle or wash for the compound, except the atmosphere.
mouth and throat. Gargles are employed Gas, Ammoni'acal. See Ammonia.
in cases of inflammation and ulceration of Gas, Azo'tic. Nitrogen.
the mucous membrane of the mouth and Gas, Carbon'ic A'cid. Carbonic acid.
fauces, tonsils, and gums they are made of Gas, Heavy Carbureted Hydrogen.
;

astringents, stimulants, sedatives, refrig- Carbureted hydrogen. Olefiant gas.

erants, &c, according to the indications Gas, Hepat'ic. Sulphureted hydrogen
of the case which calls for their employ- gas.
ment. Gas, Light Carbureted Hydrogen.
GARGLE. Marsh gas.
See Gargarism.
Garglk, Bourdet's Antiscorbutic. GASEOUS. Of the nature of gas.
Take sarsaparilla, esquine, and shavings Gaseous Ox yd of Carbon. Carbonic
of guaiacum, each § ij infuse them for oxyd.;

twenty-four hours in one gallon of myrtle GASOM'ETER. A reservoir for gas.

water, with as much distilled plantain GASTER. TaoTTjp. The abdomen. Also,
water; then strain; put in cinnamon the stomach.
water § viij ; strong spirit of scurvy- GAS'TEROPODS. Gasteropo'da; from
grast', in which is dissolved sal ammoniac, yaarr/p, the bell}', and novg, a foot. In
§ i; tinct. myrrh, tinct. aloes, each 5 ij ', Zoology, a class of Mollusca, comprehend-
and tincture of cloves § i. Incorporate ing those which have a ventral disc and
well together for use. are adapted for creeping on the belly.
GARIOT'S DENTIFRICE POWDERS. G ASTILE'UM. A term applied in Zo-
The following are his formula? : Tooth ology to the under surface of the body of
powder, No. 1. ]£. —Prepared terra sig- Mammiferous animals.
 ;

GAS 820 GAS

GASTRAL'GIA. From yaarrip, and GASTRODYN'IA. From yaarrip, and
alyog, pain. See Cardialgia. odvvr), pain. Pain in the stomach ;
gas-
GASTRIC. Gastri'cus ; from yaarrip, tralgia.

the stomach. Pertaining to the stomach. GASTRO-ENTERITIS. From yaarnp,

Gastric Arteries. The gastro-epiploka the stomach, evrrjpov, an intestine, and itis,

dextra, gastro-epiploka sinistra, and the signifying inflammation. Inflammation of

coronaria ventriculi. The first is a branch the stomach and intestines.

of the hepatic artery the second a branch

; GASTROEPIPLOIC. From yaarrjp, the
of the splenic, and the third of the coeliac. stomach, and emn^oov, the epiploon. Re-
Gastric Fever. See Febris Gastrica. lating to the stomach and epiploon or
Gastric Juice. The fluid secreted by omentum.
the lining or mucous membrane of the Gastro-Epiploic Arteries. The gas-
stomach. tro-epiploica dextra, and the gastro-epip-
Gastric Nerves. The terminal loica sinistra, derived from the hepatic and
branches of the pneumogastric and sym- splenic arteries.
pathetic nerves. Gastro-Epiploic Ganglions. The
Gastric Plexus. A nervous net- work lymphatic glands situated between the
'

derived from the solar plexus. anterior lamina) of the great omentum.
j

GAS'TRICISM. From yaarrip, the Gastro-Hepatic. From yaarrip, the

stomach. A term applied in Pathology stomach, and rjnap, the liver. Belonging
:

to gastric affections in general, and espe- to the stomach and liver.

1

cially to the theory which refers nearly Gastro-Hysterot'omy. From yaarrip,

all diseases to the accumulation of impuri- varrjpa, the womb, and rofirj, incision. In
ties in the stomach and intestines. Obstetric Surgery, the abdominal Caesarian
GASTRIS'MUS. Gluttony. operation.
GASTRITIS. From yaarrip, the stom- Gastro-Intestinal. Pertaining to the
ach, and itis, signifying inflammation. stomach and bowels ; applied in Pathology
Inflammation of the stomach.
I
which both are implicated.
to diseases in
G ASTRO- ARTHRITIS. Gout. Gastro-Mala'cia. Gastro-malaxia
GASTRO-BROXCHITIS. Catarrhal from yaarrip, the stomach, and /xalaKog,
1

f ever. soft. Softening of the stomach.

GASTROBRO'SIS. From yaarrip, the Gas'tromancy. From yaarrip, and fiav-

stomach, and ftpuaic, the act of gnawing. reta, prophecy. A species of divination
Perforation of the stomach. practiced by the ancients by means of
|

GASTROCH.E'NA. From yaarrip, and words which seemingly issued from the
Xaivu, A genus of Bivalve Mol- stomach.
I gape.
lusca, in which there is a large opening Gastro-Metritis. From yaarrip, pwrpa,
between the valves on the ventral surface the womb, and itis, inflammation. In-
of the animal. flammation of the stomach and womb.
;

GASTROCE'LF. From yaar VP , the Gastro-Mucous. A term applied in

stomach, and nr/?.ri, a tumor. Hernia Pathology, to fevers attended with gastric
formed by a protrusion of the stomach irritation and inordinate secretion of mu-
through the superior part of the linea alba. cus.
GASTROCNE'MII. From yaarrip, the Gastro-Nephritis. From yaarrip, and
belly, and nvrm?i, the leg. The name of vetypirig, inflammation of the kidney. In-
two large muscles on the posterior part of flammation of the stomach and kidney.
the leg. Gastro-Phrenic. From yaarrjp, the
GASTRODID YMUS. From yaarrip, stomach, and <j>pevee, the diaphragm. Be-
the belly, and Mvfxog, a twin. A mon- longing to the stomach and diaphragm, as
strosity, consisting of twins united by the the gastro-phrenic ligament. A process of
abdomen. j
the peritoneum which descends from the
 GEI 321 GEN
inferior surface of the diaphragm to the GEL'ATINE. Gelaiina, jelly. A pecu-
stomach. liar animal substance, obtained by boiling
GASTRO'PATHY. Gastropath'ia; from the skins, cellular tissue, bones, &c. of
yaorijp, the stomach, and nadoc, disease. animals, in water. Glue is an impure
A morbid condition of the stomach. form of gelatine. According to Liebig,
GASTRORRHA'GIA. Discharge of gelatine is not capable of sustaining life,

blood from the stomach. Hajmatemesis. but serves to repair the waste of the cel-

GASTRORRHA'PHY. and other tissues.

Gastrorrha'- lular
phia; from yamrip, the stomach, and pa<j>n, Gelatine Capsules. Capsules made
a suture. The union, by suture, of wounds from a concentrated solution of gelatine,
of the abdomen. and filled with medicines.
GASTRORRHffi'A. From yamnp, the GELA1TNOUS. Of the nature of
stomach, and pea, I flow. Excessive se- gelatine.
cretion of mucus from the mucous mem- GELATINOUS TISSUES. Tissues
brane of the stomach. which have for their basis gelatine, as
GASTROSCOP'IA. From yaarVp, and mucous membrane, the epidermis, &c.
okotteu, to survey. Examination of the GELA'TIO. From gelo, to freeze.
abdomen as a means of diagnosis. Freezing, congelation. In Pathology, rigid-
GASTRO'SES. A generic name for ity of the body, as in catalepsy.
diseases of the stomach. GELLY, ob JELLY. A soft tremu-
GASTROSPLE'NIC. From yaarvp, and lous, transparent substance, obtained from
<T7rA?7v, the spleen. Belonging to, or con- animal and vegetable matters.
nected with, the stomach and spleen. GELSEMI'NUM SEMPERVIRENS.
GASTROT'OMY. From yaarvp, the Gelseminum ni'tidum. Yellow Jessamine.
stomach, and re/ivo, to cut. The operation This plant is narcotic, anti-spasmodic, and
of opening the stomach or abdomen. sedative. It is largely used in the South
GAUCHIR. A word applied by French as a febrifuge.
dentists to artificial pieces, or dental sub- GELU. Gelly.
stitutes which have been awkwardly con- GEMEL'LUS. Double; twin. One of
structed, or which have shrunk or warped, two children produced at a birth. In
and lost their proper adaptation. Anatomy, muscles disposed in pairs. See
GAULTHE'RIA. A genus of the Gemini Musculi.
order Ericaceae. GEMINI. Twins. In Anatomy, applied
Gaulthebia Procum'bens. Partridge- to muscles disposed in pairs.
berry; mountain-tea; chicken- berry ; win- Gemini Musculi. Gemelli. A muscle
ter-green. It is stimulant, aromatic, and of the thigh, consisting of two portions,
slightly astringent. united by a tendinous and fleshy mem-
GAUGE PLATE. In Mechanical Den- brane.
tistry, an instrument for measuring the GEM'MA. A gem. In Surgery, a gran-
thickness of plate employed for bases for ulation. In Botany, a bud on the stem
artificial teeth, clasps and backings. See of a plant.
Gold, manner of making it into plate. Gemma Oculi. The crystalline lens.
GAYACYNE. A resinous substance GEMMIP'AROUS. From gemma, a
obtained from the bark guaiacum. bud, and pario, to produce. Plants which
GAZ. Gas. produce buds, and zoophytes, which prop-
GAZELLE'. A small, swift, and beau- agate by a like process.
tifully formed species of antelope, cele- GEMMULE.
The terminal bud of the
brated for the lustre and mild expressionplumula of germinating seeds.
of its eyes. GE'NA. The Cheek.
GE'IC ACID. Geine. Acro-acid of vege- GENCIVES. The gums. See Gingiva?.
table mould. GENERAL ANATOMY. The anatomy
 GEN 322 GEN
of the textures, or, more properly, the the genian apophysis to the base of the
tissues ofwhich the body is composed, as os hyoides.
distinguished from descriptive anatomy, Genio-Pharynge'us. From yeveiov, tho
which consists of a description of the chin, and Qapvyi;, the pharynx. Con-
various organs formed by these tissues. strictor pharyngis superior.

GENERATION. Genera'tio ; from )*- GENISTA. A genus of plants of tho

vofiai, to beget. The aggregate vital func- order Leguminosae.
tions concerned in the production of or- Genista Spino'sa Indica. An Indian
ganized beings, comprehending conception, tree. A decoction of the root is diuretic.
pregnancy and parturition. Genista Tincto'ria. The dyer's
Generation, Equivocal. Spontaneous broom.
generation; a theory which ascribes an GENTTAL. Genitalis. Relating to
existing plastic energy in the universe, by generation.
means of which, under certain circum- Genital Organs. The organs of gene-
stances, new living beings are sponta- ration.
neously produced, as minute animals are GENITO-CRURAL. A name applied
apparently formed from putrefaction. by Bichat to a branch of the second lum-
Generation, Fissip'arous. The pro- bar nerve, distributed to the genital organs
duction of an organism from a part sepa- and thigh.
rated from the parent, as in certain GENITU'RA. The male seed. Also
infusoria and polypi, or as from shoots of the genital organs of the male or female.
certain plants. GENONU'SI. From yevoc, sex, and
Generation, Organs of. In women voaoc , disease. Sexual diseases.
they are divided into external and inter- GENOS. Sex.
nal. The external arc, the inons veneris, GENSANG. See Ginseng.
the labia, the clitoris, the nymplioe, and GENTIAN. The root of the Gentiana
the pcrinccum ; the internal consist of the Ijidea.

vagina, the uterus, the Fallopian tubes, GENTIA'NA. A genus of plants of

and the ovaria. In men they consist of the order Gentinaceee.
the })enis, testicles, vesicular seminales, vasa Gentiana Alba. White gentian.
deferentia, and prostate gland. Gentiana Cachenlaguen. Chironia
GENERIC. Gener'icus. Pertaining to chilensis. A species of gentian growing
a genus or kind. in Chili.
GENETTCA. From yeveaig, origin. Gentiana Catesb^i. Blue gentian.
Diseases of the sexual functions. Gentiana Centaurium. Common Eu-
GENICULATE. Genicida'tus ; from ropean centaury.
genu, the knee. Kneed ; knee-jointed. In Gentiana Chirayita. This species
Botany, having joints like the knee ; bent is a native of India, and is employed as a
so as to form an obtuse angle. tonic, febrifuge, and alterative.

GENI'AL. Relating to the chin. Gentiana Lutea. Gentiana rubra.

GENI'O. A prefix, from yeveiov, the The officinal gentian. The root is tonic,

chin. stomachic, and febrifuge.

G e n i o-Glossits. Gentiana Major. Gentiana lutea.
Genio-hyoglossus.
From yeveiov, the and yhuoaa, the
chin, GENTIANACE.F,. The gentian tribe
tongue. A muscle extending from the of dicotyledonous plants.
genian apophysis to the base of the os GENTIANINE. A neutral substance
hyoides, and to the root, middle and ex- obtained from gentian.
tremity of the tongue. GENTI'LII MORBI. Hereditary dis-
Genio-Hyoide'us. From yeveiov, the eases.

chin, and voeidrjc, the os hyoides. A long, GENU. The knee joint.

thin, and fleshy muscle, extending from GENUGRA. Gout in the knee.
 GER 323 GES
GENUS. An assemblage of objects of fresh kermes, eight ounces of plantain
possessing common characters. water, and three ounces of water of orange
GENYANTRAL'GIA. From and mix with a spatula of ivory
yeveiov, flowers,
the maxilla, avrpov, the antrum, Let it remain for fifteen days,
and or silver.
c&yoc, pain. Pain in the maxillary si- shaking it from time to time, then add a
nus. sufficient quantity of honey to make it of
GENYANTRITIS. Inflammation of a proper consistence. It may now be put
the maxillary sinus. in small pots for use.
GEN Y ANTRUM. Maxillary sinus. GERM. The germen ; the rudiment of
GEOFFR^EA. A genus of plants of a being. Blastema. In Botany, the ovary
the order Leguminosce. of a plant, or rudiment of fruit in embryo,
GeoffrjEA Inermis. Cabbage tree; found at the base of the pistil.

cabbage bark tree. Germ, Dental. A tooth papilla, or

GEOG'ONY. From yv, the earth, and pulp.
yvvrj, generation. The theory or doctrine GERMANDER. The popular name of
of the formation of the earth. and
several plants of the genus Veronica,
GEOL'OGY. From yv, the earth, and of the genus Teucrium. See Teucrium.
Tioyog, a discourse. The science of the GERMAN PASTE. Take two pounds
structure and mineral constitution of the pease flour, one pound of blanched sweet
earth and the mode in which the different almonds, three ounces fresh butter, the
;

materials that compose it have been formed yolks of two fresh eggs, with a little
and deposited. honey and saffron, beat together, and after
GEOPHA'GISM. From yv, earth, and gently heating the mass, pass it through
$ay«, I eat. The practice of dirt-eating. a sieve to form into grains.
GEORGIA BARK. The bark of the GERMAN SILVER. An alloy con-
Pinchieya pubens, an American plant. sisting of one hundred parts of copper,
It has been used as a substitute for cin- sixty parts of zinc, and forty of nickel.
chona. GERMAN TINDER. Polyporus fo-
GERA'NIUM. A genus of plants of mentarius and igniamus, cut into slices,
the order Gwaniacece. beat, and soaked in a solution of nitre.
Geranium Maculatum. Common GERMEN. A germ.
crane's-bill ; crowfoot. GERMINAL CELL. A cytoblast.
Geranium Robertia'num. Stinking GERMINATION. Germina'tio. In
crane's-bill. Botany, the act of sprouting. The first

GERAULDY'S ABSORBENT POW- development of a seed.

DER FOR THE TEETH. ]*.— Coral, GEROCO'MIA. From yepac, old age,

mother of pearl, crabs'-eyes, diaphoretic and ko/j.e(j) ) to be concerned about. That

antimony, each § iv. Pulverize and pass part of hygiene which relates to the
through a fine sieve, then porphyrin with health of the aged.
a little plantain water, afterwards form GEROCOMI'UM. An hospital for old
the mass into and dry them in persons.
little balls,
the shade; next powder them and pass GERONTO'PIA. Weakness of sight of
through a sieve as before, when it should tlie aged.
be boxed or bottled for use. GERONTOX'ON. A bow-shaped opa-
Gerauldy's Paste for TnE Teeth. city around the cornea, occurring in aged
Take of the above powder lb i dragon's ; persons.
blood finely pulverized § i put them in ;
GERSA. Plumbi subcarbonas. White
a mortar of marble or earthenware, mix lead.
with a pound of Narbonne honey, incor- GESTATION. Gesta'tio; from gestare,
porate the whole into the consistence of a to carry. The period, during which the
thick s}r rup, with four ounces of the sugar pregnant female carries the foetus in her
 ;

GIN 324 GLA

womb. Also, passive exercise, such as Ginger Beer. An effervescing bever-
swinging, riding in a carriage, &c. by fermenting ginger, cream
age, obtained
GESTICULATION. The act of mak- of tartar and sugar with yeast.
ingmany movements or gestures, a symp- Ginger, Wild. A plant of the genus
tom exhibited in many diseases. Asarum; the asarum of the U. S. Ph.
GEUM. A genus of plants of the or- GINGIBRA'CHIUM. From gingiva,
der Rosacece. and braclrium, the arm. Scurvy
the gums,
Geum Riva'le. Water avens the root is so called because the gums and arms
;

of which is astringent, and has been used are the parts affected by it.
in passive hemorrhages, leucorrhcea, diar- GINGIVAE. The gums.
rhoea, and as a tonic in dyspepsia and GINGIVA'LIS. Relating to the gums.
phthisis pulmonalis. GING'LYMOID. Ginglymoi'deus; from
Geum Urba'num. The herb bennet or yryyXv/iog, a ginglymus, and eidog, resem-
common avens. blance. A hinge-joint ; a species of diar-
Geum Virginia'num. White avens. throdial articulation.
Evan root. GINGLYMUS. A hinge-joint.
GEUMA. Taste. GINSENG. A plant of the genus
GEUSION'OSI. From yevoic, taste, and Panax ; the root of which is in great de-
vooog, disease. Diseases of the function or mand among the Chinese, who consider it
organ of taste. a panacea in almost all diseases.

GEUSIS. Taste. GIRAFFE'. The camelopard, an Af-

GIBBOSITAS. See Gibbosity. rican quadruped, the tallest of animals.
GIBBOSITY. Gibbosi'tas; from gibbus, GIRASOL. From gyro, I turn, and
a hunch or swelling on the back. A cur- sol, the sun. A milk-white or bluish opal,
vature and protuberance of the spine. which reflects a reddish hue when turned
GIBBUS. A hunch or swelling on the to the sun.
back. GIRMIR. Tartar.
GIDDINESS. Vertigo. GIZ'ZARD. The strong muscular stom-
GILEAD, BALM OF. The resinous ach of birds.
juice of the Amyris Oileadensis. GLABER. Glabrous; smooth.
GILLE'NIA. A genus of plants of the GLABELLA. The triangular spaco
order Rosacece. betwixt the eyebrows.
Gielenia Trifolia'ta. Indian physic GLACIES. Ice.

Western drop-wort. It is a mild emetic, GLADIATE. Ensiform. Shaped like

and is used as a substitute for ipecacuanha. a sword.
GILLIFLOWER. Dianthy,s caryophyl- GLAIRINE. A gelatinous vegetable
lus. Clove pink. substance found in some thermal waters.
GILLS. The respiratory organs of GLAMA. The sordes of the eye.
fishes, frogs in their tadpole state, lob- GLANCE. From glanz, splendor. A
sters, &c. term applied in Mineralogy to the pseudo-
GIMBERNAT'S LIGAMENT. The metallic lustre of certain minerals, as
lower border of the aponeurosis, stretched glance coral, &c.
from the anterior and superior spinos pro- GLAND. Glandu'la; from glans, an
cess of the ilium and crest of the os pubis. acorn. In Anatomy, an organ destined for
GIN. Geneva. A spirit distilled from some peculiar
the secretion or alteration of
corn and juniper berries. fluid. composed of blood vessels,
It is
GINGER. The rhizoma of zingiber nerves and absorbents, and may consist of
officinale. It has a spicy, pungent, hot a folliculus, or small bag, at the termina-
and biting taste and an aromatic and pen- tion of a duct ; lacuna, or sac, opening into
etrating odor. It is a grateful stimulant the passage ; crypta, as in the large intes-
and carminative. tines and kidneys, or acinus, which is a
 ,

GLA 325 GLA

round body not regularly invested with a very small glands around the corona of the
membrane, as is seen in the structure of penis and clitoris. They are also called
the liver, which is principally made up of Tyson's glands.
acini. Glands are divided into simple, Glandule Pacchio'ni. A number of
compound, conglobate and conglomerate. A small, round, whitish granulations, clus-
simple gland is a small hollow follicle, with tered along the margin of the longitudinal
an excretory duct. The mucous glands of fissure of the hemispheres, between the
the tongue, fauces, nose, intestines, urinary dura mater. In iufancy they do not
bladder, and the sebaceous glands of the exist.
ear, &c, belong to this class. A compound Glandule Tlexifoe'mis. Peycr's
gland is made up of a number of simple glands.
glands, the excretory ducts of which unite Glandulje Sebaceje Ciliaees. The
into one common duct. A conglobate is meibomian glands.
a gland into which lymphatic vessels enter Glandules Vasculosis. Conglomerate
and go out. The mesenteric and lumbar glands.
glands are of this description. A conglom- GLAND'ULAR. Glanthdosus. Hav-
erated gland is formed of many simple ing the form, structure, function, or ap-
glands, and the excretory ducts of which pearance of glands.
open into one common duct, as the parotid, GLANS. A gland. Also, an acorn.
ealival and pancreatic. Glans Clitob'idis. The extremity of
GLAND'ERS. See Equina. the clitoris.
GLANDIFORM. Having the form or Glans Jo'vis. The chestnut.
texture of a gland. Glans Fe'nis. The extremity of the
GLAND'IUM. A kernel in the flesh. penis.
GLAND'ULA. A little gland. GLAREA. Gravel.
Glandula Baetholinia'na. The sub- GLASS. Vit'rum. A compound of silica
lingual gland. and potassa, soda, or lime. In Chemistry
Glandula Basila'bis. The pituitary a substance or mixture, earthy, saline or
gland. metallic, brought by fusion into the state
Glandula Innomina'ta Gale'ni. The of a hard, brittle transparent mass, as the
lachrymal gland. glass of antimony, tvc.
Glandula Pinea'lis. The pineal gland. Glass of Antimony. Antimo'nii vit'-

Glandula Rivinia'na. The sublingual rum. Vitrified antimony.

gland. GLASS'WORT. The popular name of
Glandula Saliva 'lis Abdominis. The some species of Salicornia, a plant that
pancreas. yields a large quantity of soda, used in
Glandula Thyreoidea. The thyroid the manufacture of glass.
gland. GLAUBER'S SALT. Sulphate of soda.
GLANDUL2E ARTICULA'RES. The GLAUCE'DO. See Glaucoma.
synovial glands. GLAUCI'NA. A term applied in Pa-
Glandule Bbunneri. Brunner's thology to cow-pox, from the grayish-blue
glands. tint of the vesicles.
Glandule Cebvi'cis U'tebi. Na- GLAU'COLITE. From ylavnoc, blue.
both's glands. A mineral of a bluish-green color ; a sili-

Glandule Du'b^e Ma'teis. See Glan- cate of alumina and lime.

dulre Pacchioni. GLAUCO'MA. From yhavKoq, sea-green.
Glandule Intestina'les. Beyer's Dimness of vision from opacity of the vit-
glands. reous humor. The name has also been
Glandule Myetifob'mes. Caruncula; applied to cataract.
myrtiformes. GLAUCO'FIS. A genus of Passerine
Glandule 0-DOEiF'EBiE. A number of birds, commonly termed, from the number
 ;
;

GLO 326 GLO

of fleshy wattles attached to the base of a plant the leaves of which are used in
the beak, wattle birds. Spain in the venereal disease. They are
GLAUCOSI8. Glaucoma. also powerfully cathartic.
GLAU'COUS. Glau'cos. Of a bluish- GLOB'ULE. Globulus. A minute
green color. sphere or globe.
GLECHO'MA. A genus of plants of Globules of the Blood. Blood corpus-
the order Labiaice. cles. Blood disks. Small globular bodies
Glechoma Hedeea'cea. Ground ivy observed in the blood when examined with
gill, supposed to be tonic and expectorant. a microscope. They are circular in mam-
GLE'CHON. Mentha pulegium. Penny- malia and elliptical in birds and reptiles.
royal. GLOB'ULIN. A peculiar albuminous
GLECHONTTIS. Wine impregnated principle mixed with hcematine in the red
with pennyroyal. corpuscles of the blood. It is found pure
GLEDITSCHIA. A genus of trees of only in the crystalline lens.
the order Leguminosce, GLO'BUS. A globe or ball.
Gleditschia Triacan'thos. The three- Globus Hystericus. A sensation ex-
thorned honey locust. perienced by hysterical persons, as if a
GLEET. A mucous discharge from the round body were rising from the abdomen
urethra, sometimes the sequela of gonor- to the larynx.
rhoea. Globus Major Epidid'ymis. The upper
GLE'XE. Tlr,vr,. The pupil of theend of the epididymis, which is much
eye.
Also, a shallow cavity in a bone for receiv- larger than the lower.
ing the articular extremity of another bone. Globus Martia'lis. Potassio-tartrate
GLENOID. Glene; from yM vrl, pupil, of iron.
and euhg, resemblance. A shallow artic- Globus Minor Epidid'ymis. The lower
ular cavity in a bone, as the glenoid cavity portion of the epididymis.
of the scapula, and of the temporal bone. Globus Uteri'nus. The round ball of
Glenoid Ligament. A fibro-cartila- the uterus after delivery is so termed, as it

ginous ring which surrounds and increases may be felt through the parietes of the
the depth of the glenoid cavity of the scap- abdomen.
ula, formed, apparently, by the expansion GLOMER. A conglomerated gland.
of the long head of the biceps flexor cubiti GLOM'ERATE. Glomerulus. In Anat-
muscle. omy, a gland having no cavity, but fur-
GLIADINE. From y/Ua, glue. Vegetable nished with an excretory duct, as the lach-
albumen. One of the constituents of gluten. rymal and mammary glands. In Botanyt
GLI'RES. From glis, a dormouse. The congregated.
name given by Linnaius to the tribe Ro- GLOM'ERULE. A term applied in
dentia. Botany to small heads forming a glume.
GLISCHROCIPOLOS. From y^°xpo<;, GLOSSA. From yXuooa, and yAurro,
viscid, and x°M, bile. Bilious, viscid ex- the tongue. The tongue.
crement. GLOS'SAGRA. From yluooa, the
GLISOMAR'GO. Chalk. tongue, and aypa } a seizure. Severe pain
GLISSON'S CAPSULE. See Capsule of the tongue.
of Glisson. GLOSSAL'GIA. Glossagra.
GLO'BATE Globa'tus. Spherical GLOSSAN'THRAX. From yluaea, the
spheroidal. tongue, and av&pa£, a carbuncle. A car-

GLOBE. A term applied in Anatomy buncle of the tongue.

to the eye-ball, from its globular shape. GLOSSIAN'US. The lingual muscle.
GLOBOSE'. Globo'stis. Round; glob- GLOSSITIS. FTomytoooa, the tongue,
ular. and itis, a termination signifying inflam-
GLOBULA'RIA ALYP'UM. Madwort mation. Inflammation of the tongue.
 ;

GLU 327 GLY

GLOSSOCAT'OCHOS. From yluooa, GLUCOSU'RIA. See Diabetes.
the tongue, and kcltexu, I arrest. An in- GLUE. Inspissated jelly from the
strument for depressing the tongue. parings of hides, hoofs, &c.
GLOSSOCE'LE. From yluooa, the GLUME. Glu'ma. The husk; the
tongue, and nvM, a tumor. Protrusion of calyx of grasses, and the envelopes of the
the tongue. flowers of these plants.
GLOSSOC'OMA. Retraction of the GLU'MOSE. Flowers furnished with
tongue. a calyx, or glume, like those of the gram-
GLOSSO-EPIGLOTTIC. Pronging inea? or grasses.
to the tongue and epiglottis. GLUMEL'LE. Glumel'la. A little
GLOSSOG'RAPHY. Glossograph'ia glume or calyx.
from yTiuaaa, the tongue, and ypa^v, a de- GLUT/EUS. See Gluteus.
scription. A description of the tongue. GLUTE'AL. Belonging to the buttocks.
GLOSSOL'OGY. Glossolo'gia; from Gluteal Ar'tery. A continuation of
yluaaa, the tongue, and loyog, a treatise. the posterior internal iliac artery.

A treatise on the tongue. The term, Gluteal Nerve. A branch of the

however, is usually used to designate a lumbo-sacral nerve.
vocabulary, or dictionary, explanatory of GLUTEN. A peculiar viscid substance
obscure, antiquated or local words. found in wheat and other grains, possess-
GLOSSOLYSIS. Glossople'gia ; from ing glutinous and nutritive properties.
jluooa, the tongue, and ?>voig, solution. GLUTE'US. From yXovrog, the but-
Paralysis of the tongue. tocks. A name given to muscles, arteries,
GLOSSOMANTFA. From y^aaa, the &c, of the buttocks.
tongue, and yavreia, divination. Progno- Gluteus Max'imus. A thick, fleshy
sis from the appearance and condition of muscle of a quadrangular shape, forming
the tongue. the convexity of the buttocks.
GLOSSON'CUS. From yhoaaa, the Gluteus Me'dius. A thick dense muscle
tongue, and oynog , a tumor. A swelling of, situated in front and partly beneath the
or tumor on, the tongue. gluteus maximus.
GLOSSO-PHARYNGE'US. Belonging Gluteus Min'imus. A radiated muscle
to the tongueand pharynx, as the glosso- situated beneath the gluteus medius.
pharyngeal nerves and muscles. GLU'TIA. The buttocks or nates.
GLOSSOPLE'GIA. See Glossolysis. Also, the corpora quadragemini.
GLOSSOT'OMY. Ghssotom'ia ; from GLU'TIN. A variety of gelatin ob-
ylooaa, the tongue, and re/iveiv, to cut. tained from bone and skin.
Excision, or dissection of the tongue. GLUTINOUS. Glutino'sos. Adhesive;
GLOT'TA. Glos'sa. Tongue. sticky.
GLOT'TIS. From yAwrra, the tongue. GLUTTON. One who eats to excess.
A triangular opening at the upper part of In Zoology, a carnivorous, plantigrade
the larynx, bounded on the sides by the quadruped, the Gulo vulgaris, found in
chordaj vocales and arytenoid cartilages, the north of Europe and Siberia ; so named
and behind by the arytenoideus muscle. from its voracious appetite.
GLU'CIC ACID. An acid obtained by GLUTTONY. Boulimia. Excessive
the action of alkalies on sugar. appetite.
GLUCFNA. From yhvuvg, sweet. An GLUTUS. The buttock.
earth found in the emerald, beryl and enclase. GLYCAS'MA. From ylvuvg, sweet.
GLUCINTUM. The metallic base of A sweet medicated wine.
the earth glucina. GLY'CERINE. A sweet substance ob-
GLUCO'SE. From Grape tained from fat, resulting from a modifica-
ylvuvg, sweet.

sugar. Diabetic or starch sugar. The tion of oxyd of glyceryl.

sugar found in acid fruits and plants. GLYCINE. Glycocol. Sugar of Gel-
 , ;

GOB 328 GOL

aiin. A sweet substance obtained from ture of charcoal and lead, the latter being
gelatin by boiling it with sulphuric acid in such an extreme state of division as to
or with caustic potash. take fire on exposure to the air.
GLYCOCHO'LIC ACID. Cholic acid GODFREY'S CORDIAL. A celebrated
conjugated with glycine. anodyne and carminative cordial.
GLYCERYL. Glycerule. A hypo- GOBLIN'S FOWDERS FOR THE
thetical radical of glycerine. TEETH. 1. Take calcined alum, 3i;
GLYCYRRHI'ZA. From ylvKvg, sweet, Florentine orris in powder, § iij ; cream
and pi(,a, a root. A genus of plants of the of tartar, § ij
;
pulverized cochineal, 3 ss >

order Fahaccce. Liquorice. essence of cloves, gtt. iv. Mix. 2. Take

Glycyrrhiza Glab'ra. The officinal porphyrized red coral, fine cinnamon, a a
liquorice. The root and extract are de- § ij. 3. Take carbonate of magnesia,
mulcent, emollient aud nutritive, and are § quadroxalate of wood sorrel, 3 ss
ss ;

used in inflammatory affections of the mu- pulverized red coral, § i ; essence of mint,
cous membranes, especially of the respira- gtt. iv. Mix. 4. Tonic powder. —Take
tory organs. finely pulverized cinnamon,
§ ss cin- ;

GLYCYRRHI'ZINE. The sugar of chona, orange in fine powder, a a |i;

liquorice. cloves in powder, gr. x. Mix. 5. Take

GLYP'TODON. From yM", I carve,§ i pulverized charcoal,

red cinchona, ;

and odovg, a tooth. An Mix, and suitably aromatize.

extinct gigan- § i.

tic quadruped of the family Armadilloes Goblin's Paste for the Mouth. 1.

with the teeth longitudinally fluted, hence Take catechu, § ij coral, 3 1V sugar, ; )

its generic name. 3 iij essence of cinnamon, gtt. x. Mu-

;

GLYS'TER. An enema. cilage a sufficient quantity to form into a

GNAPHA'LIUM. A genus of plants paste. 2. Take prepared charcoal, sugar,
of the order Compositce. a a 5 i 5 essence of citron, gtt. iv. 'Mucil-
Gnapiia'lium Polyceph'altjm. Sweet- age, g. s.

scented life-everlasting. GOITRE. Bronchocele.

GNATHI'DIA. From yvatiog, a jaw. GOLD. Aurum. The most valuable of
A term in Ornithology, "ajijilied to the metals, found either in its native state, or
rami of the lower jaw which are joined to combined with silver, copper or iron. It
the cranium behind, and meet in front at a is of a yellow color, very brilliant, and
greater or less angle. possessed of great density, ductility and
GNATHOTHE'CA. From and malleability.
yvatiog,

dyiii], a sheath. In Ornithology, the horny In Therapeutics various preparations of

integument of the beak. it are used, and in Dental Surgery it is

GNATHI'TIS. From yva-Sog, the cheek, very extensively employed, both for filling

the jaw. Inflammation of the cheek or teeth and in the construction of dental sub-
upper jaw. stitutes and artificial palates and obturators.
GNATHOPLE'GIA. From yvatiog, With the exception of platina, it is the
and t2-V}'V, a stroke. Paralysis of the only metal that can be placed in the mouth
cheek. with impunity. When used for filling teeth,
GNATHORRHAG'IA. From yvadog, it should be pure, but for other dental pur-
and pnywfii, to burst forth. Hemorrhage poses, it should contain a small quantity of
from the internal surface of the cheek. alloy.
GNATHOSPAS'MUS. From yvatiog, Gold, Alloying of. Gold in an un-
and orraofjog, a spasm. A spasmodic con- alloyed or pure state, is too soft to serve
traction of the muscles of the lower jaw. as a basis or support for artificial teeth,
GOAT. A ruminant of the
genus Car- and, consequently, it has been found ne-
pia. cessary to combine with it some other metal
GOBEL'S PYROPH'ORUS. A mix- or metals to increase its hardness and elas-
 : : ;

GOL 329 GOL

ticity. Silver and copper are the alloys especially adapted to fillings in crown
most frequently employed. The following cavities in the lower jaw.
standards of fineness may be regarded as The crystallized gold is usually obtained
the best that can be adopted for gold to be in flat masses of a porous texture, of a
used in connection with brown or yellow tint, with here
artificial teeth reddish
and there a golden lustre. Some of the
riate for the upper jaw, twenty carats
for the lower, twenty-one, and for clasps specimens have a brilliant golden hue. All
and wire for spiral springs, eighteen. In of these, when examined with a lens, will
reducing perfectly pure, or twenty-four be found to be made up of a mass of con-
carat gold to these standards, the following fused crystals of the precious metal.
are the proper proportions of alloy to be The process, patented by a gentleman in
employed New York, consists of several parts. The
1. For twenty carat gold, take 20 dwts. gold is first amalgamated with from four
pure gold, 3 dwts. fine copper, and 1 dwt. to twelve times its weight of mercury, trit-
silver. urated, heated to 180° Far., and set aside
2. For twenty-one carat gold, take 21 for several hours. A crystalline amalgam
dwts. pure gold, 2 dwts. fine copper, and 1 of gold and mercury is thus formed. The
dwt. silver. mixture is then treated with nitric acid to
3. For eighteen carat gold, take 18 dwts. dissolve out the mercury, and the mass is
pure gold, 5 dwts. best copper, and 1 dwt. raised to a heat just below the fusion point
silver. of gold. This anneals the gold and drives
The gold should be first melted in a clean off any of the mercury that may have es-
crucible, in the manner to be hereafter de- caped the action of the acid.
scribed, and as soon as it has become tho- Sponge gold is commonly found in small
roughly fused, the silver and then the cop- reddish brown masses, destitute of the lus-
per should be thrown in, with two or three tre which we occasionally see in the crys-
small lumps of sub-borate of soda. After tallized variety. It is prepared very much
keeping the whole in a fused state for some in the same manner as the other. Some
five or ten minutes, it may be poured into have made it from an alloy of gold and
an ingot mould of the proper size, pre- silver by dissolving out the latter metal
viously warmed and thoroughly oiled. If with nitric acid and heating the s]ionge to
the gold cracks during the process of ham- redness. This method is objectionable, be-
mering or rolling, it should be again melted, cause some silver is always retained. It
and a few small pieces of sub-borate of is better procured by igniting the terchlo-
soda, with a little muriate of ammonia ride.

thrown in. In five or ten minutes it may Gold Foil, Dentist's. Aurum folia-
be again cast into an ingot. Gold leaf. The gold foil, or leaf,
turn.

When scraps and filings are to be con- employed by dentists for filling teeth, is
verted into plate, they should first be re- much thicker than that ordinarily used,
fined, and afterwards properly alloyed. and, when properly prepared, constitutes
This may also be necessary with all gold, the best material, except the crj'stalline or
the quality or fineness of which is sponge, that can be employed for this
not
known, but with national coinshaving a purpose. The gold, however, should be
known fixed standard, this will not o ne- pure, and the leaves thin and well an-
1

cessary, unless they are below twenty-one nealed previously to being used.

or twenty carats. The art of preparing gold for filling teeth

Gold, Crystallized a:;t sponge. Pre- is an exceedingly nice and difficult one,
parations of gold bearing these titles have and, it is believed, has attained greater
recently been introduced to the notice of perfection in the United States than any
the dental profession, and have been pretty other country ; or, at any rate, this fact is
extensively used. They weld well and are so generally admitted, that many of the
 GOL 330 GOL
most eminent European practitioners, pro- been affected, and only requires to bo
cure most, if not all they use, from Mr. melted to be ready for use.
Charles Abbey, of Philadelphia, the oldest The gold, being now refined, is melted
manufacturer in America. There are, how- and cast into an ingot about one inch in
ever, many other gold beaters in the United width, and is ready for manufacturing into
States who manufacture good foil. foil. A
two and a piece weighing about
The thickness of the leaves is determined half ounces is cut from the bar and rolled
by the number of grains which each con- to the length of about fifteen feet, which is
tains, and is designated by numbers on the equally divided into 160 pieces or squares,
books, between the leaves of which they then put into the centre of a tool called a
are placed, after having been properly an- " cutch," made of vellum MS. books of
nealed. These vary from 4 to 20. For the 13th and 14th centuries, about four
example, a book containing a quarter of an inches square, and containing 165 or 170
ounce of No. 4 will have thirty leaves leaves, enough to contain the whole 160
in it. The weight of the leaves generally squares of gold, and which is called a
varies two grains, so that the numbers " beating."
run, 4, G, 8, 10, and so on up to 20. The cutch being •' filled," it is encased
In the manufacture of foil, the first re- on all sides with parchment wrappers or

quirement is, the purity or fineness of the " bands," when it is ready for the process
gold. There are various methods of free- of beating, which is performed by manual
ing gold from foreign matter or alloy, but labor, with iron hammers weighing from
we shall speak of only one, that which is eight to fifteen pounds, wielded with ono
most in use among assayers, and generally hand, the other being required to hold the

known by the name of parting. tool.

By this process, a quantity of silver, The beating is continued, until the gold
equal to three times the weight of the gold is forced out beyond the edges in sufficient

to be refined, must be melted with it, and quantities to leave the foil of the desired
well mixed by being stirred up in the cru- weight. The protruding edges are now
cible,and then poured into an ingot, rolled scraped or cut off with a knife, and the
very thin and cut into small pieces ; or, sheets of foil carefully laid out and the
instead of this, the melted mixture may rough edges trimmed off with a pair of
be poured into a vessel containing water scissors, when it is ready for the process of
which is rapidly revolving j this latter softening or annealing.
procedure is called granulating, and will The annealing process is one of the
serve equally as well as the other. The greatest importance, and is variously per-
whole mass is now put into a glass mat- formed. Some manufacturers do it by
rass, and a quantity of nitric acid poured placing a sheet upon a wire grating and
on it. The matrass is now placed in a sand holding it over a fire or spirit lamp ; others
bath, moderately heated at first. The ac- heat a plate of stone, and lay the gold
tion of the acid commences immediately, upon it, whilst others again place it di-
and when it becomes completely saturated rectly on a charcoal fire ; each, probably,
with the must be carefully poured thinking his own method the best but,
silver, it ;

off into a vessel containing water, and a whatever one is adopted, great care and
fresh supply of acid poured into the mat- patience are required in doing it and as ;

rass, and the action continued until the the operation is necessarily slow, as only
whole of the silver is decomposed or dis- one leaf can be annealed at a time, and a
solved, which may be known by the col- great deal of heat required, it is very ex-
orless appearance of the fumes. The pure hausting to the system, and particularly
gold remaining in the matrass has a brown injurious to the eyes. After the foil is an-
appearance, is easily broken with the fin- nealed, it is put into books, when it is
gers, but its metallic qualities have not ready for use.

«v
 GOL 331 GOL
The foregoing description refers to No. tion, it still cracks, it should be remeltcd,
6 foil ; for No. 8 or 10, a greater quantity and a little muriate of ammonia thrown
of gold is required at starting. on it in the crucible while in a fused state.
The vellum books made use of for tools, It may then be recast into an ingot, and
the relics of centuries gone by, are many the hammering proceeded with as before.
of them beautifully illuminated, and the When it is reduced to the thickness
different colors remain as bright as when above mentioned, it should be annealed
first put on. Some of them must have and then placed between the rollers of a
required the greater part of an ordinary rolling mill, so adjusted as to be the same
life-time for their completion, and after distance apart at both ends, and not so
having performed their part in the world near to each other as to require a very
as literary productions, are made to per- great effort to force the gold between them.
form a very different part, one never con- The rollers should be brought a little nearer
templated by their authors, namely, that to each other every time the plate is passed
of forming an indispensable tool for the between them, until the gold is made suffi-
manufacture of dentist's gold foil. ciently thin.
Gold, Peroxyd of. Dissolve gold Gold, Refining of. In the description
foil

or pure gold in aqua regia, composed of given of the method of manufacturing gold
one part muriatic acid, and two parts of foil, one of the processes for refining gold
nitric acid, precipitate the solution with is briefly noticed, but there are other meth-
ammonia, being careful not to add too ods which it will be proper to mention. The
much ammonia, then pour off the acid and first is employed in some of the mints, and
wash the precipitate with warm water sev- is termed, " cementation." This consists
eral times, or until there is no acid left, in first rolling the gold out into exceed-
then dry it over a gentle fire. ingly thin plates, then placing it with a

A decidedly better method is to precipi- mixture of four parts of brickdust, one of

tate with oxyd of zinc or magnesia, and sulphate of iron, calcined to redness, and
then to wash the precipitate with water, one of muriate of soda, in a crucible. A
end to digest it with nitric acid. This bed of this mixture, or cementing powder,
oxyd is yellow when hydrated, and black is first placed in the bottom of the crucible j

when anhydrous. It is easily reduced by the gold is then put in and covered with
heat, and even by light. it. The crucible is covered with another
Gold Plate, Manner of Making it. crucible, the joints well luted with clay,
This being an article much used in the and exposed to a heat gradually raised to
construction of dental a red heat, at which elevation of temper-
substitutes, the
author will here describe the manner of ature it is kept from twenty to twenty-
making it. four hours. The crucible is now removed
The gold, after being melted in a clean from the fire, the top broken off, and after
crucible, rubbed on the inside with borax the latter has cooled, the gold is separated
(sub-borate of soda), is poured into an in- from the cement and washed with hot
got mould of the proper length, width and water, or what is still better, boiled in
thickness, and after it has cooled, is re- water.
duced by hammering on an anvil, to the For separating copper, tin, lead or zinc,
thickness of about an eighth of an inch. from gold, the following simple method
It is now annealed by placing it in a char- may be adopted Put the gold in a clean :

coal fire, or furnace, and heated until crucible covered with another crucible,
every part becomes red. It may be ne- having a small opening or hole through
cessary, during the operation of hammer- the top ; lute the two together with clay,
ing, to subject it several times to this place them in a bed of charcoal in the
process, to prevent the gold from crack- furnace, ignite the coal gradually, after-
ing, and if, notwithstanding this precau- * Chemistry of the Arts, vol. ii, p. 551.
 GOL 332 GOL
wards increase the combustion by means whole is melted, the alloy may be imme-
of a current of air from a pair of bellows, diately poured into an ingot mould, pre-
such as are usually used in connection with viously warmed and oiled.
small furnaces after the gold has melted,
; The ingot should now be hammered on
throw in several small lumps of nitrate of an anvil, and afterwards passed through a
potassa and borax, and keep in a fused rolling-mill until it is reduced to a very
state for thirty or forty minutes, then thin plate, when it is ready for use.
separate the two crucibles and pour the The solder employed in mechanical
metal into an ingot mould of the proper size, dentistry should be sufficiently fine to
previously warmed and well oiled. Most prevent it being easily acted on by the
of the base metals will be dissipated du- secretions of the mouth. The follow-
ring the process of fusion in the form of ing exhibits the relative proportions of the
vapor, the lead escaping into the pores of metals most frequently employed for three
the crucible. The chloride of mercury different qualities of gold solder.
(corrosive sublimate) is sometimes used in-
Fine Flowing Gold Solder.
stead of the nitrate of potassa, for the pur-
pose of dissipating the base metals, and No. 1. — 2 dwts. 22 carat gold,
often with more certain and better results. 16 grs. fine silver,

If the gold cracks on being hammered or 12 grs. roset copper.

rolled, it should be melted again, and more No. 2. — 1 dwt. 15 grs. 22 carat gold,
nitrate of potassa and borax thrown into 16 grs. fine silver,

it,and the inside of the crucible well 12 grs. roset copper.

rubbed with the latter, before the metal The following makes a finer solder than
is put in. It is sometimes necessary to either of the above, and, although it re-

repeat this process several times, and if quires a little stronger blast to fuse it, it

the gold continues brittle, a little muriate flows very freely.

of ammonia should be thrown into the No. 3. — 6 dwts. pure gold,

crucible when the gold is in a fused state, 2 dwts. roset copper,

and after the vapor ceases to escape, the 1 dwt. fine silver.

metal may be poured into an ingot mould, In making gold solder, if the proper rel-

warmed and This ative proportions of the different metals

oiled as before directed.

last method of treatment will make the are varied even half a grain, it will affect
gold tough, and prevent it from cracking the flowing of it, a quality which it is
under the hammer, or while being rolled, very desirable for it to possess.
if it is properly annealed. Gold Thread. The root of Coptis tri-

To separate platina from gold, it is ne- folia, a Ranunculacious plant. It is a bit-

cessary to dissolve the alloy in a mixture ter tonic.

of ammonia and nitric acid, which will Gold- Wire. See Spiral Springs.
cause the former metal to be precipitated. GOLDEN ROD. A plant of the genus
The acid should then be poured into Solidago, possessing aromatic, stimulant

another vessel, and the gold precipitated and carminative properties.

by pouring a solution of sulphate of iron Goldenseal. Yellow root: tumeric
into it. root.

Gold Solder. Gold alloyed with one Golden Sulphuret. A sulphuret of

or more metals. But the metals used for antimony prepared by precipitating anti-
this purpose should be pure. The gold monic acid by sulphureted hydrogen.
should be placed in a clean crucible with a Golden-Thistle. A plant of the ge-
little borax, and as soon as it has become nus Scohjmus.
com pletely fused, the silver, and afterwards Golden-Maidenhair. A plant of the

the copper, those being the proper alloys genus Polytrichum.

for gold solder, may be added. When the GOLD 'FINCH. The common name of
 GON 333 GOU
the FringiUa cardudis, a beautiful sing- Gonorrhoea Dormien'tium. Seminal
ing bird, so called from the color of its emission during sleep.
wings. Gonorrhoea Laxo'rum. A pellucid
GOMPHI'ASIS. Gomphias'mus; from urethral discharge without erection.
youipoc, a nail. Pain in the molar teeth; GONORRHEAL. Relating to gon-
the pain of teeth in teething. Loosening orrhoea virulenta.
of the teeth. GONYAG'RA. Gout in the knee.
GOMPHIAS'MUS. Gomphiasis. GONYAL'GIA. Gonalgia.
GOMPHIOI. Dentes molares; grind- GONYON'CUS. From yow, the knee,
ing teeth. and oyicvoc, a tumor. A swelling of the
GOMPHO'SIS. TofHjKMic, from yo^og, knee.
a nail. Gompho'ma. An immovable ar- GOOSE'BERRY. The fruit of a shrub,
ticulation in bones, in which one bone is and the shrub itself, the Ribes grossularia.
received into the cavity of another, like a Goose-Foot. A plant of the genua
nail in a board. The articulation of the Chenopodium.
teeth with the alveoli furnishes the only Goose-Grass. A plant of the genua
example of this species of articulation. Galium.
GONAG'RA. Oonya'gra ; from yow, Goose-Tongue. A plant of the genus
the knee, and aypa, a seizure. Gout in Achillea.
the knee. GOR'DIUS AQUATICUS. The Seta
GONAL'GIA. Pain in the knee. equina, or horsehair worm, found in stag-
GONARTHRFTIS. From yova, the nant water.
knee, aptipov, joint, and itis, inflammation. GORGET. An instrument used in the
Inflammation of the knee. operation of lithotomy.
GO'NE. The semen. The uterus. Off- GORGO'NIA. A genus of corals.
spring. GOSSYP'IUM. A genus of plants of
GONECYSTITIS. Inflammation of the order Malvaceae; also, cotton.
the vesicula; seminales. Gossypium Herbaceum. The cotton
GONFLEMENT. Swelling. plant.
GONGRO'NA. Bronchocele. GOTIUM. Goitre.
GONIATFTES. From ywia, an angle. GOULARD'S CERATE. Compound
A genus of extinct Cephalopoda, with cerate of lead.
chambered spiral shells, found in the Goulard's Extract. A subacetate of
mountain limestone of Yorkshire. lead, prepared by boiling powdered lith-
GONIOM'ETER. From pio, an an- arge in vinegar.
gle, and fierpov } a measure. An instrument GOURD, BITTER. Cucumis colocyn-
for measuring angles, more particularly Ihis. Bitter apple ; bittercucumber.
those formed by faces of crystals. Gourd, Worm. Distoma hepaticum.
GON'OPLAX. From ywvta, an angle, GOUT. Arihri'tis; pod'agra; chira'gra;
and 7r/laf , a plate. A genus of short-tailed morbus artictda'ris. Pain, redness and
Crustaceans or crabs. swelling in the joints, especially that of the
GONORRHOEA. From yovv, the se- great toe, and those of the feet and hands.
men, and peu, I flow. Literally, an in- Gout, Diaphragmatic. Angina pec-
voluntary discharge of semen, but used to toris.
designate a discharge of mucus from the Gout Paper. Paper spread with a mix-
urethra, which may result either from the ture of extract of mezeron, wax, sperma-
direct application of irritants to the lining ceti and oil.

membrane of this passage, or from impure Gout, Rheumat'ic. Acute rheumatism.

sexual connection. The former is termed Gout- Weed. An umbelliferous plant,
gonorrhoea benigna, and the latter, gonor- formerly used for mitigating the pain of
rhoea viridenta, maligna, or venerea. gout.
22
 ;

GRA 334 GRA

GOUTY CONCRETIONS. Earthy con- GRANIV'OROUS. From granum, a
cretions, resembling chalk-stones, formed in grain, and vora, to eat. Subsisting on
the joints of gouty persons. grain ;
grain-eating, as birds.
GOUTTES D'OR DU GENERAL LA- GRANULAR DISEASE OF THE
MOTTE. De Lamotte's golden drops. KIDNEY. Bright's disease of the kid-
GRACILIS. Slender. The rectus in- ney, consisting of granular degeneration,
terior femoris, a long slender muscle of the with albuminous urine.
thigh. Granular Liver. Cirrosis.

GRAIN. Gra'num. The 60th part of GRANULATION. Granula'tio; from

a troy drachm. granum, a grain. Red, flesh-like bodies of

GRAINES D'AVIGNON. The unripe a conical shape, which form on the sur-
fruit of tho Rhamus infectorius, used for faces of ulcers and suppurating wounds.
dyeing Maroquin leather yellow. They serve to fillup their cavities, and to
GRAL'LiE. An order of long-legged unite their sides. Also, organic lesions,
wading birds, as the heron. consisting in the formation of small, semi-

GRA'MEN. Grass. Any grass-like herb. transparent oval tumors, resembling mil-
Gramen iEGYPTi'ACUM. Egyptian let seed. They are most frequently met
cock's-foot grass. Grass of the cross. with in the lungs. In Chemistry, metals
Gbamen Cru'cis Cyperioi'dis. Gramen reduced to grains or small particles.
iEgyptiacum. GRAN'ULE. Gran'ulum. A small
GRAMINA'CEiE. The grass tribe of grain.
Monocotyledonous plants. GRA'NUM. A grain or kernel.
GRAMINIVOROUS. From gramen, GRAPE. The fruit of the Vitis vini-
grass,and voro, to eat. Grass-eating ani- fera.
mals, as the ox and all the bovine genus of GRAPHITE. Graph'ites. Plumba'go.
quadrupeds. Black lead.
GRAM'MA. A scruple. GRASSA. Sub-borate of soda.
GRAMME. A French weight, equal to GRASS OIL OF NAMUR. A vola-
15.434 grains troy, or , /o\ drachm avoir- tile oil obtained from Indian nard, or Spica
5

dupois. Tho 24th part of an ounce. Also, nardi.

the- iris. GRATI'OLA. A genus of plants of
GRANADILLA. The passion flower. the order Salviaceaz.
GRANA ACTES. Elder berries. Gratioea Officinalis. Digitalis

Grana Moschata. Musk-seed. See minima; Hedge-hyssop. The leaves are

Hibiscus Abelmoschus. purgative and emetic, and have a nause-

Ghana Paradisi. Amomum granum ous and bitter taste.

paradisi. The greater cardamom seeds. GRAVE'DO. From gravis, heavy. Ca-

Grana Secalis Degenerate Ergot tarrh, with a sense of heaviness in the

Secale cornutum Spurred rye.

; head.
Ghana Tiglii. The seeds of the Cro- GRAVEL. Lith'ia rena'lis. Small cal-

ton Tiglium. culous concretions formed in the kidneys,

GRAN'ATUM. The pomegranate; a passing into the bladder, are expelled with
plant of the genus Punica. the urine. See Calculus.
GRAN'DINES. The plural oigrando, Gravel Grass. Goose-grass.

a hail-stone. A term applied by Wesser, Gravel, Pileous or Hairy. A gravel

to enlarged tubercles. containing hairs, ammoniaco-magnesian,
GRANIF'EROUS. From granum, grain, phosphate, and uric acid.
and fero, to bear. Bearing grain. Gravel Root. The root of the eupa-

GRANTTE. In Geology, an aggregate torium purpureum.

rock, composed of quartz, felspar and GRA'VER. An engraving instrument.
mica, irregularly crystallized together. An instrument consisting of a steel stem,
 GRE 336 GRO
fixed in a handle, with a sharp point, GREEN'STONE. A variety of traprock,
shaped to suit the particular purpose for composed of felspar and hornblende.
which it is intended. It was formerly GREEN HEART. See Bebeeria.
much used hy dentists in the manufacture GREEN SICKNESS. Chlorosis.
of artificial teeth from ivory and the tooth GREEN VITRIOL. Sulphate of iron.
of the hippopotamus; but as the use of GRIAS CAULIFLO'RA. The anchovy
these substances for dental substitutes has pear.
been almost altogether superseded, it is GRIE'LUM. Parsley and smallage.
now seldom employed except in finishing GRIFFITH'S MIXTURE. Mistura
such substitutes as are fixed on metallic ferri composita. Compound mixture of
bases. iron.
GRAVID. Pregnant. GRINDING APPARATUS, ELLIOT'S
GRAVTDINE. A sediment in the IMPROVED. An improvement made by
urine of pregnant women which, by its Dr. Elliot, of Montreal, which consists in
decomposition, gives rise to kiesteine. placing the stone upon an upright shaft,
GRAVITATION. The act of moving so as to bring its face to an horizontal
towards a centre, as when a body falls to position.

the earth. GRIPES. The colic.

GRAVITY. Grav'itas; from gravis, GRIPPE. From gripper, to gripe. To

heavy, weight, heaviness. The tendency catch hold of. The influenza.
of a body towards the centre, or of bodies GROATS. Hulled oats.
towards each other. GROCERS' ITCH. A variety of Eczema
Gravity, Specif'ic. Gravitas specif- impeiiginoides, produced by the irritation
ica. The density or weight of a body, com- of sugar.
pared with the density or weight of an- GROG-BLOSSOMS. Gutta rosea.
other of the same bulk, assumed as the GROM'WELL. A plant of the genus
standard. For solids and liquids, water Lithospermum.
is the standard, and common air for gases. GROS. Drachm.
The weight of a solid of any given dimen- GROSSULA'RIA. The gooseberry.
sions, compared with the weight of the GROSSULINE. From groseille, a
same bulk of water, is its specific gravity. gooseberry. A peculiar principle forming
Thus, if a solid be first weighed in air, the basis of vegetable jelly ; pectin.
and then in water, it will be found in the GROTTO DEL CANE. Dog's grotto;
latter case to have lost of its weight a a cave near Naples, in which there is a
quantity equal to the weight of its own constant exhalation of carbonic acid gas,
bulk of water. Now by dividing the total which, rising about eighteen inches from
weight by the loss of weight in water, the the ground, causes asphyxia in dogs.
quotient will show the specific gravity. GROTTO DEI SERPL A grotto in
GRAY LOTION. The black wash. Italy, near Braccano, which, from being
GREASE. A specific inflammation of filled with the warm vapor, is resorted to
horses' heels, which is said to be conta- by persons affected with cutaneous diseases.
gious, and to communicate to man a dis- GROUND BERRY. Gaultheria.
ease which protects from small pox. Ground Nut. The fruit of the Buninm
GRECIAN WATER. A dye for the bidbocastanum.
hair, consisting of a disguised solution of Ground Pine. Ajvga cTiamapitys. The
nitrate of silver. leaves, which bear some resemblance to
GREEK FIRE. An artificial fire in- those of pine, are stimulant, diuretic, and

vented by the Greeks, supposed to consist aperient.

of asphaltum, nitre and sulphur. GROUSEBERRY. See Gaultheria.

GREEN MINERAL. An arsenite of GROWTH. The gradual increase of
copper. animal and vegetable bodies, especially in
 GUA 836 GUM
height. Also, the development of a mor- GUBERNAC'ULUM DEN'TIS. A
bid tissue. name given by M. Serres, a French anato-
GRUB. Any fleshy dingy-colored larva, mist, to the small chord which connects
whether proceeding from the egg of a bee- the sac of a tooth with the gum. Thia
tle, moth, or other insect. Also applied appendage is described by Delabarre as
occasionally to the sebaceous secretion of being hollow, and as playing an important
the subcutaneous follicles of the skin. part in Dentition. See Dentition, and
GRUINA'LES. Plants that resemble Teeth, origin and formation of.
the geranium. Gubernaculum Tes'tis. Ligamen'tum
GRU'MUS. Acoagulum; a clot of blood. testis.A name given by Hunter to a
GRU'TUM. Grutum mil'ium. A hard, fibro-cellular chord ; which, in the foetus,
white pimple or tubercle of the skin, extends from the scrotum to the testis.

resembling a millet-seed. GUILANDPNA MORIN'GA. See

GRYPHO'SIS. From y/rowow, I incur- Moringa Aptera.
vate. Incurvation of the nails. GUIN'EA-FOWL. The Numida melea*
GRYTHUS LAPIS. The philoso- gris, a fowl of the gallinaceous order,
pher's stone. native of Africa.
GUA'CO. The eupatorium guaco, a Guinea-Pepper. A plant of the genus
tree of South America, the juice of which Capsicum.
is used by the negroes as a cure of the Guinea-Worm. A worm of the genus
bites of poisonous reptiles, and it has Filaria, found mostly in both the Indies,

recently been employed in cholera. It is sometimes twelve feet long, and about

GUAPACUM. The concrete juice of the thickness of a horse-hair. It burrows

Guaiacum officinale; also, a genus of commonly under the skin in the feet and
plants of the order Zygophyllaceae. legs of the West India slaves, but it is

Guaiacum Officinale. A tree, a native

sometimes found in the muscular part of
of South America, and several of the West the arm.
Indian Islands. The wood called Lignum- GUIZO'TIA OLEIF'ER A. A composite
vitce, from its supposed efficacy in Syphilis. plant of India ; from the fruit of which
The shavings or raspings are prepared by fixed oil, used for culinary and other pur-
the turner for the druggist. The resin is poses, is obtained.

a stimulant and alterative, and has been GU'LA. The upper part of the oesoph-
found beneficial in rheumatism, gout, agus and pharynx.
secondary syphilis, scrofulous diseases, and GULLET. The oesophagus.
cutaneous eruptions; the wood is more GUM. Gummi. A concrete vegetable
frequently used in the latter affections. which exudes from certain trees,
juice

GUA' JAVA. Guava; gttajabo. The generally transparent, more or less brittle
guava tree, or Psidium pomiferum. when dry, and soluble in water. Also,
GUA'NO. The excrement of sea-birds. the fleshy substance which surrounds the
It is a most valuable manure, and has of necks of the teeth, and invests the aveolar
late years been very largely used by border. See Gums.
farmers. It has been recommended by Gum Acacia. The concrete juice of the
M. Desmartis, of Bourdeaux, as a remedy Acacia vera, and other species of Acacia.
in chronic skin diseases. Gum arabic.

GUA'NINE. A yellowish white crys- Gum Boil. Alveolar abscess.

talline powder, obtained from Guano by Gum
Elastic. Caoutchouc.
digestion in milk of lime, and precipita- Gum
Lancet. Dentiscal'pium ; odon-
tion with hydrochloric acid. It is found tog'lyphon. A curved instrument or knife
in human urine. for separating the gums from the neck of a

GUAVA APPLE. The fruit of the tooth, previous to extraction. The gum
Psidium pomiferum. lancets usually employed are shaped like
 GUM 337 GUM
a fleam, but have them crown of each tooth, and instead of forming
different dentists
constructed differently. Two, however, a horizontal line, they present a scolloped
ere required, one with a thin, narrow, or festooned appearance, caused by elonga-
curved blade, oval at the point, and an- tions in the interdental spaces. From the
other with a sharp-pointed narrow blade, margin the gums are
edge of the free

with only one edge. reflected back upon themselves, and unite

Gum, Red. A red cutaneous eruption witli the true peridental membrane. The
which occurs in infancy, and generally portion which adheres to the necks of the
during first dentition. teeth is of a very fibrous structure. When
Gum, Wasting, of. See Ulatrophia. in a healthy state, the free border is very
GUM'MA. An tumor on the thin. This membrane lines the cavities
elastic
periosteum, especially of the cranium and of the mouth and nose, the maxillary and
sternum, usually resulting from a syphi- frontal sinuses, the whole alimentary canal,
litic taint. and is a continution of the skin covering
GUM'MI. See Gum. the outer surface of the body. From the
Gummi Aoa'cim. Gum arabic. change of structure, however, which it

Gummi Caban'n^e. A resinous sub- undergoes after entering the mouth, itmay
stance, said to be derived from Amyris be regarded as an entirely different mem-
caranna, a tree of Mexico and South Amer- brane.
ica. The gums of the upper jaw are supplied
Gummi Ceraso'bum. The gum which with blood vessels from the superior coro-
exudes from the bark of cherry trees. nary artery, and those of the lower from
Gummi Coubbabil. Gum anime, a the sub-mental and sublingual arteries;

resin said to be derived from the Hymencea they derive their nerves from the superior
courbaril. dental branches of the fifth pair.
Gummi Euphob'bii. A concrete resin- The gums are remarkable for their in-
ous from one or more species of sensibility and hardness, when healthy,
juice,

Euphorbia. but exhibit great tenderness, upon the

Gummi Ki'no. See Kino. slightest touch, when diseased.
Gummi Lu'tea. A gum resin produced In the infant state of the gums, the
by the grass-tree of New South Wales. central line of both dental arches presents a
Gummi MYit'iui,E. Myrrh, a resinous ex- white, firm, apparently cartilaginous ridge,
udation from the Balsamodendron myrrlia. which gradually becomes thinner as the
Gummi Nos'tbas. The gums obtained teeth advance; and in old age, after the
from indigenous trees, as the cherry, apri- teeth drop out, the gums again resume
cot, almond, peach, &c. somewhat their former infantile condition,
Gummi Rub'bum Gambien'se. Kino. showing " second childhood."
GUM-RESIN. Gummi resina. The The gums may be regarded as that por-
concrete juices of plants, consisting of gum mucous membrane from which
tion of the
and resin, frequently associated with essen- and dental sacs originate,
the teeth papilla?
tial oil, and other substances. and these contribute in an eminent degree
GUMS. Gingiva. OvAa. A thick, to the stability of the teeth after their
dense, mucous membrane, adhering to the eruption.
periosteum of the aveolar border, and Gums, Charactebistics of. Subject as
closely surrounding the necks of the teeth. gums to the laws that govern the
are the
The texture of the gums, however, differs operations of the general economy, their
from that of the membrane of which they appearance varies with the state of the
seom to be composed. They are thicker constitutional health and the condition and
and denser, and possess less sensibility. arrangement of the teeth. Although the
They have a free margin about half a line immediate or proximate cause of disease
in width, which surrounds the base of the in them may be regarded as local irrita-
 GUM 338 GUM
tion, produced by depositions of tartar upon ceived that those which are met with in
the teeth, or decayed, dead, loose, or irreg- one case, might be looked for in vain in
ularly arranged teeth, or a vitiated state another.
of the fluids of the mouth, resulting from Having arrived at that age when all the
general organic derangement, or any or all organs of the body are in the full vigor of
of the first mentioned causes, their suscep- maturity, and not under the debilitating
tibility to deleterious impressions is influ- influences to which they are subject during
enced to a very considerable extent by the the earlier periods of life, the gums par-

state of the general health ; and this deter- ticipate in the happy change, and as a
mines, too, the character of the effects consequence, present less variety in their
produced upon them by local irritants. characteristics. The general irritability
For example, the deposition of a small of the system is not now so great ; the
quantity of tartar upon the teeth, or a gums are less susceptible to the action of
dead or loose tooth, would not, in a healthy irritating agents, and, as a consequence,
person, of a good constitution, give rise to less but
frequently affected with disease ;

any thing more than a slight redness or as age advances, and the vital energies be-
tumefaction of the margin of the gums in gin to diminish, the latent tendencies of
immediate contact with it while in a scor- the body are re-awakened, when they are
;

butic subject it would cause it to assume a again easily excited to morbid action.
dark purple appearance for a considerable In subjects of the most perfect constitu-
distance around, to become flabby, more tions, and during adolescence, the gums
turgid, and to separate and retire from the present the following appearances. They
necks of the teeth, or to grow down upon have a violet color, a firm consistence,
their crowns, to ulcerate and bleed from roughish surface ; their margins form along
the slightest injury, and to exhale a foetid the outer surfaces of the dental circle, beau-
oder. In proportion as this disposition tiful and regular festoons, and their mu-
of body exists, their liability to be thus cous membrane, as well as that which
affected is increased ; and it is only among covers all the other parts of the mouth,
constitutions of this kind that that pecu- has a fresh, lively, roseate appearance.
liar preternatural prurient growth, by If the health of the subject continues
which the whole of the crowns of the good, and the teeth be Avell arranged, and
teeth sometimes become almost entirely their crowns do not wear off, and the ne-
imbedded in their substance, takes place. cessary attention to their cleanliness be
In childhood, or during adolescence, strictly observed, the characteristics just
when the formative powers of the body enumerated will be preserved through life,

are all in and the nervous except that there will be a slight diminu-
active exercise,
susceptibilities of every part of the sys- tion of color, from after the age of puberty
tem highly acute, the sympathies between until that of the next climacteric period of
the gums and other parts of the organism, life, when they will again assume a some-
and particularly the stomach, are, per- what redder appearance. But if the health
haps, greater than at any other period of of the subject becomes impaired, or the
life. The general health, too, at this teeth be not regularly arranged, or wear
time, is more fluctuating, and with all the off, or be not kept free from all lodgments
changes this undergoes, the gums vary. of extraneous matter, the edges of the
Moreover, there are operations which are gums, and particularly the apices between
carried on beneath and within their sub- the teeth, will inflame, swell, and become
stance, which are almost constantly alter- more than ordinarily sensitive.
ing their appearance and physical charac- The gradual wasting or destruction of the
teristics ; and these being additionally in- margins of the gums from around the necks
fluenced by various states of health and of the teeth which sometimes takes place
habits of the body, it may readily be con- in persons of the best constitutions, and
 GUM 339 GUM
supposed by some writers to be the results come turgid, and they often remain in this
of general atrophy, is ascribable, we have condition to a late period of life, without
not the least doubt, to irritation, produced undergoing any very perceptible change.
either by dead or loose teeth, or their roots, Although their connection with the necks
or to diminished vitality, whereby they of the teeth and alveolar processes appears
are rendered more obnoxious to the more weak, they rarely separate from them.
sensitive and vascular parts within which Gums of this description are more com-
their roots are situated. mon to females than to males, to the rich
But the occurrence of severe constitu- than the poor, and to persons of sedentary
tional disease even in persons of the best habits than to those who use invigorating
constitution, is followed by increased any time during life the
irri- exercises. If at
tability of the gums, so that the slightest health is ameliorated, the gums assume a
cause of local irritation may give rise to an fresher and redder appearance, and the ex-
afflux of blood to, and stasis of this fluid udation of muco-purulent matter, from
in, their venous capillaries. They may between their edges and the necks of the
even inflame, become spongy, ulcerated, teeth, ceases.
and recede from the necks of the teeth but In mucous dispositions the gums have
;

when possessed of the characteristics just a smooth, shining appearance, and are
described, it seldom if ever happens that rather more highly colored than those of
they are attacked by scirrhous or fungous the preceding. Their margins, also, are
tumors, or bad conditioned idcers, or more flabby, and not so deeply
af- thicker,

fected with preternatural prurient growths. festooned they are more irritable, and, ;

The teeth of persons thus happily con- consequently, more susceptible to morbid
stituted, are of the best quality. impressions.
In persons of sanguineous temperament In subjects in whom there exists a scor-
the color of the gums is of a deeper ver- butic tendency, the gums have a reddish-
milion; their edges rather thicker, their brown color their margins are imperfectly ;

structure less firm, and their surface not so festooned and thick their structure rather ;

rough, but more humid. The mucous mem- disposed to become turgid, and ever ready,
brane has a more lively and animated ap- on the presence of the slightest cause of
pearance, and they are rather more sen- local irritation, to take on a morbid action.
sitive and susceptible to the action of local When thus excited, the blood accumulates
irritants, and their morbid tendencies are in their vessels where, from its highly —
more increased by general organic derange- carbonized state, it gives to the gums a
ment. dark purple, or brown appearance they ;

The teeth of persons who possess this swell and become spongy and flabby, and
description of gums, if well arranged and bleed from the slightest touch. And to
kept constantly clean, — if the secretions these symptoms supervene the exhalation
of the mouth be not vitiated by general of foetid odor, the destruction of the bond
disease, — will, in most cases; maintain of union between them and the necks of
their integrity through life. the teeth, suppuration and recession of
In sanguino-serous and strumous sub- their margins from the same gradual ;

jects the gums are paler than in either of wasting of the alveolar cavities, the loosen-
the preceding, and though their margins and not unfrequently the loss of sev-
ing,
are thin and well festooned, they are apt whole of the teeth. These are the
eral, or the

to exude, after the twenty-fifth or thirtieth most common resiilts, but sometimes they
year, a small quantity of muco-purulent take on other and more aggravated forms
matter, which, on pressure, sometimes is of diseased action. Preternatural prurient
seen to ooze from between them and the growths of their substance, fungous and
necks of the teeth. Their texture is usually scirrhous and other malignant conditioned
firm, and they are not very liable to be- ulcers are occasionally met with here, in
 GUM 340 GUM
persons in whom there exists a scorbutic which the gums derive from certain con-
taint. stitutional causes and states of the general
The occurrence of alveolar abscess in dis- health, these influences, in the majority of
positions of this kind is often followed by cases, may all be counteracted by a strict
necrosis and exfoliation of portions of the observance of the rules of dental hygiene,
maxillary bone, and the effects which re- or, in other words, by regular attention to
sult to the gums from it are always more the cleanliness of the teeth.
pernicious than in habits less depraved. Gums, Effects of Lead on the. It
In scrofulous subjects the gums have a would seem, from the observations of Dr.
pale bluish appearance, and when sub- Burton, that the introduction of lead into
jected to local irritation they become flabby, the system, whether by persons who have
exhale a nauseating odor, detach themselves been exposed to the action of it in the usual
from the necks of the teeth, and their course of their avocations, or who have
apices grow down between the organs. The taken acetate of lead medicinally, imparts
blood circulates through them languidly, to the edges of the gums a leaden^blue. On
and debility seems to pervade their whole the other hand, Dr. Chowne states that he
substance. They are exceedingly irritable, has met with several instances in which
and not unfrequently take on aggravated the blue line on the gums was observable
forms of disease, and, as it often happens without any evidence that lead had been
to this, as well as to the preceding habit, taken into the system.
there are combined tendencies which favor Gums, Inflamma'tion, Turgescence,
the production of ill conditioned tumors Ulceration and Recession of. A compli-
and ulcers. cation of disease to which the gums are very
A mercurial diathesis of the general sys- liable; when
causing the teeth to loosen, and
tem increases the vascular action and sen- not arrested, ultimately to drop out. The
sibility of the gums, causing them to swellgums when thus affected present a deep
and frequently to slough. florid or purple appearance; their edges-
Gums, Diseases of the. The gums are thick and round, and on being pressed,
and alveolar processes, from apparently purulent matter is discharged from be-
the same cause, assume various morbid tween them and the necks of the teeth..
conditions. An unhealthy action in one is They are usually very sensitive, some-
almost certain to be followed by disease in times slightly painful, or bleeding from the
the other. The most common form of dis- most trifling injury.
ease, to which the gums are subject, is The disease generally first makes its ap-
usually, though very improperly, denomi- pearance around the lower front teeth and
nated scurvy, from its supposed resem- the upper molars, opposite the mouths of
blance to scorbutus, "a genus of disease the salivary ducts, and in the immediate
in the class cachexias, and order impeti- vicinity of aching, decayed, dead, loose, or
gines, of Cullen." To this disease, how- irregularly arranged teeth, or in the neigh-
ever, it bears no resemblance. borhood of.roots of teeth, and from thence
The susceptibility of the gums to the ac- it extends to the other teeth. The rapid-
tion of morbid irritants is always increased ity of its progress depends on the age,
by enfeeblement of the vital powers of the health, and constitutional temperament or
body. Hence, persons laboring under habit of body of the individual, and the
excessive grief, melancholy, or any other nature of the local irritants which have
affection of the mind, or constitutional given rise to it. In some cases it exists
disease, tending to enervate the physical for years without causing any perceptible
energies of the system, are exceedingly recession of the gums, or destruction of the
subject to inflammation, sponginess and alveolar processes —
the only unpleasant
ulceration of their gums. But notwith- consequences attending it, being a vitiated
standing the increase of susceptibility state of the secretions of the mouth, and
 GUM 341 GUM
an offensive breath. In other instances it Thus it will be seen that local agents
progresses so rapidly that, in a few weeks may exert a considerable influence in the
or months, both the gums and the alveoli production of the disease, without being
become involved in the diseased action. easily detected. It should also be recol-
When the inflammation in the gums is lected that a person of sixty, seventy, or
favored by a constitutional tendency, it even eighty years of age, is exposed to
soon extends to the alveolar and dental the same, and, perhaps, more powerful
periosteum, often causing a deposition of local causes of irritation than one of
bony matter at the bottom of the alveoli. twenty ; and the reason the effects are not
Nor do the pernicious effects of the dis- always developed in earlier life, is, that
ease always stop here. Constitutional there are greater tendencies to this disease
symptoms often supervene, more vital or- in some constitutions than others.
gans become implicated, and the health of Dr. Koecker, who has had the most
the general system is sometimes seriously ample opportunities of observing the affec-

impaired. Hence the improvement in the tion in all its various forms, says he has
constitutional health often observed after never seen a case of it in which tartar was
the loss of the teeth of persons who not present.
have for a long time been affected with It attacks persons of all ages, ranks,
the disease. No condition of the mouth and conditions, and in every country,
has a greater tendency to deteriorate its climate, and nation. " I have observed,"
secretions, and impair the function of mas- says Dr. Koecker, " the inhabitants of the
tication, than the one now under consid- most opposite countries, the Russians, the
eration. French, the Italians, the Spaniards, the
The diseased action often extends to the Portuguese and. English, the Africans,
alveole-dental periosteal tissues. They the East and West Indians, and those of
become the seat of subacute inflammation, the United States, to be more or less liable
are thickened and pour out a purulent to it."
fluid which gradually breaks down and It is, however, more frequently met
destroys the walls of the alveoli, so that with in the lower than in the higher classes
the extremities of the roots of the teeth of of society. Persons who pay no attention
the upper jaw protrude so far througl to the cleanliness and health of their teeth,
them and the gums as to be a source of are particularly subject to it. With sailors,

annoyance to the lips and inner walls of and those who live principally on salt
the cheeks. The teeth of first dentition provisions, it is very prevalent. " Persons
are more liable to be thus affected than of robust constitutions," says the author
those of second, and in this case they just quoted, " are much more liable to this
should always be immediately extracted. affection of the gums, than those of deli-
It is not necessary that there should be cate habits; and it shows itself in its
aching, decayed, dead, irregularly arranged worst forms, oftoner after the age of thirty
teeth, or tartar, to irritate the gums and than at any earlier period."
alveolar membrane. The arrangement of Every thing that tends to produce in-
the teeth is often such, even when regular, flammation in the gums and alveolar pro-
as to produce inflammation in certain cesses, may be regarded as an exciting cause
parts of the mouth, which sooner or later, of the disease. To those that have already
according to the constitutional tendency, been enumerated, may be added accumu-
results in disease. Hence it is that, when lations of extraneous matter on the teeth,
all the teeth are sound, we occasionally and along the edges of the gums, exostoses
see a gradual wasting of such parts of the of the roots of the teeth, artificial teeth
gums as most prominent, especially badly inserted, or of improper materials,
are
those which surround the cuspidati and the and dental operations injudiciously per-
palatine fangs of the upper molar teeth. formed. The use of tooth-brushes wrongly
 GUM 342 GUM
constructed, and improper tooth powders, bleeding from the wounded vessels should
especially charcoal, may be reckoned be promoted by washing the mouth fre-
among its exciting causes. quently with warm water. When the
Strumous individuals sometimes have an gums are much swollen, they should be,
affection of the gums which differs from from time to time, freely scarified with a
the one just described in many respects. sharp lancet — an operation highly recom-
The gums, instead of being purple and mended by Messrs. Hunter, Fox and Bell,
swollen, are paler and harder than ordi- and indeed its good effects are so apparent,
narily, and, on being pressed, discharge a that it should never be neglected. This
muco-purulent matter, of a dingy white done, the cure will be much accelerated by
color. They often remain in this condi- washing the mouth several times a day
tion for years, without appearing to un- with some tonic and astringent lotion.
dergo any physical alteration, or to affect If, notwithstanding the use of these

the alveolar processes. means, matter still be discharged from

most simple and inno- around the necks of the teeth, and the
Its effects are the
cent of any form of disease to which the gums continue spongy, and manifest no
gums are liable but its cure is often disposition to heal, their edges should be
;

very difficult and sometimes exceedingly touched with a solution of the nitrate of
tedious. silver, which will seldom fail to impart to

Spongoid inflammation of the gums is them a healthy action. It may be used in

generally regarded hjr dentists as being ca- the proportion of from one to six grains to
pable of cure, and so far as regards the re- an ounce of water. The most convenient
storation of this structure to health, most mode of applying it, is with a camel's
it

assuredly is ; but when the gums have lost hair pencil. Its use is recommended by
their connection with the teeth, a re-union Mr. Fox, and will often succeed when all

can never be established. other remedies fail. In those cases where

The treatment spongy and inflamed
of the matter discharged from the edges of
gums, in order must be
to be successful, the gums has a nauseating and disagree-
thorough. No temporizing, half-way mea- able odor, " a weak solution," says he,
sures will answer. If an energetic and " is an excellent remedy for rendering the
properly conducted plan of treatment be mouth sweet and comfortable;" but in
pursued, a favorable residt may always be using it in this way, precaution is neces-
anticipated; or, at least, the progress of sary to prevent its getting into the fauces,
the disease may be arrested. as, in that case, it will cause nausea.
Local irritation being the cause of the While the means here directed for the
affection, the curative indications are ob- cure of the disease are being employed, a
vious. All dead and loose teeth should be recurrence of its exciting causes must be
extracted, salivary calculus and every other studiously guarded against. Tartar and
sort of offensive, irritating matter, should foreign matter of every kind should be
be removed; "all such teeth," says Dr. prevented from accumulating on the teeth,
Koecker, "as from their irregular situa- by a and frequent use of a suitable
free
tion or direction, excite a mechanical ir- brush and waxedfloss silk, which, until a

ritation, provided this irregularity can- healthy action be imparted to the gums,
not be remedied by filing, or by cutting should be used immediately after rising in

away the irritating parts, should also be the morning, after each meal, and before
removed." retiring at night. The application of the
In the treatment of spongoid inflamma- brush may at first occasion some pain but ;

tion and ulceration of the gums, after hav- its use should, nevertheless, be persisted
ing freed the mouth of local irritants of in ; for, without it, all the other remedies
every kind, (and, if possible, this should be will be of but little avail. The friction

done at a single sitting of the patient,) the produced by it, besides keeping the teeth
 ;

GUM 343 GUT

clean, imparts to the gums a healthy be neglected ; but such remedies prescribed
action. as may be best calculated to counteract and
Gums, Prurient Growth of. This af- break down every tendency to the disease.
fection is characterized by swelling and Particular attention must be paid to regi-
Inflammation of the gums, morbid growth men, and excesses and intemperance of
ctf their substance so that, in some in- every kind prohibited.
; Suitable exercise
stances, the crowns of the teeth are en- and vegetable diet should at the same
tirely covered, and mastication rendered time be prescribed. If any animal food be
exceedingly difficult and painful. The used, it should be fresh, and consist princi-
gums, when affected with it, are of a dark, pally of beef, mutton and fowls. Vege-
purple color, with thick, smooth rounded, tables, fruits, and acid beverages, such as

edges,and discharge a very foetid matter. spruce beer, lime juice, and an infusion of
They hang loosely around the teeth, and malt and vinegar, should be recommended
are attended with a peculiar itching sen- for the purpose of restoring to the fluids
sation, which, at times, is very annoying their healthy qualities.
they are also so very sensitive, that even Another and very important indication,
the pressure of the lips produces pain. is perfect cleanliness of the teeth. If par-
Their vessels are turgid, and often bleed ticles of food or other foreign matter bo
profusely from the slightest touch. permitted to remain along the edges of tho
The breath of a person thus affected is gums, or between the teeth, the cure, to
exceedingly offensive, the saliva is vitiated, say the least, will be greatly retarded, if

and so viscid, that it is even difficult to not prevented. The teeth should be tho-
spit. roughly cleaned, five times a day, with an
This peculiar affection, though caused elastic brush and waxed floss silk.

by local irritants, appears, nevertheless, to GUNJAH. The dried hemp plant af-
be dependent on a cachectic tendency of ter it has flowered, and from which the
the general system. been removed. It is used by
resin has not
The first thing to be attended to in the the Hindoosand Arabs for smoking.
treatment of this disease, is the removal of GUNNERA PERPEN'SA. A South
all dead teeth, and such others as may, in African plant of the order Urticacece. It
any way, irritate the gums. The morbid is tonic and demulcent.
growth should next be removed, by mak- GURGLING. The mucous rede, as
ing a horizontal incision entirely through heard on auscultation, when there is a
the gums crowns of the teeth, as cavity in the lungs.
to the
far as the morbid growth extends, even GURGU'LIO. Penis. Uvula.
if that includes the whole dental circle. GUSTATION. Taste.
After this operation has been performed, GUSTATO'RY. Gustati'vus; from gus-
the gums should be freely scarified, by tus, taste. Pertaining to taste.
passing a lancet between all the teeth Gustatory Nerves. The nerves of
down to the alveoli, in order that the ves- taste. See Lingual Nerve.
sels may discharge their accumulated blood. GUSTUS. Taste.
This should be repeated several times, and GUT. Intestine.
at intervals of four or five days. Mean- GUTTA. A drop. Also, apoplexy.
while the mouth should be washed several Gutta Gamra. Cambogia.
times a day with some astringent and de- Gutta Nigra. The black-drop, a pre-
tergent and occasionally with a paration of opium.
lotion,
weak The
solution of nitrate of silver. Gutta Opaca. Cataract.
tartar also should be removed as soon as Gutta Percha. The concrete juice of
the gums have sufficiently collapsed. a tree belonging to the natural order Sapo-
During the employment of these local tacece, a native of Singapore. It is of a
means, the constitutional health should not grayish white color, and below the tern-
 GYM 344 GYP
perature of fifty degrees, is of the hard- GYMNOSPERMS. In Botany, naked
ness of wood, but when put in boiling seeded plants.
water it becomes very soft and pliable. In GYNiECEIA. Catamenia; lochia; fe-

this state it may be moulded into any form, male diseases.

which it will retain on cooling. It is used GYN/ECE'UM. In Botany, the pistil-

in making bougies, catheters, enema-pipes, late system of a flower j the female appa-
splints, and for taking impressions of the ratus in plants.
mouth. It has also been used in combi- GYNiECOLOG'IA. Doctrine of the
nation with other substances as a tempo- nature and diseases of women.
rary filling for teeth, and as a base for ar- GYNECOMANIA. From ywrj, wo-
tificial teeth. man, and fiavia, madness. Insanity from
Gutta Rosea. A cutaneous eruption love for women.
of the face, of red, shining, suppurative GYNiECOMASTUS. A man whose
tubercles, havingan irregular granular ap- breasts are as large as a woman's.
pearance, frequently caused by excessive GYNECOMYSTAX. From yvvri, wo-
drinking. man, and fivara^ beard. The hair on the
Gutta Serena. Amaurosis. female pudendum.
GUTTIF'ERiK. The mangosteen tribe GYNAN'DRIA. From yvvri, a woman,
of dicotyledonous plants. and avrip, a man or husband. In Botany,
GUT'TUR. The throat. plants which have the stamens seated on
GUTTURAL. Pertaining to the the pistil, by which the male and female
throat. organs are united. Hermaphrodism.
Guttural Artery. The superior thy- GYNANTHRO'PUS. Gynan'drus. An
roideal artery. hermaphrodite, partaking more of the male
GUTTURNIA. The arytenoid cartil- than of the female sex.
ages. GYNATRESIA. From yvvri, a woman,
GYMNASIUM. A place for bodily and arpTjToc, imperforate. Imperforation
exercise. of the female external parts of genera-
GYMNASTICS. Gymnasti'cus ; from tion.
yvfivog, naked, because the athleta) were GY'NE. A woman.
stripped. That part of hygiene which GYNIDA. An hermaphrodite.
consists in bodily exercises, such as wrest- GYNOBASE. In Botany, the support
ling, running, using dumb-bells, &c. ing disk or axis of the ovary.
GYMNOCARTI. term applied inA GYNOPHORE. Fran TWf, and ftp*,
Botany to mushrooms which have their I bear. In Botany, the stalk upon which
seeds imbedded in the hymenium. some ovaria are seated in some flowers, as
GYMNOC'LADUS CANADEN'SIS. A in the passion flower.
tree indigenous in the Mississippi valley. GYP'SUM. Sulphate of lime. Plaster
The leaves are cathartic, and the seeds are of Paris. A native sulphate of lime, con-
used as a substitute for coffee. sisting of 28 parts of lime, 40 of sulphuric
GYM'NODONTS. Gymnodon'tes; from and 18 of water. When exposed to
acid,
yvfivog, naked, and odovg, a tooth. The a heat of 400° Fahrenheit, the water of
family of plectognathic fishes, having pro- the gypsum escapes. After being properly
jecting jaws covered with a complete layer calcined and pulverized, if mixed with
of ivory substance, which performs the water to the consistence of thin batter, it

office of teeth. hardens in a few minutes, by a species of

GYMNO'SIS. Denudation. crystallization, and acquires great solidity.

GYMNOSPER'MIA. From yv/u During the first part of the process of con-
vog, naked, and anepfia, a seed. An order solidation, it expands, by the absorption of
of plants which have naked, or apparently the water, filling the small depressions in
naked, seeds. any mould in which it may be poured.
 urn 345 B.M

In Mechanical Dentistry, Plaster of Paris, Gyri Cerebri. The cerebral convolu-

or gypsum, is used for obtaining casts or tions.
models of the jaws, and as a substitute for Gyri Operti. The small and short
Wax in taking impressions of the mouth. convolutions seen on the triangular por-
It is also used by artists and by anatomists tion of the cerebral mass exposed on open-
for taking casts. ing the Sylvian fissure.
There is a great difference, in the quality GYROG'ONITE. The fossil seed-
of plaster of Paris. For taking impres- vessels of the Chara, found in fresh-
sions and models of the mouth, it should be water deposits, once supposed to be small
of the best description, well calcined, finely shells.
pulverized and passed through a fine sieve GYR'OMANCY. From yvpog, a circuit,
previously to being used. and fiavTEia, prophecy. A species of di-
GY'RATE. Gircinate; in Botany, wind- vination performed by walking round in a
ing, or going round as in a circle. circle.

GYRATION. Whirling round ; a cir- GY'RUS. Anfractuosity, a turning ; a

cular motion. circle described by a moving body.
GY'RI. From yvpog, a circle. In Mam- Gyrus Fornica'tus. A large cerebral
malogy, the circular series of scales in the convolution encircling the corpus callo-

tails of certain quadrupeds.

H.

HAAR'KIES. A term applied in Min- H^MACY'ANIN. From ai(m, blood,

eralogy to capillary pyrites in very delicate and nvavog, blue. A blue coloring matter,
acicular crystals; also to a native sulphu- supposed to have been detected by Sanson,
ret of nickel. in the blood.

HABE'NA. A bandage for uniting the H^MADON'OSOS. From aifm, blood,

lips of wounds. and voaog, a disease. Diseases of the blood-

HABIT. From habere, to have or to vessels.

hold. A disposition of body or mind ; a HiEMADORA'CE^E. A natural order

tendency, resulting from frequent repeti- of Endogenous plants.
tion, to perform certain actions. A pre- H^EMADOSTO'SIS. From atfia, blood,
disposition to, or protection against, certain and ooruoig, a bony tumor. Ossification of
diseases. the blood-vessels.
Habit of Body. Constitution and tem- H^EMADYNAMOM'ETER. From aya,
perament. blood, dwafug, power, and (jletpov, a meas-
HABITATION. Habita'tio; from hab- ure. An instrument to determine the force
itare to dwell. The country or locality in with which the blood is driven through the
which an animal lives, or a plant grows principal vessels by the action of the heart.
spontaneously. HiEMAGO'GUES. Bcemago'ga; from
HABITUS. Habit of body. ai/ja, blood, and ayu, I drive
off. Medi-
HACHISCH. Indian hemp. cines which promote the hemorrhoidal and
HAD'DOCK. A sea-fish of the genus menstrual discharges.
Oadus, or cod. HiE'MAL. From atfia, blood. Relating
HiEMA. Hcemaios; from at/ia, aifiarog, to blood in blood-vessels.
blood. Blood. A term used as a prefix H^mal Arch. In Transcendental Anat-
in medicine. omy, the arch in front of the body of a
H.EMACHROINE. Hamiatosin. vertebra, holding the blood-vessels. In
 KM 346 KM
man it is represented by the ribs and ster- aifia, blood, and %oyogt a dicourse. A trea-
num. tise on the blood.
Haemal Spine. The spine in front of H/EMATOL'YSES. Diseases in which
the hamial arch. there is diminished coagulability of the
ELEM'ALOPS. from aifia, blood, and blood.
otp, the eye. Effusion of blood in the eye- I HiEMATO'MA. A tumor resembling
ball, or eyelids. I or containing blood.
H.EMAPH^E'IK From ai/ia, blood, ! H^EMATOMPHALOCE'LE. Hcema-
and (fxiLog, of a The brown tompha'lus; from aifia, blood, ofiQalog, the
dusky color.
coloring matter of the blood. navel, and «9&Vj a tumor. An umbilical
j

ILEMAPOPH'YSES. Costal cartilages, tumor, caused by an extravasation of blood.

H.EMAPORTA. From ai/ja, blood, and |
H/EMATON'CUS. From aifia, blood,
anopog, poor. Bad blood paucity of blood and oynog, a tumor. A name given by Al-
;
I

H^EMASTATTCA. From ai/ia, blood, berti to Ncevi materni, or varicose tumors.

and oTanicr), statics. The doctrine of the ILEMATOPHOB'IA. From ai/ja, blood,
laws which regulate the action of blood- and fyoftog , dread. That dread at the sight
vessels, or the circulation of the blood. of blood which produces syncope.
Also, remedies for stopping hemorrhage. H^EMATOPLA'NIA. Vicarious hem-
H^EMATEME'SIS. From aifia, blood, orrhage.
and efieu, I vomit. A vomiting of blood. HxEMATOSIN. Hcem'atin. The red
A discharge of blood from the stomach. coloring matter of the blood.
ILEMATHO'RAX. See Hiematothorax. HiEMATO'SIS. From opt, blood. The
HiEMATTCA. From ai/ia, blood. Dis- arterialization of the blood, or the trans-
eases of the sanguineous function. formation of the venous blood and chyle
HiE'MATIN. See Hamiatosin. into the arterial blood. Also, a hajmor-
ILEMATIS'CHESIS. Arrest or sup- rhage of blood.
pression of a flow of blood. H^EMATOTHO'RAX. From ac/ui,

HAEMATITES. From aipa, blood. blood, and i9wpa|, the chest. Effusion of
Blood-stone. A term applied to a native blood in the pleura.
oxyd of iron from its red color, or from its H^EMATOX'YLINE. The coloring
supposed power of arresting hemorrhage. principle of logwood.
H2EMATOCATHARTICA. Remedies H^EMATOX'YLON. A genus of plants,
for purifying the blood. of which there is but a single species, of
HiEMATOCE'LE. From cu/ia, blood, the order Fabacece.
and K.7ihj, a swelling. A swelling or tumor IEematoxylon Campechia'num. The
caused by an extravasation of blood either logwood tree; Campeachy wood. It is

in the cellular tissue of the scrotum, the extensively used in the arts as a dye. It
cavity of the tunica vagiualis, or testicle is a mild astringent, and has been em-
itself. ployed successfully in chronic diarrhoea
ILEMATOCHE'ZIA. From o^a, blood, and in dysentery and low fevers.
and x E &, I go to stool. Bloody stools. H/EMATURE'SIS. Hematuria.
HiExMATO'CHYSIS. Hemorrhage. H.EMATU'RIA. From aifia, blood,
HdSMATOCOLTUS. Effusion of blood and ovpeu, I make urine. Bloody urine.
into the vagina. Accumulation of blood H^EMITIS. From aifia, blood, and His,
in the vagina from occlusion of the exter- denoting inflammation. Literally, inflam-
nal organ. mation of the blood. That alteration of
HiEMATO'DES. From atpa, blood, the blood which occurs in inflammation.
and etdog, a likeness. Having the nature HiEMO'DIA. From aiftudeu, I stupefy.
or appearance of blood. See Fungous Aching of the teeth the teeth set on edge ;

Hajmatodes. from the use of acerb or acid aliments.

H/EMATOL'OGY. Hcematolog 'ia; from HiEMOPHTHAL'MIA. From aipa,
 B.M 347 HJE

blood, and o<pdafyog f eye. Effusion of vessels, and especially from the gums
blood in the eye. around the alveolus, it is sometimes neces-
H^EMOPLAN'IA. From cuua, blood, sary to apply the actual cautery.
and -nlavr], wandering. Vicarious hemor- Hemorrhage from the Gums. Spon-
rhages. taneous. In depraved or cachectic habits
H.EMOP'TOE. See Haemoptysis. of body, it sometimes happens that pas-
HAEMOPTYSIS. From aipa, blood, sive haemorrhage occurs from the gums,
and TTTtiw, I spit. Spitting of blood. An and especially from those portions which
expectoration of frothy blood, preceded occupy the inter-dental spaces, baffling
by cough, heat and pain in the chest. every effort that can be made to arrest it.
Hemoptysis Interna. Haematothorax It may, however, in the majority of cases,
Hemoptysis Phthisis. Phthisis pul- be stopped by the application of the actual
monalis. cautery or compresses. The author suc-
HJLM'ORRHAGE. Been! orrhagia ; ceeded in one case with the latter. The
from aifia } blood, and pnyvvfii, I break forth. best method of applying a compress is to
The escape of blood from any of the ves- fill a wax-holder, such as is employed for
sels destined to contain it, whether from taking impressions for the mouth, with
rupture or otherwise. Hemorrhages are wax previously softened in warm water,
divided into active and passive; the former and then applying it in such a manner as
resulting from increased action the latter completely to imbed the teeth and gums
;

frqm debility'. They are also distinguished in it. This method of compressing the
into external and internal; general and lo- gums was suggested to the author by Dr.
cal; spontaneous and traumatic. 0. Holmes of Baltimore.
Hemorrhage after the Extraction Hemorrhage from the Gums, Vicari-
of Teeth. The Haemorrhage occasioned ous. In females laboring under arnenor-
by the extraction of a tooth is seldom con- rhcoa, periodical haemorrhages from the
siderable, except in those cases where gums have occasionally been known to oc-
there is a haemorrhagic diathesis of body, cur, the periods of their occurrence corre-
and then it is sometimes excessive and even sponding with the time when menstruation
alarming. Several cases have been recorded should take place and continuing from three
in which it baffled every attempt to arrest The discharge from the
to five or six days.
its and terminated fatally. When- gums, being vicarious, can only be pre-
progress,
ever a tendency to excessive haemorrhage vented by restoring the obstructed uterine
from the rupture of one or more small ves- function, unless, as is sometimes, though
sels manifests itself in one member of a very rarely the case, it arises from the sup-

family, composed of several individuals, it pression of some other discharge, as, for ex-
will generally be found to exist in several. ample, the haemorrhoidal. In this case the
Among themeans which have been em- appropriate treatment should be instituted.
ployed for arresting haemorrhage from the Hemorrhage from the Lungs. Haem-
socket of a recently extracted tooth, are optysis.
astringents, styptics, caustics, the actual Hemorrhage from the Nose. Epis-
cautery and compresses. But the actual taxis.
cautery and compresses, after all, are the Hemorrhage from the Stomach.
only means that can be relied upon with Haematemesis.
any degree of certainty. When the haem- Hemorrhage from the Urinary Or-
orrhage from the dental artery, it may gans. Hematuria.
is

always be arrested by plugging the socket Hemorrhage from the Uterus. Men-
tightly with raw cotton, lint, sponge, or a orrhagia.
piece of cork, previously saturated in tinct. HiEMORRHA'GLE. Hemorrhages. A
nut galls, or the replacement of the tooth. distinct order in the class pyrexiae, of Dr.
When the bleeding is from a number of Cullen's nosological arrangement.
 ;; ;

B.JE 348 HAL

HEMORRHIN'IA. Epistaxis. aifia, blood, and rpo<j>Ti, nourishment. Ex-
HEMORRHffi'A. Passive hemorrhage. cess of nourishment of the blood.
Hemorrhosa Petechia'lis. The oc- HEMYDOR. Serum of the blood.
currence of hemorrhage from the mouth, HAGE'NIA ABYSSIN'ICA. Brayera
&c, in land scurvy. See Purpura Hem- Anthehniniica. An Abyssinian tree of the
orrhagica. order Bosacece. Its flowers have recently
HEMORRHOID AL. Hcemorrhoida'lis. been brought into notice as a remedy for
Relating to haemorrhoids, as a hemor- tape worm.
rhoidal tumor, or flux. HAGGARD. An expression of coun-
Hemorrhoidal Ar'teries. The arte- tenance, especially of the eye, indicative
ries of the rectum. Three are enumerated of terror and grief; often a symptom of
the superior, middle, and inferior. J
cerebral disease.
Hemorrhoidal Nerves. Filaments HAIR. Pilus. Corneous filaments which
sent to the rectum from the sciatic and issue from the skin, and to which they
hypogastric plexuses. adhere by means of a bulb. They in-
Hemorrhoidal Veins. They are two, clude the hairs of the head, eye-brows,
the external and internal. eye-lashes, beard, those of the trunk and
HEMOR'RHOIDES. Hcemor'rhoids of the axillary and pubic regions.
from ai/ia, and peu, I flow. Literally, hem- Hair, Falling off of. Alopecia.
orrhage, but restricted to a varicose enlarge- Hair Lichen. Lichen pilaris. An
ment of the veins about the anus and eruption confined to the roots of the hair,
rectum, called the piles. They are termed followed, after ten days, by disquamation.
open when they discharge blood, and blind Hair, Platted or Matted. Plica.
when there is no discharge. Hair-Salt. Native sulphate of mag-
Hemorrhoides Oris. Hemorrhage nesia, so called from the capillary form of
from the veins of the palate, uvula, the crystals.
fauces, and sometimes from the gums, Hair-Worm. See Seta equina.
resulting from a suppression of the hem- HAIRS. In Botany, minute filiform
orrhoidal discharge. processes, composed of cellular tissue, on
Hemorrhoides Uteri. Varicose en- the surface of plants.
largement of the veins about the genital HALCHEMI'A. From ale, salt, and
organs of women. X£u , I pour out. The art of fusing salts.
Hemorrhoides Vesice. Varicose en- HALCYON'IDE. From aUvuv, a
largement of the veins about the neck of kingfisher. The family of Fissirostral
the bladder. birds, of which the kingfisher is the type.
H/EMOR'RHOTS. Hemorrhoides. HALF-CASTE. Half-breed. The off-

HEMORRHOIS'CHESIS. Suppression spring of mixed races.

of the hemorrhoidal flux. HALIO'TIDE. From ale, the sea, and
HEMORRHOPHE'SIS. Absorption ovc, the ear. A family of gastropods,
of blood. having the genus Haliotis or sea-ear for
HEMOSTASIA. From aijxa, blood, the type.
and araatc, a standing. Stagnation of HAL'ITUS. From halo, to breathe out-
blood ;any operation that stops the flow Vapor. Also, the breath.
of blood. Halitus, Sanguinis. The vapor ex-
HEMOSTATIC. Hcemostat'icus; from haled by fresh blood.
ai/ia, blood, and arariKoc , static or standing. HALLUCINATION. Hallucina'tio
That which is calculated to arrest a hem- from hallucinor, to blunder. Depraved
orrhage. A styptic. imagination, an error of an individual
HEMOTELANGIO'SIS. Telangiecta- who believes he sees, or distinguishes by
sia. hearing, touching, smelling or tasting, ob-
HEMOT'ROPHY. Eamwtroph'ia; from jects not present.
 HAM 349 HAR
HAL'LUS. HaRux. The great toe. found in the bronchial glands of a person

HALMYRO'DES. Any disease accom- who died of typhus fever.

panied by calor mordax. HAM'ULUS. A little hook. In Anat-

I

HALO. From akuc, an area. Areola.omy, a hook-like process, as the hamulus

In Anatomy, the palish red circle which of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid
surrounds the nipple in woman. In Mete- bone.
orology, a luminous circle seen around the Hamulus Cochleae. Literally, a small

sun or moon under certain conditions of hook of the cochlea ; a process by which
the atmosphere. the lamina spiralis terminates upon the
Halo Signa'tus. The impression formed axis.

by the on the anterior sur-

ciliary processes HAND. Manns. The extremity of the
humor.
face of the vitreous arm, composed of the carpus, metacarpus,
HALODEILE'UM. From crtf, salt, and and fingers.
iepaiov, a collar. A collar of salt applied Hands, Dropped. Paralysis of the

to the neck, as in croup. hands caused by the action of lead.

HAL'OGENS. From ale, salt, and HANDEL'S ODONTALGIC REM-

yEvvao, to produce. A term applied in EDY. H- —Opium 3 ss ; oil of henbane

Chemistry to substances which form salts 3j ; extract of belladonna, extract of cam-

with metals, as chlorine, iodine, fluorine phor, a a gr. vi ; oil of cajeput, tinct. can-

and cyanogen. Salts thus formed are tharides, a a 3j an(l gtt. vi. This is

termed haloids. made into a paste and introduced into the

HA'LOID. From ate, sea-salt, and eidog, cavity of the aching tooth.

resemblance. Resembling salt. Salts HANG-NAIL. A detached portion of

which are compounds of chlorine, iodine, epidermis near the finger nail.
bromine, fluorine, cyanogen and other com- HAPANTIS'MUS. Growing together
pound radicals, with metals. of organic parts.
HALONIITIS. Induration of the cel- HAPHE. Feeling. Touch.
lular tissue. HAPHON'USI. From a<j>rj, the sense
HALOPEOJ5. Salt springs. of touch. Diseases of the sense of touch.
HALTI'CA. A genus of minute Cole- HAPLOTOM'IA. From ottAoj-, simple,
opterous insects, embracing several species, and rofii],A simple incision.
incision.

among which is the turnip flea. HAPTODYSPHORTA. From afa,

HAM. See Poples. touch, and dvo<j>opog
} difficult to be borne.
HAMAME'LIS VIRGINICA. Witch- Painful to the touch.
hazel. Winter witch-hazel ; a shrub of the ! HARD. A term applied in popular
family Berberideas, the bark of which is language to a substance which resists the
astringent. action of external force ; in Anatomy, to the
'

HAM ARTHRITIS. From apa, at once, osseous frame-work of the body, and in
and aptipmc, gout. Gout in all the joints. Pathology to the pulse when the finger
!

HAMITES. From hamus, a hook. A seems to yield to the stroke of the artery.
i

genus of extinct Cephalopoda, found in HARDHACK. A plant of the genus

the green sand formation in England. Spircea ; the common name for Sjriroza
HAM'MA. Afi/xa ; from anru, to bind, iomontosa.
Off fit on. A truss for hernia. HARE. A quadruped of the genus
HAMPSTEAD SPRINGS. Chalybeate Lcpus.
springs near London. Hare'bell. A plant of the genus JTy-
HAMSTRINGS. The tendons of the acinthus, with bell-shaped flowers.
ham. Hare-Brained Passion. Wayward
HAMULA'RIA. From hamus, a hook. passion leading to acts of violence.
A genus of worms, of which the Hamu- Hare-Lip. La'bium lepori'num ; lago-
laria subcompressa is said to have been chei'lus ; lagosto'ma. A vertical fissure or'
23
 HAR 350 HAR
division of one or both lips. It is almost tally through them at regular intervals,
always congenital, though it may be pro- and rather nearer the internal than exter-
duced by a wound. Sometimes the cleft nal surface. The edges of the wound are
is double. The fissure frequently extends now held in close contact by passing a
to the alveolar arch and palate. When separate ligature around each pin in the
there is but one division
it is called simple; form of the figure 8. Some surgeons,
double, when there are two, and compli- however, seem to think that additional
cated, when the maxillary bone and pal- security is obtained by passing the ligature
ate are implicated, or when one or more of from one needle to the other. The suture
the teeth project and occupy the separation having been applied to the points of the
in the lip. Mr. Fox gives a drawing of a needles, if steel ones have been used,
very remarkable example of distortion, in should be clipped off with a pair of cut-
which a portion of the jaw-bone, with ting nippers. When the needles are prop-
three teeth, projected beneath the nose erly applied, Mr. Fergusson is of opinion
more than an inch and a quarter. Dr. that there is no necessity for straps or
Simms describes in the American Journal bandages to keep the cheeks forward,
of Dental Science, vol. 5, page 51, a simi- though it may be advisable to protect the
lar example of complicated hare-lip, and tender adhesion of the wound for a few
numerous others are on record. days, after their removal, by means of a
The manner of remedying hare-lip con- strap. The needles may be withdrawn at
sists, 1st, in removing the rounded edges the expiration of three or four days.
of the cleft, and 2d, in bringing them ac- If there be any adhesion between the
curately together and retaining them in mucous membrane of the lip and gums, it
contact until a union takes place. But should be separated before the operation is

with regard to the most eligible period of any of the teeth project
performed, and if

life for the performance of the operation, through the fissure, and cannot be carried

there exists a difference of opinion. Some back to their proper place in the dental
think the sooner it is performed the better, arch, they should also be previously re-
others believe that the best time is, imme- moved.
diately after the child has ceased to suck ;
For cutting the edges of the fissure, some
while others again think it better to defer surgeons prefer scissors to the scalpel or
it until even a later period. bistoury.
For simple hare- lip, the operation may In double hare-lip, both fissures should
be performed in the following manner. be closed at the same time, by passing the
The head of the child being slightly ele- needles entirely across, and securing them
vated and firmly secured by means of an in the manner as above described.
assistant, a narrow flat piece of wood, or Habe's-Eab. A plant of the genus
pasteboard, should be introduced between Bupleurum.
the lip and gums and held by another as- Habe's-Eye. See Lagophthalmia.
sistant ; a narrow, sharp-pointed scalpel, Habe's-Lettuce. A plant of the genua
or, what is preferable, a straight bistoury, Sonchus.
is then passed through the margin of the HARMALA. A plant of the genus
lip, immediately below the nose, and by a Peganum.
single cut, in a straight line downward, HARMONY. Harmo'nia ; from apo, to
the rounded edge is removed. This oper- fit together. In Anatomy, an immovable
ation is next repeated on the opposite side, articulation, as in the case of the superior
leaving an aperture between the two mar- maxillary bones with each other.
gins resembling the letter V inverted. The HAR'MOTOME. From apuog, a joint,
margins are next brought accurately to- and TEfiva, I divide. Cross-stone ; stauro-
gether and secured by passing two or three lite j a mineral, the crystals of which in-
gold, steel-pointed, or steel-pins, horizon- tersect each other.
 HAV 351 HEA
HAE'PA. A genus of Pectinibranchiate of joints, called by Dr. Havers, mucilag-
Mollusks, the shell of which is traversed by inous glands.
longitudinal compressed sinuous parallel HAVERSIAN CANALS. The mi-
ribs, which have been compared to the nute canals found in the compact sub-
strings of a harp. stance of bone, containing blood-vessels
HAR'PALUS. From apnaleog, rapid. and medullary matter.
A genus of predaceous Coleopterans. HAWK. A numerous species of birds
HAR'PAX. A genus of fossil shells of the genus Falco.
united by a hinge formed by two project- Hawk-Weed. A plant of the genus
ing teeth. Hypochceris.
HART'S TONGUE. A plant of the HAY'DENITE. A mineral occurring
genus Asplenium. in pale, yellowish-brown crystals, so called
HART- WORT. A plant of the genus from the discoverer, Dr. Hayden.
Laserpilium. HA'ZEL-NUT. The fruit of the Cory-

HARTSHORN. Cornu cervi ; the horn lus avellana.

of the Cervus Elaphus, or stag. HEAD. Caput. The upper extremity
Hartshorn, Spirit of. A watery so- of the body the cranium and face. ;

lution of ammonia. Head- Ache. Cephalalgia. Pain in the

HARVEST BUG. A variety of the tick- head.
Acarus aulumnalis, called the
insect, the HEADY. Quickly intoxicating: ap-
wheat-worm. It infests the skin in the au- plied to wines.
tumn, producing itching and glossy wheals. HEADED. In Botany, presenting the
HAS'TA. A spear. An epithet applied appearance of, or expanded into, a head
to parts of animals and vegetables which at the summit.
are supposed to resemble a spear. HEADING. A preparation used in
Hasta Regia. A plant of the genus brewing, consisting of equal parts of alum
Asphodelus. and sulphate of iron.
HASTATE. Spear-shaped. HEAL-ALL. Vulgar name for a species

HASTEL'LA. A spear-shaped splint. of Colli nsonia, Prunella, and Scrophularia.

HATFIELD'S TINCTURE. Tincture HEALTH. That state of the living
Guiaci Ammoniata. body in which all its functions are properly
HATCHETINE. A fusible wax-like performed.
substance, of a yellowish-white or greenish- HEARING. Audi'tus. The faculty by
yellow color, found, sometimes in nodules which sound is received.
of iron stone in South Wales. HEART. Cor. Kapha. A muscular
HAUNCH. That portion of the trunk organ, which forms the centre of the cir-
formed by the lateral parts of the pelvis culating system in the higher order of
and hip-joint. animals, having four distinct cavities :two
HAUS'MANNITF. One of the ores of auricles; the right receiving the blood from
manganese, having a brownish- black color. all parts of the body, the left from the
HAUS'TELLATES. HausteUa'ta; from lungs, and two ventricles ; the right send-
Jiaustellum, a sucker. Insects, the oral ing the blood to the lungs by the pulmo-
apparatus of which is adapted for suction. nary artery, and the left to every part of
HAUSTUS. From haurio, to swallow. A the body, by the aorta. an irregu-
It is of

draught. A single dose of liquid medicine. lar pyramidal shape, enclosed in a mem-
Haustus Niger. Infusion of senna. brane called pericardium, and situated
HAUYNE. A mineral found in small obliquely, and a little to the left side, in
granular masses in basalt or lava, of a the chest, between the lungs.
blue color. Heart, Atrophy of the. A diminution
HAVERS' GLANDS. The fringed in the thickness of the walls of this organ.
rascular folds of the synovial membrane Heart, Displacement of the. Ecto-
 ;

HEC 852 HED

pia cordis. It is generally the result of Hectic Fever. Febris heciica. A
malformation. disease characterized by emaciation and
Heart, Hypertrophy of the. A fever of a peculiar type and character;
morbid increase in the muscular substance frequent pulse, hot skin, particularly of
of the walls of this organ. the palms of the hands and soles of the
Heart-Shaped. Cordate. feet, loss of appetite, and towards the last

Heart- Wood. Duramen. Tho central by colliquative sweat when in bed, and
part of the trunk of a tree. diarrhoea. It is generally a symptomatic
Heart- Wort. A plant of the genus disease.
Laserpitium. HEC'TICA. Hectic fever.
Heart's Ease. Ajplant of the genus HECTOGRAMME. One hundred gram-
Viola. mes, or three ounces, one drachm, and
HEARTBURN. Cardialgia; a sensa- thirty-four grains, troy.
tion of heat and uneasiness in the stomach. HECTOLITRE. A measure of ona
HEAT. The sensation pro- hundred French
Caloric. litres, or 211.35 pints.
duced in the animal body by tho trans- HEDEO'MA. A genus of plants of
mission of caloric. the order Lamiacece.
Heat, Absolute. The whole quantity Hedeoma Pulegioides. Pennyroyal
of caloric existing in chemical union in a tick- weed; squaw-mint. It is stimulant
body. and aromatic, and used to allay nausea.
Heat, Animal. Animal temperature. HED'ERA. A genus of plants of the
Heat, Free. The heat which is sen- order Araliacece.
sible to the touch or thermometer. Hedera Helix. Ivy; common ivy;
Heat, Latent. Insensible heat, or the berries are purgative, the leaves astrin-
heat which does not pass from one sub- gent, and have been used for dressing
stance to another so as to affect the senses issues and ulcers, and in the treatment of
or the thermometer. some cutaneous diseases.
Heat, Prickly. See Lichen Tropicus. Hedera Terres'tris. Olecho'ma hede-
Heat, Sensible. Free heat. racea. Ground ivy. A peculiar alkaline
Heat, Specific. The amount of heat principle obtained from ivy seeds, said to
necessary to bring a given body to a cer- possess febrifuge properties.
tain temperature, compared with the num- HEDRA. A fracture of the bones of
ber of degrees required to melt ice or boil the cranium, in which the impression of
a given weight of water. the instrument inflicting the blow is visi-

Heat, Vital. Animal heat. ble. The ancients used it in the same
HEAVY INFLAMMABLE AIR. Car- general way in which we use the word
bureted hydrogen. seat, and, for the bottom of an abscess.
Heavy Spar. Sulphate of barytes. HEDGE GARLIC. Alliaria officinalis.
HE'BE. H/3j? ; from 77/Jaw, floreo, vigeo. Hedge-Hog. A quadruped of the ge-
The hair of the pubes, or the pubic region. nus Erinaceus.
Also, puberty. Hedge Hyssop. A bitter herb of the
HEBETU'DO ANTMI. Imbecility. genus Gratiola.
Hebetudo Dentium. See Hsemodia. Hedge Mustard. A plant of the ge-
HEBRADEN'DRON. A genus of trees nua Erysimum.
of tho order Clusiacece. HEDYSA'RUM ALHAGI. A small
Hebradendron Picto'rum. A tall tree, shrub of Asia, tho leaves of which become
native of Malabar, which furnishes large covered during the night with granular
masses of gamboge on the inside of its bark. manna.
HECTIC. Heclicus ; eKnuog from tfa, HEDYSMA. Condiment.
habit. Belonging to the habit or constitu- HE'DYPHANE. From #*f, sweet,
tion. and <paivu
f to appear. A grayish-white
 ;

HEL S53 HEM

mineral of an adamatine lustre, composed Helix Horten'sis. The common gar-
of oxyd of lead, lime, arsenic, phosphoric den snail.
acid, and chlorine. Helix Pomatia. The great vine snail,
HELCO'DES. Ulcerous. esteemed by the ancient Romans as a
HELCO'MA. An ulcer. luxury of the table.
HELCYD'RION. A little ulcer. Super- HELLEBORAS'TER. HeUeborus foeti-
ficial ulceration of the cornea. dus. American hellebore.
HELE'NIN. A concrete volatile oil HELLEBORE, AMERICAN. Veratum
obtained from Inula helenium. poke ; swamp hellebore.
viride ; Indian
HELEN'IUM. A genus of plants of Hellebore, Black. HeUeborus niger.
the order Asteracece. Christmas rose.
Helenium Autumna'le. Sneeze-wort Hellebore, White. Veratrum album.
swamp sun-flower. It has a bitter, pun- White hellebore.
gent, and slightly acrid taste; is tonic, HELLE'BORUS. A genus of plants
diaphoretic, and also powerfully errhine. of the order Ranunculaceae.
HELIAN'THUS. From v^oc, the sun, Helleborus Fos'tidus. Stinking helle-
and av#o? a flower. A genus of plants of bore. Helleboraster.
the order Composite. Helleborus Niger. Black hellebore.
Helianthus Annuus. The sun-flower. The root has a bitter, nauseous taste, and
Helianthus Tuberosus. Jerusalem is a drastic hydragogue, cathartic, and
artichoke. emmenagogue.
HELICA'LIS. Belonging to the helix Helleborus Orienta'lis. An Eastern
of the ear. species, supposed to be the hellebore of
HEL'ICINE AR'TERIES. The short the ancients.
arteries and vessels of the penis, given off HEL'MET. In Botany, the upper lip
from the larger vessels and smaller twigs of a labiate flower.
of the artery of that organ. HELMINTHAGOGUES. Helmintha-
HEL'ICIS MAJOR. A muscle of the ear, go'ga; from efyuvf, a worm, and ayu, I
situated upon the upper point of the helix. expel. Remedies used for expelling worms.
Heucis Minor. A muscle of the ear, Anthelmintics.
which contracts the fissure of this organ. HELMIN'THIA. See Helminthiasis.
HELICOTRE'MA. The foramen by Helminthia Errat'ica. Worms acci-
which the scalas of the cochlea communi- dentally introduced into the stomach or
cate. intestines.
HELIOTROPE. Hdiotro'pium ; from HELMINTHIASIS. A condition of
iffooj-, the sun, and rpenu, to turn. The body favoring the generation of worms.
blood stone ; a deep green silicious mine- HELMINTHOID. Worm-shaped.
ral, often variegated with dark brown or HELMINTHOL'OGY. Helmintholo'gia;
blood-red spots. from tlfiwc, a worm, and toyog, a descrip-
HELIOTRO'PIUM EUROPIUM. tion. A treatise on worms.
Verrucaria; turnesole; garden marigold; HELO'DES. A fever accompanied by
a plant which, on account of its supposed profuse perspiration the sweating sickness.
;

efficacy in destroying cutaneous excres- HELO'PYRA. Marsh fever.

cence, has been called by the French, HELO'SIS. From iOm, I turn. Ever-
Herbe aux vermes. See Calendula Offici- sion of the eyelids.
nalis. HEMATITE. Bamatites; Heliotropium.
HE'LIX. From tfef, a whorl. In Blood-stone.
Anatomy, the outer circumference or ring HEMATOSIN. See Hc-ematosin.
of the outer ear. In Zoology, a genus of HEMATURIA. See Hematuria.
Testacea, inhabiting a spiral shell, as the HEMELYTRA. % From v/urnc, half,
snail. and eTivrpov, a sheath. A wing, of which
 HEM 854 HEP
half is and the other half mem- half of a sphere, or of a body of spheroidal
coriaceous,
branous. shape. The upper portion of the brain is
HEMERALO'PIA. From y^pa, the divided into hemispheres.
day, urp, the eye. A defect of vision, by HEMITRIT^E'US. A semitertian ague.
which a person is able to see by day-light, HEMLOCK. A poisonous narcotic plant
but not at night. of the genus Gonium. See Conium Macu-
HEM'ERALOPS. One affected with latum.
hemeralopia. Hemlock Dropwobt. A plant of the

HEMEROB'IANS. genus (Enanthe.

Hemerobiidce; from
T/ftepa, day, and /3iog, life. A family of Hemlock Tree. Hemlock, spruce.
Neuropterous insects which live but a See Pinus Canadensis.
day. There are fourteen known British Hemlock, Water. Cow-bane. See
species, of which the Hemoerobius is the Cicuta Virosa.
typical genus, and of these, the Hemoero- HEMORRHAGE. See Haemorrhage.
bius perla, called the " golden-eye," is the HEMORRHAGIP'AROUS. That which
most beautiful. gives rise to hemorrhage.
HEMI. From yfuavg, a half. The same HEMP. A plant of the genus Cannabis.
Hemp, Indian. A variety of hemp
j

as semi, and used as a prefix.

HEMICRA'NIA. From «mmt, half,
!

much used in the East as a stimulating

and upaviov, the skull. Pain affecting and intoxicating drug. See Cannabis In-
only one side, or one half of the head. dica.

HEMIDIAPHORE'SIS. Perspiration of Hemp-Seed. The small varieties of the

one half of the body. mulberry calculus are so called from their
HEMIDES'MUS INDICUS. An In- resemblance to hemp-seed.
dian plant, used as a substitute for sarsa- HENBANE. Poison tobacco. See
parilla. Hyoscyamus Niger.
HEMIEC'TON. A vessel containing HEN-BLINDNESS. Night blindness.
36 pints, used for fomenting the female See Nyctalopia.
organs of generation. HENNA. A reddish yellow dye ob-
HEMIM'ELES. Monsters with defect- tained in Egypt from the Lawsonia iner-
ive extremities. mis.
HEMIO'PIA. From vituwq, half, and HE'PAR. Hrap. The liver. Also, a
OTtTOfMai, I see. A defect of sight, in which term formerly applied in Chemistry to the
a person affected with it can see only one Sulphurets.
half of an object. Hepar Antimc/nii. An oxy-sulphuret
HEMIOPSIS. Hemiopia. of antimony.
HEMIPA'GES A monstrosity in which Hepar Martia'le. A compound sul-
twins are united from the navel to the phuret of potassa and oxyd of iron.
vertex. Hepar Sul'phuris Sali'ntjm. Sulphide
HEMIPA'GIA. Hemicrania. of potassium.
HEMIPHO'NIA Great weakness of Hepar Sulphuris Volat'ilis. jThe
voice. hydro-sulphuret of ammonia.
HEMIPLEGIA. Hemiplegia; from HEPATAL'GIA. From Jfirap, the liver,
yptovg, half, and n^rjaau, I strike. Paraly- and aAyof, pain. Pain in the liver.

sis of one side of the body. Hepatalgia Calculo'sa. Pain caused

HEMIP'TERA. From rmumq, half, and by biliary calculi.
TTTF.pov, a wing. An order of insects in Hepatalgia Phlegmonoi'des. See
which the anterior wings are half coriace- Hepatitis.
ous and half membranous. HEPATAPOSTE'MA. From ynap, the
HEMISPHERE. Hemisphe'ra; from liver, and anoorrifia, an abscess. Abscess
yfuovg, half, and o<jxupa t a sphere. One of the liver.
 HEP 355 HEP
HEPATATKO'PHIA. Atrophy of the HEPATIZATION. Hepatisation.
liver. HEPftTOCACE. Gangrene of the liver.
HEPATAUXE. Hypertrophy of the HEPATOCE'LE. From v*ap, the liver,
liver. and K-rf^n, a tumor. Hernia of the liver, or

HEPATECHE'MA. Sound emitted by a protrusion of this organ through the ab-

the liver on percussion. dominal parietes.

HEP ATEMPHR AXIS. From tprap, HEPATOCO'LIC. Belonging to the

the liver, and efuppaoou, I obstruct. He- liver and colon.
patic obstruction. HEPATO-CYSTIC. Pertaining to the
HEPATENCEPHALO'MA. Encepha- liver and gall bladder.
loid of the liver. Hepato-Gastric. Pertaining to the
HEPATE'RUS. Fluxus hepaticus. liver and stomach.

HEPATIC. Hepaticus; from wnap, the HEPATOGASTROCHOLO'SIS. Bil-

liver. Relating to the liver. ious fever. Gastric fever.
Hepatic Ar'tery. Arte'ria hepat'ica. HEPATOGRAPHY. Hepaiographia;
The artery of the liver ; a branch of the from »?7rop, the liver, and ypa^n, a descrip-
cceliac. tion. An anatomical description of the
Hepatic Duct. Ductus Hepaticus. A liver.

duct which conveys the bile from the liver HEPATOHiE'MIA. From wap, the
towards the duodenum, and being joined liver,and cu/ia, blood. Sanguineous en-
by the two form the duc-
the cystic duct ; gorgement, or congestion of the liver.
tuscommunis choledochus. HEPATOLITHI'ASIS. Formation of
Hepatic Flux. A form of diarrhoea concretions in the liver.
in which there is a copious discharge of HEPATOL'OGY. Hepatolog'ia ; from
biliary matter. yxap, the liver, and toyoc, a discourse. A
Hepatic Plexus. Plexus hepaticus. treatise on the liver.

The nervous filaments of the cceliac plexus HEPATOMALA'CIA. Softening of the

which accompany the hepatic artery. liver.

Hepatic Veins. Vena; hepaticat. The HEPATOM'PHALUM. Umbilical her-

veins which return the blood conveyed to nia containing a portion of the liver.
the liver by the hepatic artery and vena HEPATOMYELO'MA. Hepatencepha-
porta, to the vena cava inferior. loma.
.HEPAT'ICA. American liverwort. A HEPATON'CUS. Tumefaction of the
genus of plants of the order Ranunculacem. liver.

Hepatica Tril'oba. Hepatica Amet'i- HEPATOPARECTAMA. Excessive

ea'na. Liverwort. enlargement of the liver.

HEPAT'ICA. The liverwort tribe of HEPATOPHY'MA. Abscess of the

acotyledonous plants. liver.

HEPATIC'ULA. Chronic hepatitis. HEPATOPHTHI'SIS. Consumption

HEPATIRRH(E'A. From y™P the ,
of the liver. Exhaustion from suppura-
liver, and peu, I flow. An intestinal flux, tion of the liver.
with bilious evacuations. HEPATORRHEX'IS. Rupture of the
HEPATISATION. Hepatisa'tio. The liver.

conversion of any texture into a liver-like HEPATOT'OMY. Dissection of the

substance. Applied to a morbid condition liver.

of the lungs. HEPTAN'DRIA. Heptan'drous; from

HEPATITIS. From ijmip, the liver, eirra, seven, and avjjp, a man, or husband.
and itis, denoting inflammation. Inflam- Plants with hermaphrodite flowers and
mation of the liver. seven stamens.
Hepatitis, Chronic. Chronic inflam- HEPTAPLEU'RUM. The broad-leaved
mation of the liver. plantain. See Plantago Major.
 ; ;

HER 356 HER

HEPTAR-TOMPHALUS. Umbilical tus ; from Ep/^f, Mercury, and Atypodirri,

hernia,*with a portion of the liver.' Venus, that is, partaking of both sexes.
HERACLE'UM. A genus of plants of One who has the organs of the two sexes
the order Umbelliferce. so developed as to render it doubtful to
Heracleum Gummif'erum. A plant of
which it belongs. In Botany, a flower
the genus Dorema. which contains both stamens and pistils.
H eracleum Lana'tum. Masterwort HERMETIC. Hermet'icus; from Ep/zjyf,
cow-parsnip. The root has been used as Hermes, Mercury, the fabled inventor of
a diuretic, expectorant and antispasmodic. chemistry. Pertaining to chemistry. That
Heracleum Spondyl'ium. See Spon- part of chemistry which had for its object
dylium. the pretended transmutation of the metals.
HER'BA. Herb a plant with a succu-
; Hermetic Seal. The closing of a
stem which dies down to the glass vessel in such a way as to prevent
lent stalk or
ground every year. the most volatile substances from escaping.
Herba Alexandri'na. A plant of the It is generally done by fusing the orifice
genus Symmium. with a lamp and blow-pipe.
Herba Benedic'ta. See Geum Ur- HERMODAC'TYLUS. A bulbous root,
banum. brought from the east, supposed to be the
Herba Britan'nica. See Rumex Hy- product of the iris tuberosa.

drolapathum. HERNIA. From epvoc, a shooting forth,

Herba Fel'is. See Nepeta cataria. a branch. Ramex, a rupture. A tumor
Herba Ju'lia. Milfoil. formed by the displacement and protru-
Herba Melancholi'fuga. See Fuma- sion of the whole or part of a viscus.
ria officinalis. Hernia is distinguished according to the
Herba Pa'tri. See Primula Veris. region in which it occurs. It is termed
Herba Sa'cra. See Verbena Trifoliata. reducible, when it can be readily returned
Herba Trinita'tis. See Anemone he-back into the abdomen irreducible, when
;

patica. there is no constriction, yet from adhesion

HERBA'CEOUS. Herbaceus. Not or its large size, it cannot be put back
woody ; like an herb. and strangulated, or incarcerated, when ita
HERB'ALIST. One who deals in herbs. reduction is prevented by constriction.
HERBA'RIUM. A collection of dried Hernia may exist from birth, or occur
specimens of plants. from accident or injury at any subsequent
HERBIVOROUS. From herba, grass, period of life. In the former case it is
and vero, I eat. Animals which feed on termed congenital, and in the latter acci-
herbs. dental. The term Hernia is applied to
HERBORIZA'TION. A tour for the various lesions which have none of the dis-
collection of plants. tinguishing characteristics of rupture and
HERCULES BOVII. A violently pur- protrusion of an organ or viscus.
gative preparation, consisting of gold and Hernia Cer'ebri. Encephalocele. Her-
mercury dissolved in a distillation of sul- nia of the brain.
phate of copper, nitre, and sea- salt. Hernia Congen'ita. The adhesion of
HER'DERITE. A crystallized mineral, a protrusion of intestine or omentum to
imbedded in flour at Ehrenfriedensdorf, the testicle, after its descent into the scro-
Saxony, and discovered by Herder it has tum. ;

a vitreo-resinous lustre. Hernia Crura'lis. Femoral hernia.

HEREDITARY. Heredita'rious; from Hernia Epiplo'ica. Epiplocele.
hares, an heir. An epithet applied to Omental hernia.
diseases propagated from parents to their Hernia Femora'lis. Hernia cruralis.
offspring, as phthisis pulmonalis, &c. Hernia Humora'lis. See Orchitis.
HERMAPHRODITE. Hermaphrodi'- Hernia Incarcera'ta. Incarcerated
 HER 357 HER
or strangulated hernia. Hernia with a Hernia Ventric'uli. Gastrocele. Ab-
stricture. dominal hernia of the stomach.
Hernia Inguina'lis. Bubonocele. In- Hernia Vesica'lis. Cystic hernia.
guinal hernia. Cystocele. Hernia of the urinary bladder.
Hernia Intestina'lis. See Entero- HER'NIAL. Pertaining to hernia.
cele. HERNIEMPHRAG'MUS. Radical cure
Hernia Ischiat'ica. Hernia of the of hernia by obstructing the canal.
ischiatic notch. HERNIOTOMY. From hernia, and
Hernia Lachryma'lis. Swelling from tojiri, incision. The operation for hernia.

distension of the lachrymal sac. HERO'IC. An epithet applied to med-

Hernia Litt'rica. So called from icines or practice of a bold or vital charac-
Littre, who first described it. A hernia ter.

containing only a digital prolongation of HER'PES. From epnu, I creep, because

the ileum, supposed to be formed by the it creeps and spreads about on the skin.
gradual extension of a knuckle of intes- Tetter. A cutaneous eruption, appearing
tine which had been involved in the ingui- in patches, upon an inflamed base," at-
nal canal. tended with more or less heat, itching, and
Hernia Mesenter'ica. Mesenteric sometimes considerable local uneasiness,
hernia. Hernia through the lacerated but terminating in from eight to fifteen or
mesentery. twenty days in furfuraceous scales.
Hernia Mesocol'ica. Mesocolic her- Herpes Ambulati'vus. Thought by
nia; protrusion of a portion of intestine some to be an erratic erysipelas.
between the folds of the mesocolon. Herpes Circina'tus. Ring-worm; a
Hernia Omenta'lis. Epiplocele. variety of herpes which appears in circular
Omental hernia. patches upon the neck, face, forehead,
Hernia Oschea'lis. Scrotal hernia. scalp or back of the hands.
Hernia Perinea'lis. Perineal hernia. Herpes Depas'cens. A corroding form
Hernia Pharyn'gis. See Pharyngo- of herpes.
cele. Herpes Esthiom'enos. Herpes at-
Hernia Phren'ica. Diaphragmatic tended by ulceration and great destruction
hernia. of skin.
Hernia Pudenda 'lis. Pudendal her- Herpes Exe'dens. Herpes which
nia. spreads rapidly.
Hernia Sac'ci Lachryma'lis. Rup- Herpes Farino'sus. Herpes having
ture of the lachrymal sac. furfuraceous exfoliations.
Hernia Scrota'lis. Oscheocele. Her- Herpes Fe'rus. Erysipelas.
nia oschealis. Scrotal hernia. Herpes In'dicus. An itching herpes
Hernia Thyroidea'lis. Thyroideal peculiar to India.
hernia. Herpes I'ris. A cutaneous eruption
Hernia Umbilica'lis. Umbilical occurring in small circular patches on the
hernia. palms of the hands, fingers and instep,
Hernia U'teri. Hysterocele. Hernia each consisting of concentric rings of dif-
of the uterus. ferent colors.
Hernia Vagina'lis. Vaginal hernia. Herpes Labia'lis. A cutaneous erup-
Hernia Varico'sa. See Varicocele and tion on the edges of the lips, and about the
Cirsocele. corners of the mouth.
Hernia Vena'rium. See Varix. Herpes Milia'ris. Herpes beginning
Hernia Ven'eris. A tumefied testicle. with an eruption like millet seeds.
Hernia Vento'sa. See Pneumatocele. Herpes Peris'celes. Herpes zoster.
Hernia Ventra'lis. A hernia at any The shingles.
point of the anterior part of the abdomen. Herpes Phlyct^enoides. A vesicular
 HET 358 HEV
eruption usually preceded by slight fever, HETEROCLITE. See Heterologous
and occurring in irregular clusters, most Tissues.
frequently on the cheeks, neck, arms, HETEROGANGLIA'TA. From erepog,
breast, and sometimes on other parts of diverse, and yayyTuov, a nerve-knot. A
the hody. The vesicles, which contain a name proposed by Professor Owen to com-
colorless and sometimes a brownish fluid, prise all the Mollusca of Cuvier, with the
break about the fourth day, or begin exception of the Cirripeda.
to dry up, forming a dark or yellowish HETEROGE'NEOUS. Unlike in kind.
scab, which, about the eighth or tenth day Opposed to homogeneous.
falls off, when the subjacent skin gradu- HETEROLOGOUS TISSUES. Mor-
ally assumes a healthy appearance. bid tissues. See Heteroplasis.
Herpes Prjeputia'lis. A vesicular HETEROMOR'PHISM. ffeleromor-
upon the
eruption either outer or inner phis'mus ; from erepog, other, and fJop<j>ij,

surface of the prepuce. shape. Malformation, or deviation from

Herpes Pustulo'sus. A name applied natural shape of parts.
to different forms of acne. HETEROP'ATHY. Hetoropath'ia; from
Herpes Serpi'go. Herpes circinatus. erepog, different,and iradog, affection. The
Ring- worm. removal of a morbid condition of body by
Herpes Sic'cus. The dry, mealy tet- exciting a different morbid condition. Al-
ter. lopathy.
Herpes Zos'ter. A variety of herpes HETEROPHO'NIA. From erepog, dif-

which spreads around the body like a girdle ferent, and <puvTi, voice. An impaired,
or belt, commonly called shingles. cracked, or broken voice.
HERPETIC. Herpet'icus ; from her- HETERO'PLASIS. Heteroplas'ty; from
pes, a disease of the skin. Pertaining to erepog, different, and nhaeig, formation.
herpes. Formations which do not belong to the
HERPETOL'OGY. Herpetolog'ia; from healthy body, as cancer, &c.
epnerog, a reptile, and toyog, a discourse. HET'EROPODS. Heteropo'da; from
Erpetology. The science or the history of erepog, various, and novg, a foot. An order
reptiles. of gastropodous mollusca.
HERPE'TON. Herpet'icon; from epneiv, HETEROSARCO'SES. From erepog,

to creep . In Pathology, a creeping ulcer ;

different, and cap!-, flesh. Diseases which
in Zoology, a genus of serpents. consist in the production of false tissues.
HER'RING. A fish of the genus Chipea. HETEROT'ROPAL. From erepog, and
HESPERID'EvE. Evergreen plants rpenu, I turn. A term applied in Botany
with rigid leaves, odorous and polyandrous to a seed in which the embryo lies across
flowers, such as the clove, myrtle, winter- the lobes.
green, &c. HETEROTAX'IA. From erepog, dif-
HESPER'IDINE. A peculiar, crystal- ferent, and ra^ig, order. Transposition of
lizable substance detected in the rind of organs.
the unripe bitter orange. HETEROTOPIA. From erepog, and
HESPER'IDUM. In Botany, a fruit ronog, place. Deviation of parts from their
having the structure of the orange and natural place.
lemon. HEUCHE'RA. The alum root. A
HESSTAN CRU'CIBLE. A crucible genus of plants of the order Saxifrages.
made of fine clay and sand. Heuchera Cortu'sa. Heuchera Ameri-
HET'ERO-. A prefix, from erepog, dif- ca'na. Heuchera vistida. The alum root,

ferent, used in medicine. or American sanicle ; a perennial, indige-

HET'ERO-CHYMEU'SIS. A depraved nous plant, the root of which is extremely
chymification and sanguification ; also, a astringent.
class of diseases in which this occurs. HEVEA GUIANENS'IS. Hevea das-
 ;

HID 359 HIP

tica. One of the trees which yield caout- HIDROPH'OROUS. Sudoriferous.

chouc. HIDROPY'RETUS. A sweating fever.
HEXAGYNTA. In Botany, an order HID'ROS. From ripuc, sweat. Sweat
of plants with six pistils. a term used in the composition of many
HEXAN'DRIA. In Botany, an order words, as BRdrotica, sudorifics.
of plants with six stamens of equal length. HIDROT'ICA. From ifyw, sweat. Su-
HEXAPE'TALOUS. Having six petals. dorifics; medicines which cause perspi-
HEXAPHYL'LOUS. Havingsix ration.

leaves. HI'ERA PI'CRA. From upog, holy,

HEX'APODS. Hexapo'da; from e£, six, and ninpoc, bitter.Holy bitter. An alo-
and Tvovg, a foot. An order of insects which etic powder made into an electuary with
have six feet. honey.
HEX'IS. If*, habit. Habit of body. HIERA'CIUM. A genus of plants of
Constitution. the order Composite.
HIATUS. From Mare, to gape. Lit- Hieracium Pilosel'la. The system-
erally, a gap. In Anatomy, an orifice, atic name of the Auricula muris, or mouse-
aperture, or passage. Also, yawning. ear, a plant containing a bitter, slightly
Hiatus Fallo'pii. See Aqueduct of astringent, lactescent juice.
Fallopius. HIERAN'OSOS. From upog, sacred,

Hiatus of Winslow. The foramen of and voaog, disease. Literally, sacred dis-
Winslow. ease. An old term for epilepsy.
HIBER'NACLE. Hibernac'ulum; from HIGHGATE RESIN. Fossil copal,
hiberno, to winter. In Botany, the winter found in blue clay at Highgate.
covering of buds; the bulb or bud in HIGHMORE, ANTRUM OF. See
which the embryo of a future plant is en- Maxillary Sinus.
closed. HILL'S STOPPING. A preparation,
HIBERNATION. The some consisting principally of bleached gutta-
state of
animals during winter, in which the vital percha, carbonate of lime and quartz, for
functions seem nearly suspended, as the filling teeth. It does not possess the requisite
bat, hedge-hog, dormouse, &c. density for a permanent filling, especially in
HIBER'NICUS LAPIS. A kind of the surface of a tooth exposed to friction,
bluish slate, found in masses in different but as the secretions of the mouth do not
parts of Ireland. produce any effect upon it, it may be used
HIBIS'CUS. Althaea. A genus of plants in many cases with decided advantage.
of the order Malvaceae. HI'LUM. A term applied in Botany to
Hibiscus Abelmos'chus. The plant the point at the base of the seed attached
which yields the Ch'ana moschi, or musk to the seed-vessel.
seed. Hilum
Lienis. The fissure on the in-
Hibiscus Popule'us. A and concave surface of the spleen
small tree or ternal
shrub of Molucca, which bears a resinous through which the vessels enter and leave
fruit. The root is emetic. the organ.
HICCUP. Hiccough; singul'tus; spas- HIMANTO'SIS. Himas. Relaxation
modic contraction of the respiratory mus- and elongation of the uvula.
cles, repeated at short intervals, with so- HIMANTOPUS. From par, a thong,
norous inspiration. and ttovg, a foot. A genus of wading birds
HICK'ORY. Trees of the genus Carya. remarkable for the slenderness of their
HIDRO'A. From idpug, sweat. A term legs.
applied in Pathology by Sauvages and Vo- HINAU. A tree of New Zealand, the
gel, to eczema, or heat eruption. Elceocarpus hinau. The bark is used in
HIDRON'OSOS. Sudor anglicus. dyeing.
Sweating sickness. HIP. Haunch. The articulation of
 HIP 360 HIS

the thigh with the pelvis. In Botany, the the urine of the horse and other ruminants,
ripe fruit of the Rosa canina. and in human urine, after taking benzoic
Hip Bone. The ischium. acid.

HIPPANTHROTIA. From wnwf, a HIPPU'RIS VULGA'RIS. The horse's

horse, and av-dpunoc, a man. A diseased or mare's-tail ; a plant of the genus Equi-
imagination, in which the individual fan- setum, said to be astringent.
cies himself changed into a horse. HIP'PUS. From urnog, a horse. A dis-
HIPPO. From innoc, a horse. A prefix ease of the eyes, characterized by perpet-
signifying a large size. Also, ipecacuanha. ual twinkling, or repeated alternate dila-
HIPPOBOS'CA. From mnoc, a horse, tation and contraction of the iris.
and /JoffKw, I feed. A genus of insects of HIPS. The fruit of the dog rose.
which the horse-fly, Hxppdbosca equina, is HIRCINE. A liquid, fatty substance ob-
the type of the family. tained from the suet of the goat or sheep,
HIPPOCAM'PUS. From NnMT, and which, on saponification, yields Hircic acid.
Kafinru, to bend. The sea-horse, a small HIRCUS. Tragus. A goat.
marine animal. In Anatomy, two convo- HIRQUUS. The inner canthus of the
lutions of the brain. eye.
Hippocampus Major. The cornu am- HIRSU'TIES. Hairiness. The growth
monis. The internal surface of the con- of hair in unusual situations, or in greater
volution of the lateral edge of the hemi- abundance than usual.
sphere of the brain. HIRSUTE, ttrsu'tus. Clothed with
Hippocampus Minor. A medullary hairs.

eminence situated in the posterior cornu of HIRU'DO. The leech.

the lateral ventricle of the brain. Hirudo Medicina'lis. The medicinal
HIPPOCAS'TANUM. The horse chest- leech.

nut. HIRUNDINA'RIA. See Lysimachia

HIPPOCRATTC. Relating to Hippoc- Nummularia.
rates, or his doctrine. HIRUN'DO. The swallow.
Hippocratic Face. See Facies. HIS'PID. From hispidus, bristly.
In
HIPPO'MANE. A
genus of plants of Botany, bristly beset with stiff hairs. In
;

the order Euphorbiaceoe, containing but one Zoology, roughness of surface from minute
species. spines, or rigid bristles.
Hippomane Mancinel/la. The man- HIS'TER. From histrio, an actor. A
chineel, a plant of India, the sap of which genus of Coleopterous insects, remarkable
is used by the natives to poison arrows. for their ability to alter their appearance
HIP'POPUS. From imroc, and novc, a so as to feign death, or to take on the re-

foot. A genus of Acephalous Mollusks, so semblance of a small black seed.

called from the resemblance of their shell HISTOGEN'IA. Histog'eny; from iotoc,
to the foot of a horse. a web or tissue, and yeveoig, generation.
HIPPOT'OMY. Hippotom'ia; from urnoc, The formation of organic tissues.
a horse, and repveiv, to cut. The anatomy HISTOL'OGY. Histolog"ia; from taroc,
of the horse. a tissue, and fa>yoc f a discourse. The anat-
HIPPOPOT'AMUS. The river horse, omy of the tissues which enter into the
an inhabitant of the rivers and lakes of the formation of the different organs of the
south of Africa. The incisor teeth or tusks body general anatomy. ;

of this animal, which attain from twelve HISTON'OMY. Histonom'ia; from wrof,
to fifteen inches in length, were formerly web or tissue, and vofioc, law. The laws
very generally used by dentists for artifi- which govern the development and ar-
cial teeth. At present, however, they are rangement of organic tissues.
seldom employed for this purpose. HISTORY, MEDICAL. A description
HIPPU'RIC ACID. An acid found in of the principal events, and the persons
 HOL 361 HOM
connected therewith, in the progress of the HO'MA. An anasarcous swelling.
several branches of medicine. HOMBERG'S PHOS'PHORUS. Ignited
History, Natural. That department chloride of lime.
of physical science which treats of the Homberg's Pyroph'orus. A mixture
properties of natural bodies, and their of burnt alum and brown sugar, which
methodical arrangement. takes fire on exposure to air, or a compound
HISTOT'OMY. From larog, a tissue, and of three parts lamp-black, four of alum
To/iTj, incision. The dissection of organic and eight of carbonate of potash.
tissues. Homberg's Sedative Salt. Boracic
HIVE SYRUP. See Syrupus Still* acid.
Compositus. HOMO. Man. A mammiferous ani-
HIVES. The popular name for croup; mal of the order bimana, or two-handed,
also, for chicken-pox, the Varicella globu- of which he is the only genus.
laris, in this country, but chiefly for Urti- HOMOCHRO'MOUS. From ofxov, to-

caria gether, and xpof"1, color. In Botany, when

HOARSE'NESS. Iiaucedo. Preternat- all the florets of the same flower-head are
ural roughness or asperity of voice, arising, of the same color.
generally, from disease in the larynx and HO'MffiOPATH. A homceopathist.
trachea. HOMffiOP'ATHY. ffomceopalhi'a; from
HOARY. Of a gray, bluish-green color. o/ioiog, similar, and iradog, affection. A
HOB-NAIL LIVER. Cirrosis of the doctrine which maintains that all diseases
liver. of the body are to be cured by inducing
HOFFMAN'S ANODYNE SOLU- other diseased actions of the same kind,
TION. See Spiritus ^Etheris Sulphurici and that this is to be effected by exceed-
Compositus. ingly minute doses of medicine.
HOG. See Sus Scrofa. HOMOGANG'LIATE. From o/ioioc,

Hogslard. Adeps praparata. like, and yayy'kiov, a ganglion. A term

HOLCE. OA«j?. A drachm. applied in Comparative Anatomy to the an-
HOLERA'CEOUS PLANTS. Culinary imals with the ganglionic nervous system,
herbs. and symmetrical arrangement of the gang-
HOLLANDS. Gin. lions.
HOLLY. The holm tree of the genus HOMOGE'NEOUS. Having the same
Hex. There are several species. structure throughout. Having elements
Holly, Dahoon. Ilex vomitoria. of the like nature.
Holly, Ground. A plant of the genus HOMOIO'SIS. From o/iolou, I assimi-
Chimaphila. late. The elaboration of the chyle, by
Holly, Knee. The butcher's broom j
which it is assimilated to the blood.
a plant of the genus fiuscus. HOMOL'OGY. From o/iog, the same,
Holly, Sea. A plant of the genus Eryn- and toyog, a discourse. The doctrine of
gium. similar parts.
HOLLYHOCK. See Alcea Rosea. HOMOPH'AGUS. From upoc, raw,
HOLOTON'ICUS. From olog, whole, and <j>ayu, I eat. One who eats raw flesh.
and tclvu, to stretch. In Pathology, that HOMOPLAS'TY. From ofioiog, like,
form of tetanus in which the muscles of and nhaoou, I form. The formation of
the body generally are affected. homologous tissues.
HOLM. In Botany, the evergreen oak. HOMOPLATA. Omoplale. Scapula.
HOLOHED'RAL. From ofog, whole, HOMOP'TERANS. Homop'tera; from
and edpa, face. In Mineralogy, a crystal opoc, and irrepov, a wing. An order of in-
with all the similar edges replaced. sects in which the four wings are of a sim-
HO'LY THISTLE. A plant of the genus ilar structure.

Ceniaurea. HOMOT'ROPOUS. In Botany, the

 .

HOO 362 HOB

s arae direction as the body to which it is gogue, composed of aloes, sulphate of iron,
attached black hellebore, canella bark, myrrh, and
HOMOT'ONOS. Acmasti'cos. Having ginger.
th e same tone, HOOPING-COUGH. Pertussis.
HONESTY. See Lunaria Eediviva. HOPS. The Strobiles of Humulus Ivr
HONEY. Mel. A mucoso- saccharine ptdus.
substance, of a yellowish color and aro- HORDEIN. Starch of barley.
matic smell, elaborated by the Apis mel- HOR'DEI SEM'INA. Hor'deumperla'-
lifica, or honey-bee, from the nectaries of tum. Pearl barley.
flowers, and deposited in the cells of the HORDE'OLUM. A diminutive of hor-
comb. deum, barley. A stye, or small tumor of
Honey Dew. A saccharine substance the eyelids, which is somewhat of the
found on the leaves of many trees during nature of a little boil.

moist weather. HOR'DEUM. Barley. Also, a genus

Honey of Squill. See Syrupus Scillas of plants of the order Graminece,
Compositus. Hordeum Caus'ticum. Vera'trum sab'a-
HONEYSUCKLE. A plant of the dilla. Indian caustic barley.
genus Lonicera. Hordeum Perla'tum. Pearl barley.
HOODED. Cucullate or cowled. See Hordeum Vulga're. The common
Cucullate. barley.
HOOK. A curved steel instrument, HOREHOUND. A plant of the genus
used by anatomists, surgeons, and den- Marrubium
tists. The tenaculum is a variety of hook Horehound, Black. Stinking hore-
used by the two former, and the hook hound. Ballota nigra. Ballota foetida.
belonging to the key of Garengeot, and Horehound, Wild. A plant of the
the one with the forked, or crescent-shaped genus Eupatorium.
extremity, with a straight shaft attached HORIZONTAL. Parallel to the horizon.
to a handle, and used for the extraction of HORMINUM. See Salvia sclarea.
the roots of molar teeth, are the kinds HORN. Cornu. An animal substance,
employed by the latter. consisting chiefly of a modification of pro-
Hook, Blunt. In Obstetrics, a hook tein. The gelatin of horny tissues comes
with a long straight handle for bringing from their fibrous basis.
down the limbs of the foetus during deliv- HORN'BLENDE. A common mineral,
ery. occurring massive or in prismatic crys-
Hook, Saunders'. A hook for the tals, of various colors, from white, through
key instrument, invented by Dr. Edwin green shades to black. It is a silicate of
Saunders, of London, so constructed that lime, magnesia, or iron. It is sometimes
it may be applied to any small key, and used in the manufacture of porcelain teeth,
adapted for the removal of large roots. for shading the body or enamel.
Its peculiarity consists in having an angu- HORN LEAD. Chloride of lead.
lar projection on its convex part, upon Horn Pock. A form of variola, in
which the forefinger of the left hand may which the pimples, imperfectly suppu-
be firmly pressed, while the key is used in rating, are ichorous or horny, and semi-
the ordinary direction, but with a number transparent.
of short turns, so as to dislocate the root, Horn Quicksilver. Native proto-
when it will be found to rise easily in the chloride of mercury.
socket. Horn-Silver. Native chloride of silver.
HOOK'ED. Curved suddenly at the HOR'RIDA CUTIS. Cu'iis anseri'na.

point. Goose-skin.
HOOPER'S PILLS. A celebrated nos HORRIPILATION. Ebrripila'tio; from
trum, used as a purgative and emmena- horrere, to j
bristle up, and pilus, a hair
 HUM 363 HUM
A shuddering, chilly, or creeping sensa- morning, addressing their prayers, at the
tion,with bristling of the hairs over the same time, to the sun, invoking blessings
body, preceding fever. upon themselves and families. They also
HORSE CHESTNUT. A large nut, separate their teeth as soon as the second
the fruit of the jEscuIus hippocastanum. set is formed.
Horse-Radish. A plant of the genus The inhabitants of Tonquin and Siam
Cochlearia, having a root of a pungent dye their teeth black, as do, also, the
taste. females of the Marian Islands, and the
Horse-Tail. See Hippuris vulgaris. unmarried ladies of Java. Many of the
HORTUS. Vulva. women of Sumatra have their teeth filed
Hortus Siccus. A collection of dried off to the gums ; others have them filed to
plants ; an herbarium. points, or the enamel filed off, in order to
HOSPITAL. From hospes, a guest. dye them black, which is regarded as
An establishment for the reception and very ornamental. The great men of these
medical treatment of the sick. islands color their upper teeth black, and
Hospital Gangrene. A peculiar form encase their lower ones with gold, creating
of gangrene, occurring in a contrast which is regarded as particu-
in hospitals,
which the by the accumulation of larly beautiful by candle-light. The in-
air,

patients, or want of proper ventilation, habitants of some of the other East Indian
has become vitiated. islands gild their two front teeth, and
HOUND'S TONGUE. A plant of the dye the others black.
genus Cynoglossum. The natives of Malacca cut horizontal
HOUR-GLASS CONTRACTION. An grooves across their upper incisors, and
irregular contraction of the transversethe Abyssinian negroes file their teeth to
fibres of the uterus, causing it to assume points, giving them a notched or serrated
the shape of an hour-glass. When it appearance. The inhabitants of Prince
occurs previously to the removal of the William's Sound, says Mr. Murphy, make
placenta, this is often retained for some an incision in the upper lip, parallel with
time in the upper portion of the organ. the mouth, and when the sides of the
HOUSE-LEEK. A plant of the genus wound have healed, they insert a shell,
Sempervivum. carved in such a manner as to resemble
HOWARD'S HYDROSUBLIMATE. teeth. The natives of the Sandwich
Jewell's calomel, prepared by exposing Islands, in order to propitiate their god,
the salt in the act of sublimation to aque- Eatooa, offer up to him their front teeth.
ous vapor, and receiving it in water. HUM'BOLDTINE. A native oxalate
HUCKLE BONE. Ischium. of the protoxyd of iron.
HUDSON'S PRESERVATIVE FOR HUM'BOLDTITE. A variety of Da-
TEETH AND GUMS. A pleasant aro- tholite, or borosilicate of lime.
matic mouth wash, consisting of tinct. HUMEC'TANT. Humec'tans. A term
myrrh., tinct. cinch, aq. cinnam. a a § iij applied in Therapeutics to remedies which
;

eau d'arquebusade § ij pulverized gum are supposed to increase the fluidity of

Arabic § ss. M. the blood, and remove the acrid condition
HUMAN TEETH, CUSTOMS CON- of an organ.
CERNING. Apart from the importance HU'MERAL. Humera'lis. Pertaining
attached to the teeth, some very curious humerus or arm.
to the
and singular customs connected with these Humeral Artery. The brachial artery.
organs, have obtained among many of the HU'MERUS. From u/wg, the shoulder.
nations of the earth. The Brahmins of The upper part of the arm and shoulder.
Hindostan rub their teeth for more than Also, the bone of the arm, os humeri,

an hour with a twig from the racemiferous which is of a cylindrical shape, and situ-
fig-tree, immediately after rising every ated between the scapula and forearm.
 ;;:

HUN 364 HUN

HU'MIC ACID. An acid formed from HUNGARY WATER. A stimulating
humus by alkalies. spirit, perfumed principally with rose-
HUMIFU'SUS. From humus, the mary and lavender.
ground, and fundo, I pour or spread out. HUNTER'S SILICIOUS CEMENT.
Procumbent. A term applied in Botany A fusible silicious cement, introduced to
to plants which spread out over the sur- the notice of the dental profession by Dr.
face of the ground. W. M. Hunter, of Cincinnati, Ohio, for
HU'MILIS. The rectus inferior oculi. uniting single porcelain teeth to a gold or
HU'MIN. A dark substance insoluble and to each other. It con-
platina base,
in alkalies, obtained from the soil. and gum enamel. Tha
sists of a base
HUMIRIA'CE^E. A natural order of former is composed of flux • 1 oz. ; pure,
arborescent Exogens inhabiting Brazil. finely ground asbestos 2 ozs. ; to these,
HUMIR'IUM. A genus of plants of after being ground together until very fine,
the order Humiriacece. is added granulated body f 1 J oz. The
Humirium Floribun'dum. The shrub whole is then mixed with a spatula to
from which the balsam of Umiri is ob- prevent breaking the granules.
tained. It has properties similar to Co- Three formulae are given by Dr. Hun-
paiva and balsam of tolu. ter, for gum enamel, prepared as follows

HU'MITE. A red Vesuvian mineral, No. 1. Flux 1 oz., fused spar of the clearest
occurring in complex crystals, and so quality, 1 oz., English rose 40 grs. Grind
named in honor of Sir David Hume, in the rose in a wedgewood mortar very fine,
whose collection it was found. add the flux gradually, and then the spar
HU'MOR. From humeo, to be moist. continue to grind until the ingredients
Any fluid of the body. are thoroughly incorporated. Cut down
Htjmob, Aqueous. A thin transparent a Hessian crucible until it can be put in
fluid, which fills the two chambers of the the muffle of a furnace ; line with a mix-
eye. ture of equal parts of silver and kaolin
Humor, Vitreous. The vitreous humor put in the materials, and raise the heat
of the eye. on it until vitrification, not fusion, takes
HUMORAL PATHOLOGY. That place, then withdraw the muffle. A red
theory which attributes all diseases to cake of enamel, easily removed from the
disordered states of the fluids. crucible, will be the result. This, after
HUMORIC. The sound produced by removing any adhering portions of the
percussion on the stomach, when distended
* The flux is composed of silex 8 ozs.,
with fluid or air.
calcined borax 4 ozs., caustic potash 1 oz.
HU'MORISTS. Those who attribute The caustic potash is ground very fine, in
all diseases to a disordered condition of a wedgewood mortar, and the two former
gradually added until they are thoroughly
the fluids of the body. incorporated. The mass is then placed in
HUMOUR. Humor. a Hessian crucible, as white as can be ob-
HUMP BACK. Protuberance of the tained, previously lined with kaolin, and
with which a cover of fine clay slab should
back, occasioned by curvature of the spine. be luted on. The crucible is now exposed
HU'MULIN. The narcotic principle to a clear, strong fire in a furnace until the
of the Humulus lupulus. mixture is fused into a transparent glass,
which should be free from stain or discol-
HU'MULUS LU'PULUS. The hop oration. This, when cold, is broken down
plant. and ground until it will pass through a bolt-
HU'MUS. Vegetable mould. ing cloth sieve, when it is ready for use.
t For granulated body, break and grind
HUNCH. Hump. fine china or wedgewood ware until it will
HUNGER. Fames. A desire for food, pass through a wire sieve No. 50, then sift
or want of it. the fine particles wkh a No. 10 bolting
sieve. This will leave the grains about the
HUNGA'RIAN BAL'SAM. The resin-
size of the finest gunpowder. Any hard
ous juice of the Pinus pumilio. porcelain with body will answer as well.
 HUN 365 HTD
silex and kaolin, is broken, and ground enamel No. 1, and fusing a second time.
tolerably fine. If, on testing, the color is See Author's Principles and Practice of
found to be too deep, it may be reduced Dental Surgery.
by the addition of a little covering.** The HURA BRASILIEN'SIS. A Brazilian
gum enamel from this formula flows at tree of the family Euphorbiacece.
It has
the lowest heat. For gum enamel No. 2,been used as anthelmintic and against lep-
take, flux 1 oz. ; fused spar 2 ozs. ; Eng- rosy and elephantiasis.
lish rose 60 grs. For No. 3, take, flux HUSK. Glume; calyx.
1 oz. ; fused spar 3 ozs. ; English rose HYACINTH. A mineral of various
80 grs. Treat as above. colors, occurring in crystals, and found in
When the teeth are backed, they are Zircon.
rearranged, a space being left between HYACINTH'INE. A transparent and
them and the base, and cemented to tbe doubly refractive brown or greenish mine-
plate with a mixture of wax and resin. ral, occurring in eight sided prisms.
The base is now applied on the outside, HYACIN'THUS. A genus of plants of
filling up the space between the teeth and the order Liliacece.
plate, applying it first quite wet, but Hyacinthus Botryoi'des. Grape-hya-
afterwards as dry as possible. The sur- cinth.
face of the material is now oiled and envel- Hyacinthus Como'sus. Purple- jrape
oped with investient in the same manner hyacinth.
as a piece is covered with plaster and Hyacinthus Muscari. Musk grape
sand for soldering. The piece is then flower, said to be emetic and diuretic.
placed on a fine clay slab thoroughly Hyacinthus Orienta'lis. Garden hya-
saturated with water. When hard, the cinth.

cement is chipped Hyacinthus Racemo'sus.

off until the Hare-bell
backings,
teeth, and plate are perfectly clean. hyacinth.
Scraps and filings of platina are now HYALI'TIS. Inflammation of the hya-
placed freely along the joints, covering the loid membrane of the eye.
surface intended to be coated with enamel HYALINE. From valog, glass. The
with coarse keeping them in place pellucid substance which determines the
filings,

with a mixture of finely ground borax spontaneous fission of cells.

and water. For a solder, use freely pure HYALOID. Hyaloi'des; from vaUg,
gold. The piece is put in a muffle, and glass, and eifog, likeness. Resembling glass.
a heat gradually raised until the gold flows Transparent.
freely,which will be sufficient to fuse the Hyaloid Fossa. The depression in
composition. It is then withdrawn and the vitreous humor, in which the crystal-
cooled in a muffle, the investient removed, line lens or humor is partially imbedded.

and every which may remain

interstice Hyaloid Membrane. The membrane
filled with covering No. 2. The backings which forms the covering of the vitreous
and base are also covered with this to about humor.
the thickness of a dime. The base is af- HYBER'NACLE. See Hibernacle.
terwards covered with gum enamel to about HYBERNATION. See Hibernation.
one-half this thickness. This done, place HYBOMA. Gibbosity of the spine.
the piece on the investient on a slab, put HYBRID. Hybrida; from vfipig, an in-
in a muffle and fuse, and the process is jury, because its nature is tainted. In
finished. Should a crack or blemish oc- Physiology, the offspring of two different
cur, it may be removed by applying gum animals, as the mule, or of plants of a dif-
ferent species. In Philology, words com-
* This is made by mixing two parts white
pounded of different languages.
quartz sand with one part plaster of Paris,
with sufficient water to make the mass plas- HYDAR'THRUS. Properly, Hydrar-
tic, and must be used before the plaster sets thus. Eydarthro' sis ; from vdup, water,
24
 HYD 366 HYD
and aptipov, a joint. Hydrops articulorum. which ncrease the secretions or excretions,
Dropsy of a joint. White-swelling. so as to cause the removal of effused serum,
HY'DATID. Hy'datis; from vdup, water. or water, from any part of the body.
An encysted tumor, containing a transpa- HYDRAM'NIOS. A morbid accumu-
rent watery fluid. Also, a genus of intes- lation of the liquor amnii.
tinal worms, characterized by a body HYDRARGO-CHLORIDS. Haloid
wholly or posteriorly vesicular. 1. Hyda- salts in which the part of the halogen is

tis Acephalocystis, the headless hydatid, or taken by corrosive sublimate.

bladder- worm ; 2. Hydatis camurus, con- HYDRARGYRANATRIP'SIS. Rub-
taining several animals grouped together bing in a preparation of mercury.
and terminating in one tail; 3. Hydatis HYDRARGYRA'TUS. Of, or belong-
cysticercus, the bladder- tailed hydatid ; 4. to, mercury.
Hydatis ditrachyceros, furnished with a HYDRARGYRI ACETAS. Acetate of
rough bifurcated horn ; 5. Hydatis echino- mercury.
coccus, the round rough hydatid; 6. Hy- Hydrargyri Ammo'nio-Chlo'ridum.
datis polycephalus, the many-headed hy- Ph. L. Ammonio-chloride of mercury.
datid 7. A white encysted body named
; Hydrargyri Bichlo'ridi Li'quor. Ph.
by Raspail, the ovuliger of the joint of the L. A solution of corrosive sublimate.
wrist, is aiso added to the foregoing, though Hydrargyri Bichlor'idum. Bichlo-
considered by the discoverer, as belonging ride of mercury.
to a genus intermediate between the cysti- Hydrargyri Bicyani'dum. Bicyanide
cercus and the ccenurus. of mercury.
HYDATIDOCE'LE. Hydatoce'le; from Hydrargyri Biniodi'dum. Biniodide
vdang, a hydatid, and Kt]lri, a tumor. A of mercury.
tumor formed of, or containing hydatids. Hydrargyri Binox'ydum. Ph. L.
HY'DATOID. Hydaioi'dcs; from vdup, Oxyd of mercury.
water, and ecdog, resemblance. Watery; Hydrargyri Bisulphure'tum. Bi
resembling water. sulphuret of mercury. Cinnabar.
HY'DERUS. Anasarca. Dropsy. Hydrargyri Borus'sias. Hydrargyri
HYD 'NUM. A genus of fungi, some cyanuretum. Bicyanide of mercury.
of which are edible. Hydrargyri Bromidum. Bromide of
Hydnum Coralloi'des. The common mercury.
coral fungus. There are also several other Hydrargyri Calx Al'ba. See Hy-
species. drargyrum ammoniatum.
Hydnum Erina'ceum. Hedgehog mush- Hydrargyri Chloridum. Ph. L. Chlo-
room. ride of Mercury. Protochloride or sub-
HY'DRA. From vdup, water. The chloride of mercury. Calomel.
fresh-water polypus. Hydrargyri Chloridum Corro'sivum.
HYDR-. HYDRO-. From vdup, water. TJ. S. Corrosive chloride of mercury. Bi-
A prefix denoting the presence of water or chloride of mercury. Corrosive sublimate.
hydrogen. Hydrargyri Cyanuret'um. U. S.
HYDRAC1DS. In Chemistry, acids Bicyanide, cyanuret, or prussiate of mer-
which consist of an element or compound cury.
combined with hydrogen. Even the oxa- Hydrargyri Deuto-Iodidum. Iodide
cids have been classified under this head of mercury.
by assuming that their basis is a com- Hydrargyri Hyperox'ydum. See
pound radical united with hydrogen. Thus Hydrargyri oxydum rubrum.
sulphuric acid, commonly united SO3 Ho, Hydrargyri Iodidum. U. S. and Ph.
may be expressed by the formula SO4 H. L. Subiodide of mercury.
HY'DRAGOGUES. Hgdrago'ga; from Hydrargyri Iodidum Ru'brum. U.
vdup, water, and ayu, I expel. Medicines S. Red iodide of mercury.
 HYD 367 HYD
Hydrargyki Mu'rias Corro'sivus. Hydrargyrum Ammonia'tum. Am-
Corrosive sublimate. moniatcd mercury.
Hydrargyri Murias Dul'cis. Calo- Hydrargyrum Boruss'icum. See Hy-
mel. drargyri cyanuretum.
Hydrargyri Ni'tras. Nitrate of mer- Hydrargyrum Calcina'tum. See Hy-
cury. drargyri binoxydum.
Hydrargyri Ni'trico-Ox'ydum. Ni- Hydrargyrum Cum Cre'ta. U. S., Ph.
tric oxyd of mercury. L., E. Mercury with chalk.
and D.
Hydrargyri Oxydum Nigrum. U. S. Hydrargyrum Cum Magne'sia. Ph.
Black oxyd of mercury. D. Mercury with carbonate of mag-
Hydrargyri Oxydum Kubrum. U. S. nesia.

Red precipitate of mercury. Nitric oxyd Hydrargyrum Hydrocyanicum. See

of mercury. Hardrargyri cyanuretum.
Hydrargyri Oxydum Sulphuricum. Hydrargyrum Muriat'icum. Chloride
See Hydrargyri Sulphas Flavus. of mercury. Protochloride of mercury.
Hydrargyri Oxymu'rias. Corrosive Calomel.
sublimate. Hydrargyrum Phosphora'tum. Phos-
Hydrargyri Prussias. See Hydrar- phureted mercury.
gyri cyanuretum. Hydrargyrum Pr^cipita'tum. See
Hydrargyri Submu'rias. Calomel. Hydrargyrum ammoniatum.
Hydrargyri Submurias Ammoniatum. Hydrargyrum Pr^cipita'tum Cine'-
See Hydrargyrum ammoniatum. reum. See Hydrargyrum oxydum ni-
Hydrargyri Sul'phas Fla'vus. U. S. grum.
Yellow sulphate of mercury. Subsul- Hydrargyrum Purificatum. Purified
phate of mercury. Sulphate of mercury. mercury.
Turpeth mineral. Hydrargyrum Sacchara'tum. Mer-
Hydrargyri Sulphure'tum Nigrum. cury triturated with lump sugar.
U. S. Black Sulphuret of mercury. Hydrargyrum Vitriola/tum. See Hy-
iEthiop's mineral. drargyri sulphas flavus.
Hydrargyri Sulphuretum Ru'brum. HYDRARGYRIA. Hydrargyrum. Mer-
U. S. Red sulphuret of mercury. Bi- cury.
Bulphuret of mercury. Cinnabar. HYDRAR'THRUS. See Hydarthrus.
Hydrargyri Supermurias. See Hy- HYDRAS'TIS CANADEN'SIS. Yel-
drargyri chloridum corrosivum. low Turmeric
Golden seal ; a
root. root.
HYDRARGYRIA. Eczema mercuriale. perennial herb, having an acrid, bitter
Mercurial eczema, or eczema resulting taste, and employed by the Indians as an
from the use of mercury. application to old ulcers. The juice of
HYDRARGYRIASIS. Poisoning by the root is used as a dye.
mercury. HY'DRATE. A compound containing
HYDRARGYRO-IODIDES. and definite proportion
Com- water in a fixed •

pounds of iodide or cyanide of mercury a substance which has formed so intimate

with corresponding salts of potassium, a union with water as to solidify it.

sodium, &c. Hydrate of Potassa. Caustic potash.

HYDRARGYRO-STOMATI'TIS. Mer- HY'DRATED. Chemically combined
curiale sore mouth. with water.
HYDRAR'GYRUM. From vdcop, water, HYDRAULICS. From viup, water,
and apyvpog, silver. Quicksilver. Mercury. and avloc, a pipe. The science of the mo-
A liquid metal of a brilliant, bluish-white tions of liquids, the laws which regulate
color. them, and the effects which they pro-
Hydrargyrum Aceta'tum. See Hy- duce.
drargyri acetas. HYDRENCEPHALOCE'LE. From
 HYD 368 HYD
vd(jp } and eynefyaloc, the brain, and nn^n, a KTjTiTj, a tumor. A collection of serous fluid
tumor. A watery tumor of the brain. either in the membrane of the scrotum, or
HYDRENCEPH'ALOID. From vSup, in the coats of the testicle and its vessels.

water, eynetyaloq } the brain, and eidog

} Hydrocele Cysta'ta. Encysted hy-
resemblance. Resembling hydrocephalus. drocele of the spermatic chord.
Spurious hydrocephalus, resulting from Hydrocele of the Neck. A tumor
diseases of the bowels and the irritation of filled with a watery fluid, occupying some
teething. portion of the neck.
HYDRENCEPH'ALUS. Acute hydro- Hydrocele Peritonei. Dropsy of
cephalus. the abdomen.
HYDRENTEROCE'LE. From v6u>p, Hydrocele Spina'lis. Hydrorachis.
water, evrepov, intestine, and tcr}2,n
f a tu- HYDROCENO'SIS. Evacuation of
mor. Intestinal hernia with an enclosure morbid accumulations of water.
of water in the sac. HYDROCEPHALUS. From vdup,
HYDRIDE. A compound of hydrogen water, and netyalr), the head. Dropsy of
with another simple body, especially the brain. Dropsy of the head. It is dis-
metal. tinguished into acute and chronic; external
HYDRENTEROMPHALOCE'LE. Um- and internal. When acute, it is attended
bilical hernia, in which the tumor contains by symptoms of inflammation of the brain.
intestine and water. Chronic hydrocephalus generally com-
HYDRI'ODATE. The old name for mences at an early period of life, causes a
iodide. distention of the brain and bones of the
HYDRIOD'IC ACID. A colorless, gas- cranium, and generally proves fatal. When
eous acid, consisting of one atom of io- external, it consists in a mere infiltration

dine and one of hydrogen. of the sub-cutaneous cellular tissue. The

HYDRO'A. From v dup, water. A pus- internal variety is said to be seated in the
tule containing a serous or watery fluid. meninges and surface of the encephalon,
HYDRO^E'MIA. Hydremia. From and is termed tubercular meningitis.
vdup, water, and cuuaf blood. A state of Hydrocephalus Spu'rius. Hydren-
the blood in which there is an excess of cephalous disease.

its watery constituents. HYDROCHLO'RATES. The old name

HYDROA'RION. From vdup, water, for chlorides.

and uapiov, ovarium. Dropsy of the ova- HYDROCHLO'RIC ACID. Muriatic

rium. acid. An acid composed of one atom of
HYDROAZOCARBYLS. A class of chlorine and one of hydrogen.
Lowig's system, comprising those organic HYDROCHYSES. A class of diseases
radicals which contain carbon, hydrogen in Fuchs' classification, characterized by
and nitrogen. sudden effusion of water, as serous apo-
HYDROBLEPHARON. From v&up, plexy.
water, and (IXeQapov, eyelid. Watory HYDROCIRSOCE'LE. A tumor caused
swelling of the eyelids. by varicose veins and aedema of the scro-
HYDROOE'LIAS. Ascites. tum.
HYDROCAR'BONS. Organic com- HYDROCOTYLE CENTEL'LA. A
pounds of hydrogen and carbon. The South African plant possessing astringent
meaning of this term is often extended properties.
so as to embrace the combinations of these HYDROCHLORIC ETHER. See
elements, carbon and hydrogen, with oxy- Ether, Hydrochloric.
gen. HYDROCYANIC ACID. Acidum hy-
H YDROCAR'DI A Dropsy of the peri- drocanicum. Prussic acid; one of the
.

cardium. most rapid and deadly poisons.

HYDROCE'LE. From vdo>p, water, and HYDROCYS'TIS. From vdup, water,
 HYD 369 HYD
and kvotic, a bladder. A cyst filled with HY'DROLITE. From vdup, and lodog,

a serous fluid. a stone. A mineral, the crystals of which

HYDRODYNAMICS. From vdup, and are six-sided prisms, terminated by low
6vva/j.ig, power, force. That branch of six-sided pyramids, with truncated sum-
Physical Science which treats of the prop- mits.
erties and relations of water and other HYDROL'OGY. Hydrolog'ia ; from
fluids, whether in motion or at rest. vdup, water, and toyog, a discourse. A
HYDRODER'MA. From vdup, water, treatise on the properties and nature of
and depfia, the skin. Dropsy of the skin. water.
Anasarca. HYDROMAN'CY. From vdup, and
HYDE O-ENTERO-EPIPLOCE'LE. fiavTEia, prophecy. Divination by water,
An entero-epiplocele, complicated with a method of predicting events practiced
effusion of serous fluid in the hernial sac. by the ancient Persians and Romans.
Hydrq-Epiplocele. Omental hernia HYDROMAN'IA. From vdup, water,
with effusion of serous fluid in the her- and fiavta, mania. A propensity to drown
nial sac. one's self.

Hydro-Epiplomph'altjm. Umbilical HY'DROMEL. Hydrom'eli; from vdup,

hernia, with effusion of serous fluid in the water, and pzki, honey. Water sweetened
sac. with honey.
HYDROFLUORIC ACID. A caustic, HYDROM'ETER. ffydrome'trum; from
gaseous acid, obtained by the action of vdup, water, and perpov, a measure. An
sulphuric acid on fluoride of calcium. instrument to determine the specific grav-
HYDROFLUOSILI'CIC ACID. 3IIF 2 ity of fluids.

SiF3 + Si03. Acid formed of hydrogen, HYDROMETRA. From vdup, water,

fluorine,and silicon. It is soluble in and pi]rpa, the womb. Dropsy of the
water and is used in analytical chemistry, uterus.
chiefly to determine the presence of baryta. HYDROMET'RID^E. From vdup, wa-
HYDROGEN. Hydrogen' inm; from ter, and imrpa, a birth-place. A family of
vdup, water, and yevvau, I produce. So Oeocorisce, or land-bugs, frequenting the
called, because it forms water in combina- surface of water.
tion with oxygen. Inflammable air ; an HYDROM'PHALUM. From vdup,
elementary body, known only in a gaseous wnter. and opipaAog, the navel. A tumor
state, without odor or color. at the navel containing a serous fluid.
Hydrogen, Carbureted. Carbureted TIYDROMYRIN'GA.
From vdup, wa-
hydrogen. and myringa or myrinx, the raem-
ter,

Hydrogen, Oxyd of. Protoxyd of hy- brana tympani. Dropsy of the tympa-
drogen. Water. num.
Hydrogen, Phosphttreted. A com- HYDRONEPHROSIS. From ft**,
pound of hydrogen and phosphorus a water, and vetypog, kidney.
; An accumula-
transparent colorless gas, of an offensive tion of urine in the kidney, caused by ob-
odor, and bitter taste. struction of the uriniferous tubes.
Hydrogen SrjLPHtrRETED. Hydrosul- HYDRON'OSOS. From tdpug, sweat,
phuric acid. and voaog, a disease. Sudor anglicanus.
HYDROGLOS'SA. Ranula. Sweating sickness.
HYDROG'URET. Hydride. HYDRO'PATHY. Hydropath'ia; from
HYDROHYMENI'TIS. Inflammation vdup, water, and na&og, disease. The treat-
of a serous membrane. ment of disease by the external and inter-
HYDROLA'TA. Distilled water. nal use of water.
HYDROLEA'CE^). A small natural HY'DROPERICAR'DIUM. Hydroperi-
order of Monopetalous Exogens, chiefly in- car'dia; from vdup, and mpi.Kap6i.ov, the
habiting watery places in tropical climates. pericardium. Dropsy of the pericardium.
 HYD 870 HYD
HYDKOPHAL'LUS. Dropsy of the HYDROP'ICA. Hydragogues.
penis. HYDROPLEURI'TIS. Pleurisy at-
HY'DROPHANE. From and tended with serous
vdop, effusion. Acute hy-
(jxuvu, I shine. A species of opal, opaque drothorax.
when dry, and transparent in water. HYDROPNEUMO'NIA. From vdop,
HYDROPH'IDES. From vdop, water, water, and irvEVfiov, the lung. Serous in-
and offxg, a serpent. A section of Ophid- filtration of the cellular tissue of the lungs.
ians, including the water snakes, armed HYDROPNEUMOSAR'CA. From
with small poison fangs, associated with vdop, water, nvevfia, wind, and oap£, flesh.

non-venomous maxillary teeth. An abscess containing air, liquid and flesh,

HYDROPHIL'ID^. From vdop, and or generally extravasated blood.
tyikeo, I love. A family of Pentamerous HYDRO'PNEUMO'THO'RAX. From
Coleopterans, or aquatic beetles, with vdop, water,
-rrvevfxov, the lung, and -dopa!-.,

wings by which they can transport them- the chest. Pneumothorax, complicated
selves from one piece of water to another. with serous effusion into the chest.
The familyincludes many genera. HY'DROPS. From vdop, water. Dropsy.
HYDROPHIMO'SIS. (Edematous phi- Hydrops Abdominis. Ascites.
mosis. Hydrops Articulo'rum. Hydarthrua.
HYDROPHO'BIA. From vdop, water, Hydrops Cap'itis. Hydrocephalus.
0o/3e«, to terrify. Literally, dread of wa- Hydrops Cer'ebri. Acute hydroceph-
ter. Canine madness. That peculiar and alus.
horrible disease consequent upon the bite Hydrops Cysticus. A collection of se-
of a rabid animal. rous fluid in a cyst or sac.
HYDROPHTHAL'MIA. From vdop, Hydrops Genu. Dropsy of the knee.
and o^alfioq, the eye. Dropsy of the Hydrops Glotti'dis. GEdema of the
eyeball. glottis.

HYDROPHTHAL'MIAN. (Edema of Hydrops Oculi. Hydrophthalmia.

the conjuctiva. Hydrops Ovarii. Dropsy of the ova-
HYDROPHYLLUM. A genus of plants rium.
of the order Hydrophyllacece. Hydrops PALPEBRiE. Hydroblepharon.
Hydbophyllum Appendicula'tum . Hydrops Pecto'ris. Hydrothorax.
Hairy waterleaf. Hydrops Pericar'dii. Hydropericar-
Hydrophyllum Canaden'se. Cana- dium.
dian waterleaf. Hydrops Pul'monum. Hydropneumo-
Hydkophyllum Macrophyl'lum. nia.
Large waterleaf. Hydrops Sacci Lachryma'lis. Fistula
Hydkophyllum Virgi'nicum. Virgin- lachrymalis.
ian waterleaf. Hydrops Sacco'rum Pleu'r.e. Hydro-
HYDRO-PHYSOCE'LE. From vdop, thorax.
water, §vot\, wind, and ktjTltj, a tumor. Hydrops Tuba'lis. Serous accumula-
Hernia containing serum and gas. tion in the Fallopian tube.
HYDROPHYSOME'TRA. From vdop, HYDROPYR'ETOS. Sweating fever.
water, tyvari, wind, and perpa, the womb. HYDRORA'CHIS. From vdop, water,
Distension of the uterus by an accumula- Wf, the spine. Dropsy of the spine.
tion of serous and gaseous matter. HYDROR'CHIS. Hydrocele.
HYDROPHYTES. From vdop, water, HYDRORRHEA. From vdop, water,

and <pvTov, a plant. A term applied in and peo, I flow. Any chronic discharge
Botany to fresh-water plants. of serous fluid. Also, Egyptian ophthal-
HYDROP'IC. Hydropicus; from mia, with a profuse flow of tears.

vdpoip, the dropsy. One affected with HYDROSAL'PINX. Dropsy of the

dropsy. Relating to dropsy. , I
Fallopian tube.
 ;

HYG 371 HYG

HYDROSARCOCE'LE. From vdap, pressions ; so also does it affect their con-

water, oapt, flesh, and Krfkt], a tumor. dition after they are formed, as well as
Sarcocele, complicated with serous effu- that of the parts with which they are con-
sion of the tunica vaginalis. nected. Still, experience has established
HYDROSCHEOCE'LE. Hydrocele. certain enlightened rules for the care of
HYDROSTATICS. Hydrostat'ica the teeth which have been found efficacious
from vdup, water, and arariKog, standing. in counteracting many of the morbid in-
That part of physics which treats of the fluences to which they are exposed.
weight and equilibrium of fluids. The particular care which they, when
HYDROSUL'PHATE. A salt from a well arranged and free from disease,
combination of hydrosulphuric acid with require, to secure their preservation, is
a salifiable base. none other, to use the language of Desira-
HYDROSULPHU'RIC ACID. Sulf- bode, than that which should ** form the
hydric Acid. A colorless gas containing daily 'toilette' of the mouth," and this
one atom of sulphur and one of hydrogen. should consist in thoroughly cleaning the
It precipitates most of the metals from teeth three or four times every day with a
their saline combinations. suitable brush and waxed floss silk, as
HYDROTHO'RAX. From vdup, water, recommended by Dr. L. S. Parmly. The
and $«po|, the chest. Dropsy of the chest. brush alone is not sufficient. The outer
Effusion of serum in one or both of the and inner surfaces of the teeth only can be
cavities of the pleura. kept clean by the brush, and for the re-
HYDROTTCA. Hydragogues. moval of lodgments of alimentary sub-
HYDRO'TIS. Dropsy of the ear. stances from between them where they
HY'DRURET. See Hydride. are most likely to be productive of per-
HYDRYLS. Organic radicals composed nicious effects, floss-silk, hemp or flax is

of several atoms of hydrogen. absolutely necessary.

HYGIENE. From vyteia, health. That If stains or discolorations appear on
part of medicine which has for its object the enamel, they should at once be re-
the preservation of health. moved by the use of some suitable tooth
Hygiene, Dental. That part of the powder, or, what in many cases will be
dental branch of medicine which has for found more efficient and preferable, an ar-
its object the preservation of the health of gillaceous tooth-polisher, as advised by Dr.

the teeth and the parts with which they L. S. Parmly, or some other similar me-
are immediately connected, and as the chanical agent.
organism generally, from the period of HYGIENIC. Relating to hygiene.
birth, is subject to hygienic influences, so, HYGRO-. From vypoq, humid. A pre-
also, are the teeth, gums and alveolar pro- fix denoting the presence of humidity.
cesses. But, as the health of one organ is HYGROBLEPHARTCI. The excretory
dependent upon the manner in which ducts of the lachrymal glands.
all the rest perform their functions, it is HYGROCATARAC'TA. Soft cataract.
impossible to lay down exact hygienic HYGROL'OGY.
Hygrolog'ia; from
rules for the one, irrespective of the con- humid, and hoyoq, a discourse. A
vypog,

dition of the others. A system of hygiene, treatise on the fluids of the body.
therefore, for one set or class of organs, to HYGRO'MA. From vypog, humid. A
be complete, must, of necessity, have ref- tumor containing serous or some other hu-
erence to the health of all the other organs mid matter, but not pus. Dropsy of the
of the body. For example, the state of bursa? mucosaa.
the general health during the ossification HYGROM'ETER. Hygome'irum; from
of the teeth, determines the physical con- vypog, humid, and /-terpov, a measure. An
dition of these organs, and as a conse- instrument for measuring the humidity of
quence their susceptibility to morbid im- the atmosphere.
 HYO 372 HYP
HYGROM'ETRY. The art of measur- and etdoe, likeness, because it resembles
ing the dryness or humidity of the atmos- the upsilon. The os hyoides.
phere. Hyoides, Os. A movable bone, convex
HYGROPHOBIA. Hydrophobia. anteriorly, situated in the soft parts of the
HYMEN. From vpnv, a membrane or neck, between the root of the tongue and
pellicle. Also, the god of marriages. In larynx.
Anatomy, a circular fold of mucous mem- HYOSCYA'MIA. Hyoscyamin. An
brane which, partly, or wholly, closes the alkaloid obtained from Hyoscyamus niger.
entrance of the vagina in virgins, and es- HYOSCYAMUS. From i*r, a swine,
pecially before menstruation, though it is and Kvafiog, a bean ; so called because hogs
said to be sometimes wanting. In Botany, eat it, or because the plant is hairy and
the fine pellicle which encloses a flower in bristly like a hog. A genus of plants of
the bud. the order Solanacece. Also, henbane.
HYMEN^E'A. A genus of plants of Hyoscyamus Albus. White henbane.
the order Fabacece. Hyoscyamus Luteus. See Nicotiana
Hymen.ea Courbaril. West Indian Rustica.
locust, the roots of which exude a resin Hyoscyamus Niger. Black henbane.
known under the name of gum anime. Hyoscyamus ; a valuable sedative and nar-
HYME'NIUM. That part in which the cotic.

sporules lie in fungi, usually called gills in HYO-THYROIDETJS. The thyrohy-

the genus Agaricus; a spongy substance in oid muscle.
the Boletus, presenting in other genera a HYP/E'MIA. Deficiency or extravasa-
variety of peculiar appearances. tion of blood.
HYMENO'DES. Membranous. Urine HYPATMIS'MUS. Bypatmus. Fumiga-
filled with pellicles. tion.
HYMENOL'OGY. Eymenolog'ia; from HYPER. Tnep. Above. A Greek pre-
v/jt]v, a membrane, and "kayos, a discourse. position, used as a prefix to denote excess.
A treatise on the structure and functions HYPERACU'SIS. From wrep, above,

of membranes. and aKovmt:, hearing. Morbid sensibility

HYMENOP'TERA. From vuj\v, a mem- of the organ of hearing.
brane, and Tzrepov, a wing. An order of in- HYPERADENO'SIS. Hypertrophy of
sects, as the bee, wasp, &c, which have a gland.
membranous wings. HYPEREMIA. From rmep, above,
HYMENOT'OMY. Eymmotom'ia; and aiua, blood. Sanguineous congestion.
from v^ttjv, a membrane, and ream, I cut. Local plethora.
The dissection of membranes. Also, the HYPER.ESTHE'SIS. From vmp, above,
incision of the hymen. and aiadavouac, to feel. Preternatural, or
HY'O-BA'SIO-GLOS'SUS. The basio- morbid increase of sensibility.
glossus muscle. HYPERAPHTA. From vnep, in excess,

HY'0-CHON'DRO-GLOS'SUS. The and atyo, touch. Morbid acuteness of touch.

hyo-glossus muscle. HYPERAPHRODIS'IA. Excessive ve-
HYO-EPIGLOT'TICUS. Belonging to nereal desire.

the hyoides and epiglottis. Also, applied HYPERACTAPINO'SIS. Excessive

to the hyo-epiglottic ligament. activity of the absorbents.

HYO-GLOS'SUS. A thin, broad, quad- HYPERCATHAR'SIS. From vnep,

rilateral muscle, which has its origin from above, and Jtadcupu, to purge. Excessive
the body, cornu, and appendix of the os purgation.
hyoides, and is inserted into the side of the HYPERCHLO'RIC ACID. Perchloric
tongue, forming the greater part of its acid. An acid containing a greater pro-
bulk. portion of oxygen than chloric acid.
HYOI'DES. From the Greek letter v, HYPERCRIN'IA. From vnep, and
 HYP 878 HYP
npivu, I separate. Morbid increase of the HYPEROSTO'SIS. From vmp, upon,
secretions. and ooreov, a bone. Exostosis.
HYPER'CKISIS. A crisis of unusual HYPERPHLEBO'SIS. Unusual de-
severity or excessive critical evacuation. velopment of the venous system.
HYPEREM'ESIS. From vnep, in ex- HYPERSARCO'MA. From vnep, above,
cess, and e/xeu, I vomit. Excessive vom- and oap^, flesh. Hypersarcosis. An ex-
iting. uberant growth of flesh. A fleshy excres-

HYPEREPHIDRO'SIS. From vnep, cence.

above, and eQidpooic, excessive sweating. HYPERSARCO'SIS. Hypersarcoma.
Morbidly profuse sweating. HYPERSTHENIC. From vnep, above,
HYPERERETHISTA. From vnep, in and o-devoc, power. Excess of vital power.
excess, and epedi£o, I excite. Excessive HYPERSTHENIC. Hypersthen'icus.
irritability. Morbid sensibility. Active in an unusual degree.
HYPERGEN'ESIS. From vnep, in ex- HYPERTONIA. From vnep, beyond,
cess, and yeveaig, generation. That excess and rovog, tone. Excess of tone in the
of formative power in any organ or tissue tissues of the body.
which occasion's excessive development. HYPERTROPILE'MIA. Increase of
HYPERGEUS'TIA. Hypergeu'sis ; the nutritive power of the blood.
from vnep, above, and yevang, taste. Ex- HYPERTROPHY. Hypertroph'ia; from
cessive sensibility of the organ of taste. vnep, in excess, and rpotyr), nourishment.
HYPERHZEMATO'SIS. Inflammation. Excess of nourishment, and consequent in-
HYPERHIDRO'SIS. From vnep, above crease of an organ or part, without chang-
and idpug , sweat. Morbidly profuse per- ing the nature of its substance.
spiration. Hypertrophy of the Heart. A mor-
HYPERICA'CEiE. A natural order of bid increase of the muscular substance of
Exogenous plants, usually strong-scented the heart.
and astringent. HYPERURE'SIS. Superabundant se-
HYPERICUM. A genus of plants of cretion of urine.
the order Hypericacece. HYPEX'ODOS. An alvine discharge
Hypericum Astdros^i'mum. St. Peter's or flux.
wort, formerly used as a mild purgative. HYPINO'SIS. From vno, under, and
Hypericum Bacoif'erum. A tree of tg, fibre. A deficiency of fibrin -in the
Brazil, the juice of the bark of which, in blood, as in chlorosis, scorbutus, &c.
a dry state, resembles gamboge. HYPNOBATA'SIS. The act of walk-
Hypericum Perfolia'tum. St. John's ing in one's sleep. Somnambulism.
wort. It was formerly supposed to be an- HYPNOL'OGY. Eypnolog'ia; from
odyne. vnvog, sleep, and toyog, a discourse. A
HYPERINO'SIS. From vnep, above, treatise on sleep. Also, that part of hy-
and ig, fibre. That condition of the blood giene which relates to the proper regula-
inwhich there is an excess of fibrin, as in tion of sleeping and waking.
inflammation. HYPNOT'IC." Eypnot'icus ; from vnvog,
HYPERO'A. From vnep, upon, and sleep. Medicines which induce sleep. Som-
wov, a high place. The palate. niferous; narcotic.
HYPEROI'TIS. From hyperoa, the HYPNOTISM. A peculiar state of ar-
palate, and itis, inflammation. Inflam- tificially induced sleep, in which the mind
mation of the palate. is remarkably open to externa] influences.
HYPERO-PHARYNGEUS. HYPO-. A prefix, from vno, under, sig-
The palate- pharyngeus muscle. nifying deficiency.
HYPEROSPHRE'SIA. From vnep, Hypo. An abbreviation of hypochon-
above, and oacpprjoig, smell. Excessive driasis.
acuteness of smell. HYPOiE'MIA. From vno, beneath,
 HYP 374 HYP
and ai/ia, blood. Anaemia; deficiency of HYPOGLOT'TIS. From viro, under,
blood. and ykurra, the tongue. The under part
HYPOCATHAR'SIS. From two, un- of the tongue.
der,, and Kadaipu, purgation. Gentle pur- HYPOGASTRIC. Hypogas'tricus. Be-
gation ; insufficient operation of a cathar- longing to the hypogastrium.
tic. Hypogastric Artery. The internal
HYPOCAUSTUM. From vm, beneath, iliac artery.

and nauo, I burn. A term applied by the Hypogastric Plexus. A plexus of

ancients to a subterranean place used for nerves formed by the termination of the
heating baths. aortic plexus, and by the union of branches

HYPOCM'RIS. A genus of plants from the lower lumbar ganglia. It is sit-

of the order Compositce. uated at the lateral and posterior parts of

Hypoch^ris Macula'ta. Broad-leaved the rectum, and the lower and back part
Hungarian hawkwort, supposed to be use- of the bladder.
ful in some pulmonary affections. Hypogastric Region. Hypogastrium
HYPOCHLO'ROUS ACID. A com- HYPOGAS'TRIUM. From wo, under,
pound of chlorine and oxygen. and yaoTrip, the stomach. The lower part
HYPOCHON'DRIAC. Eypochondri- of the abdomen, extending from above
a'sis ; from viro, under, and ^ovcJpof, a the pubes to within three fingers' breadth

cartilage. Belonging to the hypochondria. of the navel. It is divided into three

Also, one affected with hypochondriasis. secondary regions, the pubic, or central,
Hypochondriac Region. In Anatomy, and two lateral, or inguinal.

the space situated on each side below the HYPOGASTROCE'LE. A hernia in

short ribs. the hypogastrium, formed by the protru-
HYPOCHONDRIASIS. Morbus hxjpo- sion of intestine or omentum through the
chondri'acus. Lowness of spirits a low lower part of the linea alba.
;

species of melancholy combined with dys- HYPOGLOSSIADENI'TIS. Inflam-

pepsia, flatulence, and illusion of the mation of the sublingual gland.
senses. HYPOGLOS'SUS. From vivo, under,
HYPOCHON'DRIUM. The lateral and yAuaoa, the tongue. That which is

and superior regions of the abdomen un- under the tongue, as the hypoglossal
der the cartilages of the false ribs. nerves.
HYPOCOHY'MA. From viro, and *vw, HYPOGLOT'TIS. From v™, under,
to pour out. Cataract. and yluTTa, the tongue. The under part
HYPOCOI'LON. The cavity under the of the tongue. Ranula.
eye. Also, the under eyelid. HYPOGYNOUS. A term applied in
HYPOCOPHO'SIS. From viro, and Botany to stamens when they arise from
natyooic, deafness. A slight degree of deaf- below the ovary.
ness. HYPO'MIA. From wrw, and ufioc,

HYPOCRA'NIUM. From viro, under, the shoulder. The part subjacent to the
and npaviov, the skull. A collection of shoulder.
pus between the cranium and dura mater. HYPON'OMUS. A deep fistula or
HYPOCRATE'RIFORM. In Botany, ulcer.

salver-shaped. HYPON'YCHON. Ecchymosis under

HYPODERMAT'OMY. Hypoderma- a nail.
tom'ia ; from viro, under, deppa, the skin, HYPONI'TROTJS ACID. Nitrous acid.
and lo/it], incision. The section of subcu- HYPOPATHIA. A trivial disease.

taneous parts, as of tendons, muscles, &c. HYPOPE'DIUM. A cataplasm for the

HYPO'GALA. From vno, under, and sole of the foot.
yaka, milk. A collection of Avhite humor HYPOPHTHAL'MIA. A term applied
in the chambers of the eye. in Pathology to the pain preceding suppu-
 ;

HYS 375 HYS

ration or similar affections, in the anterior Hyssop, Hedge. Gratiola officinalis.
chamber of the eye. HYSSOPUS. A genus of plants of
HYPOPHYL'LUS. From two, beneath, the order Salviaceoz.
and tyvllov, a leaf. A term applied in Hyssopus Capitattjs. Wild thyme.
Botany to minute cryptogamous plants Hyssopus Officina'lis. Common
which vegetate on the lower surface of hyssop ; a plant possessing aromatic, stim-
the leaves. ulant, and pectoral properties.
HYPOPYON. Hypop'yon; from vno, HYSTERA. Yorepa. The uterus.
under, and nvov, pus, because the pus is HYSTERAL'GIA. From vorepa, the
under the cornea. Applied to a small uterus, and afyog, pain. Pain in the
abscess between the lamina) of the cornea, uterus.
and to collections of coagulable lymph, HYSTERATRE'SIA. Imperforation of
like pus, in the chambers of the eye.'
1
the os uteri.
HYPORINTON. From wr», under, HYSTERELCO'SIS. Ulceration of
and ptv, the nose. The upper lip beneath the uterus.
the nose; also, the beard which grows HYSTE'RIA. From vorepa, the uterus,
upon it. from which the disease was supposed to
HYPOSIAGONARTHRFTIS. From originate. Hysterics. A morbid affection
vno, oiayuv, the jaw-bone, ap&pov, a joint, peculiar to the human female, occurring
and Ms, inflammation. Inflammation of in paroxysms, and characterized by anx-
the joint of the jaw-bone. iety of mind, effusion of tears, palpitation
HYPOSPADIAS. Hypospadia; from of the heart, difficult breathing, a sense
vno, under, and onau, I draw. A malfor- of suffocation, stupor, insensibility, agita-
mation of the penis, in which the urethra tion of the limbs and whole body, spasm,
opens at the base, instead of the apex. alternate fits of laughter and crying, with
HYPOSTA'PHYLE. Eelaxation and a discharge of frothy saliva, and some-
elongation of the uvula. times delirium.
HYPOSTASIS. Sediment. Hysteria Catalep'tica. Catalepsy.
HYPOSTHE'NIC. Contra-stimulant. HYSTE'RICS. Hysteria.
HYPOS'TROPHE. Turning over. HYSTERPTIS. Metritis. Inflamma-
HYPOTH'ENAR. From vno, under, tion of the uterus.
and devap, the palm of the hand. A mus- HYSTEROCE'LE. Hernia of the
cle on the inside of the hand. Also, the uterus.
part of the hand opposite to the palm. HYSTERO-CYSTOCE'LE. Hernia of
Hypothenar Eminence. The fleshy the uterus, with displacement of the
projection on the palm or surface of the bladder.
hand, corresponding to the little finger. HYSTERO-MALA'CIA. Hysteromala-
Hypothenar Min'imi Dig'iti. The co'sis ; from vorepa, the uterus, and ^aka-
flexor parvus minimi digiti muscle. Kia, softness. Softening of the uterus.
Hypothenar Mi'nor Metacar'pus. HYSTEROMAN'IA. From vorepa, the
The abductor minimi digiti muscle. uterus, and ftavia, madness. See Nympho-
Hypothenar Riola'ni. The flexor mania.
parvus minimi digiti muscle. HYSTERON'CUS. From vorepa, and
HYPOTHESIS. A supposition in- oynog, tumor. A
tumor of the uterus.
vented to explain a phenomenon. HYSTEROPTO'SIS. From vorepa, and
HYPOTHETON. Suppository. nruotc, a falling down. Prolapsus uteri.
HYPOTROPHTA. Scanty nourishment. HYSTERORRH03A. From vorepa, and
HYPOZO'MA. From vno, under, and pea, to flow. A discharge of blood or
(,uvvv/ii, I bind round. A membrane or mucus from the uterus.
septum. The diaphragm. HYS'TEROSCOPE. Bys'ieroscojnum
HYSSOP. Hyssopus officinalis. from vorepa, and ononeo, to examine. An
 ICE 876 ICH
instrument for examining the uterus; a operation ; also, the dissection of the
speculum uteri. uterus.
HYSTEROSTOMAT'OMUS. From HYSTRICI'ASIS. From vorepit, a por-
vorepa, mo/ia, the mouth, and te(ivelv ) to cupine. A disease of the hairs, in which
cut. A term applied in Obstetrics to an they stand erect, an affection of rare oc-
instrument for dividing the neck of the currence.
uterus when immediate delivery, as in HYSTRICI'DiE. From vtrreptg, a por-
becomes necessary.
cases of convulsion, cupine. A family of Rodent Quadrupeds,
HYSTEROTOMY. Hysterotom'ia; from of which the porcupine (Hystrix Cristata)
voTEpa, re/iveiv, to cut. The Caesarian is the type.

I. The symbol of Iodine. Iceland Spar. Crystallized carbonate

IAMA. lafia. A means of healing; of lime.
a remedy; a medicine. ICHOR. Ix°>P- Sanies. A thin, watery,
IAMATOL'OGY. Materia medica. and acrid discharge.
IATERIA. The healing art. ICHOROUS. Of the nature of, or re-
IATRALETP'TICE. The treatment of sembling, ichor.
disease by friction and applications to the ICHNEU'MON. An animal of the
skin. genus Viverra, or Mangusta, inhabiting
IATRALEP'TES. From tarpog, a phy- Egypt, and feeding on the eggs of tho
sician, and akeifyu, I anoint. One who crocodile, mice, &c.
treats disease by "friction and other exter- Ichneumon Fly. A genus of flies of
nal remedies. the order Uymenoptera, containing several
IATRI'NE. A female practitioner of thousand species.
medicine ; a midwife. ICHTHYOCOL'LA. From «#*, a fish,

IAT'RICOS. Pertaining to medicine. and Holla, glue. Isinglass. Fish-glue.

IATRI'ON. The office or shop of a Pure gelatine. The dried swimming-
physician or surgeon ; also, a physician's bladder of Acipenser huso, and other
fee, or the expense of a cure. species of the sturgeon genus.
IATROCHY'MICUS. A physician of ICHTHYOG'RAPHY. From *X**t, a
the chemical school, one who treats disease fish, and ypo^u, to describe. That part of
with chemical remedies. Zoological Science which treats of fishes.
IATROGNOM'ICA. From tarpoc, a ICH'THYOLITE. From trfvc, a fish,
physician, and yivucKu, I know. Medical and Ati9of, a stone. Fossil fish.
knowledge. A knowledge of medicine. ICHTHYOL'OGY. From ***, a fish,

IAT'ROS. larpoc. A physician. and Aoyof , a discourse. A treatise on fishes.

IATROTECH'NA. From larpoc, a phy- ICHTHYOPH'AGISTS. From i*#«,
sician, and Tsxvr), art. A practitioner of and (j>aju, to eat. People whose habitual
medicine or surgery. food is fish.

IBEX. A species of Capra or goat ICHTHYOPHTHAL'MITE. From **&*,

inhabiting the Alps, Pyrenees, &c. and o(j>-&a?ifj.og
) the eye. A species of zo-
ICE. Gla'cies. Frozen water. olite, so called from its resemblance to the
Ice Cap. A bladder filled with pul- eye of a fish.

verized ice, and applied to the head. ICHTHYOSIS. From ixflvs, a fish,
ICELAND MOSS. A kind of lichen from the resemblance of the scales to those
common in the mountainous districts of of a fish. A disease characterized by a
Europe ; the Cetraria islandica rough, hard, thickened, and almost horny
 IDE 877 IGN
texture of the integuments of the body. IDEOL'OGY. Ideaolog'ia; from tdea, a
It is called the fish-skin disease. thought, and Aoyof, a discourse. A treatise
Ichthyosis Pellagra. See Pellagra. on, or the doctrines of, ideas ; the science
Ichthyosis Seba'cea. Sebaceous ich- of mind intellectual philosophy. ;

thyosis. A morbid incrustation of sebace- IDIOELEC'TKIC. Containing electric-

ous substance upon the surface of the skin. ity, or rather possessing the power of ac-
ICHTHYOT'OMY. Icthyolom'ia ; from cumulating it upon the surface ; applied
iX&vg, and re/iveiv, to cut. The anatomy to bodies like glass, amber, &c, which ex-
or dissection of fishes. hibit electric properties when rubbed.
I'CICA. A genus of plants of the order IDIOPATHIC. Idiopath'ia; from idcoe,

Burseracece. peculiar, and 7ratfof, an affection. A pri-

Icica Aracouchi'ni. A tree of Gui- mary disease ; one not dependent on any
ana from which the aracouchini balsam is other.
obtained. IDIOSYN'CKASY. Jdiosyncra'sia ;
ICOSAN'DBIA. Icosan'drous ; from from l6k>s, peculiar, aw, with, and Kpaaig}
uKoai, twenty, and avrip, a man or husband. a temperament. A constitution peculiarly
Hermaphrodite plants with flowers hav- susceptible to morbid impressions from
ing twenty or more stamina on the inner certain agents, which would produce no
side of the petals. effect on others of a different constitution.

ICTEWT'IA AL'BA. Chlorosis. ID'IOT. Foolish ; stupid ; one who is

IC'TEKUS. From wcrepo?, a yellow destitute of reason.

thrush. A disease characterized by yel- IDTOTISM. Id'iocij. Jmen'tia. A spe-
lowness of the skin and eyes, with white cies of mental alienation.
fa3ces, highly colored urine, languor, inac- IDIOTHO'PHIA. Idiosyncrasy.
tivity, loathing of food, acidity of the ID'OCKASE. The volcanic garnet,
stomach, nausea and disturbed sleep. which is of various colors, and sometimes
Icterus Al'bus. Chlorosis. called volcanic crysolite or hyacinth.
Icterus Bilio'sus. This species is IDEIA'LIN. An organic oxyd C42H14O,
said to be occasioned by the inspissation of found in the roasted mercurial ore at Idria.
bile in the mouth of the ductus communis It crystallizes in small sooty scales.
choledochus. IDKYL. The basis of Idrialin, obtained
Icterus Calculo'sus. Gall-stone jaun- in minute colorless leaflets.

dice. IGASU'KIC ACID. The acid combined

Icterus Gravidarum. The jaundice with strychnia in nox vomica.
of pregnant females. IGNA'TIA AMA'EA. The plant
Icterus Hepaticus Hepatic jaundice. which yields St. Ignatius' bean.
Icterus Infan'tum The jaundice of IGNAVIA. Impotence.
infants. Yellow gum. IG'NIS. Fire. The evolution of light
Icterus Spasmod'icus Spasmodic and heat which results from combustion.
jaundice. Also, universal solvents, and the heat, red-
Icterus Ni'gra. Black jaundice. ness, and acrimony of disease.
Icterus Vir'idis. Green jaundice Ignis Actua'lis. Actual cautery.
ICTO'DES FffiTTDUS. A plant of the Ignis Cal'idus. A hot fire. In Pathol-
genus Dracontium. ogy, violent inflammation about termi-
ICTUS. From ico, to strike. A stroke nating in gangrene.
or blow ; a stroke of the sun, coup de so- Ignis Columel'l^:. Erysipelas.
ldi. Also, the pulsation of an artery, and Ignis Fat'uus. A luminous appearance
the sting of a bee. sometimes seen at night over marshy
Ictus So'lis. A stroke of the sun. grounds, produced by inflammable gases,
IDEA. From e«5w, I see. The image especially the phosphureted hydrogen.
of an object in the mind. Ignis Frig"idus. Gangrene.
 ILE 378 ILI

Ignis Natura'lis. Animal heat. ILEX. A genus of plants of the order

Ignis Persicus. Erysipelas. Also, llicece.

anthrax. Ilex Aqtjifo'lium. The European holly,

Ignis Kot.e. Fire for fusion. the leaves of which have been used in
Ignis Sapientium. The heat of fer- catarrh, pleurisy, eruption, and intermit-
menting horse dung. tent fevers, and the berries are said to be
Ignis Sylvat'icus. Crusta lactea. Also cathartic.
transient redness on the face and neck of Ilex Major. The species which fur-
hysterical or chlorotic females. nish the ballotas berries, the juice of which
IGNITION. From ignis, fire. The is slightly astringent.
act of catching fire, or of being heated to Ilex Opa'ca. American holly ; a spe-
redness. cies possessing properties similar to the
IGUA'NA. A genus of Saurian rep- European.
tiles, including many large and beautiful Ilex Paraguaien'sis. A species which
lizards, common in tropical parts of Amer- furnishes the Paraguay tea, a favorite
ica. The flesh is esteemed delicious food. beverage in South America.
IGUA'NODON. From iguana, and Ilex Vomito'ria. Cassina. The leaves
odovg, a tooth. An extinct genus of Sau- and held in great esteem by
are diuretic,
rian reptiles ; the teeth of which are den- the Southern Indians. They toast them
ticulated along the crowns. and make a decoction called black drink,
I'KAN KADIX. A very rare root used only by the men.
brought from China, supposed to be from IL'IA. The flanks; also, the small
an orchis. intestines.
ILAPHIS. Burdock. See Arctium IL'IAC. Ili'acus; from ilia, the flanks.
Lappa. Pertaining to, or connected with the flanks.
IL'EAC PASSION. Passio iliaca. Iliac Arteries. Arteries formed by
and characterized the bifurcation of the aorta, and divided
Colic seated in the ilium,
by severe griping pain, vomiting of faecal into external and internal. The external,
matter, costiveness and spasms of the after passing Poupart's ligament, is called
abdominal muscles. the femoral artery.
ILEI'TIS. Inflammation of the ileum. Iliac Crest. The superior margin of
ILEO-. From ileum, the small intestine. the ilium.
Used as a prefix. Iliac Fossae. There are two, the inter-
Ileo-Ccecal Valve. A valve at the nal and external. The internal is a broad
junction of the ileum and coecum. shallow cavity in the inner surface of the
Ileo-Cholosis. Bilious diarrhoea. os iliacum ; the external is on the external
Ileo-Colic Abtehy. Thebranch surface.
last
from the concavity of the superior mesen- Iliac Mesoco'lon. A fold of the peri-
teric artery, distributed to the ileum, coe- toneum embracing the sigmoid flexure of

cum, and commencement of the colon. the colon.

Ileo-Coli'tis. Enteritis. Iliac Passion. See Ileac Passion.
Ileo-Diclidite. Typhus. Iliac Kegion. The sides of the abdo-
Ileo-Lumbar Artery. A branch of men between the hips and the ribs.

the internal iliac artery, distributed to the Iliac Spines. The four spinous pro-
psoas and iliacus muscles. cesses of the Ilium.
ILEUM. Ileon. From uleu, to turn ILI'ACUS. Iliac.

about. The last portion of the small in- Iliacus Internus. A broad, triangu-
testines which terminate at the valve of lar radiated muscle situated on the inner
the coecum. surface of the ileum.
ILEUS. Another name for Ileac Pas- ILTCIN. A peculiar bitter principle
sion. obtained from Ilex aquifolium.
 IMM 379 IMP
ILIN'GOS. Vertigo. tions, consisting of bandages or supports,
ILIO-. Words compounded with this imbued with starch or gum, which after
term signify parts connected with the being applied becomes solid.

ilium, as illo-abdominal, illo-costal, iUo- IMPACTION. Impac'tio. A fracture

eacral, illo-lumbar , &c. with projections and depressions of frag-
lL'IUM OS. The haunch hone. The ments of bone.
largest of the three bones which form the IMPAL'PABLE. From in, and palpo,
ob innominatum. to feel. Aterm generally applied to hard
ILLI'CIUM. A genus of plants of the substances reduced to so fine a powder
order Magnoliaceoe. that their particles cannot be distinguished
Illicium Anisa'tum. The yellow-flow- by the sense of touch. Powders for the
ered aniseed tree. teeth should usually be of this character.
Illicium Florida 'num. Florida anise IMPATTENS. A genus of plants of
tree. Sweet laurel. the order Balsaminacece.
Illic'ium Parviflo'rum. A shrub, the Impatiens Balsami'na. Impatiens noli-
bark of which resembles that of the sassa- me-tangere, balsam weed. Touch-me-not.
fras. IMPENETRABILITY. A property
ILLI'TIO. Anointing. possessed by bodies of excluding from the
ILLO'SIS. From t^/los, the eye. Stra- space which they occupy all other bodies.
bismus. IMPERATO'RIA. A genus of plants
ILLUTA'TIO. From in, upon, and of the order Umbelliferoe.
lutum, mud. Illutation. The act of be- Imperato'ria Ostru'thium. Master-
smearing any part of the body with mud. wort. The root is slightly aromatic, and
ILMEN'I UM. One of the metals found has a bitterish, pungent taste.
in the minerals called iantalites and yttro- IMPER'FECT. In Botany, flowers with-
tantalites, recognized by Hermann in 1847. out anther or pistil, or both.
IMBECILITY. Imbecil'itas. Weak- IMPERFORATION. Imperfora'tio. In
ness, especially of intellect. Anatomy, a malformation, consisting in the
IMBER'BIS. Without beard. absence of natural opening or orifice of an
IMBIBITION. Imbibi'lio; from imbi- organ, as of the mouth, anus, &c.
bere, to drink, to imbibe. Endosemosis. IMPER'MEABLE. Jmpermeab'ilis.
The absorption of a liquid by a solid. Capable of resisting the passage of fluids
IMBREX NARIUM. Septum narium. and gases.
IM'BRICATE. Imbrica'tus. Imbri- IMPETIGTNES. The plural of impe-
cated ; arranged like on the roof of a
tiles tigo.
house ; a term applied in Botany to the IMPETI'GO. From impetire, to infest.
bractaj of plants, when they overlap each A word which has received several signifi-
other. cations, but at present principally used to
IMMER'SUS. Immersed plunged un- ; designate a genus of cutaneous diseases,
der water. A term applied in Anatomy to belonging to the order Pustvloz, of Bate-
the subscapularis muscle. man. In Cullen it forms a genus in the
IMMIS'CIBLE. Incapable of being class and Sauvages employs it
Cachexias,
mixed, as oil and water. as a generic term, comprising under it,
IMMOBILITY. Immobil'itas; from im- syphilis, scorbutus, rachitis, elephantiasis,
mobilis, immovable ; fixed. A
term ap- lepra, scabies, tinea, scrofula, &c. The
plied in Pathology to parts which natu- humid or running tetter, of which five
rally admit of motion, but are, from disease species are enumerated 1. Impetigo jigu- :

or other causes, rendered immovable. See rata. 2. Impetigo sparsa. 3. Impetigo ery-
Jaw, Lower, Immobility of. sipelatodes. 4. Impetigo scabida. 5. Im-

IMMOVABLE APPARATUS. An petigo rodens.

apparatus used in fractures and disloca- IM'PETUM FA'CIENS. Vital energy.
 IMP 380 IMP
IM'PETUS. Force. The momentum been substituted. Drs. Westcott and Dun-
of a moving body. In Pathology, the ning, it is believed, were the first to em-
paroxysm of a disease. ploy the latter. The following is the man-
IMPLANTATION. The act of plant- ner of obtaining an impression in it. The
ing, setting, or fixing, for the purpose of plaster is mixed with water until a thick
growth; applied sometimes to the trans- batter is formed; this is poured into a
plantation of a tooth from the mouth of wax-holder or curved box, with high walla
one person into a recently vacated socket fitting loosely over the alveolar border, the
in the mouth of another. posterior or open extremities being pre-
IMPLICATED. Implica'tus. A term viously closed with wax softened by the
applied by Celsus, Scribonius, and others, fire, or in hot water. The instant the plas-

to those parts of physic which have a ne- ter begins to congeal it is put into the
cessarv dependence on one another ; and by mouth and pressed carefully against the
}

Bellini, to fevers, when two attack a per- alveolar border until a sufficiently deep
son at a time, whether of the same kind, impression is made. This done, it is
as a double tertian, or of different kinds, permitted to remain in the mouth two or
as a tertian and quotidian, called a semi- three minutes, or long enough for the plas-
tertian. ter to harden, before it is removed ; and in
IMPLU'VIUM. An embrocation. Also, doing this, great care is necessary to pre-
a shower bath. vent cracking or injuring the impression.
IMPONDERABLE. From in, not, Should it adhere with great tenacity to the
and pondus, weight. Substances which mouth, one side is first slightly detached,
produce no effect on the most delicate bal- and then the other, and if it cannot be
ance, as light, heat, and the electric fluid. readily loosened at one point, another and
IMPOSTHUME. Imposthu'ma. An another should be tried until it is made to
abscess. yield, when the whole may be easily re-
IM'POTENCE. Weakness; loss of en-
moved, the edges trimmed, and after it
ergy, but generally applied to a want of has become dry, and before being used, it
sexual vigor; also, used synonymously should be smeared with oil or varnished.
with sterility. Impression of the Mouth in Wax.
IMPOVERISHED. Having become The manner of procuring a wax impres-
poor. In Humoral Pathology, thinness of sion is as follows : Fill a frame of suita-
the blood or any secretion from loss of ble dimensions with white or yellow wax,
some of its constituents. The blood, when previously softened in warm water, or by
pale and thin, is said to be impoverished. a fire, until it is of the consistence of dough
IMPREGNATION. Fecundation. or soft putty, then put it in the mouth with
IMPRES'SION. Impres'sio. A term the wax facing the jaw from which a trans-
applied in Anatomy and Zoology to the in- fer is to be obtained, and press it carefully
dentation made in one organ by the con- against it until a sufficiently deep indenta-
tact or attachment of another ; in Dental tion is made, or until the entire alveolar
Surgery, to the figure of certain parts of the ridge and remaining teeth are imbed-
mouth, obtained in wax or a paste of plas- ded in it. The wax-holder or frame is
ter of Paris, with a view to the applica- held steadily in one hand, and the pressure
tion of artificial teeth or some other me- applied equally with the other to every
chanical contrivance. part of it. This done, the wax around the
Impression of the Mouth in Plas- edges should be carefully pressed against
ter of Paris. For the purpose of ob- the gum, and when applied to the upper
viating the difficulty sometimes experi- jaw, to the roof of the mouth. The whole
enced in the procurement of a perfectly should now be removed, and in doing this,
accurate transfer of the alveolar border, considerable care is necessary to prevent
from an impression in wax, plaster has the shape of the impression from being al-
 ;

INC 381 INC

tered by the corners of the mouth and double above, a little behind the incisor
teeth. teeth, opening on the median line.

IMPU'BER. Impu'bis; from in, not, INCISTVUS. Pertaining to the incisor

and pubertas, puberty. Not of the age of teeth.

puberty. Inctsivus Infe'rior. Levator labii in-

IMPULSE, DIASTOLIC. Back-stroke ferioris.

of the beart. The short stroke felt at the Incisivus Latera'lis. Levator labii

end of each pulsation. superioris alreque nasi.

INANITION. Inanii'io; from inanire, Incisivus Me'dius. Depressor labii su-
to empty. Exhaustion from want of food. perioris alteque nasi.
Emptiness. INCI'SOR TEETH. Denies incisores ;
INAPPETENTIA. Anorexia. Dyso- denies acuti; denies adver'si; denies iomici.
rexia. The four front teeth in each jaw are called
INAURATION. The gilding of pills incisors,from incido, to cut, because they
or boluses with gold. cut the food. They occupy the central
INCANDES'CENCE. The bright light part of each maxillary arch. The crown
emitted by heated bodies. or body of each is wedge-shaped the an- ;

INCANTATION. Incanta'tio; from in, terior surface is convex and smooth ; the
and caniare, to sing. The cure of disease posterior is concave, and presents a tuber-
by charms. cle near the neck ; the two surfaces come
INCARCERATION. from together forming a cutting edge.
Incarcera'tio; In a
in, and career, prison. A term applied to front view the edge is generally the widest
hernia when the neck of the sac is so con- part; diminishing towards the neck, it
stricted as to prevent its easy reduction. continues narrowing to the extremity of
INCAR'NAN. A medicine which was the root.
supposed to promote the formation of The root is single, of a conical shape
flesh. laterally, slightly flattened. The enamel
INCARNATION. From in, and caro, is thicker before than behind, and behind
flesh. Granulating j filling up with flesh. than at the sides.

INCEN'DIUM. From incendere, to The incisors of the upper jaw are larger
burn. A burning fever, or any burning than those of the lower. The centrals are
heat, or inflammation. about one-third wider than the laterals.

INCERNIC'ULUM. From incernere, The lateral incisors of the lower jaw

to sift. A strainer or sieve. Also, the pelvis are generally a little wider than the
of the kidney. central, though the difference in width is

INCIDENTIA. From incidere, to cut. never so considerable as to be very per-

A term formerly applied to medicines ceptible.
which were supposed to cut the phlegm, INCISO'RIUM. A table on which a
and thus promote its discharge. patient is placed for an operation. Also, a
INCINERATION. Incinera'tio; from scalpel.
incinero, to reduce to ashes. The reduc- INCISU'RA. Incision gash, or notch. ;

tion of any substance to ashes by combus- Applied in Anatomy to the various notches
tion. in bones, e. g., the notches of the posterior
INCIS'ED. Cut. Applied in Surgery edges of the crest of the ilium.
to a wound made with a sharp-edged in- INCOMBUSTIBLE CLOTH. Cloth
strument. manufactured from the fibres of asbestos.
INCISION. Incis'io. The methodical INCOMPATIBLE. Substances which
division of soft parts made with a sharp- cannot be prescribed together, on account
edged instrument. of having a chemical action on each other.
INCISI'VUM FORA'MEN. Foramen INCOMPRES'SIBILITY. A term ap-
ineisivum. A canal, single below and plied in Physics to the property which
26
 ;

IND 382 IND

some bodies possess of resisting pressure two drachms of carbonate of soda
solving
without diminishing in volume under its and two drachms of gum arabic in four
influence. ounces of water.
INCONTINENCE. Incontinentia; from INDEX. From indicare, to point out.
in, and contineo, I contain. Inability to The forefinger.

retain the natural evacuations. Abuse of INDIAN ARROW ROOT. A plant

the sexual appetite. of the genus Maranta.
INCOItPOBATION. Incorpora'tio Indian Chess. A plant of the genus
from in, and corpus, a body. The thorough Tropaiolum.
admixture of various substances so as to Indian Date-Plum. See Diospyros
give them a uniform consistence. lotus.
INCRASSANTS. From incrasso, to Indian Fig. A plant of the genus
make thick. Medicines which were for- Cactus.
merly believed to have the property of Indian Pink. See Spigelia Marilandica.
thickening the fluids. Indian Physic. A plant of the genus
INCREMENT'UM. Augmentation ; in- Gillenia.
crease ;
growth. Indian Rubber. See Caoutchouc.
INCRUSTATION. Incrusta'tio; from Indian Tobacco. Lobelia inflata.
in, and crusta, a crust. The formation of Indian Turnip. See Arum triphyllum.
a crust on the surface of a body, or over INDIANA RADIX. Ipecacuanha.
any substance. Also, the crust itself. Indiana Springs. A chalybeate spring
INCUBATION. Jucuba'tio; from in- near Jeffersonville, highly charged with
cubare, to lie upon. In Natural History, sulphurated hydrogen.
the period a bird sits upon her eggs before INDICA CAMOTES. The potato.
the young are produced. In Medicine, INDICANT. In'dicans; from indicare,
the period that elapses from the time of to point out. Pertaining to an indication.
the introduction of a morbific agent into INDICATING DAYS. Critical days.
the body before the invasion of disease. INDICATION. Indica'tio. The man-
INCUBUS. From incubare, to lie ifestation afforded by disease of what ought
upon. The nightmarean oppressive
; to be done.
sensation of the chest during sleep, accom- INDICATOR. Exten'sor pro 'prius in'-
panied by unpleasant dreams. dicis. An extensor muscle of the fore-
INCUM'BENT. Incum'bens; from in- finger.
cumbo, to lie down. A term applied in IN'DICITM. Indigo.
Botany to authers of plants when the INDIG'ENOUS. Indig'ena. That w,hich
lower part is in contact with the filament, is peculiar to any country, in opposition to
and in Zoology, to wings of insects when exotic.
one lies over the other. INDIGESTION. Dyspepsia.
INCU'RABLE. A term applied, in Pa- INDIGITATION. In Anatomy, a slip
thology, to diseases not susceptible of cure. of muscle which is "introduced in a cleft
INCUli'VED. Bent inward. between two corresponding slips of another
IN'CUS. An anvil. The name of one muscle.
of the bones of the ear. INDIGNABUN'DITS. A term applied
INDEHIS'CENT. Not opening spon- in Anatomy to the rectus internus oculi
taneously when ripe ; applied to the peri- muscle, from the expression of anger or
carp of certain plants. scorn imparted by its action.
INDELIBLE INK. Marking ink. A INDIGO. The blue coloring matter
solution of nitrate of silver colored with obtained from the Indigofera tinctoria or
sap-green or cochineal. The linen is pre- anil ; the indigo plant.
pared for the reception of the ink by the INDIGOFERA. A genus of plants of
application of liquid pounce made by dis- the order Leguminosaz.
 INE 383 INF
Indigofera Tincto'ria. Indigofera INEQUALITY. Unevenness alter- ;

anil. The plant from which much of the nate rising and falling of a surface ap- :

indigo of commerce is obtained. plied in Dental Svrgery to malformed

INDIGOGENE. White indigo deox- teeth, and to decayed teeth which present
;

ydized indigo. an asperated surface.

1NDIGOTTC ACID. The nitranilic INE'QUIVALVE. Ina>quival'vis. A
acid of Berzelius ; a product of the action term applied in Zoology to the shell of
of diluted nitric acid on indigo. - certain Conchifera, as the oyster; and in
1NDIGOT1N'. The coloring principle Botany, to the organs of plants, in which
of indigo. there is inequality in the size and figure of
INDISPOSITION. Slight disturbance their constituent valves.
of the healthy functions of the body, with- INER'MIS. From in, privative, and
out manifest disease. arma, weapons. Unarmed a term applied ;

INDOLENT. In'dolens; from in, priv- in Botany to plants which are destitute of
ative,and (Mere, to be in pain. Without spines or prickles.
pain. Applied to tumors which are at- INERTIA. From iners, slothful. A
tended with but little pain. passive condition of parts. Also, inac-
%

INDOLES. A natural disposition or tivity.

character. INFANCY. Infan'lia ; from in, nega-

INDUCTION. Inductio ; from in, and tive, and y«n, to speak. Early childhood,
ducere, to lead. In Philosophy, the pro- generally including the age from birth to
cess of bringing forward individual facts the seventh year.
for the purpose of establishing some gene- INFANTICIDE. From infans, a child,
ral conclusion ; in Electricity, an influence and ccedere, to kill. The murder of a young
exerted by an electrified body through a child.
non-conducting medium, without any ap- INFANTILE TEETH. The tempo-
parent communication of a spark. ral or milk teeth.
INDUTLICATE. In Botany, a form INFARCTION. Emphrax'is. Engorge-
of vernation in which the margins of the ment of any of the tubes of the body.
leaves are folded abruptly inward, while Stuffing ; constipation.
their external faces are applied to each INFECTION. The introduction of a
other without any twisting. deleterious agent, as marsh miasm, or efflu-
INDUltAN'TIA. From induro, to har- via from patients crowded together, into
den. Medicines which are supposed to the animal economy or the propagation
; of
harden the parts to which they are applied. disease by such agencies.
INDU RATION. Indura'tio. A har- INFECUND TIT. Sterility.
dened and thickened condition of a part, INFE'RIOR. Inferus. In Botany, any
usually resulting from infl am mation. organ of a plant situated below another.
INDU'SIUM. Literally, a shirt. In Inferior Strait. In Obstetrics, the
Botany, the thin membranous covering of lower strait of the pelvis, formed by the
the fruit of ferns.In Anatomy, the am- rami of the os pubis, the tuberosities of
nion. In Entomology , the covering of cer- the ischium, and the os coccygis.
tain larva;. INFERO-BllANCHIA'TA. An order
INE'BRIANTS. Intoxicating sub- of gastropods in which the gills are situ-
stances. ated below the mouth.
INEQUA'LIS. Unequal; applied in INF1BULATIO. An affection in which
Pathology to the pulsations of an artery, the retraction of the prepuce is iireventcd.
or respiratory efforts, when differing from INFILTRATION. Injiltra'iio; from
each other ; and in Botany, to the parts or jiltrarc, to filter. Effusion. The accumu-
organs of plants which are not of equal lation of a fluid in the cells of an organ o
size. texture.
 ; ;

INF 384 INF

INFIR'MARY. Injirma'rium. A hos- erythematous; in others, it occupies the

pital, and, generally, where patients are whole thickness of the membrane, extend-
not furnished with beds. ing sometimes to the sub-mucous tissue,
INFLAM'MABLE. and even to neighboring structures, as tho
Infiammab'ilis ;

from injlammo, to burn. Such bodies as sub-lingual and sub-maxillary glands, and
inflame with facility easily enkindled
; the absorbent glands of the neck, and oc-
susceptible of combustion. casions considerable tumefaction in all

Inflammable Air. Hydrogen gas. these parts. In the erythematous form it

Inflammable Air, Heavy. Carbu- is characterized by redness, a sense of heat,

reted hydrogen. and sometimes considerable tenderness, but
INFLAMMATION. Infiamma'tio; from is not usually attended with acute pain
inflammare, to set on fire. A state char- when deeper in the tissue, it is often very
acterized by redness, heat, tension, swell- painful. Portions of the epithelium some-
ing and pain, and terminating by resolu- times become opaque, giving an appear-
tion, suppuration, mortification, adhesion, ance of whiteness in streaks or patches.
effusion or induration. Occasionally this coating is elevated in
Inflammation of the Bladder. Cys- blisters, or even detached like the cuti-

titis. cle from the skin in scalds. Superficial ul-

Inflammation of the Brain. En- cerations not unfrequently occur, which
cephalitis. may spread over considerable portions of
Inflammation of the Breast. Mas- the membrane. In certain states of the
titis. constitution, the ulcerative tendency is very
Inflammation of the Choroid Mem- strong, and deep and extensive sores occur,
brane. Iritis. which are sometimes attended with gan-
Inflammation of the Eye. Ophthal- grene. There is often a copious flow of
mitis. saliva ; though, in some instances, this se-
Inflammation of the Intestine. En- cretion, as well as that of the mucous fol-
teritis. licles, is checked, and the mouth is clammy
Inflammation of the Iris. Iritis. or dry. The sense of taste is usually more
Inflammation of the Kidney. Ne- or less impaired, and speech and mastication
phritis. are often difficult and painful. When the
Inflammation of the Lining Mem- tongue is affected, its surface is in general
brane of a Tooth. See Endodontitis. first covered with a whitish fur, through

Inflammation of the Liver. Hep- which the red and swollen follicles may
atitis. often be seen projecting. This fur some-
Inflammation of the Lungs. Pneu- times breaks off, leaving the surface red,
monitis. smooth and glossy, with here and there
Inflammation of the Mouth. See prominent follicles, and very sensitive to
Inflammation of the Mouth, common dif- the contact of even mild substances ; or
fused. the surface may be dry, hard and gashed,
Inflammation of the Mouth, Com- with painful fissures. When the gums are
mon Diffused. This is so fully and ac- involved, they swell, and rise up between
curately described by Dr. Wood in his trea- the teeth, around the necks of which they
tise on the Practice of Medicine, that we not unfrequently ulcerate. In some rare
shall quote his remarks iq)on the subject. is very obstinate,
instances this ulceration
He says, it " appears in reddened some-
and does not cease until it has extended
what elevated patches, or occupies large into the sockets and destroyed altogether
portions of the surface, sometimes extend- the connections of the teeth, which become
ing apparently over the whole mouth. In loosened and fall out, after which the gums
some cases it is superficial, with little or will heal. Ordinary stomatitis is seldom
no swelling, and may be designated as so violent as to induce symptomatic fever.
 .

INF 385 INF

" Causes. —
The form of inflammation of phate of copper, or nitrate of silver, care
the mouth above described, is more fre- being taken that the application does not
quently a complication of other diseases extend beyond the limits of the ulcer. In
than an original affection. When of the cases accompanied with gangrene, washes
latter character, it is generally caused by of chloride of soda, chloride of lime, or
the direct action of irritant bodies, as by aqueous solution of creasote may be used.
scalding drinks, acrid or corrosive substan- Should the inflammation depend upon the
ces taken into the mouth, or unhealthy se- condition of the teeth, whether upon sharp
cretions from decayed teeth. The sharp edges or points, wounding the adjacent
edge or spicula of a broken tooth some- parts, or upon acrid secretions, or the de-
times gives rise to much inflammation, and position of tartar about the neck of the
even deep and obstinate ulcers, especially tooth, care should be taken to correct the
of the tongue. The tartar which collects evil."
about the necks of the teeth often keeps Inflammation of the Peeiosteum of
up a state of chronic inflammation of the a Tooth. Periodontitis. Dental Perios-
gums, which sometimes ends in destruc- titis. See Odontalgia.
tive ulceration. Stomatitis may also result Inflammation of the Peritoneum.
from the reaction which follows the long Peritonitis.

continued contact of very cold substances, Inflammation of the Pleura. Pleu-

such as with the interior of the mouth. ritis.
ice,

It sometimes proceeds from the propaga- Inflammation of the Pulp of a

tion of inflammation from the fauces, and Tooth. Endodontitis.
is a frequent consequence of gastric irrita- Inflammation of the Retina. Reti-
tion, produced by sour or acrid matter in nitis.

the stomach. Drunkards seem peculiarly Inflammation of the Stomach. Gas-

predisposed to it. Of the constitutional tritis.

causes none are so frequent as the state of Inflammation of the Testicles. Or-
fever, which, whatever may be its peculiar chitis.

character, Ls very apt to affect the mouth, Inflammation of the Urethra. Ure-
and not unfrequently occasions inflamma- thritis.

tion. Inflammation of the Uterus. Hys-

" Treatment. —In the acute stage, little teritis.

treatment is required. In some very se- Inflammation of a Vein. Phlebitis.

vere cases, in which the neighboring parts INFLAMMATIUN'CULA. An insig-
are involved, leeches beneath the jaw or nificant inflammation, commonly super-
over the parotid may be .advisable. But, ficial.

in general, cooling and demulcent liquids INFLAM'MATORY. Inflammato'rius.

locally, magnesia, or one of the saline Of the nature of inflammation ; tending to
cathartics internally, with a soft and spare excite heat and inflammation.
diet, from which meat is excluded, consti- Inflammatory Fever. Synocha.
tute all that is requisite. When the inflam- INFLA'TIO. From inflo, to blow into.
mation results from some corrosive sub- In Paihohgy, a windy swelling, but usu-
stance taken into the mouth, almond oil ally applied to the stomach and bowels.
spread over the surface will be found a use- INFLATUS. Inflated.
ful application. In the latter stages, and INFLEX'US. Bent inward.
in chronic cases, astringent washes, such INFLORES'CENCE. Inflorescen'tia,
as weak solutions of acetate of lead, sul- from injloresco, to flourish. In Botany,
phate of zinc, and alum, may be advan- the mode in which flowers are arranged
tageously applied ; and, if ulcers exist, upon a stem.
their surface may be touched with a very INFLUEN'ZA. The Italian word for
strong solution of sulphate of .zinc, sul- influence. Epidemic catarrh is so termed
 INF 386 INF
because it was supposed to be the result of Infusum Caryophyl'li. U. S. Infu-
a peculiar atmospherical influence. sion of cloves.
Influenza Europ^ea. Influenza. Infusum Cascaril'l^. Infusion of cas-
INFRA-OR'BITAR. Sub-orbitar; be- carilla.

neath the orbit. Infusum Cat'eohu Compos'itum. U.

Infra-Orbitar Fora'men. A foramen S. Compound infusion of catechu.
immediately below the orbit. Infusum Chiret'te. Ph. E. Infusion
Infra Maxilla'ris. Submaxillary. of chiretta.
Infra-Pu'bian Lig'ament. Triangular Infusum Cincho'n^e. U. S. Infusion
ligament. of cinchona.
Infra-Scapula'ris. The sub-scapula- Infusum Cincho'nje Compos'itum. U.
ris muscle. S. Compound infusion of cinchona.
Infra Spina'tus. From infra, beneath, Infusum Digita'lts. U. S. Infusion
and spina, a spine. A muscle of the hu- of digitalis.
merus. Infusum Eupato'rii Ferfolia'ti. U.
INFUNDTB'ULIFORM. Ivfvndibvli- S. Infusion of thorough wort.
for' mis ; from infundibulum, funnel j andInfusum Centta'n^e Compos'itum. U.
forma, likeness. A term applied in Anat- S. Compound infusion of gentian.
omy to the circular ligament of the atlas, Infusum Hu'muli. U. S. Infusion of
and in Botany to organs of plants, funnel- hops.
shaped. Infusum Krame'rle. U. S. Infusion
INFUNDTBTLTJM. From in, and of rhatany.
fundere, to pour out. A funnel. In Anat- Infusum Li'ni. U. S. Infusion of flax-
omy, a name given to parts which resem- seed.
ble a funnel. Infusum Lini Compos'itum. Infusion
Infundibulum of the Brain. A de- of flaxseed.
pression or canal leading from the third Infusum Men'th^e Sim'plex. Ph. D.
yentricle to the pituitary gland. Infusion of spearmint.
INFUTSIBLE. Not fusible; incapable Infusum Mentha Compositum. Ph. D.
of being reduced to the fluid state by heat. Compound infusion of mint.
INFU'SION. Tnfus'io; from infnndere, Infusum Tarei'r.e. Ph. L. Infusion
to pour in. In Pharmacy, the act of pour- of pareira brava.
ing a hot or cold fluid upon vegetable sub- Infusum Pru'ni Virginia'n^e. IT. S.
stances for the purpose of extracting their Infusion of wild-cherry bark.
medicinal properties. Also, the product Infusum QuAs'siiK. U. S. Infusion of
itself. In Surgery, the introduction of quassia.
medical substances into the veins. Infusum Rhe'i. U. B. Ph. L. and D.
INFUSC'RIA. Animaloulaa developed Infusion of rhubarb.
in infusions of animal or vegetable sub- Infusum Ro'sje Compositum IT. S.
stances, and in stagnant waters. Ph. L. Compound infusion of roses.
INFU'SCM. An infusion. Infusum Sarsaparil'LjE. IT. S. Infu-
Infusum Antiiem'idis. U. S. Infu- sion of sarsaparilla.
sion of chamomile. Infusum Soopa'rii. Ph. L. Infusion
Infusum Armora'cle. U. S. Com- of broom.
pound infusion of horse-radish. Infusum Sen'n^e. U. S. Infusion of
Infusum Auran'tii Oompos'itum. Fh. senna.
L. Compound infusion of orange-peel. Infusum Senn-s: Cum Tamarin'dis.
Infusum Buciiu. IT. S. Infusion of Ph. D. Infusion of senna with tama-
buchu. rinds.
Infusum Calum'b^:. U. S. Infusion Infusum Perpenta'rle. IT. S. In-
of Columba. fusion of Virginia snake-root.
 INH 387 INO
Infusum Simaru'b-e. Ph. L. Infu- INIIE'RENT. That which belongs,
sion of simarouba. adheres, or is united to a thing.
Infusum Spiue'li^;. U. S. Infusion INIIUMA'TION. Inhuma'tio ; from
of pink-root. inliumo, 1 put into the ground. The
Infusum Taba'ci. U. S., Ph. L. and D. burying of the dead.
Infusion of tobacco. IN'IAD. Towards the plane of the
Infusum Ul'mi. U. S. Infusion of ridge of the occiput.
slippery elm bark. INI'TIS. Inflammation of fibrous mem-
Infusum Valerian'^:. U. S. Infu- brane.
sion of valerian. INJACULA'TIO. Acute pain of the
Infusum Zingib'eris. Infusion of stomach with rigidity and immobility of
ginger. the body.
INGES'TA. From ingero, to throw in. INJECTION.
Injcc'tio; from injicere,
The aliments introduced into the body. throw into.
to The introduction, by
INOLU'VIES. Gluttony. Also, the means of a syringe or other instrument, of
crop of birds. a medicated liquor into a natural or pre-
INGOT. A bar of gold, silver, or other ternatural cavity of the body. "When
metal, cast in a mould. thrown into the rectum, injections are
Ingot Mould. A mould in which called enemata.
ingots are cast, usually made in iron, and IN'NATE. Inna'tus ; from in, and
composed of two pieces. nascor, to be born. Inborn ; not acquired.
INGRAVIDATIO. Pregnancy. Fecun- Innate Diseases. Diseases with which
dation. the infant is born. Congenital.
INGREDIENT. From ingrediens, INNER VA'TION. Innerm'tio; from
entering into. That which enters into, in, and nervus, a nerve. The vital opera-
or is a component part of, a compound tion by which a part or organ is supplied
or mixture. Applied to medicinal com- with nervous influence.
pounds. INNOMINA'TA ARTE'RIA. The first

INGUEN. The groin. branch given off by the arch of the aorta.
IN'GUINAL. Inguina'lis; from inguen, INNOMINA'TI NER'VI. The nerves
the groin. Belonging or pertaining to of the fifth pair.

the groin. INNOMINA'TUM. From in, priva-

Inguinal Ar'tery. The external iliac tive, and nomen, a name. A term ajqdied
immediately beneath the crural arch. in Anatomy to the bone, which, in early
Inguinal, Canal. The canal for the life, is divided into three parts, viz the :

spermatic cord, formed by the folding of ilium, pubis,and ischium. An artery,

the lower edge of the external oblique the fifth pair of nerves, and a foramen,
muscle. have also been thus designated.
Inguinal Glands. The lymphatic Innominatum Foramen. A foramen
glands in the groin. in the petrous portion of the temporal
Inguinal Ligament. Poupart's liga- bone through which the Vidian nerve
ment. passes.
INIIALA'TION. The act of drawing Innominatum Os. A large irregular
in vapors with the breath. bone, which forme the anterior and lateral
Inhalation of Ether. See Ana3s- walls of the pelvis. It is divided in the
thetic Agents. young subject into three portions, the
Inhalation of Chloroform. See iliac, ischiatic, and pubic.
Ana'stlietic Agents. INOCULATION. Inocnla'tio. The
INIIA'LEIl. An instrument used for artificial introduction of a poison into any
the inhalation of ether, chlorofurni, and part of the body, especially the variolous
other vapors. or vaccine virus.
 ; ;

INS 388 INS

Inoculation, Cow-Pox. Vaccination. hending animals furnished with two an-

INOHYMENITIS. Initis. tenna), six legs, usually two or four wings
INORGANTC. From in, without, and attached to the thorax and spiracula for
organum, an organ. Having no organs. respiration. The class is divided into the
In Chemistry, minerals and other hodies orders Aptera, Coleqptera, Bipiera, Hemip-
which are not derived from organic pro- tera, Hymenoptcra, Lepidoptera, Neurop-
ducts. tera, and Orthoptera.
INOSCLERO'MA. Induration of A family of quad-
INSECTIV'ORA.
fibrous tissue. ruped invertebrata, the species of which
INOSCULATION. Inoscula'tio ; from feed on insects and in Temminek's sys-
;

in, and osculum, a little mouth. The union tem, an order of birds that feed exclu-
of the extremities of vessels. Anastomosis. sively, or principally, on insects.
INOSIC ACID. A syrupy fluid ob- INSENSIBILITY. Ancesihe'sia. Loss
tained from juice of flesh after the separa- or absence of sensation.
tion of creatine. INSERTION. Inser'lio. In Anatomy
INSALIVA'TION. Insaliva'tio. The and Botany, the intimate connection of
admixture of saliva with food during one part or organ to another, as the inser-
mastication. The process of mastication, tion of a ligament or muscle into a bone
and the presence of food in the mouth, of a corolla, stamen, pistil, leaf, or ovary,
increases the secretion of this fluid, as into any part of a plant. In Dental
does also a desire for, or the odor of, Surgery, the engrafting of an artificial

savory alimentary substances. The sali- tooth on the root of a natural one.
vary glands being liberally furnished with Insertion of an Artificial Tooth.
nerves and blood-vessels, are easily excited See Pivot Tooth, manner of inserting.
and readily provided with an abundant INSESSIO.
Semicupium.
supply of viscous fluid, which flows in INSIDTOUS.
In Pathology, diseases
greater quantity when the food is acrid which do not at first appear as formidable
and stimulating, than when it is of a less as they are, and which are apt to escape
ex'citing nature. It is estimated that from attention.
five to six ounces is secreted at a meal. INSIDEN'TIA. That which arises on
This, together with the fluid secreted by the surface of urine.
the labial, palatine, and sub-lingual mu- INSI'TIO. Inoculation.
cous glands, as well as the moisturo from Insitio Dentis. Implantation of a
the exhalant arteries of the mouth, not tooth.
only contribute to lubricate the buccal INSOLATION.
Insola'tio; from in,
cavity, but mix with, dissolve, and bring and Exposure to the direct
sol, the sun.
together the divided alimentary particles rays of the sun, employed for drying
;

assist in forming them into a pultaceous Pharmaceutical substances, and Chemical

mass, and produce on them the first change preparations, and sometimes in Thera-
which they undergo in the process of di- peutics, to excite cutaneous irritation, or
gestion. to rouse the vital powers when languid.

INSALU'BRIOUS. Unhealthy. Coup de soleil.

INSANITY, lasan'itas. Madness INSOLUBILITY. InsolubiVitas. The
mental alienation. property of a solid which prevents it from
INSCRIPTIO'NES TENDIN'E^ when immersed in a fluid.
dissolving
MUSCULORUM. Tendinous fibres cross- INSOM'NIA. From in, in, and som-
ing muscles, especially on the abdomen. nus, sleep. Sleeplessness, usually a sign
INSEC'TA. Insects; a class of inver- of disease.

tebrata, belonging to the sxib-kingdom INSPIRATION. Inspira'tio ; from in,

Articidata of Cuvier, and the Diplo-gan- and spiro, I breathe.

in, The act by
gliata of English Zootomists, comprO' which the air is drawn into tlie lungs.
 ;

INS 389 INT

INSPIRATORY. A name given to in this operation are forceps, the key of
certain muscles, which, hy their contrac- Garengeot, the punch, elevator, hook, and
tion, enlarge the chest, and produce inspi- conical screw.
ration. Instruments for Filling Teeth. See
INSPISSA'TION. From in, and spis- Filling Teeth.
fdtus, thickened. The evaporation of a Instruments for Removing Dental
juice or decoction to a thick consistence. Caries. See Dental Excavators, Drill,
INSTEP. The most elevated part of burr and flat.

the top of the foot. INSUFFLATION. Imvffla'tio ; from

INSTILLATION. Tnstilla'tio. The in, and sitffio, to blow. The injection of a
act of pouring out a liquid drop hy drop. gaseous fluid into a cavity of the body.
INSTINCT. Instinc'tus. Inwardly INSULA CER'EBRI. The intermedi-
moved. That power of the mind hy ate lobe of the brain.
which animals are spontaneously led or di- INSULATION. From insxda, an
rected to do whatever is necessary fur the island. In Electricity, the state of a
preservation of the individual, or the con- body when cut off from communication
tinuation of the species. with surrounding objects by non-conduct-
INSTINCTIVE. Spontaneous; caused ors.

by instinct; applied in Physiology to those INTEGER. Entire.

involuntary actions which are excited im- INTE'GRAL PARTICLES. From in-
mediately through the nerves, a part of teger, entire. The smallest particles into
the reflex function. Among these are, the which a body can be divided by mechani-
closure of the eyelids; the act of suck- cal means.
ing; the act of swallowing; the closure INTEG'RITY. Integ'ritas ; from inte-
of the glottis ; the action of the sphincters ger, entire. A term employed hy the
inspiration, sneezing, vomiting, &c. French to express a perfectly healthy state
INSTITUTES OF MEDICINE. The of the organic tissues, or of the entire an-
theory and practice of medicine. imal body.
INSTRUMENT. Instrumen'tum. Any INTEG'UMENT. Integumen'tum; from
mechanical agent employed in the opera- in, and tegere, to cover. That which serves
tions of any of the branches of manual to cover or envelop. In Anatomy, the
medicine. skin and cellular tissue constitute the com-
Instruments for Cleaning Teeth. mon integument.
The instruments employed for this purpose INTELLECT. Intellec'tus; from inteh
are constructed with variously shaped ligere, to understand. The aggregate of
points to suit the peculiar views of the the faculties of the mind. Understanding.
operator, both with regard to convenience INTEM'PERANCE. From in, nega-
and efficiency. They consist of steel stems tion, and temperare, to temper. Immod-
fixed in handles; with triangular-shaped erate indulgence of the appetite, especially
points, more or less curved, with sharp for alcoholic drinks.
edges Every dentist requires from ten to INTEMPER'IES. Derangement or dis-
twelve instruments of this description, and order, either in the atmosphere or in the
80 shaped that they may be readily ap- body.
plied to any part of the surface of the INTENSITY. Activity, violence; ap-
crowns of the teeth. plied in Pathology to disease.
Instruments for Enlarging the Ca- INTENTION. Inten'tio; from in, and
hal in the Root of a Tooth. The burr tendere, to stretch. In Surgery, the cica-
drill, flat drill, and broach are the instru- trization of a wound without supjiuration.

ments usually employed for this purpose. INTER-. A prefix, signifying, be-
Instruments for the Extraction of tween, intermediate.
Teeth. Those most commonly employed INTERA'NEA. Entrails.
 INT 390 INT
INTERAHTIO'ULAR. Any thing be- gers, applied to the spaces in that situa-
tween the articular extremities of bones. tion.
INTER'CALARY DAYS. INTERGANGLION'IC. Nervous cords
The days
which occur between those that are criti- connecting the ganglia.
cal. Also, the days which intervene be- INTERLOBULAR. Between the lob-
tween the paroxysms of intermittent fever. ules, as of the lungs or liver.
INTERCER'VICAL. A term applied INTERMAXILLARY. IntcrmaxOla'-
by Chaussier and Dumas, to certain mus- ris ; from inter, between, and maxilla, a
cles between the cervical vertebras. jaw. Situated between the jaws.
INTERCA'DENCE. In Pathology, a Intermaxillary Bone. A portion of
supernumerary beat of the pulse. bone wedged in between
the superior
INTERCEL'LULAR. Between the cells. maxillary bones of the human foetus, found
INTERCLAVICULAR. Applied to a in the mammalia.
ligament which passes from one clavicle to INTERMEDIARY. From inter, be-

the other. tween, and medius, middle. Lying between

INTERCOSTAL. Intercosta'lis. Ap- two bodies in the middle interposed.
; ;

plied to muscles and vessels situated be- INTERMIS'SION. Interims' s to; from
tween the ribs. inter, between, and mittere, to put or send.

Intercostal Arteries. The arteries The intervals which occur between two
which run between the ribs. paroxysms of an intermittent fever, or
Intercostal Muscles. The muscles other disease, or between two pains.
which extend from the inferior edge of INTERMITTENT. A disease in which
each rib above to the superior edge of each there are intermissions, or one which
rib below. They constitute eleven pair of ceases and returns after stated or uncertain,
double muscles and are distinguished into intervals.
external and internal. Intermittent Fever. A fever con-
Intercostal Nerves. The great sym- sisting of paroxysms which subside and
pathetic, and twelve branches from the return at regular periods.
anterior branches of the dorsal nerves, IN'TERNODE. From infer, and nodus,
which arc distributed to the muscles of the a knot. In Botany, the space between the
walls of the thorax and abdomen. leaves upon a branch.
Intercostal Spaces. The intervals INTER'NUS AU'RIS. The tensor tym-
between the ribs. pani muscle of the ear.
Intercostal Veins. The veins which J NTEUMUS'CULAR. That which in-
accompany the intercostal arteries. tervenes between two muscles.
INTERCOSTO-IIU'MERAL. A term INTERNO'DIUM. That which is be-
applied to the cutaneous branches of the tween the knuckles. A phalanx.
second and third intercostal nerves. INTEROS'SEI MA'NUS. The small
INTERCURRENT. Inter cur' rem; from muscles situated between the metacarpal
inter, between, and currere, to run. A bones, extending from the bones of the
term applied in Pathology to diseases which carpus to the fingers.
occur at different seasons, or that do not Interossei Pf/pis. The small muscles
belong to any particular season. Also, a situated between the metatarsal bones.
disease which occurs during the progress INTEROSSEOUS. From inter, be-
of another disease. tween, and os, a bone. Situated between
INTERCUTA'NEOUS. Sub-cutane- bones.
ous. Interosseous Arteries. Small
INTERDENTAL. from branches from the dorsalis carpi arteries,
Inter den' Hum;
inter, between, and dens, a tooth. The distributed to the interosseous ligament of
spaces between the teeth. the forearm and between the interosseous
INTEUDIGTTAL. Between the fin- muscles.
 ;

INT 391 INU

Interosseous Nerve. A 1>ranch from INTESTINAL. Implicating or belong-
the median nerve which passes over the ing to the intestines.
interosseous ligament of the forearm. INTESTINA'LIA. Intestinal worms.
INTERPARIETAL BONE. A bone INTESTINE. Intesti'num; from intus,
lying in the situation of the upper angle of within. The convoluted membranous
the os occipitis. It is supposed by Von
and muscular tube extending from the
Tschudi to be characteristic of the Peru- stomach to the anus. It is distinguished

vian race, but it has no ethnological import- into small and large. The former include
ance whatever, as the same thing is occa- the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum ; and
sionally found even in adult skulls of all the latter, the caecum, colon and rectum.
races. INTIMUM UN'GUIS. Root of the nail.
INTERRUPTED. Broken in its regular INTOLERANCE. That condition of
form ; disturbed in its normal arrange- the body which indicates the impropriety

ment. of using certain remedies, as intolerance of

INTERSCAPULAR. Interscapula 'ris. blood-letting, &c.
That which is between the shoulders. INTOXICATION. Intoxica'tio; from in,

INTERSCAPU'LIUM. The spine of and toxicum, a poison. Ebriety; the effect

the scapula. of alcoholic liquor taken in excess.
INTEIISEPTUM. From inter, be- INTRALOBULAR. Within a lobule.
tween, and septum, a partition. The sep- Tn Hepatic Anatomy, applied to the veins
tum narium also, the uvula.
; of the lobules, the radicles of the hepatic
Interseptum Virginale. The hymen. veins.
INTERSPINAL. Inter-spinalis; from INTRINSIC. Intrin'secus; from intra,
inter, between, and spina, the spine. Ap- within, and seens, towards. Inherent, not
plied to muscles, nerves, &c, situated be- adventitious. In Anatomy and Pathology,
tween the spinous processes. organs and diseases situated internally.
INTERSPINA'LES. The portions of INTROTTUS. Entrance; act of enter-
muscles situated between the spinous pro- ing.
cesses of the cervical, dorsal and lumbar INTROMISSION. Intromis'sio; from
vertebra. They arc distinguished by the intro, within, and mitto, I send. The in-
names, intcrspinales colli, dorsi, et lumbo- troduction of one body, or organ, into
rum. another.
INTERSTICE. From inter, between, INTROSUSCEPTION. Introsuscep'tio.
and sto, I stand. An interval ; a space See Intussusception.
between two organs. INTUMES'CENCE. Intumescentia
INTERSTITIAL. Relating to or con- from intumesccrc, to swell. Increase of
taining interstices, as interstitial matter, size in a part. Swelling.
interstitial absorption, &c. INTUSSUSCEPTION. Intussnscep'-
INTER-TRANSVERSA'LES. The tio ; from intus, within, and susciepio, I
small quadrilateral muscles situated be- receive. In Physiology, nutrition; the
tween the transverse processes of the ver- mode of increase peculiar to organized
tebra of the neck and loins. bodies. In Pathology, the introduction of
INTERTUI'GO. From inter, between, a portion of intestine into that which pre-
and tero, to rub. Excoriation or chafing cedes or follows it.

of the skin about the anus, groins, and INULA. Elecampane. Also, a genus
other parts of the body. of plants of the order Asteracea;.
INTERVERTEBRAL. That which is Inula Dysenter'ica. The lesser in-

situated between the vertebra?. ula, formerly supposed to possess anti-

Intervertebral Cartilages. The dysenteric virtues.
cartilages between the vertebra?. Inula IIele'niitm. The systematic
INTESTAB'ILIS. Intesta'tus. Castrated. name of the common inula or elecampane,
 IOD 892 IPO

a plant possessing aromatic, tonic, expec- FODIDE. A compound of iodine with

torant, diuretic and diaphoretic properties. a simple body.
IN'ULIN. A white starch-like sub- I'ODINE. Io'dinum; from uodeg, violet-

stance obtained from the roots of the In- colored. A soft friable opaque solid, of a
ula helenium and of Colchicum. bluish-black color and metallic lustre. Io-
INUNCTION. Inunc'iio. A liniment dine and the iodides are used with great
or ointment. Also, the act of anointing. success in solution and tincture in goitre
INUS'TION. Cauterization. and some scrofulous affections.
INVAG'INATED. Lwagina'tus; from IO'DINA. Iodine.
in, and vagina, a sheath. Applied to a IODIN'IUM. Iodine.
part received into another. Intussuscep- IO'DINUM. Io'num. Iodine.
tion. IO'DISM. The morbid effects of iodine.

INVAGINATION. Intussusception. IO'DOFORM. A crystalline substance

INVA'SION. Inva'sio. The period of a citron color, obtained by the reaction
when a disease first makes its attack, or is on each other of iodine, bicarbonate of
developed. potash, water and alcohol. Teriodide of
INVERMINATION. Helminthia'sis. formyl.
Verminous disease; that condition which IODO-HYDRARGYRATE OF PO-
gives rise to the presence of worms. TASSIUM. A double salt of iodide of
INVER'SIO PALPEBRARUM. See potassium and biniodide of mercury.
Entropiun. IODO'SIS. Iodism.
Inver'sio U'tert. Partial or complete IOD'URETS. Iodides.
inversion of the uterus. IONID'IUM. A genus of plants of the
INVERSION. Inver'sio. Turned in- order Violacece.
side out. Ionidium Ipecacuan'ha. A Brazilian
INVERTEBRA'TA. Invertebrates. An- plant, which yields a root of a yellowish-
imals which have no vertebral column, a gray color, containing five per cent, of
subdivision of the animal kingdom, com- emetine. False Brazilian ipecacuanha.
prehending Mollusca, Articulata, and Zo- Ionidium Marcucct. A South Ameri-
qphyta, each of which comprises several can plant, called by the natives Cinchun-
classes. chulli.

INVISCA'TIO OC'ULI. Adhesion of IONTHUS. From m, the violet, and

the eyelids to one another, or to the globe avdoc, a flower. A small unsuppurative
of the eye. tumor on the face a variety of acne. Also,
;

INVOLUCEL'LUM. A partial involu- the down on the face which precedes the
crum. beard.
INVOL'UCRUM. From in,and vdvo, IOTACIS'MUS. Defective articulation,
towrap up. A wrapper. which the patient is unable to pro-
In Anatomy, a in
membrane which surrounds a part. In nounce the palatals, J and G soft.
Botany, the bractea? which surround the IPECACUAN'HA. The pharmacopoeial
flowers of the umbellifera?. name of the Cephaelis ipecacuanha, a South
Involuceum Cordis. The pericardium. American plant. In large doses, it is
INVOLUTE. Involu'ius. Rolled in- emetic ; in smaller, diaphoretic and expec-
ward. torant.
POD ATE. Todas. A genus of salts, Ipecacuanha, American. See Euphor-
formed by the union of iodic acid with a bia Ipecacuanha.
salifiable base. Ipecacuanha, Annulated. The root
IO'DIC ACID. Acidum iodicum. A of the cephaelis ipecacuanha.
white semi-transparent solid; a compound Ipecacuanha, Black. The root of the
of iodine and oxygen, of an astringent and Psychotria emelica of Peru.
sour taste, destitute of odor. Ipom^a Pandura'ta. Wild potato^
 IRI 393 IRR

Ipecacuanha, False Brazilian. The Iris Palustris. The yellow water-

root of the lonidium ipecacuanha. flag. The dried root possesses astringent
Ipecacuanha, Undulated. Ipecac- properties.
uanha, white. Iris Versicolor. The blue-flag. The
IPOM^E'A. A genus of plants of the root an active purgative.
is

order Convolvtdacew. IRITIS. Inflammation of the iris.

Ipom^a Pandurata. "Wild potato; IRON. Ferrum. A metal of a bluish-
wild rhubarb ; wild jalap. The root is gray color, fibrous or granular texture and
used in domestic medicine as a substitute brilliant fracture.
for rhubarb and jalap. Iron, Hydrated Peroxyd of. Hy-
Ipom^ea Purga. The jalap plant, the drated sesquioxyd of iron.
root of which is an active but safe pur- IRREDU'CIBLE. Applied to fractures,
gative. &c, which are not
dislocations, hernia),
IRACUN'DUS. The rectus externus capable of being restored to their natural
oculi. position.
IRIDA'CEiE. The cornflag tribe of IRREG'ULAR. Irregida'ris. Applied
Monocotyledonous plants. to the types of diseases, and to the pulse,
IRIDANCISTRON. A hook used in when its beats are separated by unequal
the formation of artificial pupil. intervals. Also, to the teeth when one or
IRIDAUXE'SIS. Exudation of fibrin more is out of the dental arch.
in the tissue of the iris. IRREGULARITY. Deviation from an
IRIDECTOMEDIAL'YSIS. From i?ic, established rule or straight line.
excision, and dialvaig, separa-
iris, enTOfir], Irregularity of the Teeth. Devia-
tion. The formation of an artificial pupil, tion of the teeth from their natural ar-
by excision and separation. rangement is of frequent occurrence, and
IRIDENCLEI'SIS. The strangulation is dependent upon a variety of causes.
of a detached portion of the iris. The following are among the most frequent:
IRIDES'CENT. The property of shin- 1. Want of simultaneous action between
ing withmany colors. the destruction of the roots of the tempo-
IRIDIUM. A gray, brittle and very fu- rary teeth and the growth of the perma-
sible metal, found with the ore of platinum. nent ;2. The premature removal of one or

IRIDOMALA'CIA. Softening of the more of the temporary 3. Disproportion

;

iris. between the size of the alveolar arch and

IRIDONCO'SIS. Tumefaction or thick- the teeth; 4. Supernumerary teeth, and
ening of the iris. lastly, malformation of the jaws.
IRIX. A camphor obtained from Iris The deviations of the teeth from the
fiorentine. natural arrangement, are exceedingly vari-
IRIS. In Anatomy, a flat and circular able. Mr. Fox enumerated four varieties
partition between the anterior and poste- of irregularity in the front teeth. 1. The
riorchambers of the eye, perforated in the appearance of one of the permanent cen-
centre by a round orifice called the pupil. tral incisors of the upper jaw behind the
In Botany, a genus of plants of the order corresponding temporary tooth, so that at
Iridaceo?. each occlusion of jaws, the lower incisors
Iris Florenti'na. Florentine orris; come before it, causing great deformity
orris root. The fresh root is acrid, but and preventing the deviating tooth from
when dry has an agreeable odor, and is acquiring its proper position. 2. The ap-
used in dentifrices. pearance of both of the upper permanent
Iris German'ica. The flower-de-luce. central incisors behind the corresponding
Iris nostra. The fresh root has a strong, temporary teeth, while the laterals occupy
disagreeable smell, and acrid, nauseous their proper position. 3. The appear-
taste. It is a powerful purgative. ance of the upper lateral incisors behind
 IER 394 IliR

the temporary, while the centrals are in to remove any obstacle that would oppose
their proper place. 4, The appearance the progress of the tooth toward the
of all the upper permanent incisors be- place to which it is to be moved, and then
hind the temporary teeth, the lower inci- to apply force that shall act constantly
sors shutting in front of them. The cuspid upon it.
teeth sometimes present a similar variety The plan proposed by Mr. Fox for bring-

of deviation from the natural position. ing to its proper place an upper incisor
A'arious other varieties of deviation are which has come out so far back of the
met with in the upper incisors. One circle of the other teeth as to fall behind

sometimes overlaps another, or is turned the lower incisors in closing the mouth,
upon its axis, giving the crown an oblique consists in the application of a gold or
or transverse direction across the alveolar silver bar bent to the form of the arch,
ridge. At more come and long enough to reach from the tempo-
other times one or
out in front of the circle of the other teeth. rary or permanent molars on one side to
Irregularity in the arrangement of the the corresponding teeth on the other. At
lower incisors, though less frequent in its each end of this bar a block of ivory is so
occurrence, is met with, and fastened by means of a piece of gold as to
occasionally
when it does happen, their deviations from come under the grinding surface of one
their proper positions are similar to those or more upper molars, which by jnevent-
of the upper. "When the upper cuspidati ing the teeth from closing, " takes off all

take a wrong position, it is generally in obstruction in front." Holes are drilled

front of the circle of the other teeth, pro- through the bar in front of the teeth which
jecting sometimes so as to raise and very are to be brought forward. The* bar is
seriously annoy the upper lip, causing made fast at each side by means of a
great deformity. They do, however, oc- strong ligature. Another ligature is passed
casionally come out behind the arch, and round the deviating tooth, brought for-
at other times, though in their proper po- ward through the holes in the bar, and
they are turned upon their axis.
sition, securely tied. This lash is renewed from
The temporary molars being larger than time to time until the tooth is brought to
the bicuspids, it rarely happens that the its place, or sufficiently forward to strike
latter are " The same
prevented from acquiring their in front of the lower teeth.
proper position. Examples, however, of mode is observed whether there be only
irregularity of arrangement, even of these two or three teeth" occupying a similar
teeth, are occasionally met with. position.
The molar teeth, with the exception of Gold caps are now substituted for the
the denies sapientke, which frequently blocks of ivory, and when well adapted to
take a wrong direction in their growth, the teeth, are far preferable, as they are
deviate still less frequently from their less annoying to the patient and can be
proper position. borne with more comfort. When these
With regard to the means for the pre- are used it is not necessary to attach them
vention of irregularity, the reader is re- to the bar.
ferred to article Dentition, Method of It is proper to remark, in this connec-

Directing Second. tion, that the gold bar and caps should
The most proper time to effect analter- be removed, and the teeth thoroughly

ation in the position of a tooth, is between cleansed every time the ligatures are re-
the twelfth and sixteenth years, though it newed. This is necessary to prevent the
may often be done at a from being injured by the chemical
later period in teeth
life, yet the operation is usually rendered action of the corrosive matter that accu-

more difficult by delay and an incisor mulates between them and the gold bar,
;

can be more easily moved than a cuspi- caps and ligatures.

datus. But the first thing to be done, is Ligatures of gum-elastic, by keeping up
 IRR 395 IRR

a constant traction upon the deviating "When only one tooth is behind the circle

teeth, have been found preferable to silk. of the lower teeth, a single inclined plane
Various other methods have been pro- will be sufficient.
posed and adopted for the purpose of rem- The gold frame or case applied to the
edying tins variety of irregularity. M. lower teeth, and to which the inclined
Delabarre recommends the employment of plane is attached, should be fitted with
ligatures, so applied as to keep up a con- the nicest accuracy and made to enclose
stant action upon the deviating teeth. In- one or both of the bicuspids on each side.
stead of using blocks of ivory or gold to The cutting edges of the incisors and
prevent the teeth from coming together, points of the cuspidati need not be cov-
and forming a permanent obstacle to the ered with it. Its adaptation, when ap-
adjustment of a tooth winch Las come out plied, should be such as to hold it firmly
so far back of the dental circle, as to fall and securely in its place, and prevent the
behind the lower teeth every time the action of the deviating tooth upon the in-
mouth is closed, he employs wire caps or clined plane from jostling or moving it in
grates placed upon two of the lower mo- the least. It will be necessary, too, in
lars. This procedure, if it were the most adjusting one or more inclined planes to
efficient, would, for several reasons, be this frame, to have a plaster antagonizing
objectionable. In the first place, the lig- model.
atures, when applied so as to act upon a When employed it
this instrument is

deviating tooth, acts with equal force upon is any sub-

not necessary to interpose
the adjoining teeth and moves them just stance between the back teeth, and it
as far from their place, as it does the devi- is unquestionably the most efficient and
ating organ toward the place it should oc- powerful agent that has ever been used for
cupy. In the second place, it is difficult remedying this description of irregularity.
to apply ligatures so as to prevent them But before it is applied it should be ascer-
from coming in contact with, and irrita- tained whether there be a sufficient aper-
ting the gums. Thirdly, they cannot be ture in the dental circle for the reception
made much force when thus of the deviating tooth or teeth, if there be
to act with as
applied as when used in connection with more than one, and if there is not, more
the gold bar. The fourth and last objec- room should be obtained by the removal
tion applies to the wire grates. These can- of one of the bicusjnds on each side, or
not be fixed to the teeth as readily as either the first molar, if it is decayed. The
the ivory blocks or gold caps, and such as tooth, too, which is to be brought forward,
could be conveniently employed for the should always be opposite to the aperture
purpose would not interpose a barrier suf- it is to occupy before it is submitted to the

ficiently thick in all cases to prevent the action of the inclined plane. Therefore,
front teeth from coming together. when it is situated at either side, as is
M. Catalan proposes employment of
the often the case, it should be moved with
an inclined plane, which may be made ligatures to a point directly behind the
either of gold or silver, (but the former is vacuity into which it is to be forced before
preferable, as the latter is liable to corrode the inclined plane is applied.
in the mouth,) fixed upon the lower teeth In turning an incisor which is placed
in such a way that it shall strike behind obliquely or transversely across the arch,
the deviating teeth at each occlusion of a ring should be placed over the crown of
the jaws and press them forward to the the tooth with a small knob or hook on
place they should occiqiy. When several the labial and palatine sides ; to each of
of the upper front teeth have come out which a ligature should be fastened. These
behind the arch so as to behind the
fall should be passed around the adjoining
lower incisors, Catalan employs as many teeth and fastened to the first permanent
inclined planes as there are deviating teeth. molars in such a manner as to act con-
 IRK 396 ISA

Btantly upon tho deviating tooth in the teeth. By this means the cuspid teeth
direction it is to be turned. may, in fifteen or twenty days, be taken
It sometimes happens from excessive back to the second bicuspids but, if in ;

development of the lower incisors and al- their progress they are not carried towards
veolar border, that the front teeth of the in- the inner part of the alveolar ridge, the
ferior maxillary shut over the correspond- outer ligatures may be left off after a few
ing teeth of the superior, causing a projec- days, and the inner ones only employed to
tion of the chin, and a bulging of the lower complete the remainder of the operation.
lip. This species of deformity, called by After the position of the cuspid teeth
the French Menton de galoch, is not, how- have been thus changed, the gold caps
ever, always produced by the cause just may be removed and a circular bar of
stated. It sometimes results from excess- gold extending from one to the other, so
ive development or partial dislocation of constructed as to pass about a quarter
the jaw. When
from the former, the de- of an inch behind the incisors, is now
formity can only be remedied by diminish- soldered at each end to the inner side
ing the size of the dental arch, which is of each cap, and a hole made through
always a tedious and difficult operation, it behind each of the incisors, through
requiring a vast amount of patience and which a ligature of silk is passed, and
perseverance on the part both of the pa- after it is placed in the mouth, brought
tient and dentist. forward and tied tightly in front of each
In the treatment of a case of this sort tooth. These ligatures should be renewed
the first thing to be done is to extract the every day until the teeth are carried far
first By enough back to strike on the inside of the
bicuspis on each side of the jaw.
this means a sufficient room corresponding teeth in the upper jaw.
amount of
will be obtained for the contraction which The deviations of the teeth from their
it will be necessary to effect in the dental normal position are so numerous and va-

arch for the accomplishment of the object. ried, that it would be both tedious and
An accurate impression of the teeth and difficult to give a detailed description of
alveolar ridge now taken with wax pre-
is method of remedying each, but the
the
viously softened in warm water. From
foregoing general rules, which we have
this impression a plaster model is pro- laid down, will be found sufficient to serve
cured, and afterwards a metallic model and as a guide in all cases.
counter-model. IRRIGATION. In Pathology, the ap-
This done, a gold plate of the ordi- plication of water to the affected part so as
nary thickness is swedged up over the to keep it constantly wet.
firstand second molars, if the latter has IRRITABILITY. Irritabili'tas ; from
made its appearance, and if not, over the irrito, I provoke. The susceptibility, pos-
second bicuspis and first molar on each sessed by all living organic tissues, of be-
side of the jaw, so as completely to encase ing acted upon by certain stimuli.
these teeth. If these caps, on applying IR'RITANT. Ir'ritans. That which
them to the teeth in the mouth, should causes irritation.

not be found thick enough to prevent the IRRITATION. Irrita'tio. The condi-
front teeth from coming together, a piece tion of an organ or tissue, in which there
of gold plate is soldered on that part of exists an excess of vital action.
each which covers the grinding surface ISATIN'E. A compound, formed by
of the organ, and having proceeded thus digesting blue indigo with water, sulphuric
far, a small gold knob or hook is soldered acid, and bichromate of potassa, or by
on each side of each cap, and to each of heating it with weak nitric acid.
which a ligature of silk or gum elastic is ISATIS. A genus of plants of the or-
attached. These ligatures are now brought der Legnminosce.
forward and tied tightly around the cuspid Isa'tis Tincto'bia. Olas'tum. Woad.
 ISC 397 ISO

A plant from which an inferior kind of IS'CHIUM. Ischion. From toxic, the
indigo is prepared. loin. The lower part of the os innomina-
ISCHzE'MIA. From iox<->, I retain, and tum. In the foetus, one of the three bones
euua, blood. A morbid suppression of a of the os innominatum.
customary discharge of blood. |
ISCHNOPHO'NIA. From toxvoc, slen-

ISCH/E'MON. Any medicine which der, and (puvri, voice. Shrillness of voice ;

arrests or restrains bleeding. also, impeded utterance.

ISCHIADIC. Ischiat'ic. Pertaining ISCHNO'TES. iaxvoTtic, thinness ; lean-

to the ischium. \
ness. Emaciation.
ISCHIAG'RA. From icxiov, the hip, ISCHOCENO'SIS. From w^u, I re-
and aypa, a seizure. Ischiatic gout. Also, strain, and KEVumg, evacuation. A term
femoro-popliteal neuralgia. j
applied in Pathology to suppression of a
ISCHIAL/GIA. From taxtov, and afyoc, natural evacuation.
pain. Pain in the hip. ISCHOCHO'LIA. From w*«, and x&*,
ISCHIAS. Hip-gout, or rheumatism of bile. Suppression of the biliary secre-
the hip-joint. tion.

ISCHIAT'IC. Ischiadic. A term ap- ISCHOLO'CHIA. From «*», and

plied in Anatomy to parts belonging to, or Tioxeia, the lochial discharge. Suppression
connected with the ischium, as the ischiatic of the lochia.
foramen or notch, and artery, which escapes ISCHOME'NIA. From iox", and imvtc,
from the pelvis through it. the menses. Suppression of the menses.
ISCHIO-CAVERNO'SUS. A muscle ISCHURET'IC. Remedies which re-

attached to the ischium and to the corpus lieve a suppression of the urine.
cavernosum, called from its office the erec- ISCHU'RIA. From tax", I restrain,
tor penis. and ovpov, the urine. Retention of the
ISCHIOCE'LE. From icxiov, the is- urine.
chium, and nrj2.ri
) a tumor. Ischiatic her- Ischuria Spasmod'ica. Retention of
nia. urine from spasmodic contraction of the
Ischio-Clitoria'nus. Belonging to the sphincter of the bladder.
ischium and clitoris. Ischuria Spu'ria. A retention of urine
Ischio-Clito'rian Artery. A branch occasioned by some kidney
disease of the
of the internal pudic artery, which sup- or uterus which prevents the urine from
plies the two arteries of the clitoris. reaching the bladder.
Ischio-Clitorian Nerve. A branch of ISINGLASS. Ichthyocol'la. A very
the pudic nerve distributed to the clitoris. pure form of gelatine.
Ischio-Clitoride'us. The erector cli- I'SIS NOB'ILIS. Red coral.

toridis. ISO-. From taog, equal. A prefix de-

Ischio-Coccyge'us. The coccygeus mus- noting equality, or similarity.
cle. ISOCHROMATTC. From icoc, and
Ischio-Femora'lis. The adductor mag- xpuy,a, color. Having the same color.

nus femoris. ISOCH'RONOUS. From too?, equal, and

Ischio-Fem'oro-Perone'us. The biceps Xpovoc, time. Applied to two or more ac-
femoris muscle. tions performed in an equal length of time,
Ischio-Perinea'lis. The transversus as the pulsations of the arteries in different
perinei. parts of the body.
Ischio-Prostat'icus. The transversus IS'OLATED. Insulated; standing by
perinei. itself. .

Ischio-Trochanteria'ni. Gemelli mus- ISOM'ERIC. From taog, equal, and

cles. fiepog, In Chemistry, compounds
a part.
ISCHIO'SIS. Sciatica. Femoro-pop- which agree in composition, but differ in
liteal neuralgia. properties. The cyanic and fulminic acids
26
 ;

ITC 398 IVY

arc isomeric compounds of nitrogen, oxy- wheal worm ; a minute animalcule, said
gen and carbon. to be found in or near the pustules of the
ISOM'EEISM. The state of an isomeric itch.
compound. Itch Weed. Swamp hellebore, a plant
ISOMORPHISM. State of being iso- of the genus Veratrum.
morphous. I'TER. A passage.
ISOMOR'PHOUS. A term applied in Iter ad Infundib'ulum. The foramen
Chemistry to different bodies which have commune anterius of the brain.
the same crystalline forms, though com- Iter a Pa'lato ad Au'rem. The Eus-
posed of ditferent elements. tachian tube.
ISO'PODA. From taog, and novg, a foot. Iter a Ter'tio ad Quar'tum Ventric'-
An order of Crustaceans which have legs ulum. A passage from the third to the
alike, and adap*ted only for locomotion. fourth ventricle of the brain.
I'SOPYEE. Prom laog, and nvp, fire. Iter Den'tis. A name given by Dela-
A black amorphous mineral, sometimes barre to the alveo-dental canal, a small
variegated with gray or red spots ; a sili- foramen immediately behind each of the
cate of alumina, lime and peroxyd of iron. six front temporary teeth communicating
ISOSTEM'ONOUS. In Botany, hav- with the cells of the corresponding perma-
ing an equal number of stamens and pis- nent teeth.
tils. ITINERA'RIUM. A conductor ; a di-

ISOTHERMAL. From caog, equal, rector. Also, a catheter.

and depfiri, heat. Applied to different ITIS. From nvg, bold, rash. A suffix

bodies and places which have the same denoting inflammation, as odontitis, peri-

average temperature. ostitis, &c.

ISSUE. An artificial ulcer. IU'LUS. A genus of Myriapodous in-

ISTH'MION. Istk'mus. The fauces. sects.

ISTHMI'TIS. Inflammation of the I'VA. A plant of the genus Teucrium;

fauces. ground pine.
ISTHMUS, lad/iog. In common lan- Iva Frutes'cens. Marsh elder ; high-
guage, a narrow neck of land, but in water shrubs ; used in Mexico as a febri-
Anatomy, the narrow strait which divides fuge.
the cavity of the mouth from the pharynx Iva Pecanga. See Smilax Sarsaparilla.
the fauces. I'VOKY. The tusk of the male ele-
Isthmus Hep'atis. The anterior point phant. It is of a uniform, close texture,
of the right lobe of the liver ; called, Lobu- and under the microscope exhibits a struc-
his anonymus. tural arrangement similar to that of den-
Isthmus of the Thyroid Gland. A tine. According to Eetzius, it is of a
band of fibres uniting the two divisions of tubular structure, but it has also been
the thyroid gland. shown to be cellular. It contains about
Isthmus Vieusse'nii. The ridge sur- 66 per cent, of phosphate of lime with a
rounding the remains of the foramen ovale, small trace of carbonate of lime, and 34 of
in the right auricle of the heart. animal matter. It was at one time much
ITCH. The vulgar name for a disease used for artificial teeth, but at present is
of the skin, consisting of an eruption of seldom employed for that purpose.
small itching vesicles. See Psora. Ivory Black. Animal charcoal.
Itch, Baker's. A variety of Psoria- IVY. A plant of the genus Sedera,
sis, consisting of rough, fissured, reddish which creeps along the ground, or rises on
patches on the back of the forearm, hand trees or the sides of houses.

and fingers. Ivy, Ground. A plant of the genus

Itch, Barber's. See Sycosis. Glechoma. It has a a strong smell and
Itch Insect. The Acarus scabiei, or slightly aromatic taste.
 ;

JAM 399 JAP

I'XIA. A varix. Also, Yiscum album, IXYOMYELITIS. Inflammation of
which see. the spinal cord in the lumbar region.
IX'US. A plant of the genus Ga- IXTS. The region of the ilia, flanks or
lium. loins.

J.

JABTRN. The Mycteria, a genus of prepared from the bark of the Coccoloba
grallatory or wading birds. uvifera.
JAC'AMAR. A species of bird belong- Jamaica Pepper. The fruit of the
ing to the genus Galbula, the plumage of Eugenia pimenta ; allspice.

which has a metallic lustre. JAMAICIN'A. An alkaloid found in

JAC'CHUS. From taxu, I cry aloud. the cabbage-bark tree, the Andira inermis
A genus of Platyrrhine Quadrumana, or of the West Indies.
South American monkeys. JAMES'S ANALEPTIC PILLS. Pills
JACA INDICA. Thymus mastichina. composed of equal parts of James's pow-
The common herb mastich. der, ammoniacum, and the aloes and
JACEA. Viola tricolor. Pansy. A myrrh pills, beat up with tincture of
genus of plants of the order Composite. castor.

JACIN'THUS. Hyacinthus. James's Powder. A fever powder,

JACK. In Botany, a species of bread- supposed to be the same as the antimonial
fruit-tree, the Tsjaca or Actocarpus integ- powder.
rifolia. JA'MESONITE. A steel-gray ore of
JACK'AL. A wild species of dog, a antimony and lead, named after Professor

native of Asia and Africa. Jameson.

JACK'DAW. A bird of the genus JAMESTOWN WEED. A plant of
Corvus. the genus Datura, the Datura Stramo-
JACK-IN-THE-IIEDGE. A plant of nium.
the genus Erysimum. JAMET'S TOOTH POWDER. J*.
JACOB^E'A. A plant of the genus Florence iris, calcined, with spirits of
Sonecia. wine, lb i ; magnesia, % iv , pumice stone,
JACOB'S MEMBRANE. A thin mem- § viij ; bone of cuttle-fish, g viii ; sulph.
brane covering the retina. quinine, § iv ; cascarilla, § i ; sugar of
JACOBSON'S NERVE. The tym- milk, ft i. Reduce these substances to
panic branch of the petrous ganglion. powder, and pass them through a fine
JACTITA'TION. Jactita'tio. Inqui- sieve.
etude; restlessness. JANITOR. The pylorus. Also, a
JAGUAR'. The American tiger. door-keeper.
JAL'AP. Jalapa. Convolvulus jalapa. JANITRIX. The vena porta).
The root of the Ipomcea jalapa, a valuable JANTHPNA. A genus of Gastrop-
purgative. odous Testaceous Mollusks, having a
JALA'PA ALBA. White jalap. beautiful violet colored shell.
JALA'PIN. A substance which com- JAPAN EARTH. Catechu, an extract
poses about nine-tenths of jalap resin. from the Acacia catechu, a tree of India
The other tenth is jalapic acid. also called Terra japonica, from its being
JAMAICA BARK. Caribbean bark; supposed to be a mineral production.
one of the false cinchona barks. Japan Sago. The fecula obtained from
Jamaica Kino An astringent extract the Cycas revoluta, and other species*
 JAW 400 JAW
JAPONIC ACID. An acid resulting occasioned by yawning, or laughing. It
from the absorption of oxygen from the has been known to occur in the extraction
air by catechu when alkalies or alkaline of teeth, and in attempting to bite a very

carbonates are present. large substance.

JASMIN. See Jasminum Officinale. After the jaw has been dislocated once,
JAS'MINUM. A genus of plants of more liable to this
it will ever after be
the order Jasminece. and in consequence of which,
accident,
Jasminum Arab'iuum. Coffea arabica. Mr. Fox very properly recommends to
Jasminum Ofe'icina'le. Jessamine. The those to whom it has once happened, the
essential oil has been used in paralytic and precaution of supporting the jaw when-
rheumatic affections. ever the mouth is opened widely in
JASPACHATES. Agate jasper. gaping, or for the purpose of having a
JAS'PER. A silicious mineral of vari- tooth extracted.
ous colors ; a species of quartz. In the reduction of a dislocation of the
JATROPHA. A genus of plants of lower jaw, the ancients employed two
the order Euphorbiaceas. pieces of wood, which were introduced on
Jatropha Cuh'cas. The species which each side of the mouth between the molar
affords the physic nuts of the shops. They teeth, and while they were made to act as
abound in an acrid purgative oil. levers for depressing the back part of the
Jatropha Elastica. Caoutchouc. bone, the chin was raised by means of a
Jatropha Man'ihot. The root of bandage.
this species is made into a kind of bread The method usually adopted by sur-
by the natives of Africa and the West geons at the present day, for reducing a
Indies. It also yields a large quantity of dislocation of this bone, consists in intro-
starch, known by the name of tapioca. ducing the thumbs, wrapped with a nap-
Jatropha Multif'ida. The seeds upon the molar
of kin or cloth, as far back
this species, called purging nuts, give out teeth as possible, then depressing the back
an oil similar to that of the Jatropha cur- part of the jaw, and, at the same time,
cas. raising the chin with the fingers. In this
JAUN'DICE. A disease arising from way the condyles are disengaged from
hepatic obstruction. See Icterus. under the zygomatic arches, and made to
Jaundice, Black. See Mekena. glideback into their articular cavities.
JAW. Maxilla. But the moment the condyles are disen-
Jaw, Lower, Anchylosis of. Stiff- gaged, the thumbs of the operator should
ness and immobility of the temporo-max- be slipped outward between the teeth
illary articulation. from chronic and cheeks, as the action of the muscles,
It results
rheumatism or gout, or old age, or from at this instant, in drawing the jaw back,
some disease of the synovial membrane, causes it to close very suddenly, and with
cartilage of the joint, or articular surface considerable force, rendering this precau-
or extremity of the bone. Fortunately, tion necessary to prevent being hurt, unless

as it seldom admits of cure, it is an affec- a piece of cork or soft wood has been pre-
tion of rare occurrence. viously placed between the teeth, a pre-
Jaw, Lower, Dislocation of. From caution which should never be neglected.
the peculiar manner in which the inferior By the foregoing simple method of pro-
maxilla is articulated to the temporal cedure, the dislocation may, in almost
bones, it is not very liable to be dislocated, every case, be readily reduced, but Mr.
and when one or both of Fox mentions a case in which it failed.
its condyles are
displaced, the luxation is The subject was a lady who had had her
always forward.
Dislocation of the lower jaw is rarely lower jaw luxated several times before, and
caused by a blow, except it is given when this time the accident was occasioned by an
the mouth is open it is more frequently attempt which he made to extract one of
;
 JAW 401 JAW
the inferior dentes sapientia?. After hav- forward, and then pressing in the basis
ing failed to reduce the luxated hone by the of the bone, so as to bring it exactly on a
usual method, he says he " happened to level with the portion which has pre-
recollect a statement made to him by M. served its natural position. Indeed, the
de Chemant, of his having been frequently correctness of the reduction can always be
applied to by a person at Paris, who was rightly judged of by attending to the line
subject to this accident, and that he al- which the "base of the jaw ought to form,
ways succeeded in reducing the luxation and observing that the arch of the teeth
immediately," by means " of a lever of is as regular as nature will allow. The
wood, as recommended by Dr. Monroe." maintenance of the reduction, however,
Profiting by this statement, Mr. P. pro- is difficult and can only be executed by
;

cured a piece of wood " about an inch supporting the lower jaw, and keeping it
square, and ten or twelve inches long." applied to the upper one. As the latter
He placed one end of this upon the lower indications cannot be properly fulfilled in
molars, and then raised the other, so that persons whose teeth are very irregular, it
the upper teeth acted as a fulcrum. As is, sometimes, necessary to interpose an
soon as the jaw was depressed, the condyle even piece of cork between the teeth on
of the side upon which the wood was each side of the mouth, and against this
applied, immediately slipped back into cork the lower jaw is to be kept up with
its articular cavity. The wood was then the bandage presently noticed, while the
applied to the opposite side of the jaw, aperture left between the incisors in the
and the other condyle reduced in the same situation where no cork is placed, allows
manner.** food and medicines to be introduced with a
The method proposed by Sir Astley small spoon.
Cooper consists, when both condyles are " As soon as the fracture is set, the sur-
displaced, in introducing two corks behind geon should adapt some thick pasteboard,
the molars, and then elevating the chin. previously wet and softened with vinegar,
He, however, first places his patient in a to the outside of the jaw, both along its

recumbent posture. side and under Over this moist-

its basis.

Jaw, Lower, Fractures of. Frac- ened pasteboard a bandage with four tails
tures of the lower jaw may occur near the is to be applied, the centre being placed
symphysis, or between this point and the on the patient's chin, while the two pos-
coronoid process of the ramus, and at one terior tails are to be pinned to the front
or two places. The condyloid or coronoid part of a night-cap, and the two an-
process may be fractured, or the alveolar terior ones fastened to a part of the same
border, and the solution of continuity may cap more backward. When the paste-
be perpendicular with the base, oblique, or
* Dr. J. Rhea Barton,
of Philadelphia, to
longitudinal, and as the accident is the whose science and have had frequent
skill I
result of great mechanical violence, the soft occasion to allude, has devised a bandage
parts are generally more or less injured. for fractures of the jaw, to which a prefer-
ence is now generally given in this country,
In one case which under the observa-
fell
as well for its superiority in retaining the
tion of the author, inwhich the fracture fragments in a state of coaptation, as for
occurred between the first and second mo- the facility it affords in securing the dress-
ings occasionally applied to wounds of the
lars, the extremity of the posterior portion He commences with " a
face and chin.
of the bone protruded externally through roller an inch and a half wide just below
the prominence in the occipitis, and contin-
the cheek.
ues it obliquely over the centre of the parie-
" Fractures of the lower jaw, whether tal bones across the juncture of the coronal
simple or double, are easily set, by push- and sagittal sutures, over the zygomatic
upward and a little arch, under the chin, and pursuing the same
ing the displaced part
direction on the opposite aide, until he
•Vide American edition of Fox on the arrives at the back of the head he then;

Human Teeth, p. 330. passes it obliquely around and parallel to

 ; :

JAW 402 JAW

board becomes dry, it forms the most con- ticularly liable to be succeeded by trouble-
venient apparatus imaginable some and tedious exfoliations.
for sur-
rounding and supporting the fracture. A " In very bad fractures, in which all mo-
piece of soap-plaster may now be applied tion of the jaw must have the most perni-
to the skin underneath, which will prevent cious effect, I consider it prudent to admin-
any ill effects of the hardness and pressure ister every kind of nourishment in a fluid
of the pasteboard. form through an elastic gum catheter, in-
" Until the bone is firmly united the troduced through one of the nostrils down
patient should be allowed only such food the oesophagus.
as does not require mastication, and it may " It now and then happens that frac-
be given by means of a small spoon intro- tures of the jaw continue ununited."
duced between the teeth. Broths, soups, When the fracture is confined to the
jellies,tea, and other slops, appear most alveolar border, it becomes necessary, in
eligible. most instances, to remove the detached
" In order to keep the middle portion of portion, as a union will seldom take place,
|

the bone from being drawn downward and though i

it is proper to wait, except the soft
backward towards the larynx, it is fre- parts are considerably lacerated, until the
quently necessary to apply tolerably thick bony fragment is separated from them, by
compresses just under and behind the chin the suppurative inflammation which soon
which are to be well supported by the supervenes. But when a large portion of
bandage already described. the border is fractured, a union may some-
" I need hardly state the necessity of times be effected, if the part be properly
enjoining the patient to avoid talking, or secured.
moving the jaw more than can possibly be Jaw, Lower, Immobility of. This
avoided. may result from anchylosis, or from in-
" When the condyle is fractured, as it flammation and adhesion of the gums,
' or
is incessantly drawn forward by the ac- fr° m contraction of the muscles. '

It is

tion of the pterygoideus externus, and on particularly liable to occur after mercurial
:

account of its deep situation it cannot be salivation which has resulted in necrosis
pressed back, the lower portion must, if antt< exfoliation of the alveolar processes,

possible, be pushed into contact with it. The following interesting case was com-
For this purpose the bandage must be municated by Professor Mott to the Amer-
made to operate particularly on the angle i can editor, Dr. Beese, of Cooper's Surgi-
of the jaw, where a thick compress should ca l Dictionary, and from which work it is

be placed, here quoted

" Compound fractures of the lower jaw " A young man twenty-one years of age,
are to be treated on the same principles as I
fr° m
North Carolina, called, with the
similar injuries of other bones. If possi- j
lower jaw almost immovably fixed to the
ble, the external wound should be healed upper. No motion in a downward direc-
by the first intention and when this at- tion could be discovered, nor was the most
;

tempt must be taken to keep the powerful

fails, care effort with the hand upon the
wound clean by changing the dressings chin able in the slightest degree to alter its
about once in three days, but not oftener situation. He had been in a deplorable
lest the fracture suffer too much disturb- state for Unable to chew a
ten years.
ance. It is observed that compound frac- mouthful of food or even open the jaws
tures of the jaw, and even simple ones, for its reception, his food had to be intro-
which are followed by abscesses, are par- duced through a small opening, occasioned
by an irregularity of the bicuspid teeth on
the base of the lower jaw over the chin
and continues the same course on the other
; the right side. On the left side, just within
side until ends where he the an S le of the mouth, a firm band, of
it commenced and I

repeats."— Reese. ^Cooper's Surgical Dictionary.

|
 JAW 403 JAW
more than ligamentous hardness, was to he prevent the adhesion of the cheek to the

seen and felt, reaching from this point jaws internally, pieces of sponge were in-
along the alveolar ridge to the coronoid terposed. The patient was enabled to
process. chew and to converse and articu-
his food,
" Along the whole course of this adhe- late distinctly as the result of the operation,
sion to the gum of the lower jaw, there and he entirely recovered."
was not a vestige of a tooth, and he stated The operation has subsequently been re-
that from this part the jaw had been for- peated by Professor Mott, and with like
merly separated, with the teeth attached to success.
it. This morbid adhesion had been several When the immobility results from, or is

times freely divided, was cut from within complicated with, anchylosis of the joint,
it

the mouth in different directions, but never no benefit will be derived from an opera-

permitted the least motion of the jaw. tion.

" From the circumstance that he could Professor Paul F. Eve, of Nashville,
give a little lateral motion of the jaw,Tenn., has performed two operations for
I
thought that his mouth might yet be separating the jaws. The first operation
opened and the deformity removed. I then was performed in 1840, on a boy, aged
made an incision from the angle of the five years, who, says Professor E., "had
mouth on the left side through the cheek, had gangraenopsis, which had resulted, not
nearly to the coronoid process, dividing the only in the destruction of the soft parts,
firm cicatrix within completely. The jaw but anchylosis of the lower jaw. There
being relieved by dividing all the adhe- was great deformity of the mouth. After
sionsbetween them ; a piece of very broad free division of the zygomatic muscles and
tape was placed between the teeth by a other soft parts, the right commissure of
probe and spatula, and tied some distance the lips was depressed and the separation
below the chin. To the loop thus formed of the lower jaw increased by the lever
I applied all the strength I could com- power." The deformity was only par-
mand, but not the least yielding of the tially removed.
jaw could be discovered. In another case, which had resulted from
" I then applied the principle of the cancrum oris, or profuse salivation, the
screw lever, by an instrument prepared for operation was only partially successful.
the purpose, composed of two steel plates Jaw, Lower, Operations on. In de-
about three inches in length. When ap- scribing the operations on the lower jaw
plied to each other, they were of a wedge we shall begin with 1. Excision. Four :

shape. To the large end was attached a pathological conditions are noticed by Che-
screw, which, when turned, caused the thin lius, as indicating the necessity of this ope-
extremity of the plates to expand. This ration, namely : first, a cancerous degene-
instrument enabled me
open the mouth ration of the lip, extending to the bone, or
to
completely. from cancer originating in the bone itself.
u With considerable difficulty this vice Second, an osteosteatoma, osteosarcoma,
was insinuated between the range of teeth spina ventosa and fungoid degeneration of
on the left side, resting along their whole the jaw. Third, deep-seated caries. Fourth,
course. It was then expanded, by turning exostosis. Fifth, want of union of frac-
the screw, and such was the report that tures.
attended the yielding of the lower jaw, According to the seat and extent of the
that several present thought it was broken, disease, excision either of a part or of the
but the noise was like that attending the whole jaw may be required.
fracture of a bone. The mouth was im-
Excision of Middle Portion of the Jaw.
mediately opened to a sufficient extent.
"The wound was closed with the inter- The patient is seated in a chair, as in

rupted suture and adhesive plaster ; to this position the blood is not so liable to
 JAW 404 JAW
flow into the throat and produce suffoca- scribed. The chain-saw is sometimes pre-
tion. An assistant behind supports the ferred in the division of the bone.
head, compressing, at the same time, the Dressing. —After cleaning the wound,
facial artery where it mounts over the all bleeding arteries should be tied. The
lower jaw in front of the masseter muscle. inferior dental artery may be secured by
The surgeon now makes an incision from plugging its orifice in the bone with wax.
the angle of the mouth, on each side, If bleeding continues from the vessels
down The lip that have retracted and cannot be dis-
to the base of the bone.
and between these two incisions covered, the surface should be touched
soft parts
are dissected towards the neck. The ex- with a heated iron. Mr. Ferguson recom-
now be ascertained, mends that a quantity of lint be placed
tent of the disease will
and the teeth corresponding to its limits in the wound to prevent its sides from
are to be extracted. The bone is now to falling inward, which other surgeons
be deeply notched on the anterior surface think of rather doubtful utility. To ob-
from above downward, by a small saw, viate this difficulty, Mr. Nasmyth, of
such as Hay's, and then with a straight Edinburgh, has constructed a double silver
cutting forceps, one of the blades being case to contain the molar teeth of both
within the mouth on the inner surface, upper and lower jaws, which is adapted
the other in the groove on the outer sur- previous to the operation, and which has
face, the bone is to be divided. In this been successfully used and highly recom-
division with the forceps the operator mended by Mr. Liston. The flaps are bo
leans over the patient, and the tongue be placed in juxta-position, and secured
and soft parts are protected from the
by the twisted suture.
inner blade by means of a spatula, or The ligature passed through the fne-
other suitable instrument, or the finger, num, or tongue, is directed by Delpech to
which is better than any thing else, and be carried between the flaps, and secured
it is considered proper to clear a space for to one of the hare-lip pins.
the blade within by passing a knife up. The several steps of the operation just
The next step is to remove the piece described, may require to be modified in
divided. This is done by standing in a greater or less degree, to suit particular
front, and with a sharp-pointed bistoury cases. As, for example, if the lip be can-
passed from below upward, to cut close cerous, its removal will be necessary, and
to the inner surface of the bone, dividing should be done by making a section in
all the soft parts, namely, the digastric, the shape of the letter V, the apex looking
part of the mylo-hyoid, the geno-hyoid, downward. Where only the anterior por-
the geno-hyo-glossus, and thebone is attacked by disease, the
mucous tion of the
membrane on both sides. But before this posterior may be left, according to Delpech,
dissection is made, the tongue should be as being useful, both in preserving the
secured by passing a ligature through its natural shape of the jaw, and affording
apex, or the framum, so as to prevent its attachment to the muscles of the tongue.
sudden retraction in the mouth and suffo-
Excision of the Side of the Lower Jaw.
cation.
Another mode of incision is to divide The patient being seated as in the first

the lower lip by a single cut, after making case, an incision is made from the angle of
it tense by stretching its angles, and ex- the mouth to the base of the jaw. A second
tending the incision through the skin and from this point along
incision is carried
cellular tissue to the os hyoides and dis- the base to the angle, and for a short dis-
secting the flaps from the surface of the tance to the ramus. The flap thus marked
bone outward, which are to be held by is dissected backward, and held by an
assistants, the removal by the saw, for- assistant. The facial artery is secured by
ceps, and knife, being the same as de- ligature, but should not be divided by the
 ;

JAW 405 JAW

first incisions; the muscle is
masseter Incision of both Sides of the Lower Jaw.

detached. An and molar tooth

incisor Make an incision along the base of the
being extracted, the jaw is prepared for inferior jaw from one angle to the other
division at its angle and near the sym- across the chin, and dissect the flap from
physis by the application of the saw and the bone upward, which is to be held by
forceps as already described in excision of an assistant. The bone with the muscles
the chin. In its removal the mylo-hyoid, and soft parts upon its posterior surface
the internal pterygoid muscles, and trunk are to be divided and separated, as already
of the inferior maxillary nerve will have detailed. If the tumor be very large, it
to be separated. The genio-hyo-glossus is thought best to divide the lip.
will not be disturbed, and consequently
will not be retracted. 2. Disarticulation, with Excision of half

Should it be required to remove the the Lower Jaw.

ascending ramus, it is only necessary to In an operation of this sort the incision

extend the incision still higher up along must be directed very much by the size of
the ramus, and apply the saw, forceps, the tumor, and the extent of the disease
and knife as before, bearing in mind the invading the intcgiiment. The method of
proximity of the external carotid artery. Lisfranc and Cusack is thought to be
All the bleeding vessels having been se- very applicable. It is as follows An in- :

cured, the flap is brought down and re- cision is carried from the symphysis along
tained at the lip by means of the twisted the base to the angle of the jaw, then two
suture, and along the base of the jaw by vertical incisions are made at each extrem-
the interrupted, and supported by strips ity of this horizontal one, the first falling
of adhesive plaster. from the middle of the lower lip, and the
Other incisions are Tised in this opera- second descending from the zygomatic arch
tion. The square-shaped of Cloquet is behind the ramus of the jaw. The facial
made by commencing at the angle of the artery being secured, this flap is to be dis-
mouth, and extending the incision trans- sected upward, taking care not to wound
versely to the posterior margin of the the parotid duct and gland. The jaw is
ramus of the jaw then from each extrem- now to be divided at the symphysis by
;

ity of this cut making vertical incisions, the saw and forceps, and the muscles and
namely, one in front going to the base of soft parts separated from the posterior
the jaw, and the other behind the ramus, surface as far as the angle with the bis-
descending a little below the angle. This toury. The masseter is also to be separated
flap is then dissected from above down- from its attachments, which exposes the
ward upon the neck. articulation. A probe-pointed bistoury is

Professor Molt makes two flaps, the one now passed behind the coronoid process
semilunar, the other triangular. The first to divide the tendinous insertion of the
is made by one incision over the articula- temporal muscle. The jaw is dejiressed
tion of the jaw, carried down to the chin so as to luxate the condyle, and the knife
the convexity of the semilunar incision is carried up to the articulation, dividing
looking backward. The second begins and articu-
the external pterygoid muscle
at the upper end of this, and extends drawing the jaw forward
lar ligaments,
down the back part of the angle of the at the same time, so as to remove it as
jaw, and a short distance along the ante- much as possible from the vessels behind
rior edge of the sterno-cleido-mastoideus. its ramus. The condyle is now turned
The superior flap is now dissected up- outward, the knife passed into the joint,
ward, and the inferior downward, thus and the internal lateral ligament severed.
fully exposing the bone, which is removed At this stage, a number of arteries will be
in both the different incisions in the way cut, which must be secured with liga-
already described. ture.
 ;

JAW 406 JAW

3. Removal of the Whole Lower Jaw. In cases third and fourth a portion of
the inferior maxilla was removed for osteo-
In the performance of this formidable
sarcoma, and both operations were suc-
operation, a horizontal incision is made
cessful.
along the base of both sides of the jaw and
Mr. H. Scott, dentist, of Lancaster,
chin to the angles ; a second incision is
Ohio, furnished the author with a report
made from the root of the zygoma to the
of three operations on the inferior maxilla
angle of the jaw uniting with the poste-
taken from the case-book of M. Z. Krei-
rior extremity of the horizontal incision.
der, M. D., of that place.
The ilap is next dissected up over the face
The first was for the removal of a ne-
and the jaw divided at its symphysis.
crossed portion of the lower jaw, resulting
Each half is now disarticulated as before
from inflammation produced by the dens
described, and in both the dressings are
sapiential.
the same as detailed for other sections of
The second operation was performed for
this bone. Other incisions are used in this
the removal of an osteo-sarcomatous tu-
operation by different surgeons. One con-
mor, extending from the first molar on
sists in carrying the knife from the angles
one side, to the corresponding tooth on the
of themouth to the front of the ear. An-
other, which extended back in the mouth
other in making two elliptical incisions,
so as greatly to impede the motions of the
the one below along the base and ramus
tongue, and down to the os hyoides, to
of the jaw to the condyle, the other above,
which it was slightly attached. The first
laying bare the coronoid process and open-
molar on each side was extracted, and an
ing the joint. A third method is the four
incision made from one ramus to the other
cornered Hap, made by carrying the knife
along the base of the jaw.The flap was
from the angle of the mouth vertically to
then dissected from the jaw and turned
the base of the jaw, thence along the base
upward, the facial arteries secured, and
to the angle and upward to the front of
the bone divided on each side, at the points
the articulation.
where the teeth had been extracted with
Professor Paul P. Eve, of Augusta,
the saw. The whole mass was next dis-
Georgia, has furnished the author with a
sected out, the divided vessels tied, and
description of four operations performed
the wound dressed in the usual manner.
by himself on the inferior maxilla.
The operation was entirely successful.
The first operation was made May 31st,
The following is the history of case
1838, on a negro woman, aged twenty- five,
third : In 1824, Alexander Stall, aged
for the removal of a tumor involving nearly
forty-three years, "having tooth-ache,
the whole of the left side of the lower
had the second molar of left side of the
jaw-bone.
lower jaw extracted ; he caught a severe
The disease reappeared on the right
cold about this time in consequence of
side and destroyed the life of the patient
lying out over night in a drunken spree
in eight or ten months.
swelling with inflammation and great
In the second case the operation was for
pain supervened ; suppuration followed
epulis of the lower jaw. The bone was ;

pus was discharged from many points

exposed "by an incision from the left
both from within and without the mouth
angle of the mouth through the cheek to
at this time (1827) is greatly emaciated
the extent of an inch and a half, the dis-
the bone, upon examination, is found to
eased mass was isolated by two perpen-
be necrossed, involving the articulation,
dicular applications of the saw, and was
then chipped off with the chisel and mal-
and as far as the chin. To relieve him,
the canine tooth of the opposite side was
let. This patient fully recovered."
extracted and the bone found to be sound.
* Vide Ferguson's Practical Surgery by
Norris Pancoast's Operative Surgery,
;
A simple incision was then made, comr
Chelius' System of Surgery, &.c. mencins below the lobule of the left ear
 JAW 407 JAW
and at the posterior part of the ramus of turn her head to either side ; the cheeks
the jaw; this was carried down to the and upper lip were dragged considerably
base and continued around to the point of downward ; she could not close her eyelids,
the extracted tooth. The facial artery was nor her jaws, but for an instant, and then
secured, the hap dissected upward from the only by bowing her head forward ; she
base, the masseter muscle detached, and could not retain her saliva for a single
the attachments within also separated from instant, and, as might be expected, her
the bone. This was divided at the point articulation was very indistinct.
of the extracted tooth ;
" She had been taken to the city of New
the trunk of the
internal maxillary artery York some years before, for the purpose of
lying between
the pterygoid muscles had been previously being relieved of this deformity, and was
secured to prevent hemorrhage from its placed under the care of two of the most
various branches. After having isolated distinguished surgeons in that city, who
the coronoid process, the bone was forced performed an operation by dissecting up
upward, the internal pterygoid was then the cicatrix on the neck, then raising tho
divided at its insertion near the condyle head, and sliding up the cicatrix from its
of the bone, which was then readily dis- original position, leaving a raw surface be-
articulated and removed it was found to low to heal up by granulation. I need
;

be diseased and very offensive. The flap scarcely add that the operation was en-
was brought down and secured by pins. tirely unsuccessful.
The patient recovered and is still living." "After a careful examination of the
For a description of the following novel case, it became evident that such a compli-
and most extraordinary operation the au- cated deformity could be best remedied by
thor is indebted to Dr. S. P. Hullihen, sur- performing three separate operations, one
geon dentist, of Wheeling, Virginia. The upon the jaw, another upon the neck, and
ingenuity, skill and boldness displayed a third upon the under lip.
in the conception and performance of this " To remove the projection of the under
complicated operation, place Dr. H. at jaw seemed to require the first attention ;
once among the ablest and best surgeons unless that coidd be done the other opera-
of the day. tions, however successful, would add but
" Miss Mary S , aged 20, daughter little, if any, to the personal appearance
of the Hon. Wm. S , of Ohio, came to of the patient. This lengthening of the
Wheeling in the spring of jaw had taken place entirely between the
1848 to obtain
relief from the effects of a very severe cuspidatus and first bicuspid tooth of the
burn which she had received fifteen years right side, and between the first and sec-
before. ond bicuspids of the left. By this elon-
" The burn was principally confined to gation, the teeth just described were sepa-
the neck and lower part of the face, and rated on both sides three-fourths of an
its cicatrix produced a deformity of the inch. To saw out the upper edge of these
most dreadful character. Her head was elongated portions of the jaw, and then to
drawn forward and downward, the chin divide that part of the jaw in front of tho
was confined within an inch of the space thus made, by sawing it through in
sternum, the under lip was so pulled down a horizontal manner, so as to permit the
mucous membrane of the left side upper and detached portion to be set back
that the
came far below the chin, tho under jaw in its proper and original position, ap-
was bowed slightly downward, and elon- peared to be the only possible way of rem-
gated, particularly its upper portion, edying the deformity. This plan I there-
which made it project about one inch and
and performed the operation
fore adopted,
three-eighths beyond the upper jaw. In on the 12th day of June, in the manner
front there was scarcely any appearance now to be described.
of either chin or neck, she was unable to "The operation was commenced by
 JAW 408 JAW
sawing out in a V shape the elongated por- removed, the next thing to be done was to
tions, together with the first bicuspid on relieve the confined condition of the head,
the left side, each section extending about and the distortion of the face and neck re-
three-fourths of the way through the jaw. sulting therefrom. This I determined to
I then introduced a bistoury at the lower accomplish, if possible, after the manner
point of the space from which the section of Prof. Mutter in similar cases, and I ac-
was removed on the right and pushed cordingly performed this
side, operation on the
it through the soft parts, and in 3 1st day of July, assisted by Dr. Frissell.
close to
front of the jaw, until it came out at the " I began by dividing the skin immedi-
lower point of the space on the left side. ately in front of the neck, about half an
The bistoury was then withdrawn, and a inch above the sternum, and then carried
Blender saw introduced in the same place, the incision back about three inches on each
and the upper three-fourths of the jaw, side. I then commenced a careful divis-
containing the six front teeth was sawed ion of the strictures, which were so thick-
off on a horizontal line ending at the bot- ened in front as to extend to the trachea,
tom of the spaces before named, the de- and on the sides as not only to involve the
tached portion being still connected on the platysma myoides, but a portion of the
outer and inner sides to the jaw below by sterno-cleido-mastoideus muscle also. Af-
the soft parts. After having with the bone- ter dividing every thing that interfered
nippers removed the detached portion the with the raising of the head, and the clos-

corners which were created by the hori- ing of the mouth, so far as the incision was
zontal and perpendicular cuts of the saw, now made, it became evident that to give
it was set back so that the edges from free motion to the head, the incision on the
which the V shaped sections were removed, neck must be extended back Ihrough the
came together. remaining cicatrix, which was at least two
"Thus it will be perceived that this inches wide on one side and about an ;

portion of the jaw and teeth which before inch and a half on the other this was ac- ;

projected, and inclined outward, now stood cordingly done, the whole presenting a
back, and inclined inward, and in its pro- Avound upward of nine inches in length,
per and original place. and nearly five in width. A thin piece of
"In this position the was now cut in the shape of the
jaw was secured leather
by passing ligatures around the cuspidati wound, but somewhat larger, and placing
in the detached portion, and the now ad- it upon the shoulder and arm, immediately
joining bicuspids in the sound portion, over the deltoid muscle, a flap nearly ten
then taking an impression of the jaw in inches in length, and five in breadth, hav-
very soft wax, a cast was procured, and a ing a neck or attachment two inches wide,
silver plate struck up and fitted over the was marked out, and then dissected up as
gum manner as to maintain the thick as the parts below would permit.
in such a
parts in that same relation beyond the pos- This flap was now brought around, and
sibility of movement. secured in the wound on the neck by the
"The patient declared that the opera- twisted sutures. The sutures were placed
tion gave her little or no pain. There was about an inch and a half apart between ;

a little swelling about 'the chin during the each of these sutures, one, two and some-
first three days after the operation, but not times three small stitches were inserted, de-
the slightest uneasiness. In this way the pending entirely upon the number neces-
case progressed, the gum sary to bring the edges neatly together.
healed in a few
days, the jaw united strongly, and in the These stitches were of fine thread, had a
time bones usually unite, and the wearing very superficial hold, produced little or no
of the plate was discontinued within six irritation, and served to keep the parts in
weeks was performed. better apposition than any other means I
after the operation
" The deformity of the jaw being now could have devised. The wound on the
 JAW 409 JAW
shoulder was next drawn together ahout " 5th.— Urinates without difficulty, bow-
one half of its entire extent, the remainder els moved by injection, patient eutirely
was covered with lint. One long narrow free from pain, pulse natural.
strip of adhesive plaster, applied around " 6th. —Dressing removed, the flap is

the neck to support the flap, and over this uniting by the first intention along both
a cravat tied in the usual way, constituted sides throughout its entire extent, the
all the dressing deemed advisable at this greater part of the pins and stitches re-
time. moved.
" The and very
patient bore this tedious " 7th. —The remainder of the pins and
painful operation with great fortitude, and removed, patient perfectly com-
stitches

without uttering scarce a murmur; she fortable and cheerful.

was somewhat exhausted, but not from the " 10th. Sat up all day by the window. —
loss of blood —there was no vessel divided —
" 15th. Walked out to take an airing.
of sufficient importance to require a liga- " During thew hole progress of the cure
ture. there was not the slightest swelling or un-
" August 1st. —During the due inflammation in the flap or about the
fore part of
last night the patient was somewhat dis- neck. The patient was slightly hysterical
tressed — —
was very unmanageable would the first few days, but never complained
talk incessantly, and occasionally sit up in of any thing except pain on the shoulder,
bed. An
anodyne was administered at 12 a slight head- ache of a few hours' dura-
o'clock, after which she rested much bet- tion, and the uneasiness occasioned by the
ter and slept some. Complains of sickness retention of urine. The wound on the
of the stomach this morning, has vomited shoulder granulated rapidly, and skinned
—
three or four ^imes flap very pale —
pulse over in about six weeks after the opera-
rather weak. Patient directed to refrain tion. It was curious upon
to observe that
from taking all kinds of drinks. touching the flap after had healed in it

" 2d. —Patient complains of pain only the neck, the patient would always refer
in the shoulder, was much distressed the the sensation to the shoulder or arm from
latter part of last night on account of a which the flap Avas taken.
retention of urine. The catheter was em- " The confinement of the head and dis-
ployed, and about three pints of urine tortion of the face occasioned by the stric-
drawn off, after which she rested well. tures, being now removed, the next step
Pulse somewhat excited, flap better color. was to relieve, as far as possible, a very
—
" 3d. The patient rested well last great deformity of the under lip.
—
night the use of the catheter still neces- " The under lip, from being dragged
sary. All efforts to keep the patient from down, and greatly stretched by the former
talking and moving unavailing, color of projection of the under jaw, was rendered
the flap rather pale, save at the extreme greatly too large, so much so that it pouted
point, and about two inches along the out an inch or more further than the upper
lower edge, which is assuming rather a lip. This, together with a turning out of
dark blue color. Pulse about the same as the mucous membrane on the left side,
—
yesterday removed a pin from near the which extended nearly down to the lower
point of the flap, and enveloped the neck edge of the chin, making the lip too short

in cotton batting. Patient complains of on that side, was the nature of the de-
hunger —chicken broth ordered. formity yet to be relieved.
" 4th.—Patient the
rested well, use of " To relieve this unseemly appearance
catheter still necessary, complains of slight of the lip, the inverted portion was cut out
head- ache, the color of the flap nearly na- in a V shape, extending down to the flap
tural, and even the point is assuming a in the neck, and sufficiently large to re-
healthy hue, and appears to be uniting, duce the lip to the proper size. The edgea
pulse almost natural. were then brought together and secured
 JAW 410 JAW
after the manner of a single hare lip. The "outside of the front lower protruding
wound healed in the most beautiful man- tooth or teeth, and on the inside of the up-
ner, the appearance of the lip was greatly- per irregular teeth, firmly, for from five
improved, but still there remained a deep to ten minutes, two or three times a day,
depression or notch in the edge sufficiently the lower end of the stick or piece of wood
large to keep exposed the tops of two or and hand below the chin, thereby pressing
three teeth, besides preventing the coming the lower teeth inward and backward,
together of the lips on that side. and the upper teeth outward and for-
" I now determined to raise, if possi- ward. In this way," says Dr. G., " I
ble, this depressed portion of the lip, and have restored the face or jaws to their
for this purpose passed a bistoury through proper symmetry in one week, though oc-
the lip about two lines from the free edge, casionally it will take from three to six
first on one side of the depression and weeks or even longer.

then on the other, and then carried the When the protrusion of the lower jaw
incisions downward to meet at a point on is accompanied by irregularity, Dr. Gr. very
the lower edge of the chin. means should, at the
proj>erly directs that
The depressed portion of lip now lying same time, be employed for remedying it.
between the two incisions was next dis- He also recommends that the operation for
sected loose from the jaw and then raised retracting the protruding jaw be performed
on a level with the remainder of the lip, as soon as the deformitjr occurs, though he
and there retained by pins, after the man- says " it may be successfully remedied at
ner of dressing a double hare-lip, the line any time previous to the age of puberty,
of union forming a letter V. and that he has done it at a much later
" This operation was as successful as period, but that after the sixteenth year of
the others, and the original deformity be- age the operation becomes more difficult
ing now removed, the young and tedious.
lady, though
still carrying evidences of the burn, has The author has never had occasion to
the free use of her head, eyelids, jaws, and adopt this practice but in one instance, and
may mingle in society without any par- then he substituted a cap of gold for the
ticular note or remark." block of ivory. The subject was a little
Jaw, Lower, PnoTRUSiON of. A de- girl about thirteen years of age. It proved
formity which gives to the face a morose perfectly successful in about five weeks.
and disagreeable appearance, often inter- Jaw, Upper, Operations on. As the
fering with mastication, prehension and manner of opening the maxillary sinus
distinct articulation, and also changes the with a view of giving egress to accumu-
natural relationship which the teeth sus- lated matter, is described in another article,
tain to each other when the mouth is we omit a description of it in this place.
closed. See Maxillary Sinus, Diseases of.

The plan of treatment proposed by Dr.

Excision of the Upper Jaw.
Gunnell, consists in fastening a small
block of ivory on one of the lower molars, Malignant tumors, and tumors not ma-
thick enough to keep the front teeth about lignant, but of large size; caries, osteo-

a quarter of an inch apart when the jaws sarcoma, osteosteatoma, fungous degene-
are closed. He then puts on Fox's band- ration, and polypus of the antrum, are
age, which he buckles " as tight as the regarded as indications demanding this
patient can bear with convenience," press- operation.

ing " the chin upward and backward." The size of the tumor, and the nature
Then, if the teeth be irregular, he takes and extent of the disease, will necessarily
"a piece of tough wood of the shape of a regulate, in a great measure, the direction
narrow spoon handle," which he intro- of the incisions, and the whole process of
duces between the teeth and presses on the the operation, so that only general rules
 JAW 411 JAW
can here be given, to be modified to suit in- ond incision is made along the zygoma,
dividual cases. One invariable rule should connecting with the first. The knife is

be observed, whatever mode of incision be now pushed through the integument to

adopted, namely, to direct the cuts so as to the nasal process of the superior maxilla,
cause the least possible disfiguration, but at detaching the ala from the bone, and cut-
the same time to eradicate thoroughly every ting the lip through in the middle line.
diseased part. This flap is dissected up and held by an
If the morbid growth or tumor be about assistant; the soft parts, as the inferior

the size of an egg or walnut, and situated oblique muscle, infra-orbitar nerve, at-
on the front part of the jaw, the patient tached to the floor of the orbit, are cut,
and its contents supported by a narrow
should be placed in the sitting posture, as
in excision of the lower jaw,and the head bent spatula.
held by an assistant. Then, according to The section of the bone comes next in
Mr. Fergi;son, an incision is made from order. This is done with the cutting for-
the margin of the upper lip to the root ceps, dividing in succession the junction of
of the ala of the nose. This flap, with the malar bone, the zygomatic arch, the
the mucous membrane, is dissected from nasal process of the superior maxilla, and
off the tumor upward, as far as may then with strong scissors, after having
be necessary, and extending the first incis- notched the alveolar process, one blade is
ion if required. An incisor, bicuspid, or passed in the mouth, and the other in the
molar tooth is then extracted, and the mu- nostril of the affected side, the palatine
cous membrane of the hard palate divided arch is cut through. At this stage, the
with the point of the knife the alveolus carotid artery,
; if necessary, is compressed.
isnext notched with a small saw in front The tumor is now turned down from its

and behind, and the division and separa- bed, and the remaining attachments di-
tion of the bone effected with cutting vided, preserving, if possible, the palatine
forceps. If the tumor be of small size, it plate of the palate bone with the velum
may be removed without dividing the lip, palati. The branches of the internal max-
and it may be so large as to require the illary, being torn and stretched, may not

complete excision of the upper jaw. require a ligature. The patient being now
For this formidable operation, Mr. Lis- placed in a reclining posture, the cavity
ten, who has repeatedly operated with suc- sponged out and examined, and all vessels,

cess, adopts the following method. The whether bleeding or not, that are seen, se-
extent of the disease being accurately as- cured with a ligature, and the ends cut off.

The space occupied by the tumor and re-

certained, the points of separation are de-
cided upon. Supposing the malar bone moved structures is filled with lint, and
involved, the instruments employed are a the edges of the wound united with either
pair of straight tooth forceps, a full sized the interrupted or twisted suture. No
bistoury, copper spatula, powerful scissors, dressing is applied — plasters, bandages,
artery forceps, a small saw, and needles &c, being thought useless. In twenty-
for interrupted and twisted suture. four hours some of the sutures are with-
Thus armed, he commences the opera- drawn and plasters then applied in forty- ;

tion by extracting a central incisor tooth eight hours they are all removed, the
either on the affected side or the opposite, wound at this time having adhered.
as the size of the tumor may require. The Other methods have been proposed for
point of the bistoury is then carried from excision of the upper jaw. Ferguson be-
the external angular process of the frontal gins his incision from the margin of the
bone down to the corner of the mouth upper lip, carries it to the nostril, and
through the cheek the incision being along the ala to within half an inch of the
;

guided by placing the fore and middle fin- inner canthus a second incision extends
;

gers in the cavity of the mouth. A sec- from the angle of the mouth to the zygo-
 JAW 412 JAW
matic process, and a third, at right angles patient was a youth aged eighteen years.
to this last, extending from the external an- His parents inhabited a sickly district of
gular process of the frontal bone towards South Carolina, and had recently lost five
the neck of the jaw. Gensoul lets fall a
this their last was of a cachectic
children ;

vertical incision from near the upper The polypus returned the next
lip en- habit.
tirely through over the canine tooth; a winter and was removed a second time. In
transverse cut, beginning on a level with 183G, the patient visited New York to con-
the nostril, extends from this last to the sult Dr. Mott, who ligated the right caro-
fore part of the lobe of the ear. A third tid. He is now a man of family, man-
incision, commencing about half an inch aging a large property."
to the outside of the external The second operation was for the re-
canthus,
is carried down almost and moval of nearly the whole superior max-
vertically

touching the outer extremity of the trans- illary bone for the cure of polypus of the
verse incision. Two flaps are thus formed, antrum, which is thus described " May, :

the one superior and dissecting upward, 1836, Mr. J. S., aged 21, was operated
the other inferior, and turned downward. upon for the third time for a large fibrous
Professor Warren and M. Velpeau use a polypus of the right antrum Highmori-
single incision, similar in shape, and ex- anum. In two previous attempts the
tending from the external canthus, at its foreign growth had been attacked in tlie
temporal margin, to the angle of the nostril, the antrum was opened, and the
mouth. From this incision a flap is dis- soft palate slit up, but without succeeding
sected upward from the surface of the in its entire removal. In the third opera-
bone, the ala detached from the nose, and tion a flap was made by two incisions
the whole turned upward towards the through the cheek and lip, this reflected
forehead. From the same incision another over the eye the maxillary bone of the ;

flap is turned downward sufficiently to right side thus exposed was separated be-
expose the malar and maxillary bones. tween its first and second incisor teeth,
The use of the saw and cutting forceps, then the nasal process of the same bone
and, if necessary, the chisel and mallet, divided transversely, after which the al-
together with the securing of the arteries veolar processes, with six teeth, (the wis-
by ligature and the actual cautery — in a dom
tooth not being developed,) was grad-
word, the dressing of the wound in all ually detached. The palatine process of
these different methods is nearly the same the superior maxilla, and the palatine plate
as that already described. of the palate bone, were also removed, and
The author is indebted to Professor Paul as the fibrous tumor could not yet be
F. Eve for a description of the following pulled away, even by great force, it was
operations performed by himself. separated by curved scissors from the basi-
The first was for the removal of a fibrous lar processes of the occipital and sphenoid
tumor of the superior maxillary bone, with bones, and also from the internal plate of
polypus of the nose. "In July, 1835," the pterygoid process. The mass removed
says Professor E., " I ligated the left caro- weighed three ounces three and a half
tid artery, removed a polypus from the left drachms. Three sutures were applied to
nostril, and dissected from the cheek of the the palate, and five to the face in dressing

same side a fibrous tumor, which was the wound. The latter united, but the
found attached to the outer surface of the former did not. The patient entirely re-
left superior maxillary bone. This foreign covered."
growth had an osseous attachment, and The operation in the third case consisted
was about the size of a guinea egg. The in the removal of nearly the whole of the
* Vide Liston's Practical Surgery ; Fer- right superior maxillary bone for fungus
guson's Practical Surgery Pancoast's Ope-
;
hematodes of the antrum, but the affection
rative Sugery ; Chelius' System of Surgery,
and Druit's Surgeon's Vade Mecum. was rapidly reproduced, and the patient
 ; ; ;

JEJ 413 JOV

died in two or three months after the ope- Jejunum intcstinum. That portion of the
ration. The fourth operation consisted in small intestine comprised between the du-
trepanning the antrum Highmoriannm odenum and ileum.
but as the tumor proved to he osseous, it JELLY. A solution of gelatine when
was abandoned, and the patient died on the cold. Also various compounds resembling
third day from symptoms of congestion of this.
the brain. Jelly, Vegetable. The recently ex-
In the fifth operation a portion of both pressed juice of certain fruits, as the cur-
the superior and inferior maxillary bones rant, boiled with sugar.
was removed for epulis, which was suc- JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. The
cessful. common name of Helianthus tuberosus.
JAWS, MORBID GROWTHS OF. Jerusalem Oak. A plant of the genus
Both the upper and lower jaws are sub- Chcnopodium.
ject to a variety of morbid growths de- Jerusalem Oak, American. Cheno-
pending, says Mr. Liston, for their dif- podium anthehnin'ticum. Wormseed; stink-
ferences of structure "somewhat" upon weed.
the tissue in which they originate, " as the Jerusalem Sage. A plant of the genus
gum, the membranes of the teeth, the pe- Pidmonaria.
riosteum of the alveoli, the surface or the JER'VIN. A new base discovered in
internal structure of the bones, or the the rhizoma of Veratrum album.
membranes lining their cavities." All JESSAMINE. The popular name of
these different parts from external injury, certain species of jessaminum, a genus of
or, according to Dr. Koecker, from some plants.
" accidental excitement or peculiar irrita- JESUIT'S BARK. Cinchona bark.
tion," may become the seat of tumors of Peruvian bark.
every and consistency, both small and
size JET. A mineral ; a variety of lignite
large, hard, soft, benign and malignant, of a jet black color.

and many of them have their origin trace- JEWELERS' PUTTY. A polishing
able to dental irritation arising either from composition consisting of ignited and finely
disease, irregularitjr of, or badly performed powdered oxyd of tin.
operations on, the teeth. JEWELL'S CALOMEL. Calomel
The most common of these morbid washed from corrosive sublimate by caus-
growths are epulis, jibrous, Jibro-carlilag- ing it, in a state of vapor, to come in
inous, sarcomatous, osteo-sarcomatous and contact with steam in a large receiver.
fungous tumors. JIGGER. Chique.
JECORA'RIA. Marchantia polymorpha. JOBSON'S LOTIONS FOR THE
JECTIGA'TIO. A species of epilepsy GUMfS. —Tincture myrrh 3
1. Ijc. vi
or convulsion. mistur. camphorat § M. —Tino viij. 2. pi.
JE'CUR. The liver. tur.cinchonse 3 rubri Lusitan; aq.
ss ; vini
JEFFERSO'NIA. A genus of plants fortisa a § M. —Tinct. myrrh
iij. 3. Ifc.
of the order Berberidacece ; so called in
5 iv ; tinct. cinchona) § ss ; infuse.
honor of Thomas Jefferson. JOHAN'NITE. Called so in honor of
Jefpersonia Diphyl'la. YelloAv root the Archduke John of Austria. A green
a perennial herb possessing acrid and mineral occurring in minute
crystals an ;

bitter properties. anhydrous sulphate of uranium mixed

JEF'FERSONITE. A species of py- with sulphur and
copper.
roxene found in New Jersey. JOINT. Articulation.
JEJU'NITAS. Hunger. Joint, Stiff. Anchylosis.
JEJUNFTIS. Inflammation of the JOINTED. Articulated.
jejunum. JO'VISFLOS. Crocus.
JEJU'NUM. From jejunus, empty, Jovis Glans. Juglans.
27
 JUG 414 JUN
JUDICATO'EII DIES. Critical days. JUICE. The sap of vegetables, also
JU'GAL PROCESS. The zygomatic the fluid part of animal substances.
process. Juice Green. Sap green. A coloring
JUGA'LB The cheek hone.
OS. matter obtained by fomentation from the
JUGA'LIS. From jugum, a yoke. Ju- unripe berries of Ehamnus catharticus.
gal. Belonging or relating to the cheek. JUJUBE. Jujuba. The Zizyphus ju-
Jugalis Sutu'ra. The suture which juba; a tree that furnishes the gummy
unites the malar bone with the maxillary. extract from which jujube paste is formed.
Also, the sagittal suture. Jujube Paste. A paste formed with
JUGAM. The Arahic name of Ele- gum arahic and sugar dissolved in a de-
phantiasis. coction of the fruit of the Zizyphus ju-
JUGLANDA'CEiE. A small, natural juba or jujube.
order of Exogenous trees distributed JULEP. A name formerly applied in
throughout the temperate parts of North Pharmacy to medicinal mixtures, as the
America and Asia. camphor julep, mistura camphorai, &c.
JUGLANS. A genus of plants of the J I LY-FLOWER. Dianthus caryo-
order Jnglamlacece. phyllus, or clove pink.
Juglans Cine'rea. Butter-nut. White JUL US. Julos ; lovloc. The down
walnut. The bark, given in extract or upon the chin of youths, preceding the
(
decoction, is a pleasant and mild cathartic, beard.
and has heen much used in dysentery. JUNCA'CEiE. A natural order of Endo-
Juglans Ni'gba. Black walnut. genous herbaceous plants.
The hark of this species is an acrid styp- JUN'CUS. A genus of plants of the
tic, and is seldom used medicinally. The order Juncaceaz.
rind of the unripe fruit has heen recom- J uncus Odora'tus. Andropo'gon schce-
mended for the removal of tetter and ring- nau'thus. Juncus aroma'ticus. Sweet
worm, and in decoction has been used as rush An infusion of the roasted leaves is

a vermifuge. employed in India as a stomachic.

Juglans Re'gia. The English walnut. JUNGERMANNIA'CEiE. A very
This affords a sweet, clear juice said to he small natural order of cryptogamic plants.
valuable in diseases of the lungs. The JUNGLE FEVER. A malignant re-
young fruit, bruised and formed into a mittent fever occurring in the jungle dis-
conserve, is a mild purgative, and the rind tricts of India.

is supposed to be anthelmintic. JU'NIPEB. See Juniperus Communis.

JUGULAR. Jugula'ris ; from jugu- Juniper Berries. The fruit of the
lum, the throat. Relating to the throat. Juniperus communis. The berries have a
Jugulau Fossa. A depression in the sweetish terebinthinate taste and aromatic
petrous portion of the temporal bone, odor, and possess diuretic j)roperties. They
lodging the organ of the jugular vein. aro used in the manufacture of gin.
Jugular Veins. Two veins, an exter- Juniper Resin. A resinous substance
nal and internal, situated on the lateral which exudes from the juniperus com-
part of the neck. The two unite and form, munis. It was supposed to be identical
with the subclavian vein, the superior with sandarach.
vena cava. JUNIP'ERUM VFNUM. Wine im-
JUGULA'RES. A Linnrean genus of pregnated with juniper berries.
fishes, comprehending those which have JUNIP'ERUS. Juniper. The berries
ventral fins anterior to the pectoral. of Juniperus communis. Also, a genus of
JUGULUM. The throat. plants of the order Pinaceai.
JUGUM PE'NIS. A compress for the Juniperus Commu'nis. The juniper
urethra, formerly used to prevent the es- tree.

cape of urine in cases of incontinence. Juniperus Lycia. A plant which was

 ;

KAK 415 KAK

supposed to afford the olibanam, or true laws which regulate medical education and
frankincense. practice.
Juniperus Oxycedrus. A European JUS. Animal broth. Soup.
tree from which is obtained, by destructive Jus Bovi'num. Beef tea.
distillation, a liquid tar, the empyreumatic Jus Coagula'tum. Jelly.
jumper oil, which is used externally in JUSTTCIA. A genus of plants of the
various chronic diseases of the skin. order Acanihacice.
Juniperus Sai5i'na. The savin tree Justicia Adhato'da. A plant of Cey-
an evergreen shrub, indigenous in the lon, supposed by the natives to possess the
south of Europe and Asiatic Russia. A power of expelling the dead foetus.
volatile oil is obtained from the tips of the Justicia Ecbo'lium. Carim curini. A
branches and investing leaves by distilla- Malabar plant; the roots and leaves are
tion, powerfully stimulant and supposed said to possess lithontriptic properties.
to act specially upon the uterus. Justicia Pectora'lis. A West India
Juniperus Vikg'Inia'na. Red cedar. plant.
The leaves of this species have medicinal J U VANS. Juvan'tia ; from juvo, to as-
properties similar to those of the Sabina, sist. Means, medicinal or otherwise, which
but are less efficient. They have a bitter- contribute to the relief or cure of a disease.
ish taste and are sometimes used in do- JUVENES'CENT. From juvenis,
mestic practice for the expulsion of worms. young. Becoming young.
JUPITER. Tin. JUXTA-POSITION. From juxta,
JURJBALI. A tree of Asia, the bark near to, and ponere, positum, to place.
of which is said to be febrifuge. Placed near to, or in contiguity, as the
JUBISPRU'DENCE, MEDICAL. Ju- parts of a substance ; application to the
risprudenti.a med'icalis ; from jus, juris, exterior ; accretion, a mode of increase pe-
law, and prudentia, kuowelcdgc. Some- culiar to minerals, which consists in the
times erroneously used as synonymous successive application of new molecules
with forensic medicine ; but at present upon those that constitute the primitive
generally restricted to a knowledge of the nucleus.

K.

KA'DUA. A genus of plants, called bad, and odvlij, smell. In Chemistry, a

so in memory of Mr. Kadu, of the order compound radical body. It is a clear
CincJwnacece. liquid, but when cooled, it crystallizes

KiEMPFE'RTA. A genus of plants of into large square prisms, having the ap-
the order' Zingiberacece. pearance of ice. It has an insupportably
K^empferia Galan'ga. The plant offensive smell, and emits a highly poison-
which affords the spurious galanga root. ous vapor. C4 II g Asg.Kd.
KiEMPFERiA Rotun'da. The plant Kakodyle, Chloride of. A volatile
which, according to some, produces the and exceedingly foetid liquid, emitting a
long zedoary, radix zedoarioe rotundce. strong irritating vapor, obtained by heat-
See Zedoary. ing a compound of oxyd of kakodyle
KAF'AL-TREE. The Balsamodendron, and bichloride of mercury with hydro-
a tree, native of Africa. chloric acid Kd CI-C4 H 6 As 2 , CU-Kd CI.
KAJEPCT. Cajeput. Kakodyle, Protoxyd of. When pure
KAKOXENE. See Cacoxene. a limpid ethereal liquid, crystallizing in
KAKO'DYLE. Kak'odule ; from kokoc, white scales of a satin lustre. It has
 ; ;

KAN 416 KEN

a nauseous taste and offensive smell. modification of the marsu]>ial type of the
C4 H6 As 2 O-KdO.
, dental apparatus, and resembling in some
KAKODYLIC ACID. An inodorous, respects the opossum.
brittle, crystalline substance of a glossy KA'OLIN. The Chinese name for por-
lustre, formed by tbe gradual oxydation celain clay. It is disintegrated and decom-
of the protoxyde of kakodyle. KdOs-Gt posed felspar, and consists of nearly equal
He As2, 03. proportions of alumina and silica. It is
KALEID'OSCOPE. From nakcx;, beau- of a yellowish, or reddish-white color,
tiful, eidos, form, oitoneu, I view. An infusible in the porcelain kiln, and
optical instrument invented by David
found in the United States, at Fairmount,
Sir
Brewster, which, by an arrangement of near Philadelphia near Wilmington, ;

reflecting surfaces, exhibits an innumera- Del. ; at Montonk, Vt. ; and at Washing-

ble variety of beautiful colors and sym- ton, Ct. It formerly constituted an im-
metrical images. portant ingredient in porcelain teeth, but
KA'LI. The Arabic name of a plant, at present is much more sparingly used.
a species of Salsola or glasswort, the See Porcelain Teeth.
ashes of which are used in making glass KAPNOMAR. Capnomor. A trans-
hence the word alkali, which originally parent, colorless, oily liquid, with the
signified the residuum obtained by lixivat- odor of rum, obtained from the heavy oil

ing the ashes of that plant, but now used of tar, resulting from the destructive dis-
to designate potash, soda, and ammonia. tillation of woods.
Kali Aceta'tum. Acetate of potash. KAR'PHOLITE. From icapQog, straw,
Kali Aeba'tum. Carbonate of potash. and lidos, a stone. A mineral of a yellow-
Kali Absenica'tum. Arseniate of ish color occurring in stellated crystals,
potash. and consisting of silica, alumina, and
Kali Citra'tum. Citrate of potash. oxyd of magnesia.
Kali Pr^epara'tum. Subcarbonate of KARPHOSIDER'ITE. A term applied
potash. in Mineralogy to hydrated phosphate of
Kali Pu'rum. Potassa fusa. iron of Labrador.
Kali Sulphura'tum. Sulphuretum KASSANDER. The Convolvulus pan-
potassii. duratus, or wild potato vine.
Kali Tartariza'tum. Tartrate of KAU'RI RESIN. Cowdie gum.
potash. KEEL. A term applied in Botany to
Kali Vitriola'tum. Sulphate of po- the petals of a pajiilionaceous corolla, from
tassa. their resemblance to the keel of a ship
KA'LIUM. Potassium. in Conchology to the longitudinal promi-
KAL'MIA. A genus of shrubs of the nence in the shell of the Argonauta ; and
order Ericaxxas. in Entomology, a sharp longitudinal ele-
Kalmia Angustifo'lia. Sheep laurel. vation upon the inferior surface of the
Dwarf laurel, a poisonous plant. insect.

Kalmia Glauca. Swamp laurel also ; KELP. Impure soda obtained from
poisonous. wood.
Kalmia Latifo'lia. Laurel. Moun- KENNEL- WORT. A plant of the
tain laurel. Broad-leaved laurel. Calico- genus Scrofulai-ia.
bush. The leaves are narcotic, and in KENTUCKY, SPRINGS OF. There
over doses, produce nausea, vertigo, and Olym-
are three mineral springs called the
difficult respiration. pian, near the mouth of the Kentucky
KAMPHUR. Camphor. river; one of which is saline, another
KANGAROO'. The native name of a chalybeate, and the third, sulphureous,
singular animal of New Holland, a quad- At Bigbone Lick there are saline springs,
ruped, characterized by an herbivorous which are resorted to by invalids, and at
 ;

KEY 417 KHA

Harrodsburg there is a spring containing a and the handle of a key, for the extrac-

large proportion of sulphate of magnesia. tion of teeth ; the other is designed for the
KERATONYXTS. See Ceratonyxis. extraction of roots of teeth that present
KER'ATES. From wpoff, horn. A
but one side above the alveolus. This
term applied in Mineralogy to an order of resembles a pair of forceps, one beak
earthy minerals, which have a horny serving as a hook, while the other is rep-
appearance. resented by a movable fulcrum.
KERATTASIS. Ceratia'sis; from ttepac, Key, Baker and Riley's Improved.
horn. A term applied in Pathology to a An improvement made by Messrs. Baker
horn-like excrescence, sometimes devel- and Riley, of Columbus, Ohio, on the
oped on the forehead or temples. common key instrument, consisting in
KERATO'ME. From tcepas, a horn, having a mortice in the hook, which is
and re/iva, I cut. An instrument for trolled by means of a lever working in
dividing the cornea in the operation for the mortice.
the extraction of cataract. See Ceratot- Key of Garengeot. An instrument
omus. invented by Garengeot in the early part
KERAT'OPHYTE. From nepag, a horn, of the eighteenth century for the extrac-
and tyvrov, a plant. A horny zoophyte. tion of teeth ; an improvement on the
KER'MES. An insect found in many ancient pelican. It is composed of a
parts of Asia and the south of Europe, the movable hook, attached transversely to a
Coccus ilisis. They were for a long time fulcrum or bolster, situated at the extrem-
mistaken for the seeds of the tree on which ity of a steel-shaft. To the other extrem-
they live, and hence were called grains of ity of this shaft a handle is fixed trans-
kermes. versely. This instrument, says Dr. Arnott,
Kermes Mineral. " may be regarded in the light of a wheel
Precipitated sul-

phuret of antimony. and axle the hand of the operator acting

;

KERNEL. In Botany, the edible on two spokes of the wheel, to move it,
substance contained in the shell of a nut while the tooth is fixed to the axle by the
also the end of a pulpy fruit, or any claw, and is drawn out as the axle turns.
thing contained in a husk or integument, The gums and alveolar process of the jaw
as a grain of corn or wheat. In Pathol- form the support on which the axle rolls."
ogy, a hard concretion in the flesh. It also forms a lever of the first kind, as
KERON'A. From icepag, a horn. A the tooth, which is the resistance, is situ-
genus of lnfusora, which have their cornet ated between the fulcrum and the point
or horns elongated into threads. of the hook, while the hand grasping the
KER'ODON. From neap, a heart, and handle is the power.
odovg, a tooth. A genus of herbivorous Since the time of Garengeot, the key
Rodents, having eight molar teeth in each has undergone a number of improve-
jaw, each composed of two equal parts, ments. In fact, almost every dentist has
the transverse' section of which has a felt the necessity of modifying the instru-
heart-shaped appearance. The
ment, in order to obviate the objections to
incisors
are two in each jaw, and have the form which it is liable, but notwithstanding
common to the Cavies, to which family the ingenuity which has been displayed
the genus belongs. in the various improvements which have
KETCHTTP. A pickle prepared from been on it, they still exist.

the tomato, walnut, and mushroom. KHAYA. A genus of plants of the

KEUP'ER. In Geology, the upper order Cedrelacea3.
portion of the new red sandstone. Khaya Senegalen'sis. Quinquina de
KEY FORCEPS, ELLIOT'S. Two Senegal. A plant, native of Senegal,
instruments invented by Dr. W. H. Elliot, having a very bitter bark, which is given
ot Montreal, one having beaks of forceps in fevers, in decoction or infusion-
 KIO 418 KNI
KIAS'TER. Ohias'ter. A bandage invented by Dessault, for dividing pseudo-
having the form of the letter X, used by membranous bands in the rectum and
the ancients in fracture of the patella. bladder, and afterwards employed for the
KIBES. Chilblains. removal of the tonsils.

KID'NEY. The organ which secretes KIRCMWASSER. The German name

the urine. There are two, situated in the for Cherry water. A liquor distilled from
upper and back part of the abdomen in cherries.
the lumbar region. KIRKLAND'S NEUTRAL CERATE.
Kidney, Bkioht's Disease of the. Melt together eight ounces of lead plaster,
See Bright's Disease. with four ounces of olive oil, stirring in
i

Kidney, Inflammation of the. Ne- four ounces of prepared chalk, adding,

:

phritis. I when the mixture has cooled sufficiently,

Kidney-Shaped. Hollowed at one four ounces acetic acid, and three of ace-
side, and rounded at the ends ; reniform. tate of lead in powder, the whole to be
KI'ESTEIN. A peculiar substance stirred until nearly cold.

which forms on the urine of pregnant KISSENGEN, WATERS OF. Three

month of gestation. springs, two chalybeate and one alkaline
females after the third
KIL'LINITE. A mineral a variety and acidulous at Kissengen, Bavaria.
;

of Spodumene found at Killiney, near KLOPEMA'NIA. Kleptoma'nia; from

Dublin, and consisting of silica, alumina, hIetvtu), I steal, and fiavia, mania. Mono-
potash, and oxyd of iron. mania, with an irresistible desire to steal.
KILOGRAMME. From x^ot, a thou- KNAUTIA. A genns of herbaceous
sand, and ypafifia, The weight plants of the order Dipsacece.
a gramme.
of one thousand grammes, or two pounds, Knautia Arven'sis. Scabiosa arven'-
eight ounces, one drachm, and twenty- sis. The lilac or purple field knautia, na-
four grains, troy. tive of Britain.
KILOLITRE. From x^™, a thousand, Knautia Omenta 'us. The red flow-
and Atrpa, a litre. A measure containing ered knautia, native of the Levant.
one thousand litres. KNEADING. Shampooning.
KINA KINA. Cinchona. KNEB'ELITE. A grayish mineral,
KI'NATE. A salt formed by the union spotted with green, brown, red and dirty
of kinic acid with a base. white, composed of silica, protoxyd of iron
KINGDOM. In Natural History, a
and protoxyd of manganese.
division as the animal, vegetable, and
; KNEE. The articulation of the femur
mineral kingdoms. with the tibia.
KING'S EVIL. Scrofula. Knee, Housemaid's. Inflammation and
KINIC ACID. Acidum kinicum. Cin- swelling of the knee, occasioned by kneel-
chonic acid. ing ; a form of capsular rheumatism.
KINK'AJOU. A plantigrade, carnivo- Knee Pan. The patella.
rous animal of South America, with a Knee-Scab. The crusta genu equina.
long prehensive tail, and about the size of KNIFE. A cutting instrument em-
a full grown cat. It is the Gcrcdeptes ployed in Surgery, usually larger than the
caudivolmdus of Illiger. bistoury and scalpel.
KINKFNA. Cinchona. Knife, AmputaVing. A large straight
KINO. A gum-resin, obtained from knife used for the division of the soft parts
different African and Indian plants, of a in the amputation of a limb.
reddish brown or blackish color, of a Knife, Cat'abact. A knife used for
bitterish taste, but without odor, and making the section of the transparent cor-
powerfully astringent. nea, in the operation for cataract. Vari-
KI'OTOME. Kiot'omus; from kiuv, a ous knives have been invented for this,

pillar, and reuveiv, to cut. An instrument purpose.

 LAB 419 LAB
Knife, Cheselden's. A knife with a I
KOPiE. Xopq. Core. The pupil of the eye.
concave edge and convex back employed KOU'MISS. Kamiss. A vinous liquid,
fey Cheseldcn in the operation of lithotomy. made in Tartary, by fomenting the whey
Knife, Double-edged. A catling. A j
of milk, principally from that of mares.
straight double-edged knife. KOUPH'OLiTE. From novtyog, light,

KNOP'PEIIN. The German name for and /WJof, a stone. A species of zoolite of
gall-nut, an excrescence formed by the I a pearly lustre, and of a yellowish or
puncture of an insect in several species of green color, found in the Pyrenees.
oak. KRAME'MA. A genus of plants of
KNOT. In Botany, a node or swelling the order Polyc/alacece.
joint. Krameria Ix'ina. A species found in
Knot, Surgeon's. A double knot the West Indies and Brazil, said to pos-
made by passing the ends of the ligature I
sess the same properties as rhatany.
twice through the same noose. Krameria Trian'dra. Rhatany, a
Knot
Grass. A plant of the genus ,
powerful astringent tonic.
Polygonum. KRAMERIC ACID. An acid obtained
KnotHoot. See Collinsonia Canadensis. from the root of the rhatany.
KNOWLTO'NIA. A genus of plants KREASOTE. Creasote.
of the order Banunculacece. KRY'OLITE. See Cryolite.
Knowltonia Vesicato'ria. The leaves KUNDAH OIL. Tallicoondh oil. An
of this plant have been used as vesicants oil procured from the seeds of the Carapa
in the South of Africa. Toulouconna.
KOODOO. The South African name KUP'FERNICKEL. A German name
of the Damalis strcpsiceros, or antelope. for an ore of nickel of a copper color ; sul-

KOA-KOA. A New Zealand tree, the pburet of nickel.

leaves of which have been used as a sub- KY'ANITE. From nvavog, blue. A
stitute for hops. mineral occurring in long radiating crys-
KOALA. The Phascolarctos cinereus tals of a clear blue, or bluish white color,
of Blainville, a marsupial rodent, native and consisting of silica and alumina.
of Austria. KY'DIA. A genus of plants of the or-
KOLPO'DES. Kolpo'da, a genus of der Stercnlaceoz.
Polygastric Infusories. KYLLO'SIS. From /ew/Mof, crooked.
KOL'LYKETE. A variety of pure Club-feet.
white clay. KYMOGRAPIITON. An instrument
KOM'ENATES. Salts formed by the which shows the relation between the pulse
union of komcnic acid with a salifiable base. wave and the undulations produced by
KOMENTC ACID. A bibasic acid, respiration.
produced by the decomposition of mcconic KYNANCIIE. Cynanche.
acid. When crystallized it has for its for- KYST. Cyst.
mula C12, H 2) 08 + 2HO. KYSTHOS. The vagina.

L.

L. The symbol for lithium. LABDANUM. See Ladanum.

LABARBAQUE'S SOLUTION. A LABEL'LUM. A little lip. In Botany,

disinfecting liquid, consisting chicily of a the lower lip of a labiate corolla.

solution of chloride of soda, as it is com- LA'BIA. The plural of labium, a lip.
monly called. In Anatomy, the lips, in Entomology, a
 ,

LAB 420 LAC

genus of Coleopterous insects, in which LAB'RADOR FEL'SPAR. A beauti-
the antennas are twelve-jointed. ful variety of richly iridescent felspar
Labia Puden'di. The lips of the vulva. found on the coast of Africa.
Labia Pudendi Mino'ka. The nym- LAB'RAX. A genus of Percoid fishes.
ph 33. LAB'RIDANS. Labri'dce; Labroi'des.
LABIAL. Labia'Us. Pertaining to The Acanthopterygii family of fishes, of
the lips. which the genus Ldbrus is the type.
Labial Ar'teries. The coronary arte- LABRUM. The extremities of the lip,
ries of the lips. but applied only in Entomology to the up-
Labial Glands. The muciparous fol- per lip.

licles on the inner surfaces of the lips be- LAB'RUS. From labrum, a lip. A
neath the mucous membrane. genus of fishes called breams, characterized
LABIA'LIS. The orbicularis oris. by well-developed double fleshy lips.
LABIATJE. A natural order of plants, LAB'YRINTH. Labyrinth'us. In Anat-
characterized by a two-lipped monopetalous omy, an assemblage of parts, consisting of
corolla. The species of nearly all the gen- several cavities, which constitute the in-
era are herbs or shrubs, generally fragrant ternal ear.
and aromatic, as mint, thyme, lavender, LABYRIN'THODON. From la(5vP iv$o<;
sage, &c. a labyrinth, and odovg, a tooth. A genus
LABIATE. Labia'tus. Having lips. of extinct reptiles, with teeth of a pecu-
LABIDOU'RO. From lahidion, a pair liarly complicated structure, the enamel
of tweezers, and ovpa, tail. A genus of being inflected in undulating folds into the
Coleopterous insects, in which the antennae substance of the tooth.
have thirty joints. LAC. Milk. Also, a resinous sub-
LAB'IO. From labium, a lip. A ge- stance which exudes from the twigs or ex-
nus of fishes of the family Salmonidce, treme branches of several trees in the East
having crenated lips, with the lower jaw Indies, in the form of a milky fluid, in
shorter than the upper. consequence of the punctures made by an
Labio-Dental. Pertaining to the lips insect of the genus Coccus. The varieties
and teeth. known in commerce are stick lac, seed lac,
LABIM'ETER. A scale applied to the and shell lac.

handles of obstetrical forceps to indicate Lac Ammoni'aci. Ammoniac mixture.

the distance between the blades while Lac Amyg'dal^e. Almond emulsion.
these are in the uterus. Lac AsAFCET'uxaj. Asafoetida mixture.
LABIS. Forceps. Lac A'vis. See Albumen Ovi.
LA'BIUM. In Anatomy, the lip of an- Lac Dye. Lac lake; cake lac. The
imals. In Entomology, applied only to the coloring matter extracted from stick lac.
lower lip. The lip. Lac Guaiaci. Guaiac mixture.
Labium Lepori'num. Hare-lip. Lac Lunje. A white substance resem-
Labium Puden'di. The side of the ori- bling chalk, consisting, almost wholly, of
fice of the vagina, exterior to the nymphas. alumina saturated with carbonic acid.
LABOR. Parturition. Lac, Seed. The small irregular parti-
LABORATORY. Laborato' Hum; from cles broken from the twigs of the East In-
labor are, to work. A room or place for dian trees, the Croton lacciferum, Ficus
performing chemical and pharmaceutical Indica and Ficus religiosa, which afford
operations. gum-lac.
Laboratory, Dental. See Dental Lac, Shell. Seed or stick lac, deprived
Laboratory. of its soluble coloring matter, melted,
LABORIOUS LABOR. An and poured upon a smooth flat
obstetri- strained
cal term denoting a parturition attended surface to harden. It is of a light or dark
with more than usual difficulty and pain. brown color, inclining slightly to red or
 LAC 421 LAC
yellow ; hard, brittle, inodorous ; insoluble Lachrymal Duct. The excretory
in alcohol, but soluble in water. duct of the lachrymal gland.
Lac, Stick. The resin in its natural Lachrymal Fossa. A depression at
state, as taken from the tree, incrusting the upper part of the organ which serves
the small twigs around which it was con- to lodge the lachrymal gland.

creted. Lachrymal Gland. A glomerate gland

Lac Sul'phuris. See Sulphur Pra?cipi- situated in the lachrymal fossa.

tatum. Lachrymal Groove. A hony channel

Lac Vacci'num. Cow's milk. situated at the anterior part of the orbit,
LACCA. See Coccus Lacca. and serving as a lodgment for the lachry-
LAC'CIC ACID. A peculiar acid ob- mal sac.
tained by Dr. John, from stick lac. Lachrymal Hernia. A tumor of the
LAC'CINE. A substance intermediate sac which prevents the tears from entering
between wax and resin, recently discovered the canal.
in shell lac. Lachrymal Nerve. A branch of the
LACERATED. Torn. ophthalmic nerve distributed to the lach-
LACERATION. Lacera'tio. The act rymal gland and upper eyelid.
of being lacerated or torn; also, the appear- Lachrymal Puncta. Two small ori-

ance of being lacerated. fices situated just within the ciliary mar-
LACERTA. In Zoology, a genus of gins of the eyelids, and continuous with
slender lizards. the lachrymal ducts.
LACERTI CORDIS. Columnas car- LACHRYMA'TION Lachryma'th. In-
nea?. voluntary discharge of tears. Also, pro-
LACER'TIM. Like a lizard. fuse weeping.
LACER'TUS. The lizard-fish; also, LACINIA'TED. Lacinia'tus. Jagged;
the fish called girroclc. fringed.
LACIINAN'THES. A genus of plants LACI'NULA. A term applied in Bot-
of the order Hccmodoracece. any to the abruptly inflcxed acumen of
Lachnanthes Tincto'ria. Gyrothe'ca each of the petals of an umbelliferous
tinctoria. This plant has a red root pos- flower.
sessing mild astringent and tonic proper- LAC'MUS. Litmus.
ties. LACONTCUM. A stove or sweating
LACH'RYMA. A tear. room; a vapor bath.
LACH'RYMAL. Lachryma'lis ; from LACQUER. A yellow varnish, used
lachryma, a tear. Belonging or pertain- on brass and other metals, consisting of a
ing to tears. solution of lac in alcohol, colored with
Lachrymal Appara'tus. The organs gamboge, saffron and other coloring mat-
which secrete and conduct the tears, as ters.

the lachrymal gland, the puncta lachry- LACTATE. A salt formed by the
malia, ducts, &c. union of lactic acid with a salifiable
Lachrymal Ar'tery. A branch of the base.
ophthalmic artery distributed to the lach- LACTA'TION. From ladeo, I suckle,
rymal gland. I give milk. The suckling of a young
Lachrymal Bone. The os unguis. child or animal.
Lachrymal Canal. A canal in the LACTEAL. Lac'teus ; from lac, milk.
outer wall of the nasal fossa}, lined by a A chyliferous vessel.
continuation of mucous membrane from LACTES'CENCE. Milkiness; applied
the lachrymal sac, and serving to convey inBotany to the white or yellowish juice
the tears into the nasal fossa;. which flows from a plant when wounded.
Lachrymal Caruncle. Caremcula LAC'TEUS. Milky ;
appertaining to
lachrymalis. milk.
 LAC 422 L.E

LACTIC. Lacteus. of lactic acid. Its formula is C6 H5 O2.

Lactic Acid. An organic acid of great The addition of three parts of oxygen con-
physiological importance. It is found in verts it into lactic acid.
the muscles, the blood, the intestines and LACU'MA. A genus of plants of the
the gastric juice. By many chemists it order Sapotacece.
is regarded as the active portion of this Lacuma Mammo'sa. A tropical tree
named
last secretion, and has been re- which bears a marmalade, some-
fruit called

commended as a therapeutical agent in what resembling the sappodella plum. It

atonic dyspepsia on this ground. It plays also yields a caustic juice possessing emet-
an important part in organic metamor- ic properties.
phoses. LACCNA. From lacus, a channel.
LACTIFEROUS. From lac, milk, In Anatomy, the mouth of the excretory
and feto, 1 carry. That which con- duct of a mucous gland ; and in Botany,
veys milk, as the lactiferous vessels of the an air cell in the vegetable tissue.

mamma. LACUNO'SUS. Dotted; pitted.

Lactiferous Swelling. Tumefaction LA'CUS LACILRYMA'LIS. The lachry-
of the breast, from obstruction of one or mal sac.
more of the lactiferous vessels. Lacus Lachryma'rum. The small
LACTIFUGA. Medicines which dry space in the inner angle of the eye toward
up the secretion of milk. which the tears flow.
LACTIN. Sugar of milk. LADANUM. Labdanum. The resin-
L A CT< >M'ET E It From lac, milk
. , an d ous juice which exudes from the Cistus
metrinn, a measure. An instrument for crelicus. It has a blackish green color,
ascertaining the proportion which the bitter taste and agreeable odor.
cream bears to the milk. Tt is a grad- LAI >IES' MANTLE. A plant of the
uated glass tube filled with milk. genus Alchemilla.
L ACT CCA. From lac, Ladies' Slipper, Yellow. A plant of
milk, called so
from its milky juice. Garden the genus ^i/jmpedium.
Lettuce.
lettuce. Also, a genus of plants of the Ladies' Smock. A plant of the genus
order Asteracece. Cardamine.
Lactuca Elonga'ta. American wild LA'DLE. In Mechanical Dentistry, a
lettuce. large iron spoon or cup with a long handle,
Lactuca Gra'veolens. See Lactuca used in melting zinc, tin and lead for cast-
Virosa. ing metallic models, used in striking up or
Lactuca Sati'va. Garden lettuce. It swaging bases of gold, silver or platina for

is used as an article of food, and is aperi- artificial teeth.

ent and anodyne. LADY-BIRD. Lady-bug. Coccinella

Lactuca Viro'sa. Lactuca graveolens. septem-punctata. This insect was at
The strong scented lettuce. one time supposed, in Germany, to pos-
LACTIJCATJUM. The inspissated sess powerful antiodontalgic virtues ; it is

juice of T.actuca Saliva. highly recommended for this purpose by

LACTi 'CEL'LA. A plant of the genus Dr. Frederick Hirsch, dentist to several
SotwJitu. German courts. His method of applying
LACTTCIC ACID. A
them consists in crushing them between
peculiar acid
discovered in the milky juice of the Lac- the thumb and forefinger, rubbing them
tuca virosa. until a warmth is felt then with the finger ;

LACTCMINA. Lactucim'ina. In- and thumb, when thus prepared; rubbing

fantile thrush has been so termed from the tooth, and gum around it.

the supposition that it was caused by a L/E'M< >D I PODS. Lamodip'oda; from
vitiated condition of the milk. hu/jog, throat, and nave, foot. An order
LAC'TYL. The hypothetical radical of Crustaceans in which the head joins the
 LAL 423 LAM
first segment of the throat, and gives sup- Rad. pyrethri § i, 3 ij, cloves 3 ss,
port to the four anterior feet. flowers of lavender § ij, cochineal 3 ij,
L.EMOPARAL'YSIS. Paralysis of the rock alum 5 ij, brandy of 22 degrees,
organs of deglutition. Ibiv, and § iv, mix.
LuE'MOS. Pharynx. LALLATIOX. Lalla'tio. Imperfect
LfiMOSCHIR'EUS. Cancer of the pronunciation of the letter 1, in which it

pharynx or (esophagus. is rendered unduly liquid, or substituted

L^EMOSTENO'SIS. Constriction of the for r.

oesophagus. LA'MA. A ruminant mammal, nearly

L^TIFICAN'TIA. From Icetifico, I allied to the camel, a native of South
make glad. Medicines formerly employed America.
as cordials for dispelling melancholy. LAMBDAOIS'MUS. The Creek name
LAOET'TA. A genus of plants of the for that affection of speech which consists
order Jlymelaceai. in the imperfect pronunciation of the let-
Laget'ta Lintea'ria. The Jamaica ter 1. Lallation.
lace-hark tree. The hark is caustic and LAMBDOPDAL SUTURE. Sutura
has been used as a substitute for mezereon. lambdoidalis. The suture formed by the
LAGNE'SIS. From layvTjg, lustful. parietal bones and the occipital is so
Nymphomania and satyriabis. called, from its resemblance to the Creek
LAQOCHEI'LUS. Hare-lip. letter A. The occipi to-parietal suture.
LAGOMYS. From Zaywg, a hare, and LAMEL'LA. Diminutive of lamina.
fivg, a mouse. The Hat-hare, a rodent of A thin plate ; applied in Botany to the
Siberia, belonging to a genus between the foliaceous erect scales appended to the
hare and rat. corolla of certain plants.
LAOOPHTHAL'MIA. From layug, a LAMELLIBRANCHIA'TA. An order
hare, and otytialfiog, an eye. The hare's of acephalous Mollusks with gills in tho
eye. An affection of the upper eyelid, form of membranous plates.
which prevents it from covering the globe LAMEL'LIFORM. Having the form
of the eye during sleep. of a thin plate or scale.
LAGO'PUS. From layug, and novg, the LAMINA. From eMu, to beat off. A
generic name of the grouse tribe of birds layer or plate, as a lamina or flattened
whose toes are feathered as well as the legs. portion of bone.
LAGOS'TOMA. From Xayug, a hare, Lamina Ckibro'sa. That portion of
and oTo/ia, mouth. Hare-lip. the sclerotic coat of tho eye through which
LAG'OTHRIX. From layug, and #p*f, the branches of the ophthalmic nerve and
a hair. A
South American genus of Pla- artery pass.
iyrrhine monkeys. Lamina Spiba'lis. The spiral plate
LAKE. A term applied to certain in- of bone which winds round the modiolus
soluble compounds, formed by precipita- of the cochlea.
ting the coloring matter of certain vegeta- LAMINA'RIA. A genus of maritime
ble and animal substances with aluminous plants or sea weeds of the order Fucaceai.
earth. Two species, the Laminar la digitata, and
Lake-weed. A plant of the genus Po- Laminaria saccharina, called tangle, are
lygonum. edible.
LALANDE'S TOOTH POWDER. LAMINA'TED. Lamellar; composed
Take pumice-stone, red coral, a a § i, of lamina\
ss, cream of tartar 5 iiss,
sandal citrin 3 I
LA'MUTM ALBUM. Dead nettle.
cinnamon, cloves, a a § i, myrtle, xviii !
LAMP-BLACK. Tho soot obtained
grains, musk, benzoic acid, each six grains. \
from the imperfect combustion of resin of
Mix and pulverize to a fine powder. turpentine.
Lalande's Dentifrice Elixir. $. — |
LAMP OF SAFETY. A lamp invented
 LAN 424 LAQ
by Sir Humphrey Davy, to be used in LANTHA'NUM. See Lanthanium.
coal mines to prevent the explosion of in- LANU'GO. Soft wool down. ;

flammable air. LAPARA. The flank.

Lamp for Soldering. The lamp most LAPAROCE'LE. From lanapa, the
commonly employed purpose con- lumbar region, and M7A9, a tumor. A
for this
sists of a tin or copper vessel about four rupture through the side of the abdomen.
inches in diameter and five or six in length, Lumbar hernia.
with an opening in the top large enough LAPARO-ENTEROT'OMY. Laparo-
to receive the oil or alcohol, according as enteroto?nia, from lanapa, the lumbar
the one or the other is used, closed with a region, the abdomen, srepov, intestine, and
cork or cap, with a spout at the side, three TOfMj, incision. The operation of opening
or four inches long, and about three- fourths the abdomen and intestinal canal.
of an inch in diameter, filled with a cotton LAPIDIL'LUM. A scoop formerly
wick. See Blow-pipe, Parmly's self-act- used for the removal of stones from the
ing. Also, Blow-pipe, Elliot's compound bladder.
self-acting. LAPIL'LUS. Diminutive of lapis, a
LAM'PKEY. A name applied to sev- stone. A little stone. Applied to the
eral species of Petromyzon, a genus of an- earthy concretions found in the cray-fish.
guilliform fishes, resembling* the eel. LAPIS. A stone ; also, a calculus.
LA'NA. Wool. A hairy pubescence Lapis Bez'oar. Bezoar.
like wool. Lapis C^ru'leus. See Lapis Lazuli.
Lana Philosopho'rttm. Oxyd of zinc. Lapis Calamina'ris. Calamine.
LANA'TUS. Woolly. Lapis Calca'reus. Carbonate of lime.
LANCEOLATE. Lanceolatus. Lance- Lapis Den'tium. Tartar of the teeth ;

shaped ; spear-shaped. salivary calculus.

LAN'CET. Lancetta. A lancet. A Lapis H^emati'tes. Haematites.
surgical instrument used for bleeding and Lapis Hiber'nicus. Irish slate.
other purposes. Lapis Hys'tricis. Bezoar hystricis.
Lancet, Gum. See Gum Lancet. Lapis Inferna'lis. An old name for
LAN'CINATING. Lanci'nans ; from caustic potash.
lantinare, to strike or thrust through. A Lapis La'zuli. Azure stone.
sharp, darting pain, similar to that which Lapis Lyd'ius. Lydian stone.
would be produced by thrusting a lance Lapis Philosopho'rum. The philoso-
into the part. pher's stone.
LANCI'SI, NERVES OP. Some
Lapis Sim'le. The bezoar from the
fila-

ments on the anterior portion of the cor- monkey.

pus callosum are so termed. Lapis Specula'ris. Selenite.
LAND SCURVY. See Purpura Hfem- Lapis Syderitis. The magnet.
orrhagica. LAP'PA. Burdock. See Arctium
LAN'GUOR. Depression or debility; Lappa.
a species of atony. LAP'PULA HEPAT^CA. Agrimony.
LANIA'RES. Denies laniarii ; from LAPSA'NA. A genus of plants of the
lanio, I rend. The cusjiid teeth, but ap- order Compositce.
plied more particularly to those of carniv- Lapsana Commu'nis. Dock-cressea.
orous animals. Nipple wort.
LANTAR'IFORM. Shaped like the LAQUEAR VAGINAE. Fundus va-
canine teeth of carnivora. gina;.
LANTHA'NIUM. Lantha'num. A LA'QUEUS. Literally, a noosed cord.
metal discovered by Mosander in cerite. Applied to any looped bandage. Also, to
some other minerals.
It also exists in Its a band of nervous matter in the brain,
chemical symbol is La. behind the brachium postering, marking
 ;

LAB 425 LAR

the course of the superior division of the LARYN'G O-CATAR'RHUS. Catarrh
fasciculus olivaris. affecting chiefly the larynx and trachea.
Laqukus Gut'ttjris. Inflammation of LARYNGOG'RAPHY. Laryngogra'-
the tonsils with a sense of suffocation. phia; from lapvy%, the larynx, and ypo.fr],

LARCH. See Pinus Larix. a description. A description of the larynx.

LARD. Adeps suilla. The fat of the LARYNGOL'OGY. From Tuipvy^, the
Sus scrofa, or hog. larynx, and toyog, a treatise. A treatise
LARDA'CEOUS. Of the nature or on the larynx.
consistence of lard. Applied to morbid LARYNGO-PHTHISIS. Phthisis laryn-
alterations in textures of parts which re- gea.
semble, or are of the consistence of, lard. LARYNGOT'OMY. Laryngoiom'ia
LA'RIX EUROP^EA. Alises cinopcea. from Tiapvytj, the larynx, and re/xvEiv, to cut.
The larch tree. See Pinus Larix. Bronchotomy. Tracheotomy. An opera-
LARKSPUR, BRANCHING. A plant tion which consists in opening the larynx
of the genus Delphinium. for the removal of a foreign body or an

LAR'VA. A mask. Also, a mctabo- obstruction of the glottis.

lian insect in its first stage after extrusion LARYNGO-TRACHEPTIS. Cynan-
from the egg, and certain reptiles which che trachealis.
undergo a similar change, when at a cor- LARYNGOPH'ONY. Laryngopfw'nia;
responding state of existence. from lapvyZ, the larynx, and (puvr), the
LARVA'LIS. Belonging or pertaining voice. The sound of the voice in health
to larva?. as heard through the stethoscope when
LARVIP'ARA. Tnsects which bring placed over the larynx.
forth larva; instead of eggs. LAR YNX. A short tube of an hour-
LARYNGE'AL. Larynge'us. Belong- glass shape, situated at the forepart of the
ing to the larynx. neck between the base of the tongue and
Laryngeal Arteries. The branches trachea. It is composed of cartilages,

of the thyroid arteries distributed to the ligaments, muscles, nerves, blood-vessels,

larynx. and mucous membrane, and constitutes
Laryngeal Nerves. These are two the apparatus of voice in the higher ver-
in number, a superior and inferior. The tebrata. The cartilages of the larynx are
former is given off from the pneumogastric, the thyroid, the cricoid, two arytenoid,
in the upper part of the neck, and the lat- and the epiglottis.
ter from the pneumogastric, within the The ligaments of the larynx are nume-
thorax. rous and serve as bonds of union to the
LARYNGE'CHE. The laryngeal sound cartilages.
heard by applying the stethoscope over the The muscles are the crico-thyroid, the
larynx. It is used alike for the sounds of crico-arytenoideus posticus, the thyro-ary-
breathing and speaking. tenoideus, and the arytenoideus.
LARYNGISMUS. Laryngic suffoca- The opening into the larynx is triangu-
tion ; a genus of disease in the class Pneu-
and bounded in front by the epiglot-
lar,

matica, of Dr. Good, often confounded tis, behind by the arytenoideus muscle, and
with spasmodic croup. on each side by a fold of mucous mem-
Laryngismus Strid'ulus. Spas- brane, extending from the side of the epi-
modic laryngismus, or stridulous constric- glottis to the point of the arytenoid carti-
tion of the larynx, a species treated of by lage. The larynx is divided into two parts.
some writers under the name of spasmodic The upper portion is broad above and nar-
asthma, but more nearly approaching row below the lower portion is narrow ;

croup. above and broad below.

LARYNGITIS. Inflammation of the The larynx is lined by mucous mem-
larynx. brane, which forms in its ventricles a
 LAT 426 LAU
ccecal pouch, called the sacculus laryn- chanical Dentistry for rotating grinding
gis. wheels and polishing brushes.
The larynx is supplied with arteries Lathe, Chevalier's Dental. A por-
from the superior and inferior thyroid, table Dental foot lathe, made of iron. It

and the nerves which go to it are derived is three feet eight inches in height, has a
from the superior laryngeal and recurrent chuck for grindstones and brush-wheels,
laryngeal branches of the pneumogastric. which ship or unship at each end of the
LAS'ANUM. A close stool. mandril, to which burs of various sizes for
LAS'Eli. A gum resin, supposed to be filing off superfluous solder, and circular
asafletida, held in high esteem by the an- saws for cutting off linings, can be fitted.
cients. It is believed, and upon what LATH'YRUS. A genus of plants of
seems good authority, to be the pro- the order Umbellifera.
to be
duct of the Thapsia silphion, an Umbel- Lathyrus Marit'imus. The beach pea.
liferous plant of Cyreue. Lathyrus Myrtifo'lius. The myrtle-
LASEUPITTUM. A genus of plants leaved vctchling.
of the order UmbeUiferce. Lathyrus Ochroleu'cus. The cream-
Laserpitium Chiron'ium. Hercules' colored vctchling.
all-heal ; wound-wort, the inspissated juice Lathyrus Palus'tris. The marsh
of which is said to resemble opoponax. vctchling.
Laserpitium Latifo'lium. White Lathyrus Veno'sus. The veiny-leaved
gentiiin, the root of which is bitterand vetchling.
tonic. LATIB'ULUM. From lateo, I lie hid.

Laserpitium Siler. Heart- wort, the The hidden matter of infectious diseases.
seeds and roots of which are aromatic. LAT'ICA. A quotidian remittent with
LAS'SITUDE. Lassitudo. Languor; long paroxysms.
weariness; debility. LATIS'SIMUS COLLI. Theplatysma
LATENT. Latens; from latere, to lie myoides.
hid, lying hid, concealed. Hidden; not Latissimus Dorsi. A broad, flat mus-
appreciable to the touch, as latent heat, la- cle covering the lower part of the back
tent period, &c. and loins. It arises from the spinous pro-
Latent Period. The period before a cess of the seven inferior dorsal vertebra?,
disease, which is lurking in the system, from all the lumbar and sacral spinous
manifests by any morbid phenomena.
itself processes, a portion of the crest of the
LATERAL. Toward the lateral as- ilium, and the three lower ribs, and ascend-
pect. ing, is ii verted in the bicipital groove of
LATERAL OPEEATION. The lateral the or, humeri.
division of the prostate gland and neck of LATTEX. Brass or bronze.
the bladder in the operation of lithotomy. LATTICE-WORK. Cancellated tissue.
LATERTTIOUS. Latcri'tius ; from LATRO'BITE. A translucent mineral
later, a brick. A name applied to a sedi- of a rose red, or pink color, consisting of
ment resembling brick-dust, which is silica, alumina, lime, potash and oxyd of
sometimes deposited in the urine. manganese.
LA'TEX. In Botany, the proper or hid- LA'TUS. Broad.
den juice of a plant, which circulates in Latus Ani. The levator ani.
anastomosing vessels, called the laticifer- LAUD'AXUM. Thought to be from
ous tissue, or cinenchyma. It is supposed laus, praise, from its valuable properties.
to be analogous to the blood in cold-blooded Tincture of opium.
animals. Laudanum Abbatis Rousseau. Abbe
LATHE. A
machine by which instru- Rousseau's drops. Wine of opium.
ments of wood, ivory or metal are turned Laudanum Li'quidum Sydenhami.
and cut smooth and round ; used in Me- Wine of opium. Sydenham's laudanum.
 LAV 427 LEA
Laudanum Opia'tum. Extract, of Lavendula Spi'ca. Lavendula vera.
opium. The common lavender.
LAUGH, SARDONIC. Canine laugh. Lavendula Si'iE'cHAS. French laven-
Risus sardonicus. der.
LAUGHING GAS. Nitrous oxyd, or LA'VER. The brook lime. Also, a
protoxyd of nitrogen. sea-weed, the ulva laclua, which is used as
LAU'MONITE. A variety of zeolite, an article of food.
consisting of silica, alumina and lime, with LA VI PE'l )I CM. From lavo to wash,
16 per cent, of water. and pes, the foot. A foot bath.
LAURA'CEzE. The cinnamon tribe of LAWRENCE'S PORTABLE BLOW-
dicotyledonous plants. PIPE. An apparatus consisting of a
LAUREL. See Laurus. double bellows, with a treadle for the foot
Laurel, Bhoad-Leaved. Kalmia lati- fixed horizontally over it, with a hinge at-
fdla. Mountain laurel. tached to one end, while the other is ren-
Laurel, Cherry. Prunuslaurocerasus. dered stationary by a small hasp and sta-
Poison laurel. ple. , The bellows is made to rise and fall
Laurel, Spurge. Daphne laureola. by the application of the foot to the
Laurel Water. The distilled water treadle, and by means of two spiral brass
of the primus laurocerasus. springs attached to the machine. The air
Laurki,, "White. Magnolia glauca. escapes through a long flexible tube, with
LAURE'OLA. Daphne laureola. a brass jet attachment, by means of which
LAU'RINE. An acrid, fatty matter the flame may be managed with great fa-
contained in the berries of the laurel. cility.

LAURO-CERASUS. See Prunus Lau- '

LAWSO'NIA. A genus of plants of
rocerasus. the order Lyihracece.
LAURUS. The laurus nobilis. Also, Lawsonia Iner'mis. A plant, native
a genus of plants of the order Lauracece. and Africa, used by the
of East India
Laurus Cam'phora. See Camphora natives as a dye. The Henna of Egypt is
Officinaum. obtained from it. It has a slightly astrin-
Laurus Cas'sia. The wild cinnamon gent root.
tree. LAX. A diarrhoea.
Laurus Cinnamo'mum. Cinnamon zey- LAXATIVE. Laxativus; from lax-
lonicum, the tree from which the cinna- are, to loosen. A mild purgative.
mon bark is obtained. LAXA'TOR TYMPANI. Laxator au-
Laurus Nob'ilis. The sweet bay tree. ris internus, a muscle of the internal ear.
Laurus Per'sica. The tree which pro- Laxator Tympani Minor. A very
duces the avigalo pear. small muscle extending from the upper
Laurus Pichu'rim. One of the plants part of the meatus auditorius externus to
which produce the pichurim bean. the handle of the malleus.
Laurus Sas'safras. The sassafras LAX'ITY. Laxitas. Atony. A re-
tree. laxed condition.
LAUTIS'SIMA VINA. Wines strongly LAZARETTO. From lazzaro, a leper.
impregnated with myrrh. A solitary building in most large seaports,
LAVA'TION. Washing or sponging used for the disinfection of men and goods.
the body. LAZ'ULITE. A mineral of a pale in-
LAVENDER. A small shrub of two digo blue color, occurring in small masses,
or three feet in height, the flowers of which or crystallized in oblique, four-sided prisms
have a strong fragrant odor, and an aro- consisting of phosphoric acid, alumina and
matic, pungent, bitterish taste. magnesia.
LAVEN'DULA. Lavender. Also, a LEAD. Plumbum. A metal of a
genus of plants of the order Lamiacece. bluish-gray color, very soft, flexible, and
 ;

LEE 428 LEM

inelastic, slightly malleable and ductile, LEELITE. A variety of felspar tinged
but possessed of little tenacity. with oxyd of manganese.
Lead, Black. Plumbago. LEEK. A plant of the genus Allium.
Lead Poisoning. Morbid phenomena LEFOULON'S POWDER FOR THE
consequent upon the introduction of lead TEETH. Take cochlearia, (scurvy grass,)
into the system. horse-radish, guaiacum, Peruvian bark,
Lead, Red. See Minium. mint, pellitory, calamus, rhatany-root, re-
Lead, White. See Plumb! Carbonas. duce to an impalpable poAvder and pass
LEAD WORT. A plant of the genus through the finest hair sieve.
Plumbago. Lefoulon's Elixir for the Mouth.
LEAP. Folium. Take tincture of vanilla, 15 grammes; tinc-
LEAFSTALK. The petiole. ture of pellitory 128 ; spirit of mint 32
LEANNESS. Emaciation. spirit of rosemary 32 ; spirit of rose 64
LEAPING AGUE. A disease said to mingle them together.
be peculiar to Scotland, and characterized LEG. Cms. The portion of the lower
by preternatural activity of both mind extremity extending from the knee to the
and body. foot.

LEATHER. Tanno-gelatine. The Leg, Swelled. Phlegmasia dolens.

tanned skins of animals. LEGAL MEDICINE. Medical juris-
Leather- Wood. Dirca palustris. prudence. The application of medical
LEAVEN. Yeast. A knowledge to the preservation of the hu-
substance pos-
. sessing the power of causing fermentation man species and the administration of
in other substances. justice.

LEBANON SPRINGS. A spring at LEGNA. From leyvov, a fringed edge.

Lebanon near Albany, New York, the The orifice of the pudendum muliebre.
waters of which are thermal. LEGUMEN. Legume. From lego, I
LECANO'RA. A genus of lichens of gather In Botany, a pericarp or seed-
the order Parmdiace.ee. vessel with two valves, by which the seeds
Lecanora Tartarea. The Litmus are fixed to one suture only. In popular
and Cudbear, used as tests for acids and language a legumen is a pod. In the plu-
and employed as a dye, are pre- ral, pulse, pease, beans, &c.
alkalies,
pared from this and the Lecanora parcllus. LEGU'MIN. A protein substance
LECANO'RIN. A white crystalline found in plants of the bean kind, com-
substance obtained from Lecanora tartarea. monly called vegetable ctisein.
LEDEBOU'RIA. A genus of plants of LEGUMINO'S^E. From legumen, a
the order Liliacece. The pea tribe "of dicotyledonous
legume.
Ledebotjiiia Hyacinthoi'des. A plant, plants. Herbs with leaves alternate ; sta-
the bulbs of which are used in the East mens perigynous, monadelphous ovarium ;

Indies as a substitute for squills. superior, solitary, simple ;

fruit legumin-
LEDOYEN'S DISINFECTING LI- ous ; seeds without albumen.
QUID. A solution of nitrate of lead in LEGU'MINOUS. Pertaining to a leg-
water in the proportion of a drachm to an ume applied to plants which have a leg-
;

ounce. ume for pericarp.

LE'DUM. A genus of plants of the LEIPH^E'MA. Deficiency of blood.
order Ericacece LEIPODER'MOS. One who wants a
Ledum Latifo'lium. Labrador tea. part of his skin, especially the prepuce.
Ledum Palus'tre. Marsh tea ; a plant LEIPYRTAS. From lemu, I want,
possessing bitter, subastringent properties. and nvp, fire or heat. A malignant fever,
LEECH. A red-blooded aquatic anel- with great internal heat and coldness of
lidan of the genus Hirudo, used for top- the extremities.
ical bleeding. LEM'MING. A species of claviculate
 LEO 429 LEP

Rodents, very nearly allied to the rat and Leontice Thalictroi'des. CaukphyV-
mouse. lum thalictroi'des. Blue cohosh ; papoose
LEMON. The fruit of the Citrus med- root squaw root; a North American plant,
;

ico,. the roasted seeds of which have been used

Lemon Acid. Citric acid. as a substitute for coffee, and the root is
LEMONADE. Lemon juice diluted said to possess demulcent, antispasmodic
with water and sweetened with sugar. and emmenagogue properties.
It forms a pleasant, refrigerant and acid- LEON'TODON. A genus of plants of
ulated beverage. the order Composites.
Lemonade, Magnesian. Citrate of Leontodon Tarax'acum. Tarax'acum.
magnesia. Dens leonis. The dandelion a plant pos- ;

LE'MUR. A term applied to one of a sessing aperient, diuretic, and resolvent

genus of Quadrumanous animals, nearly properties.
allied to the apes, baboons and monkeys. LEONU'RUS. A genus of plants of
LENITIVE. Lenitivus ; Yrom lenis, the order Labiatce.
gentle. An assuaging medicine, or medi- Leonurus Cardia'ca. Mother-wort.
cine which operates mildly. The leaves are tonic and have been used
LENS. In Physics, a piece of glass or to relieve palpitation of the heart.
other transparent substance, so shaped as LEOPARD'S-BANE. See Arnica Mon-
to be capable of converging or diverging tana.
the rays of light. In Anatomy, the crys- LEPIDTUM. A genus of plants of the
talline humor of the eye. order Cruciferce.
LENTIC'ULA. Diminutive of lens, a Lepidium Ibe'ris. Sciatica cresses; a
lentilc. A freckle
an ephelis.
; Also, a plant supposed to possesss antiscorbu-
surgical instrument for removing sharp tic, antiseptic and stomachic properties.
points of bone from the edge of a perfora- Lepidium Sati'vum. Dittander ; a
tion,made with a trephine in the cranium. plant said to be nervine and stimulant.
Lenticula Marina. Sea lentile. LEP'IDOID. One of a family of ex-
LENTICULAR. Lentic'ularis. Shaped tinct fossil fishes belonging to the oolitic
like a lens. formation.
Lenticular Cataract. A cataract of LEPTDOLITE. From imrte, a scale,
the lens. and lidog, a stone. A mineral of a foli-

Lenticular Ganglion. The ophthal- ated texture, of a lilac or rose-violet

mic ganglion. color, containing lithia.
Lenticular Papillae. The papillce LEPIDOP'TERA. From tems, and
on the posterior part of the tongue. nrepov, a wing. An order of insects with
LEN'TIFORM. Lenticular. four membranous wings covered with fine

LENTI'GO. A freckle ephelis. ; imbricated scales.

LENTIL. A plant of the genus Ervum. LEPIDOSAR'COMA. From lemg, a
Lentil, Sea. See Fucus Natans. and oapnufia, a fleshy tumor.
scale, A
LEN'TOR. From lentus, clammy. Vis- fleshy tumor covered with scales.
cidity of any fluid. LEPIDO'SIS. Scaly-skin. Scaly dis-

LENZINITE. From Lenzius, a Ger- eases.

man mineralogist. A hydrated silicate of LEPTDOTE. Covered with scales.

alumina. LEPO'RID.E. The hare tribe of Ro-

LEONO'TIS LEONU'RUS. A South dents.
African plant, said to be narcotic, cathar- LEPORI'NUM LABIUM. Hare-lip.
tic, alterative and emmenagogue. Leporinum Ros'trum. Hare-lip.
LEONTTASIS. Elephantiasis. LEPORI'NUS OC'ULUS. See Lagoph-
LEON'TICE. A genus of plants of the thalmia.
order Berberidacece. LEP'RA. From tenpog, scaly. Lep-
28
 LES 430 LEV
rosy ; a term often applied to two distinct LE'THAL. Letha'lis. Mortal. Per-
diseases, the scaly, or proper leprosy, and taining to death.
the tuberculated, or elephantiasis; the LETHAR'GIC. Lethar'gicus. Pertain-
former characterized by scaly patches on ing to lethargy.
the skin of different sizes, and the latter LETHARGY. Letliar'gus ; trdtatefal,
by shining tubercles of a dusky red or forgetfulness. Excessive drowsiness; a
livid color, and a thickened rugous condi- constant sleep from which it is almost im-
tion of the skin. possible to arouse the individual.
Lepra Arabum. Tubercular elephan- LE'THEON. Ether or chloriform when
tiasis. inhaled.
Lepra Jttda'ica. Leprosy of Jews. LE'THUM. Death.
Lepra Mercuria'le. See Eczema Mer- LETTUCE. See Lactuca.
curiale. LEU'CE. From levnog} white. A vari-
Lepra Nigricans. A disease differing ety of leprosy.
but little from lepra vulgaris. LEU'CIC ACID. An acid formed by the
Lepra Vulga'ris. A disease character- oxydation of leucine.
ized by red shining elevations upon the LEUCINE. A white substance result-
skin, which continue to enlarge until they ing from the action of potash on a protein
attain the size of a dollar, covered with a compound.
prominent scaly crust. LEUCOCYTH^'MIA. A peculiar con-
LEPEIA'SIS. Leprosy. dition of the blood characterized by ex-
LEP'ROSY. Lepra. cess of the white corpuscles.
LEFROUS. Affected with leprosy. LEUCO'MA. From leunog, white. A
LEPTAN'DRA VIRGINTCA. A native white speck caused by the healing of a
plant, a variety of which, the Purpurea, wound in the cornea.
is emetic and cathartic. LEUCOPATHTA. The condition of
LEPTOCHRO'A. Fineness or delicacy an albino.
of skin. LEUCOPHLEGMA'SIA. From Act**,
LEPTOCEPH'ALANS. Leptocepha- white, and (pley/ia, phlegm. A tendency
li'dce; from famog, slender, and Ke<pa?a]
s a to dropsy, characterized by paleness of the
head. A family of fishes characterized by skin, and a flabby state of the solids, re-
the smallncss of the head. sulting from a redundancy in the serum
LEP'TURA. From lemog, slender, and of the blood.
ovpa, a tail. A genus of Longicorn beetles. LEUCOPHLEGMATTC. Having a
LEPTOMERIA. A genus of plants of tendency to, or affected with, leucophleg-
the order Santalacece. masia.
LEPTYS'MUS. Emaciation. LEUCOPY'RIA. Hectic fever.
LE'PUS. A hare. LEUCORRHffi'A. Prom fcwwf, white,
LERE'MA. Dotage. and peu, I flow. Fluor albus. The dis-
LERNiEIFORMES. From lernaia, a charge of a whitish mucus from the vagina,
parasite worm. A family of crustaceans arising from debility.
with long vermiform bodies. LEUCOTU'RIC ACID. An acid pro-
LE'SION. From Icesiis, hurt, injured. duced by the metamorphosis of alloxan.
An injury. Any alteration in the struc- LEVATOR. From lew, to lift up. Ap-
ture or functions of an organ. plied to muscles which lift the parts to
LESSO'NIA. A genus of maritime which they are attached.
plants or sea weeds of the order Fucacece. Levator An'guli O'ris. A muscle
Lessonia Fusces'cens. A sea weed which arises from the canine fossa of the
growing from twenty-five to thirty feet. superior maxillary bone, below the infra
It furnishes, in common with other sea orbitar foramen, and is inserted into the
weeds, hip or toda angle of the mouth.
 LEV 431 LIC

Levator A'ni. A muscle of the rec- resistance. The punch and elevator, use.l

tum. by dentists in the extraction of teeth, are

Levator Ani Par'vus. The transver- levers of the first kind, as is also the key
sa perinei muscle. of Garengeot.
Levator Coc'cvgis. The coccygeus LEVIGA'TION. Leviga'tio ; from levi-

muscle. gare, to polish. The reduction of hard

Levator La'bii Inferio'ris. A mus- substances to a very fine powder.
cle of the lower lip. It arises from the LEXIPHAR'MACA. See Alexiphar-
alveolar processes of the incisor teeth of mic.
the lower jaw, and is inserted into the LEY. See Lye.
lower and chin.
lip LEY'DENJAR. Leyden Phial. A
Levator Labii Superio'ris Al^que glass jar or bottle coated inside and out-
Nasi. This muscle arises hy two heads : side with tin foil nearly to the top, used
first, from the nasal process of the superior for collecting electricity.
maxillary bone second, from the edge of
; LEYS'SERA GNAPHALOI'DES. A
the orbit above the infra orbitar foramen, South African plant of the order Compos-
and is inserted narrow into the angle of itor, emollient in its properties, and used
the mouth. in many forms of cough.
Levator Labii Superio'ris Pro'prius. LIA'TRIS. A genus of plants of the
A thin quadrilateral muscle which arises order Asteraceoz.
from the lower edge of the orbit, and is Liatris Squarro'sa. Liatris spicata.
inserted into the upper lip. Button snake root blazing star
; rattle- ;

Levator Oc'uli. Rectus superior snake's master. This plant has a bulbous
oculi ; a muscle of the eye. root, which has an acrid, bitter and pun-
Levator Pala'ti. A muscle of the gent and terebinthhiate odor.
taste,
soft palate. It arises from the point of the LIBA'DIUM. The lesser centaury.
petrous bone and adjoining portion of the LIBANO'TIS. Rosemary.
Eustachian tube, and is spread out in the L I B A N U S. Juniper us lycia. The
structure of the soft palate. cedar of Lebanon.
Levator Pal'pebr;e Superio'ris. A LIBER. In Botany, the inner bark of
muscle of the upper eyelid, which it opens a plant next the alburnum.
by drawing it upward. LIBI'DO. Desire. Necessity.
Levator Scap'ul^;. Levator proprius LI'BRA. A pound.
scapulas, a muscle situated on the poste- LI'CHANUS. The index or forefinger.
rior part of the neck. LI'CHEN. Aetxvv, or "faxnv, lichen. In
LEVER. From levare, to lift up. One Pathology, a cutaneous affection, or erup-
of the simplest of the mechanical powers, tion of papula;, terminating in scurf, and
consisting of an inflexible rod or bar, giving to the skin the aspect of a vegetable
supported on, and movable round, a fixed lichen. There are several varieties of the
point, called a fulcrum. The fulcrum is disease.
the support of the lever, and constitutes Lichen A'grius. A disease character-
the axis around which it turns. The force ized by clusters of papula) of a red color,
which moves the lever is called the power, which appear on the arms, neck, back,
and the weight to be raised, the resistance. face, upper part of the breast and sides of
When the fulcrum is placed between the the abdomen, attended with inflammation,
power and the resistance, it is called a lever itching, and a painful tingling sensation.
of the first kind; when the resistance Lichen Circumscrip'tus. An erup-
or weight to be raised is between the ful- tion characterized by patches of papulae,
crum and the power, it is called a lever of with a well defined margin, and of an ir-
the second kind. A lever of the third kind regular circular form ; sometimes continu-
has the power between the fulcrum and ing for several weeks.
 ;;

LIP 432 LIG

Lichen Liv'idus. An eruption of a Life- Everlasting. A plant of the

dark-red color, or livid papula3. genus Gnaphalium.
Lichen Pila'bis. A papular eruption LIGAMENT. Ligamen'tum; from li-

which makes its appearance about the gare, to bind. A fibrous cord, or elastic
roots of the hair. and strong membrane which serves to con-
Lichen Sim'plex. An eruption of red nect bones, and to form articulations. Lig-
papula on the face or arms, and some- aments are of a dense white structure,
times extending over the body, accompa- and are divided into capsular and connect-
niedby an unpleasant sensation. ing. The former surround joints like a
Lichen Trop'icus. Prickly heat. bag, and prevent the escape of the syno-
—
LICHEN. In Botany, a genus of cryp- vial fluid the latter strengthen the union
togamous plants of the order Algce. of movable bones.
Lichen Cani'nus. The ash-colored LIGAMEN'TA ALA'RIA. Alar liga-
ground liverwort, formerly recommended ments. Two short and thick ligaments of
as a cure for hydrophobia, and used in the knee-joint.
spasmodic asthma. Ligamenta Interspina'lia. The in-
Lichen Islandi'cus. Iceland moss, terspinous ligaments of the vertebra).
now which see.
called Cetraria Islandica, Ligamenta Intertransversa'lia. In-
Lichen Mari'nus. See Ulva Lactuca. tertransverse ligaments of the vertebra}.
Lichen Pulmona'rius. Pectoral moss Ligamenta Radia'ta. The ligaments
lung-wort, formerly in high repute as a which pass between the inner extremity of
remedy for pulmonary diseases. the clavicleand the sternum, and those
Lichen Pyxida'tus. The cup moss. which pass from the extremities of the car-
Lichen Roccel'la. Canary archil tilages of the ribs over the sternum.

litmus ; lloccclla tinctoria. This plant has LIGAMENTS, ANNULAR. Ring

been employed in phthisis, but its princi- shaped ligament of the ankle and wrist.
pal use is as a blue dye. Ligaments, Crucial. Two ligaments
LICHENIN'. The feculoid matter of of the knee-joint —the anterior, or exter-
lichens. nal,and the posterior, or internal.
LICHENS. Plants which grow on the Ligaments, Lateral. The ligaments
bark of trees or on rocks, forming a sort at the side of a joint.
of incrustation, or upon the ground, form- LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM. The
ing irregular lobules with the surface of ductus arteriosus, which assumes the na-
the earth. They have a very low organ- ture of a ligament after birth.
ization. Ligamentum Brachio-Cubita'le. The
LIEBERKUHN'S FOLLICLES. Fol- brachio-cubital ligament.
licles abundant in the small intestine, sup- Ligamentum Brachio-Radia'le. The
posed to secrete the intestinal juice. brachio-radial ligament.
LI'EN. From leiog, soft or smooth. Ligamentum Capsula're. A ligament
In Anatomy, the spleen. which surrounds a joint like a bag.
Lien Sinarum. See Nymphsea Ne- Ligamentum Cilia're. The bond of
lumbo. union between the external and internal
LIEN'CULUS. Diminutive of lien. A tunics of the eyeball. See Ciliary Liga-
supernumerary spleen. ment.
LI'ENTERY. From Xme, smooth, and Ligamentum Conoi'des. The coraco-
evrepov, intense. A diarrhoea; frequent clavicular ligament.
evacuations of half digested food. Ligamentum Deltoi'des. The inter-
LIFE. Bwf vita. The exhibition of nal ligament of the ankle.
j

those phenomena which characterize or- Ligamentum Denticula'tum. A liga-

ganized beings from inanimate and inor- ment extending the whole length of the
ganic bodies. spinal marrow.
 LIG 438 LIL

Ligamentum Den'tis. A name given LIG'NEOUS, Ligne'us. Woody.

by Mr. Calwell to that portion of the gum LIG'NHST. Lig'nine; from lignum,;,

which is attached to the neck of a tooth. wood. The fibres of wood divested of all
See Gums. impurities.
Ligamentum Interclavicular. A LIGNIPEE'DOUS. A term applied to

cord-like band extending from the extrem- insects which destroy wood.
ity of one clavicle to the other. LIG'NITE. From lignum, wood. Min-
Ligamentum Interosse'um. The lig- appearance of the
eral coal retaining the
aments which unite the radius and ulna, wood from which it was formed, and giv-
and the tibia and fibula. ing out an empyreumatic odor while burn-
Ligamentum La'tum. The suspensory ing.
ligament of the liver and that of the ute- LIG'NUM. Wood.
rus. Lignum Al'oes. Aloes wood.
Ligamentum Nu'cile. The cervical lig- Lignum Brazilien'se. Caesalpina. The
ament. Brazil woods used in dying.
Ligamentum Orbicula're. The liga- Lignum Calambac. Lignum aloes.
ment which connects the neck of the radius Lignum Campechense. The logwood
to the ulna. tree.
Ligamentum Ova'rii. A round cord Lignum Colub'rinum. The wood of a
of muscular fibres derived from the uterus. tree of India, the Strychnos colubrina.
Ligamentum Posticum Winslowii. A
Lignum Indicum. Guaiacum.
broad expansion of ligamentous covering Lignum Moluccen'se. Croton tiglium.
of the knee joint. Lignum Nepheit'icum. Guilandina.
Ligamentum Poupar'tii. Poupart's Lignum Santali Eubri. Pterocarpus.
ligament. Lignum Serpenti'num. Ophioxylum.
Ligamentum Ehomboi'des. The liga- Lignum Vit^e. The wood of the Guai-
ment which binds the clavicle to the first acum officinale.
rib. LI'GULA. In Anatomy, the clavicle ;

Ligamentum Eotun'dum. The round also, the glottis. In Botany, the membra-
ligament of the uterus. nous appendage at the top of the sheath
Ligamentum Te'res. The round
of the leaves of grasses, and the long and
liga-
ment of the hip joint. narrow band at the termination of the
Ligamentum Trapezoi'des. The cora- tube of the corolla of certain plants. In
co-clavicular ligament. Zoology, the labium of insects.
Ligamentum Triangula're. A liga- LIG'ULATE. Strap-shaped.
ment of the scapula. LIG'ULITE. A mineral occurring in
LIG'ATUBE. IAgatu'ra; from ligo, to yellow-green crystals, resembling chrys-
bind. A thread of silk used for tying ar- olite.

removing tumors, uniting the edges

teries, LIGUS'TICUM. A genus of plants of
of a wound, &c. For some purposes fine the order UmbeUiferce.
gold or silver wire is used as a substitute Ligusticum Levis'ticum. Lovage, a
for silk. Ligatures have also been em- plant possessing carminative, diaphoretic
ployed for the retention of artificial teeth and emmenagogue properties.
in the mouth ; at present, however, they LIGUS'TEUM. A genus of plants of
are not used for this purpose. the order Alcacece.
LIGHT. Lux. Lumen. The agent Ligustrum Vulga're. Privet, the
which produces vision, or a perception of leaves of which are astringent and have
other bodies by depicting their image on been used for ulcers of the mouth and
the retina of the eye. throat.
Light Carbureted Hydrogen. Car- LILIA'CEiE. A family of endogenous
bureted hydrogen gas. plants, including the lilies, hyacinths, &o.
 LIM 434 LIN
t LILIA'CEOUS. Resembling the lily. of its many virtues. Two other species,
LILIA'CINE. The bitter crystallizable Limnanthemum nymplioides , and Limnan-
principle of the lilac. themum pellaia, are employed in Europe
LILIA'GO. Spiderwort; liliastrum. and Japan as febrifuges.
LIL'IUM. A genus of plants of the LIM'NEUS. From 7ii(iv V , a pool. A
order Liliacece. genus of fresh- water snails.
Lilium Can'didum. Lilium al'bum. Lemon. LIMON.
The white lily. A fragrant oil is prepared Lemonade.LIMONADA.
from the petals, thought to be useful in LIMONIA. The bitter principle of
uterine pains. lemon and orange seeds.
Lilium Conval'lium. The lily of the Limonia Malus. The lemon.
valley. LIMO'Sxi. From limus, mud. A genus
Lilium Marta'gon. The martagon of wading birds of the Longirostrus tribe.
lily. This, as well as some of the other LIMO'SIS. From A^of, hunger. A
species, affords an edible bulb. morbid appetite. Also, a genus of dis-
LILY. Lilium. ease in the class caiiaca, order enterica, of
Lily, May. The convallaria majalis. Dr. Good, characterized by excessive or
Lily, Water. The lily of the valley, depraved appetite.
a plant of the genus Nymphcea alba. Limosis A'vens. Insatiable appetite.
Lily, White. See Lilium candidum. Limosis Ex'pers. Anorexia.
Lily of the Valley. The May lily. Limosis Hellu'onum. Gluttony.
LI'MA DENTA'EIA. Scalprum Den- Limosis Fi'ca. See Malacia.
tarium. A dental file. See Files, Dental. LIMOTHERAPEFA. From fa/iog, hun-
LIMA'TIO. From lima, a file. Filing. ger, and tiepaneui, treatment. The cure of
See Filing Teeth. disease by fasting, or abstinence from
LIMATU'EA. From lima, a file. food.

File-dust; filings. LIMTID. Limjn'dus ; from la^iru, to

Limatura Ferri. Iron filings. shine. Clear; pure; transparent.
Limatura Stanni. Tin filings. LIM'ULUS. A genus of gigantic en-
LIMAX. From limus, slime. The tomostracous Crustacea.
slug, or snail. LINA'CE/E. The flax tribe of dicotyl-
LIMB. A member. edonous plants.
LIM'BUS. A brim, edge, or border. LINAMENTUM. From linum, linen.
Applied in Botany to petals, to denote Lint. A tent for a wound.
that portion which is supported by the LINCTUS. From lingo, to lick. In
unguis. Pharmacy, applied to a soft substance
Limbus Alveola'ris. Tho alveolar liko honey, which may be licked from a
border. spoon.
Limbus Lu'teus. The yellow halo sur- LINDEN TREE. A tree of the genus
rounding the foramen of Soemmering, as Tilia.
observed in animals having the axis of the LINE. Linea. That which has length
eyeballs parallel with each other. without breadth or thickness.
LIME. Citrus limetta; a fruit like a Line, Me'dian, of the Body. An
small lemon. imaginary line, beginning at the top of
LIME. Calx. The oxyd of calcium. the head, and falling between the feet,
Lime, Carbonate of. Creta. dividing the body vertically into two equal
Lime Water. Calcis liquor. parts.
LIMNANTHE'MUM. A. genus of LINEA. From linum, a thread. A
plants of the order Gentianaceoz. line. In Anatomy, applied to parts which
Limnanthemum In'dica. A plant held have a line-like appearance.
in high esteem by the Chinese on account Linea Al'ba. A tendinous cord or
 LIN 435 LIN
line, extending from the ensiform cartilage LIN'GULATE. Lingula'tus ; from lin-

of the sternum to the navel, and from gua, tongue. Tongue-shaped.

thence to the symphysis pubis. LINTMENT. See Linimentum.
Linea As'pera. The rough projec- Liniment, An'odyne. See Linimentum
tion along the posterior surface of the opii.
femur. Liniment of Mercury. See Linimen-
Linea Ilio-Pectine'a. A sharp ridge tum hydrargyri compositum.
on the lateral edge of the brim of the Liniment, Vol'atile. See Linimen-
pelvis, called also linea iimominata. tum ammonias.
LINE/E SEMILUNARS. The lines L I N I M E N T U M. From
' linire, to
on the outer margins of the recti muscles anoint. A liniment; an unctuous medi-
of the abdomen. cine, to be applied externally by means
Line.e Transver's^:. The lines that of friction.
cross the recti muscles of the abdomen. Linimentum Ammo'ni^e. U. S. Lini-
LIN'EAMENT. Lineamen'tum ; from ment of ammonia. Volatile liniment.
linea, a line. A feature the form or out-
; Linimentum Ammonle Compos'itum.
line which marks the jjarticular character Ph. E. Compound liniment of ammonia.
of the countenance, and distinguishes the Linimentum Ammonite Sesquicarbo-
features of the face of one person from na'tis. Ph. L. Liniment of sesquicar-
another. bonate of ammonia.
LINEAR. Linea'ris. In Surgery, frac- Linimentum Cal'cis. U. S. Liniment
tures which exhibit the appearance of a of lime.
line. Linimentum Cam'piior^e. U. S. and
LINEA'TUS. Lineatej streaked ; hav- Camphor liniment.
Ph. L.
ing lines. Linimentum Camphors Composi-
LINE'OLA. Diminutive of linea, a tum. Ph. L. Compound camphor lini-
line. A small line. ment.
LIN'GUA. From lingo, to lick up. Linimentum Cantiiar'idis. U. S.
The tongue. Liniment of Spanish flies.

Lingua Cani'na. Hound's tongue. Linimentum Hydrar'gyri Compos'i-

Lingua Cervi'na. Hart's tongue. tum. Ph. L. Compound liniment of
LINGUA-DENTAL. Pertaining to the mercury.
tongue and teeth ; as articulate sounds Linimentum O'pii. Ph. L. Liniment
formed or uttered by them. of opium. Anodyne liniment.
LINGUAL. Lingua'lis. Pertaining or Linimentum Sapo'nis Camphora'tum.
belonging to the tongue. Ph. P. Camphorated soap liniment.
Lingual Artery. A branch of the Linimentum Simplex. Ph. E. Sim-
external carotid artery. ple liniment.
Lingual Glands. Small salivary Linimentum Terebin'thinje. U. S.
glands situated underneath the tongue. Liniment of turpentine.
Lingual Nerve. The hyoglossus LINNiE'A. A genus of plants of the
nerve. Also, a branch of the inferior order Cajmfoliacece.
maxillary. Linn^ea Borea'lis. A plant which
LINGUET'TA LAMINOSA. A thin has a bitter sub-astringent taste, used in
process of gray substance, extending from rheumatism.
the gray substance of the cerebellum upon LINNiE'AN SYSTEM. The sexual
the valve of Vieussens. system of plants, so called from the name
LINGUA'LIS. Basio-glossus muscle. of the founder, Linnams.
A long small muscle, passing from the LINSEED. Flaxseed; the seeds of
root to the tip of the tongue. Linum usitatissimum.
LIN'GULA. SeeLigula. LINT. Lin'teum. Cftarjrie. A soft
 ;

LIP 436 LIP

flocculent substance, made by scraping sanguino-serous blood. Soft pale lips are
old linen cloth or rags. indicative of lymphatico-serous disposi-
LI'NUM. Linseed. Also, a genus of tions. In these subjects the lips are
plants of the order Linacece. almost entirely without color. When there
Linum Cathar'ticum. Purging flax is a sufficiency of blood the lips are firm,
formerly used as a cathartic and diuretic. though variable in color, according to the
Linum Usitatis'simum. Common flax. predominancy of the red or serous parts
The seeds contain a large quantity of oil, of this fluid.
and by infusion yield a large proportion Anamiia is indicated by want of color
of mucilage, used as an emollient and and softness of the lips, and general pale-
demulcent. ness of the mucous membrane of the
LIPARA. Plasters containing much whole mouth.
oil or fat. " The fluids contained in the vessels,"
LIPA'EIA. Obesity. says Laforgue, "in the three foregoing
LIPAROCE'LE. From and forms of anfemia, yield to the slightest
"kmapoq, fat,
nrj2.7j, a tumor. A fatty tumor, especially pressure, and leave nothing between the
in the scrotum. fingers but the skin and cellular tissue."

LIPAROTRICHTA. Too great oiliness In remarking upon the signs of the dif-
of the hair. ferent qualities of the blood, the above
LIPO'MA. From "kmog, fat. An en- mentioned author asserts that the consti-
cysted fatty tumor. tution of children, about the age of six
LIPOTH'YMY. Lipothym'ia; from years, cannot, by a universal characteris-
"kenru, to fail, and dv/j.og, soul. Syncope. tic, be distinguished, but that the lips, as

LIPPITU'DO. From lippus, blear- well as all other parts of the mouth, con-
eyed. Bleared eyes. A chronic inflam- stantly betoken the " quality of the blood
mation of the tarsal edges of the eyelids and that of the flesh;" and " consequently
and a discharge of puriform matter. they proclaim health or disease, or the ap-
LIPOIDS. The non-saponifiable fats. proach of asthenic and adynamic disorders,
LIPYL. The hypothetical radical of the which the blood either causes or aggra-

basis of the fats. Thus margarin is a mar- vates."*

garate of oxyd of lipyl, not a margarate " The secretion of the lips," says Pro-

of glycerine, as formerly supposed. fessor Schill, "has a similar diagnostic

LIPS. Labia. The two muscular veils and prognostic import to that of the
which circumscribe the anterior opening tongue and gums. They become dry in
of the mouth, distinguished into upper all fevers and in spasmodic paroxysms. A

and lower. In Botany, the two opposite mucous white coating is a sign of irrita-
divisions of a labiate coral. In Surgery, tion or inflammation of the intestinal ca-

the edges of a wound. nal ; accordingly, this coating is found in

Lips, Characteristics of. " The mucous obstructions, in gastric intermit-
lips," says Delabarre, " present marked tent fever, and before the gouty parox-
differences in different constitutions. Thejr ysms. A dry brown coating of the lips is

are thick, red, rosy, or pale, according to a sign of colliquation in consequence of

the qualities of the arterial blood that typhus affection ; it is accordingly observed
circulates through their arteries." in typhus, in putrid fever, in acute in-
Firmness of the lips, and a pale rose flammations which have become ner-
color of the mucous membrane that covers vous."!
them, are, according to Laforgue, indica- The appearance of the lips, however,

tive of pure blood, and, as a consequence, does not present so great a variety as those
of a good constitution. Redness of the of other parts of the mouth, for the reason
lips, deeper than that of the pale rose, is * Vide Semeiologie Buccale et Buccamancie.
mentioned by him as one of the signs of •jVide Pathological Semeiology, p. 135.
 LIQ 437 LIQ

that they arc not as subject to local dis- Liquor Ammonite Sesquicarbona'tis.
eases, hut their general pathognomic indi- "Water of carbonate of ammonia.
cations arc, perhaps, quite as decided. Liquor Argenti Nitra'tis. Ph. L.
LIPYK'IA. Leipyr'ia; from femw, to Solution of nitrate of silver.
fail, and irvp, heat. A fever with great Liquor Arsenica'lis. See Liquor Po-
coldness of the surface, particularly of the tassa) Arsenitis.
extremities, and heat in the interior of the Liquor Barii Chlo'ridi. U. S. Solu-
body. tion of chloride of barium. Solution of
LIQUAMU'MIA. Human fat. muriate of baryta.
LIQUATION. In Metallurgy, the sep- Liquor Cal'cii Chloridi. Solution of
aration of tin, lead, &c, by melting. chloride of calcium. Solution of muriate
LIQUEFA'CTENT. Liquefa'ciens; from of lime.
liquidus, a liquid, and facere, to make. Liquor Cal'cis. Lime water.
That which has the property of liquefying Liquor Cu'pri Ammo'niosulpha'tis.
solids, as mercury, iodine, &c. Ph. L. Solution of ammoniated copper.
LIQUEFACTION. Liqua'lio; liquefi- Liquor Ferri Io'didi. U. S. Solution
ca'tio. The conversion of a solid into a of iodide of iron. Syrup of iodide of iron.
liquid, by the agency of heat applied par- ; Liquor Ferri Ternitra'tis. Solution
ticularly to metals, resin, wax and fatty of ternitrate of iron.
Bubstances. Liquor Hydargyri Bichlo'ridi. So-
LIQUEUE'. An aromatic preparation lution of bichloride of mercury.
of distilled spirits. Liq'uor Iodini Composi'tus. Compound
LIQUID. Liquidum. A flowing sub- solution of iodine.
stance ; a feebly elastic fluid. Liquor Morphine Sulpha'tis. Solu-
LIQUID AM'BAE. A genus of plants tion of sulphate of morphia.
of the order Altingiacece. Also, a resinous Liquor Opii Sedati'vus. Battley's so-
juice which flows from the Liquidambar lution. An aqueous solution of opium.
styraciflua, and some other species when Liquor Plumbi Diaceta'tis. See Li-
wounded. It is of a yellow color, and quor Plumbi Subacetatis.
about the consistence of turpentine, but Liquor Plumbi Subaceta'tis. Solu-
hardens by ago and becomes brittle. It tion of subacetate of lead.
is sometimes called Copaline balsam. The Liquor Potas's^:. Solution of potassa.
Liquid styrax is obtained from this plant Liquor Potass.^: Arseni'tis. U. S.
by boiling. Solution of arsenite of potassa. Arsenical
Liquidambar Styractf'lua. The tree solution. Fowler's solution.
which affords the liquidambar and liquid Liquor Potassjs Carbona'tis. U. S.
Btyrax. Solution of carbonate of potassa.
LIQUOR. From liqueo, to become li- Liquor Potass2e Chlorina't^e. Solu-
quid. A name given to many compound tion of chloride of potassa.
fluid medicinal preparations. Liquor Potass;e Citra'tis. U. S. So-
Liquor .ZEthere'us Oleo'sus. Ethereal lution of citrate of potassa. Neutral mix-
oil ; heavy oil of wine ; sulphate of ether ture.

and etherine. Liquor Potassa Effervescens. Ph.

Liquor JEthere'us Sulphu'ricus. Sul- L. Effervescing solution of potassa.
phuric ethereal liquor. Unrectified sul- Liquor Potassii Iodidi Composi'tus.
phuric either. Fli. L. Compound solution of iodine.
Liquor Alu'mistis Compos'itus. Ph. L. Liquor San'guinis. Plasma; intercel-

Compound solution of alum. lular fluid. Coagulable lymph; plastic

Liquor Ammo'nle. Water of ammonia. lymph, a clear colorless fluid one of the —
Liquor Ammonme Aceta'tis. Solution constituents of the blood the one in which —
of acetate of ammonia. the red globules are suspended during life.
 LIT 438 LIT

On coagulation it separates into two parts, called litharge of silver, and when red,
the serum, and fibrin, previously held in litharge of gold.
solution. The fibrin, coagulating, encloses LITHATE. Urate.
within it the red particles, while the serum LITHEC'TASY. From Wog, a stone,
retains the albumen in solution. and eKTaaig, dilatation. An operation for
Liquor Sod^e Chlorina't.e. U. S. So- the removal of stone from the bladder, by
lution of chlorinated soda. Solution of dilating the neck of the organ, after hav-
chloride of soda. Labarraque's disinfect- ing made an incision in the perineum and
ing soda liquid. opened the membranous portion of the
Liquor Sod^: Efferves'cens. Effer- urethra.
vescing solution of soda. LITH'IA. A rare alkaline substance,
Liquor Tartari Emeti'ci. Antimo- differing from potash and soda by the
nial wine. difficult solubility of its carbonate. It is
LIQUORICE. The root of the Glxj- the oxyd of lithium.
drrhiza glarba. L1THPASIS. From Ai^of, a stone. A
Liquorice Sugar. Glycyrrhizin. The term applied, in Pathology, to the forma-
sweet principle of liquorice. tion of stone in the bladder; also, to a
LIRIODEN'DRIN. The active princi- disease of the eye-lids, in which their mar-
ple of Liriodendrcn. gins are beset with stone-like concretions.
LIRIODEN'DRON. A genus of plants LITH'IC. Lith'ims. Relating to lithic
of the order Magnolicece. or uric acid, or to stone.
Lirioden'dron Tulipif'era. The tu- Lithic Acid. Uric acid.
lip-tree ;white wood. This tree sometimes LITHIUM. A white metal obtained
grows to an enormous size and is remarka- from lithia by means of galvanism.
ble for its rich foliage and beautiful flowers. LITHODEN'DRON. From tofof, a
The bark is stimulant and slightly aro- stone, and devdpov, tree. Coral has been
matic, and has been used as a febrifuge. so termed from its resemblance to a pet-
It is sudorific when taken in warm decoc- rified branch of a tree.
tion. LITHO'DEON. From fcfof, a stone,
LISIAN'THUS. A genus of plants of and etSog, likeness. A name given to an
the order Gentianacece. amalgam with which finely pulverized
Lisiantiius Grantuflo'rus. This, as pumice, some vitreous substance
glass, or
well as several of the other species, pos- is incorporated, and used as a substitute
sesses tonic and febrifuge properties. The for gold by some dentists in filling teeth.
Lisiantiius chelonoides, is an active purga- See Amalgam.
tive. From Wog, and do-
LITH'ODOME.
LISP'ING. A species of defective ut- mus, a house. A term applied to Mollus-
terance, commonly called speaking through cous animals which make holes in rocks in
the teeth. which they lodge.
LITHAGO'GUE. Lithago'gus ; from LITHOFELLTC ACID. An acid
Tudog, a stone, and ayu, to bring away. forming the chief ingredient in bezoars.
Medicines supposed to have the power of LI'THOID. Liihoi'des. Of the nature
expelling urinary calculi. of, or resembling stone.
LITHARGE. SeeJLithargyrum. LITHOL'ABUM. From^tfo?, a stone,
Litharge Plaster. Lead plaster made and Aafipavu, I seize. An instrument for
of semi vitrified oxyd of lead, olive oil and grasping and extracting the stone from the
water. bladder.
LITHAR'GYRUM. From Wog, a LITHOL'OGY. Litholog'ia. From
gtone, and apyvpog, silver. Litharge. htiog, a stone, and hoyog, a discourse. A
Plumbi oxydum semwitreum. Scmivitri- treatise on calculous concretions.
fied protoxyd of lead. When white it is LITH'OMANCY. From fodog, and
 ;

LIV 439 LOB

fiavreia, divination. A species of divina- and part of the epigastric. It is the organ
tion consisting in the inspection of the of the biliary secretion.
smooth surface of agates or crystals. Liver, Granulated. A disease of
LITlIOMETltA. Bony or other con- the liver in which this organ becomes tu-
cretions of the uterus. berculated, and assumes a rusty yellow
LITIIONTRIP'TIC. Litlionirip'ticus color, on which account it is termed cir-
from AiiSof, a stone, and rpipu, to wear rliosis. The disease is variously desig-
away. A remedy supposed to be capable nated by different authors.
of dissolving urinary calculi. Liver, Hobnail. Granulated liver.
LITHONTRIP'TOR. An instrument Liver, Inflammation of. Hepatitis.
for breaking calculi in the bladder into Liver, Nutmeg. Granulated liver.
small pieces so that they may.be washed Liver of Sulphur. Sulphuret of po-
away by the urine. Variously formed in- tassium.
struments have been invented for this Liver Spot. Chloas'ma Pityria'sis ver-
purpose. sicolor; an affection of the skin character-
LITHOSrER'MUM. A genus of plants ized by irregularly shaped yellowish-brown
of the order Boraginacece. patches.
Lithospermum Officinale. Grom- LIVERWORT. See Marchantia poly-
well. The seeds of this plant were for- morphia.
merly supposed to possess lithontriptic and Liverwort, American. See Hepatica
diuretic properties. Triloba.
LITHOTERETH'RUM. Lithotrite. Liverwort, Ash-Colored. See Lichen
LITHOT OMIST. One who devotes Caninus.
himself to the operation of lithotomy. Liverwort, Ground. See Lichen Ca-
LITHOTOMY. Lithotom! ia ; from ?u~ ninus.
#of, a stone, and refivu, to cut. Cutting Liverwort, Iceland. See Cetraria
into the bladder for the extraction of stone. Islandica.
LITHOTRITE. An instrument for LIVID'ITY. Darkness of color.
crushing the calculus in the bladder. LI'VOR. From liveo, to be black and
LITHOT'RITY. Liihotri'lia; from li~ blue. Lividity ; sugillation.
dog, a stone, and rpiftu, I break. The op- LIX. Ashes. Wood ashes.
eration of breaking or bruising the stone LIXIV'IAL. from
Lixivia'lis ; lix,

into small pieces so that it may be dis- wood-ash. Obtained by lixiviation.

charged with the urine. LIXIVIA'TION. Lixivia'tio. The
LITHOXIDU'RIA. The discharge of act of treating permeable bodies with
urine containing xanthic oxyd. water for the purpose of dissolving the
LITHU'RIA. From lu&og, a" stone, and alkaline salts which they contain.
evpov, urine. Urine containing uric acid LIXIVIUM. Any solution containing
and urates. soda or potassa in excess. Ley.
LITMUS. Turnsole. A blue coloring LIZARD. A name commonly applied
matter ohtained from archil, a lichen, the to the smaller saurian reptiles. They were
Roccella tinctoria, and used by chemists on formerly employed in medicine.
paper to detect the presence of acids, LOADSTONE. The native magnet, an
which turn it red. ore of iron of an intermediate state of ox-
LITRA. Atrpa. A pound. ydation, possessing the peculiar property
LITRE. A French measure containing of attraction, and of turning towards the
2.1135 English pints. north pole when freely suspended.
LIVER. Ilcpar. The largest gland in LOAM. A mixture of sand and clay
the body. It is of a brownish-red color, with oxyd of iron.
and situated under the diaphragm, occu- LOATHING. Disgust.
pying the whole hypochondriac region, LOBATE. Loba'tus. Lobcd.
 LOC 440 LON
LOBE. Lobus. In Anatomy, a round process by which animals of the higher
projecting part of an organ. classes move from place to place.

LOBE'LIA. A genus of plants of the LOCULAMEN'TUM. In Botany, the

order Lobeliacece. space between the valves and partitions of
Lobelia Cardina'lis. Cardinal flower. a capsule.
Cardinal plant. The root is said to pos- LOC'ULICIDAL. In Botany, the de-
sess vermifuge properties. hiscence of a pericarp along the dorsal su-
Lobelia Infla'ta. Indian tobacco; ture at the base of the cells.

emetic weed ; bladder-podded lobelia. A LOCUS NIGEE. The dark matter in

plant possessing properties similar to those the centre of the peduncles of the brain.
of tobacco, acting in small doses as a dia- Locus Perfora'tus. See Pons Tarini.
phoretic, and in large doses as a danger- LO'CUST. The popular name of sev-
ous emetic. eral species of insects belonging, in Amer-
Lobelia Syphilitica. Blue cardinal ica, to the genus Cicada ; also, of several
flower. The root is emetic and cathartic, plants and trees. See Gleditschia and
and has been used by the North American Eobinia.
Indians as an anti-syphilitic. LOCUS'TA. A term applied in Botany
LOBELIA'CE^E. The lobelia tribe of to the spikelets of grasses.
dicotyledonous plants. LOGWOOD. Campeachy wood. The
LOBE'LINE. A peculiar substance popular name of Haimatoxylon campechi-
obtained from Lobelia inflaia, resembling anum.
narcotine. LO'HOCK. Loock. A mucilaginous
LOBSTEE. One of the macrourous preparation of a consistence between a soft
Crustacea belonging to the genus Astacus. electuary and a syrup.
LOB'ULUS. Diminutive of lobus, a LOI'MIC. Loim'icus ; from Ioluos, a
lobe. A small lobe. pestilence. Pertaining to the pestilence.
Lobulus Au'ris. The lobe or lower LOIMOCHOLO'SIS. Yellow fever.
part of the ear. LOIMOG'EAPHY. A description of
Lobulus Pneumogas'tricus. A small the plague, and of pestilential fever.
lobe of the cerebellum near the origin of LOINS. The lumbar region of the
the eighth pair of nerves. back.
LO'BUS. A lobe. LOISELEU'EIA. A genus of plants
LO'CAL. In Pathology, ap- of the order Ericaceae.
Loca'lis.
plied to a disease affecting a part without Loiseleuria Procum'bens. Chamce-
implicating the whole system. le'don procumbens. Trailing chamailedon.
LOCALES. Plural of loccdis. In A plant, native of Great Britain, possess-
Cullen's Nosology, the fourth class, com- ing astringent properties.
prising local diseases or morbid affections LO'MENT. Lomen'tum. A fruit simi-

that are partial. lar to a legume, excepting that the space

LO'CHIA. From loxevu, to bring forth. between each seed is divided into distinct
The discharge from the uterus which takes pieces, giving it the appearance, at matu-
place and continues some days after par- rity, of being composed of many articu-
turition. lations. Also, meal of beans, and the
LOCHIOEEHCE'A. Profuse flow of the bread made from such meal.
lochia. LONGANON. The rectum.
LOCKED JAW. A spasmodic con- LONGEVITY. Longam'tas. The pro-
traction of the muscles of the jaw by longation of life to an advanced age, or
which its motion is prevented. See Tris- to above seventy years. It is said that
mus and Tetanus. ;

Thomas Parr reached 152; Henry Jen-

LOCOMO'TION. Locomo'tio ; from kins, 169 Peter Torten, 185
; ; John Eovin
locus, a place, and movere, to move. The and wife, 172 and 164.
 LOR 441 LOT
LONG-SIGHTEDNESS. Seo Presby- LOQUELA. Articulate speech.
opia. Loquela Abolita. See Aphonia.
LONGING. A common phrase for Loquela Blcesa. Balbuties.
the craving or preternatural appetite of LOQUACITY. Oarruli'tas; from lo-
women during uterine gestation. quor, I speak. Volubility; sometimes a
LONGIROS'TEltS. From longus, long, symptom of disease.
and rostrum, a beak. A tribe of Gralla), LORDO'SIS. From fopdog, curved, bent.
or Wading birds, characterized by the A term applied in Pathology to curvature
length and tenuity of their beak. of the spine anteriorly.
LONGIS'SIMUS DORSI. A long LO'TIO. A lotion.
muscle of the back. Lotio Acidi Pyrolig'nei. Lotion of
Longissimus Fem'obis. The sartorius pyroligneous acid.
muscle. Lotio Aluminis. Alum lotion.
Longissimus Ma'nus. The Flexor ter- Lotio Ammonite Aceta'tis. Lotion of
tii internodii pollicis. acetate of ammonia.
Longissimus Oc'uli. The obliquus su- Lotio Ammonle Hydrochlora'tis.
perior oculi. Lotion of muriate of ammonia.
LONGITUDINAL. Longitudina'lis. Lotio Ammonije Muria'tis Cum Aceto.
In Anatomy, applied to parts which have Lotion of muriate' of ammonia and vine-
a lengthwise direction. gar.
Longitudinal Sinus. A triangular Lotio Ammonia Opiata. Lotion of
canal of the dura mater, proceeding from ammonia and opium.
the crista galli to the tentorium. Lotio Bora'cis. Lotion of Borax.
LON'GUS COL'LI. A muscle situated Lotio Calcis Composi'ta. Black wash.
on tho anterior face of the vertebra} of the Lotio Fla'va. Yellow wash.
neck. Lotio Gal'l^e. Lotion of gall-nuts.
LONICE'RA. A genus of plants of the Hellebo'ri Ai/ba. Lotion of
Lotio
order Caprifoliaceoz. veratrum album.
Lonicera Peiuclim'enum. The com- Lotio Hvdrargy'ri Amygdali'na.
mon honeysuckle, formerly used in cuta- Amygdaline lotion of corrosive sublimate.
neous diseases, and for cleansing foul ul- Lotio Hydrargyri Oxymuria'tis.
cers, and in asthma. Lotion of corrosive sublimate.
LOOCH. See Lohock. Lotio Hydrargyri Oxymuriatis Com-
LOOSE'NESS. Diarrhoea. posi'ta. Compound lotion of corrosivo
Looseness of the Teeth. Odontosei'- sublimate.
sis; odontoseis'mus. This results from dis- Lotio Ni'gra. Black wash.
ease in the gums and the gradual destruc- Lotio Opii. Opium lotion.
tion of the alveolar processes. Lotio Picis. Compound lotion of tar.
LOPEZ. Radex lopezia'na.Eadex in'- Lotio Plumbi Aceta'tis. Lotion of
dica lopeziana. The an unknown acetate of lead.
root of
tree of India. It has been used in colli- Lotio Potas'sii Sulphure'ti. Lotion
quative diarrhoea. of sulphuret of potassium.
LOP'HOTES. A genus>f Tamioid Lotio Zin'ci Sulpha'tis. Lotion of
fishes. sulphate of zinc.
LOMANTHA'CKE. A natural order LO'TION. Lo'tio ; from lavare, lotum,
of parasitical exogenous plants, principally to wash. A liquid preparation to be ap-
inhabiting the equinoctial regions of Asia plied to the body externally.
and America. They are distinguished from Lotion, Barlow's. A lotion used in
Caprifoliacece, and all other orders by the chronic cutaneous diseases, and conqwsed
stamens being opposite to the petals. The of sulphuret of potassium, soap, lime wa-
Lorianthus is one of the genera. ter and spirits.
 LITE 442 LUM
Lotion, Gotland's. A quack mix- Lues In'dica. The yaws.
ture for skin diseases, the active ingredi- Lues Neuro'des. A typhus fever.
ent of which is corrosive sublimate. Lues Vene'rea. Syphilis.
Lotion, Granville's. A mixture of LUF'FA. A genus of plants of the
water of ammonia, spirit of rosemary and order Cucurbitaceos.
tincture of camphor. A powerful coun- Luff a Opercula'ta. Momor 'dica oper-
ter-irritant. There are two of these lotions cida'ta. A plant found in Guiana, pos-
differing in strength. The strongest vesi- sessed of active hydragogue purgative
cates very rapidly. properties ; it is also diuretic and sudorific,
Lotion, Ha nn ay's. A solution of and in small doses is alterative.

caustic potash. LUMBA'GO. From lumbi, the loins.

Lotion, Struve's, for Hooping Cough. Rheumatism affecting the muscles about
A solution of tartar emetic containing the loins.
tincture of cantharides. LUM'BAR. Lumba'lis. Belonging or
LOT'IUM. Urine. relating to the loins.
LOUSE. The popular name of a genus Lumbar Abscess. Psoas abscess ; a col-
of parasitical insects, termed Pediculus. lection of pus in the cellular substance of
LOUSINESS. See Phthiriasis. the loins in the course of the psoas muscle.
LOUSELAND'S DENTIFRICE POW- Lumbar Arteries. Four or five arteries
DER. Take red bark, and pul- on each side which curve around the lum-
selected
verized, § ij ; red saunders wood, made bar vertebra beneath the psoas muscle,
into a powder, § i ; volatile oil of cloves, giving off the spinal, anterior, posterior
xij drops ; oil of bergamot, vii drops. Mix and external muscular branches.
properly for use. Lumbar Nerves. Five pair of nerves
LOVAGE. An herb of the genus Li which issue from the vertebral column, by
gusticum. the spinal foramina of the loins.
LOVE-APPLE. Lumbar Plexus. A plexus, situated
Tomato; a plant of
the genus Solarium. between the transverse processes of the
LOW SPIRITS. Hypochondriasis. lumbar vertebra? and the quadratus lum-
LOWER, TUBERCLE OF. Tuber'cu- borum behind, and the psoas magnus mus-
htm Loweri. A muscular thickening caus- cle before, and formed by the anterior
ing a projection between the two venas branches of the first four lumbar nerves.
cava3. Lumbar Region. The loins.
LOXA BARK. Cinchona Pallida, the LUMBA'RIS EXTER'NUS. The quad-
produce of the Cinchona Condaminea. ratus lumborum muscle.
LOXAR'THROS. From Mog, oblique, Lumbaris Internus. The psoas mag-
and apdpov, a joint. Obliquity or wrong nus muscle.
position of parts forming a joint. LUMBI. The loins ; the lumbar region.
LOXTA. From Moc, twisted. Wry LUMBO-SACRAL. Belonging to the
neck. lumbar and sacral regions.
LOZENGE. See Trochiscus. LUMBRICALES MA'NUS. The small
LU'CID. Lu'cidus. Clear; transpar- flexor muscles of the fingers.

ent ; shining ; bright. In Medicine, inter- Lumbricales Pedis. Four muscles of

vals of reason in mental affections. the foot similar to those of the hand.
LUCIFUGUS. Photophobicues. LUMBRICA'LIS. From lumbricus, the
LUCUMORIA'NUS. Continuing for earth-worm. A name given to certain
several days. muscles from their resemblance to the
LU'ES. From h>u } to dissolve. Pes- earth-worm.
tilence. Also, syphilis. LUM'BRICUS. The common earth-
Lues Gut'turis Epidem'ica. Cynan- worm. Also, the long round worm found
che miligna. in the intestines of man and other animals.
 ;

LUS 443 LUX

Lumbricus Teeres'tris. The earth- to a distortion of the eyeball, with inabil-
worm. ity to move it when the other eye is closed.
LUM'BUS VEN'ERIS. Yarrow. Also, strabismus.
LU'NA. The moon. Also, silver. LUSUS NATURAE. A freak of na-
Luna Cor'nea. Chloride of silver. ture; a deformed or unnatural production.
Luna Fixa'ta. Oxyd of zinc. LUTE. See Lutum.
LUNA'RE OS. One of the bones of LUTE'OLA. Weld; dyer's weed. A
the carpus. plant of the genus Eeseda.
LUNA'RIA. A genus of plants of the LU'TEOLIN. The yellow coloring
order Cruciferce. matter discovered in lieseda luteola.
Lunaria Redivi'va. Bulbonach ; satin LU'TEUS. Yellow.
flower, a plant formerly valued as a diu- LU'TRON. A bath. Also, an old
retic. name for an ophthalmic medicine.
LUNATE. From lima, the moon. LUTUM. In Chemistry, a composition
Croscentiform ; half-moon-like. for covering chemical vessels and for clos-
LUNATIC. Lunat'icus; from luna, ing their joinings. Lutes are divided into
the moon. Moon-struck. Applied to dis- classes according to the temperature to
easeswhich are supposed to be influenced which they are to be exposed. Fire-lutes
by the changes of the moon. Generally, are various plastic substances becoming
however, restricted to mental alienation. hard when heated, used to close the joints
LUNG. Pulmo. The right lung is di- of apparatus designed to resist high fur-
vided into three lobes, and the left into nace heats.
two. The lungs, in man and many other LUX. Light.
animals, are the organs of respiration. LUXA'TIO. Luxation.
Lung-Wort. A plant of the genus LUXA'TION. Luxa'tio; from luxare,
Pulmonaria. to put out of place.Displacement of the
Lung- Wort Tree. See Lichen Pul- articular extremity of a bone from its pro-
monaris. per place or cavity. Dislocation.
LU'NULA UN'GUIUM. The white Luxation op Teeth. The displace-
semilunar space at the base of the nails. ment of one or more teeth from their sock-
Lunula Scap'ul^e. The notch of the ets. This may be partial or complete,
scapula. simple or complicated. When partial, the
LUTIA. Encysted tumors, with con- tooth is only slightly raised in its socket,
tents of a pultaceous consistence. and the connection between the two not
LUITNUS ALBUS. The white lupin. entirely destroyed. When complete, the
The seeds have leguminous taste, with a tooth has entirely left the socket. The lux-
disagreeable bitterness, and are said to be ation may be said to be simple, when the
anthelmintic. alveolus sustains no other injury than that
LUTULIN. Lupuline. The yellow which is inflicted by the mere evulsion of
aromatic matter of hops. the organ ; and complicated, when the
LUTULUS. The hop plant. gum is bruised and lacerated, or the alve-
LUPUS. A wolf. Noli me tangere olus fractured.
a malignant disease of the face, consisting The cause of the luxation of a tooth is
of ragged tubercular excrescences, and generally external violence, as that of a
spreading ulcerations, particularly about blow or a fall, though it sometimes results
the lips and nose. from careless or awkward attempts at ex-
Lupus Cangro'sus. Cancer. traction, in not using the precautions ne-

Lupus Vo'rax. See Herpes Exedens. cessary in the performance of this opera-
LU'RID. Luri'dus. Ghastly. Also, tion. See Extraction of Teeth. Partial

a pale-yellowish purple color. luxation is sometimes produced from

LUS'CITAS. A name given by Beer improper methods of procedure in the
 ;

LUX 444 LYM

treatment of irregularity of the teeth, Luxeuil, in the department of Haute Sa-
sometimes by the action of an antagoniz- one, at the foot of the Vosges. The waters
ing tooth, and occasionally by the filling are slightly saline.
up of the socket with a deposition of bony LYCAN'CHE. Lychan'chis; fromAwof,
matter. a wolf, and ayx^, I strangle. Wolf quinsy
When the luxation is only partial and wolf choke. It is synonymous with cy-
produced by external violence, as a blow nanche. Also, Hydrophobia.
or fall, or by the extraction of an adjoining LYCANTHROPTA. From Ivnog, a
tooth, the partially displaced organ should and avdpunog, a man. A variety of
wolf,
be at once forced back into its socket, and melancholy, in which the person believes
if violent inflammation supervene, two himself changed into a wolf, and imitates
or three leeches may be applied to the the habits of that animal.
gum, and the mouth gargled several times LYCOI'DES. A species of cynanche.
a day with some cooling and astringent LYCOPEE'DON. The puff ball. Also,
lotion. The patient, in the meantime, a genus of fungi.
should be restricted to a light and soft Lycopebdon Tuber. The truffle; a
diet. globular, solid fungus, which grows under
Although, under certain circumstances, ground and attains the size of a potato.
it may be advisable to replace a tooth It was said to possess aphrodisiac virtues.
after it has been forced entirely from the LYCOPO'DIUM. A genus of plants of
socket, it seldom happens that a suffi- the order Lycopodiacece.
ciently perfect connection is re-established Lycopodium Clava'tum. The club-
to prevent a tooth thus replaced from ex- moss. In decoction the plant is said to
morbid iufluence upon the parts be diuretic and antispasmodic. The pow-
ercising a
which immediately surround it. But der is emetic, is employed to prevent
when the replacement of a luxated tooth excoriation in infants, and is said to be a
is it should be done imme-
determined on, specific in the cure of Plica polonica.

diately. The coagulated blood, however, Lycopodium Sela'go. The upright

should be first removed from the socket, club-moss. In small doses it is emetic
and if the tooth has become cold or there and cathartic, and in large quantity is an
be any dirt adhering to it, it should be acrid narcotic.
washed in warm water and then imme- LYCOP'SIS. A genus of plants of the
diately replaced, and confined to the ad- order Boraginaceaz.
joining teeth with a ligature of silk. If Lycopsis Abven'sis. Small bugloss.
a union takes place, it is by an effusion of LYCO'PUS. Lycopus virgini'cus. Wa-
coagulable lymph and the formation of an ter-horehound ; also, a genus of plants of
imperfectly organized membranous invest- the order Labiatce.
ment for the root, an operation of the Lycopus Sinua'tus. Common water
economy to shield the surrounding living horehound.
parts from the noxious effects which the Lycopus Vibgin'icus. Bugle weed,
root would otherwise exert. But, even in said to be a mild anodyne.
the most favorable cases, teeth thus re- LYCOEEXTA. Morbid appetite.
placed are apt to become sensitive to the LYE. A solution of alkaline salts, im-
touch, and occasionally to give rise to more bibed from the ashes of wood.
or less tumefaction or turgidity of the sur- LYG'MUS. Singultus. Hiccough.
rounding gum. When complicated Avith LYMPH.
Lympha. The colorless or
fracture of the alveolus, the replacement yellowish fluid which circulates in the
of a luxated tooth should never be at- lymphatics. It is tinged with red when
tempted. blood corpuscles happen to be mixed with
LUXEUIL, WATEES OF. Seven min- it. It is sometimes transparent at other ;

eral springs, five warm and two cold, at times slightly turbid j has a spermatic
 MAC 445 MAC
•?dor, a faintly saline taste, and usually an LY'RA. From faipa, a lyre. Psalter? um
alkaline reaction. It coagulates soon after Corjms psalloi'des. The transverse lines
its discharge, forming a colorless trem- upon the posterior part of the under sur-
bling, gelatinous glot. face of the fornix, between the diverging
LYMPHADENITIS. From lympha, corpora fimbriata, are so called, from their
lymph, and adenitis, inflammation of a fancied resemblance to the strings of a
gland. Inflammation of a lymphatic harp.
gland. LYRATE. Lyre-shaped.
LYMPH GLOBULES. The globules LYRIN'GIUM. Button snake-root.
of the lymph. LY'RUS. A plant of the genus Arnica.
LYMPHANGIOL'OGY. From lymph- LYSIMA'CHIA. A genus of plants of
<mgcion, a lymphatic, and hoyoe, a dis- the order Primidaoece.
course. A treatise on the lymphatics. Lysimachia Nummula'ria. Money-
LYMPHANGON'CUS. Lymphon'cus; wort, formerly supposed to be astringent
from lymph, ayyeiov, a vessel, and oynoc, a and antiscorbutic.
tumor. Swelling of the lymphatics. Lysimachia PrjitPUKEA. See Lythrum
LYMPHAT'IC. Lymphat'icus ; from Salicaria.
lympha, lymph. Of the nature of lymph. LYSSA CANINA. Hydrophobia.
Also, a small transparent absorbent vessel LYSSODECTUS. From h>aoa, canine
that carries lymph. madness, and dmvu f I bite. One laboring
Lymphatic Gland. A gland into under hydrophobia.
which lymphatics enter, and from which LYTH'RUM. A genus of plants of the
they go out, as the mesenteric, lumbar, order Lythracece.
&c. Lythrum Salica'iiia. Willow herb,
Lymphatic Veins. The absorbents. every part of which is astringent, and has
LYMPHIZATION. The effusion of been used in dysentery and diarrhoea.
coagulable lymph. LYTTA. The former name of a genus of
LYMPHOCHE'ZIA. From lympha, vesicating insects, the Caniharis, which see.
lymph, and x e fc, I go to stool. Serous Lytta Vesicato'ria. Caniharis. Span-
diarrhoea. ish flies.

LYMPHO'SIS. The elaboration of Lytta Vitta'ta. Cantharis Vittata.

lymph. Potato fly, of which there are several spe-
LYMPHOT'OMY. From lympha, cies in the United States. They are em-
lymph, and re/ivcj, I cut. The dissection ployed as substitutes for the Cantharis.
of the lymphatics. being equally powerful in their vesicating
LYPEMA'NIA. Melancholy. action.

M.

M. In Medical Prescriptions this let- MACAPAT'LI. Sarsaparilla.

ter signifies manipulus, a handful. Also, MACABO'NI. An alimentary pre-
misce, mix. paration made from wheat, containing a
, MACA'CUS. A genus of Catarrhine large quantity of gluten also, a sort of ;

monkeys, characterized by having a fifth paste moulded into a cylindrical form,

tubercle or cusp upon their last molar from the flour of wheat. It is eaten, when

tooth, ischial callosities and cheek pouches. boiled, in soup, &c.

MACAN'DON. A tree of India, the MACAXOCOTLIF'ERA. A Wert In-
fruit of which when roasted and eaten is dian tree. It bears a sweet fruit, possess-

said to cure dysentery and cholera morbus. ing laxative properties. The bark in de-
29
 ;

MAC 446 MAD

coction is said to cure the itch, and in MACROGLOSS'US. Having a large
powder to heal ulcers. prolapsed tongue.
MACE. The arillus or covering which MACRONO'SLE. Chronic diseases.
envelops the nutmeg. It has a pleasant MACROPHO'NUS. From yanpog, great,
aromatic odor, and a warm, moderately and yovri, voice. A term applied in Phys-
pungent taste. It is of an oleaginous na- iology to one who has a strong voice.
ture and yellowish color. MACROPHYSOCEPHALUS. From
MA'CER. Grecian macer or mace. yanpog, great, <j>vaa, air, and Ketyakn, the
The root, imported from Barbary, is sup- head. Emphysematous enlargement of
posed to be the Simarouba, and is said to the head of the foetus, and, as a conse-
possess anti-dysenteric properties. quence, obstructed delivery.
MACERATION. Macera'tio from ma- MACROIT'PER. Long pepper.
cero, 1 soften by water. The infusion, MACROPNCEA. From iianpog, long,

either with or without heat, of a solid sub- and Ttveu, I breathe. A long or dee}) inspi-
stance in a liquid, with a view of extract- ration. Long-breathed.
ing its virtues. MACROP'NUS. One who breathes
MACTES. Atrophy emaciation. j slowly.
MAC'LE. A variety of chiastolite, occur- MACROPO'DIA. From fiaKpoirovg, long-
ring in prismatic crystals, composed prin- footed. A genus of organic deviations,
cipally of silica, alumina and oxydof iron. characterized by unusual development of
MACLU'RITE. A mineral, so called the feet.
from Dr. Maclure of New Jersey. It is a MACROPROSOPTA. From fiaKpog,

silicate of magnesia, with traces of potash, and -rrpoaunov, the face. Extraordi-
great,
oxyd of iron and fluorine. nary development of the face. Large-
MACROBIO'SIS. Longevity. faced.
MACROBIOT'IC. From fiaKpog, great, MACROSKELIA. From fiaKpog, long,

long, and fiiog, life. Long-lived. and oia?i7)g, the legs. Long-legged.
MACROCEITFALUS. From yaicpog, MACROTRACIIE'LIA. From ftaxpog,

great, and nt^akr], head. Large-headed. long, great, and Tpaxv7,og, the neck. Long-
MACROCOSM. From [lanpog, great, necked large-necked. ;

and tiOGjiog, world. The great world the MACROU'RANS. Macrou'ra; from
;

universe, opposed to Microcosm, the world liaupog, long, and ovpa, tail. A tribe of

of man. decapod Crustacea, with long tails, as the

MACROCO'LIA. Great length of limb, lobster, &c.

especially of the lower extremities. MACULA. A spot. A permanent

MACROCYS'TTS. A
genus of mari- discoloration of some portion of the skin,
time plants or sea weeds of the order Fu- as in the case of ncevus, cphelis, &c.
CCtcece. Macula G lrminati'va. See Nucleus
Macrocystis Pyrif'era. This is the Gcrnunativus.
longest of all the sea weeds ; it attains the Macula Mat'ricis. Naavus maternus.
length of from twelve to fifteen hundred MACULyE. The eighth order in Dr.

feet, while the stem is not thicker than the Willaii's arrangement of cutaneous dis-

finger. It furnishes, as do all sea weeds, a eases, comprehending ephelis, ncevus, opi-

large quantity of kelp or soda. lus, and moles.

MACRODAC'TYL. From MACULATE. 3Iacula'lus. Spotted. <£
panpog, long,

and 6an.Tv?Mg, finger. Long fingered. A MADAR. Mudar.

term applied in Ornithology to a tribe of LI A DAME DE LA VEILLIER'S
wading birds with very long toes. Also, WATER FOR THE TEETH. I*. Cin-
long-fingered. namon, § ij ; cloves, § vi ; recent rinds
M A CR G A S ' T E R PLATY'PUS. of lemons, § iss ; red roses, dried, § i

The acarus folliculorum, which see. scurvy-grass, § viij ; alcohol, Kiij. Pound
 ;

MAG 447 MAG

the cinnamon and cloves, divide the roses sue sidicarbonas. Magnesia alba. Carbo-
-and lemon rinds, bruise the scurvy-grass nate of magnesia.
macerate in the alcohol for twenty-four Magnesia Sulphas. Sid'phas magne-
hours, and distil in a water bath. sias imrijicaia. Magne'sia vilriola'ta. Sal
MAD APPLE. A tropical plant or catharticum amarum. Sulphate of mag-
fruit, allied to the egg plant; the Solatium nesia. Epsom salts ; a well known sa-
mdomjena. line purge.
MADISTE'PJON. Madiie'rium ; tri- MAG'NESITE. A silicate of magnesia
chola'bium ; volcd'la. An instrument for containing a large quantity of water, and
the extraction of hairs. Tweezers. occurring in amorphous, or in tuberous
MADARO'SIS. From fiadepoc, bald. and spongiform masses also a carbonate
;

Loss of hair, especially of the eyelashes. of magnesia.

MADDElt. The root of the Rubia MAGNE'SIUM. The metal which con-
tinctorum ; used as red dye. stitutes the base of magnesia.
MADEO'LA VIRGIN'ICA. Ggrom'ia Magnesium, Oxyd of. Magnesia.
Virgin'ica, Indian cucumber. Nuttal. Magnesium, Chloride of. Magnesii
An indigenous perennial herb growing in chloridum.
parts of the United States, supposed to MAGNET. MayvTjg, from Magnesia,
be diuretic. in Asia Minor, was obtained.
whence it

MADNESS. Insanity. The loadstone; an amorphous, oxydulated

Madness, Canine. Hydrophobia. ore of iron, having the property of at-
MADOIt. Moisture. tracting iron, and some of its ores, and of
MAGGOT PIMPLE. Acne punc- pointing by one of its extremities to the
tata. north pole.
MAGISTE'RIUM PLUMBI. Carbo- MAGNETIC. Magneti'cus. Belong-
nate of lead. ing or relating to the magnet.
MAG'ISTERY. Magistc'rium ; from Magnetic Fluid. The imponderable
magister, a master. A name applied by fluid to which the magnet owes its virtues.
old chemists to a method of preparing Magnetic Needle. A magnetized
any secret medicines, inducing the belief needle, or small rod of iron suspended in
that it was done by a masterly process. its centre, which shows the resultant of
The term also applied to certain precipi- the magnetic force at the point of obser-
tate! so prepared. vation.
MAGISTRAL. A medicine prepared Magnetic Pyrites. Native black
extern poraneously. sulphuret of iron.
MAGNES. A magnet. Magnetic Telegraph. The electro-
MA GNE S I A. Magne'sium ; from
'
magnetic telegraphan apparatus which,
;

magncs, the magnet, because it was sup- by means of iron wires conducting the
posed to have the power of attracting some electric fluid, conveys intelligence with
principle from the air. The name of one the velocity of lightning to any given
of the alkaline earths, having a metallic point.
basis. MAG'NETISM. That department of
Magnesia Calcina'ta. Calcined mag- science which investigates the projierties
nesia. Protoxyd of magnesium. of the magnet.
Magnksia, IIknry's. A preparation Magnetism, Animal. Mesmerism.
of calcined magnesia. The pretended science which claims that,
Magnesia Usta. Magnesia calcinate. by means of an electro-nervous influence,
Magnesia Vitiuola'ta. Sulphate of one person can be made to control all the
magnesia. actions and sensations of another. It is

Magnesia Water. Fluid magnesia. hardly necessary to say that no evidence

MAGNESI/E CAEBONAS. Magne- of the existence of such a fluid exists.
 MAL 448 MAL
MAGNO'LTA. A genus of flowering Mal de Dent. Odontalgia.
trees of the order Magnoliacece. Mal de San Laza'ro. A severe
Magnolia Acumina'ta. This species leprosy.
of magnolia grows to the height of seventy Mal de Siam. Yellow fever.
or eighty feet. It is called the cucumber Mal de Sole. Pellagra.
tree, from the resemblance of its fruit to Mal des Ardens. A name given to
the garden cucumber. The bark is a a species of pestilential erysipelas, that
bitter tonic. prevailed in France in the twelfth cen-
Magnolia Glauca. White bay; tury.
sweet magnolia ; small magnolia ; beaver Mal Rouge de Cayenne. Cayenne
tree ; sioamp sassafras. A shrub which leprosy.
sometimes grows to the height of forty MA'LA. The cheek; also the cheek-
feet. Its flowers are large, of a cream bone.
color, and gratefully odorous. The bark MALABA 'THRUM. The leaves of a
of both trunk and root is bitter, and tree of India, supposed to be the Laurus
possesses tonic properties. It has been cassia.
employed in intermittent fever and rheu- MAL'ACHITE. From fialaKoc, soft.

matism. Green carbonate of copper.

Magnolia Grandiflo'ra. The big MALA'CIA. From //alla/cof, soft, ef-

laurel magnolia, which, in the southern feminacy. Longing for some particular
states, in magnitude the largest
rivals aliment, with disgust for common articles

forest trees,and the beauty and magnifi- of diet, as is the case with persons affected
cence of its foliage and flowers are unsur- with chronic gastritis, and in chlorotic
passed by those of any other tree. Its and pregnant females.
medicinal properties are similar to the MAL'ACOLITE. A variety of augite,
other species. of a dark-green color.
MAGNUM DEI DONUM. A desig- MALACOPTERYG'IANS. From fiala-

nation given by Dr. Mead to Cinchona, or nog, and Tzrepv^, a wing. A division of
Peruvian bark. the class of fishes which, with an internal
Magnum Os. The third bone of the osseous skeleton, have the rays supporting
lower row of the carpus, counting from the fins soft, except the first ray of the
the thumb. dorsal and pectoral fins, as in the carp,
MAHOGA'NY. A tree of the genus pike, salmon, shad, &c.
Swielenia ; also its wood, which is a red- MALACOS'TRACANS. From nalaaoc,
dish-brown color. and oarpaKov, -a shell. A crustacean
MAIDENHAIR. A species of fern of covered with a softer shell than that of the
the genus Adiantum. Mollusks, as shrimps, lobsters, crabs, &c.
Maidenhair, Black. Leek fern. MALACO'SIS. From fiaUKog, soft.
Maidenhair, Golden. A plant of the Softening of a tissue or organ, as in the
genus Polytrichum. case of Mollilies ossium, Mollities cerebri,
MAIDENHEAD. Maidenhood; vir- &c.
ginity; hymen. MALACOS'TEON. From fiakanog, soft,

MAIZE. Indian corn. Zea mays. and oareov, a bone. Softening of bones.
MAJAN'THEMUM. The May lily. MALAC'TICA. Emollients.
MAJORANA. Sweet marjoram. See MAL'ADY. Disease.
Organum Majorana. MALAG'MA. From fiakaaau, to soften.
MAL. A French term for malady or An emollient application.
disease. MA'LAR. Mala'ris; from mala, the
Mal de la Rosa. An endemic dis- cheek. Belonging or pertaining to the
ease of the Asturias; a variety of pel- cheek.
lagra. MALAM'BO BARK. Matias bark.
 MAL 449 MAL
MALA'RTA. Marsh miasm. The outermost of the four bones of the
MALA'llIOUS. Resulting from, or ear is so named from its shape.

connected with, malaria. MAL'LOW, MARSH. A plant of the

MALE. The masculine sex of animals. genus Althcva.
Also the axilla. Mallow, Vervain. See Malva Alcea.
Male Fern. See Aspidium filix mas. MALPIGHI, ACINI OF. A number
Male Speedwell. See Veronica offi- of small dark spots, scattered through the
cinalis. plexus formed by the blood vessels and
MAL FOR MA' T 1 N. Malfwma'tio. uriniferous tubes in the kidney.
Wrong formation or structure of a part MALPIG'HIA. A genus of plants in
or organ. A deviation from natural de- the Linnrean system, of the order Trigynia.
velopment or structure. Malpighia Glab'ra. The Barbadoes
MA'LIC ACID. Acidiim mal'icum. The cherry, a tree of the West Indies, fifteen
acid of apples, pears, &c. feet high, and bearing a tart fruit.
MALIG'NANT. Malig'nus. Applied Malpighia Mourel'la. This species is
to diseases of an aggravated or dangerous a native of Cayenne. The bark is astrin-
character, as pestilential fevers; cancers, gent and febrifuge.
&c. MALPIGIIIAN VESSELS. A term
MALING'ERER. One who feigns dis- applied in Entomology to the biliary
ease. pouches or ca?ca of some insects, described
MALIS. Malias'mus. A cutaneous by Malpighi, which serve as a substitute
produced hy parasitical insects.
affection, for the liver.
Malis Ac'ari. Tick bites. MALT. Barley, or other grain, made
Malis Fila'ri.e. The guinea-worm to germinate by steeping it in water, and
disease. afterwards drying in a kiln, for the pur-
Malis Pedic'uli. Lousiness. pose of making beer.
MALLEABILITY. Malleabili'tas; from MALTHA. From uaXarrco, I soften.
malleus, a hammer. Susceptibility of ex- Mineral pitch, or tallow.
tension under the blows of a hammer, a MALTTNG. The act of making malt.
property possessed by several of the met- MA'LUM. Disease. Also, an apple.
als,and by gold in a higher degree than Malum Canum. Malum coto'neum. The
any of the others. quince.
MALLEA'TIO. From malleus, a mal- Malum Cit'reum. The citron.
let. A variety of chorea, in which one or Malum Insanum. The mad-apple
both hands are made, by a convulsive ac- plant, or egg- fruit.
tion, to strike the knee. Malum Medicum. The lemon.
MALLEI ANTERIOR. The laxator Malum Mortuum. A cutaneous af-
tympani muscle of the ear. fection in which the affected parts appear
Mallei Internus. The tensor tym- to be struck with death.
pani muscle. Malum Pilare. See Trichosis.
MALLE'OLAR. Malleola'ris. Per- MALUS. Firus mains. The apple.
taining to the ankles. Malus Indica. Biliumbi biiing-bing, of
Malleolar Arteries. Two arteries Bontius. A tree of the East Indies, the
of the ankle derived from the anterior root of which yields a cooling juice, which
tibial. is drank in fevers, and the leaves, boiled

MALLE'OLUS. Diminutive of malleus, with rice, are used as a cataplasm. The

a mallet. The two projections formed by ripe fruit is eaten, and the unripe made
the tibia and fibula at the ankle ; the in- into a pickle for the table.
ternal is called the malleolus internus, and MAL'VA. A genus of plants of the
the external, malleolus externus. order Malvacece.
MAL'LEUS. A hammer or mallet. Malva Sylves'tris. The common mal-
 MAM 450 MAN
low. High mallow. The leaves and Mammillary Em'inencks. Corpora al-
flowers are sometimes used in fomenta- bican'tia. Two white bodies, of the size of
tions, cataplasms and enemas. a pea, behind the tuber cinereum, and be-
MALVA'CE^E. The mallow tribe of tween the crura cerebri.
Dicotyledonous plants. MAM' M ILEA T E D . Mam'miform.
MALVAVIS'CUS. See Althaea Offici- Mastoid; resembling a nipple.
nalis. MANCHINEEL'. A lofty tree of the
MAMA-PIAN. A term applied in Af- West Indies, of the genus Hippomane.
rica to the master or mother yaw, an ill- MANDIB'ULA. From mando, to chew.
conditioned ulcer occurring in the disease A jaw. In Zoology, the lower jaw of mam-
called frambccsia or yaws. mals, both jaws of birds, and in insects,
MAM'MA. The glandular organ pe- the upper or anterior pair of jaws.
mammiferous animals, imperfectly
culiar to MANDRA'GORA. The mandrake.
developed in the male, and destined in the MANDRAKE. A plant of the genus
female for the secretion of milk. Alropa, formerly used as a narcotic.
MAMMA'LIA. From mamma, the MANDREL. A revolving shank for
breast. A class of animals comprising all confining in a lathe a substance to be
those which suckle their young. turned ; used in Mechanical Dentistry for
MAMMAL'OGY. From mamma, and rotating grinding wheels and polishing
A treatise on the organ-
Aoyof, a discourse. brushes.
ization, habits, projierties and classification MAN'DRILL. A baboon of the Papio
of Mammals. genus, often called ribbed-noxe baboon.
MAM'MARY. Mamma'rius ; from MANDUCA'TION. Manduca'tio. Mas-
mamma, the breast. Relating to the breast. tication.

Mammahy Abscess. Abscess of the MANGANESE. A grayish-white,

breast. hard, brittle metal, of a granular texture.
Mammary Ar'teries. They are three Manganese, Black Oxyd oe. Man-
in number, one internal, and two external. ganese, oxyd of. Manganese, binoxyd of.
The internal is a branch of the subclavian, Manganese, j'^roxyd of. This oxyd is
and gives off the mediastinal, thymal and much used in the manufacture of porce-
piericardial arteries. The external are given lain teeth, for giving a purplish hue to the
off by the axillary artery. enamel. It is never, however, used by
Mammary Gland. The organ which itself for this purpose, but in combination
secretes the milk. with some other oxyds.
Mammary Sarco'ma. A tumor of the Manganese, Sulphate of. A very
texture and color of the mammary gland, soluble, rose-colored salt.

occurring in various parts of the body. MANGANE'SIC ACID. Mangan'ic

Mammary Veins. These veins follow acid. An acid existing in the chameleon
the course of the mammary arteries. mineral, termed manganate of potash.
MAMME'A. The mammee-tree. Also, MANGEL WURZEL. Literally, the

a genus of plants of the or*der Clusiacea'. root of scarcity. The field beet, a mon-
Mammea America'na. The fruit of this grel plant, the root of which is used as a
species is demulcent and pectoral, but the substitute for bread, and as food for cattle.
seeds are astringent and said to be j>oison- MANGIF'ERA IN'DICA. The mango
ous. tree of Asia.
MAMMIFERA. Mammalia. MANGO. The fruit of the Mangifera
MAMMIL'LA. The nipple. Indica; also, a green muskmelon pickled.
MAM'MILLABY. Mammilla'ris. Per- MA'NIA. From fiaivouai, I rage. Rav-
taining to the nipple or breast. Also, re- ing madness.
sembling a nipple, a term used in many of Mania a roTix. Delirium tremens.
the sciences. MA'NIAC. One affected with mania.
 MAR 451 MAR
MANfflOT. Manioc. See Jatropha MARCASITA. Marcasite. Pyrites.
maxtibot. Marcastta Alba. Bismuth.
MANIPULATION. From manus, a Marcasita Plum'bea. Antimony.
hand. The art of using or handling in- MARCES'CENT. Marces'cens. With-
struments. In Chemistry, the preparation ering; decaying.
Applied in Balany to
of substances for experiment, and in Phar- flowers which wither some time before they
macy, tlie preparation of medicines. fall off.

MANIPULATOR. One who manipu- MARCET'S BLOW-PIPE. A spirit-

lates. lamp fed by a jet of oxygen.
MANIP'ULUS. A handful. MARCHANTLA. A genus of plants
MA'NIS. A genus of edentate animals, of the order Bepaficea;.
coveredwith large imbricated, horny Marchantia Polymor'pha. Liverwort.
and hence called scaly lizards.
scales, It is said to be aperient and antiscorbu-
MAN'NA. A saccharine matter which tic.

exudes from many plants, especially the MAR'COR. Emaciation. Atrophy.

fraxinus omus. It is used as a laxative. MARCO'RES. The name of an order
Manxa Brigantia'ca. Manna of the in the class cachexia!, of Dr. Cullen, em-
larch. bracing such diseases as are characterized
Manxa Calab'rtna. Calabrian manna. b} T general emaciation.
Manxa Cantjla'ta. Flaky manna. MARE'S-TAIL. An aquatic plant of
Maxxa Mktallo'rum. Calomel. the genus Ifijymris, said to be astringent.
MAN'NITE. Manna-sugar ; the sweet MARGAR'IC ACID. From fiapyapt-j], a
principle of manna. pearl. An acid obtained from margarine,
. MANTLE. In Malacology, the external in the form of pearly scales.
fold of the skin of a Mollusk. MAR'GARINE. Marga'rin. A pecu-
MANUBRIUM. Fromnmnus, a hand. liar pearl-like substance found pure in the
The handle of any thing. solid part of human fat or olive oil.

MAXUBRruM Ma'nus. The radius. MARGARITA. Pearl. Also, a tumor

MANUBBIUM Ster'xi. The uppermost of the eye resembling pearl.
part of the sternum. MAR'GARITE. A mineral of a gray-
MA NULU'VIUM. A hand bath. ish-white color, found in Tyrol.
MANCS. The hand. MARGAIUT'IC ACID. One of the
MAPLE SUGAR. Sugar made from fatty acids which result from the saponi-
the juice of the Acer saccharinum. fication of castor oil.

MARANTA. A genus of plants of the MAR'GA RONE. A peculiar fatty sub-

order Maraniaceo?. stance crystallizing in pearly scales, ob-
Mar ant a Arundina'cea. Arrowroot. tained by distilling margaric acid with
Maranta Galan'ga. Galan'ga minor. quick lime.
The smaller galangal. The root is aro- MAR'GINATE. Bordered.
matic. MARIGOLD. A plant of the genus
MARANTA'CE^E. A natural order of Calendula, bearing a yellow flower.
herbaceous tropical plants, the rhizomes Marigold Fig. See Mesembryanthe-
of which are mostly tuberous, and abound mum Crystallinum.
in fecula. MARINE ACID. Muriatic, or hydro-
MARAS'MUS. From fiapacvo, to grow chloric acid.
lean. Atrophy. Emaciation. Marine Salt. Common salt.

MARATH'RUM. Sweet fennel. MARJORAM. Sweet marjoram.

Marathbtjm Sylykstrk. Hog's fennel. MARL. An earth or clay containing
r
MAR'BLB. riie several varieties of more or less potash and carbonate of lime.
carbonate of lime which have a granular MARKING INK. See Indelible Ink.
crystalline texture. M A R M A L A I) E A confection of
' .
 MAR 452 MAS
and sugar, reduced tenuis muscle.
quinces, or other fruit, Also, the abdominal pouch
to a pultaceous consistence. of the opossum, kangaroo, &c, into which
MARMA'RYGA. From /xap/xatpu, to their young are received and nourished for
.shine. Flashings or coruscations hefore some time after they are born.
the eye. MARSUPIA'LIA. Marsupiata; marsu-
MARMOR. Marble. pials. An order of Implacental mammif-
MARMORATUM. A name given by erous quadrupeds ; the females having a
the Mallans to an amalgam which they portion of the abdominal integument folded
employed for filling teeth. inward, forming a sort of pouch or bag,
MARROW. The fatty substance con- containing mamma?, and for carrying their
tained in the medullary cavities in the young, as the opossum and Kangaroo.
long cylindrical bones. The males have a corresponding portion
Makhow, Spinal. The medulla spi- of the abdominal integument extending
nalis. outward, forming a pedunculate sac for
MARRU'BIUM. A genus of plants of the testes.

the order Lalriatcc. MARTIAL. Martia'lis ; from mars f

Mabuubium Alyssum. Galen's mad- iron. An old designation for several pre-
wort, said to be a cure for hydrophobia parations of iron.
and the bite of rattlesnakes. Mabtial xEthiofs. Protoxyd of iron.
Mabbubium Aquat'icum. Water hore- Mabtial Salts. Salts of iron.
hound, said to be laxative. MARTIN'S CANCEE POWDER. A
Mabbubium Vulgabe. Common hore- celebrated cancer powder, supposed to
be
hound ; white horehound. It is tonic, prepared from Orobanclie Viiyiniana and
slightly stimulant, and in large doses laxa- white oxyd of arsenic.
tive. MARTIS LIMATURA. Iron filings.
MARS. Mortis. The alchemical name MA'RUM. Old name for several spe-
of iron. cies of Teucrium.
Mabs Solub'ilis. Femim Mabum
Svb'iacum. Teucrivm marum.
tartarizatum.
MARSH. A low land covered The Syrian herb mastich, a bitter aro-
tract of
with water. The emanations from marshes matic plant.
are a fruitful source of disease. MAEU'TA. A genus of plants, sepa-
Mabsh-Mallow. See Althaea officinalis. rated by Cassini from Anthemis, of the
l

Mabsh-Tea. The popular name of order Asteracece.

Ledum pahistre. Mabuta Cot'ula. See Anthemis Cot-
MARSH'S APPARATUS. An instru- ula.

ment for detecting the presence of arseni- MAS'CHALE. The axilla.

ous acid in solution, consisting of a curved MAS'SA. From fiaoou, I mix. A mass.
tube in which the suspected fluid is en- Generally applied to the compound from
closed with pieces of zinc and dilute sul- which pills are to be formed.
phuric acid. The hydrogen thus produced MASSE'SIS. Mastication.
combines with any arsenic present, form- MASSE'TER. From fiacaaop,ai. I
ing gaseous arseniureted hydrogen, which chew. A muscle of the lower jaw, situated
on being permitted to escape by a small at the side and back part of the face, in
jet, is easily ignited, and if a plate or tube front of the meatus externus. 11 arises by
be held over the flame, a mirror of metallic two portions, the one anterior and tendin-
arsenic will be seen. ous from the superior maxilla, where it

MARSHALL'S CERATE. A malar bone the other, from the

cerate joins the ;

composed of palm oil, calomel, acetate of inferior edge of the malar bone and the
lead, and citrine ointment. zygomatic arch as far back as the glenoid
MAliSUTIAL. Harsu'pia'lis ; from cavity, and is inserted, tendinous and
mar&itpiim, a purse. The obturator in- 1
fleshy j into the external side of the ramus
 MAS 453 MAS
of the jaw, and its angles, as far up as the by the molars. The lower jaw being de-
coronoid process. The use of this muscle, pressed, the food is placed between the
when hoth portions act together, is to lower and upper incisors, when by the
close the jaws ; if the anterior acts alone, action of the elevator muscles, their edges
the jaw is brought forward ; if the poste- are brought together ; the condyles and
rior, it is drawn backward. interarticular cartilages retaining the posi-
MASSETERIC. Eclating or belong- tion on the articular eminences which they
ing to the masseter muscle. were made to assume in the first move-
MASSFCOT. The yellow oxyd of lead. ment of the jaw, the grinding surfaces of
MASTIC. Mastich. the molars do not meet. But as soon as
MASTICATION. Mastka'tio ; from the incisors come together, the lower jaw
mastico, I chew. The act of chewing is drawn slightly backward by the con-
food, or the process by winch it is com- traction of the temporal and masseter
minuted, and mixed with saliva, prepara- muscles. By this movement the lower
tory to being introduced into the stomach. incisors pass backward and slightly up-
The organs of mastication arc the superior ward, separating the food by an action
and inferior maxillary, and the palate ,
which has been compared to the cutting
bones, the teeth, and the temporal masse- \
The lower jaw is now
of a pair of shears.
ter,and the external and internal ptery- depressed sufficiently to admit the sejiar-
|

goid muscles. To these might also be ,

ated portion of food between the sujierior
added the lips, the various movements of and inferior molars, which is conveyed
which depend upon the single and com- there by the action of the tongue, lips and
j

bined action of their muscles which extend j

cheeks. It is then successively elevated
over the greater portion of the face. and depressed, while, at the same time, a
The upper jaw, being rendered immova- degree of lateral motion is given to it by
ble by its connection with the bones of the the alternate action of the external and
head, is aptly compared by Ilicherand to internal pterygoid muscles. By this com-
an anvil, on which the lower jaw, in the plicated movement of elevation and par-
aot of mastication, " strikes as a movable tial rotation, the process of mastication is
hammer," but the motions of the latter, I
effected.

and the pressure which it exerts, in these |

The amount of lateral and rotary mo-
efforts, upon the former, would have the tion, however, is greatly influenced by the
j

effect, continues this learned physiologist, relationship which the teeth sustain to each
j

to displace the different bones of the face, j

other when mouth is closed. It is
the
were they merely placed in juxta-position, much greater when the incisors of the up-
or only held togetherby sutures, if not so per jaw strike plumb upon the lower, than
supported as " to transmit to the skull the when the former shuts over the latter.
double effort which presses on it from be- The process of mastication, hoAvever, is
low upward, and pushes out laterally." very much aided by the adaptation of the
Hence wo find the fabric of the face sup- tubercles of the molars of one jaw, to the
ported in an upward direction, by the as- depressions of those of the other, into
cending apophyses of the superior maxilla, which they constantly glide as the teeth
the orbitar processes of the malar and the come together.
vertical processes of the palate bones ; and The food, during the r>rocess of mastica-
laterally, by the zygomatic processes of tion, is penetrated by the saliva, which
the temporal, which articulates with the facilitates the reduction of it into a pulta-
malar bones. ceous mass. Reduced to this state, it is

Two distinct actions are concerned in ready for deglutition.

mastication. The first consists in separa- Mastication is justly regarded as the
ting a portion of food by means of the in- first step in the process of digestion, and
cisors, and the second, its manducation viewed in this light, it assumes an import-
 ;

MAS 454 MAT

ancc in the functions of the animal econ- Mastoid Fora'men. A hole by the
omj* which would not otherwise attach to side of the mastoid process.
it. Upon the complete disintegration of Mastoid Proc'ess. A large, round pro-
alimentary substances, healthy digestion tuberance at the inferior and posterior
greatly depends; and it is, doubtless, owing part of the temporal bone.
in a great degree to the imperfect man- MASTOIDEUS. The sterno-clei do- mas-
ner in which this is effected, that many toideus muscle.
of the numerous cases of dyspepsia, con- Mastoideus Latera'lis. The complex
tinual]}' occurring, are measurably attrib- minor.
utable. MASTON'CUS. A tumor of the breast.
MASTICATORY. The instruments MASTOTIIE'CA. From fiaarog, the
and process of mastication. Also, a sub- breast, and tf??/c7/, pouch or purse. A term
stance intended to be chewed for the pur- applied in Zoology, by Illiger, to the ab-
pose of exciting salivary secretion. dominal pouch in the Marsupial Mam-
MASTICH. A concrete resinous exu- mifera.
dation from the Pistacia lentiscus. MASTO'ZOON. From fiaaroc, the
Mastioh-Hebb. Common herb mastich breast,and (uov, an animal. A term em-
the popular name of Thymus mastichinai. ployed by Blainville, as synonymous with
Masticii-Tree. The popular name of Mammal.
Pistacia lentiscus. MASTOZOOL'OGY. Mastozoolng'ia.
MASTIGO'SIS. Flagella'tio. From From fiaarog, the breast, t,uov, an animal,
Whipping, scourging
fta<m{, a scourge. : and Zoyoc, a discourse. Mammology. The
employed by the ancients as a remedy in doctrine of manmiiferous animals.
some diseases. Al ASTOZOOL'OG 1ST. Mastozoohgis'ta.
MASTITIS. From fiaowc, the breast, One who devotes himself to the study of
and itis, signifying inflammation. In- Mastozoology,
flammation of the breast. MASTURBATION. Excitation of the
MART IX. Mastich. genital organs with the hand.
MASTOCARCINO'MA. From fiaarog, MAT. Dull. In Pathology, a pplied to

the breast, and tcapictvo/ia, cancer. Can- the chest, when, on percussion, it emits a
cer of the breast. dull, obscure sound.
MASTODON. From fiaarog, mamilla, MATER. A mother applied in Anat- ;

and odovg, a tooth. A genus of extinct omy to two membranes of the brain.
quadrupeds allied to the elephant, but Mater Aceti. Mother of vinegar ; a
having the grinders covered with conical mould plant developed in vinegar.
protuberances. Mater Metallo'rum. Quicksilver.
MASTODONSAU'RUS. From mas- Mater Perta'rum. Mother of pearl.
todon, and aavpog, a lizard. A name given MATE'RTA. Matter.
by Dr. Jaeger to an extinct fossil saurian, Materia Med'ica. That branch of med-
the remains of which are from the alum ical science which embraces the knowledge
slate of AVurtemburg. of medicines, their action on the animal
MASTODYN'IA. From economy, and mode of administration.
fiaarog, the
breast, and odwrj, jiain. Pain in the MA'TIAS BAEK. The bark of a South
breast, generally of a neuralgic character. American tree, supposed to be the same as
Mastodyxia Apostemato'sa. Inflam- Malambo baric, having an aromatic odor
mation and abscess of the breast. and a bitter, pungent taste. It has been
MAS-TOTD. Mastoideus; from fiaaroc, used with good effects by Dr. Ure as a
breast, and etSoc, resemblance. Nipple- substitute for Peruvian bark.
shaped. Also, processes of bone shaped MATt'CO. A Peruvian plant, the
like a nipple, and the sterno-clcido mas- Piper angusti[folium..
toideus muscle. MATOCK SPR NG. A saline spring in
I
 — ;

MAU 465 MAX

a village of this name in Derbyshire, Eng- TEETH. PL —
Pod bark §ij; English
land. The temperature of the water is 06°. magnesia § viij cochineal § iss calcined
; ;

MATRASS. Matrdcium. A retort; a alum § i; cream of tartar Ibss ; essential

glass vessel with a long neck, used in oil of English mint 3 V > essential oil of
chemistry and pharmacy. cinnamon § iij spirit of amber, musk ;

MATRES CER'EBRI. The meninges rose 3 i. Reduce the first five ingredients
of the brain. separately to an impalpable powder; then
MATRICARIA. A genus of plants of porphyrize the alum with the cochineal,
the order Composite. put in the cream of tartar and bark,
Matricaria Chamomil'la. Wild corn. place the essence in another vessel with
German chamomile. The flower possesses the magnesia, and when they have been
mild tonic properties. absorbed mix with the first powder and

Matricaria Pakthe'nium. Fever- pass through a fine sieve.

few. Mother's-wort. The flowers are Maury's rinLODONTic and Antispas-
stomachic, tonic, and emmenagoguc. modic Liquor. P* —Alcohol of 38° '
ft ij

MATRICULATE. From malricula, a essential oil of English mint, 3 l 5

aeroli
roll or register, To
3 iij essence of cinnamon § ij spirit of
diminutive of matrix. ; ;

admit into membership, particularly amber, musk rose 3 ijin a sll h ether 3 ss 5
«

College or University, by enrolling the Put eight or ten drops in a glass one-third
name in a register. Also, one thus ad- full of water, dip a brush in and rub the
mitted. teeth and gums with it.
MATRIX. Ma'trici. A mould; the MAW. In Common Language, the
cavity in which any thing is formed. In stomach of brutes.
Anatomy, the uterus ; applied also by Maw-Worm. The popular name of the
French writers to the sac of a tooth. In Ascaris verm iculai'is.
Mineralogy, the earthy matter which ac- MAXIL'LA. From (laccau, I chew.
companies ore. The jaw, either upper or lower.
MATRO'NA. A midwife. Maxilla, Ini'khior. The lower jaw.
MATTEE. In Popular language, every Maxilla, Surer urn. The upper jaw.
substance which enters into the composi- MAXILLARE INFERIUS OS. Max-
tion of a body, or which has sensible prop- illa, inferior. Mandibula. The lower jaw
erties. In Physiology, all substances evac- is the largest bone of the face, and though
uated from the intestinal canal and elimi- but one bone in the adult, it consists of
nated from the surface of the body. In Pa- two symmetrical pieces in the foetus.
thology, pus and other morbid evacuations. It occupies the lower part of the face,
MATU'RATIVE. Malu'rans. Reme- has a semicircular form, and extends hack
dieswhich promote the suppuration of an to the base of the skull.
inflammatory tumor. It is divided into the body and extrem-
MATURATION. Matura'tio. Prog- ities.

ress to maturity of an abscess. The body is the middle and horizontal

MATi 'R1TY. Perfect development. portion ; this is divided along its centre by
Ripeness. a ridge called the symj/hysis, which is the
MAI D LIN.r

In Botany, a plant of the place of separation in the infant state ; the

genus Achillea. middle portion projects at its inferior part
Maury's Dentifric Powder. I£ into an eminence called the menial process
Charcoal of white wood 256 grammes; or chin, on each side of which is a depres-
Peruvian bark 428 grammes ; white sugar sion for the muscles of the lower lip, and
230; oil of mint 10 ; essence of cinna- externally to these depressions are two
mon 8, and muscated spirit of amber 2 foramina called anterior mental, for trans-
grammes. mitting an artery and nerve of the same
Maury's Detersive Powder for the name.
 MAX 456 MAX
The horizontal portion or sides extend The structure of the lower jaw is com-
backward and outward, and on the outer pact externally, cellular within, and trav-
surface have an oblique line for the attach- ersed in the greater part of its extent by
ment of muscles. the inferior dental canal.
On the inner surface of the middle part The lower jaw is developed from two
behind the chin, along the line of the sym- centres of ossification, which meet at the
physis, there is a chain of eminences called symphysis. It is articulated to the tem-
genial jwocesses, to the superior of which poral bones by the condyles, and several
the frenum lingua; is attached, to the mid- ligaments, namely, an external and internal
and to the inferior lateral, the capsular, inter-maxillary, stylo
dle, the genio hyoglossi,
the gonio-hyoid muscles on each side of maxillary, and two synovial membrane!.
;

those eminences are depressions for the It is also articulated with the teeth.
sublingual glands, and on each side of Maxillake Stjperius Os. Maxilla, su-
these depressions there runs an oblique perior. The upper jaw is composed of two
ridge upward and outward, to the interior bones which are united on the median line
part of which is attached the mylo-hyoid of the face. They occupy the anterior
muscle, and to the posterior part, the su- upper part of the face, are of very irreg-
perior constrictor of the pharynx; this lat- ular form, and each consists of a body, pro-
ter muscle is consequently involved more cesses and foramina.
or less in the extraction of the last molar The body is the central part of the
teeth. Below this line there is a groove for bone, and has four surfaces, namely, the
the mylo-hyoid nerve. anterior or facial surface, the posterior or
The upper edge of the body is sur- pterygoid, the superior or orbital, and tho
mounted by the alveolar process, and cav- inferior or palatine surface.
ities corresponding in number and size to The anterior surface is irregularly con-
the roots of the teeth. vex, and has a depression about its centre
The lower edge, called the base, is justabove the canine fossa, immediately
rounded, obtuse, and receives the super- above which is the infra-orbitar foramen
and platysma muscle.
ficial fascia for transmitting an artery and nerve of

The extremities of the body have two same name; its upper and inner edge forma
large processes rising up at an obtuse an- part of the lower margin of the orbit,
gle, named the rami of the lower jaw. from the inner extremity of which pro-
Th'se processes are flat and broad on their ceeds upward, towards the nasal and
surfaces, the outer is covered with the frontal bones, a long and rather flat pro-
masseter muscle, the inner has a deep cess, the nasal process of the superior
groove which leads to a large hole, the ]jos- maxilla ; it is of a pyramidal form ; its

terior dental or maxillary foramen, for posterior edge forming the internal mar-
transmitting the inferior dental nerves and gin of the orbit, and helping to make the
vessels to the dental canal running along lachrymal groove, its anterior edge re-
the roots of the teeth. This foramen is ceives the cartilages of the nose, its tipper
protected by a which the internal corresponds to the nasal bones, and its
spine, to
lateral ligament is attached. summit to the frontal, while its outer sur-
The ramus has a projection at its lower face gives attachment to muscles, and its
part, which is the angle of the lower jaw, inner enters into the formation of the
its upper ridge is curved, having a process nose.

at each end, the anterior one is the coro- From the lower edge of its anterior sur-
nolil process; this is triangular, and has the face, the alveolar processes and cavities

temporal muscle inserted into it, the poste- are formed ; these consist in depressions of
rior is the condyloid, and articulates with a more or less conical form, and corre-
the temporal bone. Tliis process has a neck spond to the number of teeth, or roots
for the insertion of the pterygoid muscle. teeth, they arc intended to receive.
 MAX 457 MAX
The posterior surface has a bulging, times perforate this cavity. The canine
called tuberosity,which is connected to fossa bounds it in front, while the tuber-
the palate bones, and bounds behind the osity closes it behind.
antrum, is perforated by three or four The opening of this cavity is on its

email holes, the posterior dental canals nasal portion or base into the middle
which go to the alveoli of the molar teeth. meatus of the nose, and in the skeleton is

The lower surface extends from the large, while in the natural state it is much
alveolar processes in front to the horizon- contracted by the ethmoid bone above,
tal plate of thebones behind, the inferior spongy bone below, the palate
palate
called the palatine processes, which are bone behind, the lachrymal bone in front,
rough below, forming the roof of the and by the mucous membrane which
mouth, and smooth above, making the passes through the opening and lines the
floor of the nostrils. They are united antrum.
along the median line, at the anterior part This cavity communicates with the an-
of which is the foramen incisivum, having terior ethmoidal cells and frontal sinus.
two openings in the nares above, while The structure of the upper jaw is thick
there is but one in the mouth below. and cellular in its alveolar and other pro-
The upper or (yrbital surface is trian- cesses.
gular in shape, with its It is articulated with two bones of the
base in front
forming the anterior, lower, and internal cranium, the frontal and ethmoid, and
edge of the orbit, while its apex extends seven of the face, namely, the nasal,
back to the bottom, it forms the floor of malar, lachrymal palate, inferior, spongy,
the orbit, and roof of the antrum; its vomer, to its fellow, and also to the teeth.
internal edge is united to the lachrymal,development is very complicated,
Its
ethmoid, and palate bones; its external and is stated to be by as many osseous
edge assists in forming the spheno-max- points as that of the body and its various
illary fissure, and along its central surface processes.
is seen a canal running from behind, MAX'ILLAKY. Maxilla'ris; from man-
forward and inward, the infra-orbitar ilia, the jaw. Pertaining to the jaws.
canal. This canal divides into two, the Maxillary Artery, External. See
smaller is the anterior dental, whic*h de- Facial Artery.
scends to the anterior alveoli along the Maxillary Artery, Internal. One
front wall of the antrum, the other is the of the terminal branches of the external
proper continuation of the canal, and carotid. It commences in the substance
ends at the infra-orbitar hole; along the of the parotid gland, opposite the meatus
upper part of the line uniting the pala- auditorius externus, then goes horizon-
tine processes there is a ridge, the nasal tally behind the neck of the condyle of
crest, for receiving the vomer, and at the the lower jaw to the pterygoidei muscles,
anterior part of this crest, there is a pro- between which it passes, and then pro-
jection forward, the nasal spine, at the ceeds forward to the tuberosity of the
external and upper part of the body is a superior maxillary bone, from thence it
malar process. takes a vertical direction upward be-
The body of the superior maxilla is tween the temporal and external ptery-
occupied by a large and very important goid muscles to the zygomatic fossa, where
cavity called the antrum Highniorianum it again becomes horizontal, and, finally,
or maxillary sinus. This cavity is some- ends in the spheno-maxillary fossa, by
what triangular in shape, with its base dividing into several branches.
looking to the nose, and its apex to the Those branches of the internal maxil-
malar process. upper wall is formed lary supplying the passive organs of
Its
by the floor of the orbit, its lower by the mastication, or the superior and inferior
alveoli of the molar teeth, which some- maxillary bones, with the teeth, are the
 :

MAX 458 MAX

inferior maxillary or dental artery, the Maxillary Nerve, Superior. This
alveolar or .superior dental, the infra-orbi- nerve proceeds from the middle of the
tal, the superior palatine, and the spheno- Casscrian ganglion, passes through the
palatine. foramen rotundum of the sphenoid bone,
Maxillary Bone, Inferior. Maxil- into the pterygo-maxillary fossa, here it

lare inferhw os. enters the canal of the floor of the orbit,
Maxillary Bone, Superior. Max- the infra-orbitar canal, traverses its whole
illare superius os. extent, and emerges on the face at the
Maxillary Gland. Glamhi'la max- infra-orbitar foramen, where it terminates
illa'ris. One of the three salivary glands, in numerous filaments in the muscles and
situated under the base of the lower jaw, integuments of the upper lip and cheek.
resting upon the hyo-glossus and mylo- The superior maxillary nerve supplies
hyoideus muscles, and separated from the the upper jaw, and givesI off many im-
parotid gland by a process of fascia, and portant branches, which are as follow :

from the sublingual by the mylo-hyoidcus In the pterygo-maxillary fossa two

muscle. branches descend to a small reddish body
It is of an oval form, pale color, and called the ganglion of Meckel, or the
like the parotid, consists in its structure spheno-palatine ganglion, which is situ-

of small granulations, held together by ated on the outer side of the nasal or ver-
cellular tissue, and each having a small tical plate of the palate bone.
excretory duct, which, successively uniting From this ganglion proceed three
with one another, finally forms one com- branches: 1. An inferior descending, or pa-
mon duct, the duct of Wharton, which latine nerve ; 2. Anintcrnal lateral nasal,
passes above the mylo-lryoid muscle, and or spheno-palatine; 3. A posterior ptery-
running forward and inward, enters the goid, or Vidian. The superior maxillary
mouth below the tip of the tongue at a nerve also gives off the orbital and the
papilla seen on either side of the fnenum posterior dental nerves.
lingua). MAXILLARY SINUS. Antrum IRgh-
The use of this gland same as moria'num. Antrum maxillce saperioris.
is the
the parotid, to secrete the saliva, and its See Maxillare Superius Os.
duct is the route by which it is conducted Maxillary Sinus, Diseases of. The
into the mouth. diseases of this cavity, though often of a
Maxillary Nerve, Inferior. This dangerous and formidable nature, have re-
nerve forms the third great division of the ceived less attention from the surgical and
fifth pair. It is the largest branch, and medical practitioner than almost any to
passes from the ganglion of Casscr through which the body is liable. Among the dif-
the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone ferent forms of morbid action set up here,
to the zygomatic fossa. are, 1. Inflammation of the lining mem-
This nerve, as stated, is united to the brane; 2. A pundent condition of its se-

anterior or motor root, which come toge- cretions; 3. Abscess; 4. Ulceration of the
ther on the outside of the foramen ovale, lining membrane; 5. Caries, necrosis and
then in the zygomatic fossa, the inferior softening of its osseous parietes; G. Tu-
maxillary nerve divides into two branches mors of the lining membrane and perios-
1. An external or superior; 2. An inter- teum; 7. Exostosis of its osseous pari-
nal or inferior. The external is the motor etes. Besides the above, it sometimes
branch, and gives off the masseteric, the becomes the seat of injuries produced by
temporal, buccal, and pterygoid branches. mechanical violence.
The The form which the disease puts on is
internal division of this nerve con-
sists of three branches, which give determined by the state of the constitu-
all of
sensation, and are, the anterior auricular, tional health or some specific tendency of
the (justotory, and the inferior dental. the general system, and we can therefore
 MAX 469 MAX
readily imagine that a cause which in one thin watery fluid, of a slightly foetid odor,
person would give rise only to simple in- will he discharged, and pain will be expe-

flammation of the lining membrane, or rienced in the region of the antrum.

mucous engorgement, might in another Inflammation of the lining membrane
produce an ill-conditioned ulcer, fungus of this cavity may be produced by a va-
htematodes or osteosarcoma. (Simple in- riety of causes, such as exposure to sudden
flammation and mucous engorgement not transitions of temperature, constitutional
(infrequently cause caries disease, blows upon the cheek, fractures,
and exfoliation
of the surrounding osseous tissues, and, wounds, and the extraction of teeth. But
as a consequence, in some instances, even the most common are caries of the teeth
the destruction of the life of the patient. and disease in the gums and alveolar pro-
cesses.
Inflammation of the Lining Membrane. The curative indications of the affection
Inflammation of the lining membrane under consideration are simple, and, for
of the maxillary sinus, when not compli- the most part, similar to those of inflam-
cated with any general morbid tendency mation in other parts of the body. " Bleed-
or constitutional predisposition, seldom ing from the arm, feet, pediluvia, anti-
gives rise to any other form of diseased phlogistics, mild purgatives, emollient
action and it usually subsides spontane- cataplasms, anodyne applications to the
;

ously on the removal of the cause that in- cheek, fumigations to the nose, by means
duced it. of an inverted funnel," says Deschamps,
When long continued, it degenerates are the means usually employed. Origin-
into a chronic form, and is sometimes kept ating, however, as does most frequently,
up for several years, without giving rise to inflammation of the lining membrane of
any other unpleasant effects than occa- the maxillary sinus, from the irritation
sional paroxysms of a dull and seemingly produced by decayed, dead, or loose teeth,
deep-seated pain in the face, and a vitia- the removal of these will, in most cases,
ted condition of the fluids of the cavity. be all that is necessary to accomplish a
The symptoms by which this affection cure. In many cases, much benefit will
is characterized, though not always pre- be derived from the application of leeches
cisely the same, are, nevertheless, for the to the gums or cheek.
most part, very similar. They often consist
in severe fixed and deep-seated pain under
A Purulent Condition of the Secretion of
the Lining Membrane.
the check, extending from the alveolar
border to the lower part of the orbit, local A purulent condition of the secretions

beat, pulsation,and sometimes fever. At of the maxillary sinus and engorgement

treated of under the name of
other times a dull, heavy pain is felt in arc often
the region of the cavity, which may oc- abscess, but to which, neither bears the
casionally become sharjj and lancinating slightest resemblance.
and extend to the frontal sinus. At times,
"A reference to the structure of the an-
trum," says Mr. Bell, " would appear to
again, the pain seems to be confined al-
most wholly to the molar and bicuspid be sufficient to point out the improbability,
teeth, which ultimately become sensitive to say the least, of the occurrence of ab-

to the touch.
scess in such a situation. That a mucou3
The mucous membrane of the nostril membrane covering, in a thin layer, the

next the diseased sinus, is often tender and whole internal surface of such a cavity,
slightly inflamed, and if the other one be should become the seat of all the consecu-
two or three tive steps of true abscess, is a statement
closed in the morning, or after
by pressing upon with the bearing on the face of it an obvious ab-
hours sleep, it
surdity." Notwithstanding the seeming
thumb or one of the fingers, and a vio-
lent expiration be made through it, a * Anat. Pkys. and Diseases of Teeth, p. 9.53.
 MAX 460 MAX
improbability of such an occurrence, —and as to block up the nasal opening and pre-
it is certainly one that very rarely hap- vent its exit.

pens, —abscess does, nevertheless, some- The formation of these flocculi rarely
times form in this cavity ; but it is a dif- ceases, except with the cure of the ulcers of
ferent affection altogether from engorge- the membrane. They give rise to consid-
ment. erable irritation, and their presence always
When complicated with ulceration of the constitutes an obstacle to the cure, though
mucous membrane —and it is probable that generally easily removed by injections.

a purulent condition of the secretions of Mucous engorgement and purulent ac-

this cavity, in niost instances, is thus com- cumulations, in this cavity, are more com-
plicated —the affection is precisely analo- mon to young than to middle aged subjects,
gous to ozena, and, by many of the older An eminent
or persons in advanced life.

writers, is designated Mr. French writer says that of three individuals

by that name.
Bell describes it as being similar to gon- affected with dropsy, (mucous engorge-
—
orrhoea both diseases equally consisting ment,) the oldest was not twenty years of
of an altered secretion ; in the one, of the age.
pituitary membrane, and in the other of The symptoms of the several affections
the mucous lining of the urethra, which, of the antrum are so similar, that it is

in neither instance, possesses any of the often difficult to distinguish those that be-
though the mat- long to one from those of another. Those
characteristics of abscess,
ter in both is purulent. of mucous engorgement and purulent ac-
An accumulation of the secretions of the cumulations, however, are generally such
antrum, whether in a healthy or purulent as will enable the practitioner to distin-
state, is a constant source of irritation to guish them with considerable certainty.
the lining membrane, and the pressure They by inflamma-
are always preceded
which they ultimately exert upon the sur- and usually acconqoanicd by dull,
tion,
rounding structures, causes a new form of heavy pain along the alveolar border.
diseased action to be set up, involving not Where there exists only a purulent condi-
unfrequently all the bones of the face as tion of the secretions, the nasal opening
well as those of the base of the cranium, remains unobstructed, and there are occa-
and which, if not soon arrested, ultimately sional discharges of foetid matter from the
destroys the life of the patient. When nostril of the affected side, especially when
prevented from escaping through the nasal the head is inclined in this direction or
opening, an artificial one is ultimately when the nostril is blown.
formed. This is sometimes effected through The symptoms of engorgement differ

the cheek, at other times beneath it, just materially from those which indicate sim-
above the alveolar ridge, or through the ply a purulent condition of the mucous
palatine arch or alveoli, and thus a fistula secretions of the lining membrane. The
is established, from which foetid matter is pain, instead of being dull and heavy, as
almost constantly discharged. This is just described, becomes acute, and a dis-
sometimes continued for years, while the tressing sense of fullness and weight ia
disease in the antrum very frequently does felt in the cheek, accompanied by redness
not seem to undergo any apparent change. and tumefaction of the integuments cover-
At other times the membrane ulcerates and ing the antrum. The nasal opening having
the bony walls become carious. become closed, the fluids gradually accu-
The secretions of this cavity, when pu- mulate until they fill the sinus, when
rulent, have mixed with them, not unfre- finding no egress, they press upon and
quently, a greater or less quantity of floc- distend the surrounding osseous walls,
culi, sometimes of so firm a consistence causing those parts which are thinnest
ultimately to give way. These effects are
* Anat. Phys. and Diseases of the Teeth, p.
254. generally first observable anteriorly be-
 MAX 461 MAX
neath the malar eminence, where a smooth fistula has formed, to enlarge it, instead of
hard tumor presents itself,covered with perforating the floor of the antrum. It is at
the mucous membrane of the mouth. But present pretty generally conceded that the
this is not always the point which first second molar, it being directly beneath the
gives way, the sinus sometimes bursts most dependent part of the cavity, is the
into the orbit, at other times outwardly most suitable tooth to be removed. If this
through the check, or through the pala- be sound, the first molar, the dens sapi-
tine arch. The long continued pressure entlffi, or either of the bicuspids, if carious,
thus exerted upon the bony walls of the may be extracted in its stead, and, in
cavity, often causes them to soften and fact, no tooth in an unhealthy condition
give way. j
should be permitted to remain.
To these symptoms may be added, dry- [
An opening having been effected through
ness of the nostril of the affected side, and the alveolus of a tooth into the antrum, it

sometimes spongoid inflammation of the should be kept open until the health of the
gums, wasting of the alveoli, loosening cavit}^ is restored. For this purpose, sounds
and gradual displacement of the teeth. and bougies adapted to the purpose have
The immediate cause, both of a purulent been introduced. Heuerman recommends
condition of the secretions and engorge- the of a small canula, which
employment
ment of the antrum, is inflammation of the by Bordenave and Richter,
is also preferred
lining membrane, and this arises more fre- the latter of whom says it should be kept
quently from the irritation produced by closed to prevent particles of food from
diseased teeth and gums than from any ^getting into the sinus. But, Avhether a
other cause. canula or bougie be introduced into the
The curative indications of muco-puru- opening, it should be so secured as to pre-
lent secretion and engorgement of this cav- vent it from coming out or passing into

ity are, 1st. If the nasal opening be closed, the antrum, which may be done by fasten-
the evacuation of the retained matter ; 2d. ing it to one of the adjoining teeth, as re-
The removal of all and exciting commended by Deschamps.
local
causes of irritation 3d, and lastly, the
; Lamorier recommends perforating the
,

restoration of the lining membrane. 'antrum immediately above the first molar,
For the fulfilment of the first, an open- or rather between it and the malar bone,
I

ing must be made into the antrum, and In this he seems to have been influenced
this should be effected in that part which by the considerations that the wall of the
will afford the most easy exit to the re- cavity here presents the least thickness,
tained matter; but with regard to the and that this is the most dependent part
best method for the accomplishment of of the sinus. But he did not always deem
this object, there exists much difference of it necessary to make a perforation here,
opinion. ! when a fistulous opening had previously
The most ancient, as well as the most formed in some other place,
approved and most common method even Desault is of the opinion that the open-
,

at the present time consists in the extrac- ing should be made through the caniize
tion of an upper molar tooth and the per- fossa, beneath the upper lip. In cases of
foration of the floor of the sinus through fistula in the cheek from the antrum, Ruf-
the alveolus of one of its roots. But with fel advises the insertion of a trocar, to be
regard to the tooth most proper to be re- carried through the gum, so as to form a
moved, practitioners differ. counter opening. Through this, in a case

Cheseldon preferred the first or second which he treated, he passed a seton, and it

molar. Junker recommends the extraction remained six weeks ; at the expiration of
of the first or second bicuspid, and if a which time a cure was accomplished. This
•Vide Anat. Phys. and Diseases of the practice has been followed by Callisen,
Teeth, p. 259. Zang, Busch, Henkle, Bertrandi, Faubert,
30
 MAX 462 MAX
and others. Callisen is of the opinion been introduced into the alveolus, through
that when a tumor points in the palatine which it is intended to make the opening,
arch, and fluctuation is felt, the artificial should be pressed against the bottom of
opening should he formed there. Gooch, the cavity
in the direction toward the cen-
says Velpeau, in a case which he treated, antrum. With the handle of the
tre of the
advised the perforation of the antrum instrument in the hand of the operator, a
through the nasal surface, and fixing in few rotary motions will suffice to pierce
the opening a canida of lead. the intervening plate of bone. If the first
Velpeau says the perforation is effected opening be not dimen-
sufficiently large, its
" in the point of election or of necessity. sions may be increased to the necessary
The first varies according to the ideas of size, by means of a spear-pointed instru-

the operator. The circumstances, on the ment. In introducing the trocar, care
contrary, determine the second. In cases of should be taken to prevent a too sudden
abscess, dropsy, fistula and ulceration, the entrance of the instrument into the cavity.
operation is almost always performed in Without this precaution, it may be sud-
the place of election. For the evacuation denly forced into it and against the oppo-
simply of purulent mucus, or accumu- site wall. The entrance is usually attended
lated fluids, the author believes that the with. a momentary severe pain, and its

opening should always be made from be- withdrawal followed by a sudden gush of
neath and he is the more convinced of foetid mucus, or muco-purulcnt matter.
;

the importance of giving the alveolus of an It is not always necessary to perforate

extracted tooth the preference from the antrum after the extraction
the floor of the
consideration that it is to the irritation of a tooth ; some of
it often happens that
produced by some one or more of these the alveolar cavities communicate with it.
organs, that this affection is attributable. An opening having thus been effected,
Even though a fistula may have been it should be prevented from closing, until
formed above the alveolar ridge, beneath a healthy action is established in the
the cheek, or in the palatine arch, we lining membrane, and for this purpose a
should not neglect to extract such teeth, bougie, or lead or silver canula, may be
whether carious or sound, as may be pro- inserted into the opening and secured, in
ductive of irritation. the manner previously described, to one of
Jourdain, an eminent French dentist, the teeth. It should, however, be removed
and graduate in surgery, instead of seek- for the evacuation of the secretions of the
ing egress for matter accumulated in the antrum at least twice a day. The estab-
maxillary sinus, by any of these methods, lishing of an opening at the base or most
proposed, in a memoir which he presented dependent part of the sinus, will, in those

to the Academy in 17(35, to probe the cav- cases where a fistula has been previously
ity by its natural opening, and then by formed, in most instances, be followed by
suitable injections to restore it to health. its speedy restoration. Having proceeded
But method, after having been fairly thus far, the cure will be aided by the
this

testedand found to be impracticable, was employment of such general remedies as

abandoned. may be indicated by the state of the con-
When the natural opening is closed, the stitutional health and for the reduction ;

first indication, as has been stated, is the of the local inflammation, leeches to the
evacuation of the matter, and for this pur- gums and cheek will be found very ser-

pose a perforation should be made into the viceable. The antrum should, in the
sinus, and after the extraction of a tooth, meantime, be injected with, at first, some
this may be done with a straight trocar, mild or bland fluid, and afterwards with
which will be found more convenient than gently stimulating liquids. Diluted Port
those usually employed for the purpose. wine, a weak solution of the sulphate of
The point of the instrument after having zinc, and rose water, and of sulphate of
 MAX 463 MAX
copper and rose water, have been recom- part of the maxillary sinus, are described
mended. Diluted tinct. of myrrh may by Bordenave and Mr. Bell. In both
sometimes be advantageously employed, instances the affection was seated in the
and when the membrane is ulcerated, a upper part of the antrum beneath the
weak solution of the nitrate of silver will orbit. Fur a description of these cases,

be serviceable. For correcting the lector the reader is referred to the author's Prin-

of the secretions, a weak solution of the ciples and Practice of Dental Surgery.
chloride of soda or lime may be thrown Dr. Hullihen, in a well written article
into the cavity once or twice a day. in the American Journal of Dental Sci-

The following are the formula} of Mr. ence, contends that abscess of the antrum,
Thomas Bell : J£ —Zinci sulphat, grs. vi, as well as alveolar, consists in the effusion

aqua rosje, f. § vi. M. I£ — Cupri sul- of pus, formed in the pulp cavity of a

phat, grs. iv, aqua rosse, f. g vi. M. In tooth, " between the bone and lining

addition to the above, he recommends the membrane." But this view of the sub-
subjoined : 3^ —Tinct. myrrh, 3 i. decoct, ject would seem to be incorrect, from the

hordei, f. § vi. M. fact that abscesses are formed almost as

This should at first be used very weak, frequently in the sockets of dead as living

say in the proportion of one grain of ni- teeth.

trate of silver to two ounces of soft water. The apices of the roots of the first and

Its strength, however, may, if necessary, second superior molars, when they do not
be gradually increased. actually perforate the floor of the antrum,

But, dependent as these affections in are often above its level, covered by only
most instances are upon local irritants, a very thin shell or cap of bone, and
greater reliance is to be placed on their hence in case of an abscess in one of
removal, and giving vent to the acrid the alveoli, although strictly alveolar, the

puriform fluids in the sinus, than to any matter is more liable to make for itself a
therapeutical effects exerted upon the passage into this cavity, than through the
cavity by injections. As adjuvants they gum into the mouth.
may be serviceable, but a cure cannot It is only when the root of a tooth actu-
be accomplished while the exciting cause ally penetrates the floor of the antrum,
remains. or the tubercle at its apex becomes situ-
ated in it. that the abscess, properly
Abscess.
speaking, can be said to be of this cavity.
Abscess in the maxillary sinus, although When the root of the tooth penetrates it,

very rare, does sometimes occur. The the tubercle, although formed at apex
its
structure of the parts composing this around the nerve cord, is between the
cavity would seem, as has been remarked lining membrane and periosteal tissue,
by Mr. Bell, to render the occurrence im- both of which, in the immediate vicinity,
probable, and if the fact were not well become directly involved in the inflam-
established, might perhaps be doubted. mation, and this sometimes extends to
it

If the apices of the roots of some of the every part of the cavity, causing, in some
superior molars did not occasionally per- instances, an obliteration of the nasal
forate the floor of this cavity, the occur- opening, followed by engorgement of the
rence of abscess would be still more rare. sinus, and, occasionally, by ulceration of
An abscess is as liable to form at the apex the lining membrane.
of the root of a tooth penetrating this In the incipient stages of abscess of the
cavity, as at the extremity of one in its maxillary sinus, the symptoms are similar
alveolus, but it is very seldom that one is to those that characterize inflammation of
found seated in any other place in it. The the lining membrane of the antrum, or vi-
only well authenticated cases on record of olent inflammatory tooth-ache. The pain
the occurrence of abscess in any other is generally most severe in the upper part
 MAX 464 MAX
of the alveolar ridge above some one of the osseous walls. The membrane covering
molar or bicuspid teeth. From thence it the floor of the antrum, is usually first at-

often extends to the lower part of the or- tacked ; but ulceration having commenced
bit, ear, temple, muscles of the cheek and here, it generally soon extends to other
scalp. It is more or less constant, and a parts of the sinus and is frequently ac-
throbbing is felt high up in the alveolar companied by ulceration of the lining
border beneath the cheek. If the abscess membrane of one or both of the nasal cav-
originates at theapex of the root of a tooth, ities ; and ulceration of the latter is some-
the organ will be slightly elongated and times mistaken for ulceration of the for-
sore to the touch the cheek in most in- mer. The existence of ulcers in the an-
;

stances is a little tumefied and more or trum can only be inferred from certain
less flushed. signs but when seated in the nose, they
;

The pain, after having continued for can almost always be seen. The matter
several days, is succeeded by suppuration, secreted by ulcers situated here exhales a
when it immediately subsides. Slight less foetid odor than that of ulcers of the
paroxysms of cold and heat are now felt, maxillary sinus. This of itself, says Des-
and if the natural opening of the antrum champs,** will enable us to determine, al-
is not closed, purulent matter will occa- most to a certainty, the seat of the disease.
sionally be discharged from it. Ulcers of the maxillary sinus present as
If the abscess is seated in any other great a variety of character as do those of
part than the base of the antrum, the other parts of the body. Their nature is
symptoms may differ in some respects determined by the state of the constitu-
from the foregoing. tional health and the causes that produce
In the cure of abscess of the maxillary them. The following varieties have been
sinus, as well as that of the muco-puru- met with namely, the simple, or those ;

lent condition of its secretions or engorge- from mechanical injury; the

resulting
ment, the first and most important indi- fungous, scorbutic, venereal, cancerous,
cation to be fulfilled, is to obtain an open- gangrenous, scrofulous, inveterate, carious,
ing for the escape of the matter by the &c.
removal of the tooth at the extremity of In the simpler species of ulcer, the mat-
the root of which the abscess is situated. ter is of a thick consistence and nearly
If the abscess is seated in any other part white, but as the disease increases in ma-
of the sinus, the cavity should be perfo- becomes thinner, and varies
lignancy, it

rated as before described, and the tumor in appearance from a transparent to a

opened for the escape of the matter. This dirty brown, yellow, or black.
done, the efforts of the economy will soon Many
of the symptoms of ulceration of
effect a cure. the mucous membrane of the maxillary
sinus, are similar to some which accom-
Ulceration of the Lining Membrane.
pany other affections of this cavity; as,
Ulceration of the lining membrane of
for example, deep-seated heavy pain in the
the maxillary sinus is, we believe, always cheek
occasional escape of matter into the
;

dependent upon some other morbid con- nose, &c. In addition to constant pain
dition of this cavity, and when it occurs, in the region of the antrum, the
following
it often gives rise to some of the worst may be mentioned : The escape of foetid
forms of disease to which it is liable. It
sanies into the nose on the patient's inclining
isnot a simple disease, but is complicated his head to the opposite side, or through
with some other morbid affection, and an opening which has been effected by
generally preceded by a purulent condi- nature or that has been formed by art for
tion of the secretions of the lining mem- its escape. Also, the traversing of the
brane, and often followed by fungi, and * Maladies des Fosses Nazales, sec. 2, art.
sometimes by caries of the surrounding vi, p. 262.
 MAX 465 MAX
nicer from the interior through the bony But it is only in bad habits, or debili-
walls of the cavity and external soft parts. tated constitutions, that malignant ulcers
An opening of this sort may be effected are often met with in the maxillary sinus.
through the cheek, near the orbit, or even As in the case of engorgement, the first
into it, which last has often happened at indication of cure is to give egress to the
;

other times it is effected through the ca-

purulent matter, and for this purpose an
nine fossa or palatine arch. Moreover, the opening should be formed at the most de-
matter escaping from the sinus often has pendent part of the sinus through the al-
flocculi mixed with it, which is rarely the veolar border, or rather the alveolus of a

case in simple muco-purulent secretion. molar tooth and this should be made large ;

These flocculi sometimes choke up the enough to admit the little finger, and if
natural opening of the cavity and cause there be any teeth so much decayed as to
its secretions, together with those of the be productive of irritation to the parts
ulcers, to accumulate, and distend its os- subjacent to the antrum, they should be
seous walls until they ultimately give removed.
way, or an opening is formed for their Free egress for the matter having been
escape. obtained, and all local irritants removed,
When the ulcer is of a fungous charac- the antrum should be injected from time
ter, the matter secreted is thin, and of a to time, with gently stimulating and de-

dark brown or blackish color, and has tersive fluids. This, in case of simple ul-
mixed with it blood and pus. cer, if the constitutional health is not

If the ulcer is of a cancerous nature, seriously impaired, will often be all that is
the pain will be sharp and lancinating, necessary to effect a cure.
and whole of the side of the
affect the. If the ulcer is of a fungous nature, the
face ; the matter will be serous, very employment of escharotics, and sometimes
foetid and streaked with blood. If it is even the actual cautery, becomes neces-
discharged through the natural opening sary ; this last should be repeated until the
in the nose, it will cause the pituitary fungi are completely destroyed.
membrane of the nasal cavity to become The surface of the ulcer should, if prac-
exceedingly irritable, sensitive to the ticable, be kept clean by means of dossils
touch, and to ulcerate. The bones of of dry lint or pledgets spread with some
the affected side of the face soon become simple ointment. The treatment of ulcers
softened or carious, the teeth loosen, the of this cavity is usually attended with
external soft parts inflame and ultimately more difficulty, on account of their con-
ulcerate ; openings are formed in the si- cealed situation, than ulcers of most other
nus, fever of a low grade supervenes, and parts of the body. Among other things,
death ultimately closes the scene. Deschamps recommends injections of a
A degenerated or altered state of the decoction of quinine. In many cases a
secretions of this cavity, is said to be the lotion of sulphate of zinc may be used
most common cause of ulceration. This with advantage. But the treatment of
may be an exciting cause, and it may be ulcers of the maxillary sinus, as in the
one of the most frequent exciting causes, treatment of ulcers of other parts, should
but were it not favored by constitutional be varied to suit the indications of each
predisposition, it would seldom give rise particular case. In debilitated subjects,
to it. Local irritation, whether produced tonics, as quinine and preparations of
by an altered condition of these fluids or steel,are said to be highly serviceable.
by the presence of decayed or dead teeth, There are some cases in which mercurials
the roots of teeth or a blow upon the are beneficial. Strict attention should al-
cheek, may be, and doubtless is, ways be paid to the regimen of the patient,
the ex-
citing cause of ulceration of the mucous and such general treatment adopted as
membrane. may be best calculated to restore the
 MAX 466 MAX
constitutional health, for upon this the Caries or necrosis may often be detected
cure of the local affection often depends. by perforating the antrum and exposing
the denuded or diseased bone; or when
Caries, Necrosis, and Softening of the
there is an external opening, by probing
Bony Parities.
it.

The hony parites of this cavity, and The pain accompanying these affections

sometimes the whole of the suhjacent al- does not constitute a diagnosis of much
veolar border, and superior maxillary, the importance, since this does not belong to
nasal, palatine and orbital bones, as well the osseous tissue, but to the soft parts
as some that belong to the base of the that cover it.
cranium and the malar bone, are involved Caries, necrosis, and other alterations of

in caries or necrosis. Mollities ossium, the osseous walls of the maxillary sinus,

though rarely occurring in the alveolar are thought by some to result, very fre-

ridge, frequently affects the walls of the quently, from certain specific or constitu-
sinus. Caries may affect a considerable tional vices ; such, for example, as the
portion of both for a long time, without venereal, scorbutic, scrofulous, cancerous,

completely destroying the vitality of the &c, independently of any previous morbid
diseased parts. condition of the soft parts. We have yet
When the walls of the antrum or al- to be convinced that disease ever occurs in
veoli are affected by necrosis, the soft parts an osseous tissue, except in the teeth,
in contact with the diseased or dead bone, while the soft parts in contact with it are
inflame, ulcerate and discharge foetid ich- in a healthy state. The author is of the
orous matter. The gums sometimes be- opinion, therefore, that the contrary sup-
come gangrenous and slough. The de- position is gratuitous.
struction of the vitality of the osseous parts The immediate cause is the destruction
often progresses very slowly, and thus of the periosteum, resulting from inflam-
piece after j)iece is exfoliated until the dis- mation or ulceration. These last may
ease is arrested. from a purulent condition of the se-
arise

It is sometimes difficult to distinguish cretions of the cavity, engorgement, ab-

caries and necrosis from some of the other scess, from the presence of foreign bodies,
affections that seat themselves in this cav- tumors, a blow upon the cheek or from
ity. They, therefore, often exist for a other kinds of mechanical violence. They
long time without being inspected. The may also result from the irritation pro-
signs that indicate mollities ossium, or soft- duced by diseased teeth. The pressure of
ening of the walls of the cavity, are such incarcerated fluids may perhaps be re-
as not to be easily mistaken for those of garded as the most frequent cause; and
any other affection. In this disease the from this, too, result some of the most ag-
walls of the sinus yield to pressure, and gravated forms of disease that ever attack
regain their former shape when the press- the maxillary sinus.
ure is removed. Its existence, therefore, The softening of the bone seems to be
may always be known by these signs, and the result of the action of some solvent
as these are sufficient, it is not necessary fluid upon it, capable of decomposing or
to enumerate any of the others by which breaking down its calcareous molecules.
it is characterized. Caries and Although inflammation and ulceration are
necrosis,
not being so easily detected, often make always present, and appear necessary to
considerable progress before their existence the exudation of this fluid, its production,
is ascertained. Their presence, however, nevertheless, seems to be dependent upon
may, most instances, be inferred from some peculiar state or habit of body.
in
the discharge of dark foetid sanies. But Complicated as are, most frequently, ca-
the exfoliation of pieces of bone will set ries, necrosis and alt other alterations of
all doubt at rest. the osseous walls of the maxillary sinus,
 MAX 467 MAX
with other affections of this cavity, their eased, followed by softening, caries or ne-
cure is often difficult and generally tedious. crosis of the surrounding osseous tissues,
The first indication to he fulfilled, how- and, ultimately, one or more fistulous
ever, is to obtain free egress for
any thuds openings are formed through the cheek,
which may have This alveoli, or palatine arch. These are among
accumulated in
it.

should be effected in the manner before the most common effects that result from
described. In addition to which, if the tumors of this cavity. As they increase
disease of the osseous tissue be complicated in volume, they gradually distend and dis-
with any other affection of the sinus, the place its bony parietes the floor of the ;

means necessary for the cure of the disease orbit is sometimes elevated, and the eye
with which it is complicated, should at more or less forced from the sockets; the
once be employed. palatine arch and alveolar ridge are de-
Deschamps recommends the employ- pressed, the teeth become loosened and
ment of detersive and stimulating injec- drop out, and when the tumor is of a soft,
tions, a decoction of quinine, tinct. of fungous nature, it not unfrequently escapes
myrrh and aloes, &c. These last, he says, through the alveoli into the mouth, and
may be introduced as injections or by after forcing the jaws asunder to their
means of pledgets moistened in them. He greatest extent, protrudes from it in enor-
also directs the cavity to be " cleared of mous masses.
all foreign matter which may have obtained It sometimes happens that tumors hav-
admission into it." This treatment, hav- ing their seat in the antrum, after having
ing a tendency to promote a healthy ac- filled it, make their way into the nose,
tion in the lining membrane, where they acquire a size equal to, or even
will often be
all that is required. It should be contin- greater than that which they had pre-
ued until the earied or necrosed bone has viously attained, thus dividing themselves,
exfoliated, and the secretions of the antrum as it were, into two parts one occupying —
cease to exhale an offensive odor. The the antrum, and the other, one of the nasal
dead bone, however, having exfoliated, cavities. Thus a polypus of the antrum
a cure is generally soon effected. is occasionally mistaken for one of the
and the error frequently not discov-
nose,
Tumors of the Lining Membrane and Peri- ered until an attempt is made to remove it.
osteum. Tumors in the maxillary sinus seldom
The lining membrane and periosteal tis- grow very fast during the early stages of
sue of the maxillary sinus occasionally be- their formation ; but as they enlarge, the
come the seat of fungous and other tumors, neighboring parts become involved in
and, in consequence of the concealed sit- the diseased action, and consequently,
uation of the cavity, they often make furnish them with fluids less healthy in
considerable progress before they attract their qualities, and thus cause them to as-
attention ; hence, treatment which might sume a character of greater malignancy,
otherwise frequently prove successful, is in and generally to increase more rapidly in
most instances, unavailing. The presence size.

of a tumor here may give rise to all the The occurrence of tumors in the maxil-
diseases to which its osseous walls are li- lary sinus is rarely accompanied, previ-
able, as well as to most of the affections ously to their having obtained a size suf-
incident to the lining membrane. As soon ficiently large to fill it, by symptoms
as a morbid growth has filled the sinus, it, differing materially from those occasioned
as it continues to augment in size, presses by other affections of this cavity. After
upon the lining membrane, excites inflam- they have filled the sinus, the indications
mation, and sometimes ulceration, causing soon become less equivocal. Swelling of
its secretions to become and un- the check, depression of the alveolar ridge,
vitiated
healthy j the periosteum soon becomes dis- loosening of the superior molar teeth of
 MAX 4G8 MAX
the affected side, inflammation and spong- When the alveolar ridge and teeth are
iness of the gums, elevation of the floor sound, he directs the opening to be made
of the orbit, and protrusion or conceal- through the outer wall of the sinus above
ment of the eye, are symptoms which re- the ridge, and this he thinks, on account
sult from the presence of tumors in this of its being more direct, is preferable to
cavity, but they are not peculiar to these the other mode.
affections alone ; many of them are pro- When the opening is made through the
duced by mucous engorgement. When external parietes, the instrument recom-
to these is superadded the discharge of mended by Mr. Thomas Bell to be em-
bloody sanies from the nose, or from one ployed for cutting away the bone after it

or more fistulous openings through the has been exposed, is a " strong hooked
cheek, alveolar ridge, or palatine arch, the knife," which is probably as well adapted
diagnosis will be conclusive ; and the ex- to the purpose as any instrument that
istence of a tumor established beyond could be used. Some surgeons employ,
doubt. strong curved scissors, but the hooked knife,
There are also other signs by which the in the opinion of the author, is preferable.
occurrence of a morbid growth in this cav- A free opening having been effected
ity may be known ; as, for example, the into the antrum, the finger of the opera-
dropping out of the superior molars of the tor should be introduced, and the nature
affected side, and the protrusion of por- of the diseased structure ascertained. This
tions of the tumor through the alveoli. done, he will be enabled to determine the
Tumors of the maxillary sinus are de- proper procedure to be had recourse to for
pendent, for the most part, upon both
its removal. If the tumor is of a poly-
lo-

cal and constitutional causes. Scorbutic pous nature, it may be seized with a pair
and scrofulous habits, and persons whose of forceps and torn away; if it be attached
general health has been impaired by certain by a broad base, its extirpation will be
constitutional diseases, such as the vene- most readily effected with a knife. It is
real, protracted inflammatory and bilious often exceedingly difficult to effect its
fevers, dyspepsia, &c, are most subject to total removal even in this way, so that
them. The local causes are the same as it not unfrequently becomes necessary to
those of most other morbid affections of employ the actual cautery; for, if any
this cavity. Diseased teeth, gums and small portions be left behind, a re-produc-
alveolar processes, are probably among tion of the disease will generally very
the most common. soon take place. When the disease has
It is only in the early stages of the for- originated, or is seated, in the periosteum,
mation of tumors in the maxillary sinus, the cautery is the most effectual means of
that surgical treatment can be adopted preventing its return. The French sur-
with success, and even then their entire geons have applied it with great success.
extirpation is necessary. If this is not ac- Desault, in a case of fungous tumor, suc-
complished, a speedy return of the disease ceeded in effecting a cure after three
may be expected. But, preparatory to applications.
the removal of the diseased structure, a Dr. A. H. Sievens, professor of surgery
large opening should be made into the an- New York, in 1823.
in the University of
trum, so as to expose as much
of it as in a case of fungous tumor, attached by
possible; and with regard to the most a broad base to the lower part of the
proper place for effecting this, Deschamps antrsm, removed a large portion of the
recommends, when the alveolar ridge has lower and anterior parts of the upper jaw.
been started, the removal of the first or The patient recovered, and is said to be
second molar, and the perforation of the living at the present time.** In 1841,
sinus through its socket with a " three- * Appendix to Cooper's Surgical Dictionary,
sided trocar of suitable dimensions." p. 30.
 MAX 469 MAX
Dr. J. C. Warren, of Boston, for a case of the Koyal Academy of Surgery, but we
cephalomatous tumor of this cavity, re- have no account of the history of its for-

moved the superior maxillary hone. This mation, nor of the symptoms that resulted
operation was also successful. it. The tumor occupies the whole
The from
same operation was performed soon after, of the right maxillary sinus, and several
and for the removal of a tumor of the of the neighboring bones are involved in
antrum, with success, by It. D. Mussey, it. It is very large near its base, and
of Cincinnati, Ohio f and Dr. Fare of projects from the lower part of the orbit,
;

Columbia, South Carolina, has performed forward and downward, six inches.
the operation twice with success. A case of exostosis of each antrum is
Thus it is perceived that the disease described by Sir Astley Cooper, both of
under consideration not unfrequently calls which forced themselves up into the
for one of the most formidable operations orbits, and pushed the eyes from their
ki surgery, and that by it many unfortu- sockets. One made its way into the brain,
nate sufferers have been snatched from and caused the death of the patient.
the jaws of death. Notwithstanding the Mr. Thomas Bell does not believe in the
performance of this operation, the appli- occurrence of " true exostosis upon the
cation of the cautery often becomes neces- bony parietes " of this cavity but too ;

sary to prevent a reproduction of the many examples have presented themselves

excrescence, and there are many cases in to leave any room for doubt upon the
which it cannot be thus repressed. The subject.
result of the most thorough and best The attacks of exostosis of the walls of
directed treatment depends on the state of the maxillary sinus, are generally so insid-
the constitutional health, and the nature ious, that the presence of the disease is

of the disease. In depraved habits and not, for a long time, even suspected. Those
shattered constitutions, if the tumor be which result from venereal vice, Buyer
of a carcinomatous character, a cure need says, are preceded by acute pain, extend-
never be expected. ing at first to almost every part of the
The maxillary sinus is sometimes occu- j
affected bone, but which afterwards con-
piedby fungous tumors, originating in fines itself to the affected portion.
Those
the alveoli of the molar teeth, or from which are occasioned by scrofula, the
the roots of these teeth. same writer tells us, are attended by a
duller and less severe pain the symptoms
;

Exostosis of the Walls of the Maxillary of those resulting from causes purely local,
Sinus. such, for example, as a blow, are very
The osseous walls of the maxillary sinus
similar. After it has filled the sinus, or
sometimes become the seat of bony tu- very considerably thickened its exterior
mors, a disease designated by the name of walls, it will cause them to offer a firmer
exostosis. Exostoses sometimes attain an
resistance to pressure, than any other dis-
enormous and especially upon cylin- eases of the cavity.
size,

drical bones; very large ones, too, are There is a difference of opinion among
frequently met with upon the maxilhe. writers on the diseases of the bones, with
The largest one of the maxillary sinus, regard to the causes of exostosis. Certain
v of which medical history furnishes any constitutional diseases, such as " scrofula
account, is exhibited upon a specimen and lues venerea," are thought by some to
of morbid anatomy, presented in 17G7, give rise to the affection. That the last of
\ by M. Beaupreau, to the French Acad- these is favorable to its production, is, we
x
emy. A description and drawing of this believe, admitted by all; but Sir Astley
tumor are contained in the Memoirs of Cooper declares that no evidence has yet
* Boston Med. and Surg. Journal for 1842. been adduced to prove that the former is
t Western Lancet for 1842. ever concerned in its production. Others
 MAX 470 MAX
impute the disease to local irritation pro- be supposed, was followed by severe pain
duced by contusions, fractures, &c. It is tumor upon
and ultimately gave rise to a

probably dependent upon both local and and three fistu-

the cheek near the nose,
constitutional causes, and that neither, in- lous openings, from which foetid matter
dependently of the other, is capable of was discharged. The sinus having been
producing it. opened, and the tooth taken from it, a
A variety of plans of treatment have cure was at once effected.
been recommended for this disease, and The nature and extent of the injury
Bordenave assures us it may be cured, if inflicted should determine the treatment
suitable remedies are applied before it most proper to be adopted for wounds of
,

has acquired much solidity. Assuming this cavity. Complicated as they, in most
that it sometimes results from constitu- instances, are with the presence of extra-
tional causes, he directs that the treatment neous substances in the sinus, the removal
should be commenced by the employment of these constitutes the first, and, not un-t
of such means as are indicated by the frequently, the only remedial indication.
nature of the vice with which the patient This should never be neglected. When
may be affected. If a venereal vice be any extraneous bodies, or portions of bone,
present, the use of mercurial medicines have been forced into the sinus, they
is recommended. The author last men- should first be carefully removed. The
tioned says he has known it to be suc- external wound should next be dressed
cessfully treated with mercury. Topical with adhesive slips so as to prevent the
applications, such as fomentations and formation of an unsightly cicatrix. If
cataplasms, have also been found service- constitutional symptoms supervene, they
able. Iodine and mercury have been em- may be met with appropriate remedies.
ployed, but not, so far as tbe author is Maxillary Sinus, Foreign Bodies
aware, with any decided advantage. Sir in the. That foreign bodies are some-
Astley Cooper thinks the best internal times introduced into the maxillary sinus
remedy is "oxymuriate of quicksilver,
to- through wounds penetrating its exterior

gether with the compound decoction of parietes, there can be no doubt but that
sarsaparilla." Tbe author, however, be- they should gain access to it in any other
lieves with Boyer, tbat a dispersion of an way, would seem almost impossible. The
exostosis can never be effected. smallness and peculiar situation of the
Dr. B. A. Itodrigues, of Charleston, S. opening which communicates with it, are
C, removed an exostosis from tbe maxil- such, one would think, as to preclude the
lary sinus, a few years since, and the pa- introduction of extraneous substances of
tient was restored to perfect health. any kind, yet they have been found here
When the exostosis is not complicated when they could not have gained admis-
with any other disease of the cavity, the sion in any other way. There are sev-
restorative energies of nature, after its re-
eral well authenticated cases on record
moval, will generally be all that is re-
in which worms have been found in this
quired to complete the cure. cavity.
Maxillary Sinus, Wounds and Frac- Mr. Hyshaw, in a work entitled Medi-
tures OF. The walls of the maxillary calCommentaries, mentions the case of a
sinus are sometimes fractured by blows woman from whose maxillary sinus a
and pierced by sharp-pointed instruments. dead insect, more than half an inch in
Fouchard mentions a case, in which a ca- length, was taken.
nine tooth had been driven uy> into it.° When insects are discovered here, in-
This is an accident that rarely happens. jections of oil and tepid water arc recom-
The instance here alluded to, is, we be-
mended. This constitutes all the treat-
lieve, the' only one on record; and, as might ment necessary in cases of this kind.
* Le Cliirii'gien Dentiste, torn. 1, page 391. MAXILLO-ALYEOL1-NASAL. Name
 MEC 471 MED
given by Dumas to the depressor alaj nasi cation of the term in Dental Surgery, see
muscle. Mechanical Dentistry.
Maxiixo-Labial. Name given by Mechanical Dent'istry. The art of
Chaussier to the depressor anguli oris constructing and applying artificial teeth,
muscle. artificial palates, obturators and applian-
Maxillo-Labii-Nasal. Name given ces for the correction of irregularity in the
by Dumas to the levator labii superioris arrangement of the natural teeth. See
aleque nasi muscle. Impressions of the Mouth in Wax Me- ;

Maxielo-Narinal. Name given by tallic Base for Artificial Teeth Model, ;

Dumas to the compressor nasi muscle. Plaster and Metallic, of the Alveolar Bor-
MAXTMUM. The greatest amount or der; Model, Antagonizing, for Artificial
quantity ;
opposed to minimum. Teeth ; Mounting Mineral Teeth upon a
MAY-APPLE. A plant of the genus Metallic Base, &c.
Podophyllum. Also, the fruit. MECHANICS. The science which
May- Weed. See Anthemis Cotula. treats of the laws of the motion of mate-
MEAD. A fermented liquor made from rial bodies.
honey and water. Mechanics, An'imal. That part of
MEAD'OW CROWFOOT. The com- physiology which treats of the laws which
mon name of Ranunculus arris. govern the movements of the animal body.
Meadow Saf'fron. A bulbous plant MECH'ANISM. The structure of the
of the genus Colchicum. body ; the assemblage of the parts of a
Meadow-Sweet. A plant of the genus machine.
Spircva. MECKEL'S GANGLION. The spheno-
MEA'SLES. Rubeola. A cutaneous palatine ganglion.
disease, characterized by a crimson rash MECII'ONATE. A salt resulting from
in stigmatized dots, appearing about the the combination of meconic acid with a
third or fourth day, and ending in about salifiable base.

three days in mealy desquamation. The MECONIC ACID. From f nmov, a

eruption is by hoarse- poppy.
usually preceded A peculiar acid contained in
ness, a dry cough and sneezing, and is opium.
attended by febrile symptoms. MEC'ONIN. Mee'onine; a peculiar crys-
MEATUS. A passage or canal. from opium.
talline substance extracted

Meatus Audito'rius Exter'nus. The MECONIUM. From pinuv, the poppy.

external auditory passage. The inspissated juice of the Papaver som-
Meatus Auditorius Internus. The niferum. Also, the excrement in the large
internal auditory passage. intestines of the foetus.

Meatus Ge'cus. The Eustachian MEDE'OLA. A genus of plants of the

tube. order Trilliacece.
Meatus Nari'um. Nasal foss*. Medeola Virgin'ica. Indian cueum
Meatus Urina'rius. The urethra. ber, the root of which is thought to be
MECHANICAL. Mechani'cus ; from slightly diuretic, and to be useful in drop-
[iTiXavT], a machine. Pertaining to a ma- sies.

chine ; the art of constructing machines. ME'DTAN. Media'nus ; from medium,

Also, acting by physical power. It relates, the middle. That which occupies the mid-
too, to the sensible properties of masses of dle.

matter. In Medicine, remedies which net Median Line. The imaginary vertical
by irritation. Also, physicians who refer line supposed to divide a body into two
every function of the body, whether healthy equal parts.
or morbid, to a certain condition of the Median Nerve. A nerve occupying
mechanical properties of the blood and an intermediate position between the ra-
other parts of the body. For the appli- dial and ulnar nerves, and passing down
 MED 472 MEG
the middle of the forearm to the palm of general rule, the times should be governed
the hand. by the symptoms.
Median Veins. Three of the veins of MEDICINE. Medici'na. The healing
the forearm are so called, the median art. Also, a medicine.
cephalic, the median basilic, and the com- Medicine, Clin'ical. See Clinical
mon median. Medicine.
MEDIASTI'NUM. The membranous Medicine Legal. Medical jurispru-
partition which divides the thorax into dence. See Legal Medicine.
two lateral halves. MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL. Belonging
Mediastinum Cer'ebri. The falx cer- or relating both to medicine and surgery.
ebri. Medico-Legal. Relating to legal med-
ME'DIATE. Media'tus. Middle; be- icine, as a medico-legal inquiry.

tween two extremes. MED'ICUS.A physician.

MEDICAL. Medica'lis. Relating to MEDITULLIUM. A term synony-
the science, or professors of medicine. mous with diploe.

Medical Jurisprudence. Legal med- MEDUL'LA. Marrow. Also, the pith

icine. of vegetables, and the white substance of
MEDICAMENT. Medicamen'tum; from the brain.
A medicine a healing
medicare, to heal. ; Medulla Cas'sle. The pulp of cassia
application. fistula.

MEDICASTER. An empiric; a quack. Medulla Oblonga'ta. The upper

. MED'ICATED. Having medicine in enlarged portion of the spinal cord, rest-
it; treated with medicine. ing upon the basilary process of the oc-
MEDICA'TION. Medica'tio. The cipital bone.

change produced in the animal ceconomy Medulla Spina'lis. The spinal cord.
by the operation of medicine. MED'ULLARY. Medullars ; from
MEDICI'NA. The healing art. A medulla, marrow. Relating to, or resem-
which has for its object the cure of bling marrow.
science
disease and the preservation of health. Medullary Ar'teries. The arteries
Medicina Conservati'va. Hygiene. which go to the marrow of the bones.
Medicina Dletet'ica. Dietetic med- Medullary Mem'brane. The perios-
icine that part of medicine which relates teal membrane which lines the cavities of
;

to diet. hollow bones.

Medicina Gymnas'tica. That part of Medullary Sarco'ma. Fungus hami-
medicine which relates to exercise. atodes.
Medicina Hermet'ica. The employ- Medullary Sub'stance. The white
ment of chemical remedies in the treat part of the brain. Also, the internal sub-
ment of disease. stance of the kidney.
Medicina Prophylac'tica. Hygiene. MEDU'SiE. A term applied in Zoology
Preventive medicine. to a genus of soft radiated animals or
MEDICINAL. Medicina'lis ; from acalephes, called sea-nettles.
medicina, medicine. Having remedial pow- MIGALANTHROPOGENE'SIS. Me-
ers; adapted to the mitigation and cure galanthropogene' sia ; from fJ-eyac, great, av-
of disease. dpuftoc, man, and yeveatg, procreation. A
Medicinal Days. Critical days. term applied by Robert to the pretended
Medicinal Hours. The hours when it art of procreating men of genius.
is supposed medicine may be given with MEGALOSPLANCH'NIA. From fie-

greatest Those most com- yac, great, and anlayxvov , a viscus. A tu-
advantage.
monly fixed upon are in the morning, mor formed by one of the viscera.
about an hour before dinner, four hours MEGALOSPLANCH'NUS. One with
after, and before going to bed. But, as a enlarged viscera.
 ;

MEL 473 MEL

ME'GRIM. Hemicrania. MEL'ANITE. A black variety of gar-
, MBIBO'MIUS' GLANDS. The small net.
sebaceous follicles situated between the MELANOSIS. From pelavou, to be-
conjunctive membrane of the eye and the come black.An organic affection in
cartilage of the eyelid. which the structure of the parts assumes a
MEL. Honey. black color and firm consistence, exhibit-
Mel Aceta'tum. Oxymel, or honey ing an appearance not unlike the bron-
.

and vinegar. chial glands, when, by a softening pro-

Mel .vEgyptia'cum. Oxymel of sub- cess, they are converted into deep ulcers.
acetate of copper. The lungs, cellular and adipose textures,
Mel Bora'cis. Honey of borax. are most subject to this species of degen-
Mel Despuma'tum. Clarified honey. eration. It is called, by Dupuytren, black
Mel Pr^epara'tum. Prepared honey. cancer, and by Carswell, melanoma.
Mel Ros^e. Honey of roses. MELANOTIC. Of, or belonging to,
Mel SciLLiE Compos'itl*m. Compound melanosis.
honey of squill. MELANTHA'CEiE. The colchicum
MELA. From uau, to search. A probe. tribe of monocotyledonous plants.
MELiE'NA. From fiekac, black. Vom- MELAN'THIUM. A genus of plants
iting of concrete blood of a blackish-red of the order Melantliacece.
color. Melanthium Viwhni'cum. Virginian
Mel-ena Fungo'sa. Fungus Harnia- melanthium ; a plant possessing active
todes. poisonous properties. A decoction of it is.

MELALEU'CA. A genus of plants of said to be a cure for the itch.

the order Myrtaceos. ME'LAS. M.e2,ac, black. Black leprosy,

Melaleuca Cajeputi. The name of a or lepra nigricans.
plant which affords the cajeput oil. MELAS'MA. From ptXag, black. A
ME'LAM. A white insoluble powder black spot usually occurring upon the
formed by fusing sulphocyanid of am- tibia of old persons, which soon degener-
monia and sulphocyanid of potassium. ates into an ulcer.

MEL'AMl'ODltJM. Black hellebore. MELAS'SES. Molasses.

MELAMPYRTN. A substance some- MELAS'SIC ACID. An acid obtained
what analogous to gum and sugar, obtained by boiling sugar with alkaline solutions.
from the Melampyrum nemorosum. MELASTOMA'CE^E. A natural or-
MEL'ANAGOGUE. From (ieUc, black, der of Exogenous plants, inhabiting trop-
and ayu, I expel. A medicine supposed ical coxmtrics in great numbers.
by the ancients to possess the power of MELATROPH'IA. From fieloc, a
purging off black bile. limb, and (npo<pia, wasting. Wasting of
MELANCHLO'RUS. Literally, of a the limbs.
dark- yellow color. Applied in Pathology MELEGE'TA. Grains of paradise.
to individuals suffering from black jaun- MELI. Honey.
dice. MELIA. A genus of plants of the or-
MELANCHO'LIA. Melancholy. der Meliacew.
MEL'ANCHOLIC. Belonging or re- Melia Azed'arac. Pride of China ;

lating to melancholy. tree much cultivated in the

an ornamental
MEL'ANCHOLY. Melancho'lia; from Southern States. The bark of the root is
,ueAuf, black, and bile.
%o2.ti,A mental anthelmintic, and in large doses, narcotic
affection characterized by depression of and emetic.
spirits, and occupation of the mind on one MELIAC^E. A natural order of Ex-
train of thoughts. It was supposed by ogenous plants, consisting of trees and

the ancients to be caused by black-bile, shrubs, with extipulate alternate leaves

and hence the appellation. sepals three, four or five, more or less
 MEL 4^4 MEM
united ;
petals the same in number, hj po- r
MELON'GENA. The mad-apple plant,
gynous ; stamen twice as many as the or egg fruit.
petals ; anthers sessile within the orifice MELOPLAS'TIC. Mchplasti'cus; from
of the tube ; ovary single ; fruit berried or fiijlov, the cheek, and nlaaau, I form. The
capsular. operation for the restoration of any part of
MELIAN'THUS. A genus of plants the cheek when lost by wounds or ulcers.
of the order Zygophyllaccce. MELO'SIS. MtjAuaic; from urfkri, a
Melianthus Major. Great honey- probe. A term applied in Surgery to the
flower. A South African plant, the exploration of a wound or ulcer with a
leaves of which have been used in decoc- probe.
tion for diseases of the gums and sore MELOTHRIA. A genus of plants of
throat also, as a remedy for tenea capitis.
; the order Cucurbiiacece.
MELI'CElilS. From jiefa, honey, and Melothria Pen'oula. A plant, native
icepag, wax. An encysted tumor, the con- of the West Indies and the United States,
tents of which resemble wax. the fruit of which is a drastic purgative.
MELIGEI'ON. From fieSu, honey. A M ELOTIS. A small probe.
foetid humor, of the consistence of honey, MELTING POINT. The point of the
discharged from an ulcer attended with thermometer at which a solid body be-
caries of the bone. comes a liquid. Ice melts at 32°, gold at
MEL'ILITE. From (U0U, honey, and 2010° Fahr.
Xtdoc, stone. A small yellow crystal found MEMBRA 'NA See Membrane.
in the lava of Vesuvius. Membrana Adipo'sa. Adipose mem-
MELILOTUS. The officinal melilot, brane.
a sweet-scented plant of the genus Trifu- Membrana Arachnoi'dea. Arach-
lium, nearly allied to clover. noid membrane.
MELIS'SA. A genus of plants of the Membrana Cellulo'sa. Cellular mem-
order Labiatce. brane.
Melissa Calamin'tha. The common Membrana Hyaloi'dea. The delicate
calamint. transparent membrane which encloses the
Melissa Grandiflo'ra. Mountain cal- vitreous humor of the eye.
amint. Membrana Jacobi. An extremely
Melissa Nep'eta. Field calamint. thin and delicate membrane which invests
Melissa Officinalis. Melissa balm. the external surface of the retina.
;

It is slightly aromatic, and when fresh has Membrana Pigmen'ti. The internal
a fragrant odor. layer of the choroid membrane.
MELLA'GO. From mel, honey. Any Membrana Pituita'ria. The mem-
medicine of the consistence of honey. brane which lines the nasal fossa?.
MELLATE. A
formed by the
salt Membrana Pdpilla'ris. A delicate
union of mellitic acid with a base. vascular membrane which covers the pu-
MEL'LONE. A lemon-yellow powder, pil of the eye until about the seventh
composed of carbon and nitrogen. month.
MELO. The melon. Also, staphyloma. Membrana Reticularis. Cellular
MEL'OE. A genus of Coleopterous in- membrane.
sects in the system of Latreille. See Can- Membrana Sacciform'is. A synovial
tharis. membrane between the lateral articulation
Meloe Niger. The cantharis atrata, of the ulna with the radius.
or blistering fly of the United States. Membrana Scuneideria'na. The
Meloe Vesicato'rius. Cantharis. pituitary membrane of the nose.
MELON. The name of certain plants Membrana Tympani. The thin semi-
and their fruit, as the watermelon, the transparent membrane which covers the
tnushndon, &c. cavity of the drum of the ear.
 MEN 476 MEN
MEM'BEANE. Membra'na. In Anat- MENINGOPH'YLAX. An instrument
omy, a thin expanded substance, of a cel- for depressing the dura mater, and shield-
lular texture, intended to envelop or sepa- ing it from injury while the bone is cut or
rate, or form other organs, and to exhale, rasped after the operation of trepanning.
absorb or secrete certain fluids. MENINUORRIKE'A. From f»iviy6,

MEM'BRANIFORM. Membranifor'mis. and peu, I flow. Extravasation of blood

Applied to laminated parts which resem- on or between the cerebral membranes.
ble a membrane. MENINGO'SIS. The union of bones
MEM B BA NOL'OGY. Membranolo'gia; by means of membrane.
from metnbrana, a membrane, and ho-yog, ME'NIX. A term given by the ancients
a discourse. A treatise on membranes. to all membranes, but now restricted to
MEMBRANO'SUS. The tensor vagina? those of the brain.
femoris muscle. MENISPERM'ATES. Salts resulting
MEM'BRANOUS. Having the nature from the combination of menispermic acid
of a membrane, or formed of membranes. and salifiable bases.
MEMBRANU'LA. A small thin mem- MENISPERMTC ACID. An acid ob-
brane. tained from the fruit of Menispermum coc-
MEM'BRUM. A member ; a limb. culits.

MmtfiBUM Virile. The penis. MENISPER'MINE. A white, opaque,

MEMO'liY. Memo'ria. That faculty crystalline alkaloid, obtained from the
of the brain whereby past events are re- Cocculus Indiana. Cis H12 NOs.
called to mind. MENISFER'MUM. A genus of plant*
MENACH'ANITE. A black metallic of the order Menispcrmacea'.
mineral, consisting of oxyd of tetanium, Menispermum Canaden'se. The name
iron and magnesia. of a climbing plant found in various parts
MEN'AGOGUE. Emmenagogue. of the United States, said to be tonic, al-
MENAKAN ORE. An ore of titan- terative and diuretic.
ium. Titaniferous iron. Menispermum Coc'culus. The name
MEN'ILITE. Abrown, impure opal, of the plant bearing the Cocculus indicus,
found at Menil, Montant, near Paris. or Indian berries which furnish the poi-
MENINGE'AL. Menin'geus. Relat- sonous principles, picroloxine and menis-
ing to the meninges, or dura mater. permine.
Meningeal Ar'teries. The arteries Menispermum Palma'tum. Cocculus
distributed to the external surface of the palmatus. The name of the plant which
dura mater. They are distinguished into produces the calumba root.
middle, anterior and posterior. Menispermum Tuberculatum. Coc-
MENIN'GES. From fap>lYS, a mem- culus a-ispus. The name of a Chinese
brane. The membranes which envelop the plant. The extract from the root is tonic,
brain. and is used in India in intermittent fever,
MENINGFTIS. Inflammation of the and in diseases of the bowels.
meninges. MENOBRAN'CHUS. From fievu, I
MENIN'GO-CEPHALI'TIS. From {irjv- remain, and (Ipayxia, gills. A Perenni-
lyt, a membrane, ne<pa?i7i,head, and His, branchiate amphibian which retains the
signifying inflammation. Inflammation of external gills.
the brain and
its membranes. MENOLIP'SIS. Cessation of the
Meningo-Gastral'gia. Neuralgia of menses.
the stomach. MEN'OPOME. From fievu, I remain,
Meningo-Gastri'cus. An epithet ap- and iwfia, a lid. A Perennibranchiate
plied by Fincl to bilious fever, because he amphibian which retains the opercular
believed the disease to be seated in the in- aperture but not the external gills.
ternal membrane of the stomach. MENORRHAGIA. From ut\v, a mouth,
 ;

MEN 476 MEP

and pyywfu, I flow fiercely. Profuse men- by the dental artery, which issues from the
struation immoderate flow of the menses
;
anterior mental foramen, and is distributed
or blood from the uterus. upon the lower lip.
MENOSTASIS. From uV v, mouth, Mental Fora'men. The outer orifice

and oraaig, stagnation. Suppression of the of the inferior dental canal, situated on the
menses. outer surface of the inferior maxilla be-
MENS. The mind. neath the cuspid tooth.
MENSES. From mensis, a mouth. Mental Nerve. A branch of the in-
The uterine sanguineous discharge at the ferior dental, which escapes from the an-
period of menstruation. terior mental foramen to be distributed
Menses, Immoderate Flow of the. upon the lower lip.

Menorrhagia. MENTHA. A genus of plants of the

Menses, Interruption of. Amenor- order Lamiacece.
rheea. Mentha Aquat'ica. Mentha rotundi-
Menses, Retention of. Amenorrhcea. fo'lia palus'tris. Water-mint. It has a
MENSTRUAL FLUX. The menses. bitter, pungent taste.

MENSTRUATION. Menstnia'lio. The Mentha Cervi'na. Hart's pennyroyal.

flowing of the menses, which, from the This species has properties similar to the
age of puberty, in healthy women, not Mentha pulegium, but is less agreeable.
pregnant, and who do not suckle, occurs Mentha Crispa. Curled-leaved mint
monthly. a species of mintha having a warm aro-
Menstruation, Painful. Dysmen- matic taste, and a strong fragrant smell.
orrhcea. Mentha Piperi'ta. Peppermint. This
Menstruation, Profuse. Menorrha- species is aromatic, carminative and stim-
gia. ulant, and is often used to allay nausea,
Menstruation, Vica'rious. The oc- and to relieve pain in the bowels.
currence of hemorrhage from other parts Mentha Pule'gium. Pennyroyal. This
than the uterus, as from the nose, gums, species is carminative, antispasmodic and
lungs, &c, at the regular menstrual slightly emmenagogue.
periods, in consequence of the suppres- Mentha Vir'idis. Mentha vulga'ris.
sion of the menses. Spearmint j a species having properties
MEN'STRUUM. A solvent. Any sub- similar to peppermint.
stance which has the property of dissolv- MENTHENE. A liquid hydrocarbon
ing one or more others. obtained from the stearopten of oil of pep-
MENSURATION. Mensura'tio; from permint.
mensura, measure. Act of measuring. In MENTO-LA'BIAL. Mento-labia'lis.
Disease, this means of exploring the chest Belonging to the chin and lip. Also, the
is sometimes adopted for the purpose of depressor labii inferioris.
ascertaining its exact dimensions. MENTU'LA. The penis, or clitoris.
MENTAGRA. From mentum, the chin, MENTULAGRA. Convulsive erection
and aypa, a prey. An herpetic eruption of the penis.
about the chin. MENTUM. The chin.
Mentaora Infantum. See Porrigo MENYANTHES. A genus of plants
Lupinosa. of the order Gentianacece.
MENTAGRAPIIYTE. A cryptogamic Menyanthes Trifolia'ta. The buck
plant, found in the eruption of mentagra. bean ; a plant having an exceedingly bit-
MrCNTAL. From mens, mind. Be- ter taste, and possessing tonic and laxa-
longing, or relating, to the mind. In tive properties.
Anatomy it relates to the chin, (from men- MENYANTHINE. The bitter extract-
tum, the chin.) ive principle of the Menyanthes trifoliata.
Mental Ar'tery. A branch given off MEPHITTC. Mephit'icus. Applied to
 ;

MER 477 MES

noxious exhalations, and to things pos- thenames of its various preparations, see
sessed of poisonous properties. Hydrargyrum, Pilula, Hydrargyri and
Mepiiitic Acin. Carbonic acid. Unguentum.
Mepiiitic Air. Nitrogen. Mercury, Dog's. A plant of the genus
MEPH'ITISM. A poisonous exhala- Mercurialis.
tion ; all Mercury, English. See Chenopodium
gases unfit for respiration.
MERA'CUS. Bonus Henricus.
SeeMerus.
MERCAP'TAN. A peculiar liquid he- Mercury, French. See Mercurialis
longing to the ethyl group, the oxygen be- Annua.
ing replaced by sulphur. Formula, C4, Mercury, Iodide of. Hydrargyri io-
H6 , St. didum.
MERANiESTIIE'SIS. Insensibility of MER'DA Merdus.. Excrement.
a portion of the body. MEREMPHRAX'IS. Obstruction or
MERCU'RTAL. Mercuria'lis. Relating infraction of an organ.
to or containing mercury. Also, active MERIAN'DRA. A genus of plants of
sprightly ; full of vigor. the order Labiate.
MERCURIA'LIS. A genus of plants Meriandra Bengalen'sis. Bengalian
of the order Euphorbiacece. meliandra, a plant having properties sim-
Mercurialis An'nua. French mercury; ilar to sage.

an oleaceous and emollient herb, possess- MERICUS. Local.

ing slightly aperient properties. MERIDRO'SIS. From uepoc, a part,
Mercurialis Peuen'nis. Mercuria'lis and idpuoig, sweating. A partial perspira-
sylves'tris. Mcrcurialis monta'na sylvestris. tion.
Dog's mercury ; a poisonous plant. MEROPTDANS. Meropi'dce. Merops,
MERCU'RIUS. Mercury. a genus of birds called bee-eaters.
Mercurius Aceta'tus. Acetate of MEROBAL'NEUM. From uepog, a
mercury. part, and fiaTiaveiov, a bath. A partial
Mercurius Alkaliza'tus. See Hy- bath.
drargyrum Cum MEROCE'LE. From urjpog, the thigh,
Greta.
Mbboubius Calcina'tus. See Hydrar- and Kylrj, a tumor. Femoral or crural
gyri Oxydum Rubrum. hernia.
Mbrcueius Ciiemico'rum. Quicksilver. ME'ROS. The thigh; the femur.
Mercurius Cine'reus. Black oxyd of MEEUL1DANS. Meruli'dce. The
mercury. thrush family of birds.
Meucurius Cinxabari'nus. Red sul- ME'RUS. Genuine; pure; without
phurct of mercury. mixture.
Mercurius Corrosi'vus. Corrosive sub- MESARA'IC. Mesenteric.
limate. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. A genus
Mercurius Corrosivus Ru'ber. Red of plants of the order Ficoidcce.
precipitate. Mesembryantiiemum Crystal'linum.
Mercurius Cosmet'icus. Ammoniatcd The ice plant, a native of the South of
mercury. White precipitate. Europe. The juice is said to be demul-
Mercurius Dulcis Sublima'tus. Cal- cent and diuretic, and has been used in
omel. spasmodic affections of the neck of the
Mercurius Emeticus Fla'vus. Yel- bladder.
low sulphate of mercury. Turpeth mine- MESENTERIC. Mesenter'icus. Be-
ral. longing or relating to the mesentery.
MER'CURY. Hydrargyrum. Ilydrar'- Mesenteric Ar'teries. The second
gyrus. Mercurius. Quicksilver. The and fifth branches of the aorta are called
compounds of this metal form an exten- the superior and inferior mesenteric arte-
and important class of medicines. For ries.
sive
31
 MES 478 MET
Mesenteric Glands. The lymphatic MESOMERTA. The parts situated be-
glands of the mesentery. tween the thighs.
Mesenteric Nerves. Mesenteric MESOMPHA'LUM. The middle of
plexuses. the navel.
Mesenteric Plexuses. These plex- MESOPH'RYON. The space above the
uses, distinguished into superior, middle nose, between the eyebrows.
and inferior, are formed by the branches MESOPHYL'LUM. In Botany, the
of the great intercostal nerves. parenchymatous or cellular tissue, forming
Mesenteric Veins. These are distin- the central portion of a leaf.
guished into superior and inferior, and MESOREC'TUM. The transverse fold
both terminate in the splenic. of the peritoneum, which connects the
MESENTERI'TIS. Inflammation of rectum with the sacrum.
the mesentery. MESOTH'ENAR. The abductor, and
MES'ENTERY. Mesenter'ium ; from deep seated portion of the flexor brevis of
ueoog, the middle, and evrepov, intestine. the thumb.
A duplicative of the peritoneum which MESOTHO'RAX. From fieaog, middle,
maintains the intestines in their respective and thorax, the chest. The intermediate
situations. of the three segments which compose the
MESERATC. Mesenteric. thorax in insects.
ME'SITE. An ethereal substance ex MESOT'ICA. Diseases affecting the
isting in pyroxylic spirit, and obtained in intermediate or connecting substance of
the distillation of wood. organs without derangement of the general
MES1TYLENE. An oily fluid obtained health.
by the distillation of acetone with fuming MES'OTYPE. A zeolitic mineral; a
sulphuric acid. hydrated silicate of alumina and soda.
MESMERISM. Animal magnetism. MES'PILUS GERMANTCA. The
MESO-. Metro?, the middle.Used as medlar tree. The fruit is astringent.
a prefix to certain words. Mespilus Oxycan'tha. White haw-
MESO'CARP. The central portion of thorn. The flowers have been used as a
the pericarp of seeds. pectoral.
MESOOE'CUM. A duplicative of the META.- A common prefix, from /"era,

peritoneum, at the posterior part of the after, with ; signifying change.

cecum. METABASIS. From fjerapaiva, I di-

MESOCEPH'ALON. The pons Varolii. gress. A change of medicine, or treatment.

MESOCO'LON. From peoos, the mid- METABOLEL'OGY. Melabolelog'ia,
dle, and Kuikov, the colon. A duplicative from fieTa(3o2.7j, change, and koyog} a dis-
of the peritoneum, to Avhich the colon is course. A treatise on the changes which
attached. It is designated according to its occur in the course of a disease.
situation. METABO'LIANS. Insects which un-
MESOCRAN'IUM. The top of the dergo a metamorphosis.
head, or vertex. METACARPAL. Belonging or relat-
MESOD'ME. The mediastinum. ing to the metacarpus.
MESODMI'TIS. Inflammation of the Metacarpal Ar'tery. A branch of
mediastinum. the radial artery which descends obliquely
MESOGAS'TRIUM. The umbilical upon the back of the hand.
region of the abdomen. Metacarpal Articulations. The
MESO-GLOS'SUS. The genic-glossus articulations of the last four metacarpal
muscle. bones, at their upper extremity.
MES'OLITE. A mineral consisting of a Metacarpal Bones. Sec Metacarpus.
hydrated silicate of alumina, lime, and soda. Metacarpal Ligaments. The liga-
MESOLOBE. The corpus callosum. ments winch connect the metacarpal bones.
 MET 479 MET
METACARPUS. From fiera, after, Chromium . oh. bp. Cr.

and xapnoc, the wrist. The bones of that Columbium oh. bp. Ta.
part of the hand situated between the Palladium . 1150 Pd.

wrist and fingers.

Rhodium oh. bp. R.
Iridium oh. bp. Ir.
METAC'ETONE. Propion. A color-
. .

Osmium . . oh. bp. Os.

less, fragrant, oily fluid obtained by dis-
27. Cerium . . Ce.
tilling sugar with quicklime.
28. Potassium . 0.86 136 K.
METACETON'IC ACID. Butyro-acetic
29. Sodium . . 0.97 190 Na.
acid.Propion'ic acid. An acid formed 30. Barium . . Ba.
by the decomposition of various organic 31. Strontium . Sr.
bodies. Chemically speaking, it is a ter- 32. Calcium . . Ca.
oxide of metacetyl. 33. Cadmium Cd.
METAC'ETYL. Propionyl. A carbo- 34. Lithium . . L,
hydrogen (C6 H5) formed by various or- 35. Silicium Si.

ganic metamorphoses. It is the basis of 36. Zirconium . Zr.

the last named acid.

37. Aluminium . Al.
38. Glucinium G.
METACHORE'SIS. Metastasis.
.

39 Yttrium . . Y.
METAL. Metal'lum. MeraMov, a metal.
Thorium
40. Th.
A numerous class of simple combustible
41. Magnesium. Mg.
bodies, distinguished by their peculiar
42. Vanadium . V.
lustre, considerable specific gravity, al- 43. Didymium . D.
most total opacity, insolubility in water, 44. Erbium . . E.
and as being conductors of electricity and 45. llmenium . 11.

heat. 46. Lanthanium La.

The existence of fifty-one metals is ad- 47. Niobium Nb.
mitted by chemists. The following table 48. Pelopium . Pe.

contains their names, specific gravity, 49. Ruthenium Ru.

50. Tantalum . Ta.
melting points, and symbolic abbrevia-
51. Terbium Te.
tions.

Melting Symbolic Two other metals, Donarium and No-

Names of Metals. ^^ Points. Abbreviation. rium, have been recently discovered, and
Fakr.
will probably have to be added to this
1. Gold . . . 19.25 2016° Au.
list.
2. Silver . . 10.47 1873 Ag.
2800 Fe.
METALLIC. Of the nature of metal.
3. Iron . . . 7.78
4. Copper . . 8.89 1996 Cu.
Metallic Base for Artificial
5. Mercury 13.56 39 Hg- Teeth. A metallic plate adapted to such
6. Lead . . . 11.35 612 Pb. portion of the alveolar arch as is deprived
7. Tin . . . 7.29 442 Sn. of natural teeth, and with
to be supplied
8. Antimony . C.70 Sb. an artificial substitute. Gold and platina
9. Bismuth . . 9.80 497 Bi are the most suitable metals for this pur-
10. Zinc . . . 7.00 773 Zn. pose, and those usually em ployed by
11. Arsenic 5.80 As.
. .
American dentists, but silver is very fre-
12. Cobalt . . 8.53 2810 Co.
quently used. Platina is objectionable
13. Platinum . 21.05 oh. bp* Pt.
on account of its weight, it being much
14. Nickel . . 8,27 2810 Ni.
heavier than gold. Besides, tlie heat re-
15. Manganese . 6.85 2800 Mn.
17.60 W. quired to fuse it is so great that it cannot
16. Tungsten .

Tellurium 6.11 620 Te. be melted in a furnace. Silver is objec-

17. .

Molybdenum 7.40 oh. bp. Mo. tionable chiefly for the reason that the
18.
19. Uranium 9.00 oh. bp. U. secretions of the mouth oxydize it.

20. Titanium . 3.30 oh. bp. Ti. The manner of preparing a metallic

Oxyhydrogen blow-pipe. base is as follows : The exact size of thfl

 MET 480 MET
plate is generally ascertained by first there exists some difference of opinion.
adapting a thin plate of lead, or a piece Some prefer a very wide plate, others a
of paper, to the model, and marking on narrow one. When it is to be retained in
it the dimensions designed for the base the mouth by means of clasps or spiral
to have ; the pattern is then cat and placed springs, it should be fully three-fourths of
upon the plate, and its shape marked an inch in width ; a suction or atmospheric
upon it. With a pair of strong shears or pressure plate requires to be considerably
snips, the plate is then cut to the size and wider. A base for a substitute for all the
shape of the pattern. It is now annealed jaw should extend as
teeth of the lower

and partially adjusted to the model with far back as possible, and for the upper
a pair of pliers, or forceps made expressly jaw, far enough back to cover the tuberos-
for the purpose, and a hammer it is then ities of the alveolar border.
; When the
again annealed and swaged between a substitute is to be retained in the mouth
metallic model and counter-model. This by means of clasps to be attached to the
done, it is filed to the exact size required, remaining natural teeth, it is important
and, if the piece is to be held in the mouth that they should be so constructed as to
with clasps, accurately fitted to the teeth fit with the most perfect accuracy, so that
to which they are to be applied. At this when applied, no undue force shall be
stage it should be tried in the mouth, and exerted upon the organs around which
if its adaptation to the inequalities of the they are placed.
parts against which it is to rest is perfect, A
base for the support of a substitute
it may be placed on the plaster model, for one or even two upper incisors, or for
the clasps having been previously adapted a cuspidatus and adjoining bicuspis, or for

to the teeth to which they are to be ap- and second bicuspids, may be
the first

plied, should be united to it with wax, or, mouth with one clasp, but
retained in the

what is better, cement composed of two when a substitute for a greater number of
parts beeswax and one of resin, previ- teeth is required, each extremity of the
ously softened in warm Avater or by a plate should be provided with a clasp.

fire. The work is now carefully re- With a view of avoiding the bad effects
moved from the plaster model and placed resulting from the use of clasps, Dr. G.
on a piece of paper with the concave sur- E. Hays, of Buffalo, N. Y., recommends
face of the plate upward, when a thick perforating the base in such a way as to
batter of plaster of Paris should be poured permit one or more of the remaining teeth
on it and the clasps, to the thickness of ti
»
] iass through it. The author has adopted
half an inch. When this has hardened, it in several cases with advantage.
the piece may be taken from the paper, With a view of increasing the adhesion
and secured to a piece of charcoal with of the base, by suction or atmospheric press-
pins of iron wire or plaster, with the con- ure, a variety of plans have been proposed,

vex surface of the plate upward. Thus all consisting, for the most part, in so

secured, the wax may be softened and re- constructing the base that a space shall
moved, and a mixture of finely ground be left between it and the palatine arch
borax and water applied to the line of or alveolar border, from which, in its
connection between the plate and clasps, application, the air may be exhausted,
with several small pieces of solder, which, thus leaving a vacuum, which, in accord-
being fused from the heat of the flame of ance with a well known philosophical
a lamp thrown upon the work with a principle, will secure the desired end.
blow-pipe, unite the clasps to the plate. Within the last eight or ten years, this

See Soldering and Blow-pipe. principle has been applied in many cases
With regard to the width of the plate, with decided advantage. The simplest
and the peculiar form and shape that method of doing it consists in i)lacing a
j

should be given to it in different cases, piece of wax, in circumference about

 MET 481 MET
equal to a quarter of a dollar, and twice poptyow, I transform, and o>ip, the eye. A
as thick, on the part of the plaster cast species of depraved vision, in which
representing the palatine arch, previously imaginary objects appear to be seen.
to making the impression in sand for a METAMORPH'OSIS. From fiem,
metal casting, so that, in striking up the change, and pop^v, form. Transformation.
base, a raised place or cavity will be made In Physiology, the change through which
in the plate. Instead of a central cavity, any texture or organ of the body passes
Dr. Flagg, of Philadelphia, recommends in the progress of its development.
the use of lateral cavities, and in some METAPTO'SIS. From fmmtrmrat I
cases they are preferable. digress. The conversion of one disease
Metallic Base, Cleayeland's. This into another.
consists of a plate encasing the entire alveo- METASTASIS. From petonpt, I
lar border, or so much of it as is to be sup- change place. A change in the seat of a
plied with artificial teeth, and the palatine disease.
arch, and another covering only the inner METATARSAL. Metatarsa'lis. Be-
part of the alveolar arch and the roof of longing or relating to the metatarsus.
the mouth. A hole is made in the centre Metatarsal Ar'tery. An artery
of the first plate about the size of a twenty- which forms an arch across the base of
five cent piece, and around which, on the the metatarsal bones, supplying the outer
lower part of the plate, a half round wire side of the foot, and giving off three
is soldered. The second phite is applied interosscal branches.
to the first in such a manner as to leave
Metatarsal Articula'tions. The
a space in the central part, between it articulation of the metatarsal bones with
and first plate, of about the tenth of an each other.
inch, while the edges of the former are Metatarsal Bones. See Metatarsus.
accurately fitted and soldered to the latter. METATARSO-PHALAN'GIAN. Per-
For the manner of attaching artificial taining to the metatarsus and phalanges.
teeth to a base, see Mounting Porcelain METATARSO-PH ALA NGIAN ARTICULA-
Teeth upon a Metallic Base. TIONS. The articulation of the metatarsal
Metallic Tinkling. Metallic voice. bones with the corresponding phalanges
A peculiar noise heard by the stetho- of the toes.
scope, when there exists in the chest a METATARSUS. From (tera, after,
preternatural cavity containing air, or and rapaog, tarsus. That portion of the
when there is air in the cavity of the foot which is situated between the tarsus
pleura. It is said to resemble that caused and toes, consisting of five small cylindri-
by striking glass, or a metallic or porce- cal bones.
lain cup. METATH'ESIS. From fUTorttnH,
Metallic Trac'tors. See Tractors, change place. Transposition. Also, the
Metallic. act ofremoving the consequence or cause
METALLOG'RAPHY. From (LeraXkov, of a disease from one place to another,
metal, and ypa<pr], description. A treatise where its presence will be less hurtful, as
on metals. depressing a cataract, &c.
METALLOIDS. A term sometimes METATHO'RAX. From fura, after,
applied to the metals obtained from the and thorax, the chest. The hindmost of
fixed alkalies and some of the earths. the three segments which compose the
METALLUR'GIA. From (urate*, a thorax in insects.

metal, and epyov, work. The art of treat- ME'TEORISM. Meteoris'mvs ; from
ing metals, or separating them from their /jeTEupiCu, to elevate. Distension of the
ores. abdomen with gaseous fluid.

METAMERIO. Isomeric. METEOR'OLITE. A meteoric stone.

METAMORPHOP'SIA. From fiera- METEOROLOGY. Meieorolorjia; from
 MET 482 MIC
fiETeopog,aerial, and toyog, a discourse. ment for, or the act of, injecting the ute-

That department of science which treats rus.

of atmospheric phenomena, as the forma- METREURYS'MA. From unrpa, the
tion of dew, the progress of winds, &c. womb, and tvpvg } far extended. Morbid
METHEG'LIN. A fermented beverage dilatation of the womb.
made from honey and water. METRITIS. Inflammation of the ute-
METHODE NUMERIQUE. The nu- rus.
merical method. In Medicine, the deduc- METROCARCINO'MA. From (mrpa,
tion of general laws, as proposed by M. the womb, and Kapnivufxa, cancer. Cancer
Louis, from a collection and careful anal- of the uterus.
ysis of cases. METROCE'LE. Hernia vaginalis.
METH'ODISTS. An ancient sect of METROHiE'MIA. From fiyrpa, the
physicians who endeavored to reduce the womb, and ai/ja, blood. Sanguineous con-
treatment of disease to exact rules, sup- gestion of the uterus.
posing all morbid affections of the body METROMA'NIA. Nymphomania.
to be the result of constriction or relax- METRO-PERITONITIS. Inflamma-
ation of the animal fihre. tion of the uterus and peritoneum.
METHOMA'NIA. From /irify, drunk- METROPOL'YPUS. Polypus of the
enness, and fiavia, mania. An irresistible uterus.
desire for intoxicating liquor. METROPTO'SIS. From /^rpa, the
METHYLE. A hypothetical radical of womb, and -mucig, falling down. Prolap-
a numerous series of compounds, analo- sus uteri.
gous to those of ethyle. METRORRHAGIA. Hemorrhage from
METHYLENE. A highly volatile and the uterus.
inflammable liquid obtained by destruc- MEZE'REON. A small European shrub,
tive distillation of wood. the Daphne mczereon, the hark of which
METODONTI'ASIS. From [lyra, has an extremely acrid taste.
change, and odovTiaocg, dentition. Abnor- MIALHE'S ASTRINGENT LOTION.
mal development of the teeth. The following is recommended by Mialhe
METOPANTRAL'GIA. From pram*, for relaxation of the gums. ]£ —
Alcohol
forehead, avrpov, a cavern, and atyog, pain. at 33°, 1000 parts; true kino 100; rhat-
Pain in the frontal sinus. any root 100 ; tr. of tolu, tr. of benzoin,
METOPANTRITIS. Inflammation of of each 2 oil of mint and of canella, of
;

the frontal sinus. each 2 and oil of anise 1 part. Macerate

;

METOPOS'COPIST. One versed in the kino and rhatany in the alcohol for
metoposcopy. eight days filter and add the other arti-
;

METOPOS'COPY. Metoposcop'ia; from cles. A teaspoonful diffused in three or

fjETwnov, forehead, and oKoneiv, to view. four teaspoonfuls of tepid water should be
The art of distinguishing the temperament used as a gargarism.
of an individual by inspecting the fore- MI AS 'MA. Miao/ia, a stain or pollution;

head. from (uaivid, I contaminate. In Pathology,

METRA. The uterus. the effluvia arising from sick persons, and
METRAL'GIA. From ^rpa, the womb, from the decomposition of animal or veg-
and aXyog, pain. Pain in the uterus. etable substances.
METRATRE'SIA. From p/rpa, the MIASMAT'IC. Relating to, or pro-
womb, and arprjaia, imperforation. Mor- duced by, miasmata.
bid closure of the uterus. MFC A. A mineral, usually found in
METRE. A French measure equal to thin elastic laminae, of various degrees of
39.33 English inclies. transparency, and of various colors. It is
METRENCIIYTES. From unrpa, the composed of silica, alumina, potash and
womb, and eyxvatt, injection. An instru- oxyd of iron.
 MIC 483 MIL
MICIIE'LT A. A genus of plants of the the examination of objects too minute to be
order Marjnoliacece. seen with the naked eye. A microscope
Michelia Cham'paca. Sweet-scented may be single or compound ; it is single
michelia ; an East Indian tree, held in high when an object can be viewed through it
esteem for the beauty and odor of its flow- directly, whether it consists of one or more
ers, an infusion of which is employed in lenses ; and compound, when two or more
headache. lenses are so arranged that the enlarged
Michelia Monta'na. The bark of this image of the object formed by one, is again
species is said to possess properties similar magnified by others, and seen as if it were
to those of cascarilla. the object itself. The microscope has re-
Michelia Gracil'is. The bark of this cently been much used in the examination
species contains camphor. of the minute structural arrangement of
MI'CROCOSM. Microcos'mus ; from the various tissues of the body. It is to
Hinpog, small, and km/ioc, world. A little the aid of this instrument that we are in-
world ; applied to man as the epitome of debted for the valuable and highly inter-
every thing admirable in the world. esting researches of Retzius, Nasmyth,
MICROCOoMIC SALT. The phosphate Owen and others, into the minute structure
of soda and ammonia ; it is used as a flux of the teeth.
in experiments with the blow-pipe. MICROSPHYXIA. From ftucpog, small,
MICROCOUS'TIC. From fiucpoc, small, and otpvypog, pulse. Smallness or weak-
and movu, I hear. An instrument to aug- ness of pulse.
ment the intensity of sound, and assist in MI'CROTINE. From (iinpog, small.
hearing. Having or consisting of small crystals.
MICROGLOSSIA. From fwcpoc, small, MICTURITION. Micturit'io; from
and yAuaaa, tongue. Congenital smallness micturio, I make water. The act of mak-
of the tongue. ing water ; morbid frequency of passing
MICROG'RAPHY. From fiucpoc, small, urine.
and ypa^w, to describe. A description of MID'RIFF. The diaphragm.
objects too small to be seen without the MID'WIFE. A woman who assists

assistance of a microscope. other women in childbirth.

MICROL'OGY. Mcrolog'ia; from fii- MID'WIFERY. Obstetrics.
Kpog, small, and toyog, a discourse. In Sci- MI'EMITE. A variety of magnesian
ence, a treatise on minute objects, as mi- lime-stone.
croscopical animals and plants. MIKA'NIA. A genus of plants of the
MICROM'ETER. From (wcpoc, small, order Asteracece.
and fierpov, a measure. An instrument at- Mikania Guaco. Guaco ; huaeo. A
tached to a microscope or telescope for plant, native of South America, said to be
measuring small objects. an antidote against the bite of poisonous
MI'CROPHONIA. From fuapog, small, serpents.
and <t>ovta, sound. A very small or weak Mikania Officinalis. This species,
voice. called by the natives Coracoa de Jesn, is

MICROPI'PER METHYS'TICUM. Pi- said to be beneficial as a febrifuge.

per Methys'ticiim. The ava plant of the Mikania Opif'eha. Erva de Cobra.
South Sea Islands. The root is narcotic This species is a powerful diuretic, and is
and when bruised and macerated in water, used internally and externally as an alex-
forms an intoxicating drink much used by ipharmic.
the natives, who consider it a cure for MIL'DEW. A thin, whitish coating
syphilis. The tincture has been used in with which the leaves of vegetables, linen,
chronic rheumatism and gout. meats and other substances are sometimes
MFCROSCOPE. From fuitpef, small, assailed, consisting of innumerable fungi.
and oKoneu, I view. An instrument for Mildew Mortifica'tion. Gangranon
 MIL 484 MIN
ustilacjinea. A dry gangrene, supposed to Millet-Seed Hash. Miliaria.
arise from the use of mildewed grain. MILLIGHAM'ME. The thousandth
MIL'FOIL. Yarrow. part of a gramme, or 0.0154.
MILIARIA. Miliary fever; from mil- MILLIMETRE. The thousandth part
ium,millet. An exantliematous eruption, of a metre, equal to about two-iii'ths of a
so called, because the vesicles resemble line.

millet- seed. MILPIIO'SIS. Baldness of the eye-

MILIO'LUM. Diminutive of milium, brows.
millet. A small tumor of the eyelids, in MILT'WORT. Splecnwort; an herb
size resembling a millet-seed. of the genus Asplenium.
MILIUM. Millet. Also, a hard, white MIMO'SA. A genus of plants of the
tubercle, of the size of a millet-seed, seated sub-order Mimosce.
immediately under the cuticle, and when Mimosa Cat'echu. Acacia catechu.
pressed, discharging its contents, which, Mimosa Niloti'ca. Acacia vera.
seemingly, is of a sebaceous nature. Mimosa Pudica. A small annual, in-
Milium Solis. Gromwell j a plant of habiting the tropics of America, called the
the genus Lithospermum. Sensitive plant.
MILK. Lac. A sweetish, opaque fluid, MIMU'SOPS. A genus of plants of
secreted in the mammary glands of the the order Sapoiacece.
females of the mammalia, for the nourish- Mimusops Elen'gi. An East Indian
ment of their young. plant that bears an astringent fruit, the
Milk, Almond. Emulsio amygdalae. seeds of which yield a large quantity of
Milk, Asses'. Lac asinarum. oil, said to facilitate parturition.

Milk, Cows'. Lac vaccinum. MIND. The intellectual, thinking, or

Milk, Ewes'. Lac ovillum. intelligent faculty of man. The term is
Milk, Goats'. Lac ovinum. also used as signifying the phenomena re-
Milk, Human. Lac humanum. sulting from the exercise of this faculty.
Milk, Makes'. Lac cquinum. MLNDEREIl'US'S SPIRIT. Liquid
Milk-Blotch. Crusta lactea. acetate of ammonia.
Milk-Fever. Febris lactea. MIN'ERAL. Minera'lis. Any inor-
Milk-Sickness. Sick stomach. Puk- ganic body found in the earth.
ing fever. A disease quite common in the Mineral Adipoce're. A greasy bitu-
Western and South-western States; it af- men, found in the argillaceous ores of iron.
fects both man and cattle. Mineral Caout'gtiouc. A variety of
Milk, Sugar of. Lactin. bitumen resembling caoutchouc, found at
Milk-Teeth. The teeth of first den- Castleton, in Derbyshire.
tition. Mineral Green. A hydrated subcar-
Milk-Thistle. An esculent European bonate of copper.
plant, the Carduus marianus. Mineral Kino'dom. The division of
Milk- Vetch. A plant of the genus nature which includes minerals.
Asliuiijalas. Mineral Oil. Petroleum.
Milk- Weed. An herb abounding in a Mineral Pitch. Bitumen.
milky juice, the Asclepias syriaca. Mineral Solu'tion. Arsenicalis liquor.
Milk-Wort. A plant of the genus MINERAL Teeth. See Porcelain Teeth.
Folyyala. Mineral Water. Springs impreg-
MILLEFOLIUM. A plant of the ge- nated with substances foreign to the com-
nua Achillea. mon composition of water, and which
MIL'LEPED. From mille, a thousand, exercise a sensible action on the animal
and pes, foot. A species of Oniscus, the economy. Mineral waters are divided into
wood-louse, an insect with many feet. live classes, namely, acidulous, alkaline,

MIL'LET. See Panicum Miliaceum. chalybeate, sulphureous and saline.

 —

MIS 485 MIT

Mineral Yellow. Patent yellow. A powder of the leaves has been used in
pigment consisting of oxyd and chloride epilepsy.
of lead. MISTU'RA. A mixture. A fluid com-
MINER A'LIS. Mineral. pound containing several ingredients.
MINERAL'OGY. Mineralog'ia. That Mistura Aca'cle. Gum arabic mix-
department of science which treats of ture. Gum arabic emulsion.
minerals. Mistura Ammoni'aci. U. S. Ph. L.
MINER'S ELBOW. An enlargement Ammoniac mixture.
of the bursa over the olecranon, occurring Mistura AMYG'DALiE. U. S. Almond
in miners who are forced to lean much mixture. Almond emulsion.
upon the elbow. Mistura Asafos'tida. U. S. Ph. L.
MINIMUM. A minim. The sixtieth Asafoetida mixture.
part of a fluid drachm. Mistura Cam'phor^e. Camphor water.
MIN'JUM. Red oxyd of lead. Mistura Camphors Cum Magne'sia.
MINT. An aromatic plant of the Camphor with magnesia.
genus Mentha, of which there are several Mistura Cascaril'l/e CoMros'iTA.
species. Ph. L. Compound mixture of cascarilla.
MI'OCENE. From fieiuv, less, and Mistura Creaso'ti. Ph. E. Creasote
kclivoq, recent. A term applied in Geology mixture.
to the middle division of the tertiary Mistura Cre't^e. Chalk mixture.
stratum, containing fewer fossil shells of Mistura Ferri Aromat'ica. Ph. D.
recent species than the pliocene, or most Aromatic mixture of iron.
modern tertiary deposits. Mistura Ferri Compos'ita. U. S.
MIRAGE'. An optical illusion arising Compound mixture of iron.
from unequal refraction of the lower Mistura Gentia'n.e Composita. —
strata of the atmosphere, and causing Ph. L. Compound mixture of gentian.
distant objects to be seen double, as if Mistura Guai'aci. Ph. L. Guaia-
reflected in a mirror, or to appear as if cum mixture.
suspended in the air. Mistuiia Hor'dei. Ph. E. Compound
MIE'ROR. A speculum any polished decoction of barley.
;

substance that forms images by the re- Mistura Mos'ciii. Ph. L. Musk mix-
flection of the rays of light. ture.
Mirror, Dentist's. A small speculum Mistura Scammo'nii. Ph. E. Scam-
designed for the examination of the teeth; mony mixture.
a mouth-glass. Mistura Spir'itus Vi'ni Galli'ci.
M I S A N'T H R P Y. Misantliro'pia; Ph. L. Brandy mixture.
from fume, hatred, and avdpunog, man. MITCIIEL'LA. A genus of plants of
Hatred of men and society. the order llubiaceas.
MISCARRIAGE. Abortion. Mitchella Rep'ens. An indigenous
MISCEE. The name of an Indian creeping evergreen, said to possess diu-
dentifrice, said to color the teeth jet black retic, expectorant and emmenagogue jn-op-
without affecting the enamel, while it erties.

removes the tartar and hardens the gums. MITE. A very small insect of the
It is scarcely necessary to say that any genus Acarus.
chemical agent capable of decomposing MITH'RIDATE. Millirida'tium. A
salivary calculus will act upon the enamel compound electuary, said to have been
of the teeth. invented by Mithridatcs, king of PontUB
MISERE'RE MET. A name given to and Bithynia.
the Ucnc passion. MITRAL VALVE. Valnda mitra'lis.
MISTLETOE. A. parasitical plant A valve at the opening of the left ven-
growing on trees ; the Viacum album. The tricle of the heart.
 ;

MOD 486 MOD

MIXTURE. Mistura. with a knife, so that a metallic casting
MNEME. Mvy/jiT]. Memory. obtained from it may be easily separated

MNEMONICS. From fivao/xai, I re- from the metal which may be cast upon it.
collect. The art of assisting the memory After being thus trimmed, it should be
by signs. thoroughly dried.
MOAN'ING. Audible expression of It sometimes happens, when the alveo-
pain or sorrow in low plaintive groans. lar ridge is very deep, that the lower edge
MOBILITY. Mobili'tas; from moveo, of the arch inclines outward so much as
to move. Capability of being moved to make the span of it here considera-
susceptibility of motion. In Physiolocjy, bly greater than it is a quarter or half an
great nervous susceptibility, complicated inch higher up. In this case, if sand be
with a convulsive tendency. used in procuring a metallic model, it

MOCH'LTA. From fiox^og, a lever. would be difficult to remove the plaster

The reduction of a luxated bone. without injuring the impression in the
MOD'EL. Modu'lus ; from modus, a sand. To obviate this difficulty, the
measure, rule, size, or bigness. A pattern plaster model should be so constructed
of something to be made ; any thing of a as to consist of three pieces or sections.
particular form, shape, or construction. After the three are put together, the model
A mould; something intended to give may be pressed in the sand until a good
shape to castings. Something made in impression is made, and afterwards re-
imitation of real life. An artificial form. moved separately. Dr. A. Westcott, I
Model, Plaster. In Mechanical Den- believe, was the first to introduce the use
tistry, a fac-simile in plaster of a part or of this description of plaster model, which
the whole of the alveolar border with the may be procured by first filling the wax
teeth which may
be remaining in it, and if impression with the plaster, as in the
it be of the upper jaw, including the roof manner before described this is then re- ;

of the mouth. The manner of obtaining moved, and about one-third from each
it is as follows : —An accurate impression, side trimmed off, leaving the lower sur-
either in wax or plaster of Paris, having face wider than the upper. This done, it

been procured, it issmeared with olive is replaced in the impression, and filled
oil, and then filled with a batter or thin up on each side with plaster, as in the
paste, made of the best calcined plaster first instance. After the last has consoli-
and water. At first, it should be poured dated, the model is trimmed and dried in
in while it is quite thin, until the indent- the manner as before described.
ations made by the teeth, if there were Model and Counter-Model, Metal-
any in the jaw from which the impression lic. In Mechanical Dentistry, a male
was taken, are filled; after which the and female casting made of lead, block-
batter may be allowed to thicken a little tin, zinc, or brass, used for striking up a
before the remainder of the impression plate to serve as a base for artificial teeth,
is filled, and it should then be poured on or as a palatine obturator, or for chang-
until the plaster is raised an inch, or an ing the position of a tooth which occupies
inch and a half above the impression. a wrong place. They may be made in
After the plaster has sufficiently har- either of the following ways 1. By : —
dened, it should be trimmed, and the pouring fused metal into an impression
wax, after softening it in warm water or made with the plaster model in sand, and
by the fire, removed from it. The same then placing this in, or pouring melted
metal on it. 2. By placing the plaster
impression can sometimes be used a second
or third time, but lest the model directly in, or pouring fused metal
shape of it

should be altered in the removal of the on it, and afterwards pouring into this
model, a duplicate impression should be some other melted metal.
taken. The plaster should be shaped Model, Antagonizing, for Artifi-
 MOD 487 MOL
cial Teeth. The method of obtaining When there are teeth remaining in the
this is as follows :
— After having accu- jaw which antagonize with others, the
rately adapted the plate, and reduced it wood is not needed.
to the proper size, a rim of softened wax When a double set of artificial teeth are
is placed along that part of the convex required, a rim of wax of sufficient width
surface which covers the alveolar border,should be placed between the convex sur-
and if no teeth in the jaw, a faces of the two plates and a piece of wood
there are
piece of wood or some other hard sub- equaling in width the length required for
stance equaling, in width the length re- both the upper and lower teeth, inserted
quired for the artificial teeth, is inserted in the manner as before described. The
in it beneath the central part of the plate, whole is then put in the mouth, the plates
which is now properly adjusted in the properly adjusted and the patient desired
mouth. This clone, the patient is required to close his jaw naturally until each plate
to close his jaw naturally, imbedding his is made to press the wood. It is then re-

teeth in the wax until they come in con- moved and the plaster put on as before di-
tact with the wood. His mouth is next rected. After it has hardened and been
opened, and the plate and wax impression trimmed, it is ready for use.
carefully removed, and placed on a piece MODI'OLUS. A hollow cone in the
of paper with the plate upward. The cochlea of the ear, forming a central pillar,
upper side of the plate is now oiled and round which the gyri of the cochlea pass.
filled with a thin batter of plaster of Paris, MODUS OPERAN'DI. Mode of ope-
adding more as soon as it becomes suffi- rating. Mode of curing. The general
ciently thick, extending it an inch and a principles upon which medicines act in
half back of the plate on the paper. morbid conditions of the body.
After it has hardened, the edges are pro- MOGILA'LTA. From fioytg, with dif-

perly trimmed, and a crucial groove or ficulty, and laleiv, to speak. Impediment
several conical depressions cut in the of speech, or difficult articulation.
lower surface. The grooves or depressions MO'LAR. Mola'ris; from mda, a mill-
thus formed, as well as the impression stone. That which bruises or grinds.
made in the wax by the teeth of the lower Molar Glands. Two small bodies
jaw, after the plaster becomes dry, are formed by a number of mucous crypto;,
oiled, and filled with a thin paste of between the masseterand buccinator mus-
plaster, and as soon as the latter has cles, furnished with an excretory duct
acquired sufficient consistence, it is put which opens opposite the wisdom tooth.
on until this side is raised to a thickness Molab Teeth. Den'tes molares; mo-
equal to that of the side first filled. la'res pei'manen'tes denies ; my'lodontes ;
After the plaster has thoroughly con- my'lacri ; gomphioi; grinders. The molar
gealed, it should be trimmed as before teeth occupy the posterior part of the al-

directed. When it has become perfectly veolar arch, and are six to each jaw —three
dry, the two pieces may be separated, the on either side. They are distinguished by
wax and plate carefully removed, and the and second being
their great size, the first

pieces varnished, when the model is ready the largest the grinding surfaces have the
;

for use. enamel thicker and are surmounted by four

By this simple contrivance, an exact or five tubercles or cusps, with as many cor-
representation had of the manner in responding depressions, arranged in such a
is

which the jaws meet, and the most accu- manner that the tubercles of the upper
rate and convenient antagonizing model jaw are adapted to the depressions of the
procured that can possibly be obtained. lower, and vice versa.
Provided with this, the dentist may pro- The upper molars have three roots,
ceed to select, arrange and antagonize the sometimes four, and as many as five are
teeth. occasionally seen ; of these roots two are
 ;

MOL 488 MON

situated exteriorly, almost parallel with Mollities Un'guium. Softening of the
each other, and perpendicular ; the third nails.

root forms an acute angle, and looks to- MOLLUS'CA. Soft-bodied animals,
ward the roof of the mouth. destitute of articulations, but furnished
The lower molars have hut two roots, with respiratory and circulating organs,
the one anterior, the other posterior ; are and a nervous system.
nearly vertical and parallel with each other, MOLLUS'CUM. A disease of the skin,
and much flattened laterally. The roots so called from its resemblance to certain
of the two superior molars correspond molluscous animals, and consisting of
first

with the maxillary sinus, and numerous tubercles of various sizes and
floor of the

—
sometimes protrude into this cavity and forms, containing sebaceous matter.
their divergence secures them more firmly MOLYB'DATE. A genus of salts, re-
in their sockets. sulting from a combination of the molyb-
The last molar, called the dens sapien- dic acid with salifiable bases.
tial or wisdom tooth, is hoth shorter and MOLYBDE'NUM. MolyMe'na.
smaller than the others, the roots of the A white, brittle and very fusible metal.
upper wisdom tooth are occasionally uni- MOLYB'DOS. Lead.
ted so as to form hut one —while the last MOMENTUM. In Physics, impetus.
molar of the lower jaw is generally single The quantity of force of a moving body,
and of a conical form. which is proportioned to its velocity, mul-
The use of the molars, as their name sig- tiplied into its weight or quantity of mat-
nifies, is to triturate or grind the food. ter.

MOLA'RES DENTES. Molar teeth. MOMOR'DICA. A genus of plants of

MOLAS'SES. Melasses. The uncrys- the order Cucurbitacece.
tallizable saccharine and other extractive Momordica Balsam'ina. Balsam ap-
matters which drain from Muscovado su- an East Indian plant, the fruit of
ple,

gar when cooling. which is used in Syria and other countries

MOLE. Mala. A small brown spot or of the East as a vulnerary.
permanent protuberance on the surface of Momordica Elate'rium. The wild or
the obdyj also, a fleshy substance of vari- squirting cucumber. The dried sediment
able size and consistence, possessing a low of the juice around the seeds is the ela-
degree of vitality, which forms in the ute- terium of the shops. It is a hydragogue
rus. cathartic of great violence of action.
MOLECULAR. Composed of, or re- Momordica Opercula'ta. Lvffa ojjer-

lating to, molecules. an

culata, a plant found in Guiana. It is

MOL'ECULE. A
minute active hydragogue cathartic, and in small
Molec'ula.
particle of any body. Molecules are the doses diuretic and sudorific.
smallest particles of which bodies are sup- MON'AD. Mo'nas; from fiovog, unity.
posed to he composed. Microscopic par- The simplest kind of minute animalcule
ticles. or rudimentary infusorial animals. Also,
MOLECULE, Ptjrkin.tean. The germinal an ultimate atom; an invisible thing.

vesicle in the cicatricula of the egg. MONAD'IFORM. Having the form of

MOL'ISITE. A term applied in Mine- a monad.
raloiin to the crystallized titinate of iron MONADELTIIIA. Monadel'phous
of Dauphiny. from
and adelupia, a brother-
fiovog, alone,
MOLLI'TIES. From mollis, soft. Pre- hood. Plants in which all the stamens
ternatural softness of a part. are united by their filaments into one body
Mollities Ckr'ebri. Preternatural or brotherhood, and which have hermaph-
softness of the brain. rodite flowers.
Mollities Os'sium. Softening of the MONAN'DRIA. Monan'drous ; from
bones. uovog, alone, and avrip,a husband. Plants
 ;

MON 489 MON

whose flowers have but one male organ MONOC'ULUS. From fiovog, one, and
or stamen. They constitute one class, oculus, an eye. A bandage for one eye.
and three orders, in the sexual system of Also, a one-eyed monster.
Linnaeus. MON'ODON. From fiovog, and odovg,

MONAR'DA. A genus of plants of the a tooth. A cetaceous mammal, having a

order Lamiacece. horn-like projection from the forepart of
Monarda Fistulo'sa. The purple
its head the sea-unicorn. See Narwhal.
;

monarda, the leaves of which are nervine, MONODO'RA. A genus of plants of

stomachic and dcohstruent. the order Anonacece.
Monarda Puncta'ta. Horscmint. It Monodora Myris'tica. Nutmeg mono-
is stimulant and carminative. dora. A plant bearing a fruit similar to
MONE'SIA. A vegetable extract from the nutmeg.
an unknown South America, pos-
tree of MONCE'CIA. From fiovog, one, and
sessing astringent and stomachic properties. oiiaa, a house. A term applied to plants
MONETIA. A genus of plants of the which have male and female organs in
order Apocynece. separate flowers on the same plant.
Monetia Tetracan'tha. Monetia bar- MONOGASTRIC. Monogaslri'cus
lerioi'Jes. An
East Indian plant sup- from fiovog, one, and yaorrjp, stomach.
posed by the Hindoos to be beneficial in Having but one slomach.
catarrh, asthma and consumption. MONOGRAPH. From fiovoc, one, and
MONEY WOET. A trailing evergreen ypaQr/, description. A treatise on one sub-
plant of the genus Lysimachia. ject. A medical monograph is a treatise
MONIL'IFOPM. Animals and plants on a single disease, or a single class of dis-
whose parts or organs exhibit the appear- eases.

ance of a necklace or string of pearls. MONOGYN'IA. From fiovog, single,

MONKSHOOD. A plant of the genus and yvv7], female. A term applied in Dot-
Aconitum. any to plants which have but one pistil

MONNI'NA. A genus of plants of the or stigma.

order Pulygalaceae. MONOMANIA. From fiovog, one, and
Monnina Polysta'chia. A South fiavia, madness. Insanity upon one sub-
American plant, the root and bark of ject.

which possess bitter, astringent and sapo- MONOMY'ARY. From fiovog, and
naceous properties. fivuv, muscle. A bivalve whose shell is

%'MOXOPLEP'SIS. From fiovog, one, closed by one adductor muscle.

and i3'Aeipig, sight. An affection in which MONOPA'GIA. See Hemicvania.
vision is imperfect and confused when MONOP'ATHY. Monopathi'a; from
both eyes are used, and good when only fiovog, one, and vraiSof, disorder. An affec-
one is used. tion in which but one organ or function is
MONOCAR'POUS. From fiovog, sin- disordered. Monomania is a nionopathic
gle,and nap-nog, fruit. A term applied in affection.

Botany to plants which bear fruit but MONOPET'ALOUS. From fiovog, only,
once. and mraAov, flower-leaf. A term applied
MOXOCEPH'ALUS. From fiwor, one, in Botany to a corolla, which has but one
and KE(j>ahi, head. A monster with two petal.
bodies and but one head. MONOPH'YLLUS. From fiovog, and
MONOCHROMATIC. From fiovog, <j)v?i?.ov, a leaf. In Botany, a calyx with
and ,rp<>/ua, color. Having but one color. but one leaf.

MONOCOTYLE'DON. From fiovog, MONOPLAS'TIC. Monoplas'ticus

one, and KorvXi]6on>, a cotyledon. A term from fiovog, one, and Tt7.aoow, I form. That
applied to plants which have but one which has one form, or which docs not
cotyledon or seed lobe. chance its form.
 MOB 490 MOR
MONOR'CHIS. From fovoc, one, and Morbus Metal'licus. Painters' colic.

<W? testicle. A person who has but one

, Morbus Ni'ger. See Mekena.
testicle. Morbus Pal'lidus. Chlorosis.
MONOTHALAMANS. From fiovog, Morbus Psoad'icus. Lumbar abscess.
one, and tiaAa/wc, a chamber. A uni- Morbus Re'gis. King's evil.
valve shell Avhich has but one chamber. Morbus Saltato'rius. Chorea.
MONOTRE'MES. Monotre'ma; from Morbus Strangulato'rius. Cynanche
fiovoc, and Tpvpa, an orifice. A term ap- maligna.
plied in Zoology to a tribe of ovo-vivipar- Morbus Truculen'tus Infan'tum.
ous Mammalia, which have only one ori Croup.
fice for the evacuation of the semen, urine Morbus Virgin'eus. Chlorosis.
and faeces. MOR'DANT. A substance employed
MONS VEN'ERIS. The projecting to fix colors in dyeing.

eminence covered with hair, immediately MOR'DICANT. MordVcans. A disa-

over the os pubis in women. greeable pungent heat.
MONSTER. Monstrum. Any unna- MORDFCES. Teeth of fangs.
tural production ; any organized being MOREL'. The Moechella escidcnta, an
with parts unnaturally developed, or hav- edible fungus, employed for flavoring
ing an extraordinary vice of conformation. gravies.
MONTANIN. The bitter principle of MORGAG'NI, HUMOR OF. A trans-
St. Lucia Bark, or the bark of the Exos- parent humor between the crystalline lens
tema floribundum. and its capsule.
MONTIC'ULUS. A little mountain. MO'RIA. From pupog, foolish. Fool-
The term Monliculi has been applied in ishness ; a defect of understanding.
Anatomy to two small eminences on the MORIN'GA. A genus of plants of the
anterior part of the thalami nervorum order Crucifercc.
opticorum. Moringa Ap'tera. The plant which
MOON-WORT. An herb of the genus produces the ben nut.
Ophioylossum. Moringa Pterygosper'ma. The horse-
MOB'BID. From morbus, a disease. radish tree ; a tropical shrub, the seeds
Diseased, or relating to disease. of which yield the bland oil of ben or
MoiiBin Anatomy. The anatomy of behen.
diseased organs. MORIOPLAS'TY. Morioplas'tice; from
MORBIFIC. From morbus, a disease, fiopiov, a part, and nhaonnog, forming.
and /amy?, to make. Causing disease. The restoration of lost parts.
MORBIL'LI REGULARES. Measles. MORO. From morum, a mulberry. A
MOBBO'SUM AUGMENTUM. A small abscess resembling a mulberry.
morbid or diseased growth. MOROTROPHTUM. From i^pog, fa-
MOR BO'S US Morbose. Diseased. tuous, and Tpo<j>rj
} support. An asylum
MOR'BUS. A disease. for lunatics.
Morbus Aphrodis'ius. Syphilis. MOROXYL'IC ACID. An acid com-
Morbus Abqua'tus. The jaundice. bined with lime found in the bark of the
Morbus Articula'ris. Gout. white mulberry tree.

Morbus Astra'lis. Epilepsy. MOR'PHIA. From Morpheus, the god

Morbus Geuu'leus. Cyanosis, which of sleep. The narcotic principle of opium ;

see. a vegetable alkaloid.

Morbus Cg:li'acus. Mucous diarrhoea. MORPHIiE AC'ETAS. Acetate of
Morbus Coxa'rius. Hip disease. morphia.
Morbus Fki.lif'luus. Cholera. Morphia Ci'tras. Citrate of morphia.
Morbus Gallicus. Venereal disease. Morphle Hydrochuo'ras. Hydro-
Morbus In'dicus. The venereal disease. chlorate or muriate of morphia.
 MOS 491 MOU
Morphine Sul'phas. Sulphate of mor- MOSCII. Musk.
phia. MOSCHATUS. Musky.
MORPHI'NE. Morphi'na. Morphia. MOS'CHUS. Musk.
MORPHOL'OGY. From fiopift, form, Moschus Moschif'erus. The animal
and %oyoG y a discourse. In Botany, a trea- from which musk is obtained.
tise on the metamorphosis of organs. In MOSQUITO. Musquito.
Zoology, a treatise on the modifications of MOSS. The species of musci which
form which the same organ undergoes in grows on old wood, trees, damp ground,
different animals. walls, &c.
MORPHON'OMY. Morphonom'ia; from Moss, Carrageen'. Chon'drus crispus.
fwpfyri, form, and vopog, a law. The laws Irish moss.
of organic development. Moss, Pec'toral. See Lichen Pulmo-
MORS. Mortis. Death the
; cessation naris.
of life. Moss, Sea. See Fucus Helminthocor-
MOR'SULUS. A little mouthful. Also, ton.
a lozenge. MONSTE'RA. A genus of plants of
MOR'SUS. From mordeo, to bite or the order Aroideai.
gnaw. A bite, sting or grasp. Monstera Pertu'sa. Dracon'tium
MORT DE CHIEN. A term applied pertus'um. A West Indian plant, the
by Mr. Curtis to spasmodic cholera. which have been employed as
leaves of
MOR'TA. Pemphigus. and rubefacients.
vesicatories
MORTAL. Morta'lis; from mors, mor- MOTHER. Mater. Also, a term ap-
tis, death. Subject to death. plied to many chemical preparations and
MORTALITY. Mortali'tas. Frequency, plants.
rate or proportion of deaths in a place, Mother of Pearl. The silvery, bril-
disease, &c. liant internal layer of shells, particularly
Mortality, Bills of. A register ex- those which produce the pearl.
hibiting the number of deaths in a given Mother of Thyme. The common name
time. of Thymus serpyllum.
MORTAR. A hollow vessel, of iron, Mother- Water. Saline solutions from
glass, marble, or wedge wood ware, for re- which crystals have been deposited.
ducing solid substances to powder, or for Mother-Wort. A plant of the genus
making certain mixtures. Lconurus.
MORTARl'OLUM. A small mortar. MOTHER'S MARK. Nawus.
Also, the socket of a tooth. MOTILITY. Motili'tas; from molus,
MORTIFICATION. Mortifica'tio; from movement. The power of moving.
mors, death, and Jio, I become. The loss MOTION. Mo'tio. Mo'tus. The act of
of vitality in any part of the body but moving, or changing place.
;

generally applied to soft tissues. MOTOR. From moveo, to move. A

MO'RUS. A genus of plants of the or- mover applied to muscles and nerves.
;

der MoraceoB. Motor Oculo'rum. The third pair of

Morus Al'ba. White mulberry, the nerves are so called because they go to the
root of which is vermifuge. muscles which move the eye.
Morus Ni'gra. The black mulberry MO'TORY. Motor. That which in-
tree. This species, as well as the Moras duces movement.
rubra, bears edible fruits which are laxa- MO'TUS. Motion.
tive, while the bark is cathartic ami an- MOULD'ERING. A process of ferment-
thelmintic. ation going on in the organic matter of
MOSA'IC GOLD. Bisulphuret of tin. clays, which renders them more suitable
MOSCHATA NUX. See Myristica for the purposes of the manufacturer of
Moschata. porcelain. Sometimes extraneous organic
 MOU 492 MOU
matter is mingled with the clay to produce A batter of plaster of Paris is now poured
this effect. around the teeth until their outer surface
MOULDING FLASK. A square or and coronal extremities are covered to the
round box, open above and below for hold- thickness of half an inch. "When this has
ing the sand in which impressions are become hard the wax behind the teeth is
made for metallic castings, used in Mechan- softened and removed. If it is now found
ical Dentistry, for obtaining castings for that the backings do not fit the plato
swadging plates mouth.for the accurately, the apertures are fdled up with
Moulding Flask, Hawks'. A flask small pieces of gold plate or gold foil.

invented by Dr. E. G. Hawes of New York, This done, borax, triturated in water until
for obtaining castings from plaster models, of the consistence of cream, is applied
it is

which, on account of irregularity of the with a camel's hair pencil over each rivet
teeth or projection of the alveolar border, and to all the places where it is wished
cannot be drawn from a simple impression the solder should take effect. A sufficient

in sand. quantity of gold solder, cut into small

MOUNTING. The act of preparing pieces, is at the same time applied on the
any thing for use. line of connection between the backing of
Mounting Artificial Teeth on a each tooth and the plate, and over each
Metallic Base. In attaching artificial rivet.

methods
teeth to a metallic base, several When the alveolar ridge is very uneven,
have been adopted in noticing which, we greater accuracy in fitting the backing to
;

will begin with the one employed in the plate may be secured, by putting the
mounting pieces in plaster, before they are put on
the teeth.
American Porcelain Teeth.
The borax and solder having been ap-
The plate being placed on the plaster plied, the process of soldering, after heat-
model, the teeth are selected and properly ing the whole piece to a red heat, either
arranged on it, a piece of softened beeswax with the flame of a lamp or in a fire, may
having been previously put along its sur- be commenced. This is effected with the
face to retain them in place. Each one is flame of a lamp, projected by a blow pipe
now removed and ground on an emery immediately on the line of contact between
wheel or a small grindstone until its base the backing of a single tooth and the plate.
accurately fits the plate and meets, in the As soon as the solder flows freely here and
proper manner, the teeth with which it around each rivet, it is jiassed to an ad-
is to antagonize. Again each tooth is re- joining tooth, and so on, until the process
moved and a gold plate, large enough to is completed.
cover its palatine or lingual surface, is As soon as the work has sufficiently
fitted to it. two holes are cooled, the plaster
In doing this, is carefully removed
made through the gold with punch-for- from the teeth and plate, and the piece
ceps properly constructed for the purpose, placed in a glass or porcelain vessel con-
which are occupied by the platina rivets taining a mixture of equal parts of sul-
in the back of the tooth, and by means of phuric acid and water. It should re-
which it is to be secured. The gold back- main here until the borax on the plate is
ing or lining thus adjusted is loosely riv- completely decomposed. This process is

eted, its edges filed down and accurately termed, by jewelers, pickling, and re-
fitted to the plate. quires from ten minutes to half an hour
Having proceeded thus far, the piece for its completion. This done, the acid is
is removed from the plaster model and washed from the teeth and plate, and the
placed upon a large piece of charcoal with work finished with scrapers, files, polish-
the concave surface downward, using the ing stones, brushes, rotten- stone and jew-
precaution not to displace any of the teeth. eler's rouge, or burnishers.
 MOU 493 MOU
When a double set of teeth is required, French Porcelain Teeth.
the teeth should be arranged on the plates In mounting French porcelain teeth to
while on an articulating model. a metallic base, M. Desirabode says, we
The following description of the man- adjust the teeth upon the plate, one by
ner of mounting English porcelain teeth one, and retain them there for the time
is given by Dr. James Robinson : being, by means of wax placed behind
The plate being placed upon the cast, them ; then we place the piece upon a
and the teeth selected, the next process is small plate of iron, and pour upon its an-
to rough-fit them to the plate. This is terior part a mixture of plaster, which,
done by repeatedly applying the base of becoming dry, maintains the teeth in the
the tooth to that part of the plate to place they should occupy, and which per-
which it is to be fixed the plate having
; mits the wax, after being warmed, to be
been previously painted with vermilion removed then we solder them to the plate.
;

and oil; and by cutting away with the We, moreover, give to them greater solid-
emery wheel that portion of the tooth ity by soldering to their posterior surface
that is marked by the color. small plates of platina. After having tried
The exact point where the rivet is to be the pieces in the mouth of the patient,
inserted, so that the tooth shall correspond such corrections as may be necessary should
in position to the natural teeth in the mouth, be made, noticing if the mouth closes
must now be ascertained. This is done by naturally, &c.
temporarily fixing the teeth in their in-
When the alveolar border has suffered
tended places on the plate by means of a considerable loss of substance, it is re-
piece of warm beeswax on the removal of placed with porcelain paste built upon the
;

which, a raised point will be observed cor- plate and around the teeth so as to imitate
responding to the openings in the teeth, and the form of the gums, but fusible at a lower
at this point tho rivet is to be inserted by temperature than the teeth, and covered
first drilling a hole of the same size as the with gum enamel. It is then put in the
gold wire intended to be used for the rivet, furnace and baked. This method of mount-
and soldering it to the plate in the usual ing porcelain teeth has recently been
manner. adopted in the United States, and it cer-
The process of fitting the teeth must tainly gives to an artificial denture com-
now be continued until they are reduced posed of single teeth, a beauty and perfec-
so as to correspond in length with those tion of finishwhich it is difficult to secure
in the mouth. In most cases it will be in any other way.
found necessary to file away the outer
7'he Croicns of Human Teeth.
edge of the plate somewhat in order to
allow the teeth to project, so that, when When the crowns of human teeth are
inserted in the mouth, their edges shall employed, they are secured either by means
come in close contact with the gum. of one or two pins soldered to the plate
Place the teeth on their rivets and insert and passing through eacli tooth and riveted,
a small quantity of sulphur between the or by screws. The former method, how-
rivets and the tubing hold the plate over ever, is preferable.
;

a spirit lamp until the sulphur melts; Mounting Artificial Teeth on an

then allow it to cool gradually, and it will OSSEOUS BABE. The manner of mounting
be found that the teeth are securely fixed artificial teeth on a base of this sort, as
to the rivets. Some dentists use pewter M. Desirabode, is as follows
described by :

solder in the same manner, but this is ob- When we wish to mount human teeth
jectionable, inasmuch as it yields a con- upon a base, the sea-horse, or any other
stant metallic taste in the mouth, and osseous substance, cut in this manner, it
besides, it being more readily acted upon having been well adjusted in the mouth,
by the buccal secretions, is less durable. we place the teeth below it and adjuit
32
 MOU 494 MUC
them in their proper places, and maintain Bomber of formulas of mouth washes arc
them there with a little modeling wax, given in this work, either in connection
then with a foret, (drill,) we perforate with the names of the authors, or the
them with holes in their ends, in which we names by which they are designated. The
hold them with small pegs, for the time following is valuable for its astringent and
being, upon their base. We then increase agreeable aromatic properties. ]£ Pul. —
the size of the holes, and sometimes sub- ext. rhatanias, pul. catechu, aa § ss pul. ;

stitute for the pegs central metallic pivots, orris root, pul. cinnamon aa |i; sub-

or two pegs, either laterally or one before borate soda 3 ss alcohol 5 viij water ; ;

the other, with rivets in both bases. Some- S xij oil of gaultheria 3 iss honey or
; ;

times, on the contrary, screws, either in- white sugar § iv. Mix, digest for eight
troduced through the teeth and riveted days and filter.

upon them, but more rarely introduced MOXA. A Chinese term employed to
and riveted in the side of the teeth, but designate a cone or cylinder of prepared
not crossing the base. Porcelain teeth are cotton, or other combustible substance em-
mounted upon an osseous base in nearly ployed in a state of combustion, to caute-
the same manner. rize the skin.

MOUSE-EAR. A plant of the genus Moxa Japanica. The down of the

Hieracium. mugwort of China, a species of Artemisia,
MOUTH. Os. Cavum oris. An oval used as a moxa.
aperture, situated in the lower and anterior MOXIBUS'TION. The cauterization
part of the face between the jaws, bounded of the skin by means of moxa.
ahove by the palatine processes of the MU'CIC ACID. An acid obtained from
superior maxillary and palate bones, be- the sugar of milk or gum by the action of
low by the tongue and mylohyoid muscles, nitric acid. It is the same as the Saccho-
laterally by the cheeks, anteriorly by the lactic acid.

lips, and posteriorly by the soft palate and MUCILAGE. Mutila'go. A watery
fauces. It contains the dental apparatus, solution of gum, or a substance closely
and is a complicated piece of mechanism ;
allied to it.

forms an essential part of the human MUCILAGINOUS. Of the nature of,

frame; has the widest possible range of or abounding in mucilage.
sympathy, contains a great variety of or- MUCILAGINOUS EXTRACTS. Ex-
gans, and performs an equally great va- tractswhich readily dissolve in water, but
riety of functions. It also contains the or- scarcely at all in alcohol, and undergo
gans of taste, and is concerned in the four spirituous fermentation.
primary stages of digestion prehension, : MUCILA'GO. Mucilage.
mastication, insalivation and deglutition, Mucilago AcA'ciiE. Mucilage of gum
besides being engaged in the intellectual arabic.
acts of speech and expression. The term Mucilago Am'yli. Mucilage of starch.
mouth is also apjjlied to the open extrem- Mucilago Gummi Arabici. Mucilage
ities of vessels. of gum arabic.
Mouth-Glass. A small oval or round Mucilago TuAGACANTHiE. Mucilage
mirror, fixed in a wood, ivory, pearl or of tragacanth.
metallic frame, with a handle from three MUCIN. The characteristic principle

to six inches in length, employed by den- of mucus, obtained as a finely granular

tists in the examination of the teeth. The precipitate, by adding water to any clear

diameter of a mouth-glass or mirror should mucous secretion.

not exceed three-fourths of an inch. MUCIP'AROUS. An epithet applied in

Mouth, Soue. Aphtha. Anatomy to the follicles of mucous mem-

Mouth Wash. A gargle ; any liquid brane.
preparation for the mouth and fauces. A MUCOCE'LE. Fistula lachrymalis.
 ;

MUC 495 MUL

MUCO-ENTERI'TIS. Enteritis. membrane at this point, between the folds
MUCOS'ITY. Mucos'itas. Fluids con- of which are placed the muscles of the
taining, or of the nature of, mucus. palate described in another place.
MU'COUS. A name applied to parts From the palate traced upward and
it is

which contain or secrete mucus, as mu- continuous with the membrane lining the
cous glands, mucous membrane, &c. Al- pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and intes-
so, of the nature of mucus. tinal canal.
Mucous Glands. Glands that secrete The mucous membrane, after entering
mucus. the nostrils and lining the roof, floor, sep-
Mucous Membrane. The membranes tum nasi and turbinated bones, enters the
that line the canals, cavities and hollow maxillary sinus between the middle and
organs which communicate externally lower spongy bones, and lines the whole
so called from the mucous fluid which of this great and important cavity of the
they secrete and with which they are lu- superior maxilla.
bricated. Many mucous glands or follicles, else-

Mucous Membrane of the Mouth. where enumerated, are scattered over the
The whole interior cavity of the mouth, whole of this membrane, and furnish the
palate, pharynx and lips, is covered by mouth with its mucus.
mucous membrane, forming folds or du- As this membrane passes over the su-
plicatures at different points called frana perior surface of the alveolar ridge of both
or bridles. Beginning at the margin of jaws, its texture becomes changed, and re-
the lower lip, this membrane can be traced ceives the name of gums.
lining its surface, and from
posterior MUCRONATA CARTILAGO. The
thence it on the anterior face xiphoid cartilage.
is reflected

of the lower jaw, where it forms a fold MUCRONATE. Mucrona'tus. Sharp-

opposite the symphysis of the chin, and pointed.
the framum of the lower lip ; it is now MUCU'NA PRURIENS. Dolichos
traced to the alveolar ridge, covering it in pruriens, which see.
front and passing over its posterior sur- MUCUS. From fiv^a, the mucus of the
face, where it Here it nose. A substance analogous to vegetable
enters the mouth.
is reflected from the posterior symphysis mucilage, secreted by the mucous mem-

of the lower jaw to the under surface of branes.

the tongue, where it forms a fold or bridle, Mucus, Vegetable. Gum.
called the frcenum Ungues. It now spreads MUDAR. The Indian name of Calo-
over the tongue, covering its dorsum and tropis gigantea, a plant of the asclepiada-
sides to the root, from whence it is reflected ceous order. The bark of the root is said
to the epiglottis, forming another fold; to be alterative and sudorific, and has been
from this point it can be followed enter- used in scrofula and venereal diseases.
ing the glottis and lining the larynx, tra- MUF'FLE. An arched vessel of earthen-
chea, &c. ware, with a flat bottom, in which sub-
In the same way, commencing at the stances may be exposed to an intense heat
upper lip, it is reflected to the upper jaw, in a furnace without coming in contact
and at the upper central incisors forming with the fuel. See Porcelain Teeth.
a fold, the frcenum of the upper lip from MUG'WORT. A plant of the genus
;

this it passes over the alveolar ridge to the Artemisia.

roof of the mouth, which it completely MULATTO. An offspring of a negress
covers, and extends as far back as the pos- by a white man.
terior edge of the palate bones ; from this MUL'BERRY CAL'CULUS. A species
it is reflected downward over the soft pal- of urinary calculus, consisting almost en-
ate, or, more strictly speaking, the soft tirely of oxalate of lime, so named from
palate is formed by the duplicative of this its tuberculated surface.
 .

MUL 496 MUR

Mulberry Tree. The common name shells which have numerous spiral coils

of Morus nigra. round a submedian centre.

MUL'LEIN. A plant of the genus MULTISTRFATE. From multus, and
Verbascum. stria, a streak. Applied in Zoology to an-
Mullein, Black. Verbas'cum ni'grum. imals marked with many streaks.
The root, flowers and leaves are slightly MUL'TIVALVE. From multus, many,
astringent. and valvar, folding doors. In Conchology,
MUL'LUS. A genus of fishes of the shells composed of many pieces or valves.
order Thoracici. MULTUN'GULATE. From multus,
Mullus Barba'tus. Mvl'lus ruber. and ungula, a hoof. Applied in Mammal-
The red surmullet. ogy to animals which have the hoof di-

Mullus Surmuletus. The striped or vided into more than two parts.
red mullet. MUM'MY. Mumia. A dead body dried
MUL'SUM. A drink made of water, after having been embalmed.
wine and honey. MUMPS. Cynanche parotidea.
MULTAN'GULAR. Multangula'ris. MUNDICATI'VUS. Mundif icons ;
Having many angles or corners. from mundo, to cleanse. Having the power
MULTIAETIC'ULATE. From multus, to cleanse or purify.
many, and articidus, a joint. A term ap- MUN'GOS. Ophiorrhiza mungos.
plied in Zoology to the antennae of insects, MUR^'NA. A genus of fishes of the
and to the legs of Crustaceans and Cirri- order Apodes.
peds, when composed of a great number Murjena Anguil'la. The common
of joints. eel.
MULTICARPNATE. From multus, Mur.ena Conger. The conger eel.
and carina, a keel. A term applied in MurjEna Helena. Murai'na roma'na.
Conchology to a shell traversed by numer- The Roman eel.

ous keel-like ridges. MU'RAL. Mura'lis; from murus, a wall.

MULTICUSPIDA'TI. The molar teeth Belonging or appertaining to a wall.
are so called from the number of cusps or MUR'CHISONITE. A variety of fel-

protuberances they have upon their grind- spar, composed of silica, alumina and pot-
ing surfaces. ash.
MULTIDENTATE. From multus, MU'RIA. Brine salt water.
;

and dens, a tooth. A term applied in MU'RIAS. A muriate or chloride.

Zoology to parts armed with many teeth, Murias AMMo'NiiE. Muriate of am-
or tooth-like processes. monia.
MULTiF'IDUS. Multifidous. Many- Murias Fer'ri. Muriate of iron.

cleft; divided into many parts. Murias Rotas's^e. Muriate of potash.

Multifidus Spi'njE. The transversalis Murias SoD.ffi. Muriate of soda, or
dorsi. common salt.
MULTIFLO'ROUS. From multus, and MU'RIATE. A term formerly applied
jlos, a flower. Having many flowers. to chlorides.

MULTILOCULAR. From midtus, MURIAT'IC. Muriat'icus; from muria,

and locidous, a lodge. A term applied in brine. Belonging to sea salt.

Conchology to shells which are divided into Muriatic Acid. Hydrochloric acid.

many chambers, and in Botany to seed Muriatic Acid, Oxygena'ted. Chlo-

vessels. rine.

MULTIPAROUS. One that brings Muriatic Ether. Hydrochloric ether.

forth many young at a time. MU'RIDE. From muria, brine. A

MULT1S1TRAL. From multus, and term formerly applied to bromine.
spira, a spiral turn. A term applied in MU'RIFORM. Wall-like. Applied in
Conchology to the opercula of univalve Botany to the tissues which constitute the
 —

MUS 497 MUS

medullary rays in plants, from their re- MUS'CA. Mvionn; from /*vZ,o, to mur-
semblance to the bricks in the walls of a mur. The fly a genus of insects of the ;

house. order Diptera.

MURMUR, RESPI'RATORY. The Musca Carnaria. The flesh-fly.
noise occasioned by inspiration and expi- Musca Ciba'ria. The pantry-fly.
ration. Musca Domes'tica. The common
MURUCU'JA. A genus of plants of house fly.

the order Parsifloracece. Musca Vomito'ria. The blow-fly.

Mubucuja Ocella'ta. A South Amer- MUS'CLE VOLITAN'TES. A defect of
ican plant, said to possess anthelmintic, by the appearance of
sight, characterized
diaphoretic and anti-hysteric properties. motes or small bodies floating before th«
MU'RINES. From mus, a mouse. A eyes.
family of Rodent quadrupeds, including MUS'CI. The Moss tribe of Acotyle-
rats, mice, &c. donous plants.
MU'SA. A genus MUS'CLE. Mus'culus. Diminutive of
of plants of the or-
der Musacece. mus, a mouse, from its supposed resem-
Musa Paradisi'aca. The plantain blance to a flayed mouse. A reddish, vas-
tree of the tropics the fruit of which is cular and highly contractile organ.
; It is
used by the natives as an article of food. through the agency of the muscles that the
Musa Sapien'tum. The banana. various movements of the body are per-
MUSAN'GA CECROPIOI'DES. A formed. In the following table, the names,
tropical plant, the leaves of which are said origin, insertion and use of all the muscles
to be a powerful emmenagogue. of the body are given :

MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY,

Arranged in tabular form, under the four great divisions into which anatomists
divide the skeleton, after the plan of Professor W. R. Handy, viz : The Head and
Trunk, and the Superior and Inferior Extremities.

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD.

These are classed in accordance with the part upon which they chiefly act, after
the arrangement of Mr. Harrison, viz :
—
Six classes are made, embracing thirty-six
pair, and two single.

NAME. INSERTION.
First Class — One Muscle.
Occipito-Frontalis, Superior trans, Skin of eye- To elevate the eye-browi
ridge of oe. bone brow. and upper lids of the eyes.
and mastoid pro-
Second Class— Eleven Muscles belong- cess of temporal.
ing to the Ear, and arranged into
three Grovpa.

First Group — Three Muscles.

Superior Auris, or Attollens Aurem, . . Cranial apon- Anterior part To raise the external ear.
eurosis. of concha.
Anterior Auris, or Attrahens Aurem, Zygomatic Anterior part
To bring the ear forward
processes and of helix.
cranial apon.
Posterior Auris, or Eetrahens Aurem, Mastoid pro- Posterior part To draw the ear backward
Second Group —Five Muscles. cess. of concha.

Tragicus, These five muscles receive their names from the parts to which
Antitragieus, they are attached. They are very feeble in man, but in most quad-
Helicis Major, rupeds are well developed, and capable of altering with ease and
Helicis Minor, rapidity the form and direction of the auricle or external ear.
Transversalis Auris,
 .

MUS 498 MUS

NAME. USE.

Third Group— T hree Muscle*.

Stapedius Hollow of tbc Neck of the A tensor of the membrana
pyramid. stapes. tympani.
Tensor Tympani, Kustach. tube, Handle of the A tensor of the membrana
spin. pro. sphen. malleus. tympani.
bono, and petro.
por. of temporal
bone.
Laxator Tympani, Spinous process Processus gra- To relax the membrana tym-
of sphen'd bone. cilis. pani.
Third Class— Eleven Muscle*, belong-
ing to the Eye and its appendages,
arranged in two groups.
First Group— Five Muscles.
Occipito Frontalis— Palpebral ins. . . .
Same as in first Same as in first Same as in first class.
class. class.
Corrugator-Supercilii Inter, anff. pro- Middle of the To draw
the eyebrows
cess ot os frontis. eyebrow. toward each other.
Levator-Palpebrffi Superioris, . . • • Superior edge Superior tarsal To raise the upper eyelids.
of optic foramen. cartilage.
Orbicularis Palpebrarum, ...... Inter, ang. pro- Nasal process To close the eyelids.
cess of os frontis )f superior max-
and tendo-oculi. illary and tendo-
oculi.
Tensor-Tarsi, Os unguis. Lachrymal To dilate lachrymal sac.
duct.
Second Group — Site 3fuscles.

Kectus Superior or Levator Oculi, . . . Supr. margin Sclerotica near To raise the eye.
of optic foramen. cornea.
Kectus Inferior or Depressor Oculi, . . Infer, margin Sclerotica near To depress the eye.
of optic foramen. cornea.
Rectus Internus or Adductor Oculi, . . Inner margin Sclerotica near To roll the eye inward.
of optic foramen. cornea.
Kectus Extemus or Abductor Oculi, . Outer margin Sclerotica near To roll the eye outward.
of optic foramen. cornea.
Obliquus Superior or trochlcator, . . . Inner margin Sclerotica near To roll the eye obliquely,
of optic foramen. cornea and optic downward and outward.
nerve.
Obliquus Inferior, Orbital plate of Outer part of To roll the eye downward
sup'r maxillary sclerotica and inward.
bone.
Fourth Class — Four Muscles, belong-
ing to the Nose, and. arranged in two
groups.
First Group — Tico Muscles.
Pyramidalis fl asi, Is a fleshy slip of the oc,cipito-frontalis, extending down upon
the nasal bones, and to the internal angular process of the os
frontis.
Compressor Nasi, Canine fossa of Dorsum of the To compress or dilate the
upper maxilla:. nose. nostril.

Second Group — Two Mu&cles.

Levator Labii Superioris Alscque Nasi, Sup. Maxillary Ala nasi and To elevate the ala and up-
bone. upper lip. per lip.
Depressor Labii Superioris Alieque Alveoli of inci. Upper lip and To depress the upper lip
Nasi. and cani. teeth. ala of nose. and ala of nose.
—
Fifth Class Ten Muscles, belonging
to the Mouth, and arranged in four
groups.
First Group — One Muscle.
Orbicularis Oris Consists of two semicircular To close the mouth.
planes of fleshy fibre attached to
angles of the mouth and having
no bony origin or insertion.
Second Group — Two Muscles.
Levator Labii Inferioris Same as in second group of fourth class.
Depressor Labii Inferioris, . . .
Same as in second group of fourth class.

Third Group — Two Muscles.

Levator Labii Inferioris, .... Alveoli of inci- Integument of To elevate the chin and
lower lip.
sor teeth of low- chin.
er jaw.
Depressor Labii Inferioris, Inferior max. Lower lip. To depress the lower lip.
at its base.
 MUS 499 MUS
FAME. INSERTION.
Fourth Group Five — Muscles.
Levator Anguli Oris, ...... Canine fossa of Anglo of the To elevate the angle of the
sup. max. mouth. mouth.
Depressor Anguli Oris, External ob- Angle of the To depress the angle of the
lique ridge of mouth. mouth.
lower jaw.
Zygomaticus Major, Malar bone. Angle of the To draw the mouth upward
mouth. and backward.
Zygomaticus Minor, Malar bone. Upper lip near To draw the mouth upward
angle of m(Rith. and backward.
Buccinator, Sup. and infe. Angle of the To retract the lip and les-
max. bones. mouth. sen the corners of the mouth.
fiiXTn Class — Four Muscles, belong-
ing to the Lower Jaio.
Masseter, Zygomat. arch Angle and ra- To bring the jaws together.
and malar bone, mus of lower jaw.
Temporal, Side of the era- Corouoid pro- To
bring the lower jaw to
nium. cess. the upper.
Pterygoideus Externus, Outer surface Neck of lower To give the lateral or grind-
of ex. pterygoid jaw. ing motion.
process.
Pterygoideus Interaus, Inner surface Inner surface To give the lateral orgrind-
of ex. pterygoid of angles of jaw. ing motion,
J

process.

MUSCLES OP THE TRUNK.

Under this division are included, 1. The muscles of the Neck ; 2. Those of the
Back 3. The Abdomen 4. The Chest and 5. The Telvis.
; ; ;

MUSCLES OF THE NECK.

To the Neck proper are assigned eighteen pair of muscles, arranged, agreeably to
Mr. Harrison, into four groups besides which there are five other groups, including
;

twenty-one pair and two single muscles, making in all thirty-nine pair and two
single muscles.
NAME.
First Group — Two Pair of Muscles.
Platysma Myoides Below Clavicle Chin and fascia To depress the lower jaw.
ftom cellular tis. of lower jaw.
and integ.
fiterno-Cleidc-Mastoideus, Sternum and Mastoid pro- To bend the head forward.
Clavicle. cess.
Second Group — Four Pair of Muscles.
Sterno-IIyoideus, Sternum and Os hyoides. To draw down the os-
Clavicle. hyoides.
Sterno-Thyroideus, Sternum and Thyroid carti- To draw down the larynx.
Cartilage of first lage.

Thyro-Hyoideus, Thyroid carti- Cornu of os To raise the larynx.

lage. hyoides.
Omo-Hyoideus, Superior costa Inferior border To draw os hyoides down-
of scapula. of os hyoides. ward and backward.
Third Group —Fixe Pair of Muscles.
Digastricus, Mastoid pro- Lower jaw, To draw down the lower
at
eess. its symphysis. jaw, and to raise os hyoides.
Mylo-Hyoideus, Lower jaw, its Os hyoides. To bring os hyoides for-
Myloid ridge. ward.
Genio-Hyoideus, Poster, mental Os hyoides. To bring os hyoides for-
tubercle. ward.
Hyo-Glossus, Comu of os Side of tongue. To depress side of tongue.
hyoides.
Genio-IIyo-Glossus, . Posterior men- Os hyoides and To protrude the tongue,
tal tubercle. tongue. depress it, or make it concave.
Fourth Group —Seven Pair of Muscles.
Longus Colli, Three superior Front of cervi- To bend the neck forward,
dorsal vertebra, jcal vertebra 1
. and to one side.
Kectus Capitis Anticus Major, .... Four lower Cuneiform pro- To bend the head forward.
cerv. vertebrae. cess of occipital
bone.
Rectus Capitis Anticus Minor, .... Front of the Cuneiform pro- To bend the head forward.
atlas. cess of occipital
bone.
Kectus Capitis Lateralis, Transverse Jugular pro- To bend the head to one
process of atlas. cess of occipital s id e. !

bone. J
 .

MUS 500 MUS

NAME. ORIGIN. INSERTION USE.

Scalenus Antieus, . ,
Third, fourth, Sternal end of
fifth and sixth first rib.
cervical ver.
Scalenus Medius, Trans, process. First rib. The three scaleni bend the
of all the cervical neck forward or to one side.
vertebra;.
Scalenus Posticus, Two or three Second rib.
lower cervical
vertebras.
Fifth Group — Three Pair of Muscles.
Stylo-IIyoideus, Styloid process. Os hyoidcs. To draw back os hyoides
and tongue.
Stylo-Glossus, Styloid process. Side of tongue. To raise the tip of the
tongue.
Stylo-Pharyngeus, Styloid process. Thyroid carti- To act on the pharynx and
lage, at its post'r larynx.
margin.
Sixth Group—Four Pair of Muscles.
Lingualis Base of tongue. Tip of tongue. These four muscles move
Superficial Lingual, These three are nothing but the the tongue in every possible
Transverse Lingual, fibres of the Lingualis running in direction, aided by other
Vertical Lingual >\ different directions. muscles.

Seventh Group— Three Pair of

Muscles.
Constrictor Pharyngis Inferior, . . Thyloid Carti- Back part of
lage. pharynx.
Constrictor Pharyngis Medius, . . Cornu of os Cuneiform pro- These three muscles are the
hyoides. cess of occipital chief agents in deglutition.
bone and pha-
rynx.
Constrictor Pharyngis Superior, . . Inf. Pterygoid Cuneiform pro-
plate of Superior cess of occipital
Maxillary. bone and pha-
rynx.
Eighth Group— Four Pair and a Sin-
ale Muscle.

Levator Palati, Front of fora- Soft palate. To raise the palate.

men caroticum.
Circumflexus or Tensor Palati, Inf. Pterygoid Soft palate. To expand the palate.
plate of sphenoid
bone and Eus-
tachian tube.
Constrictor Tsthmi Faucium, . . . . Velum Palati. Side of tongue To close the fauces.
Palato-Pharyngeus, Velum Palati. Pharynx. To raise the pharynx.

Azygos Uvula, a single muscle, . . . Post, spine of Descends the To shorten the uvula.
palate bone. uvula.
Ninth Group—Seven Pair and a
Single Muscle.
Cricoid carti- Thyroid carti- To bring the two cartilages
Crico-Thyroideus,
lage. lage. together.
Crico-Arytcnoideus-Posticus, . . . . Cricoid carti- Base of aryte- To make
tense the vocal
lage noid cartilage. cords.
..
'.
Arytenoid car- To dilate the glottis.
Crico-xirytenoideus-Lateralis, . . . . Cricoid carti-
lage. tilage.
Thyroid carti- Front and side To relax the vocal cords.
Thyro-Arytenoideus,
lage. of arytenoid car-
tilage.
Apex of oppo.
Base of aryte- These two close the glottis.
Arytenoideus Obliquus,
arytenoid car.
noid cartilage.
Posterior surf, Front surf, of
ArytenoideusTransversus, a single mas,
of arytenoid car. oppo. arytenoid
cartilage.
Arytenoid car. Kpiglottis. These two draw down the
Aryteno-Epiglottideus,
Thvroid car. Epiglottis. epiglottis.
Thyro-Epigloitideus,

muscles of the back. —Arranged into six layers.

First Layer— Two Pair of Muscles.

Exter. occip. Clavicle, acro- To draw the shoulder to-
Trapezius,
protub., and its mion process, ward the spine.
trans, ridge. and scapula.
Six infr. spines Posterior edge To draw the arm down-
Latissimus Dorsi,
of back, and of bicip. groove ward and backward.
those of loins of humerus.
and sacrum.
Sboond Later— Three Pair of Muscles.
Transverse Base of scap. To raise the shoal der.
Levator Anguli Scapulas,
processes of four from spi. to sup'r
or five superior angle.
cerv. vertebras.
 MUS 501 MUS
NAME.
Bhomboideus Minor, Two or tbree Base of soap,
Lower cervical op. its spine.
These two muscles draw
spines.
All the base
the shoulderbackward and
Ehomboideus Major, , Four superior
upward.
Dorsal spines. of scapula be-
low spine.
Third Layer—Four Pair of Muscles.
Serratus Posticua-Superior, Ligamen. Nu- Second, third, To elevate the ribs.
ohffi, three infr. and fourth ribs.
I

spines of neck
and three supr. of
back.
Sorratua Posticus Inferior, Spinous pro- Lower ribs at To depress the ribs.
cesses of lower the infr margins.
Dor. and upper
Lum vertebne.
Splenius Capitis, Four or five Mastoid pro-
supr. spines of cess of tempo-
back, and three ral bone.
or four lower part
of neck.
These two muscles bend
Splenitis Colli Same as the thehead and neck backward.
Trans. pro-
last. cesses of two
—
Fourth Later Seven Pair ofMuscle or three supr.
cerv. verte.
Bacro Lumbalis, )
These two m us- Ribs and
Longissimus Dorsi,
trans. To extend the spine.
J cles have a com- process of verte-
mun origin, from bra).
post'r surface of
sacrum, posterior
crest of Ilium,
and spinous and
oblique process
of lum. vertebra".
Spinalis Dorsi, . . Two supr. lum. Nine upper To extend the spine.
and three infr. dorsal spines,
i

dorsal spines.
Cervicalis Asecndens, Four or five Trans, p r o- To draw the neck back-
supr. ribs. cesses of fourth, ward.
lii'ilt. and sixth
cerv. verte.
Transversalis Colli, . Trans, pro- Trans p r o- :
To draw the neck back-
cesses of four or cesses of four or ward.
six supr. dorsa^iflve lower cerv.
vert. verte.
Trans, pro-
J

Trachelo-Mastoideus, .Mastoid pro- To bend the head and neck

cesses of three or backward.
four supr. dorsal,
and four or five
infr. cerv. verte-
brae.
Complexus, Trans, and ob- Lower and To draw the head back.
lique pro. of five back part of oc-
or seven supr. cipital bone.
dor. and three or
four infr. cerv.

Frrrn Layer — Seven Pair of Muscles. vertebrae.

Eectus Capitis Posticus Major, . . . . Spinous pro- Inferior trans, To draw the head back and
cess of dentata. ridge of os occi- rotate it.
pitis.
Rectus Capitis Posticus Minor Post'r tubercle Osoccipitis, be- To draw the head back-
of atlas. t w e e n inferior ward.
trans, ridge, and
foramen mag.
Eectus Capitis Lateralis, Trans, process Jugular emin. To bend the head to one
of atlas. of oeeip. bone. side.
Obliquus Capitis Superior, Trans, process Occipital bone, To bend the head to one
of atlas. back of mas. pro- side.
cess.
Obliquus Capitis Inferior, Spinous pro- Trans, process To rotate atlas upon the
cess of dentata. of atlas. dentata.
Semispinalis Dorsi, . . . T runs, p r o- Spinous pro- To draw the spine obliquely
eesses of six cesses of two backward.
lower dorsal ver- lower cerv., and
tebne. one upper dor.
Semispinalis Colli, Trans, process, Spinous pro- To draw the spine obliquely
of five supr. dor. cesses of middle backward.
vertebra). cerv. verte.
Sixth Layer— Five Pair of Muscles.
Multifldus Spinas, Trans, or ob- Spinous pro- To support the spine.
lique process of cesses of verte.
one vertebra. above ribs.
Levatores Costarum, Trans, process ltibs. To elevate the ribs.
of dor. and last
cerv. vertebra;.
 MUS 502 MUS
ORIGIN. INSERTION.
Supra Spinalcs, . . Little fleshy bands
situated upon To extend tho spine, and
spinous processes of cerv. vertebra. keep it erect.
Inter Spinales, . . Between spinous processes of To bend the spine laterally.
contiguous vertebne.
Inter Transversales, Between trans, processes of vert. To assist in expiration.
muscles of the abdomen. —Seven Pair.
Obliquus Extcrnus Abdominis, Eight or nine Linca alba. To assist in expiration.
Inferior ribs.
Obliquus Internus Abdominis, . Fas. lumborum. Linea alba, and To assist in expiration.
Crest of II. and ensiform carti-
Poupnrt's Lig. lage.
Transversalis Abdominis, Fas. lumborum Linea alba, and To assist in expiration.
Crest of 11 and ensiform carti-
Poupart'i Lig lage.
Cremaster, . . . Is derived from the two last muscles, and is spread over the
tunica vaginalis testis.
Rectus Abdominis, Sup'r margin Ensiform carti- To bring the chest and pel-
of pubis. lage, and carti- vis towards each other.
lage of fifth, sixth
and seventh ribs
Pyramidalis, . . . . Sup'r border. Linea alba be- To assist the rectus.
of syphisis pu- low umbilicus.
bis.
Quadratus Lumborum, Post'r Crest of Trans, pro- To aid in expiration.
Ilium and Ilio cess of last dor.,
lumbar ligament. and four upper
lum. verte.

muscles of the chest. —Four Pair, properly speaking.

Pectoralis Major, . . Clavicle and
Anterior edge To draw the arm inward
sternum. of bicip. groove. and forward.
Pectoralis Minor, . . Third, fourth, Coracoid pro- To draw the shoulder in,
and fifth ribs. cess of scapula. down, and forward.
Subclavius, . . . . Cartilage of first Clavicle. To draw the clavicle down.
rib.
Serratus Major Anticus, Eight or nine Base of scap-
upper ribs. ula. To draw the shoulder for-
Intercostales Externi, . Trans, process Superior bor- ward.
of dor. vert, and der of ribs. These muscles raise the
ribs. Superior bor- ribs.
Intercostalcs Interni, . Sternum and der of ribs.
ribs.
Levatores Costarum, . Trans, process Ribs. To elevate the ribs.
of dor. and last
cerv. vert.
Triangularis Sterni, Post'r surface Cartilages of To draw the ribs down.
of ensiform ear. third, fourth, and
sixth ribs,
Diaphragm, Ensiform car. ribs, and lum. To aid in respiration.
verte. It occupies the space be-
tween the chest anil abdomen.

MUSCLES OF THE
Interior Pelvis.
Psoas Magnus, .... Lumbar and Trochanter mi-
nor.
To flex the thigh on the
dor. verte. pelvis.
Psoas Parvus, Dor. and lum- Linea innomi- To raise the sheath of
bar verte. nata, and fascia femoral vessels.
iliaca.

Iliacus Internus, Last lum. verte. Trochanter mi- To flex the thigh on the
crista ilii, and ilio nor. pelvis.
lum. ligament.
Exterior Pelvis.

Gluteus Maximus, . . .
Crest of ilium, Upper third of To extend and rotate the
sacrum, and linea aspera. thigh.
coccyx.
Gluteus Medius, .
Crest and dor. Trochanter ma- To extend and rotate the
of the ilium. jor. thigh.
Gluteus Minimus, Dorsum of the Trochanter ma- To extend and rotate the
ilium. jor. thigh.
Pyriformis . . .
Ant'r surface Root of tro- To rotate the thigh outward.
of sacrum. chanter major.
Gemellus Superior, ' Spine of ischi- Root of tro- To rotate the thigh outward.
um. chanter major.
Gemellus Inferior, Tuber of ischi- Root of tro- To rotate the thigh outward.
j
um. chanter major.
Quadratus Femoris, I
Tuber of ischi- Trochanter ma- To rotate the thigh outward.
i um. jor.
 , ,

MUS 603 MUS

NAME. ORIGIN. INSERTION. USE.
Obturator Externus, . . Obturator lig. Hoot
of tro- To rotate the thigh outward.
chanter major.
Obturator Interims, . . . Obturator lig. Boot of tro- To rotate the thigh outward.
chanter major.
Inferior Pelvis.
Sphincter Ani, Os eoccygis. Perineal centre. To close the anus.
Transversus Perinei, Tuber of ischi- Perineal centre. To fix the bulb.
um.
Accelerator Urimr, Perineal rapli. Triangular lig- To expel the semen.
ament, ischium
and pubis.
Erector Penis, Tuber ischii. Crura penis. To compress the penis.
Levator Ani, . Symphysis pu- Eectum. To draw the rectum for-
bis, ischium, and ward.
sup'r edge of toy-
row foramen.
Coccygeus, Spine of ischi- Coccyx. To bring the coccyx for-
um. ward.
Compressor TTrethrcae, Ant'r portion of levator ani.
Erector (Jlitoridis, . . Corresponds with the erector penis.
Constrictor Vagina;, Corresponds with the accelerator urinte.

MUSCLES OF THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITY

Op the SnouLDER.
Deltoid, Clavicle, acrom. Humerus, near To raise the arm.
process, and its centre.
spine of scapula
Supra Spinatus, Supra spinal Greater tube- To raise the arm, and turn
fossa. rosity of hume- it outward.
rus.
Infra Spinatus, Infra spinal Greater tube To rotate the humerus out-
fossa. rosity of hume- ward and backward.
rus.
Teres Minor, . Infra costa of Greater tube- To rotate the arm outward.
the scapula. rosity of hume-
rus.
Teres Major, . Inf'r angle of Posterior edge To rotate the arm inward.
the scapula. of bicipital
groove.
Subscapulars, Venter, supr. Lesser tuberos- To rotate the arm inward.
and infr. costa of ity of humerus.
scapula.
Of Tire Arm.
On the Front.

Biceps Flexor Cubiti, . . Coracoid pro- Tubercle of the To flex the forearm.
cess, and glenoid radius.
cav. of scapula.
Coracho Brachlalls. Coracoid pro- Humerus, about To raiso the arm.
cess. its centre.
Brachialis Anticus, Humerus about Coronoid pro-j To flex the forearm.
its centre. oess of ulna.
On the Back.
Triceps Extensor Cubiti, .
Cervix scapula, Olecranon pro- To extend the forearm.
and humerus. cess.
Anconeus, External con- Upper extrem- To extend the forearm.
dyle of humerus. ity of ulna.
Musci.es of the Forearm,
On the Front.
Pronator BadU Teres, .... Internal con- Middle of ra- Topronatethe hand.
dyle. dius.
Flexor Carpi Radialis, . . .
Inner condyle. Metacnr. bone To flex the hand.
of index linger.
Palmaris Longus, Inner condyle. Annular llga- To flex the hand.
men' and palmar
aponurosis.
Flexor Carpi Ulnnris, . . .
Inner condyle. Pisiform bone. To flex the hand.
Flexor Sublimis Dlgltor. Perforatus, Inner condyle. Sec. phalanx To bend the second phalan-
each finger.
of ges.
Flexor Profundus Perforan9, Ulna and in- Last phalanx To bend the last phalanges.
terns, ligament of each finger.
Flexor Poinds Longus, . .
Front of radius Last phalanx To bend the last phalanx.
below its tuber- of thumb.
cle.
Pronator Quadratus, . .
Lower extrem- Lower part of To pronate the hand.
ity of ulna. Radius.
On the Back.
Supanitor BadU Longus, External con- Styloid side of To supinate the hand.
dyle and ridge radius.
about it.
 , , .

MUS 404 MUS

NAME. ORIGIN.
Extensor Carpi Badialis Longior, External con- Metaear. bone To extend the wrist and
dyle, and its of fore-finger. hand.
ridge.
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevior, Kxternal con- Poot of meta- To extend the wrist and
dyle. carpal bone of hand.
middle finger.
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, .... External con- Metaear. bone To extend the wrist and
dyle. of little finger. hand.
Extensor Communis Digitorum, . External con- Posterior sur- To extend all the fingers.
dyle. of all the
face
phalanges.
Extensor Ossis Metacarpi Pollicis, Posterior part Os trapezium To extend the metacarpal
of ulna and ra- and metacarpal bone of thumb.
dius. bone of thumb.
Extensor Minor ToHicis, Middle of ulna First phalanx To extend the first phalanx.
and radius. of thumb.
Extensor Major Pollicis, Middle of ulna Last phalanx To extend the last phalanx
and radius. of thumb.
Indicator, Middle of ulna. Second and 3d To extend the fore-finger.
phalanges of fore
finger.
Supinator Eadii BreTis, External con- Tubercle of ra- To rotate the radius out-
dyle. dius. ward.

MUSCLES OF THE HAND.

Palmaris Brevis, Annular liga- Integ. and eel. To contract the skin in the
ment and palmar tissue of hand. palm.
aponeurosis.
Abductor Policis Manus, An. lig. Irapez. First phalanx To draw the thumb from
and scaphoides. of thumb. the fingers.
Opponens Pollicis, . . . An. liga. and Metaear. bone To draw the thumb to the
trapezium. of thumb. fingers.
Flexor Brevis Pollicis, An. lig.,trape. Sessainoidbone To bend the first phalanx of
and seaph. of thumb. the thumb.
Adductor Pollicis, . . . Metacarpal First phalanx To draw the thumb to the
bone of middle of thumb. fingers.
finger.
Abductor Minimi Digiti, . . Anna. lig. and First phalanx To draw the little finger
Pisilorm hone. of little finger. from the others.
Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti, An. liga. and First phalanx To bend the little finger.
unciform bone. of little finger.
Adductor Minimi Digiti, . . An. liga. and Metaear. bone To draw the fore-finger to
unciform bone. of tiire finger. the others.
Lumbrieales, Tendons of flex, First phalanx To bend the first phalanges.
profundus of each finger
Interossei, Occupy the lnteroeseal spaces. The anterior are adductors,
the posterior are abductors.

MUSCLES OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITY.

Muscles or the Tmun.
On the Front.
Tensor Vagina; Femoris, Anterior supe- Fascia lata. To stretch the fascia.
riorspinous pro-
cess of ilium.
Sartorius, Ant. sup. spin, Inner side of To bend the leg and turn it
pro. of ilium. tubercle of tibia. inward.
Eectus, . Ant. sup. spi Patella. To extend the leg.
pro. of ilium and
acetabulum.
Vastus Internus, Front of the ratella and in- To extend the leg.
femur and linea ner edge of rec-
aspera. tus.
Vastus Externus, .... Whole length Patella and out- To extend the leg.
of linea aspera. er edge of rectus.
Crureus, Front of the fe- Upper edge of To extend the leg.
mur. Patella.
On the Back.
Biceps Flexor Cruris, . . .
Tuberosity Head of the To flex the leg.
the ischium. fibula.
Semitendinosus, Tuberosity Tibia below its To flex the leg.
the ischium. tubercle.
Semimembranosus, .... Tuberosity
the ischium. bia
Head
at
of the
its back
ti- To flex the leg.

On the Inner Side. part.

Iliaeus Internus, )

Psoas Magnus, • • • • Described under Muscles of the Pelvis, which see.

J
Pec incus, Os pubis. Linea aspera. I To
turn the thigh inward
and forward.
Adductor Longus, Os pubis. Middle third of To turn the thigh inward
linea aspera. and forward. I
 MUS 605 MUS
NAME INSERTION. USE.
Adductor Brevis, . Ob pubis. turn the thigh inward
Supe. part of To
linea aspera. and forward.
Adductor Magnus, . Eamus of pu- Whole length To turn the thigh inward
bis and ischium. of linea aspera. and forward.
Gracilis, .... Eamus of and Tubercle of the To flex the leg.
symphysis of pu- tibia.
bis.

MUSCLES OF THE LEG.

On the Front.

Tibialis Anticus, . . . . Head and spine Internal cune- To flex the foot and turn
of the tibia. iform bone. it obliquely inward.
Extensor Longus Digitorum, Head of the tib- Last phalanx To extend the toes.
ia and fibula. of each toe.
Extensor Longus Pollicis, . Fibula, its mid- First and sec- To extend the great toe.
dle third. ond phalanx of
great toe.
Peroneus Tertius, . . . Forms a part of extensor longus, and goes to the little toe.

On Vie Back.
Gastrocnemius. .... External and Os calcis. To extend the foot.
internal condyle
of femur.
Plantaris, Eidge leading Os calcis. To extend the foot.
to external con-
dyle.
Popliteus, External con- Eidge below To flex the leg.
dyle. the head of tibia.
Flexor Longus ToUicis, . Two lower Last phalanx To flex the great toe.
thirds of fibula. of great toe.
Flexor Longus Digitorum, Tibia and its Third phalanx
angle. of smaller toes.
Tibialis Posticus, . . . Tibia and in- Navic. cunei- To extend the foot.
terosseous iig. form, cuboid and
metacar. bones.
On the Outer Leg.
Peroneus Longus, .... Head of fibula Internal cunei-
form bone.
To extend
outward.
the foot, and turn
and angle.
its it

Peroneus Brevis, .... Two lower Os cuboides. To extend the

outward.
foot, and turn
thirds of fibula. it

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT.

On the Dorsum.
Extensor Brevis Digitorum, 1
Outer part of Expands over To extend the toes.
os calcis the toes
Interossei Dorsales, . . . .
!

Occupies the interosseal spaces.

On the Sole.

Abductor Pollicis, Os calcis First phalanx

and To draw the great toe from
annular of great toe.
lig. the others.
Flexor Brevis Digitorum, Os calcis and Base of second To flex the second joint of
plantar aponeu- phalangesof the toes.
rosis. small toes.
Abductor Minimi Digiti, . Outer side of First phalanx To draw the little toe from
os calcis. of little toe. the rest.
Musculus Accessorlus, Inner part of Tendon of To flex the toes.
os calcis. flexor longus
Lumbricalis, .... Tendon of flex, First phalanx To flex the first phalanx.
long, digitorum. of smaller toes.
Flexor Brevis Pollicis, Os calcis and Sesamoid bones To
flex the first joint of the
extn'l cuneiform of groat toe. great toe.
bone.
Adductor Pollicis Calcaneo-cuboid First phalanx To bring the great toe
ligament. of great toe. toward the rest.
Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti, Cuboid and 5th First phalanx To flex tho little toe.
metatarsal bones. of little |
toe,
Transversalis Pedis, . . .
Heads of the 4 First phalanx To draw the toes together.
lesser metatarsal of great toe.
bones.
Interossi Plantares, Occupy the interosseal spaces and adduct the toes.
 MUS 506 MYL
MUSCOVA'DO. from the Moschus moschiferics, or musk-
Unrefined sugar.
MUS'CULAlt. mus- deer.
3fuscula'ris; from
culus, a muscle. Belonging or relating to Musk, Artificial. A dark brownish-
the muscles. red substance, having a burning, bitter,
Muscular Fibres. The fleshy fibres aromatic taste, and a musky odor, ob-
which form the body of a muscle. tained from a mixture of rectified oil of
Muscular Nerve. The fourth pair is amber and nitric acid.
so called. Musk-Melon. The fruit of the Gucu-
MUS'CULO-CUTA'NEOUS. Apper- mis melo.
taining to the muscles and skin. MUSQUI'TO. A
small and exceedingly
Musculo-Cutaneous Nerve. The ex- troublesome insect, bred in water, and
ternal cutaneous nerve given off by the abounding in low lands and marshes.
brachial plexus, and a branch furnished by MUSSITA'TION. Mussita'tio. A move-
the popliteal nerve, are each so called. ment of the lips and tongue without pro-
Musculo-Rachid'ian. Relating to a ducing any audible sounds ; an unfavora-
muscle and the spine. Applied, also, to ble sign in disease.
the posterior branches of the intercostal, MUST. The expressed juice of the
lumbar and sacral arteries. grape.
MUS'CULUS. A muscle. MUSTAKD. A plant of the genus
Musculus Accli'vis. Obliquus inter- Sinapis, and its seed.

nus abdominis. Mustard, Hedge. A plant of the ge-

Musculus Auxilia'rius. Pyramidalis nus Erysimum.
abdominis. MUTILATION. MutUa'iio. From
Musculus Cuta'neus. Platysma my- mutilus, broken. Loss of a limb or other
oides. exterior organ or portion of the body.
Musculus Eustach'ii. Tensor tym- M U T I T A S From mutus, dumb.
'
.

pani. Dumbness inability to articulate sounds.

;

Musculus Fas'ci2e La't^e. Tensor va- Mutitas Surdo'rum. The speechless-

ginas femoris. ness of deaf persons.
Musculus Patien'tle. Levator scap- MYASTHENIA.. From (OK, a mus-
ula?. cle, and aotieveia, debility. Muscular de-
Musculus Penicilla'tus. Levator bility.

labii inferioris. MY'CES. Fungus.

Musculus Stape'dius. Stapedius. MYCTE'RES. The nares.

Musculus Testicon'dus. Musculus MYCTEROPHO'NIA. From /ivkt VP ,

testis. Cremaster. the nose, and Qovti, the voice. Nasal

Musculus Tu'niE NoviE. Circumflexus voice.

palati. MY'DON. Fungous flesh in a fistulous

MUS'CUS. From pooxog, tender. A ulcer.

moss; a cryptogamic plant, particularly MYDRIASIS. Morbid dilatation of

of the lichen species. the pupil of the eye.
MUSH'ROOM. The common name of MYELENCEPH'ALA. From uveM,
numerous cryptogamic plants of the na- marrow, and eynetyalov f brain. A primary
tural order Fungi. division of animals, comprehending all
MUSICOMA'NIA. Musoma'nia; from those which have a brain and spinal mar-
music and mania. Passion for music car- row. Vertebrata.
ried to such an excess as to derange the MYELITIS. From fiveTiog, marrow,
faculties of the mind upon that subject. and His, signifying inflammation. In-
MUSK. Moschtis. A peculiar concrete flammation of the spinal marrow or its

substance, having a strong, penetrating membranes.

and powerfully diffusive odor, obtained MYLACRI. The molar teeth.
 MYO 507 MYR
MYLA'CRIS. The patella. MYO'SIS. A permanent contraction
MYLE. The patella. Also, a mole in of the pupil of the eye.
the uterus. MYOSITIS. Inflammation of a mus-
MYLICUS. Molar. cle.
MYLO-. From (tv?^, a mill-stone. MYOTOMY. Myoiom'ia; from (ivuv,
Names compounded with this word are a muscle, and Tepveiv, to cut. The anat-
applied to muscles attached near the molar omy of the muscles.
teeth. MYllIAP'ODA. Myr'icqwds; from
MYLODON'TES. The molar teeth. fivpwg, ten-thousand, and novg, foot. A
MYLO-GLOSSUS. From fivlr,, the term applied to a class of articulate ani-
jaw, and yloooa, the tongue. Some fibres mals, characterized by their numerous
of the constrictor pharyngis superior have feet equaling in number the articulations
been so called. of the body.
Mylo-Hyoide'us. A thin, flat muscle, MYItl'CA. A genus of plants of the
forming the floor of the mouth. It arises order Amentaccce.
from the mylo-hyoid ridge on the posterior Myuica Ckrif'era. The wax myrtle,
surface of the lower jaAV, and is inserted or bay berry the berries of which yield a
;

into the body of the os-hyoides. green wax.

Mylo-Piiaryngeus. The constrictor Myuica Gale. Dutch -myrtle sweet ;

pharyngis superior. willow. The leaves, flowers and seeds are

MYOCEPHALON. From fwia, a fly, stomachic and vermifuge.
and KttyalTi, the head. A small prolaj)sus MYPJS'TIC ACID. An acid obtained
of the iris incipient staphyloma.
; from the solid portion of the butter of nut-
MYOCCELI'TIS. From fivcov, muscle, megs.
Kotfaa, lower belly, and His, signifying in- MYRIS'TICA. A genus of plants of
flammation. Inflammation of the muscles the order Myristicacecc.
of the abdomen. Myuistica Mosciia'ta. Myrisiica
MYODESOP'SIA. From ftvta, a fly, aromat'ica. The tree
Myristka'officina'lis .

eidog, likeness, and otpig, sight. The im- which produces the nutmeg and mace.
aginary appearance of motes floating be- MYEME'CIUM.
A very painful,
fore the eyes, technically termed muscce deeply rooted, soft wart, with a broad
volitantes. base, seated on the palms of the hands
MYODYNIA. From fivuv, muscle, and soles of the feet.

and o<W?/, pain. Tain in the muscles. MYRMECO'BIUS. From p/^f, ant,
MYOGRAPHY. Myogra'phia; from and jiiog, life. A genus of Marsupial
livuv } muscle, and ypcupetv, to describe. A quadrupeds which feed on ants.
description of the muscles. MYRMECOPHAGA. From pp/atf,
MYOI'DES. From fivg, fivog, a muscle, and <jtoy«, I eat. A genus of quadruped
and euhg } likeness. Like a muscle ; a term edentate ant-eaters.
applied in Anatomy to the Flatysma my- MYROBAL'ANUS.
The name of a
oides muscle. plum kind, and
dried Indian fruit, of the
MYOLEM'MA. Myole'ma ; from fivuv, of which there are several varieties. They
muscle, and fa/i/ia, a coat. The mem- possess mild, astringent and purgative
branous covering of each muscular fibre. properties.
MYOL'OGY. Myolog'ia; from jj.vuv
} MY'RON. An ointment.
muscle, and hoyog } a discourse. A treatise MYRON'IO ACID. A bitter acid of
on the muscles. black mustard.
MYON. Mwv, Muscle. MYROSPER'MUM. Myroxylon.
MYO'PIA. From (aw, I contract, and MYROXYLON. A genus of plants of
wTp, the eye. Near-sightedness. the order Fabacece.
MYOPS. One affected with myopia. Myroxylon Peruif'erum. The Peru-
 NAI 508 NAP
vian balsam tree, which abounds in a Myrtle, Dutch. Myrica gale.
balsamic juice, possessing stimulant and MYRTON. The clitoris.

expectorant properties. MYRTUS. Myrtle. Also, a genus of

Myroxylon Toluif'erum. The tree plants of the order Myrtacece.
which yields balsam of tolou. Myrtus Caryophylla'ta. The tree
MYR'RIIA. Myrrh. The concrete which affords the clove bark.
juice of Bcdsamodendron myrrlia. It is of Myrtus Commu'nis. The common
a reddish-yellow, or reddish brown color, myrtle.
and bitter taste. It is
of a peculiar smell, Myrtus Timen'ta. The tree which
and emmenagogne.
antiseptic, corroborant bears the Jamaica pepper, or allspice.
MYR'RHIS ODORA'TA. Sweet cicely. MYSTAX. Mustache. Also, the up-
MYRSINEL^E'UM. The oil of myr- per lip.

ttt. MYTTLUS. A genus of shell-fish.

MYRTA'CE^. The myrtle tribe of Mytilus Edu'lis. The edible muscle.

dicotyledonous plants. MYXA. Mucus.
MYR'TIFORM. Myrtiform'is ; from MYXOSARCO'MA. A tumor of a
myrtus, a myrtle, and forma, sbape. Hav- fleshy and mucous consistence.
ing the figure of a leaf of myrtle. MYX'TFR. Myxoter. The nose.
MYRTLE. Myrtus. MYZE'SIS. Sucking.

N.

N. In Prescriptions, a contraction for applied to a genus of red-blooded worms,

numero, in number. capable of reproducing parts of the body
NAIVALUS. A genus of plants of the when mutilated, and of procreating their
order Asteracece. kind by the separation of the hinder seg-
Nabalus Al'bus. White lettuce. Rat- ments of the trunk.
tlesnake root. This and several of the NAJA. A genus of venomous Asiatic
other species are said to be antidotes to serpents.
the bite of serpents. The root is used in NAN'DU. The Rhea Americana;, or
dysentery. American ostrich.
NABOTH'S GLANDS. Nabo'thi gland- NANUS. A dwarf.
u'lce. The small mucous follicles situated NAPE OF THE NECK. Nucha.
in the inner surface of the cervex uteri. NAPH.E FLORES. Orange flowers.
NACREOUS. A term applied in NAPHTHA. A bituminous, limpid,
Conchology to the surface of a shell or oily liquid, of a yellowish color, and a smell
other part which has a pearly appearance somewhat resembling that of oil of tur-
or reflects irridescent light. pentine. It is said to possess sedative and
NA'CRITE. A mineral of a pearly anthelmintic properties.
lustre, found in crystallized granite. It is Naphtha Vitrioli. iEther sulphuri-
a silicate of alumina and potassa. cus.
NiE'VUS. Nievus mater'nus. Mother's NAPHTHALAMIDE. A compound
mark. A mark, or spot on the skin of produced by the distillation of naphthalate
children when born, presenting a variety of ammonia.
of appearances. NAniTHALTC ACID. A crystalline

NAIL. Un'guis. A thin, whitish trans- substance obtained from naphthaline.

parent, horny lamina? situated at the ex- NAPHTHALINE. A
whitish, shin
tremities of the fingers and toes. ing, concrete, crystalline substance, found
NATS. From vaiag, a naiad. A term during the rectification of the petroleum
 NAR 509 NAS

of the coal gas-works which incrusts the chys jatamansi, of Decandolle, used as a
pipes. perfume and stimulating medicine.
NAPIUM. Dock-cresses. NARDOSTA'CHYS. A genus of plants
NAPLES YELLOW. A yellow pig- of the order Valerianaceai.

ment prepared by calcining lead with an- Nardostachys Jataman'si. A plant

timony and potash. It is used in oil native of India; the root of which is

painting and as an enamel color. supposed to be the spikenard of the an-

NAP'OLITE. A bine mineral found cients.

at Vesuvius. NA'RES. The nostrils.

NA'PUS DUL'CIS. The turnip. Nares Posterior. Two large open-

NARCAPH'THON. An aromatic bark ings at the upper and anterior part of the
of a tree of India,, formerly used in dis- pharynx, and terminations of the nasal
eases of the eyes and in fumigation. cavities posteriorly.

NAR'CEINE. Narci'na; from vapay, NARTHEX ASAFCETIDA. Ferula

stupor. An alkaloid obtained from opium, Asafoctida, which see.

in the form of a white crystalline solid. NAR'WHAL. The monodon monoce-

NARCIS'SUS. A genus of plants of ros, or sea unicorn, a cetaceous mammal
the order Narcissece. having a single, long, protruding tusk,
Narcissus Pseudonarois'sus. Common from the upper jaw.
daffodil. The root is emetic and cathartic, NA'SAL. Nasa'lis ; from nasus, the
the ilowcrs emetic and antispasmodic. nose. Relating to the nose.
NARCO'SIS. Nar'cotism ; from vap- Nasal Artery. A branch of the oph-
xout I benumb. The stupor and depres- thalmic artery, which passes by the root
sion produced by the sedative effects of a of the nose and anastomoses with the last
narcotic. branch of the facial artery. The spheno-
NARCOTIC. from vap- palatine artery has also received this name.
Narcoiicus ;
kou, I stupefy. A medicine which has Nasal Bones. Ossa Nasi. The two
the property of stupefying or diminishing bones of the nose.
the energy of the nervous system, ns Nasal Foss.e. The two cavities of
opium, stramonium, &c. the nose.
NARCOTTCO-ACRID. Aero' narcotic. Nasal Nerve. A branch of the oph-
A term applied in Materia Medica to sub- thalmic nerve, which passes forward,
stances which possess a combination of crosses the optic nerve, and enters the an-
acrid and narcotic properties, as aconite, terior ethmoidal foramen, traversing the
belladonna, strychnia, &c. ethmoid bone, to the cribriform plate,
NAR'COTINE. Narcoti'na. A vege- then passing down by the side of the crista
table alkali, discovered, by Derosne, in galli into the nose, where it divides into
opium. It possesses the stupefying prop- two branches, an internal and an external.
erties of opium. Nasal Spines. The superior occupies
NAR'COTIZED. Narco'des. In a state the centre of the nasal notch of the os
of narcotism. frontis ; the inferior is situated at the in-
NAR'COTISM. Narcosis. ferior part of the nasal fossa?, and the pos-
NARD, CELTIC. A plant of the genus terior is formed by the union of the two
Valeriana, native of the Alps. palate bones, and is situated at the pos-
Nard, Indian. JVardus In'dica. An terior part of the palatine arch.
odorous plant commonly called spike- NASA'LIS LA'BII SUPERIO'RIS.
nard spica nardi. The root is warm and The orbicularis oris.
;

pungent, and is used in the East as a NAS'CENT. From nascor, to be born.

spice. The act of being developed. In Chemis-
Nard of the Ancients. Spikenard, try, the act of being produced or evolved,
supposed to be the root of the Nardosta- as a gas.
33
 NAT 510 NEC
NA'SI OS'SA. The two bones of the Natron Pr^para'titm. Subcarbonate
nose. of soda.
NASO-PAL'ATINE. Belonging to the Natron Tartariza'tum. Potassio-
nose and velum palati. tartrate of soda.
Naso-Palatine G-anglion. A small Natron Vitriola'tum. Sulphate of
ganglion situated in the anterior palatine soda.
foramen. NAT'URAL. Pertaining to nature.
N A s o-Pa l a t i n e Nerve. A small Natural History. See History, Nat
branch of the spheno-palatinc, proceeding ural.
from the ganglion of Meckel. Natural Orders. In Botany, groups
NASTURTIUM. A genus of plants of genera resembling each other.
of the order Cruciferce. Natural Philosophy. The science
Nasturtium Aquat'icum. The water which investigates the phenomena and
cress, used as a salad, and said to be anti- laws of natural bodies and their actions on
scorbutic. each other.
Nasturtium Horten'se. Dittandcr. NATURA'LIA. The genital organs.
Nasturtium Indi'cum. The greater NATURE. Natu'ra. In a general
Indian cress. sense, the assemblage of objects, both ani-
NAS'UA. From nasus, a nose. A mate and inanimate, which constitute the
genus of plantigrade Mammalia, remark- universe ; also, the essential or original
able for the prolongation and upward properties or attributes of a thing. The
curve of the nose. term is applied, too, to the Creator, or
NASUM DILATANS. The pyramid- author of things.
alis nasi. NATURIST. In Medicine, a physi-
NASUS. The nose. cian who, in the treatment of disease, fol-

NA'SUTA. A term applied in Zoology lows the indications of nature.

to the prolongation of the muzzle into the NAU'CA. A term applied in Botany
form of a nose, or in the development of to a seed which has a very large hilum.
the integument of the face into a nose, as NAU'SEA. An inclination to vomit.
in the Simla nasuta, or proboscis monkey. Nausea Mari'na Sea-sickness.
NATANS. From nolo, I swim. Nat- NAU'SEANT. An agent which cause s
ural swimming applied in Botany to the nausea.
j

leaves of aquatic plants which float on NAUTIL'ID/E. A family of Ceplw

the surface of water. lopods, of which the nautilus is the type.
NATATION. Swimming. The act NAUTTLUS. A shell genus of cephn
of floating on the water. lopodous mollusca, having a spiral, sym-
NATATO'RES. From nato, I swim. metrical chambered shell.

Swimming birds. NA'VEL. Umbilicus.

NATATORY. A term applied in Zo- NAVEW. The Brissica rapa ; also,

ology to an animal or part formed for called turnip.

swimming. NAVICULAR. Navicula'ris. Scaph-

NATES. The buttocks, formed by oid; boat-like.
the three glutsei muscles, the skin and NAVICULA'RE OS. A bone of the
thick areolar tissue. tarsus is so named from its fancied rcsem
Nates Cer'ebri. Two of the tubercula blance to a boat.
quadrigemina. NAVIFORM'IS. Navicular.
NATROLITE. A prismatic zoolite of NEAR-SIGHT'EDNESS. Myopia.
a yellowish color consisting of silica, alu- NEB'ULA. A speck on, or superficial
mina, and soda. opacity of, the cornea. Also, a mist, or
NATRON. Native carbonate of soda. cloud-like appearance in the urine.
Natron Muria'tum. Muriate of soda. NECK, DERBYSHIRE. Bronchocele.
 NEC 611 NEC
Neck, Stiff. Torticollis. The cause of necrosis of the alveolar
NECR^E'MIA. From v eicpog, death, and processes is inflammation and death of
cufia, blood. Death beginning with the the periosteum, occasioned in many cases
blood or by the destruction of its vitality. by dental though it more fre-
irritation,

NECRO'DES. Cadaverous. quently results from the immoderate and

NEC'HOLITE. From vutpoc, and A<- protracted use of mecurial medicines, and
#of, a stone. A variety of trachyte found sometimes, it is induced by ulceration of
in round nodules in the limestone of Bal- the gums.
timore, and which, when struck, exhales Necrosis of the Tfeth. Odontonecro' >

a fu>tid odor. sis. By the term necrosis, when applied

NECROL'OGY. From vekP ou, dead, to the teeth, is meant the entire death of
and hoyog, a discourse. A register of the crown of one or more of these organs.
deaths ; It is a disease common to all bones, and is
a discourse on death.
NECROMANCY. From
and similar to mortification in a soft part.
veicpog,

fiavreta, divination. Divination by a When it affects other bones than the

pretended communication with the dead. teeth, the dead part is thrown off and the
NECROPHAGANS. From veKpog, loss repaired by the formation of new
and <payu ) I eat. A family of beetles bone. But a tooth is not endowed with
which feed on decomposing putrid animal recuperative powers, and when affected
substances. with necrosis, the loss of vitality extends
NECROPHOBIA. Morbid dread of to every part of the crown and the larg-
death. . est portion of the root in which condi-
;

NECROPNEUMO'NIA. Gangrene of tion the organ may remain for years, the
the lungs. cementum retaining a sufficient amount of
NECROSCOP'IC. From ve Kpog, and life to prevent, in a great degree, the mor-
cKorceu, to examine. Relating to autopsy, bid effects which would otherwise be pro-
or to post-mortem examination. duced in the surrounding parts.
NECROSCOPY. Nctroscop'ia; from Necrosis of the teeth sometimes occurs
veapog, and a/coneo, to examine. Autopsia ;
spontaneously, or as an effect of impaired
post-mortem examination. nutrition, but in the majority of cases,
NECROTOMY. Necrotom'ia. Dis- except when produced by the sudden de-
section of dead bodies. struction of the vascular connection of the
NECRO'SIS. From veKpou, I kill. Mor- organ with the rest of the system, as from
tification. Death of a bone, or portion of mechanical violence, it results from in-
a bone. flammation and suppuration of the lining
Necrosis of the Alveoli. When any membrane.
portion of the alveoli is deprived of vital- When a tooth, deprived of its vitality,

ity becomes a source of irritation to the is found to be productive of injury to the

it

living parts with which it is connected, gums and to the adjacent teeth, it should
and an effort is immediately made by the be immediately removed; for, however
economy to remove it the necrosed part important or valuable it may be, the health
;

is separated from the living, and is thrown and durability of the other teeth should
off by exfoliation. Although the alveolar not be jeopardized by its retention.
processes, like other bone, are endowed Necrosis Ustilagine'a. Necrosis aris-
with blood vessels and nerves, their recu- ing from the use of grain infected by usti-
perative powers are weaker, and hence, lago, or blight.
when deprived of a portion of substance NECROTOMY. From veKpog, and rty^
by necrosis and exfoliation, or other cause, veiv, to cut. Dissection.
the injury is not, as is often the case in NECTAN'DRA. A genus of plants of
other parts of the osseous system, repaired the order Lauracem.
by the restorative efforts of nature. Nectandra Cinnamomoi'des. Santa
 NEE 512 NEM
Fe cinnamon ; a plant the bark of which of depressing or cutting up the lens in
has the smell and flavor of cinnamon, and cataract.
in South America is used as a substitute Needle, Hare-Lip. A gold or silver
for it. movable steel point.
pin, with a
Nectandra Cymba'rum. Orinoko Sas- Needle Ore. A native sulphuret of
safras The bark is bitter, aromatic and bismuth, copper and lead, so named from
stomachic. the acicular form of its crystals.
Nectandra Puchdry. The plant, Needle, Se'ton. A long, narrow, steel

according to Nees, which produces the instrument, pointed and sharp at one ex-
Pichurim bean. tremity, and pierced at the other.
Nectandra Puchury Mi'nor. This Needle Stone. A term applied in
species yields a similar nut, said by Hum- Mineralogy to a species of zeolite.
bolt to be the sassafras nuts of the Lon- Needle, Suture. A curved and nearly
don shops. needle, with two cutting edges, pointed
flat

Nectandra Podiei. The green heart and sharp at one extremity and pierced at
tree of British Guiana. The Bebeeru bark, the other.
a powerful tonic, is obtained from this spe- NEFREN'DES. Odon'tia edentu'la.
cies. It, together with the fruit, which is Persons without teeth.
extremely bitter, contains an alkaline prin- NEGRO. From niger, black. A native
ciple discovered by Dr. Podie, called Be- African, or a descendant of the black race
beeria or Bebeerin, extracted in the form of of men in Africa.
a sulphate and possessing properties simi- Negro Cachexy. Cachex'ia Africa'na.
lar to sulphate of quinia. A propensity for eating dirt, peculiar to
NEC'TAP. A name given to many the natives of Africa and the West Indies,
drinks, and particularly to wine sweet- supposed to be similar to chlorosis.

ened with honey. NELUM'BIUM. A genus of plants of

NECTARINE. The fruit of the Per- the order Nympliaracete.
sica Icevis. Nelumbium Lu'teum. Yellow nelumbo.
NECTA'RIUM. From nectar, honey. Water chincapiu. The roots, leaves and
The nectary, or honey cup. The mel- nuts of this plant are eaten. The last is

liferous part of a plant, peculiar to the believed to have been the sacred bean of
flower. Pythagoras. The leaves, being cooling
NEDY'IA. The intestines. and emollient, are used for dressing blis-

NEDYS. The abdomen, stomach or ters.

uterus. NEM'ALITE. From vena, thread, and

NEEDHAMIA'NA COR'PORA. The /udog, stone. A fibrous hydrate of mag-
spermatozoa observed by Needham in the nesia.
germinal reservoirs of the loligo. NEMATOI'DEA. Nematoi'deans; from
NEE'DLE. In Surgery, a round, flat, vrjfia, a filament, and etdog, form. Ths
or triangular, straight or curved, sharp- name of an order of ccdelmintha, or intes-
pointed instrument, most commonly with tinal worms, characterized by a long, slen-
an eye at or near one extremity. der, filiform body.
Needle, Acupunc'ture. A gold or NEMATONEU'RA. From v a, and W
silver, sharp pointed, inflexible instrument, That division of the Radiata
vevpov, nerve.

four inches long, of a conical shape, fur- of Ouvier whose nervous system is fila-
nished with a handle, and sometimes with mentary, as the star-fish.

a canula. NEM'OCERA. From vrifia, and itepoc,

Needle Car'rier. A pair of small for- horn. A family of insects which have
ceps, called parte aiguille. long filiform antenna).
Needle, Cat'aract. A delicate knife NEMOGLOSSA'TA. From vrjfia, and
attached to a handle, used for the purpose yluaoa, a tongue. A family of insects
 NEP 513 NEP
which have a long filiform tongue, as the NEPHRO'DIUM. A genus of plants
bee tribe. of the order Polypodiaceas.
NEOPLASTY. From wef, new, and Nepiirodium Filix Mas. Male fern.
Trlaoao, I form. The formation of new It possesses anthelmintic properties.
parts! either by granulation, adhesion, NEPHROHiE'MIA. From ve<j>pog, a
autoplasty, or cicatrization. kidne} -, and
1 ai/ia, blood. Congestion of
NEP. See Nepeta Cataria. the kidney.
NEPENTHES. From vn, privative, NEPHROI'DEUS. Reniform ; kidney-
and TTEvdog, grief. A remedy of unknown shaped.
composition, held in high esteem by the NEPHROG'RAPHY. Nephrography ;
ancients for its effects in the relief of sad- from vetypog, the kidney, and ypafa, to de-
ness or grief. It is supposed by some to scribe. A description of the kidney.
have been a preparation of opium, and NEPHROLITHIASIS. From vetypog,
by others to have been the Cannabis In- a kidney, and ltdog f a stone. A calculous
dica, or Indian hemp. Also, a genus of disease of the kidneys.
Asiatic plants with curiously constructed NEPHROLITH'IC. Relating to calculi
leaves, called the Pitcher-plant. in the kidneys.
NEP'ETA. A genus of plants of the NEPHROLITHOTOMY. Nephrolith
order Labiatce. otom'ia; from veeppog, the kidney, Itdog, a
Nepeta Cata'rta. The nep, or catnep; stone, and Ttovq, incision. Nephrotomy,
an infusion of which is recommended in which see.

uterine disorders, infantile colic, &c. NEPHROL'OGY. Nephrolocjia; from

NEPH'ELOID. NepheloHdes. An epi- vetypog, a kidney, and %oyog } a discourse. A
thet applied to urine when it exhibits a treatise on the kidneys.
cloudy appearance ; nubecula urines. NEPHRON'CUS. From ve<p P og, a kid
NEPHRALGIA. From ve<p P og, the ney, and oyicog, a swelling. Tumefaction
kidney, and alyog, pain. Pain in the kid- of the kidney.
ney. NEPHROPHLEGMAT'IC. Nephro-
NEPHRELCO'SIS. From vt^pog, the phlcgmaMcus ; from veeppog, the kidney,
kidney, and eA/a.xwc, ulceration. Ulcera- and <p?i£y[ia, phlegm. Ischuria produced
tion of the kidney. by an inordinate accumulation of mucus
NEPHRELMINTIC. NepTirclmin'ti- in the urine.
cus; from ve<ppog, a kidney, and eAutvg, a NEPHROPLEGTA. From vefoog, the
worm. A term applied to diseases which kidney, and nTjjacu, to strike. Paralysis
result from the presence of worms in the of the kidney.
kidney. NEPHROPYO'SIS. Fromt^poc, a kid-
NEPH'RITE. A hard mineral com- ney, and nvov, pus. Suppuration of the
posed chiefly of silica, lime, soda and pot- kidney.
ash. NEPHRORRHAGTA. From ve<ppog,

NEPHRITIC. from vef- the kidney, and pr/yvvui, to burst

NepJirit'icus; forth.
pog, a kidney. Relating to the kidneys. Hemorrhage from the kidney.
NEPHRITTCA. Medicines employed NEPHROS. The kidney.
in the treatment of diseases of the kidneys. NEPHROSPASTIC. Nephrospas'ticus.
NEPHRITIS. From ve<pP og, a kidney, That which depends upon spasm of the
and His, signifying inflammation. Inflam- kidnejr; applied to a variety of ischuria.
mation of the kidnej's. NEPHROTHROM'BOID. Nephro-
Nephritis Albumino'sa. Bright's dis- thromboi' dcus ; from ve<ppog, the kidney,
ease of the kidney. and -dpofifiog, a coagulum. Ischuria pro-
NEPHROCELE. From ve<j>pog, a kid- duced by a collection of coagulated blood
ney, and Kiito}, hernia. Hernia of the kid- in the kidney or ureter.
ney. NEPHROTOMY. Nephrotom'ia; from
 — :

NER 514 NER

vefypog, a kidney, and Tefiveiv, to cut. In 3. Motores oculorum.
Surgery, the operation of cutting for the ®" -Abducentes, (motores ex-
2 Motion J
removal of a stone from the kidney. Also, tcrni.)
I

the dissection of the kidney. [ 9. Hypo-glossal.

NE'RIUM. A genus of plants of the ( 4. Pathetici.
order Apocynece. 7. Facial.
Nerium Antidysenter'icum. The Z.Pespiration,
tree
(Bell.)
8. Gloss o-pharyngeal,
which affords the Codaga pala bark, used as pneumogastric and
an astringent in dysentery and diarrhoea. ! spinal accessory.
Nerium Olean'der. The rose bay. Spinal. 5. Trifacial.
The leaves are said to be narcotic, and
have been used in hepatic affections. II. Spinal Nerves.
Nerium Tincto'rium. The Hindostan These are divided into :

tree which affords indigo. 1. The Cervical, 8 pair.

NEROLI OLEUM. The essential oil 2. The Dorsal, 12 "
of orange flowers. 3. The Lumbar, 5 "
NERVA'LIS. Nervous. 4. The Sacral, 6
"
NERVE. Nervus ; Nevpov. A whito Making, in all, thirty-one pair, each of
cord, composed of a substance similar to which arises by two roots, an anterior or
that of the brain and spinal marrow, en- motor root, and a posterior or sensitive
veloped in a sheath. The nerves are the root. The anterior roots arise from the
organs Avhich transmit sensation and mo-
anterior columns of the spinal cord, and
tive power to and from the brain, or ner-
the posterior, from the posterior columns
vous centre or centres, to every part of
of the same cord. These latter are larger,
the body.
and their filaments of origin more nume-
Table of Nerves. rous than the anterior.

The nerves of the body are divided into In the intervertebral foramina, a gang-
the cranial, spinal and sympathetic. lion is found on each of the posterior roots.
The following classification is taken The first cervical nerve seems to be an
from Wilson's Anatomy exception, as its posterior root is smaller
than the anterior, is frequently without a
I. Cranial Nerves.
ganglion, and often joins the spinal ac-
These, counting from before backward, cessory.
The anterior branches, excepting
are: the two cervical, are larger than the
first
1. The olfactory.
posterior, and supply the front half of
2. The optic.
the body, while the posterior supply the
3. Motores ocnlorum. posterior half.
4. Pathelici, (trochleares.)

6. Trifacial, (trigemini.) III. SympaVieiic Nerves.

6. Abducentes, (motores externi.) is called sympa-

This system of nerves
7. Facial, (portio dura.) Auditory,
communicating with all
thetic, from its
(portio mollis.) the nerves of the body, and supptying all
8. Pncumogastric, (vagus, par vagum.) the various organs and viscera and gang-
;

Glossopharyngeal, (spinal accessory.) lionic, from possessing numerous ganglia.

9. Hypo-glossal, (lingual.) It has also been styled automatic, or the
Functionally or phjvsiologically ar original and self-moving system of nerves.
ranged, they are as follows :
This system is situated on each side of the
Nerves of vertebral column, extending from the head
f
1. Olfactory. to the coccyx, and is seen to consist of a
1. Special sense. -j 2. Optic. series of ganglia or knots, giving off an
[ 7. Auditory. immense number of branches, forming
 : ::

NER 515 NER

various plexuses, which pursue the course nerves proceed, and constitute the cardiac
of the arteries, and have the same name. plexus, which is situated behind the arch
The head has six ganglia ; the neck of the aorta, at the bifurcation of the
three ; the hack twelve ; the lumbar region trachea, and goes to supply the heart.
four ; and the sacral four or five. Thoracic ganglia
Cranial ganglia: The thoracic ganglia are situated upon
1. The Ganglion of Ribes is small, and the heads of the ribs, covered by the
situated on the anterior communicating ar- pleura costalis, are twelve in number on
tery of the brain. each side, and are irregular in their form.

2. The The inferior of these ganglia, beginning

Ciliary or lenticular ganglion,
is

also small,and situated within the orbit, at the sixth, sends off the great and less
between the optic nerve and the external splanchnic nerves, which descend below
rectus muscle, surrounded by a quantity the diaphragn, the former to terminate in
of fat. the semi-lunar ganglion, the latter in the
3. The Naso-palatine, or ganglion of renal plexus.
Cloquel, is situated in the naso-palatine The semi-lunar ganglion is situated at
canal, and is a small, though lengthened the side of the cceliac axis, and consists
body. of a number of small ganglia, presenting a
4. The Spheno-palatine, or ganglion of semi-lunar form, and sending off numer-
Meckel, is situated in the spheno-maxillary ous branches, like the radii of a circle,

fossa, and is the largest of the cranial gan- receives the name of solar plexus. This
glia. plexus receives the splanchnic nerves,
5. The Sub-maxillary ganglion is small, and branches from the phrenic ; and the
and situated in the sub-maxillary gland. pneumogastric sends off a multitude of
6. The Optic ganglion, or ganglion of Ar- filaments, called plexuses, upon all the
nold, is situated directly below the foramen branches of the abdominal aorta, having
ovale, and rests against the inferior max- the same names as the arteries.
illary nerve. It is described as a small, These plexuses are as follow :

red body. All these ganglia give off 1. Phrenic plexus.

branches supplying the eye, the ear, the 2. Gastric.
nose, the palate, and communicating with 3. Hepatic.

the other nerves. A plexus is formed in 4. Splenic.

the carotid canal, called the carotid plexus, 5. Siq>ra-renal.

which is regarded as the centre of com- 6. Renal.

munication between all the cranial gang- 7. Sapeiior mesenteric.
lia. 8. Spermatic.
Cervical ganglia 9. Inferior mesenteric.

1. The Superior cervical ganglion is sit- Lumbar ganglia

uated at the superior part of the neck, in These ganglia are four in number, and
front of the rectus anticus major muscle, as are situated upon the anterior portion of
low down as the third cervical vertebra, the lumbar vertebra;.
and is long, of a grayish color, and smooth. They send off branches upon the aorta,
2. The Middle cervical ganglion is situ- called the aortic plexus, which also receives

ated opposite the fifth cervical vertebra, filaments from the solar and superior mes-
and is sometimes wanting. enteric plexuses.
3. The Inferior cervical ganglion is sit- The hypogastric plexus is situated be-
uated as low down as the seventh cervical tween the two common iliac arteries,

vertebra, and is called the vertebral gan- over the promontory of the sacrum, and
glion. It is large in size compared with is formed from the aortic plexus, and
the middle. branches from the inferior lumbar gang-
From these cervical ganglia the cardiac lia.
 :

NET 516 NEU

Sacral ganglia resembling the sting of a nettle. See Ur-
The sacral ganglia are smaller than the ticaria.

last, and situated upon the sacrum on each NE CJRAL'GIA. From vevpov, a nerve,

side, close to the anterior sacral foram- and oJkyog, pain. Literally, pain in a
ina. The last of these ganglia is called nerve. A painful affection of the nerves.
ganglion-impar , or azygos. The branches The particular designation of neuralgia is

communicate freely with the hypogastric determined by the situation of the affec-

plexus. tion, as neuralgia faciei, or tic douloureux,

NERVE'LESS. Enervis. when it affects the branches of the fifth

NER'VTNE. Nervi'nus ; from nervus, pair of nerves, &c.

a nerve. Neurotic. A medicine which Neuralgia Cu'bito-Digitalis. Pain
relieves disorders of the nerves. extending from the inner condyle to the
NER'VOUS. Nervo'sus. Belonging or back of the hand.
relating to the nerves. Neuralgia Denta'lis. See Odontal-
Nervous Attack. An affection at- gia.

tended with pain, spasms, rheumatism, Neuralgia Facie'i. Neuralgia of the

and other nervous symptoms. face. Tic douloureux. An affection char-
Nervous Centres. The brain, spinal acterized by acute lancinating pains in
marrow, and ganglions. certain parts of the face, occurring at
Nervous Diath'esis. That disposition more or less irregular intervals. It is
of body which predisposes to nervous dis- sometimes dependent upon constitutional
eases. causes, but more frequently upon local
Nervous Diseases. Diseases which irritation, produced by one or more de-
have their seat in the nervous system. cayed, dead or loose teeth, or by disease
Nervous Fever. Typhus mitior. in the gums and alveolar processes. In
Nervous Fluid. A fluid supposed to the former case the treatment should be
circulate through the nerves, and which constitutional, and in the latter, local, and
has been thought to be the agent of sensa- consist in the removal of such irritants as
tion and motive power. may have been concerned in its produc-
Nervous Matter. The matter which tion. See Odontalgia.
composes the nerves; it resembles that of Neuralgia, Fem'oro-Poplite'al. Sci-
the brain and spinal marrow. atica.

Nervous System. The nerves, collect- NEURASTHENIA. From vevpov, a

ively, of the body. nerve, and ao-Seveia, debility. Debility of
NERVU'RES. In Entomology, the deli- the nerves. Irritability.

cate framework of the membranous wings NEURILEM'MA. From vevpov, a

of insects. In Botany, the veins of a leaf. nerve, and le/iaa, the bark or covering.
NER'VUS. A nerve. The transparent membranous sheath which
Nervus Sympatheticus Medius. The covers the nerves.
fifth pair of nerves. NEURILEMMFTIS. Neurilemmati'tis;
NFjSTIS. Nestia. The jejunum. from vevpov, a nerve, le/i/ia, the coat, and
N£7rTLE. The common name of a itis, signifying inflammation. Inllamma-
plant of the genus Urtica, whose prickles tion of the neurilemma.
irritate the skin and produce painful itch- NEU'RINE. The substance of which
ing. nerves are composed, consisting chiefly of
Nettle, Dead. See Urtica Mortua. albuminous and fatty matter.
Nettle, Dwarf. The common name NEURIT'IC. Nervine.
of the Urtica urens, which see. NEURITIS. Inflammation of a nerve.
Nettle, Pill-Bearing. See Urtica NEUROBLACIA. From vevpov, a
Pilulifera. nerve, and j32.aiieia, stupor. Insensibility

Nettle-Rash. An eruptive disease in a nerve.

 ; ,

NEU 617 NID

NEURODYNIA. Neuralgia. NEW JERSEY TEA. A plant of the
NEUROGRAPHY. NeurograpVia genus Ceanothus.
from vevpov, a nerve, and ypifyn, a descrip- NICARA'GUA WOOD. The wood of
tion. Neurology. A treatise on the the Caisalpinia echinata, a tree growing in
nerves. Nicaragua, Central America, a species of
NEUROL'OGY. Neurolog'ia ; from Brazil wood, used as a dye.
vevpov, a nerve, and %oyog, a discourse. A NICK'EL. A whitish, malleable and
treatise on the nerves. ductile metal.
NEURO'MA. Prom vevpov, a nerve. NICOTIA'NA. So called from Nicot,
A morbid enlargement or swelling of, or who carried it to Europe. Tobacco. A
painful tumor on, a nerve. genus of plants of the order Solanacecc.
NEURON. A nerve. Nicotiana America'na. Nicotia'na,
NEUROP'TERANS. Murop'tera; from tabacum. Virginia tobacco.
vevpov, a nerve, and mepov, a wing. An Nicotiana Mi'nor. Nicotia'na rtistica.

order of Mandibulate insects with four Green tobacco.

membranous wings. Nicotiana Rus'tica. The leaves of
NEURO'SES. Nervous diseases; dis- this species are milder than those of Nico-
eases supposed to have their seat in the tiana tabacum.
nervous system. They constitute the sec- Nicotiana Tab'acum. Tobacco has
ond class in the nosology of Cullen, ami a strong narcotic penetrating odor, a
the fourth in that of Pinel. bitter, nauseous, and acrid taste, and
NEUROSTHENPA. From vevpov, a when distilled, affords an empyreumatic
nerve, and odevoc, force. Excess of nerv- oil, which is a virulent poison. It is a
ous excitation. Nervous irritation. violent acro-narcotic, an emetic, and diu-
NEUROTICA. Diseases of the nerv- retic, and when a decoction is injected into
ous system. Also, nervine medicines. the rectum, it sometimes operates as a
NEUROTOMY. Neurotom'ia; from cathartic. In large doses it induces giddi-
vevpov, a nerve, and re/ivu, I cut. Dis- ness, a small weak pulse, impeded res-
section of the nerves, or division of a nerve. piration convulsive action of the mus-
NEURYPNOL'OGY. From vevpov, cles, and in over doses these symptoms
vrtvog, sleep, and hoyoc, a discourse. An j
are sometimes followed by paralysis and
account oi* the nervous sleep produced by death.
fatiguing the muscles of the eye, called NICOTIA'NIN. A concrete oil ob-
animal magnetism. tained from tobacco.called tobacco-camphor
NEUTRAL, Neutra'lis ; from neuter, and one of its active principles.
neither. In Chemistry, saline compounds NIC'OTIN. Nicotina. An alkaloid
which possess the character of neither an obtained from tobacco, and one of its ac-
acid nor alkali. tive principles.
Neutral Mix'ture. Solution of cit- NICTATION, OR NICTITATION.
rate of potassa, prepared by saturating from nictare,
Nictitatio; to wink. Rapid
fresh lemon juice with bicarbonate of po- winking of the eyelids.
tassa and filtering. NIDIFI CATION. From nidus, a nest.
Neutral Salts. which the In Zoology, the process of constructing a
Salts in
base is perfectly saturated with alkali, and nest.
not possessing the characters of an acid or NPDOR. Scent of burning animal
alkaline base. matter.
NEUTRALIZATION. In Chemistry, NIDULANT. From nidus, a nest. In
the combination of acid and alkaline mat- Botany, lying loose in pulp or cotton within
ter in such proportion that the compound a berry or pericarp.
will not change the color of litmus or vio- NIDULA'TION. The time of remain-
lets. ing in a nest, as of a bird.
 ;

NIT 518 NIT

NI'DUS. A nest ; a repository for the from the combination of nitric acid with
eggs of birds or insects. a salifiable base.
NIGEL/LA. A genus of plants of the Nitras Ammonite. Nitrate of ammo-
order Hamtnculacece. nia.
Nigella Consol'ida. Lark-spur stag- ; Nitras Argenti. Nitrate of silver.
ger weed. The seeds were formerly sup- Nitras Calcis. Nitrate of lime.
posed to possess anthelmintic and lithon- Nitras Potassje. Nitre. Nitrate of
triptic properties, and the flowers have potash.
been used in decoction in affections of the Nitras Potass^ Fusus. Nitrate of
eyes. potash, containing a little sulphuric acid.
Nigella Sativa. Fennel flower ; nut- Nitras Sod^e. Nitrate of soda.
meg flower ; devil-in-a-bush, formerly used NITRATE. Nitras.
as an expectorant, errhine and sialagoguc Nitrate of Potash. Nitras potassaj.
NIGER. Black. Nitrate of Silver. Nitras argenti.
NIGHT BLINDNESS. Hemeralopia. NI'TRE. Nitrate of potash. Saltpetre.
NIGHTMARE. Incubus. NITRIC. Of, or belonging to, nitre.
NIGHTSHADE, AMERICAN. A Nitric Acid. Acidum nitricum. Aqua-
plant of the genus Phytolacca. fortis. A colorless fluid, of a suffocating
Nightshade, Deadly. Atropa bella- pungent odor, acid taste, and extremely
donna. caustic. It is obtained by the action of
Nightshade, Palestine. See Sola- sulphuric acid and heat on nitrate of pot-
num Sanctum. ash or soda.
Nightshade, Woody. See Solanum Nitric Oxyd. A gas obtained during
Dulcamara. the action of nitric acid, diluted with about
NI'GRINE. From niger, black. Silico- two parts of water, upon metallic copper.
calcareous oxyd of titanium. NITROGEN. From virpov, nitre, and
N I GRIT A. Negro. yevvau, to produce. Azote. An element-
NIGRIT'IES OSS'IUM. Literally, a ary, irrespirable, colorless gas, incapable
blackness of the bones. Caries. of supporting combustion, and forming
NI'MA. A genus of plants of the or- four-fifths of the atmosphere.
der Simarubacew. Nitrogen, Gaseous Oxyd of. See
Nima Quassioi'des. A plant possess- Nitrous Oxyd.
ing the same qualities as the Quassia am- NITRO-LEUCIC ACID. An acid ob-

ara, and used in the north of India as a tained by treating leucine with nitric acid.

tonic. NITRO-MURIATIC ACID. Acidum

NIMMO'S ODONTALGIC MIX- nitro-muriaticum. Nitro-hydrochloric acid.
TURE. ~fy — Misture, camphor, 3vi; Aqua regia. A mixture of nitric and mu-
tinct. opii, gtts. xxxvi; vin. tart, antimon. riatic acids. Chlorine is evolved by this
gtts. xvi. mixture, and it is probably owing to this
NIO'BIUM. A new metal discovered that gold is readily dissolved by it.
in 1846by II. Rose. NITRON APHTHAL AS E. A com-
NIP'PLE. A small conical protuber- pound produced by the action of nitric

ance at the centre of tlie breast. acid on naphthalin.

Nipple-Wort. A plant of the genus NITROSAC'CHARIC ACID. A pe-
Laptana, formerly used as an application culiar saccharine matter, in the form of a
to the breasts of women. crystallized acid, produced by the action
NI'SUS. Effort, straining a voluntary of sulphuric acid on gelatine.
;

retention of the breath. NITROSULPHU'RIC ACID. An acid

Nisus Formati'vus. Formative effort resulting from a mixture of one part of
vital activity; plastic force. nitre with eight or ten parts of sulphuric
NI'TRAS. A nitrate ; a salt resulting acid.
 ;

NOL 519 NOS

NITROUS. Nitro'sus. Of or belong- the name of a plant which, like Mordica
ing to nitre, or its combinations. balsamina, on being touched, when ripe,
Nitrous Acid. Acidum nilro'sum. Tbe discharges its seeds from its capsule with
red fumes emitted by exposing binoxyd of considerable force. In Surgery, a species
nitrogen and oxygen, which, when con- of malignant herpes, affecting the skin,
densed, is a colorless fluid. and sometimes the cartilage of the nose.
Nituous Ether. JEther nitrous; sul- The disease is often of a very malignant
phuric ether ; hyponitrous ether. A highly character ; the nose is sometimes destroyed
volatile, yellowish liquid, having proper- by it.

ties similar to sulphuric ether. NOMA. Water -canker gangrenous ;

Nitrous Oxyd. Protoxyd of nitrogen. sore mouth, occurring usually in children.

Intoxicating gas. Laughing gas. NOMAD. Nom'ade; nomas ; from
NITRUM. Nitre. vofirj, pasturage. In Anthropology , a peo-
Nitrum Flammans. Nitrate of am- ple who lead a wandering life, traveling
monia. with their flocks from place to place, as
Nitrum Purifica'tum. Purified nitre. the Arabs. In Surgery, a spreading sore.
Nitrum Vitriola'tum. Sulphate of NOMENCLATURE. JYomenclatu'ra;
potash. from ovofxa, name, and auleu, I call. The
NO'BILIS. Noble principal essen-
;
; words peculiar to a science or art ; the tech-
tial ; applied to some objects of Natural nical terms of any particular art or science.
History by way of eminence. NONCONDUCTOR. A term applied
NOCTAMBULA'TION. Noctambida'- to substances which do not transmit heat
tio; from nox, night, and ambido, to walk. and electricity, or which do it with diffi-
Somnambulism. Sleep-walking. culty. In filling teeth in which the lining
NOCTAM'BULUS. Noctambu'list; som- membrane is nearly exposed, it sometimes
nambu'list. A night-walker. becomes necessary to interpose a substance
NOCTUR'NAL. Nycter'inos; noctur'- of this sort between the bottom of the
nus. Relating to night. A term applied cavity and the gold, to prevent the irrita-
in Pathology to diseases, or the phenomena tion which would otherwise arise from the
of diseases, which occur at night, as a transmission of impressions of heat and
night-fever, night-sweats, &c, and in Zo- cold to the pulp.
ology to a tribe of Raptorial birds, includ- NON-NAT'URALS. Non-natura'lia.
ing those which fly at night also to a
The ancient physicians comprehended un-
;

family of Lepidopterous insects, which, in der this term, air, meat and drink, sleep
like manner, are chiefly active at night. and watching, motion and rest, the reten-
Nocturnal Blindness, See Hemeral- tions and excretions, and the affections of
opia. the mind.
NOD'DINGr. Nu'tans, which see. NO'PAL. The Cactus opuntia, or In-
NODE. Nodus. A hard tumor, pro- dian fig, from which the cochineal is col-
ceeding from a bone, and caused by a lected.
thickening of the periosteum. Also, a cal- NOOTII'S APPARATUS. An appa-
careous concretion formed around articula- ratus consisting of three glass vessels,
tions which have been the seat of rheu- placed vertically, for impregnating water
matism or gout. In Botany, the elevations with carbonic acid gas.
observed in the stems of grasses. NO'RIUM. A metal recently discov-
NODO'SUS. Knotty. ered in zircon.
NOD'ULE. From nodus, a knot. A NOR'MAL. Norma'Us ; from norma,
little knot-like eminence. a rule. According to an established law,
NOD'ULUS. A little node. rule or principle.
NO'DUS CER'EBRI. The pons Varolii. NOSE. Nasus. The organ of smell
NO'LI ME TAN'GERE. In Botany, in man, an eminence of a pyramidal shape,
 NOT 620 NUC
situated on the middle and upper part of Notch, Ethmoid'al. The depression
the face, between the upper lip and fore- in the frontal bone which receives the su-
head, the eyes and the cheeks. The ex- perior part of the ethmoid bone.
ternal part composed of the dorsum or
is Notches, Ischiat'ic. These are two
bridge, the lobe or tip, the alee or sides, in number. The first, which is the largest,
and the columna, or termination of the is situated at the inferior part of the pel-
septum. The cavities of the nose are vis, gives passage to the sciatic nerve,
called nares, which see. The nose serves pyramidalis muscle, and to the superior
and the gluteal vessels and nerves.
to modulate the voice in speaking, The other
tearsfrom the lachrymal ducts are dis- gives passage to the tendon of the obtura-
charged into it; the air usually passes tor internus, and to the internal pudic
through it. vessels and nerves.
Nose, Artificial. See Artificial Nose. Notch, Parot'id. The triangular space
Nose, Bleeding of the. Epistaxis. between the parotid edge of the lower jaw
Nose, Running at the. Coryza. and mastoid process, in which the parotid
NOSEROS. Insalubrious. gland is lodged.
NOSOCOMFUM. From voaog, a dis- NOTENCEPH'ALUS. From vurog,
ease, and KOfieo, to take care of. An in- the back, and eynefyalov, the brain. A
firmary or hospital. term applied by Geoffrey St. Hilaire to a
NOSOG'ENY. Nosogen'ia; from voaog monster whose head with the brain rests
a disease, and yevog, origin. The origin of on the dorsal vertebra?.
disease. NO'THUS. False ; spurious.
NOSOG'RAPHY. Nosograph'ia; from NOUE. A
French word applied in
voaog, a disease, and ypa<pw, I describe. A Surgery to a bandage having a number of
description of diseases. knots placed one above the other, em-
NOSOL'OGY. Nosolog'ia; from voaog, ployed for the compression of the parotid
a disease, and /loyoc, a discourse. That de- region, after the removal of the parotid
partment of medical science which treats gland, and in Pathology to children affected
of the classification of diseases. with rickets.
NOSON'OMY. Nosonom'ia; from voaog, NO'YAU. A French word signifying
disease, and ovofia, name. The nomen- the stonedike seed of a drupaceous fruit.
clature of diseases. Also, a cordial flavored with bitter al-
NOSOS. Disease. monds, or the kernels of peach stones.
NOSTAL'GIA. From voaiog, a return, NOUFFER'S VERMIFUGE. A de-
and akyog, pain. Melancholy, loss of ap- by a drastic
coction of male fern, followed
petite, &c, occasioned by the desire of re- purge of calomel, scammony and gamboge.
turning to one's country. NUCHA. Nucha cajntis. The nape
NOSTOMA'NIA. Nostalgia, madness of the neck, the part where the medulla
of. spinalis begins.
NOS'TRILS. Nares. NU'CLEATED. Nuclea'lus ; from nu-
NOSTRUM. From noster, ours. A cleus, a kernel. A term applied in Physi-
medicine the ingredients of which are ology to that which still contains the cen-
kept secret for the purpose of securing to tral point, or nucleus, of the elementary
the proprietor the profits arising from the cells of organized tissues, in which the
same ; a private or quack medicine. vital properties are seated. See Cytoblast.
NO'TAL. From vuog, the back. Be- Nucleated Cell. The cell formed in
longing to the back. a primary granule, (cytoblast, or nucleus.)
NOTAL'GIA. Tain in the back. See Cytoblast.
NOTCH. In Anatomy, a dejiression or NUCLE IF RM '
. NucMform'is-
indentation observed on the margin of a Formed like a kernel.
bone. NU'CLEUS. From nux, a nut. Lit-
 ;

NUT 521 NYM

erally, a kernel or nut. The centre of any Nutrition, Force of. Tlastic force.

body, the part about which matter col- NUTRITIOUS. Nutric'ius. Nutri-
lects. In Animal and Vegetable Physiol- tive j nourishing ; capable of sustaining
ogy, a primary granule, or cytoblast. See life.

Cytoblast. NUTRITIVE CENTRE. A cell from

Nucleus Germinati'vus The ger- which a succession of cellules originate.
minal spot in the germinal vesicle of the NUTRITUS. Aliment.
ovum. NUX. A nut a fruit with a
; hard shell.

NU'CULA. A little nut. Nux Aquat'ica. The fruit of a plant

NUCULAN'IUM. In Botany, a fleshy of the genus Trapa.
fruit, containing two or more cells, and Nux Aromat'ica. Nutmeg.
several seeds, as the grape. Nux Barbaden'sis. The physic nut,
NUDIBRACH'IATE. From nudits, or seeds of the Jatropha curcas.
naked, and [3pax ia , arms. The polypi Nux Cathabti'ca. The physic nut.
whose arms are not clothed with vibratile Nux Metel'la. See Strychuos Nux
cilia. Vomica.
NUDIBRAN'CHIATA. From nudus, N.ux Pistaci'a. The fruit of a plant of
naked, and brancliia, gills. Nudibranch- the genus Pistacia.
ians. A term applied to an order of Gas- Nux Serapio'nis. St. Ignatius's bean,
teropods in which the gills are exposed. the fruit of Ignalia amara.
NU'DUS. Naked. Nux Vom'ica. The seeds of Slrychnos
NUMB'NESS. Insensibility of touch nux vomica.
or general feeling. NYCTALOTIA. From wft and night,
NUMMULA'RIA. Money- wort; a plant oTVTo/zai
} 1 see. A
which defect of vision,
of the genus Lysimachia. renders a person incapable of seeing by
NUM'MULAEY. From nummus, day, and of discerning objects distinctly at
money. The Sputa in phthisis are so night.
termed when they -flatten at the bottom NYC'TALOPS. One affected with nyc-
of the vessel like a piece of money. talopia.
NURSE. One who suckles her own NYCTHEM'ERUM. From wf, night,
child or another's. One who has the care and 7j/itpa, a day. Twenty-four hours, or
of a sick person. a day and a night.
NUT. Nux. The fruit of certain trees NYCTOBA'SIS. Somnambulism.
and shrubs, consisting of a hard shell en- NYM'PHA. From vvfi<j>a, a water
closing a kernel. nymph. A membranous fold arising from
NUTANS. From nuto, to bend. Nod- the lateral part of the prepuce of the cli-
ding. In Botany, having the top bent toris, within the external labia of the fe-
downward. male parts of generation on each side.
NUTATION. Constant involuntary NYMPHiE'A. A genus of plants of
movement of the head. the order Nympliozaeeoz.
NUT'GALL. An excrescence of the
Nympii^ea Al'ba. The white-water-
Quercus infedoria, or gall-oak, caused by lily, formerly used as an antaphrodisiac
the puncture of an insect. and demulcent.
NUTMEG. The kernel of the fruit of Nympii^ea Glandif'era. See Nym-
Myristica moschata. pha^a nelumbo.
NUTRITION. Nidrit'io; from nutrire, Nymph^ea Lu'tea. The yellow water-
to nourish. The reparation of the mo-
a demulcent and emollient.
lily,
lecular changes and decomposition of the Nymph^ea Nelum'bo. The Pontic, or
body the function by which the elaborated Egyptian bean. The fruit is tonic and as-
;

nutritive matter loses its own nature, and tringent.

assumes that of the different living tissues. N y m p h m a Odora'ta. The sweet-
 ;

OBL 622 OBS

scented water-lily. The root is astringent nymphai and clitoris, or unusual acrimony
and bitter. of the secretions in these parts.
NYMPHITIS. Inflammation of the NYMPHON'CUS. Tumefaction of the
clitoris. nympha.
NYMPHOMANIA. From Wft+q, NYMPHOT'OMY.
Nymphotom' ia; from
a
bride, and fiavia, madness. Furor uter- The operation
vv/Mpri, and te/iveiv, to cut.

inum. An irresistible desire for coition in for the removal of the nympha?, when at-
females, particularly those of a nervous tached by scirrhus, cancer, or fungus.
temperament, and is supposed to be caused NYSTAG'MUS. Involuntary move-
by preternatural irritability of the uterus, ment of the eyelids.

0.

OAK. The popular name of a forest |

applied to certain muscles from their ob-
tree of the genus Quercus, of which there lique direction.
are upwards of a hundred species. Obliquus Externus Abdominis. A
Oak- Apple. Oak-leaf gall. A spongy broad thin muscle of the abdomen.
excrescence on the leaves and tender Obliquus Infe'rior Cap'itis. A mus-
branches of the Quercus pedunculata, cle of the head.

produced by the puncture of insects. Obliquus Inferior Oc'uli. A muscle

Oak, Jerusalem. A plant of the ge- of the eye.
nus Chcnopodium. Obliquus Internus Abdominis. A
Oak, Sea. One of the names of a sea- muscle of the abdomen, situated under the
weed, the Fucus vesiculosus. obliquus externus abdominis.
Oak, Lungs. Pectoral moss, the Lichen Obliquus Supe'rior Cap'itis. A small
puhnonarius. muscle of the head situated between the
OARION'CUS. Ovarian tumor. occiput and first vertebra of the neck.
OAKI'TIS. Inflammation of the ova- Obliquus Superior Oc'uli. Troch-
rium. lea' r is. A muscle of the eye.
OAT. A plant of the genus Avena, and OBLITERATION. In Anatomy, the
the seed. disappearance of a part that has ceased to
OATMEAL. Farina obtained by grind- be useful, as the ductus venosus, after
ing the grains of the Avcna Sativa, or birth. In Dental Surgery, filling the cav-
common oat. ity of a carious tooth.
OB. A Latin preposition, used as a OBLIVION. Obliv'io. Forgetfulness
prefix in some botanical terms, and de- loss of memory.
noting inversion. OBOMA'SUM. The fourth stomach of
OBCORD'ATE. In Botany, inversely Ruminantia.
heart-shaped. OBO'VATE. In Botany, inversely
OBEL/E'A. The sagittal suture. having the narrow end down, as
ovate ;

OBE'SITY. Obesi'tas ; from obesus, an obovate leaf.

fat. Corpulency ; fatness. OBSERVATION. Observa'tio. Act
OB'JECT-GLASS. A refracting tele- of examining a thing; and, also, the
scope or microscope; the lens, being placed knowledge gained. In French, it means

at the end of the tube next to the object, case, or the history of the phenomena of
collects the rays of light into a focus, form- a disease.
ing the image of the object viewed through OBSIDIAN. Obsidia'num. Volcanic
the eye-glass. glass, so named from Obsidius, who first

OBLl'QUUS. Oblique. In Anatomy, discovered it in Ethiopia.

 .

OBT >23 OBT

OB'SOLETE. A term
applied in Bot- obturators were applied by the Greek
any to parts of a plantwhich are imper- physicians, but it is to that celebrated
fectly developed, or of which only a small surgeon, Ambrose Pare, that we are in-
portion remains. debted for the first descrption of an appli-
OBSTETRICS. The art of midwifery. ance of this sort. He has also furnished
OBSTIPA'TION. Obsiipa'tio. Con- an engraving of an obturator which he
stipation ; costiveness. had constructed in 1585. The instrument
OBSTIP'ITAS. Wry-neck. consisted of a metallic plate, probably of
Obstip'us.
OBSTRUCTION. In silver or gold, fitted to an opening in the
Obstruc'tio.
Pathology, the arrest of a function or se- vault of the palate, and maintained in
cretion by the closure of the parietes of a place by means of a piece of sponge fast-
duct, or by the accumulation of foreign or ened to a screw in an upright attached to
morbid matter in it. the upper surface of the plate.
OBSTRUC'TIO ALVI. Constipation. A palatine obturator, as usually con-
OB'STRUENT. Ob'struens; from ob- structed at the present time, consists of a
struo, to shut up. A medicine supposed plate of gold adapted to the inner surface
to have the power of closing the orifices of of the alveolar arch and to the parts sur-
ducts or vessels. rounding the opening in the palate, with
OBTUN'DENS. from or without a drum, as the case may re-
Obtun'danls ;

obtundo, to make blunt. In Pathology, quire, and maintained in place by means

medicines supposed to have the power of of a clasp attached to a tooth on each side
blunting the acrimony of the humors. of the mouth.
OBTURATOR. Oblurato'rius ; from For a description of the manner of con-
up the entrance. structing an obturator or palatine plate
obturare, to close, to stop
That which closes or stops up the en- with an artificial velum, see Artificial Pal-
trance of any thing. ate.

Obturator Ar'terv. A branch of the Obturator and Palate Plates, with

hypogastric or epigastric artery, which Artificial Teeth. When an imperfec-
passes forward a little below the brim of tion of the palate, whether the result of
the pelvis and escapes through the obtura- malformation or accident, is accompanied
tor foramen. by the loss of one or more of the teeth,
Obturator Exter'nus. A small, flat and especially from the anterior part
muscle, situated at the anterior and up- of the mouth, the plate employed for
per part of the thigh. remedying the former, should be so con-
Obturator Foramen. An opening structed as to serve as a base for a substi-
beneath the horizontal ramus of the os tute for the latter. The idea of compli
pubis in the anterior part of the os inno- eating a palate plate with artificial teeth
minatum: originated with Fauchard. When a pala-
Obturator Inter'nus. A muscle sit- and artificial teeth are to be
tine obturator
uated almost entirely within the pelvis. applied at the same time, they may be
Obturator Lig/ament. Obturator connected, and the piece made to answer
membrane. A tendino-fibrous membrane an excellent purpose, provided there be
stretched across the obturator foramen. healthy natural teeth in the upper jaw to
Obturator Nerve. A nerve formed sustain it.
by a branch of the third and another from In the construction of an artificial pal
the fourth lumbar nerve, and distributed ate or obturator, a gold plate of the proper
to the muscles on the inside of the thigh. size should be fitted to all that portion of
Obturator, Palatine. An instru- the vault of the palate and alveolar ridge
ment for closing or stopping an opening which is to be covered by it, with a lat-
through the palatine arch. This is an an- eral branch on each side, extending to the
cient invention. According to Guillemean, first molar or to the tooth to which it is to
 OBT 524 OBT
be clasped. To these, clasps should be sol- been worn since 1841, and up to 1848 had
dered, and afterwards artificial teeth fitted not caused any appreciable increase in the
and secured in the manner described
in size of the opening. That this, however,
another article. however, the upper will ultimately be the case, we think there
If,

surface of the palate is to be surmounted can be no question. But Mr. Kowell,

with a drum or air chamber, this should nevertheless, is certainly entitled to great
be put on before the teeth are attached. credit for the ingenuity and skill he dis-
The drum is sometimes so constructed as played in contriving and executing a piece
to retain the obturator in place without of mechanism which has, even for so long
any other means of support. Dr. Gris- a time, restored to his afflicted patient the
com, of New York, reports a case in which functions of mastication, deglutition, and
Mr. Warren Howell, dentist of that city, speech.
constructed an obturator of this sort com- Dr. Mutter gives an engraving of an
plicated with artificial teeth. The palatine artificial palate, complicated with several
aperture, says Dr. G., was formed " and a metallic velum con-
to a artificial teeth,

considerable extent of a semi-cartilaginous nected with the palate plate by means of

substance, possessing sufficient elasticity to a hinge, constructed by Mr. Neil, a den-
allow a larger body than the opening to be tist in Philadelphia, which is represented
pushed up through it, and that when so as having answered an excellent pur-
forced up, it would be supported above the pose.
aperture by the edge retiring to its origi- M. Desirabode proposes a kind of pala-
nal position." This, he hoped, would sup- tine obturator for congenital fissures of
port a light plate, if the obturator could the palate, by which he thinks the sides
be so shaped as to rest upon the cartila- of the alveolar border may be so approxi-
ginous ledge after it was introduced. mated as to favor the union of the
This obturator consisted of a plate divided parts. It consists of a platina
larger than the opening in the palate, and plate fitted to the vault of the palate, and
covering the anterior part of the alveolar fastened to the teeth by means of three
ridge, which artificial teeth were at- clasps soldered to each side, so as to cap
to
tached, and an irregular shaped drum or the canine, the bicuspid, and two of
air chamber, larger above than below, the molar teeth, bent upon the alveolar
where it was connected with the palate. border, in such a manner as to maintain
The neck of this bulb or drum is of the the whole pressure. After the plate, with
exact size of the opening in the palate, these appendages, has been well adapted,
and the upper part or summit has several it is divided from before backward along
depressions which correspond with the ir- the median line, and then a piece is re-
regular "surfaces of the remaining nasal moved from each side, so that the two
bones." edges may be separated about half an inch
The anterior part of the palate plate, to from each other. The two half plates arc
which the teeth arc attached, is composed now united by means of a thick and re-
of two plates, "to compensate by its sisting band of caoutchouc, made fast by
thickness the deficiency of the alveolar riveting. The plates thus united form a
ridge." The drum is seen rising from the smaller obturator than the plate before it

palate plate, to which it is soldered. was divided, so that it can only be ap-
At the time Mr. Itowell constructed plied by putting the caoutchouc upon the
this obturator, we are assured by Dr. stretch, which is affected by means of two
Griscom, he had never heard of nor seen stocks, so contrived as to force the two
"Delabarre's proposed operation," so plates asunder. After tho plate is pro-
that it would seem that the obturator perly adjusted, these are removed, when,
which he constructed was original with by the contraction of the caoutchouc, the
himself. We are also informed that it has * Vide Liston's and Mutter's Swgtry.
 ;

occ 525 OCU

sides of the alveolar border are gradually mater immediately after it enters the
approximated. cranium.
It sometimes happens that an imper- OCCIPUT. The back part of the
fection of the palate is accompanied by head.
an opening into the maxillary sinus. In OCCLU'SION. Occlu'sio; from occlu-
this case the palatine plate should be dere, to shut up. Closure; applied in
large enough to cover both openings, and Pathology to the partial or total closure
the loss of the alveolar border replaced by of a duct, blood-vessel, cavity, or hollow
means of a raised plate, soldered to the organ.
lower surface of the palate plate, to OCCULT. OccuVtus; from ob, and
which artificial teeth may be applied, or celo, to conceal. Hidden ; invisible ; secret
the deficiency supplied with long porce- undetected.
lain gum or block-teeth. Occult Sciences. The imaginary
OBTUSE'. Obtu'sus. Blunt. sciences of the middle ages
magic, ; al-

OB'VOLUTE. In Botany, a form of chemy, necromancy, and astrology.

vernation, in which the margins of one O'CHRA. Ochre.
leaf alternately overlap the margins of OCHRA'CEOUS. Ochre-like.
those opposite to it. OCHRE. An argillaceous earth.
OCCIPITAL. Occipita'lis. Belonging OCOTEA. A genus of plants of the
to or connected with the occiput. order Lauraceoz.
Occipital Ar'teky. A branch of the Ocotea Pichu'ria. A plant said to
external carotid artery distributed to the yield the pichurim bean.
muscles, &c. of the occiput. Ocotea Cym'barum. The plant which
Occipital Bone. Os occip'itis. One yields the Orinoco sassafras.
of the bones of the cranium, situated at OCREA. The shin.
its posteriorand inferior part; convex OCTAHED'RON. From oktu, eight,
externally, and concave internally. and e6pa } a base. A solid with eight
Occipital Nerve. A nerve which surfaces, the most common form of a
arises by eight or ten filaments from the up- crystal.
per part of the spinal marrow, and passes OCTA'NUS. Applied to an intermit-
between the foramen magnum and pos- tent fever whose paroxysms are said to
terior arch of the atlas, dividing into return every eighth day.
an and a posterior branch. The
anterior OCTAN'DRIA. Plants with hermaph-
former anastomoses with a branch of the rodite flowers and eight stamens.
second cervical nerve, and the latter is OCTA'RIUS. The eighth part of a
distributed to the muscles of the upper gallon, or sixteen fluid ounces.
and back part of the head. OCTOFI'DUS. Eight-cleft.
OCCIPTTO-AT'LOID. That which is OCTO-MACULATE. Oeto-Macu'lis.
connected with the occiput and atlas. A term applied in Entomology to the ely-
Occipito-Ax'oid. That which is con- tron of Tetraonix octoniaculatum, which is
nected with the occiput and axis, or marked with eight spots.
second vertebra. OCTOPET'ALOUS. In Botany, hav-
Occipito-Fronta'lis. A broad flat ing eight petals or flower leaves.
muscle, covering the cranium from the OCTOPODA. From oktu, eight, and
occiput to the eyebrows. Trow?, a foot. Octopods. Animals with
Occipito-Meninge'al. Belonging to eight feet. The name of a tribe of Ceph-
the occipital bone and the meninx or alopods which have eight cephalic tentacu-
dura mater. lar appendages.
Occipito-Meningeal Artery. A OCTOSPERM'OUS. In Botany, hav-
name given by Chaussier to a branch of ing eigbt seeds.
the vertebral artery given off to the dura OCU'LAR SPECTRES. Imaginary
34
 ODO 526 ODO
bodies, like flies, spots, &c, floating before syringe, used for injecting the cavity of a
the eyes. tooth.
OCULA'RIA. Eyebright ; a plant of ODONTAGO'GON. An instrument
the genus Euphrasia. for the extraction of teeth. See Dentagra.
OCULA'RES COMMU'NES. The mo- ODON'TAGRA. From odovg, a tooth,
tores oculorum. and aypa, a seizure. According to French
OCULIST. One who devotes himself lexicographers, tooth-ache from retroce-
particularly to the treatment of the dis- dent gout or rheumatism; but the term
eases of the eye. is employed by Greek writers as synony-
OCULO-MUSCULA'RES. A name mous with odovrayoyov. See Odontago-
given by Vicq d'Azyr to the third pair gon.
of nerves. ODONTALGIA. Odon'tia; dentium
OcULO-MuSCULARES COMMUNES. A dolor. From odovg, a tooth, and olyog,
name given by Chaussier to the third pair pain. Tooth-ache. Pain, more or less
of nerves. severe, in one or more teeth, resulting,
Oculo-Musculares Externi. A name most frequently, from caries and inflam-
given by Chaussier to the sixth pair of mation of the lining membrane, but often
nerves. dependent upon inflammation of the al-

OC'ULUS. From o/c/cof, the eye. The veolo-dental periosteum, and sometimes
eye. upon the transfer of nervous irritation.
Oculus Bovi'ntjs. Hydrophthalmia. The pain varies in degree and dura-
Oculus Bo'vis A plant of the genus tion. Sometimes it amounts to a slight
Chrysanthemum. uneasiness ; at other times to the sever-
Oculus Ce'sius. Glaucoma. est agony. It may be dull, deep-seated,
Oculus Ge'nu. The patella. throbbing, acute or lancinating. It may
Oculus Lach'rymans. Epiphora. be confined to a single tooth, or sev-
Oculus Purulen'tus. Hypopion. eral may be affected at the same time.
OCY'MUM. Ocimum. A genus of Commencing in one, it sometimes passes
plants of the order Labiatm. to another and another, until all in one,
Ocymum Basil'icum. The common or and occasionally in both jaws, are affected.
citron basil, supposed to possess nervine The pain is sometimes continued ; at
properties. other times paroxysmal, and it may an-
Ocymum Caryophylla'tum. The small nounce itself gradually, or suddenly, and
or bush basil, said to be mildly aromatic in its most intense form.
and stimulant. After caries has penetrated to the pulp
OCYTOC'IC. From ofo, quick, and cavity, the lining membrane is exposed
tokos, labor. That which quickens par- to the action of acrid humors and other
turition, as ergot. exciting and irritating agents, causing
ODAXIS'MUS. Odaxes'mos. Ulacne'- inflammation, which in this exquisitely
sis. From odovg, a tooth. The pungent sensitive tissue is often attended with tho
itching of the gums which sometimes most insupportable agony, because, sur-
precedes the eruption of the teeth. Lanc- rounded as it is by the hard and unyield-
ing, in cases of this sort, generally affords ing parietes of the tooth, it is prevented
immediate relief. See Dentition, Mor- from expanding, and is consequently sub-
bid. jected to severe pressure, an additional
ODOM'ETER. From odog, a road, and cause of irritation. Tooth-ache, arising
fjerpov, a measure. An instrument fixed from inflammation of the lining membrane
to the wheel of a carriage to measure dis- and pulp, is usually of the agonizing kind,
tance in traveling. equaling, not unfrequently, in lancina-
ODONEN'CHYTES. From odovg, a ting intensity, the excruciating severity of
tooth, t\>, into, and xvu , I pour. A tooth the worst forms of facial neuralgia.
 ODO 627 ODO
" It not unfrequently happens/' says times a symptom of a disordered state of
Mr. Thomas Bell, "that parts the most the stomach. When it results from these
remote, become the apparent seat of causes, its attacks are periodical, seldom
pain, from the exposure of the nerve of a lasting more than two or three hours at a
tooth. I have seen this occur not only in time, and recurring at stated, but more
the face, over the scalp, in the ear, or frequently at uncertain, intervals. Sound
underneath the lower jaw, hut down the as well as carious teeth are subject to this
neck, over the shoulder, and along the variety of tooth-ache, and it is often diffi-
whole length of the arm." any particular
cult to locate the pain in
When the inflammation is confined to tooth. Sometimes it seems at one minute
the parts within the pulp cavity, pressure to be seated in one tooth, and at the next
upon the tooth does not sensibly augment in another, frequently passing round the
the pain, but a slight blow upon it whole jaw. Sometimes it is acute and
with any hard substance increases it, as lancinating, but more frequently dull and
do also hot and cold liquids. Although tantalizing. Gouty and rheumatic per-
of rare occurrence, it sometimes hap- sons are occasionally affected with it.
pens that the inflammation extends no Tooth-ache is frequently occasioned by
farther than the pulp cavity. But whether exostosis of the roots of one or more teeth,
it remains confined to the lining mem-
but for a description of this variety the
brane and pulp, or extends, as most reader is referred to the article upon that
it

frequently does, to the investing soft tis- subject, for which see Exostosis of the
sues, suppuration generally takes place Teeth.
in six or eight days. It rarely, except The treatment of tooth -ache should be
prompt and active means be employed to as variable as are the causes which pro-
arrest its progress, terminates in resolu- duce it. When dependent upon inflam-
tion. Suppuration of the pulp having mation of the lining or investing peri-
taken place, the pressure of the accumu- osteal tissue, or both, without exposure of
lating matter upon the parts at the ex- the pulp, the application of two or three
tremity of the root, generally soon gives leeches to the gum of the affected tooth,
rise to the and if accompanied by general febrile
formation of a sac, and true
alveolar abscess. symptoms, blood-letting from the arm,
When the alveolo-dental periosteum is saline cathartics and abstinence from ani-
the part first attacked by the inflamma- mal food, will often afford relief; but this
tion, the pain is less severe, and more treatment will prove beneficial only in the
easily controlled. It is, however, equally incipient stages of the affection. After
constant and deep-seated, and generally swelling of the gums has taken place,
soon extends to the lining membrane, accompanied by throbbing pain, a certain
causing, in the meantime, a thickening of prognostic of the formation of alveolar
the investing tunic, swelling of the gums abscess, the progress of the inflammation
and often of the salivary and tonsil glands can only be arrested by the extraction of
and face. A painful the tooth. The intensity of the pain, ac-
throbbing sensa-
tion is now experienced companying inflammatory tooth-ache, may
; a sac soon
forms at the extremity of the root; sometimes be temporarily palliated by the
suppuration of the lining membrane su- use of revulsive applications, but as no
pervenes, and an alveolar abscess is permanent benefit is derived from tempo-
formed. rizing treatment of this sort, the immedi-
But tooth-ache sometimes results from ate removal of the organ should be re-

the transfer of nervous irritation. commended, except its presence

Indi- is called
viduals of a nervous temperament, and for by some peculiar necessity. In this
pregnant females, are particularly liable to case the pulp of the tooth, if the caries
this variety of odontalgia ; and it is some- has not already penetrated to it, may b«
 ;

ODO 628 ODO

exposed, and a fortieth or fiftieth part of odontalgic. Relating to tooth-ache. A
a grain of arsenious acid, with an equal remedy for tooth-ache.
quantity of the sulphate of morphia, ap- Odontalgic Drops, Blake's, "fy
—
plied on a small particle of raw cotton, Nitrous ether, 5 parts ;
pulvis aluminis,
previously moistened in water. The cav- 2 parts, mix.
ity should then be immediately sealed Odontalgic Elixir, Lalandeb's.
up with a little yellow wax or gum mastic. RL —Essential oil of cloves 3U essential
In from five to seven hours the vitality of oil of thyme 3 Thebaic extract § ij,
ss > al-

the pulp will be completely destroyed, cohol of roses § ij, Frontignan wine, § iij.

when the arsenic may be removed and the Digest for eight days and filter. It is di-
cavity washed out. For the subsequent rected to be used by holding a few drops
treatment, see Filling Teeth. in the mouth on the painful side, and re-
Tooth-ache occasioned by exposure of jected as soon as the pain ceases.
the dental pulp and slight inflamma- Odontalgic Mixture, Cadet's. ]£
tion of membrane, may, in Sulph. ether 3 i, laudanum 3 i, Turling-
the lining
most cases, be temporarily relieved by the ton's balsam 3 h essential oil of cloves,
application of a bit of raw cotton moist- gtt. ij. Mix and apply to the painful
ened in either of the following mixtures, tooth, on a little cotton.
viz: Re —Sul. ether § i ; creasote 3 ss. ext. ODON'TALITE. From odovg, a tooth,

nut galls 31; gum camph. 3 ss j misce. and A petrified tooth.

/U#of 3 stone.
I£ — Sul. ether § i
;
pul. camph. 3 ij; pul. ODONTATROPHY. Odontatrophy
alum 3 ij misce. ; from odovc,and arpofpia, want of nourish-
The application of this to the exposed ment. Atrophy of the teeth, which see.
pulp, should be repeated from time to ODONTIA. Odontalgia.
time, as occasion may requre. Odontia Defor'mls. Deformity of the
Tooth-ache resulting from the transfer teeth, arising eitherfrom error of shape,
of nervous irritation requires different position, or malformation of the jaws or
treatment. If occasioned by a disordered alveolar border.
state of the stomach, an emetic or cathar- Odontia Incrus'tans. Tartar of the
tic will generally atford relief. In pregnant teeth.
females, a tepid foot-bath and a Dover's ODONTIA'SIS. Dentition.
powder on going to bed, or if the patient ODONTIA'TER. From o6ovg, and
be of a full habit, the abstraction of a few larpog, a physician. A dentist.
ounces of blood from the arm, or cooling ODONTIATRIA. From odovg, and
aperients, will, in most cases, put a stop larpeia, a healing. Dental Surgery.
to the pain. When dependent upon long ODONTITIS. Den'tium inflamma'tio.
continued irritation of the nervous system Inflammation of the teeth.
generally, tonics, moderate exercise in the ODONTOBOTHRITIS. From otovc,

open and such other constitutional (3o$pt,ov, the socket of a tooth, and itis, in-
air,

treatment as the case may seem to indi- flammation. Inflammation of the sockets
cate, should be recommended. Local ap- of the teeth.
plications alone, in cases of this sort, will ODONTOBOTHRION. The socket of
seldom afford relief. a tooth.
The treatment, in short, should be va- ODONTOCERAMTC. From oSwj, a
ried to suit the indications of the constitu- tooth, and xfpa/xoy, any thing made of
tional disease or affection which may be potter's clay. Pertaining to porcelain
concerned in its production. teeth, as the Odontoceramic art.
Odontalgia Hjemo'dia. See Haimodia. Odontoceram'ic Art. Odontocera-
Odontalgia Nervo'sa. Neuralgic motech'ny. The art of manufacturing
tooth-ache. See Odontalgia. porcelain teeth. See Porcelain Teeth.
ODONTALGIC. Odontal'gicus. Anti- ODONTOCERAMOTECH'NY. Odonr
 ;

ODO 629 ODO

toceramotechni'a ; from ofiouj, a tooth, ODONTO'RINE. From oSodj, a tooth,
xepapos, potter's clay, and texvt], art. The and pivrj, a file. A tooth-file. See File,
odontoceramic art, which see. Dental.
ODONTOCEllAMOPOI'OS. From oS- ODONTORRHAGIA. From oftovf, a
ovj, a tooth, xspa/xos, potter's clay, and jto^- tooth, aifia, and pi]yvv\ii, I break
blood,
trjs, a maker. A manufacturer of porcelain forth. Hemorrhage from the socket of a
teeth. tooth.
ODONTOCLA'SIS. From oSovj, and ODONTOSEI'SIS. Odontoseis'mus
niacin, fracture. Fracture of a tooth, from oBovs, oSovtos, a tooth, and aeiaig, a
which see. shaking, agitation. Looseness of the teeth
ODONTOCNE'SIS. From ofevf, and arising from partial or total destruction
Kvtjaig, itching. The itching of the gums of the alveolar processes, caused, most
caused hy dentition. See Ulacneses and frequently, by disease of the gums
Odaxismus. ODONTOSEIS'MUS. Odontoses' mos.
ODONTOGENY. Odontogen'ia; from Odontoseisis.
oSovi, oSov-roj, a tooth, ODONTOSMEG'MA. From oSovj, and
and ytveotq, genera-

tion. The generation or origin and devel- <?/iex<o, to cleanse. Any thing employed
opment of the teeth. See Teeth, Develop- for cleaning teeth; a tooth powder, or
ment of pulps and sacs of teeth. tooth-brush.
ODONTOGLY'PHON. From oSo V j, ODONTOSTERE'SIS. From oSo^j,

and ylv$i>, to scrape. An instrument for and CTeprjaiq, privation. Loss of the teeth.
cleaning the teeth ; also, a gum lancet. ODONTOSYNERIS'MUS. From oSovs,
ODONTOGRAPHY. Odontograph'ia; and avvepiC,eiv } to strike together. Chat-
from oSouj, a tooth, and ypa<l>n, a descrip- tering of the teeth.
tion. A description of teeth. ODONTOTECH'NY. Odontotechni'a;

ODONTOID. Odontoi'des; fromoSovj, from oSovi, a tooth, and texvt], art. Den-
a tooth, and eidog, resemblance, shape. tal surgery.
Tooth-like. In Anatomy, a name applied ODONTOTHERAPI'A. From oSouj,

to a process of the second cervical verte- and tiepaiTEvu, to heal. Dental therapeutics.
bra ; also, to a ligament attached to it. ODONTOTRIBE. Odontotripsis.
ODONTOLTTHOS. From oSodj, a ODONTOTRIM'MA. From o8oi> s , a
tooth, and Xt,&og, a stone. Salivary Cal- tooth, and rpifi/ia, a pulverized substance.
culus, which see. A tooth powder.
ODONTOL'OGY. Odontoloxia ; from ODONTOTRIP'SIS. From oSovj, and
oSovi, a tooth, and koyoj, a discourse. The Tpiifjig, wearing away. The gradual loss
doctrine or science of the teeth ; a treatise of substance of the coronal extremities of
on the teeth. the teeth from attrition. See Abrasion of
ODONTONECRO'SIS. From oSouj, the Teeth, Mechanical.
and vEnpou, I kill. Necrosis of the teeth. ODON'TRYPY. Odontot'rypy ; odon-
ODONTONOMY. Odontonom'ia; from totryp'ia ; from oSwj, a tooth, and Tpvnao,
oSovi, a tooth, and ovo/xa, a name. See to perforate. The perforation of a tooth,
Dentonomy. an operation usually performed with a
ODONTOPARALLAXIS. FromoSwj, bow drill, for the purpose of affording
and Tcapa2.2.a^ig
}
deviation. Irregularity of egress to purulent matter confined in the
the teeth ; deviation from the natural po- pulp cavity. The performance of this
sition of one or more of the teeth. See operation, however, has recently been re-
Irregularity of the Teeth. commended by Dr. Hullihen and Dr.
ODONTOPHY'IA. Dentition. Miller, preparatory to filling a tooth in
ODONTOPLERO'SIS. From 0801*, a which the pulp is exposed, for the pur-
tooth, and trAjgpww?, filling. Filling teeth, pose of preventing congestion of the san-
which see. guineous capillaries, and for the escape of
 ;

(ED 630 CES

lymph should any be effused. The opera- (ENAN'THE. A genus of plants of

tion,when performed for the latter pur- the order Umbelliferce.
pose, is made through the gum, alveolus OEnanthe Croca'ta. Hemlock drop-
and root of the tooth, and has been termed wort. Hemlock water dropwort. It is
Rhizodontrypy. an active poison.
ODOR. Smell, scent a sweet or an ; OZNAN'THIC ETHER. An oily li-
offensive smell. The subtile emanation of quid which gives to wine its characteristic
an odoriferous body. flavor.

ODORIFEROUS. From odor, smell,OZnanthic Acid. An acid obtained

and fero, to bear. Exhaling an agreeable from oenanthic ether.
or offensive odor. (ENANTHYLTC ACID. A colorless,
Odoriferous Glands. Glandidce oily, inflammable, faintly aromatic liquid,
odoriferae. The small glands around the produced during the decomposition of fats.
corona glandis of the male, and under the CENELiE'UM. From oivog, wine, and
skin of the labia majora and nymphas of eXaiov, oil. A beverage composed of wine
the female, which secrete a sebaceous mat- and oil.

ter that gives out a peculiar odor. (ENOM'ELI. From oivog, wine, and
ODORIF'ERUM. A perfume ; a scent jxeli, honey. Honeyed wine wine sweet-
;

that which gives odor. ened with honey.

O'DORIN. A highly concentrated (ENOSTAG'MA. Rectified spirits of
empyreumatic odor, obtained by the re- wine.
distillation of the volatile oil obtained by CENOTHE'RA BIEN'NIS. The even-
distilling bones. ing primrose, a common indigenous plant.
ODOUS. OAwf. A tooth. OESOPHAGEAL. Relating to the
OD'YNE. Odvvri. Pain; used as a oesophagus.
common suffix. CESOPHAGIS'MUS. A name given
ffiCON'OMY. (Econo'mia. See Econ- by some writers to spasmodic contraction
omy. of the oesophagus, and by others to in-
(EDE'MA. From oafew, I am swollen. flammation of the oesophagus.
Swelling occasioned by infiltration of se- OESOPHAGITIS. Inflammation of
rous fluid into the cellular texture. See the oesophagus.
Anasarca. (ESOPHAGORRHAG'IA. Fromowo*-
CEdema Arsenica'lis. The swelling of ayoj, the oesophagus,and pyyvv/ii, to burst
the eyelids and face produced by the use forth. Hemorrhage from the oesophagus.
of arsenical medicines. (ESOPHAGOT'OMY. The operation
(Edema Cer'ebri. Infiltration of the of cutting into the oesophagus for the re-
brain with a watery fluid. moval of a foreign body.
(Edema, Compact. Induration of the CESOPHAGUS. From **>, I carry,

cellular tissue. and <t>ayu, I eat. The gullet. A musculo-

(Edema of the Glot'tis. (Edematous membranous tube, extending from the
swelling of the mucous membrane of the pharynx to the superior orifice of the stom-
glottis a very dangerous and almost al- ach.
; Commencing opposite the lower
ways fatal affection. border of the cricoid cartilage and the
(Edema Lac'teum. Phlegmasia dolens. fifth vertebra of the neck, behind, and a
(Edema of the Lungs. Serous infil- little to the left of the trachea, it passes in
tration into the tissue of the lungs, carried its descent behind the arch of the aorta,
to such impede respiration. along the posterior mediastinum, enters
an extent as to
(Edema Uvu'lje. See Staphyledema. the abdomen through an opening in the
CEDEMOSAR'CA. A tumor partaking diaphragm, and terminates in the cardiac
of the nature both of an oedema and a orifice of the stomach, situated nearly op-
sarcoma. posite the tenth dorsal vertebra.
 OIL 531 OIL

OZSTROMA'NIA. From Oil of Amber, Rectified. A limpid

otfffpoj, vehe-
ment amorous desire, and and nearly colorless liquid, of a strong
fiavia, madness.
Nymphomania applied by some French odor and bitter taste.
;

to the periodical sexual orgasm exhibited Oil of An'ise. A colorless or yellowish

by certain animals. See Rut. fluid with the peculiar odor and taste of

CESTRUM. From otorrpof, venereal or- the seed.

gasm. A term signifying, with some, the Oil of Benne. A colorless bland oil

clitoris. expressed from the seeds of the Sesamum

(Estrum Ven'eris. A strong desire orientale.

for sexual intercourse; the excitement of Oil of Ber'gamot. The volatile oil of
coition. the rind of the fruit of the Citrus limetta.
(E'STRUS. From oicrrpoj, a gad-fly. Oil of Cajeput. The essential oil of
A genus of insects which lay their eggs in the leaves of Melaleuca cajuputi. It is

the skin of animals and near the nose, up used as a stimulant, antispasmodic and
which the laryas find their way to the fron- diaphoretic.
tal sinuses. The larvae of another allied Oil of Car'a way. A somewhat viscid
genus of flies, gasterophilus, attach them- essential oil, of a pale yellow color, ob-
selves to the mucous membrane of the tained by distillation from the seeds of
stomach, and form what are popularly Garum carui.
termed " bots " in the horse. Oil, Castor. See Castor oil.
ffi'SYPOS. (Esypus. From ot?, a Oil of Chamomile. An aromatic oil
sheep, and prrto?, dirt, filth. The greasy obtained by distillation from the flowers
matter of unwashed wool. of the Anthemis Nobilis.
OFFICINAL. qfficina'lis. A term Oil of Cinnamon. The volatile oil of
applied to medicines directed by the phar- the bark of the Cinnamomum Zeylonicum,
macopoeia, with the assent of physicians. and Cinnamomum aromaticum, a warm
OFF'SET. A sprout or bulb from the stimulating and pleasant stomachic.
roots of a plant, capable of taking root Oil of Cloves. The volatile oil of the
when separated from the parent plant. unexpanded flowers of the Caryophyllus
OIL. O'leum. An unctuous substance aromaticus
obtained from various animals and vege- Oil, Cod-Liver. A fixed oil obtained
tables, which gives a greasy stain to pa- from the liver of the Gadus Morrhua and
per. Oils are either solid or fluid, and are other allied species. It is of a white, yel-
insoluble in water, and combustible with low, red or brown color, and contains
flame. They are distinguished into fixed variable proportions of iodine, bromine,
and essential oils. The former com- sulphur and phosphorus. Within the last
are
mon fats, and those oils which require a few years it has attracted considerable at-
high temperature for their volatilization, tention as a medicinal agent. It has been
and are obtained by the action of fire or recommended in chronic gout, rheumatic
by expression. The latter, called also affections, scrofula and rickets; chronic
volatile oils, from their evaporating when pectoral complaints, tabes mesenterica,
exposed to the air, are obtained princi- and various other diseases.
pally by distillation from plants, and ex- Oil of Copai'ba. A colorless essential
hale a strong aromatic odor. oil, of an aromatic and acrid taste, sepa-

Oil of Al'monds. The fixed oil of the rated from Copaiba by distillation with
kernels of Amygdalus communis. water.
Oil of Am'ber. Oleum succini. A thick Oil, Cro'ton. See Croton Oil.
dark colored liquid of a peculiar strong Oil of Cu'bebs. A volatile oil obtained
empyreumatic odor, obtained by the dis- by distillation from the berries of the Pi-
tillation of amber with its weight of fine per cubeba. It is colorless when pure, has
sand in a glass retort over a sand bath. a warm, aromatic, camphorous taste, and
 OIL 632 OIL

has all the medicinal properties of the It is an unctuous liquid of a pale yellow
cubebs. or yellowish-green color, having very little
Oil of Dill. A volatile oil obtained odor, and of a bland, sweetish taste.
from the seed of the Anethitm graveolens, Oil of Orig'anum. A very acrid and
by distillation. It is of a pale yellow stimulating essential oil, frequently called
color ; has the odor of the fruit, and a hot oil of marjoram, obtained from Origanum
sweetish taste. vulgare by distillation.
Oil of Elder Flowers. A volatile oil Oil of Partridge-berry. An essen-
of a butyraceous consistence, obtained tial oil, of an agreeable odor and pungent
from the flowers of Sambucus canadensis. aromatic taste, obtained from the berries pf
Oil of Fen'nel. A colorless or yel- Gaultheria procumbens by distillation.
lowish volatileoil, obtained by distillation Oil of Pennyroyal. A volatile oil ob-
from the seed of the Famiculum vulgare, tained from Hedeoma pulegioides by distil-
having the odor and taste of the seed. lation. It has a light yellow color, a pleas-
Oil, Fu'sel. Amyl'ic alcohol. Potato ant aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent,
oil. An acrid volatile oil of a pungent, mint-like taste.
suffocating odor, obtained during the dis- Oil of Peppermint. A volatile oil

tillation of potato whiskey. It is said to possessing the active principles of tho

be an irritant narcotic. It was thought at plant from which it is obtained.
one time to be the cause of the occasional Oil of Pimen'to. A volatile oil of a
fatal action of chloroform, but that notion brownish-red color, obtained by distillation
is now exploded. from the berries of the Myrtus pimenla,
Oil of Horsemint. A reddish amber- and having the odor and taste of the ber-
colored volatile oil, of a fragrant odor and ries.

warm pungent taste, obtained from the Oil, Phosphora'ted. Phosphorated

fresh herb of Monarda punctata by dis- almond oil, used as a nervous stimulant in
tillation. cases of great prostration from typhoid
Oil of Ju'niper. A volatile oil, color- fever.
less, or of a light greenish-yellow, with a Oil of Eosemary. An essential oil ob-
terebinthinate odor, and hot acrid from the flowering
taste, tained by distillation

obtained from the berries of Juniperus summits of the Rosmarinus officinalis. It

communis by distillation. It is stimu- has stimulant properties and is chiefly used
lant, carminative and diuretic. in rubefacient liniments.
Oil of Lav'ender. An essential oil, Oil of Eoses. This is the volatile oil

used chiefly as a perfume, though possessed of the petals of Rosa centifdia, commonly
of carminative and stimulant properties, called attar, otto, or essence of roses. It is

obtained from the flowers of Lavendula nearly colorless, has a grateful and pow-
spica by distillation. erfully diffusive odor.
Oil of Lemons. A yellow or colorless Oil of Sas'safras. A volatile oil ob-

volatile fluid having the odor of the fruit, tained from the root of the Sassafras offi-

and a warm, pungent, aromatic taste, ob- cinale or Laurus sassafras. It is of a

tained from the rind of the fruit of Citrus yellowish or reddish color, is stimulant,
limonum, either by expression or distilla- carminative, and supposed to be diapho-
tion, but the former method is generally retic.
preferred. Oil of Sav'in. This oil is obtained by
Oil of Nutmeg. A limpid, colorless, distillation from the tops and leaves of Ju-
volatile oil, obtained from the kernels of niperus sabina. It is stimulant, emmena-
Myristica moschata by distillation, and gogue and rubefacient.
used for the same purposes as the nutmeg. Oil of Spearmint. A volatile oil pos-
Oil, Olive. A fixed oil obtained from sessing similar properties to the oil of pep-

the fruit of Qlea Europcea by expression. permint.

 C~Jfl 633 OLE
Oil of Tab. An impure, red-colored oils. Oils obtained from aromatic vegeta-
volatile oil, obtained from tar by distilla- bles, and generally by distillation.
tion with water. OLEA'CE^E. The Olive tribe of dico-
Oil of Tur'pentine. The volatile oil tyledonous plants.
of the resinous juice of the Pinus palus- OLEAG'INOUS. Unctuous; oily; hav-
tris and other species of Pinus, commonly ing the qualities of oil.

called spirits of turpentine. OLEA'MEN. A soft ointment prepared

Oil of Vit'riol^ Sulphuric acid. of oil.
Oil of Wormseed. A volatile oil ob- OLEAN'DER. A beautiful evergreen
tained from the fruit of Ghenopodium an- shrub of the genus Nerium.
Ihelminticum by distillation. It is of a light OLECRANARTHRI'TIS. From wAe-

yellow color when recently distilled, has upavov, olecranon, apftpov, a joint, and His,

the peculiar odor of the plant, and is used inflammation. Inflammation of the el-

as an anthelmintic. bow joint.

OILS, ESSEN'TIAL. Oils obtained by OLECRANARTHROCACE. From

distillation. ulenpavov, olecranon, apdpov, a joint, and
Oils, Expressed. Fixed oils. kclkov, injury. Caries of the articular sur-
Oils, Vol'atile. Essential Oils. faces of the elbow joint.

OINTMENT. See Unguentum. OLECRANON. From utevr), the ulna,

OLDENLAN'DIA. A genus of plants and npavov, the head. A large process at
of the order Cinclionacece. the upper extremity of the ulna, forming
Oldenlandia Umbella'ta. A plant, the projection of the elbow.
« the leaves of which are supposed in India O'LEFIANT GAS. Heavy carbureted
to be expectorant. hydrogen.
O'LEA. The plural of oleum. Oils. O'LEIC ACID. An acid obtained by
Mso, a genus of plants of the order Olea- the saponification of oleine.
cece, of which there are about twenty-five O'LEINE. That portion of a fat which
species. See Olea Europaja. is left after the separation of margarine
Olea Distilla'ta. Distilled or essen- and stearine. It is an oleate of oxyd of
tial oils. lipyl, and is a thin, transparent liquid.
Olea Empyreumat'ica. Empyreu- OLEO-RESINS. Native combinations
matic oils, or oils which have a burnt of and resin, the proper
volatile oil juices
smell. of coniferous and other plants.
Olea Europ^'a. The olive. Oliva and OLEO-RICIN'IC ACID. An acid ob-
Olea saliva. The olive tree ; from the fruit tained by the saponification of castor oil.

of which olive oil is obtained. OLEOSACCHARUM. From oleum,

Olea Expres'sa. Fixed oils ; expressed oil, and saccharum, sugar. A mixture of
oils. See Olea Fixa Vel Pinguia. an and sugar.
essential oil
Olea Fix'a Vel Pin'guia. Expressed OLERA'CEOUS. From olus, any gar-
oils. Fixed oils. Fatty oils. The oils den herb for food. Of the nature of an
obtained from the seeds of vegetables herb grown for food.
without distillation. O'LEUM. Oil.
Olea Fuga'cia. Oils which are of so Oleum ^the'reum. Ethereal oil.

volatile a nature as to require a different Heavy oil of icine. Sulphate of ether and
process for obtaining them than that em- etherine. A yellowish liquid, of an oleag-
ployed for other volatile oils ; as the oils inous consistency, acrid odor and sharp,
of jessamine, lily, violets, &c. bitter taste, formed in the distillation of
Olea Medicina'lia. Medicinal oils, ether.
or oily solutions of certain medicinal sub- Oleum Amyg'dal;E. Oil of Almonds.
stances. Oleum Ane'thi. Oil of dill.
Olea Volatil'ia. Distilled or essential Oleum An'isi. Oil of anise.
 OLE 634 OLI

Oleum Anthem'idis. Oil of chamomile. Oleum Tar'tari per Deliq'uium.

Oleum Benzo'ini. Oil of benzoine. Solution of carbonate of potash.
Oleum Berga'mii. Oil of bergamot. Oleum Terebin'thin^;. Oil of turpen-
Oleum Bu'bulum. Neat's-foot oil. tine.

Oleum Cajuputi. Oil of cajuput. Oleum Terebinthin^: Purifica'tum.

Oleum Camphora'tum. Camphor lini- Purified oil of turpentine.
ment. Oleum Tig'lii. Croton oil.
Oleum Ca'ri, or Ca'rui. Oil of cara- Oleum Vitri'oli. Sulphuric acid.

way. Oleum Vi'vum. Bitumen.

Oleum Caryophyl'li. Oil of cloves. O'LEYL. The hypothetical radical of

Oleum Chenopo'dii. Oil of wormseed. oleic acid.

Oleum Cinnamo'mi. Oil of cinnamon. OLFACTION. Olfac'tus. The fac-

Oleum Copai'bjs. Oil of copaiba. ulty of smelling.

Oleum Cor'nu Cer'vi. Oil of harts- OLFACTORY. Olfacto'rius; from ol-

horn. factus, the smell. Belonging or relating

Oleum Cudeb^e. Oil of cnbebs. to the apparatus of smelling.
Oleum Foznic'uli. Oil of fennel. Olfactory Foram'ina. The holes or
Oleum Gaulthe'rls:. Oil of partridge- foramina in the cribriform plate of tho
berry. ethmoid bone.
Oleum Hedeo'm^;. Oil of pennyroyal. Olfactory Nerves. Nervi olfactorii.
Oleum Junip'eri. Oil of juniper. The first pair of nerves.
Oleum Lavan'dul^e. Oil of lavender OLFAC'TUS. The sense of smell.
Oleum Limo'nis. Oil of lemons. OLIBANUM. A gum-resin, of a bitter-
Oleum Li'ni. Oil of flaxseed. ish flavor, agreeable odor, and of a yellow-
Oleum Men'th^e Piper'it^e. Oil of ish-white color, the product of the Bos-
peppermint. wellia serrata, or of the Juniperus lycia.
Oleum Mentha Pule'gii. Oil of Eu- OLIG- OLIGO-. From ofoyog, little,

ropean pennyroyal. few. A prefix, denoting paucity, or that

Oleum Mentha Vir'idis. Oil of spear- the number of a thing is small.
mint. OLIG2EMIA. From oliyog, little, and
Oleum Monar'd^e. Oil of horsemint. aifia, blood. Deficiency of blood anaemia. ;

Oleum Myris'ticje. Oil of nutmeg. OLIG^ESTHE'SIA. From oliyog, little,

Oleum Oliv^e. Olive oil. and aia-drjaia, feeling. A dullness of sensi-
Oleum Orig'ani. Oil of marjoram. bility, not an absolute annihilation of it

Oleum Phosphora'tum. Phosphorated like anaesthesia.

oil. OLIGOBLEN'NIA. From okiyog, few,
Oleum Pimen't^:. Oil of pimenta. and filEvva, mucus. Deficiency of mucus.
Oleum Pulegii. Oil of European pen- OLIGOCHOLIA. From olcyog, few ,
nyroyal. and x°M, bile. Deficiency of bile.

Oleum Ricini. Castor oil. OLIGOCOP'RIA. From oliyog, little,

Oleum Ro'sje. Oil of roses. and iconpog, excrement. Deficiency of the

Oleum Rosmarini. Oil of rosemary. alvine evacuation.
Oleum Sabin.*:. Oil of savine. OLIGOCH'YLUS. From oliyog, few,
Oleum Sambu'ct. Oil of elder flowers. and xv %°5, juice, chyle. Deficiency of
Oleum Sas'safras. Oil of sassafras. chyle, and but little nutritious.
Oleum Ses'ami. Benne oil. OLIGODAC'RYA. From oliyog, little,

Oleum Suc'cini. Oil of amber. and Sanpv, a tear. Deficiency of the lach-
Oleum Succini Rectifica'tum. Rec- rymal secretion.
tified oil of amber. OLIGOGALACTIA. Oligoga'lta; aga-
Oleum Sulphur a'tum. Balsam of sul- lactia; from okiyog, little, and yala, milk.
phur. Deficiency of the mammary secretion.
 OLI 635 OMP
OLIGOH^'MIA. From oliyog, little, OLOPHLYGTIS. An eruption of small
and aifia, blood. Ancemia. Deficiency of hot pustules over the skin.
blood. OLOPHO'NIA. Congenital defect of
OLIGOPHYL'LUS. OhyofuMog. Few- the organs of voice.
leaved. An epithet applied in Botany to OM'AGRA. From ufiog, the shoulder,

plants, as the Pallygala oligophylla, which and aypa, a seizure. Gout in the shoulder.

have but few leaves. OMAL'GIA. Pain in the shoulder.

OLIGOSIALIA. From oliyog, little, OMARTHRITIS. From ufiog, the
and aiaXov, saliva. Deficiency of salivary shoulder, ap-dpov, a joint, and His, inflam-
secretions. mation. Inflammation of the scapulo-
OLIGOSPERMIA. From oliyog, little, humeral articulation.
and cnepfia, seed . Deficiency of the semi- OMA'SUM. The third stomach of ru-
nal secretion. The term is also applied in minantia.
Botany to plants whose seed-vessels con- OMENTITIS. Inflammation of the
tain but few seeds, as the berry of the omentum.
Psidium oligosperma, and the legume of OMEN'TULA. A term applied in
lndigofcra oligosperma. Anatomy to the prolongation of the peri-
OLIGOSPONDYLUS. From oliyog, toneum beyond the surface of the large in-
small, and onovdvfayg, a vertebra. A term testine.
applied by Gault to a monster with de- OMENTUM. The caul, or epiploon.
fective vertebra?. OMNIVOROUS. Omniv'orus; from
OLIGOTRICHIA. From oliyog, little, all, and voro, to devour.
omnis, Animals
and #p*|, hair. Deficiency of hair. which feed indiscriminately on vegetable
OLIGOTROPHIA. From ofayog, few, and animal substances.
and Tpe<j>o), I nourish. Deficiency of nour- OMO-. A prefix, from ufiog, the shoul-
ishment. der. Relating to the shoulder.

OLIGURE'SIA. From oTiiyog, little, OMOCOTYLE. The glenoid cavity of

and ovprjoig, act of discharging urine. Mor- the scapula.
bid deficiency of urine. OMO-HYOIDE'US. A muscle arising

OLISTHK'MA. A luxation. from the superior costa of the scapula,

OLIVA. See Olea Europcea. and inserted into the inferior margin of
OLIVA'CEOUS. Olive-colored; olive- the os hyoides.
green ;
green mixed with brown. Applied OMOPHAGIA. From uuog, raw, and
in Conchology to the shell of Buccinum <t>ayo, I eat. Fondness for raw food.

cMvaceum. OMOPLATA. From uuog, the shoul-

OLIVA'RIS. From oliva, the olive. der, and TtvlaTUf, broad, flat. The scapula.
Resembling an olive. Olive-shaped. OMOS. S2,;oc. The shoulder.
OLIViEFOR'MIS. Olive-shaped. Ap- OMOTHROC'ACE. From upof, the
plied in Botany to Quercus olivceformis, shoulder, aptipov, a joint, and nanov, in-
the acorn of the oak. jury. Caries or disease of the shoulder
OLIVE. See Olea Europcea. joint.
Olive Oil. See Oil, Olive. OMOT'RIBES. Oil from unripe olives.
OL'IVILE. A substance crystallizing OMPHA'CIUM. The juice of unripe
in white needles, obtained from the resin grapes.
of the olive tree. Also, a substance OMPHACITES. Wine prepared from
obtained from the leaves of the olive unripe grapes.
tree. It occurs in colorless bitter crys- OMPHA'LEA. A genus of plauts of
tals, which emit aromatic vapors when the order Euphorbiacea;.
burning. Omphalea Tkian'dba. A plant, the
OLIVINE. A mineral of an olive fruit of which yields an oil said to be ser-
green color, containing oxyd of iron. viceable in promoting parturition. The
 ;;

ONO 536 OOE

juice of the plant turns black in drying, ovoua, a name, and fiavreia, prophecy. A
and is used in Guiana for ink. species of divination from the letters of a
OMPHALOCE'LE. From ofjQalog, the person's name, practiced by the ancients.
navel, and ktjXj}, hernia. Umbilical hernia. ONOMATOLOGTA. Nomenclature.
OMPHALOMANTI'A. From analog, ONO'NIS. A genus of plants of the
the navel, and uavreca, prophecy. The di- order Leguminosm.
vination practiced by credulous midwives, Ononis Spino'sa. Anonis arven'sis. A
who pretend to foretell the number of plant, the roots of which are said to be
children a woman will have by the knots aperient and diuretic.
in the umbilical cord. ONOPOR'DIUM. A genus of plants
OMPHALO-MESENTERTC. Omphalo- of the order Compositce.
mesenter'icus; from on$a?Mg, the navel, and Onopordium Acan'thium. The cotton
viesenicrium, the mesentery. Relating to thistle ; the expressed juice of which has
the navel and mesentery. been recommended as a cure for cancer,
Omphalo - Mesenteric Vessels. A used in the form of a poultice.
name given by Haller to an artery and ONOS'MA. A genus of plants of the
vein of the umbilical vesicles of the foetus, order Boraginaceas.
which terminate in the superior mesenteric Onosma Echioi'des. A European plant,
artery and vein. the root of which affords a red dye, some-
OMPHALOPHY'MA. Omphaloricus; times used as a substitute for alkanet.
from o/xQaXog, and <j>v/j.a, tumor. Tumor of ONTOL'OGIST. One who treats of the
the navel. nature and qualities of beings in general.
OMPHALORRHAGIA. From o^alog, ONTOL'OGY.
Ontolog'ia ; ovtcl, from
and hoyog. That department of science
the umbilicus, and pnyvvfu, to burst forth. ei/u

Hemorrhage from the navel, which some- which investigates the nature of beings.
times occurs in new-born infants. ONY'CHIA. From ouvf, the nail. Pa-
OMPHALORRHEXIS. From analog, ronychia at the side of the finger nail.
the umbilicus, andpe^f, rupture. Rupture ONYCHITIS. Inflammation of the
of the umbilical cord. nails.

OMPHALOS. The umbilicus. ONYCHOGRYPHO'SIS. Curvature of

OMPHALOTOMTA. Omphalotomy the nails ; a phenomenon of frequent oc-
from ofityalog, the umbilicus, and ro/ir}, in- currence in hectic fever.
cision. A term applied in Obstei?'ics to the ONYCHON'OSI. From wwf, and voaog,
division of the umbilical cord. disease. Diseases of the nails.
O'NANISM. Masturbation. ONYCHOPTOSIS. From ovv$, and
ON'COS. A tumor. nruaig, falling. Falling off of the nails.
ONCOT'OMY. Oncotom'ia; fromoyKog, ONYCHOTEU'THIS. From opf, a
a tumor, and roftri, incision. In Surgery, claw, and rev-dog, a calamary. A genus of
the operation of opening a tumor or ab- Calamaries, in which suckers of the ceph-
scess. alic appendages are armed with a hook or
ONEIRODYNIA. From oveipog, a claw.
dream, and o6vvt}, anxiety. Morbid, dis- ONYX. Ow£, a nail. In Surgery, a
turbed and troubled dreams. between the
collection of purulent matter
ONEIROG'MOS. A lascivious dream from its
lamella? of the cornea, so called
nocturnal pollution. resemblance to a stone termed an onyx.
ONION. A plant of the genus Allium, In Mineralogy, a species of agate consist-
and particularly its bulbous root. ing of parallel layers of different shades of
Onion, Sea. See Scilla Maritima. making cameos.
color, used in
ONIS'CUS. A genus of apterous insects. OOCYE'SIS. Ovarian pregnancy.
The wood-louse. Also, the glow-worm. OOEI'DES. The aqueous humor of the
ON'OMANCY. Onomoman'cy ; from eye.
 OPH 537 OPH
O'OLITE. From vov, an egg, and l&oc, parts destitute of hair present a winding
a stone. A granular variety of carbonate figure or form.
of lime, like the roe or eggs of a fish. OPHIOGLOS'SUM. A genus of ferns
OOLOG'IA. Ovol'ogy ; from wov, an of the family Felicoideoz.
egg, and hoyoc, a discourse. In Ornithol- Ophioglossum Luna'eia. Moonwort.
ogy, a treatise on the eggs of birds. The leaves are astringent.
OON. An ovum, egg. Ophiglossum Spicatum. Adder's
OOPHORITIS. From uofopog, that tongue, formerly supposed to be vulner-
which bears or produces eggs, and itis, in- ary.
flammation. Inflammation of the ovary. OPHIOPHAGUS. Fromo<K, a ser-
OPACITY. Opaci'tas. The quality of pent, and (j>ayu
} I eat. A term applied in
an opaque body which obstructs the rays Zoology to men or animals which feed on
of light. serpents, as the people of Africa, called
O'PAL. A mineral consisting of silex Ophiophagi.
and about ten per cent, of water. OPHIORRHI'ZA. A genus of plants
OPAKE. Opaque. Impermeable to the of the order Cinchonaceoz.
rays of light. Ophiobkhiza Mungos. Radix serpen-
OPALINE. Resembling the opal ; of tuvi. Mungo radix. The leaves, bark and
a milky, iridescent color. root are intensely bitter, and are used in
OPERATION. Opera'tio; from opus, Java, Sumatra, &c, for preventing the
work. In Surgery, the application of in- effects of the bite of the naja, a venomous
struments to the human body for the cure serpent, and the mad-dog.
of disease. In Therapeutics, the action of OPHIOSTOMA. A genus of intesti-

medicine, as that of a purgative, &c. nal worms which have two lips.

OP'ERATOR. One who performs a OPHIOXTLUM. A genus of plants

manual process. In Surgery, a surgeon. In of the order Apocynacea;.
Dentistry, a dentist. Ophioxylum Serpenti'num. The tree
OPER'CULA OCU'LI. The eyelids. yielding the lignum serpentum, used by
OPER'CULATE. Operculars Hav- . the Tellingoos as a febrifuge and for the
ing a lid-like cover. Operculated. bites of venomous animals.
OPERCULATUS. Opercula'ied; closed OPHTS. A serpent.
by opercula. OPHITES. From o^ij, a serpent. The
OPERCULIFOR'MIS. Opercu'liform; serpentine or black porphyry ; a rock
resembling an operculum or lid. formerly worn as an amulet for the cure of
OPER'CULUM. A lid or cover. Ap- diseases of the head.
plied in Dental Philosophy to the lips of OPH'RYS. The eyebrow.
the follicle of a tooth-germ, which, com- OPHTHALMAL'GIA. From ot^uoj,
ing together, close the mouth of it and the eye, oXyo$, pain. Pain in the eye.
form a tooth-sac. In Mastozoology , to the OPHTHAL'MIA. From o^atyioj, the
tragus of the ear when sufficiently elon- eye. Ophthalmitis. A term used to desig-
gated to close the auricular cavity. In nate inflammation of the investing mem-
Ichthyology, to the gill-cover which pro- branes of the eye, and of the inner sur-
tects the bronchia) of many fishes. In faces of the eyelids, or of the whole bulb
Botany, to the epiphragraa, which see. of the eye. There are several varieties of
OPIIE'LIA. A
genus of plants of the ophthalmia each of which has received
;

order Gentianaceoe. a specific designation, as acute, chronic,

Ophelia Chika'yta. The wormseed conjunctival, Egyptian, gonorrheal, puru-
plant, which is said to possess properties lent, &c.
similar to those of gentian. OPHTHALMIATER. From of^oxuoi,
OPHIA'SIS. A species of porrigo de- the eye, and tarpoj, a physician. An ocu-
calvans, or partial baldness, in which the list j a practitioner of ophthalmic surgery.
 OPH 538 OPO
OPHTHALMIATRI'A. The art of the OPHTHALMOPTO'SIS. From otydal-

oculist. Also, an eye-infirmary. and ktuolc, a falling down.

uoc, the eye,
OPHTHAL'MIC. Ophthalmicus; from Protrusion and prolapsus of the globe of
of^a%fioi, the eye. Belonging or relating the eye.
to the eyes. OPHTHALMORRHA'GIA. Hcemor-
Ophthalmic Artery. A
branch of rhage from the conjunctiva.
the internal carotid artery, which passes OPHTHALMOSCOPTA. Ophthalmos-
to the eye through the optic foramen. copy ; from o^dalfiog, the eye, and oko-keu,
Ophthalmic Gang'lion. Lenticular to examine. The art of distinguishing the
ganglion. A ganglion situated on the ex- temperament of an individual by examina-
ternal part of the optic nerve in the orbit tion of his eyes. Used also, as a means
Ophthalmic Nerve. A branch given off of diagnosis in diseases of the eyes.
from the Casserian ganglion, the first and OPHTHAL'MOS. The eye.
smallest of the fifth pair ; it enters the orbit OPHTHALMOSTA'TUM. From <*?>-

by the sphenoidal and divides into ^afyioj, the eye, and araaiq, station.
fissure, An
the lachrymal, frontal and nasal nerves. instrument for confining the eye ; a specu-
Ophthalmic Vein. A vein which ac- lum oculi.
companies the ophthalmic artery. OPHTHALMOTHERAPI'A. OpMhd-
OPHTHAL'MICI EXTER'NI. The mo- miatria. Ophthalmic therapeutics ; treat-
tores oculorum, or third pair of nerves. ment of the diseases of the eye.
OPHTHALMITIS. Ophthal'mia. A OPHTHALMOTOMY. Ophthalmo-
term restricted by some writers, to in- tom'ia. In Anatomy, the dissection of the
flammation of the bulb of the eye, but eye. In Surgery, incision of the cornea,
usually applied synonymously with oph- or extirpation of the eye.
thalmia. OPHTHALMOX'YSIS. From o^aX-
OPHTHALMO-BLENNORRH(E'A.— jitoj, the eye, and frio, to scratch. Scarifi-

Purulent ophthalmia. cation of the eye, or rather of the conjunc-

OPHTHALMO-CARCINO'MA. Can- tiva, practiced in cases of inflammation of
cer of the eye. this membrane.
OPTHALMOCE'LE. Hernia or protru- OPHTHALMOXYSTRUM. An instru-
sion of the bulb of the eye. ment for scarifying the eye.

OPHTHALMODYNIA. From otf- OPIAM'MON. A yellow powder ob-

dal/ioc, the eye, and odvvrj, pain. Pain in tainedby treating opianic acid with am-
the bulb of the eye. According to Plenck, monia and evaporating the alkali.
orbito-frontal neuralgia. O'PIAN. Narcotine. An active nitro-
OPHTHALMOG'RAPHY. From o0- genous principle derived from opium.
tiaXfioc, the eye, and ypafyn, a description. OPIAN'IC ACID. An acid obtained
A description of the eye. by the decomposition of narcotine.
OPHTHALMOLOGY. From o<p$alfiog, O'PIATE. Opia'tum. A medicine con-
the eye, and hoyoc, a discourse. A treatise taining opium an anodyne.
;

on the eye. OPION. Opium.

OPHTHALMOMETER. From o$-dal- OPIS'THENAR. The back of the
fioc, the eye, and fierpov, a measure. An hand.
instrument for measuring the capacity of OPISTHOTONOS. From omotiev,

the chambers of the eye. backward, and teivu, I bend. A variety

OPHTHALMON'CUS. Tumefaction of of tetanus, in which the body is bent
the eye. backward.
OPHTHALMOPLEGIA. From o$daX- O'PIUM. Omov. The inspissated juice
fioc, the eye, and nXtjaau, I strike. Paral- of the Papaver somniferum, or poppy.
ysis of one or more of the muscles of the OPOBAL'SAM. Opobal'samum. A
globe of the eye. term applied by the Greeks to a liquid,
 OPS 639 ORB
odoriferous and aromatic balsam. Balsam OPSIONU'SI. From «Vv, vision, and
of Mecca, the produce of Amyris opobal- voucrij, a disease. Diseases of vision.
samum, and gileadensis. OP'SIS. Vision.
OPOCALPA'SUM. A dark-colored OPTIC. Opticus; from onropai, I see.
bitter balsam, the produce of a tree not Relating to vision.
ascertained. Optic Fora'men. A foramen in the
OPODEL'DOC. Camphorated soap sphenoid bone, through which the optic
liniment. nerve passes.
OPOPONAX. The foatid gum resin of Optic Nerve. The second pair of
Opoponax chironum. Also a genus of cerebral nerves.
plants of the order Apiacece. OPTICS. That branch of physics which
Opoponax Chironum. A tree, native relates to vision, and the phenomena of
of the countries bordering on the Mediter- light.
ranean. It exudes, from incisions made OPUNTIA. The Cactus opuntia, or
in its roots, a milky juice, which gradu- Indian fig.
ally concretes into tears or masses, known O'RA SERRATA. The posterior ser-
under the name of Opoponax. rated margin of the ciliary processes.
OPO'RICE. A conserve of several au- O'RAL TEETH. The incisors and cus-
tumnal fruits, particularly quinces and pidati are so called because they are situ-
pomegranates. ated behind the lips at the entrance of the
OPPILATION. From oppilo, to close mouth.
up. Obstruction, as the closing of a cavity ORANGE. In Botany, the Citrus au-
by the adhesion of its walls. rantium. In Physics, one of the seven col-
OPPILA'TIVUS. In Pharmacy, a med- ors of the solar spectrum.
icine which closes the pores of the skin. ORANGEADE'. Orange sherbet. A
OrPO'NENS. Opposing. An epithet drink made of orange juice and water
applied to two muscles of the hand. sweetened with sugar, often used as an
Opponens Min'imi Dig'iti. A small antiphlogistic in acute diseases.
muscle of the hand situated on the hypo- ORANGE TREE. The common name
thenar eminence. of the Citrus aurantium.
Opponens Pol'licis. The flexor ossis ORBICULAR. Orbicularis; from or-
metacarpi pollicis muscle. bis, a circle. Round ; a circle.

OPPOS'ITUS. Opposed ;
placed oppo- Orbicular Bone. The smallest of the
site to each other; applied in Botany to four bones of the ear.
parts plants thus arranged, as the
of ORBICULA'RIS O'RIS. The circular
leaves of Saxifraga opposUifulia and Bal- muscle which surrounds the mouth. It
lota nigra. has no bony attachment, and consists of
OPPRES'SIO CER'EBRI. Catalepsy. two planes of fibres, one for the upper,
OPPRESSION. Oppres'sio. A sense the other for the lower lip, which meet at
of weight, especially about the chest, the angles of the mouth. Its use is to
which seems to impede respiration. draw the lips together, and shut the
OPSIGONOS. From
otyt, late, and mouth.
ywofiM, to be born. A
term sometimes Orbicularis Palpebrarum. A mus-
applied in Dental Anatomy to a wisdom cle common to both eyelids, in the sub-
tooth, or a tooth erupted late in life. stance of which it is seated. Its use is to
OPSIOM'ETER. From 04*$, sight, and shut the eye by drawing both lids to-
fittpov, a measure. An instrument for gether.
measuring the limits of distinct vision in ORBIC'ULATE. Orbicula'tus. Round
different individuals, and for determining and flat.
the focal length of lenses necessary for the ORBIC'ULUS CILIA'RIS. The ciliary
correction of imperfections of the eye. ring or circle.
 ORC 540 ORG
OR'BIT. Orbitum. The name of the two ORCHOT'OMY. Castration.
cavities which lodge the organs of sight. ORDER. In Natural History, a num-
OR'BITAL ARCH. The superior edge ber of allied objects which include one or
of the orbit. more Genera; and a collection of Orders,
Orbital Fissures. The sphenoidal according to the Linntean system, consti-
and spheno-maxillary fissures, situated in tutes a Class, but according to Jessieu,
the orbit. The first is called the superior, are subdivisions of orders.
and the other the inferior. OREODAPH'NE. A genus of plants
Orbital Nerve. A branch of the of the order Lauraceai.
superior maxillary, which enters the orbit Oreodaphne Cupula'ris. The bark
by the spheno-maxillary fissure. of this species possesses properties similar
OU'BITAR. Relating to the orbit. to cinnamon, and has been called Isle of
Orbitar Foram'ina. The foramina France cinnamon.
entering the orbit, which are the anterior Oreodaphne Opif'era. This species
and posterior ethmoid orbitar, the optic, yields a large quantity of volatile oil,

the foramen lacerum superius, and the obtained by incision, which is said to
sujjra and infra-orbitar foramina. possess discutient qualities. An oil is

ORCHAL. Orchel. See Archil. also obtained from its fruit, said to be
ORCHECTOMY. Castration. efficacious in pains of the limbs and con-
ORCHIDAL'GIA. OrchaVgia; from traction of the joints.

<W?, the testicle, and aXyoj, pain. Pain OREOSELI'NUM. Black mountain
in the testicles. parsley ; a plant of the genus Athamanta.
ORCHIDATROrHTA. Atrophy of the ORES. The mineral bodies from which
testicles. metals are extracted. When combined
ORCHIDOCTAB'ASIS. From o^i, with sulphur, they are termed sulphurets;
a testicle, and xataSam^, descent. The when combined with oxygen, oxyds ; and
descent of the testicles into the scrotum. when combined with acids, salts.
ORCHIOCE'LE. From oP *i j, a testicle, OREX'IS. Appetite.
and xrfKri, a swelling. Hernia of the scro- OR'GAN. Or'ganum. A part of an
tum ;
also, swelling of the testicles. organized body, animal or vegetable,
ORCHIOT'OMY. Orchioiom'ia ; from which has a determined function or office

opa^S) the testicle, and -tofirj, incision. Cas- to execute.

tration ; the removal, by surgical opera- ORGAN'IC. Organ' icus. Relating to
tion, of one or both testicles. an organ or organs ; consisting of or con-
OR'CHIS. Op*.,*- A testicle. Also, the taining organs.
name of a genus of plants of the order Organic Chem'istry. The chemistry
Orchidaceoz. of matters derived from animals or plants.
Orchis Bifo'lia. The butterfly orchis. Organic Diseases. Diseases which
The root is mucilaginous. cause a change in the structure of an
Orchis Mas'cula. The male orchis. organ or organs ; or in which an organ is

The root of this plant yields Sale}), the directly implicated.

source of Bassorin. Organic Force. See Plastic Force.

Orchis Mo'rio. The salep root, a fari- ORGAN'ICISM. Organicis'mus. A
naceous powder prepared from the root of term sometimes applied in Pathology to
several species of Orchis, but chiefly from the doctrine of the localization of disease.
that of Orchis mascula. OR'GANISM. The aggregate of the
ORCHITIS. From opxic, a testicle, organs and powers which govern an or-
and itis, signifying inflammation. In- ganized being.
flammation of the testicle. Organism, Dental. See Dental Or-
OR'CHOS. The tarsal extremities of ganism.
the eyelids. ORGANIZATION. Organiza'tio ;—
 OR! 641 ORO
from opyavov, an organ. The condition O'RIS. Genitive of os, a mouth.
or arrangement of the parts of an organ- Oris Constrictor. The orbicularis
ized body, or of the laws which regulate oris.

its action. ORISMOL'OGY. From opia(wg, a term,

OR'GANIZED. In Physiology, com- and toyog, discourse. Terminology; gloss-
posed of organs ; endowed with organiza- ology ; the explanation of the technical
tion. terms of any science.
ORGANOGENY. Organogen'ia ; from ORNITHOGALUM. A genus of plants
opyavov, an organ, and yeveoig, generation. of the order LMaceai*
The formation of the organs. Ornithogamjm Altis'simum. A plant,
ORGANOGRAPHY. Organograph'ia; native of South Africa, possessing pro-
from opyavov, an organ, and ypafV, a de- perties similar to the squill.
scription. A description of the organs of Ornithogalum Marit'imum. The
a living body. squill or sea onion. See Scilla Maritima.
ORGANOLOGY. Organolog'ia ; from Ornithogalum Pyrkni'acum. The
opyavov, an organ, and hoyog, a discourse. bulbous root of this species is employed
A treatise on the organs of the living by the Western Indians as food. It pos-
body. Anatomy. sesses excellent properties, and is some-
ORGANONOM'IA. Organono'my ;— times used as a poultice. The Ornithoga-
from opyavov, an organ, and vouog, a law. lum umbellatum, another species, possesses
The doctrine of the laws of organic life. similar properties.
ORGANOT'OMY. Anatomy. ORNITHOL'OGY. From opvig, a bird,
OR'GASM. Orgas'mus ; from opyao, and toyog, a discourse. A on
treatise
I desire ardently. Excitement and vital birds, embracing their arrangement and
turgescence of an organ, but generally natural history,
applied to the organs of generation. ORNITHOMAN'CY. From opvig, a
ORGAS'TICA. An and parreia, divination. A species of
order of diseases bird,
in the class Genetica, of Good's Nosology. divination by means of the flight of birds,
Diseases which affect the orgasm. practiced by the Etruscans.
ORIFICE. Orijici' am; from os, oris, ORNITHORHYNCH'US. From opvig,
mouth, and facis, to make. A term and pvyxog, beak. A genus of Monotrema-
applied in Anatomy to the mouth or tous animals, with a horny beak resem-
entrance of any cavity or canal, and in bling that of the duck, and two fibrous
Dental Surgery to the aperture or entrance cheek teeth on each side, in each jaw.
of a cavity in a carious tooth. OR'NUS EUROIVEA. An oleaceous
ORIG'ANUM. The origanum vulgare; plant, which yields manna ; the European
also a genus of plants of the order Lam- flowering ash.
iaceoz. OROliAN'CHE. A genus of plants of
Origanum Cre'ticum. Origanum dic- the order Orobanchacex.
tam'nus. Dittany of Crete. The leaves are Orob anche Virginia'na. Beech-
said to beemmenagogue and alexipharmic. drops cancer-root, said to have been an
;

Origanum Marjora'na. Sweet mar- ingredient in Martin's cancer powder.

joram. Principally used for culinary pur- OROBOI'DES. Orobo'des; from opofiog,

poses orobus, and etfog, form. A term applied

Origanum Vulgare. Wild marjoram. in Pathology to urine, urina oroboides,
It is stimulantand carminative, and was when it deposits a faun-colored sediment,
formerly used as an emmenagogue. It like the meal of the orobus.

yields an essential oil, which has been OR'OBUS. A genus of plants of the
used for the relief of tooth-ache. order Leguminosce.
ORIGIN. In Anatomy, the commence- Orobus Tuuero'sus. The heath-pea.
ment of a muscle. OROPHAL'LUS. From oppog, the end
85
 ORT 542 OSC
of the os sacrum. A term applied by I
and irveu, I respire. Inability to breathe
Gurlt to a monster having a second male :
in a recumbent posture.
organ originating from the rump. Orthopnea Caedi'aca. Angina pec-
OR'PIMENT. Native yellow sulphuret toris.

of arsenic. Orthopncea Convul'siva. Asthma.

ORTINE. A plant of the genus Sedum. Orthopncea Cynan'chica. Cynanche
ORRHOPYG'ION. From oppoi, the trachialis.

end of the os sacrum, or the space be- ORTHOPTERA. Orthop'terous ; from

tween the anus and pudenda, and -rrvyv, opdog, straight, and nrepov, a wing. A
the rump. A term applied in Anatomy to term applied in Entomology to an order
the inferior extremity of the vertebral of tetrapterous insects which have straight
column. Also, the raphe or line extend- wings, as the locust and grasshopper.
ing from the penis to the anus, dividing ORTHOT'ROPOUS. From opdog,
the scrotum into two parts. straight, and rpenu, to turn. In Botany,
OR'RHOS. Serum. Also the perineum, erect on the embryo of a plant.
and extremity of the sacrum. ORY'ZA. Rice. Also, a genus of
OR'RIS ROOT. The root of the Iris plants of the order Gramineas.
florentina. Oryza Sati'va. The rice plant.
ORTHO. From option, straight. A pre-
OS, ORIS. A mouth or entrance into
fix denoting straightness or erectness of any place, as the os externum, os internum,
position. os tincaz, $*c.
ORTHO'CERA. From opdog, and icepag, Os Exter'num. The entrance into the
a horn. Orthocerates. The extinct ceph- vagina.
alopoda, a class of molluscous animals, Os Inter'num. The mouth of the uterus.
having the head situated between the Os Tin'ceje. Os internum the mouth ;

body and the feet, inhabiting long-cham- of the uterus.

bered shells, resembling a horn. Os. Ossis. A bone.
ORTHOCO'LON. From opdog, straight, Os Sepi^e. The cuttle-fish bone, which
and Kohov, limb. A term applied in Pa- is sometimes used in a pulverized state as
thology to a stiff limb. Anchylosis, with a dentifrice.
the limb extended. OSANORE TEETH. A name given
ORTHODONTIA. Denial orthopcedi'a; by Mr. William Rogers to artificial teeth
from op-dog, straight, right, and odovg, a constructed from the ivory of the tooth of
tooth. That part of dental surgery which the hippopotamus, and, as he says, sub-
has for its object the treatment of irregu- mitted to the action of some peculiar
larity of the teeth. See Irregularity of chemical agent by which the pores of the
the Teeth, Treatment of. ivory become filled with a silicious sub-
ORTHODONTIC. Relating to the stance.
treatment of irregularity of the teeth. OSCE'DO. Aphtha? j also, yawning.
ORTHOG'NATHOUS. From o P £o?, OS'CHEAL. Relating to the scrotum.
and yva&og, jaw. Having a straight or OSCHEOCHALA'SIS. From ooX eov,

vertical jaw. A term applied to a form the scrotum, and ^aAaatc, relaxing. A
of head in which the facial angle ap- term applied in Pathology to hypertrophy
proaches a right angle. of the cellular tissue of the scrotum with
ORTHOPiEDr A. From op£o$, straight, enormous distension of the integument of
right, and naig, a child. The correction the part.
of deformities of children, such as club- OSCHEO-CARCINO'MA. Chimney-
foot, &c. sweeper's cancer.
ORTHOPEDIC. Relating to ortho- OSCHEOCELE. From ooxeov, the
paedia. scrotum, andmM, a tumor. A tumor of
ORTHOPNCE'A. From op^oj, straight, the scrotum. Also, scrotal hernia.
 ; —

OSM 543 OSS

OS'CHEON. Baxeov. The scrotum. Osmunda Rega'lis. The osmund royal,

OSCHEON'CUS. Oschon'cus; from said to be tonic and styptic.
ocxew, the scrotum, and oynog, a tumor. OSPHRE'SIS. Olfaction; the sense
Tumefaction of the scrotum. Oscheoph- of smell.
yma. OSPHAL'GIA. Osphalgy; from oo$vg,
OSCHEOPHY'MA. Oscheoncus. and atyog, pain. A syn-
the loins or hips,
OSCHEOPLAS'TIC. Oscheoplas'ticus; onym of Coxcdgia, which see.
from oaxeov, the scrotum, and nTiaooo, I OSPHYS. The loins.
form. A term applied in Surgery to the OSPHY'TIS. Osphi'tis; from oo$v<„ the
operation for the restoration of the scro- hips or loins, and itis, inflammation. In-
tum when lost. flammation of the parts in and about the
OSCHI'TIS. Inflammation of the scro- coxo-femoral articulation, or of the cellu-
tum. lar membrane of the loins.
OSCHON'CUS. Oscheoncus. OS'SA BREG'MATIS. The parietal
'
OSCILLA'TIO. Muscular irritabil- bones.
ity. Ossa Inciso'ria. Ossa intermaxillaria.
OSCILLATION. Vibration; Ossa Intermaxilla'ria. Ossa labia'lia.
swing-
like; a pendulum. Two bones situated between the superior
OSCILLATO'RIA. A term applied to maxillary in quadrupeds, but not in man,
plants of the lowest organization. They which receive the roots of the incisor teeth
are found in wet and damp places, and of animals that have these teeth.
consist of threads, which apparently some- Ossa Labia'lia. Ossa Intermaxillaria.
times have movement. Ossa Us'ta Al'ba. Ossa calcina'ta.
OS'CITANT. Oscita'tion; from osci- Bones calcined into white powder.
tare, to yawn. Yawning, gaping. OS'SEOUS. Bony ; formed of or re-
OSCULATO'EIUS. The orbicularis A term applied in Anat-
sembling bone.
oris. omy
whole assemblage of the bones
to the
OS'MAZOME. From oafiri, smell, and of the body, as the Osseous System; in
dufioc, soup. An extractive matter in Pathology, to morbid affections or altera-
meat, having the smell of soup. tions of bones.
OS'ME. Odor. Osseous Bases for Artificial Teeth.
OS'MIUM. A metal discovered by Previously to the employment of metallic
Tennant, and so called from the peculiar bases, osseous attachments for artificial
smell of its oxyd. teeth were much used. They were gen-
OSMON'OSI. Diseases of the sense erally carved from the ivory of the tusk of
of smell. the elephant or the tooth of the hippopot-
OSMONOSOL'OGY. Osmonosolog'ia amus, and, indeed, the entire substitute
from oo[x?i, odor, voaog, disease, and hoyog, the teeth as well as the base — was for-
a discourse. The doctrine of the diseases merly wholly constructed of it; but since
of the sense of smell. the introduction of the metallic bases, it
OSMORHFZA. A genus of plants of has been less frequently employed for this
the order Umbelliferce. purpose. See Mounting Artificial Teeth
Osmorhiza Longis'tylis. Sweet on an Osseous Base.
cicely.
Scandix odorata. See Cicely, Sweet. Osseous Union of Teeth. See Teeth,
OSMUN'DA. A genus of ferns of the Osseous Union of.
order Polypodiacece. OSSIC'ULA. The plural of ossiculum.
Osmunda Cinnamo'mea. Cinnamon Ossicula Audi'tus. Ossicida auris.
fern, said to be demulcent, slightly as- The four small bones of the internal ear,
tringent and tonic. viz: the malleus, incus, stapes and os orbic-
Osmunda Luna'ria. Moon-wort, a ulare.
species of ophioglossum. Ossicula Bertini. Cornua Sphenoi-
 ;

OST 644 OST

da'lia. The triangular process of the in Dental Anatomy, by Professor Owen,
sphenoid bone, ossa triangularia. to a hard substance, partaking both of the
OSSICULUM. Diminutive of os, a nature of bone and dentine, but more an-
bone. A small bone. alogous to the former than the latter, de-
OSSIFICATION. from posited on the inside of dentine, usually,
Ossijica'iio;
os, a bone, and facer e, to make. The for- after the age of twenty, and designated
mation of bone. by Mr. Tomes by the name of secondary
Ossification, Points of. The points dentine. The entire pulp is sometimes con-
where the formation of bone commences. verted into this substance, especially when
In the teeth, the edges of the incisors, it becomes the seat of slight irritation.
the points of the cuspidati, cusps of the This substance is very analogous in struc-
bicuspids, and protuberances upon cementum, and is termed by
the ture to
grinding surfaces of the molars, are the Blumenback, horny substance.
points where ossification commences on OSTEODER'ME. In Zoology, a family
these organs. of fishes whose bodies are covered with a *
OSSIV'ORUS. From os, a bone, and hard crust or skin resembling bone.
voro, I devour. A particular kind of tu- OSTEODYNIA. Osteocopus.
mor mentioned by Ruysch, occurring in OSTEOGEN 'I A. Osteogeny; from
the thigh, which causes the destruction oorttov, a bone, and yewau, I generate. Os-
of the bone. sification ; formation of bone.
OSTAGRA. From off reov, a bone, and OSTEOGTIAPHY. Osteograph'ia; from
aypa, seizure. In Surgery, an instrument oattov, a bone, and ypatyuv , to describe.
for removing portions of bone. A description of the osseous system.
OSTALGITIS. From oattov, a bone, OSTEOL'OGY. Osteol'gia; from oa-
and itis, inflammation. Ostitis. Inflam- ttov, a bone, and toyoj, a discourse. A
mation of bone, accompanied by sharp treatise on bones.
lancinating pains. OSTEO'MA. An osseous tumor. Ex-
OSTEAL'GIA. From oattov, a bone, ostosis.

and eayoj, pain. Pain in a bone. OSTEOMALACIA. From oattov, a

OSTEMPYE'SIS. From oattov, a bone, bone, and jtoaaxoj, soft. Mollities ossium
and e/znw/ffff, effusion of pus. The occur- softness of bones.
rence of suppuration in the interior of a OSTEON. Oattov. A bone.
bone. OSTEON' CUS. From oattov, a bone,
OSTEOCE'LE. From oattov, a bone, and oynoc, a tumor. Osteoma ; exostosis.
and KT/ty, a tumor. A term applied in OSTEON'OSI. From oattov, a bone,
Pathology to the cartilaginous or bony and voaof, a disease. Diseases of the
induration which sometimes occurs in a bones.
hernial sac. OSTEOPSATHYROSIS. Os'siumfra-
OSTEOCOL'LA. From oofs ov, a bone, gil'itas; from oattov, a bone, and 4a^p»J»
and koXacl, glue. Glue-bone ; bone-binder. fragile. Fragility or brittleness of the
Petrified carbonate of lime ; so called from bones.
the supposition that it promoted the for- OSTEOPHTHORIDE. From oattovt
mation of a callus between the extremities a bone, and 4>^opa, destruction, decay.
of a fractured bone. Spina Ventosa, which see.
OSTEOC'OPE. Osteocopus. OSTEOPH'YMA. Osteoncus.
OSTEOC'OPUS. Osteodynia. Dolor OSTEOPLEU'RA. From oattov, a
osteoc'opus. From oattov, a bone, and bone, and nxtvpov, a rib. Ossification of
Komu, to strike. A dull pain in the bones. the cartilages of the ribs.
Ostealgia. It ordinarily occurs in syphi- OSTEO-SARCO'MA. From oattov, a
litic constitutions. bone, and oa.pK.uua, a fleshy tumor. A
OSTEO-DENTINE. A term applied tumor containing a mixture of bony and
 OTA 645 OTT

soft matter. Also, spina ventosa. See OTAL'GIC. A term applied to reme-
Jaws, Morbid Growths of. dies for diseases of the ear.
Osteo-Sarco'sis. Osteo-sarcoma. OTEN'CHYTES. From ov<, the ear,

OSTEO'SIS. Ossification. ev f into, and kvu, I pour. An ear syringe.

OSTEO-STEATO'MA. From oat-joi/, a OTHA'RI. Old name for mercury of
bone, and armp, fat. A tumor composed the philosophers.
of bony and fatty matter. OTHELCO'SIS. Ulceration of the ear.

OSTEOTOMY. From oottov, a bone, OTIAT'RUS. An aurist.

and Tefiveiv, to cut. The cutting of bone. OTIC. O'ticus. Pertaining to the
OSTEOZO'A. The plural of osteozoon, ear.
a vertebrated animal. A term applied in Otic Ganglion. A small ganglion of
Zoology, by Blainville, to vertebraia, ani- the inferior maxillary nerve, at the in-

mals having a vertebral column. ner margin of the foramen ovale of the
OSTERMAIER'S CEMENT FOR sphenoid bone.
THE TEETH. See Cement for the OTITIS. From oi>?, the ear, and His,
Teeth, Ostermaier's. inflammation. Inflammation of the ear.
OSTITIS. Ostalgitis. OTOCONITE. A calcareous deposit
OSTIUM. A door, foramen, or opening. found in the sac of the vestibule of the ear.
Ostium Abdomina'le. The orifice of OTOGLY'PHUM. Otogly'phis. An
the fimbriated extremity of the Fallopian ear- pick.
tube. OTOG'RAPHY. Otograph'ia; from
Ostium Uteri'num. The opening of ovj, the ear, and ypafyu, to describe. A
the Fallopian tube into the uterus. description of the ear.
OSTOI'DEA SUBSTANTIA. Tooth- OTOLITES. From wj, the ear, and
bone. A name given by Purkinje and /U#o?, a stone. The calcareous substances
Frankel to cementum, crusta petrosa or found in the vestibule of the ear of the
cortical substance of a tooth. mammalia.
OSTOI'DES. Osseous ; bony. OTOL'OGY. Otolog'ia; from ovj, the
OSTO'MA. Osseous exostosis. ; ear, and Ttoyoj, a discourse. An anatomi-
OSTRA'CEANS. Qstracea. A fam- cal treatise on the ear.
ily of bivalve shell-fish, of which the oys- OTOPLASTY. Otoplas'tice ; from
ter is the type. (
ovs, the ear, and nXaaau, to form. An
OSTRACITE. A fossil oyster shell. operation for the restoration of a lost ear.
OSTRACO'DES. Ostraco'da; from OTOPLATOS. Otopla'dos. An ill-

oatpaxov, a shell, and siSoj, form. A fam- conditioned ulcer behind the ear."

ily of Entomostracans, with the shell OTOPYO'SIS. From tvf, the ear, and
folded in two, like the shell of a bivalve rtvov, pus. A discharge of purulent mat-
mollusk. ter from the ear.
OS'TREA EDU'LIS. The oyster. OTORRHAGIA. From 01,5, «*o 5 , the
Ostrea Max'ima. The scallop. ear, and prjyvv/j.i
} to burst out. Hemor-
Ostre,*: Tes'tjE. Oyster shells. rhage from the ear.
OSTRICH. The popular name of a OTORRHEA. From ovj, the ear, and
bird belonging to the species of the genus A discharge of serous mu-
peu, to flow.
Struihio. cus or purulent fluid from the ear.
OTACOUS'TIC. Otacousticus ; from OTOT'OMY. Ototom'ia ; from ot>j, the
m>5, wtoj, the ear. A name given to in- ear, and tejiveiv, to cut. The dissection of
struments which improve the sense of the ear.
hearing, as the different kinds of ear OTTER. The popular name of digiti-
trumpets. grade carnivorous mammals, of the genus
OTAL'GIA. From onj, the ear, and Luira, of which there are about nine spe-
oxyoj, pain. Pain in the ear. cies.
 OVI 546 OXA
OTTO OF ROSES. Oil of roses. and gero, I bear. A term applied, in Zo-
OULA. The gums. ology, to parts containing or supporting
OULE. Ovlri. A cicatrix. an egg.
OULORRHAG'IA. From oi*o»>, the OVIPAROUS. Ovipa'rus; from ovum,
gums, and pvyvvfii, to burst forth. Hem- an egg, and pario, I bring forth. Ani-
orrhage from the gums. mals which produce their young fron
OUNCE. Uncia. Eight drachms, or eggs, outside of the body.
the sixteenth part of a OVO- VIVIPAROUS. From ovum, an
pound avoirdupois.
OURETTC ACID. A
supposed new egg, vivus, living, and parere, to bring
acid claimed to have been discovered by forth.. Oviparous animals, in which the
Proust and Bergmann, but shown by process of incubation is commenced in the
Klaproth to be bi phosphate of soda. body of the mother.
OURA.RT. Wourari. See Curari. O'VULA GRAAFIA'NA. The Graa-
OU'RON. Urine. fian vesicles ; small serous vesicles found
OURONOL'OGY. Ouronolog' ia ; from ovary the ova in
in the structure of the ;

ovpov, urine, and toyoj, a discourse. A which the future embryo is developed.
treatise on urine. Ovula Nabo'thi. Naboth's glands,
OUS. Ovg. The ear. which see.

OVAL. Ova'lis ; from ovum, an egg. O'VULE. Ovulum. Diminutive of

Round and oblong. ovum, a little egg. In Botany, the rudi-
OVARIAN. Pertaining to the ovarium. mentary seed enclosed in the carpels of
Ovarian Artery. The spermatic ar- plants.
tery. OVULUM. A small egg.
Ovarian Pregnancy. See Pregnancy, OVUM. From uov, egg. An egg.
ovarium. In Physiology, the capsule enclosing the
O'VARISTS. Those who believe that prolific germ of animals. In Pharmacy,
the phenomena of generation in the human the white of the fowl's egg, album ovi, is

species, as well as all animals, result from used for clarifying syrups, and the jr olk,
the development of the ova or ovula in the vitellus ovi, for suspending camphor and
female, as a consequence of the mere ex- resins in emulsions. The shell, testa ovi, is

citement of the male, a doctrine almost sometimes used when calcined as an ab-
wholly discarded by physiologists of the sorbent. The oil, oleum ovi, is emollient,

present day. and used as an application to burns.

OVA'RIUM. From ovum, an egg. OX. The common name of the Bos
The ovary.* In the female mammalia, the taurus.
ovaria are the secretory organs of the Ox-Eye Daisy. A plant of the genus
embryo. They are two oval bodies, sit- Orysanthemum.
uated, one on each side of the uterus, be- Ox's Tongue. A plant of the genus
hind and a little below the Fallopian Pier is.
tubes. OX'ALATE. A salt resulting from the
O'VARY. The ovarium. combination of oxalic acid with a salifiable
OVATE. Oval, or egg-shaped. base.
OVEN, ENAMELING. A small oven OXALIC ACID. Ac'idum oxali'cum.
made of brick, sometimes used in enam- Acid of sorrel. An acid occurring in the
eling porcelain teeth. form of an acid oxalate of potash in cer-
O'VIDUCT. Oviduc'tus ; from ovum, tain vegetable juices, as that of sorrel. It
an egg, and ductus, a canal. The duct is also obtained by the action of nitric
through which the ovum or egg passes. acid on sugar and starch. Formula, Ca
OVIDUCTUS MULIEBRIS. The 3 , HO+2HO.
Fallopian tube. Oxalic Ether. Oxalate of eihyle. A
OVIG'EROUS. From ovum, an egg, colorless, aromatic liquid. AeO, C2 0s.
 OXY 647 OXY
OXALTDA'CE^. The Wood-sorrel tion by which a substance is converted
tribe of Dicotyledonous plants. into an oxyd the act of combining with
;

OX'ALIS. A genus of plants of the oxygen.

order Oxalidacece. OXYDER'CA. From o|uj, quick, and
Oxalis Acetosel'la. Wood-sorrel, a $ipK.eo#ai, to see. Acuteness of vision.
plant which yields the binoxalate of pot- OX'YD CM. Oxyd.
ash. It is esteemed refrigerant, antiscor- Oxydum Fer'ri Ni'gbum. Black oxyd
butic and diuretic. of iron.
OXAL'ME. From o|dj, acid, and a%{, Oxydum Fer'ri Ru'brum. Red oxyd
salt. A mixture of vinegar and salt. of iron.
OXALU'RIA. Urine in which oxalates Oxydum Stib'ii Semivit'reum. Class
are formed. of antimony.
OXALU'RIC ACID. A crystalline Oyydum Stibii Sulphura'tum. Cro-
white powder formed by the action of cus of antimony.
bases on parabanic acid. Formula Cq Nft, OXYECOI'A. From o£v 5 , acid, and %
H8 O7+HO. axori, sense of hearing. Preternatural
OX'AMID. Oxalamid. A white acuteness of the sense of hearing, as some-
crystallinepowder formed by the action times manifested in cerebral irritation.
of ammonia in solution on oxalic ether, or OXYG'ALA. From o£vf, sour, and
on oxalate or oxyd of ether. Formula, yala, milk. Sour milk.
C2 O2+NH2. OXYG'ARUM. A composition of ga-
OXATYL. The hypothetical radical rum and vinegar.
of oxalic acid. It is one of Lowig's car- OX'YGEN.
Oxygenium; from o|uj,
byls, C2. and yevvau, to generate. A taste-
acid,
OXY-ALCO'HOL BLOW-PIPE. See less, inodorous, colorless element, always
Blow-Pipe, Dr. Elliot's Compound self- existing in a gaseous state when not com-
acting. bined with other ponderable matter ; a
OXYCAN THA. A plant of the genus supporter of combustion, combining with
Berberis, the Berberis vulgaris. every combustible body, with all the met-
Oxycantha Gale'ni. The Berberis als, and most vegetable and animal sub-
vulgaris, which see. stances ; it is indispensable to respiration,
OXYCHLO'RIC ACID. Perchloric acid. and is a component part of the air and
OXYCOC'COS. A plant of the genus water.
Vaccinium. OXYGENATED MURIATIC ACID.
OX'YCRATE. Oxycra'tum ; from o|uj, Chlorine.
and icpau, I mix. A mixture of honey and OXYGENATION. Oxydation.
diluted vinegar. OXY-HY'DROGEN BLOW-PIPE. An
OXYCRO'CEUM EMPLAS'TRUM. instrument for burning one volume of
An anodyne composed of saffron,
plaster, oxygen and one of hydrogen, which issues
pitch, colophony, yellow wax, turpentine, from a small tube or aperture. It pro-
gum ammoniac, myrrh, galbanum, mas- duces a most intense heat.
tic, and olibanum. OXYG'LICUS. An oxymel.
OX'YD. Oxydiim, oxyd; from o|uj, OX'YMEL. From o|vj, acid, and jitfTu,

acid, and «&>$, form. A compound of honey. A syrup composed of honey and
oxygen with an element or other body. vinegar.
Oxyd of Cakbon, Gaseous. Carbonic Oxymel Col'chici. Oxymel of colchi-
acid. cum.
Oxyd, Cystic. Cystine. A very rare Oxymel Cu'pri Subaceta'tis. Oxy-
species of urinary calculus, consisting of mel of subacetate of copper.
yellowish, semi-transparent, hard crystals. Oxymel Scil'l^s;. Oxymel of squill.
OXYDATION. Oxydatio. The ac- OX'YMURIAS HYDRAR'GYRI. Cor-
 . , '

PAC 548 PAC

rosive chloride of mercury. Bichloride of OXYSAC'CHARUM. 4
Sugar and vine-
mercury ; corrosive sublimate. gar.
Oxymurias PoTASs'iE. Chlorate of OXYSUL'PHURET. The sulphuret of
potash. a metallic oxyd.
OXYMURIATE OF LIME. Chlorin- OXYTARTARUS. Acetate of potash.
ated lime. OXYTOCIA. From ofrg, quick, and
Oxymuriatic Acid. Chlorine. m/crw, I bring forth. Quickness of birth.
OXYMYlt'HHlNE. See Myrtus com- OXYTOCIC. That which expedites
munis. delivery.
OXYNI'TRON. An old plaster recom- OXYU'RIS. Oxyurus. The ascaris or
mended by Aetius, composed of vinegar thread- worm.
and nitre. OYSTER. A bivalve testaceous ani-
OXYNOS'EMA. Acute disease. mal, the Ostrea edulis.
OXYODIC. Iodic. Oyster Shells. The shell of the Os-
M OXYO'PIA. Preternatural acuteness trea.

of vision. OZE'NA. From o&, a stench. Ulcer-

OXYOSTHRE'SIA. Acuteness of the ation of the pituitary membrane of the
sense of smell. nose, and discharge of purulent and ex-
OXYPHLEGMA'SIA. Violent inflam- ceedingly foetid matter. It is sometimes

mation. accompanied by caries of the bones. It is

OXYPHO'NIA. Shrillness of voice. usually dependent on a syphilitic or scrof-
OXYPRO'TEIN. The substance which ulous disease. The author once met with
forms the bufty coat of inflamed blood. a case which had resulted from a diseased
OXYREG'MIA. Acid eructations. condition of the lining membrane of the
OXYR'IA. A genus of plants of the maxillary sinus.
order Pdygonacece. OZONE. A gas of a pungent odor dis-
Oxyria Reniform'is. Mountain sorrel, covered by Schonbein. It is formed by the
a plant possessing refrigerant, antiscor- action of phosphorus upon moist air by
butic and diuretic properties. the electric fluid passing through damp
OXYRRHOD'INON. A composition of oxygen. It was thought at one time to be
vinegar and oil of roses. a modification of oxygen, but it is now gen-
OXYS. Gfuc. Acid; sharp; acute. erally believed to be a toroxyd of hydrogen.

P. A contraction of pitcfitlus, a pugil PACHYBLEPHARCSIS. PacJieableph-

and of pars, or partes, a part or parts. aro'sis; from m*xvc, thick and fiktfyapov,
PAB'ULUM. Food; aliment. the eyelid. A morbid thickening of the
Pabulum Vi'tm. Literally, the food of eyelid.
life. Aliments. The animal heat was PACHYDER'MA. Pachyder'mata; from
formerly so called Ta^vf, thick, and deppa, the skin. Thick-
PACCHIO'NI, GLANDS OF. Minute skinned. An order of mammifera, em-
whitish or yellowish bodies isolated or dis- bracing the thick-skinned animals, as the
posed in clusters on several points of the elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, &c.
dura and pia mater, and particularly in the PACHYGLOS'SATES. Pachyglos'si;
longitudinal sinus. Their use is not known. from naxvs, thick, and yhuoaa, a tongue.
PACHYiE'MIA. Pachce'mia; from A family of parrots which have a thick
Traxw, thick, and aipa, blood. Thickness tractile tongue.
of the blood. PACHYLO'SIS. From Tra^f, thick.
 P^ET 649 PAL
Preternatural thickness of the epidermis, PAIGIL. A plant of the genus Pri-
occasioned by hypertrophy of the papilla} mula. Primula veris.

of the skin. PAIN. Dolor.

PACHYN'TICA. Medicines formerly PAINS, AFTER. The pains experi-
supposed to have the .property of thicken- enced after parturition by lying-in women.
ing the humors. Pains, Laboh. The pains that accom-
PACINIAN CORPUSCLES. The pany parturition.
small tubercles found on the peripheral PAINT, IN'DIAN. Blood root, the
extremities of the nerves. common name of Sanguinaria canadensis.
PAD. A small cushion used to compress PAINTER'S COLic. Colica picionum.
certain parts, and sometimes placed on A species of colic peculiar to painters and
splints, or between them and the fractured others exposed to lead poisions.
limb. PALAEONTOLOGY. PaLozontolog'ia;
P^EDAN'CHONE. From irate, a child, from n:a?iai.os, ancient, and ontology, the
and ayxu, I strangle. A fatal angina pe- science of being. The science of ancient
culiar to children, described by some old beings or creatures ; applied to the fossil

writers. remains of extinct animals and plants.

P.EDARTHROC'ACE. Pedarthroc'ace; PAL/EONTOG'RAPHY. Pala-ontog-
from 7ratf, a child, ap^pov, a joint, aud raphi'a; from rfaJuuoj, ancient, wv, a being,
xaxo$, bad, evil. According to some wri- and ypa<t><->, to describe. A description of
ters, spina ventosa, but the term is ap- fossil remains of extinct animals or plants.
plied by others to a scrofulous affection of PALaEOPHYTOL'OGY. Palceophyto-
the joints of children. logi'a; from 7raAai0f, ancient, fyvvov, a leaf,
P^ED ATROPHIA. From iratg, a child, and %oyo$, a discourse. A treatise on, or
o, priv., and, tpt$u, to nourish. Emacia- the science of, the fossil remains of plants.
tion of children ; tabes mesentcrica, PALxEOZOOL'OGY. Palceozoologi'a.
PAEDERASTY. Sodomy. An unnat- A treatise on the animals of a former
ural passion for boys. world.
PiEDIATRI'A. The treatment of dis- PAL'ATAL. Palatine.
eases of children. PAL'ATE. Palatum. The roof of the
P.E'DO-NOSOLOGY. Pcedonosolog'ia; mouth.
from iraiQ, Palate, Artificial. See Obturators
a child, voios, a disease, and
\oyo$, a discourse. A treatise on the
and Artificial Palates.
dis-

eases of children. Palate Bones. Two bones situated at

P^EDOTROPHTA. From wig, a child, the back part of the superior maxillary
and T'pcNjKo, to nourish. The nourishment bone, between its tuberosities and the
of children in accordance with the rules of pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone.
hygiene. They are shaped precisely alike.
PiEO'NIA. A genus of plants of the The palate bone is divided into three
order Banunculacece; also, pajony. plates —the horizontal or palate, the vorti-
P^eonia Officinalis. Common pajony, cal or nasal,and the orbital.
at one time in high repute as a remedial The palate plate is broad, and on the
agent, but now seldom used. The seeds same line with the palate processes of the
were considered cathartic and emetic, and superior maxillary bone its upper surface ;

the root antispasmodic. is smooth, and forms the posterior floor of

PjETE'RIA. A genus of plants of the the nostrils the lower surface is rough, ;

order Ginchonacece. and forms the posterior part of the roof of

P^eteria Fce'tida. The leaves of this the mouth ; its anterior edge is connected
plant have a strong and are to the palate process of the upper jaw,
foetid smell,

said to be useful in dysuria and some feb- and its posterior is thin and crcscentic, to
rile diseases. The root is emetic. which is attached the velum-pendulum
 —

PAL 550 PAL

palati or soft palate ; at the posterior point Palate, Soft. The velum pendulum
of the suture, uniting the two palate bones, palati.
there projects hack ward a process called PAL'ATINE. Palati'nus; from pala-
the posterior nasal spine, which gives ori- tum, the palate. Belonging or relating to
gin to the azygos-uvulaj muscle. The ver- the palate.
tical plate ascends, helps to form the nose, Palatine Arteries. These are two,
diminishes the opening into the antrum by the suj)erior palatine and the sphenopala-
projecting forward, and by its external tine. The superior descends from be-
posterior part, in conjunction with the hind the superior maxillary bone, passes
pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone, through the posterior palatine canal to the
forms the posterior palatine canal; the roof of the mouth, and supplies the palate,
lower orifice of which is seen on the mar- gums and velum pendulum palati. It also
gin of the palate plate, called the pos- sends off a small branch through the for-
terior palatine foramen, which transmits amen incisivum to the nose. The spheno-
the palatine nerve and artery to the soft palatine enters the back part of the nose
palate ; behind this foramen is often seen through the spheno-palatine foramen, and
a smaller one passing through the base of is distributed upon the pituitary mem-
the pterygoid process of this bone, and brane.
sending a filament of the same nerve to the Palatine Foram'ina. Two foramina,
palate. anterior and posterior. See Palate Bones.
The upper end of the vertical or nasal Palatine Nerves. Three nerves, the
plate has two processes, the one is seen at anterior, middle, and posterior. The
the back of the orbit and is called the anterior descends through the posterior
orbital process, the other is posterior and palatine canal, passes forward through
fits to the under surface of the body of the the hard palate, to which it is distributed,
sphenoid bone. Between these two pro- communicating with the naso-palatine
cesses there is a foramen, the spheno- ganglion and its branches. It also sends
palatine, which transmits to the nose a off several branches to the antrum and
nerve and artery of the same name. spongy bone. The middle palatine nerve,
The palate bone articulates with six descending through the same canal as the
others, namely, the superior maxillary, posterior, supplies the soft palate, uvula,

inferior turbinated, and tonsils. The posterior emerges from

vomer, sphenoid and
ethmoid. an opening behind the posterior palatine
The structure of this bone is very thin, foramen, and is distributed to the hard
and consists almost entirely of compact and soft palate, gums, and tonsils.
tissue. Its development, it is said, takes Palatine Or'gans. The organs which
place by a single point of ossification at enter into the formation of the hard and
the place of the union of the vertical, hori- soft palate.

zontal and pyramidal portions. Palatine Organs, Defects of. The

These bones are all more or less related nature and extent of the defects of the
•with the bones of the head, of which eight palatine organs are exceedingly various.
compose the cranium and fourteen the face. They sometimes consist of a simple per-
Those of the cranium are one frontal, two foration of the vault of the palate, either
parietal, two temporal, one occipital, one in the centre or on one side of the me-
sphenoid and one ethmoid. Those of the dian line ; at other times the loss of sub-
face are six pairs and two single bones stance extends to the entire vault and
the pairs are, to wit the two malar, two
: velum. Nor is the loss of structure al-
superior maxillary, two lachrymal, two na- ways confined to these parts ; it sometimes
sal, two palatine and two inferior spongy. extends to an anterior part of the alveolar
The vomer and iuferior maxillary are the border and upper lip, constituting what
two single bones. is termed hare-lip.
 PAL 651 PAL
The defects of the palatine organs may Congenital Defects.
be divided into accidental and congenital. Congenital defects of the palate occupy
The first are caused by a pathological the median line or palatine raphe, and
change of structure. The second are the consist in a division of the osseous and
result of malformation or imperfect de- soft textures, of greater or less extent.
velopment of the parts. But from what- This division is sometimes confined to the
ever cause they may be produced, their vault of the palate; at other times the
effects upon the voice, speech, mastication, velum, anterior part of the alveolar arch,
and deglutition are the same. These and upper lip are implicated. It forms a
functions are all impaired in proportion to communication with both nostrils, and
their nature and extent. When they ex- when the malformation extends to the
tend so far as to cause a complete division alveolar border, and upper lip, which is
of the hard and soft structures, distinct divided vertically in one, and sometimes
utterance is wholly destroyed, and the in two places, it gives to the mouth a
acts of mastication and deglutition are most disagreeable aspect. But hare-lip is
greatly impaired, and always performed sometimes met with when there is no im-
with difficulty. perfection of the osseous structures, and
When the loss of substance is the result imperfections are often met with here
of disease, and extends so far as to estab- when the lip is perfect. In some cases
lish a communication between the mouth the cleft or fissure is more than three-
and nasal fossa?, the defect can seldom be fourths of an inch wide throughout the
remedied in any other way than by means whole extent of the palate and velum,
of an artificial obturator and even when
;
extending through the whole of that por-
it is congenital, though the aid of surgery tion of the alveolar border which should
may very frequently be successfully in- be occupied by the four incisors ; at other
voked, the resources of art will often be times the alveolar arch is divided in two
required. When the defect is confined to places, leaving a portion between the lat-
the vault of the palate, and consists of an eraland central incisors, or one lateral
opening between the mouth and nasal and one central, which, projecting more or
cavities, these resources may alwajr s be less, very greatly increases the deformity.
successfully applied, and even when the Although a double hare-lip, with two di-
loss of substance extends to the soft palate visions of the alveolar border, is seldom
and anterior part of the alveolar ridge, a met with without some defect of the pala-
mechanical appliance may be so con- tine organs, cases do occasionally occur.
structed as to restore, in a great degree, Dr. Sims, a skillful and ingenious surgeon,
the functions dependent upon the pre- formerly of Montgomery, Ala., describes a
sence and integrity of the natural parts. most interesting case of this kind, in vol.
5th, page 51, of the American Journal of
Accidental Defects.
Dental Science.
Accidental lesions of the palatine organs Congenital defects of the palate are
are divided by M. Delabarre into three sometimes accompanied by more or less
6pecies. The first consists in perforations deformity of the sides of the alveolar arch,
of the vault of the palate ; the second, in and of the teeth. Sometimes the sides of
perforations of the velum ; and the third, the alveolar ridge arc forced too far apart,
in the destruction of the entire vault of and at other times they are too near to
the palate, or of a great portion of it. each other, while the teeth are too large
To this last might also be added the de- or too small, with imperfectly developed
struction of the whole, or a large portion roots, and generally of a soft texture.
of the velurri, as well as of the vomer, Thus it is seen that defects of the palate
part of the alveolar border, and turbi- arising from malformation are as diversi-
nated bones. fied as defects produced by disease.
 ;

PAL 652 PAL

Functional Disturbances, resulting from dividuals in whom no such habit or vice
Defects of the Palatine Organs. exists. Local irritation, no doubt, is the
The principal effects resulting from the immediate or exciting cause of the various
absence of a portion of the palatine or- morbid productions of the palate, but this,
gans, are impairment of the functions unless favored by some specific or peculiar

of mastication, deglutition, and speech. constitutional tendency or cachectic habit

Distinct utterance is sometimes wholly of the body, would not be likely to give

destroyed by it, and mastication and de- rise to them. Thus, while the former
glutition are often so much embarrassed would seem to be the exciting cause, the

as to be performed only with difficulty. character assumed by the disease is evi-

These effects are always in proportion to dently determined by the latter.

the extent of the separation or deficiency Although tumors of the palate may
of the parts. sometimes disappear spontaneously on the
For the methods of remedying defects removal of the exciting cause, the proper
of the palatine organs, see Staphyloraphy curative indication consists in their entire
Staphyloplasty ; Obturator, Palatine ; Ar- extirpation. When they are attached by
tificial Palate and Obturator ; and Palate a small base, this may be easily effected
Plates. with a pair of scissors properly curved at
Palatine Organs, Diseases of. In their points, or by means of a ligature.

common with other parts of the body, the But when they are attached by a broad
palate sometimes becomes the seat of va- base, a curved bistoury is the most con-
rious morbid phenomena ; but the occur- venient instrument that can be employed,
rence of disease here and sometimes it may be necessary to
is generally the
result of constitutional causes, such as have two, a right and a left, or one for
certain depraved habits of the body. It each side.
is, perhaps, more frequently induced by In the removal of tumors from the pal-
secondary syphilis than any other cause, ate, as well as from other parts of the

and when it is, its ravages are often very body, no portion should be left ; as, in

deplorable. may, however, this event, a reproduction of the disease

It result from
the immoderate and protracted use of mer- would be likely to occur, and more espe-
curial medicine, or a scorbutic, cancerous, cially if it be of a malignant character.
scrofulous or rickety diathesis of the gen- The operation should be performed, too,

eral system. Among the diseases liable to tumor has acquired great
before the size,

attack the palate, are tumors, cartes and or implicated in the diseased action the
necrosis of the bones, ulceration of the neighboring structures.
mucous membrane, and inflammation, Both before and after the operation,
elongation and ulceration of the uvula. such general or constitutional treatment
as may be indicated by the habit of body
Tumors of the Palate.
or vice under which the patient may be
Morbid growths of the palate are anal- laboring, should be adopted. If of a scor-
ogous to those of other parts of the mouth. butic or scrofulous habit, or affected with
A description of their various peculiari- a syphilitic disease, suitable remedies
ties, therefore, is not deemed necessary. should bo prescribed, and when practica-
See Jaws, Morbid Growths of. But with ble, such local irritants as may have acted
regard to the causes which are concerned as an exciting cause should be removed.
in their production, there exists some
diversity of opinion. They are supposed Caries and Necrosis of the Pones of the
by some to be dependent upon a pecu- Palate, and Ulceration of the Mucous
liar specific constitutional vice, as vene-
Membrane.
real, scorbutic, cancerous, scrofulous, &c, The bones of the palate sometimes be-
while others think they may occur in in- come the seat of caries and necrosis, caus-
 PAL 553 PAL
ing ulceration of the subjacent soft parts, needless to say the ulcerations or fistulous
and the destruction of a greater or less openings in the soft parts cannot be healed.
portion of the structures which separate The dead bone, as soon as it has become
the cavities of the mouth and nose. Al- sufficiently exfoliated, should be detached
though these effects are of more frequent and removed, but in doing this it may be
occurrence than tumors, they are less dan- necessary to increase the size of the external
gerous in their consequences. Commenc- opening. During the process of exfolia-
ing with inflammation and suppuration tion, the mouth should be frequently
of the periosteal tissue, caries and necro- gargled with astringent and detergent lo-
sis of the bones, accompanied by ulcera- tions, for the purpose of correcting the
tion of the subjacent mucous membrane, odor of the offensive matter which is con-
Boon supervenes, and, ultimately, exfolia- tinually discharging.
tion takes place, when an opening of Suitable constitutional remedies should,
greater or less size, between the buccal at the same time, be prescribed. As in
and nasal cavities, is established. the case of tumors, if the patient be labor-
During the progress of the disease, ing under a scorbutic, scrofulous or vene-
foetid sanies is continually discharged, real diathesis of the general system, the con-
from one or more fistulous openings, into stitutional indications should be properly
the mouth and sometimes the cavities of fulfilled. But before instituting any gen-
the nose, rendering the condition of the eral treatment, the physician should be
unhappy sufferer exceedingly loathsome well assured that his diagnosis is correct.
and distressing. The progress of the dis- A venereal vice is sometimes suspected
ease is often slow, continuing, not unfre- when none exists.
quently, for weeks, months, and in some
cases, even years, destroying all the pleas- Inflammation and Ulceration of the Velum

ures of life, and rendering existence itself

and Uvula.
a burden. The velum palati and uvula sometimes
But ulceration mucous mem- become the seat of inflammation, accom-
of the
brane often occurs while the superjacent panied by pain, increased redness, diffi-
bones are in a healthy condition, caused by cult deglutition and articulation of speech.
inflammation and ulceration of the velum Most frequently it terminates in resolution,
and uvula. But from whatever cause the but sometimes in ulceration, and at other
ulceration may be produced, it may ulti- times in gangrene. Where resolution is

mately give rise to caries and necrosis of the termination, it gradually subsides,
the bones. It is, however, more fre- after having continued for a greater or

quently an effect, than a cause, of caries less length of time. When by ulceration,

of the osseus structures of these parts. one or more white or ash colored spots
In Che treatment of caries of the bones appear upon the velum and uvula, after
of the palate, it is important to ascertain it has continued for a certain period ; and
if the patient be laboring under any con- when by gangrene, the part, after having
stitutional vice which may have contrib- assumed a dark purple or almost black
uted to the disease, and the local irritants color, sloughs off. The last termination,

concerned in giving rise to it. If the in- fortunately, rarely happens.

flammation from which it resulted was As a consequence of the inflammation,
caused by mechanical irritation, the irri- the uvula sometimes becomes tumefied and
tants should, at once, be removed. If elongated ; at other times it becomes elong-
decayed, dead or loose teeth be suspected ated when there is no apparent tumefac-
as having had any agency in its produc- tion. In the latter case, it is vulgarly
tion, they should be immediately Most
ex- termed a "falling of the palate."
tracted, but* so long as any portions of frequently, when it is elongated, its thick-
decayed or necrosed bone remains, it is ness is at the same time increased. There
 ;

PAL 554 PAL

is then an increase of redness, but when ing of the uvula, and difficult deglutition.

there is elongation, without an increase of They generally have a whitish, dirty gray,
size, resulting simply from relaxation of or ash colored appearance, with slightly
the part, its color, instead of being height- elevated and irregular margins, and secrete
ened, is often diminished, presenting a thin ichorous matter, having a very foetid
whitish or semi-transparent appearance. odor. The surrounding parts are preter-
This description of elongation termed naturally red, and sometimes present an
is

serous tumefaction of the uvula. It is almost purple appearance. At other times

seldom accompanied by pain. the ulcers appear in the form of aphthous
When the uvula becomes so much specks, followed by sloughing of the sur-
elongated as to rest upon the tongue, it rounding parts. Sometimes the ulcers at-
causes irritation, difficult deglutition, of- tack the posterior side of the velum and
tentimes a sense of suffocation, the fre- uvula first, where they commit extensive
quent expulsion of mucus from the throat, ravages before they appear anteriorly.

and sometimes a disagreeable cough. From these parts they often extend to the
Ulcers of various kinds sometimes at- vault of the palate, but more frequently
tack these parts, though they are less sub- when they appear here, the periosteal tis-
ject to them than are other parts of the sue and bones are diseased before ulcer-
mouth, jthe fauces or tonsils. Sometimes ation shows itself in the mucous mem-
the ulcers are of a simple nature, at other brane.
times they are aphthous, scrofulous, scor- Ulcers of the velum and uvula are some-
butic, venereal or cancerous, according to times developed as a consequence of a pro-
the specific poison or diathesis which has tracted and immoderate use of mercury.
given rise to them. When the ulcer is When from this cause, they are preceded
not dependent upon constitutional causes, by a copperish taste in the mouth ; in-
it is termed a simple ulcer, and is nothing creased flow and viscidity of the saliva

more than a granulating sore which se- tumefaction and increased sensibility of
cretes healthy purulent matter. the gums, looseness of the teeth a pecu- ;

Aphthous ulcers at first appear in the liarly disagreeable odor of the breath,
form of whitish or transparent vesicles, general debility and emaciation, and some-
which break, and are ultimately trans- times diarrhoea. The gums, edges of the
formed into ulcers, either surrounded by tongue, mucous membrane about the an-
a slightly elevated edge of a reddish color, gles of the jaws, inner surface of the
or spread and unite with each other. The cheeks and throat, ulcerate before the
former are termed discrete, and the latter velum and uvula are attacked.
confluent aphtha?. But ulcers of this kind The velum and uvula are sometimes
generally appear in other parts of the the seat of other bad conditioned ulcers,
mouth and fauces before they attack the such as the cancerous, scrofulous; &c,
velum and uvula of the palate. not necessary to describe.
The velum and uvula are, perhaps, Inflammation of the velum and uvula
more subject to venereal than to any other most frequently results from irregular ex-
kind of ulcers. The characteristics of these posure to cold and moisture, though it may
are, sometimes, very similar to ulcers sometimes be produced by local irritation,
which result from some other specific as mechanical injury, acidity of the gastric
constitutional vice, and their character and buccal fluids. Ulceration of the parts
can only be positively determined by may result from the same causes, but the
ascertaining all the circumstances con- character which the ulcer assumes is de-
nected with the history of the case. They termined by the habit of body, or peculiar
are usually preceded by ulceration of diathesis of the general system. Elonga-
the throat, dull heavy pain, especially at tion of the uvula is caused either by in-
night, increased redness of the parts, swell- flammation and general enlargement, a
 PAL 555 PAL
relaxation of the parts, or serous infiltra- have ]
begun to heal, milk, light soups, &c.
tion of its apex. may be recommended.
For simple inflammation of the velum i
In the treatment of scirrhous and other
and uvula, unaccompanied by fever or ill-conditioned ulcers of the velum and
other general constitutional effects, little uvula, dependent upon a cachectic habit
more will be required than gargling the of body, it is necessary that the constitu-
throat with an infusion of capsicum, tional indications should be properly ful-

sweetened with honey. When the and that the vitiated action of the
in- filled,
flammation is severe, and the vessels have disease should be changed by the applica-
the appearance of being distended, advan- tion of local irritants, such as caustics.
tage may be derived from scarifying the The actual cautery has been found to be
parts, or the application of leeches. more efficient in changing the condition
But when the uvula is so much elon- of ulcers of this sort, and exciting a
gated as to rest upon the tongue, and healthy action, than any other means
cause a sensation of suffocation or a which have been employed.
troublesome cough, it does not yield to For cancerous ulcers, it has been found
exciting and astringent gargles ; in this necessary to remove a greater or less por-
case it may be advisable to remove a por- tion of the velum and uvula, and even
tion of it. this operation has seldom proved success-
For a simple ulcer of the velum or ful, for the disease, after a greater or less
uvula, no other treatment will be required length of time, has reappeared in some of
than to gargle the throat occasionally the neighboring parts.
with some gently stimulating and astrin- PALATO-PHAKYNGEUS. A mus-
gent lotion; the one recommended for cle occupying the posterior lateral half
inflammation of these parts, may gene- arches of the palate, extending from the
rally be employed with advantage. soft palate behind, near the uvula, as its
In the treatment of venereal or syphi- origin, and inserted into the pharynx,
litic ulcers of the velum and uvula, little between the middle and lower constric-

advantage will be obtained from local tors, and into the thyroid cartilage. Its
remedies. They can only be cured by use is to draw down the velum, and raise j

appropriate constitutional treatment, such the pharynx.

as is prescribed in works on general medi- PALATOSTAPHYLI'NI. The name
cine and surgery. given by Douglas to the azygos uvulae, or
In cases of mercurial ulcers, it is de- azygos muscle.
sirable that two or three liquid evacuations PALATUM. The palate.
from the bowels should be procured daily. Palatum Du'hum. The hard palate.
For this purpose, sulphate of magnesia or Palatum Fis'sum. Fissure of the
sublimed sulphur should be administered palate.
night and morning. The mouth should, Palatum Mol'le. The soft palate.
at the same time, be gargled six or eight Palatum Pen'dulum. Velum pendu-
times a day with some gently astringent lum palati.
lotion. A weak solution of the sulphate PALINDROMTA. From ™liv, again,
of zinc, or alumina,
sweetened with and dpofj-og, a course. In Pathology, a
honey, may sometimes be advantageously reflux of fluids from the exterior to the
employed, but more benefit, perhaps, will interior also, the return of a disease. ;

be derived from the use of a solution of ,

PALINGENE'SIA. From naliv, again,
the chloride of lime. When the pain is anew, and -yeveoig, generation. Literally
so severe as to prevent rest, opium should regeneration but formerly used in Chem- ;

be prescribed. The diet of the patient, istry synonymously with generation.

for themost part, should consist of fari- PALE. Deficient in color; white, or
naceous substances, and after the ulcers whitish not of a ruddy color. ;
 PAL 556 PAL
PALEA'CEOUS. From palea, straw, PAL'MAR. Palma'ris ; from palma,
chaff. Chaffy ; covered with, consisting the palm of the hand. Belonging or
of, or resembling chaff. relating to the palm of the hand.
PALE'NESS. Pallor. Want of fresh- Palmar Aponeurosis. A strong ex-
ness or ruddiness of color. by the tendon of the
Whiteness of pansion formed
complexion, arising from diminution, or palmaris brevis, and the anterior annular
alteration of the blood in the capillary ligament of the carpus, and covering the
'

vessels. It is sometimes a sign of disease. palm of the hand.

PALICOU'IIEA. A genus of plants Palmar Arches. Two arches formed

of the order Rubiacece. in the palm of the hand, one by the
Palicouhea Longifo'lia. The leaves radial artery, which is called the deep-
of this species, as well as those of Pali- seated, and the other by the ulnar artery,
courea diuretica, and some of the other called the superficial palmar arch.
species, are said to be diuretic. PALMA'RIS BRE'VIS. A small flexor
Palioourea Cuo'cea. The root of this muscle of the hand, situated between the
species is emetic. wrist and little finger.

Palicourea Specio'sa. The leaves of Palmaris Lon'gus. A small muscle

this plant are said to be diuretic and of the forearm, which arises from the
antisyphilitic. inner condyle of the os humeri, and is

PALLADIUM. A metal resembling inserted into the annular ligament of the

platinum and lustre, but harder.
in color carpus and palmar fascia.
and malleable, and has been
It is ductile PAL'MATE. Palma'tus. Shaped like
used by some dentists as a base for artifi- a hand.
cial teeth. PAL'MINE. A white crystalline fat,
PAL'LIAL. From pallium, a cloak. obtained by the action of hypomtrous
In Zoology, pertaining to the mantle or acid on castor oil.

cloak of the mollusca. PALMIPED. From palma, the palm

PAL'LIATIVE. Palliati'vus ; from of the hand, and pes, a foot. Web-footed;
pallio, to dissemble. In Medicine, any a swimming bird having toes connected
thing which relieves a disease without by a membrane.
curing it. PAL'MISTRY. From palma, the palm
PAL LOR. From palleo, to be pale. of the hand. The pretended art of fore-
Paleness. telling future events by the marks of the
Pallor Vir'ginum. Chlorosis. palms of the hands.
PALM. Palma. The inside of the PALMOS. Palmus. Palpitation of
hand. the heart.
Palm Oil. The produce of the palm PAL'MULA. A date.
called Elais guinecnsis, and several other PALO DE VACA. The milk tree of
species. It is of a solid consistence and South America, the Galactodendron utile.

fragrant odor. PALPATION. From palper, to feel.

PALMA. The palm of the hand. The sense of touch. Also, manual explo-
Also, a palm tree. ration of disease.
Palma Ady. A tree of St. Thomas, PAL'PEBRA. From palpitare, to pal-
producing an eatable fruit called abanga, pitate, from its frequent motion. The
caryoces, and cariosse; the kernel of the eyelid.
stone gives out a saffron colored oil when PALPEBRA'RUM APE'RIENS REC-
infused in boiling water. This is hard TUS. Levator palpebral superioris.
when cold, and used as butter. PAL'PEBRAL. Belonging or relating
•Palma Christi.
The castor oil plant. to the palpebral.
PALMA'CE^E. The palm tribe of Mo- Palpebral Ar'teries. The arteries
nocotyledonous plants. distributed to the eyelids.
 PAN 567 PAN
Palpebral Nerves. The nerves of PAN'CREAS. From nm>, all, and
the eyelids. icpeac, flesh. A glandular organ situated
PALPEBRA'LIS. The orbicularis pal- in the epigastric region of the abdomen
pebrarum. under the stomach.
PALPITATION. Patpita'tw; from PANCREATALGIA. Neuralgia of
palpito, to beat, leap, or throb. Preter- the pancreas.
naturally strong or frequent pulsation of PANCREATEMPHRAX'IS. Obstruc-
the heart. tion of the pancreas.
PAL'PUS. Palpitation of the heart. PANCREATHELCO'SIS. Ulceration
PAL'SY. Paralysis. of the pancreas.
Palsy, Lead. Paralysis of the hands PANCREAT'IC. Pancreat'icus. Be-
caused by lead poison. longing or relating to the pancreas.
Palsy, Mercurial. Mercurial ere- Pancreatic Duct. A small white
thism. duct, passing through the pancreas to the
PALU'DAL. Relating to a marsh or duodenum, into which it discharges its

swamp. contents.
PA'LUS SANC'TUS. Guaiacum wood. Pancreatic Juice. A fluid secreted
'

PALUS'TItlS. Belonging by the pancreas, resembling the saliva,

Palus'irine.
or relating to a marsh, swamp, or lake. and conveyed by the pancreatic duct to
PAMPIN'IFO RM. Pampinifor'mis ; the duodenum,mixed with the chyle.
to be
from pampinns, a tendril, and forma, a and has been
It converts starch into sugar,

likeness. Having the form of, or resem- supposed by Bernard to be the chief agent
bling a tendril. In Anatomy, applied to in the digestion of fats.
the spermatic cord. Pancreatic Sarco'ma. A tumor oc-
PAMPLE'GIA. Panple'gia ; from vav, curring in lymphatic glands and in the
all, and irhjya, I strike. Paralysis of the cellular substance of the pancreas.
whole body. PANCREATICO-DUODE'NAL. A
PAN. From 7rav, neuter of war, all. name applied to an arter}' and a vein dis-
A prefix denoting all, every one, every tributed to both pancreas and duodenum.
thing. PANCREATITIS. Inflammation of
PANACE'A. From fa»', all, and axeo- the pancreas.
fiai, I cure. A pretended universal rem- PAN'CREATOID. Resembling the
edy. pancreas.
Panacea Dul'cis Holsa'tle. Sul- PANCREATON'CUS. From navKpeas,
phate of potash. and oy«of a tumor.
, A tumor or swelling
Panacea Lapso'rum. Leopard's bane. of the pancreas.
Panacea Mercuiua'lis. Calomel. PANCREATORRHA'GIA. Hemor-
Panacea Vegetab'ilis. Saffron. rhage from the pancreas.
PANA'DA. Bread boiled in water to PAN'CRENE. The pancreas.
the consistence of pap. PANDALITIUM. A whitlow.
PANARIS. Paronychia. PANDEMIC. From *av, all, and
PAN'ARY. Pertaining to bread. fo/H>c, people. An epidemic which attacks
PANAX. A genus of plants of the the whole population of a place.
order Aralicwece. PANDICUL A'TION. Pandicvla'lio ;
Panax Quinquefo'lium. Ginseng, a from pander e, to stretch out. Stretching,
mild and agreeable stimulant. such as occurs at the commencement of
PANCHYMAGO'GUS. From icav, all, certain paroxysms of fever.

and ayw, to expel. An epi-

xv/ioc, juice, PANHIDROSIS. From new, all, and
thet applied by the ancients to a medicine iSpumg, sweating. Sweating of the entire
which they supposed capable of purging body.
all the humors. PANDU'RIFORM. From pandura, a
86
 PAN 658 PAP
fiddle. Fiddle-shaped. In Botany, obo- tion proceeding in all directions from a
vate, with a deep sinus on each side. single point.
PANICLE. In Botany, a species of PANTTNG. Dyspnoea; difficulty of
inflorescence, in which the flower buds or breathing.
fruits are developed on peduncles, vari- PANTOPH'AGUS. Pantoph'agous;
ously subdivided, as in oats and some of from nav, all, and <j>ayu, to eat. Omniv-
the grasses. orous, which see.
PAN'ICLED. Furnished with panicles. PANTOPHOBIA. Panophobia.
PAN'ICUM. Panic grass ; also, a ge- PANTOZOOTTA. From nav, all, and
nus of grasses of the order Qramineos. faov, animal. An epizootic which affects
.Panicum Ital'icum. Italian panic animals generally.
grass. Indian millet. PANUS. A weaver's roll; also, a
Panicum Milia'ceum. The common glandular swelling.
millet, the seeds of which are used as an PAP. A nipple ; also, soft food pre-
article of food. pared for infants with bread softened or
PA'NIS. Bread. boiled with water.
Panis Cuc'uli. Wood-sorrel. PAPA'VER. A genus of plants of the
Panis Porci'nus. Sow bread. order Papaveraceai.
PANIV'OROUS. Paniv'orus; from Papaver Album. Papaver somniferum.
panis, bread, and voro, I devour. Bread- The white poppy.
eating. Subsisting on bread. Papaver Nigrum. The white poppy
PANNIC'ULUS. From pannus, cloth. with black seeds.
A term in Anatomy, applied to adipose Papaver Officina'le. Papaver som-
membrane, and to subcutaneous muscles niferum.
of quadrupeds and birds. Papaver Rhce'as. Papaver erraiicum.
PANNUS. A piece of cloth. In Sur- The red corn-poppy.
gery, a tent for a wound. In Pathology, Papaver Somnif'erum. The poppy
pterygium. The term is sometimes also from which opium is obtained.
applied to an irregular nasvus or mark PAPAVEKA'CEiE. The poppy tribe
upon the skin. of Dicotyledonous plants.
Pannus Hepat'icus. Diffused ephelis PAPAV'ERIN. A crystalline resin ob-
followed by desquamation of the skin. tained from opium.
Pannus Lenticula'his. Ephelis. PAP AW. The Carica papaya and its

PANO'CHIA. Bubo. fruit.

PANOPHO'BIA. From Uav, the god PAPIL'IO. A butterfly ; also a genua

Pan, a Greek deity, and 4>oj3og, fear. Mel- of insects of numerous species, produced
ancholy, characterized by idle fears. from the caterpillar.

PANOPHTHALMITIS. From rrav, PAPILIONACEOUS. From papilio,

all, and ophthalmitis, inflammation of the a butterfly. Resembling a butterfly ; ap-
eye. Inflammation of the whole eye. plied in Botany to the corolla of plants
PAN'SY. The Viola tricolor, or garden which have the shape of the butterfly, as
violet. that of the pea.
PAN'TAGOGUE. That which expels PAPIL'LA. From pappus, down. The
all morbid humors. nipple of the breast. The term papiUce
PANTANENCEPHA'LIA. From nav, is also applied to the fine terminations of
all, and anencephalia, absence of brain. a nerve, and to small prominent eminences
Entire absence of brain. on the surface of certain parts, as the skin
PANTATROPHIA. General atrophy. and mucous membrane.
PANTHOD'IC. From nag, all, and PAPILLA CALYCIFORMES. The
odog, a way. A
term applied in Pathol- lenticular papillae of the tongue. See
ogy, by Dr. Marshall Hall, to nervous ac- Tongue.
 ;

PAR 559 PAR

Papillae, Dental. The small conical PARACENTESIS. From napaKevreu,
eminences at the bottom of the dental I pierce through. The operation of tap-
groove, which constitute the germs of the ping in ascites and ovarian dropsy, for the
teeth in the earliest perceptible stage of evacuation of the water.
their formation. See Teeth, Development PARACMAS'TIC. Paracmas'ticus
of Pulps and Sacs of. from napatc/iaZu, I decrease. A term ap-
Papillae Medulla'res. Small emi- plied in Pathology to a fever the symp-
nences on the medulla oblongata. toms of which gradually decrease.
Papilla of the Kidney. The small PARAC'ME. Decline.
projections of the apices of the cones of PARACOE. Dullness of hearing.
the tubular substance of the kidney into PAltAC'OPE. A slight delirium, such
the pelvis of this organ. as sometimes occurs in febrile diseases.
Papilla of the Tongue. See Tongue. PARACU'SIS. From napa, wrong, and
PAP'ILLARY. Papillaris; papillo'sus. aKov(o f to hear. Confused or imperfect au-
Of or belonging to the papilla?, or to the dition ; depraved hearing.
nipple. Paracusis Ac'ris. Painfully acute
PAPILLO'SUS. Papillary. hearing.
PAP'PUS. The hair on the middle of Paracusis Imagina'ria. Hearing im-
the chin. Also, seed-down. aginary sounds.
PAP'ULA. A pimple; a small acu- Paracusis Imperfecta. Deafness.
minated elevation of the cuticle, with an PARACYAN'OGEN. A brown, amor-
inflamed base, but containing no fluid, phous, infusible, coal-like body, remain-
nor tending to suppuration. ing after the preparation of cyanogen from
PAP'UL^E. Pimples; the first order cyanide of silver.
of cutaneous diseases in Dr. Willan's ar- PARACYE'SIS. Extra uterine fceta-
rangement. tion.
PAP'ULOSE. Pimpled. PARACYNAN'CHE. Inflammation of
PAPYRACEOUS. From nanvpoc, the external muscles of the larynx. Also,
paper. Of the consistency of paper. slight cynanche.
PAPY'RUS. The paper-reed ; a cype- PAR'AFFIN. A white, fusible, wax-
raceous plant, found in many tropical like substance, crystallizing in scales, ob-
countries but especially in Egypt along the tained from petroleum and from the dis-
valley of the Nile ; the soft cellular tis- wood and wax.
tillation of coal,

sues of the stems of which afforded the PARAGEU'SIS. From napa, badly,
most ancient material from which paper and yevu, gustum prcebeo. Depraved taste.
was made. PARAGLOS'SA. A swelling or pro-
PAR. A pair. lapsus of the tongue.
Par Vagum. The eighth pair of nerves. PARAGOMPHO'SIS. From Trashy,
PARA-. Ilapa, near, about. Used as near, and yo/Mpuotg, a nailing. In Obstet-
a prefix, and signifying resemblance, di- rics, wedging of the head of the child in
minution or defect. the pelvis during parturition.
PARABAN'IC ACID. A crystalline PARALAMP'SIS. From napa, by,
acid obtained by the action of nitric upon near, and 7iafnxu } I shine. A shining spot
uric acid. Its salts are readily converted on the cornea, a variety of albugo.
into oxalates by the conjoint influence of PARAL/YSIS. From napalvu, I relax.
heat and moisture. Palsy. A loss or
diminution of the power
PARACENTE'RIUM. From irapaKev- of voluntary motion in one or more parts
teu, I pierce through. A name given by of the body. Four species of paralysis are
Woolhouse to a very small trocar used by enumerated by Dr. Cullen : 1. Paralysis
Nuck for puncturing the eye in case of partialis, or partial palsy ; 2. Paralysis
dropsy of this organ. hemiplegia, or palsy affecting one side of
 ;

PAR 560 PAR

the body longitudinally ; 3. Paralysis pa- PARAPHRENIAS. From irapa, near,

raplegia, or palsy of one-half of the body, and <j>pevec, the diaphragm. Diaphragma-
taken transversely ; 4. Paralysis venenata, titis.

when produced by the sedative effects of PARAPHRO'SYNE. A name given

poison. by Hippocrates to febrile delirium.
Paralysis Ag'itans. Shaking palsy. Paraphrosyne Temulen'ta. Delirium
Paralysis, Bell's. Palsy of the face tremens.
arising from a lesion of the portio dura of PARAPLE'GIA. Paralysis of the lower
the seventh pair of nerves. half of the body.
Paralysis Rachial'gia. Colica pic- PARAPLEURITIS. Pleurodynia.
tonum. PARAP'OPLEXY. Parapoplex'ia
Paralysis Spina'lis. Paraplegia. from irapa, diminution, and airon^ux, ap-
P Alt ALY T'IC. Tending to or affected oplexy. False or slight apoplexy.
with paralysis. PARAP'SIS. From irapa, defective,
Paralytic Stroke. A sudden attack and anrofxai, I touch. A vitiated or im-
of paralysis. paired sense of touch. A generic term,
PARAMENIA. From irapa, badly, employed by Dr. Good, for disorders of
and imv, the menses. Disordered men- the sense of touch.
struation. PARARRHYTH'MUS. From irapa,

PARAME'RIA. The inner part of the wrong, and pvd(ioc, rhythm. An epithet
thigh. applied in Pathology to the pulse when
PARAME'SOS. The annular finger. the rhythm is not suited to the age and
PARAMOR'PHIA. From irapa, wrong, constitution of the individual.
and nopQT), form. In Pathology, a morbid PARARTHRE'MA. A partial luxation.
structure ; also, organic disease ; and ap- PARASCEU'E. In Surgery, appa-
plied in Materia Medica to thebaine, a ratus ;
preparation.
crystalline base existing in opium. PARAS'CHIDES. In Pathological Sur-
PARAPHTHALINE. A substance gery, fragments or splinters of a fractured
which accompanies naphthaline in coal- bone.
tar. PARASITE. Parasi'tus; from irapa,
PARANEPHRITIS. From irapa, by, near, and acrog, corn, food. A plant or
near, and vefpnig, inflammation of the kid- animal that is parasitical.

ney. Inflammation of the renal capsules. PARASITICAL. Parasiticus; from

PARANYMPH'US. From irapa, near, TrapaoiTog, a parasite. A term applied to
and wu(j>ij, a young spouse. A name given animals which
on the bodies of live in or

by the ancients to him who led the bride other animals, as worms, polypi, &c;
to the house of her husband. The term also, to plants that derive their nourish-
was adopted into the ancient schools of ment from other plants, as the mistletoe.
medicine to designate the discourse pro- PARASPA'DIA. From irapa, near,
nounced at the end of each licentiate. and cirau, I draw. An opening of the
PARAPHIMOSIS. From irapa, about, urethra at the side of the penis.
and (j>ifiou, I bridle. Contraction of the PARAS'PHAGIS. From irapa, near,
prepuce behind the corona, in such a way and otyayi], the throat. The part of the
as to prevent its return over the glans. neck contiguous to the clavicles.

PARAPHO'NIA. From irapa, wrong, PARASTATES. From irapiarij^i, to

and <j>uvq, sound. Change of voice ; im- stand near. Situated near together.
paired articulation of sounds. Formerly applied to the epididymis, to
PARA'PHORA. Slight delirium. the prostate gland, and to the commence-
PARAPHRO'NIA. Delirium. ment of the vas deferens.
PARAPHRENE'SIS. Delirium; also, PARASTATl'TIS. Inflammation of
paraphrenitis. the epididymis.
 PAR 661 PAH
PARASTREM'MA. From napaorpttyo, PARI'ETES. The plural of paries, a
I distort or pervert. Convulsive distortion wall. Applied to parts which form en*
of the face or mouth. closures.

PARASYNAN'CHE. Cynanche parot- PARIG'LIN. Palotta has given this

ide, or mumps. name to Smilacin, which see.

PARATH'ENAR. From mpa, near, PARI-PINNATE. In Botany, equally
and -devap, the sole of the foot. Applied pinnate abruptly pinnate. ;

by Winslow to a portion of the abductor PARIS. The herb paris, or true love,
of the little toe, and to the flexor brevis of a narcotic and emetic, formerly used as a
the same. The first he called parathenar love philter.
major, and the other, parathenar minor. Paris White. Prepared chalk.
PARATARTAR'IC ACID. Racemic Pariswort. Broadleaf birth wort. See
acid. Trillium Latifolium.
PARATROPH'IA. Parat'rophy; from PARISTHMIOT'OMUS. Name of an
napa, and ipo^y, nourishment. Misnutri- instrument formerly used for scarifying
tion ; imperfect nutrition. the tonsils.
PAREC'TAMA. From napa, beyond, PARISTH'MIA. From napa, and «£-
««, out of, and teivu, I stretch. Preterna- fio{, the throat. The parts forming the
tural dilatation or extension of a part. fauces ; also, inflammation of the fauces.
PAREGORIC. Paregor'icus ; from PARISTHMI'TIS. Inflammation of
rapayopeo, to mitigate. An anodyne. the fauces ; cynanche tonsillaris.

Paregoric Elixir. A camphorated PA R K-L E AV E S. St. Peter's wort.

aromatic tincture of opium. See Hypericum Androssemum.

PAREI'A. Uapeia. The cheek. PARMENTIER'S ASTRINGENT
PAREFRA. A genus of plants of the GARGLE. Take oak bark, §i; river
Order Meuispermaceoz. water, fin ; sulph. alum, 3 i ; honey of
Pareira Brava. A plant, native of roses, 3 i.

South America and the West Indies, hav- PARODON'TIDES. From napa, near
ing a sweetish, slightly rough and bitter and odovc, a tooth. Parulis tumors of the ;

taste. See Cissampelos Pareira. gums. See Jaws, Morbid Growths of.
PARENCEPH'ALIS. The cerebellum. PARODYN'IA. Morbid parturition;
PAREN'CHYMA. From napcyxvu, to difficult labor.

suffuse. The texture of glandular organs, Parodynia Perver'sa. Unnatural pre-

as that of the liver, kidney, &c, and the sentation.
spongy tissue which connects parts to- PAROMPHALOCE'LE. From P a, ™
gether. Also, the pulp, which forms the near, opipaAoc, the umbilicus, and kv^v,
base of the soft parts of plants. rupture. Hernia near the navel.
PARENCHYMATITIS. Inflamma- PARONIRTA. From napa, near, and
tion of the substance of an organ. oveipov, a dream. Disturbed dreaming,
PAR'ESIS. A slight paralysis. and sleep.
PARI'ETAL. Parieta'lis ; horn paries, PARONYCHIA. From irapa, near,
a wall. A name given to two of the bones and ovvtj, the nail. A whitlow, or felon,
of the cranium. of the finger.
Parietal Bones. Two flat quadran- PAROP'SIS. From napa, badly, and
gular bones, concave below, and convex oipti , sight. A generic term, employed by
above, forming the sides and upper part Dr. Good, for disorders of vision.
of the cranium. Paropsis Illuso'ria. False sight; per-
PARIETA'RIA. A genus of plants of verted vision.
the order Urticaceoz. Paropsis Latera'lis. Lateral vision ;

Parietaria Officinalis. The wall skew-sightedness.

pellitory, formerly used as a diuretic. PAROPTE'SIS. Provoking a sweat by
 PAR 562 PAR
placing the patient before the fire or in a and at some little distance from the mouth,
dry-bath. it is furnished with a duct to convey its
PARORA'SIS. From napa, and opau, fluid into this cavity. This duct is called
I see. Weak or depraved vision. the duct of Steno, or the parotid duct.
*
PARORCHID'IUM. From itapa, near, It is formed of the excretory ducts r
and opxtfoov, a testicle. Malposition of all the granules composing this gland,
one or both testicles. which successively uniting together, at
PAROR'CHIDO- ENTEROCE'LE. lastform one common duct.
Sauvages has given this name to intestinal The duct of Steno commences at the
hernia with displacement of the testicle. and passes over
anterior part of the gland,
PAROS'MIA. Perverted smell. the masseter muscle, on a line drawn from
PAROS'TIA. Defective or imperfect the lobe of the ear to the middle part of
ossification. the upper lip, then passes through a quan-
Parostia Flex'ilis. Softening of the tity of soft adipose matter, and finally en-
bones. ters the mouth by passing through the

Parostia Frag'ilis. Brittleness of the buccinator muscle and mucous membrane

bones. opposite the second molar of the upper
PAROTIDE'US. The parotid gland. jaw.
PAROT'ID GLAND. Gland'ula pa- PAROTIDON'CUS. From iraponc, the

rotide'a; parotis. The largest of the sali- parotid, and oyxoj, a tumor. Tumefaction
vary glands, situated near the ear. It is of the parotid' gland.
of an irregular form and fills all that space PAROTIS. Tlapunc. The parotid
between the ramus of the inferior maxilla gland also, inflammatory swelling of the
;

and the mastoid process of the temporal parenchyma of the parotid gland or of
bone, and as deep back as, and even behind the parts which surround it. Two varie-
the styloid process of the same bone. Its ties of parotis are recognized by French
extent of surface is from the zygoma pathologists, viz idiopathic, as in cynan-
:

above, the angle of the lower jaw below, che parotidcea, and symptomatic, which is
and from the mastoid process and meatus frequently developed in the progress of
externus behind, to the masseter muscle typhous and other acute diseases.
in front, overlapping its posterior portion. PAROTI'TIS. From parotis, the par-
This gland is one of the conglomerate otid gland, and itis, inflammation. Cynan-
order, and consists of numerous small the parotidea, or mumps.
granular bodies connected together by PAROVARIUM. From napa, near,
cellular tissue, each of which may
and waptov, the ovary. Kobelt has given
be
considered a small gland in miniature, as this name to a body very analogous in
each is supplied with an artery, vein and structure to the epididymis, situated in
secretory duct. the broad ligament, between the ovary
The gland thus formed presents on its and Fallopian tube.
external surface a pale, flat, and somewhat PAR'OXYSM. Paroxys'mus ; from
convex appearance. irapofrvi), I irritate. The occurrence at
It is covered by a dense strong fascia regular intervals of an obvious increase in
extending from the neck, attached to the the symptoms of a disease. Also, a peri-
meatus externus of the ear, and sends odical attack or fit of a disease, as in in-
countless prooesses into every part of the termittent fevers, neuralgia, &c.
gland, separating its lobules, and conduct- PAROXYS'MAL. Applied in Pathol-
ing the vessels through its substance. ogy, to diseases attended with paroxysms.
The use of this gland is to secrete or PARS'LEY. A plant -of the genus
separate from the blood the greater part Apium.
of the saliva furnished to the mouth. As Parsley, Black Mountain. A plant
the parotid is, however, on the outside of the genus Athamanta.
 PAR 663 PAS

Parsley, Fool's. A plant of the ge- the foetus and its appendages from the
nus (Ethusa. uterus.
Parsley, Macedonian. A plant of the PARTUS. From pario, to bring forth.
genus Bubon. Parturition.
Parsley, Stone. A plant of the ge- PARU'LIS. From napa, near, and
nus Amomum. ovlov, the gum. Inflammation, swelling
PARS 'NIP. See Pastinaca Sativa. or abscess in the gum. See Alveolar Ab-
Parsnip, Cow's. The common name scess.
of Heracleum Spondylium. PARU'RIA. From irapa, defectively,
Parsnip, Water. The common name and ovpeu, I pass urine. A morbid secre-
of Sium nodifiorum. tion or discharge of urine.
PARTHE'NIUM. A genus of plants PAS'MA. A dry powder employed by
of the order Composite. the ancients to sprinkle over the body and
Parthenium Febrifuga. Matricaria on ulcers.
Parthenium. Fever- few ; motherwort. PAS'SA. A whitlow. See Paronychia.
Parthenium Mas. See Tanacetum PAS'SERINES. Passerince; from
Vulgare. passer, a sparrow. An order of birds
PARTHEN'IUS. From naptievoc , a vir- which usually feed on insects, fruit, or

gin. A disease of a young female. Also, grain, as the sparrow.

chlorosis. PASSIFLO'RA. A genus of plants of
PARTHENOL'OGY. Parthenolog'ia; the order Passifloracea'.
from napdeveia, virginity, and hoyog, a dis- Passiflora Laurifo'lia. The bay-
course. A treatise on the state of virgin- leaved passion-flower. It affords a finely
ity in health and disease. flavored fruit, which abates heat of the
PARTING. In Chemistry, the separat- stomach and allays thirst.
ing of gold and silver from one another. Apple-
Passiflora Maltfor'mis.
There are two methods of parting, the shaped granadilla. The fruit of this has
dry and the humid. The former is accom- a delicious flavor, and is highly esteemed
plished by fusing the alloy of the two met- in the West Indies.
als with sulphur or a sulphide, which PAS'SIO. In Medicine, a disease or
forms sulphide of silver, but does not act affection.
upon gold. The latter is accomplished by
Passio Hyster'ica. Hysteria.
dissolving out the silver with nitric or sul- Passio Ili'aca. Ileac passion.
phuric acid, or when that metal is in small PAS'SION. Pas'sio; from patior, to
quantity, as in gold coin, by dissolving the suffer. In Pathology, an emotion of the
gold in aqua regia, the silver being left be- mind, as desire, hope, fear, joy, grief, an-
hind as chloride. ger, love, hatred, &c.
PARTITE. Parted. In Botany, parted PAS'SIVE. Passi'vus. A term applied
or dissolved into a fixed number of seg- to which there is no apparent
disease in
ments nearly to the base, as applied to reaction, or which seems to be dependent
leaves. It is called bipartite when a leaf on a diminution of the vital energy.
has two divisions ; tripartite when it has PAS'SULA.A small raisin.
three, quadripartite when four, &c. PASSULATUM. In Pharmacy, a
PARTRIDGE-BERRY. See Gaulthe- medicine in which raisins form the chief
ria. ingredient.
PARTU'RIENT. Bringing forth or PAS'SUM. Raisin wine.
about to bring forth; pertaining to the PASSY, WATERS OF. Several min-
lying-in state. Passy near Paris, contain-
eral springs in
PARTURIFA'CIENT. In Obstetrics, ing sulphates of lime, magnesia, iron,
that which promotes or causes parturition. alum, chloride of soda, carbonate of iron
PARTURITION. The expulsion of and carbonic acid.
 ;; ;

PAT 564 PAT

PASTA. A lozenge. PATEL'LOIDS. A family of univalv-
PASTE. A soft compound medicine. ular shell-fish, having the Patella, or
In Dental Surgery, a term applied to limpet, as the type.
a number of preparations employed in a PATENT YELLOW. A yellow pig-
soft state for filling teeth. ment obtained by fusing a mixture of oxyd
Paste for Easing Pains of the and chloride of lead.
—
Teeth, Bourdet's. }}c Opium, grs. iij PATHE'MA. Emotion affection dis- j ;

cloves in powder gall-nuts in powder, a ease.

;

a grs. x red earth, grs. xv camphor,

; PATHEMATA ANIMI. The passions
;

grs. x, and as much anodyne drops as of the mind.

may be necessary to make into a thick PATHET'IC. Pathet'icus; from nado;,
paste. It is directed to be applied to the an affection. Pertaining to the passions.
cavity of the aching tooth. Pathetic Nerve. The fourth pair of
Paste for the Teeth and Gums, nerves.
Fauchard's. I£ —
Red coral g iij drag- ; PATHOGENY. Pathoge'nia; from
on's-blood, in tears, 5 i > seeds of mother icadog, a disease, and yevEoxc, generation.
of pearl and cuttle-fish bone, a a § ss That part of pathology which relates to
crab's eyes, Armenian the origin and development of disease.
bole, red earth, cal-
cined hematite, pumice-stone, a a § iij PATHOGNOMONIC. Pathognomon'-
calcined alum 3 i. Reduced to an impal- ieus; from itados, a disease, and yaKtanot,
pable powder, incorporated with a suffi- I know. Applied to the signs which char-
cient quantity of clarified honey to make acterize a disease.
the paste of soft consistence; add four or PATHOG'RAPHY. Pathograph'ia
five drops of the oil of cinnamon, and as from iratfoc, disease, and ypa<j>o>, to describe.
much oil of cloves. It is directed to be A description of disease.
used on a fine sponge, with which the PATHOGRAPH'IC. Pathograph'icus.
teeth are to be rubbed up and down, out- Pertaining to pathography.
side and inside, once or twice a week. PATHOLOGIST. A writer on pa-
Two other and very similar formula? are thology, or one versed in the science of
given by the same author, but we do not disease.
think it necessary to copy them. PATHOLOGICAL. Pathdog"icus.
Paste, Mineral. See Amalgam. Pertaining to pathology, as Pathological
PASTIL'LUM. from pasta, Anatomy.
Pastil'lus;
a lozenge. A pastil, or compound medi- Pathological Anatomy. The anat-
cine, composed of sugar and mucilage, omy of diseased structures.
with essential oil, or some other ingredient. PATHOL'OGY. Patholog>ia; from na-
PASTINA'CA. The parsnip. Also, a #0?, a disease, and Aoyoc, a discourse. That
genus of plants of the order Umbdliferai. branch of medical science which treats of
Pastinaca Opop'anax. The plant the nature of disease. It is divided into
which produces the opopanax. general and special. The former regards
Pastinaca Sati'va. The garden pars- diseases in general, and the latter, individ-
nip. ual diseases.
PATE. French name for paste. PATHOMA'NIA. A morbid perver-
Pate Arsenica'le. Arsenical paste, sion of the natural feelings, habits, dispo-
composed of cinnabar, white arsenic and sition and affections.
dragon's blood, made into a paste with PATH0MY0T0M1A. From iratfof,

saliva. It is used as a caustic to cancerous affection, [*vs, a muscle, and rep?, incision.
tumors. A dissection of the muscles which indicate
PATEL'LA. Diminutive of patina, a the affections of the mind. Also, the title
dish. The knee-pan. A small flat bone of a work upon this subject, by Dr. Joha
situated at the fore part of the knee joint. Bulwer.
 PEC 665 TEC
PA'THOS. An affection a disease. ; bow, and aypa, a seizure. Gout in the
PATIENCE. Paiieritia. A plant of elbow.
the genus Mumex. See Rumex Patien- PE'CHYS. The elbow.
tia. PECTEN. From pecto, to comb. A
PATIENT. A under the comb, or crest. The vascular membrane,
sick person
care of a physician. The term is some- duplicated with parallel folds like the teeth
times applied to a sick person abstractly. of a comb, situated in the posterior and
Also, a person receiving the professional external part of the cavity of the eye of
services of a dentist. birds, termed marsupium. Also, the pubes.
PA'TOR NA'RIUM. The cavities of PECTIC ACID. A name applied to the
the nose. acid of many vegetables from its tendency
PAULLINTA. The name of a genus to form jelly.

of sapindaceous plants. Also, a medicine Pec'tine. A principle which

PECTIN.
recently introduced intoEurope from Bra- forms the basis of vegetable jelly.
zil, and prepared from the seed of the PECITNA'LIS. From peclen, the
Paullinia sorbilis. pubes. A small muscle extending from
Paullinia Sor'bilis. The name of a the pubes to a little below the lesser tro-
South American plant. An extract is chanter of the os femoris.
made from its seeds, called Guarana or PECTINATE. Pectina'tus; frompecien,
Guarine, which possesses stimulating and a comb. Comb-like ; applied to the fascic-
tonic properties, derived from a peculiar ular texture observed in the right auricle
principle contained in it, found to be of the heart.
Theine or Caffeine, the same substance PECTINIBRANCHIA'TA. From .pec-
that exists in tea and coffee. ten, a comb, and bronchia, gills. An or-
PAVILION OF THE EAR. The ex- der of gasteropods, in which the gills are
panding portion of the ear. shaped like a comb.
PA'VO CRISTA'TUS. The pea-fowl. PECTINOUS. Belonging or relating
PA'VOR. Anxiety; fear; dread; alarm. to pectin.
PEA. A plant and its fruit of the ge- PECTORAL. Pectora'lis; from pec-
nus Pisum. tus, the breast. Belonging or relating to
Pea-Fowl. The common name of the the breast.
Pavo cristatus. Pectoral Moss. Common name of
PEACH. A tree of the genus Persica, Lichen pulmonarius.
or Amygdalus, and its fruit. PECTORA'LIS MAJOR. A broad,
PEAR. The fruit of the Pyrus commu- thick muscle situated on the anterior part
nis, and the tree. of the thorax, and in front of the axilla.
PEARL. A small calcareous concretion, It arises from the sternal part of the clav-
of a bright silvery white color, found in icle, all the edge of the sternum, extend-
the shell of the Avicula margaritifera. ing as far down as the cartilage of the
Pearl Ash. The potash of commerce. sixth rib, except the first and last, and is
Pearl Barley. Common barley di- inserted into the anterior margin of the
vested of its cuticle. bicipital groove of the humerus.
Pearl-White. A white powder pre- Pectoralis Minor. A small muscle
cipitated from the nitrate of bismuth by a occupying the anterior and upper part of
solution of muriate of soda. the chest. It arises from the upper
PEARSON'S SOLUTION. One grain margin and external surface of the third,
of arsenite of soda in one ounce of water. fourth, and fifth ribs, near their cartilages,
PECCANT HU'MORS. Diseased fluids and is inserted into the inner and upper
or secretions. border of the coracoid process of the
PECHED'ION. The perineum. scapula near its extremity.
PECH'YAGRA. From ™Xve, the el- PECTORIL'OQUY. Pecioril'oquism.
 PED 666 PEL
From and loquor, to
pectus, the breast, PEDTMANES. Pedimani; from pes,
speak. Speech coining, as it were, from and manus, a hand. A family of Marsu-
the chest. A morbid phenomenon, con- pial animals, of which the Didelphis or
sisting in the direct issue of the voice, opossum is the type.
distinctly articulated from the point of PE'DION. The sole of the foot.
the chest on which the ear or stethoscope PE'DORA. The sordes of the eyes,
is placed, indicating the existence of ears, and feet.
ulcerated cavities in the substance of the PEDUN'CLE. Peduncu'lus; from
lungs. pes, the foot. In Botany, the flower- stalk.
PECTUS. The breast. In Anatomy, a slender process or prolon-
PED'ATE. Pedatus; from pes, a foot. gation of medullary substance which con-
In Botany, a palmate leaf divided at the nects parts. v

top, with a leaflet in the fork, and several Peduncle of a Dental Sac. See
leaflets on each division. Gubernaculum Dentis.
PEDE'SIS. Pulsation. Peduncles of the Brain. The crura
PEDICEL'LUS. In Botany, a small cerebri.
flower-stalk, the ultimate division of the Peduncles of the Cerebel'lum. Crura
ramified peduncles ; also, the capillary posteriora medulla? oblongata?.
shaft which sustains the urn of mosses. Peduncles of the Medul'la Oblon-
PED'ICEL. In Entomology, the second ,
ga'ta. The corpora restiformia.
articulation of the antenna of insects. PEDUNCULATE. In Botany, grow-
PEDICLE. In Botany, a small stalk. ing on a peduncle or fruit stalk.
PEDICULA'RIS. A genus of plants PEGANEL^E'ON. Oil of rue.
of the order Scrophulariacea;. Lousewort, PEGA'NUM. A genus of plants of
so called from the supposition that it the order Zygophyllaceo?.
engenders lice Peganum Har'mala. The Assyrian
in the animals that feed
upon it. wild rue. The seeds are used as spices,
Pedicularis Palus'tris. This species and for dyeing red.
possesses acrid properties, and has been PELECAN'ID^E. A family of swim-
applied in decoction to indolent ulcers. ming birds, of which the Pelicanus or
It is also said to destroy lice. pelican is the type.
PEDICULA'TION. A term applied PEL'ICAN. In Ornithology, a palmi-
in Pathology to a morbid condition of the ped bird of the genus Pelicanus. In
body in which lice are bred on the skin. Dental Stirgery, an instrument employed
PEDICULUS. The louse. A genus by the older dentists for the extraction of
of parasitic insects. Three species infest teeth, and although illy calculated for the
the human body ; namely, the body-louse; purpose, it is still used in the north of
the head-louse, and the pubic or crab- Europe. It consists of a handle, made
louse. of wood, ivory, iron, or steel, flattened on
PED'ICUS. The extensor brevis digi- two sides, with a blunt, rounded, and
torum pedis. serrated extremity, to serve as a fulcrum.
PED'IFORM. From pes, a foot, and The other end, intended to be received in
forma, form. Shaped like a foot.round or oval. To the mid-
the hand, is

PEDILAN'THUS. A genus of plants dle a long hook is screwed, bearing some

of the order Enjmorbiacece. resemblance to the beak of a pelican, and
Pedilanthus Tithymaloi'des. A hence the name which the instrument has
West Indian and South American plant, received. This hook passes in front of
supposed to possess emmenagogue and the fulcrum extremity of the handle suffi-
anti-venereal properties. ciently to admit the tooth to be extracted
PEDILU'VIUM. From pedes, the between them. As with the key instru-
feet, and lavo, I wash. A foot-bath. ment, several hooks, varying in size, are
 PEL 567 PEN
required. An engraving of this instru- Pelvic Aponeurosis. A tendinous
ment is given by Fauchard, and several expansion attached to the brim of the
other French authors. There is also in pelvis.
the museum of the Baltimore College of PELVTM'ETER. An instrument for
Dental Surgeons, an instrument of this measuring the dimensions of the female
description, though of a somewhat more pelvis.
modern date. PELVr-TROCHANTE'RIC. That
PELIO'MA. From netog, black. An which relates to the pelvis and greater
echymosis of a livid color. trochanter.
PELIO'SIS. Purpura hemorrhagica. PEL' VIS. From irveloc, a basin. An
See Purpura. bony cavity, of the conoidal
irregular
PEL'LAGRA. Pel'agra. Elephan- shape, formed by the two ossa innomi-
tia'sis Ilal'ica. A species
of scaly erysip- nata, the os sacrum, and os coccygis,
elas in which sometimes ex- open above and below, and containing
the hands,
tends to the feet and face. the rectum and urinary bladder, and the
PEL'LICLE. Pellic'ula; from pellis, internal organs of generation.
the skin. The delicate membrane which Pelvis Au'ris. The cochlea of the ear.
lines the shell of an egg, or invests the Pelvis Cer'ebri. The infundibulum
seed of plants. In Medicine, a delicate of the brain.
membranous production. Also, the film Pelvis of the Kidney. A mem-
which sometimes forms on the surface of branous cavity situated in the posterior

urine. part of the fissure of the kidney, between

PEL'LIS. The cutis. the principal branches of the renal artery
Pellis Sum'ma. The epidermis. and vein, and at the superior part of the
PEL'LITORY. The name of several ureter, with which it is continuous.
plants of different genera. PEMTHIGUS. From tt£/z^, a bubble.

Pellitory, Bastard. Achillea piar- A cutaneous disease, consisting of vesicles

mica. A plant said to possess sialogogue filled with a transparent pellucid fluid
properties. The powder of the root and scattered over the body. The vesicles,
leaves is sternutatory. some days' duration, break and ter-
after
Pellitory of Spain. Anihemis py- minate in a scab, though frequently they
rethrum. French chamomile. ulcerate.
PELO'PIUM. One of the metals dis- PEM'PHIX. A bubble or vesicle.
covered a few years since in the minerals PENTAC'RINITE. From ttevte, five,
called Tantalites. and apivov, lily. A pedunculated star-fish,
PELTAN'DRA. A genus of plants of with five rays. Most of the species are
the order Aroidece. extinct.
Peltandra Virgin'ica. Arrow arum ;
PEN^E'A. A genus of plants of the
an indigenous plant, the fresh root and seed order Penaacece.
of which possess stimulating properties. Pen^?a Mucrona'ta. See Sarcocolla.
PEL'TATE. From pelta f a shield. Pen^ea Sarcocolla. See Sarcocolla.
Shield-shaped ; applied in Botany to leaves PENCIL'LIFORM. Having the form
which are fixed to the stalk by the centre, or shape of a pencil.
or by .some point within the margin. PENDULOUS. Pendant; hanging
PELTID'EA. A genus of plants of down.
the group Lichenales. PENETRATING. Pen'etrans ; from
Peltidea Aptho'sa. This species is penefrare, to pierce or enter into. Ap-
Baid to possess anthelmintic, and purga- plied to medicines which are supposed to
tive properties. pass through the pores of the skin, and
PEL'VIC. Pel'vicus. Belonging or stimulate. Also, to wounds which pene-
relating to the pelvis. trate the splanchnic cavities.
 PEP 668 PER
PENICIL'LUS. Penicil'lium; diminu- applied to medicines which were supposed
tive of peniculum, a brush. In Surgery, to favor the concoction or maturation of
a tent or pledget. In Anatomy, the se- diseases.
creting extremities of the vena porta? are PE'PO. From xtx-to, to ripen. The
called penicili. common pumpkin.
PENID'IUM. Penidium sacchara'ium. PEP'PER. A plant of the genus Piper*
Barley-sugar ; clarified sugar made into and its fruit.
rolls. Pepper, Black.
The berries of tha
PE'NIS. A tail from pendere,
; hang Piper nigrum.
to
down. Mem'brum virile. An erectile, Pepper, Cayenne. The fruit of tha
cylindrical organ, belonging exclusively Capsicum annuum.
to the male sex, situated before and be- Pepper, Jamaica. Allspice pimento j ;

neath the symphysis pubis. the fruit of the Myrtus pimenta.

Penis Cer'ebri. The pineal gland. Pepper, Poor Man's. A plant of the
Penis Muilie'bbis. The clitoris. genus Polygonum.
PEN'NIFORM. Pennifor'mis ; from Pepper, Wall. A plant of the genus
penna, a pen, and forma, form. Having Sedum.
the form of a pen or feather applied in ; Pep'peridge Bush. See Berberis Vul-
Anatomy to muscles having fleshy fibres garis.
inserted on each side of a middle tendon, PEP'PERMINT. The popular name
like the feathers of a pen. of Mentha piperita.
PENNYROYAL. The popular name PEP'PERWORT. A plant of the genua
of the Mentha pidegium
; also, Hedeoma Lepidium.
pulegioides. PEP'SIN. Pep' sine; from -ke-ktu, to
Pennyroyal, Hart's. Mentha cer- digest. A peculiar substance, which, in
vina. combination with the gastric acids, is sup-
PENTAGON. From irevre, five, and posed to constitute the proper digestive
yuvia, angle. A plane figure having five solvent. It acts like a ferment.

angles, or contained by five sides. PEPTIC. Pep'ticus. Digestive.

PENTAN'DRIA. Pentan'drous; from PEPTONES. New compounds formed

and avrjp, a husband. Applied by the gastric juice out of the protein el-
irevTE, five,

to plants which have hermaphrodite flow- ements of the food in the stomach. They
ers, and five male organs or stamens. are more soluble than the original protein

PENTAPET'ALOUS. From nnre, five, compounds.

and TtEtaXov, a petal. A term applied in PER-. A Latin preposition, used as a
Botany to a plant whose corolla is com- prefix to denote excess.

posed of five petals. PERACUTE'. Very sharp. Applied

PENTAPH'YLLOUS. From nevre, in Pathology to diseases which are very
five,and $v%ov, a leaf. Applied in Botany severe or attended with much inflamma-
to plantswhose leaves consist of five petals. tion.
PENTAPHAR'MACON. From vevre, PERCE-CRANE. The French name of
five, and ^apfiaxov, remedy. Any medi- perforator, which see.

cine consisting of five ingredients. PERCEPTION. Percep'tio. The act of

PENTASPERM'ANS. From Ttivtt, receiving the knowledge of external im-
five, and arts^a, seed. A term designative pressions made on the organs of sense.
of fruits and plants which produce five PER'COIDS. Percoi'doe; from perca, a
seeds. perch. A tribe of Acanthopterygian fishes,
PENTATH'ETUM. Name of an an- of which the genus perca is the type.

cient plaster composed of five ingredients. PERCOLATION. Percola'tio ; from

PE'ONY. See Pteonia Officinalis. percolare, to strain through. In Pharmacy,
PEPAS'TIC. Pepas'ticus. An old term the act of straining or filtering.
 PER 669 PER
PERCOLATOR. A pharmaceutical in- parchment. Having the texture of parch-
strument used for filtering or straining. ment.
PERCUS'SION. From percutere, to PERI-. A prefix, from Tcept, around,
Strike. The act . of striking one body on all sides, signifying, enveloping, round
against another. In diseases of the chest, about, as the dental periosteum, &c.
It is used as a means of diagnosis, and also PERI^E'RESIS. From mpi, about and
6ometimes in diseases of the teeth. aipeu, I take
away. A circular incision
PERCUTEUR A MARTEAU. The about a tumor.
name of an instrument employed by Baron PERIANTHIUM. From mpi, around,
Heurteloup in the operation of lithotrity. and av-dog, a flower. Perianth. The calyx
PEREN'NIAL. Pa-en' nis ; from per which envelops only a single flower, and
and annus, a year. Applied in Botany to is immediately contiguous to it.
plants which continue more than two PERIBLEP'SIS. From itepi, around,
years, whether they retain their leaves or and (3teiru, I look. The wild look observed
not. in persons laboring under delirium.
Perennial Worm-Grass. The spige- PERIBRO'SIS. From mptt around, and
lia marilandica, or Carolina pink. (ipuoKu, I eat. Ulceration of the corners
PEREI'RIA. A genus of plants of the of the eyelids.
order Menispermaceai. PERICARDIAC. Relating to the
Pereiria Med'ica. A climbing Ceylon- pericardium.
ese shrub, the root of which is large and PERICARDITIS. From nepiKapdiov,

bitter. It is used in infusion by the Cin- the pericardium, and itis, inflammation.
galese as a stomachic. Inflammation of the pericardium.
PERFO'LIATE. A term designative PERICAR'DIUM. From mpi, about,
of leaves which surround the stem at their and aapdia, the heart. The membranous
base. sac which envelops the heart.
PER'FORANS. From per/orare, to PERTCARP. From nepi, about, and
bore through. A term applied in Anatomy Kapnog, a seed. The covering of the seeds
to organs which pass through openings in of plants ; the seed vessels.
other organs. PERICH^TIAL. From mjw, around,
Perforans Casse'rii Ner'vus. The and x atT V, seta. The scaly sheath which
external cutaneous nerve. surrounds the seta or stalk of some mosses.
Perforans Profundus. Flexor longus PERICHONDRIUM. From nepi, about,
digitorum pedis profundus perforans. and x ov fy°(, a cartilage. The fibrous mem-
Perforans Vulgo Profundus. Flexor brane which covers the non-articular car-
profundus perforans. tilages.

PERFORATION. Perfora'tio ; from PERI'CLASIS. From -nepi, around, and

perforare, to pierce. An opening in the Klau, I break. A compound fracture.
continuity of the parietes of a hollow or- PERICNE'MIA. From mpi, around,
gan. and nvTifirj, the tibia. The parts surround-
PERFORATOR. In Obstetrics, an in- ing the tibia.
strument used for perforating the head of PERICRANIUM. From wept, around,
the foetus in utero, in difficult parturition. and Kpavtov, the cranium. The external
PERFORATUM. Applied to muscles periosteum of the cranium.
or tendons which have an opening through PERIDENTAL. From Kepi, around,
their fibres for other parts to pass through and dens, a tooth. Perios'teum den'tivm. A
them. term applied in Dental Anatomy to the
PER'FUME. The volatile effluvium periosteum of a tooth.
from any substance which affects agree- PERIDES'MIUM. From irept, around,
ably the organs of smelling. and Ssafiog, ligament. The delicate areolar

PERGAMENEOUS. Fxompergamena, investment of a ligament.

 PER 670 PER
PERI DIASTOLE. The almost imper- periods, as the invasion, augmentation,
ceptible period or interval which succeeds height, decline and termination.
the diastole of the heart. PERIODIC ACID. An acid consisting
PEUIDID'YMUS. From Ktfu, around, of iodine and oxygen.
and Stdvfioc, twins. The serous coat of the PERIODICAL DISEASES. Diseases
testes. paroxysms of which, as those of inter-
the
PERIGLOTTIS. The epiglottic gland. mittent fever, and certain cerebral and
PERIGO'NIUM. From nepi, around, neuralgic affections, occur at stated inter-
and yovT), generation. In Botany, the pe- vals.

rianthium, or floral envelopes. PERIODICITY. The tendency of cer-

PERIG'RAPHE. The linece transversa: tain physiological and pathological phe-
of the rectus abdominis muscle. nomena to occur after longer or shorter in-

PERIG'YNOUS. From nepi, around, tervals.

and yttt"?, That condition of the
a female. PERIODOL'OGY. From neptodog, a
stamens of a plant which they adhere course or circuit, or the act of going round,
in
to the sides of the calyx. and Aoyof } a discourse. The doctrine of pe-
PERIMYSIUM. The cellular mem- riodicity in health and disease.
brane that covers a muscle or its fascic- PERIODONTITIS. From nepi, about,
uli. odovg, a tooth, and itis, inflammation. In-
PERIN. From nripa, a sac or pouch. flammation of the peridental membranes.
This word has various significations. It is PERIODS, MONTHLY. The men-
used by some to designate the testicle, by strual periods.
others the scrotum, and by others again, PERIODUS LUNARIS. The monthly
the perineum. or menstrual period.
PERINEOCELE. Hernia in the peri- PERIODYN'IA. From irepi, around,
neum. and odvvrj, pain. An acute circumscribed
PERINEUS TRANSVER'SUS. The pain.
transversus perinsei muscle. PERIOR'BITA. From nepi, around,
PERINE'AL. Belonging or relating to and orbita, the orbit. The periosteum of
the perineum. the orbit.
Perineal Artery. A branch of the PERIORBITIS. Inflammation of the
internal pudic distributed to the peri- periosteum of the orbit.
neum. PERIOSTEUM. Perios'teon; from mpi,
Perineal Nerve. A branch of the around, and ooreov, a bone. A white
internal pudic nerve distributed upon the fibrous membrane which surrounds all the
perineum and scrotum in the male, and bones of the body, except the crowns of the
upon the perineum and vulva in the fe- teeth.
male. *
Periosteum Den'tium. The periosteum
PERINE'UM. The space between the of the teeth.
anus and genital organs. PERIOSTITIS. Inflammation of the
PERINEURIUM. From mpi, around, periosteum.
and vevpov, a nerve. The neurilemma. PERIOSTO'SIS. A tumor of the peri-
PERINYCTIDES. From nepi, and wf, osteum.
night. An epithet applied in Pathology PERIOSTRACUM. From mpt, around,
to a cutaneous eruption which appears at and ooTpmov, shell. The membranous cov-
night and disappears during the day. ering of shells, which is analogous to scarf
PE'RIOD. Periodus; from nepi 9 about, skin.
and otiog, way. A stated time ; the time of PERIPH'ERY. From nepi, around, and
the exacerbation and remission, or of the 0ep«, to bear. The circumference of a cir-
paroxysm and intermission of a disease. cle ; the outside of the body, or any other
The different phases of a disease are called object.
 ;

PER 671 PLR

PERIPHIMO'SIS. Paraphimosis. and $wi, a theca. The sac of fructifica-
PERIPLEUMO'NIA. Peripneumonia. some fungi.
tion in
PERIP'LYSIS. Prqflu'vium. An exces- PERIT'OME. Circumcision.
sive discharge. PEIUTON^ERIXTS. From mpirovaiov,
PERIPNEUMONIA. From mpi, the peritoneum, and pr/yvvu, I break. Rup-
around, and nvevfiuv, the lung. Inflamma- ture of the peritoneum, or, according to
tion of the lungs. some French writers, hernia through a
PERIPYE'MA. From nepi, about, and rupture of the peritoneum.
m>ov, pus. Suppuration around an organ. PERITONE'UM. From irepi, around,
This frequently occurs around a tooth. and reivu, I stretch. The serous mem-
PERIRRH(E'A. From irepi, about, and brane which surrounds all the abdominal
psco, I flow. An afflux or determination viscera, and lines the cavity of the abdo-
of fluids towards an organ. Also, enure- men.
sis. PERITONITIS. Inflammation of the
PER'ISPERM. From mpi, around, and peritoneum.
oirepfia, seed. The albumen between the Peritonitis Typhoh.e'mic. Puerperal
investing membrane and the embryos of fever.
some seeds. PERITRE'MA. From irepi, around,
PERISPHAL'SIS. From mpi, about, and rpypa, hole. The raised margin which
and <70g/Uw, I move. Circumduction ; a surrounds the breathing holes of scorpions.
motion given to a luxated bone for the PERITROTAL. From irepi, around,
purpose of reducing it. and rpeiru, to turn. A term applied to
PERISTALTIC. from the embryo of seed when turned from the
Peristal' ticus;
mpioTE?L?t.o>, The vermicular axis to the horizon.
to contract.
motion of the intestines, by which they PERITYPHLITIS. From irepi, around,
contract and force the chyle downward to and typhlitis, inflammation of the cascum.
the mouths of the lacteals and the fasces to Inflammation of the cellular tissue which
the anus. surrounds the cascum.
PERISTAPHYLI'NUS EXTERNUS. PERIWINKLE. A flowering plant of
The circumflexus palati. the genus Vinca.
Pebistaphvtlinus Internus. The le- PERIZO'MA. A bandage; a girdle;
vator palati. also, a truss.
PEIUSTAPHYLO-PHARYNGE'US.— PER'KINISM. See Metallic Tractors.
The upper part of the palato-pharyngeus PER'LA. A pearl.
muscle. PERLATE ACID. The acidulous phos-
PERISTE'RIUM. Verbena officinalis, phate of soda.
which see. PERMANENT. Persistent; lasting;
PERISTER'NA. From mpt, about, and remaining in the same state.
oTtpvov, the sternum. The lateral portions Permanent Ink. Indelible ink.
of the thorax. Permanent White. Sulphate of ba-
PERISTOLE. From nepi, around, and ryta fused into an opaque white enamel.
areXlu, I contract, I close. The peristaltic This is used as a pigment and in the man-
motion of the intestines. ufacture of porcelain ware.
PERISTRO'MA. Peris'toma; from irepi, PERMEABILITY. Permeabil'itas
around, and oTpuvvv/u, to spread. The from, permeo, to pass through. Applied to
inner or mucous coat of the intestines. membranous and cellular tissues which
PERISYSTOLE. From nepi, about, permit gases and fluids to pass through
and ovaraih), a contraction. The pause or them.
interval between the contraction and dila- PER'NIO. A chilblain.
tation of the heart. Pernio Simplex. A chilblain in which
PERITHELIUM. From irepi, around, the skin is unbroken.
 PER 672 PER
Pernio Exulcera'tus. A chilblain ac- PER'SICA. The Amygdalus persica,
companied with ulceration. or common peach tree.
PEROMELIA. From rtspot, wanting, Persica LiE'vis. The tree which bears
and fisXof, a limb. Congenital want of a the nectarine, a fruit resembling the peach
limb. but with a smooth rind.
PERONE. Perone'um; from ttspovq, Persica Vulqa'ris. A rosaceous plant
a brooch. The fibula ; so called because of Persia, the fruit of which has been
it resembles the pin of a brooch. termed Malum persicum.
PERONEAL. Peronce'us; from ittpovq, PERSICA'RIA. A plant of the genus
the fibula. Belonging or relating to the Polygonum.
fibula. PERSIM'MON. The fruit of the Dios-
Peroneal Artery. The fibular artery. pyros virginiana, and the tree.
Peroneal Muscles. These are three PERSIST'ENT. Persis'tens. Perma-
in number: 1. The peroneus brevis ; 2. nent, lasting. Mr. Thomas Bell applies
the peroneus longus ; 3. the peroneus for- this term to three of the membranes of the
tius. teeth. 1. The internal periosteum 2. ;

Peroneal Nerve. The external pop- The investing periosteum of the root, and
liteal nerve. 3. The periosteum of the alveolus. The
PERONE'US. A term applied in other membranes of the teeth, which are
Anatomy to organs attached to or that oc- the two lamellse of the sac, he regards as
cupy the region of the fibula. deciduous.
Peroneus Brevis. A muscle situated PERSISTENS FEBRIS. An intermit-
beneath the peroneus longus. tent fever, the paroxysms of which recur
Peroneus Longus. A long, thick mus- at constant and stated periods.
cle situated at the outer part of the leg. PERSONA'TA. A plant of the genus
Peroneus Tertius. A muscle situated Arctium.
at the anterior, outer and inferior part of PER'SONATE. From persona, a mask.
the leg. Masked ; applied in Botany to a mono-
PEROX'YD. Peroxydum. In Chem- petalous corolla in which the limb is une-
istry, the combination of a simple body qually divided, the upper lip being arched,
with the largest portion of oxygen it is ca- the lower prominent and pressed against
pable of absorbing. it, so that the whole resembles the mouth
PEROSPLANCH'NICA. From ttqpos, of a gaping animal.
wanting, and onkayzvov, a viscus. Con- PERSPIRATION. Perspira'tio ; from
genital misconstruction or want of a por- per, through, and spirare, to breathe, ex-
tion of the viscera. hale. The insensible transpiration of the
PERPERACUTUS. A term applied fluids of the body continually carried on
in Pathology, to extremely acute or to at the surface of the skin. When this
very violent and rapid diseases. fluid is condensed into sensible moisture,
PERPLICA'TION. Perplica'tio ; from it is called sweat. Also, the matter per-
per, through, and plico, I fold. A term spired.
applied in Surgery to a method of tying PERSUL'PHATE. Persulphas. The
an artery, which consists in making a sulphate of a peroxyd.
small incision through the side of it near PERTURBATION. From pertnrbo,
the bleeding orifice and drawing the open to disturb. Disturbance of the natural
extremity, with a pair of suitable forceps, course of a disease, by the employment of
backward through the opening made in very active therapeutic agents.
the side of the vessel, thus forming a sort PERTUS SIS. From per, much, and
of knob. tussis, cough. The hooping cough.
PER'RY. A fermented liquor made PERU'VIAN. Pertaining to Peru.
from pears. Peruvian Balsam. A resinous sub-
 ;

PES 673 PET

Stance of a fragrant odor obtained from Pestis Ni'gra. The black plague ot
the Myroxylon peruiferum. Asia which occurred in the fourteenth cen-
Peruvian Bauk. The bark of several tury.
species of Cinchona, trees of Peru. PESTLE. Pisiil'lum; pilum. An in-
PERVER'SION. Perver'sio; (romper, strument made of wood, glass, iron, or
and vertere, to turn. A term applied in porcelain, for beating and pulverizing
Pathology to a morbid change. Also, to substances in a mortar.
a diseased state of thehumors. PET'AL. Pet'alum ; from nerau, to
PERVIGILIUM. From per, much, expand. A flower-leaf; applied to the
and vigilo, to watch. Want of sleep separate parts of a corolla.
j

watching ; sleepiness. PETALOI'DES. Pet'aloid. Resembling

PES. Uovg. The foot. In Compara- a petal; applied to urine which has a
tive Anatomy, the inferior extremity of flaky substance resembling leaves floating
the pelvic limb of man and birds, and of in it.

the thoracic and pelvic limbs of four-footed PETAS'ITES. A plant of the genus
Mammifcra, lleptiles, and Amphibia, con- Tussilago.
sisting, in the human subject, of the tarsus, PETE'CHIA. Petic'ida. A term ap-
metatarsus and toes. In Botany, the por- plied in Pathology to a small spot upon
tion of stem by which certain fungi are the skin of a reddish purple color, resem-
attached to the earth. bling a flea-bite, and occurring in the
Pes Alexandrinus. Spanish progress of malignant fevers.
The
chamomile, or pellitory of Spain. Petechia Sine Febre. Purpura sim-
Pes Anseri'nus. The radiated branches plex, or petechial scurvy.
of the portio dura on the side of the face. PETECHIAL. Affected with or re-
Pes Columbi'nus. Geranium rotundi- sembling petechia3.
folium. Petechial Scurvy. Scorbutus.
Pes Equi'nus. Club-foot. PETPNA. The sole of the foot.
Pes Hippocam'pi. The tuberculated PET'ININE. A highly refracting,
extremity of the hippocampus major, so pungent liquid, obtained during the de-
called from its fancied resemblance to the structive distillation of animal substance.
foot of some animal. PET'IOLAR. Petiola'ris. Pertaining to
PES'SARY. Pessarium ; from rtt ffdoj, or proceeding from a petiole or leaf-stalk.
a small stone. An instrument made of PET'IOLATE. Having a petiole, or
wood, ivory, or caoutchouc, and intro- leaf-stalk.
duced into the vagina to sustain the ute- PET'IOLE. Petio'his ; from petalum,
rus in cases of prolapsus of this organ. a leaf.The leaf-stalk of a plant.
PES'SULUS. A pessary. PETRATIUM. A plant of the genus
PESTILENCE. Pestilen'tia ; from Bubon. See Bubon Macedonicum.
pestis, plague. The plague ; any epi- PETRO'LEUM. Petrela'um; from
demic ; contagious or infectious disease of nerpa, a rock, and oleum, oil. Literally,
a fatal character. rock oil. A brown, liquid, bituminous
Pestilence, Choleric. Spasmodic or substance, of a foetid odor, and acrid, bitter
Asiatic cholera. taste.
PESTILENTIAL. Pestilentia'lis; from Petroleum Barbaden'se. Barbadoes
pestis, plague. Relating to the plague tar ; a black, opaque, inflammable liquid,
applied to diseases which are of an epi- of about the consistence of molasses, hav-
demic and malignant character. ing a strong odor, and bituminous taste.
PESTIS. From perdo, to destroy. The It has been given in disorders of the chest

plague ; a malignant and contagious ty- when not attended with inflammation,
phoid fever. and is extolled as a remedy for tape worm.
Pestis Bel'lica. Typhus gravior. It has also been employed in rheumatism,
37
 PEW 574 PHA
1

chilblains, and affections of the joints, as a I PEYER'S GLANDS. Per/ en gland -

stimulating embrocation. |
ulce. The small clusters of glands or folli-
Petroleum Ru'brum. A species of cles beneath the villous coat of the intes-
naphtha, found at Gabian, France. tines.

PETRO-OCCIFITAL. Belonging to PEZPZA. A genus of fungi.

the petrous portion of the temporal and Peziza Auric'ula. Jew's ears ; an as-
to the occipital bone. tringent membranaceous fungus, so called
Petro-Pharyng^e'us. The constrictor from its resemblance to the human ear.

pharyngis superior. It possesses astringent properties.

Petro-Salpin'go-Pharynge'us. The PHACIA. Qania. A lentil seed. Len-
levator palati mollis. tigo, or freckles.

Petro-Salpingo-Stafhyli'nus. The PHACFTIS. From $>axoj, a lens, and

levator palati. itis, inflammation. Inflammation of the
Petro-Sphenoi'dal Suture. A small crystalline lens.
suture between the anterior edge of the PHACOHYMENITTS. From <}>a*oj,

petrous portion of the temporal bone and a lens, vpjjv, a membrane, and itis, inflam-
the posterior edge of the sphenoid. mation. Inflammation of the capsule of
PETROSELI'NUM. The root of the the crystalline lens.
Apium petroselinum. PHAC'OPIS. From fyanri, lens, and
PETRO'SUM, OS. From nerpa, a rock. xoitis, a knife. A lenticular-shaped knife.
The petrous, one of the portions of the PHAGEDiE'NA. From +ay», I eat.
temporal bone, is so called from its great An obstinate, rapidly spreading ulcer.
hardness. Phagedena Gangrenosa. Hospital
PETROUS. Pelro'sus; from mrpog, gangrene.
stone. Resembling stone; having the PHAGEDENIC. In Surgical Pathol-
hardness of stone. ogy, a corroding and rapidly spreading
Petrous Ganglion. The petrosal gan- ulcer ; in Materia Medica, an escharotic.
glion. A ganglion of the glosso-pharyn- PHALACRO'SIS. Baldness.
geal nerve, formed soon after it escapes PHALAN'GES. The plural of Phal-
from the jugular fossa. anx, which see.
Petrous Si'nuses. Petrosal sinuses. PHALANGO'SIS. An affection of the
Two venous sinuses of the dura eyelids in which the lashes are arranged
of the
mater connected with the petrous portion in two rows.
of the temporal bone. PHALANX. From tyakayl, a row of
PETUM. Nicotiana tabacum. soldiers. In Anatomy, the small bones of
PETUNTZE'. A Chinese the fingers and toes are called phalanges,
Petuntse.
name for undecomposed because they are arranged along side of
finely ground,
felspar, used with kaolin in the manufac- each other like a phalanx.
ture of porcelain. PHALARIS. A genus of plants of
PEUCE'DANUM. A genus of plants the order Graminece.
of the order Umbelliferce. Phalaris Canarien'sis. Canary grass.
Peucedanum Officina'le. Hog's fen- PHALLAL'GIA. From <j><m/>s, membrun
nel. The root and a gum obtained from virile, and alyog, pain. Pain in the penis.
the dried juice have been recommended as PHALLI'TIS. Inflammation of the penis.
nervine aad anti-hysteric. PHALLOCARCINO'MA. From <jw*-
Peucedanum Sii/aus. Meadow saxi- %oi, the 7nale organ, and xapjctwiita, can-
frage, said to be diuretic, aperient and cer. Cancer of the penis.
carminative. PHAL'LUS. The penis.
PEWTER. An alloy of lead and tin, PHANEROG'AMOUS. Phanero-
sometimes containing a little copper and gam'ic ; from tyaptpos, distinct, and ya^toj,
antimony. [marriage. A term used in Botany to
 ;

PHA 675 PHA

designate plants which have visible flow- PHARMACOPOLTUM. From fop-
ers, containing stamens and pistils. fiaxov, a medicine, and rfwteco, I sell. The
PHANTAS'MA. Phan'tasm; from <pav- shop of the druggist ; a drug store.
laZu, I make appear. In Pathology, a PHARMACOPOSTA. A liquid medi-
morbid phenomenon, resulting from lesion cine.
of the brain or optic nerve, consisting in PHARMACOTHE'CA. A medicine
the perception of imaginary objects. case, or chest.
PHARBI'TIS. A genus of plants of PHARMACUR'GICUS. A druggist
the order Salonacece. an apothecary.
Pharbitis Cathar'tica. A plant of PHAR'MACY. Pharmaci'a ; from <j>ap-
St. Domingo, said to have properties the /xaxov, a medicine. The art of selecting,
same as jalap. preserving and preparing therapeutical
PHARMACEUTIC. Pharmaceu'ticus ; agents.
from Qapfxaxov , a medicine. Pertaining to PHARMAXTS. Pharmacy.
pharmacy. PHARNA'CEUM. A genus of plants
PHARMACIEN. A French word sig- of the order Caryopliyllaeeai.
nifying an apothecary, or educated drug- Pharnaceum Linea're. A South Af-
gist. rican plant, supposed to be useful in pul-
PHARMACOCATAGRAPHOLOG'IA. monary affections.
From qappaxov, a medicine, xara, beneath, PHARYNGEAL. Pharyngeals; from
ypatyr], a writing, and toyoj, a description. ^apuyl, the pharynx. Pertaining to or
The art of writing medical prescriptions. implicating the pharynx.
PHARMACOCHYM'IA. From <},a
P/
ua- Pharyngeal Arteries. These are
xov, medicine, and xvf* eia ,
a chemistry.
two in number, the superior and inferior.
Pharmaceutical chemistry. The superior is a branch of the internal
PHARMACODYNAMICS. From fap- maxillary, and sends a branch through
fjiaxov, a medicine, and Swa/ii?, power. the pterygo-palatine foramen to supply

That branch of pharmacology which treats the arch of the palate and contiguous
of the effects and uses of medicines. parts. The inferior is a branch of the
PHARMACOG'NOSY. Pharmacognos'- external carotid, and sends off several
ia. From frap/xaxov, a medicine, yvooxw, branches, in its course upward toward the
I know. That part of pharmacy which basis of the cranium, to the pharynx and
treats of simple medicines. contiguous deep-scatecl parts.
PHARMAC'OLITE. A term applied
Pharyngeal Nerve. This nerve is a
in Mineralogy to the native arseniate of branch of the pneumogastric, and is dis-
lime. tributed to the pharynx. It communicates
PHARMACOL'OGY. Pharmaedog'ia; with the glosso-pharyngeal, divides into a
from (fap^axov, a medicine, and koyoj, a number of branches, which unite with
discourse. A treatise on, or the doctrine branches of other nerves, forming a net-
of, medicinal agents. Materia Medica. work of filaments which constitute the
PHARMACOMA'NIA. From $aP/ua- pharyngeal plexus.
xov, and juana, mania. A monomaniac rilARYNGETH'RON. The pharynx
with regard to prescribing or taking med- or fauces.
icines. PHARYNGITIS. Inflammation of
PHARMACOPCETA. From $>ct
Pi
uaxov, the pharynx.
a medicine, and itosia, I make. Literally, Pharyngitis, Diphtherit'ic. Diph-
the art of preparing medicines. A book theritic inflammation of the pharynx, or in-
containing a collection of medicinal for- flammation accompanied by the formation
mula), with a description of the process for of false membranes.
A dispensatory.
the preparation of each. Pharyngitis, Follicular. Inflam-
PHARMACOP'OLIST. A druggist. mation and enlargement of the follicles of
 PHA 576 PHI
the pharynx, extending sometimes to the ous birds, of which there are several
larynx. species.
PHARYNGOCE'LE. From <t>apvy£, the Phasianus Col'chicub. The pheasant.
pharynx, and htjatj, a tumor. A morbid Phasianus Gallus. The domestic
enlargement of the pharynx and gullet. fowl.
PHARYNGO-GLOSSAL. Pertaining to PHAT'NION. Qarviov. The socket of
the pharynx and tongue. a tooth.
PHARYNGOG'RAPHY. Pharyngo- PHAUSIN'GES. Blisters or pustules
gra'phia; from <t>apvy^ } the pharynx, and caused by heat.
jpatyj), a description. An anatomical de- PHATNORRHA'GIA. From tyarviov,
scription of the pharynx. an alveolus, and pnyvvfii, I break forth.
PHARYNGOL'OGY. Pharyngolog'ia; Hemorrhage from the socket of a tooth.
from (papvyi, the pharynx, and Aoyof, a See Hemorrhage after the Extraction of
discourse. A treatise upon the pharynx. Teeth.
PHARYNGO-PALATINE. Pertaining PHELLAN'DRIUM. A genus of
to the pharynx and velum palati. plants of the order Umbelliferce.
PHARYNGOPLE'GIA. From fapvyt, Phellandkium Aquat'icum. Water
the pharynx, and ttatioou, I strike. Pa- fennel ; fine-leaved water hemlock, the
ralysis of the pharynx. seeds of which are said to be narcotic and
PHARYNGORRHAG'IA. Hemorrhage stimulant.
from the pharynx. PHENIG'MUS. From fomft red. A
PHARYNGOSPAS'MUS. Spasm of cutaneous disease characterized by redness
the pharynx. of the skin, without fever. Also, a genuB
PHARYNGO-STAPHYLI'NUS. The of disease in the order Icieritice of Sau-
palato-pharyngeus muscle. vages.
PHARYNG'OTOME. Fharyngot'omus; PHENOMENON. From <(>aivo/xai, J
from (jxipvyi-, the pharynx, and te(ivcj, I cut. A remarkable
appear. and unusual ap-
An instrument for scarifying the tonsils. pearance. In Medicine, any appreciable
PHARYNGOT'OMY. Pharyngotm'ia. change in an organ or function. The phe-
The operation of cutting into the pharynx. nomena of a disease are its symptoms.
Also, of scarifying the tonsils. PHENYL. The hypothetical radical of
PHAR'YNX. The museulo-membran- phenol or carbolic acid. Formula C12H5.
ous sac at the back part of the mouth, PHP ALA. A small bottle or phial.
which terminates in the cesophagus. It PHILIA'TROS. From 4>deo, I love,
is invested with a strong fascia, which and inrpiKj], medicine. An amateur stu-
serves to connect it to the basilar process dent of medicine.
of the occipital, and the petrous portions PHILLYRTA. A genus of plants of
of the temporal bones. There are seven the order Oleacece.
foramina which open into Phillyria Latifo'lia. Mock privet.
it ; namely, the
two posterior nares, the The leaves are astringent and have been
two Eustachian
used in ulcers of the mouth and throat.
tubes, the mouth, larynx, and cesophagus.
PHAS'COLOMYS. From <$>aoKuAog, a PHILOBIO'SIS. From ffao, to love,
pouch, and fivq, a mouse. A marsupial and /3wf, life. Love of life.
quadruped, having teeth like a rodent PHILOSOPHER'S STONE. Lapis
animal. It is commonly called the wom- philosophorum. A preparation sought by
bat. the alchemists for converting the base*
PHASE'OLUS. A genus of plants of metals into gold.
the order Leguminosce. PH1LTRUM. From ^w, I love. A
Phaseolus Vulga'ris. The kidney medicine supposed to be capable of excit-

bean. I ing love. In Anatomy, the vertical de-

PHASIANUS. A genus of gallianace- 1
pression between the nose and upper lip.
 ;

PHL 677 PHL

PHIMO'SICUS. Relating to phimosis. Adeno-meningeal, or mucous fever; a
PHIMO'SIS. From ftpou. I bind up. fever accompanied with considerable mu-
A constriction of the opening of the pre- cous secretion from the digestive passage.
puce, which prevents it from being carried PHLEGMA'SIA. From foeyco, I burn.
back behind the corona glandis. Inflammation.
PHLAS'MA. A contusion. Phlegmasia Do'lens. Phlegma'sia lac-
PHLEBARTERIODIAL'YSIS. From tea ; phlegmasia alba crural phlebitis ;
;

foeip, a vein, aprepia, artery, and Sialvois, milk-leg. A disease occurring in women
separation. Varicose aneurism. soon after delivery, attended by fever,
PHLEBECTA'RIA. From f*+, a pain, swelling of the thigh, and other
vein, and enTaoic , dilatation. The dilata- symptoms of a more or less severe char-
tion of a vein or a portion of a vein. acter.
PHLEB'ION. A vein. PHLEGMA'SIA. Inflammations. An
PHLEBI'TIS. From ffap, a vein, and order in the class Pyrexia? of Dr. Cullen.
itis, a terminal, denoting inflammation. PHLEGMASIA. According
to French
Inflammation of a vein. pathologists, cedema, anasarcaand to the ;

Phlebitis, Ckuiial. Phlegmasia do- German, extravasation of serum or mucus.

lens. PHLEGMATOPYR'A. Phlegmaprgra.
Phlebitis Uterine. Puerperal fever. Adeno-meningeal fever.
PH LEBOG'R APHY. Phlebogra'phia; PHLEGMATORRHA'GIA. From
From 0An/>, a vein, and ypwpu, to describe. <j>fayfia, phlegm, and peu, I flow. A dis-
An anatomical description of the veins. charge of a thin, limpid mucus from the
PHLEBOL'OGY. PUebolog'ia. A trea- nose, unaccompanied by inflammation.
tise on the veins. PHLEG'MON. From foeyu, I burn.
PHLEB'OLITE. Phlebdith'us ; from Inflammation of the cellular tissue, ac-
<j>heij>, a vein, and /U#oc, a stone. A cal- companied by increased heat, pain and
culous concretion in a vein. circumscribed swelling, usually terminat-
PHLEBORRHA'GIA. From W>, a ing in suppuration or abscess.
vein, and pnyvv/u, I break out. Hemor- PHLEGMONO'DES. Phlegmonous.
rhage from a vein or veins. PHLEG'MONOUS. Phlegmono'des;
PHLEBORRHEX'IS. From &t+, from yktypovri, a phlegmon, and 11,80 f,
a
vein, and pe&c, rupture. Rupture of a resemblance. Belonging or relating to
vein or veins. phlegmon.
PHLEBOPHTHALMOTOM'IA. From Phlegmonous Inflamma'tion. In-
<t>?ieip, a vein, ofydakfioc, the eye, rtpvio, J flammation of the cellular tissue, tending
cut. The abstraction of blood from the eye. to suppuration.
PHLEB'OTOMUM. An instrument PHLEGMYMENITIS. Phlegmhy-
employed in phlebotomy; a thumb or meni'tis ; from <fkeyfia, phlegm, vfirjv, a
spring lancet. membrane, and His, inflammation. In-
PHLEBOTOMY. Phlebotom'ia ; from flammation of a mucous membrane.
$X«4> a vein, and tejivu, I cut. The op- PHLEPS. A vein.
eration of opening a vein. Venesection. PHLOGISTIC. Phlogisti'cus ; from
PHLEGM. Phlegma. One of the four (}>ju>yi£w, to burn. In (H.emistry, inflam-
primary humors of the ancients. Also, the matory. See Phlogistni. In Medicine,
viscid mucus expectorated, or expelled by preternatural vital ener : . Increased ac-
vomiting. tion of the heart and ar -t ries.
PHLEG'MAGOGUE. Phlegmago'gus; PHLOGISTON. From <j*°y<w, to
from (phey/ia, phlegm, and ayu } I expel. burn. The principle of inflammability ; a
An expectorant medicine. name given by Stahl to a hypothetical
PHLEGMAPY'RA. Phlegmatopy'ra element, supposed to be pure fire, fixed in

from titeypa, phlegm, and nvpeToc, fever. combustible bodies.

 PHO 678 PHO
PHLOGIS'TICATED AIR. Nitrogen (jxotooy, a lurking place. A family of La-
gas. mellibranchiate bivalves, which excavate
PHLOGO'DES. From $*og, flame, hiding places for themselves in the rocks.
and stSoj, resemblance. An epithet em- PHONA'TION. From fuvtj, the voice.
ployed in Pathology to express particularly The production of the voice.
the redness of the face. PHONE. The voice.
PHLOGOPY'RUS. From ffeyu, 1 burn, PHO'NICUS. From pavy, the voice.
and Hvpetos, fever. A term applied in Relating to the voice.
Pathology, by some authors, to inflamma- PHO'NICA. Diseases affecting the
tory fever. organs of the voice. An order of the class
PHLOGO'SIS. Literally, inflamma- Pneumatica of Dr. Good.
tion, but some authors use the term to de- PHONICS. Acoustics ; the doctrine of
signate exclusively external inflammation, sounds.
and others, superficial or erysipelatous in- PHONON'OSI. From $ ttM7 , the voice,
flammation. The Germans employ it to and voaos, disease. Diseases of the voice.
designate a fugacious heat or simple red- PHORA. Gestation.
ness of the face. PHORAN'THIUM. From <f* pw ,* to
PHLOGOT'IC. Inflammatory. bear, and ou^oj, a flower. A term applied
PHLORID'ZINE. From pioto;, bark, in Botany to that form of receptacle in
and pi£a, a root. A crystalline substance, plants which is not fleshy, but surrounded
of a bitter, astringent taste, obtained from by an involucrum, as in the order Compos-
the bark of the root of the apple, pear and ites. It is termed thalamus.
some other trees. It has been used as an PHOR'MIUM. A genus of plants of
anti-periodic. the order Liliacece.
PHLYCTiE'NA. From $m£w , I boil. Phormium Te'nax. Iris-leaved flax
A vesicle containing a limpid, serous fluid. lily New Zealand flax. A
; plant, native
PHLY CTENOID. Resembling phlyc- of New Zealand, the root of which is said
taena. to be purgative, sudorific and expectorant.
PHLYCTEN'ULA. Diminutive of PHORONOM'IA. From $ t poM <«, I put
phlydcsna. A vesicle containing a limpid, myself in motion, and law. In
vofio$,

serous fluid of the ciliary margin. Physiology, the laws of muscular action.
PHLYCTID'IUM. A pustule encircled PHOS. Light.
by an inflamed ring or zone, as the small- PHOSGENE GAS. Chloro-carbonic
pox pustule. acid gas. ,

PHLY'SIS. A subcutaneous, ulcera- PHOSTHAS. Phosphate.

tive tumor. Also, phlyctaana. PHOSPHATE. Phosphas. A salt re-
PHOBODIP'SON. Hydrophobia. sulting from the combination of phos-
PHOCE'NIC ACID. A volatile odor- phoric acid with a salifiable base.
iferous acid contained in the oil of the por- PHOSPHATTC. Relating to the phos-
poise. phates.
PHOCE'NINE. A peculiar fatty matter Phosphatic Diath'esis. A habit of
mixed with elaine, found in the oil of the body favoring the formation of calculi or
Delphinium phoccena. phosphates.
PIKENI'CIUS MORBUS. Tubercular PHOSTHITE. A salt formed by the
elephantiasis. union of phosphorous acid and a salifiable

PHffiNIG'MUS. A red cutaneous erup- base.

tion, without fever. Also, a rubefacient. PHOSPHORENE'SES. M. Baumes
PHCE'NIX. A genus of plants of the unites under this generic name diseases
order Palmacece. which he attributes to disordered phos-
Phoenix Dactylif'eha. The date tree. phorization that is, to excess or deficiency ;

PHOLAD'EANS. Phdadecs; from of calcareous phosphate, or to its decom-

 PHO 679 PET
position. Among these affections, he enu- PHOTU'RIA. From Que, light, and
merates rachitis, osteomalacia and gout. ovpov, urine. Luminous urine.
PHOSPHORESCENCE. Phosphores- PHRAGMI'TES A plant of the genus
cent' tia. The luminous appearance exhib- Gramineo3.
ted by phosphorescent bodies Phragmites Arundina'cea. This, as
PHOSPHOR'IC ACID. Acidumphos- well as Phragmites calamagrostis, is said
phor'icum. An acid composed of one part to possess diuretic properties.
phosphorus and five of oxygen. PHRAG'MOCONE. From <t>payfia, a
PHOSPHO-MESIT 1C ACID. An acid partition, and kovoc, a cone. The cham-
obtained by the action of chloride of phos- bered cone of the shell of the belemnite.
phorus upon acetone. PHRAG'MOg. From ^pay/io, I enclose.
PHOSPHORU'RIA. Phosphorescent A row of teeth.
urine. PHRA'SIS. Articulated voice.
PHOS'PHORUS. From +**, light, and PHRE'NES. The forepart of the thorax.
fepw, I carry. An undecomposed sub- Also, the diaphragm.
stance, of a yellowish color, semi-trans- PHRENE'SIS. Phrenitis.
parent, and burning in common air with PHRENETTC. Phrenet'icus. Con-
great rapidity. In the dark it exhibits a nected with, or suffering from phrenitis.
luminous or posphorescent appearance, PHRENTC. Phren'icus. Diaphrag-
and emits a white smoke in the air. matic. Rel ating or belonging to the dia-
PHOS'PHOROUS ACID. Acidumphos- phragm.
phoro'sum. A very sour, volatile white Phrenic Arteries. The diaphrag-
powder, obtained by the slow combustion matic arteries.
of phosphorus. It reddens vegetable blues Phrenic Nerve. The diaphragmatic
and neutralizes bases. Formula PO3, eq. nerve.
64.4. PHRE'NICA. From #j?v, the mind.
PHOS'PHURET. Phosphuret'um. A Diseases of the mind ; an order in the class
combination of phosphorus with a metal. Neurotica of Dr. Good.
PHOSPHURETED HYDROGEN. A PHRENITIS. From <ppm>, the mind,
gaseous body, formed by the combination of and itis, inflammation. Inflammation of
phosphorus with hydrogen, inflammable the brain.
in the air, and soluble in ether. PHRENOL'OGY.
Phrenolog'ia; from
PHOTOGENIC. From *«r, light, and %oyoc, a discourse. A
and <j>pijv, the mind,
yevvau, to generate. Producing light. Ap- treatise on the mind as deduced from the
plied to drawings made by the action of external configuration and volume of the
light on a chemically prepared ground. brain.
PHOTOG'RAPHY. From *«f, light, PHRENO-MAG'NETISM. The pre-
and ypa^rj, a painting. The art of paint- tended power of exciting the organs of the
ing or fixing images of the camera obscura, brain of a mesmerized person, whereby
on a silver or other surface. the functions of the organs are manifested.
PHOTOM'ETER. From light, and That no
<t>u>c, such power exists is evident from
perpov, measure. An instrument for ascer- (he fact that such phenomena cannot be
taining the intensity of light. elicited in children.
PHOTOMA'NIA. Delirium produced PHREN'SY. Phrenitis.
by the action of intense light. PHRI'CE. tpiny. Shuddering; the chill
PHOTOPHO'BIA. From *w f , light, of the cold fit of an ague ; a shuddering
and (pufco), to dread. Intolerance of from terror.
light. PHRICO'DES FEBRIS. A fever in
PHOTOP'SIA. From f*, light, and which the chill is very severe and pro-
ofic, vision. Lucid vision, or perception longed.
of .sparks, flashes of fire, &c. PHTHAR'MA CALIGO. Calico.
 PHY 580 PHY
Phtharma Catarac'ta. Ccataract. flowers, and fruit of this plant, mad©
Phtharma Glaucoma. Glaucoma. into an electuary, is regarded in India as
PHTHIIU'ASIS. From v&etp, a louse. efficacious in gonorrhoea.
Morbus pediculosus. A disease favoring Phyllanthus Urina'ria. This plant
the generation of lice. is said to possess powerful diuretic pro-
PHTHISIOL'OGY. From *#<•*, con- perties.
sumption, and hoyog, a discourse. A trea- Phyllanthus Viro'sus. The bark of
tise on phthisis. this plant is a powerful astringent.
PHTHISI-PNEUMONIA. Phthisis PHYL'LITE. From jtiJm, a leaf,
pulmonalis. and litiog, a stone. A petrified leaf, or a
PHTHI'SIS. From <t*&io, I consume. mineral resembling a leaf.
Consumption; progressive emaciation of the PHYLLO'DIUM. In Botany, the pe-
body from whatever cause produced, hut tiole of a leaf when it is expanded, and
usually restricted to pJithisis pulmonalis. the lamina abortive.
Phthisis, Can'cerous. Cancer of the PHYL'LOPODS. From fvAAov, a leaf,
lungs. and novc, a foot. One of a tribe of Crus-
Phthisis Dorsa'lis. Tabes dorsalis. taceans, in which the feet are flattened,
Phthisis Larynge'a. Chronic laryn- having the form of a leaf.
gitis, a species of consumption resulting PHYL'LOSTOMES. Phyllostoma'ta.—
from ulceration of the larynx. From (pvllov, a leaf, and oro^a, a mouth.
Phthisis Mesenter'ica. Tabes mesen- A family of bats in which the nose sup-
terica. ports a simple leaf-like appendage.
Phthisis Pulmona'lis. Phthisis tuber- PHY'MA. From <j>vu, to produce. A
culo'sa. Pulmonary consumption. tubercle or phlegmon. A genus of dis-
Phthisis Trachea'lis. Chronic inflam- eases in Good's Nosology, including hor-
mation of the trachea, accompanied by ul- deolum, fur unculus, sycosis, and anthrax*
ceration and emaciation. PHYMATO'SES. Tuberculous diseases.
PHTHISU'RIA. Diabetes. PHYMATO'SIS. An excrescence.
PHTHO'E. Phthisis. PHYMO'SIS. Phimosis.
PHTHO'RIUS. From ^opa, an abor- PHY'SA. From <t>voa, a bubble. A
tion. Favoring abortion. genus of fresh-water snails, so named
PHYCOMAT'ER. From fvKoc, sea- from the bubble-like appearance of their
weed, and uijTijp, mother. The gelatinous shells.
matter found on the ground and on trees, PHY'SALIS. A genus of plants of
in which the sporules of algaceous plants the order Solanacece.
germinate. Physalis Alkeken'gi. The winter
PHYGETH'LON. From <*»?«, I broil. cherry. The berries are thought to be
Inflammation of the superficial lymphatic diuretic, and have been recommended in
glands. dropsical and calculous diseases.
PHYLACTE'RY. An amulet; a pro- P H Y S C I A ISLANDICA.
' Iceland
phylactic. moss.
PHYLLI'TIS. A plant, according to PHYSCO'NIA. From <t>va K T), a bladder.
some, of the genus Scolopendrium ; others Any tumor developed in the abdomen
assign it to the genus Asplenium. which is neither sonorous nor fluctuating.
PHYLLANTHUS. A genus of plants Eight species are enumerated : — 1. Phys-
of the order Euphorbiaceoz. conia hcpatica, enlarged liver. 2. Phys-
Phyllanthus Emblica. A tree of conia peritonei, tumefied peritoneum. &.

India, from the fruit of which the emblic Physconia splenica, enlarged spleen. 4.
myrobalm of the older physicians is ob- Physconia omentalis, enlarged omentum.
tained. 5. Physconia renalis, enlarged kidney. 6.

Phyllanthus Simplex. The leaves, Physconia uterina, enlargement of tha

 ;;

PHY 581 PHY

uterus and its appendages. 7. Physconia tions of living beings. Physiology is

mesenterica, enlargement of the mesen- divided into human and comparative. The
tery, and 8. Physconia intestinalis , laxity former relates to man, and the latter to
of the intestinal canal, producing enlarge- animals and vegetables. It is also divided
ment of the abdomen. into general and special, the one relating
PHYSE'MA. Physe'sis; from <pvoao, to the general laws of life, and the other
I inflate. A tumor caused by an accu- to the functions of individual organs.
mulation of air in the cellular texture. PHYSIS. Nature; life.

Also, tympanites. PHYSOBLEPH'AHON. From ^vtjaw,

PHYS'ETER. In Maslozoology a genus I inflate, and fixstyapov, eye-lid. Emphy-
of Zonphogous Cetacea. sematous swelling of the eye-lids.
Physeteb Mackoceph'alus. The PHYSOCE'LE. Pneumatocele. An
spermaceti whale. emphysematous tumor of the scrotum.
PHYSIC. The art of healing diseases PHYSOCEPH'ALUS. From ^oac, I
medicine. inflate, and Kecpalrj, the head. Emphy-
Physic, Indian. The common name sematous swelling of the head.
of Gillevia trifoliata. PHYSOCCE'LIA. From ^aw, I in-
Physic-Nuts. The nuts of the Jalro- flate, and Koikia, the belly. Tympanites.
pha curcas. PHYSO'DES. From <pvaao, I inflate,
PHYS'ICAL. Pertaining to the tangi- and eitiog, resemblance. A term applied
ble properties or effects of material things. in Pathology to tumors apparently filled

PHYSF'CIAN. One who has received with air.

the degree of doctor of medicine from a PHYS'OGRADES.

Physograda; from
regularly incorporated institution. and gradior, I proceed. A tribe
In $>d<hj, air,

France, a professor or student of natural of Acalephai, which swim by means of air

philosophy. bladders.
PHYS'ICS. From fto**, nature. The PHYSOME'TRA. From <pvaa*, I in-
science of nature; but in the usual and flate, and fj-vv a , the womb, lnfiaiio uteri.
more restricted acceptation of the term, Windy swelling of the uterus.
the movements, pressure, and sensible P HYSON. Flatulence.
properties of things. Natural philosophy. PHYSON'CUS. A windy tumor.
Physics, Med'ical. Physica Medi- PHYSOSPAS'MUS. Windy colic, with
ca'lis. Physics applied directly to medi- spasmodic contraction of some portion
cine, whether for the explanation of the of tho alimentary canal.
vital phenomena of the functions of the PHYSOTHO'RAX. Pneumothorax.
body, the preservation of individuals, or PHYTEU'MA. A genus of plants of
the treatment of disease. the order Campanulacece.
PHYSIOAUTOCRATIA. The vis Phyteuma Orbicula're. Horned
medicatrix naturas. rampions. The root is said to be antisyph-
PHYSIOG'NOMY. ilitic, and a species in the Alps is thought
Physiognom'ia
from $i><h$, nature, and yivuaKu,
know. to be beneficial in cancerous affections.
I

The art of judging of the character and P H Y T C H E M'l A. From <pv*ov, a

dispositions of men by their countenances, plant, and p?/xeja, chemistry. Vegetable
gestures, and external appearance, as chemistry.
taught by Lavater. PHYTOG'RAPHY. Phytograph'ia ;—
PHYSIOL'OGY. Physiolog'ia ; from from fv-tov, a plant, and ypa^, a descrip-
$u<T<,$, nature, and Aoyof, a discourse. By tion. A description of plants.
the ancients this term was used in the PHYTOLACCA. A genus of plants
same sense as that of })hysics, but at of the order Phytolaccacea;.
present it is limited to the science which Phytolacca Decan'dra. Poke-weed.
treats of the laws of life, and the func- The root and berries are said to be
 PIC 682 PIL

anodyne, and the juice of the root to be by the action of nitric acid on indigo,
emetic and cathartic. silk, aloes, &c.

PHYTOLITHOL'OGY. Phytolithol- PI'CRIN. A bitter substance obtained

og'ia ; from $vtov, a plant, Tudog, a stone, from Digitalis purpurea, said to be im-
and Aoyof, a discourse. A treatise on pure Digitaline.
fossil plants. PICRIS. A genus of plants of the
PHYTOL'OGY. Phytolog'ia; from order Composite?.
fyvtov, a plant, and Aoyof a discourse.
, A Picris Echoi'des. The common ox-
treatise on plants. Botany. tongue. The leaves are thought to be
PHYTOPATHOL'OGY. Phytopafhol- laxative.

og'ia.A treatise on the diseases of plants. Pl'CROMEL .A peculiar substance, of

PHYTOPHAGOUS. From <p^ov, a a sweetish-bitter taste, which exists in bile.
plant, and tpayco, I eat. Plant-eating PICROTOX'IN. Picrotox'ina ; picro-
animals. tox'ine; from lunpoc, bitter, and to^lkov,

PHYTOT'OMY. Phytotom'ia. The poison. A vegetable alkali, which crys-

anatomy of plants. tallizes in white, brilliant, four-sided,
PHYTOZO'ON. From $vtov, a plant, transparent prisms. It is this principle
and fcov, an animal. A term applied to which gives to the Cocculus indicas its

zoophytes and certain marine animalcule poisonous properties.

which live on the tissues of plants. PIEDMONT TRUFFLE. See Lyco-
PIA MATER. Thfc highly vascular perdon tuber.
membrane which immediately invests the PIG'EON. A gallinaceous bird of the
convolutions of the cerebrum, cerebellum, genus Columba, of which there are four
medulla oblongata, and medulla spinalis. species, the siock-dove, the ring-dove, the

PIAN. Frambcosia, or Yaws. turtle-dove, and migratory pigeon of Amer-

PIAR. Fat. ica. All the species are nutritious, stim-
PIARHiE'MIA. From map, fat, and ulant, and digestible.

acfia, blood. Fat in the blood. PIG- NUT. Groundnut; earthnut;

PI'CA. Depraved appetite. the bulbous root of Bunium bidbocasta-
PICAMAR. The bitter principle of num, which see.

tar. PIGMENT CELLS. Cells for the secre-

PICHU'RIM BEAN. An dark-brown matter,
oblong seed tion of a black or
brought from Brazil. It has a musky which gives color to the parts over which
odor, and possesses aromatic and carmin- they are spread. They are found in the
ative properties. It is the produce, ac- epidermis of the negro and other dark
cording to Lees, of Nectandra puchury. races of mankind, and on the inner sur-
The origin of these seeds was formerly face of the choroid membrane of the eye.
referred to the Laurus pichurim. PIGMEN'TUM. From pingo, to paint.
riCHU'RIM CORTEX. An aromatic A pigment or paint. An epithet applied,
bark, obtained from a sjiecies of Laurus in Anatomy, to a black mucous substance
pichurim. found in the eye namely, the pigment of
;

PIC'OLIN. A volatile, acid, oily liquid, he iris, called the uvea ; and the pigment
obtained by the distillation of animal of the choroid membrane, called the pig-
substances. mentum nigrum.
PI'CRIA. Bitterness. Tigmkntum Indicum. Indigo.
PICRAM'MIA. A genus of plants of Pigmentum Nigrum. The dark brown
the order Amyridacece. substance which lines the choroid mem-
Picrammia Cilia 'ta. A tropical tree, brane of the eye, and covers the posterior
the bark of which, it is said, is a good surface of the iris.

substitute for Cascarilla. PILA HYS'TRICIS. The bezoar hya-

PICRIC ACID. A substance produced tricis.
 —

PIL 683 PIL

Pila Mari'na. A round, depressed, PlLULiE CATHAR'TICiE COMPOSITE.

or oblong mass of marine plants found Compound cathartic pills.
U. S.

on the seashores, and said to be useful in Pilule Colocyn'tiiidis Composite.

6crofula, goitre, and as an anthelmintic. Ph. D. Compound pills of colocynth.
PILA'RE MA'LUM. Trichiasis. Hair Pilule Colocynthidis et Hyoscy'-
disease. ami. Ph. E. Pills of colocynth and hen-
PILATIO. From pilus, a hair. A bane.
hair-like fracture of the skull. Pilul^e Conii Composite. Ph. L.
PILE A. A genus of plants of the Compound pills of hemlock.
order Urticaceoe. Pilule Copaiile. U. S. Pills of
Pilea Pu'mila. Clearweed ; an indig- copaiba.
enous plant, said to be useful in relieving Pilule Cupri Ammonia'ti. Ph. E.
the eruption caused by Rhus. ammoniated copper.
Pills of

PI'LEOUS. Relating to the hair. Pilulje Digita'lis et SciLLiE. Ph. E.

PILE, GALVANIC. A galvanic appa- Pills of digitalis and squill.
ratus consisting of a pile or column of Filul^e Ferri Carbona'tis. U. S.
Bine or copper plates, and discs of wet Pills of carbonate of iron.
card, placed in succession to each other in Pilule Ferri Compos'it^e. U. S.,
the same regular order throughout the Ph. L., D. and E. Compound iron pills.
series. Pilule Ferri Sulpiiitis. Ph. E. Pills
PILES. Haemorrhoids, which see. of sulphate of iron.
PILE- WORT. A plant of the genus Pilule Gal'bani Compos'itte. U. S.,
Ranunculus. Ph. L. and D. Compound pills of gal-
PILEUS. The cap or uppermost part banum.
of a gymnospermous fungus, resembling Pilule Gambo'gle Compos'it,e. Ph.
an umbrella in form. D. Compound pills of gamboge.
PILL. See Pilula. Pilule Hydrar'gyri U. S., Ph. L.
PILO'SUS. Hairy. and D. Mercurial pills. Blue pills.
PILU'LA. Diminutive of pila, a ball. Pilule Hydrargyri Chlo'ridi Com-
A simple or compound medicine, of a pos'it^e. Compound pills of chloride of
firm consistence, spherical in shape, and mercury.
rarely exceeding five or six grains in Pilul^e Hydrargyri Chloridi Mitis.
weight. U. S. Calomel pills.
PILULE ALOES. U. S. Aloetic Pilul^e Hydrargyri Iod'idi. Ph. L.
pills. Pills of iodide of mercury.
Pilule Aloes Compos ite. Ph. L., D. PlLUL/E IpECACUAN'iLE COMPOSITE.
Compound pills of aloes. Ph. L. Compound pills of ipecacuanha.
Pilule Aloes et Asafce'tid.e. U. S. Pilule Ipecacuan'h.e et Opii. Ph. E.
and Ph. E. Pills of aloes and asafoetida. Pills of ipecacuanha and opium.
Pilule Aloes et Ferri. Ph. E. Pills Pilule Opii. U. S. Pills of opium.
of aloes and iron. Pilul/e Plumbi Opia'tje. Ph. E. Opi-
Pilule Aloes et Myrrile. U. S. ate pills of lead.
Pills of aloes and myrrh. PlLULJH Qui'NLE SULPHA'TIS. U. S.
PlLUL^E ASAFCETID^E. U. S. Asafoet- Pills of sulphate of quinine.
lda pills. Pilule Rhei. U.S. Pills of rhubarb.
Pilule Calomelanos Composite. —
Pilule Riiei Compos'it^e. U. S. and
Ph. E. and D. Compound calomel pills. Ph. E. Compound pills of rhubarb.
PiLULiE Calomelanos et Opii. Ph. E. Pilule Rhei et Ferri. Ph. E. Pills
Pills of calomel and opium. of rhubarb and iron.
Pilul^e Cambogi^e Composite. Ph. L. Pilule Sagapeni Composite. Ph. L.
Compound pills of gamboge. Compound pills of sagapenum.
 PIN 584 PIN
Pilule Sapo'nis Composite. U. S. PINCH'BECK. Dutch gold ; an alloy
and Ph. L. Compound pills of soap. of copper and zinc.
Philulje Scill^: Composite. U. S. PINCKNE'YA. A genus of plants of
Compound pills of squill. the order Cinchonacece.
Pii.ulje Sty'racis Composite. Fh. D. Pinckneya Pubens. Georgia bark;
Compound pills of styrax. bitter bark ; fever bark ; a shrub, native
Pilul.e Thebaic^. Ph. E. Pills of of Georgia and Florida, closely allied to
opium Cinchona, and possessing bitter and tonio
PI'LUM. PistiVlum. A pistil, which see. properties. The bark is the part used and
PI'LUS. The short hair on the surface has been employed in domestic practice
of the body. with great success in intermittent fevers.
PIM'ELE. Fat. PINE. A tree of the genus Pinus.
PIM 'ELITE. From Pine-Apple.
m/JtM, fatness. A
A tropical plant, the
green mineral of a greasy feel, containing Bromelia ananas and its fruit.
silica, alumina and nickel. Pine-Thistle. A plant of the genua
PIMELITIS. From mfuJai, fat, and Atractylis.
itis, denoting inflammation. Inflamma- PINEAL. Pinea'lis ; from pinus, a
tion of the adipose tissue. pine. Resembling the pine-apple.
PIMELO'SIS. From m/ufaf, fat. The Pineal Gland. Gland'nla jmiea'lis.
conversion of any texture into fat. A small gland about the size of a pea, of
Pimelosis Hepat'ica. The degenera- a conical shape, situated between the
tion of the liver into fat. fornix and tubercula quadrigemina in the
PIMENTA, Pimerito. Jamaica pep- brain.
per 1 allspice ; the fruit of the Myrtus pi- PI'NEUS PURGANS. A synonym of
mento,. Jairopha curcas.
PIMPER'NEL. The name of several PINGUECULA. From pinguis, fat
plants of different genera. The scarlet A form of pterygium, consisting of a small
pimpernel belongs to the genus Anagallis; whitish-yellow granule between the mar-
the water pimpernel, to the genus Veronica, gin of the cornea and the outer or inner
and the yellow to the genus Lysimacliia. angle of the eye under the conjunctiva.
PIMPINEL'LA. A genus of plants of PINGUE'DO. Fat.
the order Umbelliferos. PINGUIC'ULA. A genus of plants of
Pimpinella Ani'sum. The anise plant. the order Lentibularioz.
The seeds have an aromatic odor and a Pinguicula Vulga'bis. Butterwort;
pleasant, sweetish taste. They yield an the leaves of which are cathartic.
essential oil by distillation, which is some- PINIC ACID. An acid obtained from
times used in cholic and to prevent the rosin.
grijoing effects of some purgatives. PINK, CAROLINA. Common name
Pimpinella Saxif'raga. Burnet sax- of Spigelia marilandica.
ifrage. The root is astringent and has PIN'NA. The fin of a fish. In Anat-
been employed as a masticatory in tooth- omy, a portion of the external ear, repre-
ache. senting a kind of funnel, and called the
PIM'PLE. Pap'ula. A small, acumi- pinna auricula;. In Zoology, a genus of os-
nated elevation of the cuticle with an in- tracean acephalous mollusks, commonly
flamed base, but not tending to suppura- called winged shells.

tion. PINNAC'ULUM. A summit or phv

PIN. A small instrument, pointed at nacle.

one extremity, made of brass, iron, silver PIN'NATE. From pinna, a feather
or gold, and used in Surgery to fix dress- or fin. A species of compound leaf, where
ings, and sometimes in sutures. a single petiole has several leaflets at-

PINCERS. Forceps j volsella. tached to each side of it.

 PIP 585 PIS

PINNATIPEDS. Pinnatipe'dia ; from Piper Angustifo'eium. The matico

pinna, a fin, and pes, a foot. An order of plant.
birds with digits bordered by membranes. Piper Brazilia'num. See Capsicum
PIN'NIPEDS. Pinnip'edes. A section annuum.
of crabs having the last pair of feet, if not Piper Caryopiiyl'eatum. See Myrtus
more, terminated by a flattened joint suited pimenta.
for swimming. Piper Cauda'tum. See piper cubeba,
PIN'NOTHERES. From pinna, and
Piper Cubeb'a. Cubeb pepper. The
0%paut I pursue. A species of small par- plant which yields cubebs.
asitic crabs found in the shell of Pinna Piper Decortica'tum. White pepper.
and other bivalves. Piper Favasci. The clove berry-tree.
PIN'NULA. A branchlet of a pinnate Piper Guineen'se. Capsicum annuum.
leaf. Piper Jamaicen'se. The Myrtus pi-
PINT. The eighth of a gallon, or six- menta.
teen fluid ounces. Piper Longum. Long pepper.
PIN US. A genus of plants of the or- Piper Lusitan'icum. Capsicum an-
fler Con ifera;. nuum.
Pinus A'bies. The Norway spruce-fir, Piper Methisti'cum. See Micropiper
a tree which affords the Burgundy pitch, Methisticum.
and the common frankincense. Piper Murale. See Sedum Acre.
Pinus Austra'lis. The long-leaved Piper Nigrum. Black pepper.
BOuthern pine. PIPERA'CEiE. The pepper tribe of
Pinus Balsame'a. The tree which af- Dicotyledonous plants. ,

fords the Canada Balsam. PIPEPJ'NA. Piper'ine. A white,

Pinus Canadensis. The hemlock retinoid substance, obtained from black
spruce. pepper, containing the active principle of
Pinus Cedrus. The cedar tree. pepper.
Pinus Cembra. The tree which affords PIPSIS'SEWA. The common name
the Carpathian balsam. of Chimapliilla umbellata.
Pinus Larix. Larix europoe'a ; Abies PIS-A-BED. Vulgar name of Leonto-
europem. The larch tree, which yields the don taraxacum.
larch agaric and Venice turpentine. PISCES. A division of vertebrata, in-
Pinus Mughos. The mountain or cluding fishes which respire in water.
mugho pine. PISCID'IA ERYTHRI'NA. Jamaica
Pinus Pice'a. The European silver fir dogwood, a small tree, native of the West
tree. Indies. It has an acrid, narcotic fruit,
Pinus Pinaster. The cluster pine which is used to poison fish. A tincture
which yields Bordeaux turpentine. of the bark and root has been used as a
Pinus Pi'nea. The stone pine tree. remedy for toothache.
Pinus Pumil'io. The mugho or moun- PI'SIFORM. Pisifor'mis ; from pisum,
tain pine, which yields the Hungarian a pea, &m\ forma, shape. Pea-shaped.
balsam, and an essential oil called the Pisiform'e, Os. The fourth bone of
(Heum templinum. the first row of the carpus.
Pinus Rigida. The barren pine, which PIS'MIRE. An insect of the genua
yields a large quantity of turpentine and Formica.
tar. PISO. A mortar.
Pinus Sylves'tris. The Scotch fir. PISSASPHAL'TUM. Mineral pitch;
PIPER. Pepper. A genus of plants of an indurated bitumen.
the order Piperaceaz. PISSEL^'UM. Petroleum.
Piper Album. White pepper, or the PISTA'CI A . A genus of plants of the
black freed from its cuticle. order Terebinthacece.
 PIT 586 PIV

Pistacia Lentis'cus. The tree which Pituitary Gland. Gland'ula pitui-

yields the resin called mastic. ta'ria. A small body, situated in the sella
Pistacia Terebin'thus. The turpen- turcica. It is composed of two lobes, an
tine tree. The tree which yields the Cy- anterior and a posterior. The anterior is of
prus and chio turpentine. a yellowish-gray color, and the posterior,
Pistacia Vera. The tree which affords grayish-white.
the pistachio nut, which yields a large Pituitary Membrane. Membra'na
quantity of fixed oil. The mucous membrane that
pituita'ria.
PISTA'CHIO NUT. The fruit of the lines the nostrils and the sinuses which
pistacia vera. communicate with them.
PISTIL. Pistil'lum. The female PITUI'TOUS.
Pituito'sus; from pii-
sex-
ual organ of all phenogamous plants. phlegm or mucus. Consisting of, filled
uita,
PISTILLIF'EROUS. A term applied with, or resembling mucus or phlegm.
to plants the flowers of which contain one PITYRIASIS. From mrvpov, bran.
or more pistils, without stamens. A genus of scaly diseases, characterized
PISTOLO'CHIA. Birthwort, a plant by irregular patches of small scales, which
of the genus Aristolochia. repeatedly exfoliate and recur, but never
PISUM SATI'VUM. The common pea. form crusts. It occurs under several va-
PIT OF THE STOMACH. The epi- rieties of form. 1. Pityriasis capitis,
gastrium. dandriff. 2. Pityriasis rubra, which con-
PITAY'A BARK. One of the false sists in the cuticle becoming first red, then
barks obtained from the mountain of scurfy, and exfoliating, which process ia

Pitaya. frequently repeated. 3. Pityriasis versi-

PITCH. Inspissated tar. color, which is principally confined to the
Pitch, Burgundy. A concrete resin- arms, chest and abdomen, and consists of
ous exudation from the Pinus abies. exfoliations of scurfy cuticle, irregularly
Pitch, Jew's. Bitumen judaicum ; as- diffused and of a brown color.
phaltum. PITYRIS'MA. Pityriasis.

PITCH BLEND. A mineral of a brown- PITYRON. Furfur or bran.

ish color and semi- metallic lustre, consist- PIVOT-BORER, ELLIOT'S. An in-
ing of the oxyds of uranium and iron. strument invented by Dr. W. II. Elliot,
PITCHER-PLANT. A plant having of Montreal, for forcing out wood pivots
a kind of cylindrical urn connected with which have been broken in the fang ; it

the leaf and closed by a sort of lid, called resembles a very fine twisted gimlet, with-
the operculum. See Nepenthes. out the screw upon the point.
PITCH-STONE. A variety of obsedian, Pivot Extractor, Elliot's. An in-
having the appearance of indurated pitch. strument invented by Dr. Elliot, for re-
PITTA'CIUM. A pitch plaster. moving a pivot from the root of a tooth
PIT TO'TA. Medicines in which pitch after the crown has been disjilaced.
constitutes the principal ingredient. Pivot Gauge. An instrument con-
PITTSBURG MINERAL SPRING. A structed by Mr. G. F. J. Colburn, for de-
chalybeate and saline spring about four termining the proper size and length of
miles from Pittsburg. the projecting portion of a pivot in an
PITUITA. Phlegm; viscid mucus. artificial tooth, previous to its introduc-
PITU'ITARY. Pituita'rius ; from pit- tion into the canal of the root into which
uita, phlegm. A name applied to parts it is to be introduced.
which are supposed to be connected with Pivot, Perforated. A pivot, tenon
the secretion of phlegm or mucus. or dowel, perforated through the centre,
Pituitary Fossa. The depression in and extending through the artificial tooth,
the sphenoid bone (sella turcica) which to give egress to any matter which may
gives lodgment to the pituitary gland. be secreted at the extremity of the root and
 PIV 687 PIV

accumulate in the canal. This method of

artificial crown should be directly opposite

affording egress to purulent matter was to each other. When the crown of a na-
first employed in the United States by tural tooth is used, the proper place for

Dr. Elliot, but it had been previously re- the pivot hole is indicated by the pulp
sorted to in France, a fact of which Dr. cavity, but when a porcelain tooth is em-
E. was ignorant at the time he adopted it. ployed, if great care has not been taken in
Pivot Tooth. An artificial tooth de- its manufacture, considerable difficulty
signed to be applied to the root of a na- may be experienced in attaching it.

tural tooth, by means of what is usually The artificial crown may be secured to
termed a pivot, but more properly a dowel, the root by means of a pivot made of
or tenon. Also, a tooth thus applied. wood or metal, and when the latter is
Pivot Tooth, Manner of Insert- employed, gold or platina should be pre-
ing. The first thing to be attended to in ferred, inasmuch as silver or any of the
the insertion of a pivot tooth, supposing baser metals is liable to be oxydized by the
every part of the mouth to be in a healthy fluids of the mouth. If wood is used, it
condition, remove such portion of the
is, to should be of the best quality of well sea-
crown of may not have
the natural tooth as soned white hickory. After being re-
been previously destroyed by caries, with duced to near the size of the orifice of the
an oval or half round file. cavity in the artificial tooth, it should
If the tooth has not lost its vitality, the be forced through a smooth hole, of the
nerve, after exposing the pulp-cavity, size of that in the root, in a piece of ivory,
should be extirpated with a silver or iron bone, steel or some other hard substance,
wire or some other sharp-pointed instru- for the purpose of compressing its fibres
ment, to the extremity of the root. It as closely together as possible. Thus pre-
is sometimes destroyed with the actual pared, one end is forced into the cavity in

cautery, and sometimes with arsenious the artificial crown, and the projecting part
acid, but extirpation is thought to be the cut off about a quarter or three-eighths of
preferable method. an inch from the tooth, and this, after be-
The nerve having been dcstroj'ed, the ing fitted to the size of the orifice in the
remainder of the operation will not be at- root, should be forced into it by pressure
tended with pain. The root should now applied with the thumb and finger of the

be filed off up to the gum and a little ojierator to the tooth, until it comes in con-
above its free edge, which will give the tact with the root.
exposed extremity a slightly arched shape. When a metallic pivot is used, the end
After having completed the operation going into the artificial crown may be
of filing, the natural canal in the root fastened in either of the following ways,
should be slightly enlarged with a burr- namely : by cutting a screw on it
first,

drill, or a broach prepared for the pur- either with a or by passing it through
file,

pose. The canal thus formed in the root a screw-plate; the cavity in the crown
for the pivot, should never exceed the six- should next be filled with a wooden tube,
teenth part of an inch or a line in diameter, into which this is screwed. Second, by
and a quarter or three- eighths of an inch filling the cavity in the crown with pul-
in length. verized borax, moistened with water, in-
After having prepared the root in the serting the end of the pivot, which should
manner as just described, an artificial be large enough to fill the cavity, placing
crown of the right shape, color and size, several small pieces of solder around it,
should be accurately fitted to it. If the and applying heat to the tooth by means
crown is that of a natural tooth, it may be of a blow-pipe and lamp until it fuses and
done with a file, and if it is porcelain, on flows down around it into the tooth. The
an emory or corundum slab or wheel. solder by adapting itself, when in a state

The canal in the root, and that in the of fusion, to the rough walls of the cavity
 ;

PIV 688 PLA

in the crown of the tooth, will prevent mouth are in a healthy or diseased condi-
the pivot from loosening or coming ont. tion.

The method we consider preferable

latter But the action of the fluids of the mouth
to the former. The projecting part of the upon the walls of the canal may be pre-
pivot should be about half an inch in vented by introducing a hollow gold screw
length, square and pointed. The cavity for the reception of the pivot. This will
in the root which requires to be deeper for effectually protect them against the action
a metallic than for a wood pivot, should of all corrosive agents, and a root thus pre-
be filled with wood, with a small hole pared will support an artificial crown
through the centre. Into this the end of more than twice as long as when prepared
the pivot is introduced, and forced up in in the ordinary way.
the manner as before described, until the The stability of a tooth, inserted in this
tooth and root come firmly together. manner, is as great, if the pivot is of the
But when a metallic pivot is used, a proper sizx , as one inserted by any of the1

plate-tooth is preferable to those made other methods, and it may be removed,

expressly for pivots. The manner of at- cleansed and replaced at the pleasure of
taching a pivot to one of the former, is the patient. When the walls of the canal
as follows : the root should be first pre- are so much enlarged by decay as to have
pared in the manner as before described formed a large conical-shaped cavity in
after which, an impression should be the lower extremity of the root, the upper
taken in wax ; from this, a plaster cast is end of the hollow or cylindrical screw will
taken, and from the latter, metallic casts. only take effect. In this case, the space
This done, a piece of gold plate large enough between the lower extremity and the walls
to cover the root is swaged up between the of the root should be thoroughly filled
metallic casts; a plate-tooth of the proper with gold.
size, shape and color, should then be fitted PIVOTING. A Den-
term applied in
to the root, backed with gold, and soldered tal Surgery to the operation of and fitting

to the plate previously fitted to the root, securing a new crown to the root of a
and upper or convex surface of this
to the natural tooth by means of a wood, gold or
last, and immediately beneath the canal some other pivot or tenon. See Pivot
in the root, a gold pivot should be at- Tooth, Manner of Inserting.
tached. But, for the manner of conduct- ITX. Pitch.
ing these various processes, see Mounting Pix Abietis. Burgundy pitch.
Porcelain Teeth upon a Metallic Base. Pix Arida. Pix nigra.
The strength of a wood jiivot may be in- Pix Burgundica. Burgundy pitch.
creased by passing a gold wire through Pix Can aden 'sis. Canada pitch.
the centre of it. Pix Liquida. Tar.
The walls of the canal in the root, when Pix Nigra. Black pitch.
an artificial tooth is applied with any of PLACE'BO. I will please. A term ap-
the pivots which have as yet been de- plied to a medicine intended rather to
scribed, is, of necessity, exposed to the please than benefit.
action of the fluids of the mouth, and, PLACEN'TA. From nlanovg, a cake,
consequently, are gradually softened and The after-birth; a spongy, semicircular
broken down, so that in the course of a and lobulated organ in the pregnant fe-
few years a larger pivot will be required, male formed of the capillary extremities
and this, too, after awhile, will have to be of the hypogastric arteries and umbilical
replaced with one still larger, until, finally, vein, and the decidua and chorion.
the root is destroyed. This destructive pro- Placenta Febri'lis. The ague cake.
cess proceeds much more rapidly in some Placenta Previa. Presentation of the
cases than in others, according as the root placenta, a condition which always gives
is hard or soft, and as the secretions of the rise to uterine hemorrhage.
 PLA 589 PLA
Placenta Sanguinis. The coagulum PLAN'TA. In Botany, a plant; in
of the blood. Anatomy, the sole of the foot.
Placenta, Veg'etable. The cellular PLANTA'GO. Plantago major ; also,
substance in the carpels of plants from a genus of plants of the order Planlagin-
which the ovules originate. aceat.

PLACENTA'LIA. That division Plantago Cokon'opus.

of the The bucks-
class Mammalia, including the horn plantain, which has properties simi-
orders that
have either a placenta or a vascular cho- lar to Plantago Major.
rion by which the foetus is connected to Plantago Latifo'lia. See Plantago
the parietes of the uterus. Major.
PLACENTU'LA. A little cake. A Plantago Major. The broad-leaved
rudimentary placenta. plantain, formerly thought to be refrige-
PLADARO'SIS. Pladar'otes; from ttAo- rant, diuretic and deobstruent. The leaves
6apoc, soft. A soft tumor within the eye- are used as a vulnerary and as a dressing
lid. for blisters.

PLAGA. In Surgical Pathology, a Plantago Psyl'lium. The branching

wound inflicted by a mechanical agent. plantain. A decoction of the seed has
PLAGUE. From 7tXr;yr],plaga, a stroke. been recommended as a remedy for hoarse-

Pestis. An exceedingly malignant febrile ness.

disease,endemic and sometimes epidemic PLANTAIN. Plantago major.

in Egypt, Syria and Turkey. It has pre- Plantain-Tree. A tropical tree of the
vailed several times in the larger cities of genus Musa,
Europe with frightful mortality. Plantain, Water. Alis'ma planta'go.
Plague, Black. Pcstis nigra. The root has been used in hydrophobia,
Plague Cold. A severe form of con- and the leaves as a rubefacient.
gestive fever, occurring in the Southern PLANTAR. Planta'ris; from planta,
States, in which there is little or no reac- the sole of the foot. Belonging or relat-

tion. Bilious pneumonia. ing to the sole of the foot.

PLAGU'LA. A compress, pledget, or Plantar Aponeurosis. The thick,
splint. dense aponeurosis situated under the in-
PLAITED. Plica'lus. A term applied teguments of the sole of the foot.
in Botany to a form of vernation in which Plantar Arteries. Two arteries, an
the leaves are folded lengthwise like a fan, external and internal, arising from the ex-
as in many palms. tremity of the posterior tibial.

FLANA'RIA LATRUSCU'LA. The Plantar Lig'aments. The inferior

Distoma hepatica, a small worm, com- ligaments of the tarsus and metatarsus.
flat

monly called the liver fluke. Plantar Muscle. The extensor tarsi
PLANE. From planum, flat. A sur- minor. The plantaris.
face without elevation or depression. Plantar Nerves. Two nerves, an in-
PLANO-. A Latin prefix, signifying ternal and external, proceeding from the
flat. posterior tibial ; the internal to the first

Plano-Concave. Flat on one side and three toes, and the external to the outer
concave on the other. Applied to leaves. side of the fourth and fifth, and to the
Plano-Convex. Flat on one side and muscles situated on the outer sido of the
convex on the other. foot.

PLANE'TES. An epithet applied in PLANTA'RIS. The plantar muscle.

Pathology to diseases which return at ir- PLANTIGRADES. From planta, the
regular periods, as is sometimes the case in sole of the foot, and gradior, I march. A
intermittent fever. tribe of Carnivorous mammals which walk
PLANT. An organized body, belong- on the sole of the foot.

ing to the vegetable kingdom. PLAN'TULA. In Botany, the small

 . ;

PLA 590 PLA

stem which shoots from the earth on the ture. In France it has been extensively
germination of the plant. used as a base for artificial teeth, and also
PLANUM, OS. A name formerly given for filling teeth, but its employment for
to the orbitar plate of the ethmoid bone. the latter purpose, in the United States, is
PLANU'RIA. From 7t\avos, wandering, very limited.
false. A term Platina, Black. Black platinum. A
applied in Pathology to the
discharge of some other black powder obtained by decomposing
urine through
passage than the urethra. a weak solution of the chloride of plati-
PLA'NUS. Soft; smooth; flat. num by galvanism.
PLAS'MA. From rftocww, I form. The Platina Sponge. Spongy plat'inum.
liquor sanguinis. The fluid part of the Porous platina, obtained by dissolving the
blood in which the corpuscles float. metal in filings in a mixture of one part
PLASTER. In Pharmacy, a solid and nitric and two parts muriatic acid ; then
glutinous compound, for external appli- dilute with an equal quantity of water
cations. See Emplastrum. by adding to this, liquor ammonia?, a yel-
Plaster of Paris. A white powder low precipitate will be formed, which on
obtained by the calcination of gypsum, being separated by filtering through paper,
and so named from its abounding near and exposed to a red heat in a crucible,
Paris. See Gypsum. will leave fine platinum in the form of a
PLASTIC. Plas'ticus; from irlaaau, I dark lead-colored spongy mass.
form. That which forms. PLATYCEPH'ALUS. From nla-mc,
Plastic Element. That from which broad, and Ke<paXjj, the head. Broad-
growth takes place. headed.
Plastic Force. The formative power PLATYCORTA. Platycoria'sis; Mydri-
of organized bodies. asis. Morbid enlargement of the pupil.
Plastic Lymph. Liquor sanguinis, PLATYGLOS'SUS. From din*,
which see. broad, and yhoooa, the tongue. Broad-
Plastic Surgery. The tongued
Morioplas'iice.
restoration of a lost part by means of PLATYSTO'MUS. From nTiarvc, and
a surgical operation, as of the nose by the oTo/ia, the mouth. Broad-mouthed.
transfer of integument from the forehead PLATYPROS'OPUS. From TtUrug,

or arm. broad, and npoounoc, a face. Broad-

PLASTRON. In Erpetology, the un- faced.
der part of the shell of the tortoise. PLAT'YRHINES. Plat'yrhince ; from
PLATA. The scapula. nlaivi, wide, and piv, a nose. A section
PLATE FORCEPS. Forceps employed of the genus Simia, or monkeys peculiar
in Mechanical Dentistry for the partial to the New World, which have the nos-
adaptation of a metallic base to a model trils separated by a wide interspace.
previously to being struck up between me- PLATYR'RIS. From -K^arvg, broad,
tallic castings. They are usually con- and pic, the nose. Broad-nosed.
structed with an oval bulb at the extrem- PLATYS'MA. From nAaivc, broad.
ity of the jaw. Any thing widened or spread out ; a flat

PLATIAS'MUS. From nUrvg, broad. piece.

Defective articulation from excessive de- Platysma Myoi'des. A thin muscle
velopment of the lips. situated on the side of the neck.
PLAT'INA. Plai'inum. Au'rumal'bum, PLAT'YSOMES. Platyso'ma; from
or white gold; from plaia, silver. A kIcltvc, wide, and aufia, body. A family
metal nearly of the color of silver, very of Coleopterous insects, with a wide and
malleable and ductile, harder than iron, much depressed body, forming the genua
resisting the action of acids and alkalies, Cucujus. They are found under the bark of
and fusible only at a very high tempera- trees.
 ;

PLE 691 PLE

PLECTRUM. The styloid poroess of PLETJRITTC. Relating or appertain-
the temporal bone ; also, the uvula. ing to pleurisy.
PLEDG'ET. A small compress of PLEURITIS. From rttevpa, the pleura,
lint, to be applied to wounds, ulcers, &c. and Ms, a terminal, denoting inflamma-
PLEG'MA. From wheno, to wind. Any tion. Inflammation of the pleura. Pleu-
thing twined, as the tendril of a vine, or risy.
interlaced, as a plexus of blood-vessels. Pleuritis Bronchia'lis. Bronchitis.
PLENCK'S ODONTALGIC LOTION. Pleuritis Spuria. Pleurisy, false.
B; —Rad. pyrethrium 3 ij ; muriate of PLEUROCE'LE. Hernia of the pleura.
ammonia 3 ij ; extract of opium gr. ij PLEUROCOLLE'SIS. From rtfcwpa,
distilled lavender water 5§ ij ; distilled the pleura, and /coAAaw, I glue. Adhesion
vinegar § ij ; mix —
digest for several days of the pleura.
and filter. PLEURODYNIA. From rttevpa, the
Plenck's Solution. Mercury rubbed pleura, and odvvr), pain. Rheumatic pain
with mucilage until it becomes suspended over the intercostal muscles ; a stich in the
in the mixture. side.
PLERO'SIS. Plethora. PLEURO'GYNA. A genus of plants
PLESIOMORPH'ISM. From whjoioc, of the order Gentianacece.
near, and ^op^, form. The state of crys- Pleurogyna Rota'ta. A plant, native
tallized substances which nearly resemble of Siberia, supposed to possess vulnerary
each other in their angles, but are not properties.
absolutely identical. PLEURONECTES. From fOtvpa, the
PLESIOMOltPH'OUS. Nearly alike side,and vehtes, a swimmer. The sole ; a
in form. genus of fishes which swim on their side.
PLESIOSAU'RUS. Ples'iosaur; from PLEUROPATHIA. From rttovpa, the
m^eaoy, near, and oavpog, a lizard. A pleura, and rtc&o$, a disease. A disease of
genus of extinct marine animals, remark- the pleura.
able for the length of their neck, and PLEUROPERIPNEUMO'NIA. Pleu-
nearly allied to the lizard and crocodile. ropneumonia. Inflammation of the pleura
PLETHO'RA. From iritf**, I fill. Ex- and lungs at the same time.
cessive fullness of the blood-vessels. PLEUROPNEUMONIA. Pleurope-
PLETHORIC. Pletho'ricus. Full of ripneumonia.
blood. Relating to or affected with pleth- PLEUROPNEUMONITIS. Pleurope-
ora. ripneumonia.
PLEUMO'NIA. Pneumonia. PLEURORRHffi'A. An accumulation
PLEU'RA. Ulevpa, the side, or a rib. of fluid in the sacs of the pleura.
The serous membrane which lines each PLEURORTHOPN^EA. From wlevpa,
cavity of the chest, and is reflected upon the pleura, op&og, upright, and irveu, I
each lung. respire. A pleurisy in which the patient
PLEURAL'GIA. From wlevpa, the cannot breathe, except in an upright posi-
side, and akyog, pain. Pleurodynia. tion.
PLEURARTHROCACE. From whvpa, PLEUROSTO'SIS. From rctevpa, the
a rib, aptipov, a joint, and kukos, bad. Caries pleura, and oattov, a bone. Ossification
of the ribs. of the pleura.
PLEURENCHY'MA. The woody tis- PLEUROTETANUS. Pleurothoto-
sue of plants. nos.
PLEU'RISY. Pleuritis. PLEUROTHOT'ONOS. From t?kbv-

Pleurisy, False. Pleurodynia. and rovog, tension. A

poOsv, laterally,
Pleurisy Root. Common name of form of tetanus in which the body is drawn
Asclepias tuberosa. to one side.

Pleurisy, Rheumatic. Pleurodynia. PLEXIM'ETER. From white, per-

 PLI 592 PLU
eussion, and pstpov, a measure. An ivory PLIN'THIUM. TlXivdiov. An ins-tra-

plate used in percussion. ment formerly used in the reduction of

PLEXOM'ETER. Pleximeter. fractures and dislocations.

PLEX'US. Pleg'ma ; from plecto, I PLI'OCENE. From nteiuv, more, and

intertwine, I interlace. A net-work of aaivot, recent. A term applied in Geology
blood vessels or nerves. most modern tertiary deposit, in
to the
Plexus Cardia'cus. A plexus formed which are found most of the fossil shells
by a union of the eighth pair of nerves of recent species.
with the great sympathetic. PLOCA'ltlA. A genus of gelatinous
Plexus Choroi'des. The choroid plexus; sea- weeds of the order Oeramiacece.

a plexus of blood vessels found in the Plocaria Candi'da. Ceylon moss. This
fourth ventricle of the brain. and the Plocaria tenax are sup-
species
Plexus Glandulosi Peyeri. Peyer's posed to be the materials from which the
glands. edible nests, so much esteemed in China,
Plexus, Median. The coeliac, or solar are composed. The Ceylon moss is a light
plexus. and nutritive article of diet. It is much
Plexus Pampinifor'mis. A plexus of used in England and France.
blood-vessels about the spermatic cord. Plocaria Helmintho'corton. Cor-
Plexus Pulmon'icus. The pulmonic sica moss, formerly supposed to possess
plexus, formed by the union of the eighth anthelmintic properties, and said to be a
pair of nerves with the great sympathetic. remedy for cancer.
Plexus Reticula'ris. The net-work PLOMB. Trie French designation of
of vessels under the fornix. a noxious gas, the sulphureted hydrogen
Plexus Retifor'mis. The corpus cav- disengaged from privies during the process

ernosum vaginas. of emptying, which sometimes induces

Plexus, Solar. A plexus formed by dangerous and fatal asphyxia in the work-
numerous nervous filaments from the sem- men exposed to its influence.
ilunar ganglia of the great sympathetic PLUG'GING. In Surgery, the intro-
nerve. duction of lint or pieces of rag into a
PLI'CA. From plicari, wound, the socket of a recently extracted
to be knit to-
gether. A disease characterized tooth, the vagina, &c, to arrest hemor-
by a mat-
ting, interlacing and agglutiuation of the rhage, and sustain the parts. In Dental
hair. Surgery, an operation to arrest the prog-
Plica Polon'ica. Plaited hair. ress of caries in a tooth.

Plica Semilunaris. A slight folding Plugging Teeth. See Filling Teeth.

of the conjunctive membrane on the outer PLUM. The fruit of a tree belonging

side of the caruncle. to the genus Primus.

PLIC/E. From plica, a fold. Applied Plum, Malabar. The fruit of the
in Anatomy to folds of mucous mem- Eugenia jambas, used as a mild astringent,
brane. and the tree.
PLICA'RIA. The club moss, a plant PLUMBA'GO. One of the purest native
of the genus Lycopodium. forms of carbon, with the excejition of the
PLICA TIO. Plica. diamond. In popular language, black
PLI'CATE. Plica' tus; from plico, to lead. Also a genus of plants of the order
fold. Plicated ; folded like a fan. Plumbaginaceoz.
PLI'EBS. A kind of pincers for seiz- Plumbago Europ^'a. Toothwort, the
ing, holding, or binding any small body. root of which was formerly used as a
Those used in the laboratory of the dentist remedy for tooth-ache.

and by jewelers have long, slim jaws; PLUMBI ACETAS. Acetate of lead.
the inner surfaces of which are rough like Sugar of lead.
a file, and meet each other when closed. Plumbi Carbo'nas. Carbonate of lead.
 ;

PNE 593 PNE

Plumbi Chlo'rjdum. Chloride of lead. Pneumatic Trough. A vessel made of
Plumbi Diaceta'txs Sqlutio. Solu- wood or metal, used for the purpose of
tion of subacetate of lead. making experiments with gases.
Plumbi Iod'idum. Iodide of lead. PNEUMAT'ICA. A term applied in
Plumbi Nitbas. Nitrate of lead. Pathology to diseases of the air passages.
Plumbi Ox'ydum Rubrum. lied oxyd PNEUMATICS. From nvevua, air.
of lead. The science which treats of the physical
Plumbi Oxydum Semivit'reum. Serai- properties of elastic fluids and especially
vitrified oxyd of lead. of atmospheric air.
Plumbi Oxydum Hydra'tum. Hy- PNEUMATOCELE. From irvevua,
drated oxyd of lead. air, and /ct?At?, a tumor. Physocele ; hernia
Flumbi Subaceta'tis Liquor Com- ventosa ; a tumor distended with air.

pos'itus. Diluted solution of subacetate PNEUMATOSES. From nvev/ia, wind,

of lead. Lead water. and eidog, resemblance. A term applied
PLUM'BUM. Lead. in Pathology to one distended with air, or
Plumbum Candi'dum. Tin. who respires with difficulty, owing to an
Plumbum Cine'reum. Bismuth. accumulation of gas in the digestive canal,
Plumbum Ni'grum. Plumbago. or according to others owing to emphysema.
Plumbum Us'tum. Burnt lead. PNEUMATOM'ETER. An instrument
PLUMI'ERA. A genus of plants of by which the quantity of inspired air can
the order Apocynacew. be ascertained.
Plumiera Al'ba. This plant yields a PNEUMATOM'PHALUS. Pneuma-
purgative, milky juice. tomphaloce'le ; from rrvev/ia, air, and o/i<pa-

Plumiera Drasti'ca. The milky juice Aof, the umbilicus. An umbilical hernia
of this species, mixed with the milk of containing air.

almonds, is used in Brazil as a remedy PNEUMATO'SIS. From nvevpaToo,

for jaundice and chronic obstructions. to inflate. Distension of the abdomen
Plumiera Phageden'ica. This spe- with flatus. Emphysema. Four species
cies is said to possess vermifuge properties. arc mentioned : 1. Pneumatosis spontanea,
PLU'MOSE. Plumo'sus. Feathered. without any obvious or apparent cause;
PLUMU'LA. A small feather. 2. Pneumatosis traumatica, from a wound
PLUVIOMETER. A rain guage. 3. Pneumatosis venenata, from poison ; 4.
PNEUMA. Uvevfxa, nvtvfiarog, wind, Pneumatosis hysterica, from hysteria.
air, life. Pneumatosis Abdominis. Tympanitis.
PNEUMAPOSTE'MA. Pneumonapos'- Pneumatosis Enter'ica. Flutulence.
tema ; from nvevpuv, the lung, and anoa- PNEUMATOTHO'RAX. Pneumotho-
rqua, abscess. Abscess of the lungs. rax, which see.
PNEUMARTHRO'SIS. From irvev/ia, PNEUMOGASTRIC. Pneumogas'tri-
air, and ap-dpov, a joint. A collection of cus ; from irvevfiuv, the lung, and yaaTtjp,
air in an articular cavity. the stomach. Belonging to the lungs and
PNEUMAT'IC. from stomach, as the Pneumogastric Nerve,
Pneumati'cus ;
irvev/ja, air. Of or belonging to air or gas. which see.
Pneumatic Physicians. Pneumatic 'i. Pneumogastric Nerve. From nvevfiuv,
A sect of physicians, founded by Athe- the lung, and yacrrip, the stomach. The
nasus, who taught that health and disease eighth pair of nerves, par vagum, has been
consisted in different proportions of a pre- I so named, because it is distributed to the
tended spiritual principle which they called organs contained in the thorax and abdo-
pneuma, in contradistinction to the other !
men, especially to the lungs and stomach.
then recognized elementary principles, PNEUMOG'RAPHY. Pneumograph 'ia;
water, air, earth, and fire, and different from irvEVfiuv, the lung, and ypatyy, a de-
from them. scription. A description of the lungs.
 ;

PNE 594 POD

PNEUMO-HZEMORRHAGI'CA. Hem^ PNEUMORRHAG'IA. Hemoptysis.
orrhage from the lungs. PNEUMOTHORAX. From nvevfia,

PNEUMOLITHIA'SIS. From irvevpav, air, and #wpaf, the thorax. Effusion of

the lung, and ludiamg, formation of stone. air in the cavity of the pleura.
A disease characterized by the formation PNEUMOT'OMY. Pneumotom'ia; from
of concretions in the lungs. TTvevfiuv, the lung, and re/ivu, I cut. Dis-
PN E UMONAL'G Y. Pneumonal'gia section of the lungs.
from TTvevfxov, the lung, and alyoc, pain. PNEUSIS. Respiration.
Literally pain in the lungs. A term em- PNIX. Strangulation a ; sense of suf-
ployed by Alibert to designate Angina focation.
pectoris, which constitutes the fifth genus POCK. A small-pox or vaccine pustule
of Pneumoses in his Natural Nosology. of the skin.
PNEUMOL'OGY. Pneumolog'ia ; from POCK'MARKS. The pits left from
irvevfiuv, the lung, and toyoc, a discourse. small-pox pustules.
A treatise on the lungs. POD'AGRA. From novc, the foot, and
PNEUMON. The lungs. aypa, seizure. Pain in the feet. Gout in
PNEUMONEMPHRAX'IS. Obstruc- the feet.

tion of the lungs, as by an accumulation PODAGRA'RIA. jEgopodium ; a plant

of mucus. supposed to be useful in the treatment of
PNEUMONIA. Inflamma'tio pneu- gout.
mon'ica ; pneumonitis ; pulmonis inflam- PODARTHROCACE. Disease or caries
ma'tio. Inflammation of the lungs char- in the articulations of the feet.
acterized by difficult respiration, cough, PODENCEPH'ALUS From note, a
fever, pain, more or less acute, in the foot, and Ketyakri, a head. A term applied
thorax, and usually a quick hard pulse. by G. St. Hilaire to a monster with the
The disease is sometimes chronic, and this brain on the outside of the skull, and sup-
may occur accidentally. ported by a pedicle traversing the summit
Pneumonia, Typhoid. Inflammation of the cranium.
of the lungs, accompanied by gastric fever PODECI'UM. In Botany, the foot-
and typhoid symptoms ; bilious pneumo- stalk of the lobed frond of lichens.
nia. PODOL'OGY. Podolog'ia; from irovf,

PNEUMONTC. Pulmonic. A medicine the foot, and hoyoc, a discourse. A treatise

for diseases of the lungs. on the feet.

PNEUMON'ICA. Disease affecting PODONIP'TRUM. A foot bath.

the lungs ; the second order in the class PODOPHTHAL'MA. From novc, a
pneumatica, in Good's Nosology. and o^ax^oj, an eye. The tribe of
foot,

PNEUMONIT'IC. Belonging or re- Crustacea in which the eyes are supported

lating to pneumonitis. upon stalks.
PNEUMONITIS. From ttvev^uv, the PODOPHYL'LUM. A genus of plants
lungs, and His, a terminal, denoting in- of the order Ranunculacem.
flammation. Pneumonia. Podophyllum Pelta'tum. Mandrako.
PNEUMONOSCIR'RHUS. Scirrhus May-apple. The root is purgative.
or induration of the lungs. Podophyllum Monta'num. The
PNEUMONO'SES. Diseases of the mountain May-apple, mandrake. This
lungs. species has properties the same as the
PNEUMOPERICARDIUM. Pneumo- preceding.
pericardi'tis ; from nvsv/xa, air, and nepi- POD'OSPERM. Podosper'mium. In
napdiov, pericardium. Effusion of air into Botany, the umbilical cord, by which the
the cavity of the pericardium. ovule of plants is connected with its

PNEUMO-PLEURI'TIS. Pleuro-pneu- placenta.

monia. PODQTHE'CA. From wwf, the foot,
 : ;;

POI 595 POI

and dqicTi, a sheath; a receptacle. An euphorbia, castor oil seeds, physic nut,
anatomical preparation of the cuticle of the bitter cassada, manchineel, croton oil,

foot. bryony, colocynth, claterium, ranunculus,

POE'PHAGUS. From noa, grass, and anemone, caltha, clematis, cantharides,
<j>ayeiv, eating. One who subsists on vege- poisonous fish, venomous serpents and
tables or plants. Grass eating animals. insects, diseased and decayed animal mat-
POGON. Beard. ter, mechanical irritants.
POGONIASIS. Pogo'nia; from
2. Narcotic Poisons.
iruyuv, the beard. Female beard. Opium, hyoscyamus, lactuca, solanum,
POGO'NIUM. Diminutive of ™y uv,
hydrocyanic acid.
beard. A small beard.
The vegetable substances which contain
POINT. Punctum. In Electricity, the hydrocyanic acid, are bitter almonds,
acute termination of a body which facili-
cherry-laurel, peach, cluster-cherry, moun-
tates the passage of the electric fluid to
tain-ash.
or from the body. Nitric oxyd gas, chlorine gas, ammonia-'
Point, Blistering. Dr. Rush has cal gas, muriatic acid gas, sulphuretcd
given this name to the intermediate hydrogen, carbureted hydrogen, carbonic
period between the stages of high excite- acid, carbonic oxyd, nitrous oxyd, cyano-
ment and collapse in the course of con-
gen, oxygen.
tinued fever, when he believes blisters
are productive of good effects. 3. Narcotic Acrid Poisons.

Point D'Appui. The point of sup- Nightshade, thorn-apple, tobacco, lobe-

port ; the fulcrum. lia, hemlock, water hemlock, hemlock
Point de Cate. The popular French dropwort, fool's parsley, monk's-hood,
designation of pleurodynia. black hellebore, ipecacuanha, squill, white
POISON. Vene'num; tox'icum. Any hellebore, meadow saffron, foxglove,
agent which, when introduced into the strychnia, nux vomica, St. Ignatius' bean,
body, or applied externally, uniformly false angustura, camphor, cocculus indi-
exerts a noxious or dangerous effect. cus, upas antiar, coriaria myrtifolia, poi-
Such agents exist in the animal, vegeta- sonous fungi, poisonous mosses, secale
ble, and mineral kingdoms. Orfila ar- cornutum, mouldy bread, darnel grass,
ranges them into four classes :
—
1 Irri- seeds of lathyrus cicera, seeds of the bit-

tant; 2. Narcotic; 3. Narcotico-acrid; ter vetch, seeds of the common labur-

4. Septic. Christison reduces them into num, alcohol, ether, some empyreumatic
three classes: — 1. Irritant ; 2. Narcotic oils.

and 3. Narcotico-acrid, which are thus Poison Berry. The common name
arranged of the Mdia azedarac.
Poison Fangs. The hollow teeth in
1. Irritant Poisons.
the upper jaws of vipers, rattlesnakes,
The mineral acids, phosphorus, sul- &c, through which the poison is dis-
phur, chlorine, iodine, hydriodate of pot- charged.
ash, bromine, oxalic acid, the fixed alka- Poison Nut. The seeds of the Sirych-
lies, nitre, and earthy chlorides,
alkaline nos mix vomica.
lime, ammonia and its salts, alkaline Poison Oak. The Rhus toxicodendron.
sulphurets, the compounds of arsenic, the POIS'ONED. Infected with or de-
compounds of mercury, the compounds stroyed by poison.
of copper, trollius, mezereon, arum, gam- POIS'ONING. Venefc'ium. Infect-
boge, daffodil, jalap, savin the compounds ; ing with poison; the administration or
of antimony; the compounds of tin, silver, application of poisonous substances to
gold, platinum, bismuth, chrome, and any of the textures in a sufficiently large

zinc ; the compounds of lead and baryta quantity to produce serious effects.
 ;

POL 596 POL

POIS'ONOUS. Having the qualities ment employed in the laboratory of the
of poison. dentist for polishing the metallic portions
POKE, INDIAN. American hellebore. of any appliance or piece of mechanism
Poke Weed. The popular name of the intended to be placed in the mouth. It
Phytolacca decandra. sometimes consists of a simple brush, like
POLANIS'IA. A genua of plants of that used for cleaning the teeth, except
the order Capparidaceoe. that it is longer and a little wider, and at
Polanisia Grave'olens. Clammy other times, of a brush-wheel.
mustard; tvormiveed; an indigenous plant, Polishing Rouge. Jeweler's rouge.
the whole of which is said to be anthel- A polishing powder, made by dissolving
mintic. copperas in water, filtering the solution,
POLAR. and adding a filtered solution of pearlash,
Eelating to poles or polarity.
POLARITY. That property of bodies or sub-carbonate of soda, as long as any
which causes them, when free, to tend or sediment falls. The liquor is then filtered
point to certain determinate directions, again, and the sediment left on the filter,
as the magnetic needle. washed by running clean water through
POLARIZATION. The state of a it, and then calcined until it is of a scarlet
body which causes it to exhibit polarity color.
act of polarizing, or of giving polarity to Polishing Wheel. A small wheel
a body thus, light, when changed by with the peripheral surface covered with
:

the action of certain media, by which it buckskin or other soft leather, and made
is caused to exhibit the appearance of to revolve on the mandrel of a lathe.

having polarity, or poles possessing differ- POLIUM CRETICUM. A plant of

ent properties, is said to be polarized. the genus Teucrium.
POLECAT-WEED. A vulgar desig- Folium Montanum. See Teucrium
nation of Dracontium fcctidum. Capitatum.
POLEMO'NIUM. A genus of plants POL'LEN. From pollis, fine flour.

of the order Polemoniaceai. The meal-like fecundating dust contained

Polemonium Ceru'leum. The Greek in the anther of flowers, and dispersed
valerian; Jacob's-ladder. A plant pos- on the stigma for impregnation. Also,
sessing astringent properties. farina.

POLES. In Astronomy, the extremi- Pollen Tube. The delicate tubular

ties of the axis on which a sphere revolves. extension of the pollen of grain after it

In Electricity and Galvanism, the poles reaches the stigma.

or parts of a magnet which exhibit the POLLENTN. A peculiar substance

phenomena of attraction. obtained from the pollen of tulips.

POLIAN'THES. A genus of plants of POL'LEX. The thumb; also, the great

the order Amaryllidacece. toe.

Polianthes Tubero'sa. Common POLLINC'TOR. Pollic'tor. A term ap-

tube rose ;a plant, native of the East plied by the ancients to one who washed,
Indies. The root is said to be emetic, anointed and prepared the dead for burial
detersive, resolvent, and astringent. or the funeral pile, also, one who pre-
POLIA'TER. From nolic, a town, and pared materials for embalming.
tarpog, a physician. A physician practic- POLLINCTO'RI US. Of or pertaining
ing in a town by authority of government. to a pollinctor.
POLICE, MEDICAL. The sanatory POLLINCTU'RA. Embalming.
regulation for the preservation of health POLLODTC. Pollod'icus; from nolvg,

in cities and towns. many, and 060c, a way. A term applied

POLIO'SIS. Hair prematurely gray by Dr. Marshall Hall to a course of ner-
or hoary. vous action proceeding from one point to
POLISHING BRUSH. An instru- another in many directions.
 ;

POL 697 POL

POLLUTION. Pollu'tio; from polluo, POLYCOP'RIA. From ™lvg, many,
I profane. The emission of semen at and KOKpoc, excrement. Excessive evacu-
other times than during coition. When ation of the froces.
involuntary, at night, during sleep, it is POLYCOTYLE'DON. From ™lvg,
called nocturnal p)ollution. When excited many, and kotvJ^uv t a cavity. In Botany,
by a voluntary act, it is called masturba- a plant that has many or more than two
tion, or self-pollution. cotyledons or lobes to the seed.
POLY-. A prefix from notog, signify- POLY CHROME. JBKttHn. A color-
ing many. ing matter found in horse-chestnut, quas-
POLYADEL'PHIA. Polyadelphous sia, and other plants. It is yellow by
from nokvc, many, and aSetyoc, a brother. reflected and blue by transmitted rays,
Plants with hermaphrodite flowers, in and when dissolved in a large quantity
which several stamens are united by fila- of water, it exhibits a curious play of
ments into several packets or bundles. colors. Formula Ci6, Hs, Og, HO.
POLYiE'MIA. From mlvc, many, POLYCHROM'IC ACID. Aloet'ic acid.

and aiua, blood. Plethora. Artificial bitter principle of aloes. With

POLYAN'DRIA. Polyan'drous; from different ingredients it dyes silk a great
rroXvg, many, and avrip, a husband. Her- variety of colors hence its name. ;

maphrodite plants having more than POLYCHY'LIA. Excess of chyle.

twenty stamens inserted in the receptacle. POLYDAC'RIA. From nolvg, many,
POLYAN'THES. A genus of plants and daicpva, tears. Excessive secretion of
of the order Amaryllidacece. tears.

Polyanthes Tubkro'sa. Common lube POLYDAC'TYLUS. From nolvc,

rose. An
East India plant, the roots of many, and danrvlog, a finger. One who has
which are acrid and emetic, and are said one or more supernumerary fingers or toes.
to possess astringent properties. POLYDIPSIA. From naive, much,
POLYCEPHALUS. From ™lvg, and dtij'T), thirst. Excessive thirst.
many, and netyalr), the head. A term in POLYGALA. A genus of plants of
Botany, designative of plants which have the order Polygalacece.
many heads or summits, and in Hebnin- Polygala Ama'ba. Bitter milkwort,
thology, a genus of Entozoa, instituted by said to possess demulcent and corroborant
Goeze, which includes certain species of properties.
hydatids having a cylindrical body termi- Polygala Paucifo'lia. Dwarf milk-
nating in a sac common to several individ- wort.
uals. Polygala Sen'ega. Rattlesnake milk-
POLYCHO'LIA. From ™lvg, much wort. Seneka snakeroot, a plant found in
and x°M, bile. Excess of bile. all parts of the United States. The bark of
POLYCHREST'US. From nokvc, the root is the active part of the plant.
many, and xpv°t°C, useful. Having many It is stimulant, expectorant, and diuretic.
virtues or uses; formerly applied to medi- In large doses it is emetic and cathartic.
cines which were supposed to be useful in It is sometimes diaphoretic and emmena-
many diseases. gogue, and formerly recommended as a
POLY'CHROITE. From irolvg, many, cure for the bite of the rattlesnake.

and XP°f* a , color. Bouillon has given this Polygala Virginia'na. Polygal-
name to the extractive matter of saffron, senega.
because its watery infusion assumes differ- POLYGALA'CE.E. The milkwort
ent colors when treated with different tribe of dicotyledonous plants.

agents. POLYGA'MIA. From ™lvc, many,

POLYCHROMATIC. From and yauog, marriage. Plants with her-
nolvg,
many, and XP°,ua , color. A term applied maphrodite flowers, and malo or femalo
to minerals which exhibit a play of colors. flowers, or both.
 ;

POL 598 POL

POLYGAS'TRICA. From noteg, many, POLYMERIS'MUS. From notes,
and yaorep, a stomach. Amuch, and fiepog, a part.
class of in- A monstrosity
fusorial animalcules which have many in which there is an excess or multiplicity
stomachs. of organs or parts of the body.
POLYGONA'CE^E. The buckwheat POLYOP'SIA. From much, and
noteg,

tribe of dicotyledonous plants. oiptg, sight. Vision in which a person

POLYGONATUM. A plant of the sees more objects than are present.
genus Convallaria. POLYOREX'IA. From noteg, much,
POLYG'ONUM. A genus of plants and opei-ig, appetite. Excessive hunger.
of the order Polygonacece. POLYPE'RIA. From notes, much,
Polygonum Avicula're. The knot- and n-qpog, mutilated. Congenital miscon-
grass, said to be useful in arresting hemor- struction.

rhages. POLYPET'ALOUS. Many-petaled.

Polygonum Bistor'ta. The officinal POLYPHA'GIA. From noyvg, much,
bistort. Great bistort or snakeweed. The and <j>ayu } I eat. Voracity of appetite
root powerfully astringent, and every devouring all sorts of food.
is

part of the plant manifests some styptic POLYPH'AGOUS. Pertaining to or

action. affected with polyphagia.
Polygonum Divarica'tum. The POLYPHARMACY. Polypharmaci'a ;
buckwheat plant.
eastern from noteg, much, and tyapnaiiov, a medi-
Polygonum Fagop'yrum. The buck- cine. The prescription of many medir
wheat plant the grain of which is used as cines in one compound.
;

an article of food. POLYPHAR'MACUS. An epithet

Polygonum Hydrop'iper. The poor designative of a physician who prescribes
man's pepper biting arse-smart water too much medicine, or combines too many
; ;

pepper, said to possess antiseptic, aperi- ingredients in his prescriptions.

ent, and diuretic properties. POLYPI. From noteg, many, and
Polygonum Persica'ria. Persica'ria; novg, a foot. A class of radiated animals
plumba'go. Arse-smart. This species is with many prehensible organs radiating
vulnerary and antiseptic. from around the mouth.
POLYGU'RIA. Polyuria. POLYPHYLLUS. Applied in Botany
POLYGYN'IA. From noteg, many, to plants many leaves.
which bear
and ywT], a woman. In the Linncean POLYPLAS'TIC. From noteg, much,
system, an order of plants in which there and nteaau, I form. Passing through
are an indefinite number of pistils. many changes of form.
POLY'HALITE. A mineral or salt, POLYPO'DIUM. A genus of plants
of a bright red color, containing sulphate of the order Polypodiaccoz.
of lime, sulphate of magnesia, of soda, Polypodium Aculea'tum. Spear-
and potash. pointed fern.
POLYHE'DRON. From noteg, many, Polypodium Calagua'la. The root of
and edpa, side. A solid bounded by many this plant is said to possess deobstruent,
sides or planes. and anti-venereal properties.
sudorific,
POLYID'RIA. From notes, many, Polypodium Filix Mas.
Aspidium
and i6pug, sweat. Excessive sweating. filex mas. Male polypody, or fern. The
POLYLYMPH'IA. Anasarca. root has been highly recommended as
POLYMERIC. From noteg, many, and an anthelmintic, particularly in cases of
fiepog, a part. A term applied in Chem- tamia.
istry to compounds in which the ratio of Polypodium Vulga're. Common poly-
the elements is the same with other com- pody. Fern root rock brake. A decoc- ;

pounds, but the total number of atoms is tion of the root was formerly used as &
greater in one than in the others. purgative.
 POL 599 POM
POLYP'ODY, MALE. See Aspidium maiden-hair. It possesses mild astringent
Filex Mas. properties.
Polypody of the Oak. See Polypo- POLYTROPH'IA. From nolvg, much,
dium Vulgare. and rpecjtu, I nourish. Excessive nutrition.
POLYPOID. Shaped like, or resem- POLYU'RIA. Excessive secretion of
bling, a polypus. urine ; diabetes.
POLYP'ORUS. A genus of fungi be- POMA. Drink.
longing to the group Fungales. Several of POMA'CEiE. From pomum, an apple.
the species have been used as a styptic. That division of the natural order of
When soaked in a solution of nitrate of Bosaceas to which the apple, pear, quince,
potassa, they form what is called spunk or and medlar belong.
tinder. POMA'CEUM. Cider.
Polyporus Lar'icis. This species POMATUM. A fragrant ointment.
possesses drastic purgative properties. POMEGRAN'ATE. From pomum, an
POLYPO'SIA. From imkos, much, apple, and granatum, grained. The fruit
and noacc, drink. Excessive thirst. of a tree belonging to the genus Punica,
POLYPUS. From rcoXvg, many, and and the tree.
trove, foot. In Zoology, a class of zoophytes. POM'MADE. The French name for
In Surgery, a morbid excrescence devol- pomatum.
oped from mucous membrane, as in the Pommade D'Alyon. Ointment of ni-
nasal fossa, uterus, &c. tric acid.

Polypus Bronchla'lis. A membran- Pommade D'Autenrieth. Tartar

ous secretion in the bronchial tubes of a emetic ointment.
diphtheritic character. Pommade de Gondret. Vesicating po-
POLYItRHPZA. In Botany, many- matum of ammonia.
rooted. POM'PHOLYX. From iro^og, a blad-
POLYSAR'CIA. From noXvg, much, der. A small vesicle. An eruption of
ond ffnpf, flesh. Excessive corpulency; bulla; or blebs, without fever, and without
fatness. inflammation around them. Three varie-
POLYSEP'ALOUS. A
term applied ties are enumerated 1. Pompholyx benig- :

in Botany to a calyx which has more than nus, consisting of a succession of bullae,
one sepal. varying from the size of a pea to that of
POLYSIA'LIA. From wvbf, much, a hazelnut, usually appearing on the face,
and oiakov, saliva. Excessive secretion of neck, and extremities. They break about
saliva. the third or fourth day, and soon after heal.
POLYSPAS'TUS. A machine for re- 2. Pompholyx diutinus consists of a succes-
ducing luxations by force. sion of numerous red pimples attended
POLYSPERM'OUS. In Botany, con- with a tingling sensation, and which soon
taining many seeds. become filled with a transparent fluid,
POLYS'TOMA. From iroXvs, many, rising up to the size of a pea, and, when
and arofia, a mouth. A genus of worms. not broken, to the size of a walnut. This
Polystoma Pistguic'ola. A species of variety usually occurs in aged and debili-
worm found in a fatty tumor covering the tated persons, and is generally preceded
ovary of a female. by languor, headache, and pain in the
POLYTHALMA'CEANS. Polythal- limbs. 3. Pomjyholix solitarius occurs
mace'a ; from iroh>q , many, and tfafyzof, a only in women, and but one vesication
chamber. An order of Cephalopods, appears at a time. This is preceded by a
which have many-chambered shells. tingling sensation in the skin, and de-
POLYT'RICHUM. Polyt'rycon. A ge- velops itself in the night, and sometimes
nus of mosses of the order Musci. contains a teacupful of lymph, but at
Polytrichum Commu'ke. The golden the expiration of forty- eight hours it
 :

POP 600 POR

breaks, and in a day or two another is POP'PY. A plant of the genus Papa-
developed. ver.
POMTHOS. A blister | Poppy, Red Corn. A common name
a bubble.
PO'MUM. An apple. Papaver rhceas.
Also, a fleshy, of
pulpy pericarp, containing a membranous Poppy, White. Common name of Pa-
capsule with several seeds. paver Somniferum.
Pomum Ada'mi. Adam's-apple ; the POP'ULUS. Populus nigra. A genus
projection formed on the anterior part of of trees of the order Amentacece.
the neck by the thyroid cartilage. Populus Balsamtfe'ra. One of the
Pomum Amoris. The love-apple, or trees supposed to yield the Tacamahaca, a
tomato a plant of the genus Solanum.
; resinous substance having a delightfully
PON'DERABLE. From pondus, fragrant smell, and said to possess diuretic
weight. That which has weight. and antiscorbutic properties.
PONDO. A pound weight. Populus Nigra. The black poplar.
PONS. A bridge. The young buds yield an unctuous bal-
Pons He'patis. A portion of the sub- samic juice, possessing properties similar
stance of the liver crossing the passage to the preceding.
round ligament from the lobulus
for the Populus Trem'ula. The European
anonymus. aspen.
Pons Tar'ini. The layer of grayish Populus Tremuloi'des. The American
substance between the corpora albucantia, aspen, said to possess febrifuge proper-
forming the locus perforatus of the floor ties.

of the third ventricle of the brain. POR'CELAIN. The finest species of

Pons Varo'lii. An
eminence at the earthenware, composed principally of de-
upper part of the medulla oblongata, composed felspar and kaolin.
formed by the union of the crura cerebri, Porcelain Teeth. Min'eral teeth; incor-
and crura cerebelli. Varolius' bridge. ruptible teeth; sili'cious terro-metal'Iic teeth;
POOR-MAN'S PEPPER. Common vitres'cent teeth. Dental substitutes, resem-
name of Polygonum hydropiper. bling, more or less closely, the shape and
POP'LAR. A tree of the genus Pop- color of the natural teeth, so constructed
ulus, of which there are several species. that they may be securely fixed to the
Poplar, Amer'ican. The common various attachments employed for their
name of Liriodendron tulipifera. adjustment and retention in the mouth,
POPLES. The back part of the knee composed of felspar, silex and other min-
joint. eral substances.
POPLITEAL. Poplite'us; from pop- Porcelain, like human teeth, consist of
les, the ham. Belonging or relating to two portions, an internal and external.
the ham. The internal, called the body or base, is

Popliteal Aneurism. An aneurism more or less opaque ; the external, called

of the popliteal artery. the enamel, is semi-transparent, and has
Popliteal Artery. The continua- a smooth glossy surface. The base or body
tion of the femoral artery in the hollow composed principally of felspar, silex
is

of the ham. and kaolin, and the enamel or covering of

Popliteal Nerves. The two branches felspar and silex. Besides these, various
formed by the bifurcation of the sciatic in metallic oxyds, or metals reduced to a
the popliteal space. state of minute division, are employed
POPLITE'US. A long, flat, triangu- for imparting to the teeth the necessary
lar muscle, situated in the popliteal re- color.

gion. The only metals and oxyds, however,

POP'ONAX. A plant of the genus that can be relied upon for coloring teeth,

Pastinaca. are the following

 ' ;;

POP* 601 POR

Minerals used. Color given. more care in its preparation. It should be

Gold in filings and its oyds, Bright rose red. reduced as nearly to an impalpable powder
Purple powder of Cassius, Rose purple. as possible, carefully excluding every par-
Platina sponge or filings, Grayish blue. ticle of dust ; nor should it be handled with
Oxyd of titanium, Bright yellow. any metallic instrument. The coloring
Oxyd of uranium, Greenish '
matter should be thoroughly incorporated,
Oxyd of cobalt, Bright blue.
in order to secure a tint or shade uniformly
diffused, and it should be preserved in a
Gold, in filings or gold-leaf, when used
state nearly of the consistence of cream.
thus, may be ground fine in a mortar or
If it be suffered to dry, it will require to
upon a slab with a muller, by adding some
pulverized spar. be re-ground.

Body for Block Teeth.

Grades of Color for Body or Enamel.
Either of the following recipes may be
Yellow from one to six
tints (titanium)
1. Spar, two
used. They are all good :

grs. to tho oz. of material. Blue tints,

ounces; silex, eight dwt. Massey's kaolin, ;

platina sponge, from half a gr. to four grs.

dwts. ; titanium, four grains. 2. Spar,
two
to the oz. of material. Bright blue tints,
one ounce and a half
eight ounces ; silex,
cobalt, from a sixteenth to an eighth of a kaolin, four dwts. titanium, twenty-two
;

gr. to the oz. of material. Bluish-yellow Baston spar, forty dwts. silex,
grains. 3. ;

tints, titanium from half a gr. to four grs., Massey's kaolin, two dwts.
eight dwts. ;

and from half a gr. to three grs. platina

titanium, four grains. 4. Spar, sixteen
sponge to the oz. of material.
ounces; silex, three ounces; kaolin, half
an ounce titanium, forty-six grains.
;
Preparation of the Materials.
—
Enamel. Spar, one ounce silicate of ;

This part of the process requires the gold, eight grains ; platina sponge, three
greatest care and most assiduous attention. grains ; flux, twenty-five grains. If pre-
The silex should be ground very fine, and ferred, three grains of titanium may be
the spar, until through a No. 9 used instead of the silicate of gold.
it will pass
bolting-cloth sieve, and washed for the The shades of color may be varied by
purpose of freeing it from dirt. These adding other coloring ingredients, and they
two articles may be obtained ready for use may be increased or diminished by increas-
without the trouble of grinding. The ing or diminishing the quantity of mate-
coloring ingredients should be reduced as rials employed for this purpose.
near to an impaplable powder as possible. Gum Enamel. —Take
700 grains of fel-
In mixing the various ingredients of the spar, 175 flux, which is made by vitrify-
body, the proper proportion of each should ing spar, glass of borax and sal tartar
be carefully weighed out, moistened with together, 8 grs. purple Cassius ; grind these
water and ground in a mortar, or on a well together, then vitrify them in a light
wedgewood or porphyry slab, until it is colored crucible well luted inside and out
reduced to an unctuous paste. with kaolin, with a cover well luted on.
It should
then be dryed on a slab of plaster of Paris This must be done in a fire free from
until it obtains the consistency of thick smoke, and it will require, in a strong an-
dough, when, after being thoroughly thracite furnace, from an hour and a half to
beaten with a wooden mallet, or repeatedly two hours to do it. When it is cold, break
and forcibly thrown upon a marble slab, the crucible and grind off all the kaolin
it may be put away in jars tightly closed, that may adhere to the frit, then grind it

so as to prevent it from becoming dry, to fine, and add five or six times its weight
be used as occasion may require. of coarse spar.
The enamel is prepared in pretty much In place of the flux, flint glass is some-
the same manner, requiring if possible, times used.
 : —

POR 602 POR

Carving Block Teeth. pencil, in a regular, uniform coat. It

A plate of the proper form is first struck should extend beyond the cutting edge of
up, to serve as a base for the blocks. the tooth, so as to give that part of it its

Upon this a sufficient quantity of the appropriate transparency. Great care

paste for the body is must be taken to prevent the rosy gum
rudely modeled,
and platina rivets inserted opposite the enamel from getting on the tooth, a well
back of each tooth, or the insertion of the shaped festoon being formed around each.
rivets may be delayed until the blocks are The tints on the crown of the tooth must
biscuited. After it has dried sufficiently, be incorporated carefully, so as to blend
it must be carved with a small knife so as or shade off into the other enamel, whilst

to represent as nearly as possible the shape the gum forms a sharp well defined fes-

of the natural teeth. This part of the pro- toon. To do this well, the colored en-
cess must be conducted with great care to amels should be placed on the tooth and
prevent crumbling the body. The block is covered by a thin layer of enamel, mixed
now removed from the metallic base and with an increased quantity of water so as
placed upon finely pulverized silex on a to render it fluid.
slide or tile, permitting only the surface, "It is usual to color the part of the
which is to rest upon the plate, to come in crown next to the neck of the tooth yel-
contact with the silex. low, and the tip, blue. If the predomi-
In making blocks for an entire dental nant color of the teeth to be imitated is
circle, the usual method is to make three yellow, the thin coat may be of yellow

pieces, one with the incisors and cuspidati, enamel, and on the contrary, if they arc
and each of the others with two bicuspids to be blue, this layer may be put on with
and two molars. the blue enamel.
Blocks are sometimes attached to a base " The body of the tooth should always
by means of gold pins soldered or riveted be colored to harmonize with the enamel,
to the plate and passing through each or the effect will not be good." Goddard.
tooth, at other times by means of pins After the enamel has become dry, the
passing only about two-thirds through. blocks are again placed on finely pulver-
But the last mentioned method will not ized silex on a slide in the manner before
hold the blocks sufficiently secure to pre- described. This done, they are ready to
vent them from loosening and coming off. be put into the furnace.

Baking and Enameling. Firing.

The teeth having been moulded or The fire is first started in the furnace
carved in the manner already described, with charcoal, and after this has become
and placed on a slide, should be put in well ignited, hard anthracite coal broken
the muffle of the furnace and subjected to in small pieces is added, a little at a
a bright red heat, by which process the time, until it is filled three or four inches
particles will become sufficiently agglutin- above the muffle. When this has become
ated and hardened to receive the enamel. thoroughly ignited, the slide with the teeth
This is called biscuiting or crucing. The is placed in the muffle, and the door,
blocks should now be removed from the which should accurately fit the opening to
furnace, and after they have become suffi- it, closed. Through the central part of
ciently cool, the enamel may be applied in the door or cover is an opening about one
the following manner inch in diameter, stopped with a plug;
Having a quantity of the paste pre- from the inner projection of which a plat-
pared of the consistence of cream, and in ina wire, extending to the centre of the
several parcels of different tints of color, is sometimes attached with a small
muffle,
it is to be applied to the face of the tooth,
mass of the body partly covered with
previously well cleaned, with a camel's hair enamel. By withdrawing this from time
 POR 603 POR
tb time, the progress of the baking may- The method of procedure usually adopted
be ascertained, but the usual way of in manufacturing single porcelain teeth is,
judging is by placing two or three small to mould the paste for the body in metal-
pieces of body on the slide near the teeth lic moulds. These are generally made of
and opening the door and removing one brass, and in two pieces, between which,
of them at a time. To a beginner this is from ten to twenty teeth are moulded at a
necessary, but an experienced hand will time. The part of the mould in which
be able to judge very correctly of the prog- the impress of the inner surface of the
ress of the baking by Avithdrawing the tooth is made has two small holes. In
plug and looking through the hole in the these, platina pins are placed with the ends
door into the muffle. If on withdrawing to be implanted in the teeth, projecting
a test piece it is found that the enamel has from a tenth to a sixteenth part of an inch.
fused and presents a smooth polished sur- is put in the part of the
After the paste
face, the baking has progressed which the pins are placed, the
sufficiently. mould in
The door to the muffle is now opened other piece is applied and the two forced
and the slide slowly withdrawn and placed together either with a mallet or a press.
in a cooling oven or a heated muffle and When the paste has dried sufficiently, the
permitted to cool gradually. Some pre- moulds are taken apart and the teeth re-
fer leaving them in the furnace with the moved by tapping lightly on the back of
upper door open, until the combustion the part to which they adhere. They
ceases and the heat subsides, but this is are now placed on a slide, and after they
not necessary. have become perfectly dry, put in the fur-
nace and heated to a bright red- heat.
Mounting Block Teeth on a Metallic Base.
After they have cooled they are trimmed
In baking, the blocks shrink about one
and the enamel applied as before directed
tenth, consequently it becomes necessary
with a camel's hair pencil, then put on a
to grind them more or less to fix them ac-
grooved slide sprinkled, with silex, with
curately to the base, and have them an-
the platina pins downward, returned to
tagonize correctly with the opposing teeth.
the furnace and baked in the manner
This done, a strip of gold plate is placed
already described.
on the inner surface of the blocks, the plat-
The shades of color may, of course, be
ina rivets passing through holes punched
by increasing or diminishing the
varied
or drilled through it at the proper places.
coloring ingredients or adding others and ;
The protruding extremities of the rivets
when it is desired that the face of the tooth
are filed down nearly to the gold backing,
nearest the gum should be more strongly
and headed sufficiently to hold it in place.
tinged with yellow, a small quantity of the
The backing or lining is next filed until it
paste for the body, containing a larger
touches the base at every point, to which,
proportion of titanium, is placed in the
after covering the blocks with a batter of
part of the mould which is to give the
plaster of Paris, it is soldered. Greater
impress of their outer surface, before the
stabilityand a more beautiful finish may
two parts are put together.
be given to the piece by soldering a nar-
PORCELA'NEOUS. Pertaining to or
row band of gold nicely fitted to the blocks
resembling porcelain.
on the outside of the plate.
POR'CUPINE. In Zoology, a rodent
Single Porcelain Teeth. quadruped of the genus Rystrix, furnished
—
Body. Spar, ten ounces silex, one ; with quills upon the body, covered with
dunce; kaolin, two dwts.; titanium, one sharp prickles of from six to twelve inches
dwt. in length, which can be erected at pleasure.
Enamel. —Spar, one ounce ; silex, three Porcupine Disease. The fish-skin dis-
grs.; flint glass, two grs.; titanium, one ease; a papillary indurated condition of
grain ; platina sponge, three grains. the skin.
 POR 604 POR
POR'CUS. A hog. acterized by patches of baldness of a mow
PORE. Porus; In Anatomy, or less circular form, without change of
in'terstice.

the orifices of the absorbing and exhaling color in the surrounding hair.
vessels. In Physics, the minute intervals Porrigo Favo'sa. An eruption of large,
which separate the integral molecules of soft, flat, straw-colored pustules, called
solid bodies. In Botany, the minute ori- favi, with an irregular edge, surrounded
fices of plants as those which contain the by slight inflammation, and occurring on
sporules of the Boleti. all parts of the body, though sometimes
PORI BILIA'RII. The ducts which re- confined to the scalp, face, trunk or ex-
ceive the bile from the penicilli of the liver. tremities.
Pori Cuta'nei. The pores of the skin. Porrigo Fur'ftjrans. An eruption of
PORIF'ERA. From porus, a pore, and small achores, the fluid of which soon
fero, I carry. A class of organized beings dries numerous scale-
up and separates in
including the marine and fresh water like and disap-
exfoliations, reappearing
sponges. pearing at irregular periods, and with
PORLIE'RA. A genus of plants of the more or less itching and soreness.
order Zyyophyllaceoz. Porrigo Larva'lis. Crusta lac'tea. A
Pobliera Hygrome'trica. A plant, disease almost exclusively confined to in-
native of Peru, said to possess properties fancy, and characterized by the appear-
similar to those of the Guaiacum. ance of an eruption of numerous small
POROCE'LE. A scirrhous tumor of the achors, on the forehead and cheeks, which
testicle or scrotum. after a while break, discharge a viscid
PORO'MA. Induration. fluid, and become incrusted in thin, yel-
POROMTHALON. Porom'phalus. Po- lowish, or grayish scabs. These spread
romphaloce'le ; from nupog, hard, and o//- until the face sometimes becomes, as it

$alog t the navel. A hard tumor of the were, enveloped in a scab.

navel. Porrigo Scdtula'ta. Ringworm of
POROS. Porus. A passage. the scalp. Scald-head. An eruption of
POROS'ITY. From porus, a passage. an irregular circular form, upon the scalp,
The having pores or interspaces, forehead and neck.
state of
a quality of bodies by which they trans- POR'RUM. Por'rus. The leek.
mit fluids through their pores. PORTA. A door or gate. In Anatomy,
POROT'IC Porot'icus ; from nupos, the part of the liver where the vessels
callus. A medicine supposed to be capa- enter. Also, the vulva.
ble of assisting the formation of callus. PORT.E VENA. Vena porta?.
PORPHYRA H^MORRHAGI'CA.— POR'TAL. From porta, a gate. Re-
Land scurvy. lating to the porta of the liver.
PORPHYROXTN. A new alkaloid, Portal Blood. The blood of the por-
supposed to exist in Bengal opium. tal veins.
POR'PH YRY. A species of hard gran- Portal Circulation. The circulation
itic stone or rock. of the venous blood from the chylopoietio
PORRA'CEOUS. From^orrmra.aleek. viscera into the liver.

A term applied to excretions of the body PORTA 'LIA. A genus of plants of

when they exhibit a green color. the order Loganiaceo3.
POR'RET. The leek, a plant of the Portalia Ama'ra. A tropical plant,
genus Allium. said to possess bitter and emetic proper-
PORRI'GO. Scurf on the head j scald- ties.
head. An eruption of straw-colored pus- Portalia Resinif'era. The leaves of
tules called favi, and achores, without this species are astringent and mucilag-
fever. inous. They are used in Brazil for oph-
Porrigo Decal'vans. A disease char- thalmia.
 POS 605 POT
PORTE- AIGUILLE. Prom porter, to Posterior Auris. The rctrahens auris.
carry, and aiguille, a needle. Acutenac'a- Posterior In'dicis Manus. An inter-

lum. A needle-holder ; a needle carrier. nal interosseal muscle of the hand.

Porte-Bougie. A canula for conduct- Posterior Indicis Pedis. An external
ing bougies into the urethra. interosseal muscle of the foot.

Porte-Meche. An instrument for car- Posterior Medii Dig"iti Manus. An

rying a tent to the bottom of an ulcer external interosseal muscle of the hand.
through a deep fistulous opening. Posterior Medii Digiti Pedis. An
Porte-Pierre. A case for carrying external interosseal muscle of the foot.
fused nitrate of silver, intended for the Posterior Ter'tii Digiti. The adduc-
cauterization of wounds or ulcers. tor tertii digiti muscle.
Porte-Soxde. An instrument for hold- POSTHE. The prepuce.
ing the style and facilitating its introduc- POSTHET'OMIST. Posthet'omus; from
tion into the duct, in the operation for fis- noodri, foreskin, and rofirj, incision. One
tula lachrymalis. who performs the operation of circum-
PORTER. A malt-liquor of a dark- cision.
brown color and bitterish taste. POSTHI'A. Iloa&ia. A sty on the eye-
PORTIO. A term signifying a portion lid ; hordeolum.
or branch; applied in Anatomy to two POSTHIOPLASTY. Posthioplas'ticus;
nerves. from noodiov, the prepuce, and irlaaau, I
Portio Dura. The facial nerve, a form. An operation for the restoration of
branch of the seventh pair, so called from the prepuce.
its firm consistence. See Facial Nerve. POSTHITIS. Inflammation of the
Portio Mollis. The auditory nerve. prepuce.
PORTLAND SAGO. Portland arrow- POSTHON'CUS. Swelling of the pre-
root, a fecida prepared from Arum macu- puce.
latum in the island of Portland. POSTHUMOUS. From post, after,

PORTONA'RIUM. The pyloric orifice and humus, the ground. Occurring after
of the stomach. death, as the publication of a work after
PORTULA'CA. Purslane 5 also, a genus the death of the author.
of plants of the order Portulac.ece. POSTI'CUS. Situated behind.
Portulaca Olera'cea. Purslane ; a POST-MORTEM. After death; ap-
succulent plant, abounding in slightly plied to an examination of the body after
acid juice, said to be antiseptic and aperi- death, for the detection of the changes of
ent. structure produced by disease.
PORUS. A pore, duct or passage. POSTPOSITION. Posposifio. State
Porus Op'ticus. The opening in the of being put back or out of the regular
cribriform lamella, which gives passage to place. In Pathology, delay in the return
the central artery of the retina. of a paroxysm.
POSCA. A mixture of vinegar and POTABLE. Potabi'lis. Drinkable.
water. Fit to be drank.
POSE. Catarrh. POTAMOL'OGY. From noTa/iog, a
POSOL'OGY. Posolog'ia; from iroooc, river, and "koyog, a discourse. A treatise
quantity, and 2-oyof, a discourse. That on rivers.
part of therapeutics which treats of the POT'AMOS. A river.
indications of the doses in which different POTASH. Vegetable alkali ;
potassa j

medicines should be prescribed. kali.

1
POS'SET. Posse turn. Milk curdled Potash of Commerce. Potasse carbo-
with wine, treacle, or any acid. nas impurus. Impure carbonate of po-
POSTERIOR ANNULARIS. An ex- tassa ;
pearlash.
ternal interosseal muscle of the hand. POTAS'SA. Potash. Potassa caustica.
39
 ; ;;

POT 606 POT

Potassa Cum Calce. Potassa with Potassii Ferrocyanure'tum. Fer-
lime, mechanically mixed. rocyanuret of potassium.
Potassa Caustic a. Caustic potassa. Potassii Io'dioum. Iodide of potassium.
Potassa Impura. Potash of commerce. Hydriodate of potassa.
POTASSiE ACE'TAS. Acetate of po- Potassii Io'didi Liquor Compos'itus.
tassa. Compound solution of iodide of potassium.
Potass^e Aqua Effervescens. Effer- Potassii Sulphuret'um. Sulphuret of
vescing solution of potassa. potassium. Liver of sulphur.
Potassa Bicar'bonas. Bicarbonate of POTAS'SIUM. The metallic base of
potash ; carbonate of potash. potassa.
Potass-e Bisul'phas. Bisulphate of POTA TO. The tuber on the subterra-
potassa. nean stem of the Solatium tuberosum.
Potass^e Bitar'tras. Bitartrate of Potato Fly. Lytta vittata, which see.
potassa. Potato, Spanish. The sweet potato.
Potass^e Car'bonas. Carbonate of pot- Potato Starch. English arrow-root
ash, formerly called salt of tartar. the fecula of the potato.
Potass^e Carbonas Impu'rus. Impure Potato Sugar. A species of sugar ob-
carbonate of potassa. Potash of commerce. tained from potato flour.
Potass^e Carbonas Purus. Pure car- POTBELLY. A protuberant abdomen.
bonate of potassa. Carbonate of potassa POTEEN'. Irish whiskey.

from crystals of tartar. Salt of tartar. PO'TELOT. Sulphuret of molybde-

Potassje Carbona'tis Aqua. Solution num.
of carbonate of potassa. POTENCY. Poten'tia. Force ;
physi-
Potassa Caustics Aqua. Solution of cal power.
potassa. POTENT. Po'tens. Powerful; phys-
Potass^: Chloras. Chlorate of potash. ically strong.

Potass^ et Sod^e Tartras. Tartrate POTENTIAL, roteniialis; from po-

of potassa and soda. Tartarized soda. tens, able. Opposed to actual. See Cau-
Eochelle salt. tery.

Potassa Hydras. Hydrate of potassa. POTENTIL'LA. A genus of plants of

Caustic potash. the order liosacece.
Potass^; Hydri'odas. Iodide of potas- Potentilla Anseri'na. Silver-weed
sium. Hydriodate of potassa. wild tansey.The leaves are mildly astrin-
Potassa Nitras. Nitrate of potassa gent.
nitre. Potentilla Rep'tans. The common
Potasses Nitras Purifica'tum. Puri- cinquefoil or five-leaved grass. The roots
fied nitrate of potassa. are astringent.
Potass^e Sulphas. Sulphate of potassa. Potentilla Tormentil'la. Tormen-
Potassa Sulphas cum Sulphure. tilla. Common tormentil or scptfoil. The
Sulphate of potassa with sulphur. root is astringent.
Potass^; Sulphure'tum. Sulphuret of POTE'RIUM. A genus of plants of
potassium. Sulphuret of potassa. the order liosacece.
Potasses Supertar'tras. Supertar- Poterium Sanguisor'ba. Burnet sax-
trate of potassa. ifrage. The leaves are astringent.
Potassa Tartras. Tartrate of potassa. POTHOMOR'PHA. A genus of plants
POTAS'SII BRO'MIDUM. Bromide of of the order Piperacex.
potassium. Pothomorpha Pelta'ta. Brazil caa-
Potassii Chlo'ridum. Chloride of po- peba, said to be diuretic, and is recom-
tassium. Muriate of potassa. mended in stranguary. The Pothomorpha
Potassii Cyanure'tum. Cyanuret of umbellata, another species, is recommended
potassium. Hydrocyanato of potassa. in obstructions of the abdominal organs.
 row 607 VRM
POTHOS. A genua of plants of the Powder, Comb's Arsenical. A caus-
order Orontiacece. tic, consisting of arsenious acid, gr. x;
Pothos Cann;EFor'mis. A plant of Cu- red sulphuret of mercury, gr. xl pow- ;

mana, esteemed for its delicate odor, which dered animal charcoal, gr. x, made into a
is like that of vanilla. It is used by the paste.

natives to aromatize tohacco. Powder, Compound of Chalk. Com-

Pernios Scan'dens. A climbing East pound powder of chalk, an astringent
India plant, employed by the natives in stomachic and carminative powder, com-
putrid fever. posed of prepared chalk, lb ss; cinnamon,
POTIO. A potion. § iv ; tormentil root, gum arabic, each,
Potio Calcis Carbona'tis. Chalk § i and long peppers, § ss.
;

mixture. Powder, Compound of Chalk with

POTION". Potio; from polo, I drink. Opium. Oretce opiafus. An anodyne as-
A liquid compound the same as; mixture. tringent, composed of a mixture of com-
Potion, Pectoral. Fifteen drops of pound powder of chalk § viss, and opium
dilute hydrocyanic acid, mixed with two 9iv.
fluid ounces of infusion of ground ivy and Powder for the Teeth, Baumk's.
one of syrup of althaea. Le Maire gives the following as M. Baume's
Potion, Rive'rius'. Potio eft'erves''cens formula for a powder for the teeth Take :

anti-emet'ica dicta Rive'rii, of the Parisian prepared pumice-stone, prepared red earth,
codex. A mixture of lemon juice and sub- prepared red coral, each 3 i 5 dragon's-
oarbonate of potass; an effervescing bever- blood, cream of tartar, each, § ss ; cin-
age. namon, 3ij; cloves, £)i. Mix and re-

POTT'S DISEASE. Caries of the duce to a fine powder.

bodies of the vertebraj, causing an angular Powder for the Teeth, Bourdet's.
curvature of the spine forward. Take 3 vl of pumice-stone, well calcined
POTUS. Drink. and reduced to powder. This powder is

POUCH. A small bag ; in Pathology, \

passed on the porphyry stone, moistened
a morbid dilatation of any part of a canal, j
from time to time with rose water, or that
POULTICE. A cataplasm. I of myrtle, it is dried, reduced to an im-

POUNCE. Pulverized gum sandarach. j

palpable powder, and the following ingre-
POUND. A weight consisting of twelve I dients added: plate lac, dragon's-blood,
ounces troy, or sixteen avoirdupois. See i
dried bone, bole Armenia, of each § iii;

Weights and Measures. I cinnamon, cloves, Florentine iris, rock

POUPART'S LIGAMENT. Lu/amen'- |
alum, calcined, of each, 3 i. The whole
tvm Poupar'tii. The lower border of the !
to be mixed and reduced to a fine powder.
aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle i
Powder of Faynard. A styptic pow-
of the abdomen, extending from the ante- |
der, supposed to consist of the charcoal of
rior spinous process of the ilium to the :
beech wood.
spine of the pubis. POX. Syphilis.
POWDER. In Pharmacy, a substance Pox, Chicken. Varicella.
reduced to minute particles by pulveri- Pox, Small. Variola.
zation. PRACTICE OF PHYSIC. The treat-

Powder, Antimonial. See Antimonial ment of disease. See Therapeutics.

Powder. PRACTITIONER, GENERAL. One
Powders, Casttt/lon's. These arc com- who exercises the duties of the several
posed of sago, jalap, tragacanth, eight I
branches of the curative art. Surgeon-
parts of each in powder ;
prepared chalk, apothecary.
two parts ; cochineal, one part. Rub to- | PILECORDTA. From pros, before, and
gether and divide into powders of one j
cor, the heart. The forepart of the tho-
drachm each. racic region.
 ;

PRE 608 PRE

PR.ECOR'DIAL. Pertaining to the from prce, before, and disponere, to dis-

praecordia. pose. That constitution or condition of

PR^EDOR'SAL. Prcedorsa'lis ; from body which disposes it to take on a certain
prce, before, and dorsum, the back. Per- form or kind of diseased action.
taining to the anterior surface of the dor- PREG'NANCY. Utero-gesta'tion. The
sal region. state of a female from the moment of
PR^EFLORA'TION. From prce, be- fecundation to parturition.
fore,and jloreo, to flower. In Botany, the Pregnancy, Afce'tal. False preg-
manner in which the floral envelopes are nancy. Pregnancy arising from false
arranged in a flower before they expand; conception, or in which the germ is con-
aestivation. verted into a hydatid or mole, or in which
PRA'SINUS. Prasine. Of a grass- some unusual development of the uterus,
green color ;
porraceous. without conception, has taken place.
PRASI'TES. From Prasium, hore- Pregnancy, Bigeminal. Double preg-
hound. Wine impregnated with the nancy pregnancy in which there are two
;

leaves of horehound. foetuses in the uterus.

PRA'SIUM. Common horehound. Pregnancy, Complex. The develop-
PRA'SUM. The leek, a plant of the ment of a mole, hydatid, or some other
genus Allium. morbid growth, along with the foetus.

PRAXIS. From itpacou, to perform. Pregnancy, Compound. Pregnancy

Action, the practice of any thing, as of in which there are two or more foetuses in
medicine, or any of its branches. the uterus.
Praxis Medica. The practice of Med- Pregnancy, Double. Pregnancy, Bi-
icine. geminal.
PRECIPITATE. A solid substance Pregnancy, Extra Uterine. The
which, after having been dissolved, is sep- development of the foetus outside of the
arated from its solvent and thrown to the uterus.
bottom of the vessel, by adding a re-agent. Pregnancy, False. Afcetal pregnancy.
Precipitate of Cassius, Purple. See Pregnancy, Morbid. Pregnancy dis-
Cassius, Precipitate. turbed by constitutional or local disease.
Precipitate, Red. Hydrar'gyri ni- Pregnancy, Ova'rian. The develop-
trico-oxydum. The red oxyd or protoxyd ment of the foetus in the ovarium.
of mercury. Pregnancy, Sol'itary. Pregnancy in
Precipitate, White. Hydrar'gyrum which there is but one foetus.
precipita'lum al'bum. Ammoniated mer- Pregnancy, Trigeminal. Pregnancy
cury. in which there are three foetuses.
PRECIPITATION. Prcecipita'tio PREHEN'SILE. Adapted to seize or
from prtecipiio, to cast down. The act grasp, as the hand or teeth.
by which any body separates from a liquid, PREHEN'SIO. Catalepsy ; epilepsy.
in which it is held in solution, and falls to PREHEN'SION. From prehendere, to
the bottom of the vessel. lay hold of. The act of seizing, or taking
PRECOCITY. Premature development hold.
of any faculty. PRELUM'BAR. Prcdumba'ris ; from
PRECOR'DIAL. Precordial. prce, before, and lumbi, the loins. Before
PRECUR'SORY. Prcecurso'rius ; from the loins.
prce, before, and curro, to run. That PREMONITORY. Precursory.
which precedes. PRENAN'THES. Lion's foot ; Dewin
Precursory Symptoms. The symp- snakewort. A genus of plants of the order
toms which indicate the approach of dis- Compositce. There are several species of
ease. this plant, the roots of which yield a
PREDISPOSITION. Prcedisposit'io milky juice. They have been used in
 ;

PRE 609 PEI

dysentery, and in the form of a cataplasm PRESPI'NAL. Prcespina'lis ; from

to the bites of serpents. prce, before, and spina, the spine. The
PREPARATION. Prapara'tio. That anterior surface of the spine.
which is prepared by some process, as a PRES'SURE. Pressu'ra. The act of
pharmaceutical or anatomical preparation. pressing ; state of being pressed.
PREPARED SPONGE. Spongiaprse- Pressure, Abdom'inal. A means of
parata, which see. diagnosis in some diseases of the abdom-
PREPARED CHALK. Oreia preparata. inal and thoracic organs.
Chalk reduced to an impalpable powder, PRETEND'ED DISEASES. Feigned
by levigation and elutriation. It possesses diseases.
antacid and absorbent properties, and is PRETIBTAL. Prcetibia'lis ; from prce,
given in cases of acidity of the stomach, before, and tibia, the tibia. Before or in
and sometimes in diarrhoea. front of the tibia.
PREP'UCE. Prapu'tium. The integu- PREVENTIVE, ROYAL. A quack
ments that cover the glans penis. nostrum, consisting of a solution of acetate
PRESBYON'OSI. From wpea/fof, old, of lead, said to be a prophylactic against
and voaoc, disease. The diseases of ad- venereal disease.
vanced life or old age. PRIAPEI'A. Green tobacco; English
PRESBYO'PIA. From ptq hg, old, tobacco.
and uip, the eye. Long-sightedness. A PRIAPIS'CUS. From npeanoe, the
defect of vision, common in old persons, penis. A tent or bougie, shaped like the
by which objects near by are seen con- penis.
fusedly, whilst at remoter distances, they PRIA'PISM. Priapis'mus. Constant,
are seen distinctly. and painful erection of the penis, occa-
PRESBYTIA. Presbyopia. sioned by morbific causes.
PRESCRIPTION. Prcescrip'tio; from PRIA'PUS. The penis.
prce, before, and scribere, to write. The PRICK'LE. In Botany, a small pointed
formula of a physician for the composition process growing from the bark of a plant.
of medicine. A compound prescription PRICK'LY. Full of sharp points;
is divided into, 1. The basis, or active in- armed with prickles, as a pricldy shrub.
gredient; The adjuvans, which assist
2. Prickly Ash. Ara'lia spino'sa. An-
the operation of the former 3. The corri- gelica tree ;
;
prickly elder ; tooth-ache tree.
gens, which is to correct any thing injuri- The bark, root, and berries possess medi-
ous in the operation of the active ingredi- cinal properties. The bark has an aro-
ent, and, 4. The constituens, or mixture matic odor, and an acrid, bitter, pungent
which is intended to give to the whole a taste. An infusion of the recent root is

convenient and agreeable form. But, or- said to be emetic and cathartic.
dinarily, prescriptions are more simple. Prickly Heat. Lichen trop'icus. A
The following is the usual mode of mak- cutaneous affection, consisting of an erup-
ing a prescription : Ifc —Potassa? nitratis, tion of numerous elevated papulla3, about

3 ij ; mellis rosa? f. 3 iv ; infusi rosaj f. the size of a pin's head, of a bright red
§ vss. Misce. color, and of an irregular shape, attended
PRESENTATION. In Obstetrics, the by an itching, stinging sensation. It is

part of the foetus over the os uteri, which produced by the high temperature of sum-
is felt on examination per vaginum, du- mer, and occurs on the neck, various parts
ring the first stage of parturition. It is of the body, arms, and sometimes on the
called natural when the vertex of the back of the hands.
head, the feet, knees or breech presents, PRIDE OF CHINA. Pride of India
and preternatural when any other part a beautiful tree, growing from thirty to
presents. In the latter case the operation forty feet in height, the Melia azedarach.
of turning is necessary. PRIMiE YIM. The first passages.
 PRI 610 PEI

The stomach and intestinal canal, as dis- color. It has been found on analysis to
tinguished from the lacteals, which are contain iron, and it is to the presence of
called the secundce vice. this agent that the red color of the blood
PRI'MARY. Prima'rius. First in is ascribed.
order of time. A term applied in Pa- Principle, Digestive. Pepsin.
ilwlogy to the first symptoms, causes, &c, Principle, Immediate. A name given
of disease. in Chemistry to substances obtained in
Primary Cell.. Elementary, primor-
some measure immediately from animals
dial, or parent cell. The first cell devel- and vegetables by simple processes, com-
oped in the formation of an organism, posed of three or more elements, as the
organ or tissue the cell developed from fatty principles, which are stearin, elain,
;

a germ or germinal granule. cholesterin, &c.

Primary Teeth. The teeth of first Principles, Proximate. Immediate
dentition. principles organic elements ; compounds
;

Pltl'MINE. In Botany, the outermost of organization.

covering of the ovule of plants. Principle, Vital. See Vital Principle.
PRIMIP'ARA. From primus, first, and PRI'NOS. A genus of plants of the
parere, to hring forth. A female who order Aquifoliacece.
brings forth for the first time. Prinos Verticilla'tus. Black alder.
PRIMITIVE. The first waters dis- The bark is tonic and astringent, and is a
charged in parturition, which occurs pre- popular remedy for ill-conditioned ulcer3
vious to the extrusion of the foetus. and chronic cutaneous eruptions.
PRIM'ROSE. A plant of the genus PRION. A saw.
Primula. PRIONO'DES. From npiuv, a saw,
PRI'MULA. A genus of plants of the and erfog, shape. Serrated. A term ap-
order Primulaceo3. plied, in Anatomy, to the sutures of the
Primula The cowslip; a pot cranium.
Ve'ris.
herb. PRI'OR. The first; anterior; applied
Primula Vulga'ris. The primrose, in Anatomy to certain muscles and parts,
said to be a sternutatory. from their situation.
PRIMU'LIN. A bitter tincture ob- Prior Annula'ris. An internal in-
tained from the roots of Primula veris. terosseous muscle of the hand.
PRIN'CIPLE. Princip'ium. In a Prior In'dicis. An internal interosseal
General sense, that from which a thing muscle of the hand.
proceeds ; the beginning. In Medicine, Prior Indicis Pedis. The adductor
that which serves as a basis for & system indicis pedis, an external mus-
interosseal
of practice. In Chemistry, a component cle of the foot.

part ; also, a substance on the presence of Prior Me'dii. An external interosseal

which certain qualities, common to a muscle of the hand.
number of bodies, depend. Thus oxygen Prior Medii Dig'iti. The prior medii.
isan acidifying principle. In Physiology, Prior Medii Digiti Pedis. The ad-
the proximate principles of animal and ductor medii digiti pedis, an internal in-
vegetable bodies are the peculiar sub- terosseal muscle of the foot.
stances which result from particular Prior Min'imi Digiti. The adductor
modes of combination of ordinary matter, minimi digiti, an internal interosseal mus-
called organic elements or compounds of cle of the foot
organization. Prior Tertii Digiti Pedis. The ad-
Principle, Coloring, of the Blood. ductor tertii digiti Pedis; also, an internal
A solid, insipid, inodorous substance of a interosseal muscle of the foot.

red color ; the immediate principle of ani- PRI'SIS. Griuding of the teeth, a
mals which gives to the. blood its red symptom of disease ; also, trepanning*
 ,

PRO 611 PRO

PRISM. A solid contained by planes Processus Cuneifor'mis Ossis Occip'i-
of which the two that are opposite are tis. The basilary process.
equal, similar, and parallel, and the others Processus Falcifor'mis Cerebel'li.
parallelograms. The falx cerebeli.
PRISMATIC. Prism-shaped; applied Processus Falciformis Dur^e Matris.
also to. the colors resulting from the action The falx cerebri.
of a transparent prism on the solar beams. Processus Mamilla'res. The bulbs of
PRISMOS. Stridor dentium. the olfactory nerves.
PRIVATE PARTS. The genital or- Processus U'vifer. The uvula.
gans. PROCHEI'LON. Prola'bium, anlild-
PRIVET. An ornamental shrub of bium. From npo, before, and x e &°C, a lip.

the genus Ligustrum. The projecting margin of the lips.

PRO-. Before; a prefix signifying in PROCIDENTIA. From procido, to fall
front, or in advance of. down. A prolapsus, or falling down of
Pro re Nata. A term employed in any part.
Prescriptions, signifying, occasionally, as PROCON'DYLUS. From wpo, before,

circumstancesmay demand. and KovdvXog, a knot. The first joint of

PRO'BANG. A small rod of whale- the finger next the metacarpus.
bone, with a piece of sponge or ivory at PROCREATION. Procrea'tio. The
one of its extremities, used to push ex- act of begetting ; fecundation ;
generation.
PROCTAL'GIA. From npuicrog, anus,
traneous bodies, which have lodged in the
oesophagus, down into the stomach. and alyog, pain. Pain in the anus.
PROBE. From probo, to try. Along PROCTATRE'SIA. From npuKTog, anus,
slender instrument employed by surgeons and arprioia, imperforation. Imperforate
to explore and ascertain the depth of anus.
wounds. PROCTICA. From irpwTog, anus. Dis-
PROBOS'CIS. A snout or trunk. ease of the anus without primary inflam-
PROCAR'DIUM. The pit of the stom- mation. In Good's Nosology, a genus in
ach. the class Codiaca, order Enterica.
PROCATARC'TIC. Procatarcti'cus ; PROCTITIS. Inflammation of the anus.
from TTpoKarapxu, to go before. A term PROCTOC'ACE. From npuKTog, anus,
applied in Pathology to the remote or pre- and KaKog, bad. A name given by Fuchs
disposing causes of disease. to an adynamic, inflammatory condition
PROCELLA'RIA. From proceUa, a of the rectum, frequently terminating in
storm. A genus of web-footed birds. common in Peru
gangrene, and said to be
Some and many other parts of South America
of the species are called Storm-birds,
or Mother Carey's chickens. and in some parts of Africa. The Portu-
PROCESS. Proces'sus; from procedo, guese call it Bicho, and Bicho de Cula, and
to go before. Applied, in Anatomy, to the people of Quito, Mai de Valle. In Af-
parts which are prolonged beyond others rica it is called Bitios de Kis.
with which they are connected in Chem- PROCTOCE'LE. From trptucToc, anus
;

istry, the series of operations necessary for and KyM, hernia. Prolapsus ani, or more
the obtainment of any given result. properly a hernia-like protrusion of the
PROCES'SUS. A process. rectum through the anus.
Processus Anconeus. The olecranon. PROCTOCYSTOTOMTA. From npo>K.
Processus Annula'ris. The pons Va- Tog, anus, Kvorig, a pouch, and rrj/ivug, to
rolii. cut. The operation of lithotomy by cut-
Processus Cauda'tus. The lobulus ting into the bladder through the septum
caudatus of the liver. lying between it and the rectum.
Processus Cilia'res. The ciliary pro- PROCTOLEUCOKRHCE'A. Proctor-
cesses. rhea, which see.
 PEO 612 PRO
PROCTON'CUS. From 7rp<j/cr»f, anus, yivuoKo, I know. The art of foretelling
and oynog, swelling. Tumefaction of the the future progress and termination of a
anus. disease from the symptoms.
PROCTOPARAL'YSIS. Paralysis of PROGNOSTIC. The prediction of the
the muscular coat of the rectum. termination of a disease.
PROCTOPTOSIS. From -npunToc, anus, PROLA'BIUM. Procheilon.
and tTTuoig, a falling down. Prolapsus ani. PROLAP'SUS. From prolabar, I slip
PROCTORRHA'GIA. From npunroc, down. The falling down of a part of a
anus, and pnyvvui, to burst out. Hemor- viscus from its natural position.
rhoidal flux. Prolapsus Ani. The inversion and
PROCTORRHCE'A. From npuicrog, falling down of the lower part of the rec-
anus, and pew, I flow. A discharge of tum.
mucus from the anus. Prolapsus Ir'idis. Protrusion of the
PROCTOS. The anus. iris through a wound in the cornea.
PROCTO'SIS. Proctocele. Prolapsus U'teri. A falling down of
PROCUM'BENT. Procum'bens. Lying the uterus from relaxation.
down on the face. In Botany, trailing, Prolapsus U'vul^;. Relaxation and
unable to support itself. elongation of the uvula. Staphyloedema.
PROCYNODON'TOS. From npo, and Prolapsus Vagi/n^e. Protrusion of
nvvodovrog, a canine or cuspid tooth. The the upper part of the vagina into the
projection of a cuspid tooth in the front of lower.
the dental arch —a common variety of ir- PROLECTA'TION. Prolecta'tio. The
regularity. act of separating the finer parts of a body
PROD'ROMUS. From npo, before, and from the grosser.
dpouog, course. The period which imme- PRO'LEGS. In Entomology, the wart-
diately precedes the attack of disease. like tubercles which assist the various
PROD'UCT. From produce, I produce. larvse in walking and in other motions. In
The tangible result of a chemical or phar- caterpillars they are generally found on
maceutical operation. the hinder segment.
PRODUC'TIO. An apophysis. PROLEP'TIC. From Trpo, before, and
PRODUCTION. A prolongation; a Xap.(3avu s I seize hold of. In Medicine, an-
process ; that which is produced. ticipating the usual time ; applied to a pe-
PROELIUM. A press; a tourniquet. riodical disease, the paroxysms of which
PRCEO'TIA. Premature development return at an earlier period at every repe-
of the sexual organs ;
genital precocity. tition.

PROFLU'VIA. A term applied in Pa- PROLICIDE. From proles, offspring,

thology to all morbid discharges or fluxes. and cosdere, to kill. The destruction of
PROFLU'VIUM. From pj-ojlwo, I run one's offspring.
down. A discharge or flux. PROLIF'EROUS. In Botany, a flower
PROFUNDUS. Deep-seated; also, which produces another flower within
the flexor profundus perforans muscle. itself.

PROFU'SIO. A flow of fluids, as that PROLIFIC. Prolifi'cus; from proles,

of blood, without fever. offspring, and facio, I make. A term ap-
PROGLOS'SIS. From npo, before, and plied to man and animals which possess
yTiucaa, the tongue. The tip of the tongue. the faculty of procreating their species.
PROG'NATHOUS. From npo, before, PROLIG"EROUS. Prolig'erus. From
and yvatiog , the jaw. Having a projecting proles, offspring, and gero, I carry. Bear-
jaw as in the case where the teeth of the ing the offspring.
inferior maxillary shut in front of those PROMETO'PIS. Prometopid'ium; from
of the superior. npo, before, and ucrunov, the forehead.
PROGNOSIS. From npo, before, and The skin of the forehead.
 PRO 613 PEO
PROMINENT. Prom'inens. Project- which, tapering to each end, overlap each
ing. other.
PROMINENTIA. Protuberance. PROSOPALGIA. From npoounov, the
PROM'ONTORY. Promonto'rium. In face, and alyog, pain. Facial neuralgia.
Anatomy, a projection of the inner ear. PROSOPANTRA. The frontal sinus.
PROMU'SCIS. The suctorious organ PROSOPANTRITIS. Inflammation of
of Hemipterous insects, formed by the the frontal sinus.
union of the two jaws to the lower lip PROSO'PIS. A genus of plants of the
which they embrace. order Lcguminosce.
PRONATION. Prona'lio; from pro- Prosopis Dul'cis. Sweet-podded pros-
mts, inclined forward. The turning of the of Peru, which
opis. A tree, native
palm of hand downward.
the bears a pod upwards of twenty inches in
PRONATOR. That which produces length, containing black seeds, eaten by
pronation a name applied to two muscles the Limenos.
;

of the forearm and hand. PRO'SOPON. Upoaunov. The face.

Pronator Ra'dii Qtjadra'tus. A PROS'PHYSIS. Adhesion; applied,
small, fleshy muscle situated at the lower in a limited sense, to adhesion of the eye-
and inner part of the forearm. lids.

Pronator Radii Teres. A muscle sit- PROSTASIS. Abundance of excre-

uated at the upper and anterior part of the mentitious humors.
forearm. PROSTATE. Prosta'ius; from rrpo,

PRONERVATIO. An aponeurosis or before, and iotti/ii, I stand. Standing be-

tendon. fore ;
jutting out.
PRO'NUS. Inclined forward ; leaning, Prostate Gland. A glandular, cordi-
hanging, stooping, or bending down- form body, situated before the neck of the
ward. bladder and behind the bulb of the urethra.
PROOF SPIRIT. A mixture of equal PROSTATELCO'SIS. From npoarara,
weights of absolute alcohol and water, the prostate, and eTinog, an ulcer. Ulceration
specific gravity of which is 0.930. of the prostate gland.
PROPA'GO. In Botany, the cutting of PROSTATIC. Pertaining to the pros-
a plant ; a slip or layer. tate gland.
PRO'PEDS. Propedes. The pedi form Prostatic Concre'tions. Calculi of the
appendages of certain larva?, which dis- prostate gland.
appear in the mature insects. Prostatic Urethra. That portion of
PROPHYLACTIC. Prophylac'ticus. A the urethra occupied by the prostate gland.
preservative ; a preventive. PROSTAT'ICUS SUPERIOR. The
PROPHYLAXIS. Preventive treat- compressor prostata? ; a muscle embracing
ment. the prostate gland and formed of the an-
PROP'OMA. An ancient medicine com- terior fibres of the Levator ani.
posed of seven parts honey and four of PROSTATITIS. Inflammation of the
wine. It was taken before a meal. prostate gland.
PROPRIUS. Proper. Applied in Anat- PROSTATOCE'LE. Prostatoncus.
omy to a muscle of the ear. PROSTATON'CUS. From npoarara,
PRO'RA. The occiput. prostate, and oyKog, a tumor. Swelling
PROSECTOR. From proseco, to cut. of the prostate gland.
One who dissects a subject for anatomical PROSTHESIS. In Surgery, the re-
demonstration. placement of a lost organ or part with an
PROS'ENCHYMA. From npoaeyX eu, I artificial substitute. In Medicine, an over-
pour still more upon. In Botany, the cel- lapping, as of one febrile paroxysm upon
lular tissue in its first approach to the another.
condition of woody tissue, the cellules of Prosthesis, Dental. The replacement
 ; ;

PRO 614 PRU

of the loss of one or more teeth with an PROTOX'YD. From npuroc, first, and
artificial substitute. See Artificial Teeth. oxyd. The first or lowest degree of ox-
PROSTOM'IA. From npo, before, and ydation of a body capable of combining
crofja, mouth. The commissure of the lips. with oxygen in several different propor-
PROSTRATION. Prostra'tio. Depres- tions.
sion of strength and partial loss of volun- PROTOZO'A. From npurog, first, and
tary power over the muscles. C"ov, animal. The lowest class animals,
PRO'TEA. A genus of plants of the or those which have only the first step of
order Proteacece. organization.
Protea Melif'eba. Honey-bearing PROTRACTOR. In Surgery, an in-
protea, a South African plant. The in- strument for the removal of extraneous
spissated liquor of the involucra and flow- bodies from wounds.
ers, afforded during inflorescence, forms a PROTU'BERANCE. Protubcran'tia
syrup said to be useful in pulmonary dis- from pro, before, and tuber, a puff, bunch,
eases. A similar liquid is afforded by some or projection. In Anatomy, irregularly
of the other species. rounded eminences on the surface of the
PROTEINE. From nparevo, I take bones, as the occipital and parietal f>ro-
the first rank. An organic compound tuberances. In Pathology, a swelling or
described* by Mulder as the basis of albu- tumor on the body.
men, fibrin, casein and gluten. Liebig PROTUBERANTIA. A protuberance.
and his school deny its existence, and Pbotubebantia Annula'bis. The
Mulder himself acknowledges that it has pons Varolii.
not yet been obtained in absolute purity. Protubebantia Cylind'bica. The
It was thought to have the same composi- cornu ammonis.
tion with albumen, casein and fibrin, less PROVENTRIC'ULUS. From npo, be-
the sulphur and phosphorus of these com- fore, and ventriculus, the stomach. In
pounds. Ornithology, the bulbous expansion at the
PROTEINOUS. Proteina'ceous. Of termination of the oesophagus above the
or belonging to proteine. gizzard of birds.
PROTH'ESIS. Prosthesis, which see. PROXIMAL. Proximate.
PROTHO'RAX. FromTrpo, before, and PROX'IMATE. Prox'imus. Nearest;
i9wpa£, a shield. In Entomology, the first next in order.
segment of the thorax in insects. Pboximate Anal'ysis. In Chemistry,
PROTO-. A prefix, from npuroc, first, the resolution of a substance into the
denoting, in Chemistry, the lowest degree secondary compounds of which it is com-
inwhich one body unites with another posed ; opposed to ultimate analysis,
and in Botany and Zoology, the lowest or which consists in the resolution of a sub-
earliest form of a plant or animal. stance into its absolute elements.
FROT'OMUS. A dissector. Pboximate Cause. That which im-
PROTOPATHTC. Protopath'icus; from mediately precedes and produces the
-rrpurog, first, and rcadoc, a disease. Idio- effect.

pathic ;
primary disease. Pboximate Pbin'ciples. The distinct
PROTOPHYTE. From npuroc, first, compounds which exist ready formed in
and <I>vtov, a plant. A vegetable produc- animals and vegetables, as albumen, fat,

tion of the lowest organization, as a cryp- &c ; the elements of which proximate
togamic plant ; a fungus. principles are composed are called ulti-

PROTOSALT. In Chemistry, the salt mate principles. See Principles.

of a protoxyd. PRU'NA. An anthrax.
PROTOSUL'PHATE. In Chemistry, PRUNE. Pru'num. A plum, the
a compound of sulphuric acid with a pro- fruit of the Primus domestica, also, the
toxyd. tree itself.
 PRU 615 PSE

PRUNEL'LA. A genus of plants of cle, but without redness or much inflam-

the order Labiatce. mation, except from violent friction, and
Prunella Vulga'ris. Self-heal ; heal- attended with an itching sensation. When
all. It is astringent and was formerly neglected it terminates in the itch. 2.
used in decoction in hemorrhages and di- Prurigo formicans, usually affects adults,
arrhoea. and the papulae are sometimes larger and
PRU'NUM. A plum a prune.
j sometimes not so distinct as the first spe-
Prunum Gal'licum. See Primus Do- j
cies, but attended with incessant and in-
mestica. tolerable itching. The eruption is diffused
Prunum Sylves'tre. See Primus Spi- over the whole body, except the face, feet
nosa. i
and palms of the hands, and sometimes
PRU'NUS. A genus of plants of the terminates in a non-contagious pustular
order Rosacea. eruption. 3. Prurigo senilis, a disease
Prunus Armeni'aca. The apricot, a somewhat similar to the second species of
delicious fruit when ripe, and easy of di- prurigo, though generally of a more per-
gestion. manent and aggravated form.
Prunus A'vium. The black cherry tree. PRURITUS. Itching; prurigo.
It exudes a gum possessing properties sim PRUS'SIAN BLUE. Ferri feirosesqvi-
ilar to those of gum Arabic. cyani'dum. Ferro cyanide of iron ; ferro-
Prunus Cer'asus. The red cherry sesquicyanide of iron; a beautiful deep blue
tree. It bears a wholesome and pleasant compound much used as a pigment. The
acidulous fruit. composition of the pure anhydrous Prus-
Prunus Domes'tica. The plum
sian blue is 3FeCy+2Fe2 Cyj.
or In Phar-
damson tree. The fruit of this species is macy this salt- is used in the preparation
employed as a dessert. It possesses laxa- of hydrocyanic acid and the cyanuret of
tive properties. mercury. In Medicine it is sometimes used
Prunus Insi'tia. The bullace plum as a tonic and febrifuge.
tree. The fruit is similar to the damson. PRUS'SIATE. A cyanide or ferro-cy-
Prunus Lauro-Cer'asus. The poison anide.
laurel, cherry laurel, and Alexandrian Prussiate of Iron. Prussian blue.
laurel. See Cerasus Lauro-Cerasus. PRUSSICACID. Hydrocyanic acid.
Prunus Pa'dus. The wild cluster or PRUS'SINE. Cyanogen.
bird cherry tree. The berries of this spe- PSALLOI'DES. See Corpus Psalloides.
cies have been used in dysentery, and the PSALTE'RIUM. See Lyra.
bark, which is astringent, in intermittents. PSELLIS'MUS. From yeUifr, I stut-
Prunus Spino'sa. The sloe tree. The ter. Imperfect articulation of speech. In
fruit of this species is astringent. Good's Nosology, a genus in the class pneu-
Prunus Virginia'na. The wild cherry matica, order phonica.
tree. The bark and sedative, and
is tonic PSEUD^ESTHE'SIA. From fevdrjc,
has been used in hectic and intermittent false, and cuadavonai, I feel. Depraved
fevers, in phthisis and dyspepsia. feeling.
PRURI'GO. Pruritus ; from prurio, PSEUDARTHRO'SIS. From fw*Kt
I itch. A term employed by Willan and false, and aptipav, a joint. A false joint.
Bateman to designate a genus of cutane- PSEUDO-. A prefix from ^«wA», false,
ous diseases, characterized by a trouble- denoting spuriousness.
some itching, and accompanied by an PSEUDOBLEP'SIS. From i>evt n g,
eruption of papules of nearly the same false, and /3Aei/)tf, sight. Perverted vis-
color as the adjoining cuticle, comprehend- ion ; depraved sight, in which objects ap-
ing three species. 1. Prurigo mill's, which pear different from what they are.
affects young persons, and is characterized Pseudo-Crgup. Laryngismus stridulus,,
by soft and smooth elevations of the cuti- which see.
 PSO 616 PSO

Pseudocye'sis. False conception. PSORA'LEA. A genus of plants of the

Pseuuo-Membbane. A false membrane order Leguminosce.
consisting of an organized layer of effused Psobalea Glandueo'sa. A Chilian
lymph. shrub, supposed to possess vulnerary pro-
Pseudo-Phthisis. Emaciation result- perties.
ing from other causes than tubercles of the Psobalea Pentaphyl'la. The Mex-
lungs. ican contrayerva.
Pseudo-Pleueitis. Pleurodynia. PSORI'ASIS. From V«P<*, the itch. A
Pseudo-Pybe'thbum. Achillea Ptar- cutaneous eruption, consisting of patches
mica, which see. of rough amorphous scales, sometimes
PSEUDOREXTA. False or perverted continuous, and sometimes in separate
appetite. patches, varying in size of an irregular
;

PSEUDO-RHONCHUS. A sound figure, and attended with chaps in the

heard during respiration like the ordinary skin. It has, according to Dr. Wilan,
rhonchi in the air passages, but which is the following varieties : 1. Psoriasis gut-
exterior to these, as in the case of pleural tata, which consists of irregular patches of
pseudo-rhonchi. laminated scales, with little or no inflam-
PSEUDODOS'MIA. False or perverted mation. 3. Psoriasis diffusa, consisting of
sense of smell. large, irregularly circumscribed, reddish
PSEUDOTOX'IN. A yellow, soluble patches upon the skin, which are rough,
substance, obtained from the watery ex- fissured, with scales interspersed, and
tract of belladonna. wrinkled. It appears most frequently on
PSEU'DOPODS. Pseudopo'da; from the cheeks, temples, upper eyelids, corners
%pev6r)g, false, and novg, foot. A tribe of of the eyes, neck, chin, external ear, the
polygastric infusoria, in which the body, back of the forearm, hand and fingers,

by various contractions and changes of sometimes causing the nails to crack and
form, produces pediform processes. exfoliate. It also affects the fleshy part of
PSEUDY'MEN. False membrane. the lower extremities. 3. Psoriasis gi/rata,
PSID'IUM. A genus of plants of the characterized by slight cutaneous scales,

order Myrtaeeos. narrow patches of a circular

distributed in
Psidium Pomif'ebum. The tree which or semicircular form, with vermiform ap-
bears the red guava apple, a fruit some- pendages. 4. Psoriasis palmaria, an
thing like the pomegranate, and from obstinate species of tetter, mostly confined
which a delicious jelly is made. to the palms of the hands. 5. Psoriasis

PSILOTHRA. Depilatory applications. labialis, characterized by scaliness of the

PSO'^E. The loins ; also, the name of skin intermixed with fissures and chaps,
two pair of muscles. and is often wholly confined to the lip. 6.

PSO' AS. From ipoai, the loins. Belong- Psoriasis scrotalis, consisting of scaliness
ing to the loins. of the scrotum, attended with heat, red-
Psoas Abscess. Lumbar abscess. ness, tension and itching. 7. Psoriasis
Psoas Magnus. A long, thick muscle, infantilis, characterized by scaly patches
situated on the anterior and lateral parts of various sizes, on the cheeks, chin, breast,
of the lumbar vertebra?. back, nates and thighs, occurring between
Psoas Pabvus. A muscle situated an- the ages of two months and two years. 8.
terior to the psoas magnus. Psoriasis inveterata, consisting of scali-
PSOITIS. Inflammation of the psoa? ness of the skin generally, which becomes
muscles. harsh, dry, thickened, red and deeply fur-
PSOLON'CUS. Swelling of the penis, rowed.
or glans penis. PSO'RICUS. Pertaining to psora.
PSO'RA. Scabies; itch. PSOROPHTHAL'MIA. From ipupa, the

Psoba Lepeo'sa. Psoriasis. itch, and otydaluog, the eye. Ophthalmia

 ;

PTE 617 PTE

tarsi. Inflammation of the eyelids, at- PTEROCAR'PUS. A genus of plants
tended with itching and ulceration. of the order Legmninosce.
PSYCHA'GOGUES. From rpv X n, life, Pterocarpus Dra'co. One of the
soul, and ayu } I move. Medicines which specieswhich yields dragon's-blood.
resuscitate, as in cases of syncope. Pterocarpus Erina'ceus. The tree
PSY'CHE. The mind which is supposed to yield the African
or soul.
PSYCHIATRFA. From +m, mind, kino.
and larpeia, healing. Treatment of mental Pterocarpus Santali'nus. The red
sanders tree, used as a coloring matter.
PSY'CHICAL. Relating to the mind, PTERODAC'TYLE. Pterodac 'tylus ;
or mental endowments. Also, sometimes from nrepov, a wing, and <5aKrv/lo?, a digit.
applied to analogous phenomena in the A genus of extinct reptiles, the second
lower animals. digit of the hand of which is very long,
PSYCHOLOGY. Psycholog'ia ; from and is supposed to have supported a
ipvxv, the mind, and hoyog } a discourse. A wing-like expansion of the skin.
treatise on the moral or intellectual facul- PTEROPO'DA. Pter'opods; from
ties. Mental philosophy. irrepov, a wing, and novg, a foot. A
PSYCIIOMAN'CY. From y\>v Xv, the class of mollusks in which the organs of
soul, and [lavreia, prophecy. A species of motion are shaped like wings.
divination in which was supposed the
it PTEROS'PORA. A genus of plants
spirits of the dead appeared to communi- of the order Monotropem.
cate the desired information. Pterospora Andromedea. Scaly
PSYCHROM'ETER. From ipvxpog, dragon claw; fever root; an indigenous
cool, and fierpov, measure. An instrument plant, the root of which is supposed to
for measuring the tension of the watery be anthelmintic, diuretic, and emmena-
vapor contained in the atmosphere. gogue.
PSYCHO'TRIA EMET'ICA. One of PTERYGTANS. Pteryg'ia. Pteropoda.
the plants which yield ipecacuanha. PTERYG'IUM. Pteryg'ion; from
PSYCHROLU'SIA. Psychrdu'trum nrepv!;, a wing. An excrescence, of a
from tyvxpog, cold, and Tiova, I wash. A triangular shape, occurring in the inner
cold hath. canthus of the eye, and from thence ex-
PSYDRA'CIUM. From ipvdpaiua, a tending over the cornea.
pustule. A small irregularly circumscribed PTER'YGO-PAL'ATINE. Belonging
pustule, which terminates in a laminated or relating to the pterygoid process and
scab. palate.
PTAR'MICA. A plant of the genus Pterygo-Pharynge'us. The constric-
Achillea. See Achillea Ptarmica. tor pharyngeus superior.
PTAR'MICUS. From nraipu, to sneeze. PTER'YGOID. Pterygoi'des ; pterygoi-
An errhine ; a sternutatory. deus ; from nrepv^ a wing, and eidoc,

PTE'LEA. A genus of plants of the resemblance. Resembling the wing of a

order liutacece. bird.
Ptelea Trifolia'ta. Shrubby trefoil. Pterygoid Artery. The superior
A plant, native of America and India, pharyngeal artery also, the branches fur- ;

the young leaves and young shoots of nished to the pterygoid muscle.
which are said to be anthelmintic. It Pterygoid Bone. The sphenoid bone.
bears a bitter aromatic fruit, used as a Pterygoid Canal. The narrow chan-
substitute for hops. nel which traverses the base of the ptery-
PTERIS. A genus of plants of the goid process.
order Filices. Pterygoid Fossa. The depression
Pteris Aquili'na. The common brake between the alas of the pterygoid process.
or female fern ; the root is anthelmintic. Pterygoid Muscles. The pterygoi-
 PTI 618 PUB
deus extern us, and the pterygoideus inter- cate, bruise, or pound. A ptisan. A de-
ims, which see. coction of decorticated barley, or other
Ptervgoid Nkrves. The Vidian nerves; vegetable matters.
also, the branches of the inferior maxil- PTO'SIS. From nmru, to fall. Pro-
lary, distributed to the pterygoid muscles. lapsus, or falling of the upper eyelids.
Pterygoid Processes. The descend- Ptosis Ir'idis. A prolapsus of the iris

ing processes of the sphenoid bone. through a wound in the cornea.

PTERYGOIDE'US. Pterygoid. PTYAL'AGOGUE. A sialagogue.
Pterygoideus Exter'ntjs. A muscle PTY'ALIN.
albuminous Ptyaline. An
arising from the outward surface of the constituent of the saliva, but in such a
external plate of the pterygoid process of state of change as to act the part of a
the sphenoid bone, from the tuberosity of ferment. Upon its presence the peculiar
the superior maxilla ; and from the ridge properties of this liquid apjiear to depend.
on the sphenoid bone, separating Without being identical with albumen and
the
zygomatic from the pterygoid fossa,and casein, according to Professor Lehmann it
inserted into the inner side of the neck of closely resembles both.
the lower jaw. PTY'ALISM. Ptyalis'mus; from
Pterygoideus Inter'nus. A muscle irrvaTufa, to spit. Salivation; an in-
arising tendinous and fleshy from the creased secretion of saliva. See Saliva-
internal surface of the pterygoid plate, tion.

fillingup the greater part of the pterygoid Ptyalism, Mercurial. Mercurial sali-
fossa, and inserted tendinous and fleshy vation. See Salivation, Mercurial.
in the inner face of the angle of the lower PTYS'MA. Jlrvam, spittle. Sputum,
jaw and capsular ligaments of the articu- which see.
lation. PTY'ALON. Tlrvalov, spittle; also,

The pterygoideus extemus and interims saliva.

are the great agents concerned in produc- PTYS'MAGOGUE. From nrvafia,

ing the grinding motion of the jaws, and saliva, and ayu, to drive. Expectorant;
this they do by acting alternately. a sialagogue.
The external one is triangular, having PUBER'TAS. The age of puberty.
its base at the pterygoid process, and PUBERTY; The period of life when
running outward and backward to the an individual becomes capable of propa-
neck of the condyle. When the pair act gation.

together, the lower jaw

thrown for-
is PU'BES. The lower part of the hypo-
ward. The internal is strong and thick, gastric region, which after the age of
placed on the inside of the ramus of the puberty is covered with hair.
jaw, and running downward and back- PUBESCENCE. The state of a youth
ward to the an^le. When it and its who has arrived at puberty, or the state
fellow act together, the jaw is drawn for- of puberty. In Botany, the short hairs or
ward and closed. down which partially covers the cuticle
Pterygoideus Major. The ptery- of leaves.
goideus interims muscle. PUBES'CENT. Covered with soft wool
Pterygoideus Minor. The ptery- or hair.
goideus externus muscle. PUBIC. Fubuf'us. Belonging to or
PTRRYGO'MA. A wing; a pendulous concerning the pubis.
body. Pubic Arch. The arch at the anterior
PTERYX. Awing; ala. part of the inferior circumference of the
PTILO'SIS. From nrikog, bald. Ma- pelvis, formed by the union of the two
daroais. Loss of the eyelashes, caused ossa pubis.
by chronic inflammation. Pubic Articula'tion. The symphy-
PTFSANA. From miaou, to decorti- sis pubis.
 PUE 619 PUL
Pubic Lig'aments. The two liga- PUERILTTAS. Dotage ; senile de-
ments, called the anterior and inferior lirium, or imbecility.
pubic, by which the two ossa pubis are PUERTERA. From puer, a child,
connected. and parere, to bring forth. A lying-in
Pubic Region. Jie'gio pubis. The woman one ; recently delivered.
centre of the hypogastric region. PUER'PERAL. Pertaining to child-
PUBIO-COCCYGE'US ANNULARIS. birth, as puerperal convulsions.
Name given by Dumas to the Levator ani Puerperal Convulsions. Convul-
and Isclno-coccygeus muscles. women.
sions of parturient
Pubio-Femokal. Name given by Puerperal Fever. Any fever occur-
Chaussier to the Adductor longus femoris ring during the puerperal state, but gen-
muscle. erally restricted to a malignant form of
Pubio-Ombilical. Name given by peritonitis.
Dumas to the Pyramidalis muscle of the PUFF-BALL. A fungus or mushroom,
abdomen. full of dust, the Lxjcoperdon bovista.
Pubio-Sous-Ombilical. Name given PUF'FINESS. Inflation of the integu-
by Chaussier to the Pyramidalis muscle ments, caused by an effusion of air, ex-
of the abdomen. travasation of blood, or accumulation of
P u b 1 o-S ternal. Name given by serum.
Dumas to the Rectus abdominis muscle. PUGIL'LUS. From pugnus, the fist.

PUBIS OS. The anterior part of the The eighth part of a handful.
os innominatum. PUKING. Vomiting.
PUCCOON. A red vegetable pig- PULE'GIUM. See Mentha pulegium.
ment, used by the North American In- Pulegium Cervi'num. See Mentha
dians, supposed to be obtained from the cervina.
Sanguinaria canadensis. PU'LEX. A genus (tf apterous insects,
PUDDING STONE. A conglomerate in which a single impregnation serves for
of rounded pebbles united by silicious six or seven generations.
paste. Polished sections are sometimes Pulex Irri'tans. A small insect ; the
used for ornameutal purposes. common flea.
PUDENDA. The genital organs. Pulex Pen'etrans. A small tick ; tho
PUDEND'AGRA. Pain, or any dis- jigger, chigoe, or chicpue.
ease in the genital parts. PULICA'RIS. A cutaneous eruption
P U D END UM. Puden'da ; from pu- resembling gnat-bites; applied, also, to
dere, to be ashamed. The parts of gene- diseases attended by such eruptions.
ration. PULMO. The lung, which see.
Pudendum Muliebre. The female PUL MOGRADES. Pulmogra'da; from
parts of generation ; the vulva. pidmo, a lung, and gradior, I advance.
PUDIBIL'IA. From pudere, to be A tribe of medusa?, which swim by the
ashamed. The genital organs of the male. contraction of the vascular margin of tho
PU'DIC. Pudi'cus. That which causes respiratory disc.
shame. Belonging to the pudenda. PULMONA'RIA. A genus of plants
Pudic Ar'teries. The arteries dis- of the order Boraginacece.
tributed to the parts of generation. Pulmonaria Arbo'rea. See Lichen
Pudic Nerve. A
branch derived from pulmonarius.
the sacral plexus, and distributed to the Pulmonaria Macula'ta. The leaves
genital organs. of this species are slightly astringent and
PU'ERILE. Pueri'lis ; from puer, a mucilaginous. Pectoral and demulcent
child. A term applied to loud respiration properties have been ascribed to them.
when heard through the stethoscope, as Pulmonaria Ofeicina'lis. The spotted
in healthy children. lung- wort; Jerusalem cowslip.
 PUL 620 PUL
PUL'MONARY. Pulmondlis. Belong- soft pxdse, a wiry pulse, a weak pulse,
ing or relating to the lungs. with numerous other varieties.
Pulmonary Artery. The artery which PULSILO'GIUM. Pulsile'gium; pulr
carries the blood from the right ventricle sim'eter. An instrument for measuring
of the heart to the lungs. the frequency and force of the pulse.

Pulmonary Circulation. See Circu- PULSIMANTTA. Prognosis by the

lation. pulse.

Pulmonary Consumption. Ththisis PULSIM'ETER. Pulsilogium.

pulmonalis. PUL'SUS. Pulse.

Pulmonary Plexus. The bronchial Pulsus Cor'dis. The impulse of the

plexus. heart.

Pulmonary Transpiration. The Pulsus Di'crotus. A pulse which con-

aqueous vapor thrown out in expira- veys the impression to the fingers of a dou-
tion. ble pulsation ; a rebounding pulse.
Pulmonary Veins. The veins which Pulsus Serri'nus. A pulse in which
receive the blood from the minute extrem- some of the beats are strong and otherB
ities of the pulmonary artery, unite into weak.
four trunks and empty themselves into the Pulsus Sudora'lis. A pulse indicating
left auricle of the heart. the approach of perspiration.
PULMONATA. Pulmona'tes. An Pulsus Tardus. A slow pulse.
order of gastropodous mollusks which Pulsus Vacuus. A pulse which con-
breathe air to which the blood is exposed veys the sensation of emptiness of the ar-
while circulating through a vascular net- tery.
work lining the internal surface of the Pulsus Veno'sus. Pidsus vena'rum.
bronchial cavities. The pulsation sometimes felt in the jugu-
PULMONIC. Belonging or relating to lar vein, occasioned by the regurgitation of
the lungs ; applied to individuals suffer- some of the blood from the right ventricle
ing from pulmonary disease. to the right auricle, indicating obstruction
PULMONI'TIS. See Pneumonitis. of the pulmonary arteries.

PULP. Pulpa. In Botany, the soft, suc- PULTA'CEOUS. Macerated; nearly

culent parts of plants and fruits. In Anat- fluid ; having the consistence of porridge.
omy, the soft and vascular part of a tooth PULTICE. A poultice.
situated in the central chamber of the PULVERIZATION. Pulveriza'tio. The
organ ; rudiment of a tooth.
also, the operation of reducing hard substances to
Pulp, Dental. See Dental Pulp also, powder. ;

Teeth, Pulps and Sacs of. PULVER'ULENT. In the state of a

PULPA DENTIS. A dental pulp. powder.
PULPAMEN. A pulp. PULVI'NAR. Pulvina'rium. A medi-
PULPING. Pulpa'tion; pidpa'tio. The cated pillow.
act of reducing a vegetable substance to PULVINAR HUMULI. A pillow of hops,
a pulp. sometimes employed in mania.
PULPO'SUS. Pulpy, soft. PUL'VIS. A powder; a substance re-
PULSATION. The beating duced by pulverization into a powder.
Pulsa'tio.
of the heart and arteries ; also, the beatingPulvis Al'oes Compos'itus. Ph. L.
of an inflamed part. Compound powder of aloes.
PULSE. Pulsus; from pulso, I beat. Pulvis Aloes et Canel'l;E. U. S.
The beating of the arteries, but generally Powder of aloes and canella.
felt at the wrist by pressing the fingers Pulvis Alu'minis Compositus. Ph. E.
upon the radial artery. A great number Compound powder of alum.
of characters of pulse have been enume- Pulvis Antimonia'lis. Antimonial
rated, as a strong pulse, a hard pulse, a powder.
 ;

PUM 621 PUN

Pulvis Antimo'nii Compositus. Com- process of finishing pieces of mechanical
pound powder of antimony. dentistry.
Pulvis Aromat'icus. U. S. and Ph. E. PUMIL'IO. Pu'miltis. A dwarf, which
Aromatic powder. see.

Pulvis As'ari Compos'itits. Ph. D. PUMPERNICKEL. A very nourish-

Compound powder of asarabacca. ing species of bread made of bran, and
Pulvis Capucino'hum. Powdered ceva- peculiar to Westphalia.
dilla. PUNCH. Rhizagra; from pungere, to
PuLvrs Cinnamo'mi Compositus. Ph. prick. An instrument sometimes em-
L. Aromatic powder. ployed in the extraction of tcetb. It is
Pulvis Comitiss'.e. Cinchona powder. called by the French pied^de-biche, (hind's
Pulvis Cor'nu Cervi'ni Us'ti. « Burnt foot,) and consists of a steel shaft, fixed in
hartshorn. a bulbous handle, parallel to its length
Pulvis Cre't^e Compositus. Ph. L. and the extremity bent a little downward, bi-
D. Compound powder of chalk. furcated and grooved upon its upper sur-
Pulvis Cret;e Compositus cum O'pii. face. Also, a steel instrument, with a
Ph. L. and D. Compound powder of chalk small, hardened point, used for making
with opium, holes through thin plates of softer metal,
Pulvis Cret^e Opia'tus. Compound as the backings of mineral teeth, for the
powder of chalk with opium. platina rivets. See Extraction of Koots
Pulvis Ipecacuan'ile Compositus. of Teeth.
Powder of ipecacuanha and opium. Do- Punch. An alcoholic drink composed
ver's powder. of spirit, lemon juice and sugar.
Pulvis Ipecacuanha et Opii. Dover's Punch Forceps. In Mechanical Den-
powder. tistry, an instrument resembling a pair of
Pulvis Jal'apa Compos'itus. TI. S. forceps, employed for punching holes
Ph. E. and D. Compound powder of jalap. through the metallic backings for the rivets
Pulvis Ki'no Compositus. Ph. L. and of mineral plate teeth.
D. Compound powder of kino. PUNCTA OSSIFICATIO'NIS. Points
Pulvis pro Cataplas'mate. Ph. D. of ossification.
Powder for a cataplasm. PUNCTATE. Dotted.
Pulvis Ehe'i Compositus. Ph. E. PUNCTIC'UL^R. Petechia}.
Compound powder of rhubarb. PUNC'TUM. From pungere, to prick.
Pulvis Sali'nus Compositus. Ph. E. A point a stitch. ;

and D. Compound saline powder. Punctum Au'reum. Punc'tura aurea.

Pulvis Scammo'nii Compositus. Ph. The name of an operation formerly per-
L. and D. Compound powder of seam- formed for the reduction of intestinal her-
mony. nia.

Pulvis Sen'nje Compositus. Compound Punctum Sa'liens. The first point

powder of senna. developed after the fecundation of the
Tulvis Spon'gije Ustte. Ph. D. Pow- germ. > *

der of burnt sponge. PUNCTU'RA. A puncture ; also, para-

Pulvis Stan'ni. U. S. Powder of tin. centesis.
Pulvis Tragacan'tha Compositus. PUNCTURE. Punctu'ra. The act of
Ph. L. and E. Compound powder of perforating with a small pointed instru-
tragacanth. ment, or a hole made by it.

PU'MEX. Pumice. PUNCTURED WOUND. A wound

PUM'ICE. A porous volcanic substance, made by a long pointed instrument, pene-
sometimes used in a finely pulverized state, trating to a considerable depth.
in connection with other ingredients, as a PUNCTURING. Piercing with a small
dentifrice. It is also used by some in the pointed instrument.
40
 ;

PUR 622 PUR

PUN'GENT. Sharp j stinging 5 biting PU'RIFORM. Purifor'mis; from pus,
acrid. and forma, resemblance. That which re-

PU'NICA. A genus of plants of the sembles or has the character of pus.

order Myrtacece. P URL. An infusion of wormwood and
Punioa Grana'tum. The pomegran- aromatics in malt liquor.
ate. Tlie rind of the fruit and flowers are PURPLE POWDER OF CASSIUS.
astringent. A peculiar matter, called Aurum stanno paratum. See Cassius, pre-
Grenadia, is obtained from the bark. cipitate.
PUNK. A species of fungus, the Bo- PURPLES. Purpura Hemorrhagica,
letus iyniarius, used as a tinder. See which see.

Boletus Igniarius. PUR'PURA. A purple color. Livid

PU'PA. Pupe. An insect in the third, spots upon the skin, occasioned by an
or last state but one, of its existence. extravasation of blood, and attended by
PUTTL. Pupil'la. The opening of debility and pains in the limbs.
the iris, through which the rays of light Purpura Al'ba. A term applied by
pass. some writers to miliary fever, when the
Pupil Artificial. An opening formed pustules are white. When the pustules
through the iris after it is closed. are red it is termed purpura rubra.
Pupil, Closure of the. See Synezizis. Purpura Contagiosa. The occurrence
PITIL'LuE VELUM. The pupillary of petechia) in typhoid fevers.
membrane. Purpura H^emorrhag'ica. Land
PUPILLA'RIS. Pupillary. scurvy. In this species, the spots are of
Pupillaris Membra'na. The pupil- different sizes, irregular shape, of a livid

lary membrane. and interspersed with marks resem-

color,
PUPILLARY. Pupilla'ris; from pu- bling those left by the strokes of a whip,
pilla, the pupil. Belonging to the pupil. appearing on the thighs, arms and trunk
Pupillary Mem'brane. Membraua of the body; with a tendency to hemor-
pupillaris, which see. rhage from the gums, nostrils, throat,
PUPIP'AROUS. Insects which pro- tongue and inside of the cheeks and lips,

duce their young in a pupa state, as the and sometimes from the external ear, in-
Hippobosca equina, or forest-Hy. side of the eyelids, and from the viscera.
P UR'BLINDNESS. Dimness of sight. The disease is attended with great debility
See Myopyia. and languor, and may continue for months
PURGAMENTUM. A purge. or years.
PURGATION. Purga'tio. Catharsis \
Purpura Nau'tica. Sea scurvy. See
the action of purgative medicine. Scorbutus.
PURGATIO'NES. The menses. Purpura Seni'lis. A kind of pur-
PURG'ATIVE. From purgare, to pura which affects elderly women, charac-
cleanse. A medicine which increases very terizedby the appearance of purple spots
considerably the alvine evacuations. of an irregular form, and varying in size,
PURGE. A purgative. * on the outside of the forearm.
Purge Root. See Euphorbia Corollata. Purpura Simplex. This consists of
rURGTNG. A diarrhoea; preternat- numerous petechia), without much consti-
ural evacuation of the intestines. tutional disturbance. At times it is ac-
Purging Flax. Common name of Li- companied by languor, pain in the limbs,
num catharticum. and sallowness of complexion.
Purging-Nut. See Jatropha Curcas. Purpura Urticans. This consists of
PURIF'ICANS. Purifying. circular elevations of the cuticle which
PURIFICANTIA. A term applied in gradually dilate, and in a short time sub-
Therapeutics to medicines that cleanse or side, assuming a darker and ultimately
purify the blood. a livid appearance.
 PUT 623 PYO
PURPU'RATE. A combination of pur- affections, as typhus fever, which exhibit
puric acid with a salifiable base. the characters of putridity.
PURPU'REUS. Purple. PUTRIDTTAS. Putridity.
PURPU'RIC ACID. An acid obtained PUTRIDITY. Putrefaction.
from uric or lithic acid, having a remarka- PU'TRILAGE. Pulrila'go. Theputa-
ble tendency to form red or purple-colored ceous matter thrown off from certain gan-
salts with alkaline bases. grenous and other ulcers.
PURPU'RINE. A red pigment of PYCNAN'THEMUM. A genus of
urine. plants of the order Labiatce.
PUR'RING TREMOR. A peculiar Pycnanthemum Inca'num. Common
vibration communicated to the hand in mountain mint ; wild basil ; an indigenous
those states of the heart and arteries, in plant, possessing aromatic properties simi-
which the bellows or rasp sound is detected lar to those of the mints.

by auscultation, which is compared to the Pycnanthemum Linifo'lium. Vir-

purring of the cat. ginia thyme, a plant possessing properties
PUR'SINESS. Obesity. similar to the Pycnanthemum incanum.
PURS'LANE. A plant of the genus PYEC'CHYSIS. An effusion of pus.
Fortulaca. PYELITIS. From ™e?.oc, pelvis, and
PU'RULENT. Purulen'tus; from pus. itis, signifying inflammation. Inflamma-
A term applied to all collections of matter tion of the pelvis and catyees of the kidney.
which consist of pus, and to diseases char- PYE'SIS. Suppuration.
T
acterized by its formation. PY G'MY. A dwarf; an appellation
PUS. Matter. The product of sup- given by the ancients to a fabulous race
puration consequent on inflammation of of beings inhabiting the upper Nile, said
the cellular tissue. When of a good qual- to have been destroyed by the cranes.
ity, it is of a yellowish-white color, in- PY'INE. From nvov, pus. A peculiar
odorous, heavier than water, and of a substance derived by Gutcrbock from pus.
creamy consistence. PYLEMPHRAXTS. From™?^, porta,
TUSILLA'TUM. PwsuWhim; from a gate,and e^pa^, obstruction. Ob-
pusillus, small. A coarse powder. struction of the vena porta.
PUSTULA O'RIS. Aphth». PYLORIC. Pylor'icus. Belonging or
PUS'T ULE. Pus'tula ; from pus, m at- relating to the pylorus.
ter. An elevation of the cuticle, some- Pyloric Artery. A branch of the
times of a globate, and sometimes of a hepatic, distributed to the pylorus and
conical form, with an inflamed base, con- lesser curvature of the stomach.
taining pus or lymph. PYLO'RUS. From 7rvAj?, an entrance,
PUT A 'MEN. From puto, to prune or and o>peu, to guard. The lower orifice of
cut. The innermost layer of the pericarp the stomach is so called because it closes
of osseous fruits, as the walnut. the entrance into the intestinal canal.
PUTRE'DO. Hospital gangrene; pu- PYOCHEZTA. From nvov, pus, and
trefaction. X^u I go to stool. Purulent diarrhoea.
,

PUTREFACTION. Putrefac'tio; from PYOCCE'LIA. From irvov, pus, and

pufrcfacio, to make rotten. The decom- Koilia, the belly. An accumulation of pus
position of organized matter, attended in the abdominal cavity.
with a foetid exhalation. Putrefactive PYOCYS'TIS. From irvov, pus, and
fermentation. kvotic, a cyst. A cyst containing purulent
PUTRESCENT. Pnires'eens. Becom- matter, especially in the lungs. See Vom-
ing putrid, or pertaining to the process of ica.

putrefaction. PYODES. Purulent.

PUTRESCENTS. Putrefaction. PYOEM'ESIS. From irvov, pus, and
PU'TRID. An epithet applied to some e/ajoiCf vomiting. Vomiting pus.
 FYR 624 PYR
PYOGENTA. Pijogen'esis; from nvov, FY'REN. A colorless crystalline sub-

pus, and yeveaig, generation. The elabor- stance obtained from pitch.
ation of pus ; the theory of the manner of PYRENETTE. A mineral found in
its formation. limestone, supposed to be a variety of gar-
PYOGENIC. Pyogen'icus. Connected net.
with the formation of pus. PYRE'THRIN. A resinous substance
PYOHiEMIA. From nvov, pus, and found in the root of thePellitory of Spain.
atfia, blood. Alteration of the blood by- PYRE'T HRUM. Anthemis pyrcthrum.
pus. PYRETIC. Pyret'icus; from m>p, fire.
PYOME'TRA. From nvov, pus, and Pertaining to fever.
lirjTpa, womb. A collection of pus in the PYRETICO'SIS. A febrile disease.
womb. PYRETOG'RAPHY. Pyretograph'ia;
PYON. Tivm>. Tus. from -nvperog, fever, and ypa<j>V, a descrip-
PYOPHTHAL'MIA. Pyophthal'my. tion. A description of fevers.
Purulent ophthalmy. PYRETOL'OGIST. Pyreiologis'ta. A
PYOP'TYSIS. From ttvov, pus, and physician who devotes himself exclusively
7itvw, I spit. Spitting of pus. to the study and treatment of fever.
PYORRHAG'IA. From nvov, pus, and PYRETOL'OGY. Pyretolog'ia ; from
pTjyvvjii, to brush out. A
sudden and co- nvpeiog, fever, and toyog, a discourse. The
pious discharge of pus, or purulent mat- doctrine of fevers.
ter. PYRETOS. Fever.
PYORRIKE'A. From nvov, pus,
and PYREXIA. From *vp, fire. Fever.
pew, I flow. A discharge of purulent mat- PYREX'LE. Febrile diseases. The
ter. first class of Cullen's Nosology.
PYO'SIS. Suppuration. PYREXIAE. Pyrexia'lis. Febrile.
PYOTU'PJA. Pyuria. PYRTFORM. Pyrifor'mis; from pyrum,
PYOU'RIA. Pyuria, which see. a pear, and forma, resemblance. Pear-
FYHAL'LOLITE. A white or greenish shaped.
mineral consisting essentially of silica. It PYRIFOR'MIS. In Anatomy, a small
undergoes various changes of color when muscle of the pelvis, situated under the
exposed to heat. gluteus maximus.
PYR' AMID. Fyr'amis. In Anatomy, a PYRITES. Minerals presenting a
small bony protuberance in the cavity of whitish or yellowish metallic lustre, and
the tympanum. consisting of a combination of sulphur
PYRAMIDAL. Pyramida'lis. Having with iron, copper, cobalt or nickel.
the form of a pyramid. PYRMONT SPRING. A mineral
PYRAMIDA'LE OS. The cuneiform spring of considerable repute at Pyrmont,
bone. a village in Germany.
PYRAMIDA'LIS ABDOMINIS. A PYRO-. Pyr. A prefix, from irvp, fire,

small muscle of a pyramidal shape, situ- denoting the presence of fire or heat.
ated in front of the abdomen. PY'RO-ACE'TIC SPIRIT. Acetone;
Pybamidalis Facie'i. Levator labii pyro-acetic aether, obtained with acetic
superioris alasque nasi. acid by the destructive distillation of the
Pybamidalis Na'si. A thin triangular acetates.
portion of the occipito-frontalis, situated Pyro-Digitali'na. Empyreumatic oil,

over the nose. obtained from the destructive distillation

PYRAMIDS OF MALPIGHI. The of foxglove.
papilla? of the kidney. Pyro-Mu'cic Acid. An acid obtained

PYRECTICA. From nvpeTog, fever. by the distillation of mucic acid.

Fevers. The first order in the class Hxmat- Tyro-IT'eic Acid. Cyanuric acid, ob-
ica of Dr. Good. tained by the dry distillation of uric acid.
 QUA 625 QUA
PYR'OLA. Hound-leaved, wintergreen, Water-brash. A burning sensation in the
said to possess mild astringent and tonic stomach, with eructations of an acrid,
properties. Also, a genus of plants of the burning liquid.
order Pyrolacece. PYR'OTECHNY. Pyrotechni'a; from
Pyrola Macula'ta. Spotted pipsis- irvp. fire, and texvtj, art. The science of the
sewa; ground holly; a plant possessing management and application of fire in its
properties similar to those of Pyrola. various operations, particularly to the art
Pyrola Umbella'ta. Chimaph'ila; of making jire-works, &c. The term was
pipsisscica. Wintergreen. It has tonic formerly applied to chemistry. In Sur-
and diuretic properties. gery, the art of applying fire as a topical
PYROLIG'NEOUS ACID. Acetic acid agent.
obtained by distillation from wood, coal, PYROTHONIDE. Empyreumatic oil

&c. It is used for preserving animal sub- obtained by the combustion of paper or
stances,and as an antiseptic in gangrene rags.
and foid ulcers. PYROT'ICA. Caustics.
Pyroligneous Ether. Methylic ether. PYROTTCUS. Pyrotica.
Pyroligneous Spirit. Pyroxylic spirit. PYROXYLIC SPIRIT. One of the
PYROL'OGY. Pyrolog'ia; from mp, products of the destructive distillation of
fire, and toyos, a discourse. The science wood.
of, or a treatise on, fire. PY'RUS. A genus of plants of the or-
PYROMA'LIC ACID. Malic acid. der Pomacece.
PYROMA'NIA. Froms-vp, fire, and Pyrus Ancupa'ria. The mountain ash.
fiavia, mania. A form of monomania, in The leaves are said to yield prussic acid by
which there is an irresistible desire to de- distillation.
stroy by fire. Pyrus Commu'nis. The pear tree.
PYROM'ETER. An instrument for as- Pyrus Cydo'nia. The quince tree.
certaining higher degrees of temperature Pyrus Ma'lus. The apple tree.
than the mercurial thermometer is capable PYUL'CON. From ™ov, pus, and
of indicating. eKku, I extract. An instrument for extract-
PYRON'OMY. Pyronom'ia; from wwp, ing pus from any sinuous ulcer. A syringe.
fire, and vo/xo^ , a rule. The instruction for PYU'RIA. From nvov, pus, and ovpov,
regulating the fire in chemical processes, urine. Purulent urine, occurring in renal
and in the laboratory of the dentist. calculi.
PYE'OPE. A fire-red garnet. PYXIDTUM. From pyxis, a box. A
PYROPH'AGUS. From mp, fire, and compound fruit, dehiscing by a transverse
4 a 7 u to eat. An epkhet applied to a jug- suture when ripe.
,

gler who eats fire or red hot substances. PYX'IS. A box ; a pill-box ; also, the
PYRO'SIS. From mpou, to burn. acetabulum.

Q.

Q. P. An abbreviation for quantum pla- QUACK'SALVER. A quack who

cet, as much as you please. boasts of skill in salves, medicines, &c.
QUACHIL/TO. The moor hen, a Bra- QUADRAN'GULAR. Qvadravgula'-
zilian fowl, the voice of which resembles ris. Four-sided. Having four angles.
the crowing of a cock. QUAD'RANS. A quarter.
QUACK. An empiric; a charlatan; QUADRATUS. From quadra, a
an ignorant pretender to medical skill. square. Having a square shape ; square-
QUACK'ERY. Empiricism. figured.
 ;

QUA 626 QUA

Quadratus Fem'oris. A flat, thin, QUAIL. The popular name of certain
and fleshy muscle extending from the is- gallinaceous birds closely allied to the
chium to the great trochanter of the femur. partridge.
Quadratus Ge'n^s. The platysma QUALITATIVE. Relating to qual-
myoides. ity.

Quadratus Lumbo'rum. A muscle sit- Qualitative Anal'ysis. In Chemis-

uated at the side of the lower part of the try, that kind of analysis which obtains
spine. the component parts of a compound
Quadratus Menti. Depressor labii without reference to their relative propor-
inferioris. tions.
QUADRICAP'SULAR. In Botany, QUANDROS. The name of a precious
having four capsules. stone, supposed by the ancients to exist
QUAD'RICORNS. Quadricor'nia in the hrain of the vulture, and to which
from quatuor, and cornu, a horn. A
four, marvelous hygienic and therapeutic prop-
family of apterous insects, having four erties were ascribed.
antenna?. QUANTITATIVE. Relating to quan-
QUADRIDENTA'TUS. Quadrident'- tity.

ate. Four- toothed. Quantitative Analysis. In Chem-

QUADRIFA'RIOUS. In Botany, ar- istry, that kind of analysis which not only
ranged in four rows. determines the components of a compound,
QUAD'RIFID. Cleft in four parts. but also their relative proportions.
QUAD'RIFORES. Quadrif'ora; from QUAQUAVERSAL. From quaqua, in
quatuor, and foro, I pierce. A family of all directions, and versus, from verio, to
which the opercular
Sessile Cirripeds, in turn. An epithet applied in Geology to
covering of the tube is composed of four beds of lava round a crater, when the dip
calcareous pieces. points in all directions.

QUADRIGEM'INA TUBER'CULA. QUARANTINE. From (Italian,)

The four medullary tubercles, situated at quarantina; which is from quaranta,
the posterior surface of the tuher annulare, forty ; because forty days are its usual du-
called the corpora quadrigemina, or nates ration. The period during which travel-
and testes of the brain. ers or goods coming from countries where
QUADRIGEM'INUS PRIMUS. The the plague or other infectious disease pre-
pyramidalis muscle. vails, are required to remain on ship-board
QUADRILO'BATE. Four-lobed; ap- or in a lazaretto. The period of restraint
plied in Botany to leaves thus divided. is not always forty days. The length of
QUADRILOC'ULAR. Four-celled, as it is determined by health officers ap-
a quadrilocular pericarp. pointed for the purpose.
QUADRIP'ARTITE. Having four di- QUARANTINED. The prohibition of
visions. all intercourse between a ship and its crew
QUAD'RIVALVE. Having four valves, with the shore for a limited period.
as a quadrivalve pericarp. QUART. Quarta'rius. The fourth
QUADROON'. Qua'teron. An off- part of a gallon.
spring of a mulato woman by a white QUAR'TAN. A term applied to inter-
man ;
quarter-blooded. mittent fever, the paroxysms of which
QUADRU'MANA. Four-handed. Mam- occur every fourth day.
miferous animals which have four hands, Quartan Ague. Intermittent fever,
as monkeys. in which paroxysms occur every
the
QUAD'RUPED. Four-footed ; a term fourth day, leaving an intermission of
applied in Zoology to an animal which two days. In a double quartan, the par-
has four feet. oxysms of one set occur in the intermissions
QUADRUTUCI. Fourfold. of the other, leaving only one day of inter-
 QUA 627 QUE
mission and two of paroxysms in succes- Quassia excelsa. Also, a genus of plants
sion. The paroxysms of one differ in du- of the order Simarubacece.
ration or violence from those of the other. Quassia Ama'ra. The Surinam quas-
A triple quartan consists of a single quar- sia tree. It possesses tonic, stomachic,
tan with regularly returning paroxysms, antiseptic and febrifuge properties.
which, on every third day, correspond, Quassia Excel'sa.' The Jamaica or
the intervening ones heing marked with a West India quassia bitter-wood bitter- ; ;

Blighter or separate attack. A duplicate, ash. The wood possesses an intense and
or repeating quartan consists of a single permanent bitter taste, and is much used
quartan with two paroxysms on the reg- by brewers to give additional bitterness to
ular day of attack. A triplicate In moderate doses it acts
quartan malt liquors.
consists of a single quartan with three and is used in dyspepsia and
as a tonic,
paroxysms on the regular day of attack. other disorders of the stomach and bowels.
QUAHTA'RIUS. A quart. It is sometimes given in intermittent and
QUARTATION. A term applied in malignant fevers.
Metallurgy to the fusing of silver and gold Quassia Simarou'ba. An officinal syn-
in the proportion of three to one prior to onym of Simarouba Officinalis, which see.
the separation of the former from the lat- QUAS'SIN. The bitter principle of
ter by means of nitric acid. Commonly, quassia.
though incorrectly, this term is applied to QUATERNARY. Having four parts
the entire process of parting. or elements.
QUARTI-STERNAL. Quartisterna'lis. QUAT'RIO. The astragalus.
A name given by Beclard to the fourth QUAR'TINE. In Botany, a term ap-
piece of the sternum, corresponding with plied by Lindley to the fourth integument
the fourth intercostal space. of a nucleus of a seed, counting from the
QUARTZ. A German name, applied outermost.
in Mineralogy to the purer varieties of QUEA'SINESS. Nausea.
silex, (silica,) occurring in pellucid glass QUEA'SY. Affected with nausea.
crystals, of the form of a six-sided prism, QUER'CITRIN. The coloring princi-
each having a pyramidal shape. It is ple of the bark of Quercus tinctoria, some-
also found in masses, varying in color times called qnercitric acid.
from transparent to opaque. liose quartz QUER'CITRON. The bark of Quercus
is a rose-colored variety ; amethyst, a vio- tinctoria, a highly valuable dye-stuff.

let ; smoky quartz, a smoky brown ; chal- QUER'CUS. Oak. Also, a genus of
cedony, an uncrystallized variety, nearly trees of the order Cuptdifera;.
white with a waxy lustre; cornelian, a Quercus Al'ba. The white oak. The
red or flesh-colored chalcedony ; agate, a bark is powerfully astringent and tonic.
chalcedony in concentric or parallel layers Quercus Coccif'era. A species of oak
of different colors ;
jlint, a brown by an insect belonging to the
or black infested
variety ;
jasper, an opaque, yellow, brown, genus Coccus, and furnishing the Kermes
or red variety. Crystals of quartz are dye.
found, sometimes, enclosing a larger or a Quercus Infecto'ria. The gall oak,
smaller quantity of water. One of this called, also, dyer's oak, is a small shrub
sortwas presented to the author by Dr. rarely exceeding five or six feet in height.
Andrews of North Carolina. The morbid excrescences, called galls,
QUARTZIF'EROUS. A term applied (gallo?,) originate from punctures made in
by Dana to minerals which young boughs and shoots of this spe-
consist chiefly the
of quartz. cies of oak by a hymenopterous insect.

QUARTZ'ITE. A term applied by Quercus Mari'na. Sea oak, or Fucus

Dana to granular quartz. Vesiculosus, which see.
QUAS'SIA. The bitter wood of the Quercus Monta'na. The rock chest-
 ;

QUI 628 QUI

nut oak. The fruit Quinia, Ki'nate of. An opaque or

of this species
is

sweeter than the chestnut, and by semi-transparent mammillated crystalline

is eaten
the Indians. salt formed by the mutual decomposition

Quebcus Phel'los. The willow-leaved of sulphate of quinia and the kinate of

oak. The bark of this species has prop- lime. It has the properties of the other
erties similar to those of white oak bark. salts of quinia.

Quekous Su'beb. The cork tree, a na- Quinia, Sulphate of. Quince Disul-
tive of the south of France, Spain, Portu- phas. Quinine, which see.
gal and Barbary. The bark, known under QUISLE ACE'TAS. Acetate of qui-
the name of cork, was formerly used in nine, a salt formed by saturating quinine
powder as a styptic. with diluted acetic acid. Its properties
Quebcus Tincto'bia. The black oak. are similar to the sulphate of quinine.
The bark is astringent, but is inferior to Quinle Absen'ias. Arseniate of quin-
the white oak as a therapeutic agent. ia, or quinia formed by the union of ar-
There are many other species of quercus senic acid and quinine. It is employed
which possess more or less valuable me- in intermittent fever.
dicinal properties. Quinine Febbocy'anas. Ferrocyanate
QUICK'ENING. The period of gesta- of quinine, a salt formed by the decompo-
tion when the motion of the foetus first sition of sulphate of quinine by a solution
becomes perceptible to the mother. of ferrocyanide of potassium. Its prop-
QUICKTIME. Lime freshly burned j
erties are the same as those of the other
protoxyd of calcium. salts of quinine.

QUICK'SILVER. Mercury; a metal QUINCE DISULHIAS. Disulphate of

found both native and in the state of ore quinia. The commercial sulphate of qui-
in the mines. nine.
QUID'DANY. A confection of quinces Quince Sulphas. Sulphate of quinia.
prepared with sugar ; marmalade. QUI'NINE. Quinia; quina; quinae-
QUILL A' J A . A genus of plants of the disulphas. Disulphate of quinine ; sul-
order Quillagece. phate of quinine ; an alkaloid obtained
Quillaja Sapona'eia. Soap guillaja from the different species of Cinchona.
a South American plant, the bark of This is the only officinal preparation of
which is used as a substitute for soap. It quinia. It occurs in slightly flexible, fine,
imparts, when applied form of a silky, needle-shaped crystals. It consists
in the
wash, a beautiful gloss to the hair, and in of two atoms of quinine, -J-SO3 -j-8110.
fluid dentifrices is excellent for cleansing It has an intensely bitter taste, and pro-
the teeth and removing impurities from duces the same effects upon the system as
the mouth. the cinchona bark, without being so apt
QUFNA. Quinina. to nauseate the* stomach. It is given in
QUINCE. The fruit of the Pyrus cy- doses of from one to ten grains, and in in-
donia. termittent fevers has been given in much
QUINT A. Quin'ina. Qui'nine. Quina. larger quantities. In very large doses its

An alkali obtained from the bark of the action is sedative.

different species of Cinchona. QUINI'NISM. Cin'chonism. The ag-
Quinia, Amoe'phous. A dark colored gregate cergbral phenomena produced by
substance, having the appearance of an an over-dose of quinine.
extract formed by the evaporation of the QUINOI'DINE. Chinioi'dine. Amor-
liquor left after the crystallization of sul- phous quinia. See Quinia, Amorphous.
phate of quinine, called impure sulphate QUINO'LEIN. Cincho'lin. A name
of quinia. It has properties similar to given by Gerhardt to an alkaline oily
the sulphate, though only about half as liquid, formed by the condensed vapors
strong. yielded by cinchonia, quinia and strychnia,
 ; ;

RAC 629 EAC

when heated with caustic potassa. Form- which the paroxysms recur every fifth

ula Oil H8N. day.

QUINQUECAr'SULAR. In Botany, QUINTESSENCE. In Pharmacy, an
having five capsules. extract which contains all the virtues of a
QUINQUEDENT'ATE. In Botany, substance in a small quantity ; an essential

five-toothed. oil dissolved in alcohol.

QUINQUEFA'RIOUS. In Botany, QUINTTNE. From quintus, fifth. In
opening into five parts. Botany, the fifth or innermost envelope of
QUIN'QUEFID. In Botany, five-cleft, the ovulum.
as a leaf divided into five segments. QUINTUTLICI. Five-fold.
QUINQUEFO'LIUM. A synonym of QUOTIDIAN. An intermittent, the
Potentilla reptans, or common cinquefoil. paroxysms of which recur every day.
QUINQUELO'BATE. Five-lobed. QuOtidian Ague. An intermittent
QUINQUELOC'ULAR. A term ap- fever in which the paroxysms occur every
plied in Botany to a pericarpwhich has twenty-four hours. It is simple, double,
five cells. or triple, where there are two or three
QUIN'QUEVALVE. A term applied paroxysms every day and according to ;

in Botany to a pericarp which has five Dr. Good, partial when the febrile attack
valves. is confined to a particular organ or part
QUIN'QUINA. Cinchona. catenating,when there are associated with
Quinquina, Mexican. Iva frutescens. itsymptoms of other diseases anticipat- ;

QUIN'SY. Cynan'che tonsilla'ris. In- ing, when the paroxysm precedes its ante-
flammation of the throat or parts adjacent cedent by about three hours protracted, ;

to it. Sore throat. when the intermission is unusually short;

QUINTA ESSENTIA. Quintessence. and retarding, when forming a direct
QUINT'AN. In Pathology, a fever in counterpart to the anticipating.

K.

T%. The symbol for rhodium. In Med- RACE. A term employed in Zoology
ical prescriptions this letter stands for as synonymous with family, genus, spe-
recipe, take. cies, variety and applied in the Human
;

RAB'BIT. The common name of Le- species to the aggregate of individuals

pus cuniculis, a quadruped rodent mammal. whose particular characteristics differ per-
RABDOI'DES. The sagittal suture. ceptibly from neighboring varieties. Blum-
RABIES. Lys'sa. Canine madness enbach distinguishes the races into 1. The
madness occurring after the bite of a rabid Caucasian; 2. The Mongolian; 3. The
animal. American ; 4. The Ethiopian ; and 5. The
Rabies Cani'na. Madness produced Malay. Each of these varieties is distin-
by the bite of a rabid animal of the canine guished by the shape of the head, the fea-
genus. Hydrophobia, which see. tures of the face, color of the skin and
Rabies Feli'na. Madness produced by texture of the hair, from the others.
the bite of a rabid cat. RACEME'. From race'mus, a cluster
RACCOON. The common name of the of grapes. In Botany, a form of inflores-
Procyon lolor, an American carnivorous cence in which a number of flowers with
quadruped. short and equal pedicles stand upon a
Raccoon Berry. A synonym of Pod- common and equal axis.
ophyllum montanum, Mountain May ap- RACE'MIC ACID Paratartar'ic acid.
ple, or yellow berry. An acid found along with tartaric acid in
 RAD 630 RAD
the grapes of certain vineyards along, the Radial Veins. The veins which fol-

Rhine. Formula C4 H2 O5 HO. low the course of the radial artery.

RACE'MOSUS. In clusters like grapes. RADIA'LIS EXTER'NUS BRE'VIOR.
RACHJAL'GIA. See Rhachialgia. The extensor carpi radialis brevior.
RACHIDTAN. Pertaining to, ema- Radialis Externus Lon'gior. The
nating from, or distributed on, the spine. extensor carpi radialis longior.
Rachidian Arteries. The arteries of Radialis Interntjs. The flexor carpi
the srnne. radialis.
Rachidian Canal. The vertebral RADIATA. Bad'iares ; from radius,
canal. a ray. The lowest primary division of the
RA'CHIS. Bha'chis. In Anatomy, the animal kingdom.
vertebral column ; in Botany, the midrib RADIATED. Badia'tus. Arranged
of a leaf ; the common petiole of a com- in rays, diverging from one common
pound pinnate and the central axis of
leaf, centre.
the spike of Graminacece. The term is RADIATION. From radius, a ray.
also sometimes applied to the stipe of The emission of the rays of light, heat &c.
a fern. from a centre.
RACHIPHY'MA. From f*xK, the RADICAL. Badica'lis ; from radix,
spine, and (pv/ua, a tumor. A term some- a root. Pertaining to the root or origin.
times applied in Pathology to a tumor on In Botany, proceeding from the root, as
he spine or back. a radical leaf or peduncle; in Chemistry,
R ACTUS' AGRA. From paxtc, the spine, an element or simple constituent incapable
and aypa, seizure. A gouty or rheumatic of decomposition ; also a substance acting
pain in the spine. as an acid or base by its union with ox-
RACHITIC. ygen or some other acidifying or basifying
Affected with or pertain-
ing to rachitis. principle. When the base is composed
RACHITIS. From paXic, the spine, of more than one substance it is called a
and Ms, denoting inflammation. Literally, compound radical, as in the case when a
inflammation of the spine. Rickets; a vegetable acid has a radical composed of
disease characterized by a large, hard, hydrogen and carbon.
crooked spine, protruded sternum, tumid Radical Vessels. In Anatomy, the
abdomen, emaciated limbs, short stature, small vessels which have their origin in
and great debility. Its attacks are usually the tissues, and by uniting form larger
young children.
confined to vessels.

RAC'OSIS. Iiacho'sis. A relaxation RADTCANT. Bad'icans. Producing

of the scrotum. roots, as a stem which clings to another
RA'DIAD. Towards the radial as- body for support by means of root-like
pect. processes.
RA'DIAL. Badia'lis; from radius, a RADICATING. A term applied in
bone of the forearm. Belonging or relat- Botany to a plant taking root from some
ing to the radius. part above ground, as from the joint of a
Radial Artery. A branch of the stem or the extremity of a leaf.
"
brachial artery, descending by the side of RADICATTON. Badica'iio. In Bot-
the radius. any, throwing out roots.
Radial Aspect. Barclay thus desig- RADIC'IFORM. Badiciform'is. Hav-
nates an aspect towards the side on which ing the shape or appearance of a root.
the radius is situated. RADTCLE. In Botany, the part of
Radial Nerve. A nerve derived from a seed which upon vegetating becomes the
the four inferior branches of the brachial root. Also, the fibrous parts of a root
plexus. It is distributed to the muscles which are renewed every year, and which
of the forearm and hand. absorb the nutrient fluids necessary for
 EAI 631 EAM
the subsistence of the plant, from the Raia Torpe'do. The torpedo or elec-
earth. tric ray.

RA'DIO-CAR'PAL. Belonging or re- RAINBOW WORM. The Herpes iris,

lating to the radius and carpus. a species of tetter occurring in small cir-
RAD'ISH. The popular name of the cular patches of different colors.
Baphanus hortensis. RAIN-GAUGE. An instrument for
Radish, Garden. The common name measuring the quantity of rain which falls
of the llaphanus sativus. upon a given surface.
Radish, Horse. A plant of the genus RAISED BASE FOR ARTIFICIAL
Cochlearia. TEETH. A term applied in Mechanical
RA'DIUS. A spoke, so called from its Dentistry to a metallic base surmounted
shape. In Anatomy, the exterior bone of by a box or chamber soldered to it, and
the forearm. In Botany, the circumfer- designed to compensate for the loss of sub-
ence of a radiated flower. In Geometry, stance which the parts have sustained. A
a straight line extending from the centre base thus constructed is usually termed,
to the periphery of a circle. by dentists, a raised plate. See Metallic
RA'DIN. A root. In Botany, that Base for Artificial Teeth.
part of a plant which imbibes from the RAI'SIN. The fruit of the vine, Vitis
earth the nourishment necessary for its Vinifera.
sustenance and growth. In Anatomy, RALE. A French word signifying
parts inserted into other parts, as the root rhonchus, or rattle.
of a tooth in the alveolar border. RAMA'LIS VE'NA. Vena portrc.
Radix Brazilien'sis. Ipecacuanha. RAMENTA. Filings, as those of iron,
Radix Dulcis. The root of Glycyr- zinc, &c. In Botany, the shriveled, broAvn
rhiza glabra. foliaceous scales on the back of the fronds
Radix Ro'sea. The root of Bhodiola of ferns.
rosea. RAMENTA'CEOUS. In Botany, cov-
Radix Ru'bra. The root of the Bubia ered with ramenta or foliaceous scales or
tinctorium. processes.
RAD'ULA. A scraper. In Bharmacy, RA'MEOUS. From ramus, a branch,
a spatula. In Dental Surgery, an instru- Belonging to, growing on, or shooting
ment for removing salivary calculus from from a branch.
the teeth. RA'MEX. A rupture, or hernia.
RADZYGE. Norwegian leprosy. RAMIFICATION. Bamifica'tio. In
RAFFLE'SIA. A genus of plants of Anatomy, the division of blood-vessels and
the order Bqfflesiacece. nerves into branches. Also, the branches
Rafflesia Arnol'di. A plant, native themselves.
of Java, the flower of which is of im- RAMOLLIS'SEMENT. A term used
mense size, larger than that of any other by the French to designate a morbid soft-
known plant, sometimes weighing fifteen ening of the texture of an organ.
pounds. Ramollissemext of the Brain. Mor-
It possesses astringent proper-

ties, andemployed in Java as a decoction bid softening of the texture of the brain.
is

in diseases of the genito-urinary organs. RA SE M

Bame'us ; ramo'sus.
' .

RAG' WORT. The common name for Branched. Divided into branches.
Senecio Jacoboza. RA'MUS. In Anatomy, the division of
RAIA. A genus of fishes, of the order an artery, vein or nerve. In Botany, the
Choiidropterygia. division of the stem of a plant.
Raia Ba'tis. The skate. RAM'ULOUS. Having many small
Raia Clava'ta. The thorn-back. branches.
Raia Oxyrin'chus. The sharp-nosed RAMUS'CULUS. A division of a
ray. branch or ramus.
 RAP 632 BAR
RA'XA. A genus of Amphibious will. In Botany, one of the names of
animals of the order Batrachia. The Brassica rapa, or common turnip.
frog. Rape Oil. An oil obtained from the
Rana Esculen'ta. The edible frog. semen rapi, or rape seed, and sometimes
RANCES'OENT. Becoming rancid or used in ointments.
sour. RAPHA'NIA. Convul'sio raphania.
RAN'CID. Ran'cidus; from rancere, to A genus of diseases in the class Neuroses,
be stale. A term applied to fatty sub- order Spasmi, of Cullen, characterized
stances which have become acrid from age by spasmodic contraction of the joints,
and exposure to air. severe pain, chills, lassitude, pain in the
RAN'DIA. A genus of plants of the head, and anxiety about the prajcordia.
order Itubiacece. RAPH'ANUS. A genus of plants of
Randia Dumeto'rum. A plant, native the order Oruciferce.
of India, the pulverized fruit of which is Raphanus Horten'sis. Raphanus
prescribed by the Hindoo physicians as sativus ; raphanus niger. The radish;
an emetic. a valuable anti-scorbutic.
RANINE'. Rani'na; Raphanus Sylves'tris. See Lepidium
from rana, a
frog. The name of an artery called sativum.
arteria ranina. The sublingual artery. RA'PHE. A seam a suture. A term ;

RAN'ULA. From rana, a frog, so applied in Anatomy to seam-like lines, or

called from its fancied resemblance. A to parts which appear as if they had
small, soft, transparent tumor which been sewed together.
forms under the tongue. Raphe Cerebri. The longitudinal
RANUNCULA'CE^E. The crowfoot eminence of the corpus callosum of the
tribe of dicotyledonous plants. brain.
RANUN'CULUS. A genus of plants Raphe Scro'ti. Raphe perinei. The
of the order Ranuneulacew ; also, the eminence which divides the scrotum, as it

.Ranunculus bulbosus. With few excep- were, in two equal halves.

tions, all the species are acrid and caustic RAPHIANKIS'TRON. From pa<j>iov
t

when fresh, exciting redness, inflamma- a needle, and ayKtarpov, a hook. An

tion, and even vesication and ulceration instrument used in the formation of an
when applied to the skin. artificial pupil.

Ranunculus Abortivus. Ranunculus RAPH'IDES. From pa$ic, a needle.

Acris. The meadow crowfoot buttercup, Minute acicular crystals found
; in the
or blisterweed. and the
This, species tissue of plants.
Acris, Bulbosus, Flammula, and Scelera- RA'PHIS. Pa^f. A needle; a pin;
tus, are nearly identical in their proper- also, a sea-fish, so called from its needle-
ties, and may be indiscriminately em- like shape.
ployed. They are used as counter-irritants RAPIS TRUM. Wild nevew or rape,
in those cases where it is desired to make the plant from which the semen najn is

a powerful impression. obtained. Also, a genus of Cruciferous

Ranunculus Buldo'sus. Bulbous- plants.
rooted crowfoot. RAPPEE'. A coarse kind of snuff.
Ranunculus Flam'mula. The smaller RAP'TUS. From rapio, to seize vio-
water crowfoot. lently. A sudden and violent seizure.
Ranunculus Scelera'tus. The marsh Raptus Nervo'rum. The cramp.
crowfoot. Raptus Supi'nus. Opisthotonos. •
RAPA NAPUS. A synonym of Bras- RA'PUM. The Brassica rapa. Turnip
ska rapa. or rape.
RAPE. In Law, carnal connection RAREFA'CIENS. From rarus, rare,
with a woman by force, and against her and facere, to make. Medicines were so
 RAT 633 EEC
called which were supposed to give more genus Foli/gala, and another of the genus
bulk to the blood or other fluids. Frenanlhes.
RA'RIT AS. Rarity ; fewness ; loose- Rattlesnake Weed. A plant of the
ness of texture, distance apart. genus Hieracium.
Earitas Den'tium. Fewness of teeth Rattlesnake's Master. ;
The com-
less than the usual number of teeth, with mon name of Liatris squarrosa, the bruised
or without interspaces between them. root of which is said to cure the bite of
RASH. An eruption or redness of the the rattlesnake.
skin, with little or no elevation of the RATTLEWEED. The common name
cuticle. of Actcea racemosa, or serpentaria nigra.
Rash Fever. Scarlatina. RAUCE'DO. Rau'citas; from ramus,
Rash, Nettle. Urticaria. hoarse. Hoarseness ; roughness of voice.
Rash, Rose. Roseola. Raucedo Catarrha'lis. Hoarseness
Rash, Summer. Lichen tropicus. occasioned by a cold.
Rash, Tooth. Strophulus. Raucedo Paralytica. Loss of voice.
RASO'RISM. The doctrine of contra- RAUWOL'FIA. A genus of plants of
stimulus, called so after the name of the the order Apocynacew.
founder, Rasore, an Italian physician. Rauwolfia Cunes'cens. A plant, na-
RASP SOUND. Bruit de rape. An tive of Jamaica, the juice of which, mixed
auscultatory sound resembling that pro- with castor oil, is used as an external ap-
duced by rasping wood. plication in cutaneous affections.
RASPATO'RIUM. From radere, to Rauwolfia Nit'ida. A South Ameri-
scrape. Raspatory. An instrument for can plant, the root of which possesses
rasping bones. emeto-purgative properties.
RASP'BEBRY. The Rubus idceus, and RAY. A line of light ; a straight line
its fruit. supposed to be described by a particle of
RASU'RA. From radere, to scrape. light. In Botany, the margin of the disk
A rasure, scratch, or erosion. Also, the of a compound flower.
raspings or shavings of any substance. REACH'ING. Vomituri'lio. Making
RATIFPA. Ardent spirits flavored efforts to vomit.
with various kinds of fruit and sugar. REACTION. Reac'tio; from re, again,
RATIO. Proportion. Also, reason or and agere, actum, to act. The effort made
exjilanation. in resisting other action or power.
In
RATIONAL. Rationa'lis.Conform- Medicine, the vital action which follows
able to reason. In Medicine, the treat- depression, from whatever cause produced.
ment of disease according to reason and REA'GENT. In Chemistry, a test a ;

ratiocination, and not by routine, or in substance employed to detect the presence

accordance with experience, which is of other bodies.
empirical. REAL'GAR. Protosulphurct of arsenic.
RATSBANE. Arsenious acid. REA'SON. The faculty of the mind
RATTLE. In Pathology, the noise pro- which distinguishes truth from falsehood,
duced by the air in passing through the good from evil, and which deduces infer-

mucus, of which the lungs and air pas- ences from facts.
sages are unable to free themselves. It is RECEIVER. A chemical vessel for the
often heard in persons who are in the act reception of the product of distillation.
of death. RECEPTAC'ULUM. Receptacle; from
RATTLEBUSH. The common name recipio, to receive.In Anatomy, a part
of Soj)hora tinctoria, which see. of the thoracic duct. In Botany, that
R A T T L E S N A K E. An
'
American part of the interior of the pericarp to
snake, the Grotalus horridus. which the seed is attached.
Rattlesnake-Root. A plant of the Receftaculum Chyli. A dilatation
 -

REC C34 RED

of the thoracic duct in front of the lum- Rectus Anterior Longus. See Rectus
bar vertebra. Capitis Internus Major.
RECIPE. #. Take. Rectus Attoll'ens Oculi. See Rectus
RECLINATE. Jieclina'tus. Reclining; Superior Oculi.
applied in Botany to a part of a plant, as Rectus Cap'itis Internus Major. A
a leaf bent downward, so that the apex is muscle situated at the anterior and lateral
lower than the base. part of the neck.
RECL1NATION. Iieclina'tio; from Rectus Capitis Internus Minor. A
reclinare, to bend back. In Surgery, a muscle of the neck, situated deeper than
name given to one of the operations for the rectus major.
cataract, which consists in turning it so Rectus Capitis Latera'lis. A muscle
as to change its anterior and posterior situated immediately behind the internal
surfaces. jugular vein as it emerges from the cra-
RECREMENT. Recremcn'tum. A nium.
term applied to those secretions which, Rectus Capitis Posticus Major. A
after having been separated from the muscle situated between the occiput and
blood, are again employed in the opera- second cervical vertebra.
tions of the economy, as the saliva, bile, Rectus Capitis Posticus Minor. A
and gastric juice. Such secretions are muscle situated beneath the last.
called recremental humors. Rectus Externus Oculi. The outer
RECRUDES'CENCE. Recrudescen'tia. muscle of the eye.
The aggravation of a disease after a tem- Rectus Fem'oris. A muscle situated
porary remission. at the forepart of the thigh.
RECTOR SPIRITUS. The aromatic Rectus Inferior Oculi. The inferior
principle of plants. straight muscle of the eye.
RECTO-URETHRAL. Recto-urethra' Rectus Internus Femoris. The Gra-
lis. An epithet designative, in Surgery, cilis. A long, slender muscle, situated
of a fistula which implicates both the under the integuments of the inner part of
rectum and urethra. the thigh.
Recto-Vesical. Recio-vcsica'lis. An Rectus Internus Oculi. The inter-
epithet applied in Surgery to Sanson's nal muscle of the eye.
operation for the extraction of stone from Rectus Superior Oculi. The upper
the bladder through the rectum. muscle of the eye.
Recto- Vaginal. Belonging or relating RECUR'RENT. Recur 'r ens ; from re-
to the rectum and vagina. curere, to run back. Running back. A
RECTUM. So called because it was name given to branches of arteries and
thought to be straight. The third and nerves which re-ascend towards the origin
last portion of the large intestines. of the trunk from which they emana-
RECTUS. Straight. A term applied ted.
in Anatomy to certain muscles from their Recurrent Arteries. Several arte-
direction. ries of the forearm and one of the leg are
Rectus Abdominis. A long flat mus- so called.
cle situated at the anterior part of the Recurrent Nerve. A branch given
abdomen, and separated from its fellow off by the par vagum on each side of the
by the linea alba. cavity of the thorax.
Rectus Abducens Oc'uli. See Rectus RED'-BEAN. A name sometimes given
Externus Oculi. Abrus precaforius, which see.
to
Rectus Adducens Oculi. See Rectus Red'-Berry. A plant of the genus
Interims Oculi. Arbutus. See Arbutus Uva Ursi.
Rectus Ante'rior Bre'vis. See Rectus Red'-Bitter. A common name of Cor-
Capitis Internus Minor. nus Florida, or dogwood.
 REF 635 EEG
Red Chalk. An argillaceous iron ore, of an impression made on the extremity
used for marking or drawing. of one nerve, to the extremity of another,
Red Fiue. A pyrotechnical compound through the intervention of the nervous
of nitrate of strontia, sulphur, antimony centres.
and chlorate of potash, which hums with REFLEX'ED. Refiex'ns. Bent back-
a red flame. ward; applied in Botany to leaves and
Red Gum. See Strophulus. organs of plants thus disposed.
Red Lead. Minium. A preparation R E F R A C'T ION. From refractus,
of lead of a fine red color, used in painting. broken back. In Physics, the change of
Red'-Liquor. Crude acetate of alumi- direction which a ray of light experiences
na, prepared from pyroligneous acid ; used in passing from a dense to a rare medium,
as a mordant in calico-printing. or the reverse, or by passing obliquely
Red Precipitate. The red oxyd of from one medium into another of different
mercury. density.
Red'-Root. A name given Refraction, Double. The refraction
to several
plants, as theLithospcrmum arvense, or of light in two directions, and the conse-
stone weed, Gianoihos Americanus, or quent production of two images, a prop- —
New Jersey tea, and Sanguinaria cana- erty possessed by Iceland Spar and other
densis, or hlood root. minerals.
Red Sanders. The wood of the Ptero- REFRIG'ERANT. Refrig'erans ; from
carpus santalinus, a tree which grows in refrigero, to cool. A term applied in
Ceylon and on the coast of Coromandel. Pharmacy to a medicine which has the
Red' Silver. A variety of silver ore, property of reducing the heat of the body.
so called because of its ruby-red or reddish- REGENERATION. Reproduction of
black color. a lost or destroyed part.
Red' Swamp. A common name of REG"IMEN. From regere, to govern.
Vaccinnm Oxycoccos. In Hygiene, the regulation of the diet and
Red'- Water. A term applied to a habits of an individual, with a view to
disease in cattle in which the urine is of a the preservation of health and the cure of
red color. disease.
REDOUB'LEMENT. A French word RE'GIO. Region.
applied in Pathology to augmentation of Regio Auricula'ris. The region of
the intensity or exacerbation of the symp- the ear.
toms of a disease. Regio Bucca'lis. The region of the
REDUCTION. Reduc'tio. In Surgery, cheeks.
an operation for the restoration of a dis- Regio Epigas'trica. The epigastric
located or luxated bone to its original sit- region, which see.
uation. Regio Facia'lis. The facial region.
REFINING. The act of purifying; Regio Gas'trica. The umbilical re-
separating from alloy or any extraneous gion.
matter applied particularly to the puri-
; Regio Hypogas'trica. The hypogas-
fying of gold and silver. See Gold, Re- trium, which see.
fining of. Regio Hypochondri'aca. The hypo-
REFLECTION. From reflecto, to bend chrondrium, which see.
back. In Anatomy, a duplicative, or fold Regio Ili'aca. The ileac region, which
of membrane. In Physics, the resilience see.
of a rapidly moving body, as light from Regio Lumba'lis. The lumbar region,
the surface of another body which has ar- or region of the loins.
rested its progress, at an angle equal to Regio Menta'lis. The mental region,
that of incidence. or region of the chin.
REFLEX ACTION. The propagation Regio Nasa'lis. The nasal region.
 EEL 636 EEL
RE'GION. lie'gio. In Anatomy, a perfect than it would be if the teeth came
certain determinate space of the surface together in any other manner.
of the body. The incisors and cuspidati of the upper
EE'GIUS. From rex, a king. Eoyal. jaw are broader than the corresponding
Applied, in Chemistry, to the noble metals, teeth in the lower ; in consequence of this
especially gold, and aquaregia, which has difference in the lateral diameter of the
the power of dissolving it. teeth of the two jaws, the central incisors
REG'MA. A dehiscent fruit consisting of the upper cover the centrals and about
of three or more cells. half of the laterals in the lower, while tlie

REG'ULAR. Regula'ris ; from regula, superior laterals cover the remaining half
a rule. Eegular ; conformable to rule ;
of the inferior and the anterior half of the
applied in Pathology to the pulse when adjoining cuspidati. Continuing this pe-
the intervals between each two pulsations culiar relationship, the upper cuspidati
of the artery are equal, and to the par- closes over the remaining half of the
oxysms of a disease, as those of an inter- lower, and the anterior half of the first
mittent fever, when they occur at the inferior bicuspids, while the first superior

proper or usual time. The term is also bicuspids cover the remaining half of the
applied to a practitioner of medicine or first inferior, and the anterior half the
dentistry, who practices according to es- second. In like manner, the second bi-
tablished rules. cuspids of the upper jaw close over the
REG'ULUS. A term applied to several posterior half of the second in the lower,
of the inferior metals when freed from and the anterior third of the first molars.
their impurities, and obtained in a metallic The first superior molars cover the remain-
state. ing two-thirds of the first inferior and the
REGURGITATION. Eegnrgita'tio. anterior third of the second, while the un-
The act by which a canal, or reservoir of covered two-thirds of this last and anterior
the body, frees itself from substances ac- third of the lower dentes sapicntia3 are
cumulated in it ; usually applied to the covered by the second upper molars. The
puking of infants. Vomiting at pleasure. dentes sapiential of the superior maxillary,
EELArSE'. The return of a disease being usually about one- third less in their

soon after convalescence. anterc-posterior diameter, cover the re-

RELATION OF THE UPPER TO maining two-thirds of the corresponding
THE LOWER TEETH WHEN THE teeth in the inferior.
MOUTH IS CLOSED. The crowns of Thus, from this arrangement of the
the teeth of the upper jaw generally de- teeth it will be seen that, when the mouth
scribe a rather larger arch than those of is closed, each tooth is opposed to two,
the lower. The upper and cus- and hence, in biting hard substances,
incisors
pidati usually shut over and in front of and in mastication, by extending this
the lower, but sometimes they strike mutual aid, a power of resistance is given
plumb upon them, and at other times, to these organs which they would not
though rarely, they strike on the inside. otherwise possess. Moreover, if one, or
The outer tubercles of the upper bicuspids even two, adjoining teeth should be lost,
and molars generally strike outside of the corresponding teeth in the other jaw
those of the corresponding lower teeth. would, to some extent, still act against the
By this beautiful adaptation of the tuber- contiguous organs, and thus, in some de-
cles of the teeth of one jaw to the depres- gree, counteract a process, first noticed
sions of those of the other, every part by that eminent dentist, the late Dr. L.
of the grinding surfaces of the organs is Koecker, which nature sometimes sets up
brought In immediate contact in the act for the expulsion of such teeth as have
of mastication, which operation of the lost their antagonists.

teeth, in consequence, is rendered more RELAX' ANS. Relaxants; from re,

 REM 637 REP
and laxare, to loose. Applied in Thera- REMOTE'. In Pathology, the more
peutics to medicines which diminish the distant causes of disease.
tension or erethism of organs. REN. The kidney.
RELAXATION. In Pathology, loose- RE'NAL. Rena'lis ; from ren, the kid-
ness or diminution of the natural tone of ney. Pertaining to the kidney.
parts. Renal Artery. An artery sent off by
REME'DIAL. Medicinal. the abdominal aorta to the kiduey. See
REME'DIUM. Remedy cure. ; Emulgent.
Remedium Divi'num. The roots of Im- Renal Gland. Renal capsule ; su-
peratoria, or masterwort, were formerly prarenal gland. A hollow glandular body,
so called because they were supposed to of a somewhat triangular shape, on each
possess divine virtues. kidney, filled with a reddish-brown liquor,
KEM'EDY. Rente' dium. A medicine and smaller in the adult than in the foetus.
employed for the prevention, alleviation The use of it is unknown.
or cure of a disease. Renal Vein. A large vein, the root of
REM'IGES. From rem'igo, I row. A which follows the same course as the ar-
term applied in Ornithology to the quill- tery in the substance of the kidney.
feathers of the wing of a bird, which RENCHUS. Snoring; stertor.
are used like oars to propel it through RENEAL'MIA. A genus of plants of
the air. the order Scitamineai.
REMIJA. A genus of plants of the Renealmia Exalta'ta. A plant, na-
order Cinch&nacece. tive of Demerara, said to be diaphoretic,
Remi.ta Ferrugin'ea. A South Ameri- diuretic, and, in large doses, emetic. The
can shrub, the bark of which is bitter, and root is and has been
the part employed,
is used by the natives of Brazil as a febri- used in dysenteiy, rheumatism and dropsy.
fuge. There are two other species, the RE'NES SUCCENTUR1ATI. The
bark of both possessing similar properties. renal capsules.
REMTPEDS. Remipe'des; from remus, RENTFORM. Renifor'mis. Kidney-
an oar, and pes, a foot. An order of shaped.
coleopterous insects provided with tarsi REN'NET. Run'net; from (G.) gerin-
adapted for swimming. nen, to coagulate. The dried, salted sto-
REMISSION. Remis'sio. In Pathol- mach of a sucking calf. When soaked in
ogy, the temporary cessation of the par- water it possesses the property of coagu-
oxysms or symptoms of a disease. lating milk.
REMITTENS ICTERO'DES. Yellow REPEL'LANTS. Repel'lens; from re,
fever. and pellere, to drive. In Therapeutics,
REMITTENT. Remit' tens ; from re- medicines which, when applied to an in-
mitto, to assuage or lessen. Any disease, flamed part, cause the fluids, as it were,
the symptoms of which diminish, but re- to recede from it.

turn again without leaving the person free REPERCUS'SION. Repercus'sio. The
from disease, until it ceases, or changes its disappearance of a tumor, abscess, or erup-
character. tion, in consequence of the application of
Remittent Fever. A fever which in- a repcllant.
creases and diminishes, but without inter- RKPERCUS'SIVE. Repellant.
mission, as the bilious fever of the United REPERCUTIENS. Repercussive.
States. REPLETION. Reple'tio. Plethora ;:

REM'ORA. In Surgery, the name of superabundant fullness.

a bandage intended to retain displaced REPLICATE. Replica'tus. Folded or

parts or organs in their natural situation. plaited. In Botany, a form of vernation,
In Pathology, retardation, especially of in which the upper part of the loaf is

the circulation. folded back upon the lower.

41
 RES 638 EES
REPRODUCTION. From reproduce™, Resin of Bile. Biliary resin.
to produce again. The function by which Resin of Copper. Protochloride of cop-
living bodies perpetuate their species. per.
Generation. Resin, Elas'tic. Caoutchouc.
REPTA'TION. Repta'iio. The act of Resin, White. Resina alba.
creeping or crawling. Resin, Yellow. Resina flava.

REP 'TILES, Reptili'a; from repo, to RESI'NA AL'BA. The inspissated juice
creep. A class of vertebrated animals, of the pinus sylvestris, &c.
comprehending the snakes, lizards, frogs, Resina Fla'va. Yellow resin. The
&c. resin which remains in the still after
REPUL'SION. Reptds'io; from repello, distilling oil of turpentine mixed with
to repel. In Physics, the power by which water.
bodies, or the particles of matter, are Resina Ni'gra. The most common
caused to recede from each other. Also, resin which remains in the retort after dis-
the elicct resulting from the operation of tilling oil of turpentine from common tur-
this power. pentine.
REPULSO'RIUM. In Dental Surgery, Resina No'vi Bel'gii. Botany Bay
a punch ; an instrument employed in the gum.
extraction of roots of teeth. RESINA'TUM VI'NUM. Wine im-
REPURGANTIA. Medicines which pregnated with resin.
produce repurgation. RESISTANCE. In Mechanics, a force
REPURGA'TION. Itepurga'tio. A acting in opposition to another force.
term applied, by Castelli, to purgation by When it corresponds to the useful effect
cutaneous transpiration or expectoration. produced by the machine, it is called ac-
RES NATURA'LES. The naturals ;
tive, and when it belongs to the inertia of
the union of the elements, temperaments, the machine, it is passive.
humors, spirits, &c, which were supposed RESOLUTION. liesolu'iio; from re-

to constitute the nature of man. solvere, to loosen. A termination of in-

Res Non Natuka'les. See Non Natu- flammation without suppuration or mor-
rals. tification.

Res Vene'rea. Sexual intercourse, coi- RESOL'VENT. Resol'vens. A term

tion. applied to substances which have the
RESECTION. from resecare, power of dispersing inflammation and pre-
Resec'lio;

to cut off. In Surgery, an operation for venting suppuration. A discutient.

the removal of carious extremities of long RES'ONANCE. From re, again, and
bones, or false joints. sono, I sound. A return, or reverberation
RESE'DA. A genus of plants of the of sound. A peculiar thrilling of the voice,

order Besedacece. or the existence of it in a part where it is

Reseda Luteo'la. The dyer's weed, not heard in health, as discovered by aus-
formerly used as a diuretic and diaphoretic. cultation.
RESIDENTIA. Sediment. RESOR'BENS. Absorbent.
RESID'UUM. Residue. In Chemistry, RESORPTION. Resorp'tio; from resor-
that which remains after any process of bere, to absorb afresh. The absorption of a
separation. fluid, as of pus, serum or other fluid which
RESTN. Mesi'na. A brittle, semitrans- has previously been poured out, or col-
lucent, inflammable vegetable product, of lected in any part of the body.
a bright fracture, soluble in alcohol and RESOLU'TIO NERVO'RUM. Paral-
oils, and composed of oxygen, hydrogen ysis.

and carbon. It forms an ingredient in RESTIRABLE. Respirab'ilis. Capa-

ointments and plasters, but is never given ble of being respired without danger.
internally. RESPIRATION. Respira'lio; from
 ;

RET G39 RET

respiro, I take breath. The inhalation and Rete Vasculo'sum. The plexus reti-

expiration of air ; the act of breathing. formis, or corpus cavernosum vagina3.

Respiration, Artificial. The estab- Rete Vasculosum Tes'tis. The net-
lishment of a process resembling respira- work formed by the vasa recta at the
tion in persons laboring under asphyxia. upper part of the testicle.

Respiration, Jerking. The interrup- RETENTION, lieten'tio; from reiinere,

tion of the murmur of respiration, so that to hold back. The accumulation of a
instead of being continuous, it is, as it solid or liquid substance in a canal or
were, by starts. It occurs in spasmodic cavity, intended to contain it only for a
asthma, pleurodynia and tubercular af- short time.
fections of the lungs. Retention of the Menses. Amenor-
RESPIRA'TOR. An instrument to be rhcoa.
adjusted before the mouth, to warm the in- Retention of Urine. Accumulation
spired air, intended for persons subject of urine in the bladder from inability to
to bronchitis and pulmonary affections. expel it.

RESTIRATORY. Pertaining to res- RETICULAR. Reticula'ris; from rete,

piration. a net. A term applied in Anatomy to

Respiratory Murmur. A sound heard structures which have the appearance of a
'.

by auscultation in a healthy adult during net or web.

inspiration and expiration, occasioned by Reticular Substance. The cellular
the passage of the air into and from the tissue.
cells of the lungs. RETICULATUS. Reticular.
Respiratory Tract. The middle col- RETICULUM. Diminutive of rete, a
umn of the spinal marrow. net. A small net or web.
REST'IFORM. Itesiiform'is; from Tes- Reticulum Cuta'neum. The rete mu-
tis, a cord, and forma, likeness. A term cosum.
applied in Anatomy to two cord-like pro- RET'IFORM. Reticular.
cesses of the medulla oblongata, the Cor- RET'INA. From rete, a net. Two al-
pora restiformia. most inseparable layers of membrane, ex-
RESURRECTIONIST. One who vio- tending from the optic nerve to the crys-
lates the sanctity of the grave to obtain embracing the vitreous humor,
talline lens,
bodies for dissection. and lining the choroid coat without adher-
RESUSCITATION. Resuscita'iio ing to either. It is formed by an expan-
from resuscitare, to move up, to stir up Irion of the optic nerve, and constitutes the
anew, The restoration to life of a person true organ of vision.
apparently dead RETINACULUM. An old instrument
RETCHING, Ineffectual efforts to used in the operations of hernia and cas-
vomit. tration, to keep the intestines in place.
RETE. A net. A term applied in RETINITIS. From retina, the name
Anatomy to cellular membrane, and to the of the part, and itis, a terminal denot-
&c, ing inflammation. Inflammation of tho
interlacing of nerves, blood vessels,
when they form a sort of network. retina.
Rete Malpighi. The rete mucosum. RETORT'. A chemical vessel employed
Rete Mirab'ile. The anastomoses of in distillation.
the internal carotid and vertebral arteries RETRACTION. Retrac'tio; from re-
at the base of the brain. trahere, to draw back. The state of a
Rete Muco'sum. A term applied to part when drawn towards the centre of
a supposed mucous substance situated be- the body or backward also, the state of
;

tween the cuticle and true skin. It is being drawn up.

really only the lower cells of the epider- RETRACTOR. In Anatomy, a muscle,
mis which have not been dried to scales. the function of which is to draw back
 ;

REV 640 RHA

the part into which it is inserted. In duction of a metal from a state of com-
Surgery, a piece of linen used in amputa- position to its metallic condition.
tion for drawing the divided muscles up- REV'OLUTE. In Botany, a form of
ward, to prevent injury from the saw. In vernation which the sides of the leaf in
in

Dental Surgery, an instrument for draw- the bud are rolled spirally back on each
ing the commissure of the lips back for the side.

purpose of exposing the molar teeth while REVUL'SION. Bevul'sio; from revel-
separating them with a file. It is seldom lere, to pluck. The act of drawing a dis-
used. ease from the organ in which it appears to
Hetractor An'guli O'ris. The buc- have taken its seat.

cinator muscle. REVUL'SIVE. Derivative. Revellent,

RETRAHENS. From retraho, to draw which see.

back. Drawing back. Applied in Anat- REYNOLDS' SPECIFIC. A nostrum

omy to a muscle of the ear. for gout and rheumatism, composed of

Retrahens Auris. Two small bundles colchicum and sherry wine, colored with
of muscular fibres situated behind the ear. syrup of poppies and flavored with rum.
RETROCE'DENT. term applied in A RHABARI3ARUM. Rhubarb.
Pathology to a disease which moves from Rhabarbarum Album. White jalap ;

one part of the body to another, as some- the Convolvulus mechoacan, a Mexican
times happens in cases of gout. plant, the root of which is aperient, but
RETROCESSION. much used at present.
The act of going not
back. The transfer of a disease from tho Rhabarbarum Monachorum. One of
Burface to the interior. the names of Bumex patientia, which see.
BETBOVEE'SION. Jletrover'sio. Turn- RHABAR'BARIC ACID. Bhabar'barin.
ing back ; applied to tho uterus and other The yellow crystalline coloring matter of
organs. rhubarb, supposed by Brande to be the
Retroversion of the Uterus. Betro- active principle of the drug.
ver'sio u'leri. A deviation of the natural
'
RHACHIAL'GIA. Bachialgi'tis; from
position of the uterus, wherein the fundus pa#'f, the spine, and akyog pain. Spinal
of the organ is turned back into the con- irritation ;
pain in the spine.
cavity of the sacrum, while the neck is di- RHACIIirARALTSIS. See Taraplo-
rected towards the symphysis pubis. gia.

REU'NION. In Surgery, the union of RHACHIPHY'MA. A tumor of the

parts separated by a wound. When this spine.
takes place without suppuration, the re- RHACHIRRHEU'MA. Lumbago.
union is said to be by the first intention, RHA'CHIS. The spine or vertebral
but if not until after suppuration occurs, column.
it is said to be by the second intention. RHACHISA'GRA. From paX «, the
REVEL/LENT. Derivative; applied spine, and aypa, a seizure. Sudden seizure
to that which draws inflammation or other of the spine, with pain. A gouty or rheu-
diseased action from a part. matic affection of the spine.
BEVEBB'EBATOBY FUR'NACE. A HHACHITjE. The muscles of the spine.
furnace in which the flame is made to RHACHITIS. See Rachitis.
play over an arched surface. RHA'GAS. A fissure, chap, or cleft.
REVERIE, or REVEST. Irregular RHAGOI'DES. A term employed in
train of thoughts, occurring in musing or Anatomy to designate a membrane of the
meditation ; voluntary inactivity of the eye, the Tunica Bhagoides, or uvea, from
whole or the greater part of the external its resemblance in color to a grape.
senses, during wakefulness. RHAMNA'CEjE. The buckthorn tribe
REVIVIFICATION. Resuscitation of "dicotyledonous plants.
restoration of life. In Chemistry, the re- RHAM'NINE. A yellow crystalline
 RHE 641 EHI
substance obtained from the marc of the RIIEUMARTHRO'SIS. From pev/xa, a
berries of buckthorn. defluction, and ap-dpov, a joint. Acute
RHAMNUS. The buckthorn. Also, rheumatism.
a genus of plants of the order Rhamnacece. RHEUMATAL'GIA. Chronic rheuma-
Rhamnus Cathar'ticus. Buckthorn tism.
The juice of the berries is a violent, drastic RHEUMATIC. Rheumat'icus. Belong-
cathartic. ing or relating to rheumatism.
Rhamnus Fran'gula. The black alder, RHEU'MATISM. From peviia, a de-
every part of which is astringent. The fluction, a catarrh. A more or less painful
bark has been used in agues, and the inner affection occupying the muscles or parts
part of it is emetic and cathartic. surrounding the joints. It is sometimes
Rhamnus and sometimes chronic.
Zizy'phus. Zizyphus jujube. acute,
The tree which affords the jujube. Rheumatism, Acute. Rheumatis'mus
RHAPON'TICIN. A yellow substance acu'tus. A disease usually ushered in by
obtained from Rheum Rhaponticum. fever, excruciating pain in different parts
RHAPON'TICUM. Rhapontic rhu- of the body, but more particularly in the
barb. SeeRheum Rhaponticum. larger joints, which soon become red and
Rhaponticum Vulgare Offictna'rum. swollen. Several joints are usually af-
See Centaurea Centaurium. fected at the same time, and the pain shifts

RHATANY. A from one to another.

Peruvian plant, the
Kramer ia triandria. This is a valuable Rheumatism, Arthrit'ic. Rheumar-
and powerful astringent. thro'sis. Acute rheumatism, putting on
Rhatany. Rhatan'ia. Krameria trian- the appearance of gout.
dra. Rheumatism, Cap'sular. Rheumatism
RHEG'MA. A laceration. membrane of the joints
affecting the lining
RHEOME'TER. From pe«, to flow, and bursa} of the tendons.
and fierpov, a measure. An instrument for Rheumatism, Chronic. Pain in one or
arresting and re-establishing the electrical more of the joints, unaccompanied by in-
current of an electro-magnetic machine. flammation, redness or fever.
RHE'UM. A genus Rheumatism, Gouty.
of plants of the Arthritis; in-
order Folygonacex. nume- flammation of the synovial membrane.
There are
rous species of Rheum, but the commer- Rheumatism, Preabpom'inal. Rheu-
cial varieties most esteemed, are the Rus- matism of the muscles of the anterior and

sian, Turkey and Chinese. The English, lateral parts of the abdomen.
French and German are of inferior quality. RHEUMATIS'MUS CANCRO'SUS.
Rheum Palma'tum. This species is cul- Tic douloureux neuralgia faciei. ;

tivated in Europe and America for the cu- RHEUMATOPHY'RA. Acute rheu-
linary rhubarb leaf-stalks. The root, like matism.
the other species, is purgative. RHEUMATO'SIS. Rheumatism.
Rheum Rhapon'ticum. Rhapontic RHEUMIC ACID. Oxalic acid.
rhubarb. The prepared root of this species RHEXTS. A rupture of any part. A
is similar to the Chinese rhubarb, and spontaneous opening of an abcess.
forms part of the French rhubarb. RHIN. The nose.
RHEUM. Rheuma. RHINAL'GIA. From piv, the nose,
Rheum, Salt. A common name for and alyog, pain. Pain in the nose.
several cutaneous affections of the eczema- RHINEN'CHYSIS. From piv, the nose,

tous and herpetic forms. cv, in, and x vu , I pour. An injection into

RHEU'MA. From pew, to flow. The the nostrils, made with a syringe.

discharge from the nostrils and air pas- RHINENCHY'TES. A nose syringe.
sages. It is also applied to any mucous RHINOCEROS. From piv, a nose, and
discharge. nepas, a horn. A genus of large Pachy-
 RHO 642 EHO
dermatous mammals, characterized by one RHO'DIUM. A hard, white metal,
or two horus upon the nose. Naturalists found in crude platina.
describe five species 1. The Rhinoceros
;
Rhodium Lignum. Rosewood.
Indicus; The Rhinoceros Africanus; 3.
2. RHODIZONIC ACID. An acid ob-
The Rhinoceros Simus; 4. The Rhinoceros tained from carbonic oxyd.
Sumalrensis, and 5. The Rhinoceros Son- RHODODENDRON. A genus of
daicus. Two of these species have but one plants of the order Ericaceae.
horn on the nose, and three have two. Rhododendron Chrysan'themum. —
RHINOPHO'NIA. Nasal voice. Oleander, rose bay ;
yellow rhododendron.
RHINOPLASTY. From ptv, the nose, The leaves are sedative.
and tt/Wctw, I form. A surgical operation RHODO'MELI. Honey of roses.
for forming a new nose. RHODOME'NIA. A genus of sea- weeds
RHINORRHA'GIA. Epistaxis. of the order Algoz.
RHINOR'RHAPHY. Rhodomenia Palma'ta. Fucus sac-
Rhinorrhaph'ia
;
from ptv f the nose, and paQn, a suture. An charatus. It is used extensively as an ar-
operation for the removal of epicanthus, ticle of food in the maritime portions of
or a portion of the skin of the nose. Europe.
RHINOREHCE'A. From ptv, a nose, and RHO'DONITE. A variety of magne-
pew, I flow. A discharge of limpid mucus sian spar.
from the nose without inflammation of the RHODORHI'ZA. Canary rosewood;
Schneiderian membrane. also, a genus of plants of the order Con-
RHIZA. A root. volvulacece.
RHI'ZAGRA. A punch; an instru- Rhodorhiza, Florida. This species
ment much used by ancient dentists in the and the Rhodorhiza Scoparius yield an
extraction of roots of teeth, and occasion- aromatic essential oil, known as the oil of
ally employed at the present day. Rhodium. The powdered wood is used in
RHIZO'MA. Rhizome. A root-stock j
fumigation and as a sternutatory.
a prostrate root-like stem, which throws RHCE'AS. The red poppy, a plant of
out roots from its under surface. the genus Papaver.
RHIZOPH'AGOUS. From ptfr, a root, RHCET'IZITE. A variety of kyanite.
and ycryo, to eat. Feeding on roots. RHOI'TES. An old name for a confec-
RHIZOPH'ORA. A genus of plants of tion made of the juice of pomegranate
the order Rhizophoracece. and honey.
Rhizophoba Gymnorhi'za. The man- RHOMB. Rhom'bus ; from pqa/3u, to
grove. The juice of the root is used in the turn or whirl round, to wander. Literally,
East as an application to the bites of ser- a deviating square. An oblique-angled,
pents. equilateral parallelogram, or a quadrilat-
RHIZOSTOMA. Rhiz'ostomes ; from eral figure the planes of which are equal,
pifc, and oro/ia, a mouth. A genus the opposite ones parallel, with unequal
a root,
of Medusa), having numerous small nu- angles, two being obtuse and two acute.
trient absorbing canals situated on the Rhomb-Spar. A crystalline mineral
branches of arms, or peduncles extend- resembling calc-spar, consisting of carbon-
ing from the centre of the inferior surface ates of lime and magnesia with some traces
of the disk. of carbonate of iron.
RHODI'OLA. A genus of plants of the RHOMBOHE'DRON. A solid having
order Crassulacece. six equal rhombic planes or sides.
Rhodiola Rosea. Rosewort. The dried RHOM'BOID. Rhomboi'dal. A figure
root has an odor something like the dam- having rhomb, with sides
the form of a
ask rose. A poultice, in which this is the and angles equal, but which is neither
principal ingredient, is said to allay vio- equilateral nor equiangular.
lent pain in the head. RHOMBOIDE'US. A muscle of the
 RHY 643 RIG
scapula, which is sometimes described as tions of the heart and the arteries, which,
two muscles, the rhomboidcus major and when equal in force, are said to be in
rhomboideus minor. rhythm.
RHON'CHAL. Relating or appertain- RHYTIDO'SIS. From pvndoo, to grow
ing to rhonchus. wrinkled. Atrophy or collapse of the cor-
RHON'CHUS. Rale. A rattling or nea, without impairing its transparency;
wheezing sound in the air passages, gen- corrugation of any part.
erally arising from certain morbid states RIB. Costa.
of respiration. Five species of rhonchus RIBES. A genus of plants of the order
or rattle are enumerated by writers 1. Grossulaceoz.
:

The crepilous, rale crepitant, resembling Ribes Nigrum. The black currant.
the decrepitation of salt over a gentle fire, The fruit of which has been recommended
or rubbing a lock of hair between the for sore throat, and is said to be slightly
fingers. 2. The mucous, rale muqueux, con- diuretic.
sisting of unequal, irregular bubbles, like Ribes Rubrum. The red currant.
the sound heard in the windpipe of a RICE. A plant of the genus Oryza,
dying person. 3. The sonorous, rale sonore, and its seeds, which latter form a large
resembling the sound of snoring, except portion of the food of the inhabitants
when slight, then somewhat like that of where it grows.
the cooing of a dove. 4. The sibilant, rale Rice Water. The evacuations of per-
tibilant, a whistling, or clicking, as of a sons affected with cholera are so termed
small valve. 5. The crackling, consisting from their resemblance to it.

during inspiration of two, three or four Rice, Wild. A plant of the genus
dry sharp sounds. Zizania.
RHOPALO'SIS. See Plica. RICHARDSO'NIA. A genus of rubi-
RHU'BARB. Rhei radix. The root of aceous plants ; several of the species of
several species of Rheum, a very valuable which afford the white ipecacuanha.
drug. It is a mild purgative, slightly as- RICHWEED. The Actova racemosa,
tringent and tonic. See Rheum. or black snakeroot.
RHUS. A genus of plants of the order RIC'INUS. A genus of plants of the
Terebinthaceai. order Euphorbiacew.
Rhus Coria'rta. Italian sumac. Elm- Ricinus Commu'nis. The castor oil
leaved sumac. The leaves and berries are plant, or palma christi. The oil obtained
astringent and tonic. from the seeds is a mild cathartic.
Rhus Glabrum. The common indig- Ricinus Major. See Jatropha Curcas.
enous sumac. The fruit is refrigerant and RICK'ETS. See Rhachitis.
tonic, and the leaves astringent. RICTUS. From ringo, to grin. The
Rhus Toxicodendron. Poison oak, grinning mouth or opening between the
Or sumac. The fresh berries are very poi- two lips of a ringent flower.
sonous, but when dried they have been RIGA BALSAM. The resinous juice
used in paralysis and herpes. from the young twigs of the Pinus cembra.
Rhus Vernix. Swamp sumac. This RIG'ID. Rigi'dus. Hard; stiff; not
Is also poisonous. pliant.
RHY'AS. A decrease or defect of the RIGID'ITAS. Rigidity.
lachrymal caruncle of the eye. Rigiditas Articulo'rum. False an-
RHYN'CHOLITHES. From pvy X oc, a chylosis.

beak, and "k&oc, a stone. The fossil ex- RIGIDITY. Rigid'itas; from rigere,

tremities of the mandibles of cephalopods. to be stiff. Stiffness ; want of pliability.

Beak-shaped fossils. RI'GOR. From piyeu, to shiver. A
RHYTHM. From pvduoc, regular move- sensation of cold, with involuntary shiv-

ment. Applied in Medicine to the pulsa- ering.

 RIV 644 ROD
Rigor Mortis. The rigidity which strips of gold, silver or platina plate,
takes place after death. which are afterwards soldered to the base
Rigor Nervosus. Tetanus. designed to sustain the teeth in the mouth.
RI'MA. A fissure, cleft, or opening. ROAN TREE. The Sorbus acuparia,
Rima Canalis Suborbita'rii. The which see.
suborbitar fissure. ROAST'ING. In Chemistry, a process
Rima Glot'tidis. The opening of the employed for the separation of mineral
glottis. substances, consisting in the volatilization
Rima Mag'na. The vulva. of some of their principles, and in chang-
RIMO'SUS. Full of cracks. ing others so as to prepare them for other
RIM'ULA. A small fissure or crack. operations.
RING. An'nulus. In Anatomy, a cir- ROB. A word of Arabic extraction,
cular orifice which serves for the passage meaning the inspissated juice of ripe fruit
of a vessel or other organ, as the inguinal sweetened with honey or sugar to the con-
ring, the abdominal ring, &c. sistence of a conserve.
Ring Bone. A term applied in Far- ROBINTA. A genus of trees of the
riery to a callus in the little pastern of a order Leguminosw.
horse. Robinia Ama'ra. The name of a tree
Ring, Femoral. An
opening between of Cochin China. The roots of which are
Poupart's ligament and the pubes. bitter, and have been recommended in
Ring, External Abdominal. An diarrhoea.
opening formed by the separation of the Robinia Pseudo-aca'cia. The com-
fibres of the aponeurosis of the obliquus mon locust tree. The flowers are said to
externus. be anti-spasmodic.
Ring, Internal Abdominal. An ROB'ORANT. Corroborant; a
opening a little above Poupart's ligament, strengthening medicine.
in the fascia transversalis. ROBORANTIA. Tonics.
Ring- Worm. See Hcrjies circinatus. ROCCEL'LA. Eoccella Tincto'ria. Ca-
Ring- Worm of the Scalp. Porrigo nary archel ; a lichen which yields the
scutulata. coloring matter called archil.
RIPOGO'NIUM. A genus of plants ROCCELLIC ACID. An acid obtained
of the order Smilacea;. from Eoccella tinctoria.
Ripogonium Parviflo'rum. The sar- ROCHE ALUM. Native alum.
saparilla of New Zealand. Its properties ROCHELLE SALT. Tartrate of pot-
are said to be similar to those of sarsa- assa and soda.
parilla. ROCHE'S EMBROCATION FOR
RI'SING. Regurgitation. HOOPING COUGH. An empyrical pre-
RISO'RIUS. A name given by San- paration consisting of olive oil mixed with
torini, to a portion of the platysma my- about half its quantity of the oils of cloves
oides muscle. and amber.
RISUS. From ridere, risum, to laugh. ROCK OIL. Petroleum.
Laughter. Rock Salt. Common salt found in
Risus Cani'nus. Canine laugh. masses or beds. \
Risus Sardon'icus. A sardonic laugh. ROCK'ET. The popular name of Bras-
A convulsive grin. sica eruca, supposed by the Romans to
RIVER WEED. Common name of possess aphrodisiac properties.
Conferva rivalis, which see. RODENTIA. From rodo, to gnaw.
RIVET. A term applied in Mechani- An order of mammalia, having two in-
cal Dentistry to the small platina pins cisor teeth in each jaw, with an empty
baked in the backs of porcelain teeth, to space between them and the molars, com-
serve as a means of attachment to narrow prehending the rat and mouse, the squir-
 JIOS 645 ROS
rel, rabbit, musk-rat, beaver and other those of the Bosa alba. The oil of roses,

gnawing animals. ;
oleum rosoz, and rose water, are obtained
ROLL'ER. A
term applied in Surgery chiefly from them.
to a long, narrow bandage. Rosa Gal'lica. The red or French
ROLLING MILL. An apparatus for rose. The petals are astringent, and used
reducing metal to thin plates or laminae, in infusion and conserve.
consisting of two iron rollers, mounted in ROSA'CE^E. The rose tribe of dicotyl-
a strong iron frame, so adjusted as to be edonous plants.
separated or brought near together by ROSA'CEOUS. Rose-like.
means of two screws, and made to revolve ROSA'CIC ACID. A peculiar acid "sup-
by means of a crank. It is used in the posed to exist in the lateritious sediment of
laboratories of dentists for reducing gold urine in gout, and in inflammatory and
and silver into plates to serve as a basis intermittent fevers.
for artificial teeth. ROSA'LIA. Scarlatina.
ROMAN ALUM. An alum obtained ROSE. A plant and flower of the
from the volcanic rocks of the Solfaterra genus Bosa, of which there are many
near Naples. species and varieties.
Roman Vitriol. Sulphate of copper. Rose Camphor. A solid oil of roses.
ROMAN'ZOVITE. A brown mineral Rose, Christmas. A name of Ilelle-
consisting of a triple silicate of lime, alu- borus niger.
mina and iron. Rose Drill, Elliot's Improved. This
ROOK. A gregarious bird of the genus improvement consists in bending the shank
Corvus. of a rose-drill into the form of a hook,
ROOT. Radix. In Botany, that part which, says the author of the improve-
of the central axis of a plant which enters ment, enables the operator to drill a cav-
and fixes itself in the earth, serving to ity in the posterior surf ace of a back tooth.
support the plant in an erect position, and Rose Pink. Chalk or whiting dyed in
to attract liquid nutriment for its suste- a decoction of Brazil wood and alum.
nance and growth from the surrounding Rose Quartz. A variety of quartz of
soil. a rose-red tint.

Root-Leaf. A leaf growing immedi- Rose-Rash. Roseola.

ately from the root of a plant. Rose Red. A red pigment used by the
Root-Stalk. See Rhizoma. manufacturers of porcelain teeth, in gum
ROS. Dew, which see. enamel.
Ros Calabrinus. Calabrian manna. Rose Root. A plant of the genus
Ros Mari'nus. Rosemary. Bhodiola.
Ros So'lis. A synonym of Drosera ROSE'MARY. A verticillate plant of
rotund ifolia, or the sun-dew. the genus Bosmarinus. It has a fragrant
RO'SA. A genus of plants of the order smell, and a warm, bitterish taste.
Rosacea. ROSE'OLA. Bose-rash. From rosa,
Rosa Alba. The white rose. The a rose. An efflorescence of a rose color,
petals have a fragant odor and subacidu- appearing in patches, of various shapes,

lous taste. without papules, alternately deepening

Rosa Cani'na. Rosa sylves'tris. The and and usually occurring as a
fading,
dog-rose, or wild brier. The fruit, called symptom of dentition, dyspepsia, and
Eeps or Hips, has a sourish taste, and is often in connection with different febrile

made into a conserve to give form to more affections. The following are the princi-

active remedial agents. pal varieties : — 1. Boseola cestiva, which

Rosa Centifo'lia. The damask, cab- generally occurs in the summer, first
bage, or hundred-leaved rose. The petals appearing on the face and neck, but
of this species have properties similar to afterwards distributed over the body,
I ao
 EOS 646 ROY
companicd by an itching and tingling of a rosette, like the petals of a double
sensation. 2. Roseola autumnalis. This rose.
appears on children in the autumn, in the ROSY-DROP. The Acne rosaceoz, or
form of circular or oval patches, which carbuncled face.
gradually increase in size, and assume the ROTA'CEOUS. Wheel-like.
hue of a dark damask rose. 3. Roseola ROTACIS'MUS. A faulty pronuncia-
annulata, appears in rose-colored rings, tion of the letter R.
on almost every part of the body. 4. ROTATE. Wheel-shaped ; applied in
Roseola infantilis occurs in infants, as a Botany to a calyx or corolla, in which
symptom of the irritation of dentition, in the tube is very short, and the segments
fevers, &o. 5. Roseola variolosa appears exjianded into a nearly flat border, pre-
previously to the eruption of small-pox, senting the appearance of the radii of a
whether occurring in the natural way or wheel.
from inoculation, though seldom before ROTATOR. From rota, a wheel. A
the former. G. Roseola vaccina occurs name applied in Anatomy to several mus-
generally in small patches, about the cles, the office of which is to rotate the
ninth or tenth day after vaccination. 7. parts upon which they act.
Roseola miliaria frequently occurs during ROTIF'ERA. A term applied to an
the eruption of miliary vesicles. order of infusory animals furnished with
ROSE'OL/E. Roselli'na; false measles; vibratile cilia, arranged in circles in the
French measles. A name sometimes given vicinity of the mouth.
to an acute exanthem, an eruptive disease ROTTEN STONE. An earthy mine-
intermediate between measles and scarla- ral, consisting of alumina, carbon, and
tina, but affording no protection against silica, used for polishing metals.
either. ROT'ULA. The patella; also, a lozenge,
RO'SEUS. Of a rose-red color. called a drop.
ROSEWOOD. The Rhodium lignum. ROTUN'DUS. Round.
The wood of a tree growing in Brazil and ROUGE. A species of lake prepared
other warm climates. The oleum rhodii, from the dried flowers of the Carthamus
a fragrant perfume, is obtained from it. tinctorius.
ROSE' WORT. A common name of Rouge, Polishing. See Polishing
Rhodiola rosea. Rouge.
ROS'IN. The residuum after the dis- ROUND. Rotun'dus. Applied in
tillation of the volatile oil from the tur- Anatomy to foramina, and parts which
pentine of pines. Colophony. have this figure, as the foramen rotundum,
ROSMARINUS. Rosemary. Also, a and ligamenta rotunda, &c.
genus of plants of the order Lamiaceai. Round-Leaved Sorrel. A common
Rosmarinus Officinalis. Rosmari- name of Rumex scutatus.
nus horten'sis. The common rosemary. Round Ligaments. Ligamen'ta ro-
Rosmarinus Sylves'tris. Ledum tunda. Two cords comjiosed of corv
Palustrc, which see. densed cellular or fibrous tissue, blood-
ROSTRATE. Rosira'tus. vessels and nerves.
Having a They proceed, one
beak or bill. from each side of the uterus, through
ROS'TRIFORM. Having the form of the abdominal ring to be lost in the
a beak. mons veneris.
ROSTRUM. A beak. A name given ROUTFNIST. In Medicine, a physi-
to several old forceps, from their resem- cian who practices in accordance to fixed
blance to the beaks of different birds. rules without regard to circumstances.
Rostrum Lepori'num. The flesh be- ROYAL PREVENTIVE. A nostrum
tween the divisions of double hare-lip. consisting of a solution of acetate of lead,
RO'SULATE. Arranged in the form vended as a preventive of venereal disease.
 RUB 647 RUM
Royal Mineral Succeda'neum. A tree ; also, called knotberry. The fruit is

name given by the Crawcours to amal- said to be anti-scorbutic.

gam, which see. Rubus Fructico'sus. The commen
Royal Stitch. An old operation for bramble. The blackberry.
the cure of inguinal hernia, consisting in Rubus Id^'us. The raspberry a spe- ;

the application of a ligature to the neck of cies of bramble^.

the hernial sac for the purpose of exciting Rubus Trivia'lis. The low black-
adhesive inflammation. berry; called also American dewberry.
RUB'BER, INDIAN. Caoutchouc. This, according to some botanists, is the
RUBE'DO. Jled'ness ; from rubere, to Rubus canadensis. The root is the offici-
be red. A redness, uniformly diffused, on nal part, and possesses properties similar
any part of the skin, as that arising from to the Rubus villosus.
blushing. Rubus Villo'sus. The hedge black-
RUBEFACIENT. Rubefa'ciens ; from berry. The root is tonic and astringent,
rubens, red, and facio, I make. A term and has been used in decoction as a
applied to substances which, when placed remedy in diarrhoea and cholera infan-
upon the skin, cause redness. tum.
RUBE'OLA. From rubere, to be red. RU'BY. From rubeo, to be red. A
Measles; an exanthematous disease, con- mineral of a color intermediate between
isting of crimson stigmata arranged in carmine and hyacinth red. It is next in
semi-circles. See Measles. hardness and value to the diamond.
RU'BER. Red. Ruby of Arsenic. The protosulphuret
RU'BLV. A genus of plants of the of arsenic.
order Rubiacece. Ruby of Zinc. Red blend, or proto-
Rub i a Tincto'rum. The madder sulphuret of zinc.
plant; dyer's madder. The roots were Ruby, Rock. A beautiful red variety
formerly supposed to possess medicinal of garnet.
properties, but are now seldom used. RUCTUS. Eructation.
RUBIA'CEiE. The cinchona tribe of RUE. A plant of the genus Ruta, of
dicotyledons. which there are several species.
RUBIGTNOUS. Rubigino'sus ; from Rue, Goat's. See Galega Officinalis.
rubigo, rust Of the color of rust. Rue, Wall. See Asplenium Ruta
RUBI'GO. Rust. Also, the red rust Murale.
or mildew of grain. RU'GA. A wrinkle.
Rubigo Cu'pri. The sub-acetate of RU'GINE. From ruga, a wrinkle.
copper. Verdigris. In Surgery, an instrument for removing
Rubioo Fer'ri. Sesquioxyd of iron. the diseased portions of bones.
RUBI'NUS VE'RUS. Anthrax. RU'GOSE. Rugo'sus. Wrinkled.
RUBRI'CA FABRI'LIS. Red chalk; RUM. A spirituous liquor distilled
a heavy argillaceous substance. from molasses.
Rubkica Sinop'ica. A heavy earth, RUMEN. The first stomach of rumi-
of a red color and compact texture. nants.
RU'BRIN. Hamiatosin. RU'MEX. The dock. Also, a genus
RU'BULA. Framboesia or yaws. of plants of the order Polygonacece.
RU'BUS. A genus of plants of the Rumex Aceto'sa. The common sorrel,

order Rosacea. or sour-dock, used in some countries as a

Rubus Arc'ticus. The shrubby straw- wholesome culinary vegetable. A decoc-
berry. The berries are antiseptic, refrige- tion of the leaves is supposed to possess

rant, and anti-scorbutic. depurative properties.

Rubus Ge'sius. The dewberry plant. Rumex Acu'tus. The sharp-pointed
Rubus CflAMiEMo'RUS. The cloudberry wild-dock. The root is astringent, tonic,
 RUP 648 RUT
and alterative, and has been used in forms, viz : 1. Rujna simplex, which con-
decoction as a remedy for itch. consists of slight vesications, after they

JIumex Alpi'nus. Monk's rhubarb. pass away, leaving a surface of a livid

The root is laxative. or blackish color.
Rupia prominens, 2.

Rumex Aquat'icus. Rumex hydrolap- which is characterized by the formation

athum, which see. of elevated conical scabs upon the vesi-
Rumex Hydrolap'athum. "Water- cated bases. 3. Rupia escharotica, which
dock, supposed to be tonic, astringent, is confined to infants and children of a
and anti-scorbutic. cachectic habit the vesicles occur on the
;

Rumex Obtusifo'uus. Blunt-leaved loins, thighs, and lower extremities.

dock. It has properties similar to the RUP'TURE. Ruptu'ra. Hernia, or the
Rumex alpinus. protrusion of some part of the viscera of
Rumex Fatien'tia. The garden pa- the abdomen.
tience. The root has properties similar to RUPTURING. In Botany, bursting;
rhubarb. a mode of dehiscence in which the peri-
Rumex Sanguineus. The bloody- carp is spontaneously perforated by holes.
dock. The root is astringent, and has RUS'CUS. A genus of plants of the
been employed in dysentery. order Similacece.
Rumex Scuta 'tus. French sorrel. Ruscus Aculea'tus. Butcher's broom.
RUMINAN'TIA. Ruminants. Ani- Knee-holly. The root is diuretic, and has
mals which chew the cud, as the ox, been recommended in dropsies, and in
deer, &c. urinary and nephritic affections.
RUMINATION. Rumina'tio. A func- Ruscus Hypoglos'sum. Ucularia ; hy-
tion peculiar to ruminating animals, con- poglossum. An astringent plant, formerly
sisting in chewing a second time the food used in relaxation of the uvula.
they have swallowed. RUSH. A plant of the genus Juncus,
'RUN'CINATE. In Botany, a pinnated of which there are many species. The term
leaf, with the lobes convex before, and is also applied to plants of other genera.
straight behind, like the teeth of a double Rush, Sweet. The Acorus calamus,
saw. or sweet flag.
RUN'NER. In Botany, a thread-like RUSPINI'S STYPTIC. Liquor StijjjW-
stem running along the ground, forming, cus Ruspini. An astringent nostrum con-
at its extremity, roots and a young plant, sisting of gallic acid and a small quantity
as in strawberry. of sulphate of zinc and opium dissolved
RUN'NET. Rennet. in alcohol and rose-water.
RUNUN'CULA. Raspatorium. Ruspini's Tincture. Orris root, eight
RUPERT'S DROPS. Pyriform drops ounces, cloves, one ounce, ambergris, one
of unannealed glass, made by dropping scruple, alcohol, two pints. It is recom-
melted glass into cold water, condensing mended as a preservative of the teeth,
the outer surface, and imprisoning the but can have no other effect than to
sweeten the breath by the removal of
heated particles while in a state of repul-
sion. When they are struck, or any part impurities from the mouth.
is broken off, they burst into atoms with RUST. The ox} d which forms on met- r

a loud report. als when exposed to the air, especially

RU'PIA. From pvnog, filth. A disease iron.
characterized by an eruption of large RUT. (Estroma'nia ; ardor veneris.
flattish vesicles, with a slightly inflamed A French word, applied in Zoology to the

base, and containing a fluid, at first sexual desires exhibited by certain ani-
serous, but afterwards puriform, and often mals, particularly the deer.
bloody, which concretes into a hard crust. RUTA. A genus of plants of the order
The disease appears under the following Rutacece.
 ;

SAC 649 SAC

Ruta Grave'olens. The common rue. RU'TILITE. Native oxyd of titanium.
It has a nauseous, unpleasant smell, and RU'TULA. A small species of rue.
a hot, penetrating taste. It is an active RUYSCHIA'NA TU'NICA. The in-
stimulant, and was formerly used as an ner surface or coat of the choroid mem-
anti-spasmodic, emmenagogue, and vermi- brane, supposed by Euysch, after whom it
fuge, and is still employed in domestic is called, to be a lamina distinct from tho
practice in the form of tea. external surface.
Euta Muka'bia. A synonym of As- EYACOLITE. From pvok, a stream,
plenium ruta muraria. and lidos, a stone. Glassy felspar.
ItJTA'OlLE. The rue tribe of dicotyl- EYE. An esculent grain of the genus
edonous plants. Secale.
KUT'ACEUM. Vinegar of rue. Eve, Spurred. Ergot; horned-rye. Sea
RUTHE'NIUM. A metal resembling Secale Cornutum.
iridium and rhodium, found in the ores of EYMEE'S CARDIAC TINCTUEE. A
platina. nostrum consisting of capsicum, carda-
RUTIDO'SIS. Rytido'sis; from pv n- mom seeds, camphor, aloes, rhubarb, and
6ou, I wrinkle. Act of wrinkling; ap- castor, infused with a small quantity of
plied in Pathology to atrophy of the eye sulphuric acid in proof spirit.
attended by subsidence and corrugation of EYTIDO'SIS. Eutidosis, which see.
the cornea.

S.

S. A. In Medical Prescriptions, the serous membrane of the cavity from which

contraction of secundum artem. the viscus has escaped.
SABADIL'LA. The Veratrum sdba- Sac of a Tooth. See Dental Sac.
dilla, which see. SACCATE. In Botany, having tho
SABADILLTN. A new principle ob- form of, or furnished with, a sac or pouch.
tained from the Veratrum Sabadilla. See SACCA'TUS. Saccated ; enclosed in a
Veratria. cyst or bag.
SABBA'TIA. The American centaury. SACCHA 'EIC ACID. From saccharum,
Also, a genus of plants of the order Qen- sugar, an acid produced by the action of
tianacece. nitric acid on sugar.
Sabbatia Angula'ris. American Cen- SACCHARIF'EROUS. Froducing su-
taury. A bitter herb possessing proper- gar, as the sugar cane, sugar maple, &c.
ties similar to those of gentian. SAC'CHAROID. Having the appear-
SABINA. Savine. See Juniperus ance of sugar.
Sabina. SACCHAROL'OGY. Saccharolog'ia
SAB'ULOUS. Sabulo'sus. Gritty. Ap- from aaxapov, sugar, and loyog, a discourse.

plied in Pathology, to the sandy deposit A treatise on sugar.

sometimes seen in urine. SACCHAROM'ETER. From saccharum,
SABUE'EA. Sordes; filth; coarse sugar, and ueipov, measure. An instru-
sand; but according to the common ac- ment for ascertaining the quantity of
ceptation of the term, foulness of stom- saccharine matter in the juice of a plant,
ach. or the specific gravity of brewers' or dis-
SAC. From saccus, a bag. In Anat- tillers' worts.
omy, a small natural cavity ; in Pathology, SACCHARUM. Sugar. Also, a genua
a morbid cavity. of plants of the order Graminacea.
Sao Hernial. The pouch formed of the Saccharum Aceri'num. Maple sugar.
 SAC 650 SAG
It is employed as <in aliment and demul- arising from the sacrum, and inserted into
cent. the coccygis.
Saccharum Al'bum. Refined sugar- Sacro-Coxal'gia. A rheumatic af-

white sugar •
loaf sugar. See Sugar. fection of the sacro-iliac symphysis.
Saccharum Alu'minis. Alum mixed Sacro-Iliac. Relating to the sacrum
with dragon's hlood and dried. and ilium.
Saccharum Can'didum. Sugar candy •
Sacro-Ischiat'ic. Relating to the sa-
the crystallized juice of the cane. crum and ischium.
Saccharum Non Purifica'tum. Brown Sacro-Lumba'lis. A long muscle seated
sugar ; muscovado sugar. at the posterior part of the trunk, arising
Saccharum Officina'rum. Sugar cane, from the sacrum and extending to the
a plant of which there are several species, lower part of the neck.
abounding in a rich saccharine juice. Sacro-Sciat'ic. Belonging to the sa-
Saccharum Satur'ni. Acetate of lead. crum and ischium.
Sugar of lead. Sacro-Sciatic Ligaments. Two liga-
SACCHOLACTIC ACID. An acid ob- ments which assist in securing the sacro-
tained by digesting the sugar of milk in iliac articulation.

nitric acid. It is identical with mucic acid. Sacro-Ver'tebral. Belonging to the

SAC'CLILUS. Diminutive of saccus, a sacrum and vertebra.
bag. A little sac or bag. SACRUM. Os sacrum. From sacer,
Sacculus Chylif'erous. The recep- sacred. The bone forming the posterior
taculum chyli. part of the pelvis. It is a continuation of,
Sacculus Cor'his. The pericardium. and forms the base of the vertebral col-
Sacculus Lachryma'lis. The lachry- umn. It is articulated above with the
mal sac. last lumbar vertebra, laterally with the

SACCUS. A bag. ossa innominata, and below with the

SA'CER. Sacred a term applied to coccyx.
;

diseases formerly supposed to be the direct SAFETY LAMP. See Lamp of Safety.
infliction of Heaven. SAF'FLOWER. The dried ilowers of
Sacer Ig'nis. Sacred fire. A term the Carthamus tinctorius, used as a dye-
formerly applied to erysipelas. stuff and in the preparation of rouge.
Sacek Mor'bus. Sacred disease. A term SAF'FRON. The prepared stigmata
applied by the older writers to epilepsia. of the Crocus Sativus, which see.
Sacer Musculus. An old name for Saffron, Meadow. Common name of
the trausversalis lumborum. Colchicum aulumnale.
SACK. An ancient wine, probably Saffron of Steel. Red oxyd of iron.
sherry. SAGArE'NUM. A gum resin, sup-
Sack. bag or pouch.
Saccus. Aposed to be obtained from the Ferula Per-
SA'CRA HER'BA. The Verbena offici- sica. It has a yellowish color, biting
nalis, which see. taste, and a foetid alliaceous smell. It
Sacra Tinctu'ra. Tincture made of has properties similar to those of asafoet-
aloes, canella alba, and mountain wine. ida, but is less powerful.
SA'CRAL. Belonging or relating to the SAGE. Common name of Salvia offi-
sacrum. nalis.
Sacral Arteries. These are distin- SAGITTAL. Sagitta'lis ; from sagitia,
guished into the anterior or middle sacral, an arrow. Arrow-shaped, applied to a
and the lateral sacral arteries. suture of the cranium.
Sacral Nerves. The sacral nerves Sagittal Suture. The suture which
arisefrom the termination of the spinal two parietal bones.
unites the
marrow, and are six in number. SAGITTA'RIA. A genus of plants of
SACRO-COCCYGiE'US. A muscle the order ALismaceas.
 :

SAL 651 SAL

Sagittaria Alexiphar'mica. The Sal Ammoni'acum Aceto'sum. Solu-
Malacca plant, cultivated in the West tion of acetate of ammonia.
Indies for its root, supposed to he a rem- Sal Ammoniacum Martia'le. Ferri
edy for wounds made with poisoned ar- ammonio-cldoridum. Martial salt of am-
rows. monia.
Sagittaria Sagittifo'lia. The com- Sal Ammoniacus Fixus. Chloride of
mon arrow-head. The roots are escu- calcium.
lent, Sal Ang'licum. Sulphate of mag-
SAGITTATE. From sagitta, an ar- nesia.
row. Arrow-shaped. A term applied Sal Antimo'nii. Tartarized antimonyj
in Botany to leaveswhich are pointed at tartar emetic.
their apex and gradually enlarge to their Sal Argen'ti. Nitrate of silver.
base into two acute lobes ; in Zoology to Sal Chal'ybis. Sulphate of iron.
a part of an animal which is triangular Sal Digestivus Sylvii. Acetate of
and hollowed out at the base with poste- potash.
rior angles. Sal Fon'tium. Common salt.

SA'GO. The prepared fecula of the Sal Glau'beri. Sulphate of soda.

pith of Sagus rumphii. When boiled in Sal Mar'tis. Sulphate of iron.
milk or water it forms a light and nutri- Sal Perla'tum. Phosphate of soda.
tious food for invalids. It is necessary, Sal Prunell^e. Nitrate of potassa,
however, to add to it a little sugar and cast into fiat cakes or round balls.
wine or lemon juice to render it palatable. Sal Satur'ni. Acetate of lead.
ST. ANTHONY'S FIRE. Erysipelas. Sal So'ixe. Subcarbonate of soda salt ;

St. Charles' Root. Carlo sancto, (ra- of soda.

dix.) It is found in Mechoachan, in Sal Succini. Salt of amber succinic ;

America. The bark has an acrid, bitter, acid.

aromatic taste, and is said to be sudorific Sal Tartari. Tartaric acid.

and tonic. Sal Vitrioli. Sulphate of zinc ; salt

St. Ignatius' Bean. The fruit of the of vitriol.

Ignatia amara. It is about the size Sal Volat'ile. Volatile salt ; subcar-
of a nutmeg, of a hard, horny texture, bonate of ammonia.
very bitter, and has been given in infu- SALAAM CONVULSION. Convul-
sion in intermittent fever. sions attended with bowings of the head.
St. James' Wort. Common name of They sometimes occur in children.
Senecio Jaeobcea. SALACITY. From salax, salicious.

St. John's Wort. Common name of Lust; propensity for sexual indulgence.
Hypericum Perforatum. SA'LEP. Salap. Orchis Morio, which
St. Vitus' Dance. Common name of see.
Chorea. SALICA'RIA. The Lythrum salicai-ia,

SAL. A salt. The following are a or willow herb, every part of which is

few of the designations of this extensive slightly astringent.

compounds
class of SALTCIN. A bitter febrifuge sub-
Sal Absin'thii. Carbonate of potassa. stance obtained from the bark of most of
Sal /Egypti'acum. Nitrate of potassa. the species of willow. Formula C42H22O16
Sal Alembroth. A compound of mu- +HO.
riate of mercury and ammonia. SALICOR'NIA. A genus of plants of
Sal Alkali'nus Volat'ilis. Sesqui- the order Chenopodiacece.
carbonate of ammonia. » Salicornia Europ^e'a. The jointed
Sal Ammo'niac. Muriate of ammonia. glasswort. It is eaten as a salade or pickle
Sal Ammoni'acum. Volatile salt of under the name of Marsh samphire.
ammonia. SAL'ICYL. A hypothetical radical of
 ; :

SAL 652 SAL

a series of compounds. Formula Ch H5 ond to the sub-maxillary, and the third to
O2. Symbols Sa. the sublingual.
SALICYL'OUS ACID. Hydruret of sali- Salival Glands. The salivary glands,
cyl. A compound forming the chief in- which see.

gredient in the essential oil of Spircea SALIVA'EIA. A plant of the genus

ulmaria, or meadow-sweet. Formula C14 Anthemis.
H5 4 H— SaOHO. SALIVA'EIS. Salivary.
Salicyl'ic Acid. A crystalline sub- SALIVARY. Saliva'ris. Sali'val Of
itanoe very similar to benzoic acid. It or belonging to the saliva.
is prepared by heating hydrurct of salicyl Salivary Calculus. Odontoli'thos ;

with hydrate of potash. Sa03. odon'tia incras'tans ; tartar of the teeth.

SALIFIABLE. Capable of combining Earthy concretions found upon the teeth
with an acid to form a salt. and in the mouths of the salivary ducts.
SALINE'. Sali'nus; from sal, salt. Con- They sometimes accumulate upon the teeth
taining a salt, or of the nature of salt. in very large quantities, giving to the
SALINU'CA. Celtic nard, a plant of mouth an exceedingly disagreeable ap-
the genus Valeriana. pearance, and sometimes imparting to the
SALHiETIN. A resinous substance breath an almost insufferably offensive
obtained by the action of sulphuric acid odor. Salivary calculus composed prin- is

on salicin. cipally of phosphate of lime and animal

SALI'VA. lialov. Sia'lon; spit'tle. matter, differing, however, in their relative
The fluid secreted by the parotid, sub- proportions, according as it is hard or soft,

maxillary and sublingual glands. It is and hence scarcely any two analyses fur-
inodorous, transparent, insipid and slightly nish the same results. According to Mr.
viscid. Its use is to lubricate the mouth, Pepys, fifty parts yield,
mix with the alimentary bolus, and assist Phosphate of lime, . . . 35.00
in the process of digestion. From four- Fibrine, or cartilage, . . . 9.00
teen to twenty ounces are secreted every Animal fat, or oil, .... 3.00
twenty-four hours. Its chemical constit- Loss, 3.00
uents, according to Berzelius are, water,
992.2 ; a peculiar animal matter, soluble 50.00

in water, and insoluble in alcohol, 2.9 In an analysis made by Berzelius, one

mucus, 1.4; chlorides of potassium and hundred parts were found to contain,
sodium, 1.7; lactate of soda and animal Phosphate of lime and mag-
matter, 0.9 soda, 0.2. In certain states nesia, 79.98
;

of the general health, the acetic, lactic,

Salivary mucus and salivine, 13.50

oxalic, muriatic and uric acids have been Animal matter, 7.50

detected in it, but it is not improbable that

100.00
these acids may have been derived from the
ThcTollowing is the result of an anal-
mucous secretions of the mouth, which are
ysis made by Dr. Dwindle, a dentist of
always more or less abundantly mixed
Cazenovia, New York
with it. Donne has detected acid in the
Phosphate of lime, . . . 60.00
saliva of persons affected with gastritis.
Saliva, Characteristics of the. See
Carbonate of lime, .... 14.00
Animal matter and mucus, . 16.00
Fluids of the Mouth, Characteristics of.
SALI'VA L.
Water and loss, ...... 10.00
Saliva'lis; saliva'ry. Of
or belonging to the saliva. 100.00
Salival Ducts. The excretory ducts Hard, dry tartar contains more earthy
of the salivary glands. They are the Sten- and less animal matter than soft humid
onian, the Warthonian and the Pdvinian. tartar, and hence the differences in the re-
The first belongs to the parotid, the sec- sult of different analyses.
 ;;

SAL 653 SAL

M. Mandl says it is composed of infu- It is precipitated from the saliva, as
soria, and that they are thickly distributed this fluid enters the mouth, on the surfaces
throughout its substance, but it is not of the teeth, opposite the openings into
wholly composed of them, and such as are the ducts from which it is discharged. To
found in it, evidently have their origin in these its particles become agglutinated by
the mucous secretions of the mouth which the mucus always found, in greater or less
mix with it during its deposition. Hence, quantity, upon them. Particle after par-
they are more or less numerous, as the ticle is afterwards deposited, until it some-
tartar is hard or soft, or in proportion to times accumulates in such quantities that
the quantity of mucus mixed with it.° nearly all the teeth are almost entirely
English and American writers on dental enveloped in always, however,
it. It is

surgery concur in the belief that salivary found in greatest abundance on the outer
calculus is a deposit from the saliva. Jour- surfaces of the superior molars, and the
dain believes it is secreted by certain inner surfaces of the inferior incisors, and
glands scattered over the dental perios- it is opposite to these that the mouths of
teum. comes from
Gariot contends that it the salivary ducts open.
the gums, and Serres claims to have dis- The presence of salivary calculus upon
covered upon the mucous membrane of the teeth always productive of injury,
is

this structure, glands, the peculiar function though sometimes more so than others.
of which is to secrete this substance, but An altered condition of the fluids of the
the absurdity of this theory has been fully mouth, diseased gums, and not unfre-
exposed by M. Delabarre. But while this quently the gradual destruction of the
author has exposed one error in regard to alveolar processes, and the loosening and
the origin of this substance, he has fallen loss of the teeth, are among the local con-
into another equally great. He is of the sequences that result from it. But besides
opinion that it is an exhalation from the these, other effects are sometimes produced,
mucous membrane gums, and that among which may be enumerated tumors,
of the :

this results as a and spongy excrescences of the gums

consequence of inflamma-
tion, or of an increase of vascular action necrosis and exfoliation of the alveolar
in the tissue. processes, and portions of the maxillary 1

Of the existence of the elements of its bones, hemorrhages of the gums, anorexia
composition in the saliva there can be no and derangement of the whole digestive
question. Chemical analyses of this fluid, apparatus; foul breath, catarrh, cough,
direct from the glands that secrete it, diarrhoea, diseases of various kinds in the
place all doubt upon the subject at rest. j
maxillary antra and nose, pain in the
Turner, in enumerating its chemical con- '

ear, head-ache, melancholy, hypochondri-

stituents, mentions as one, bone earth,f I
asis, &c.
and Ticdemann, Gmelin,$ and Scherer § When it is permitted to accumulate for
have detected phosphate of lime, as have any great length of time, the gums become
also Enderlin|| and other chemists who so morbidly sensitive, that a tooth-brush
have analyzed this fluid. Thus it is seen cannot be used, without producing pain
that its chief earthy constituent is con- consequently, the cleanliness of the mouth
tained in the saliva. It may also exist in is not attempted, and thus, no means being
solution in the mucous fluid of the mouth. taken to prevent its formation, it accumu-
* Dr.W. H. Dwindle has given a minute lates with increased rapidity.
description of the microscopic appearance In the removal of this substance, injury
of the infusoria found in salivary calculus, neck of the teeth
to the periosteum of the
in the fifth volume of the American Journal
of Dental Science. should be carefully avoided, and it is im-
f Turner's Chemistry, p. 757. portant, too, that not a particle be left, as
| Midler's Physiology, vol. 1. p. 651. would serve as a neucleus for its re-
it
§ French Lancet, April, 1845.
||
Liebig, Annalen, 1844, pp. 3 and 4. deposition. When it has accumulated in
42
 SAL 654 SAL
large quantities, several sittings are some- The dark brown tartar is not as hard as
times necessary for its complete removal. either of the preceding descriptions. It
It should be from between sometimes collects in large quantities on
taken first

the edges of the gums and the necks of the the lower front teeth, and on the first
teeth, affording opportunity, between the and second superior molars is often ;

respective sittings of the patient, for the found on all the teeth, though not in as
gums to heal, and any of the teeth, great abundance as on these. It does not
for

that are loosened, to become firm. The adhere to the teeth with as much tenacity
mouth in the meantime should be gargled as either of the black varieties. It exhales
four or five times a day, with some astrin- a more foetid odor than the first, but is less
gent or detergent lotion, such as dilute offensive than the second.

tinct. myrrh and nut-galls. But for more The persons most subject to this kind of
particular directions on this subject see tartar, are of mixed temperaments the —
articles on the Diseases of the Gums and sanguineous, however, almost always pre-
Alveolar Processes. dominating. They may, perhaps, be de-
Salivary Characteris- nominated sanguineo-serous and bilious.
Calculus,
tics of. It has already been remarked Their physical organization, though not
that salivary calculus is very variable in the strongest and most perfect, may, nev-
its density, and its color and quantity on ertheless, be considered very good, but,

the teeth of different individuals, are equally being more susceptible to morbid impres-
so, and these differences furnish diagnos- sions, their general health is less uniform.

tics valuable both to the general and den- Tartar of a light or yellow-brown color
tal practitioner. They are less equivocal is of a softer consistence than any of the
than the appearances of any of the other preceding varieties, and is seldom found
parts of the mouth. The relative propor- upon the teeth of persons, except those of
tions of the constituents of tartar, as has bilious temperaments, or those in whom
been before stated, vary, according as it is this disposition predominates. It has a
hard or soft. rough, and for the most part, a dry sur-
There are two kinds of black tartar. face; it is found in large quantities on the
The first never accumulates in large teeth opposite the mouths of the salivary
quantities, and is most frequently found ducts, and it sometimes happens that
on the lingual surfaces of the lower inci- every tooth in the mouth is completely in-
sors and cuspidati. It is very hard, ad- crusted with it. It contains less of the
hering firmly to the teeth, and is indica- earthy salts and more of the fibrin and
tive of a good innate constitution. The animal fat than that of any of the fore-
second accumulates in much larger quan- going descriptions, and from the quantity
tities, is often found on all the teeth, has an of vitiated mucus mixed with and adher-
uneven surface, is covered with a glairy ing to it, has an exceedingly offensive

mucous fluid, is very hard, and adheres to smell. It is, sometimes, though not al-
the teeth with such great tenacity, thatit ways, so soft that it can be crumbled be-
can only be removed as were particle tween the thumb and finger.
it

by particle. This variety is found on Inflammation, turgescence and suppu-

the teeth of individuals of good innate ration of the gums, inflammation of the
constitution, but whose physical powers alveolo-dental periosteum, the destruction
have become enervated from privation, or of the sockets and loss of the teeth, an
disease, or intemperanceand debauchery, altered condition of the fluids of the
and particularly the last. mouth, and foetid breath, are among the
The teeth on which both of these varie- local effects produced by the long-con-
ties of tartar are found, are, as a general tinued presence of large quantities of this
rule, of the best quality, and seldom af- kind of tartar on the teeth. The consti-

fected with caries. tutional effects are not much less perni-
 ;

SAL 655 SAL

clous. Indigestion and general derange- low. Also, a name of certain shrubs of
ment of all the assimilative functions, are the genus Salix.
among the most common. SAL'MIAC. A contraction of sal am-
White tartar rarely accumulates in very moniac. Ammoniac murias.
large quantities, and consists almost wholly SAL'MO. A genus of fishes of the or-
of hardened mucus. It resemhles some- der Abdominales. The salmon.
what cheese curd, and seldom exceeds it SAL'MON. A delicious fish of the
in hardness. This variety is usually genus Salmo, of a yellowish red color.
found on the teeth of persons particularly Salmon Trout. A small fish of the
Subject to disease of the mucous mem- color of the salmon and belonging to the
brane. It is very irritating to the gums same genus.
and corrodes the teeth. SALPA. A genus of tunicated mollusks
Another variety is mentioned by writers, which float in tho sea.
called green tartar, but this consists of SALPIN'GO. From aakmy^, a tube.
little more than a mere stain upon the A prefix, applied in Anatomy to a muscle
teeth, and is usually confined to the labial arising from the Eustachian tube.
surfaces of the upper incisors, cuspidati Salpingo- Cye'sis. From oakttiyi, a
and bicuspid*. It is met with more fre- tube, and kvijcis, pregnancy. The devel-
quently in children than adults, and like opment of the foetus in the Fallopian tube.
the last, is exceedingly acrid, irritating the Salpingo-Pharynge'us. A bundle of
gums and decomposing the enamel of the muscular fibres which assist in dilating
teeth. This description of tartar, if indeed the mouth of the Eustachian tube.
it can be called tartar,' is an
indicative of i
Salpingo-Staphylinus. A term ap-
mucous mem- by some writers to the levator palati
I

irritable condition of the plied

brane and of viscidity of the fluids of the muscle.
mouth. SAL'PINX. laforttf. A tube or trum-
SALIVARY GLANDS. The organs pet.
which secrete the saliva. SALSO'LA. A genus of plants of the
They are six in
number, three on each side, namely, the order Chenopodiaceai.
parotid, the submaxillary, and the sublin- Salsola Kali. Prickly saltwort. A
gual. plant which produces the alkaline salt
SALIVATIO. Salivation. called barilla.
SALIVATION. Saliva'iio ; from SALT. Sal. A compound of an acid
saliva, the spittle. A preternatural se- with an alkali, earth or metallic oxyd,
cretion of saliva, occasioned either by or of a metal with a halogen. A salt
the use of stimulating masticatories, or is called neutral when the acid and base
some cause which acts upon the whole reciprocally saturate each other. The
economy. term super is prefixed when the acid is in
Salivation, Mercurial. Salivation excess sub denotes excess of the base
;

resulting from the use of mercury. bi, two equivalents of acid to one of the
SA'LIX. A genus of plants of the or- base ; quadr, four equivalents of acid
der Amentaceaz. sesqui, one and a half equivalents of acid,
Salix Alba. Salix fragilis. and oxy, a salt of an oxyd. Deliquescent
Salix Frag'ilis. The common crack salts are those which attract moisture
willow. The bark is bitter, astringent and from the air and become fluid. Efflores-
tonic, and has been recommended as a cent salts are those which lose a portion
substitute for cinchona. The other species of their water on crystallization by ex-
are said to possess similar properties. posure to air, and fall into powder. Per-
Salix Latifo'lia. The broad-leaved manent salts do not undergo any change
willow. on exposure. Decrepitating salts, when
SAL'LOW. Paleness tinged with yel- heated, burst into smaller pieces with a
 SAM 656 SAN
crackling noise. Double salts are those animal matter, obtained from the flowers
which consist of one acid and two bases, Sambucus nigra.
or of two acids and one base, or of two SAMBU'CUS. A genus of plants of
acids and two bases, though most of them the order Caprifoliaceai.

consist of the same acid and two different Sambucus Canadensis. The common
bases. elder of America. The flowers, which
Salt, Common. Muriate of soda, or, are the officinal part, are excitant and
more correctly, chloride of sodium. sudorific, but are seldom used except in
SALTPETRE. Common name of Ni- the form of poultice, fomentation, or
trate of potassa. ointment. The berries are diaphoretic
SALTWORT. Common name of Sal- and aperient the inner bark, hydragogue,
;

sola kali. purgative, and emetic. The young buds

SALU'BRIOUS. Salubri'us. Salu- are a violent purgative, and unsafe. The
tary; healthy. juice is diuretic.
SALU'BRITY. From solus, health. Sambucus Eb'lus. Dwarf-elder, or
Any thing which contributes to health. danewort. The properties of this are
SAL'UTARY. Favorable to health. similar to the indigenous species.
SALVATEL'LA. A vein situated ou Sambucus Ni'gra. The elder tree.

the back of the hand near its inner mar- English elder. This species has proper-
gin. ties similar to the preceding.
SALVE. Anointment. SAMI TERRA. Samian earth. An
Salve, Blistering. Common name argillaceous earth found in Samos, for-
for cerate of Spanish flies. merly used as an astringent.
SALVIA. A genus of plants of the SAMI US LAPIS. Sa'mian stone. A
order Salviacece. Sage. stone found in the island of Samos, used
Salvia Horten'sis Minor. The small as a polishing material by goldsmiths
sage, or sage of virtue. It is aromatic, and in the laboratory of the dentist. The

slightly tonic and astringent, and has a ancients believed it to be astringent and
bitterish taste. It is used as a carmina- refrigerant.

tive in the form of tea, and as a gargle. SAMTHIRE. A plant of the genus
Salvia Lyra'ta. Cancer weed. Crithmum. grows on rocks near the
It
Salvia Officinalis. The common seashore, and is used for pickling. In
garden sage. It is aromatic, slightly as- the United States this name is given to
tringent and tonic. It is employed in in- Salicornia herbacea, a plant which, in
fusion with honey and alum, or subborate England, is called Gloss-wort.
of soda, in inflammation of the fauces and SANAB'ILIS. Sanabile. Curable.
relaxation of the uvula. SANAMUN'DA. A synonym of Geum
Salvia Scla'rea. The garden clary. urbanwn.
The leaves and seeds have a strong smell, SANA'TIO. Curation.
a warm bitter taste, and are said to be SAN'ATIVE. From sano, to cure.
corroborant and anti-spasmodic. Curative.
SAMADE'RA. A genus of the plants SAN'ATORY. Healing; applied also
of the order Simarubacece. to that which tends to guard public
Samadera In'dica. A plant, native health.
of India. It furnishes the Niepa bark, SAND. Finely granulated silicious
which is said to possess febrifuge pro- matter, but it often has particles of other
perties. substances mixed with it. It is used in
SAMA'RA. In Botany, a dry inde- Mechanical Dentistry in making moulds
hiscent coriaceous capsule, containing lew for metallic castings, or models for striking

seeds, and frequently winged on the sides. up a base for artificial teeth.
SAMBU'CIN. Sambuciaa. A vegetc- Sand-Bath. In Pharmacy, a bath in
 ; ;

SAN 657 SAN

which sand is interposed between the Sanguis Dbaco'nis. Dragon's blood.
and the vessel to be heated.
fire SANGUISOR'BA. A genus of plants
SAN'DAItACH. San'darac; gum of the order Rosacea;.
sandaraeh. An inodorous gum-resin in Sanguisobba Officinalis. The
white tears, supposed to be the produce Italian pimpernel, formerly used as an
of the Gallitris quadrivalvis, used in the astringent.
preparation of a varnish employed in the SANGUISU'GA. The biood-suckin
Arts, and in Mechanical Dentistry for var- leech.
nishing plaster models. S A N G U I S U'G U M. Congestion of
Sandabach Ge^eco'eum. Protosul- blood in the heart.
phuret of arsenic. SAN'ICLE. Common name of several
SANDERS, RED. Sandal-wood j the species of plants of the genus Sanicida.
wood of the Pterocarjms santalinus. The American Sanicle belongs to the genus
SAND'IX. An inferior kind of red Heuchera.
lead, technically termed Plumbi oxydum SANIC'ULA. A genus of plants of
rubrum. the order Umbdlifero?,.
SAND'ORICUM. A genus of plants Sanicula Ebobacen'sis. The Pinguic-
of the order Meliacece. ida vulgaris, or butterwort.
Sandobicum In'dicum. An East In- Sanicula Euboi^e'a. Sanicle, an herb,
dia plant, the root of which possesses aro- formerly used as an astringent.
matic properties. SANIDO'DES. Sanio'des; from cav-
S A N " G A It E E'. Wine and water ifioc, a board, and eidoc, resemblance. One
eweetened and spiced. with a contracted or narrow flat chest.

SANGUIFICATION. Sanguifica'tio SANIES. A thin, unhealthy, serous

from sanguis, blood, and facio, to make. discharge from a fistula or ulcer, and most
That function of the body by which the commonly mixed with blood and pus.
chyle is changed into blood. Blood- SAN'ITAS. Sanity.
making. SANITA'RIUM. Sanatorium; from
SANGUIFLUX'US. Hemorrhage. Saniias, health. An institution for the
SANGUINA'LIS. A synonym of Po- treatment of the sick. Also, a place,
lygonum aviculare, or knot-grass. selected on account of its salubrity, for
SANGUINA'RIA. A genus of plants valetudinarians.
of the order Papaveracece. SANTTARY. Pertaining to or designed
Sanguinabia Canadensis. Blood- to secure health.
root; puccoon. The root is an acrid SAN'ITY. San'itas; from sanus, sound,
stimulating emetic and narcotic. It has whole. Soundness of body; health; or
been employed in rheumatic and pulmo- that condition of organized bodies in
nary affections. which all the functions essential to life
SANGUIN'ARINE. Sanguinari'na. are regularly performed. The term, how-
An alkaline principle existing in the San- ever, is more frequently used for sound-
guinaria canadensis. ness of mind.
SANGUINE.. Sanguineus. Relating SANTALIN. The coloring matter of
to or containing blood. red sanders wood.
SANGUINEOUS. Sanguine. In SAN'TALUM. A genus of plants of
Physiology, a temperament. the order Santalaceoi.
SANG'UINIS MIS'SIO. Blood-letting. Santalum Album. The white and
SANGUINOLENT. Sanguinolen'tus. yellow sanders. The former is much
Tinged with or of the color of blood ; as, esteemed in the East for its agreeable
in Pathology, bloody expectoration, bloody perfume.
T
urine, il c. Santalum Ru'bbum. The red sanders
SAN'GUIS. Blood. a tree of the genus Pterecarpus.
 ;

SAP 658 SAE

SANTONIN. A proximate vegetable SAPONIFICATION. Conversion into
principle obtained from the seeds of the soap ; the process by which soap is made.
Artemisia santoniw. SAP'ONIN. A peculiar extractive
SANTORI'NI FISSU'R.E. The matter obtained from the root of Sapona-
fissures at the upper and back part of ria officinalis.

the cartilaginous portion of the external S A FO N U L E. Imperfectly formed

ear. soap ; a combination of an alkali with an
Santobini TtTBEB'cuLA. The cartila- essential oil.
ginous projections on the top of the aryte- SAP'PHIRE. A hard gem, of various
noid cartilages, which support the liga- colors, consisting essentially of crystallized
ments of the glottis. alumina.
SAP. The unelaborated fluid of plants. SAPRI'AS. Old high-flavored wine.
SAPAN WOOD. A dye-wood, the SArRODONTIA. From oanpoc, rot-
produce of a certain species of Gcesalpina, ten, carious, and odovg, a tooth. Caries
used in India. or rottenness of the teeth.
SAPHE'NA. From oapnc, manifest, SAPROPH'AGANS. Saproph'aga;
evident. A name given to the two large from aanpog, decomposing water, and <j>ayu f
veins of the leg. I eat. A tribe of Coleopterous insects
SAPID. Having taste ; not insipid. which feed on animal and vegetable sub-
SAPIDITY. Tastefulness; capable of stances in a state of decomposition.
affecting the organs of taste. SAPROS. Foul ; rancid ; rotten ; ca-
SAPIN'DUS. A genus of plants of rious.
the order Sapindacece. The soap tree. SAPROSTOMUS. From oanpog, foul,
Sapindus Sapona'bia. The plant of a bad odor, and arofia, mouth. One
which affords the soap-nuts ; the cortical who has a foul or offensive breath.
part of which has been recommended as SAFWOOD. The external part of
a stomachic and deobstruent. the wood of a tree ; the part next the bark
SAPO. Soap, which see. the alburnum.
Sapo Dubus. Hard soap, made with SARATO'GA SPRINGS. Several
soda and fatty and resinous substances. mineral springs at Saratoga, a few miles
To this class belong the Castile, the al- north-east of Ballstown, in the State of
mond, and the resin or yellow soap. New York. The Congress Spring, how-
Sapo Medicina'lis. Soap made with ever, is the only one of much celebrity.
soda and olive oil. This contains carbonates of soda, magne-
Sapo Mollis. Soft soap, made with sia,lime, iron, &c, the iodides of sodium
caustic potash and acrid oil, tallow, or and potassium, and is highly charged with
refuse fat. carbonic acid gas.
Sapo Terebin'thin^e. Starkey's soap, SAR'CINA VENTRIC'ULI. A minute
made of dried and warm subcarbonate of cryptogamic plant found in the fluid of
potash, and oil of turpentine. Pyrosis by Mr. Goodsir.
SAPONA'CEOUS. Having the pro- SARCITIS. Anasarca.
perties of or containing soap. SAR'CIUM. Sar'cion. A caruncle,

SAPONA'RIA. A genus of plants of or small fleshy excrescence.

the order CaryophyUacew. SAR'COCARP. Sarcocar'pium ; from
Saponabia Officina'lis. Soapwort, oap$, flesh, and icapnog, fruit. The fleshy
bruisewort. The root, in the form of part of fruits.
decoction, was formerly used in syphilis, SARCOCE'LE. From oap$, flesh, and
gout, rheumatism, and jaundice. KTjXr], a tumor. Scirrhus or cancer of the

SAP N E A. A pectoral medicine, testicle.

'

composed of an infusion of violets, sugar, SARCOCOL'LA. From cap$, flesh,

and oil of sweet almonds. and Ko"Kka y glue. Flesh-glue; a semi-
 ; ;

SAR 659 SAS

transparent resinous substance, obtained SARCOUS. Of or belonging to flesh

from an African shrub, the Pencea sarco- fleshy.

colla, and other species of Pencea. Sarcous Elements. A term Applied
•
SAR'CODERM. From oap$, flesh, and in Physiology, by Bowman, to the ele-
depfia, skin. A term applied in Botany to mentary or primitive particles which, by
the covering of the seed and the endo- uniting, form the mass of muscular fibre.
plura. SARDONIA'SIS. Sardonic laugh.
SARCO'DES. Carneous. SARDONIC LAUGH. Risus sarclon'-
SARCO-EPIPLOCE'LE. From aapl-, icus. A species of convulsive laughter,
flesh, emn?iOov, the epiploon, and nrjlri, a supposed by the ancients to be occasioned
tumor. Epiplocele complicated with a by inflammation or wounds of the dia-
flesh tumor. phragm.
SARCOLEM'MA. Sarcole'ma; from SARMENTA'CEOUS. A term applied
oapt;, flesh,and li^ta, a coat. The sheath in Botany to plants, or stems of plants,
which envelops the muscular fibrilku which put out runners.
the myolemma. SARMEN'TUM. A term applied in
SARCOL'OGY. Sarcolog'ia; from Botany to a twig or runner.
aapt, flesh, and "koyog, a discourse. That SAR'DONYX. A reddish yellow gum
part of anatomy which treats of the soft or stone; orange-colored agate with a
parts. wavy or undulating surface.
SARCO'MA. From oap£, flesh. A SARSAPARIL'LA. The root of seve-
fleshy tumor or excrescence. ral species of Smilax. It has a slightly
Sarcoma Scroti. Sarcocele. bitter taste, and is mucilaginous. Altera-
SARCOMATOUS. Belonging to or tive, demulcent, and diuretic properties
exhibiting the characters of sarcoma. are ascribed to it. It has been most ex-
SARCOMTIIALUS. From oapt, flesh, tensively used in secondary syphilis, and
and ofupalos, the navel. A fleshy tumor in shattered states of the system arising
about the navel. from the use of mercury in these affections.
SARCOPH'AOUS. From oap$, flesh, It has also been emjfloyed in chronic

and (payu, to eat. Flesh-devouring ; flesh- rheumatism, scrofula, and cutaneous affec-
destroying. That which eats flesh, or tions. There are numerous varieties, of
destroys excrescences. Applied by the which the Jamaica, the Brazilian, the
ancient Greeks to a coffin or receptacle Lima, the Honduras, and Vera Cruz, are
for a dead body, made of Assian stone, the best known in commerce.
(lapis Assius,") said to possess the pro- Sarsaparilla, False. See Aralia
perty of corroding dead bodies, so as to Nudicaulis.
consume them in forty days. Sarsaparilla German'ica. Carex
SARCOPHYTA. A fleshy tumor or arenaria, which see.

excrescence. SARTO'RIUS. From sartor, a tailor,

SAIICOP'TES. A genus of very small because it is used in crossing the legs. A
insects. slender muscle situated at the anterior
Sarcoptes Scabie'i. Sarcoptes horn'- part of the thigh.
tni's. The itch-tick. SARX. Flesh.
SARCO'SIS. The formation of flesh. SARZA. Sarsaparilla.
Also, a fleshy tumor. SAS'SAFRAS. The wood of the Lau-
SARCOSTEM'MA. A genus of plants rus sassafras.The bark is a mild stimu-
of the order Asdepiadacea. lant, sudorific, and alterative. The muci-
Sarcostemma Glau'ca. A South lage obtained by macerating the pith of
American plant, possessing properties the stems is used as a collyrium in inflam-
similar to those of ipecacuanha. mation of the eyes, and as a drink in
SARCOSTO'SIS. Osteo-sarcoma. irritation of the mucous surfaces.
 ;

SAU 660 SAX

Sassafras, Swamp. Maguolia glauca, Saunders, Red. Red sanders.
which see. SAU'RIA. Sauri'ans; from oavpa, a
SAS'SOLIN. Native horacic acid. lizard. An order of reptiles, comprehend-
SATELLITE VEINS. Vena satelli- ing the lizard, crocodile, alligator, &c.
tes. The veins which accompany the SAUS'SURITE. A variety of nephrite,
arteries. a mineral of a white, greenish, or grayish
SATHE. Sodf. Membrum virile; color, so called from M. Saussure, the dis-
penis. coverer.
SA1TETY. Sati'etas. Loathing, from SAVIN. Sav'ine. Sav'ina. An ever-
excess of gratification. green tree or shrub of the genus Junipe-
SATURANTIA. Sat'urans. Absorb- rus.
ents ; medicines which neutralize acid in Savin Ointment. Ceratum sabina3.
the stomach. SA'VOR. Taste or odor; qualities
SATURA'TIO. Saturation. which render bodies agreeable to the sense
SATURATION. Satura'tio ; from of taste or smell.
satis, enough. In Chemistry and Phar- SA'VORY. An aromatic plant of the
macy, the union or impregnation of oue genus Satureia. Applied also to bodies
body with another, until the receiving which have an agreeable taste or smell.
body can contain no more. Savory, Ciliated. One of the names
SATUREI'A. A genus of plants of of Satureia capitata.
the order Salviaceai. Savory, Summer. A common name of
Satuueia Capita'ta. The ciliated Satureia hortensis.
savory ; an aromatic plant. SAW. In Surgery, an instrument used
Satureia Horten'sis. Satureia sati'va. for dividing bones in amputation, and for
The summer savory. It is aromatic, and the removal of exostoses.
has a warm, penetrating taste, and has Saw, Hey's. An instrument invented
been used as an excitant. by Mr. Hay, to be used in fractures of the
SATU'RITAS. Satiety. cranium.
SATU'RITY. The state of being satu- Saw-Fish. A fish, of which there are
rated; fullness. several species, of the genus Pristis.
SATURNINE. Containing, or caused Saw-Fly. A species of fly having ovi-
by, lead. somewhat similar
positors to the teeth of
SATUR'NUS. Saturn. Old name for a saw. It belongs to the Linmean genus
lead. Tenthredo.
SATYRIASIS. From aarvpog, a satyr, Saw- Wort. A plant of the genus Ser-
because the satyrs are said to have been ratula, having serrated leaves.
greatly addicted to venery. Priapism; SAX'ATILE. Saxati'lus. Pertaining
also, irresistible desire in men for coition. to,or living among rocks. Applied in
SATYR'ION. Zarvpiov. A plant, so Ornithology to birds which build their
called because it was said to excite lust nests in, or inhabit rocks, and in Botany
the Orchis mascula. to plants which grow in rocky situations.
S ATYRIS '
M S . Satyris'mus. SAXIF'RAGA. A genus of plants of
Satyriasis. the order Saxifragacea.
SAUCE-ALONE. One of the Saxifraga Angel'ica. Meadow saxi-
names
of Erysimum alliaria, See Peucedanum Silaus.
frage.
SAUCE, GREEN. A common name Saxifraga Granula'ta. Saxifraga
of Jlumex scutatus. alba. White saxifrage, supposed to be
SAUER-KRAUT. A culinary prepa- diuretic.
ration, consisting of cabbage preserved in SAXIFRAGE. Saxifraga.
brine. Saxifrage, Brunet. Pimpinella sax-
SAUN'DERS. See Santalum Album. ifraga.
 SCA 661 SCA
Saxifrage, English. Meadow saxi- Scala Tym'pani. The superior spiral
frage. Peucedanum silaus. cavity of the cochlea of the ear.
Saxifrage, White. Saxifraga granu- Scala Vestib'uli. The inferior spiral
lata. cavity of the cochlea.
SAXIF'RAGUS. Lithontriptic. SCALD-HEAD. See Porrigo Favosa.
SAXON-BLUE. A deep blue imparted SCALE. Squa'ma. In Pathology, an
by dyeing with sulphate opaque and thickened lamina of the cuti-
of iudigo.
SAXON'ICUS PULVIS. A powder, cle. In Natural History, the small laminaj
formerly supposed to possess alexipharmic on the surface of fishes, serpents, &c.
properties. Scale, Dry. Psoriasis.
SCAB. In Pathology, an incrustation SCALE'NUS. Irregular or unequal.
formed over a sore by the concretion of A muscle situated at the side of the neck,
the fluid discharged from it. of an irregular triangular shape, divided
SCA'BIES. From scabo, to scratch. into three portions.
Psora. The itch. Four species are de- SCALING THE TEETH. An opera-
scribed by Willan 1. Scabies papidi-
: tion in Dentistry, which consists in the
formis, consisting of an extensive eruption removal of salivary calculus, commonly
of slightly inflamed, itching vesicles, re- called tartar, from the teeth. See Salivary
sembling papule, intermixed with, and Calculus.
containing a thick yellow pus. 2. Scabies SCAL'LOF. A testaceous mollusk of
lymphatica, consisting of an eruption of the genus Pecten, with a bivalvular shell.
intensely itching transparent pustules on SCALP. The integuments covering the
the wrists, backs of the hands, between head.
the fingers, on the feet and toes, about the SCAL'PEL. Scalpel'lum; from scalpo,
fossa of the nates, axillae, hams, and at I rasp or cut. An instrument employed
the bend of the elbows. 3. Scabies puru- in surgical operations and in dissections for
lenta, consisting of elevated yellow pus- dividing the soft parts.
tules, inflamed around their base, and SCALP'KUM. A knife. In Mammal-
which, in a short time, suppurate, break, ogy, the cutting edge of the incisor teeth.
and then ulcerate. 4. Scabies cachectica, Scalprum Denta'rium. Lima Denta'-
exhibiting all the appearances, on different ria. A dental file. See File, Dental.
parts of the body, of the three foregoing SCALY DISEASE. An order of cu-
species. taneous diseases in Willan and Bateman's
SCABIO'SA. A genus of plants of the arrangement.
order Dipsacece. SCAMMO'NIUM. Scammony.
Scabiosa Arven'sis. Field scabious, SCAM'MONY. Scammo'nium. The in-
supposed to be diuretic. spissated juice of the root of Convolvulus
Scabiosa Succi'sa. The deviPs-bit scammonia. It is of a greenish or grayish-
scabious. It is similar in its virtues to black color, nauseous smell and bitter,
the scabiosa. arvensis. acrid taste. The best quality is usually
SCABIOUS. The Philadelphia flea- designated by the name of Aleppo Scam-
bane, said to be useful in cutaneous dis- mony, though said to be obtained equally
eases. pure from Smyrna. It is an active purg-

SCABPJ'TTES. Roughness. ative. It is commonly administered in

SCABRO'SUS. Sca'brous. Bough ; cov- combination with other cathartics.
ered with short rigid points or projections. SCAN'DENT. Scand'ens; from scando,
SCAB'WOBT. A plant of the genus I climb. Climbing. Applied in Botany
Selenium. to plants which climb either by means of
SCALA. A ladder. In Surgery, an spiral tendrils or adhesive fibres.

apparatus formerly employed for the re- SCAN'DIX. A genus of plants of the
duction of dislocations of the humerus. order Umbelliferce.
 SCA 662 SCH
Scandix Cerefo'lium. The officinal SCARAB^EI'DANS. From scarabceus,
chervil. It is aromatic, aperient and diu- a beetle. The beetle tribe of Coleopterous
retic. insects. The larvae of the beetle, called
Scandix Odora'ta. Sweet cicely. This beetle-grubs, constitute a variety of anal
possesses properties similar to the preced- worms.
ing species. SCARDAMYG'MUS. Xmyfajwyp*.
SCANSO'RES. From scando, I climb. From GKapdafjvaau, to wink. Winking;
An order of birds which have toes adapted nictitation.
for climbing, as the woodpecker and par- SCARF-SKIN. The epidermis.
rot. SCARIFICATION. Scarifica'tio; from
SCA'PHA. From onairru, I make hol- oKapt^aofiai, to make a slight scratch. A
low. The cavity of the external ear, be- small, superficial incision, made with a
tween the helix and anti-helix. Also, the lancet or scarificator.
name of a double-headed roller. SCARIFICATOR. Scarificato'rium.
SCAPH'ITE. From cuafy, a boat. A An instrument containing ten or more lan-
genus of fossil shells of a boat-shaped cets, so contrived as to be made to pene-
form, allied to the ammonite. trate to a greater or less depth, at the op-
SCAPrl'dD. Scaphoi'des; from matyr), tion of the operator, and to issue at once
a boat, and Etdoc, resemblance. Boat-like j from the box in which they are contained,
in Anatomy, applied to several parts. by means of a spring.
Scaphoid Fossa. A depression or cavity SCA'RIOUS. In Botany, any part of
in the internal ala of the pterygoid pro- a plant which is dry, thin or shriveled, as
cess. a perianthium.
Scaphoid Bone of the Wrist. The SCARLATI'NA. From scarlatlo, (Ital-
boat-like bone, the os naviculare of the ian,) a deep red. The scarlet fever. There
carpus. are two varieties of this disease : 1. Scar-
Scaphoid Bone of the Foot. A bone latina simplex or scarlatina benigna, which
situated at the forepart of the foot, the os is of a mild character, and, 2. Scarlatina
naviculare. anginosa, or scarlatina cynanchica, which
SCA'PHIUM OCULA'RE. The shell is attended with ulcerated sore- throat.
employed for artificial eyes. Scarlatina maligna is regarded as a stage
SCAP'OLITE. A crystallized, grayish- of the last mentioned variety.
white mineral, of a pearly lustre, consist- SCARLATI'NOUS. Pertaining to scar-
ing of alumina and lime.
silica, let fever.

SCAP'TIN. An almost tasteless, brown SCARLET FEVER. Scarlatina.

extractive matter, obtained from Digitalis SCAR'RED. Cicatrisa'tus. Marked
purpurea, by Radig. with a scar.

SCAP'ULA. The shoulder-blade; an SCELAL'GIA. From onelog, the leg,

irregular flat bone, of a triangular shape, and alyog, pain. Pain in the leg.
situated at the posterior part of the SCEL'IDES. From okemq, a leg. In
shoulder. Mammalogy, the posterior or pelvic ex-
SCAP'ULAR. Scapula'ris ; from tremities.
scapula, the shoulder-blade. Belonging or SCELON'CUS. From ocelot, the leg,
relating to the scapula. and oy/cof, a tumor. A tumefied or swelled
SCAP'ULARY. A bandage for the leg.

shoulder. SCELOS. Ziceloc. The leg.

SCAP'ULO-HU'MERAL. Pertaining SCELOTYR'BE. From oKelog, the leg,
to the scapula and humerus. and rvppT}, disorder. Dragging the lower
SOA'PUS. In Botany, the stalk or limb. Also, chorea.
scape which proceeds from the root and SCHALA'STEIN. Table spar. It oc-
bears the flowers and fruit. curs in laminated gray masses.
 SCH 663 SCI

SCIIEELE'S GREEN. A green pig- SCHWANN, WHITE SUBSTANCE

ment obtained by mixing arsenite of po- OF. A hollow cylinder of white nervous
tassa with sulphate of copper. matter differing in composition from that
SCHE'LIUM. A synonym of tungs- which occupies the centre, the latter being
ten. of a fibrous character.
SCHERBET'. A drink prepared with SCIAT'IC. Sciat'icus ; ischiat'ic; from
sugar and the acid fruits. loxtov, the haunch. A word contracted
SCHERLIE'VO. Mai de Scherlievo. A from and synonymous with iscldatic.
virulent form of syphilis observed in Illy- Sciatic Artery. The ischiatic artery ;

ria. a branch of the hypogastric which escapes

SCHERO'MA. Dry inflammation of from the pelvis through the sciatic notch,
the eye. then dividing into a number of branches
SCHINDYLESIS. An immovable ar- is distributed principal^ upon the. upper
ticulation. and posterior part of the thigh.
SCIIINEL^E'ON. Oil of mastich. Sciatic Nerves. Two nerves distin-
SCHI'NUS. A genus of plants of the guished into greater and less. The for-
order Anacardiacece. mer is a continuation of the sacral or sci-

Schinus Mol'le. A Peruvian plant atic plexus, and escapes from the pelvis
abounding with a resinous juice. The between the pyramidalis and superior
bark affords resin said to be purgative, gemellus muscle. The latter is formed by
and used in Feru to strengthen the gums. the second and third sacral nerves, and es-
An intoxicating liquor is made from the capes from the pelvis below the pyrami-
fruit by fermentation. The bark of Schi- dalis muscle.
nus arroera, another species, is used in Sciatic Notch. A large notch at the
Brazil as a febrifuge. A fragrant oil is posterior edge of each os innominatum,
obtained from the leaves by distillation. converted into a foramen by the sacrum
SCHISTOCEPHALUS. From o X lotoq, and sacro-sciatic ligament.
cleft, scf>aratcd, and KecpaTnj, head. A SCIATTCA. Neuralgia of the sacro-
name given by Gurlt to a monster with a sciatic nerve.

cleft or fissured head. SCIERO'PIA. From oniepoc, shady,

SCHISTOCOR'MUS. From aX iaroc, and «V> the eye. A defect of vision in
cleft, separated, and nop/iog, trunk. A name which all objects assume a color darker
given by Gurlt to a monster having a cleft than natural.
or fissured trunk. SCIL'LA. The squill or sea-onion.
SCIINEIDE'RIAN MEM'BRANE. The Also, a genus of plants of the order Lil-
mucous membrane which lines the cavities iacece.

and secretes the mucus of the nose, so Scilla Hispan'ica. Spanish squill.
named from Schneider, who first described Scilla Marit'ima. The officinal squill.
it. The fresh bulb is very acrid and poison-
SCHORL. A black, brittle mineral, ous. The dried root is bitter and slightly
usually occurring in prismatic crystals, acrid. It is diuretic, expectorant, emetic,
and becoming electric by heat and fric- and cathartic.
tion. Scilla Nu'tans. Bluebells, said to be
SCHORL'ITE. A
mineral of a green- a mild astringent.
ish-white and sometimes of a yellowish SCIL'LITES. Wine impregnated with
color ; a variety of topaz. squills.
SCIIUBER'TIA. A genus of plants of SCIL'LITIN. Scil'litine. The bitter
the order Pinacece. principle of the bulb of Scilla Maritima.
Schubertia Disti'cha. The Ameri- SCINCUS. The Nile lizard, supposed
can cypress. The resin from the cones is by the ancients to possess alexipharmio
diuretic and carminative. and aphrodisiac properties.
 ; ;

SCL 664 SCO

SCIRRHOGAS'TRIA. From otappoc, thic fishes having a skin covered with hard
hard, and -yaoTtip, stomach. Scirrhus of scales.
the stomach. SCLEROPHTHAL'MIA. From ok1 V-
SCIKRHO'MA. Scirrhus. poc, hard, and oipdalfioc, the eye. Pain,
SCIRRHO'SIS. Scirrhus, which see. swelling and hardness of the eye and eye-
SCIR'RHOUS. Indurated; hard. Of lids.

or belonging to scirrhus, as a scirrhous SCLE'ROS. lkkwt. Hard.

disease. SCLEROSARCO'MA. A hard, fleshy
Scirrhous Sarco'ma. A hard, smooth, tumor or excrescence, resembling the
vascular tumor of a glandular structure. comb of a cock, attached to the gums.
SCIR'RHUS. Scirrho'ma, scirrho'sis SCLERO'SIS. Scleriasis.
from onippoc, hard, indurated. A hard SCLEROTTC. Sclerotica; from nek*
tumor, generally occurring in glandular
.
poo, I harden. A term applied in Anat-
structures, usually preceding carcinoma, omy to the dense, opaque, fibrous mem-
and of which it may he regarded as the brane, situated immediately under the
first stage. conjunctiva, investing nearly four fifths of
SCIS'SEL. The clippings of metals; the posterior part of the globe of the eye.
applied in Mechanical Dentistry to the SCLEROTICONYX'IS. Sderonyx'is
small pieces of gold, platina, or silver from oxlripoc, hard, and vv£ic, puncturing.
clipped from a plate in cutting out a base Perforation of the sclerotic coat of the eye
for artificial teeth or any other appliance in the operation for cataract by depression.
formed from plate of any of these metals. SCLEROT'ICUS. Sclerotic. In Materia
SCIS'SORS. An instrument composed Medica, medicines which are supposed to
of two cutting blades which move upon have the effect of increasing the density of
an axis, and are variously shaped to suit animal tissues.
the purposes for which they are designed. SCLEROTIS. Sclerotic.
In Dental Surgery, they are used princi- SCLEROTITIS. Inflammation of the
pally for cutting gold. sclerotic coat of the eye.
SCrU' RINES. From sciurus, a squir- SCLERYS'MA. Induration.
rel. The squirrel tribe of Rodentia. SCOBS. The filings, scales, or shavings,
SCLA'REA. Salvia sclarea, which see. of any metal or wood. Also, the scoria
SCLERECTO'MIA. An operation of any metal.
which removal of a portion
consists in the SCOLIOSIS. From otcolioc, crooked.
of the sclerotica to form an artificial pupil. A distortion of the spine.
SCLERE'MUS. Sclere'mia. Indura- SCO'LOPAX. A genus of birds of the
tion of the cellular tissue. order Grallce.
SCLERENCEPHA'LIA. From «***, Scolopax Gallina'go. The common
hard, and eynE^aT^v, the brain. Indura- snipe.
tion of the brain. Scolapax Rustic'ola. The woodcock.
SCLERI'ASIS. Sclero'ma; from okhi- SCLOPEN'DRIA. Spleenwort. Milt-
pos, hard. Act of becoming hard, or a waste, a plant of the genus Asplenium.
state of induration. The term, however, SCOLOPEN'DRIUM. A genus of
is usually applied to induration of the ferns of the order Polypodiacecc.
edges of the palpebral, and, in females, of ScOLOPENDRIUM VlJLGARE. As})lc'nium
the labia pudendi. scolopen'drium. Hart's- tongue. Spleen-
SCLERO-. From oi&tjpog, hard. A wort. It has astringent mucilaginous,
prefix signifying hardness. and pectoral properties.
SCLERODERMA. From OKlypoc, hard, SCO'LYMUS. The artichoke ; a plant
and 6ep(ia, cutis. Induration of the skin. of the genus Ginara.
SCLER'ODERMS. Fran «£*•*, hard, SCOM'BER. A genus of fishes of the
and 6epy.a, skin. A family of plectogna- order Thoracici.
 SCO 665 SCR

Scomber Scomber. The common mack- SCOTAS'MA. Scoio'ma; from okotoc,

erel. darkness. A term applied in Pathology to

Scomber Thynnus. The tunny fish. obscurity of vision ; also, to scotodynia.
SCOOP. A surgical instrument shaped SCOTODYNTA. Scoto'ma; scotasmia;
like a spoon, employed for the removal of scoto'sis ; from a kotos, darkness, and
foreign bodies. diveu, I turn round. Giddiuess with im-
SCO PA EEGIA. A plant of the ge- paired vision.
nus lluscus. SCOTO'MA. Scotodynia.
SCOPA'RIUS. One of the names of SCOTO'SIS. Scotodynia.
Spartium Scoparium, which see. SCOTT'S ACID BATH. A bath of
SCOPE. liKomj. Scop'ia; from cuoneio, dilute hydro-chloric acid, recommended
to examine. A suffix denoting ocular ex- by the late Dr. Scott for jaundice.
amination. SCREW. In Mechanics, a spiral ridge
SCORACRA'SIA. Scoracra'tia; from or groove winding round a cylinder with
OKup, excrement, and aicpaoia, want of every furrow or thread parallel to the axis
control. Involuntary evacuation of the at the same angle. When formed on the
fjasces. outside of the cylinder, it is called the
SCORBUTIC. Scorbutica. Belong- male screw, and on the inside, the female
ing or relating to scorbutus or scurvy. Af- screw.
fected with scurvy. Screw, Conical. An instrument some-
SCORBUTUS. Scurvy. A disease times employed in Dental Surgery for the
characterized by spongy gums, offensive extraction of the roots of the upper inci-
breath, livid spots on the skin, great gen- sors and cuspidati.

eral debility, and a pale bloated counte- Screw Elevator, Elliot's. An in-
nance. It constitutes a genus in the first strument invented by Dr. W. H. Elliot,
order of the Fifth Class of diseases, of for removing fangs of teeth by means of a

Pincl, and Porphyra of Dr. Good. screw which is inserted into a universal
SCOR'DIUM. A plant of the genus joint upon the end of the instrument.
Teucrium. This instrument can be applied with equal
SCO'RIiE. From a/tup, excrement. The facility to the fangs of the molar, and
dross of purified metals, or the refuse of those of the front teeth.
any substance. Screw Forceps. See Forceps, Com-
SCOR'ODUM. Scor'odon. A
pound Screw, Hullihen's.
name of
a plant of the genus Allium. Garlic. Screw-Pivot. A pivot with a screw
SCORPIODEXTS. From onopmog, the cut on it for the retention of an artificial
scorpion, and dfffj bite. The sting of a tooth to a natural root. Introduced by
scorpion. Bourdet.
SCOR'PIOX. Scorpio; from ctiopmoo, Screw-Plate. A plate of steel pierced

I puncture. A genus of articulated ani- with two or more rows of holes, gradually
mals, having a sting at the extremity of decreasing in size from the first to the
the tail, a wound from which is very poi- last, with a spiral thread cut on the inner

sonous. wall of each. Accompanying this plate

SCORZONE'RA. A genus of plants of is a tap or steel screw for each hole. This
the order Composites. instrument is used in the laboratory of
Scouzonera Hispan'ica. The esculent the dentist.
viper' s-grass. SCROBIC'ULATE. Scrobiculated ;
pit-
Scorzonera Hu'milis. The officinal ted ; having numerous small depressions
viper's-grass. Viper's-grass. Goat's-grass. or hollows.
The root has been used in hypochondriacal SCROBIC'ULUS. Diminutive of scrobs,
affections and in obstructions of the vis- a ditch. A small ditch, hollow, furrow
cera. or pit.
 SCR 666 SCU
Scrobiculus Cordis. The pit of the made of leather. The integuments which
stomach. cover the testicles.

SCliOFA. The sow ; a mammal of the Scrotum Cordis. The pericardium.

genus Sus. SCRU'PLE. A weight of twenty grains.
SCIIOF'ULA. From scrofa, a sow, SCUDAMORE'S MIXTURE. Magne-
because hogs were supposed to be affected sia, fifteen grains to one scruple ; sulphate
with it. A disease characterized by hard, of magnesia, one
two drachms ; vinegar to
glandular tumors in various parts of the of colchicum, one to two drachms, and one
body, but occurring most commonly in ounce of aromatic syrup, to be taken at in-
the neck, behind the ears and under the tervals of every four, six or eight hours.
chin, suppurating slowly, and discharging, It is recommended in gout and rheuma-
instead of pus, a white, curdled matter. It tism.
is popularly termed king's-evil. Dr. Cul- SCULL. Skull.
len mentions four species of the disease : SCURF. Furfu'ra. Small exfoliations
1. Scrofula vulgaris, when it is not com- of the cuticle.
plicated with other disorders, is external SCURVY. Scorbutus, which see.
and permanent j 2. Scrofula mesenterica, Scurvy Grass. A plant of the genus
when and accomjDanied by swell-
internal, Cochlearia.
ing of the abdomen, pale countenance, Scurvy, Land. See Purpura Hemor-
loss of appetite, and peculiar fetor of the rhagica.
feces 3. Scrofula fugax, when it is seated
; Scurvy of the Alps. See Pellagra.
in the neck, which is the simplest form of Scurvy of the Gums. See Gums, In-
the disease 4. Scrofula Americana, when
; flammation, Turgescence, Ulceration and
complicated with the yaws. Recession of ; also, Gums, Prurient Growth
SCROF'ULOUS. Affected with or re- of.

lating to scrofula. SCUTATE. From scuhim, a shield.

SCROPHULA'RIA. A genus of plants A term applied in Zoology to a surface
of the order Scrofulariacece. which is protected by large scales.
Scrophularia Aquat'ica. Great water SCUTEL'LA. A small cup.
figwort water betony. The leaves were
; SCUTELLA'RIA. A genus of plants
formerly used as a remedy for piles, scrof- of the order Labiateoz.
ulous tumors, &c. Scutellaria Galericula'ta. The
Sckophularia Nodosa. Figwort heal- skull-cap a plant formerly esteemed val-
; ;

all, a plant, the leaves of which were uable in intermittents.

formerly used both internally and exter- Scutellaria Lateriflo'ra. Skull-

nally as a remedy for piles, scrofulous tu- cap madweed hoodwort an indigenous
; ; ;

mors and ulcers. plant, formerly supposed to be a prevent-

Scrophularia Vulqaris. Common ive of hydrophobia.
figwort. Scrophularia nodosa, which see. Scutellaria Integrifo'lia. Another
SCROPHULARIA'CKE. The figwort variety, possessing very bitter properties.
tribe of dicotyledonous plants. SCUTEL'LUM. Diminutive of scutum,
SCROPHULO'SIS. Scrofula. a shield. A little shield j applied in Bot-
SCROPHULO'SUS. Scrofulous. any to the small colored cup or disk seen
SCROTAL. Scrota'lis. Relating to in the substance of lichens, surrounded
the scrotum. by a rim containing the tubes filled with
Scrotal Hernia. A protrusion of sporules.
any of the contents of the abdomen into SCUTIBRANCHIATA. Scutibran-
the scrotum. chians ; from senium, a shield, and bran-
SCROTIFORM. Purse-like. chial, gills. An order of hermaphrodite
SCROTOCE'LE. Scrotal hernia. gasteropodous mollusks which have their
SCROTUM. From scorteus, scorteum, gills protected by a shield-shaped shell.
 SEA 667 SEC

SCU'TIFORM. Scutifor'mis ; from Sea-Salt. Chlorido of sodium ; com-

scutum, a shield, and forma, likeness. mon salt.

Having the .form or resemblance of a Sea-Sickness. The sickness or nausea

shield. occasioned by the motion of a ship in an
Scutiform Cartilage. The thyroid agitated sea.
cartilage. SEAL, GOLDEN. The Hydrastis can-
SCUTIPEDS. From scutum, a shield, adensis, or yellow root.
amines, a foot. A family of birds which Seal Pivot. A method, practiced by
have the anterior part of the legs covered Fouchard, of securing the retention of a
with segments of horny rings, terminating pivot or tenon of an artificial tooth in the
on each side in a groove. canal of the natural root, consisting in
SCYBALA. Hard excrement, dis- first filling it with a cement and then in-
charged in round lumps or balls. troducing the pivot.
SCYPH'US. S«wf»f, a cup. In Bot- Seal, Solomon's. Common nam« of
any, the cup of Narcissus ; also, the cup- Convallaria polygonatum.
like dilatation of the podetium in lichens, SEARCHING. Sounding; the intro-
bearing shields upon its margin. duction of a metallic instrument into the
Scyphus Audito'rius. The infundibu- bladder, for the purpose of ascertaining
lum of the cochlea. whether there be a stone in it or not.
Scyphus Cer'ebri. The infundibulum SEBA'CEOUS From sebum, suet. Of
of the brain. the nature of suet, or lard.
SOYTH'ICA RADIX. Glycyrrhiza; Sebaceous Glands. Follicles or
liquorice root. crypts, of a round or pyriform shape, sit-
SCYTHKOPAS'MUS. Scythropas'mos. uated in the substance of the skin and
Sadness of countenance, often a bad au- opening on its surface by small excretory
gury in disease. ducts. Similar glands are situated about
SCYTODEP'SIUM. Tannin. the prepuce and labia majora, which se-
SCYTODEP'SIC ACID. Tannic acid, crete sebaceous matter of a mucous or oily
which see. nature.
SEA. Ma' re. A large body of water SEBACTC. From sebum, suet. Per-
nearly surrounded by land. taining to or obtained from suet, or fat-
Sea Air. A valuable remedial agent like substances.

in many and hence a

cachectic affections, Sebacic Acid. A crystalline substance
residence during the warm months of sum- resembling benzoic acid, obtained from
mer is often recommended to scrofulous oil or fat, containing oleine or oleic acid.
and debilitated individuals. Formula C2o Hi 6 6) 2HO.
Sea Anem'one. A highly organized SEBADIL'LA. See Veratrum Saba-
Polype of the genus Actinia. della.

Sea-Belts. The Fucus saccliarinus, SE'BATE. Sebas. In Chemistry, a

which, when dry, exudes a substance like salt resulting from the combination of
sugar. sebacic acid with a salifiable base.
Sea-Green. Glaucous. * SEBESTE'NA. The smooth-leaved
Sea -Holly. A plant of the genus cordia or Assyrian plum. See Cordia
Eryngium. Myxa.
Sea-Moss. White wormseed, a sea- Rye. SECA'LE.
Also, a genus of
weed, the Fucus helminthocorton, formerly plants of the order Graminaceai.
in high repute as an anthelmintic j also, Secale Cerea'le. The rye plant.
Corallinum officinalis. Secale Cornutum. Ergot. Spurred
Sea- Oak. The Fucus vesiculosus, or rye ; a black, morbid excrescence occupy-
sea wrack. ing the place of the seeds of the secale
Sea-Onion. Scilla maritima, which see cereale, which, from its resemblance to the
 SEC SED
spur of a cock, is named ergnt. It is given SE'CRETORY. An epithet applied in
internally to excite the action of the uterus Anatomy to organs which perform the
during parturition, and for other purposes. function of secretion.
SECER'NENTS. From secerno, to SECT, METHODIC. Methodists,
separate. Vessels which deposit matterswhich see.
separated from the blood and nutritious SEC'TIO. A section an incision. ;

fluids, for the reparation and reproduction Sectio Anatom'ica. Dissection.

of the several parts of the body. Sectio Oesa'rea. The Caasarian sec-
SECAMO'NE. A genus of plants of tion or operation.
the order Asclepiadacece. Sectio Nympha'rum, Nymphotomy.
Secamone Emet'ica. Narrow-leaved Sectio Rena'lis. Nephrotomy.
secamone, a plant, native of India, the SECTION. Sectio. The act of cutting,
roots of which possess emetic properties. or of separating by cutting ; also, a part
The roots of the Secamone thunbergii, separated from the rest, as a thin piece of
another species, are said to be powerfully dentine, for examination under the micro-
purgative. scope.
SECONDARY. From secundus, the SEC'UNDINES. All that remains in
second. Something which acts subordin- the uterus after birth, as the placenta,
ate^ to another, as secondary symptoms. membranes of the ovum, &c.
Secondary Amputation. Amputation SECUNDUM ARTEM. According
after the immediate effects produced on to art.
the system by the injury have subsided, SECU'RIFERS. Securif'eri; from secu-
and suppuration taken place. ris, a hatchet, and fero, I bear. A tribe of

Secondary Fever. The occurrence of boring Hymenopterous insects, which have

fever after the crisis of a disease, as after a saw or hatchet-shaped appendage to the
the declension of small-pox or measles. posterior part of the abdomen for prepar-
Secondary Hemorrhage. The oc- ing a place for the deposit of their eggs.
currence of hemorrhage from wounds or SECU'RIFORM. Hatchct-shapcd.
operations at a time when, if the state of SED'ATIVE. Sedati'vus ; from sedo,
the parts were healthy, it would not have I settle or assuage. A medicine which
happened. depresses the vital forces, and allays irri-

Secondary Rocks. A term applied in tability and irritation.

Geology to those rocks which are situ- Sedative Salt. A name sometimes
ated above the primary and beneath the given to boracic acid.
tertiary. They generally abound in or- SEDENTA'RIA OSSA. The bones on
ganic remains. which one sits ; the coccygis and ischia.

SECRETING. Sccretorius ; secern'- SED'ENTARIES. From sedo, I sit.

ment. A term applied in Anatomy to or- A tribe of spiders which remain motionless
gans which secrete. in their web until their prey becomes en-
SECRETION. Secre'tio; from se- tangled in it.

cerncre, to separate. A function of the SE'DES. The anus ; also, the fasces.

animal economy, consisting in the separa- SEDIMENT. Sedimen'tum. A de-

tion of the materials of the blood at the posit of substances held in solution or sus-
extremities of the arteries, or of the vascu- pension by a liquid.
lar secretory system, and which differs in SE'DUM. A genus of plants of the
each organ, and hence the formation of order Crassidaceai.
bile, urine, saliva, milk,. &c. There are, Sedum A'cre. Wall-pepper. The fresh
according to Magendie, three sorts of plant is emetic, cathartic, diuretic and
secretions, exhalant, follicular and gland- antiscorbutic, and has been given in in-

ular. termittents ; when applied externally it is

SECRETO'RIUS. Secretins. a vesicant.

 1 — ;

SEL 669 SIM

Sedum Ma 'jus Sec Sempervivum tec- SELI'BRA. Half a pound.
torum. SELI'NUM GALBANIF'ERUM. Syn-
Sedum Tele'phium. Telepium, which onym of Bubon galbanum.
see. SEL'LA TUR'CICA. So called from
SEED. Semen ; also, the reproductive its supposed resemblance to a Turkish
part of a plant, containing the embryo of saddle. A cavity in the sphenoid bone,
a future plant. bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by the
Seed-Bud. The germen. clinoid processes, containing the pituitary
Seed-Lobe. The cotyledon. gland.
Seed- Vessel. The pericarp. SELTZER, WATERS OF. Acidulous
SEEING. Vision. The perception of springs near a place of this name in Ger-
external objects by means of the organs of many. The water contains chloride of
vision. sodium, carbonates of magnesia, soda and
SEG'MENT. Segmen'tum ; from seoo, lime,and carbonic acid.
to cut off, A part cut oif or divided. Seltzer Water, Artificial. ]£.
SEGMOID VALVES. The valves of Hydrochloric acid gr. xxxv, water Oj,
the pulmonary artery have been so called white marble gr. iij, stop the bottle then ;

from their resemblance to the segments of add carbonate of magnesia gr. v, and car-
a circle. bonate of soda gr. xxxij. Close the bottle
SEGNI'TIA. Segnit'ies ; from [segnis, until required for use.

sluggish. Sluggishness ; applied in Pathol- SEMBEL'LA. Selibra, which see.

ogy to torpidity of a function, as that of SEMEC ART U S ANACAR'DIUM.

the bowels. The marking-nut tree. The juice from
SEID'LITZ, WATERS OF. Springs, the nut stains linen indelibly black, and is

at a village of this name in Bohemia, the used in marking.

waters of which contain sulphates of mag- SEMEIOG'RABHY. Semeiograph'ia
nesia, soda, lime and carbonic acid, and from arj/ieiov, a symptom, and ypafv, a de-
carbonates of lime and magnesia. scription. A description of the symptoms
Seidlitz Powders. A cooling, effer- or signs of disease.
vescent and aperient draught, consisting SEMEIOL'OGY. Semeio'tics. Semi-
of a mixture of tartrate and bicarbonate of ology ; semeiolog'ia; from or/fieiov, a symp-
soda and tartaric acid. tom, %oyog} a discourse. The doctrine of
SEIRIA'SIS. Coup de soleil, which see. the symptoms or signs of disease.
SEL A 'GO. A plant of the genus Ly- SEMEIOTTC. Semeiot'icus, sauriosis.
copodium. Relating to the signs of disease.
SELE'NE. The moon. SEMEIO'TICS. Semeiology.
SELENI'ASIS. A term sometimes ap- SE'MEN. From sero, to sow. A seed.
plied to somnambulism. Also, the fecundating fluid secreted by
SELE'NIATE. A salt resulting from the testicles, and carried by the epididy-
the combination of selenic acid with a mis and vas deferens to the vesicuke sem-
salifiable base. inales, to be ejected into the vagina during

SELE'NIC ACID. A volatile, crystal- coition.

A
j

lizable acid, consisting of one equivalent

j
Semen Adjowaen. grateful, aro-
of selenium and three of oxygen. matic seed, the produce of the Ammic opti-
SELE'NIUM. An elementary sub- mal, brought from the East.
stance resembling sulphur, discovered by Semen Ag'ave. A seed of the East In-
Berzelius in 1817. dies, the use of which is recommended in

SEL'ERY. Celery, a plant of the genus j

atonic gout.
Apium. Semen Contra. A bitter, aromatic
SELF-HEAL. Common name of Pru drug, used as a vermifuge, and supposed
neUa vulgaris. to be the produce of Artemisia sanlonica.
43
 SEM 670 SEN
Semen Psyl'lii. Small oblong seeds of SEMIOLOGY. Symptomatology. Se-
a flea color, said to be the produce of sev- meiology, which see.

eral species of Plantago. They are demul- SEMIPLE'GIA. Hemiplegia, which see.
cent and emollient. SEMI-ORBICULAR. Semi-orbicula'ris.
Semen Ra'pi. The seed of the Drassica Of the shape of a half globe.
rapa, or rape. Semi-Orbicularis Oris. Tho orbicu-
Semen Sanc'tum. See Artemisia santo- laris oris muscle.
nica. Semi-Spec'ulum. Name given by
SEMI- A
from the Latin Hildanus to an instrument for dilating an
prefix,
semis, half. incision into the neck of the bladder in the
SEMI-AMPLEXICAUL. A term ap- operation of lithotomy.
plied iu Botany to leaves which partially Semi-Spina'lis Colli. A muscle situ-
embrace the stem. ated at the posterior part of the neck.
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. Three Semi-Spinalis Dorsi. A muscle of the
canals in the petrous portion of the tem- back.
poral bone which open into the vestibule Semi-Tendino'sus. A muscle situated
of the ear. obliquely on the back part of the thigh.
SEMICU'BIUM. Semicupium, which SEM'OLA, BULLOCK'S. A farina-
see. ceous substance, said to consist of the
SEM1CUTTUM. A half-bath, or one gluten of wheat with a small portion of
that receives only the It is recommended as highly nu-
lower extremities starch.
and hips. and easy of digestion.
tritious

SEMIFLOS'CULOUS. In Botany, SEMOLI'NA. The large hard grains

those florets of the Compositoz which are retained in the bolting machine after the
strap-shaped, the limbs of the cohering flour has been passed through it. It is
petals adhere on one side of the floret, said to bo manufactured from buckwheat,
giving it the appearance of half a floret. and well adapted for the diet of children
SEMILUNAR. From semi, half, and affected with derangement of the bowels.
tuna, the moon. Half moon-shaped. SEMPERVI'VUM. A genus of plants
Semilunar Cartilages. The two fal- of the order Crassxilaceoz.
ciform fibro-cartilages between the con- Sempervi'vum Ac're. Sedum acre.
d}des of the os femoris and the articular Sempervivum Tecto'rum. The house-
surfaces of the tibia. leek, or sengreen. The leaves have been
Semilunar Gang'lion. A ganglion of applied to old ulcers and bruises.
the great sympathetic nerve, situated in SENECA SNAKEROOT. The root of
the abdomen, and behind the suprarenal the Polygala Senega.
capsules. SENE'CIO. A genus of plants of the
Semilunar Notch. The indentation order Compositor.
between the coracoid process and the Senecto Jacob^'a. St. James'-wort.
upper border of the scapula. Ragwort. The leaves have a nauseous,
Semilunar Valves. The three valves acrid, bitter taste. The root is slightly as-
at the beginning of the pulmonary artery tringent, and was formerly used in decoc-
and aorta. tion as an application to wounds.
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS. A muscle Senecio Madraspat'anus. Senecio
of the thigh, situated at its posterior pseudo-china. Bastard china.
part. Senecio Vulga'ris. Groundsel, said
SEMINAL. Pertaining to seed or to be refrigerant and antiscorbutic, and
semen, or the elements of production. sometimes used as an application to pain-
Seminale Mem'brum. The penis. ful swellings and ulcers.
SEMINA'LIS. Seminal. SENEC'TUS. Senec'ta. From senere,
SEMIOGRA'PHY. Semeiography. to be old. Old age ; senility.
 SEN 671 SEP
Senectus Ultima. Decrepitude. SENTIENT. Sen'iiens; scn'sory. Sus-
SENEGA. Rattlesnake milkwort. ceptibility of feeling, as the sentient ex-
SENEGAL GUM. The inspissated juice tremities of the nerves.
of the Acacia vera. SEP'AL. Sepal 'tim. A calyx-leaf; a
SEN'EGIN. The bitter principle of the term employed in Botany to designate each
Polygala Senega. of the articulated leaflets which constitute
SENEKA. Polygala senega. calyx, composed of several separate divis-
SENGREEN. See Sempervivum Tec- ions.
torum. SEP'ALOID. Resembling a sepal or a
SB/NILE. Senilis. Belonging or pe- distinct part of a perianth.
culiar to old age. SEPARATO'RIUM. From separo, I
SENNA. The dried leaves of several separate.An instrument for separating
plants of the genus Cassia. The kinds of the pericranium from the skull. Also, a
Senna known in commerce are designated pharmaceutical vessel for separating fluids
by the names of the places where they are of different densities from each other.
grown or from which they are imported, SErEDONOGEN'ESIS. Sepedogen'-
as the East India Senna; the Tripoli Senna; esis; from orjrceduv, putrescency, and yev-
the Aleppo or Italian Senna, &c. Senna is £ols, generation. In Pathology, a septic
an active purgative, but does not produce tendency, as in typhus fever and putrid
a violent impression on the bowels. It diseases.

has a tendency to produce griping, in SE'PIA. A genus of cephalopodous

consequence of which it is usually com- Mollusca.
bined with some aromatic. The purgative Sepia Officinalis. Cuttle-fish. The
principle of senna is called Caihartine. internal shell of this animal is sometimes
Senna, American. The leaves of the employed as a dentifrice.
Cassia marilandica. SE'lTUM. The internal shell or bone
SENSATION. Sensdtio; from seniire, of the cuttle-fish.
sensum, to feel. An impression caused by SEP'SIS. Putrefaction.
external bodies on the organs of the senses, SEPTAN. Septa'na. A term applied
and transmitted to the brain. in Pathology to a fever which recurs every
SENSE. Sensits; sen'sio. The faculty seventh day.
whereby animals receive impressions of SEPTENARY. From septem, seven.
the qualities of external bodies. Man is Consisting of seven ; as a septenary num-
endowed with five senses, namely, sight, ber.
hearing, smell, taste and touch. SEPT'FOIL. A plant of the genus
SENSIBIL'ITAS. Sensibility. Tormentilla.
SENSIBILITY. Sensibil'itas. Sus- SEPTIC. Sep'ticus; from aqua, to pu-
ceptibility of sensation, or faculty of re- trefy. Relating to or producing putrefac-
ceiving impressions. tion.
SENSIF'EROUS. Producing sense. SEPTICI'DAL. That form of dehis-
SENSITIVE PLANT. A plant of the cence which takes place between the lam-
genus Minosa, so named from the irrita- ina} of the dissepiment.
bility of its leaves, SEPTIF'RAGAL. That form of dehis-
which contract and
foldup on being slightly touched. Similar cence in which the dissepiments adhere to
phenomena are also exhibited by many the axis and separate from the valves.
other plants. SEPTOCHYMTA. From <x#<?, putre-
SENSO'RIAL. Pertaining to the senso- faction,and x^oc, juice. An epithet ap-
rium. plied in Pathology to putrescency of the
SENSO'RIUM. The common seat or humors.
centre of sensations ; the brain. SEPTUM. From septo, to separate. A
SENSORY. Sentient. partition j a part separating two cavities.
 SER 672 SER
Septum Aubicula'bum. The partition mains after the albumen of serum has
between the auricles of the heart. been coagulated by heat.
Septum Cebebel'li. The falx cereheHi. SE'ROUS. Sero'sus, watery. Of the
Septum Cob'dis. Septum ventriculorum. character or nature of serum ; relating to
The partition between the ventricles of the the watery portion of animal fluids.
heart. Sebous Membbanes. Thin transparent
Septum Enceph'ali. The tentorium, lamina), arranged in the form of a closed
which see. sac, and moistened by a thin serous fluid.

Septum Lu'cidum. Sep 'turn pellu'cidum. The pleura, peritoneum, arachnoid, &c,
The thin portion of the brain which sep- are of this kind.
arates the lateral ventricles from each SER'PENT. Serpens; from serpo, I
other. creep. A snake a generic name for the ;

Septum Na'bium. The partition be- species of the order Ophidia.

tween the nares. SERPENTA'RIA. Virginia snake-
Septum Pectinifobm'e. The pectinated root ; a species of Aristolochia.
partition passing along the middle of the Sebpentaeia Ni'gba. Black snake-
corpus cavernosum penis. root, rattleweed, the root of which is as-

Septum Sceo'ti. A partition

formed by tringent, acro-narcotic, and has been used
the dartos, dividing the scrotum into two in decoction in putrid sore throat, and in
unequal parts. acute and chronic rheumatism, in chorea,
Septum Thobacis. The mediastinum. and as a cure for the itch.
Septum Tbansvebsum. Diaphragm. Sebpentaeia Vibginia'na. Virginia
SEQUE'LA. From sequor, to follow. snakeroot.
In Pathology, any secondary affection fol- SER'PENTINE. In Mineralogy , a spe-
lowing upon a disease. cies of stone of various colors and often
SEQUESTRUM. From sequestro, I speckled like a serpent.
separate. A dead portion of bone sepa- SERPEN'TUM LIGNUM. A tree of

rated from the living. the genus Ophioxylum.

SERAP'IAS. The dried root of the SERPIGINOUS. From serpere, to
Orchis morio. creep. A term applied to certain affections
SERAPI'NUM. Serapi'non. A syn- which creep, as it were, from one part to
onym of Sagapcnum. another, as a tetter or ulceration.
SERA'ITUM. Syrup. SERPl'GO. From serpere, to creep. A
SERICEOUS. Silky. ringworm or tetter ; spreading Herpes.
SERIC'IC ACID. Myristic acid. SERPU'LIDANS. An order of Annelida,
SERTCIN. A white crystalline fat, which twine
forming calcarious tubes,
composed of sericic acid and glycerin, ob- round and cover stones, shells, &c.
tained from the butter of nutmegs. SERPYL'LUM. Wild thyme, a plant
SERICTE'RIA. The glands which se- of the genus Thymus.
crete the silk in the silk worm. Sebpyllum Vulg vbe. Common thyme.
SERTCUM. Silk. It is used by sur- SER'RA. A saw.
geons and dentists for ligatures. See Silk, SER'RATE. Serra'tus. Serrated. Hav-
Floss. Also, the fine pubescence of plants. ving teeth on the edge or margin like those
Sebicum An'glicum. Court-plaster. of a saw.
SE'RIES DEN'TIUM. A row of teeth. SERRAT'ULA. A genus of plants of
SERMOUNTAIN. A plant of the the order Compositor.
genus Laserpitium. Sebbatula Ama'ba. A species of saw-
SER'OLIN. From serum, whey. A wort, formerly used as a remedy for ague.
peculiar non-saponifiable fatty matter de- Sebbatula Aeven'sis. The creeping
tected in the blood. way-thistle, supposed to be useful against
SEROS'ITY. That liquid which re- piles.
 SES 673 SEV
SERRA'TUS. From serra, a saw. Ser- femoris, and at the extremity of the fibula
rated. In Boiany, applied to leaves which under the os cuboides of the tarsus.
have notched edges like the teeth of a saw. SES'AMUM. A genus of plants of the
In Anatomy, applied to muscles and other order Bignoniaceai.
parts from their serrated appearance. Sesamum Orienta'ee. Benne. Oily
Serratus Anticus. Pectoralis Sesamum.
mi- gram. An African plant,
nor. the seeds of which yield«a bland oil.
Serratus Magnus. Serratus major SES'ELI. A genus of plants of the
anti'cus. A broad, fleshy, irregular order UmbelliferoR.
quadrilateral muscle, situated at the side Seseli Cre'ticum. The Tordylum of-
of the thorax. ficinale. The seeds are said to be diuretic.
Serratus Posti'cus Inferior. A broad Seseli Tortuo'sum. Seselimassilien'se.
thin muscle, situated at the lower part of The hartwort of Marseilles. The seeds
the back. have a very biting taste.

Serratus Posticus Superior. A SESQUI. One and a half. This word

small, flat, quadrilateral muscle, situated is frequently joined to some number,
at the upper part of the back. weight, measure, &c, as sesquigranum,
SERRE-ARTE'RE. French name of signifying a grain and a half.
an instrument invented by Deschamps for SES'SILE. Attached by a base. A
compressing an artery. term applied in Botany and Zoology to or-
Serre-Nosud. French name of an in- gans or parts of plants and animals which
strument intended to assist in tying a knot are attached without the aid of an inter-
on an artery. vening stem, pedicle or funis.
SERRO'NIA. A genus of plants of the SE'TA. A bristle, or long stiff hair,

order Piperaceai. such as is found on the neck of a hog.

Serronia Jaboran'di. The root of this Seta Equi'na. A horse hair. The
plant is said to possess sialagogue and diu- hair worm, Helminthus gordii.
retic properties. SETA'CEOUS. Set with bristles;
SER'TULA CAMPA'NA. The officinal bristly ; in Entomology , the antennae are
melilot. See Wifolum Melilotus. so called from their resemblance to bris-
SERTULA'RIA. From sertum, a tles.

wreath. A genus of tubular Polypes in SETA'CEUM. A seton.

which the cells are arranged on two sides SET'IGERS. Setig'era; from seta, a
of the stem. bristle, and gero, I carry. A tribe of An-
SE'RUM. The whey of milk. Also, nelidans provided with bristles for pro-
the yellowish watery fluid which separates gressive motion.
from the blood when cold. SE'TIREME. From seta, and remus,
Serum Alumino'sum. Alum whey. an oar. An epithet applied to the natatory
Serum Cathar'ticum. Purging whey. legs of certain aquatic insects, which are
Serum Lac'tis. The serum of milk. fringed with bristles.
Whey. SE'TON. Seta'ceum,. A strip of linen,
Serum Sina'pinum. Mustard whey. or portion of silk or thread, passed through
SERVICE-TREE. A plant of the ge- the skin and cellular membrane to keep
nus Sorbus. up a constant irritation and suppuration.
SES'AMOID. Besamoi'des ; from orjo- Also, the issue itself.

a/ir/, a grain of sesamum, and eidoc, like- SET'TERWORT A common name of

ness. Like the sesamum seed. Helleborus foetidus.
Sesamoid Bones. The small bones at SE'VUM. Suet.
the articulations of the great toes, some- Sevum Ce'ti. Spermaceti.
times at the joints of the thumbs, and Sevum Ovi'le. Se'vum ovil'lum. Mut-
occasionally at the condyles of the os ton suet.
 ;

SHE 674 SIA

Sevum Pk2epara'tuh. Prepared Shedding Teeth. The teeth of first

suet. Suet melted and strained through dentition.

linen. SHEEP LAUREL. A plant of the

SEX. Sex'its. The physical difference genus Kalmia.
which exists between the male and female SHELL. The external hard covering
of organized beings. of testaceous and crustaceous animals and
SEXTANS. Sex'tant. The sixth part insects.

of a pound. Shell Lac. A resinous substance

SEXTA'RIUS. An ancient measure which exudes from punctures of several
equal to a pint and a half. East India trees.

SEX'TULA. The sixth part of an SHER'BET. A cooling drink, pre-

ounce. pared with the juice of fruits, water and
SEX'UAL. Sexua'lis. Pertaining to, sugar, variously flavored.
or that which characterizes, the sexes. SHER'RY. Sack. A deep amber col-
Sexual Func'tions. The functions by ored wine, having an aromatic flavor and
which the species are propagated. fragrancy without acidity.
Sexual In'tercoubse. Coition. SHIN. The anterior part of the leg.
Sexual. Or'gans. The organs of gen- SHIN'GLES. A corruption of the Latin
eration. word cingulum, a girdle, so called because
Sexual Sys'tem. In Botany, the sys- it forms a kind of belt round some part
tem of classifying plants upon the num- of the trunk. Herpes Zoster, which see.
ber and peculiarities of the sexual organs,, SHIP FEVER. Putrid fever ; typhus
as invented by Linnseus. gravior.
SHADDOCK. The fruit of the Citrus SHIVERING. Shaking with cold or
decumana. fear.

SHAKING PAL'SY. Synclo'mis agi'- SHOCK. In Electricity, the effect on

tans. A disease occurring in advanced the animal system of a discharge of the
life, and consisting of great weakness, fluidfrom a charged body.
trembling, and, ultimately, constant vehe- SHOOT. In Botany, to bud; to ger-
ment agitation. minate ; to send forth branches.
SHAL'LOT. Common name of Allium SHORT-SIGHTED'NESS. Myo'pia.
ascalonicum. Near-sightedness ; inability to see dis-

SHAMPOOING. Knead'ing. An East- tinctly above twenty inches, or to exer-

ern custom, which consists in pressing cise vision at the usual distances.
and kneading the muscles of the body, SHOUL'DER-BLADE. The scapula.
and extending the joints of the bather. It SHOWER-BATH. The falling of
regarded as a luxury, and as exercising water through apertures, from a greater
a therapeutic effect. or less height, upon the head and body.
SHEATH. Vagi'na; the'ea. Applied SHRUB. A low, bushy tree. Also, a
in Anatomy to the fascia enveloping the liquor composed of spirits, lemon juice
limbs to cellular membranes enveloping and sugar.
;

the muscles, and those which surround SHUDDERING. A peculiar sensation

blood vessels; to synovial membranes accompanied by an involuntary spasmodic
surrounding tendons, &c. In Botany, to movement, and sometimes by a sensation
a petiole when it embraces the branch of cold. It is sometimes the precursor
from which it springs, and to a rudiment- of shivering, and sometimes the result of
ary leaf when it wraps round the stem on mental operations.
which it grows. SHU'MAC. Sumach. A common name
SHED'DING. Gidu'cus. Falling off of Rhus coriaria.
applied in Dental Physiology to the tem- SIAGANTRITIS. From atayuv, the
porary teeth. jaw, avTjav, a cavity, and itis> inflarurna-
 SIG 676 SIL

tion. Inflammation of the lining mem- mended by Sigault in those cases where
brane of the maxillary sinus. the pelvic diameter is deficient.

SIAGON. Ztayuv. The jaw bone; SIGHT. Vision.

the maxillary bone. Sight by Day. Hemeralopia.
SIAGO'NAGRA. From mayuv, the Sight by Night. Nyctalopia.
jaw, and aypa, a seizure. Gout in the Sight, Dimness of. Caligo.
jaw. Sight, Lateral. Dysopia.
SIAL'AGOGUE. Silago'gus; frommo- SIGILLA'RIA. From sigillum, a seal.
lov, saliva, and ayu, I expel. A medicine The name given to certain fossil plants
which excites a preternatural flow of saliva, found in coal formations.
as pyrethrum, mercurial preparations, &c. SIGILLA'TUS. Sealed; formerly ap-
SIALIS'MA. Sialis'mus. Salivation. plied to certain earths formed into small
SIALOLITHE. From aialov, saliva, cakes and stamped, called Terrai Sigillatcc.
and /Utfof, a stone. Salivary calculus. SIGIL'LUM. Diminutive of signum,
SIALOLOG'IA. Sialol'ogy; from wo- a sign. A seal, image, or little figure
Aov, saliva, and toyog, a discourse. A Sigillum Hermet'icum. The hermetic
treatise on the saliva. seal.

SI'ALON. The saliva. Sigillum Solomo'nis. Solomon's seal.

SIALORRHffi'A. Salivation. A plant of the genus ConvaUaria.
SIALOSCHESIS. From oubw, saliva, Sigillum Virginita'tis. The hymen.
and oxemS, retention. SIGMOID. Sigmoi'des; from the Greek
Suppression or re-

tention of saliva. f, sigma, and eidog, resemblance. In Anat-

SIALOZE'MIA. Salivation. omy, applied to several parts from their

SIB'BENS. Siv'vens. An infectious resemblance to the Greek letter sigma.
disease in some of the western counties of Sigmoid Flexure. The fold of the
Scotland. colon where the rectum commences.
SICCANTIA. From siccare, to dry. Sigmoid Valves. The valvular folds
Drying medicines. of the aorta and pulmonary artery.
SICCA'TION. Sic'catio. Drying. SIGN. In Pathology, any circumstance
SICCHA'SIA. Disgust for food, such or phenomenon indicative of the nature
as is frequently experienced by pregnant and seat of a disease.
women. SIGNATURES. Certain marks on
SICK. Laboring under disease ; affected the root, leaves, stem, &c. of plants,
with nausea. which were supposed, until the last cen-

SICK'NESS. A disease of any sort. tury, to indicate their medicinal virtues.

Also, nausea, retching, or vomiting. SIG'NUM. A sign.
Sickness, Falling. Epilepsy. SILACH. An Arabic word, applied
SIC'ULA. The beet. in Pathology to thickening of the eyelids.
SIDERA'TIO. Syderatio ; from sidus. SILE'NE VIRGIN'ICA. Ground
a star, because it was thought to be the pink; wild pink; catch-fly, the roots of
result of the influence of the stars. Apo- which were supposed to be anthelmintic.
plexy. Also, paralysis and gangrene. SILER. A plant of the genus Laser-
SIDER'UM. Phosphuret of iron. pitium.
SI'ENITE or SY'ENITE. A granular SI'LEX. Silica; flint.
rock composed of quartz, hornblend, and SIL'ICA. Flint. Silicic acid a com- ;

felspar. pound of silicon with three atoms of

SIFFLEMENT. Whistling. A sound oxygen. It is used in the manufacture of
heard on auscultation, at times, like the porcelain teeth. It occurs in nearly a
humming of certain insects. pure state in flint, quartz, and white
SIGAUL'TIAN OPERATION. Divis- sand; but for use the crystalline form
ion of the symphysis pubis, as recom- should be selected. The rock crystal, or
 SIL 676 SIN
pure silex, is found in various parts of the leaves. It was formerly employed for
United States. It is prepared for use by filling teeth, but as it is liable to oxydize
first heating it to a red heat, then plung- by the secretions of the mouth, the use of
ing it in cold water, and afterwards re- it has been discontinued.
ducing it to a fine powder in a mortar or Silver Leaf. See Argentum Foli--
on a slab. atum.
SIL'ICATE. A compound of silicic Silver Solder. Silver alloyed with
acid with a base. copper and zinc, or copper and brass. To
SILI'CIOUS. From silex, flint. make a free-flowing solder, melt together
Flinty. twenty dwts. pure silver, five of brass,
SILI'CIUM. Silicon. and three of copper.
SIL'ICON. The basis of silicic acid. SIMARU'BA. A genus of plants of
SILIC'ULA. A pericarp or pod, di- the order Simarubacece.
vided interiorly by a septum, to which the Simaruba Officinalis. Simaru'ba
seed is attached, and nearly as broad as it ama'ris. Quas'sia simaru'ba. Mountain
is long. damson, a native of Jamaica and several
SIL'IQUA. A dry, elongated pericarp South America. The root of
parts of
pod, or seed vessel, having two longitudi- this tree yields the simaruba bark of com-
nal sutures, and an interior partition to merce. It comes in long pieces rolled or
which the seed is attached. quilled, and is of a light or grayish color
SILIQUO'SUS. Having pods. externally, and yellowish internally. It
SILK. Ser'icum. The fine, soft thread possesses tonic properties, and contains a
produced by the larva; of the insect called bitter principle named Quassin.
silk-worm, or Bomlnjx Mori. In Botany, SIMAKUBA'CE^E. The quassia tribe
the filiform style of the female flower of of dicotyledonous plants.
maize. SIM'IA. From simus, flat-nosed. The
Silk, Dentist's Floss. Untwisted generic name of the various tribes of
filaments of fine silk, prepared expressly monkeys.
for the purpose of cleaning the approxi- SIMTLES. Medicinal herbs.
mal surfaces of the teeth, and used by SINAPELiE'ON. From warn, mus-
some dentists for finishing the surface of tard, and elaiov, oil. Oil of mustard, a
fillings in the sides of teeth. See Dental powerful stimulant and rubefacient.
Hygiene and Filling Teeth. SINA'FI. See Sinapis Nigra.
Silk-Weed. Common name of Ascle- SINA'PIS. A genus of plants of the
pias Syriaca. order Brassicacew. Also, the seeds of
SIL'LIMANITE. A mineral of a dark Sinapis nigra and Sinapis alba.
gray color, composed of silica and alu- Sinapis Al'ba. The white mustard
mina, with a trace of oxyd of iron, so plant. The seeds of this species are less
named after Professor Silliman. pungent than those of Sinapis nigra.
SIL'VEIt. Argen'tum. A white metal Sinapis Arven'sis. Wild mustard,
of a brilliant lustre, harder than gold, but the seeds of which have properties similar
softer than platina, copper, or iron. It to those of Sinapis nigra.
is malleable and ductile. Its specific Sinapis Ni'gra. The common black
gravity is 10.5. It is found native, and mustard, the seeds of which, when
in combination with various substances. have an exceedingly pungent
bruised,
Silver, Nitrate of. and an acrid bitter taste they are
Argen'ti ni'tras. odor, ;

Lunar caustic, formed by dissolving pure stimulant, rubefacient, diuretic, and

silver in dilute nitric acid, evaporating emetic.
to dryness, melting, and pouring the Sinapis Sem'ina. Mustard seeds, the
fused mass in moulds. principal use of which is as a condiment.
Silver Foil. Silver beat into thin When bruised or reduced to flour, they
 SIN 677 SIN

have an acrid, pungent taste. In small Sinus Dex'ter Cor'dis. The right
quantities, they promote the appetite and auricle of the heart.
assist digestion, but in large doses they act Sinus Falcifor'mis. The longitudinal
as an emetic. Applied externally, they act sinus.
powerfully as a local excitant, producing Sinus, Longitu'dinal. See Longitu-
redness of the skin, burning pain, and dinal Sinus.
when long continued, vesication. Sinus, Max'illary. See Maxillary
SINAP'ISIN. A peculiar crystalline Sinus.
substance obtained from black mustard Sinus Mulieb'ris. The vagina.
seed. Sinus Pocula'ris. A small depression
SIN'APISH. Sinapis'mus ; from oiv- at the commencement of the caput galli-
am } mustard. An external stimulant naginis of the urethra.
composed of the farina of mustard seeds Sinus Re'num. The pelvis of the
and corn meal, made into a paste with kidney.
water or vinegar. Sinus Termina'lis. A venous canal
SINA'PIUM. An infusion of mustard surrounding the area vasculosa of the in-
seed. cubated egg.
SINCIPUT. The top of the head. Ap- Sinus Urogenitals. A cavity or
plied by some to the forepart of the head. duct opening externally, in which the
SINEW. A tendon. excretory ducts of the Wolffian bodies,
SINGUL'TUS. A spasmodic" motion the ureters and generative apparatus, ter-
of the diaphragm and adjacent parts. minate internally. This canal is pro-
The hiccough. longed into the urachus, subsequently
SINUATE. Indented; having a wavy dividing into a pars urinaria and a pars
margin applied in Botany to leaves genitalis.
;

which have large curved breaks in the Sinus Uteri'ni. The sinuses of the
margin. uterus are the large veins contained within
SINUOS'ITAS. A sinus. its walls.
SIN'UOUS. From sinus, a bay or Sinus Ven^e Porta 'rum. The entrance
curve. Tortuous. A term '"applied to of the vena? porta into the liver.
certain fistulous ulcers. Sinus Veno'sus. The right auricle of
S I ' N U S. A cavity, the interior of the heart.
which is larger than the entrance or out- SINUSES, FRONTAL. Two cavities
let. In Anatomy, certain cavities in the in the os frontis, one over each orbit.
bones of the head and face. Also, certain Sinuses of the Dura Mater. Cer-
venous canals into which a number of tain channels or triangular cavities formed
vessels empty themselves. In Surgery, a by reflections of tho internal lamina of
long, narrow, hollow track, communicat- the dura mater, separating from the ex-
ing with some abscess, diseased bone, &c. ternal, and lined with the same membrane
Sinus Acus'ticds. The internal audi- as that of the veins. They all communi-
tory canal. cate with each other, and are designed for
Sinus Arteriosus. The left auricle the reception of the venous blood of the
of the heart. brain. Anatomists are not agreed with
Sinus Cer'ebri. The ventricles of the regard to thenumber of these sinuses.
brain. Some enumerate as many as fifteen, while
Sinus Corona'rius. Sinus circularis. Bichat admits but four.
A venous canal nearly surrounding tho Sinuses of the Larynx. The ven-
pituitary fossa and gland. tricles of Ihe larynx.
Sinus Cor'onary, Ve'nous. The coro- Sinuses of Morgagni. Small openings
nary sinus of the heart. in the mucous membrane of the urethra.
Sinus Cox.e. The acetabulum. Sinuses of Valsava. Three dopros-
 SIS 678 SKO
sions in the aorta and pulmonary artery Sisymbbium So'phia. The herb sophia,
behind the semi-lunar valves. formerly supposed to be anthelmintic.
Sinuses, Pul'monary. The depressions SITIOL'OGY. From oirwv, food, and
behind the semi-lunar valves of the pul- Xoyoc, a discourse. A treatise on diet or
monary artery. food.
Sinuses, Ver'tebbal. The two large SITTON. Zmov. Food.
veins extending from the occipital fora- SI'TIS. Thirst.
men to the end of the sacrum. Sitis Mobbo'sa. Morbid thirst; the
SIPH'ILIS. Syphilis. thirst experienced in febrile diseases.
S1PHITA. Somnambulism. SFTOS. Aliment.
Sipiiita Pabva. Chorea. SI'UM. A genus of plants of the order
SITHO. A syringe. JJmbeUiferoe.
SPPHON. Sy'phon. A bent tube, S i u m Latifo'lium. The common
usually having one end longer than the water-parsnip.
other, used for conveying fluids from one Sium Nin'si. A plant, the root of
vessel to another. which is called Radix ninsi, ninzin, and
SIPHO'NIA CAHU'CHU. Caoutchouc. nindsin. It possesses properties similar to
Siphonia Elas'tica. Caoutchouc. those of ginseng.
SIPHONAP'TERANS. Siphonapte'ra; Sium Sis'arum. Skirret, sometimes
from oi<j>uv, and nrepov, a used as a salad.
a tube, a, priv.,

ring. An order of Apterous insects pro- SIVVENS. Sibbens, which see.

vided with a mouth in the form of a SIZE. In the Arts, impure hydrated
siphon. gelatine. In Medicine, the buffy coat of
SIPHONOBRANCHTATES. Siphon- the blood.
branchiata; from cncjxov, a tube, and /3pav- SKELETOL'OGY. SMetolog'ia ; from
Xi a , gills. An order of Gastropods, in oKelerog f a skeleton, and loyog, a discourse.

which the water to be inhaled is conveyed A treatise on the solid parts of the body,
to the gills through a tube or siphon. comprehending osteology and syndesmol-
SIPHO'NOSTOMES. From oi^v, ogy.
a tube, and aTOfia, a mouth. A term SKEL'ETON. Sceletos. The bones of
applied to Crustacea, because they are fur- the body preserved in their natural situa-
nished with a mouth like a tube. tion, divested of their soft parts. When
SIPHUN'CULUS. A syringe. connected by their own ligaments, the
SIRPASIS. From oipoc, the cavity of skeleton is called natural, but when joined
the fontanella. Disease, especially inflam- by wires, it is called artificial.
mation of the brain, produced by insola- SKELETOPCE'IA. From okeIetoc, a
tion, or exposure to the influence of the skeleton, and noeuo, I make. An epithet
Bolar rays. applied to that department of anatomy
SIR'UP. Syrup. which treats of the preparation of bones
SI'SON. A genus of plants of the and the construction of skeletons.
order Umbdlifercv. SKIN. The organ of touch, and natu-
Sison Ammi. The plant which affords ral covering of animal bodies. See Cutis,
the Ammi vernm. They were formerly Skin, Scarf. The epidermis.
supposed to be carminative. Skin-Bound Disease. Induration of
Sison Amo'mum. The field honeywort, the subcutaneous cellular tissue.
said to be diuretic. SKIRR'ET. A plant, Shim sisarnm,
SISYMBRIUM. A genus of plants cultivated in Europe for its esculent root,

of the order Cruciferce. which has a flavor similar to the parsnip.

Sisymbbium Nastur'tium. Nastur- SKOL'EZITE. From analog, twisted.

tium aquaticum ; water-cress. The leaves A massive, crystallized, colorless, and

are anti-scorbutic. translucent mineral, which, when heated
 ;

8MB 679 SNA

with a blow-pipe, assumes a worm-like, SMELL. Olfac'tus. The sense which
contorted appearance. perceives and appreciates odors. Also, the
SKOR'ODITE. Native arseniate of qualities of bodies which affect the olfac-

iron. tory nerves or organs of smell.

SKULL. Cranium. SMELLTNG. Olfaction.
Skull Cap. A plant of the genus SMILA'CE^E. The Smilax tribe of

Scutellaria. name sometimes ap-

Also, a Monocotyledonous plants.
plied to a bandage invented by Mr. Fox. SMILACIN. Smil'acine. A white
See Fox's Bandage. crystalline substance detected in sarsapa-
SKUNK CABBAGE. A common rilla, supposed to be the active principle
name of Dracontium foetidum. of the plant. Formula C15, H13, O5.

SLAG. In Metallurgy, the vitrified SMILASPER'IC ACID. A peculiar

cinders produced in the reduction of me- substance obtained from the Eemidesmus
tallic ores by various fluxes. Indicus.
SLATE, IRISH. Hibernicus lapis, SMI'LAX. A genus of plants of the
which see. order Smilaceo3.
SLAVERING. Driveling; involun- Smilax China. The China root tree.
tar}r flow of saliva. The root was formerly used in venereal
SLEEP. Som'nus. A suspension of diseases and in cutaneous affections.
the voluntary exercise of the intellectual Smilax Officina'lis. A species sup-
faculties and the powers of the body. posed by Dr. Pereira to produce Jamaica
SLEEP'LESSNESS. Agnjp'nia; in- and Honduras sarsapariUa.
eom'nia. Lying awake absence of sleep
; Smilax Sarsaparil'la. One of the
often a symptom of nervous disease. trees formerly supposed to yield sarsapa-
SLEEP-WALKING. Somnambulism, riUa, but not known to possess any medi-
which see. cinal properties.
SLING. A bandage for sustaining the Smilax Syphilit'ica. A South Amer-
forearm, suspended round the neck. ican species, supposed to produce Lisbon
SLOE TREE. The Primus spinosa. or Brazilian sarsapariUa.
It bears a small, bitter, and astringent SMI'LE. A curved bistoury, having
plum, called the Sloe, sometimes em- two sharp edges.
ployed in gargles. SMFLEON. A scalpel.
SLOUGH. The dead part which sepa- SMYR'NIUM. A genus of plants of
rates from the living in mortification. the order Umbelliferoz.
SLUG. Limax. Snail, which see. Smyrnium Olusa'trum. Alexanders.
SLUM'BER. To sleep lightly to doze. A plant formerly cultivated
j in gardens for
Also, somnolency. culinary purposes.
SMALLAGE. Common name of SNAIL. Limax. Slug. A slimy,
Apium Graveolens. slow-creeping animal, of the genus Helix,
SMALL-POX. The common name of and order MoUusca. Also, an animal of
variola, which see. the genus LAmax. The latter, called Slugs,
SMALT. The protoxyd of cobalt. It are snails without shells. Formerly, snails,
has been employed as a remedial agent in made into a syrup, were recommended in
doses of ten to twenty grains in rheuma- phthisis. They have also been used as an
tism. In larger doses it excites nausea and article of food.
vomiting. SNAKE'ROOT. The root of the Aris-
SMEC'TICA. Detergents. tolochia serpentaria and Polygala senega.
SMEGMA. Soap. Snakeroot, Black. The root of the
Smegma Prepu'tii. The sebaceous Actcea raccmosa.
matter secreted by the glanduloz odoriferoz Snakeroot, Button. See Eryngium.
and prepuce. Aquaticum.
 SOA 680 SOA
Snakeroot, Canada. The Asarum earths and metallic oxyds, as baryta, lime,
canadense, or wild ginger. the protoxyd of lead, &c.
SNAKE'WEED. A plant of the genus Soap possesses laxative, antacid and an-
Polygonum. tilithic properties. It is rarely given alone,
SNAKE'WOOD. The wood
i
of the but is usually combined with rhubarb.

Strychnos Golumbrina. Applied externally, it is a stimulating dis-

SNEEZE'WORT. The popular name of cutient. It is used successfully in cases of
Achillea piarmica. poisoning by acids. It constitutes an
SNEEZ'ING-. Sternutatio. A convul- ingredient in some liniments and plasters.
sive action of the expiratory muscles, com- Soap, Amyg'daline. Almond oil soap.
monly occasioned by irritation of the nasal Soap, Castile. Sapo Durus. Olive
fossa;. oil soda soap.
SNIPE. A bird of the genus Scolojmx. Ceratum Sapo'nis. A
Soap Cerate.
SNIPS. A pair of very strong scissors cerate of subacetate of lead, soap, white
or shears, used in the laboratory of the wax and olive oil.

dentist for shaping gold, silver, or platina Soap, Common.

Sapo Vulgaris. Soda
plate, for bases for artificial teeth and soap made with concrete animal oil or tal-
other purposes. low.
SNO'EING. Ster'tor. The noise made Soap, Common Yellow. Soda soap
by the passage of air through the fauces with a little rosin and palm oil mixed with
and nasal fossse in respiration, either in the tallow.
sleep or during certain diseases, as in apo- Soap Liniment. Tinctu'ra sapo'nis
plexy. camplwrata. Camphorated tincture of
SNOT. Vulgar name of nasal mu- soap.
cus. Soap Liniment, Camphorated. Lini-
SNOUT. The long projecting nose of men'tum sapo'nis camphora'tum. Opodel-
a beast. doc.
SNOW-BALL. A common name of Soap, Liquid. A name sometimes
Gephalanihus occidentalis; also, a shrub of given to a French pharmaceutical prepa-
the genus Viburnum. ration, Eau de Luce, (aqua lucice,) com-
Snow Blindness. An affection of the posed of white soap, alcohol, rectified oil

eyes produced by the reflection of light amber and concentrated water of am-
of
from snow. monia a stimulating compound employed
;

SNUFF, CEPHALTC. Compound to excite the nervous system, and some-

powder of Asarabacca ; a sternutatory. times used as a remedy for the bite of the
SNUF'FLES. Breathing hard through viper and other venomous animals. The
the nose. name is also applied to a cosmetic, Lotio
Snuffles, Morbid. Coryza maligna, saponacea, composed of olive oil, solution
which see. of subcarbonate of potassa and rose water.
SOAP. Sapo. A compound in definite Soap, Palm. Soap made of palm oil

proportions of certain oil-acids, with a with a little tallow to give it consistence,

salifiable base, usually soda or potassa. and soda.
The soaps in most common use are either Soap Plaster. Emplas'trum sapo'nis.
margarates or oleates of potassa or soda, A mixture of one part soap and six parts
made by boiling common oil or fat with lead plaster.
the ley of wood ashes. Soap Plaster, Compound. Emplas-
Castile soap is

oleateand margarate of soda. Soaps are trum saponis compos'itum. A mixture of

divided into soluble and insoluble. The two ounces soap plaster with three ounces
former are combinations of oil-acids with of litharge plaster with resin.
soda, potassa or ammonia ; the latter are Soap, Rosin. Common yellow soap.
combinations of the same oil-acids with Soap, Soft. Sapo Mollis.
 ;

SOD 681 SOD

Soap, Starkey's. Equal parts of car- Soda, Nitrate of. Peruvian nitre.
bonate of potassa, oil of turpentine and A salt, having precisely the same quali-
Venice turpentine triturated together. ties as nitrate of potash.
Soap, Windsor. Soap made with one Soda, Phosphate of. Sodce pliosphas.
part olive oil, nine of tallow and soda, A compound of phosphoric acid and soda.
scented. Soda Powders. Two powders, one con-
SOAP'WOHT. A plant of the genus sisting of half a drachm of carbonate of
Saponaria. The leaves, when bruised, soda, and the other of twenty-five grains
produce a lather liko soap. of tartaric acid, which, when dissolved in
SOB. A sudden spasmodic inspiration separate tumblers of water and mixed, form
and expiration. a refreshing, effervescing, saline draught.
SOC1A PAROTIDIS. The accessory Soda, Subcarbonate of. Sodce car-
gland of the parotid, or a lobe of the bonas. Carbonate of soda.
parotid separated from the principal gland. Soda, Sulphate of. Sodce sulphas.
SOCI'ETY. A number of persons as- Glauber's salts. It possesses cathartic and
sociated for the promotion of a partic- diuretic properties.

ular object, whether incorporated by law Soda, Tartrate of. Sodce potassio-
or united by voluntary articles. Numer- tariras. A double salt, consisting of tar-
ous societies of medical gentlemen have trate of soda and potass. Rochellc salt.

been formed, both in America and Eu- Soda Water. A refreshing efferves-
rope. Societies of Dentists have also been cing draught, formed by dissolving car-
formed, and these associations have all, bonate of soda in water and supersaturat-

in a greater or less degree, contributed to ing it with carbonic acid.

the promotion of science. SO'DiE ACETAS. Acetate of soda.
SODA. An Arabic word. The mineral SoDiE Bibo'ras. Sodce boras. Biborate
alkali, or protoxyd of sodium, a white, of soda; borate of soda; borax.
caustic powder, obtained naturally from Sod.e Bicar'bonas. Bicarbonate of
Egypt, and artificially, in limited quan- soda.
tity, by the incineration of marine plants, SoDiE Bo'ras. See Soda3 Biboras.
but principally from the sulphate of Sovm Car'bonas. Carbonate of soda.
soda. SoDiE Carbonas Exsicca'tus.
Dried
Soda, Acetate of. Sodce acetas. A subcarbonate of soda.
salt formed by the combination of acetic SoDuE Chlo'ras. The chlorate of soda.
acid with soda. Sod.e Chlorina't^: Li'quor. Solution
Soda, Borate of. Sodce biboras. Bo- of chlorinated soda.
rate of soda ; borax. SoDiE Hyd'riodas. Sodii iodidum.
Soda, Carbonate of. Sodce carb'onas. Sod.e Hypochlo'ris. Hypochlorite of
The sub-carbonate of soda, a mild mineral soda.
or fossil alkali. Sod^e Mu'rias. Muriate of soda. Sodii
Soda Catjs'tica. The hydrated pro- chloridum.
toxyd of soda. Caustic soda. Sodje Phos'phas. Phosphate of soda
Soda, Dried Carbonate of. Sodce a compound of phosphoric acid and soda.
carbonas exsiccatus. Carbonate of soda Sod,e Potas'bio-Tar'tras. Tartrate of
deprived of its water of crystallization, by soda.
being dried, heated to redness and then Sodje Sesquicar'bonas. An imperfect
rubbed to a powder. bicarbonate of soda.
Soda Impu'ra. Impure soda. Soda. Sod^e Subbo'ras. Sodce biboras; borax.
Barilla. Soda obtained by the incinera- Sod^e Subcar'bonas. Carbonate of soda.
tion of the sea-shore plants. Sod.e Sul'phas. Sulphate of soda.
Soda, Mu'riate of. Sodce murias. S 'D 11 AURO-TERCHLO'PJDUM.
Chloride of sodium, or common salt. Chloride of gold and sodium.
 ;

SOL 682 SOL

Sodii Chlo'ridum. Chloride of sodium Solanum Racemo'sum. American night-
muriate of soda ; common salt. shade. Poke-weed. See Phytolacca De-
Sodii Iod'idum. Iodide of sodium. Hy- candra.
driodate of soda. Solanum Sanc'tum. The Palestine
SODIUM. The metallic base of soda. nightshade ; the fruit of which is eaten in
Sodium, Chloride of. Muriate of soda. Egypt.
Sodium, Oxyd of. Soda. Solanum Tuberosum. The potato
SOFT PAL' ATE. The velum pendu- plant. The tuberous root, known as the
lum palati, an incomplete movable parti- potato, is a wholesome, and one of the most
tion between the mouth and pharynx. useful articles of food. It yields a large
Soft Soap. Sapo
which see.
mollis, quantity of fecula or starch, which, as a
SOFTENING. Molli'iies. A term ap- nutrient and demulcent, is equal to arrow-
plied in Pathology to a morbid diminution root. There are numerous other species
of the consistence of organs. See Ramol- of Solanum which possess more or less
lissement. marked medicinal properties
Softening of the Bkain. Ramollis- Solanum Vesica'rium. The winter-
sement of the brain, which see. cherry. See Physalis Alkekengi.
SOL. The sun. A name given to gold SO'LAR. Solar' is ; from sol, the sun
by the older chemists. Pertaining to, or having rays like, the sun.
SOLA'MEN. Consolation. Applied in Solar Phos'phorus. Canton's phos-
Medicine to a carminative. phorus. A composition made by mixing
SOLANA'CEiE. The nightshade tribe three parts of calcined oyster shells and
of dicotyledonous plants. one of the flowers of sulphur, and expos-
SOL ANINE. A vegetable alkaloid ob- ing the mixture, in a closed crucible, to a
tained from several of the species of Sola- strong heat for one hour. This, on being
rium. afterwards exposed to light, exhibits phos-
SOL'ANOID. Solanoi'des ; from sol- phorescent properties.
arium, the potato, and sidog, resemblance. Solar Plexus. Plexus solar'is. See
Resembling a potato. A term applied to Plexus, Solar.
a form of cancer, from its resemblance to SOLDANEL'LA. A plant of the genus
a potato. Convolvulus.
SOLA'NUM. A genus of plants of the SOL'DER. An alloy easily fused, em-
order Solanaceos. ployed to unite the surfaces of two pieces
Solanum Bulbocas'tanum. This spe- of metal.
cies, native of Mexico, has a tuberous root, Solder, Gold. See Gold Solder.
which is used as a substitute for the potato. Solder, Silver. See Silver Solder.
Solanum Fce'tidum. Dartura stramo- SOL'DERING. A process which con-
nium, which see. sists in uniting the surfaces of two pieces
Solanum Letha'le. Atropa Bella- by melting a more fusible metal
of metal
donna, which see. (an alloy) between them, which serves,
Solanum Lycoper'sicum. The love- by chemical attraction and cohesive force,
apple plant. The tomato. to bind the pieces together. The pieces
Solanum Melon'gena. Egg plant. may be of the same or dissimilar metals,
This species, though a native of India but the metal or alloy, by which they are
and Arabia, is cultivated in almost every to be united, must have an affinity for
part of the United States. It furnishes a both. Thus, gold alloyed with silver and
slightly oblong egg-shaped edible fruit of copper, melts more easily than the first
from three to eight inches in diameter. named metal, and having an affinity for
Solanum Nigrum. The garden night- it, constitutes a proper uniting medium.
shade. Its properties are similar to those See Gold Solder. The surfaces, however,
of the Solanum dulcamara. of the pieces to be united, should be
 ;.

SOL SOL

bright, and in actual contact, to insure a In Surgery, an oblong semicircular box or

uniform effect of the solder upon them. case, used in the treatment of fractured

They should also he covered with a mix- limbs to prevent tho contact of the bed
ture of borax and water, of the consistence clothes. In Conchology, a genus of bi-
of cream. After this has been applied, valve shells, constituting the type of the
which may be most conveniently done family Solenacce.
with a small camel 's-hair pencil, a suffi- Soi.en. A tube or canal. Also, a cra-
cient quantity of solder, cut in small dle for a fractured limb.
pieces, should be laid along the lino of SOLENA'CEANS. Solena'cea; from
contact between the gold pieces to be auKrjv, a tube. A family of bivalve mol-
united, to effect the desired strength of lusks, characterized by the great length of
union. the respiratory tubes. The genus Solen,
The pieces to be united should be pre- or razor shell, is the type.
vented from separating, during the appli- SOLEN A'RIUM. From aulrjv, a canal
cation of the heat, either with plaster of A catheter.
Paris, iron clamps, or wire. This pre- SO'LENITE. A petrified razor shell,
caution is necessary to insure a perfect or bivalve of the genus Solen.
union of the pieces. SOLE'US. The gastrocnemius interims,
These preparatory steps having been a muscle situated at the posterior part of
gone through with, the pieces should be the leg.
placed, and made fast, upon a piece of SOLTD. Sol'idus. A body whose par-
charcoal, or pumice-stone, to prevent the ticles are so united by cohesive attraction
too rapid escape of the heat during the some degree of force to sep-
as to require
actual process of soldering. arateIn Anatomy, the bones,
them.
The most common method of obtaining muscles, ligaments, membranes, nerves,
the requisite amount of heat, is, from the vessels, cartilages, &c.
flame of a spirit or oil lamp thrown upon SOLID A'GO. A genus of plants of the
the work with a blow-pipe. order Composite?.
"When plaster is employed it should first Solidago Odora. Solida'go. Sweet-
be heated to a red heat, by throwing the scented golden rod. The leaves are said
whole of the flame of the lamp in a flaring to be aromatic and stimulant.
manner over it. This done, the flame Solidago Virgau'rea. Golden rod.
should be concentrated upon the point The leaves and flowers have been recom-
where it is wished that the solder should mended in urinary obstructions.
take effect, and kept there until it fuses SOLTDISM. The doctrine which as-
and flows between the pieces to be united. cribes all diseases to alterations in the solid
Should it flow in a wrong direction, from parts of the body.
an improper application of the heat, the SOLTDISTS. A sect of physicians
concentrated point of the flame should be who believed in the doctrine of solidism,
moved to the proper place, when the ascribing to the fluids of the animal body
solder will immediately return and take a passive or subordinate rank in the phe-
effect there. nomena of life.

SOLDIEK'S WEED. TheMatico SOLIDITY. Density ; compactness

plant, or Piper Angustifolium. It pos- the condition of a solid j opposed to flu-
sesses astringent properties. idity.
SOLE. Solea. The under surface of SOLIDUN'GULATES. Solidungu'la;
the foot. Also, a marine fish of the genus and ungula, a hoof.
from solidus, solid,
Solea of Cuvier, and Pleuronectes of Lin- The tribe of Mammals which have only a
naeus. single hoof on each foot, as the horse, &c.
SOLEA. Sole. SOLTPEDS. A word synonymous with
SOLEN. Sw^v. Literally, a tube. solidungidates, which see.
 BOM 684 SOP
SOLITA'RIUS. Solitary; in Botany, SOMNIF'EROUS. Somniferus ; from
separate ; only one in a place, as a solitary somnus, sleep, and fero, to bring. That
stipule, flower, or seed. which induces sleep.
SO'LIUM. A species of tape-worm. SOMNIL'OQUIST. One who talks in
SOLOMON'S ANTI-IMPETIG'- his sleep.
INES. A solution of corrosive subli- SOMNILO'QUIUM. Somniloquis'mus;
mate. from somnus, sleep, and loquor, I speak.
Solomon's Balm of Gilead. An em- Talking in one's sleep.
pirical nostrum, said to consist of an aro- SOM'NIUM. A dream; an involun-
matic tincture composed of brandy and tary combination of ideas and images
cardamom seeds. which sometimes present themselves to
Solomon's Seal. The popular name the mind during sleep.

of the Convallaria polygonatum. SOM'NOLENCY. Somnolen'tia. Sleep-

SOLUBILITY. Solubil'itas ; from iness ; often a symptom of disease.
solvere, solutum, to dissolve. Capable of SOMNOP'ATHIST. A person in a
dissolving in a menstruum. state of somnopathy.
SOLUM. The sole. SOMNOP'ATHY. Somnopath'ia; sleep
SOLU'TIO. A solution. from sympathy, improperly called mag-
Solutio Absenica'lis. Liquor arseni- netic sleep.
calis. SOM'NUS. Sleep ; the repose of sense
Solutio Calcis. Liquor calcis. and voluntary motion, during which time
Solutio Potassii Iodidi Iodureta. the relations which animals, through the
Liquor iodini compositus. organs of sense, hold with the external
Solutio Sulpha'tis Cupri Compos'- world, are interrupted.
ita. Aqua cupri vitriola'ti compos'ita. SON'CHUS. A genus of plants of the
Compound solution of sulphate of cop- order Compositce.
per. Sonchus Arven'sis. The greater hawk-
SOLUTION. Solu'tio. In Chemistry, weed. It is slightly astringent.
an operation which consists in dissolving Sonchus Olera'ceus. The sow-thistle.
a solid in a menstruum. Also, the pro- SONDE A DAItD. A French designa-
duct of such operation. In Surgery, the tion of a kind of catheter furnished with a
separation of parts previously united, stilet.

which is called a solution of continuity. Sonde Conique. A French designa-

SOL'UTIVE. Soluti'vus; from solvo, to tion of a conical silver catheter.
loosen. A laxative. SONITUS AURIUM. Tinnitus au-
SOL'VENT. From solvere, to dissolve. rium, which see.

A menstruum. Also, medicines supposed SONOM'ETER. From sonus, sound,

to possess the property of dissolving or and fierpov, measure. An instrument
removing obstructions of extraneous sub- for measuring sounds or the intervals of
stances. sounds.
SO'MA. The body. SONO'ROUS. Sono'rus. Noisy, loud-
SOMATTC. Somat'icus; from ouua, sounding ;
giving sound when struck, as
the body. That which relates to or con- a sonorous body; giving a clear, loud sound,
cerns the body. as a sonorous voice sometimes applied in
;

SOMATOL'OG-Y. Somatolog'ia ; from Pathology to ronchus.

aufia, the body, and /loyof, a discourse. SO'NUS. Sound.
A treatise on the human body ; anatomy. SOOT. Fuligo. A black substance
SOMNAM'BULISM. Somnambula'tio; disengaged from fuel in the process of
from somnus, sleep, and ambulare, to walk. combustion.
Sleep-walking. SO'PHIA. Synonym of a plant of the
SOMNAM'BULIST. A sleep-walker. genus Sysimbrium.
 ;

SOR G85 SPA

SOPHISTICATION. Soee Mouth. Stomatitis.
Sophistica'tio.

Adulteration; counterfeiting; Sore Mouth, Gangrenous. Cancrum

falsification.

SOPHO'RA. A genus of plants of the oris also, gangrama oris. ;

order Leguminosce. Sore Throat. Cynanche.

Sophora Heptaphylla. A shrub, Sore Throat, Clergyman's. Follic-
the roots and leaves of which are called ular pharyngitis.
Anticholerica. They have been recom- Sore Throat, Ulcerous. Cynanche
mended in cholera, colic, and dysuria. maligna.
Sophora Tincto'ria. Paptisia tinc- SORE'NESS. Painful uneasiness or
toria. Wild indigo indigo weed horse- tenderness of a part when touched. It is
; ;

fly weed yellow broom yellow indigo.

; ;
a symptom of inflammation.
SOPHRONIST.E DENTES. Wis- SOR'REL. Common name of Pumex
dom teeth, or dentes sapientia). Acetosa.
SOPHRONISTERES. The dentes sa- Sorrel, French. Popular name of
piential llumex scutatus.
SO'PIENS. Soporific. Sorrel Tree. A plant of the genus
SO'POR. A profound sleep, from which Andromeda.
the person can only be roused with diffi- Sorrel, Wood. Common name of
culty. It occurs in many cerebral dis- Oxalis acetosella.
eases. SOTIREL'LA. Name of an ancient
SOPORIFIC. Somniferous; tending anti-odontalgic dentifrice, composed of
to cause sleep. opium, several narcotics, nutmeg, saffron,
SO'RA. The Arabic name for Urtiaria, camphor and soot.
or nettle-rash. SOULAM'EA. A genus of plants of
SORB TREE. A tree of the genus the order Polygalacece.
Sorbus, the sorbas domestica. Soulamea Ama'ra. Rex Amarosis. A
SORBEFA'CIENT. Sarbefa'cicns plant said to possess febrifuge properties,
from soi-bere, to suck in, and facere, to and to have been used successfully in
j

make. A remedy that promotes absorp- cholera in India.

tion. SOUND. In Physiology, the sensation
SORBTC ACID. An acid obtained produced by sonorous bodies, or certain
from the berries of the Sorbus acuparia, vibrations, on the organ of hearing; in
or mountain ash. Surgery, a solid metallic instrument,
SOR'BUS. A genus of plants of the shaped like a catheter, used for the pur-
order Pomacece. pose of ascertaining the existence of cal-
Sorbus Acupa'ria. Roan tree. The culus in the bladder.
wild service tree, or mountain ash. The SOUND'INGr. Searching; the explo-
berries are astringent. ration of the bladder.
Sorbus Domes'tica. The cultivated SOUNDNESS OF MIND. Sanity.
service tree. It bears an astringent fruit, SOUR BEREY. A plant of the genus
which is sometimes used in diarrhoea. Oxycantha.
SOR'DES. The foetid excrementitious Sour Crout. Sour cabbage. Sauer
matter which forms on the teeth during Kraut, which see.
fever. Also, dirty sanies discharged from Sour Dock. Common name of Pumex
ulcers. acetosa, or sorrel.
SORDIC'UL^ AURIUM. Cerumen SOUTHERN WOOD. The popular
Aurium, which see. designation of Artemisia abrotanum.
SORE. An ulcer or excoriation. SOW-BREAD. A
tuberous rooted
Sore, Bay. An endemic disease, at the plant of the genus Cyclamen.
Bay of Honduras, thought by Dr. Mosely SPA, WATERS OF. Several springs,
to be true cancer. at a town of this name in the Netherlands,
44
 SPA 686 SPA
sixteen miles south-east of Liege, celebrated SPARTIUM. A genus of plants of
for their mineral waters, which are acidu- the order Leguminosoz.
lous and chalybeate. Spartium Jun'ceum. Spanish broom.
SPACES, INTERDENTAL. See Inter- Spartium Scopa'rium. The common,
dental. broom. The tops and leaves have diu-
SPA'DIX. A form of inflorescence in retic and purgative properties.
which the flowers are arranged around a SPASM. Spas' mus ; from onau, I
fleshy rachis, and enclosed in a sheath or draw. An involuntary muscular contrac-
spathe. tion. Spasms are distinguished into tonic,
SPA'DO. Castratus, which see. which consist in complete rigidity of the
SPAGY'PJA. Chemistry. muscles, as in lock-jaw and clonic, which ;

SPAG'YRISTS. Name given to an consist in alternate contractions and re-

ancient sect of Physicians who accounted laxations, as in convulsions.
for the various changes that occur in the Spasm of the Larynx. Laryngismus
body, both healthy and morbid, upon Stridulus, which see.

•chemical principles. SPAS'MA. From onact, to draw. Vol-

SPAIN, PELLITORY OF. The An- untary straining, energetic contraction or
themis pyrethrum, or Spanish chamomile. extension of the muscles, as in running,
SPAN/E'MIA. Spanhce'mia. From
riding, or bearing heavy burdens.
tsnavoc, poor,and cupa, blood. Poverty of SPAS'MI. Spasmodic diseases an or- ;

the blood, from a deficiency of fibrin and der in the class Neuroses of Dr. Cullen,
red corpuscles. characterized by a morbid contraction of
SPAN/E'MIC. Eclating to spana?- the muscular fibres.
'mia. SPASMO'DES. Convulsive.
SPANISH FLY. See Cantharis. SPASMODIC. Spasmod'icus; spasmot'-
SPAR. A
term applied in Mineralogy ictis. Relating to a spasm or convulsion.
to certain substances which break with Spasmodic Croup. Laryngismus strid-
regular surfaces and exhibit some degree ulus, Avhich see.
of lustre. Hence, minerals of a sparry SPASMOL'OGY. Spasmolog'ia ; from
fracture are called spaihose. cnaafiog, spasm, and /loyof, a discourse.

Spar, Heavy. Sulphate of baryta. A treatise on convulsions.

Spar, Iceland. Rhomboidal carbonate SPASMOT'ICUS. Spasmodic.
of lime. SPAS'MUS. A spasm a convulsion.;

SPARAG'MA. From airapaaou, to Spasmus Cyn'icus. Risus caninus ; the

tear. In Surgery, a laceration. sardonic grin.
SPARAG'MOS. A convulsion or spasm. SPAS'NIA. A term employed by
SPARDARA'PUM. Adhesive plaster Mercurialis to designate the lancinating
spread on silk, linen, cotton or paper. pain sometimes produced in the chest by
SPARGANON. From anapyu, I swathe, paroxysms of coughing.
I wrap. Swaddling cloches a kind of
; SPASTIC. Spas'iicus. Spasmodic.
swathing band with which young infants SPATHE. Spatha. In Botany, the
were formerly surrounded. With the calyx of a spadix, opening longitudinally
ancient Greeks this term meant wrapping in the form of a sheath.
a young child in swathing clothes. SPATHESTER. From anao>, I draw,
SPARGANO'SIS. From airapymo, to in Surgery, an instrument used for draw-
swell. A swelling. Also, a milk abscess. ing the prepuce, when too short, over the
SPAR'OIDS. A family of Acanthopte- glans.

rygian fishes, including the gilt-head and SPATHOSE. Spathiform. In Miner-

sea-bream. alogy, resembling spar in form.

SPAR'SUS. Irregularly scattered ; dis- SPAT'ILE. ZTzanlT}. Liquid fcecal

persed. evacuation.
 SPE 687 SPE

SPAT'ULA. Diminutive of spatha, a dilating the anus, while an operation is

"broad instrument. An instrument like a being performed on the parts within.
knife, used for spreading plasters, &c. Speculum Metal. An alloy for me-
SPAT'ULATE. Shaped like a spa- tallic mirrors, composed of two parts cop-
tula. per and one of tin.

SPAY. To extirpate the ovaries. Speculum Oc'uli. An instrument for

SPEAR'MINT. The popular name of keeping the eyelids open, and preventing
Mentha viridis. the eye from moving.
Spear-Shaped. Lanceolate. Speculum O'ris. An instrument for
SPEAR'WORT. Common name of dilating the mouth.
Raminculus fiamm ula. Speculum Oris, Elliot's. An instru-
SPE'CIES. A group of such individ- ment for distending the cheeks during the
uals as have an essential identity resulting removal of wax impressions from the
from their ultimate constitution or nature. mouth.
Individuals, animals, plants, and minerals Speculum Vagina. An instrument
agreeing in their appearance and compo- for dilating the vagina.
sition. When individuals differ in circum- Speculum Veneris. A plant of the
stances from accident, they are termed genus Achillea.
varieties. The circumstances common to SPEECH. Articulated voice.
one or more species constitute a division SPEECHLESSNESS. Aphonia muti-
or genus. Species is an old phar-
also tas. Loss of voice.
maceutical term for powders. SPEEDWELL. A plant of the genus
SPECIFIC. Specifi'cus. In Materia Veronica.
Medica, a medicine that cures some dis- Speedwell, Female. Common name
eases upon a principle peculiar to itself, of Antirrhinum elatine.

and not common to two or more. Also, SPEL'TRE. Spel'ter; spel'trum. Com-
a remedy that infallibly cures a particular mercial, impure zinc, which often contains
disease. The term is applied, too, to a copper, iron, lead, manganese, plumbago,
medicine which acts on some particular and a little arsenic.
organ more than others. In Natural His- SPENCER'S DENTAL DRILL. An
tory, the trivial name or designation of the instrument invented by Mr. K. Spencer,
species of a genus. dentist, of Georgia, for removing caries of
Specific Gravity. See Gravity, Spe- the teeth. The drill is moved by an end-
cific. less chain enclosed in an octagonal steel

SPECIL'LUM. From exam- case, worked with a handle and pistern.

specio, I
ine. A probe a surgical instrument em-
; SPERM. Sperma ; from aneipu, I sow.
ployed in the exploration of wounds, fis- Spermatic fluid. Seed. Semen. Also,
tulas, <fec. spermaceti.
SPECTACLES. From spectare, to be- SPERMACE'TI. From sperma, sperm,
hold. An optical apparatus, consisting of and ktjtoc, a whale. A fatty substance
two lenses, fixed in a metallic or other obtained chiefly from the head of the ca-
frame adapted to the eyes, and used to as- chalot or spermaceti whale. SeeCetaceum.
sist the sight. SPERMATIC. Spermat'icns ; from
SPECTRUM. An optical illusion ; a mrepfia, seed. A term applied in Anatomy
spectre. Also an elongated figure of the to the parts or vessels connected with the
seven prismatic colors, formed by a trans- secretion or transmission of the seminal
parent prism. fluid, or sperm.
SPECULUM. From specio, I see. A Spermatic Arteries. Two arteries,
mirror. Also, an instrument for dilating one on each side, most com-
given off,

cavities to facilitate their examination. monly, by the aorta, though sometimes by

Speculum A'ni. An instrument for the renal arteries, and distributed, in man,
 ; ;

SPE 688 SPH

to the spermatic chord, testicle and epi- organ attached to the upper part of the
didymis, and in the female to the ovarium, oviduct in female insects, intended for the
Fallopian tube, and round ligament. male
reception of the seminal fluid of the
Spermatic Chord. The vascular and in coition, and its retention for the fecun-
nervous chord by which the testicle is dation of the numerous ova as they are
suspended. successively expelled.
Spermatic Fluid. Sperm. SPERMATOZOA. From cmepfta, sperm,
Spermatic Liquor. The spermatic and £wov, animal. Spermatic animalcules.
fluid. Minute particles seen in the spermatic
Spermatic Plexus. A nervous plexus fluid resembling infusora. They are sup-
on each side, formed by filaments from posed by most physiologists to be the
the renal plexus. active agents in generation.
Spermatic Veins. The veins which SPERMIDTUM. In Botany, a kind of
accompany the spermatic arteries. small seed-vessel resembling a seed. An
SPERM'ATIN. The animal matter of achenium.
the sperm. SPERM'ODERM. From (rneppa, seed,

SPEEMATIS'MUS. The emission of and depfia, the skin. The external cover-
semen. ing of a seed.
SPERMATOCELE. From mrepfta, SPERMO'LITE. Spermoli'ihus ; from
seed, and mM, a tumor. Swelling of the (jnepfia, sperm, and lidog, a stone. In Pa-
testicle. ,
thology, the indurated concretions which
SPERMATO'DES. From meppa, sperm, sometimes form in the vesiculce seminales.
and etdoi, resemblance. Any thing which In Oryctology, a fossil seed.
resembles or has the appearance of sperm. SPERMOPH'ORUS. From onep/ia,
SPERMATOL'OGY. Spermatolog'ia seed, and <pepo, to bear. In Botany, the
from anepfia, sperm, and hoyoc, a discourse. placenta of the pericarp of plants.
A treatise on the seminal fluid or sperm. SPERNI'OLA. Sperma Rana'rum
SPERMATOGONIA. Spermatopce'ia ; Sperm'olum Frog's spawn,
ranarum.
from anepiia, sperm, and yevvau, to beget. formerly eulogized as a refrigerant and
The preparation or secretion of the semi- cosmetic.
nal fluid. SPEWING. Vomiting.
SPERMATOPHAGOUS. A term ap- |
SPHACELA'TION. Mortification.
plied in Zoology to animals which subsist SPH ACELIS'MUS . Sphacdis'mos.
on seeds. It is synonymous with graniv- From o(paKe?ut,u, to be gangrened. Gan-
orous. grene; mortification. The term is also
SPERMATOPH'ORA. From aneppa, sometimes applied to inflammation of the
seed, and <&ep", I bear. The sheaths in brain.
the cephalopods which convey the semen SPHACELUS. From ofanu, to destroy.
or sperm. They are also called the mov- The disorganized portion thrown off in
ing filaments of Needham, their discov- mortification. Complete mortification.
erer. SPHiENOI'DES. Sphenoides.
SPERMATOPffi'US. Spermatopoet'i- \
SPHiERAN'THUS IN'DICUS. The
cus; from onspfia, sperm, and iroteiv, to Adaca, a Malabar plant, said to possess
make. In Physiology, a term designative acrid and aromatic properties.
of food, or any thing calculated to aug- SPHiEROCOC'CUS CRISPUS. The
ment the secretion of the seminal fluid. Fucus crispus, or Irish moss.
SPERMATORRHEA. From anepfia, SPHiERO'MA. From otpaipa, sphere.
eperm, and pew, I flow. An involuntary Any thing made round or globular. Ap-
emission of semen. plied in Pathology to a globular fleshy
SPERMATOTHE'CA. From amppa, protuberance.
semen, and $t}kti, a repository. A hollow SPHAGE. The throat.
 ;;

SPH 689 SPI

SPHENE. From a<j»jv, a wedge. A ganglion of Meckel, and enter the nose
dull yellow, green, gray, brown or black through the spheno-palatine foramen, to
mineral, composed of silicic acid, lime and be distributed to the outer and inner pari-

titanic acid. It occurs in amorphous etes of the nasal fossa?.

crystals of the form of oblique rhombic Spheno-Parietal. Belonging or re-

prisms. lating to the sphenoid and parietal bones.

SPHE'NOID. Sphenoi'des; from o^v, Spheno-Staphyli'ntjs. The levator
a wedge, and eidoc, resemblance. Wedge- palati muscle.
like ; applied to a bone of the cranium. Spheno-Tem'poral. Belonging or re-
Sphenoid Bone. Sphenoi'des os. A and temporal bones.
lating to the sphenoid
bone situated in the middle of the base of SPHEE'ULITE. Pearl-stone ; a variety
the cranium, extending underneath from of obsidian, occurring in rounded grains.
one temple to the other, wedged in, as SPHINCTER. From ofiyyu, I con-
it were, amid the other bones. strict. A name given to certain muscles,
, SPHENOIDAL. Sphenoidal . Per- the office of which is to close openings
taining to, or connected with, the sphenoid around which they are situated.
bone. Sphincter A'ni. A muscle situated
Sphenoidal Spine. A projecting crest around the anus.
at the lower surface of the sphenoid bone, Sphincter Ani Internus. The circu-
which articulates with the vomer. lar fibres of the muscular coat of the rec-
SPHENO-MANILLARY. Kelating to tum at its extremity.
the sphenoid and maxillary bones. Sphincter Gu'le. The superior con-
Spheno-Maxillary Fissure. The in- strictor pharyngis.
ferior orbitar fissure. Foramen lacerum Sphincter Labio'rum. The orbicularis
inferius. oris.

Spheno-Maxillary Fossa. A depres- Sphincter Oc'uli. The orbicularis pal-

sion at the union of the spheno-maxillary pebrarum.
and pterygo-maxillary fissures. Sphincter O'ris. The orbicularis oris.
Spheno-Or'bitar. Spheno-orbita'lis. Sphincter Yagi'nm. A muscle situ-

An epithet applied by Beclard to the an- ated on the side of the vagina, near its

terior or orbitar portion of the sphenoid external orifice, opposite the nymph*,
bone. covering the corpus cavernosum.
Spheno-Palatine. Relating to the Sphincter Ve'sic^e. A name given by
sphenoid and palate bones. some anatomists to a few fibres which sur-
Spheno-Palatine Artery. The ter- round the neck of the bladder.
mination of the internal maxillary artery, SPHYG'MA. 2<pvyfia. Sphygmos,
which enters the back part of the nose which see.
through the spheno-palatine foramen, to SPHYG'MIC ART. Sphyg'miea ars.
be distributed upon the pituitary mem- The knowledge or doctrine of the pulse
brane. art of judging by the pulse.
Spheno-Palatine Foramen. A fora- SPHYG'MICUS. Of or belonging to
men formed by the vertical portion of the the pulse.
os palati and sphenoid bone, establishing SPHYGMOL'OGY. Sphygmolog'ia
a communication between the nasal fossa? from o<jwy/j.oc, the pulse, and ^oyo( } a dis-
and the zygomatic fossa. course. A treatise on the pulse.
Spheno-Palatine Ganglion. A small SPHYG'MOS. From ofvSeo, to leap
ganglion situated without the spheno-pala- or rebound.The pulse pulsation. ;

tine foramen, in the pterygo-maxillary SPHYX'IS. Pulsation.

fissure. SPI'CA. A spike. In Botany, a species
Spheno-Palatine Nerves. The lat- of inflorescence in which all the flowers
eral nasal nerves, which arise from the are sessile along a common axis. In Sw<-
 SPI 690 SPI

gery, a spiral bandage, the turns of which has been recommended as a cure for
cross each other like the letter V. tooth-ache.
Spica Cel'tica. A plant of the genus SPILBURY'S ANTISCORBUTIC
Valeriana. DROPS. An empirical preparation, com-
Spica Fcsm'ina. Common lavender. posed of corrosive sublimate, gentian root,
Spica In'mca. A synonym of Nardus orange peel, prepared sulphuret of anti-
Jndica. mony, of each 3 ij shavings of red San-
;

Spica Inguina'lis. A bandage for in- ders5 i alcohol one pint.

;

guii J ruptures. SPILO'MA. A spot or discoloration of

Spica Du'plex. A double spica or the skin. A variety of nwvus.
double spiral bandage. SPILO'SIS. A synonym of Epicrosis.
Spica Mas. Broad-leaved lavender. SPI'NA. A thorn. In Anatomy, a
Spica Nar'di. Indian nard. process on the surface of a bone.
Spica Sim'plex. A common spica Spina ^Egypti'aca. The Egyptian
bandage. thorn or Acacia vera.
SPICES. Agreeable, warm aromatic Spina Bif'ida. A congenital malfor-
drugs, such as nutmeg, cinnamon, &c. mation or defect of the spinal column.
SPIC'ULA. In Pathology, pointed Spina Cebvi'na. A plant of the genus
pieces of bone. In Botany, applied to Rhamnus.
grasses. Spina Ventosa. A term of rather in-
SPI'DER. Ara'nea. Common name of definite signification. By some it is defined
the animals belonging to the class Arach- tumor arising from an internal
to be a
nida. caries of by others, a disease of tho
bone ;

SPIGE'LIA. The Indian pink. Also, osseous system, in which the bone exhibits
a genus of plants of the order Spigeli- a distended appearance.
acece. Spina Vento'sa of the Teeth. A dis-
Spigelia Anthelmin'tica. A West ease, according to Mr. Fox, seated in the
Indian and South American species, said cavity of a tooth ; the vessels ramifying on
membrane, acquire a diseased action,
to possess properties similar to those of the
the Spigelia marilandica. by which the membrane itself becomes
Spigelia Marilan'dica. The peren- thickened absorption of some of the in- ;

nial worm-grass, or Indian pink. The ternal parts of the tooth takes place, and
whole of this plant, especially the root, the opening, at the extremity of the fang,
is anthelmintic. The disease of the
becomes enlarged.
SPIKE. Spica. membrane is attended with the formation
SPIKE'LET. In Botany, a small spike. of matter. This discharges itself at the
SPIKE'NAltD. A popular name ap- point of the fang into the alveolar cavity,
plied to different plants. In the United which, being rendered more porous by the
States it is applied to the Aralia racemosa; process of absorption, affords an outlet for
in England, to the Andropogon nardusescape. During the progress of the
its

of India, to Valeriana spica, and to sev- disease, the gum, covering the alveolar
eral species of Baccharis, &c. The tree process, becomes inflamed, and acquires
spikenard is a plant of the genus Nardos- a spongy texture; the matter, passing
tachys. from the socket, makes its escape into the
SPILAN'THUS. A genus of plants of mouth by several openings through the
the order Composita;. gum, which is thus kept in a constant
Spilanthus Acmel'la. The balm- state of disease.
leaved spilanthus. The herb and seed are The enlargement of the opening at the
said to be diuretic and emmenagogue. extremity of the fang, is caused by the
Spilanthus Olera'ceus. The spear- action of the confined matter, and not by
leaved spilanthus. A tincture of this plant the absorbents, as Mr. F. supposes, for
 SPI 691 SPI

before this enlargement takes place, the SPINE. In Anatomy, the vertebral
lining membrane is destroyed, and, con- column. In Botany, a sharp process of
sequently, the vitality of the internal the woody part of a plant; a thorn.
parietes of the root, and hence they can- SPINES'CENT. Spines'cens. Becoming
not be subject to the action of the ab- hard and thorny.
sorbents. SPINNERET. The articulated tubes
Spina Vertebba'lis. The vertebral of spiders, which they employ in making
column. their webs.
SPINA'CIA. A genus of plants of the SPINOSUS. Spinal.
order Chenopodiacece. SPI'NOUS. Spina' sua. Having the
Spinacia Olera'cea. Spin'ach. Spin- shape of, or beset with, spines or thorns.
age a pot herb, the boiled leaves of which
; Spinous Processes of the Verte-
have been used as an emollient cataplasm. brae. The processes situated one on the
SPINAGE. Spinacia. back part of each vertebra.
SPI'NAL. Spina'lis ; from spina, the SPIRAC'ULA. Spi'racles ; from spiro,
spine. Belonging or relating to the spinal I breathe. The breathing pores of insects.
column. Applied also to the pores of the skin
Spinal Abtebies. Two arteries de- SPIR.EA. A genus of plants of the
scending, one on the anterior and one on order Rosacea!.
the posterior surface of the spinal chord. Spir^a Africa'na. A plant of the
Spinal Choed. Medul'la spinalis. genus Diosma.
The spinal marrow, which is a continua- Spiraea Filipen'dula. The officinal
tion of the medulla oblongata. dropwort. The root is astringent.
Spinal Diseases. The diseases which Spirjea Tomento'sa. Hardback; red
affect the spinal chord and its membranes. meadow-sweet. It is tonic and astringent.

Spinal Foeam'ina. The foramina of An extract of the root is used in diarrhoea.

the vertebra?, which give egress to the Spir^a Trifolia'ta. One of the
spinal nerves. names of Gillenia trifoliata.
Spinal Irrita'tion. A S p i r M a Ulma'ria. Meadow-sweet.
term applied
to sub-inflammatory affections of the Queen of the meadows. The leaves are
spinal chord and its membranes. said to be slightly astringent, and the
Spinal Marrow. The spinalchord. flowers anti-spasmodic and diaphoretic.
Spinal Nerve. The accessory of the SPI'RAL. Spira'lis ; from spira, a
pneumogastric, or accessory nerve of spire. Winding round a cylinder or other
Willis. round body, in a circular form, and at
Spinal Nerves. The vertebral nerves. the same time rising or advancing for-
SPINA'LIS. Spinal. ward winding like a screw.
;

Spinalis Cervicis. Semi-spinalis colli, Spiral Bandage. The common ban-

a muscle of the posterior part of the neck dage or roller, wound spirally round a
and upper part of the back. limb.
Spinalis Colli. The semi-spinalis Spiral Springs. In Dental Prosthesis,
colli. the coiled wires employed for the reten-
Spinalis Dorsi. A muscle situated tion of a double set of artificial teeth in
on the lateral surfaces of the spinous pro- the mouth.
cesses of the back, and the inner side of The simplest method of winding the
the longissimus dorsi. wire, is to secure it between two blocks
SPINA'TUS. Spinal. of wood held between the jaws of a small
SPIN'DLB. In Mechanics, the axis of bench-vice. Then, tho upper end of the
a wheel or roller. wire, in connection with a spindle or
Spindle Tree. A shrub of the genus steel wire the size of a small knitting-
Euonymus. needle, six or eight inches in length, is
 SPI 692 SPI

grasped by a hand-vice or pair of sliding Spiritus Armora'cle Compos'itus.

tongs the spindle resting on the blocks Ph. L. and D. Compound
; spirit of horse-

of wood is made to revolve by turning radish.

the hand-vice or sliding tongs, according Spiritus Camph'or^:. U. S. Spirit
as the one or the other may In of camphor.
be used.
thisway, the wire is wound firmly and Spiritus Car'ui. Ph. L. Spirit of
closelyround the steel rod or spindle. caraway.
Spiral Vessels. A term applied in Spiritus Cinnamo'mi. Ph. L. Spirit
Botany to an elastic spiral fibre generated of cinnamon.
in long cylindrical tubes in plants. Spiritus Col'chici Ammonia'tus.
SPIRIT. Spir'itus; from spirare, to Ammoniated spirit of colchicum.
exhale. This term was formerly applied Spiritus Cor'nu Cer'vi. Subcarbo-
to all volatile substances obtained by dis- nate of ammonia.
tillation. They were formerly distin- Spiritus Frumen'ti. Spirits distilled
guished into inflammable or ardent spirits, from rye and corn, as whiskey, &c.
acid spirits, and alkaline spirits, but at Spiritus Gal'licus. French brandy.
present the term is restricted to alcoholic Spiritus Junip'eri Compos'itus.
liquors and ether. U. S., Ph. L. and D. Compound spirit
Spirit, Rectified. Alcohol in a high of juniper.
state of concentration, commonly called Spiritus Laven'dul^b. U. S., Ph. L.
Spirit of wine. Spirit of lavender.
Spirit of Alum.The acrid liquid Spiritus Lavendul-e Compos'itus. —
from alum.
distilled U. S. Compound spirit of lavender.
Spirit of Bone. Spirit of hartshorn, Spiritus Mentha Piper'it;e. Ph. L.
or impure ammonia. Spirit of peppermint.
Spirit of Salt. Hydrochloric acid. Spiritus Mentha Vir'idis. Ph. L.
Spirit of Tin. Perchloride of tin. Spirit of spearmint.
Spirit of Turpentine. Oil of tur- Spiritus Myris'tice. U. S. Spirit
pentine. of nutmeg.
SPIR'ITUS. Spirit. Also, breath. Spiritus Ni'tri Sim'plex. Dilute
Spiritus ^Etu'eris Aromat'icus. nitrous acid.
Ph. L. Aromatic spirit of ether. Spiritus Pimen't^. U. S., and Ph. L.
Spiritus .ZEtheris Ni'trici. U. S. Spirit of pimenta.
Sweet spirit of nitre. Spirit of nitric Spiritus Pule'gii. Spirit of penny-
ether. royal.
Spiritus ^Etheris Sulphu'rici. U. S. Spiritus Rectifica'tus. Alcohol.
Spirit of sulphuric ether.Sweet spirit of Spirit of wine.
vitriol. Spiritus Rec'tor. The aroma of a
Spiritus vEtherus Sulphurici Com^ plant.
pos'itus. U. S. Ph. L. Compound spirit Spiritus Rosmari'ni. U. S. and Ph. L.
of sulphuric ether. Spirit of rosemary.
Spiritus Ammo'nle. Ph. L. Spirit of Spiritus Sa'lis Ammonia'ci Cau'sti-
ammonia. cus. Aqua Ammonias. Water of am-
Spiritus Ammonite Aromat'icus. monia.
Aromatic spirit of ammonia. Spiritus Tenu'ior. Dilute alcohol.
Spiritus Ammonle Fce'tidus. Ph. L. Spiritus Vi'ni Gal'lici. Frenoh
Fetid spirit of ammonia. brandy.
Spiritus Ammonle Succina'tus. Spiritus Vitri'oli. Sulphuric acid.
Succinated spirit of ammonia. SPIROID CANAL. A name applied
Spiritus An'isi. Ph. L. Spirit of by Chaussier to the aqua3ductus Fallopii.
aniseed. SPIROMETER. From spiro, I breathe,
 SPL 693 SPL

and fierpov, a measure. An instrument SPLANCHNOLOGY. SplancJinolog'-

for measuring the air inhaled. from onhayxvov, a viscus, and Xoyog,
ia ;

SPIROPTERA HOM'INIS. A small a discourse. A treatise on the viscera.

worm sometimes found in the urine and SPLANCH'NON. An intestine, vis-

kidneys. cus or entrail.

SPIRU'LID^. A family of Dibranchi- SPLANCHNOP'ATHY. Splanchno-
ate Cephalopoda characterized by having pathi'a; from anlayxvov, a viscus, and
a spiral discoid chambered shell in the na&og, disease. Disease of the intestines.
substance of the mantle. SPLANCHNOSCOPY. From
SPISSAN'TIA. Incrassantia. That anlayxvov, a viscus, and okotteco, to survey.
which inspissates or thickens. Anatomical examination of the viscera.
SPIT. Spittle the mouth. ;
SPLANCIINOTOMY. Splanchnoto-

SPITTING. Expuition; ejecting mi'a; from onhayxvov, a viscus, and

spittle from the mouth. TEfiM, I cut. Dissection of the viscera.

Spitting of Blood. Haemoptysis, A spongy viscus,

SPLEEN. ZnXyv.

which see. diaphragm in the left

situated below the

SPITTLE. The salivary and mucous hypochondrium, between the eleventh and
secretions ejected from the mouth in the twelfth false ribs. Also, hypochondriasis.

act of spitting. SPLEEN'WORT. Millwort ; a plant of

SPITTOON', DENTIST'S. A vase or the genus Asplenium.

other vessel used by dentists to receive the SPLENAL'GY. Splenal'gia ; from
saliva or blood which comes from the onfojv, the spleen, and akyos, pain. Pain
mouth of his patient while he is operating. in the spleen.

SPLANCH'NA. The entrails. SPLENATROPHTA. From onlriv,

SPLANCH'NIC. Splanch'nicus ; from the spleen, and atrophia, atrophy. Atro-

onlayxvov, an entrail. Relating to the phy or wasting of the spleen.
entrails. SPLENECTOMTA. From anlrjv^ the

Splanchnic Cavities. The cavities spleen, en, out of, and teuvu, I cut. Am-
of the abdomen, chest and head. putation or extirpation of the spleen.
Splanchnic Nerves. These are two SPLENEMl'HRAXTS. From cnXvv,
in number, the greater and lesser ; the the spleen, and Efitypaoou, I obstruct. Ob-
first arises from the sixth, seventh, eighth, struction of the spleen.
ninth, and sometimes the tenth thoracic SPLENETIC. Spleneti'cus. Belong-
ganglia ; the second from the tenth and ing or relating to the spleen.
eleventh thoracic ganglia. SPLE'NIC. Relating to the spleen.
SPLANCH'NICA. The second order Splenic Artery. An artery distrib-
of diseases, class Cceliaca, of Dr. Good, uted to the spleen.
comprehending those which affect the ab- Splenic Plexus. A nervous net-work
dominal organs, without primary inflam- accompanying the splenic artery.
mation. Splenic Vein. A vein having its ori-
SPLANCHNOD'YNE. From mtkay- gin in the spleen, and accompanying the
Xvov, a viscus, and oSwt], pain. Pain in splenic .artery.
the bowels. SPLENITIS. From <™fyv, the spleen,
SPLANCHNOG'RAPHY. Splanchno- and His, a terminal denoting inflamma-
gra'pltia ; from mrXayxvov, a viscus, and tion. Inflammation of the spleen.
ypatyu, to describe. The anatomy of the SPLE'NIUM. Spleenwort ; a plant of
viscera. the genus Asplenium. Also, a compress.
S P LA N C II N L I TH I 'A S I S . SPLE'NIUS. An oblong, broad, flat

From oir'kayxvov, a viscus, and "kidog, a muscle, situated at the back jiart of the
stone. The formation of a calculous con- neck and upper part of the bark.
cretion in any of the viscera. SPLENIZATION. A term applied in
 ;

SPO 694 SPO

Pathology to a morbid change of the lung, Spodium Abaisir. Metallic oxyds, and
in which its tissue resembles that of the a preparation of white lead and oil.

spleen. Spodium Al'bum. Bone earth.

SPLENOCE'LE. From ifapt the Spodium Arabum. Burnt ivory.
spleen, and kti^jj, a tumor. Hernia of the Spodium Gr^co'rum. The white dung
spleen. of dogs.
SPLENOGRAPHY. Splenograpli'ia SPOD'UMENE. From anodou, to re-
from okXt/v, the spleen, and ypa<j>u, a de- duce to ashes. Triphane ; a hard, brittle,
scription. The anatomy of the spleen. translucent mineral occurring in laminated
SPLENOHiE'MIA. From onlyv, the masses, of various shades of green or gray,
spleen, and aifm} blood. Congestion of easily divided into prisms with rhomboidal
the spleen. bases. It exfoliates before the blow-pipe
SPLENOL'OGY. Splawlog'ia ; from into little ash-colored scales.
on2,r)v, the spleen, and Tioyog, a discourse. SPONDYLALGIA. From cnovdvfa,
A treatise on the spleen. a vertebra, and olyog, pain. Pain in the
SPLENON'CUS. From mtktiv, the back.
spleen, and oynog, a tumor. Tumefaction SPONDYLTUM. Cow-parsnip. A1L-
of the spleen. Ague cake. heal. A plant of the genus Heracleum.
SPLENOPAREC'TAMA. From mXr/v, SPON'DYLUS. A vertebra.
the spleen, and napenTafia, excessive vol- SPONGE TENT. A tent made of pre-
ume. Great enlargement of the spleen. pared sponge.
SPLENORRHAG'IA. From «r^v, SPON'GIA. Sponge ; an organized po-
the and pr/yvvfii, to burst
spleen, out. rous marine substance, found under water
Hemorrhage from the spleen. or attached to rocks about the shore at
SPLENOT'OMY. Splenotom'ia ; from ebb tide. Sponge is assigned by most
cm?<,T]v, the spleen, and refivw, I cut. Dis- Naturalists to the great class of Zoophytes.
section of the spleen. It has a reticulated fibrous structure, and
SPLINT. In Surgery, a long piece of in its recent state is covered with a soft
wood, pasteboard, sheet iron, or leather, gelatinous substance. As found in com-
employed in the treatment of fractures, to merce, it appears to be composed of nu-
keep the broken extremities of bones from merous small capillary tubes, capable of
moving. imbibing water and of becoming distended,
Splint-Rone. The fibula. a property which, together with its soft-

Splint-Cloth. A bandage, consisting ness, renders it valuable to surgeons in

of a central portion, with six or eight dressing wounds and ulcers, and for dis-
tails. tending fistulas and sinuses.
SPLINT'ER. A
term applied, in Sur- Pr^para'ta. Spongia
Prepared
gery, to a fragment separated from a frac- Sponge dipped in hot melted
sponge.
tured or diseased bone; also, to a small wax, or, as some direct, in emplastrum
portion of wood which has entered the cerse compositum, and pressed until cold
skin. between two iron plates. It is afterwards
SPLITTING INSTRUMENT, EL- cut into such shape as may be required.
LIOT'S IMPROVED. An instrument Spongia Usta. Burnt sponge ; a rem-
for separating the roots of a molar tooth edial agent of considerable value in cases
;

a kind of forceps provided with cutting of goitre, glandular swelling of a scrofu-

edges, which, when they come together, lous character, and in some cutaneous af-
form the letter V. By applying the force fections. It is given mixed with syrup or
as deep between the roots as possible a honey.
perpendicular split is produced. SPON'GIA. A class of marine Zo-
SPODTUM. An old preparation of ophytes, composed of the different genera
zincfand other substances. and species of sponge.
 ;

SPO 695 SQU

SpoN'aiiE Lapis. A small friable stone rules of Fungi ; also, the granules which
I

found in sponge, formerly supposed to resemble sporules ' in Algce and Characece,
possess lithontriptic properties. but are of a doubtful nature.
SPONG'IFOBM. Spongiforms SPOBIDI'O L A. The reproductive
epongoid, which see. granules of algaceous plants.
SPONG'INESS. The state of being SPOR'ULE.A spore.
Bpongy, or in a spongoid condition. SPOTTED FEVER. Typhus gravior,
SPONGIO'SUS. Spongy. in which purple or black petechia} occur.
SPONGOID. Spongoi'des ; from Spotted Lung'wort. A plant of the
airoyyia, sponge, and eidog, resemblance. genus Pulmonaria.
Spongy ; resembling or of the nature of SPRAIN. Subluxation ; an excessive
sponge. strain or rupture of the muscles or liga-
Spongoid Inflammation. Fungus ments of a joint without dislocation.
hzemUtodes; a morbid growth frequently I SPRAT. A small fish, the Clupea sprat-
developed in the gums. : tus.
SPON'GIOLE. Spongiolum ; from j
SPREADING. Diffuse, which see.
ojroyyta, sponge. A spongelet, or the soft ' SPRUCE. A species of fir ; the Pinua
succulent extremity of the capillary roots abies. Also, a drink prepared from spruce
in plants, which absorb or suck up fluids, fir;

SPONGIO'SA OS'SA. Ossaturbina'ta, SPU'MA. Froth foam scum.

; ;

inferiora. The inferior turbinated bones, j

Spuma Argenti. Semivitrified oxyd
situated in the under part of the side of of lead,
the nose. Spuma Cerevisl.e. Yeast.
SPONGIO'SUM OS. The ethmoid SPUMO'SUS. Frothy.
bone. SPUNK. The agaric of the oak;
SPONGOS. The tonsil. 'touchwood.
SPONG'Y. Spongio'sus. Soft and full SPURGE. A plant of the genus Eu-
of cavities ; applied in Anatomy and Pa- phorbia.
thology to textures resembling sponge. Spurge-Flax. An evergreen shrub,
SPON'SA SO'LIS. One names the Daphne gnidium.
of the
of Calendula officinalis. Spurge-Laurel. The Daphne laureola.
SPONTA'NEOUS. From sponte, vol- Spurge-Olive. An evergreen plant,
J

untary. That which occurs of itself, or the Daphne mezerenm.

without apparent external agency or cause. SPUR'RED RYE. See Secale Cornu-
SPOON'WOOD. A common name of turn.
Kalmia latifolia. SPU'TUM. Sputa'men; from sputo, to
SPOON' WORT. Scurvy-grass ; a plant spit. The secretions ejected from the
of the genus Cochlearia. mouth by the act of spitting, but more
SP R A DT C Sporad'icus ; from particularly the expectorated matter which
aneipu, to sow. A term applied to dis- comes from the chest,
eases which occur in every season and SQUALL'ING. Vag'itus; the cry of the
locality, from accidental causes. new-born child.
SPORANGI'UM. From anopa, a seed, ! SQUA'MA. A scale,
and ayyetov, a vessel. A term applied in SQUAM/E. Scaly diseases. See Lepra,
Botany to the case in which the reproduc- Psoriasis, Ptyriasis and Ichthyosis.
tive matter of many Cry ptogamic plants is SQUA'MOUS. Squamo'sus ; from
enclosed. Scaly; covered with
squama, a scale.

SPORE. Spor'ule. The reproductive squamous cones of the pine,

scales, as the
corpuscles contained in the urn of mosses, Squamous Suture. The suture which
and all the cryptogamia. unites the squamous portion of the tem-
SPORI'DIA. The covering of the spo- poral bone with the parietal.
 ;

STA 696 STA

SQUAR'ROSE. Squar'rous. Rough, STALAGMI'TIS. A genus of plants
scaly. established by Murray, of the order Glu-
SQUAW-MINT. Pennyroyal; a plant siaceai, but as the name was given to two
of the genus Hedcoma. specimens of trees of different genera, it

Squaw- Root. Black snakeroot; a isnot at present recognized.

plant of the genus Acta'a. Stalagmitis Cambogioi'des. A spe-
Squaw-Weed. Philadelphia fleabane which yields a kind of
cies of stalagmitis

a plant of the genus Erigeron. gamboge.

SQUEAM'ISHNESS. The common de- STALAG'MOS. Distillation.

signation of Fastidium cibi. Vicious deli- STALK. Scape. See Scapus.

cacy of taste. STAL'TICUS. From ffreAAw, to con-

SQUELET'TE. The French name of tract. A term formerly applied to medi-

skeleton. cineswhich were supposed to have the
SQUILL. Squitta. A plant of the genus power of healing.
Scilla. STA'MEN. The male organ of fructi-
SQUILLS, VINEGAR OF. Acetum fication in plants, consisting of the anther
scillai. A pharmaceutical preparation of and filament.
squills, vinegar and alcohol, used as an STAMTNA. A term applied in Physi-
expectorant. ology to the degree of constitutional
SQUINTTNG. Strabismus; seeing strength and vigor.
with non-coincident axes of the eyes. STAM'MERING. Balbu'ties. Stutter-
STA'CHYS. A genus of plants of the ing; impediment of speech; hesitation in
order Labiatce. the utterance of words.
Stachys Fcet'ida. A plant of the genus STAN'GOS. Tin.
Ballota. STANNI MURIAS. Muriate of tin.

Stachys Palus'tris. Clown's wound- Stanni Pulvis. Tin finely divided.

wort or all-heal. STAN'NIC ACID. Peroxyd of tin.
STAC'TE. A species of liquid myrrh. STANNI'OLUM. Tinfoil.
STA'DIUM. Stage, which see. STAN'NUM. Tin.
Stadium Ac'mes. In Pathology, the St annum Folia'tum. Tinfoil.
period of the height of a disease, or of STAPE'DIUS. A muscle of the inter-
the paroxysm of a disease. nal ear.
Stadium Augmen'ti. The stage or STATES. A stirrup; applied in Anat-
period of the increase of a disease. omy to a bone of the internal ear.
Stadium Decremen'ti. The period of STA'PHIS. A plant of the genus Del-
the decrease of a disease, or of the sub- phinium.
sidence of a paroxysm. STAPHYL^EMATO'MA. From craty-
Stadium Frig'oris. The cold stage. vkr\, the uvula, and hcematoma, a bloody
STAFF. In Surgery, a grooved instru- tumor. i
A tumor of the uvula formed by
ment employed in the operation of lithot- j
an effusion of blood.
omy to guide the knife. STAPHYLA'GRA. Sra^aypa. From
STAGE. Stad'ium. In Pathology, the GTatyvkn, the uvula, and aypevu, to catch.
period or degree of a disease, as the cold, Forceps for taking hold of the uvula;
hot and sweating stages of an intermittent. uvula forceps.
STAG'MA. From orafa, I distil. Any STAPHYLE. The uvula.
distilled liquor. STAPHYLEPAR'TES. Name given by
STAGNATION. Stagna'iio; from Paulus to an instrument for grasping and
stagnare, to form a pond. In Pathology, removing the uvula.
a congestion, or retardation of the fluids STAPHYLI'NUS. An epithet applied
inany part of the body. in Anatomy to parts connected with the
STAHLIANS. The followers of Stahl. uvula.
 : ;

STA 697 STA

Staphylinus Extebnus. The circum- that of the palatine arch. The wrapping
flexus, a muscle of the soft palate. of the ligature round the pin carried the
STAPHYLFTIS. From oTa<j>v2. v , the flaps firmly up against the orifice, so as to
uvula, and His, inflammation. Inflamma- facilitate their adhesion to the raw margin
tion of the uvula. of the latter. The mucous membrane of
STAPHYLO-FHARYNGE'US. The the sides of the flaps was partially shaved
palato-pharyngeus muscle. with a knife before they were reflected up-
STAPH YLGEDE'MA. Relaxation of the ward."
uvula, either from inflammation or infil- STAPHYLOR'APHY. Velosynth'esis;
tration. from OTdtyvlri, the uvula, and pa^y, a su-
STAPHYLOMA. Staphylo'sis ; from ture. The operation for uniting a cleft
a grape.
oratyvhi, A generic designation palate, which consists in paring the edges,
of various tumors developed on the anterior passing ligatures through and bringing
surface of the ball of the eye. The
them together.
three
following species of staphyloma are recog- The idea of this operation was first con-
nized by French pathologists ceived by an ingenious French dentist, by
Staphyloma of the Coknea. Staphy- the name of Le Monnieb, who attempted,
loma conicum. A disease characterized by and with success, to perform it, as early as
opacity and projection of the cornea. the. year 1704. But for more than half a
Staphyloma of the Ibis. Prociden'- century afterwards, it does not seem to
tia iridis. Hernia of the iris. have attracted any attention, or to have
Staphyloma Sclebot'ic^e. A projec- been generally known to the medical pro-
tion of the eye on the sclerotic coat. fession. In 1819, however, M. Roux, a
STAPHYLON'CUS. Staphylon'cia celebrated French surgeon, and author of
from araQvXq, the uvula, and oynog, swell- an able memoir upon the subject, pub-
ing. Tumefaction of the uvula. lished in 1825, performed the operation
STAPHYLOPLASTY. From oTatyvlr,, upon Dr. Stephens, a young American
the uvula, and n'kacou, I form. An ope- physician. In 1820 it was performed
ration for replacing the soft palate, or any for the first time in the United States, by
portion of it, when wanting. When there Dr. J. C. Waeben, of Boston, and in
only exists an opening in the palate or vel- 1822 in England, by Mr. Alcock.I Now
um, this operation may often be performed it is classed among the regular operations
with complete success, but when the loss of surgery.
of substance is very considerable, the re- The operation of staphyloraphy, or
sult will be more doubtful. Dr. Pancoast, velosynthesis, consists in removing the
in his operative surgery, thus describes the margins of the divided velum with a pair
operation for closing a hole near the centre of curved scissors, as recommended by
of the hard palate, which formed a com- M. Roux, or a double-edged knife, and
munication between the mouth and nose, holding the raw edges in contact with
as performed by himself. each other until a union takes place.
" Two irregular quadrilateral flaps were A multiplicity of ingeniously contrived
raised from the mucous covering of the
* Velpeau, in h s Elements "of Operative
;

side of the roof of the mouth. These were

Surgery, p. 428, says that M
Colombe. per-
reversed upon the orifice with their mu- formed the operation on a dead subject in
cous surface upward, attached to each 1813, and in 1815 endeavored to prevail on
a patient to permit him to repeat it, but
other by two points of interrupted suture,
without success. In 1817, too, M. Graefe
and forced firmly up against the margin published in Hufeland's Journal some de-
of the bony orifice, which had previously tails concerning it, but the subject elicited

been made raw with the knife, by a curved no interest until M. Roux performed the
operation in 1819.
hare-lip pin, the convexity of which pre- fVide Dr. Reese's Appendix to Cooper's
sented upward and corresponded with Surgical Dictionary.
 STA 698 STA
instruments have been invented for the Further procedure should be suspended
performance of the operation, but all that until the hemorrhage, though seldom
are really necessary, are, a sharp hook, a very great, shall have partially subsided.
double-edged knife, short curved needles, A needle, armed with a well waxed liga-
a needle-holder, (porte-aiguitte,) strong ture, and held in a pair of suitable for-
waxed ligatures, a pair of long-handled ceps, should be passed from before back-
curved forceps and scissors ; other instru- ward through the most dependent part
ments may, in some cases, be required. of the left margin, about three lines from
In addition to the above, water, towels, the edge. As soon as it is seen on tho
and one or more assistants will be needed. opposite side, it should be grasped by
Thus prepared, the patient, after hav- the assistant with a pair of long-handled
ing previously submitted to the necessary forceps, and as soon as the hold of the
preparatory treatment, should be placed porte-aiguitte is relaxed, drawn through,
in a chair facing a good light, with his replaced in the latter, and passed through
head firmly supported by an assistant, from behind forward to the right marghl
and his mouth open, the operation may of the velum opposite to the ligature hi
be commenced by inserting the hook into the left. After the patient has rested a
the margin of the velum near its most few minutes, a second, a third, and, when
dependent part, on the left side of the necessary, a fourth ligature should be
fissure. This instrument, held by an introduced.
assistant, should be depressed so as to The ligature first introduced should
make the margin slightly tense. The npw be tied, bringing the edges of the
point of the double-edged knife is now velum close together, and afterwards, the

placed below the most dependent part second and third, cutting off the ends of
of the velum, a little to the left of each. After the first knot of the ligature
where the hook is inserted, and carried is tied, some precaution should be used to
from below upward, until it has reached prevent this from slipping while the
the angle of the fissure, removing about second is tied. The method adopted by
one line of the margin. M. Eoux for knotting the ligature is, to
This operation
may be repeated on the opposite side of make the first fold of the knot with the
the fissure, or by changing the knife from fore-fingers of each hand placed back to
the right to the left hand, and directing back, and after this has been drawn suffi-
the assistant holding the hook to pass his ciently tight, it is seized by an assistant
hand " across, and a little above, the face with a pair of forceps, and held until
of the patient," in the manner described the second and last turn of the knot is
by Dr. Mutter, so as to keep up a constant made.
traction upon the strip of mucous mem- Some surgeons use two needles for each
brane removed by the first cut, the right ligature, one at each end, and introduce
margin of the fissure may be made tense, them from behind forward, one through
and the knife carried from above down- each margin of the divided velum, instead
ward, completing, by a single incision, of one, as in the method just described.
the whole of this part of the operation.® The needle-holder, or " porte ** of
Schwerdt, is thought to be as well
* Dr. S. P. Hullihen, whohas performed
the operation eleven times with success,
adapted to the purpose as any instrument
has invented a bistoury for pairing the that can be employed. Dr. Physic's for-
edges, which possesses decided advantages ceps have also been used, but Dr. Miitter
over the common double-edged knife. It
is composed of two parts, which open like and putting it on the stretch, the bistoury,
scissors, but when closed, form a double- with its back towards and against the
edged knife or bistoury. The manner of palate bone, should be pushed through the
using it is as follows after first seizing
: velum near its edge ; then, by opening it,
the cleft edge of the velum at the base of the edge will be paired off in the most even
the uvula with a pair of curved forceps, and perfect manner possible.
 ;

STA 699 STA

thinks Schwerdt's a preferable instru- It often happens that an opening re-

ment. mains in the palate after the velum has

After the operation has been performed, been successfully united. This may, some-
the patient should be directed to keep his by the granulation of the
times, be closed
mouth closed, maintain perfect quiet; edges of the which may be induced
cleft,

avoid coughing, sneezing, or even spit- by making them raw by the application
ting, and the use of all solid food. Nor of caustics or the actual cautery. Dieffen-
should he take but very little fluid ali- bach has employed, with success, a con-
ment, and this only at long intervals. centrated tincture of oantharides, applied
When the fissure is so wide as to pre- several times a day to the edges of the
vent the margins of the velum from being opening. By some, the actual cautery
brought together, Dr. Mettauer, of Vir- is preferred, but if this latter is used, it

ginia, recommends making several lateral should only be heated sufficiently to blis-

incisions through the mucous membrane, ter the parts.f

with a view to increase the extent of the STAPHYLO'SIS. Staphyloma.
velum, and thus permit the edges to be STAPHYLOT'OMY. Staphyhtom'ia
brought together. Mr. Fergusson pro- from oTafvTiT), the uvula, and Topi], incis-
poses, for the more easy and perfect ion. Excision of the uvula.
accomplishment of this end, the division of STAR- ANISE. A plant of the genus
the levator-palati, the palato-pharyngeus, Illicium, and its fruit, which, by distilla-

and the palato-glossus muscles. The Oleum bodiani, or oil of

tion, yields the
motor influence of the muscles, in an star-anise. The seed is said to be power-
upward, outward, and downward direc- fully stomachic and carminative.

tion, being thus, for a time, cut off, he Star-Apple. The popular name of
believes the motor power of the soft several species of intertropical evergreen
palate will be so much destroyed, that trees which bear an esculent fruit. They
the edges of the fissure may be brought belong to the genus Clirysophyllum, and
together, f the most important of the species is the
For supplying deficiency of structure, Ciryso2>hyllum cainilo, or broad-leaved
Dieffenbach recommends a longitudinal star-apple.
incision a short distance from the margin Star-Fish. Sea-star; asterias. A
of the fissure, he has performed the ope- marine animal belonging to the genus of
ration in two cases with complete success. pedicellate echinoderms or zoophytes,
Dr. Mutter, of Philadelphia, who has been having the body divided into rays, in the
very successful in the operation, has also centre of which is the orifice of the ali-
had recourse to these lateral longitudinal mentary canal.
incisions, with the most happy results.^ Star-Grass. Star-bla'sing. Common
* Dr. S. P. Hullihen has invented an name of Aletris farinosa.

aculenaculum for this operation, which the Star-Like. Stellate.

author believes possesses decided advan- Star-Shoot. gelatinous substance A
tages over every other needle-holder that
found in stagnant waters j a fungus, the
has been employed, as it enables the ope-
rator to hold the velum with the point of Tremella nostoc.
the needle, as with a tenaculum, until he Star-Stone. variety of sapphire, A
satisfies himself where the stitch should be.
which, in certain directions, exhibits a
By this means the stitches may always be
inserted the proper distance from the edge reflection of light in the form of a star.
of the velum, and on both sides directly Star-Thistle. Common name of Car-
opposite to each other, a matter of great
importance to the successful treatment of
Una acaulis.

cleft-palate. See Acutenaculum, Hulli-

* Vide British and Foreign Medical Review,
hen's.
Vide Medico- Chirurgical Transactions, for April, 1846.
t
vol. 28. 1 Vide Dr. Hullihen on Cleft Palate, in
Vide Liston and Mutter's Surgery, p. 204. Am. Jour. Dental Science, vol. 5, p. 473.
J
 STA 700 STE
STARCH. Amylum. A proximate STATISTICS, MEDICAL. Vital sta-
principle of vegetables, characterized by tistics. The detail of facts connected with
its insipidity, and by insolubility in cold the deaths, births, salubrity, &c, of differ-
water, in alcohol, and in ether. In boil- ent places.
ing water it forms a very nearly transpa- STATURE. Statnra; from sio, sfaium,
rent jelly. It constitutes the largest por- I stand. The natural height of an animal
tion of all farinaceous substances, and is body, but usually applied to that of man.
the principal ingredient in bread. STATUS. A state or condition; ap-
Starch, Iodide of. An ounce of plied synonymously, in Physiology, with
starch mixed with twenty-four grains of temperament and diathesis, and in Pathol-
iodine, previously triturated in a little ogy, with acme.
water. The iodide is dried by a gentle Status Nervo'sus. Nervous diathesis.
heat, and kept in a well-stopped bottle STAU'ROLITE. From aravpog, a cross,
for use. In this way iodine may be given and /Utfoc, a stone. Cross-stone harmo- ;

in very large doses without irritating the tomc; a silicate of baryta and alumina,
stomach. with traces of lime and potash. It occurs
Starch, Potatoe. The fecula of Sola- in small quadrangular prisms crossing
tium tuberosum. each other.
STARKEY'S SOAP. Sapo Terebin- STAU'ROTIDE. From aravpog, a cross,

thince. See Soap, Starkey's. and eidog, form. Prismatic garnet, or gren-
Starkey's Pills. These are said to atite. It forms four or six-sided prisms,
be composed of black hellebore, Starkey's which sometimes cross each other at right
soap, of each S iv, saffron, § iij, made angles.
into a mass with oil of turpentine. STAV'ESACRE. A plant of the genus
STA'SIS. From arau, I stop. In Pa- Delphinum.
tholotjy, a nearly stagnant condition of STEAM. The vapor of water at a
the fluids. high temperature.
STATIC. In Physics, pertaining to, Steam Doctor. A term designative
or the state of, a body at rest, or in equi- of one who treats all diseases by steam.
librium. STE'AR. Sevum; fat.
STATTCE. A genus of plants of the STEARIC ACID. An acid obtained
order Phimbaginece. from animal and vegetable fats.
Statice Carolinia'na. Marsh rose- STE'ARINE. The solid component of
mary. It is astringent, and has been used fats. See Elaine.
in dysentery and ulcerated sore throat. STEAROPTE'NE. A crystalline sub-
Statice Limo'nium. Red behen sea- stance contained in many volatile oils.
;

thrift scadavender. The roots are feebly

;
STEATITE. From areap, fat. A soft
astringent and tonic. mineral of an unctuous feel, called Soap-
S T A T I C S. That part of physical stone.
'

science which treats of the forces that STEATOCE'LE. From areap, fat, and
keep bodies at rest, or in equilibrium. It mM, a tumor. A fatty tumor of the
is the converse of dynamics, which treats scrotum.
of bodies in motion. STEATO'MA. Steatosis; from areap,
STATION. Sla'tio; from stare, to fat. An encysted tumor, the contents of
stand. In Physiology, the act of standing. which are of a fatty nature.

In Zoology and Botany, the habitation of STEATOMATOUS. Steaiomato'des.

animals and plants. Of the nature of or resembling steatoma.

STATIONARY. Stationa'rius ; from STEATO'SIS. Steatoma.
stare, to stand. A name given by Syden- Steatosis Cordis. Fatty heart; a
ham to certain diseases which prevail in preternatural deposition of the fat on the
a place for a number of years. heart, or fatty degeneration of this organ.
 ;;

STE 701 STE

STEEL. Ghalybs. Iron combined with ley, and burdock,with a portion of Alicant
carbon. Carbureted iron. soap.
STEGANOPODS. From areyavoc, cov- STERA. The uterus.
ered, and novc, a foot. A family of STERCORA'CEOUS. Stercorals
swimming birds, in which all the four toes from siercus, dung. Of the nature of or
by
are connected the same web. relating to excrement.
STEGNO'SIS. From oTeyvou, I con- STER'CUS. Excrement.
strict. In Pathology, constriction; con- Stehcus Diaboli. Devil's dung; a
stipation; suppression of the natural vulgar appellation given by the Germans
evacuations. to Asafojtida.
STEGNOTTCA. Zreyvwucos. Stigiwt'- STERELMIN'THA. Slerdmin' titans ;
ics. Astringents. from cTepeog, solid, and eTifuvg, an intesti-

STEIRO'SIS. From areipoc, barren. nalworm. A name applied to intestinal

Barrenness ; sterility. worms which have no true abdominal cav-
SlELEN'GHS. Stridor Dentium. ity, but are composed of parenchymatous
STEL'LA. A star. Also, a bandage substance, as the tape- worm.
crossing like an X. STEREOTTCA. From arepeog, hard.
STEL'OCHITE. Osteocolla. Lesions or deformities of the hard parts
STEM. The body of a tree, shrub, or an order of diseases in the class Tycliica,
plant ; the main stock. Also, the pedun- of Dr. Good.
cle of the fructification, or the pedicle of a STERILTTAS. Sterility.

flower ; that which supports the flower or STERILITY. Steril'itas; from sU-
fruit. rilis, barren. The condition of an animal
STE'MA. The penis. or plant not capable of procreating its

STEM'MATA. From stemma, a gar- species or producing fruit.

land. The simple and minute eyes of STER'NAL. Stema'lis. Pertaining to
worms. the sternum.
STENAG'MUS. Sighing; groaning; Sternal Aspect. Aspect towards the
often a consequence of disease. sternum.
STENOCAR'DIA. From arevog, strait, STERNAL'GIA. From orepvov, the

and Angina pectoris.

napdta, the heart. sternum, and alyog, pain. Pain in the
STEN CH B I A. Narrowness of region of the sternum angina pectoris.
'
;

space, but employed by some modern STERNOCLAVICULAR. Sterna-

pathologists to designate contraction of Clavicula'ris. Relating to the sternum
the vagina. and clavicle.

STENOSTENO'SIS. Contraction of Sterno-Clavicular Articulation.

the parotid duct. The articulation of the sternum with the
STENOSTOMTA. From gtivoq, nar- clavicle.
row, and oTOfia, mouth. Contraction of Sterno-Cleido Brachia'lis. The pec-
the mouth. toralis major muscle.
STENOTHORAX. From orevog, nar- Sterno-Cleido-Mastoide'us. A mus-
row, and Vupal;, the chest. One with a cle situated on the anterior and lateral
narrow chest. part of the neck.
STENTOROPHO'NUS. One who has Sterno-Costales. From three to six
a strong voice. muscles, situated at each side of the lower
STEPHANE. The crown. surface of the sternum.
STEPHEN'S REMEDY, MRS. A Sterno-Huhera'lis. Name given by
celebrated lithontriptic, consisting of lime Chaussier to the Pectoralis major.
from the shells of eggs and snails made Sterno-Hyoide'us. A long flat muscle,
into pills with soap ; followed by a decoc- situated at the anterior part of the neck,
tion consisting of chamomile, fennel, pars- between the sternum and os hyoides.
45
 ;

STH 702 STI

Stebno-Thyeoide'us. A long, broad STHENOP'YRA. Synocha ; dynam'ic

and flat muscle, situated at the anterior fever. From odevog, strength, and irvp,
part of the neck, between the sternum fire. A term sometimes applied in P&
and thyroid cartilage. thology to inflammatory fever.
STERNODYN'IA. From arepvov, the STIBI. See Stibium.
sternum, and odwrj, pain. Sternalgia. STIBIA'LIS. Pertaining to antimony;
Steunodynia Syncofia'lis. Angina antimonial.
pectoris. STIBII ESSENTIA. Antimonial wine.
STER'NUM. Ster'non ; from arepeog, STIBIUM. Old name for antimony.
solid. Breast bone. An oblong, flat STICHOMAN'CY. From cnX og, a line,
bone, situated at and constituting the pa- and fiavTEta, prophecy. Divination by
ries of the fore part of tho thoracic cav- lines or passages of books written on slips
ity. It is articulated with the clavicle of paper and drawn from a vessel at haz-
and seven superior ribs. ard.
STERNUTAMENTUM. Sneezing. STIFF-JOINT. Anchylosis.
STERNUTAMENTO'RIA. Sneeze- STIFF-NECK. Wry neck, which see.
wort, or bastard pellitory ; a plant of the STIG'MA. From ordju, to prick or
genus Achillea. brand. In Pathology, a small red speck
STERNUTATIO. Sneezing. on the skin. Also, narvus maternus. In
STERNUTATORY. Sternutato'rius Botany, the female organ, situated at the
from stemutare, to sneeze. A substance summit of the ovary, or of tho style whore
which provokes sneezing. it exists.
STER'TOR. From stertere, to snore. STIG'MATA. From cnyfia, a mark.
Snoring ; by the passage The breathing pores
the noise caused in the bodies of in-
of the air through the larynx, fauces and sects the spiracles. ;

nasal fossa) in respiration during the inva- STILBO'MA. A cosmetic.

sion of certain diseases, particularly apo- STILL. A vessel, or Uoiler, employed
plexy. in the distillation of liquors.
STERTOROUS. Respiration of the STILLICIDTUM. From stillare, to
character of stertor. drop. Literally a dropping; applied in
STETHOM'ETER. From oredog, the Pathology to strangury, or the discharge
chest, and perpov, a measure. An instru- of urine drop by drop.
ment for ascertaining the extent of the STILLIN'GIA. A genus of plants of
movement of the parietes of the chest, used the order Euphorbiacece.
in thoracic diseases as a means of diagnosis. Stillingia Sylvat'ica. Queen's root,
It was invented by Mr. Richard Quain. said to be sedative and purgative.
STETH'OSCOPE. Stethoscop'ium; from STIMATO'SIS. Stymatosis, which
aTTj-Qog, and choked, I examine. see.
the chest,
A hollow cylinder, commonly made of fine- STIM'MI. Stibium. An ore or sul-
grained wood, as cedar or maple, invented phuret of antimony.
by Laennec, to assist in auscultation. It is STIM'ULANT. Stim'ulans ; from
used in diseases of the thoracic organs as a stimulare, to goad. A medicine which is

means of diagnosis. capable of exciting the organic action of

STHENIA. From adevog, strength; the different systems of the economy. Stim-
power. Excess of rigidity of the animal ulants may be general or local ; diffusible or
tissues ; excess of vital action, or undue permanent. When general, they affect the
exaltation of the phenomena of life. whole system ; when local, only a partic-
STHENIC. Sthen'icus. A term ap- which act
ular part; diffusible are those
plied in Pathology to diseases which are promptly but temporarily ; the permanent
produced by preternatural excitability, as act more slowly, and their effects continue
a sthenic or inflammatory fever. much longer.
 ;

STO 703 STO

STIM'ULUS. Any thing which ex- STOMA CHTC. Stom'acM. Stomach'i-
cites the animal economy generally, or the cus. That which strengthens or gives
action of a part. tone to the stomach.
STIPE. The base of a frond ; a spe- STOMACHUS. The stomach.
cies of stem passing into a leaf. Also, the STOMAL'GIA. From oroita, mouth,
stem of a fungus. and ahyog, pain. Pain in the mouth.
STIP'ULE. Stipula. A leafy append- STOM'ATA. The pores on the under
age to the proper leaves, or to their foot- surfaces of the leaves of plants.
stalks. They are usually at the base of the STOMATTC. Stomat'ictts. A medi-
latter. cine used in diseases of the mouth, as a
STIP'ULAR. Belonging to or resem- dentifrice or masticatory.
bling stipules. STOMATITIS. From arofxa, the mouth,
STIRO'SIS. Sterility. and His, a suffix denoting inflammation.
STITCH. In Pathology, a sharp, spas- Inflammation of the mouth.
modic pain in the side. Stomatitis, Aphthous. Follicular in-
STIZOLO'BIUM. Cowhage cowitch5
flammation of the mouth ; aphtha, as it

a plant of the genus Dolichos. occurs in the adult, is usually accompanied

STOCKING, LACED. A stocking by more or less gastric disturbance.
made of firm cloth in such a way as to Stomatitis, Erythem'atous. Simple
admit of being laced and producing equal stomatitis.
compression along the leg. Stomatitis, Gangrenous. Gangren-
STCE'CHAS. A plant, the name of a ous inflammation of the mouth ; sloughing
species belonging to the genus Lavendula. phagedena. See Gangra^na Oris.
STO'LON. A runner or shoot, proceed- Stomatitis, Mercurial. Stomati'tis
ing horizontally from a plant. Mercuria'lis. Inflammation of the mouth
STOLONIF'EROUS. Putting forth produced by the use of mercury.
stolons. Stomatitis of Nursing Women. A
STO'MA. The mouth. variety of aphthous inflammation of the
STOMAC'ACE. From aro/ia, the mouth, mouth which sometimes occurs in debili-
and nemos, evil. Cancram oris. Canker tated females during lactation.
of the mouth. See Cancrum Oris and Stomatitis, Pseudomembranous. In-
Gangrena Oris. flammation of the mouth accompanied by
STOMACH. Stom'achus ; from aro/xa, the formation of adventitious or false

the mouth, and x EU , to pour. A musculo- membranes, a symptom of disease of un-

membranous receptacle, continuous with favorable import.
the oesophagus, and situated in tho epi- Stomatitis, Ulcerous. Aphthous in-
gastric region beneath the diaphragm, be- flammation of the mouth.
tween the liver and spleen. STOMATODYNTA. Stomatalgia.
Stomach Disease. Limosis, which STOMATOC'ACE. Stomacace.
see. STOMATO- GASTRIC. From aroita, a
Stomach Pump. An instrument for mouth, and yaarrip, a stomach. A term
conveying water and bland nutritious applied to the system of nerves princi-
fluids to thestomach in cases of impeded pally distributed upon the stomach and
deglutition, and for removing poisonous intestines.

fluids from it. STOMATOG'RAPHY. Stomatograph'ia;

Stomach, Second. Proventriculus, which from otolkl, the mouth, and ypafa, to do-

see. scribe. An anatomical description of the

STOM'ACHAL. Stomachic. mouth or buccal cavity.
STOMACHAL'GIA. From crofiaxoc, STOMATOL'OGY. Stomatohg'ia; from
the stomach, and akyog, pain. Pain in arofia, the mouth, and "koyog, a discourse.
the stomach. A treatise on the mouth.
 STO 704 STR
STOMATONECROSIS. Necrosis in- STOUT. A cant name sometimes given
fantilis. Gangraena Oris, which see. to strong beer.

BTOMATOPA'NUS. From aro/xa, the STOVE. In Pharmacy, a chamber or

mouth, and navog, a glandular tumor. confined place raised to a certain temper-
Tumefaction of the glands of the mouth. ature by artificial means for the desiccation
STOMATOPHY'MA. From arofia, the of vegetable substances; in Hygiene, for
mouth, and fyvjia, a swelling. A swelling the immersion of the animal body in hot
in the mouth. air or vapor. In the former case it is

STOMATOPLASTY. From cropa, the called the dry stove, in the latter the
mouth, and ntoaou, I form. The opera- humid.
mouth, as in cases where
tion of forming a STRABIS'MUS. Slrabis'mos ; from
the aperture is closed or contracted. OTpapifc, to squint. Squinting. An affec-

STOMATORRHAGIA. From aroua, tion of the eyes characterized by a defect

the mouth, and pnyvvfii, I break out. Hem- of parallelism in the axis of vision, occa-
orrhage from the mouth. sioned by a shortness of one of the mus-
STOM'ATOSCOrE. From oroya, the cles of the eye-ball.

mouth, and oaoneu, I view. A speculum STRABOS'ITAS. Strabismus.

oris; an instrument for keeping the mouth STRABOT'OMY. Strabotom' ia ; from
open so as to permit an examination of the arpajioc, one who squints, and ropri, incis-

parts within. ion. The operation of dividing the muscle

STOMATO'SIS. Stomatorrhagia. or muscles that distort the eye, for the
STONE-BORERS. A term applied to removal of strabismus.
certain bivalve mollusks, which, by means STRAIN. In Pharmacy, to pass a de-
of a fleshy foot on which they turn as on coction or infusion forcibly through linen,
a pivot, bore holes in rocks. flannel or some porous substance, for the

STONE IN THE BLADDER. Urinary purpose of separating tho liquid from ex-
calculi. traneous matters. Also, to exert with
Stone Crop. A low succulent plant of great effort, to stretch violently ; put to
the genus Sedum, called wall-pepper. forth the utmost strength. In Pathology,
Stone Bock. Acne, which see. injury from excessive exertion, drawing, or
STONES, THE. The testes. stretching. A sprain.
STOOL. Lc.je.dio alci. Tho evacua- STRAINING. Nisus. Making a great
tion or discharge from the bowels. effort by voluntary retention of the breath,

STO'RAX. A fragrant resin which ex- so as to force down tho diaphragm and
udes from the Styrax officinalis in the form cause a forcible contraction of the abdom-
of small globules of a reddish color, but inal muscles, with a view to compress the
usually imported in large reddish-brown contents of the abdomen and effect an
flat masses. evacuation of fa3ces or urine.
Storax Liq'uida. Liquid storax ; a STRAITS OF THE PELVIS. The
fragrant, bitterish resin, of about the con-
upper opening of the pelvis, extending to
sistence of turpentine. It exudes from the horizontal circle, and separating the in-

the Liquidambar styracif.ua and some ternal surface into two parts, is called the
other species. Superior or Abdominal strait. The inferior
Storax Ru'bra Officina'lis. Casca- opening, formed by tho coccyx, the edges
rilla bark. of the sacro-sciatic ligaments, the tuber-
Storax, White. Peruvian balsam. osities of the ischium, and the ischio-pubal
STOREY'S WORM CAKES. An em- rami, is called the Inferior, Lesser or Peri-
pirical preparation, composed principally neal strait.

of calomel and jalap. STRAMO'NIUM. Thorn-apple; the

STORK-BILL. A common name of officinal name
Latura stramonium.
of
Geranium macidatum. STRANGA'LIS. A hard tumor in the
 ;

STR 705 STR

/
breast, arising from obstruction of the flow gere, strictum, to tie hard. A contracted
of milk. state of some tube or duct of the body, as
STRANGULATION. Strangula'tio. the urethra, ajsophagus or intestines.
Constriction ; obstruction of the air pas- STRIC'TUS. Stiff and straight.
sages ; suffocation. Also, contraction of an STRI'DOR DENTIUM. Grincement
opening which has given passage to a por- des dents ; brygmus. Grinding of the
tion of intestine, so as to prevent its return. teeth ; a common symptom in children af-
Strangulation, Uterine. Hysteria. fected with worms or gastric derangement.
STRAN'GURY. Stranguria; from It occurs during sleep. It is also a symp-
OTpays, a drop, and ovpov, urine. Diffi- tom of some cerebral affections.
cultj^, accompanied by heat and pain, in STRIGTL. Strig'ilis. A flesh brush.
passing the urine, which escapes drop by STROBTL. Stro'bilus. An anient, the
drop. carpels of which are scale-like, spread
STRAP-SHAPED. In Botany, ligulate. open, and bear naked seeds, as the fruit of
STRATIO'TES. A plant of the genus the pines.
Achillea. STROBILTFORM. Strobilifor'mis.
STRATUM. A layer. Shaped like a strobil or cone.
STRAW. Culm. The stalk or stem of STROBILITI'TES. From arpoiiilog,
certain species of grain and grasses. the cone of the pine. Wine flavored with
STRAWBERRY. A plant of the genus pine cones.
Fragaria, and its fruit. STROKE, APOrLEC'TIC. A seizure
Strawberry, Shrubby. A plant of of apoplexy.
the genus Rubus. Stroke, Paralyt'ic. A sudden at-
Strawberry, Wild. A common name tack of cerebro-spinal paralysis.
of Fragaria Virginiana. STRO'MA. In Physiology, the founda-
STREM'MA. From m-pe^o, to turn. A tion texture of an organ. In Pathology,
sprain ; a luxation. the bed or base of a morbid deposit.
STRENGTH. Vigor ; a tonic state of STRON'GYLUS. In Helminthology, a
the tissues of the body. genus of Entozoa, or intestinal worms, be-
STREPITO'SUS MORBUS. A disease longing to the order Nematoidca of Ru-
of the Austrian Alps, in which emphy- dolphi.
sematous tumors arise on different parts of Strongylus Gi'gas. A long worm
the body, which crepitate, and are accom- with a flat, obtuse head, sometimes found
panied by a sonorous escape of gas from in the human kidney.
the mouth and anus. STRONTIA. An earth composed of
STREPITUS AU'RIUM. Tinnitus au- oxygen and a base called strontium. When
rium, which see. dry, it is white and resembles baryta in
STREPSIP'TERA. Strepsip'terans many of its properties.
from oTpewToc, twisted, and irrepov, a wing. STRON'TIANITE. Native carbonate
An order of insects possessing rudimental of strontia.
elytra in the form of spirally twisted STRONTIUM. The metallic base of
scales. strontia. It is very similar to barium.
STRETCHING. Pandiculation, which STROPHOS. Tormina.
see. STROPH'ULUS. Red gum or red goum;
STRI'iE. Vibices, which see. white gum ; tooth-rash. A disease pecu-
STRI'ATE. Stria'tus. In Natural His- liar to infants, by a cuta-
characterized
tory, scored ;
grooved ; marked with long neous eruption of and sometimes
red,

parallel lines. whitish pimples, occurring, most com-

STRI'ATED. Striate. monly, about the face, neck and arms. It
STRICTU'RA. Stricture. is distinguished by Dr. Willan into five

STRICTURE. Stridu'ra; from strin- species. 1. Strophidus intertinctus, red

 STR 706 STU
gum, or rod gown ; 2. Strophulus albi- STRYCIINOMA'NIA. From otovxvoc,
dus, or white gum ; 3. Strophulus confer- nightshade, and fiavia, madness. Madness
tus, denominated tooth rash, or rank red produced by eating Atropa belladonna.
gum; 4. Strophulus volalicus, character- STRYCH'NOS. A genus of plants of
ized by clusters of papulaj appearing suc- the order Logaiiiacece.
cessively Strychnos Columbri'na. A tree of the
on different parts of the body,
and of a deep red color ; 5. It yields the Lignum colwn-
Strophulus Can- East Indies.
didas, consisting of large, shining papula, brinum, which contains strychnia.
which appear whiter than the adjacent Strychnos Nux Vom'ica. The tree
cuticle. which yields the poison nut called nux
STRUCTU'RA. Structure. vomica. The bark is known under the
STRUCTURAL. Pertaining to struc- name of false angustura. The seeds are
ture. the officinal part, which, as well as their
STRUCTURE. Structu'ra; from alkaloids, are powerful poisons.
strucre, structum, to build. Strychnos Sancti Ionatii. Ignatia
The arrange-
ment amara bean of St. Ignatius. The seeds
of the organic elements of animals ;

and plants. Also, a texture. contain strychnia, and are employed in

STRU'MA. In Pathology, a term gen- the cases in which nux vomica is re-
erally applied to scrofula. Also, to bron- quired.
chocele Strychnos Tieu'te. The tree which
Struma Prominence of the produces the upas tieute, a strong Java
Adipo'sa.
neck from an accumulation of adipose poison, and from which strychnia has been
matter. obtained.
Struma Tyrolen'sium. Cretinism, Strychnos Toxif'era. This yields the
which see. active agent of the ourari or woorari poi-
STRUTHIUM. Soapwort \ a plant of son of Guayana.
the genus Saponaria. Strychnos Volu'bilis. A plant of the
STRYCH'NIA. Strychnine. genus Ignatia.
STRYCETNINE. Strychni'na. An in- STRYPH'NOS. ZTpvQvog. Astringent.
odorous, bitter, solid, crystalline alkaloid, STUMA. ^TVfxa, Priapism, which see.

obtained from Strychnos nux vomica, St. STUNNED. The state of an individ-
Ignatius' bean,and from the poison called ual who, from a fall or blow, has suffered
Upas Formula C44, H23, N«, Os. concussion of the brain.
tieute.

Strychnine and its salts are active poisons. STUPE. Stuppa.

The eighth of a grain given to a dog has STUPEFA'CIENT. Stupefa'ciens; from
been known to cause the death of the ani- stupefacio, to stupefy. That which stu-
mal. It has been found useful in paralysis, pefies ; a narcotic.
given in very small doses, and it has been STU'POR. From stupeo, to be sense-
highly recommended in some nervous dis- less. Diminished sensibility to external
eases. It acts as a tonic, and increases the impressions, often amounting to lethargy.
secretion of urine, and sometimes it pro- STUP'PA, or STUPA. A stupe; a
duces a diaphoretic effect. Applied ex- piece of cloth, or tow, soaked in a warm
ternally, it acts as an irritant, and has liquid and applied to a part of the body.
been used in this way with advantage in STUPRUM. Rape.
amaurosis. The usual dose is one-twentieth STUR'GEON. A large cartilaginous
of a grain. fish of the genus Acipenscr.
Strychnine combines with various acids, STURIO'NIANS. Sturionic; from stor
forming salts; the most important of which rio, a sturgeon. The sturgeon family of
are, the hydrochlorale, the nitrate, and the cartilaginous fishes.

sulphate. These are given in the same STUTTERING. Defective speech ; a

cases as strychnia. high degree of stammering.
 STY 707 SUB
STYE. Hordc'olum. A small inflam- priapism. Hemorrhage of the penis, ac-
matory tumor on the eyelid. companied by erection.
STYLE. Stylus. A term applied in STYM'MA. The chief ingredient of an
Botany to the shaft or middle portion of unguent or ointment.
the pistil which connects the stigma with STYP'SIS. Constriction; constipation.
the germ. STYPTE'PJA. Alum.
STYLET'. In Surgery, a small silver STYPTIC. StyjJt'icus; from otv^io, to
or steel instrument used in the examina- constringe. A remedy which possesses the
tion of wounds, ulcers and fistulas. property of constringing the animal tis-

STY'LIFGBM. Stylifor'mis. Style or sues and of arresting hemorrhage.

rod-shaped. A term applied in Anatomy Styptic, Euspini's. See Euspini's
to processes of bone. Styptic.
STYLO. Names compounded of this STY'EAX. A genus of plants of the
word belong to muscles attached to the order Styracece.
styloid process of the temporal bone. Styrax Al'ba. The Peruvian balsam
Stylo-Cerato-Hyoideus. The Stylo- tree.
hyoideus. Styrax Benzoin. The tree which af-

S t y l o-Chonb-ro-IIyoideus. Stylo- fords the gum benzoin.

hyoideus. Styrax Col at a. Strained storax.
Stylo-Glossus. A muscle situated be- Styrax Liquida. Liquidambar.
tween the lower jaw and os hyoides, at the Styrax Officinalis. The tree which
anterior and upper part of the neck. Its yields the solid storax.
use is to raise the tongue and draw it Styrax Eubra. Eed storax ; storax
backward. in the tear.
Stylo-Hyoideus. A muscle situated STY'EOLE. The essential oil of storax.
at the anterior, lateral and superior part SUB- A Latin preposition, used as a
of the neck. Its use is to raise the os prefix, signifying under, beneath.
hyoides and carry it backward and to one SUBALTOI'DEUS. A name given
side. by Chaussier to the second pair of cervi-
Stylo-Mastoid Foramen. A foramen cal nerves.

between the styloid and mastoid processes SUBAEACHXOIDE'AN FLUID. The

of the temporal bone. It gives passage to serous fluid between the arachnoid mem-
the portio dura of the auditory nerve, and brane and pia mater.
to the stylo-mastoid artery. SUBAXOIDE'US. A name given by
Stylo-Maxillary-Lig-ament. A liga- Chaussier to the third pair of cervical
ment extending from the styloid process nerves.
of the temporal bone to the angle of the SUB'BOEAS NATEI'CUM. Borax.
lower jaw. SUBCAE'BONAS POTASS.E. Car-
Stylo-Pharyn'geus. A muscle situ- bonate of potash.
ated at the anterior and lateral part of the SUBCAE'BONATE. Subcarbonas. A
neck. Its use is to dilate and raise the carbonate capable of neutralizing more
pharynx, and carry it backward. acid, or one in which the base predomi-
STY'LOID. Sty'liform; styloi'des; from nates.
arvTjjg, a peg, shaft or column, and «<5of 5 SUBCHLOEIDE OF MEECUEY.—
shape. Shaped like a peg, shaft or column. Calomel.
Styloid Proc'ess. A long, slender pro- SUBCLA'VIAN. Subclavic'ulus ; from
cess of the temporal bone, which gives at- stib, under, and clavicula, the clavicle.
tachment to the stylo-glossus, stylo-pha- That which is under the clavicle.
ryngcus and stylo-hyoideus muscles. Subclavian Arteries. The arteries
STYLUS. A style, which see. which pass under the clavicle to the axilla.
STYMATO'SIS. From <mw, to have a There is one on each side. The right
 SUB 708 SUB
arises from the arteria innominata, and which hangs or floats in the urine as it

the left, from the arch of the aorta. cools.

Subclavian Veins. These veins are SUB'LIMATE. The product of sub-

two in number, one on each side; they limation.
are continuations of the axillary, and ter- Sublimate, Corrosive. Bichloride of
minate in the vena cava superior. mercury.
SUBCLAVICULARS. Subclavian. SUBLIMATION. Sublima'tio; from
SUBCLAV'IUS. A muscle on the sublimo, I raise up. The operation by
anterior part of the thorax. which solid matters are volatilized by heat,
SUBCRUEXTUS. From sub, and and again condensed into a solid form.
ctucntus, bloody. Having somewhat the SUBLI'MIS. A name given to certain
appearance of blood. A term applied to muscles, from their being more superfi-
certain excretions which are mixed with, cially situated than their kindred muscles.
orhave the appearance of blood. SUBLINGUAL. Snblinffiia'lis ; from
SUBCRURiE'I. Two small muscular sub, under, and lingua, the tongue. Ap-
glips sometimes found under the crurajus. plied to parts situated under the tongue.
SUBCUTA'XEOUS. From sub, under, Sublingual Artery. An artery, a
and cutis, the skin. That which is situ- branch of the lingual, traversing the an-
ated immediately under the skin. terior border of the hyo-glossus muscle,
Subcutaneous Glands. Glandular to be distributed to the sublingual gland
subcutanece. The sebaceous and sudo- and to the muscles of the tongue. It also
riparous glands, the excretory ducts of sends a branch to the frajnum linguas.
which perforate the skin. Sublingual Glands. These are the
SUBDIAPHRAGMATIC PLEXUS. smallest of the salivary glands; they are sit-

A plexus formed by the solar plexus; it and lateral

uated beneath the anterior

distributes its branches to the diaphragm parts of the tongue, resting on the mylo-
SU'BER. The cork-oak, a species of hyoid muscle, and covered by the mucous
Quercus, which yields the cork of com- membrane. They consist of a granular
merce. structure, with excretory ducts, which

SUBERTC ACID. An acid obtained enter the cavity of the mouth through the
by the action of nitric acid on cork. mucous membrane between the tongue #
Suberic Pivot. A pivot or tenon fur- and inferior cuspid and bicuspid teeth, by
nished with cork, for attaching an artificial several openings.
crown to the root of a natural tooth, re- SUBLUXATION. Subluxa'iio. A
commended by M. Ricci. sprain ; injury to the ligaments of a joint
SU'BERIN. A term applied by Chev- without actual luxation or displacement
reul to the cellular tissue of cork after the of the articular surfaces or extremities of
various soluble matters have been removed the bones.
by the action of water, alcohol and ether. SUBMAXTLL ARY. Submaxillitis ;
SUBINFLAMMATIOX. A very mild from sub, under, and maxilla, the jaw.
degree of inflammation, or slight arterial Situated beneath the jaw.
excitation. Broussais defines it to be an Submaxillary Ganglion. A small
augmentation of the vital phenomena of nervous ganglion, formed of the Vidian
the lymphatic system. nerve, and situated at the posterior part
SUBIXTRANTES FEBRES. From of the submaxillary gland.
sub, under, and intrare, to enter. Inter- Submaxillary Gland. The maxillary
mittents, the paroxysms of which are so gland.
near together, that one begins before that SUBMENTAL. Submenta'lis ; from
which has preceded it has completed its sub, under, and mentum, the chin. A
stages. term designative of an artery and vein
SUBLIMAMENTUM. Any substance situated under the chin.
 ;

SUB 709 sue

Submental Artery. A small artery, Substantia Filamento'sa Dentium.
given off by the facial, near the base of A name given by Malpighi to the enamel
the jaw. It divides near the median line, of the teeth.
and is distributed to the muscles of the Substantia Ossea Dentium. A name
chin. given by Malpighi to dentine.
Submental Vein. The vein which Substantia Vit'rea Dentium. The
accompanies the submental artery. enamel of the teeth.
SUBMISSION. Submersio; from SUB'STANTIVE. Substanti'vus. A
8ub, and mergere, mersum, to term applied in Materia Medica, by Dr.
under,
plunge. The act of plunging under Paris, to remedial agents which possess
water drowning.
; an inherent and independent activity,
SUBMU'COUS. A term designative in contradistinction to adjective agents,
In Anatomy of parts situated under the which, in themselves, are inert, but are
mucous membrane, as the submucous capable, when combined with the former,
areolar tissue. of imparting to them increased energy of
SUBMU'RIAS. A submuriate ; a action.
chloride. SUBSUL'TUS. In Fatlwlogy, convul-
Submurias Hydrargyri. Hydrargyri sive motions or twitchings.
(Moridum mite. Calomel. Subsultus Ten'dinum. Slight con-
SUBMUS'CULAR. Submuscula'ris. vulsive motions or twitchings of the ten-
A term applied to parts situated beneath dons. It occurs in extreme debility, at
the muscles. an advanced stage of nervous and typhus
SUBOCCir'ITAL. Situated beneath fevers, and is generally indicative of a
the occiput, as suboccipital nerve. fatal termination.
SUBOR'BITAR. Infraorbital From SUBSUR'DITAS. Deafness.
eub, under, and orbita, the orbit. That SUBTEPTD. Lukewarm.
which is situated beneath the orbit of the SUB'ULATE. From subida, an awl.
eye. In Botany, awl-shaped; linear; tapering
Suborbitar Artery. The infra-orbi- gradually from the base to a fine point.
tar artery. SUB'ULICORNS. Subulicor'nes ; from
Suborbitar Foramen. The infra-or- sabula, an awl, and cornu, a horn. A
bitar foramen. family of Neuropterous insects having
Suborbitar Nerve. The infra-orbitar awl-shaped antennae.
nerve ; a branch of the fifth pair. SUB'ULIPALPS. Subidipatyi ; from
SUBRAMO'SUS. A little branched. subida, an awl, and palpus, a feeler. A
SUBROTUND'. Nearly round. section of Caraboid beetles, having the
SUB'S ALT. A salt in which there is less exterior feelers awl-shaped.
than one atom of acid to each atom of base. SUCCA'GO. From succus, juice. The
SUBSCAPULAR. Subscapula'ris inspissated juice of fruits.
from sub, under, and scajmla, the shoulder SUCCEDA'NEUM. From succedere,
blade. That which is situated beneath to go under, to come in the place of
the scapida. another. That which is used for some-
Subscapular Muscle. A muscle sit- thing else a substitute. ;

uated under the scapula. SUCCEDANEOM, ROYAL MINERAL. The

SUBSIDENTIA. Sediment. name given by the Crawcours to amal-
SUBSTANTIA. A substance. gam, the use of which, for filling teeth,
Substantia Adamanti'na Den'tium. they introduced into the United States
The enamel of the teeth. about the year 1833.
Substantia Ostoi'dea. A name given SUCCENTURIA'TUS. From succen-
by Purkinje and Frankcl to the crusta pe- turiare, to fill up or supply. An epithet
trosa, or cementum of the teeth. sometimes applied in Anatomy to the
 sue 710 SUF
renal capsules, Succenluriati renes, regard- SUCK'LE. To give suck to; to nurse
ing them as supplementary kidneys. at the breast.
SUCCIDAN'EUM. Succedaneum. SUCK'LING. Lactation; nursing at
BUOCINI RESINA. Artificial musk. the breast.
SUCCIN'EA. From succinum, amber. SUCTION POWER. In Physiology,
A genus of fresh water Gastropods, pro- the force supposed to be exerted on the
vided with an amber-colored shell. veins by the dilatation of the heart.
SUCCINIC. Succin'ieus ; from succi- SUCTO'RIA. Sucio'rii; from *ugo, I
num, amber. Of or belonging to amber. suck. A term applied to animals provided
Succinic Acid. Acidum succinimm. with mouths for sucking, and organs for
An acid which exists in amber, and ob- adhesion, like the lamprey.
tained from it by distillation. It is also SUCTUS. Sucking.
produced by the action of nitric acid on SUDAMTNA. From sudor, sweat
margaric acid. The small vesicles, resembling millet seed,
SUCCINITE. Amber-colored garnet. which appear on the skin, especially in
SUCCINUM. Amber 5 a hard, brittle, the summer, after profuse sweating.
resinous, tasteless substance, sometimes SUDA'TIO. From sudor, sweat. Sweat-
transparent, but oftener semi-transparent ing.
or opaque, of a pale, golden yellow, SUDATO'RIA FEB'RIS. Sudor ar>
found principally in Prussia. It has a glicus.
shining lustre, and when rubbed, becomes SUDATO'RIUM. A sweating room,
electric. SU'DOR. Sweat. A fluid resulting
Succinum Cinereum. Ambergris. from visible cutaneous transpiration. See
Succinum Griseum. Ambergris. Perspiration.
SUCCORY. Common name of Cicho- Sudor An'glicus. Sweating sickness.
rium intybus, an herbaceous plant having Sudor Cruen'tus. Sudor sanguin'eus.
a bitter taste, and possessing mild tonic, Bloody sweat; perspiration intermixed
aperient, and deobstruent properties. with blood.
SUCCULENT. Succu'lens. Juicy; SUDORIF'EROUS. From sudor, sweat,
full of juice. and fero, I carry. A term applied in
SUC'CUS. Juice. The fluid obtained Anatomy to the ducts which carry sweat.
from plants by pressing them. The term SUDORIFIC. From sudor, sweat, and
is also applied to animal fluids. facio, I make. A diaphoretic ; a medicine
Succus Gastricus. The gastric juice. which provokes sweating.
Succus Heliotropii. Croton tincto- SUDORIP'AROUS FOLLICLES. The
rium. which secrete the perspirable fluid.
follicles
Succus Indicus Purgans. Gambogo. SUET. Sevum, which see.
Succus Liquiuitle. Glycyrrhiza SUFFIMENTUM. A perfume; a
glabra. fumigation.
SUCCUS'SION. A mode of exploring SUF'FITUS. A fumigation.
the chest for the purpose of ascertaining if SUFFLA'TIO. Puffiness.
there be a collection of water in it. It SUFFOCA'TIO. Suffocation.
consists in shaking the body of the pa- Suffocatio Strid'ula. Cynanchc tra-
tient, and listening to the sounds thus pro- chealis.
duced. SUFFOCATION. Svffoca'tio ; the
SUCK'ER. A stolon,which see. state of an animal in which respiration is
BUCKING. Drawing with the mouth arrested or impeded, from whatever cause
or with an instrument. produced.
Sucking Bottle. A bottle so contrived Suffocation, Hyster'ical. Globus hys-
that, when filled with milk, an infant may which see.
tericus,
suck from it instead of the breast. SUFFRU'TICOSE. From suffrutea,
 .

SUL 711 SUL

an raider-shrub. A plant which has not Sulphas Quince. Sulphate of quinine.
hard woody-twigs and complete buds, like Sulphas Sodje. Sulphate of soda, or
a shrub, nor perishable succulent twigs Glauber's salt.

like an herbaceous plant. Sulphas Zinci. Sulphate of zinc, or

SUFFUMIGA'TION. From sub, un- white vitriol.

der, umlfumigo, to smoke. The burning SUL'PHATE. Sulphas.

of odorous substances. Sulphate of Lime. Gypsum.
SUFFU'SIO. An overspreading; a suf- Sulphate of Quinine. Quinine.
fusion,which see. SUL'PHIDE. Sulphuret.
Suffusio Auriginosa. Jaundice. SUL'PHIS. Sid'phite. A salt formed
Suffusio Nigra. Amaurosis. by the union of sulphurous acid with a
Suffusio Visus. False vision. salifiable base.
SUFFUSION. The act, or state, of SULPHO- A prefix, denoting the
being overspread, as with a fluid. In presence of sulphur or sulphuric acid.
Pathology, an extravasation of some hu- SULPHOCYANIDE. A compound of
mor, as the blood. The term is sometimes sulpho-cyanogen
applied to cataract, and to amaurosis. SULPHO-CYAN'OGEN. Bisulphuret
SUGAIi. Sac'cliarum. The sweet of cyanogen.
constituent of vegetable and animal pro- Sulpho-Gly'ceric Acid. A compound
ducts, obtained by inspissating the juice of glycerine with sulphuric acid.
of the plants from which it is usually ob- Sulpho-Indigot'ic Acid. A solution
tained, as that of the cane, the maple, the of indigo in sulphuric acid.
beet, &c, and allowing the sugar to crys- Sulpho-Marga'ric Acid. An acid ob-
tallize. tained by the action of sulphuric acid on
Sugar Maple. A species of maple, margarine.
the Acer saccharinum. Sulpho-Methyl'io Acid. Bisulphate
Sugar of Lead. Plumbi acetas. oxyd of methyle.
of
Sugar of Milk. Lactin. Sulpho-Naphthal'ic Acid. An acid
SUGILLA'TION. Sugilla'tio ; from obtained by dissolving naphthaline in sul-
sugillo, to bruise. A an ecchymo- phuric acid.
bruise ;

sis. Also, a spot made by Sulpho-Prote'ic Acid. A compound

a leech-bite or a
cupping-glass. of sulphuric acid and proteine.
SU'ICIDE. Suici'dium; from suicaides, Sulpho-Salt. A salt, the two ingre-
murder of one's self. Self-murder. dients of which are sulphurets.
SUL'CATE. Sidca'tus. Grooved ; fur- Sulpho-Vi'nic Acid. Bisulphate of
rowed. ethyle.
SUL'CUS.A furrow a groove. ; SULPHOLE'IC ACID. An acid ob-
SULPHAMID. A compound of sul- tained by the action of sulphuric acid on
phurous acid and amidogen. oleine.
SULPHAS. A salt formed by the SUL'PHUK. Brim! stone. A combusti-
union of sulphuric acid with a salifiable ble, brittle body, of a pale yellow color
base. and unpleasant odor when rubbed or
Sulpha8 Antimo'nii. Sulphate of an- heated. It is rendered electric by friction,
timony. volatilizes when heated, and condenses un-
Sulphas Cupri. Sulphate of copper, changed. It occurs as a mineral produc-
or blue vitriol. tion in a massive state, particularly near
Sulphas Ferri. Sulphate of iron or volcanoes, and it exists in combination
copperas. with several of the metals, such as copper,
Sulphas Magnesije. Sulphato of silver, mercury, antimony, zinc, lead and
magnesia or Epsom salt. iron. It sometimes occurs in a crystal-
Sulphas Natricus. Sulphate of soda. lized form. Native sulphur is obtained
 ;

SUL 712 SUL

in great abundance from Solfatara in the Sulphur, Milk of. Lac sidpJiu'ris.

kingdom of Naples. Sulphur praacipitatum.

Sulphur possesses laxative, diaphoretic Sulphur, Native. Sulphur as it oc-
and resolvent properties. It is employed curs in nature, before being freed from
both externally and internally in cutane- impurities.
ous affections, and is sometimes applied in Sulphur Prcecipita'tum. Milk of
chronic rheumatism as a hot air bath. sulphur precipitated sulphur.
;

Sulphur, Alcohol of. Old name of Sulphur, Roll. Sulphur roiun'dum ;

bisulphuret of carbon. Cane brim'stone. Refined sulphur cast
Sulphur Antimonia'tum Fuscum. into cylindrical wooden moulds.
Antimo'nii Sidphuret'um Prcecipita'tum. Sulphur Sublima'tum. Sublimed
Precipitated sulphuret of antimony oxy- sulphur. Flowers of sulphur.
;

sulphuret of antimony. Sulphur Vi'vum. The dregs which

Sulphur Aur a't u m Antimonii. remain after the purification of sulphur.
Golden sulphuret of antimony. Sulphur, Washed. Sulphur lotum.
Sulphur, Chloride of. Protochloride Sulphur Waters. Mineral springs
of sulphur, obtained by passing chlorine impregnated with sulphurated hydrogen.
gas over washed dried sublimed sulphur Sulphur- Wort. A plant of the genus
Until it is nearly all dissolved, and distill- Peucedanum.
ing the decanted fluid from the excess of SUL'PH CRATED. Combined or im-
dissolved sulphur. pregnated with sulphur.
Sulphur, Crude. Sulphur crudum. Sulphurated Oil. Oleum sulphura'-
The sulphur obtained by the distillation of tum. Balsam of sulphur sublimed sul- ;

native sulphur. phur dissolved in boiling olive oil an ;

Sulphur, Flowers of. Sulphur sub- exceedingly foetid, acrid, viscid, reddish
lima'tum. Sublimed sulphur. It oc- brown liquid, formerly supposed to bo

curs in the form of an impalpable crys- useful in bronchial and pulmonary affec-
talline powder of a pale yellow color. tions and as a stimulating application to
The sulphur of commerce. foul ulcers.
Sulphur, Iodide of. Stdph'uris io'di- SULPIIU'REOUS. Sidphuro'sus. Of,
dum. A crystalline substance of a gray- or belonging to sulphur.
ish black color, directed by the Pharma- SUL'PHURET. A compound of sul-
copoeia to be made by rubbing together phur.
four ounces of iodine and one of sulphur Sulphuret of Antimony Antimo'nii
in a marble mortar until thoroughly mixed. Sulphure'tum. Native sesquisulphuret of
The mixture is then placed in a matrass, antimony, purified by fusion.
the orifice loosely closed, and sufficient Sulphuret of Carbon. Bisulphuret
heat applied to darken but not to melt of carbon.
the mass ; when it has become uniformly SUL'PHURETED. Having sulphur
dark throughout, the heat is increased so in combination ;
possessing the properties
as to melt the iodide ; the matrass is then of or containing sulphur.
inclined in Sulphureted Hydrogen.
different directions to return A com-
into the mass any portion of iodine which pound of sulphur and hydrogen, an ex-
may have condensed on the inner surface tremely foetid and inflammable gas.
of the vessel. The matrass after being SULPHURE'TUM. A sulphuret. A
is broken, and the iodide compound formed by the union of sulphur
allowed to cool,
put into bottles, which must be well with an alkali, earth or metal.
corked. Sulphuretum Ammo'nle. Sulphurek
Sulphur Lotum. Washed sulphur of ammonia.
sublimated sulphur freed from acid by Sulphuretum Cal'cii. Sulphuret of
washing in boiling water. calcium.
 ;

SUM 713 SUP

SULPHURETUM HydRAr'gYRI NlGRUM. SUN-BURN. Ephelis, which see.
Black Bulphuret of mercury. SUN'-DEW. A plant of the genus
Sulphuretum Sodii. Sulphuret of so- Drorsera.
dium. Sun-Stroke. Coup de Soleil, which
Sulphuretum Sti'bii Nati'vum. Na- see.
tive sulphuret of antimony. SUPER. A common prefix, signifying
SULPHU'RIC. Sulphu'ricus. Belong-
;

above excess.
ing to sulphur. SUPERARSE'NIAS POTASSiE. Siz-
Sulphuric Acid. Acidum sulphu'ricum. perarseniate of potash ; Macqucr's arsen-
Acidum vitriol 'icum. A dense, oily, liquid, ical salt.
colorless acid, of a very caustic nature, SUPER'BUS. The rectus superior oculi
consisting of one equivalent of sulphur muscle.
with three of oxygen. Specific gravity SUPERCILIARY. Supercilia'ris; from
1.845. It possesses tonic, refrigerant and super, above, and cilium, the edge of the
antiseptic properties, but is never admin- eyelid. Belonging or relating to the
istered except in a very dilute state. It is eyebrows, as the superciliary arches.
used more extensively in the arts than as Superciliary Arches. The promi-
a medicinal agent. nences on the os frontis above the orbits
Sulphuric Acid, Aromatic. Ac'idum covered by the eyebrows.
sulphu'ricum aromal'icum.
Aromatic sul- Superciliary Ridges. The supercil-
phuric acid ; elixir of vitriol ; a valuable iary arches.
medicinal preparation, possessing tonic SUPERCILTUM. From super, above,
and astringent properties. and cilium, the eyelid. The eyebrow ; the
Sulphuric Acid, Diluted. Ac'idum projecting arch of integument covered with
sulphu'ricum di'lutum. One fluid ounce of short hairs, forming the upper boundary
Bulphuric acid mixed with thirteen fluid of the orbit.
ounces of distilled water. It is used as a Supercilium Veneris. Milfoil, a plant
refrigerant tonic and astringent. of the genus Achillea.
SULPHUROUS ACID. A pungent SUPERFICIA'LIS. Superficial; from
gaseous acid, obtained by burning sulphur super, upon, and fades, the face or outer
in air. surface. Being on the surface, not deep.
SULPH'URIS FLORES. Flowers of Superficialis VoLiE. A name some-
sulphur, which see. times given to a branch of the radial ar-
Sulphuris Io'didum. Iodide of sul- tery distributed to the integuments and
phur. muscles of the palm or vola.
Sulphuris Lac. Sulphur prascipitatum. SUPERFICIES. The surface; the ex-
SULPHYD'ltIC ACID. Sulphurated terior part of a thing.
hydrogen. Superficies Planta'ris Pedis. The
SULTAN-FLOWER. A plant of the sole or under part of the foot.
genus Centaurea. SUPERFCETA'TION. Superfccia'tio
SUMAC. A plant or shrub of the genus from super, upon, and foilare, to bring
Rhus, of many species. forth young. The impregnation of a wo-
SUMBUL ROOT. Musk root, an odo- man already pregnant.
riferous drug, supposed to be derived from SUPERGERMINA'LIS. The epidid-
a plant of the order Umbettiferce. It is ymis.
used in Germany and Russia as a prevent- SUPERGENUA'LIS. The patella.
ive of cholera. SUPERIMPREGNA'TION. Super-
SUM'MER COMPLAINT. The popu- impregna'tio. Superfcetation.
lar designation of diarrhoea, occurring in SUPERIOR. A term applied in Anat-
the summer ; also, of cholera infantum. omy to certain parts from their relative sit-
Summer Rash. Lichen Tropicus. uation, and in Botany to the fruit when it
 SUP 714 BUR
has no cohesion with the calyx, the latter withhold. In Pathology, the stoppage of
being then termed t\\e~ inferior. When the a natural, continued, periodic, or criti-
calyx coheres, termed superior, and cal evacuation, as a suppression of urine,
it is

the invested fruit, inferior. &c.

Superior Auris. The attollens aurem, Suppression op the Menses. Amen-
a muscle of the external ear. orrhcoa.
SUPEELA'BIA. The clitoris. SUPPURANS. Suppurative.
SUPERLIG'ULA. The epiglottis. SUPPURATION. Suppura'tio; from
SUPERPURGATION. Superpurga'- suppuro, to suppurate. The formation or
tio. Excessive evacuation by stool. secretion of pus, a frequent termination of
SUPER-SALT. A salt containing more inflammation.
atoms of acid than of base. SUPPURATIVE. Suppu'rans. That
SUPERSCAPULA'RIS. The supra- which promotes suppuration.
spinatus and infraspinatus muscles are SUPRA- A common prefix, signify-
so called. ing above.
SU'PERUS. Above. Supra-Costa'les. The intercostal
SUPINATION. Supina'tio; from su- muscles
pinus, lying on the back. Turning the Supra Decompos'itus. An epithet des-
palm of the hand upward by rotating ignative, in Botany, of acompound leaf,
the forearm. the common petiole of which is divided
SUPINATOR. A
term applied to into general, secondary, and subdivided
muscles which turn the hand upward. petioles.
Supinator Brevis. Supinator Radii Supra Fouaceous. In Botany, situ-
Brevis. ated above the leaf.
Supinator Longus. Supra-Orbitar. Supra-orbita'ris. That
Supinator Radii
Longus. which is situated above the orbit.
Supinator Radii Brevis. A small Supra Pubian. Supra pubidnus. A
tendinous muscle situated at the upper name given by Chaussier to parts situated
part of the forearm. above the pubis as the supra-pubian ar-
Supinator Rami Longus. A long tery, and supra-pubian nerve.
muscle, enveloped in a tendinous fascia, Supra-Pubio Femora 'lis. Name given
situated along the outer surface of the ra- by Chaussier to the pectineus muscle.
dius, immediately under the integuments. Supra-Spinatus. Supra-scapuldris.
SUPPLEMENTARY. A term applied A muscle of the arm.
by Cuvier to one of the six pieces which Supra-Tarsal. Name given by Chaus-
constitute the branch of the lower jaw in sier to a ramification of the tibial artery
birds and reptiles. on the dorsal region of the foot.

SUPPORTER, ABDOMINAL. A SU'RA. The calf of the leg. Also, tlra

belly-band. A broad belt, capable of fibula.

being so applied as to support and exert SUR'CULUS. The stem of mosses.
methodical pressure upon the abdomen. SUR'DENT. From supra, above, and
SUPPOSITO'RIUM. Suppository, dens, a tooth. A temporary tooth forced
which see. to one side by the eruption of the tooth of
Suppositorium Uterinum. A pessary. replacement.
SUPPOSITORY. Supposiio'rium ;— SURD'ITAS. Deafness.
from sub, under, and ponere, to put. A SUR'FEIT. A sense of fullness, op-
solid medicine intended to be introduced pression, nausea, and sickness, occasioned
into the rectum, either for the purpose of by eating to excess.

favoring an intestinal evacuation, or to act SUR'GEON. Chirur'geon. From *"p,

as an anodyne. the hand, and epyov, work. One who
SUPPRES'SION. From supprimo, to practices surgery.
 ;

sus 715 SWA

Surgeon-Apothecary. Ono who the symphisis pubis to the corpus caver-
unites the practice of surgery with that of nosnm of the penis.

an apothecary. SUSPIR'IUM. From sus, under, and

Surgeon Dentist. Dental Surgeon, spiro, I breathe. Short breathing. A sigh.

which see. SUSTENTA'TOR CLITORPDIS. The

SUR'GEONCY. The office of a Sur- erector clitoris.
geon in the naval or military service. Sustentator Penis. Tho erector pe-

SUR'GERY, GMrur'gia. That part of nis.

the curative art which has for its object SUSUR'RUS. From susuno, to mur-
the treatment of external diseases, inju- mur. The low buzzing noise frequently
riesand malformations. heard by those under the influence of dis-
Surgery, Dental. See Dental Surgery. ease. See Bourdonement.
SUR'GICAL. Chirurgicus. Belong- Susurrus Au'rium. Tinnitus aurium,
ing or relating to surgery. which see.
SURVIVORSHIP. The state of out- SUTERBERRY. A plant of the
living another;an epithet applied in genus Xanthoxylum.
Legal Medicine to an individual who has SUTU'RA. A suture, which see.
survived all the others in an accident SUTU'RAL. Sutura'lis. Pertaining to
which has proved fatal to the rest. a suture or seam. In Botany, the dehis-
SUS. A genus of animals. cence of a pericarp when it takes place in
Sus Scrofa. The hog. a suture or scam.
SUSCEPTIBILITY. Impressibility SU'TURE. Sutu'ra; from suo, to join
capability of receiving impressions ;
great together. A union. In Anatomy, the
sensibility. union of bones by means of serrated or
SUSPENDED ANIMATION. As- dentated
In Entomology, the
edges.
phyxia. which divides the elytra of
straight line
SUSPEN'SION. Hanging. Also, tem- Coleopterous insects. In Botany, the line
porary cessation. Also, the state of a solid or seam which indicates the points of
body, the particles of which remain un- rupture of the organs of plants. In Sur-
dissolved in water and may be separated gery, the stitching of the lips of a wound
by filtration. The solid in this case is said for the purpose of procuring their union.
to be suspended in the liquid. Several kinds of sutures have been recom-
SUSPENSO'RIUM. From suspendo, mended by surgeons, but the two princi-
to hang. A suspensory ; that which sus- pal are the interrupted and the twisted.
tains or suspends any part, bag or The interrupted suture consists in passing
as a
bandage. a needle, armed with a ligature, through
Suspensorium Hep'atis. The broad the lips of a wound, previously brought
ligament, a process of the peritoneum together, and then tying the extremities.
which connects the liver with the dia- The twisted suture consists in passing a
phragm. needle or pin through the lips of the
SUSPENSORIUS TESTIS. The cre- wound, so as to keep them accurately in
master muscle. contact, and then passing a waxed liga-
SUSPEN'SORY. Suspensorium. ture around it, from one side to the other,
Suspensory Bandage. Suspenso'rium. in the form of a figure 8. This latter
A bandage for supporting the scrotum, suture is chiefly employed in the operation
tlged in cases of scrotal hernia and diseases for hare-lip, and to unite wounds in the
of the testicles. face.
Suspensory Ligament of the Liver. SWAB. A term applied in Medicine
Suspensorium Hepatis, which see. to a piece of rag or sponge made fast to
Suspensory Ligament of the Penis. the end of a rod of wood or whalebone,
A fibro-cellular band which extends from used for cleansing the mouth of the sick,
 ;

SWE 716 SWO

or for the application of remedial agents SWEEPINGS. A term applied to the
to deep-seated parts. dust and dirt swept from the floor of the
SWAD'DLING. Swathing; binding mechanical workshop or laboratory of the
in tight clothes. . dentist, jeweler, and gold-beater, which,
Swad'dling Clothes. Swathing notwithstanding every precaution and
clothes. care to prevent the escape of the precious
SWAGE.In Mechanical Dentistry, the metal, will be found to contain more or
male model or casting used as a die for less of it. These sweepings are subjected
striking a metallic base for artificial teeth; to a process for the preparation and col-

also, to strike upon a base. lection of the gold. See Washing.

SWAL'LOW. A bird of the genus SWEET-BUSH. Sweet fern bush;
Ilirundo, of which there are several common name of Comptonia curplenifolia.
species. Sweet Cic'ely. A plant of the genus
Swallow- Wobt. A plant of the genus Myrrhis. See Cicely, Sweet.
Asdqdas. Sweet Fekn Bush. See Comptonia
SWAMP CAB'BAGE. A common Asplenifolia.
name of Dracontium feetidum. Sweet Flag. An aromatic plant, the
SWATHING CLOTHES. Swaddling Acorus calamus.
clothes. The bandages in which infants Sweet Makjoram. A fragrant plant
were formerly wrapped during the first of the genus Origanum.
year of life. Sweet Navew. A plant of the genus
SWEAT. Sudor. Sensible moisture Brassica.
upon the skin, excreted from it. Sensible Sweet-Root. False sarsaparilla ; a
perspiration. plant of the genus Aralia.
Sweat, Bloody. Sudor cruentus, Sweet Sultan. An annual flowering
which see. plant, the Centaurea moschata.
SWEATING. Excretion of moisture Sweet Willow. A plant, the Myrica
from the skin. gale.
Sweating-Bath. Sudato'rium. A bath SWELLING. A morbid increase of
for producing sensihle sweat, a hot-air the bulk of the whole or any part of the
room a steam-bath.
; See Stove. body.
Sweating-House. A sudatory room Swelling, White. See Hydrathrus.
or house for sweating persons in sickness. SWER'TIA CHIRAY'ITA. A syn-
See Stove. onym of Gentiana chirayita.
Sweating Sickness. Sudor an'glicus. SWIETE'NIA. A genus of plants of
An cpidefhic which prevailed in England the order Meliaceaz.
and some other countries in the fifteenth Swietenia Febrif'uga. The red dye-
and sixteenth centuries, characterized by wood tree.
profuse sweating, great prostration of Swietenia Mahag'oni. The mahog-
strength, palpitation of the heart, and any tree. The bark has been used as a
variable pulse. The disease usually runs substitute for Peruvian bark.
its course, terminating favorably or in the SWIM'MERS. Nata'tores. Palmipedes.
death of the patient, in the course of a Web-footed birds ; also, a tribe of spiders,
few hours. the Araneidce natantes.
Sweating Sickness of Malwah. A SWIM'MING. Natation, which see.
malignant form of cholera. Swimming of the Head. Vertigo.
SWEDIAUR'S LIQUOR. #—Bo- SWINE-POX. Chicken-pox. See
rax, in powder, 5 ij ; tinct. myrrh, § i Varicella.
distilled rose-water, § i ; honey of roses, SWORD-SHAPED. Lanceolate and
§ ij. Mix. To be applied to the apthaj ensiform.
several times a day. SWOON. Syncope, which see.
 ;

SYM 717 SYM

SYALADENI TIS. Properly, sialaden- Sympathetic Nerve. The intercostal
itis. From cialov, saliva, adyv, a gland, nerve.
and His, inflammation. Inflammation of SYMPATHETICUS. Sympathetic,
the salivary glands. which see.

SYCxYM'INOS. A synonym of Morus Sympatheticus Minor. The facial

nigra. nerve.
SYCAMORE. Sycamo'rus; from ovkov, SYMTATHY. Sympathi'a; from aw,
a fig, and fiupov, a mulberry. The syca- with, and natiog, affection. The relation
more Egypt. The button-wood that exists between two or more organs,
fig tree of

tree, or Platanus occidentalis of Linnaeus, or parts, contiguously or remotely situated,

is also improperly called by this name. whereby an action or affection in one is

SYCO'MA. Sycosis, which see. participated in by the others.
SYCON. Syco'nus. A fruit like a fig. SYMPHOREMA. Congestion.
SYCO'SIS. Syco'ma. A tumor resem- SYMPHORICAR'PUS. A genus of
bling, in shape, a fig. Also, a fungous plants of the order Caprifoliaceoi.
ulcer. Dr. Bateman describes it to be an Symphoricarpus Racemo'sus. Snow-
eruption of inflamed, but not very hard berry; an indigenous plant, the root of
tubercles, occurring on the bearded por- which possesses tonic and astringent prop-
tion of the face and on the scalp, in erties.

adults, in irregular patches or clusters. SYMPHYOCEPHA'LUS. Metop'ages;

The tubercles are red, and nearly the size from avfifyvris, united together, and Ke(j>a2.7j,

of a pea. the head. A monstrosity, consisting of

SYMBLEPIFARUM. Symhlepharo'sis; twins united by the head.
from ovv, with, and fihefyapov , the eyelid. SYMPHYSEOTOMY. Bympkysot'omy.
Adhesion of the eyelids, occasioned by Sympliysiotom'ia ; from cv^vaic,, natural
concretion, ulcers of the cornea, scarifica- union, and rmvu, I cut. The operation of
tion and burns. section of the symphysis pubis, called the
SYMBOLO'GICA. Symptomatology. Sigaultian operation. It is performed
SYM BO L. A sign or representation of with a view of increasing the diameter of
something else. For symbols used in the pelvis, to facilitate parturition.
Medical prescriptions, see Abbreviation. SYMFHYS'IA. A species of malfor-
Symbols, Chemical. See Equivalents, mation occasioned by the union of parts
table of. naturally divided.
SYMMETRICAL. SYMPHYSIS. From cvji^vu, to grow
Symmet'ricus; from
aw, with, and fierpov, a measure. In Anat- together. The connection of bones by
omy, constructed with symmetry suscep- means of intervening cartilages or other
;

tible of being divided into two equal and texture.

perfectly similar parts. SYMTIIYTUM. A genus of plants of
SYM'METRY. Symmet'ria; from aw, the order Boraginaccce.
with, and fierpov, a measure. Regularity Symphytum Macula'tum. Pulmonaria
of figure; correspondence in size and shape officinalis, which see
of the several parts of the body to each Symphytum Mi'nus. Prunella vulgaris.
other. Symphytum Officinale. Comfrey, a
SYMPATHETIC. Sympatheticus popular remedy in diseases of the lungs
from cruv, with, and na-Qog, suffering. De- and bowels.
pending on, or relating to, sympathy. Symphytum Petrje'em. Coris mons-
Sympathetic Ink. A coloring matter, pelicn'sis. Montpellicr coris. An in-

invisible when cold, and colored when tensely bitter plant, said to have been
hot, or on the application of an appro- used in syphilis.
priate agent. The chloride of cobalt is SYMPLOCARP'US. A genus of plants
thought to be the best. of the order Qrontiacece.
46
 ;

SYN 718 SYN

Symplocarpus F(e'tidus. Skunk cab- eye, from injury or other cause, or
I to'the
bage polecat weed a plant assigned in conversion of the vitreous humor
; ; into a
the Linna)an system to the genus Dracon- fluid state.

tium. See Dracontium Foctidum. SYN'CLONUS. From avv, with, and

SYMPOD'IA. From avv, together, and nlovog, agitation. A genus of disease in
ttovs, a foot. A monstrosity in which the Dr. Good's Nosology, comprehending
lower extremities arc united. those affections characterized by tremulous
SYMPTOM. Sympto'ma; from avfin- and clonic agitation of the muscles, partic-
rufia, a coincidence. A sign of disease ularlywhen excited by the will.
a perceptible change or alteration in the Synclonus Ballis'mus. Shaking palsy.
appearance or functions of one or more of SYNCOMISTUS. From avyKo^u, avv,
the organs of the body, during the prog- ico/ufc, to carry or bring together. Bread
ress of disease. of unbolted meal. Also, a cataplasm made
SYMPTOMATIC. Symptomat'icus. of such meal.
That which is a symptom of some other SYN'COPAL. Syncopa'lis. A term
affection. applied to a variety of intermittent fever,
SYMPTOMATOLOGY. Symptomatol- characterized by frequent attacks of syn-
og"ia; from ovfimuua, a symptom, and cope.
loyog, a discourse. That part of pathology SYN'COPE. From avynoTTTu, I fall

which treats of the symptoms of disease. down. Fainting; swooning.

SYMPTOMATOLO'GIST. A physician Syncope Angino'sa. Angina pectoris.
who treats the symptoms of disease instead SYNDESMOL'OGY. Syndesmolog"ia;
of investigating their cause. from owdeofiog, a ligament, and hoyog, a
SYMPTO'SIS. Emaciation; atrophy. discourse. That part of Anatomy which
SYN- A prefix signifying union, sim- treats of the ligaments.

ilarity, &c. SYNDES'MO-PHARYNGE'US. The

SYNARTHROSIS. From avvapdpoo, constrictor pharyngis medius.
to articulate. That mode of articulation SYNDES'MOS. A ligament.
which does not admit of motion. There SYNDESMOSIS. From awdeafiog, a
are three species, namely, suture, harmony ligament. The union of hones by a liga-
and gomphosis. ment.
SYNCANTHUS. From avv, with, SYNDESMOT'OMY. Syndesmotomi'a;
and navdag, the cornea of the eye. Morbid from ovvdeo/iog , ligament, and refivu, I cut.

adhesion between the globe of the eye and Dissection of the ligaments.
the orbit. SYNDES'MUS. A ligament.
SYNCAR'POUS. From avv, together, SYNECHIA.. From aw, with, and
and Kapnog, fruit. A
term applied in Bot- exuv, to have, or to hold. Adhesion of the
any to the carpels of a plant when they iris with the cornea, or with the capsule of
cohere together. the crystalline lens.
SYNCHONDROSIS. From avv, with, SYNEZI'ZIS. Synizes'is ; from avvt
and xovtipog, a cartilage. The union of with, and {.evyweiv, to join. Closure or
bones by means of an intervening carti- obliteration of the pupil of the eye. It
lage. may be congenital or accidental, simple op
SYNCHONDROT'OMY. Synchondro- complicated, according to the time of its
lom'ia. Symphyseotomy. occurrence, or the nature of the affection.
SYNCHRONOUS. From avv, with, SYNGENE'SIA. From aw, together,
and XP 0V0C , time. Occurring at the same and yeveaig, generation, growth. A term
time. applied in Botany to a class in the sexual
SYNCHY'SIS. From avyxvu, to con- system of Linnceus, comprehending plants
found or dissolve. A term applied in Pa- in which the stamens are united by an-
thology to confusion of the humors of the thers.
 ;;

SYN 719 SYR

SYNIZE'SIS. Synezizis. analysis.In Surgery, the reunion of parts
SYNNEURO'SIS. A synonym of syn- which have been divided.
desmosis. SYNTHETIS'MUS. From aw,
SYN'OCHA. From awexu, I continue. together, and ridy/ii, I place. In Surgery,
Inflammatory fever. the reduction of a fracture.
SYN'OCHAL. Synocha'lis. SYNULOT'ICA. Remedies which pro-
Pertain-
ing to, or having the characters mote the healing of a wound.
of, syn-
ocha. SYNYME'NESIS. Synime'nesis; from
SYN'OCHUS. From aweX (o, I con- aw, with, and v/xw, a membrane. The
tinue. Continued fever, or a fever which connection of bones by a membrane.
is inflammatory at first, hut which ulti- SYPHILIS. The origin of this word is
mately becomes typhoid. obscure. Some derive it from at<j>log, filthy.
Synochus Pu'tris. Typhus gravior. The venereal disease, which consists of cer-
SYNOSTEOGKBAPHY. 1
Synostegra - tain morbid phenomena produced in vari-
phia; from aw, with, oareov , a hone, and ous textures of the body by the action of
ypatyu, I descrihe. An anatomical descrip- a specific poison, commencing by chancre,
tion of the articulation of bones. and followed by bubo, ulcers in the throat,
SYNOSTEOL'OGY. Synosteolog'ia copper-colored blotches on the skin, pains
from aw, with, oareov, a hone, and "koyog, in the bones, nodes, &c.
a discourse. That part of Anatomy which Syphilis Ind'ica. See Frambcesia.
treats on the joints. SYPHILIS'MUS. Syphilis.
SYNOSTEO'SIS. Union by means of SYPHILOG'RAPHER. A writer on
bones. syphilitic diseases.
SYNOSTEOTOMY. Synosieolom'ia SYPHILOID. Syphiloi'des; from syph-
from aw, with, oareov, a bone, and refiveiv, ilis, and eidog, resemblance. Syphilis
to cut. The dissection of the joints. pseudo-syjjhilis. A term applied to
SYNO'VIA. The unctuous and serous ulcers and other affections which resemble
fluid exhaled by the synovial membranes syphilis.

Of the movable articulations. SYRIGMOPHO'NIA. From avpr/uoc,

SYNO'VIAL. Synovia'lis. Belonging whistling, and Quvy, voice. A shrill whis-

Or relating to the synovia. tling voice.

Synovial Glands. The fatty fimbria; SYRIG'MUS. Tinnitus Aurium.

found within the synovial capsules of some SYRIN'GA. A syringe, tube or fistula.
joints. Syringa Vulga'ris. The common li-
Synovial Membrane. The membrane lac ; the seeds of which are used in some
surrounding the movable articulations, countries as a tonic.
which secretes the synovia. SYRINGE. An instrument into which
SYNOVITIS. A term sometimes ap- any liquid may be drawn, and afterwards
plied to inflammation of synovial mem- ejected with violence.
brane. Syringe, Tooth. See Tooth-Syringo.
SYNTA'SIS. Tension of parts. SYRINGOT'OMUM. A knife formerly
SYNTAX'IS. Articulation. used in the operation for jistula in ano.
SYNTENO'SIS. From aw, with, and SYRING T M Y. Syringotom'ia. '

revuv, a tendon. The articulation of bones From avpiy!;, a pipe, and re/ivu, to cut.

by tendons. The operation of cutting for fistula in ano.

SYNTEX'IS. Marasmus; consumption. SYRTNX. A fistula. A syringe. A
SYNTHESIS. From ovvti^ui, I com- pipe.
pose. In Chemistry, the combination of Syrinx IItera. The spinal column.
several bodies for the formation of a new SYRMAIS'MOS. A gentle evacuation
compound, or the reunion of the elements by vomiting or stool.
of a compound, previously separated by SYROP. The French name for syrup.
 SYR 720 SYS

SYR'UP. Si'rup. Syrupus. Syrupus Sarsaparilla Compos'itus.

Syrup, Hive. Compound syrup of U. S. Compound syrup of sarsaparilla.
squill. Syrupus Scill'^e. U. S. Syrup of
SYR'UPUS. A term employed in Phar- squill.
macy to designate a liquid conserve made Syrupus SctlljE Compos'itus. U. S.
by dissolving sugar with some plant, or Compound Syrup of squill. Hive syrup.
in water, either with or without medicinal Syrupus Sen'eqa. U. S. Syrup of
impregnation. senega.
Syrupus Ace'ti. Ph. E. Syrup of vin- Syrupus Sek'n^e. U. S. Sj'rup of
egar. senna.
Syrupus Al'lii. U. S. Syrup of garlic. Syrupus Sim'plex. Simple syrup.
Syrupus Altile'a. Ph. L. Syrup of Syrupus Toluta'ni. Syrup of Tolu.
marsh mallow. Syrupus Vi'ola. Ph. S. Syrup of
Syrupus Amyg'dal.e. U. S. Syrup violets.

of almonds. Syrup of orgeat. Syrupus Zingib'eris. U. S. Syrup of

Syrupus Antiscorbu'ticus. Syrup of ginger.
horseradish. SYSPA'SIA. From cvanau, I contract.

Syrupus Auran'tii Cor'ticis. U. S. A genus of disease in Dr. Good's Nosology,

Syrup of orange-peel. comprehending convulsions, epilepsy, and
Syrupus Col'ciiici. Ph. E. Syrup of hysteria.
colchicum or meadow saffron. SYSSARCO'SIS. From avv, with, and
Syrupus Cro'ci.' Ph. L. andE. Syrup The union of bones by means
crapf, flesh.

of saffron. of muscles, as the os hyoides with the

Syrupus Fer'ri Iod'idi. Syrup of sternum and other parts.
iodide of iron. SYSTAL'SIS. Systole, which see.
s
Syrupus Ipecacuan'ii2e. U. S. Syrup SYSTALTIC. Capable of contracting.
of ipecacuanha. A term applied to the movement of parts,
Syrupus Krame'rle. U. S. Syrup as the heart and arteries, which alternately
of rhatany. contract and dilate.
Syrupus Limo'nis. U. S. Syrup of SYSTAT'ICA. From awiarnfit, I as-

lemons. sociate. Nervous diseases which affect

Syrupus Mo'ri. Ph. L. Syrup of several or all the sensorial powers at the
mulberries. same time. The fourth order in the class
Syrupus Papav'eris. Th. L. Syrup Neurotica of Dr. Good.
of poppies. SYSTEM. Sysie'ma ; from avv, with,
Syrupus Rham'ni. Ph. L. Syrup of and icrrifii, I place. In Anatomy, an as-
buckthorn. sociation of organs which, as the bones,
Syrupus Rhb'I. U. S. SjTiip of rhu- arteries, veins, or nerves, are destined to

barb. execute analogous functions, and hence the

Syrupus Rhei Aromat'icus. U. S. osseous, arterial, venous and nervous sys-
Aromatic syrup of rhubarb. In Physics, the arrangement of
tems.
Syrupus Rike'ados. Ph. L. Syrup bodies, as of the planets around a com-
of red poppy. mon centre, exhibited in the system of
Syrupus Ro'sje. Ph. L. Syrup of roses. the universe. In Natural History, the
Syrupus Rosjs Gal'lic^e. Ph. E. methodical arrangement of beings, with a
Syrup of red roses. view of facilitating their study.
Syrupus Ru'bi Idjb'i. Syrup of rasp- SYSTEMATISE!. In Medicine, the
berry. collection of all the facts pertaining to an
Syrupus Ru'tve. Syrup of rue. opinion, whether correct or erroneous.
Syrupus Sarsaparil'ls:. Ph. L SYSTEMATISE One who forms a
Syrup of sarsaparilla. system or reduces to system.
 ;

TAB 721 TAB

SYSTEMATOL'OGY. Systematolog'ia; SYSTOLE. From cvoteMm, to contract.
from avoTtifia, a system, and ^.oyog, The contraction of the heart, to give im-
a dis-
course. A treatise or discourse on systems. pulse to the hlood, and carry on the circu-
SYSTEMIC. Pertaining to the general lation.

system. SYSTOLTC. Pertaining to systole.

Systemic Circulation. The circula- SYZY'GIUM. A genus of plants of
tion throughout the whole system, as dis- the order Myrtacece.
tinguished from that through the lungs, Syzygium Guineen'se. A plant said
which is called the pulmonic or pulmonary to have been used as a remedy for rheu-
circulation. matism.

T.

T BANDAGE. A bandage so dyspeptic symptoms, pain and weakness

named from its heing shaped like the let- in the back and loins, gleet and impotence,
ter T. It is used for supporting dressings hectic fever, and general emaciation.
after the operation for fistula in ano, and Tabes Glandularis. Tabes meson-
in diseases of the perinajum, anus, &c. terica.

There is also a double T bandage, consist- Tabes Mesenter'ica. Tabes scrofulo'-

ing of a transverse piece with two perpen- sa ; tabes glandularis. Engorgement and
dicular pieces sewed to it. tubercular degeneration of the mesenteric
TA. The sjmibol of columbium. glands, attended with irritability and de-
TAB'ACI FOLIA. Tab'acum. The dried rangement of the nutritive functions. It
leaves of Nicotiana Tahacum. begins with loss of appetite, languor and
TAB'ACUM. Nicotia'na tabaaim. To- pain in the back, followed by tenderness
bacco. of the abdomen, and chalky appearance
TAB'ASHEER. bamboo, a con- of the alvine evacuations, which are some-
Salt of
cretion found in the joints of the bamboo, times mixed with blood and mucus.
consisting chiefly of silica. It is held in Tabes Pulmona'lis. Phthisis pulmon-
high repute in the East Indies as a remedy alis.
for bilious vomitings, dysentery, hemor- Tabes Saturni'na. "Wasting from lead
rhoids, &c. poison.
TABEL'LA. Diminutive of tabula, a Tabes Urina'lts. Diabetes.
table. A tablette. A lozenge, or troch, con- TABTD.
Consumptive Tab'idus.
sisting of one more medicinal agents emaciated wasted by disease.
or ;

incorporated with sugar and mucilage, TAB'IDNESS. State of being wasted

usually of a flattened oval shape. See by disease.
Trochiscus. TAB'ITUDE. The state of one affected
TABERN^MONTA'NA. A genus of with tabes.
plants of the order Apocynaceas. TA'BLE. Tab'ula. An extended sur-
Tabern^emontana U'tilis. One of face ; applied in Anatomy to the plates or
the cow-trees of South America. It yields layers forming the bones of the cranium,
an inert, thick, sweet milky juice, said to of which there are two ; one external, and
be very nutritious. one internal, called the tabida vitrea.
TA'BES. Maras'mus tabes; from tabere, TAB'ULA. A table.
to consume. Wasting of the whole body, Tabula Vi'trea. The glassy table ;
attended by languor and fever. a term applied in Anatomy to the inter-
Tabes Dorsa'lis. A disease charac- nal table of the skull, on account of its
terized by great prostration of strength, brittleiiess.
 TiEN" 722 TAL
TACAMAHA'CA. Tac'amaliac. A Taenia Semicircula'eis. A grayish
resinous substance, of a brownish color, semi-transparent layer running in the
aromatic taste, and fragrant smell, which groove that separates the thalamus opti-
exudes from the Fagara odandra ; also, cus from the corpus striatum in the lateral
the popular name of Idea Tacamahaca, a ventricle of the brain.
tree ofSouth America, and of Calopliyl- Taenia So'lium. The long tape-worm,
lum Tacamahaca, a tree of Madagascar varying from three or four to thirty or
and the Isle of Bourbon. forty feet in length, and it is said to have
TAC'CA. A genus of plants of the been met with six hundred feet long.
order Taccaceoz. T^nia Tabi'ni. A band of a yellowish
Tacca Pinnatif'ida. an East color passing over the corporis striata.
Salep ;

India plant, which yields a kind of arrow TiE'NIAFUGE. Ttcniaf'ugum; from

root. taenia, tape- worm, and fugo, I drive off.
TACIIYDROM'IANS. Taclujdrom'icus; A medicine calculated to expel tape-
from raxvg, swift, and worm.
fyofiog, a course.
A family of wading birds, of which the T^E'NIOIDS. From rcuvia, a ribbon,
Tachydromus is the type. Also, the name and etdog, likeness. Ribbon-shaped, like
of a family of Saurian reptiles, and a fam- the tamia, or tape-worm. A family of
ily of Dipterous insects. Acanthopterygious fishes, having a flat

TACHY'DltOMUS. A subgenus of ribbon-shaped body.

Lacertidai; a species of lizard having a TAFFETAS. Sparadra'pum. A plas-
very long body and tail, found in the ter spread on silk ; court plaster.
Indian Islands of China. It is called the TAF'IA. Cane spirit; a variety of
swift lizard because it runs with great ve- rum obtained by distillation from the fer-

locity. mented juice of Saccliarum qflicinaritm.

TACITUR'NITY. Tacitur'nitas; from TAHITI ARROW-ROOT. Otahe'ite
tacerc, to be silent. The condition of a salep. The fecula prepared from the Tacca
personwho does not speak. It is often a pinnatifida.
symptom of nervous affections, particu- TAIL. Cauda, which see.

larly of melancholy. TALC. A foliated magnesian mineral.

TACT. Tactus ; from tango, to touch. Talc Earth. Magnesia.
Passive sensation, or the faculty by which TALIACO'TIAN OPERATION. Aa
the cutaneous membrane is made sensible operation to restore lost or defective parts,
of the presence of a body without being so called because first introduced by Cas-
able to see it. par Taliacotius. This operation is called
TACTILE. from tango, to rhinoplastic, cheiloplastic, &c, according
Tac'tilis ;

touch. Susceptible to touch, that which to the part restored.

may be felt tangible.
; TAL'IPES. From talus, the ankle, and
TACTION. Tac'tio; from tango, to pes, foot. Club-foot.
touch. The act of touching. TALLICOONAH OIL. Kundah oil.

TACTUS. Tact. The oil obtained from the seeds of the

TiE'NIA. Te'nia; from raivia, a fillet Carapa toulouconna, a tree of Sierra
or ribbon. Tape-worm. A genus of in- Leone, in high reputo as an anthelmintic.
testinal worms, characterized by a flat, TAL'LOW. A fat obtained from the
long, articulated body. suet of the ox and sheep.
TiExiA Hippocam'pi. Corpora Jimbri- TAL'PA. Talpa'ria. A mole. The term
ata. The plaited edges of the processes of has also been applied to a kind of tumor
the fornix which pass into the inferior situated on the head, from its seeming to
cornu of the ventricles of the brain. burrow, like a mole, under the scalp.
Taenia La'ta. The broad tape-worm, TA'LUS. From taxillus, a small die.

Bothriocephalus latus. The astragalus, a bone of the ankle.

 TAN 723 TAP
TAMARIND. The fruit of the Tama- native of Madagascar, the kernel of the
rindus indica. fruit of which is an active poison. The
TAMARIN'DI PULP A. The pulp or plant is supposed to be the Ccrbera
preserved fruit of Tamarindus Indica. tanghin.
TAMARIN'DUS. A geuus of plants TANNIC ACID. Tannin ; a vegetable
of the order Legnminosce. acid found in most astringent barks, es-
Tamarindus In'dica. The tamarind pecially in the gall-nuts, sumach, kino,
tree. The fruit is laxative and refrigerant. and catechu. Formula, Cj8 H5+3IIO.
TAMARIS'CUS. The tamarix gallica, It is a powerful astringent, and the use of
which see. it has been recommended for allaying the
TAM'ARIX. A genus of plants of the sensibility of sensitive teeth, preparatory
order Forlulacece. to their preparation for filling, and, also,
Tamarix Gal'lica. The tamarisk for reducing inflammation of an exposed
tree. The hark and wood are aperient dental pulp.
and corroborant, and were formerly em- TAN'NICUM PURUM. Tannin.
ployed in obstructions of the liver. The TANNIN. Tannic acid.
Tannin, Artificial.
leaves have been used in jaundice, haemop- A dark sub-
tysis, and some cutaneous affections. stance produced by the action of nitric
TAMPON. A French word, meaning acid on charcoal, or any substances con-
plug. See Plugging. taining charcoal.
TAMPONNEMENT. Plugging. TANNO-GELATIN. A yellow floc-

TA'MUS. A genus of plants of the culent precipitate, caused by a mixture of

order Dioscoreacece. tannic acid with a solution of gelatin.
Tamus Commu'nis. Common black It is the basis of leather.
bryony, the root of which is acrid, and TANSY. Tanacetum.
has been used in a bruised state as a Tansy, Maudlin. A plant of the
poultice to wounds. It acts, when taken genus Achillea.
internally in small doses, as a diuretic. Tansy, Wild. See Potentilla An-
TANACE'TUM. Tansy. Also, a genus serina.
of plants of the order Compositce. TAN'TALITE. Columbite. The fer-
Tanacetum Balsami'ta. The offi- ruginous oxyd of Columbium.
cinal costmary, or alecost, formerly used TANTALUM. Columbium.
as a corroborant, carminative and emmen- TA'PERING. Acuminate; attenuate;
agogue. becoming gradually smaller in diameter
Tanacetum Vulqa're. Common tansy. towards one end.
The and flowers are tonic, stom-
leaves TAPE'TUM. A shining spot in the
achic, anthelmintic and emmenagogue. eye of certain animals, which is said to
TANA'SIA. Tanacetum. add to the intensity of vision.
TANEKA'HA. An astringent sub- Tapetum Alve'oli. Membra'na ex-
stance obtained from the Phyllocladus terna den'tium. The peridental membrane,
trichomanoides , a tree of New Zealand. or inner lamina of the alveo-dental perios-
It is used as a red dye. teum.
TANGE. Tayyri. Rancidity. In Pa- TAPE- WORM. The popular name of
thology, a kind of putrid tumor or abscess. two species of intestinal worms, Taenia
TAN G'H I C I N . Tangin-camphor. lata, or Bothriocephalus latus, called the
The active principle of the poisonous ker- broad-tape worm, and Taenia solium, or
nel of the Ccrbera tangliin. It produces long tape-worm,.
convulsions, violent retching and death. TAPIO'CA. The popular name of a
TANGHl'NIA. A genus of plants of fecula obtained from the root of the Ja-
the order Apocynacece. tropha manihot. There are two kinds of
Tangiiinia Venenif'era. A plant, tapioca. One is in the form of irregular,
 TAR 724 TAR
hard, white grains. This is called gran- posed, a complete layer of the eyelid, but
ular tapioca. The other is tapioca meal, said by other anatomists to be areolar
sometimes called Brazilian arrow root. substance.
TAP'PIXG. In Surgery, Paracentesis, TAR'SEUS. Tarsal.
which see. TAR'SI EXTEN'SOR MI'NOR. The
TAPSUS. Thap'sus. Black mullein. plantaris muscle.
A plant of the genus Verbascum. TARSOMETATARSAL. An epithet
TAR. The impure turpentine procured designative, in Anatomy, of the articula-
by burning, from the wood of the Pinus tions which connect the second row of the
palustris and other species of Pinus. bones of the tarsus and the metatarsal
Tar, Barbadoes. Petroleum. bones; also, the ligaments, distinguished
Tab Water. Water impregnated with into dorsal and plantar, by which these
tar. articulations are secured.
TAR'ACHE. Tapaxn. Tarex'is. A TARSOPHY'MA. From tarseus, and
disordered state of the bowels ; diarrhoea. (jivfia, a tumor. Tumefaction of the tarsus.
TAR'AGON. A plant of the genus TARSORRHAPHY. From tarsus,
Artemisia. the tarsal cartilage, and pafyv, suture. In
TARANTIS'MUS. Tarentis'mus. A Surgeii), an operation for diminishing the
fabulous disease supposed to be produced opening between the j
eyelids when en-
by the bite of the Tarentula, and curable larged by surrounding cicatrices,
only by dancing to appropriate music. TARSOTOMY. From tarsus, the tar-
TARAN'TULA. Tarentula, which sal cartilages, and to/xti, incision. In Sur-
see. gery, an operation for the removal of the
TARAX'ACUM. The root of the Le- tarsal cartilages.
ontodon Taraxacum. TAR'SUS. In Anatomy, the instep,
TARAX'IS. Tarache. Bowel com- which, in man, is composed of seven bones,
plaint ; diarrhoea. Also, inflammation of viz: the astragalus, os calcis, os navicu-
the eyes, or disordered sight. lare, and three ossa cuneiformia. Also,
TAR'CHOX SYLVES'TRIS. A plant two thin cartilaginous layers situated in
of the genus Achillea, the Achillea ptar- the substance of the edge of each eyelid.
mica. TARTAR. Tar'tarum. The deposit
TARE. The popular name of several attached to the inside of wine casks. Al-
species of Ervum, a leguminous genus of 'so, the earthy deposit which forms on the
plants teeth. See Salivary Calculus.
TAREN'TULA. From Tarentum, a Tartar, Cream of. Supertartrate of
town of Italy where they abound. A potash.
species of spider, the bite of which was Tartar Emetic. Antimonium tartari-
said to be cured by music. zatum. Tartrate of antimony and po-
TARGET-SHAPED. Peltate. tassa.
TARI. Palm or cocoa wine, formerly Tartar, Salt of. Carbonate of pot-
used as a tonic. ash.
TARI'XI, POXS. See Pons Tarini. Tartar, Soluble. Tartrate of potash.
TARO. A plant of the genus Arum. Tartar, Vitriola'ted. Sulphate of
TAR'SAL. Tar'scus. Relating to the potassa.
tarsus. TARTARIC ACID. Ac'idum tartar'i-
Tarsal Articulations. The union cum. The vegetable acid existing in
of the tarsal bones. cream of tartar, which, after being ex-
TAR'SEA LATA. Xamo given by (
tracted, is a white crystallized solid, in
Window to what he conceived to be three the form of irregular six-sided prisms,
ligaments extending from the edge of the having a strong acid taste,
orbit to the tarsi, forming, as he sup- TAR'TARUM. Tartar. 1
 —

TAV 725 TEA

Tartarum Emet'icum. Tartar emetic. Taveau's Lozenges for the Mouth.
Tartauum Regenera'tum. Acetate B— Catechu, 5 j coral, 3iv; sugar,
i ;

of potassa. 3ij; essence of cinnamon, gtt. x. Mix

TAll'TARUS AMMOXLE. Tartras and divide into lozenges of ten grains
ammonia}, which see. each. These are recommended for the
Tartarus Den'tium. Tartar of the purpose of correcting fetor of the breath.
teeth. Taveau's Powders for the Teeth.
TARTRAS. Tartrate. fy A
Prepared terra sigillata, § v;
salt formed 1. —
by the union of tartaric acid with a cream of tartar, § ij cloves, 9 i. 2. lfc
salifi- ;

able base. Pumice stone, § vi; cream of tartar, —

Tartras Ammonije. Tartrate of am- § ij lac carmine, § i cinnamon, 5 lb ; ;

monia. 3. ]£ Red coral, § iv;- dragon's blood, —

Tartras Potas's^:. Tartrate of po- gi; cinnamon, 3ss; citron, 5 ij white ;

tassa. sugar, § ss. Mix.

Tartras Potassa Actd'ulus. Bitar- TAX'ICORNS. Taxicor'nes ; from
trate of potassa. taxus, a yew tree, and cornu, a horn. A
Tartras So'djs. Potassio- tartrate of family of coleopterous insects, whose an-
eoda. tenna) are largest at the apex.
TA'SIS. Extension ; tension. TAX'IS. From raaau, I order, I ar-
TASTE. Gustus. That sense by which range. The replacement of parts which
the flavor of sapid bodies is perceived. have left their natural situation, as in the
The tongue is the principal organ of reduction of hernia, with the hand, with-
taste. out the aid of instruments.
TAU'RIN. A neutral substance ob- TAX'US. A genus of plants of the
tained by the action of hydrochloric acid order Taxacece.
on bilin. Taxus Bacca'ta. The yew tree. The
TAUROCOL'LA. From ravpoc, a bull, leaves have a foetid odor, and are pos-
and Ko?Jka }
glue. Glue made from the sessed of poisonous properties. In small
genitals and ears of the bull. doses they produce an effect similar to
TAUKOCHO'LIC ACID. Choleic acid, that of Digitalis.
which see. TE. Symbol of tellurium.
TAUR'US. A bull; also, the space TEA. The dried leaves of Thea, a
between the testicles and anus. The term genus of plants of the order Terns trom-
is applied too to the membrum virile or iacece, of which there are several kinds.
penis. See Thea. Also, a refreshing beverage,
T AVE A IPS ELIXIRS FOR THE consisting of a decoction, in boiling water,
MOUTH. 1. #—Tincture of guaiac,of tea leaves. The term is applied, too, to
vulnerary spirits, a a § vj ; essential any decoction or infusion of vegetables,
oil

of mint, gtt. iv. Mix. 2. I£ — Tincture and sometimes of animal substances, as

of guaiac, § iv; camphorated brandy, sage tea, chamomile lea, beef tea, &c.
5 i- ; essence of mint, essence of scurvy- Tea Berry. The common name of
grass, a a gtt. vj ; essence of rosemary, Gaullheria procumbens.
gtt. x. Mix. Tea, Mountain. Gaultheria.
Taveau's Odontalgic Elixir. Ifc Tea Oil. An oil expressed from the
Cloves, opium, cinnamon, a a 5 py- seeds of the Camellia oleifera.
ij
;

rethrum, 5i; resin, § ss; brandy of 22 TEAR. Lach'njma. The limpid, sa-
degrees, § viij. Mix. line, inodorous and colorless humor se-

Taveau's Elixir for the Gums. I£ creted by the lachrymal glands, and poured
Vulnerary water, § iij ; spirit of scurvy- out between the eyelids and globe of tho
grass, § i ; essential oil of cloves, gtt, v. eye.
Mix. Tears, Deer's. The bezoar of the deer.
 TEE 726 TEE
TEA'SEL. A plant of the genus Dip- follows: incisors, four; cuspidati, two;
sacus. bicuspids, four ; molars, six. The third
Teasel, Cultivated. The Dipsacus or last molar is sometimes called the dens
eylvestris. sapientiaj or wisdom tooth. For a descrip-
TEAT. The nipple, or projecting part tion of the classes belonging to each di-
of the female breast. vision, see the articles resjjectively relating
TEA'ZLE. Teasle, which see. to them.
TE'CEDON. Phthisis. In speaking of the teeth in general, Mr.
TECHNICAL. Tech'nic ; tech'nicus ; Alexander Kasmyth says, they " may be
from texvtj, art. Pertaining to art; an first place as the armory of
regarded in the
epithet designative of words and phrases the mouth ; and in the second, as the in-
belonging exclusively to an art, or to a struments by which the process of assimi-
particular profession. lation is commenced. They assist in seiz-

TECHNOLOGY. Technoldg'ia; from ing, dividing, tearing and masticating the

rexvy, art, and "koyog, a discourse. A de- substances which the diversified surface of
scription of or treatise on the arts. Also, the earth, the fathomless depths of the
an explanation of the terms and phrases ocean, and the boundless expanse of at-
belonging to the arts. mosphere afford, in infinite variety, as ma-
TECNOCTON'IA. Infanticide. terials for building up the physical frame-
TECO'MA. A genus of plants of the work of animated existence. They present
order Bignoniacece. themselves as appendages of the skin, to
Tecoma Impetigino'sa. A plant, the the products of which in some of their
bark of which possesses astringent prop- modifications they bear a great resem-
erties, and has been used in fomentation blance, whilst in others they resemble true

in debility of the limbs. The Tecoma ipe, bone. The varieties which they present,
another sjiecies, has been used as a gargle throughout the range of the animal king-
in aphthous affections of the mouth and dom, correspond to the infinite diversities
fauces. There are other species which in the functions they are required to per-
possess* diuretic and cathartic properties. form and wonderful are the minute and ;

TECTIBHAN'CHIATE. From tego, perfect adaptations which they present in

I cover, and branchice, gills. An order of various animals to the wants and instincts
hermaphrodite gastropods in which the of the latter. Indeed, from their peculiar
gills are covered by a process of the man- conformation, they indicate so exactly the

tle. type of animal to which they belong, that

TEETH. Den'tes. In man, the small they are found to furnish the best charac-
bones which occupy the alveolar cavities of teristic marks by which to classify the

the upper and lower jaws. They are the members of the animal kingdom. Their
hardest portions of the body and the princi- importance, therefore, in a scientific point
pal organs of mastication. They are distin- of view, is very great, the aid which they
guished into milk, temporary or deciduous afford to the naturalist being precise and
teeth,and permanent or adidt teeth. The definite ; they have held a prominent place
first division consists of three classes, in all classifications of animals, and Bris-
namely: 1. Incisors; 2. Cuspidati; 3. son adopted them exclusively as his guide
Molars. The second division consists of in this department of his labors. Such is

four classes, namely : 1. Incisors ; 2. Cus- the beautiful harmony of nature, that the
pidati ; 3. Bicuspids ; 4. Molars. information acquired by means of these
The temporary twenty in num- organs puts us at once in possession of a
teeth are
ber, ten in each jaw, namely four incisors, knowledge of many of the peculiarities
;

two cuspidati and four molars. There and distinguishing habits of the animals to
are thirty-two in the permanent set, six- which they respectively belong. Moreover,
teen to each jaw, which are designated as the enduring nature of the materials which.
 TEE 727 TEE

enter into their structure cannot but give spects, from the others. There are also a
them additional value in the eyes of the vast number of intermediary classes, the
geologist. peculiarities of all of which it is impos-
" Cuvicr, whose scientific research was sible to describe.

at once remarkable for its elevation, and Class First. The teeth belonging to this
the grandeur and breadth of contemplation class are of a medium size, and those of
which it displayed, has widened, by his each class of uniform dimensions. They
profound labors, the field of physical phi- are of a dull white color, faintly tinged
losophy ; he has lit with yellow near* the gum, which becomes
torches in the abyss of
time, to guide us in our inquiries into the more and more apparent as the subject
past, which, were they zealously prose- advances in age, the enamel presenting a
cuted, ' man, to whom only a temporary firm, glossy appearance. Teeth of this de-
sojourn on earth has been accorded, would cription are rarely affected with caries, and
have the glory of unfolding the history of are most frequently met with in persons
the thousands of centuries which have pre- of a sanguineous temperament, or at least
ceded his existence, and of the millions of in those in whom this predominates. They
I

beings who were not his cotemporaries.' "° j

are indicative of a good innate constitu-
Teeth, Artificial. See Artificial tion, and of the most perfect health during
Teeth, Metallic Bases and Porcelain Teeth. the time they were undergoing ossification.
Teeth, Abbasion of. See Abrasion of Such teeth are occasionally possessed by
the Teeth. all nations and classes, but
persons of
Teeth, Articulation of. The teeth far more generally by laboring people in
are united to the maxillary bones by a healthy northern latitudes. Among the
species of articulation called gomphosis, inhabitants of England, Ireland and Scot-
which see. Those having but one root land, and more especially the middle and
depend greatly on their nice adaptation to poorer classes, they are very common.
the alveoli, for the strength of their union. They are also frequently met with in the
Those having three or four, often receive northern parts of the United States, the
support from their divergence. But the Canadas, the mountainous districts of Mex-
periosteum lining the alveolar cavities and ico, and, so far as the author has had op-
investing the roots, forms another bond of portunity of informing himself, in France,
Union, as do also the vessels entering the Russia, Prussia and Switzerland. Those
extremities of the fangs, as well as the who have them generally enjoy excellent
gums around their necks. and are seldom troubled with dys-
health,
Teeth, Atrophy of. See Atrophy of pepsia or any of its concomitants.
the Teeth. —
Glass Second. The teeth of this class,
Teeth, Cabies of. See Caries of the though often very white, usually have a
Teeth. faint azure appearance near the coronal
Teeth, Chabacteristics of. The teeth extremity. They are rather long than
present marked and striking differences in short; the incisors are generally thin and
their appearance. They vary in volume, narrow; the cuspidati very pointed, and
color, length and arrangement, and all of the bicuspids and molars small in circum-
these are indicative of the differences that ference, with prominent cusps and pro-
exist in the susceptibility of these organs tuberances upon their grinding surfaces.
to disease. The lateral incisors are sometimes very
Apart from the anatomical divisions into small and slightly pointed.
which these organs have been arranged, Teeth of this description are generally
there are five principal classes or descrip- very sensitive and easily acted on by cor-
tions of teeth, each differing, in some re- rosive agents.

* Cuviersur les Ossemens Fossiles. Discours. They are also frequently affected with
Prelim, p. clx. atrophy, or have upon their surfaces white,
 ;

TEE 728 TEE

brown, or opaque spots, varying in size The teeth belonging to classes three and
and number. Several are sometimes found four are usually met with among persons
upon a single tooth, and, in some in- of lymphatico-serous constitutions.
stances, every tooth in the mouth is more Class Fifth. The enamel of the teeth
or less marked with them. belonging to this class usually has a
Teeth possessing these characteristics white pearly gloss. The crowns are
are indicative of a weakly innate constitu- long, generally rather small in circum-
tion and of blood too serous to furnish the ference, though often well developed.
materials necessary for teeth of the best Teeth of this description are generally
quality. regarded by medical writers as indica-
They are more common to females than tive of a tendency to phthisis pulmo-
males, though many of the latter have nalis, and they
are supposed by some
them. They are met with among people to be very durable. But this opinion i3
of all countries, but far more frequently not well founded. The occurrence of feb-
among those who reside in sickly, southern rile or other forms of constitutional dis-
whose systems have become
latitudes, or ease, which cause an alteration of the
enervated by luxurious modes of living. fluids of the body, is usually followed by
Among the inhabitants of Great Britain rapid decay of the teeth. The author has
they are more rare than among those of been led to believe from the frequent ob-
the United States, and those who have servance of this fact, that the buccal fluids
them seldom attain to a great age. in strumous and consumptive individuals
Class Third. —The teeth belonging to are less prejudicial to the teeth than in
this class, though differing in many re- other constitutions, and that it is chiefly
spects from those last noticed, are, never- owing to this that the kind of teeth under
theless, not unlike them in their texture consideration are so seldom attacked by
and in their susceptihility to the action of caries.
deleterious agents. There are many other characteristics
The crowns of such
teeth are much which the teeth present in shape, size,
larger than those of the
first class, their surfaces are rough and density and color, from which valuable

irregular, with protuberances rising, not inductions might be made, both with
only from the grinding surfaces of the regard to the innate constitution and
bicuspids and molars, but, also, not unfre- the means necessary to their preservation
quently from their sides, with correspond- but as the limits we have prescribed to
ingly deep indentations. They usually this article will not admit of their consid-
have a dull white color. The crowns of eration, we shall conclude by observing
the incisors are broad, long and thick. that the appearances of these organs vary
This description of teeth decay readily, almost to infinity. Each is indicative of
and in some instances appear to set at de- the state of the general health at the time
fiance the resources of the dentist. They of their formation, and of their own phys-
are liable to be attacked at almost every ical condition and susceptibility to injury.
point, but more particularly in their in- Teeth, Denuding of. See Denud-
dentations and on their approximal sur- ing of the teeth.
faces. Teeth, Development of Pulps and
Class Fourth. —The teeth of this class Sacs of. In the development of the pulps
generally have a white chalky appearance, and sacs of the human teeth is exhibited
are unequally developed, and have a very one of the most curious and interesting
soft texture They are easily acted upon operations of the animal economy. From
by corrosive agents, and like the teeth last small mucous papilla1 , observable at a very
noticed, when attacked by caries, usually early period of intra-uterine existence,
fall speedy victims to the ravages of the they, in obedience to certain develop-
disease. mental laws, gradually increase until they
 TEE 729 TEE
attain the size of the crowns of the teeth milk molar, and the first tooth-germ
they are respectively destined to form. which appears. It is a simple, free, gran-
They then begin to ossify, and this pro- ular papilla at this period. About the
commencing on the cutting edges of eighth week another papilla, of an
cess,
ovoidal, granular form, appears between
the incisors, the points of the cusps of the
cuspidati, bicuspids,and eminences of the the middle and anterior curve of the
molars, extends over the whole surface of ridge, on the floor of the same groove,
their crowns, until they are invested in a which is the rudiment of the temporary
complete layer of bone, and so layer after cuspidatus or canine -tooth. The germs
layer is formed, one within the other, un- of the incisors; the central first, and
til nothing remains but a small cavity in make their appear-
afterward the lateral,
each tooth, which contains the residuum of ance during the ninth week in the form
the pulp. In the meantime the enamel of mucous papilla3. The sides of the
and roots of the teeth begin to form. groove on each side of the first molar
But to proceed more in detail. The papilla approach each other during the
following is a brief summary of the de- tenth week, and processes, before and
scription, given by Dr. Goodsir, of the behind the germ, from either side are
origin and progress of the development sent off, which meet, unite, and enclose
of the pulps and sacs of the human teeth. it in a follicle. In the meantime a simi-
At about the sixth week, in the upper lar follicle is gradually forming round
jaw of the human embryo, a deep groove, the germ of the cuspidatus, and toward
lined with mucous membrane, may be the end of the tenth week, the papilla of
seen between the lip and a semi-circular the second temporary molar shows itself
lobe, (which the primitive condition of behind the first, at the side of the rounded
is

the palate,) which terminates on each lobule, which terminates the outer ridge
side, behind the former. This groove posteriorly, and from which it seems to be
widens from behind forward, and a ridge, a production.
commencing posteriorly, and running in The incisors progress regularly during
the same direction, rises from its floor, the eleventh week, and septa pass from
and divides it into two others. The inner the outer to the inner wall between them,
one constitutes the primitive dental groove, so that each becomes enclosed in a follicle.

and the outer is formed by the outside of In the meantime the second molar pa-
the alveolar process and the lip. The pilla gradually increases, and it, in turn,
inner side of this ridge, "
after being cut becomes enclosed in a follicle formed by
into three grooves," "
which the pos- the gradual folding of the terminal lobule
of
terior is the deepest, terminates in a of the outer ridge around it. There still
rounded lobule, which is continuous with remains a portion of the primitive groove
it anteriorly, while externally, internally, behind the follicle of the last molar germ.
and posteriorly, it is bounded by that The last molar follicle is completed during
portion of the original groove which was the thirteenth week, and the different pa-
situated behind the semi-circular lobe." pilla), instead of remaining simple rounded

" At some period between the sixth masses of granular matter, assume the
and seventh week, a longitudinal portion shape of the future teeth they are respec-
iscut off from the internal posterior edge tively destined to form. During thi3
of the semi-circular lobe," extending for- period the papilla) grow faster than the
ward to a follicles, and, consequently, protrude from
middle bulging of the lobe, and
to a bulging posteriorly, which becomes them. In the meantime the mouths of
isolated, and assumes the appearance of the follicles are becoming more developed,
an •' ovoidal papilla, the long diameter of " so as to form opercula, which corre-
which is antero-posterior." This papilla spond in some measure with the shape of
is the germ of the first temporary or the crowns of the future teeth." The
 ;

TEE 730 TEE

incisor follicles have two; one anterior for a fortnight or three weeks longer," for
and one posterior; the first larger than the " development of the papilla and
the latter; the cuspidati follicles have follicle " of the first permanent molar.
three, one external and two internal ; the The cavities of reserve for the teeth of
molar follicles, as many as there are pro- replacement have, at this time, the ap-
'f
tuberances upon their grinding surface. pearance of small compressed sacs, with
By the fourteenth week, the outer and and situated between
their sides in contact,
inner lips of the primitive dental groove the surface of the gum" and the sacs of the
have increased so much as to meet or milk teeth. From the time the follicles of
apply themselves together in a " valvular the temporary teeth close, they " become
manner, giving to the papilla the appear- gradually moulded into their peculiar hu-
ance of having receded back into their man shape. The molar pulps begin to be
follicles, so that they are almost com- perforated by three canals, which, pro-
pletely hid by their opercula. The devel- ceeding from the surface to the centre,
opment germs and follicles of the
of the gradually divide their primary base into
teeth of the lower jaw is almost precisely three secondary bases, which become de-
similar to those of the upper, though veloped into the fangs of the future teeth."
rather more tardy in making their appear- The sacs, in the meantime, " grow more
ance. rapidly than the pulps," leaving an in-
At the last mentioned period, "
the tervening space, " in which is deposited a
primitive dental groove" occupies a higher gelatinous granular substance, at first in
level than it did at first, and " may now small quantity, and adherent only to the
be denominated the second dental groove" proximal surfaces of the sacs, but ulti-
and it is at this time that provision is mately, about the fifth month," becomes
made for the production of the ten ante- " closely and intimately attached to the
rior permanent teeth. It consists in the whole interior of these organs, except for
appearance of crescent-shaped depressions a small space of equal breadth, all around
behind the inner opercula of the follicles the base of the pulp, which space retains
first, of the central incisors, then of the the original gray color of the inner mem-
laterals, next of the cuspidati, and, lastly, brane of the follicle, and, as the primary
of the first and second temporary molars. base of the pulp becomes perforated by
This occurs about the fourteenth or fif- the canals formerly mentioned, the granu-
teenth week, and about the same time the lar matter sends processes into them, which,
opercula approach each other, and close adhering to the sac, reserve the narrow
the mouths of the follicles, but without space, described above, between themselves
adhering, beginning with the central inci- and the secondary bases. These processes
sors, next with the lateral, the cuspidati, of granular matter do not meet across the
and ending with the second molars. Com- canals, but disappear near their point of
mencing from behind and proceeding for- junction. The granular matter is closely
ward, the lips and walls of the secondary applied, but does not adhere to the surface
groove now begin to adhere the follicles of the pulp," but is exactly moulded to
;

have become sacs the papilla, the pulps all of its eminences and depressions.
;

of the temporary teeth, and the crescent- At the fundus of the sac each branch
shaped depressions, " cavities of reserve" of the dental artery sends off small branches
from which the pulps and sacs of the to the outer membrane of the sac, and the
teeth of replacement are developed. The " true " or inner membrane is supplied
primitive dental groove, which has now from arteries from the gums, after having
extended back beyond the second tempo- inosculated with the twigs sent off by the
rary molar, "retains here its original dental artery, but none of these are sent
appearance " ;
it has a " grayish yellow to the granular substances.
u The dental
color," and its edges continue " smooth branch, after giving off these saccular twigs,
 TEE 781 TEE

divides into a number of contorted ramifi- assume the appearance of dental pulps,
cations between tbe base of the pulp and and the mouths of the cavities are gradu-
the sac, from which smaller ramusculi are ally closed.
transmitted into the pulp itself. In the "The cavitips of reserve have now be-
case of the molars, the main branches di- come tooth-sacs, and under form they
this

vide into three secondary branches, one continue to recede from the surface of the
for each of the secondary bases." From gum, imbedding themselves in the seba-
these the sacs and pulps are supplied with ceous cellular tissue, which has all along
blood. constituted the external layer of the milk-
During these changes in the sacs of sacs, and in which the larger saccular ves-
the temporary teeth, " the follicle of the sels ramify before arriving at the truo
first permanent molar and granular mucous membrane of the sacs. This im-
closes,
matter is deposited in its sac." Below the plantation of the permanent in the walls
6ac of this tooth, or between it and the of the temporary tooth-sacs, gives the
gum, there is a cavity of reserve " of del- former the appearance of being produced
icate mucous memhrane," formed by the by a gemmiparous 2>rocess from the lat-
union of the edges of the secondary groove, ter."
from which the materials for the formation By the sixth month they, have formed
of the second and third permanent molars across the alveolar groove, and niches are
are derived. now seen on the " posterior walls of the
But previous to this period a " raised alveoli " for the sacs of the permanent
border and zone-like vascularity" has teeth. Up to the eighth, and even to the
formed around the apices and eminences ninth month, the sac of the first perma-
of the pulps of the temporary teeth, nent molar is imbedded in the maxillary
almost simultaneously with which the tuberosity. At or a little before birth the
process of ossification commences. The roots of the temporary incisors begin to
inner surface of the granular matter is at be formed, and " in the accomplishment
the same time absorbed, and, ultimately, of which," says Mr. Goodsir, " three co-
becomes so thin as to render the "subjacent temporaneous actions are employed, viz :
vascularity apparent. The absorption con- the lengthening of the pulp ; the deposi-
tinues, and by the time the surface of the tion of tooth-substance upon it and the ;

crown has become covered with a layer of adhesion to the latter of that portion of
bone, no remains of it are perceivable. As the inner surface of the sac which is op-
yet little change has taken place in the posite to it." By the time the central
cavities of reserve for the teeth of re- incisors begin to appear through the
placement, or those for the two posterior gum, the jaw has lengthened sufficiently
molars. The former, however, " have for the first permanent molar to assume
been gradually receding from the surface its " proper position in the posterior part
of the gum, so as to be posterior instead of the alveolar arch." During the ad-
of inferior to the milk sacs. The two or vance of the temporary teeth, the sacs of
four anterior, about the fifth month, begin the permanent continue to recede, and to
to dilate at their distal extremities, across " insinuate themselves between the sacs of
which a fold appears, which is the germ of the former," until " they are only con-
the future pulp, lying in the direction of nected by their proximal extremities,"
the cutting edge of the future tooth ; and through the alveolo-dental foramina, or
at the proximal or acute extremities of the itinera dentium of Delabarre, to the gum.
cavities, two other folds, an anterior and The passage of a tooth through the gum
a posterior, appear."These are analogous having been described in the article on
to the opcrcula of the follicles of the tem- Dentition, the author does not deem it
porary teeth. The bulgings at the distal necessary to introduce here the description
extremities of the cavities of reserve soon of Mr. Goodsir.
 TEE 732 TEE
About the seventh or eighth month after named author describes as " consisting of

birth, the cavity of reserve behind the first short, uniform fibres, placed perpendicu-
permanent molar " begins to lengthen, to larly to the cavity, and forming, as it

bulge out, and to curve backward and up- were, a silky lining" to it, which ain

ward at its posterior extremity, under the transverse section may be " clearly seen,
form of a mass of the max- and can be accurately distinguished from
sac, into the
illary tuberosity ; the stellated parenchyma of the substance"
a papilla soon appears
in its fundus, a process of contraction sep- which Easchkow designates the enamel-
arates it from the remainder of the cavity pulp. Each of these fibres he regards as
of reserve, which still adheres to its prox- an excretory duct or gland, whose peculiar
imal wall by one extremity, while by the function is to secrete the " enamel fibre
other it is continued into the substance of corresponding to it." After the com-
the gum under the anterior molar. This mencement of the ossification of the den-
new sac, which is that of the second per- tal pulp, each one of these fibres, with its

manent molar, now occupies the position inner extremity placed on the now form-
in the maxillary tuberosity, which the ing subjacent dentine, begins to secrete the
first permanent molar did before it." As earthy
which this substance is
salts of
the jaw lengthens, it leaves this position While this is going
chiefiy composed.
and drops downward and forward on a on, organic lymph, says the last named
level with the other teeth. In the mean- writer, seems to be secreted from the par-
time the remaining extremity of the cav- enchyma of the enamel membrane which
and sac penetrates between the individual fibres,
ity of reserve sends off the papilla
rendering their whole substance soft, and
of the third molar, or dens sapiential, and
this, as the other molars had done, takes this, by means of a sort of " chemico-

a position in the maxillary tuberosity, organic process," afterwards combines

where it remains until the jaw lengthens with the earthy substance, forming the
sufficiently for it to take its place behind animal base of the enamel.
the second molar, which it Teeth, Temporary and Permanent,
does at from
the seventeenth to the twentieth year. Differences between. The temporary
The gelatinous granular substance de- teeth differ from the permanent in many
scribed by Goodsir, situated between the particulars. The former are smaller and
sac and tooth-germ, investing the latter, of a less firm texture than the latter, "and
at first loosely, but afterwards moulding their general characteristic forms and
itself accurately to it, is the enamel organ. prominences," to use the language of Mr.

It is said by Ilaschkow to form a "globu- Bell, "are much less strongly marked. The
lar nucleus" between the follicle and den- incisors and cuspidati of the lower jaw are
tal germ at a very early period of the of the same general form as the adult,
growth of the latter, presenting a paren- though much smaller ; the edges are more
chymatous appearance internally, but it rounded, and they are not much more
gradually exhibits angular granulations,than half the length of the latter. The
held together by "filaments of cellular molars of the child, on the contrary, are
tissue," resembling "a kind of actinen- considerably larger than the bicuspids
chyma, such as may be seen in plants." which succeed them, and resemble, very
At first it has no connection with the germ nearly, the permanent molars.
of the tooth, and is surrounded by fluid " The roots of these teeth, the molars of
resembling the liquor amnii, but it is grad- the child, are similar in number to those
ually transformed into a membrane. When of the adult molars, but they are flatter
the pulp begins to ossify, it attaches itself and thinner in proportion, more hollowed

to and adheres with considerable te- on their inner surfaces, and diverge from
it

nacity. About this time a peculiar organ the neck at a more abrupt angle, forming
is seen on its inner surface, which the last a sort of arch."
 TEE 733 TEE
Teeth, Differences in their Liabil- Pearson, dentist, of Now Orleans, with
ity to Decay. See Caries of the Teeth. two well developed roots.
Teeth, Diseases of. See Caries of In the anatomical cabinet of the Faculty
the Teeth.Also, Atrophy, Exostosis, of Medicine in Paris there is a preparation
Necrosis, Denudation of, Spina Ventosa, in which are displayed two inverted super-
&c. numerary teeth in the base of the Maxil-
Teeth, Displacement of, by a De- lary bone, and Maury mentions a case in
posit of Bone in their Sockets. The which the right central incisor pointed to-
teeth are sometimes forced from their ward the wing of the nose. Fully devel-
sockets by a deposition of osseous matter oped teeth have also been found in the
in the alveolar cavities. This occurs more There is in the upper
maxillary sinus.
frequently with the incisors than with any jaw of an adult skull in the Museum of
of the other teeth, and it rarely happens the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery,
that more than one is affected by it at the between the central incisors in the sub-
same Although the deposition gen- stance of the bone, a supernumerary tooth,
time.
erally commences
at the bottom of the the crown of which points upward toward
cavity, pushing the tooth from the socket, the crest of the nasal plates of the two
it sometimes takes place on one side, forc- bones. The whole tooth is about one inch
ing the tooth against the opposite wall, in length, and the apex of the crown is

which suffers a corresponding loss of sub- nearly on a level with the floor of the
stance. In this way, one and sometimes nasal cavities.
two more teeth are forced asunder and
or Teeth sometimes deviate as much in
caused to take an improper position. form as in growth. Mr. Fox gives a
Sometimes the central incisors are forced drawing of a tooth shaped like the letter
apart a quarter of an inch at other times
; S, and there is a central incisor in the
they are forced against each other and Museum of the Baltimore College of Den-
caused to overlap. tal Surgery which has its root bent up
The cause of this affection is supposed upon the labial surface of the crown, and
to be irritation of the alveolo-dental peri- the author has two teeth in his possession
osteum, occasioned, most probably, which the roots, while in the pulp state,
in in

the majority of cases, by pressure against were reflected upon the crowns, and in
the tooth, and it is doubtless favored by this state were ossified. The teeth were
some peculiar constitutional diathesis. presented to him by his brother, the late
Teeth, Deviation in the Growth and Dr. John Harris, who extractedthem from
Fohm of. There are no organs of the the right side of the upper jaw of a young
body which are subject to more remarka- man about twenty -five years of age.
ble deviations in their form and growth The incisors and cuspidati sometimes,
than the teeth. Albinus mentions a case though very rarely, have two roots, the
where two teeth, one on the right and the bicuspids three, and the molars four, five,
other on the left side, were found " in- and occasionally six.
closed in the roots of the processes which Teeth, Eruption of the. See Den-
extend from the maxillary bones to the tition.

eminences of the nose." Teeth, Exostosis of. See Exostosis

Mr. John Hunter mentions a case of of the Teeth.
a somewhat similar character. Teeth, Extraction of. See Extrac-
Mr. Gr. Waite met with a case in which tion of the Teeth.
the crown of an upper cuspidatus was im- Teeth, Eye. The cuspidati of the up-
bedded in the jaw, while the apex of the per jaw.
root protruded from it. Teeth, Filling of. Pee Filling Teeth.
The author has a description and draw- Teeth, Fractures of the. See Frac-
ing of a cuspid tooth, furnished by Mr. J. tures of the Teeth.
47
 TEE 734 TEE
Teeth, Formation of. See Teeth, mentioned institution, by Dr. Blandin, of
development of pulps and sacs of. Columbia, S. C, and the other for the
Teeth, Irregularity op. See Irreg- same purpose, by Dr. Hawes, of New
ularity of the Teeth. York.
Teeth, Malformation of. Since writing tho foregoing, two other ex-
See Teeth,
Deviation in the growth and form amples of osseous union of the roots of
of.

Teeth, Milk. The temporary teeth. molar teeth have been communicated to
Teeth, Molar. The last three teeth the author, one by Dr. Elbridge Bacon,
on each side, in each jaw. of Portland, Maine, and the other by Mr.
Teeth, Morbid Effects of Diseased. J. Pearson, of New Orleans.
The morbid phenomena resulting from the Teeth, Permanent. The adult teeth.
irritation of diseased teeth. See the vari- The teeth of second dentition.
ous articles on the diseases of the teeth. Teeth, Premolar. The bicuspids, or,
Teeth Moulds. Matrices in plaster of as they are called by some French writers,
Paris, or metal, employed in moulding the small molars.
porcelain teeth. See Porcelain Teeth. Teeth Set on Edge. Agacement des
Teeth, Neck of the. Collum den- Dents. A peculiarly disagreeable sensa-
tium. tion in the teeth resulting from the con-
Teeth, Necrosis of. See Necrosis of tact of acids. Teeth thus affected are
the Teeth. sometimes so sensitive that the slightest
Teeth, Osseous Union of. Examples touch is productive of pain, and they
of osseous union of two or more teeth, have, seemingly, a roughness on their cut-
though ting edges and grinding surfaces, which is
rare, are nevertheless occasionally
met with.Mr. Fox has given drawings not felt at any other time. Teeth which
of four examples, which Mr. Bell says have suffered considerable loss of sub-
are still to be seen in the Museum of stance from mechanical abrasion are more
Guy's Hospital, London; and in 1835 the subject to this affection than those which
author was consulted, while on a visit to have a perfect coating of enamel. There
Richmond, Va., by two gentlemen who is one thing connected with it, which it is
furnished similar examples. The crowns not easy to explain. It is this. Persons
of the central incisors of the upper jaw of who have lost all their natural teeth and
one were perfectly united, the posterior wear artificial substitutes, are sometimes
surface presenting the appearance of one troubled with it. Several examples of the
broad tooth, while the anterior had a ver- kind have fallen under the observation of
tical groove in the centre, indicating the the author.
crowns of two teeth. In the other case Teeth, Supernumerary. Teeth ex-
the crowns of the right central and lateral ceeding the usual number, and not belong-
incisors were united anteriorly, so as to ing properly to those of either dentition.
exhibit the appearance of but one tooth, They are rarely developed with the tem-
but when viewed from behind, a vertical porary teeth. When they do occur, it is
groove was seen passing through the cen- almost always with the teeth of second
tre. There are, also, three examples of dentition. They rarely resemble the teeth
osseous union of the crowns of deciduous belonging to any of the classes.
Their
teeth in the Museum crowns are generally round, and of a con-
of the Baltimore
College of Dental Surgery, besides two of ical shape, though examples are occasion-
sl union of the roots. One of the latter ally met with in which it is impossible to
consists in the union of the roots of two detect any difference between the supernu-
superior molars, by exostosis, and the merary and the adjacent teeth. They are
other, of the union of three molars, also, sometimes developed in one part of the
by exostosis. The first was presented to alveolar border, and sometimes in another,
the author for the museum of the above but most frequently between or behind
 ;

TEI 735 TEM

the central incisors of the upper jaw. dimensions of objects seen through them
Irregularity often results from their pres- increased or diminished.
ence. TE'LA. From texo, to weave. Applied
Teeth, Tartar of. See Salivary in Anatomy to the cellular membrane from
Calculus. its resemblance to a web of cloth.
Teeth, Temporary. The teeth of Tela Adipo'sa. The adipose tissue of

first dentition ; milk teeth ; deciduous animals.

teeth. Tela Aranea'rum. The spider's web,
Teeth, Temporary, Shedding of. formerly employed as a styptic.
See Second Dentition. Tela Cellulo'sa. The cellular tissue.
Teeth, Transposition of. It some- Tela Choroi'dea. Velum interpositum.
times happens that a central incisor is A membranous prolongation of the pia
situated between the lateral of the side mater in the third ventricle.
to which it belongs and the cuspidatus, Tela Muco'sa. The cellular tissue of
or that a right central is situated in the organized bodies.
place of the left, and the left in the place TELAMO'NES. In Surgery, bandages
of the right; or that a lateral incisor is dressings for wounds.
situated between the cuspidatus and first TELANGIECTASIS. From relog, far,

bicuspis, and at other times a cuspidatus ayyeiov, vessel, and Enracig, dilatation. The
is found between the first and second bi- dilatation of vessels, as in naivus maternus
cuspids. This description of aberration and aneurism.
in the position of the teeth is supposed, TELEOSAU'HUS. Tel'eosaur; from
but we believe erroneously, to be the re?.eiog, perfect, and aavpog, a lizard. A
result of a transposition of the dental genus of fossil saurians, with long narrow
pulps. snouts.
Teeth, Third Set. See Dentition, TELEPH'IUM. Sedum telephium ; a
Third. plant formerly used as an antiphlogistic.
Teeth, Villiform. See Yilliform Also, a term applied by the ancients to
Teeth. an ulcer difficult to cure, because the
Teeth, Vitreous Substance of the. wound on Telephus by Achilles
inflicted
The enamel of the teeth. degenerated into an ulcer of this kind.
TEETHING. Dentition. TEL'ESCOPE. From rrike, at a dis-
Teething, Difficult. See Dentition, tance, and Gnoireu, to see. An optical
Morbid. instrument, by which distant objects are
TEG'MEN. An integument. brought within the range of distinct
TEGUMEN. An integument. vision.
TEG'UMENT. Tegumen'tum; from TELLFNA. From teTl&lvti, a species
tego, to cover. A cover or covering ; an of muscle. A genus of bivalve mollusks
integument. In Anatomy, by the term having thin delicate shells, the hinge of
integuments are comprehended the struc- which has one tooth on the left, and two
tures generally which cover and protect on the right valve.
the animal body, as the cuticle, rete mu- TELLU'RIC ACID. The peroxyd of
cosum, skin, and adipose membrane. tellurium.
TEGUMENTARY. Pertaining to or TELLU'RIUM. A metal of a color
consisting of teguments. between tin and silver, inclining to steel-

TEGUMENT'UM. Integuments. gray.

TEINES'MOS. Tenesmus. TEM'PERAMENT. Temper amen'him;
TEIN'OSCOPE. The prism telescope, from tempero, I mix together. The con-
formed by combining prisms in such a stitution, as determined by the predomi-
manner that the chromatic aberration of nance of certain constituents of the body.
the light is connected, and the linear Among the ancients it was supposed that
 — — ;;

TEM 736 TEM

the manifestations of the functions were part of the cranium, usually divided
tempered, or so determined by the pre- into three parts. 1. Tho squamous; 2.
dominance of any one of the four humors The mastoid ; and 3. Tho petrous portion.
then recognized, namely, blood, lymph, Temporal Fossa. An excavation on
bile, and atrahilis or black bile, as to givo each side of the head in which the tempo-

rise to a sanguine, phlegmatic, or lymph- ral muscle is situated.

atic, choleric or bilious, and atrabilious or Temporal Muscle. A muscle situated
melancholic temperament. At present fivo on the temple, arising from the semi-circu-
temperaments are recognized, namely, lar ridge commencing at tho external an-
1. The sanguine or sanguineous; 2. The gular process of the os frontis, and extend-

bilious or choleric; 3. The melancholic or ing along this and the parietal bones
atrabilious ; 4. The phlegmatic or lymph- also, from the surfaces below this ridge
atic ; and 5. The nervous temperament. formed by the frontal and squamous por-
TEM'PERANCE. Habitual modera- tion of the temporal and sphenoid bones
tion in the indulgence of the natural ap- likewise from the under surface of the
petites and passions. temporal aponeurosis, and inserted, af-
TEM'PERANTS. Temperan'tia. ter converging and passing under the zy-
French name for sedatives; remedies goma into the coronoid process of tho
which allay irritation and moderate the lower jaw, which surrounds it on every
activity of the vascular system. by a dense, strong tendon.
side The
TEMPERATUTtA. Temperature. of this muscle is to draw the lower
office

TEMPERATURE. Temperatu'ra. The jaw upward, as in the cutting and rending

degree of heat which exists in any given of food.
situation or body, as indicated by tho Temporal Nerves. Tho nerves dis-
thermometer. tributed to the temporal region, fur-
TEMPERTES. Temperament. nished by the inferior maxillary branch of
TEM'PERING. An operation for ren- the fifth pair. The name has also been
dering steel or iron more compact and given by Soemmering to tho division of tho
hard, or soft and pliant, according to the seventh pair distributed to the temporal
purposes for which they are required. region.
Surgical and dental instruments are re- TEMPORA'RII DENTES. The tem-
quired to bo tempered in the most exact porary or milk teeth.
and best manner. If they are too hard TEMPORARY
TEETH. Temporarii
or too soft, they will not answer the pur- Denies. The teeth of first dentition.
pose for which they aro designed. TEMPORO-MAXILLARY. Tcmporo-
TEM'PLE. From tempus, time, because maxilla'ris. That which belongs to tho
the hair first begins to turn gray here. temporal bono and inferior maxillary bone,
In Anatomy, the lateral parts of the fore- as the Temporo- Maxillary Articidation,
head covered by the temporal muscles. which see.
TEM'PORA. The temples. Temporo-Facial. Temporo-facialis.
TEM'PORAL. Temporalis. Belonging Belonging to the temple and face.
or relating to the temple. Temporo-Facial Nerve. A branch
Temporal Aponeurosis. A strong of the facial nerve distributed to the face
aponeurosis attached to the whole of the and temple.
curved line of the temporal bone, and to Temporo-Maxillary Articulation.
the malar and zygomatic arch. The articulation of the lower jaw on each
Temporal Artery. Artera tempora'lis. side to the glenoid cavity of the temporal
A branch of tho external carotid, which bone. This cavity is situated at the base
passes up on the temple. of the zygomatic process, is of an irregular
Temporal Bone. Os tem'poris. A oval shape ,and divided into two portions,

bone situated on the lateral and inferior an anterior and a posterior. The anterior,
 TEM 737 TEN
which is the articular, is smooth, and in the spine on the inside of the orifice of the
the living subject covered with cartilage, inferior dental canal, forming an aponeu-
but the posterior does not enter into the rotic band which protects the dental vessels
formation of the joint. The two are sep- and nerves from the pressure of the inter-
arated by the fissure of Glasserius, (Jis- nal pterygoid muscle. This ligament can-
sura Glasseri,) which gives passage to the not be regarded as contributing to tho
chorda tympani nerve, the Iaxator tym- strength of the articulation.
pani muscle and the internal auditory ves- 3. By the stylo-maxillary ligament, which
sels. The depth of this cavity is increased extends from the styloid process of the
by the eminences which surround it. Its temporal bone to the inferior angle of tho
size is much greater than is necessary for lower jaw, and to give attachment to the
the reception of the condyle of the lower stylo-glossus muscle.
jaw, but this disproportion only exists in Belonging to this articulation are two
man and ruminating animals. This cavity synovial capsules, one on each side of the
is placed nearly transversely —the outer inter-articular cartilage, which sometimes,
extremity comes a more forward than by an opening
little in the cartilage, communi-
the internal. It is bounded on the inside by cate with each other.
the spine of the sphenoid bone, posteriorly Temporo-Maxillary Nerves. The
by the styloid and vaginal processes,and divisions of the facial nerve distributed to
anteriorly by the eminentia articidaris, sit- the temporal and maxillary regions.
uated immediately at the root of the zygo- Temporo-Oriculaire. Temporo-oricu-
matic process, which contributes, in masti- la'ris. A name given by Chaussicr to the
cation, to modify the motions of the jaw. superior auris muscle. Dumas calls it
For a description of the condyles of the Temporo- Conchinien.
lower jaw, see Maxilla, inferior. They, TEM'ULENT. Temulen'tus. Intoxi-
however, as well as the glenoid cavities, are cated.
covered with a smooth layer of cartilage. TEMULEN'TIA. Tem'ulence. Drunken-
There is interposed between the condyle ness.
and the cavity an inter-articular cartilage, TENACITY. Tenacitas; from ieneo, to
sometimes perforated in the centre, and hold. That property of bodies which pre-
so moulded as to fit the articular surfaces. vents them from parting without consider-
Except where it adheres to the external able force. Cohesiveness.
lateral ligament, and gives attachment to TENAC'ULA. In Surgery, bone-nip-
a few fibres of the external pterygoid mus- pers, which see.

cle, the circumference of this cartilage is TEN AC ULUM. From ieneo, to hold.
free, a circumstance which greatly facili- A firm, sharp-pointed hook, attached to a
tates the movements of the joint. handle, used to seize and draw out the
The union of this articulation is main- mouths of wounded arteries.
tained, 1. By the external lateral ligament, Tenaculum, Assali'ni's. A pair of
which has a broad attachment to the tu- small forceps, invented by Assalini, fur-
bercle situated at the junction of the roots nished with fine bifurcated sharp points,
of the zygomatic process, extending from received into each other when closed, and
thence to the neck of the condyle, cover- held together by a spring between the
ing the whole of the outside of the articu- handles. It is used for seizing and hold-
lation. Externally it comes in contact ing small arteries while a ligature is being
with the skin, and internally with the applied.
inter-articular cartilage and synovial cap- TENCH. Tinea. A fish of the carp
sules. family, the Cyprinus tinea of Linnasus,
2. By the internal lateral or spheno- esteemed a delicious and wholesome arti-
maxillary ligament, extending from the cle of food.
spinous process of the sphenoid bone to TEN'DO. A tendon.
 TEN 738 TEP
Tendo Achill'is. The strong tendon Tensor Tar'si. A small muscle situ-
of the heel, formed by the junction of the ated at the inner commissure of the eye-
gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. It lids.

was so named because fable reports that Tensor Tym'pani. A muscle of the
Thetis, the mother of Achilles, held him internal ear.
by that part when she dipped him in the Tensor VAGi'NiE Fem'oris. The fascia
river Styx, to render him invulnerable, lata muscle, situated on the outside of the
and hence this was the only vulnerable thigh.
part. TENSU'RA. Tension.
TEN 'DON. Tendo; from tuvu, I TENT. In Surgery, a small roll of
stretch. A white, fibrous chord, serving lint, or piece of sponge, used for dilating
for the attachment of a muscle, or mus- wounds, sinuses, &c, to prevent them
cles to bones. from closing before they are filled up at
Tendons, Twitching of the. Sub- the bottom.
sultus tendinum. TENTAG'ULUM. A feeler. A mobile
TENDRIL. Cirrus. In Botany, a fili- appendage, belonging to many inverte-
form, spiral shoot of a plant that winds brata), and serving as an organ of touch,
round another body for support. or as the means of attachment.
TENES'MUS. From raw, I stretch. TENTHRE'DO. A genus of hymenop-
Frequent desire to go to stool without a terous insects, called the saw-jly, because
discharge, accompanied by straining and the female uses her serrated ovipositor to
pain. cut out spaces in the bark of trees in
TEN'NANTITE. A mineral compound which to deposit her eggs.
of arsenical sulphuret of copper and iron, TENTO'RIUM. The process of the
so named in honor of the late Mr. Ten- dura matter which separates the cerebrum
nant, the discoverer. from the cerebellum.
TENON. From teneo, I hold. A term TENT'WORT. A plant of the genus
applied in Dental Prosthesis to what is Asplenium.
commonly called the pivot in the crown of TEN'UATE. To make thin.
an artificial tooth, which is received into TENUIROS'TERS. Tenuiros'tres; from
a hole corresponding in size to the one tenuis, slender, and rostrum, a beak. A
in the root of a natural tooth, and by tribe of Insessorial birds, including those
means of which the two are held together. which have a long slender bill.

TENONT'AGRA. From revuv, tendon, TENUITY. Tenu'itas. Thinness; also,

and aypa, a seizure. Gouty or rheumatic smallness of diameter.
pains in the tendons. TEPHRO'SIA. A genus of plants of
TENOTOMY. Tenoiom'ia; from revuv, the order Leguminosce.
tendon, and to/itj,, incision. The operation Tephrosia Senna. Buga senna. The
of dividing a tendon. leaves of this species possess properties
TEN'REC. Tanrec; Tendrac. A small similar to senna.
insectivorousquadruped of Madagascar, Tephrosia Tincto'ria. Ceylon indigo,
of the genus Gentetes, and allied to the a plant yielding a blue coloring matter,
hedgehog. used in Ceylon for the same purpose as in-
TENSION. Ten'sio; homtendere, to digo.
stretch. The state of a part when ex- Tephrosia Toxica'ria. A plant, na-
tended or stretched. West Indies and of Cayenne.
tive of the
TEN'SOR. A term applied to muscles It affords a narcotic poison.
the office of which is to Tephrosia Virginia'na. Turkey pea j
extend the parts
to which they are attached. goat's rue ; catgut an indigenous plant, ;

Tensor Pal'ati. Tho circumfloxus pal- the roots of which are used in domestic
ati muscle. practice, in decoction, as a vermifuge.
 TER 739 TER

They are said to be as certain in their ef- I Botany to a leaf-stalk which has two leaf-
fects as Spigelia marilandica. Other spe- end of each branch, and two at
lets at the

cies genus possess more or less

of the the division of the fork.
marked medicinal properties. The Teph- TER'GUM. The back. In Entomology ,
rosia purpurea, is used in India in dys- the upper surface of the abdomen.
pepsia and tympanitis, and the Tephrosia TERMINA'LIA. A genus of plants
leptostachya is said to be purgative. of the order Combretacece.
TER'AS. A monster. Terminalia Angustifo'lia. A plant,
TERATOL'OGY. Teratolog'ia ; from native of the East Indies. It yields a gum
and /loyoc, a discourse. A
rspag, a monster, resin similar to benzoin.
on monsters.
treatise Terminalia Beller'ica. This species,
TER'BIUM. A metal recently dis- native of the East Indies, is said to possess
covered by M. Mosander. tonic, astringent and attenuant properties.
TEREBEL'LA. A trepan. TERMINA'LIS. Terminal; forming
TEREBIN'THINA. From npePartoc, the end or extremity.
the turpentine tree. A resinous substance TERMINOL'OGY. Terminolog'ia; from
of the consistence of honey, which flows rsp/iuv, a term, and Aoyoc, a discourse. A
from pine and fir trees. Turpentine. treatise on terms. A catalogue or list of
Terebinthina Argentoraten'sis. — the more important and usual terms in a
Strasburg turpentine. language, science, or art, with their defi-
Terebinthina Canadensis. Canada nitions. A nomenclature.
balsam. TERMIN'THUS. A name given by the
Terebinthina Chi'a. The Chian tur- ancients to a tumor surmounted by a black
pentine. pustule.
Terebinthina Commu'nis. Common TER'MITE. From termes, the branch
turpentine. of a tree. The white ant.
Terebinthina Vene'ta. Venice tur- TERN. Ternus. Threefold. In Bot-
pentine. • any, organs arranged three by three ; ap-
Terebinthina O'leum. Oil of turpen- when they grow in threes,
plied to leaves
tine. which expresses the number in each whorl
TERE'DO. From repeu, to pierce, to or set ; growing three and
also, to flowers

bore. A genus of acephalous testaceous three and to peduncles when

together,
mollnsks that bore their habitation in sub- three grow from the same axil.
merged timber, committing destructive TERNARY. Tema'rius. Consisting
depredations on sunken piles, &c. of threes ;
pertaining to the number three.
TE'RES. Round; cylindrical; applied TER'NATE. Terna'tus. A term ap-
to muscles and ligaments from their shape. plied in Botany to a leaf which has three
Teres Ligamen'tum. The round liga- leaflets on a petiole, as in treefoil, straw-
ment attached to the head of the os fem- berry plant, &c.
oris, and to the bottom of the cotyloid TER'RA. Earth.
cavity of the os innominatum. Terra Absor'bens. An absorbent earth.
Teres Ma'jor. A muscle situated Terra Japon'ica. Japan earth cate- ;

along the inferior and posterior part of the chu.

shoulder. Terra Lem'nia. A bolar earth found
Teres Mi'nor. A thin, fleshy muscle, at Lemnos.
situated at the posterior and inferior part Terra Livon'ica. Sealed earth from
of the shoulder, and partially covered by Livonia.
the back part of the deltoides. Terra Meri'ta. Turmeric root.
TER'GAL. From tergum, the back. Terra Noceria'na. A soft, whitish,
Belonging to the back. astringent earth.
TERGEM'INUS. A term applied in Terra Pondero'sa. Baryta
 ; ;

TES 740 TET

Terra Ponderosa Sali'ta. Chloride TESTA'CEOUS. From testa, a shell.
of barium. A powder made of burnt shells. Also,
Terra Fortugal'lica. An astringent of the nature of or having a shell.
styptic earth, of a reddish color, found in TESTAE PREPARATVE. Prepared
Portugal. oyster shells. Free oyster shells from
Terra Sigilla'ta. Sealed earth. See extraneous matter, wash with boiling
Bole. water, reduce to powder, then put into
Terra Ubx'vje. The earthy matter de- a vessel nearly filled with water; stir

posited in the urine. briskly, and after waiting a few minutes,

Terra Vitrioli Dul'cis. Colcothar. pour the turbid liquid into another vessel
TERRE-VERTE. French name for a repeat the process with the powdered
species of olive-green earth, used by paint-; again pour off
shells in the first vessel
ers,and said to be a hydrated silicate of the turbid liquor, and after the powder
oxyd of iron and potash, with a little mag- has subsided, pour off the water and
nesia and alumina. dry it. This is given as an antacid in
TERTIAN AGUE. Tertian fever. diarrhoea.
An intermittent, whose paroxysms return TESTES. The testicles.
every forty-eight hours, or every third Testes Cer'ebri. The inferior tuber-
day. cles of the tubercula quadrigemina.
Tertian Fever. Tertian ague, which TESTICLE. From testis, a whiteness,
see. because the testes are evidences of virility.
TERTIUM SAL. Old name of a The testicles are two oval, glandular or-
neutral salt, as being the product of an gans, situated within the scrotum, cov-
acid and alkali, making a third substance ered by the tunica albtiginea.
differing from either. Testicle, Swelled. Orchitis, which
TES'SERA. A square ; cuboid ; some- see.
times applied in Anatomy to the os cu- TESTICULUS. Testicle.
bone of the tarsus.
boules, a TESTIC'ULATE. In Botany, shaped
TEST. In Chemistry, a substance like a testicle.
employed to discover an unknown con- TESTING. In Metallurgy, the opera-
stituent of a compound, by causing it to tion of refining gold and silver by means
exhibit some known property ; a re-agent. of lead upon a vessel called a test or
In Metallurgy, a cupel or vessel in which cupel.
metals are melted for trial and refine- TESTIS. Orchis; the testicle.

ment ; refining gold or silver by means of Testis Femin'eus. The ovary.

lead, in a test, by the vitrification, scori- TESTU'DO. The turtle. Also, an
&c, of
fication, all foreign matter. encysted tumor of the scalp.
Test, Lung. Docimasia pulmonum, TESTiy>o Cer'ebri. The fornix.
which see. TETANTC. Relating to tetanus. Also,
Test Paper. Paper stained with a medicine which increases the irritabil-
litmus, or any re-agent. ity of the muscular fibre, as Nux vomica,
TES'TA. The shell of a molluscous ani- Strychnia, &c, and when taken in large
mal. Also, the smooth and scaly covering doses, produces convulsions.
which invests the exterior of seeds. TETANINE. Strychine.
TESTA'CEANS. Testace'ce; from TETANUS. From nam, I stretch.
testa, a shell. Animals provided with a Spasms accompanied by rigidity. A dis-
calcareous shell. ease characterized by general and perma-
TESTACEOL'OGY. Testaceolog'ia nent spasmodic rigidity of the muscles.
from testa, a shell, and Aoyoc, a discourse. There are four varieties : 1. Trismus, the
Conchologyj the science of testaceous lock-jaw. 2. Opisthotonos, in which the
mollusks. body is drawn back. 3. Emprosthotonos,
 :

TET 741 TEX

in which it is drawn forward, and 4. TETRAPODOL'OGY. Telrapodolog'ia;
Pleurotlwtonos, where it ig drawn to one from rerpa, novg, a foot, and toyog, a dis-

side. course. A treatise on quadrupeds, or

Tetanus Maxii/l-e Inferio'rib. Tris- four-footed animals.
mus, or lock-jaw. TETRAPT'ERANS. Tetrap'iera; from
TETART^E'US. A quartan ague. rerpa, four, and irrepov, a wing. A term
TETARTOPHY'IA. From reraprog, applied in Entomology to insects which
the fourth, and <j>vu, I arise. A name have four wings.
given by Sauvages to quartan intermit- TETRASPER'MOUS. Four-seeded.
tent fever. TETTER. Herpes, which see.
TETRABRANCHIA'TA. From rtrpa, Tetter, Crusted. Impetigo.
four, and (Spayxia, gills. An order of Tetter, Milky. Porrigo larvalis.
cephalopods with four gills. Tetter, Scaly* Psoriasis.
TETRADYNAM'IA. Tetradyn'amous; TET'TERWORT. A plant of the genus
from rerpag, four, and 6vva/xig, power. Chelidoniitm.
In Botany, a class of plants with six sta- TEU'CRIUM. A genus of plants of
mens, four longer than the others. the order Labiatce.
TETRAG'ONUS. Quadrangular ; four- Teucrium Capita'tum. Tho poley-
cornered. In Anatomy, the platysma my- mountain of Montpelier.
oides. Teucrium Ciiam^'drys.' The common
TETRAGYNTA. From rerpag, four, germander. It is slightly bitter and aro-
and ywi], a wife. In Botany, an order of matic, and was used by the ancients in
plants having four pistils. intermittent fevers, rheumatism, and gout.
TETRAN'DRIA. Tetran' drous ; from Teucrium Cham^p'itys. The com-
rerpag, a quarternary, and avqp, a hus- mon ground pine.
band. A class of hermaphrodite plants Teucrium Cret'icum. The poley-
having four stamens. mountain of Candy, said to be aperient
TETRAN'THERA. A genus of plants and corroborant.
of the order LatiraceoB. Teucrium Iva. French ground pine.
Tetranthera Pichu'rim. The plant It has similar properties to the common
from which the Faba pichurim is obtained. ground pine.
Tetranthera Roxburghii. The friiit Teucrium Ma'rum. The marum ger-
of this plant affords a large quantity of mander. It is stimulant, aromatic, and
fatty matter, which is used in China for deobstruent.
making candles. Teucrium Scor'dium. The water ger-
TETRA'O. A Linnajan
genus of galli- mander. It is sometimes used as an antisep-
naceous birds, comprehending the grouse, tic also, as a cataplasm and fomentation.
;

partridge, quail, &c. TEU'THIDiE. Teu'thidans; from

Tetrao Cotur'nia. The quail, an revtiig, a calamary. The family of ceph-
esteemed article of diet, as are also the alopods, of which the calamary, Loligo
other species of the genus. vulgaris, is the type.
TETR APET'ALOUS. TEX'TURE.
Textu'ra; from iexere,
Tetrapet'alus ;
from and rtsralov, a petal. A to weave. Tho arrangement of the several
rerpa, four,

term applied in Botany to a plant pro- parts of any body with each other. In
ducing a corolla with four petals. Anatomy, the arrangement of the tissues
TETRAPHAR'MACUM. An ointment of an organ. The textures of the body
composed of wax, resin, lard, and pitch. according to Wilson, are
TETRAPHYL'LOUS. Four-leaved. 1. Corpuscular tissue, found in the
TETRAPODUS. From rtrpa, four, blood, lymph, and chyle.
and rrovg, a foot. Four-footed ; synony- 2. Epidermoid tissue ; example, epithe-
mous with quadruped. lium, cuticle, hair, nails.
 ;

THA 742 THE

8. Pigmentary tissue, found in the cho- >
from davarog, death, and %oyo(, a dis-
roid coat of the eye, lung, &c. course. A treatise on the doctrine of
4. Adipose tissue, as fat. death.
5. Cellular tissue. THANATOS. Death.
6. Fibrous tissue. THAP'SIA. A genus of plants of the
7. Elastic tissue, ligamenta flava, mid- order Umbelliferce.
dle coat of the arteries. Thapsu Ascle'pias. Tho deadly
8. Cartilaginous tissue, including fibro- carrot. The root is emetic and cathartic.
cartilage. Thapsia Sil'phion. This species
9. Osseous tissue. yields a gum resin, supposed to have been
10. Muscular tissue. the Laser of the ancients.
11. Nervous tissue. THAP'SUS. Verbascum Thapsus.
12. Vascular tissue, arteries, veins, and THEA. The dried leaves of the tea-
lymphatics. shrub. Also, a genus of plants of the
13. Serous tissue, including synovial. order Ternstromiacece ; but whether it

14. Mucous tissue. contains more than one species, is a ques-

15. Dermoid tissue. tion which botanists have not, as yet,
10. Glandular tissue. been able to decide. Linnajus, who estab-
17. Refracting tissue, lens of the eye, two species,
lished the genus, enumerates
cornea. the Thea Bohea, and the Thea Viridis,
18. Petrous tissue, enamel of teeth. the black tea, and the green. Other spe-
TEX'TUS. A tissue. cies, as the Thea Oleosa, Thea Cantonien-

THALAMUS. A room or chamber. sis, and Thea Cochinchinensis , have been

In Anatomy, the part of the brain from recognized, but it is believed by others
which the optic nerve derives one of its that all of these are only varieties of one
branches. In Botany, the part on which species, the Thea Sinensis, and any one
the ovary is situated j the receptacle of of them will afford the black or green tea,
the fruit. the difference being solely attributable to
THALAMI NERVO'RUM OPTICO'- the mode of preparation.
RUM. Two oblong bodies, having a thin Thea German'ica.. A plant of the
coating of white substance on their sur- genus Veronica.
face, situated between the corpora striata, THE'CA. Qtjkt]. A case or sheath.
divided by a fissure, which constitutes the See Sheath.
third ventricle of the brain. They form Theca Vertebra'lis. Tho canal of
the principal origin of the optic nerve, a the vertebral column.
circumstance which gave rise to their THECODONTS. From flw, a case
name. or receptacle, and odovg, a tooth. A tribe
THALIC'TRUM. A genus of plants of extinct saurians, having the teeth im-
of the order Itanuncirtaceas. planted in sockets.
Thalictrum Fla'vum. The poor THETNE. The peculiar principle on
man's rhubarb. It has properties similar which the properties of tea depend. It is

to rhubarb. identical with Caffeine.

THAL'LUS. In Botany, the organs THELA'SIS. Lactation.
of vegetation of liverworts, lichens, and THE'LE. The nipple a papilla. ;

soa-wced. Also, the bed of fibres, from THELITIS. From tiylr), the nipple,
which many species of fungi are devel- and itis, a terminal signifying inflamma-
oped. tion. Inflammation of the nipple.
THAL'LOGEN. Thal'lophyte. A term THE'NAR. From 0m», I strike. The
applied in Botany to cellular plants which palm hand and sole of the foot.
of the
have a thallus, as lichens. Thenar Eminence. The projection on
THANATOL'OGY. Thanatolog'ia the superior and outer part of tho hand.
 ; ;

THE 743 THE

THENARDITE. Anhydrous sulphate incongruous compound, composed of sixty-
of Boda. one ingredients, each possessing properties
THEOBRO'MA. A genus of plants different from the rest.

of the order Sterculiacece. Theriaca Celes'tis. Tincture of

Theobroma Caca'o. The tree which opium.
bears the cacao. The nuts consist of a Theriaca Edinen'sis. Confection of
white, sweet, and somewhat oleaginous opium.
substance, and form the basis of choco- Theriaca Germano'rum. An extract
late. They also yield a fatty oil, known prepared from juniper berries.
under the name of butter of cacao, used Theriaca Londinen'sis. A cataplasm
principally in the formation of soapsand of cumin seed, bay-berries, germander,
pomatums. snakeroot, cloves, and honey.
THEOBROMINE. A neutral crystal- THERIAKI. Name given in Turkey
line principle analogous to Theine and to opium eaters.

Caffeine, obtained from the cacao. THERIO'MA. The'rion. A malignant

THEORETICAL. Theoreti'cus ; from ulcer.
deopeu, I contemplate. Pertaining to THER'MA. Oepfia. Heat; a warm
theory; depending on theory; not prac- bath or spring.
tical ; speculative. THER'MAL. Warm.
THE'ORY. Theo'ria; from flewpew, I THER'ME. Heat, especially feverish
contemplate. The speculative part of a heat.
science ; inferences drawn from facts ; an THERMO-ELECTRICITY. Electricity
exposition of the principles of a science. produced by heat. It is effected by heat-
Also, science distinguished from art, as ing the junction of two metals of different
the theory and practice of dental surgery, conducting powers, which have been sol-
or general medicine. It differs from hy- dered together. This at once sets in mo-
pothesis in being founded on inferences tion a current of electricity, which passes
drawn from established facts, while a along the wires.
hypothesis attempts to explain certain THERMOM'ETER. Thermome'trum
phenomena, by assuming propositions al- from depnv, heat, and (ierpov, a measure.
together speculative. An instrument for measuring the tempera-
Theory of Medicine. A philosophi- ture of bodies, or the degrees of heat.
cal exposition of the phenomena of health THER'MOSCOPE. A modification of
and embracing physiology, pa- the air thermometer, which exhibits
disease, to the
thology, hygiene, and therapeutics. eye the changes of heat.
THERAPEU'TICS. Therapeu'tice THER'MOSTAT. From ^ep/xog, warm,
from depanevw, I wait on the sick. I alle- and ararog, standing. A self-acting appara-
viate, or assuage. That branch of medi- tus for regulating temperature by the un-
cine which has for its object the treat- equal expansion of different metals.
ment of diseases, or which considers the THE'SIS. A position or proposition ;
application of the remedies employed for a dissertation on any subject. In Medical
their prevention and cure. and Dental Colleges, an essay composed
THERAPIA. Therapeutics. by a student who is a candidate for gradu-
THERIACA. QnpiaKa. The'riac; from ation.
Stjp, a ferocious or venomous animal, and THEVE'TIA. A genus of plants of the
aKcofiat, I cure. An electuary, supposed order Apocynactoz.
by the ancients to be a potent antidote Thevetia A'h'ouai. A Brazilian tree
against the bite of venomous animals. which produces a nut said to be a violent
Also, treacle or molasses. poison.
Theriaca Androm'aohi. The name Thevetia Neriifo'lia. A West India
of an ancient alexipharmic electuary ; an tree, the seeds of which possess acro-nar-
 THL 744 THO
cotic properties. The bark is said to be a Thlaspi Arven'se. Treacle mustard.
powerful febrifuge, two grains producing Thlaspi Campes'tre. Mithridate mus-
as much effect upon the system as a full tard. The seeds of this as well as the pre-
dose of cinchona. ceding species are similar in their proper-
THIBAU'DIA. A genus of plante of ties to mustard. /

the order Ericaceae. THLIPSENCEPH'ALUS. From^if,

Thibaudia Macrophyl'la. A sort of compression, and lynetyakog, the encepha-
wine is made from the berries of this spa- lon. A monster in whom the skull is open
des by the inhabitants of Popayan. in the frontal, parietal and occipital re-
Thibaudia Que'reme. An aromatic gions.
tincture is made from the flowers of this THOMPSO'NIANISM. The doctrine
species, which is used in Peru as a cure of Thompson with regard to the laws of
for tooth-ache. the animal economy and the treatment of
THIGH. Femur. That part of the disease. Its chief peculiarity consists in
lower limb situated between the pelvis maintaining that metals and minerals,
and leg. being taken from the depths of the earth,
Thigh-Bone. Os femoris. have a tendency to carry down into the
THIONUR'IC ACID. A bibasic crys- earth all who use them ; and that as vege-
tallizable acid, a product of the decompo- from the earth, they are cal-
tables spring
sition of thionurate of lead with sulphuric culated to keep mankind from the grave.

acid. Formula Cs N 3 H 5 Os 2SO2 +2HO. The empirical system of medical practice

THIOSIN'NAMIN. A bitter crystal- founded upon this doctrine, has, we be-
line compound, formed by the union of lieve, nearly exploded.
ammonia with the essential oil of mustard, THORACENTE'SIS. From dopof, the
C8 H 8 N2 St. thorax, and kevjtjoic, perforation. Tap-
THIRST. In Physiology, the sensa- ping the thorax.
tion of a desire to drink, or to introduce THORACIC. Thorac'icus. Belong-
liquids into the stomach. ing to the thorax.
Thirst, Excessive. A constant desire Thoracic Aor'ta. That portion of the
to drink , with a sense of dryness of the aorta between the heart and diaphragm.
mouth and fauces. It is often a symptom Thoracic Artery, Inferior. The
of disease. external mammary artery.
Thirst, Morbid. Thirst, Excessive. Thoracic Duct. Ductus thorac"icus.
THIRST'Y. Having a painful sensation The trunk or duct of the absorbents in
in the fauces for want which the lymphatics of the lower extrem-
of water.
THISTLE. Common name of prickly ities, left side of the head, neck, and tho-
plants of the genus Carduus, of which rax terminate. It commences at the re-
there are upwards of thirty species. ceptaculum chyli, is about the size of a
Thistle, Blessed. A plant of the goose-quill, passes up upon the dorsal

genus Centaurea. vertebras, between the aorta and vena azy-

Thistle, Carline. Common name of gos, sometimes dividing into two branches
Carlina acaulis. which afterwards unite and sometimes give
Thistle, Creeping. The popular offa number of branches that assume a
name of Serratula arvmsis. plexiform arrangement, passes up through
Thistle, Holy. Blessed thistle, a plant the diaphragm, and to the union of the
of the genus Centaurea. left subclavian and jugular veins, into

Thistle, Ladies'. Milk Thistle. Com- which it empties its contents.

mon name of Carduus marianus. Thoracic Regions. The different re-
THLA'SIS. Thlas'ma. A contusion. gions of the chest.
THLAS'PI. A genus of plants of the THORACYS'TIS. Encysted dropsy of
order Cruciferoz. the thorax.
 THR 745 THY
THORAC'ICI. Thorac'ics. An order THREPSOL'OGY. Threpsolog'ia; from

of bony fishes which have the ventral fins dpeipii, nutrition, and Xoyoc, a discourse.

under the pectoral. The doctrine of nutrition.

T II R'A C - GASTRODID'YMUS. THRIX. A hair.
From tiapak, the chest, yaorjjp, the belly, THROAT. The anterior part of the
and didvuoc, a twin. A monstrosity con- neck ; the fauces.
sisting of twins united by the abdomen THROAT'WORT. Great throatwort.
and chest. Common name of Campanula irachelium.
THORACODID'YMUS. From M,
A mon-
THROB. To beat, as the heart or
pulse, with more than ordinary and
the chest, and 6i6vfjx>g, a twin. force
strosity consisting of twins united by the rapidity.
thorax. THROB'BING. Beating; pulsating,
THORACO-FACIAL. Name given by as of the heart or of an artery ;
palpitating.
Chaussier to the Flatysma myoides muscle. THROE. Anguish ; agony ; extreme
THO'IiAX. From tiopea, to leap, be- pain ; applied particularly to the pain of
cause the heart leaps in it. That portion parturition.
of the body situated between the neck and THROM'BUS. From Vpofipou, to clot.
abdomen. It is one of the splanchnic cav- A small tumor formed by an effusion of
ities, and contains the pleura, lungs, heart, blood into the cellular substance in the

oesophagus, thoracic duct, thymus gland, vicinity of a vein which has been opened.
arch of the aorta, part of the vena cava, THROTTLE. The trachea.
the vena azygos, the eighth pair of nerves, THRUSH. Aphtha?.
and part of the intercostal nerve. It is THRYP'SIS. Comminution.
bounded anteriorly by the sternum, pos- THU'LITE. A mineral
found in Nor-
teriorly by the vertebras, laterally by the way, of a peach-blossom color, consisting
ribs and scapula, above by the clavicle, of silica, alumina and lime, with a small
and below by the diaphragm. portion of soda, potash and the oxyds of
THO'RIA. Thorina. Oxyd of thorium; iron and manganese.
an earthy substance discovered by Berze- THUS. The resin of the Pinus abies,
lius in Thorite. and of triQ juniperuslycia.
THO'RITE. A massive and compact THU'YA. A genus of plants of the
mineral found in Norway. It has a black- order Conifers.
ish color and the ajjpearauce of vitreous Thuya Occidentals. The arbor
lava. It contains 58 per cent, of Thoria. The leaves and wood
vita;, or tree of life.

THO'RIUM. Thori'num. The metallic were formerly employed in phthisical affec-

base of Thoria. tions, intermittent fevers and dropsies.
THORN. A tree or shrub armed with An irritating ointment, said to be useful
sharp woody shoots or spines, as the black in rheumatism, is also made from the
thorn, white thorn, buck thorn, &c. Also, leaves.
a sharp woody process or spine from the THYM'BRA. A plant of the genus
stem of a tree or shrub. Satureia.
Thorx-Apple. A common name of Tuymdba Hispan'ica. A synonym of
Datura stramonium, or Jamestown weed. Thymus mastichina.
THOR'OUGHWORT. The popular THYME. The common name of Thy-
name of Eupato'rium perfolia'tum, or mus.
boncset. THYMI'AMA. From Vvfia, an odor.
THREAD'WORM. The Dracunculus, Musk-wood. Thus judozorum. A species
a genus of worms frequently met with of brownish-gray bark brought from Syria,
among the natives of Africa. having an agreeable balsamic odor, and a
THREP'SIS. Gpeipis. Nutrition ; as- subacrid, bitterish taste.
similation. THYMIO'SIS. Frambcesia.
 THY 746 THY
THYMI'TES. Wine impregnated with Its use is to draw the arytenoid cartilage
thyme. forward nearer to the thyroid, and as it

THYMTUM. A small wart upon the does this, it rolaxes the ligaments of the
skin, resembling thyme buds. larynx.
THY'MOS. Ov/xog. The soul; life; Thyro-Epiglot'tic. Thyro-epiglottideus.
anger. Also, thyme. In Anatomy, the A name given by Sabatier to the outer
name of a gland. portion of the thyro-arytenoid muscle.
THYMOXAL'ME. A pharmaceutical Thyro-Hyoide'us. Thyro-hyoid. A
preparation, composed of thyme, vinegar muscle arising from the thyroid cartilage,
and salt. and inserted into the inferior border of the

THY'MUS. A genus of plants of the cornu of the os hyoides.

order Lahiatece. Thyro-Pharynge'us. The constrictor
Thymus Citra'tus. Thymus serpyl- pharyngis inferior.

lum. "Wild thyme mother ; of thyme. Thyro-Pharyngo-Staphyli'nus. The

Thymus Mastich'ina. The common palato-pharyngeus.
herb mastich. It has a strong, agreeable Thyro-Staphyli'nub. The palato-
smell, and was formerly used as an er- pharyngeus muscle.
rhine. THYROCE'LE. Bronchocele.
Thymus Serpyl'lum. Wild thyme. THY'ROID. Thy'reoid. Thyroi'des;
The properties of this species are similar from -dvpeog, a shield, and ecdog, resem-
to garden thyme. blance. Resembling a shield.
Thymus Vulga'ris. Common thyme. Thyroid Car'tilage. Cariila'go scuti-
This is said to be stomachic, tonic and for'mis. The largest cartilage of the
emmenagogue. larynx. It composed of two lateral al«e,
is

THYMUS GLAND. A conglomerate which unite in front and form a projection

gland in the foetus, composed of lobules called the pomttni Adami. Each of these
and a central cavity, situated in a dupli- ala;, posteriorly, terminates above in the

cative of the mediastinum under the upper superior cornu, and below in the inferior
part of the sternum. cornu. An oblong ridge
is observed on the

THYHEMPHEAXTS. Thyroce'le. which gives attachment to

side of each ala
Swelling of the thyroid gland. Broncho- the sterno-hyoid muscle, and origin to the
cele. thyro-hyoid and constrictor muscles. On
THYREOID. Thyroid. the inner side near the union of the alae,
THYREON'CUS. Swelling or hernia- the epiglottis, the chorda? vocales, the
like protrusion of the mucous membrane thyro-arytenoid, and the thyro-epiglotti-
of the larynx. dean muscles are attached. This carti-
THYRO-, THYREO- A prefix, from lage constitutes the anterior, superior and
tivpeog, a shield, denoting a connection largest part of the larynx.
with the thyroid, or shield-like cartilage Thyroid Gland. Glan'dula thyroi'des.
of the larynx. A glandiform body consisting of two lobes,
Thyro-Aryt'enoid. Relating to the situated one on each side of the trachea,
thyroid and arytenoid cartilages. upon the cricoid cartilage and horns of
Thyro-Arytenoid Ligaments. The the thyroid cartilage. Its functions are
inferior ligaments of the larynx. The unknown.
vocal chords. THYROID'EAL. Thyroi'deus. Relat-
Thyro-Arytenoid Muscle. Thyro- ing to the thyroid gland or cartilage.
arytcenoide'us. A thin muscle
situated Thyroideal Arteries. Two arteries,
about the glottis. from the lower distinguished by the names of superior and
It arises
part of the posterior surface of the thyroid inferior. The superior arises from the ex-
cartilage, and is inserted into the outer ternal carotid artery, and the inferior from
part of the base of the arytenoid cartilage. the subclavian, and both, after giving off
 TIB 747 TIN
several brandies, are distributed to the Tibialis Posti'cus. A muscle situated
thyroid gland. at the posterior part of the leg.
Thyroideal Veins. These veins are TIBIO-CALCANIEN. Name given by
distinguished into, 1. A superior and sev- Chaussier to the soleus muscle.
eral middle thyroideal veins, which open Tibio-Tarsal. Relating to the tibia
into the internal jugular vein ; 2. Two and tarsus.
inferior, a right and left, and sometimes Tibio-Tarsal Articulation. The ar-
more. The right opens into the right vena ticulation of the foot with the leg.

innominata, and the left into the left vena TIC. In Pathology, the contraction of
innominata. certain muscles, especially of some of
THYROPHRAX'IA. Bronchocele. those of the faco, designated by some
THYR'SOID. Having the form of a French authors tic convidsif, in order to
thyrsus. distinguish it from tic douloureux or neu-
THYR'SUS. Qvpaos. Any light straight ralgia faciei. It appears to be a sort of
shaft. In Botany, a dense panicle with local chorea.
the lower branches shorter than those of Tic Douloureux. A French term sig-

the middle, as seen in the inflorescence of nifying a painful spasm, usually applied
Syringa vulgaris. to neuralgia of the face.
THYSANU'RA. Thysanu'rans. From TICK. A small insect; a species of
dvaavoi, fringes, and ovpa, a tail. An or- Acarus, which see.

der of apterous insects with fringed tails. Tick- Weed. A plant of tho genus He-
TI. The symbol of titauium. deoma.
TIBTA. The large bone of the leg. TICK'LING. A peculiar sensation,
TIB'IAD. Towards the tibial aspect. resulting from excitation of the cutaneous
TIB'IAL. Tibialis. Pertaining to the nerves.
tibia. TICO'REA. A genus of plants of the
Tibial Aponeurosis. A continuation order Butaceai.
of the femoral aponeurosis over the leg. Ticora Febrif'uga. A South Amer-
Tibial Arteries. Arterial tibiales. ican tree, the bark of which possesses prop-
The two principal branches of the popli- erties similar to those of Cinchona.
teal artery. They are called the anterior TI'GER. A fierce rapacious animal of
and posterior tibial arteries. the genus Felis.
Tibial Aspect. Name given by Bar- TIG'LIA. Tiglii grana. The seeds of
clay to the aspect towards the side on Croton tiglium.
which the tibia is situated. TILTA. A genus of trees of the order
Tibial Nerves. Two nerves, an ante- Tiliaceai.
rior and a posterior. The anterior com- Tilia Europo3'a. The lime tree. Lin-
mences at the bifurcation of the peroneal den tree. Basswood. The flowers are sup-
and descends with the tibial artery. The posed to be anodyne and antispasmodic.
posterior is a continuation of the popliteal TIL'MOS. From nAAw, to pull. Evul-
nerve, and passes clown the posterior part sion ; a pulling ; teasing.
of the leg to the back part of the inner TIL'MUS. Picking of the bed-clothes.
ankle. TIMAC. The
root of an East Indian
Tibial Veins. Two an anterior plant, said to possess diuretic properties.
veins,
and a posterior, which have the same ar- TIM'IDUS. The rectus inferior oculi
rangement as the tibial arteries. muscle.
TIBIA'LIS. Tibial. TIN. Stan'num. A whitish, brilliant
Tibialis Anti'cus. A muscle situated metal, of an intermediate hardness be-
on the anterior part of the leg. tween gold and lead. It is very mallea-
Tibialis Grac'ilis. The plantar mus- ble and is readily beat into thin leaves or
cle. foil, in which state it is used for filling
 TIN *48 TIN
teeth, and is, perhaps, for this purpose, the Tinctura Asafce'tim:. U. S. Tinc-
best substitute for gold that has ever been ture of asafcetida.
employed. Seo Filling Teeth. It pos- Tinctura Auran'tii. Ph. L. and E.
sesses less tenacity and ductility than Tincture of orange peel.
most of the other malleable metals. It is Tinctura Balrami Tolutani. Tinc-
also used by dentists, both for models ture of tolu.
and counter-models, for which, in most Tinctura Belladon'NwE. U. S. Tinc-
cases, it answers an excellent purpose. ture of bolladonna.
It is extensively employed in the arts, Tinctura Benzo'ini Compos'ita. TJ.
and its filings are sometimes used as a S. Compound tincture of benzoin.
mechanical vermifuge. The chloride or Tinctura Bu'chu. Ph. D. Tincture of
butter of tin is a violent cathartic. buchu.
Tin Foil. Slannum folia' turn. This Tinctura Calum'ile. U. S. Tincture
was very generally used until about 1820, of columbo.
for filling teeth, and even at the present Tinctura CAM'pnoRiE. U. S. Tincture
day is employed for this purpose by many of camphor.
dentists. See Filling Teeth. Tinctura Camphors Compos'ita. IT.
Tin, Muriate of. Chloride of tin. S. Camphorated tincture of opium. Pare-
Butter of tin. goric elixir.
Tin, Sulpiiuret of. Seo Aurum Mu- Tinctura Canthar'idis. U. S. Tinc-
sivum. ture of Spanish flies.

TINAG'MUS. Swinging; Shaking. Tinctura Cap'sici. U. S. Tincture of

TINAS'MUS. Tenesmus. Cayenne pepper.
TIN'CA. The tench. A sub-genus of Tinctura Cardamo'mi. U. S. Tinc-
cyprinoid fishes. turo of cardamom.
TINOE OS. Tinctura Cardamomi Compos'ita.
The mouth of the uterus —
is so called from its resemblance to the Compound tincture of car- Ph. L. and E.
mouth of the tench fish. damom.
TINC'AL. The commercial name of Tinctura" Cabcaril'lje. Ph.L.andE.
crude borax ; impure biborate of soda, Tincture of cascarilla.
consisting of crystals of a yellowish color Tinctura Cassije. Ph. E. Tincture
and unctuous feel. of cassia.
TINCTO'EIAL. That which dyes ; ap- Tinctura Casto'rei. U. S. Tincture
plied to matter used in dyeing ;
pertaining of castor.
to colors or dyes. Tinctura Castorei Ammonia 'ta. Ph.
TINCTU'llA. From tingere, to dye. E. Ammoniated tincture of castor.
A tincture. Tinctura Cat'echu. U. S. Tincture
Tinctura Aoeta'tis Fer'ri Cum Al- of catechu.
cohol. Ph. D. Tincturo of acetate of Tinctura CiNCHo'NiE. U. S. Tincture

iron with alcohol. of Peruvian bark.

Tinctura Aconi'ti. U. S. Tincturo Tinctura Cinchona Compos'ita. IT.
of aconite. S. Compound tincture of Peruvian bark.
Tinctura Al'oes. U. S. and Ph. L. Tinctura Cinnamo'mi. U. S. Tinc-
Tincture of aloes. ture of cinnamon.
Tinctura Aloes et Myr'rh;e. U. S. Tinctura Cinnamomi Compos'ita. TJ.
Tincture of aloes and myrrh. Compound Compound tincture of cinnamon. S.
tincture of aloes. Tinctura Col'chici Compos'ita. Ph.
Tinctura Ammo'nle Compos'ita. Ph. L. Compound tincture of colchicum.
L. Compound tincture of ammonia. Tinctura Colchici Sem'inis. U. &
Tinctura Angustu'r^e. Tincture of Tinclu'ra col'chici. Tincture of colchicum
ancustura bark. seed.
 TIN 749 TIN
Tinctura Colom'b.e. U. S. Tincture Tinctura Lupuli'n^. U. S. Tinc-
of cohimbo. ture of lupulin.
Tinctura Coni'i. U. S. Tincture of Tinctura Mos'chi. Ph. D. Tincture
hemlock. of musk.
Tinctuha Cro'ci. Ph. E. Tincture of Tinctura Myr'rh2E. U. S. Tincture
saffron. of myrrh.
Tinctura Cubeb'.£. U. S. Tincture Tinctura Nu'cis Vom'ice. Ph. D.
of cubcbs. Tincture of mix vomica.
Tinctura Digita'lis. U.S. and Ph. L. Tinctura O'lei Men'th^e Piper'itjb.
Tincture of fox-glove. U. S. Tincture of peppermint. Essence
Tinctura Fer'ri Aceta'tis. Ph. D. of peppermint.
Tincture of acetate of iron. Tinctura Olei Mentha Vir'idis. TJ.
Tinctura Ferri Ammo'nic-Chlo'bidi. S. Tincture of oil of spearmint. Essence
Ph. L. Tincture of ammonio- chloride of of spearmint.
iron. Tinctura O'pii U. S. Tincture of
Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. U. S. opium. Laudanum.
Tincture of chloride of iron. Tincture of Tinctura Opii Aceta'ta. U. S. Ace-
muriate of iron. tated tincture of opium.
Tinctura Gal'bani. Th. D. Tincture Tinctura Opii Ammonia'ta. Ph. E.
of galbanum. Ammoniated tincture of opium.
Tinctura Gal'ljE. U. S. Tincture of Tinctura Opii Camphora'ta. U. S.
galls. Camphorated tincture of opium. Paregoric
Tinctura Gentia'n;e Compos'ita. U. elixir.

S. Compound tincture of gentian. Tinctura Quas'sle. U. S. Tincture

Tinctura Guai'aci. U. S. Tincture of quassia.
of guaiac. Tinctura Quassi.e Compos'ita. Ph.
Tinctura Guaiaci Ammonia'ta. IT. E, Compound tincture of quassia.
S. Ammoniated tincture of guaiac. Tinctura Rhe'i. IT. S. Tincture of
Tinctura Helleb'ori. U. S. Tinc- rhubarb.
ture of black hellebore. Tinctura Riie'i Composita. Ph. L.
Tinctura Hu'muli. Tincture of hops. Compound tincture of rhubarb.
Tinctura IIyoscy'ami. U. S. Tinc- Tinctura Rhei et Al'oes. U. S. Tinc-
ture of henbane. ture of rhubarb and aloes.
Tinctura Jala'p^. U. S. Tincture Tinctura Rhei et Gentia'n^;. U. S.
of jalap. Tincture of rhubarb and gentian.
Tinctura Io'dini. U. S. Tincture of Tinctura Rhei et Sennas. U. S.
iodine. Tincture of rhubarb and senna.
Tinctura Iodini Compos'ita. U. S. Tinctura Sanguina'ai^e. U. S. Tinc-
and Ph. L. Compound tincture of iodine. ture of blood root.
Tinctura Kino. Ph. L. and E. Tinc- Tinctura Sapo'nis Camphorata. IT..

ture of kino. S. Camphorated tincture of soap.

Tinctura Krame'ri^:. U. S. Tinc- Tinctura Scil'ljs. U. S. Tincture of
ture of rhatany. squill.
Tinctura Lactuca'rii. Tinctura Sen'n^e Compos'ita. Ph. L.
Ph. E. Tinc-
ture of lactucarium. Compound tincture of senna.
Tinctura Lavan'dul^e Compos'ita. Tinctura Senn^e et Jala'p2E. U. S.
Compound spirit of lavender. Tincture of senna and jalap.
Tinctura Lobe'lije. U. S. and Ph. Tinctura Serpenta ri.e. U. S. Tinc-
E. Tincture of lobelia. ture of Virginia snakeroot.
Tinctura Lobelus ^Ethe'rea. Ph Tinctura Stramo'nii. IT. S. Tincture
E. Ethereal tincture of lobelia. of stramonium.
48
 TIR 750 TOA
Tinctura Theba'ica. Laudanum. was invented by Fouchard, but afterwards
Tinctura Toluta'ni. Tincture of tolu. very greatly improved by Laforgue.
Tinctuka Valeria'n^. U. S. Tinc- TISANE Pti'sana. A decoction of
ture of valerian. barley a weak diet drink. ;

Tinctura Valeriana Ammonia'ta. TIS'IC. Phthisic.

U. S. Ammoniated ticture of valerian. TIS'ICAL. Phthisical; consumptive.
Tinctura Zingib'eris. U. S. Tincture TIS'SUE. Textus. A French term,
of ginger. applied in Anatomy to the textures which
TINCTURE. Tinctu'ra. A pharma- form the different organs of the body.
ceutical preparation, consisting of a spir- Tissue, Accidental. An organized
ituous solution of the active portions of substance, foreign to the natural tissues of
any medicine. A tincture is called simple the body, developed in the interior or at
when it holds only one substance in solu- the surface of organs, as the membrane of
tion, and compound, when two or more in- croup, fungous and cancerous tumors, tu»
gredients are submitted to the solvent. bercles, &c.
TIN'DER. Touch'wood; spunk. The Tissue, Areolar. The cellular tissue.
product of different species of Boletus. TITA'NIC ACID. Acidum titani'cum*
See Boletus Igniarius. Also, any thing in- Peroxyd of titanium. It does not act on
flammable, used for kindling fire from a test paper, but combines with metallio
spark, as scorched linen, &c. oxyds.
TIN'EA. Tinea capitis. Porrigo, which TI'TANITE. Native oxyd of titanium.
see. TITA'NIUM. A rare, very hard, cop-
TIN'GLE. To have a thrilling, sharp per-colored, and extremely infusible metal,
and slightly penetrating sensation, or to obtained from menachanite, &c. The prin-
feel a sharp, thrilling pain. cipal ores of titanium are sphene, common
TINNIMEN'TUM METAL'LICUM. and foliated, rutile, iserine,menachanite
Tintement metaUique. Metallic respira- and octahedrite, pyramidal titanium ore.
tion ; metallic voice ; metallic tinkling. Titanium is a valuable coloring ingredient
TINNITUS AU'RIUM. Ringing in in porcelain teeth.
the ears. TITHON'IC. Pertaining to tithonicity.
TINTEMENT METALLIQUE. The TITHONIC'ITY. A term applied to a
French designation of metallic tinkling. chemical effect produced by a property of
See Tinnimentum Aletallicum. light, supposed to be a distinct, independ-

TIRE-BALLE. The French designa- ent, imponderable agent.

tion of an instrument employed in Surgery TITHONOG'RAPHY. Photography.
for the extraction of balls from gun-shot TITHONOM'ETER. An instrument
wounds; bullet forceps. for measuring the force of the chemical

Tire-Fond. The French designation of rays of light.

an instrument employed for the elevation TITHYM'ALUS. Tithymal, or cypress
of depressed portions of the cranium. spurge, a plant of the genus Euphorbia.
Tire-Tete. The French designation of Tithymalus Parai/ias. The sea
an instrument employed in Obstetrics for spurge, or Euphorbia paralias.
the extraction of the head of a dead child TITILLAMEN'TUM. A gargarism,
in difficult parturition. TITILLA'TION. TitiUa'tio. Tickling,
TIR'TOIRS. A name applied by La- or the state of being tickled.
forgue to a kind of lever used for the^ ex- TITTHE. TitVt,. The nipple.
traction of teeth. It consists of a punch TITUBA'TION. Tituba'tio; from titu-

with a long hook attached to the upper bare, to stagger. Staggering; restlessness.
surface. The principle upon which it The fidgets.
operates is similar to that of the key of TOAD. The common name of tho
Garengeot. The instrument, we believe, batrachian reptiles of the genus Bufo.
 TOM 751 TON
Toad-Flax. A plant of the genus An- TOMA'TUM. Tomato. A plant and
tirrhinum. its fruit, the Solarium lycopersicum.
Toad-Stone. In Mineralogy, a sort of TOM'BAC. An alloy of copper and
trap rock of a brownish gray color, of an zinc.
amygdaloid shape, composed of basalt and TOMEI'UM. Tome'ion. A knife.
green earth, containing oblong cavities TOMENTOSE'. Downy ; woolly.
filled with calcareous spar. It was sup- TOMEN'TUM. A flock of wool.' In
posed by the ancients to possess many Anatomy, the small vessels on the surface
wonderful medicinal virtues. of the brain are so called from their woolly
Toad-Stool. The popular name of appearance. In Botany, the down or hairs
numerous species of fungi. on leaves.
TOBACCO. The dried leaves of the TONE. Tonus ; from teivu, I stretch.

Nicotiana tabacum. The tension proper to the healthy condi-

Tobacco, Indian. Lobelia Inflata. tion of each organic tissue.
TOCETOS. Parturition. TONGUE. Lingua. The essential
TOCOL'OGY. From tokos, parturition, organ of taste, situated in the mouth, and
and %oyoc, a discourse. A treatise on par- extending from the os hyoides and epi-
turition ; the science of obstetrics. glottis to the incisor teeth. It also assists
TOCOS. Parturition. the performance of many other functions, as
TODDA'LIA. A genus of plants of sucking, mastication, deglutition, speech,
the order Rutaceaz. &c, and is composed of a great variety of
Todd alia Aculea'ta. Prickly tod- parts. It is anatomically divided into its

dalia ; a plant, native of the East Indies, The apex is tho

apex, body, and root.
the bark and root of which are said to body occupies
free anterior portion ; the
have been used with success in the treat- the centre, and is thick and broad the ;

ment of remittent fever. Some of the root is the posterior portion, and is at-
other species possess bitter and aromatic tached to the os hyoides. The tongue is
properties. covered by a reflection of mucous mem-
TOD'DY. A mixture of spirit and brane.
boiling water sweetened. The upper surface of the tongue is rough
TOLA. The tonsil. and covered by numerous eminences called
TOE. Digitus pedis. the papillas, which are distinguished into,
TOKAY. Wine made
Tokay, in 1. The lenticular ; 2. The fungiform ; 3.
at
Upper Hungary, of white grapes, having The conical; and 4. The filiform papillae.
a rich aromatic flavor. The lenticular, which are the largest,
TOL'ERANCE. From tolero, to bear. are nine or more in number, and situated
In Medicine, ability to bear any medicine near the root of the tongue. They are of
or agent. a spherical shape, arranged in the manner
TOLU-BAL'SAM. Tolula'num. The
N, and consist of mucous fol-
of the letter
resinous juice of Myroxylon toluiferum. Behind them is a depression called
licles.
TOLUIF'ERA. A Linnsean genus of the foramen ccocum.
plants, the one to which was referred the The fungiform papilla? are more nume-
Tolu balsam tree, but it is now admitted rous and situated near the borders of the
that the genus was formed on insufficient tongue. These are smaller than the len-
grounds, and botanists agree in referring ticular, and have a rounded head supported
it to the Myroxylon, or Myrospermum of on a thin pedicle.
De Candolle. The corneal are still more numerous and
Toluifera Bal'samum. See Myroxy- scattered over the whole surface of the
lon Toluiferum. tongue. They are smaller than the fungi-
TOLUTA'NUM. Balsam of tolu. form, and are of a conical shape.
TOMA'TO. Tomatum, which see. The fliform, are smaller than the latt
 TON 752 TON
named papilla?, and occupy the intervals jective. To the first belong " the changes
between the others. All of these papilla?, of size, form, consistence, color, tempera-
except the lenticular, belong essentially ture, secretion, and motion," and to the
to the function of taste. second, " the anomalous sensations of
The greater portion of the substance of taste." With regard to the pathognomic
the tongue composed of the stylo-gloss us,
is signs of the tongue, he says that hyper-

hyo-glossus, genio-hyo-glossus , and lingua- trophy, inflammation, or congestion, may

lis muscles. But besides these, the digas- occasion its enlargement, and that inflam-
tricus, mylo-Jiyoideus, genio-hyoideus, act matory swelling, when arising out of
more upon this organ.
or less indirectly acute diseases, such as " angina, pulmo-
By the separate and combined action nary inflammation, measles, plague, or
of these muscles the tongue is made to variola, yields an unfavorable prognosis.
assume almost every variety of position. Even non-inflammatory swelling of the
They elevate and depress it. move it to tongue is a dangerous phenomenon in
one side, or protrude it from the mouth ;
acute diseases, especially cerebrals which
draw it back to the pharynx, make its are combined with coma. If it be the
dorsum or upper surface concave or con- consequence of mercury, of the abuse of
vex, and turn its apex or tip upward or spirituous drinks, of gastric inflammation,
downward, laterally or backward. of chlorosis, of syphilis, or if it occur in
Tongue, Black. The popular desig- hysteria or epilepsy, the prognosis is not
nation of an epidemic erysipelas of the dangerous ; but the disease is always the
Western States, which commenced in the more tedious where the tongue swells
winter of 1842-3. It was of a typhoid than where it does not. It is enlarged,
character. also, by degeneration and cancer."

Tongue, Characteristics of the. —

" Diminution of the size of the tongue
The appearance of the tongue is supposed takes place where there is considerable
to indicate more accurately the state of emaciation. In this case it continues soft
the general health than any other part of and movable. If, in acute states, the
the body, and hence, both in diagnosis tongue becomes small, and is, at the same
and prognosis, it is always consulted. time, hard, retracted, and pointed, tho
But whether it reports more correctly the irritation is very great, and the prognosis

state of the general health than other bad. This sign occurs more especially in
parts of the is somewhat
buccal cavity typhus, in the oriental cholera, in inflam-
questionable. The quality of the blood mation of the lungs, and in acute cerebral
and temperament of the individual are, In hysteria and epilepsy, this
affections.

certainly, as clearly indicated by the ap- phenomenon has no unfavorable import."

pearance of the lips and gums as that of Internal diseases, he says, seldom cause
this organ. The effects produced on the the form of the tongue to change, but
mucous membrane of the tongue by dis- chronic irritation of the stomach, dyspep-
ease in other parts, are said, by Professor sia, and acute exanthems, are attended by
Schill, to be analogous to those produced
an enlargement of its papilla). In paral-
on the general integument, and so are ysis and epilepsy, the tongue becomes
the changes of its color, consistence, hu- elongated, and in severe protracted dys-
midity, and temperature, similar to those pepsia its edges sometimes crack.
of the skin. The changes of its coating Flaccidity of the tongue is an indication
are also said to agree with analogous of debility, but in acute diseases it is

changes of the perspiration, and that regarded as an unfavorable symptom.

these phenomena are more decided in Dryness of the tongue, says, Professor
acute than in chronic affections. Schill, occurs in acute or violent inflam-
The signs of the tongue are divided, by mations and irritations, particularly when
Professor Schill, into objective and sub- seated in the intestinal canal and respira-
,
 TON 753 TON
tory organs, as in the case of diarrhoea, focations, asthma, extensive inflammations
typhus fever, pneumonia, pleuritis, peri- of the lungs, carditis, Asiatic cholera,
tonitis, enteritis, gastritis, inflammation and putrid
plague, confluent small-pox
of the joints, &c. Among the higher fevers. It becomes black and livid in
degrees of dryness, which furnish still cases of vitiation of the blood, more es-
more favorable indications, he enumerates pecially in scurvy, at the setting in of
the rough, the fissured, and burnt tongue, gangrene, and in phthisis, when death is
and when these are not accompanied by near at hand."
thirst, he says they prognosticate a fatal The temperature of the tongue is in-
termination. The abatement and crisis creased by glossitis, internal inflammation,
of the disease are indicated by the tongue and fevers of a typhoid character, and
becoming moist. coldness is observed to take place in Asi-
Paleness of the tongue is mentioned by atic cholera and at the approach of death.
Professor Schill as an indication of a se- The indications of the secretions of the
rous condition of the blood, of chlorosis, of tongue are thus enumerated. A clean and
a great loss of blood, of sinking of the moist tongue are favorable signs, but a
strength in acute diseases, or of their "as- clean, dry and red tongue, as seen in slow
suming a nervous form, as typhus and nervous fevers, acute exanthems, and tho
scarlatinia maligna. It is also found," he plague, are unfavorable. A furred or
says, " in enteritis and dysentery when coated tongue occurs chiefly in intestinal
but little fever is present." This he be- disorders, diseases of the lungs, skin, and
lieves to be owing to a determination of in rheumatic affections. The coating is
the fluids downward. Lymphatic persons said to vary in "color, thickness, adher-
are peculiarly subject to it, but it is never ence and extent ;" and the secretions of
observed in those who enjoy good health. the tongue are as variable in different dis-
A very red tongue, he says, is indicative eases as its coating.
of "violent inflammation, mostly of the An instrument for
Tongue-Holder.
intestinal canal,but also of the lungs and confining the tongue to the floor of the
of the pharynx and exanthems." He mouth. It is sometimes used by the dent-
regards the prognosis as bad when a furred ist while filling teeth in the lower jaw.
tongue " in acute diseases of the intestinal Several contrivances for this purpose have
canal becomes clean and very red," if the been invented, but Jamet's, which consists
change be not accompanied with the return of an elastic steel plate bent so that one
of the patient's strength. "But," he contin- extremity will pass under the chin, and the
ues, "if the debility is not considerable, and other, pressing gently upon the dorsum of
the tongue becomes clean and very red, the tongue, prevents it from being elevated
while other febrile symptoms continue, a or moved to either side, can, probably be
new inflammation may be expected." But employed more conveniently, both by tho
even in affections like these, the redness of patient and operator, than any other in-
the tongue is always more considerable in strument of the sort now in use.
sanguineous than in lymphatic or lymph- Tongue, Inflammation of the. Glos-
atico-serous subjects, so that in forming sitis.

a prognosis from this sign, the tempera- Tongue-Scraper. Cure-langue. An

ment of tho individual should never be instrument invented by Dr. L. S. Parmly,
overlooked. to remove clammy and hardened mucous
Proceeding with the description of the secretions from the upper surface of the
signs of this organ, he says the tongue tongue. It consists of a thin piece of
assumes a blackish-red and bluish-red in whalebone or steel, about six inches long,
all serous disturbances of the circulation and three eighths of an inch in width. In
and respiration, as also in severe diseases using it the two ends are brought together

of the lungs and heart, as catarrhs, suf- and the curved part introduced into the
 ; ;

TON 754 TOO

back part of the mouth, then by pressing Tonsillitis Malig'na. Cynanche Ma-
the lower edge upon the top of the tongue ligna. Putrid or gangrenous sore throat.
and drawing it forward, the clammy mu- TOOTH. Dens. Odovc. Dent. A tooth
cus and fur are removed. is anatomically divided into three parts

Tongue-Shaped. Lingulate. namely, 1. The crown or corona, which is

Tongue-Tied. Ankyloglossum, which the part situated without the alveolus, and
see. covered by a hard vitreous substance called
TON'IC. Toriicus. In Pathology, a the enamel. 2. The which
cervix or neck,
continuous spastic muscular contraction, is crown and the al-
situated between the
as in tetanus. veolus, and surrounded by the gum. 8.

Tonic Power. Irritability. The root orfang, which is the part situated
Tonic Spasm. A rigid contraction of Avithin the alveolus. See Teeth.
the muscles, lasting for some time without A tooth is composed of four distinct
relaxation. parts; namely, 1. The pulp. 2. The
TONICITY. Tonic'itas. The faculty bone or dentine. 3. The enamel, and 4.
which determines the tone of the solids The crusta petrosa or cementum. For a
the elasticity of living parts. description of these tissues, see name of
TON'ICS. From tovoo, to strengthen. each. A tooth has also a central cavity
A term applied to medicines which, when which incloses the pulp. See Dental Cav-
introduced into the system, impart tone ity.

and vigor to the whole animal economy. Tooth-Ache. Odantalgia, which see.
They are obtained both from the mineral Tooth-Ache Tree. The popular name
and vegetable kingdoms. of the species of plants which form the
TON'KABEAN. Tonquin bean. The genus Xanthoxylum, but applied more par-
fruit of Dipterix odorata. It has a pecu- ticularly to Xanthoxylum fraxineum, tho
liarly agreeable smell. hark and fruit of which have been used
TON'OS. Tonic spasm. as a remedy for tooth ache.
TON'SIL. Tonsil'la. An ovoid, glan- Tooth-Bone. Dentine.
dular organ, about half an inch long, sit- Tooth-Brush. An instrument com-
uated on either side within the fauces, be- posed of small bundles of prepared hog's
tween the anterior and posterior pillars of bristles, secured to a long narrow piece of
the soft palate. It consists of an assem- bone or ivory, by means of sealing-wax,
blage of mucous follicles, which open ex- or some other cement or wire, and em-
teriorly. When pressed a viscid mucus ployed for cleaning the teeth. It is a
oozes from the tonsils, which, by lubrica- valuable dental hygienic agent, and the
ting the isthmus faucium, facilitates the toilet of no one can be regarded as com-
deglutition of alimentary substances. plete without it.

TONSIL'LvE PESTILEN'TES. Cy- Tooth Edge. Agacement des dents.

nanche Maligna, which see. Teeth set on edge, which see.

TONSILLA'RUM GANGR^E'NA. See Tooth-Paste. A dentifrice made in

Cynanche Maligna. the form of a paste. See Dentifrice.
TONSILLIT'IC. Tonsillit'icus. Rela- Tooth-Pick. A flexible and elastic

ting to, distributed upon, or implicating sharp-pointed instrument, employed for

the tonsils, as the tonsiUitic branches of the removal of extraneous matters from
the glosso-pharyngeal nerve j tonsiUitic between the teeth. It is made of metal,
inflammation, &c. whalebone, wood, or the quill of a goose
TONSILLITIS. Inflammation of the or other fowl. A tooth-pick made from
tonsils. Cynanche tonsillaris. the quill of a goose is better than either
Tonsillitis Phlegmonoi'des. Cynan- a metallic or wood pick.
che tonsillaris. Inflammation of the ton- Tooth- Polisher, Argillaceous. An
sils. Simple inflammatory sore throat. instrument invented by Dr. L. S. Parmly,
 TOR 756 TOR
for the removal of stains and discolora- Torenia Asiat'ica. Caila-dolo. A
tions from the teeth. It consists of a small Malabar plant, the juice of which is
cylindrical piece of baked clay, about five recommended as a remedy for gonorrhoea.
Inches long, and one-fourth in diameter, TOR'MENTIL. Tormentilla erecta.
flattened, and bent at each end to an TORMENTIL'LA. A genus of plants
angle of nearly ninety degrees. In using of the order Rosacea.
it, one of the flattened extremities is first Tormentilla Erec'ta. The upright
moistened in water, and then rubbed upon septfoil, the root of which is a powerful
the tooth until the stain or discoloration astringent.
Is removed. TORMEN'TUM. The ileac passion;
Tooth-Rash. Strophulus, which see. intussusceptio.
Tooth-Shape. Dentate. TOR'MINA. Severe colicky pains-
Tooth-Shell, Dog-Like. Dentalium, Dysentery.
which see. TORNAC'ULUM. A tournequet.
Tooth-Syringe. Odonenchy'tes. A TOROS'ITAS. From torosus, full of
email instrument, made of gold, silver, or muscle, brawny. Muscular strength.
glass, in the form of a pump, with a nozzle TORO'SUS. Full of muscle; muscu-
about an inch long, curved so as to form lar brawny fleshy. ; ;

nearly a right angle, and used to draw in TORPE'DO. The name of a fish that
any fluid, which is done by means of a inhabits the Mediterranean, the touch of
pistern, and then to expel it into the cav- which is attended by an electric shock.
ity of a tooth. It is used principally for The Jtaia torpedo.
cleansing cavities in teeth, preparatory toTOR'PID. IWpidus ; from torpeo, to
filling. stiff; numb. Loss of the power of mo-
be
TOTAZ. A hard, crystallized yellow tion or exertion loss of feeling numb. ; ;

mineral, composed of alumina, silica and TOR'POR. From torpere, to be numbed.

fluoric acid. Deficiency of sensation numbness; inac- ;

TOPAZ'OLITE. A sub-variety of gar- tivity ; a sluggish condition of a part or of

net of a pale yellow color. the whole body.
TOPHACEOUS. Gritty; sandy; re- Torpor Intestino'rum. Constipation.
sembling a soft stone. TORREFACTION. Torrefac'tio; from
TO'PHUS. A collection of calcareous make.
torridus, dry, parched, andyacto, to
matter in the joints. Also, gravel. In Pharmacy, the drying of drugs on a
TOPICAL. Topi'cus; from ronoc, a metalline plate, placed over or before a
place. Limited ; local. In Therapeutics, fire. In Metallurgy, the operation of
the application of a remedy to a particular roasting ores.
part. TORRICELLIAN VACUUM. The
TOP'ICUS. Local. vacuum at the top of the column of mer-
TOR'CULAR. From iorqueo, to twist. cury in a barometer, so called from Torri-
A tourniquet. Also, a press. celli, the inventor of the instrument.
Torcular Heroph'ili. The press of TOR'SIOX. Tor'sio. Twisting. The
Herophilus ; a smooth and polished cav- torsion of a divided artery is sometimes
ity, of irregular shape, of the dura mater, resorted to for the purpose of arresting
called the fourth sinus. hemorrhage. Some French writers have
TOR'CULUM. Tourniquet. applied this term to a species of malform-
TORDYL'IUM. A
genus of plants of ation of the jaws,- in which the upper
the order Umbelliferce. teeth on one side of the mouth from the
Tordylium Officin'ale. Seseli cre- median line, shut on the outside of the
tlcum, which see. teeth of the lower jaw on the same side,

TORE'NTA. A genus of plants of the and on the other side they fall on the
order Scrophulariacece. inside of the lower teeth.
 —

TOX 756 TEA

TORTICOL'LIS. From torqueo, to by Fuchs to diseases caused by the intro-

twist, and collum, the neck. Wry neck. duction of poison into the system.
TORTILIS. Tortile; twisted. TOX'ICUM. A poison.
TORTUO'SUS. Twisted j tortuous. TOXITE'SIA. A synonym of Arte-
TORTU'RA ORIS. Itisus sardonicus. misia Vulgaris.
A wry mouth convulsive;
grin. TOX'ODON. From Mov, a bow, and
TOR'ULOSE. In Botany, cylindrical, odovQ, a tooth. An extinct pachyderma-
with swells and contractions. tous quadruped, having teeth curved like
TO'RUS. In Botany, the part of the a bow.
flower on which the carpels are seated TRABEC'ULA. The thread-like pro-
the receptacle. cesses of the dura mater, and the med-
TOUCH. Tartus. In Physiology the ullary fibres of the brain, constituting the
sense by which we are enabled to know commissures.
the palpable qualities of bodies by feeling TRA'CHEA. From rpaxvg, rough.

iliem ; one of the The wind-pipe. A cylindrical, fibro-car-

five senses.

Touch-Me-Not. Balsam weed, a plant tilaginous and membranous tube, through

of the genus Impatiens. which the air passes to the lungs. Com'
TOUCHSTONE. A compact variety mencing with the larynx, it extends to
of silicious schist used for the purpose of the fourth or fifth dorsal vertebra, where
ascertaining the purity of gold and silver it divides into the right and left bronchial
by the streak left on it. tubes, one going to each lung. It is com-
TOUCH'WOOD. Common name of posed of cartilaginous rings, fibrous and
Boletus igniarius, the agaric of the oak. mucous membrane, muscular fibres, ves-

Also* decayed wood, used like a match and nerves.

sels,

for taking fire from a spark. TRACHEiE. In Entomology, the

TOUR'MALINE. A mineral of various breathing tubes of insects. In Botany,
colors, occurring in three or six-sided the spiral vessels of plants, supposed, by
prisms, terminated by three-sided pyra- some, to be respiratory tubes.
mids. The finer varieties of schorl are TRA'CIIEAL. Trachea'lis. Pertain-
known by this name. ing to the trachea.
TOUR'NIQUET. From Fr. tourner, to Tracheal Glands. The small flat-
turn. A surgical instrument, or bandage, tened ovoid bodies, which are mucous
tightened by a screw, employed to sus- follicles, on the posterior surface of the
pend the circulation of blood in a limb, trachea.
by compressing the principal artery, du- TRACHEITIS.
Cynanche trachealis.
ring the performance of an operation in- TRACHE'LAGRA.
Rheumatism in
volving the division of large arteries. the neck wry-neck; stiff-neck. ;

TOURNESOL. French name for Hdio- TRACIIE'LIAN. Trachdianus. Per-

trqpium Europamm. See Turnsole. taining to the neck cervical. ;

TOUS-LES-MOIS. Name given by TRACIIELIS'MUS. A term applied

the French to a variety of fecula obtained by Dr. Marshall Hall to a supposed spas-
from the root of the Canna coccinea. modic contraction of the muscles of the
TOXICODENDRON. Poison oak, a neck, which, by compressing the veins,
plant of the genus Rhus. and impeding the return of the blood
TOXICOILE'MIA. From to'lkov, a from the head, is, as he believes, the cause
poison, and aiua, blood. Poisoning of the of many morbid phenomena.
blood. TRACHE'LIPODS. Trachelip'oda ;—
TOXTCOL'OGY. Thxicolog'ia ; from from Tpaxv^os, a neck, and novc, a foot.
to^lkov, a poison, and hoyog, a discourse. An order of mollusks, which have the
A treatise on poisons. locomotive foot attached to the under part
TOXICO'SES. A generic term applied of the head or neck.
 ;

TRA 757 TRA

TRACHE'LIUM. The great throat- Tractus Moto'rius. The motor tract

wort, a plant of the genus Campanula. a prolongation of the corpora pyramidalia

TRA'CHELOCELE. Bronchocele. through the pons Varolii into the; crura
TRACHE'LOS. Tpa X vM. The neck. cerebri.
TRACHB'L O-CERVI'CAL. Name Tractus Op'ticus. The optic tract. A
given by Chaussier to an artery of the soft white band which winds around the
crura cerebri, and then converges to meet
neck, the arteria cervicalis profinula.
Trachelo-Diaphragmat'ic Nerves. its fellow of the opposite side in the optic
Name given by Chaussier to the fourth commissure in front of the sella turcica. It
pair of cervical nerves. arises from the thalamus opticus.
Trachelo Mastoide'us. A muscle of Tractus Respirato'rius. The respira-
the neck. tory tract, a narrow, white band descend-
TRACHELO-rH'YMA. From rpaxv^og, ing along the side of the medulla oblon-
the neck, and <j>v/ia, a swelling. A term gata at the bottom of the lateral sulcus.
applied by the French to goitre, and by TRAGACAN'THA. Tragacanth ; the
the Germans to swelling of the back part concrete juice of the Astragalus tragararv-
of the neck. tha.
TRACHEORRHAG'IA. From rpaxv- TRAGACAN'THIN. Bassorin, which
and pvyvvfii, to burst forth.
Aof, the neck, see.
Hemorrhage from the trachea, or from TRA'GIA. A genus of plants of the
the wound made in the operation of tra- order Euphorbiacece.
cheotomy. Tragia Cannab'ina. Hemp-leaved
TRACHEOTOMY. TracJieotom'ia ;— tragia a South American
; plant, said to
from rpaxeia, the trachea, and tejivu, to possess diuretic and alterative properties.
cut. Bronchotomy. Tragia Involucra'ta. An East In-
TRACHI'TIS. From rpa X eia, the dian plant, supposed to be alterative and
trachea, and itis, a terminal, denoting in- diuretic.
flammation. Inflammation of the tra- Tragia Volub'ilis. A plant, native of
chea. Cynanche trachealis. theWest Indies, said to be aperient and
TRACHO'MA. From rpaxvg, rough. diuretic.

A variety of ophthalmia, characterized by TRAGTCUS. A small flat muscle

roughness of the inner surface of the eye- which nearly covers the outer surface of
lid, and severe pain whenever it is moved. the tragus of the ear.
TRACT. Tractus, which see. TRAGOPO'GON. A genus of plants
TRACTION. from tralw, of the order Composite.
Tractus;
to draw. The act of drawing, or the Tragopogon Praten'se. The common
state of being drawn. goat's-beard. The root was formerly used
TRACTORS, METAL'LIC. A pre- as a diuretic.
tended therapeutic agent, consisting of TRAGOSELI'NUM. A plant of the
two metallic rods, each made of a different genus Pimpinella.
metal, employed by Dr. Elisha Perkins, TRAG'US. In Anatomy, a small, tri-
of Norwich, Connecticut, near the close angular eminence situated before the mea-
of the last century. The manner of ap- tus auditorius externus.
plying these rods for the cure of disease, TRAILING. Procumbent.
consisted in drawing their pointed ex- TRA'MIS, The perinanun.
tremities over the affected or other part of TRAIN-OIL. The oil obtained from
the body, which operation was called the blubber of whales and from the fat of
(ractoraiion. various other fishes, by boiling.
TRACTUS. From traho, to draw. A TRANCE. Catalepsy ; a total suspen-
drawing in length ; a region ; a tract or sion of mental power and voluntary mo-
space. tion, while breathing and pulsation con-
 ;;

TEA 758 TEA

tinue, and the muscles remain flexible. in Anatomy to muscles, vessels, &c., which
Also, ecstasy. See Ecstasis. have a transverse direction.
TRANSFORMATION. Tbansversalis Abdominis. A muscle
In Pathology,
the conversion of the texture of a part into situated on the lateral
and anterior parts
one natural to some other part. of the abdomen.
TRANSFU'SION. Transfu'sio; from Tbansversalis Anti'cus Pri'mus. The
iransfundere, to pour from one vessel into rectus capitis lateralis muscle.
another. The transmission of the blood Transvebsalis Cebvi'cis. The traft*-
of one animal into the veins of another. versalis colli, which appears to be a con-
TRANSLATION. In Pathology, me- tinuation of the Longissimus dorsi.
tastasis. Tbansvebsalis Col'li. A muscle sib*

TRANSMUTATION. Transmuta'tio. uated on the lateral and back part of the

Transformation ; the change of any thing neck.
into another substance, or into something Transversalis Dob'si. The multifidus
of a different nature. numerous small fleshy
spinas, consisting of
TRANSPIRATIO. Transpiration. and tendinous fasciculi, extending from
TR A NITRATION. Transpira'tio. The the transverse to the spinous processes of
•ct of passing off through the excretories the vertebras the whole length of the spine.
of the skin ; cutaneous exhalation j
per- Tbansvebsalis Na'si. The compressor
spiration. naris.
TRANSPLANTATIO. Transplanta- Tbansvebsalis Pe'dis. A muscle of
tion. the foot.
Transplantatio Dentis. See Trans- Tbansvebsalis Pebine'i. A muscla
plantation. extending from the inner side of the tube-
TRANSPLANTATION. In Thera- rosity of the ischium transversely, to be
peutics, a pretended method of curing dis- inserted into the central point of the peri-
eases by making them pass from one person neum.
to another. In Botany, the removal of a TRANSVERSE. Transver'sus ; from
plant to a different place for growth. In trans, over, and vertere, to turn. Run-
Dental Surgery, the removal of a sound ning across ; having a cross direction. Ap-
and healthy tooth from the mouth of one plied in Anatomy to muscles, vessels, &c,
person and placing it into an alveolus which have a cross direction ; and, in Bot-
from which a tooth has just been extracted, any, to the partition which crosses a peri-
mouth of another.
in the carp at right angles.
TRANS 'PORT. In Pathology, delirium. Tbansvebse Facial Abteby. An ar*
TRANSPOSITION. Transposit'io tery of the face, sometimes given off from
from trans, over, and ponere, to put. the external carotid and sometimes from
Change of situation the state of being the temporal,
;

reciprocally changed in place. In Anat- Tbansvebse Fissube. A broad fissure

\

omy, a congenital vice of conformation, about two inches in length crossing the
consisting in the development of one or- umbilical fissure on the lower surface of
gan in the place of another, as the heart the liver.
on the right side and the liver on the left. Tbansvebse Pebineal Abteby. A
Transposition op Teeth. See Teeth, branch of the internal pudic artery dis-
transposition of the. tributed upon the perineal space and scro-
TRANSUDATION. Transuda'tio tum.
from trans, through, and sudare, suda- Tbansvebse Sutube. Sutu'ra irans-
tum, to sweat. The passage of a fluid versa'lis. The suture which crosses the
through the pores of any thing, or the face, uniting the bones of the skull to the
tissue of any organ. bones of the face.
TRANSVERSA'LIS. A term applied TRANSVER'SUS. Transverse.
 THE 759 TRI

Transversus Au'ris. A muscle of the TREM'BLES. Milk sickness.

external ear. TREM'BLING. Tremor.
Transversus Perin^e'i. Transversalis TREMEL'LA. A genus of soft gelati-
perinei, which see. nous fungi found on the decaying branches,
Transversus Perinei Alter. A small trunks and stumps of trees.

muscle which sometimes accompanies the Tremella Nostoc. A greenish jelly

last. found in stagnant waters.
TRAPE'ZIUM, OS. The first bone of TRE'MOR. From tremere, to tremble.
the second row of the carpus, so called Trembling; involuntary agitation of the
from its shape. body or some part of it.
TRAPEZIUS. From Tpairefrv, a geo- Tremor Cor'ms. Palpitation of the
metrical figure. A muscle situated at the heart.

posterior part of the neck and back. TRENCH'ANT. Sharp-edged cutting. ;

TRAPEZOFDES, OS. The second bone TREPAN'. Trep'anum ; from rpvnau,

of the second row of the carpus. An instrument resembling a
I perforate.

TRAU'MA. Tpav/ia. A wound. wimble, employed by surgeons for the per-

TRAUMATIC. Traumat'icus ; from foration and removal of depressed, frac-
Tpavfia, a wound. Relating to a wound. tured, or carious bone.
Adapted to the cure of a wound. TREPAN'NING. The act of perfor-
Traumatic Fe'ver. Fever consecutive ating with a trepan.
to a wound. TREPHINE. A cylindrical saw, with
Trumatic Hemorrhage. Hemorrhage a handle placed transversely, like that of
from a wound. a gimlet, and a perforator in the centre,
Traumatic Pleu'risy. Inflammation which serves as an axis for the saw to ro-
of the pleura produced by a wound, such tate upon until it has formed a groove in
as a fractured rib, &c. the bone, when it may be removed. Thi3
TRAUMATICA. Detergents, which is a more modern instrument than the
see. trepan.
TRAUMATOP'YRA. From rpavua, a Trephine, Elliot's Dental. An in-
wound, and irvp, fire. Traumatic fever. strument invented by Dr. Elliot, of Mon-
TRAVAIL. Parturition with pain. treal for separating the inner fang of the
TRAVELER'S JOY. A climbing plant, upper molars from the outer ones, when
the Clematis vitalba. it is required, to render the removal of the

TREA'CLE. Molas'ses. The spume of tooth less difficult. This instrument has its

gugar in the sugar refiners ; the uncrystal- centre thrust out by a spring, and the teeth
lized part of common sugar. occupy about one third of the circle. When
Treacle, Mustard. A plant of the in use, the centre of the instrument is in-
genus Thlaspi. troduced into the centre of the inner fang,
Treacle, Venice. Theriaca, which see. and then by a reciprocating motion this
Treacle-Water. A compound cordial, fang may be separated from the others.
distilled with a spirituous menstruum from TREPIDATION. Trepida'tio ; from
any cordial and sudorific drugs and herbs, trepidare, to tremble. Involuntary trem-
with Venice treacle. bling, particularly from fear or terror.
TREE OF LIFE. An evergreen tree TREPIDA'TIO. Trepidation.
of the genus Thuya. Trepidatio Cordis. See Tremor Cordis.
TRE'FOIL. Common name of several TREPON'DO. A weight of three
gpecies of Trifolium, a genus of plants. pounds.
TREMATO'DES. Tremato'dea ; from TRE'SIS. From rpea, I bore. A per-
rpvfia, a hole. The order of entozoa which foration ; a wound.
have the organs of imbibition and adhe- TRIAN'DRIA. Trian'drous ; from
sion in the form of suckers. rpftf, three, and avap, a man. A term ap-
 TRI 760 TRI

plied in Botany to plants which have three inversion of the eyelashes, causing irrita-
male organs or stamens. tion of the eyeball ; 2. To a morbid affec-

TRIAN'GULAR. Triangularis. A tion of the kidney in which hair-like fila-

term applied in Anatomy to parts which ments are discharged with the urine ; and
have a triangular figure. 3. To a painful swelling of the female
Triangular Ligament. Ligament of breasts, occurring during lactation, and
Camper; deep perineal fascia. A strong supposed by the ancients to be owing to
triangular aponeurosis situated below the the accidental swallowing of a hair.
symphysis pubis and attached to and fill- TRICHIL'IA. A genus of plants of the
ing up the space between the rami of the order Meliacece.
pubis and ischium. Trichilia Catiiar'tica. A bitter
TRIANGULA 'RIS ORIS. The depres- plant possessing active purgative proper-
sor anguli oris. ties.

Triangularis Sterni. Sternocosta'lis. Trichilia Emet'ica. A plant, the

A muscle of the shape of a lengthened tri- roots of which are emetic. The seeds of
angle, situated at the anterior part of the the fruit are acrid, and are used in some
chest behind the cartilages of the ribs. cutaneous diseases. The Trichilia glabra,
TRIBE. In Natural History, a division another species, is a powerful purgative.
of animals or vegetables intermediate be- Trichilia Mosciia'ta. The bark of
tween order and genus. this species has a musky odor, and is said
TRICAPSULAR. Tricapsula'ris. A to be febrifuge.
term applied in Botany to flowers which Trichilia Spino'sa. From the berries
have three capsules, or to fruits resulting of this species a fragrant oil is obtained,
from the union of three capsules. used in India in chronic rheumatism and
TRICAUDA'LIS. Three-tailed. in paralytic diseases.
TRI'CEPS. From ires, three, and ca- TRICHI'NA SITRA'LIS. A species of
put, a head. Three-headed; applied in entozoon, found in the muscles of volun-
Anatomy to muscles which arise by three tary motion.
heads. TRICHIO'SIS. Trichiasis, which see.
Triceps Adductor Fem'oris. An ap- TRICHIS'MUS. From tywf, a hair.
pellation comprehending three distinct An almost imperceptible fracture which
muscles, namely, the adductor brevis, ad- appears like a hair.
ductor longus, and adductor inagnus. TRICHOCEPH'ALUS. From fyxf, a
Triceps Brachia'lis. Triceps Exten- hair, and mfyalri , the head. The long
sor Cubiti, which see. thread worm which infests the ccecum and
Triceps Au'ris. Retrahens auris. human subject.
colon of the
Triceps Cru'ris. A name given to the TRICHO'MA. From 9p4, a hair.
vastus externus, vastus internus and cru~ Plica polonica ;
plaited hair; a disease in
ra'tis muscles. which the hair is matted together.
Triceps Exten'sor Cu'biti. A muscle TRICHOMONAS VAGINA'LIS. A
situated at the posterior part of the os name given to an animalcule found by
humeri. It is describedby Douglas as Donne in the mucus of the vagina during
two distinct muscles, and by Winslow as syphilis.
three. TRICHOSAN'THES. Snake-gourd.
TRICHANGIECTA'SIA. From tyif, Also, a genus of plants of the order Cucur-
rpt-X°C, a hair, ayyEiov, a vessel, and emaaic, bitaceaz.

dilatation. A term applied in Pathology to Trichosanthes Palma'tia. Tho

morbid dilatation of the capillary vessels. bruised seed of this species, mixed with
TRICHIA. Entropion. cocoa-nut oil, is used in India as an appli-
TRICHIASIS. Trichio'sis ; from fyi*. cation to foul ulcers of the ears and nose.
a hair. A term applied in Pathology, 1. To The seeds of Trichosanthes amara are bit-
 ;

TBI 761 TBI

ter and astringent, and the fruit of Trico- ires, three, and geminus, double. The
santhes villosa has properties similar to fifth and largest pair of the cranial nerves.

those of colycinth. There are also other It is the great sensitive nerve of the head
species which possess medicinal properties. and face, and arises in front of the floor of
TMCHO'SIS. From fyif , a hair. A the fourth ventricle, behind the crura cere-
genus in Dr. Good's Nosology, compre- belli ; at the Casserian ganglion it divides
hending most of the diseases of the hair. into three branches, the Ophthalmic, the
TRICIIOT'ON. The scalp. Superior and the Inferior Maxillary, which
TRICHOT'OMOUS. Trichotomies. Di- see.
vided into three parts ; three-cleft. TRIGONEL'LA. A genus of plants
TRICHU'RIS. Trichocephalus. usually assigned to the order Leguminosa*.
TRICOC'COUS. A term applied in Trigonella Fce'num. Fcenum Orcecum.
Botany a three-seeded capsule swelling The feenugreek.
to The seeds have been
out into three protuberances, divided in- used in the form of a poultice as an ap-
ternally iuto three cells, each containing plication to inflammatory tumors.
one seed. TRIGO'NUS. Triangular.
TRICUSTID. Tricus'pis; from ires, TRIGYN'IA. Trigynous. A term ap-
three, and cuspis, a point. Three-pointed. plied in Botany to plants which have three
Tricuspid Valve. A valve of the pistils.

heart, situated between the auricle and TRIL'LIUM. A genus of plants of the
ventricle on the right side. order Melanthaceai.
TRICUSPID ATE. Tricuspid. Trillium Latifo'lium. Broad-leaf
TRIDAC'TYLE. Three-fingered. bethroot ; rattlesnake root ; Indian balm.
TRIDENT' ATE. Furnished with three The root possesses astringent properties.
teeth or tooth-like processes. There are numerous other species, the roots
TRIFACIAL NERVE. Trigemini. of all of which possess similar properties.
TRIFTD. Trif'idus. In Botany, three- TRILO'BATE. Triloba'ius. Having
cleft ; divided half way into three parts, three lobes.
as the corolla of Galium trifidum. TRILOC'ULAR. In Botany, three-
TRIFLO'ROUS. In Botany, bearing celled ; having three cells for seeds.

three flowers. TRINERVATE. From ires, three,

TRIFO'LIATE. From ires, three, and and nervus, nerve. A term designativc,
folium, a leaf. Three-leaved. in Botany, of a leaf which has three un-
TRIFO'LIUM. A
genus of plants of branched vessels extending from the base
the order Leguminosx. to the apex.
Trifolium Aceto'sum. Wood-sorrel TRIOS'TEUM. A genus of plants of
a plant of the genus Oxalis. the order Caprifoliaceoz.
Tuifolium Aquat'icum. The buck Tkiosteum Perfolia'tum. Bastard
bean a plant of the genus Mcnyanthes.
; ipecacuanha fever root. The root is ca- ;

Tuifolium Arven'se. The hare's foot thartic, and in large doses emetic.
trefoil. TRIPARTITE. Triparti'tas. Divided
Trifolium Au'reum. The hepaiica tri- into three parts ; applied in Botany to a
loba, or herb trinity. leaf which is divided into three parts down
Tuifolium Melilo'tus Officinalis. to the base, but not wholly separate.
The officinal melilot. The distilled water TRIPHAR'MACUM. A medicine com-
of this plant has been recommended in posed of three ingredients.
ophthalmia. TRIPHYL'LOUS. Three-leaved.
TRIGAS'TRIC. Aterm applied in TRIPIN'NATE. A term applied in
Anatomy to muscles which have three Botany to a species of superadded com-
bellies. pound leaf in which a petiole has bipin-
TRIGEMTNI. Trigeminus ; from nate leaves ranged on each side of it.
 Till 762 TRO
TRIP' LITE. A dark-brown imperfectly Triticum Re'pens. Dog's-grass ; couch
crystallized mineral, consisting of phos- grass.
phoric acid and the oxyds of manganese TRITO'RIUM. A mortar.
and iron. TRITOX'YD. In Chemistry, a non-
TRIP'OLI. An earthy substance hav- acid compound of one equivalent of a base
ing a hard sharp grain, brought from with three of oxygen.
Tripoli, used for polishing and cleaning TRO'CAR. A perforator with a trian-
metals. gular-shaped point, partially inclosed in
TRIPLOP'IA. Disordered vision in a canula, and employed for evacuating
which objects are seemingly seen triple. fluids from cavities, particularly in dropsy.

TRIP'SIS. Trituration; act of rubbing; TROCHANTER. From rpoxau, I turn.

shampooing. A name given to two processes on the up-
TRIQUE'TRA OSSIC'ULA. The tri- per extremity of the thigh bone, distin-
angular bones found in the course of the guished into greater and lesser.

lambdoidal suture. TROCHANTER'IAN. Relating to the

TRIQUE'TRUM. A triangle. greater trochanter.
TRIRADTATE. Consisting of three TROCHANTINTAN. Relating to the
rays or spokes. lesser trochanter.

TRIS'MUS. From rpifa, I gnash. Lit- TRO'CHAR. Trocar.

erally a gnashing of the teeth, but in Pa- TROCHIS'CUS. Diminutive of rpoxo;,
thology, a spasmodic contraction of the a wheel. A
troch or round tablet. A
muscles of the jaw. Locked jaw or lock- solid medicine composed of powder incor-
jaw. porated with glutinous substances, made
Trismus Nascen'tium. Lock-jaw at- into small cakes and dried.
tacking infants during the first two weeks TROCHIS'CI CRETiE. Troches of
from birth. chalk.
Trismus Traumat'icus. Lock-jaw Trochisci Glycyrrhi'zje et Opii.
originating from a wound. Troches of liquorice and opium.
TRISPERM'OUS. Three-seeded; in- Trochisci Ipecacuanhje. Troches of
closing three seeds, as a trispermous cap- ipecacuanha.
sule.
Trochisci Magnesue. Troches of mag-
TRISPLANCH'NIC. Tn'splanch'nicus nesia.
;

from rp«f three, and anhayxvov, viscus.

,
Trochisci Mentha Piperita. Tro-
That which relates to the three orders of ches of peppermint.
viscera. Trochisci Nitra'tis Potas's^e. Tro-
Trisplanchnic Nerve. Name
given ches of nitrate of potassa.
by Chaussier to the great sympathetic TROCH'ITER. Name given by Chaus-
nerve. sier to the larger of the two tuberosities at
TRISPLANCHNI'TIS. Cholera. the scapular extremity of the os humeri,
TRIS'SAGO. The common germander, because it gives insertion to rotator mus-
a plant of the genus Teucrium. cles.

TRITvEOPH'YA. Tritceoph'yes ; from TROCH'LEA. A pulley; from rpeXat

Tpiraiog, tertian, and <j>va, I originate. A to run. A
kind of cartilaginous pulley
tertian fever. through which the tendon of the troch-
TRISTERN'AL. Tristerna'lis. Name learis muscle passes.

given by Beclard to the third piece of the TROCHLEA'RIS. The obliquus supe-
sternum, or the one corresponding to the rior oculi muscle.
third intercostal space. TROCHLEA'TOR. The nerve which
TRIT'ICUM. A genus of plants of the supplies the trochlearis muscle.
order Graminacece. TROCHOI'DES. Tro'choid; from TpoXog,
Triticum Hybern'um. Wheat. a wheel, and e«5of, resemblance. A term.
 ;

TRU 763 TUB

applied in Anatomy to an articulation in French word irousse, to tie up, and ap-
which one bone rotates upon another, like plied to a hernial bandage, which at the
ft wheel upon its axle as the atlas upon present day consists of a steel spring with
;

the odontoid process of the dentata. two pads, one to be applied to the back
TRO'MOS. From rpepu, to tremble. as a point of support, and the other over
Trembling; terror. the hernia.
TROMOSPAS'MUS. Tremor. TU'BA. From tubus, any hollow ves-
TROP^E'OLUM. A genus of plants of sel. A tube.
the order Balsaminaceas. TUBE. Tu'ba. A term applied, in
Tbop^olum Majus. Indian cress, or Anatomy, to some parts which are hollow.
nasturtium. The fresh plant is said to be Tube, Eustachian. tube extend- A
useful in scurvy. ing from the cavity of the tympanum to
TROPHE. Food; aliment. the posterior nares, between which it

TRO'PHI. From rpotpog, a nourisher. forms a communication.

The part of the mouth in insects employed Tube, Fallo'pian. A canal on each
in acquiring and preparing the food. side of the uterus, extending from the
TROPH'ICAL. Pertaining to nourish- superior angle to near the ovarium.
ment or nutrition. TU'BER. From tumere, to swell, or
TROPHON'OSI. From 7po<j>v, nourish- grow big. A
term applied, in Anatomy,
ment, and voaog, a disease. Diseases of to parts which are rounded. In Surgery,
nutrition. a knot or swelling in any part. In Bot-
TROPH'OSPERM. In Botany, the part any, a subterranean stem, like the potato.
of the ovary from which the ovules arise Also, a genus of fungi.
the placenta in plants. Tubeb Annula'be. Pons Varo'lii. An
TROPH'Y. Trophia. Nour- eminence of the medulla oblongata.
Tpo<j>v.

ishment ; used as a suffix ; as hypertro- Tubeb Cib'abum. The truffle, a tuber-

phy, excess of nourishment or nutrition culated, subterranean fungus. See Lyco-
atrophy, want of nourishment, &c. perdon Tuber.
TROPONU'SI. Fromrpcwn?, the solstice Tubeb Cine'beum. A grayish tubercle,
or tropics, and voaog } a disease. A term forming part of the floor of the third ven-
applied in Pathology to diseases peculiar tricle of the brain.
to, or which prevail in the tropics. Tubeb Is'chii. The tuberosity of the
TROUT. Common name of several ischium.
epecies of fresh water fish, of the genus TU'BERCLE. Tuber'culum; fromiuber,
Salmo. a bunch. Aterm applied, in Anatomy,
TROY- WEIGHT. A weight chiefly to certain "processes or projections on the
used in weighing gold, silver and articles surfaces of parts, or in the structure of
Of jewelry. The pound troy contains medullary organs, as the tubercle of a
twelve ounces ; each ounce twenty penny- human rib. In Pathology, a pimple, or
weights; and each pennyweight twenty- tumor. The term, however, is applied to
four grains. a species of degeneration consisting of
TRUF'FLE. A kind of mushroom, a opaque matter, of a whitish, yellowish,
subterranean vegetable production, the Tu- or gray color, developed in different tex-
ber cibarium. tures of the body, but most frequently in
TRUNCATED. Trunca'tus. Cutoff; the lungs and mesentery.
Cut short, lopped ; appearing as if cut off. TUBER'CULA. An order of cutanea
TRUNK. Truncus.
In Anatomy, that ous diseases in Willan, consisting of small,
portion of the body to which the limbs are hard, superficial, circumscribed and well
articulated. It is divided into three parts, defined tumors, which are permanent,
the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. or suppurating partially, comprehending
TRUSS. A term derived from the nine genera, viz : Phyma, Verruca, Mdlus-
 TUB 764 TUM
cum, Vitiligo, Acne, Sycosis, Lupus, Ele- TUBULI BELLI'NI. The uriuiferous
phantiasis, and Frambaisia. tubes.
Tubercula Arantii. The small em- Tubuli Lactif'eri. The ducts in the
inences on the semilunar valves of the nipple through which the milk passes.
aorta and pulmonary artery. Tubuli Du'r^e Ma'tris. The sinuses
Tubercula Quadrigem'ina. Two of the dura mater.
oval eminences situated on each side, at Tubuli Seminif'eri. The minute tubes
the posterior part of the third ventricle of which constitute the parenchyma of the
the brain. testis.

TUBEE'OULAB. Tuber'adous. Ec- Tubuli Urinif'eri. The minute ex-

lating to, or affected with tubercles. cretory ducts of the tubular substance of
Tubercular Diath'esis. Tuberculous the kidney.
constitution, or habit of body which pre- TUBULE. Tu'bulus. Diminutive of
disposes to tubercular phthisis. tuba, a tube. A small tube.
Tubercular Matter. A morbid pro- TU'BULOUS. Tubular.
duction, consisting of yellowish, compact, TU'BULUS. Tubule.
calcareous, pultaceous, or semi-fluid and TUBUS ACUS'TICUS. An ear trum-
curdy matter, contained in cysts or in the pet.
tissue of organs. Tubus Alimenta'ris. The alimentary
Tubercular Phthisis. Phthisis occa- canal.
sioned by the development of tubercles in Tubus Nervo'rum. Neurilemma.
the lungs. TULBAG'HIA. A genus of plants of
Tubercular Sore Thqoat. Follicu- the order Asphodeleoz.
lar pharyngitis. Tulbaghia Allia'cea. A plant, na-
TUBEirCULATE. Covered with tu- tive of South Africa, the bulbs of which,
bercles. boiled in milk, have been used in phthisis,
TUBERCULO'SIS. Tubercular diath- and as an anthelmintic.
esis. TULIP. English name of a genus of
TUBER'CULOUS. Tubercular. herbaceous plants, developed from a bulb ;

TUBERGULUM LOWERI. An em- the Tulipa. It belongs to the order Li-

inence where the two vena) cava? meet in liacoz. The genus contains about thirty
the right auricle of the heart, first described species.

by Lower. Tulip Tree. An American tree, the

T UBERIF'EROUS. Producing or bear- Liriodendron tulipifera.

ing tubers, as a tuberiferous root. TUMEFACTION. Tumefac'tio. Act

TUBEROSE. Tuberosa. Tuberous. of swelling into a tumor ; a swelling.
TU'BEROUS. From tuber, a bunch. TUMEFIED. Swelled; enlarged.
In Botany, having knobs or tubers con- TUMID. Swelled.
nected into a bunch by intervening TU'MOR. Tu'mor; from tumeo, I swell.
threads, as the roots of potatoes. A morbid enlargement of any part of the
TUBEROSITY. Tuberositas. From body ; a permanent swelling. Abernethy
tuber, a bunch. A rough projection or restricts the term tumor to such swelling9
process on a bone which gives attachment as arise from new productions, including
to muscles or ligaments. onljr the sarcomatous, which are of a firm
TUBICOLA'RLE. Name given byand fleshy consistence, and the encysted,
Lamarck to a genus of infusoria of the which are formed in a membranous sac.
order Eotifera. The former he divides into, 1. The com-
TU'BULAR. Tuburla'ris. Having mon vascular or organized sarcoma; 2.
the form of a tube. Adipose sarcoma ; 3. Pancreatic sarcoma,
TUBULATED. Tubula'tus. Fur- from its resemblance to the pancreas ; 4.

nished with a tube, as a retort. Mastoid or mammary sarcoma, from its

 TUN "765 TUR
resemblance to the structure of the mam- Tunica Arachnoi'dea. The arach-
mary gland, 5. Tuberculated sarcoma, noid membrane.
which is composed of small, ovoid tumors, Tunica Choroides. The choroid mem-
varying in size and color, and connected brane.

by cellular tissue. 0. Medullary sarcoma, Tunica Conjunctiva. The conjunc-

from its resemblance to the medullary tiva.
substance of the brain. This variety is Tunica Cor'nea. The cornea of the
commonly designated by the name of fun- eye.
gus haimatodes. 7. The Carcinomatous Tunica Elytroi'des. The tunica
sarcoma, constituting the cancerous tu- vaginalis.
mor. Encysted tumors he divides into, 1. Tunica Erythroi'des. The cremaster
Steatomalous, which contain fatty matter. muscle.
2. Melicerous, the substance of which bears Tunica Granuloma. Name given by
some resemblance to honey. 3. Atheroma- Dr. Barry to an investment of the ovum.
tous, which are of a paste-like consistence. Its existence, however, as distinct from
The nature and malignancy of a tumor the membrana granulosa, is regarded by
are determined not only by the causes which others as doubtful.
give rise to its development, but also by Tunica Jaco'bi;. An exceedingly deli-
its seat and the state of the general health, cate serous membrane between the retina

and constitutional diathesis of the indi- and choroid coat, consisting of minute
vidual. prismatic bodies placed close together,
Tumors or the Gums and Alveolar and perpendicularly to the surface of the
Processes. See Jaws, diseases membrane.
of.

Tumor Ekec'tile. A tumor Tunica Het'ina. The retina.

suscepti-
ble of elevation and depression, as when Tunica Vasculo'sa Tes'tis. A deli-
developed in a soft vascular tissue. cate membrane formed of minute ramifi-
Tumor, Fibrous. A morbid growth cations of the spermatic vessels, on the
formed of fibrous tissue. inner surface of the tunica albuginea,
Tumor, Var'icose. A circumscribed and
enclosing the substance of the gland,
morbid growth, of a bluish color, caused constituting the membrane of the testis.
by dilatation and development of capillary Tunica Vasculosa Eet' in^5. The
vessels. inner lamina of the retina. It is of a
TUXG'STATE. A salt formed of fibro-vascular structure, and supports the
tungstic acid and a base. outer medullary lamina.
TUXG'STEN. A brittle metal, nearly Tunica Villo'sa. The inner coat of
as hard as steel, of a grayish-white color, the intestines.
and considerable lustre. Tunica Vit'rea. The hyaloid mem-
TUXG'STIC ACID. An acid composed brane.
of one equivalent of tungsten and three of T U N I C A' T A. Tunicaries. From
oxygen. tunica, a tunic. An order of acephalous
TU'NIC. Tu'nica. In Anatomy, a mollusks which are covered with a soft,
membrane, or covering to some part or elastic tunic.
organ, as the tunics of the eye, &c. TUNICA'TUS. Tunica' ted. Covered
TU'NICA. Tunic. with a tunic.
Tunica Aciniform'is. The uvea. TU'NICLE. A natural covering; an
Tunica Adna'ta. The conjunctiva. integument.
Tunica Albugin'ea Oc'uli. The TUll'BID. Turbi'dus ; from turbo, to
fibrous membrane of the eye, situated im- disturb. In a general sense, muddy, not
mediately under the conjunctiva. clear. Applied to liquids, as turbid water,
Tunica Albuginea Tes'tis. The turbid wine, &c.
albuginea testis. TURBINATED. Turbina'tus ; from
49

/
 TUR 7G6 TUT
turbo or turben, a top. Shaped like a top bulbous roots and the plants, the Brassica
or inverted cone. rapa, and the Brassica campeslris.
Turbinated Bones. Very thin con- Turnip, Indian. Dragon root; a
voluted plates of bone, situated in the common name of Arum triplnjllum.
nasal fossa). They are distinguished into TCRN'SOLE. A plant of the genus
the superior and inferior. The spongy Heliotropium, so named because its flower
bones. is supposed to turn toward the sun ; the
TURBINA'TUM. Turbo cerebri. The Heliotropium Furopceum. Al^o, a blue
pineal gland. pigment obtained from the liocella tinc-
TURBINA'TUS. Turbinated. toria.

TUBBITH MONTPEL'LIER. A syn- TUR'PENTIXE. Terebin'thina. The

onym of Globularia ahjpum. resinous juice of pine trees.
TURGES'CENCE. Turgescen'tia; from TUR'PETH-MIN'ERAL. Common
turgescere, to swell. A preternatural ac- name of Hydrargyrus vitriolalus.
cumulation of blood or other fluid in a TURPE'THUM. The turbith plant.
part ; a state of distension. See Convolvulus Turpethum.
Turgescence of the Gums. A swollen TURQUOISE. A blue mineral consist-
or distended condition of the margins of ing chiefly of hydratcd alumina, and for-
the gums. See Gums, Inflammation, merly superstitiously supposed to change
Turgescence, Ulceration, and Recession of. its color, according as the wearer is in
TURGID'ITY. Turgid'ness; turges- good or bad health.
cence. TURUN'DA. A tent.
TUR'GID. Turgi'dus; from turgere, TUSSIC'ULAR. Tussicida'ris. From
to swell or puff up. Swollen. tussis, a cough. Pertaining to a cough.
TURGOR VITA'LIS. Turgescence. TUSSILA'GO. The Tussilago far'fara.
TUR'KEY. A large gallinaceous fowl, Also, a genus of plants of the order Com-
native of America, of the genus Melcagris; positce.
the flesh of which furnishes a very nutri- Tussilago Far'fara. Colt's- foot. The
tious food. leaves are said to possess demulcent and
Turkey-Stone. Novae' utile ; razor- pectoral properties.
stone. A massive mineral of a yellowish, Tussilago Petasi'tes. Butter-burr;
greenish, or brownish-gray color. It is pestilent-wort. The root is said to be
used both by the surgeon and dentist for aperient.
sharpening instruments. TUS'SIS. A cough.
TUR'LINGTOX'S BAL'SAM. A cele- Tussis Convulsi'va. Hooping-cough.
brated expectorant and vulnerary, com- TUS'SIVE. Tussi'vtis. Belonging or
posed, according to the Philadelphia Col- pertaining to a cough.
lege of Pharmacy, of alcohol, Oviij ; ben- TUTAM'INA. Tuia'men; a defence,
zoin, § xij ; liquid storax, § ij ; socotrine a protection. A
term applied in Anatomy
aloes, § i; Peruvian balsam, § ij ; myrrh, to parts which seem to defend or protect
§ i angelica root, § ss balsam of Tolu, certain organs.
; ;

§ iv extract of liquorice-root, § iv. Di-

; Tutamina Cer'ebri. The scalp and
gest for eight days, and strain. bones of the skull.
TUR'MERIC ROOT. The tubers of TU'TENAG. An alloy of copper, zinc,
the Curcuma longa. They yield a beau- and nickel ; Chinese copper. In India, a
tiful bright yellow color. name given to zinc.
TURNTNG. A term applied in Ob- TU'TIA. Tutty. The gray incrusta-
stetrics to the operation of bringing down which forms on the chimneys of fur-
tion
the feet of the child in utero, for the pur- naces, in which the ores of zinc are
pose of facilitating delivery. smelted. Also, said to be found native in
TUR'NIP. The common name of two Persia. It is an impure oxyd of zinc.
 ;

TYP 767 TYS

TUTTY. Tutia. Typha Aromat'ica. Sweet-flag; the
TWINING. In Botany, ascending Acorns calamus.
spirally around a branch, stem, or prop. Typha Latifo'lia. The broad-leaved
TWINK'LING. Sparkling; shining cat's-tail, or red mace. The young shoots,
brightly with intermitted light. when boiled, are eaten like asparagus.
Twinkling- of the Eye. Nictation, The roots are astringent, and have been
which see. used in dysentery.
TWINGE. In Pathology, a sudden, TYPH'LO-ENTEPJTIS. Typhli'iis
sharp, local pain, of momentary continu- from rvtploc, the ccecum, and enteritis,

ance. inflammation of the intestines. Inflam-

TWINS. Two children born at a birth. mation of the ccecum.
TWITCHING. In Pathology, short TYPHO'DES. Typhoid.
spastic contractions. TYPHOH.E'MIA. A disorganized
TYCH'ICA. From rvxv, accident. state of the blood.
Fortuitous lesions. TYTHOID. Typlwi'des ; from typhis,
TYLO'SIS. Tylo'ma. Induration of and e«5o£, resembling typhus. Typhodcs.
the margin of the eyelids. A low fever, resembling typhus.
TYMPANIC. Tympan'icus. Pertain- TYPHOMA'NIA. From -rvfoc, stupor,
ing to or connected with the tympanum. and fiavia, madness. The iow muttering
TYMPANITES. From tv/mcivov, a delirium which accompanies typoid fevers.
drum, so called because the abdomen is TY'PIIOUS. Relating to typhus.
distended with wind, and sounds like a Typhous Fever. Typhoid fever.
drum when struck. Distension of the TY'PHUS. From rvQog, stupor. A
abdomen arising from an accumulation of fever characterized by extreme depression
air. There are two species, 1. Tympani- of strength small, weak, frequent and ;

tes iniestiiialis, consisting in an accumu- unequal pulse, and much cerebral derange-

lation of gas in the intestines and 2. ment. It is distinguished by most writers

;

Tympanites abdominalis, when the air is into typhus mi/ior, mild typhus or nervous
contained in the cavity of the peritoneum. fever, and typhus gravior, a severe malig-
Tympanites, Uterine. A windy nant typhus.
swelling of the uterus. Typhus Car'cerum. The jail fever.
TYMPANITIS. From Tv/xnavov, a Typhus Castren'sis. The camp fever.
drum, and itis, inflammation. Inflam- Typhus Grav'ior. Malignant typhus
mation of the tympanum of the ear. fever.
TYM'PANUM. The drum of the ear. Typhus Ictero'des. The yellow fever.
TYM'PANY. Tympanites. Typhus Mit'ior. Mild typhus fever.
TYPE. Typus. From rvnoc, a stamp, Typhus Nervo'sus. Typhus mitior.
itself from the root of tap, Nervous fever.
tvtttu, I beat.

In Pathology, the which the

order in Typhus Petechia'lis. Typhus gravior.
symptoms of a disease occur and succeed TYltAN'NUS. An ancient antidote
each other the character which a disease composed of numerous ingredients.
;

assumes, especially one of an acute or TYREM'ESIS. Tyrotem'esis ; from

febrile nature. In Natural History, that tvooc, cheese, and e/xeaic, vomiting. A
which combines most prominently the vomiting of curdy matter.
several characteristics of a group. Thus, TYRIA'SIS. Tubercular elephantiasis.
an individual may be the type of a spe- TYRO'MA. A tumor of a cheese-like
cies, and a species the type of a genus, structure.

and a genus the type of a family or TYROS. Cheese.

order. TYRO'SIS. Tyremesis.
TY'PIIA. A genus of plants of the TYSON'S GLANDS. The sebaceous
order Graminaceoz. glands of the corona penis.
 ;

ULC 768 ULO

u.

U. The symbol for uranium. Inflammation, Turgescence, Ulceration

UD'DER. The breast of a female, but and Recession of.

applied to the glandular organ or bag of UL'CEROUS. Having the character of

cows and other quadrupeds, in which the an ulcer.

milk is secreted and retained for the nour- UL'CUS. An ulcer.

ishment of their young. ULCUS'CULE. Ulcus' culum. Dimin-

UDOM'ETER. From vdup, water, and utive of ulcus, an ulcer. A small ulcer.
fierpov, a measure. A rain gauge. ULI'TIS. From ovlov, the gum, and
ULA. The gums. itis, a terminal denoting inflammation.
TJL ACNE'S IS. Odaxis'mus; from ovla, Inflammation of the gums. See Gums,
the gums, and kvtjois, itching. Itching of Diseases of the.
the gums, often a symptom of dentition, ULMA'CEA. The Elm tribe of Dico-
and sometimes of certain morbid condi- tyledonous plants.
tions of this structure. ULMA'RIA. The meadow-sweet, a
UL ATROPHIA. From ovlov, the plant of the genus Spiroza.
gum, and atrophia; atrophy. A gradual UL'MIC ACID. Ul'min. A black or
shrinking or secession of the gums from brown substance which appears to be con-
the necks of the teeth. This affection may tained in most barks, especially that of
be produced by an accumulation of sali- the elm, and produced by the action of
vary calculus upon the teeth, or by irreg- acids or alkalies on vegetable matter. It
ularity in the arrangement, diminution, or is a modification of Humus.
complete loss of the vitality of these or- UL'MUS. A genus of trees of the or-
gans. Gums, Diseases of the.
See der Ulmaceoz. common elm.
Also, the
UL'CER. Ul'cus. A solution of con- Ulmus Campes'tris. The common elm.
tinuity in the soft parts, accompanied by The mucilage of the inner bark has been
a discharge of purulent matter, occasioned used in nephritic affections, and as an ap-
and kept up by some local or constitu- plication to burns.
tional injury or defect. In popular lan- Ulmus Ful'va. The slippery elm. The
guage, a running sore. Ulcers are dis- inner bark yields a largo quantity of mu-
tinguished into, The simple ulcer, cilage, which is used in coughs, dysentery,
1.

resulting from a superficial wound. 2. and as an external application in the form

The sinuous, in which the matter runs of poultice to tumors, wounds, &c.
under integuments and escapes from a Ulmus Rubra. The ulmus fulva, which
small, but not callous, orifice. 3. The fis- see.

tulous, a deep ulcer, with a small callous UL'NA. The inner and larger bone of
orifice. 4. The fungous, where the sur- the forearm.

face is covered with fungous flesh. 5. The UL'NAR. Belonging to the ulna.
gangrenous. G. The scorbutic, depending Ulnar Artery. The branch of the
upon a scorbutic diathesis of the general brachial artery which passes down the
system. 7. The venereal, resulting from inner side of the forearm.

the venereal disease. 8. The cancerous. ULNA'RIS. Ulnar.

9. The carious, depending upon a carious Ulnaris Exter'nus. The extensor
bone. 10. The inveterate, which is of long carpi ulnaris.
continuance, and 11. The scrofulous. Ulnaris Inter'nus. The flexor carpi
Ulcer, Malig'nant. A putrid ulcer ulnaris.
hospital gangrene. ULOCACE. From ovkov, the gum, and
ULCERATION. Vlcera'tio. The for- kclkoc, bad. Cancrum oris, or gangrenous
mation of an ulcer. inflammation of the mouth, particularly
Ulceration or the Gums. See Gums, of the sums.
 ;

UMB 769 UNO

ULODEN'DRON. From ovloc, entire, I UM'BELLULE. A small or partial
andfevdpov, a tree. An extinct genus of I
umbel.
trees, found only in a fossil state. UM'BER. A variety of ochraceous iron
ULON'CUS. From ovlov, the gum, and ore, used as a pigment ; also, a variety of
oynoe, a tumor. A tumor of the gums. peat or brown coal, used in the adultera-
Epulis. See Jaw^s, Diseases of. tion of snuff.
ULORRHAG'TA. From ovlov, the UMBILICAL. Umbilica'lis; from um-
gums, and pyyvv/u, I break forth. Hemor- bilicus, the navel. Belonging or relating,
rhage from the gums. This may occur to the navel.
spontaneously, or result from the mechan- Umbilical Chord. Funis umbilica'lis.
ical division of some of the vessels of the The navel string.
gums, but unless favored by a hemorrhagic Umbilical Hernia. Hernia umbili-
diathesis, it is never very considerable. calis.

But when thus favored, it is often difficult Umbilical Region. The middle por-
to control, and has, in some instances, abdomen about the navel.
tion of the
terminated fatally. When spontaneous, Umbilical Ring. A fibrous ring sur-
the blood generally escapes from a number rounding the aperture of the navel.
of places, but more frequently from the Umbilical Ves'icle. Vesicula umbili-
apices than any other part of the gums. calis, which see.

See Hemorrhage from the gums, sponta- UMBILTCUS. In Anatomy, the navel
neous. in Botany, the hilum, or scar by which a
ULOTTCA. That which contributes to seed is attached to the placenta.
the healing of ulcers and wounds. Umbilicus Maki'nus. A sub-marine
ULTIMATE ANAL'YSIS. In Chem- production found on rocks and the shells
istry, the resolution of a substance into its of fishes, said to possess anthelmintic prop-
absolute elements. erties.

UL'TIMI-STERNAL. Ultimi-sterna'lis. UM'BO. A protuberance. In Conchol-

Name given by Beclard to the Ensisternal, ogy, the convex elevation or protuberance
or sixth and last portion of the sternum. of a bivalve shell immediately above the
ULTRA-MARINE. The blue color- hinge. In Botany, the protuberant centre
ing matter of the Lapis lazuli, which is of the pileus of a fungus.
unchangeable by exposure to the air. UMBREL'LA TREE. A common
UL'VA. A genus of sea-weeds of the name of Magnolia tripelala.

order Algce, tribe Ulvacece. UNCA'RIA. A genus of plants of the

Ulva Lactu'ca. Oyster-green laver. order Rubiacece.
It possesses refrigerant and nutritive prop- Uncaria Gam'bir. The plant which
erties. yields the gambir of commerce, called in
Ulva Umbilica'lis. Shield laver, said Europe Terra japonica. It is a species of
to possess nutritive properties. much used in tannin.
Catechu,
UM'BEL. From umbella, an umbrella. UNCIA. The twelfth part of any thing.
In Botany, a form of inflorescence or flow- An ounce, as being the twelfth part of the
ering, in which all the pedicles or flower Roman As, a weight of twelve ounces.
stalks proceed from a common centre or UN'CIFORM. Uncifor'mis; from uncus,
single point, and are nearly equal in a hook, and forma, shape. Having the
length, thus forming an even or globose shape of a hook ; hook-like.

surface. Unciform Bone. The fourth bone of

UMBELLIF'ERiE. From umbella, an the second row of the carpus.
umbel. The umble-bearing tribe of um- Unciform Process. The hamular pro
belliferous plants. cess of the os sphenoides.

UMBELLIFEROUS. Applied to plants UNCIN A'TED . Beset with bent spines

which produce umbels. like hooks.
 UNG 770 UNG
UN'CUS. A hook. Unguentum Hydrargyri Io'didi.
UNDULATED. Umlula'tus. Wavy. P. L. Ointment of iodide of meremy.
U X D U L A' T I N. A waving mo- Unguentum Hydrargyri Binio'didi.
tion or vibration. In Pathology, fluctua- Ph. L. Ointment of biniodide of mercury.
tion. Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitra'tis.
UNE'QUAL. Inequa'lis. In Botany, U. S. Ointment of nitrate of mercury ;

not having the two sides symmetrical. citrine ointment,

UN'GUAL. From unguis, a nail, claw, Unguentum Hydrargyri Ox'ydi Ru-
or hoof. An epithet applied in Zoology bri. U. S. Ointment of red oxyd of
to such hones of the feet as have attached mercury.
to them a nail, claw or hoof. Unguentum Io'dini. U. S. Oint-
UNGUENTUM. From ungere, to ment of iodine.
anoint. Unguent; an ointment; a topi- Unguentum Iodini Compos'itum. U.
cal application of about the consistence of S. and Ph. L. Compound ointment of
lard. An ointment is softer than a cerate, iodine.
although the terms are often used indis- Unguentum Meze'rei. U. S. Oint-
criminately. ment of mezcreon.
Unguentum Ac"idi Ni'tbioi. Ph. D. Unguentum Pi'cis Liq'uid.e. U. S.
Ointment of nitric acid. Ph. L. and D. Tar ointment.
Unguentum Acidt Sulphu'rici. Ph. Unguentum Picis Nig'r.e. Ointment
D. Ointment of sulphuric acid. of black pitch.
Unguentum Antimo'nii. U. S. An- Unguentum Pip'eris Nigri. Oint-
timonial ointment ; tartar emetic ointment. ment of black pepper.
Unguentum Aq'u.e Ro's,e. U. S. Oint- Unguentum Plum'bi Aceta'tis. Oint-
ment of rose water. ment of acetate of lead.
U N G U E N T U M CaNTHAr'iDIS. U.S. Unguentum Plumbi Carbona'tis. U.
Ointment of Spanish flies. S. Ph. D. Ointment of carbonate of lead.
Unguentum Ceta'cei. Ph. L. Sperma- Unguentum Plumbi Compos'itum.
ceti ointment. Ph. L. Compound ointment of lead.
Unguentum Coc'culi. Ph. E. Oint- Unguentum Plumbi Io'didi. Ph. L.
ment of cocculus indicus. Ointment of iodide of lead.
Unguentum Coni'i. Ph. D. Oint- Unguentum Potas's^e Hydrioda'tis.
ment of hemlock. Ointment of hydriodate of potassa.
Unguentum Creaso'ti. U. S. Oint- Unguentum Sambu'ci. Ph. L. Elder
ment of creasote. ointment.
Unguentum Cu'pri Subaceta'tis. U. Unguentum Scrophula'rijs. Fh. D.
S. Ointment of sub-acetate of copper. Ointment of figwort.
Unguentum El'emi. Ph. L. Oint- Unguentum Sim'plex. U. S. Simple
ment of elemi. ointment.
Unguentum Gal'l^e. U. S. Ointment Unguentum Stramo'nii. U. S. Oint-
of galls. ment of stramonium.
Unguentum Gall,e Compos'itum. Ph. Unguentum Sulphu'ris. U. S. Sul-
L. Compound ointment of galls. phur ointment.
Unguentum Hydrar'gyri. U. S. Mer- Unguentum Sulphuris Compos'itum.
curial ointment; strong mercurial oint- U. S. Compound sulphur ointment.
ment. Unguentum Tab'aci. U. S. Tobacco
Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammo- ointment.
nia'ti.U. S. Ointment of ammoniated Unguentum Vera'tri Albi. U. S.
mercury. Ointment of white precipitate. Ointment of white hellebore.
Unguentum Hydrargyri Mit'ius. Unguentum Zin'ci Ox'ydi. U. S. Oint-

Ph. L. Mild mercurial ointment. ment of oxyd of zinc.

 UNI 771 URA
UNGUIS. From ow£, a hook. In UNOC'ULUS. Unioc'ulus. One-eyed.
Anatomy, the nail ; a horny lamina at the UNWELL'. Slightly indisposed not ;

extremity of each finger and each toe. In in good health applied particularly to
;

Surgery, a collection of pus hetween the women during the period of menstruation.
lamina? of the cornea of the eye. Applied, U'PAS. A term applied, in Java, to
in Botany, to the thin inferior part of the several vegetable poisons, of which the
petal of a polypetalous corolla. Bohun upas and Upas iieute, are the most
Unguis Os. The lachrymal hone of deadly.
the orbit. U'RACHUS. From ovpov, urine. A
UN'GULA. A hoof, as of a horse. ligamentous chord extending from the
UN'GULATE. Nail-shaped; hoof- base of the urinary bladder to the umbili-
shaped. cal chord, which, in the foetus of certain

UN'GULATES. Ungula'ta ; from un- animals, is hollow, and conveys the urine
gula, a hoof. The class of mammalia to the allantoid membrane.
which have the digits inclosed in hoofs. URAEMIA. From urea, and aifia,

UNHEALTH'Y. wanting blood.

Sickly; A term applied to diseases in
health, habitually weak, indisposed, in- which there is' an excess of urea in the
salubrious, having a tendency to generate blood.
diseases ; morbid. U'RAMILE. A beautiful feathery
UNl'CUS. Single. crystalline powder ; a product of the ac-
UNIFLO'ROUS. Bearing one flower tion of hydrochloric acid on thionurate of
only. ammonia.
UNILATERAL. Unilatera'lis. On URAMIL'IC ACID. An acid obtained
one side only, as in Botany, when the by acid thionurate of ammonia or uramile,
flowers grow only on one side of a com- with dilute sulphuric acid ; or by boiling
mon peduncle. uramile with potash.
UNILOCULAR. Having one cell. URA'NIA. A genus of plants of the
U'NIO. A genus of fresh water bivalve order Musacece.
shells, belonging to the family Mytilacea) Urania Specio'sa. Plantain-leaved
of Cuvicr. Margarita. urania ; a Madagascar plant, the pulpy
UNION. Act of uniting or joining two arillus of which is of a blue color, and
or more things into one; state of being yields a volatile oil. The seeds are eaten.
united. URAN'IC ACID. Peroxyd of uranium.
Union by the First Intention. In URANISCONI'TIS, From vpavioKog,
Surgery, the process by which the oppo- the palate, and itis, inflammation. In-
site surfaces of a recent wound, when kept flammation of the palate.

in contact, grow together, without sup- URANISCOPLAS'TY. Uraniscoplas'-

puration or granulation. iice ; from vpavionog, the roof of the mouth,
UNIP'AROUS. From unis, one, and and 7r/la<7(Tw, to form. An operation for
pario, to bear. Producing one at a birth. the formation of the soft palate.
UNISE'MA. A genus of plants of the URANISCORRHAPHY. Staphylora-
order Pontederiacece. phy.
Unisema Deltifo'lia. Water plan- URANIS'COS. The palate.
tain, the root of which possesses emollient U'RANITE. An ore of uranium, com-
and astringent properties. posed of phosphoric acid, oxyd of urani-
UNIT JAR. An apparatus for charg- um, lime, silica, oxyd of iron, with small
ing Ley den jars with known proportions quantities of magnesia, oxyd of manganese
of electricity, contrived by Mr. Harris. and barytes.
UNIVALVE. From unus, one, and URA'NIUM. A rare elementary metal of
valva, a valve. A shell composed of one a grayish color, discovered by Klaproth in
piece. 1789, in the mineral called pitchblend. It
 UEE 772 URE
is also contained in uranite, of which there URETER. From ovpov, urine. The
are two varieties, lime uranite and chalco- membranous canal extending from tho
lite or copper uranite. It has three oxyds, pelvis of the kidney to the urinary blad-
one of which, the sesquioxyd, is occasion- der, which conveys the urine from the
ally employed as a coloring ingredient in former to the latter organ.
the manufacture of porcelain teeth. This URETERAL'GIA. From ovpyryp, the
" is obtained by dissolving the green oxyd ureter, and akyog, pain. Pain along the
in nitric acid, evaporating to dryness, and course of the ureter.
fusing it at a low heat to drive off the URETERITIS. From otpmp, the
nitric acid. It is then digested in boiling ureter, and itis, a terminal denoting in-
water as long as any thing soluble is flammation. Inflammation of the ureter.
taken up, and the pure oxyd remains as URETERO-THROMBOI'DES. From
a gold or orange yellow powder, becoming ovprrrrip , the ureter, -dpofipog, grumous
brick-red, from loss of water, by carefully blood, and eidog, resemblance. Ischury
heating ; and, at a higher temperature, occasioned by the formation of grumous
losing oxygen also. Its salts are yel- blood in the ureter.
low." ° URETHRA. From ovpov, urine. The
URANOS'COPUS. From vpavog, excretory duct of the urine in both sexes
heaven, okotvcu, I explore. A Linnasan in the higher animals, and of the semen
genus of fishes, so called because both in the male.

eyes are in the upper surface of the head. URETHRAL'GIA. From ovpvtipa, the

The species are commonly called " star- urethra, and alyog, pain. Tain in the
gazers." urethra ;
gonorrhoea.
URATE. A compound of uric acid URETHRITIS. From ovpydpa, the
with a salifiable base. urethra, and itis, inflammation. Inflam-
Urate of Soda. The principal ingre- mation of the urethra.
dient in arthritic calculi. URETHRO-BULBA'RIS. Name given
UR'CEOLA. A genus of plants of the by Chaussier to the transverse perineal
order Apocynacece. artery, because it is distributed on the
Urceola Elas'tica. Caoutchouc-vine. bulb of the urethra.
A plant, native of the Malayan penin- URETHROPHRAX'IS. From ovprjdpa,

sula. A milky juice oozes from the bark the urethra, and fipaaeu, I obstruct. Ob-
when wounded, which, when inspissated, struction of the urethra ; stricture.

possesses all the properties of caoutchouc. URETHROPLASTY. Urethroplas'tice;

UR'CEOLATE. Urceo'lus ; from from ovprjdpa, the urethra, and irlaaou, I

urcesu, a pitcher. Pitcher-shaped ; ap- form. In Surgery, an operation for sup-

plied in Botany to a calyx or corolla, the plying defects in the urethra.
body of which swells out while the orifice URETHRORRHAGTA. From ovp^pa,
is contracted. and pvywfii, I break out. Hemorrhage
U'REA. A white pearly substance, from the urethra.
forming an essential part of urine. URETHRORRHC3A. Ureihro-blen-
UREC'CITYSIS. From ovpov, urine, norrhce'a. From ovpridpa, the urethra,
and enxvoic, effusion. Effusion of urine and peu, I flow. A mucous dischargo
into the cellular membrane. from the urethra.
URE'DO. From uro, to burn. A URETHROSPAS'MUS. Spasm of the
term applied to a burning or itching sen- urethra.
sation attonding many diseases. Also, URETHROT'OMUS. In Surgery, an
urticaria. instrument for cutting into the urethra in
URE'SIS. Uri'asis ; from ovpeiv, to the operation of lithotomy ; also, an in-

void urine. The act of voiding the urine. strument for dividing strictures of the
*Piggot's Dental Chemistry. urethra.
 URI 773 URO
U E E T II II T'O M Y. Urdhrotom'ia. ber or citron-yellow color, of a peculiar
An incision of the urethra for the removal odor, and of a slightly bitter, saline, and
of stricture. acid taste.
URET'IC. Uret'icus. Diuretic; uri- Urine, Alkaline. Urine containing
nary. an excess of earthy phosphates.
URI'AS. The urethra. Urine, Bloody. Hematuria.
URI'ASIS. Lithiasis, which see. Urine, Diabet'ic. Urine containing
U'RIC. Pertaining to urine. sugar, analogous to that of the grape.
Uric Acid. Ac'idum u'riCum ; Urine, Drop'sical. Urine containing
lithic

acid. An acid which and much albumen and little urea.

exists in urine
in gouty concretions. When pure, it is a Urine, Dyspep'tic. This contains an
white, inodorous, crystalline powder. It excess of urates, and soon putrefies.
readily unites with alkaline bases, forming Urine, Gout'y. This contains much
urates. It occurs most frequently in the phosphate of lime, and is often turbid at
form of urate of soda or urate of ammonia, the time it is voided.
constituting the greater part of urinary Urine, Incon'tinence of. Involun-
calculi. It is often deposited in diseased tary discharge of urine from the bladder.
urine, in the form of a reddish sediment. Urine, Milk'y. White and turbid
Formula, C5 HNa Oi+HO. urine is so termed.
Uric Oxyd. Ox'ydum u'ricum; am- Urine, Mucilag'inous. Urine con-
Viic oxyd. A white powder sometimes, taining mucus.
though very rarely, found in calculi. It Urine, Ner'vous. Urine almost color-
has never been discovered in healthy urine. less, limpid, and abundant.
URINAC'ULUM. The urachus, which Urine, Oxal'ic. Urine containing a
aee. salt of oxalic acid.
URINAL. Urinato'rium ; from urina, Urine, Phosphat'ic. Urine contain-
urine. A vessel adapted to the penis for ing an excess of earthy phosphates.
the reception of the urine in cases of in- Urine, Fhosphores'cent. Luminous
continence. urine.
URINA'RIA. The dandelion or piss- Urine, Pur'puric. Urine containing
abed, a plant of the genus Leontodon. purpuric acid and its salts.

U'RINARY. Urina'rius ; from urina, Urine, Pu'rulent. Urine containing

urine. Pertaining to the urine. pus.
Urinary Bladder. Ves'ica urina'ria. Urine, Reten'tion of. An accumu-
A musculo-membranous pouch, situated lation of urine in the bladder from inabil-

in the lower part of the abdomen between ity to void it; ischuria.
the symphysis pubis and the beginning of Urine, Suppression of. Ischuria.
the rectum. It serves for the reception of URINIF'EROUS. From ovpov, urine,

the urine from the ureters, and when a and 0epu, I carry. Carrying urine, as
certain quantity has accumulated, a desire the tubuli urinifcri.
for its expulsion is experienced. Uriniferous Tubes. A number of
Urinary Cal'culi. Thewhich small ducts converging from the cortical
calculi
form in the bladder and urinary passages. portion of the kidney to the apices of the
Urinary Fis'tula. A deep, narrow papilla?.
ulcer communicating with some of the UHINOM'ETER. An instrument for
urinary passages. determining the specific gravity of the
U'RINE. Ovpov •
from opovu, to rush urine.
out. The fluid secreted in the kidneys, U'RIXOUS. Having the character of
and slowly conveyed by the ureters into or resembling urine.
the urinary bladder. When voided in a UROCELE. From ovpov, urine, and
healthy state, it is transparent, of an am- ktj7it]
} swelling. Tumor of the scrotum
 URR 774 UTE
occasioned by infiltration of urine into UR'SUS. A bear ; a genus of planti-
its cellular tissue. grade carnivorous animals.
UROCHES'IA. Urochez'ia; from Ursus America'nus. The black bear.
ovpov, urine, and x e i etv , to go to stool. Ursus Arctos. The common brown
Evacuation of urine through the anus. bear.
UROCRISTA. From and
ovpov, urine, Ursus Fe'rox. The grisly bear.
icpivu, 1 judge. A judgment formed of Ursus Marit'imus. The Polar bear.
disease by inspecting the urine. URTI'CA. A genus of plants of the
URODIAL'YSIS. From ovpov, urine, order Urticacece.
and fiialvGig, dissolution, loss of strength. Urtica Dioi'ca. The common stinging
A suspension of the function of the nettle. The young shoots are diuretic
kidney. and anti-scorbutic.
URODYN'IA. From ovpov, urine, and Urtica Mor'tua. Dead nettle, or
o&vvrj, pain. Fain attending the excre- Lamium album, formerly supposed to be
tion of urine. useful in uterine hemorrhage and leucor-
U ROERYTH'RIN. An inodorous and rhoea.
tasteless pigment seen in the urine in Urtica Pilulif'era. The pill-bearing
intermittent fevers, and in some inflam- nettle.The seeds were formerly supposed
mations. to possess pectoral virtues.
UROGLAU'CIN. A dark blue pig- Urtica U'rens. Dwarf nettle; the
ment obtained from urine. lesser nettle, said to possess properties
UltOL'ITHI. Urinary calculi. similar to Urtica dioica.
UROLITHIASIS. From ovpov, and URTICA'CEiE. The nettle tribe of
Tuftog, a stone. Disease connected with dicotyledonous plants.
the formation of urinary calculi. URTICA'RIA. From urtica, a nettle.
UROLITHOL'OG Y. Urolitholog"ia ; The an eruption on the skin
nettle-rash ;

from ovpov, urine, lidog, a stone, and hoyog, resembling that produced by the stings of
a discourse. A treatise on urinary calculi. a nettle. Six varieties are described by
UllOMANTI'A. From ovpov, urine, Willan, namely, 1. Urticaria febrilis ; 2.
and fxavrua, divination. The pretended Urticaria evanida; 3. Urticaria persis-
art of divining diseases by inspecting the tans; 4. Urticaria conferta ; 5. Urticaria
urine. subcuianea; 6. Urticaria tuberosa.
URON. Urine. URTICA'TION. Urtica'iio; from
URONOL'OGY. Uronolofia; from urtica, a nettle. "Whipping a part of the
ovpov, urine, and hoyog, a discourse. A body with nettles for the purpose of pro-
treatise on the urine. ducing cutaneous excitement.
UROPLA'NIA. From ovpov, urine, URYL'IC ACID. Uric acid, which see.
and nlavT], error. The escape of urine USTILA'GO. Ergot.
from some other than its natural channel. US'TION. The act of applying the
UHOSCOPTA. Uromantia. actual cautery. Also, a burn.
UltO'SES. Diseases of the urinary USTO'RIOUS. Having the quality of
organs. burning.
UROS'TEALITH. A fatty renal cal- USTULA'TION. Ustula'tio. The act
culus discovered by Haller. of burning. In Pharmacy, the operation
UROXAN'THIN. A yellow pigment by which a substance is freed from mois-
existing in solution in healtliy urine, and ture. In Metallurgy, the operation of
to the presence of which this fluid owes expelling one substance from another by
its yellow color. heat.
URRHO'DIN. A granular resinous U'TERIKE. Utcri'nus; from uterus,
substance, of a rose color, discovered in thewomb. Belonging or relating to the
urine. womb.
 VAC 775 VAC
Uterine Artery. A branch of the the black pigment on the posterior surface
hypogastric or internal pudic, distributed of the iris.

over the uterus. Uvea, Commissure of the. The

UTERI'NUS FRATER. A brother by ciliary ligament.
the mother's side. U'VULA. A small, conical, fleshy pro-
UTERO-GESTA'TIO. Pregnancy. cess hanging from the middle of the infe-
UTEROMA'NIA. Nymphomania. rior margin of the soft palate over the
U'TERUS. Tho womb; a hollow root of the tongue. It is composed of
organ of the shape of a compressed pear, mucous membrane and the azygos uvulas
situated in the cavity of the pelvis be- muscle.
tween the urinary bladder and rectum, Uvula, Elongation of. See Palatine
and destined to lodge the foetus from the Organs, Diseases of.
commencement of pregnancy till birth. Uvula, Ulceration of. See Pala-
Uterus, Inversion of. The uterus tine Organs, Diseases of.
displaced and turned inside out, as some- Uvula Scissors, Hullihen's. A pair
times occurs in the careless or injudicious of scissors invented by Dr. S. P. llullihen,
removal of the placenta. of Wheeling, Va., in the early part of
Uterus, Ir'ritable. Neuralgia of the 1843, for the removal of the uvula, which
uterus. are so contrived, that at the instant it
UTRIC'ULUS. The uterus. Also, a cuts the uvula, it secures the divided part,
little bag or hollow vesicle. and prevents it from falling into the
Applied in
Zoology to the dilatation of the membra- fauces by means of a pair of supplement-
nous labyrinth which incloses the calca- ary blades, provided with sharp teeth,
reous concretions of the ear of fishes ; and beneath the cutting blades.
in Botany to each cell of the cellular tissue Uvula Spoon. A spoon-shaped sur-
of plants, and to the vesicle filled with gical instrument, to be held under the
air, which sustains the stem and leaf of uvula for the purpose of conveying any
the plants of the genus Urticularia. substance into the fauces.
U'VA. An unripe grape. Also, a Uvula Ves'ice. A slight elevation of
tumor having the appearance of a grape. the mucous membrane at the entrance of
Uva Pas'sa Ma'jor. A raisin. the urethra in the neck of the bladder.
Uva Passa Mi'nor. The dried currant. UVULA'RIA. The Iiuscus Jiypoglos-
Uva Ur'si. The arbutus uva ursi, sum,, a plant formerly used in cases of re-
which see. laxation of the uvula.
U'VEA. From uva, an unripe grape. UVULI'TIS. From uvula, and itis,

A term applied by some anatomists to the denoting inflammation. Inflammation of

choroid coat of the eye, and by others to uvula.

V.

V. The symbol for vanadium. VACCINA'TION. Vaccina 'tio ; from

VACCI'NA. From vacca, a cow. Cow- vacca, a cow. Cow-pox inoculation ; the
pox; kine-pox; a pustular disease of insertion of vaccine matter under the cu-
cow's teats, consisting of vesicles of a ticle to produce cow-pox.
blue color, which, when introduced into VACCINATOR. Vac'cinist. One who
the human body by inoculation, preserves inoculates for the cow-pox.
the individual from the contagion of VACCINE MATTER. The serous
small-pox. For this valuable discovery fluid contained in the vesicle developed on
the world is indebted to Dr. Jenner. the udder of the cow, or on the body of
 VAG 776 VAL
one who lias been vaccinated, and which, VAGINITIS. Inflammation or irrita-

when permitted to remain undisturbed, tion of the vagina.

concretes into a hard scab or crust. VAGINO-HYSTERIOT'OMY. The
. A vaccinator.
VAC'CINIST. operation of making an incision into the
VACCINIUM. A genus of plants of uterus through the vagina.
the order Ericaceae. Vagino-Rectal Fissure. An opening
Vaccinium, Myrtil'lus. The myrtle- between the vagina and rectum one of ;

berry. The berries are anti- scorbutic, and the effects of badly managed labor.
when dry, astringent. VAGI'TUS. From vagio, to cry as a
Vaccinium Oxycoc'cos. The cran- child or infant. The cry of a new-born
berry plant. The berries are acid and child.
refrigerant. VALE'IIIAN. The root of Valeriana
Vaccinium Stamin'eum. Deerberry; officinalis, or wild valerian.
squaw whortleberry; a plant the leaves VALERIA'NA. A genus of plants of
of which possess astringent properties. the order VoUerianaceoz. Also, the offici-

Vaccinium Vitis Lle'a. The red nal valerian.

whortleberry. The leaves are astringent, Valeriana Cel'tica. Celtic nard. The
and the berries aperient and refrigerant. officinal or wild valerian. The root has a
VACILLA'TIO. From vacillare, to strong disagreeable odor, and is gently
waver. Vacillation ; moving one way stimulant, producing a specific influence
and the other staggering.
; on the cerebro-spinal system. It is re-
Vacillatio Den'tium. Odontoscisis, commended in hysteria, hypochondriasis,
which see. epilepsy, hemicrania and other nervous
VACUUM. An empty space. The disorders.
term is applied to the interior of a close Valeriana Pauciflo'ra. American
vessel, from which the atmospheric air valerian. This has properties similar to
and every other gas has been extracted. those of the other species.
The torriccllian vacuum, or the space above Valeriana Phu. Garden valerian.
the mercury in the barometric tube, is The root of this species has been recom-
the most perfect vacuum that can be pro- mended in sciatica and epilepsy.
duced by artificial means. VALERIANATES. The valerian
VAGI'NA. A sheath. In Anatomy, tribe of dicotyledonous plants.
the canal which leads ^from the vulva or VALERIANIC ACID. An acid ob-
external orifice of the female pudendum tained by the distillation of the root of
to the uterus. In Botany, the leaf-stalk Valeriana officinalis.

of those plants in which it becomes thin, VALETUDINA'RIAN. Sickly; one

and rolls round the stem, to which it there who is in delicate health; one who is
forms a sheath. seeking to recover health.
VAGTNAL. Vagina'lis. Pertaining to VALETUDINARIANISM. A state
the vagina or to a sheath. of feeble health.
Vaginal Artery. A branch of the VALETU'DINARY. Valetudinarian.
hypogastric, uterine, or internal pudic VAL'GUS. Bandy-legged ; one having
artery descending by, and distributed to, his legs bent outward. Also, club-foot.
the side of the vagina. VALLETTE'S PILLS. Pills of proto-

Vaginal Pulse. A term applied by carbonate of iron.

Osiander to the increased pulsation of the VAL'LUM. Literally, a rampart,
which occurs in preg- trench or wall
arteria vaginalis, ; applied in Anatomy to
nancy during the imminence of abortion. the eyebrows.
VAGINALIS TUNICA. The tunica VALVE. Val'vnla; from valval, fold-
vaginalis testis. ing doors. A small door. A term applied
VAGINA'TED. Sheathed. in Anatomy to membranous folds situated
 ;

VAP m TAB
at the orifice or in the course of certain place. Also, the place itself. In Chem-
cavities and which serve to pre- istry, an apparatus
canals, for heating bodies by
vent the regurgitation, and direct the vapor of water.
course of contained fluids. In Botany, the Vapor Douche. The application of a
divisions of the fruit. jet of watery vapor to some part of the
Valve of Fallo'pius. Valve of Bau- body.
hin. The ileo-ccecal valve. VAPORA'RIUM. A vapor bath.
VAL'VULA. A valve. VAP'ORIZATION. The vaporizing
Valvula Co'li. The valve of the colon. of a liquid, or the artificial formation of
Valvula Eusta'chii. A semilunar vapor.
membranous fold situated at the mouth of VAPOROUS. Va'porose. Full of va-
the inferior vena cava. pors or exhalations, as the vaporous air of
Valvula Mitra'lis. The mitral valve. valle}r s ; windy ; flatulent.

Valvula Semilunaris. The semilu- VA'PORS. Hypochondriasis; hysteria ;

nar valves. melancholy.

Valvula Tbiglociiik. The tricuspid VAR'EC. The ashes of sea-weeds
valves. kelp.
VALVULE CONNIVEN'TES. Nu- VARICEL'LA. Diminutive of vario-
merous semilunar folds of the mucous coat la, small-pox. Variola lymphat'ica. The
of the small intestines chicken-pox ; an eruptive disease, consist-
VANA'DIC ACID. An acid obtained ing of vesicles scattered over the body.
by heating vanadiate of ammonia so as to VARTCES. The plural of varix,
expel the alkali. It is a fine powder of a which see.

light rust yellow. VARICIFOR'MES PARAS 'TAT^E.—

VANA'DIUM. A brittle metal, of a The vasa deferentia at their commencement.
white color, found with lead and iron. VARICOBLEPHARON. From varix,
VANDEL'LIA. A genus of plants of dilatation of a vein, and fUefyapov, eyelid.

the order Scrophtdariaceos. A varicose tumor of the eyelid.

Vandellia Diffu'sa. A South
Ameri- VARICOCE'LE. From varix, and
can plant said to possess emetic and feb- ktjItj, a tumor. Cirsocele. A varicose en-
rifuge properties, and to be a valuable largement of the scrotum, or spermatic
remeity in dysentery and malignant fevers. chord.
VANIL'LA. A genus of plants of the VARICOM'PHALUS. From varix,
order Vanillacew. and o/Mpatog, the umbilicus. A varicose
Vanilla Auomat'ica. One of the spe- tumor of the umbilicus.
cies which affords the aromatic bean, VARICOSE. Varico'sus. Belonging
known in commerce by the name of Va- to or resembling a varix.
nilla, also said to be the product of several VARIC'ULA. Diminutive of varix;
other species. The vanilla yields a vola- applied in Pathology to a varicose swell-
tile aromatic oil, supposed to possess prop- ing of the veins of the conjunctiva.
erties similar to those of valerian. It has VARI'ETY. Vari'etas ; from vario, to
been used in low fevers, hysteria and vary. In Natiiral History, a subdivision
rheumatism. any individual plant or ani-
of a species;
VAT"ID. Vapidus. Dead ; spiritless ;
mal differing from the rest of the species
as vapid beer ; dull ; a vapid state of to which it belongs, in some accidental
blood ; unanimated. circumstances.
VA'POR. An elastic fluid rendered VARI'OLA. From varius, spotted, or
aeriform by heat, and capable of being from vari, pimples. The small-pox ; an
brought back to a liquid state by cold. eruptive disease with pustules which sup-
Vapob Bath. A steam bath ; the ap- purate from the eighth to the tenth day,
plication of vapor to the body in a close with fever.
 VAS 778 YEG
Variola Spu'ria. Varicella. Vascular System. The aggregate of
VA'HIOLITE. A kind of porphyritic the vessels, arteries, veins, and lymphat-
rock, consisting of imperfectly crystallized ics of the body.
aggregate of felspar and quartz. VASCULARITY. The state of being
VARIOLOID. Varioloi'dcs ; from vari- vascular.
ola, small-pox, and eidog, resemblance. A VASCULA'RIS. In Botany, plants
disease resembling small-pox; small-pox which have stamens, pistils, and spiral
modified by previous vaccination or in- vessels, and bear proper flowers.

oculation. VAS'CULUM ABER'RANS. A small

VA'IUX. In Surgical Pathology, a tu- convoluted duct, generally connected with
mor resulting from the dilatation of a vein. the duct of the epididymis.
It occurs most frequently in the superficial VAS'IFORM. From vas, a vessel.
veins of the lower extremities and in those Shaped like a blood-vessel or tube.

of the spermatic chord. VASODEN'TINE.

From vasum, a
VA'RUS. term applied adjectively vessel, and dens, a tooth. A term applied
A
to one whose legs are bent inward, and by Professor Owen to dentine modified by
substantively to a small spot, speck or the presence of vascular canals which per-
pimple on the face. manently carry red blood to the substance
VARTICITE. An ore of manganese. of the tissue.
VAS. A vessel. VASTUS. That which is large and
Vas Aberrans. The ccecal appendage, has a great extent. In Anatomy, a term
usually found where the vas deferens ap- applied to certain muscles.
plies itself to the epididymis. Vastus Exter'nus. A large, thick mus-
Vas Dkf'erens. An excretory duct of cle situated on the outside of the thigh.
the testicle, situated along the posterior Vastus Inter'nus. A muscle situated
border of the spermatic chord. on the inner side of the thigh.
VA'SA BRE'VIA. The short branches VA'SUM. A vessel.
which come from the divisions of the sple- VATE'RIA. A genus of plants of the
nic artery, and pass along the large arch order Dipteracece.
of the stomach to the diaphragm. Vateria In'dica. The tree from
Vasa Deferen'tia Mulieb'ria. The which the East India Copal or Gum Anime
Fallopian tubes. is obtained.
Vasa Efferen'tia. The absorbent VAULT. From volo, volutus, to turn.

vessels which convey fluids from a lymph- A term applied in Anatomy

to parts which

atic gland toward the thoracic duct. have a vaulted or arched appearance, as
Vasa Inferen'tia. The absorbent the fornix, roof of the mouth, &c.
vessels which convey fluids into a lymph- VAUQUELINE. Strychnia.
atic gland. VEAL-SKIN. Aterm applied in Pa-
Vasa Lac'tea. The chyliferous vessels. thology to an eruptive affection which
Vasa Pr.eparan'tia. A term for- gives to the skin a veal like appearance.
merly applied to the spermatic vessels. Vitiligo.
Vasa Semina'lia. Tubuli seminif'eri. VEC'TIS. A lever.
The minute tubes which constitute the VEG'ETABLE. Vegetal' ilis ; from
parenchyma of the testis. vigere, to grow. An organized body not
Vasa Vaso'rum. Vasa nutrit'ia. The endowed with sense and voluntary motion,
small vessels which supply larger ones. receiving its nourishment through pores
Vasa Vortico'sa. The contorted ves- on its outer surface and vessels, usually
sels of the choroid coat of the eye. adhering to some other body, as the
VAS'CULAR. Vascnla'ris ; homvas, earth, and generally propagating itself by
a vessel. Belonging or pertaining to seeds.
vessels, as the vascular system. Vegetable Ivory. A product of a
 :: : . :

VEI 779 VEI

species of palm, the Phyteleplias macro- Table of Veins.

carpa ; it isvery hard and resembles the The veins of the exterior of the head are
finest grained ivory. 1. The facial.

Vegetable Kingdom. The aggregate 2. The internal maxillary.

of vegetables. 3. The temporal.

Vegetable Physiology. A treatise 4. The temporo-maxillary

on the functions of plants. 5. The posterior auricular.

VEGETA'RIAN. A believer in the G. The occipital.

doctrine of vegetarianism. The veins of the cerebrum and cerebel-

VEGETARIANISM. A term desig- lum are
native of the doctrine that man, in order 1. The superficial cerebral.

and corporeal devel-

to his full intellectual 2. The superior cerebral.
opment, should subsist wholly on vegetable 3. The deep or ventricidar.

food. 4. The vence Oaleni, and

VEGETATION. Vegeta'tio. Vege- 5. The cerebellar veins.

tables in general. Also, the process of The sinuses of the dura mater, situated
growing, as plants, by nourishment de- at the upper and back part of the skull,
rived from the earth, water, orair. In are
Surgery, a morbid growth resembling a 1. The superior longitudinal.
fungus. In Chemistry, certain branching 2. The inferior longitudinal.
crystalline concretions formed by deposi- 3. The straight.

tion from solution. 4. The occipital, and

VEG'ETATIVE. Vegetati'vus. Hav- 6. The lateral.

ing the power of growing, as plants ; in The sinuses of the base of the cranium
Physiology, relating to growth or nutri- are
tion ; as the vegetative, or nutritive func- 1. The cavernous.
tion. 2. The inferior petrosal.
VEHICLE. Yehic'idum ; from vchere, 3. The circular.

to carry. A term applied in Pharmacy 4. The superior petrosal, and

to the menstruum in which medicines are 6. The transverse.

suspended or dissolved. The veins of the neck are :

VEIN. Tbe veins are membranous ca- 1. The external jugular.

nals which return the blood from the ar- 2. The anterior jugular.
teries to the auricles of the heart. A vein, 3. The internal jugular, and

like an artery, is composed of three coats, 4. The vertebral.

an external or cellulo-fibrous, a middle The veins of the upper extremity are
or fibrous, and an internal or serous. With divided into deep and superficial. The
the exception of the pulmonary, the veins former accompany the brandies and trunks
contain black blood, and are divided into of the arteries, and constitute their vence
superficial, or those which return the blood coniites. At the bend of the elbow they
from the integuments and superficial struc- terminate in the brachial vein, which
tures the deep, which are situated among
; opens into the axillary. The axillary
the deeper structures, and the sinuses, or veins terminate in the subclavian, which
channels excavated in the structure of an last unites with the internal jugular, to
organ, and lined by the internal coat of form the vena innominala, and this, again,
the veins, as the sinuses of the dura ma- unites with its fellow to form the superior
ter, &c or descending vena cava, which terminates
Most of the veins of the body are enu- in the upper part of the right auricle of
merated in the following table, arranged the heart.
from Wilson's Anatomy, according to the The superficial veins of the forearm are :

primary divisions of the body. 1. The anterior ulnar.

 :

VEI 780 VEI

2. The posterior ulnar. vertebra?, to form the ascending cava,
3. The basilic. which receives in its course,
4. The radial. 1. The lumbar veins.

5. The cephalic. 2. The right spermatic.

6. The median. 3. The renal.

7. The median basilic, and 4. The supra-renal.

8. The median cephalic. 5. The phrenic, and
The veins of the lower extremity are G. The hepatic.
the deep and superficial. The former ac- The inferior vena cava terminates at the
company the arteries in pairs, forming the inferior and posterior part of the right au-
vence comites of the anterior and posterior ricle of the heart.
tibial and peroneal arteries. In the pop- The azygos veins form a system of com-
liteal region they unite and form one large munication between the superior and in-

vein, the popliteal, which, in its progress ferior vena cava, and consists of,
upward, becomes, first, the femoral, and 1. The vena azygos major.

then the external iliac vein. The popli- 2. The vena azygos minor, and

teal vein receives several muscular and ar- 3. The superior intercostal vein.

ticular branches and the external saphe- The vertebral and spinal veins are ar-
nous vein. The femoral receives several ranged into three groups,
muscular, the profunda and the internal 1. The dorsi-spinal.

saphenous vein. 2. The meningo-rachidian, and

The superficial veins are the external, or 3. The medidla-spinal.

short saphenous, and the internal, called The cardiac veins which return the
the long saphenous vein. The external re- blood from the substance of the heart are
ceives the blood from the foot and outer 1. The great cardiac or coronary vein.

side of the leg, and joins the popliteal 2. The posterior cardiac or coronary
vein. The internal ascends on the inner vein, and
side of the ankle, leg and thigh, receiving 3. The anterior cardiac.

in its course the cutaneous veins, and en- The posterior and anterior cardiac veins
ters the femoral with the jDrofunda about enter the great cardiac which terminates
an inch and a half below Poupart's liga- in the right auricle of the heart.
ment. The portal system consists of four large
The veins of the trunk are : veins, which convey the blood from the
1. The superior vena cava, as before chylopoietic viscera. They are :

noticed. 1. The inferior mesenteric.

2. The inferior vena cava, with its 2. The siqierior mesenteric.

formative branches. 3. The splenic, and

3. The azygos veins. 4. The gastric veins.
4. The vertebral and sjmial. These veins concur in the formation of
5. The cardiac. the vena portce, which goes to the liver.
6. The portal, and The pulmonary veins, four in number,
7. The pulmonary. unite intotwo trunks, which open into
The formative branches of the inferior the left auricle of the heart.
or ascending vena cava are : VEINS, CORONARY. The cardiac
1. The external iliac. veins,which see.
2. The internal iliac, which unites with Veins, Intra-Lobtjlar. Supra-hepatic
the external to form the common iliac. veins. The hepatic veins.
3. The vesical and prostatic plexus. VEIN-STONE. In Pathology, phlebo-
4. The uterine plextis. lite, which see. In Mineralogy , the rock
The right and left common iliac veins which incloses or accompanies ores in
unite between the fourth and fifth lumbar veins.
 YEN 781 TEN
VELAMENTA BOMBYC'INA. VenjE Galeni. The ventricular veins
The ;

villous or mucous membranes. two veins, one proceeding from the left,
Velamenta Cehebra'lia. The men- and one from the right lateral ventricle of
inges, which see. the brain ; they pass out from the brain
Velamenta Infan'tis. The mem- beneath the corpus callosum and enter the
branes which immediately envelop the straight sinus below the inferior longitudi-
foetus in the uterus. nal vein.
VELAMENTUM. ABDOMINA'LE. Venje Lac'te^e. The lacteals.
The peritoneum, which see. VeNjE Lymphat'icje. The lymphatic
VELOSYNTU'ESIS. Staphyloraphy, vessels.
which see. Ven^e Spora'les. The jugular veins.
VELUM. A veil. Ven^e Voutico's^e. The veins of the
Velum Interpos'itum. Velum Yascu- choroid coat of the eye.
lo'sum. The vascular membrane which VENESECTION. Venccsec'tio ; from
covers the iubercula quadrigemina. vena, a vein, and sectio, a cutting. Blood-
Velum Pen'dulum Pal'ati. The soft letting; phlebotomy; the opening of a
palate. A pendulous fold of mucous vein.
membrane, situated at the posterior part VENEFICTUM. Poisoning.
of the mouth over the root of the tongue, VENE'NUM. A poison venom. ;

and continuous with the hard palate. It is VENE'llEAL. Vcne'rcus; from Venus,
composed of mucous membrane and mus- the goddess of pleasure. Pertaining to
cles ; from the centre of which the uvula is or connected with sexual intercourse.
suspended. On each side of this, out- Venereal Disease. Syphilis.
wardly, are the arches or pillars of the VEN'EPiY. Sexual intercourse ; coition.

palate. The anterior passes downward to VEN'OM. Vene'num. A poison, usu-

the side of the base of the tongue, and ally applied to the poisonous matter se-
the posterior extends downward and back- creted by certain animals, as the serpent,
ward into the pharynx. There is a trian- scorpion, &c.
gular space between these pillars below, VENOMOUS. Poisonous. A term
in which the tonsil is situated. applied to animals which have a secretion
VE'NA. A vein. of poisonous matter, as the rattlesnake,
Vena Az'ygos. The azygos vein. viper, &c.
Vena Ca'va Infe'rior. Vena cava as- VENOS'ITY. Venos'itas. A term
cendens ; abdominal vena cava. The large applied, by Puchelt, to a condition in
vein which returns the blood from all the which the blood is supposed to circulate
parts below the diaphragm
to the heart. too slowly, or is too venous, or in which
Vena Cava Vena cava de- that of the veins is in too large quantity.
Supe'rior.
scendens. The large vein which returns a condition said to have been observed
the blood from the upper half of the body particularly in gout, hemorrhoids, melan-
to the heart. choly, hypochondriasis, &"c.
Vena Por'tjj. A large vein which re- VE'NOUS. Veno'sus. Pertaining to
from the viscera of the veins or the blood of veins.
ceives the blood
abdomen and conveys it into the sub- Venous Hum. Bruit de Diahle, which
stance of the liver. see.
VENiE. The plural of vena, a vein. Venous System. The veins collect-
VENiE Apoplec'ticje. Jugular veins. ively.
Ven^e Ca'v^: Hepat'ic^e. The hepatic VEN'TER. The lower part of the
veins. abdomen ; the belly.
Ven;e Com'ites. The satellite veins a VENTILATION. Veniilatio; from
;

name applied in Anatomy to the two veins ventas, wind. The act of causing the air
which usually accompany each artery. to pass through a place, or of renewing
50
 ;

VER 782 VER

it for the purpose of dissipating any tiling an extremely acrid and poisonous plant.
noxious. The powder of the dried root is a violent
VENTRAL. Pertaining to the inferior sternutatory. The root is also an active
surface of the body. irritant. In small doses it promotes the
Ventral Her'nia. Abdominal hernia. secretions, but in large ones it causes

VENTRICLE. Ventric'ulus. Dimin- vomiting, purging, and pain in the bow-

utive of venter, the belly. A term em- els, with great prostration of strength.
ploye! in Anatomy to designate certain Veratrum Sabaml'la. Indian caus-
cavities of the body, as those of the brain tic barley. The seeds have been used as
and heart. a vermifuge, diuretic, and emetic.
Ventricle of Aran'tius. A small Veratrum Vir'ide. American helle-
cavity at the point of the calamus scrip- bore swamp ; hellebore ; Indian poke. It
torius of the brain. is alterative, an acrid narcotic, an emetic,
Ventricles of the Brain. Five cav- epispastic, and errhine.
ities In the interior of the brain, distin- VERBAS'CULUM. A plant of the
guished into the lateral, which are two in genus Primida.
number ; the middle, the fourth, and the VERBAS'CUM. A genus of plants of
fifth ventricles. the order Solanaceaz.
Ventricles of the Heart. These Verbascum Blatta'ria. Moth mul-
are two in number, and distinguished into lein ; a plant possessing demulcent prop-
right and left. erties.
t
Ventricles of the Lar'ynx. The A erbascum Nigrum. Black mullein.
two depressions above the chordas vocales The flowers, leaves, and roots are slightly
are so termed by anatomists. astringent.
VENTRICULAR. Ventricula'ris. Per- Verbascum Thap'sus. Yellow mullein.
taining to a ventricle. This possesses similar properties to the
VENTRIC'ULI COR'DIS. The ven- preceding species.

tricles of the heart. VERBE'NA. A genus of plants of the

VENTRIC'ULUS. The stomach; a order Verbenacex.
ventricle. Verbena Rem'ina. Stinking hedge-
Ventriculus Pulmona'ris. The right mustard.
ventricle of the heart. Verbena Officinalis. Verbena'ca.
Ventriculus Succenturia'tus. That Vervain. This plant was formerly em-
part of the duodenum which is surrounded ployed medicinally, but is not now used.
by the peritoneum. VERBESI'NA. A genus of plants of
VENTRIL'OQUISM. Ventriloquis'mus; the order Compositce.
from venter, the belly, and loqtior, to Verbesina Virgin'ica. An indigenous
speak. The art of speaking in such a plant, the roots of which possess sudorific
manner that the voice appears to come properties.
from some distant place, instead of pro- VER'DIGRIS. The subacetate of
ceeding from the person speaking. copper.
VEN'ULA. Diminutive of vena, a VER'DITER. A fine a/Airc blue mine-
vein. A small vein. ral ; a hydrated sesquicarbonate of copper.
VE'NUS. Clitoris; coition; copper. It is sometimes used as a pigment.
VERATRIA. Verairi'na. Vera'trin. VER'JUICE. An acid liquor obtained
Veratrine, a vegetable alkali found in the from sour grapes or apples.
Veratrum sabadilla and Veratrum album. V E R M E S. '
From vermis, a worm.
VERATRINE. Ver'alrin. SeeVeratria. Worms. See Entozoa.
VERATRUM. A genus of plants of VERMICULAR. Vermiform.
the order Melanthacece. VERMIFORM. Vermic'idar ; vermi-
Veratrum Al'bum. White hellebore for' mis; from vermis, a worm, and forma,
 .

VER r83 VER

form. Having the shape or appearance VERRUCA'RIA. A plant of the genus
of a worm. Ileliotropium.
Vermiform Process. Processus vermi- VER'RUCOSE. Verrucosus; from
for'mis; proluberan'tia vermifor'mis. The verruca, a wart. Warty; having little
medullary substance which unites the two warts on the surface, as a verrucose cap-
hemispheres of the brain like a ring, and sule.
forms a process or projection somewhat VERRU'CULOSE. Having minute
resembling an earth-worm. wart-like prominences.
VERM'IFUGE. VERS. Worms.
Vermifu'gus ; from
vermis, aworm, and fugo, to drive away. VER'SATILE. Versal'ilis. In Botany,
Anthelmintic; a remedy which expels freely movable, as an anther fixed at only
worms. one end.
VERMILTON. Red sulphurct of mer- VER'SION. Ver'sio. Turning.
cury ; cinnabar. VERTEBRA. From vertere, to turn.

VERMINATION. Vermina'tio. That One of the bones of the spinal column.

diseased condition in which the skin is The vertebras are divided into seven cer-
infested with vermin ; breeding of worms. vical, twelve dorsal, and five lumbar.
VERM'INOUS. Caused by worms. VERTEBRAL. Vertebra'lis. Pertain-
VER'MIS. A worm. The term gene- ing to the vertebras.
rail}' employed to designate the parasiti- Vertebral Artery. A branch of the
cal animals that infest the animal body. subclavian artery passing through the
Vermis Cerebri. Brain-worm, a foramina in the transverse processes of
name given to the Hungarian camp fever. the vertebras, and entering the cranium,
Vermis Mor'dicans. A species of where it unites with its fellow to form the
cutaneous eruption. basilary artery.
Vermis Terres'tris. The earth-worm. Vertebral Column. The spine.
VERNATION. From ver, spring. In Vertebral Disease. Rachitis.
Botany, the arrangement of the nascent Vertebral Lig'aments. The liga-
leaves within the bud ;
ments of the vertebras, distinguished into
leafing.
VER'NIX CASEO'SA. The and posterior.
sebaceous anterior
deposit found on the foetus. Vertebral Nerves. The spinal
VERO'NIA. A genus of plants of the nerves, of which there are thirty pair;
order Composite. namely, seven cervical, twelve dorsal, five
Veronia Antiielmin'tica. Calagirah, lumbar, and six sacral.
an East Indian plant. It is said to be VERTEBRATA. Animals furnished
and the seeds arc valuable as a ver- with a spine. They constitute the first
tonic,
mifuge. great division of the animal kingdom.
VERONFCA. A genus of plants of VERTEBRO-ILTAC LIGAMENT.—
the order Veromcaceve. The ilio-lumbar ligament.
Veronica Aquat'ica. "Water pimper- VERTEX. From vertere, to turn.
nel and brook-lime ; water speedwell. The top of the head.
The juice from the fresh plant is cooling VERTIB'ULUM. A term sometimes
and anti-scorbutic. applied in Surgery to a trepan.
Veronica Mas. Veronica officinalis; VER'TICAL. Verticals. Perpen-
veronica. dicular.
Veronica Offictna'lis. Speedwell ; a VERTIC'ULUM. An articulation; a
plant formerly supposed to be diaphoretic, joint.
diuretic, expectorant, and tonic, but not V E R T I G T N U S.
' Vertigino'sus
now used. Pertaining to, or one who suffers from
VER'RES. The boar. vertigo.
VERRU'CA. A wart. VERTI'GO. From vertere, to turn.
 VES 784 VIA
Giddiness ; swimming of the head, with Vesicula DiviE Bab'sar^e. Conflu-
more or less confusion of mind. ent small-pox.
VERUMONTA'NUM. An eminence VESicuLiE Gingiva'rum. Aphtha?.
in the urethra of men before the neck of VESicuLiE Nabo'thi. Nabothi glan-
the bladder, called also caput gallinaginis. dular. The mucous follicles in the interior
VERVAIN. Verbena Officinalis. of the neck of the uterus.
VESA'NIA. Madness. Vesicula Pulmona'les. The air cells

VESA'NI/E. An order in the class of the lungs.

Neurosis of Dr. Cullen, comprising dis- Vesicul^e Semina'les. Two lobated
eases in which the mind is impaired with- receptacles, each formed by the convolu-
out coma or fever. tions of a single tube, situated at the
VES'ICA. A bladder. under surface of the baso of the bladder.
Vesica Bilia'iua. The gall-bladder. Their excretory ducts, called the ejacula-
Vesica Fel'lis. The gall-bladder. 1 tory ducts, open into the urethra. Their
Vesica Natato'bia. The air-bladder use is to receive the semen from the vasa
of fishes. dcferentia.
Vesica Ubina'bia. The urinary blad- VESICULAR. Vesiada'ris. Having
der. the appearance of, or pertaining to vesi-
VESICAL. Vesica'Us ; from vesica, cles, small cells or bladders.
a bladder. Belonging or relating to the Vesicular Fever. Pemphigus.
urinary bladder. VESTA. A genus of insects of the
Vesical Arteries. The arteries of order Hymenoptera.
the urinary bladder. Vespa Cra'beo. The hornet.
VESICANTS. Substances which cause Vespa Vulga'bis. The wasp.
vesication. VES'SEL. Vas. A term applied in
VESICATION. Vesica 'tio. The pro- Anatomy to an elastic, tubular canal,
cess of raising blisters; the action of a distinguished according to its general ar-
vesicant. rangement, into artery, vein, lymphatic
VESICATO'RIUM. A blister. and absorbent.
VESICATORY. Vcsicato'rius ; from VESTIBULE. Vestib'ulum. A term
vesica, a bladder. Blistering applications, applied in Anatomy to the cavity of the
as the powder of the cantharis, or blister- internal ear. Also, to a triangular space
ing fly, &c. between the nymphaj.
VESICLE. Vesic'ula. Diminutive of VESTIB'ULUM LABYRINTHI. The
vesica, a bladder. A small bladder. vestibule of the ear.
Vesicle, Allantoid. The allantois, VESTI'TUS. Clothing.
which see. VESU'VIAN. In Mineralogy, the vol-
VES'ICO-VAG"INAL. Vesico-vagina'- canic garnet, called by Hauy, idocrase.
lis. Relating to the bladder and vagina. VETA. An acute pain in the head,
VESIC'ULA. A vesicle. In Pathology, attended with prostration, a disease com-
an elevation of the cuticle filled with mon in the elevated districts of South
lymph, which is sometimes opaque. America.
Vesicula Fel'lis. The gall-bladder. VETERINARY. Veterina'rius. Per-
Vesicula Umbilica'lis. An umbilical taining to beasts of burden hence Veter- ;

vesicle about the size of a common pea, inary surgery, Veterinary medicine, &c.
seen about the fifteenth day after fecun- VEXIL'LUM. In Botany, the upper
dation, which begins to disappear after petal of a papilionaceous flower.
the seventeenth week. VI'A. A way or passage.
VESIC'UL/E. The plural of vesicula. VIABILITY. See Viable.
An order in Bateman's classification of VIABLE. A term applied to a new-
cutaneous diseases. born child whose organs are so formed and
 VIB 785 VIL

developed as to admit of its continued viburnum black-hawk

; the leaves of ;

existence. which have been used as a tea.

VI'iE. The plural of via, a way. VICA'PJOUS. Vicarius ; from nets,
Via Chylif'er.e. The chyliferous ves- change, place. The place of another, as
sels. a vicarious secrection, which takes place in
Yim Lachryma'les. The lachrymal one part instead of another. Hemorrhage
passages. from the gums sometimes occurs in wo-
Vi .as Pbi'ma The digestive pas- men at the regular period of menstruation
sages. without any discharge from the uterus.
VIAL. Phial. VICE. An instrument for griping and
VIBI'CES. The large purple spots holding hard bodies, provided with two
which appear under the skin in certain jaws, which are closed by means of a screw.
malignant fevers. The small bench-vice is used in the me-
VIBRATILTTY. Vibratil'itas. Ten- chanical laboratory of the dentist.

dency to, or capability of being made to VICHY SPRINGS. Several thermal

vibrate. springs at Vichy, in the department of
VIBRATION. Vibra'tio. Oscillation. Allier, France. They contain variable
The act of moving or being moved one proportions of carbonic acid, carbonate of
way and the other in quick succession. In soda, carbonate of lime, magnesia and
Physics, alternate or reciprocal motion, as iron, sulphate and muriate of soda, &c.
the vibrations of the nervous fluid. VICTA. A genus of plants of the order
Vibration of the Heart. The pal- Leguminoscc.
pitation of the heart. Vicia Faba. The common garden bean.
VI'BRATORY. From vibrare, to VIDIAN CANAL. The pterygoid ca-
quiver. Vibrating; having a quivering, nal.
or quick oscillating motion ; sometimes Vidian Nerve. The posterior branch
applied to neuralgia, in which the pain of the spheno-palatine ganglion, which
seems to vibrate among the nerves. proceeds backward through the Vidian or
VIB'RIO. From vibrare, to quiver. A pterygoid canal to the foramen lacerum in
genus of animalcules, belonging to the basis cranii, where it divides into two
tribe Homogenca. One of the species, the branches.
Vibrio iritici, is parasitic upon wheat. VIGILANCE. Insomnia; continued
Another, the Vibrio prolifer, is met with wakefulness.

in putrescent fluids containing protein, VILLAR'SIA. A genus of plants of

and in the pus of chancres. the order Gentianacece,
VIBRIS'SiE. The hairs which grow Vilearsia Ova'ta. The oval-leaved
at the entrance of or on the inside of the villarsia, said to have been used as a tonic
nostrils. at the Cape of Good Hope.
VIBUR'NUM. A genus of plants of VILLI. Small processes like the pile

the order Caprifoliaceas. of velvet. Applied in Anatomy to the

Viburnum Cassinoi'des. A synonym papilla? on the surface of mucous mem-
of Ilex paragnensis. branes, and in Botany to a species of hairy
Viburnum Denta'tum. Tooth-leaved pubescence on the surface of a plant.
viburnum arrowwood
; an indigenous
; VILL'IFORM TEETH. Denies villi-
shrub, the bark of which is said to be for'mes. A term applied in Comparative
diuretic. Anatomy to the teeth of some fishes, which
Viburnum Lenta'go. Pear-leaved vi- are so sharp-pointed, minute and closely
burnum nanny-berry
; an indigenous aggregated as to resemble the plush or pile
;

species, said to have been used as an anti- of velvet.

periodic. VILLOUS. Villosus; from villus, a
Viburnum Prunifo'lium. Plum-leaved hair. Nappy ; shaggy ; rough ; applied
 ;

VIN 786 VIR

n Anatomy to membranes covered with Vinum O'pii. Wine of opium.
soft papilke or villi ; or to a velvet-like Vinum Rhe'i. Wine of rhubarb.
arrangement of vessels or fibres. Vinum Tab'aci. Wine of tobacco.
Villous Membranes. The mucous Vinum Vera'tri Albi. Wine of white
membranes. hellebore.
VINA MEDICA'TA. VI'OLA.
Medicated wines. A genus of plants of the
Wines holding in more order Violaceaz.
solution one or
medicinal substances. Viola Cani'na. The dog violet. The
VIN'CA. A genus of plants of the root is emetic and purgative.
order Apocynacece. Viola Ipecacuan'ha. A plant which
Vinca Mi'nor. The less periwinkle. yields a species of ipecacuanha root.
Vinca Pervin'ca. This species possess Viola Lu'tea. The Cheiranthus cheiri,
bitter and astringent properties. or common yellow wall-flower.
VINCETOXTCUM. Swallow-wort. Viola Odora'ta. Sweet violet. The
Asclepias vincetoxicum, which see. recent flowers are said to possess anodyne
VINE. A climbing plant with a woody and pectoral properties.
stem, the Vitis vinifera. Viola Tricolor. Heart's-ease a ;

Vine, Grape. See Vitis Vinifera. plant possessing slightly laxative proper-
Vine, White. White bryony. ties.

VIN'EGAR. Ace'tum. Impure acetic VIOLA'CEiE. The violet tribe of dico-

acid, prepared by fermentation. tyledonous plants.
Vinegar of Col'chicum. Acetum coV- VIOLA'CEOUS. Resembling violets
cldci. Vinegar of meadow saffron. in color.
Vinegar, Distill'ed. The common VIOLA'RIA. Viola.
name of Acetum distillatum. VI'PER. Vip'era. The common name
Vinegar of O'pium. Acetum opii. of a genus of venomous serpents.
Black drop. Viper Egyp'tian. Aspis, which see.
Vinegar of Spanish Flies. The com- Viper-Grass. A plant of the genus
mon designation of Acetum cantharidis; a Scorzonera.
rubefacient and epispastic preparation. VII'ERA'RIA. Virginian snakeroot. A
Vinegar of Squills. The common plant of the genus Aristolochia.
designation of Acetum scUlce. VIR'GA AU'REA. The golden rod. A
VINUM. Wine ; the juice of the fruit plant of the genus Solidago. •
of the Vitis vinifera. VIR'GIN. Virgo, par' thenus. A female
Vinum Al'bum Hispan'icum. Sherry. who has never had sexual intercourse.
Vinum Al'oes. Wine of aloes. VIR'GINAL. Pertaining to a virgin
Vinum Ama'rum. Compound wine of also, the external genital organs of a vir-
gentian. gin.
Vinum Antimo'nii. Antimonial wine. VIRGIN'S BOWER. A plant of the
Vinum Col'chict Rad'icis. Wine of genus Clematis.
colchicum root. Virgin's Bower, Sweet-scented.
Vinum Colchici Sem'inis. Wine of Common name of Clematis flammula.
colchicum seed. Virgin's Bower, Upright. Common
Vinum Emet'icum. Antimonial wine. name of Clematis recta.
Vinum Er'got\e. Wine of ergot. VIRGINIA SPRINGS. Several min-
Vinum Ferri. Wine of iron. eral springs in the valley of Western and
Vinum Gentia'n,e. Wine of gentian. other parts of Virginia. There are two
Vinum Gentians Compos'itum. Com- thermal springs in Bath county. Both are
pound wine of gentian. slightly sulphurous. The Sweet Springs,
Vinum Ipecacuan'hje. Wine of ipe- as they are called, are in Botetourt county.
cacuanha. Besides these, there are the White, Red
 ;

VIS 787 VIT

and Salt Sulphur Springs, and there is a the presence, size, color, &c, of surround-
sulphureted spring in Fauquier county, ing objects.
near Warrenton. Vision, Double. Diplopia, which
VIRGINITY. Virgin'itas. Maiden- see.
head ; the state of one who has never had VIS'UAL. Visua'lis. Concerning or
sensual intercourse with a man. belonging to vision.
VIR'GO. Virgin. Visual Angle. The angle under
VIR'GULA. The penis. which an object is seen ; the angle formed
VIRILITY. Adult age manhood. j in the eye of two rays,
by the crossing
VIR'ULENT. Virulen'tus. Poisonous coming from the opposite points of an
pertaining to virus. object.
VI'RUS. A poison. In Pathology, the VI'SUS. Vision.
product of a disease, and capable of pro- Visus A'crior. Nyctalopia.
ducing that disease by inoculation or ab- Visus Colora'tus. Colored vision.
sorption in a healthy individual. Visus Debil'itas. Weak-sighted.
VIS. Force. Power. A term applied Visus Dimidia'tus. Hemiopia.
in Physiology to the vital force and its ef- Visus Diur'nus. Hemeralopia.
fects. Visus Ju'venum. Near-sightedness.
Vis a Tergo. Any moving power act- Visus Lu'cidus. Luminous vision.
ing from behind. See Photopsia.
Vis Elastica. Elasticity. Visus Musca'rum. Musca3 volitantes,
Vis In'sita. That power by which a which see.
muscle, when irritated, contracts, inde- Visus Nebulo'sus. Misty or clouded
pendently of the will of the animal. vision.

Vis Medica'trix Natu'r^e. Vis con- Visus Noctur'nus. Nyctalopia.

servatrix. The healing power in an ani- Visus Reticula'tus. Vision in which
mated body. objects have a gauzy or net-like appear-
Vis Mor'tua. That power in a muscle ance.
by which it contracts after the death of Visus Seni'lis. Long-sightedness.
the animal. VITA. From vivere, to live. Life.
Vis Plas'tica. Plastic force. Forma- Vita Pro'pria. A term applied by
tive energy. Blumenbach to the peculiar power by
Vis Vi't^e. Vital force or power. which the motions of the iris and some
VIS'CERA. Plural of viscus. The other parts are determined.
contents of the abdomen, thorax and VITAL. Vita'lis ; from vita, life.

cranium. Pertaining to life.

VIS'CERAL. Pertaining to the viscera. Vital Force. The formative force.

VISCIDITY. Viscosity j stickiness; Vital Principle. That principle
clamminess. which, when applied to organized bodies,
VISCOSITY. Viscidity. controls their manifestations and proper-
VIS'CUM. A genus of parasitical ties.

plants of the order Ca\yrifoliaceaz. Vital Statistics. Statistics, Medi-

Viscum Al'bum. The mistletoe, a plant cal, which see.
formerly used in epilepsy and nervous af- VITAL'BA. The traveler's joy; a
fections. plant of the genus Clemates.
VIS'CUS. An entrail. One of the con- VITALITY. Vital' Has ; from vita,
tents of the abdomen, thorax or cranium. life. The vital principle.
VISION. Vis'io ; visits ; from videre, VITALIZE. To endow with life ; to
visum, to see. Sight ; one of the five ex- furnish with vital principle.
ternal senses ; that by which man, and VI'TALS. Vita'lia. Parts of animal
animals that possess it, are informed of bodies essential to life, as the viscera
 ;

VIT 788 VOC

dependent upon the great sympathetic glass. Glassy ; transparent ;
pertaining
nerve. to, resembling, or containing glass.
VITEL'LINE. Vilel'linus ; from vitel- Vitreous Humor of the Eye. The
^us, the yolk of an egg. Pertaining to transparent body which fills the globe of
the yolk of an egg. Also, of a yellow or the eye back of the crystalline lens.
orange color. VITRIFICATION. The act of con-
Vitelline Disc. A granular layer verting any substance, by heat, into a
seen near the most prominent part of the substance resembling glass, as enamel
ovarian vesicle, in the centre of which the paste on mineral teeth.
ovum or ovula exists. VIT'RIOL. Sulphate of iron.
Vitelline Ped'icle. The pedicle Vitriol, Acid of. Sulphuric acid.
which connects the umbilical vesicle to Vitriol, Blue. Sulphate of copper.
the embryo. Vitriol, Green. Sulphate of iron.
Vitelline Vessels. The omphalo- Vitriol, Oil of. Sulphuric acid.
mesenteric vessels of the incubated egg. Vitriol, Roman. Sulphate of copper.
VITEL'LUS. The yolk of an egg. Vitriol, White. Sulphate of zinc.
VI'TES. The grape tribe of Dicotyl- VITRI'OLUM. Sulphate of iron.
edonous plants. Vitriolum Album. Sulphate of zinc.
VI'TEX. A genus of plants of the Vitriolum Cceru'leum. Sulphate of
order Verbenacecv. copper.
Vitex Agnus Castus. The chaste Vitriolum Vir'ide. Sulphate of iron.
tree. The seeds have an acrid aromatic VIT'RUM. Glass.
taste, and were formerly considered anti- Vitrum Antimo'nii. Glass of anti-
phrodisiac. mony.
VITI SALTUS. Chorea, which see. VITT2E. A term applied in Botany
VITILI'GO. From vitulus, a calf. to the small receptacles of umbelliferous
Veal skin. A term seeds which contain thin aromatic oil.
applied by Celsus to
and by Dr. Willan
three varieties of lepra, VITTATUS. Spotted.
to a tubercular disease, characterized by VIVER'RA. A genus of Degitigradous
smooth, white, shining tubercles on the quadrupeds.
skin, interspersed with shining papula). Viverra Civetta. The ash-colored
VI'TIS. A genus of plants of the order weazel.
Vitacece. Also, the grape. Viverra Zibetha. The civet cat.
Vitis Alba. White bryony. See VIVIPAROUS. From vious, alive,
Bryonia, Alba. and pario, I bring forth. A term applied
Vitis Corinthi'aca. The small raisins to animals which bring forth their young
called currants. alive.

Vitis Id.e'a. The cranberry plant, VIVISECTION. Vivisec'lio ; from

belonging to the genus Vaccinium. virus, alive, and secarc, scctum, to cut.

Vitis Maiu'na. Sea lentil, or Fucus The dissection or opening of living ani-
naians. mals.
Vitis Vinif'eba. The grape vine. VO'CAL. Voca'lis. Pertaining to or
The leaves and have a sub-acrid connected with the voice. Having a voice;
tendrils
and astringent taste, and were formerly uttered or modulated by a voice.
used in diarrhoea. The ripe fruit is termed Vocal Chords. The vocal ligaments; the
uva ; the dried fruit uva passu major inferior thyro-arytenoidligamenis, attached
the juice of the ripe fruit, lacryma ; and in front to the receding angle of the thy-
of the unripe fruit, verjuice. The grape roid, and behind to the lower part of the
when ripe is a delicious and wholesome anterior angle of the arytenoid cartilage.
fruit. Vocal Tube. Tuba voca'lis. The air

VITREOUS. Yit'reus; from vitrum, passages above the inferior ligaments of

 ; ;

VOL 789 VUL

the larynx, including the nasal fossaj and of zinc and copper, or zinc and silver
buccal cavity. disks, separated by pieces of moistened
VOICE: Vox. In Physiology, the woolen cloth.
sound produced by vibration of the air, VOLTAISM. Galvanism.
while traversing the larynx, either in VOLTAM'ETER. An instrument foi
escaping from, or entering the trachea. measuring the activity of a galvanic circle.
The larynx is the essential organ con- VOL'UBLE. VoluU'lis. Polling
cerned in its production. twining ; rapidly speaking.
Voice, Articulated. Speech, or VOL'UME. Dimension; space occu-
voice modified by the action of the tongue, pied.
lips, velum, teeth and other parts of the VOL'UNTARY. Pertaining to the
mouth. will. A term applied in Anatomy to
Voice, Bleating. Goat's voice. See muscles which are put in action in obe-
Egophony. dience to the will, and to motions result-
Voice Cav'ernous. Pectoriloquy, ing therefrom.
which see. VOLUNTAS. Volen'iia. Will or desire.
Voice, Convul'sive. Voice consisting VOLVA. From volvo, to roll. A term
in the production of discordant sounds, applied in Botany to the wrapper which
occasioned by disordered contraction of covers many Fungaccous plants in their
the muscles of the larynx. early state.
VOL'ATILE. Volat'ilis; from volare, VOLVULUS. Ileac passion.
to fly. Capable of passing into an aeri- VO'MER. A plough-share. The bone
form state ; applied to substances which which separates the nostrils from each
have a tendency to evaporate at ordinary other is so called from its shape.
temperatures, as ether, ammonia, &c. VOM'ICA. From vomere, to vomit. A
Volatile Alkali. Ammonia. term applied in Pathology to an abscess
Volatile Salt. Subcarbouate of am- in the substance of the lungs, generally
monia. formed by the suppuration of tubercles.
VOLATILITY. Disposition to exhale VOM'ITING. Vomit'io. A forcible
or evaporate; a pnmerty of bodies by ejection of solids and liquidsfrom the
which they are disposed to evaporate or stumach, through the oesophagus and
assume a state of vapor. mouth.
VOLATILIZATION". The conversion Vomiting of Blood. Hamiatemesis.
of volatilizable substances into gas or VOMIT'IO. Vomiting.
vapor by heat. VOMITO'RIUM An emetic.
VOLGER'S ODONTALGIC REM- VOMITURITION. Ineffectual efforts

EDY. Jjc —Pulv. mastic, 5 ij and gr. vij to vomit ; retching.

pulv. sandarac, 3 ij and gr. vij ;
pulv. VOM'ITUS. Vomiting.
dragon's blood, £)iss ;
pulv. opium, § i VORACIOUS APPETITE. Boulimia.
volatile oil of rosemary, gtt. viij ; spirit of VOX. The voice.
scurvy grass, a sufficient quantity to form VUL'NERARY. Vulnerdrius ; from
a soft mass, in which state a portion of it vulnus, a wound. A
term formerly ap-
of the size of a pea is applied to the gum plied to substances which were supposed
of the aching tooth. to assist the healing of wounds. It is still
VOLS ELLA. Name of an instrument much used by French writers.
used by the ancients for the extraction of Vulnerary Water. See Water of
teeth ; forceps ; also, a kind of pincers for D'Arquebusade.
the extraction of foreign bodies from VUL'NUS. A wound.
wounds. Applied, too, to tweezers for VUL'PINITE. variety of anhydrous A
pulling out hairs. sulphate of lime of a grayish- white color,
VOLTAIC PILE. A number of pairs containing a brittle silicate.
 ;

WAL 790 WAS

VULSEL'LA. Volsella, which see. VULVAR. Relating to the vulva.
VTTLTUS. The face; the counten- VULVA'RIA. The stinking orach; a
ance. plant of the genus Chenopodium.
VUL'VA. The uterus. Also, the ex- VULVITIS. Inflammation of the
ternal parts of generation in the female. vulva.
The term is applied, too, to the foramen VULVO-UTERINE CANAL. The
commune anterius of the brain. vagina.

W.
W. The symbol of tungsten. Waltheria Fructico'sa. This spe-
WAD. Wadd. In Mineralogy, an earthy cies has been used in venereal diseases and
oxyd of manganese. Also, plumbago. is supposed to p omw febrifuge properties.
WADE'S DROPS. Compound tincture WARD'S ESSENCE FOR HEAD-
of benzoin. ACHE. Compound camphor liniment.
WAHLENBER'GIA. A genus of Ward's Paste. A remedy for the
plants of the order Campanulacece. piles, supposed to be nearly the same as
Waiieenbergia Graminifo'lia. A the confection of black pepper.
plant supposed in the South of Europe Ward's White Drops. An anti-scor-
to be useful in epilepsy. butic nostrum, made by dissolving mer-
WAISTCOAT, STRAIT. A coat cury in nitric acid and adding a solution
made of wash-leather, or some other strong of carbonate of ammonia, or of corrosive
material, employed for restraining the sublimate and carbonate of ammonia.
motions of maniacs, and those laboring WARNER'S CORDIAL. A prepara-
under violent delirium. tion consisting of rhubarb, senna, saffron,
WAKEFULNESS. Insomnia; sleep- liquorice, raisins and brandy.
lessness. WARNERA CANADENSIS. Tur-
WAKE-ROBIN. A plant of the genus meric root ; the Hydrastis Canadensis,
Arum. which see.

WALKING. The act by which a per- WART. Verruca. A hard excrescence

son moves from place to place by means of the skin.
of a succession of steps. WART'Y. Ver'rucose. Full of warts
WALL-FLOWER. A plant of the resembling or of the nature of warts.
genus Gheiranthus. WASH. A lotion. In Pharmacy, the
WALL -PELL'ITORY. Common name ferment wort from which spirit is in-
of Parietaria officinalis. tended to be distilled.

WALL-PEPPER. A plant of the ge- Wash, Black. A lotion of calomel and

nus Sedum. lime water, used on syphilitic sores.
WALL-RUE. A plant of the genus Wash, White. Diluted solution of sub-
Asplcnium. acetate of lead.
WALL-WORT. A plant of the genus WASHERWOMAN'S SCALL. Com-
Sambucus. mon name of Psoriasis diffusa.
WALNUT-TREE. A tree of the ge- WASHING. A term used to designate
nus Juglans. employed for separating par-
the process
WALTHE'RIA. A genus of plants of ticles of gold and other valuable metallic
the order Steradiacece. substances from the ashes and cinders of
Walthe'ria Douradin'iia. A tropi- the work-shop of the dentist and jeweler.
cal plant used in Brazil in syphilitic and WASP. Vespa. A genus of insects
catarrhal affections and as a vulnerary. like the bee, armed with a sting.
 ;

WAT 791 WAX

WASTING. Atrophy; diminishing Water- German'der. A plant of the
by destruction. genus Teucrium.
Wasting of the Alve'olar Processes. Water Gilding. The process of gild-
The gradual destruction of the alveoli ing by the application of an amalgam of
which attends inflammation, turgescence gold to the surface of metals the mercury ;

and ulceration of the gums, from what- being driven off by heat, a thin layer of
ever cause produced. It is supposed by gold remains.
some writers to occur in old persons Water Hemp. A plant of the genus
spontaneously, but the author is of opin- Eupatorium.
ion that it is always the result of the Water in the Head. The popular
chemical action of a morbid secretion ex- designation of Uydroceplialus.
cited by disease in the gums or alveolo- Water in the Chest. Common des-
dental membrane. See Gums, Diseases of. ignation of Ilydrothorax.
Wasting of the Teeth. Abrasion of Water-Lily, White. The common
the Teeth, spontaneous. name of the Nymplicva alba.
WATCH'F ULNESS. Wakefulness Water-Lily, Yellow. The common
sleeplessness. name of a plant of the genus Nymphxa.
WATER. Aqua; hjclor ; v6up. A Water, Mineral. Water holding in
transparent fluid without color, smell or solution different saline and gaseous sub-
taste, consisting of eight parts by weight stances, and possessed of medicinal prop-
of oxygen, and one of hydrogen. erties.

Water Bet'ony. The greater water Water of Crystalliza'tion. The

figwort ; a plant of the genus Scrophula- water forming a constituent of many salts,
ria. and which is essential to their crystalline
Water Brash. Common name of character.
Pyrosis. Water Parsnep. A plant of the ge-
Water Cress. A creeping plant grow- nus Slum.
ing in watery places, the Sisymbrium Water Pepper. A plant of the genus
nasturlhun. Polygonum.
Water Cure. Hydropathy. Water Plantain. A plant of the
Water of Arquebusade, Le genus Alisma.
Maire's. Ifc —Fresh leaves of sage, an- Water Pox. A common name of Va-
gelica, absinthium, sariette, fennel, men- ricella.
tastrum, hyssop, balm, basilic, rue, thyme, Water Ziza'nia. Water-rice ; a plant
marjoram, rosemary, origanum, calamus, of the genus Zizania.
serpolet, lavender, a, a, § iv; rectified WAVED. Undulated.
spirit of wine, ft viij. These plants are WA'VELLITE. A hydrated phosphate
cut in coarse pieces, then infused for ten of alumina, occurring, usually, in hemi-
or twelve hours in the spirit of wine, fol- spherical concretions.
lowed by distillation in a water bath, to WAX. Cera. See Wax, Yellow, and
draw oif all the spirituous liquor, which Wax, White.
is afterward closely bottled for use. Wax-Holder. A term applied in
Water, Distilled. Aqua distillaia. Dental Surgery to an instrument used for
Natural water freed from its impurities holding softened wax while taking an im-
by distillation, a process to which it is pression of the whole or any portion of
necessary to subject it for pharmaceutical the alveolar border of either jaw, or of the
purposes. vault of the palate. It consists of a tin,
Water Dock. The popular name of copper or silver case, large enough to re-
Jiuniex hydrolapathum. ceive either alveolar ridge, with a handle
Water-Flag, Yellow. A plant of in front.
the genus Iris. Wax-Holder, Colburn's. An im-
 WED 792 WEI
provement on the common wax-holder, by mains fixed in the pelvis notwithstanding
G. F. J. Colburn, dentist of Morristown, the uterine effort.
N. J., consisting of two rims instead of WEDGE-SHAPED. Cuneiform.
one on the outer margin of the plate. The WEED, DYER'S. Common name of
outer rim is intended to protect the im- Reseda luieola.
pression against injury from the corners Weed, Silver. A plant of the genus
of the mouth in removing it. Potentitla.
Wax-Holders, Cleveland's. Five WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The
wax-holders, three for the upper, and two division of weights and measures adopted
for the lower jaw, invented by Dr. J. A. by apothecaries is different from the stan-
Cleveland, of Charleston, S. C. The only dards.
difference in those for the upper jaw is in 1. Apothecaries 1 Weight.
size. The upper ones are so constructed 1 pound, ffi, contains 12 ounces.
as to form a complete covering or encase- 1 ounce, " 8 drachms.
§ ,

ment for the superior alveolar ridge and 1 drachm, 3 , ** 3 scruples.

roof of the mouth, with a handle about 1 scruple, 9 , " 20 grains.
two inches in length. Those for the lower 1 grain, gr.
have a joint in the centre so that the arch
2. Troy Weight.
may be widened or narrowed at pleasure
1 pound, lb, contains 12 ounces.
to fit the jaw. One is intended to take an
1 ounce, oz., " 20 pennyweights.
impression of the lower jaw with five or
1 pennyweight, dwt. 24 grains.
six of the front teeth, the other for taking
1 grain, gr.
an impression after the loss of all the teeth.
lb oz. dwt. grs.
Wax Impressions. See Impression of
Or, 1=12=240=5760.
the Mouth in Wax.
Wax, Myrtle. A wax of a pale gray- 3. Avoirdupois Weight.

ish-green color, obtained from the fruit of 1 pound, lb, contains 16 ounces.

Myrica cerifera. 1 ounce, oz, " 16 drachms.

Wax, White. Cera alba. Bleached 1 drachm, dr. "

yellow wax. lb oz. dr. grs. grammes.
Wax, Yellow. Ceraflava. A product Or, 1=16=256=7000 =453.25
of the common bee, the Apis mellifica. 1= 16= 437.5 = 28.328
WAXING KERNELS. In popular 1= 27.34375= 1.7705
language, an enlargement of the lymphatic 4. Apothecaries
1
or Wine Measure.
glands in the groins.
1 gallon, C, contains 8 pints.
WEAKSIGHTEDNESS. Asthenopia. "16
1 pint, O, ounces.
WEAN'ING. The separation of the "
1 ounce, f § . . 8 fluid drachms.
infant permanently from the breast.
1 fluid drachm, f 3 . . 60 minims.
WEARING OP THE TEETH. See
1 minim, Tl^, equals 1 drop of water.
Abrasion of the Teeth, Mechanical.
WEAL. Wheal, which see. C. O. f. § . f. 3 . Cubic in.

WEAVERS. Texto'rice. A tribe of

Or, 1=8=128=1024=231
spiders which fabricate webs for the pur-
1= 16= 128= 28.875
pose of entrapping their prey.
1= 8= 1.8047

WEB. Tela. A term applied in Anat-

1= 0.2256

omy to certain structures, from their ap- 5. Imperial Measure, adopted by the Lon-
pearance, as cellular tissue, &c. don and Edinburg Pharmacopoeias.
Web-Eye. Caligo, which see. C. O. f. |. f.3.
Web, Mucous. The cellular membrane. 1 8 160 = =
1280 =
WEDGED. A term applied in Obstet- 1 20 =160 =
rics to the head of the foetus when it re- 1= 8
 . ;;

WHE 793 win

French Weights and Measures.
1. Measures of Capacity.
English cubic inches. Wine measure
Millilitre, = .0G1028 16.2318 minims.
Centilitre, .610280 2.7053 fluid drachms.
Decilitre, = 6.102800 3.3816 fluid ounces.
Litre, — 61.028000 2.1135 pints.
Decalitre, = 610.280000 2.6419 gallons.
Hectolitre, =: 6102.800000
Kilolitre, = 61028.000000
Myrialitre, = 610280.000000

2. Measure of Length. •

Millimetre, = .03937
Centimetre, = .39371 English Measures.
Decimetre, = 3.93710 Mil. Fur. Yds. Feet. Inches.
Metre, = 39.37100 = 10 3.371
Decametre, = 393.71000 = 10 2 9.7
Hecatometer, = 3937.10000 = 109 1 1
Kilometre. = 39371.00000 = 4 213 1 10.2
Myriametre, 393710.00000 6 1 156 6

3. Weights
English Grains.
Milligramme, == .0154
Centigramme, = .1544
Decigramme, = 1.5444 Troy. Avoirdupois,
Gramme, = 15.4440 Lbs. oz. dwt gr. Lbs. oz. dr.

Decagramme, = 154.4402 = 2 34.3 = 00 5.65

Hectogramme, = 1544.4023 = 3 1 43.4 = 3 8.5
Kilogramme, == 15444.0234 = 2 8 1 14 =235
Myriagramme, = 154440.2344 = 26 9 4 20 — 22 1 2

Other modes of estimating the quantities of substances are sometimes adopted. It

is by approximation, as a table-spoonful of a fluid substance, is estimated at § ss.

a dessert-spoonful at 3 ij, &c.

WELD. The dyer's weed. Reseda lu- WHEAT. A plant of the genus Trili-
teola. cum, and the seed of the plant.
WELDING. The act or process of Wheat, Buck. A plant of the genus
uniting two pieces of metal at a high heat. Polygonum, and its seed.
It is done by pressure or hammering. Iron Wheat, Indian. Zea mays, which see.
is the metal capable of being most firmly WHEEZ'ING. Noisy respiration oc-
united by this method. casioned by obstruction of the air passages.
Welding Heat. A white heat. WHELK. A wrinkle ; a protuberance
WEN. A circumscribed, indolent tu- a pustule.
mor, without inflammation or change of WHELK'Y. Protuberant; rounded.
color of the skin. It may occur on almost WHEY. The serum of milk, separated
any part of the body, and usually consists from the coagulable part.
of sebaceous matter. WHIS'KY. A spirituous liquor ob-
WHEAL. Weal. An elevation of the tained from corn, rye, oats, potatoes, &c,
skin, seen in some forms of nettle-rash, by distillation.
like that produced by the stroke of a whip. WHITE ARSENIC. Arsenious acid.
 WIL 794 WIN
"White Gum. The Strophulus albidus, Wild Cucumber. Common name of
a species of gum-rash, in which the pim- Momordica elaterium.
ples .are small, hard and of a whitish WILDFIRE RASH. The Strophidus
color. volaticus, a species of gum-rash, in which
White Leo. The popular designation the pimples are in clusters.
of Phlegmasia dolens. WILLOW. A tree of the genus Salix.
White, Spanish. Subnitrate of bis- Willow Herb. A plant of the genus
muth. Lythrum.
White Swelling. Idydrathrus. A Willow- Leaved Oak. A tree of the

colorless swelling of the larger joints. genus Quercus.

White Weed. A plant of the genus Willow, Rose. Common name of
Chrysanthemum. Cornus sericea, or Swamp dogwood. The
White Wood. A species of tree grow- bark is said to possess tonic and febrifuge
ing in North America, the Liriodendron properties.
tuUpiferce, or tulip-tree. Willow, Sweet. Dutch myrtle, a
WHITES. The popular designation of plant of the genus Myrica.
Leueorrhaca. WINDY. Flatulent. One affected with
WHITING. Chalk freed from its im- flatulence. Applied adjec lively to any
purities and ground; Spanish-white. thing which causes flatulence, as windy
WHITLOW. Paronychia. Inflamma- food.
tion and swelling at the end of one of the WINE. Vinum. The fermented juice
fingers orthumb, attended with great pain. of the grape. The term is also applied by
W II P I N G-COUGH. Hooping- chemists to all liquors which have become
'

cough. Pertus'sis. A convulsive stran- spirituous by fermentation.

gulating cough, accompanied with a so- Wine, Antimo'nial. Vinum antimonii.
norous inspiration or whoop, coming on Wine, Madei'ra. The strongest of the
by fits. It occurs but once, and continues white wines. It has a slightly acid taste,
six or eight weeks. Its attacks are usually and when good and of a proper age, a
confined to children. The disease is con- rich, nutty, aromatic flavor.
tagious. Wine Measure. See Weights and
WHORL. A term applied in Botany to Measures.
a species of inflorescence, in which a num- Wine, Tort. A wine of a deep-pur-
ber of leaves or flowers surround a stem ple color, and when new, is astringent,
in the form of a ring. In Conchology, a strong and slightly sweet, but it loses, in
volution or turn of the spire of a univalve. a considerable degree, these properties, by
WHORLBD. Furnished with whorls. age, and acquires more flavor.
WHORTLEBERRY. The common Wine, Sherry. A deep amber colored
name of several species of plants of the wine, of a pleasant aromatic flavor and
genus Vaecinium. fragrancy, without acidity.
WhobtlhbbbbT, Red. Common name Wine, Teneriffe. A white wine, of
of Vaecinium Oxycoccus. a slightly acid taste, and when good, of a
WIDOW- WAIL. Common name of pleasant aromatic flavor.
Daphne mezcreum. Besides the above, there are about fifty
WILD. A term applied
Pathology other descriptions of wine.
in
to an expression of countenance indica- Wine Test. reagent for detecting A
tive of stong mental emotion, as a wild the presence of lead in wine, by convert-
look. ing the acid into a salt of lead. The one
Wild Caruot. A plant of the genus usually employed is made by
-
dissolving
D aliens. half an ounce of sulphuret of arsenic and
Wild Cherry. The popular designa- one ounce of lime, in half a pint of dis-
tion of the Prunus Virginiana. tilled water, and filtering the solution.
 woo 795 WOR
Wine Vinegar. A vinegar about one- Woods, Sudorif'ic. Guaiac, sarsapa-
sixth stronger than pure malt vinegar. rilla, china and sassafras.
There arc two kinds ; the white wine vine- WOOD'Y-NIGHTSHADE. Bitter-
gar, and the red wine vinegar. sweet ; a plant of the genus Solarium.
WING. Ala. A term applied in Bot- Woody Tissue. Woody fibres. See
any to the side petal of a papilionaceous Pleurenchyma.
corolla, and in Anatomy to certain parts, AVOOLFE'S APPARATUS. A Phar-
from their shape. In Entomology, the maceutical apparatus for impregnating
limb of an insect by which it flies. water with carbonic acid.
WINTERA'CEiE. The Winter's bark WOORARI. Wooraly. See Curari.
tribe of Dicotyledonous plants. WOOTZ. Indian steel.
WINTER BERRY. Black alder. WORK TABLE. In Mechanical Den-
Winter Cherry. See Physalis Alke- tistry, the which the operator
table on
kengi. places the implements which he employs
Winter Green. Chimaphila Umbel- in the construction of pieces of dental
lata. is also known in
The gaultheria mechanism, provided with one or more
many parts of the country by this name. small drawers, and a place for receiving
WINTE'RA. A genus of plants, in the the clippings and filings of the metal
system of Murray, but not now recognized, which he uses in its fabrication.
of the order Winteracea;. WORM-BARK. Common name of
Winteba Aromat'ica. Aromatic tree, Andira inermis.
the bark of which is called Winter's bark. Worm Diseases. Invermina'tion. See
WINTER'S BARK. The bark Win- Helminthiasis.
of
tera aromatica. It is aromatic and tonic. Worm Grass, Pebennial. A plant of
WITCH-HAZEL. Wych -hazel. The the genus Spigelia.
common name of Ilamamelis Virginica. Worm Loz'enges, Ching's. Two empi-
WOAD. The Latis iinctoria, a plant rical nostrums for the expidsion of intesti-
formerly used in dying blue. nal worms, consisting of yellow and brown
WOLFFIAN BODIES. Corpus Wolf- lozenges. The former are said to be com-
fianum, which see. posed of saffron, calomel, white sugar and
WOLF'RAM. An ore of tungsten, oc- mucilage of gum tragacanth, and the lat-
curring in massive, crystallized, concen- ter, of calomel, resin of jalap, wdiite sugar
tric, lamellar concretions. and mucilage of gum tragacanth.
WOLF'S-BANE. Common name of Worm Lozenges, Sherman's. Loz-
Aconitum Napellus. enges said to be composed of calomel,
WOMB. Uterus. ' gamboge and sugar.
Womb, Falling of the. Prolapsus Worm Root. Spigelia Marilandica,
uteri. which see.

WOOD. Lignum. The hard substance WORMIAN BONES. Ossa tri'quetra.

of trees. The small triangular bones sometimes

Wood Bet'ony. A common name of found in the course of the sutures of the
Betonica officinalis. parietal and occipital bones.
Wood-Cock. A bird of the genus Sco- WORMS. Vermes. In Zoology, a term
lopax. applied to different divisions of inverte-
Wood-Louse. The popular designation brata. The term vermes, however, is gen-
of the Aiclhis Oniscus. erally restricted to intestinal worms. See
Wood- Naphtha. See Pyroacetic Spirit. Entozoa.
Wood-Sobbel. A common name of WORM'SEED. The seeds of the Che-
Oxalis acelosella. nopodium anthelminticum. Also, the flow-
Wood Spirit. Pyroxylic spirit, which ers, tops and seeds of the Artemisia sat*-
ionica.
 XAN 796 XAN
Wormseed Oil. The essential oil of which some venomous substance is intro-

the Chenopodium anthdminticum. duced.

WORMWOOD. Common name of Ar- Wound, Gunshot. A contused wound.
temisia absinthium. WOURART. Woorari; ourari. A cel-

WOliT. An infusion of malt. It is ebrated poison obtained from the Stryclmos

sometimes used with beneficial effects in toxifera of Guayana. See Curari.
scorbutus. WRACK, SEA. A sea weed, the Fu-
Wort, St. John's. A plant of the cus vesiculosus.
genus Hypericum. WRENCH. A sprain.
WOUND. Vulnus.
In Surgery, ft so- WRIGHTIA. A genus of plants of
lution of continuity in any of the soft the order Apocynacece.
tissues of the body, produced by external Wkightia
Antidysenter'ica. An
violence. The Conessi or Mala-
East Indian tree.

Wound, Contused. A wound pro- bar bark, valuable for its febrifuge and
duced by a blunt instrument or body. astringent properties, is obtained from it.
Wound, Incised. A wound inflicted WRINKLE. A furrow in the skin.
by a cutting instrument. WRINK'LED. Rugosus; Rugose.
Wound, Lacerated. When any of WRIST. Carpus.
the soft parts of the body are torn, it is WRY NECK. Torticollis. A perma-
termed a lacerated wound. nent inclination of the head to one side,
Wound, Punctured. A wound made from a contraction of the integu-
arising
with a pointed instrument. ments or the sterno-mastoid or platysma
Wound, Poisoned. A wound in myoides muscle.

X.

XALAP'PA. Jalap ; the root of a plant thought to be analogous to cyanogen, and

of the genus Convolvulus. to consist of sulphur and carbon.
XAN'THIC ACID. An oily acid which XANTHOPSIA. From ZavVoc, yel-
forms yellow precipitates with several low, and oipig, vision. Yellow vision ; a
metallic salts. defect of sight, sometimes occurring in
Xantiiic Oxyd. Uric oxyd, a species jaundice, in which objects appear yellow.
of calculus. XANTHORRHIZ'A. A genus of plants
XAN'THID. A
supposed compound of the order llanuncldaceai.
of xanthogen with a basifying or acidifia- Xanthorrhiza Apiifolia. Xanthor-
ble element. rhiza tincto'ria. Yellow root, used as a
XAN'THIN. A j'ellow coloring prin- tonic.
ciple found in maddef. XANTHORRH03'A. A genus of plants
XAN'THIUM. A genus of plants of of the tribe Asphodelece.
the order Composites,. Xanthorrho3:a Hasti'lis. Xanthor-
Xanthium Struma'rium. The lesser rhcea arborea. The grass tree of New
burdock, formerly used in scrofula. The South Wales. It yields the Botany Bay-
seeds have been used in cutaneous affec- gum, which is said to be tonic and stom-
tions. achic.
XANTHOCHY'MUS OVALIFOR'MIS. XAN'TIIOS. Yellow. Also, a precious
One of the trees yielding gamboge. stone of a golden color.
XAN'THOGEN. From £avdoc, yellow, XANTHO'SIS. A term applied in
and yewau, to generate. A supposed ba- Pathology, by Leber t, to the yellow dis-
sifying or acidifying compound principle, coloration sometimes observed in cancer-
 ;

YAR 797 TAW

ous tumors, particularly in cncephaloid of XEROPH'AGY. Xeropha'gia ; from
the testicle bVpog, dry, and Qayo, I eat. Subsisting
XANTHOX'YLUM. A genus of trees exclusively on dry food.
of the order Tercbinthaccai. XEROPHTHALMIA. From tvpoc,

XA N T II X Y L U M CLA'VA Heu'CULTS. dry, and o(f>-&a?,(ua, inflammation of the

Prickly ash ; tooth-bush tree. The bark eye. Dry inflammation of the eye.
is a stimulant, and acts as a sialagoguc. XEROTRIP'SIA. Xcrotrib'ia. Dry
It is sometimes used as a remedy for tooth- friction.

ache, and has been given internally in XIPH'IRHYNCHS. Xyphirhyn'chi

rheumatism. from a sword, and pvyxoc, a beak.
&<pog,

Xanthoxylum Fraxin'etjm. The A family of Acanthopterygious fishes, of

shrubby prickly ash; tooth-ache bush. which the Xiphias, or sword fish, is the
The bark is a stimulating sudorific. type.
XANTHU'RIA. From frvdog, yellow, XIPH'OID. Xiphoi'Jes; from ftfof,

and ovpov, urine. In Pathology, a condition a sword, and eidog, likeness. A term ap-
of the system and of the urine, in which plied in Anatomy to an appendix which
xanthic oxyd is deposited from the urine. terminates the lower part of the sternum
XANTOLI'NA. A synonym of Arte- from its resemblance to a sword. It is

misia sanionica. also called the Xiphoid or ensiform cartil-

XENODO'CHEUM. A public build- age, because it often remains cartilaginous
ing for the reception of strangers; a to adult age.
stranger's hospital. XIPHOSU'RA. From f*of, a sword,
XENOD'OCHUS. A Superintendent and ovpa, a tail. A tribe of crustaceans,
of a stranger's hospital. in which the body terminates posteriorly
XERA'SIA. From Zvpoc, dry. A dis- in a long, hard, sword-shaped appendage.
ease of the hair characterized by dryness XY'LITE. A liquid existing in crude
and cessation of growth. T
P3 roxylic spirit.
XEROCOLLYR'IUM. A dry collyri- XYLO-ALOES. Aloes wood.
um, or eye-salve. XYLOBAL'SAMUM. The wood of the
XERODERMIA. From topae, dry, and Balm of Gilead, or balsam of Mecca tree.
6>ip/ia, the skin. Dryness of the skin. XYLOPH'AGOUS. Xyloph'agus; from
XERO'DES. A dry tumor. fv/W, wood, and <j>ayu, 1 eat. "Wood-
XEROMYCTERIA. From frpoc, dry, eating ; applied to insects whose larva) are
and fJVKTijp, the nose. Diminution of the developed in and feed upon wood.
secretion of the pituitary membrane of the XYLOSTRO'MA GIGANTEUM. Oak-
nose. leather, a fungus found in the cracks of
XEROMTRUM. Xerom'yron; from oaks.
tvpoe, dry, and fivpov, an ointment. A XYS'TER. In Surgery, an instrument
dry ointment. for scraping bones.

T.
Y. The symbol of yttrium. YAR'ROW. A plant of the genus
YAM. An esculent root, principally Achillea.
obtained from Dioscorea; the Alata bul'if- YAWN'INGr. Gaping, followed by
era and saliva. prolonged and sonorous expiration. It
YA'PON. The cassine or South Sea tea. often precedes an attack of certain dis-
YARD. In Anatomy, vulgar name of eases.
penis. YAWS. African name of Frambcesia*
61
 ZAR 798 ZEI

YEAST. Fermen'tum. A flocculent, YEW-TREE. An evergreen tree of the

somewhat viscid, frothy and semi-fluid genus Taxus.
substance, generated during the vinous YOLK, or YELK. The vitellus, or
fermentation of vegetable juices and decoc- yellow part of an egg.
tions. It is used to promote fermentation. YOUTH. Adolescence ; the part of life

Is sometimes employed in Therapeutics that succeeds childhood.

as aremedy in hectic and typhoid fevers. YPSILOGLOS'SUS. The hyo-glossus
Yeast, Artificial. This may be made muscle.
by boiling malt, pouring off the water and YRIDES. Orpiment, which see.
keeping the grains in a warm place to fer- YT'TRIA. A metallic oxyd of a white
ment. color, without taste or smell.
Yeast Cataplasm. A yeast poultice. YT'TRIOUS. Pertaining to or con-
YELK. Yolk, which see. taining yttria.
YELLOW ARSENIC. The yellow Y T T R I U M.
' The metallic basis of
sulphuret of arsenic. yttria.
Yellow Bekiiy. A common name of YT'TRO-CE'RITE. A mineral of a
Podophyllum montanum. violet blue color, inclining to a gray-
Yellow Fever. The severest form of white, found in Finbo and Brodbo, near
malignant remittent fever, in which the Fahlun, imbedded in quartz.
whole surface of the body presents a Yttro-Columbite. Yttro-tan'lalite. —
lemon or orange-yellow hue. An ore of columbium and yttrium, found
Yellow Gum. Icterus infantum, in Sweden.
or jaundice of infants. YUCCA. A genus of plants of the
Yellow Root. Common name of order Liliaceos.
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia. Yucca Glorio'sa. Adam's needle. The
Yellow Sanders. One of the names roots are tuberose, and abound in a coarse
of Santalum album. meal.
Yellow "Wash. Corrosive sublimate YU'LAN. The Magnolia yulan, a
and lime-water. beautiful flowering tree, native of China.

z.

ZAFFRAN. Saffron j a plant of the ZEA. The generic name of maize. Also,
genus Crocus. a genus of plants of the order Graminaceoz.
ZAF'FRE. Zaf'fir. Impure oxyd of Zea Mays. Indian corn, a native of
cobalt. America. Bread made from the meal of
ZAM'BO. A child of a mulatto and a the ground seed is very nutritious, and
negro. used extensively as an article of food.
ZA'MIA. A genus of plants of the ZED'OARY. Zedoa'ria. A name given
order Cycadaceoz. Curcuma zedoaria, and
to the tubers of
Zamia Integrifo'lia. The Florida Kampferia rotunda. The first affords
arrow-root is furnished by this and other what is called the round zedoary, and the
species of zamia. other the long zedoary. Both kinds are
ZA'MITE. A fossil plant of the genus brought from the East Indies. Zedoary
Zamia. is a warm, stimulating aromatic, and is

ZAR'NICH. Native sulphuret of used in torpor of the digestive organs,

arsenic. cholic, &c.

ZARSA. One of the names of Smilex ZEIN. Zein. An albuminous sub-

sarsaparilla. stance obtained from Indian corn.
 ZIN 799 ZOO
ZEN'ICON. A Keltic poison. Zingiber Ni'grum. Black ginger. The
ZE'OLITE. From U», to boil, and rhizome dried after being scalded without
li-dog, a stone. A term applied to silicates being scraped.
Zingiber Officinale.
of lime and of alumina, from their froth- The ginger
ing when heated before the blow-pipe. plant. See Ginger.
ZER'NA. An ulcerated tetter. ZINK'ENITE. An ore of antimony
ZE'RO. A cipher the commencement and lead, of a steel-gray color.
;

of any scale marked 0. The point from ZIN'ZIBER. Zingiber.

which a thermometer is graduated. The ZIR'CON. A mineral occurring in
zero of Fahrenheit is 32° below the melt- square prisms, with pyramidal termina-
ing point of ice. tions of a brown, gray, or red color. It
ZERUM'BET. The root stalk of Cur- contains the earth of zirconia and silica.

cuma zerumbet. ZIRCO'NIA. An oxyd of the metal

ZIBE'THUM. The civetta, which see. Zirconium, which, when pure, is a white
ZIG'ZAG. Flexuous; something that powder.
has short angles, as the stem of a plant. ZIR'CONITE. A variety of zircon.
ZINC. Zincum. A brilliant metal of ZIRCO'NIUM. The metallic base of
a bluish-white color, harder than lead, zirconia.

but less malleable than either copper, tin, ZIZA'NIA. A genus of plants of the
or lead. It fuses at 700° Fahr. It is order Graminaceai.
much used in the arts, and for the pro- Zizania Aquatica. Water rice.

duction of galvanism. In Mechanical Den- ZI'ZYPHUS. A genus of plants of the

tistry it is used for models in striking up order Rhamnaceoz.
gold and other bases for artificial teeth. Zizyphus Juj'uba. The tree which
Zinc, Butter of. Chloride of zinc. furnishes the gummy extract from which
ZINCI ACETAS. Acetate of zinc. jujube paste is made.

Zinci Car'bonas Impurus. Calamine. Zizyphus Lo'tus. The lote-bush. The

Native impure carbonate of zinc. berries from which are eaten by the Arabs
Zinci Carbonas PrjEpara'tus. Pre- as food.
pared carbonate of zinc. Prepared cala- Zizyphus Triner'vis. The leaves of
mine. this species are used in India in chronic,
Zinci Chlo'ridum. Chloride of zinc. cutaneous, and venereal affections.
Butter of zinc. ZOANTHRO'PIA. From frov, an
Zinci Cyanure'tum. Cyanuret of animal, and av&punog, a man. A species
zinc. of melancholy in which the patient be-
Zinci Ferrocyanuretum. Ferro- lieves himself transformed into an animal.
cyanuret of zinc. ZO'E. Life.
Zinci Iod'idum. Iodide of zinc. ZONA. A zone.
Zinci Ox'ydum. Oxyd of zinc. Zona Cilia'ris. The ciliary ring of
Zinci Sulphas. Sulphate of zinc. the eye.
Zinci Vale'rianas. Valerianate of Zona Herpet'ica. Herpes zoster,
zinc. which see.
ZINC'ODE. The positive pole of a Zona Pellu'cida. A transparent spot
galvanic battery. in the young ovum.
ZIN'CUM. Zinc. Zona Tendino'sa. A whitish circle
ZIN'GIBER. Zingib'eris. A genus of around the auriculo- ventricular orifice of
plants of the order Zingiber•acece. the heart.
Zingiber Al'bum. White ginger. The ZONE. A girdle or belt.
rhizome deprived of its skin. ZON'ULA. A little zone.
Zingiber German 'icum. Aurum ZOOCHY'MY. Zobchem'ia. Animal
maculatum. chemistry.
 ;

zuc 800 ZYT

ZOOG'ENY. Zoogen'ia ; from frov, an ZULAPIUM. A julep.

animal, and yeveaig, generation. Zougen- ZU'MIC ACID. Zym'ic acid. An acid
esis. The doctrine of the development discovered in vegetable substances which

and growth of animals. have undergone acetous fermentation. It

ZOOG'BAPHY. Zoogra'phia; from resembles lactic acid.

£uov, an animal, and ypa<pn, a description. ZUMOL'OGY. Zumolog'ia; from {vuri,

A description of animals, their habits, &c. ferment, toyog, a discourse, and fxerpov, a
ZOOIA'SIS. The veterinary art. measure. The doctrine of the fermenta-

ZOO'LITE. From &ov, an animal, tion of liquors.

and lidog, a stone. A pctreficd animal. ZUMOM'ETER. An instrument for as-

ZOOL'OGIST. From an animal, certaining the degree of fermentation occa-

fytov,

and Tioyog, a discourse. One versed in the sioned by the mixture of different liquids.

natural history of animals. ZYGO'MA. From £vyog, a yoke. The

ZOOL'OGY. Zoulog'ia; from {ww, an opening under the zygomatic process of
animal, and "koyog, a discourse. A treatise the temporal bone and the os mala).

on animals. ZYGOMATIC. Zygomat'icus. Per-

ZOOMAGNETIS'MUS. Animal mag- taining to the zygoma.

netism. Zygomatic Process. A process of the

ZOON. An animal. temporal bone, which, by its articulation

Eclating to animals.
ZOON'IC. with the posterior angle of the os mala?,
ZOONOMTA. From &ov, an animal, forms the zygomatic arch.
and vo/wr, a law. The laws of organic life. Zygomatic Su'ture. The articulation
ZOONOSOL'OGY. Zoonosolog'ia; from of the zygomatic process with the malar
&ov, an animal, voaog, a disease, and bone.
loyog, a discourse. The doctrine of the ZYGOMAT'ICUS MA'JOR. A long,

diseases of animals. narrow muscle which arises from the

ZOOFH'AGAN. From £«ov, an an imal, malar bone near the zygomatic suture,
the angle of the
and <j>ayu, I eat. A carnivorous animal and is inserted into
an animal that subsists on flesh. mouth.
ZOOPH'AGOUS. Feeding on animals. Zygomatictts Mi'nor. This muscle

ZOUPATHOL'OGY. Zoopatholog'ia. arises from the anterior part of the malar

of the diseases of animals. bone, and is inserted in the upper lip
The pathology
ZO'OPHYTE. Zooph'yton; from frov, above the corner of the mouth.
an animal, and <jnnov, a plant. The lowest ZYGOPIlYLLA'CEiE. The bean caper
tribe of dicotyledonous plants.
class of animals, as the entozoa, infusoria,
and sponges. ZYGOPIIYL'LUM FABAGO. A Sy-
ZOOPHYTOL'OGY. The natural his- rian and Mauritanic plant, having an
acrid, bitter taste, and supposed by the
tory of zoophytes.
ZO'OSPOHE. Zoosperm. A spore oc- Syrians to be anthelmintic.

curring in cryptogamic plants, having cilia

ZYMA. Ferment.
projecting from its surface. Such spores ZYM'OME. Zim'ome. One of the sup-
principles of the gluten
move about in water a certain length of posed proximate
time. of wheat.
ZOOT'OMIST. A
comparative anat- ZYMO'SIS. Fermentation.
omist.
ZYMOTIC. Zymot'icus; from tvpou,
ZOOTOMY. Zootom'ia; from &ov, an to ferment. An epidemic, endemic, or
animal, and refivu, I cut. The dissection contagious affection.

of animals. Comparative anatomy. ZYTHOGALA. Posset, a mixture of

ZOS'TER. Zuoryp, a belt. The beer and milk.

shingles. See Herpes Zoster. ZY'THUM. A beverage made from
ZU'CHAR. Arabic name for sugar. malt and wheat.