Black Sea Red Data Book (PDFDrive)

The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do
not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publishers
concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities or
concerning the frontiers of any country or territory.
The opinions expressed in this publicaton are those of the individual

writers and do not necessarily represent the views of the GEF, UNDP or UNOPS.
Copyright © 1999.
Published by the United Nations Office for Project Services in the
context of a project funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the Publisher.
BLACK SEA
RED DATA BOOK
Edited
by
Henri J. Dumont
(Ghent, Belgium)
Website Editor:
V.O. Mamaev
(Istanbul, Turkey)
Scientific Coordinator:
Y.P. Zaitsev
(Odessa, Ukraine)
EDITOR'S PREFACE
This "paper form" of the Black Sea Red Data book is not an exact copy of its
predecessor, the Black Sea Red Data web site. In addition to polishing the language
and style, I added a number of illustrations, and some distribution maps were also
redrawn.
Contentwise, I was struck by the high level of commitment of the numerous scientists
associated with this project. Inevitably, there were differences in approach and in the
level of thoroughness between contributions. By far the most detailed species sheets
were those contributed by the ornithologists, while some of the most synthetic ones
were found among the botanical entries. I tried to conserve as much of the original
flavour as I could, yet also aimed at harmonising contributions as far as feasible, and
this was certainly the case for such formal aspects as styling of the references,
including details of punctuation. The practice of numbering was abandoned in favour
of an alphabetical system.
While I welcome the initiative of including some terrestrial groups that populate the
littoral fringe of the Black Sea, I did have some problems with the choice of species in
certain cases. For example, it is not because a species is rare in Bulgaria or Romania,
that it should also be endangered in the rest of the Black Sea fringe. In the case of the
aquatic insects belonging to the Odonata, I therefore had to widen the scope of some
items listed in the book to what lives along the south and east margins of the Sea, and
I included a number of previously unlisted subspecies. This, the vicariance and the
formation of clines with a various degree of steepness of closely related taxa around
the basin, is one of the most exciting aspects of the living world of the Black Sea
fringe. Even so, I regret the selection of particular species of insects and plants, and
the omission of others since, in addition to the aspect I just stressed, there is a
concentration of endemics in the south-east corner of the basin, where Caucasian
biota with very narrow ranges occur down to sea-level. Among dragonflies, I may
cite Coenagrion ponticum and Cordulegaster mzymtae as examples. I did not
explicitely add them to the list, but inserted a brief note on them in the section dealing
with Calopteryx virgo feminalis, which is yet another representative of this category.
There are doubtlessly many plants in the same category, and hence, the contents of a
future Red Data book of the Black Sea should be revised in light of this reality.
Finally, I encountered some problems with the taxonomic nomenclature used. Some
taxa were listed under names that are widely considered to be junior synonyms or
otherwise unvalid. In all instances where I stumbled upon such a case (and without
claiming to have conducted an exhaustive search), I took the responsability of
replacing it by the binomen that is currently regarded as valid. For the botanical part,
I was privileged to receive expert help from my colleague Prof. P. Goetghebeur, to
whom I here extend my greatest thanks.
Henri J. Dumont
Ghent, June 1999
2
INTRODUCTION
This book was created within the framework of the GEF Black Sea Environment
Programme, at the Data Base Laboratory of Marine Hydrophysical Institute,
Sevastopol, Ukraine, but contributors came from all Black Sea countries (for a list,
see further).
The GEF Black Sea Environmental Programme (BSEP) was established in June 1993
with three primary objectives: to strengthen and create regional capacities for
managing the Black Sea ecosystem; to develop and implement an appropriate policy
and legal framework for the assessment, control and prevention of pollution and the
maintenance and enhancement of biodiversity; and to facilitate the preparation of
sound environmental investments.
The BSEP is to be implemented through an interactive matrix of national

coordinators, thematic regional activity centers and focal point institutions targeting:
emergency response, routine pollution monitoring, special monitoring, biodiversity
protection, coastal zone management, environmental legislation and economics, data
management and GIS, and fisheries. The overall programme coordination was
conducted by a Project Coordination Unit (PCU), based in Istanbul.
As described in the Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation and Protection of the
Black Sea: "A regional Black Sea Red Data Book (BSRDB), identifying and
describing endangered species, will be developed because, at present, there are no
Red Data Books or Lists which cover all the threatened and rare species of the entire
Black Sea ecosystem. To date, no regional Red Data Book had been prepared for the
marine environment anywhere in the world — the BSRDB is the first; the BSRDB
includes Black Sea species which are already mentioned in national and international
Red Data Books and Lists, plus other Black Sea threatened species which will be
introduced to the BSRDB by specialists using accumulated data. The Black Sea Red
Data Book includes: threatened and rare species of marine plants and animals; and,
threatened and rare species of coastal organisms which are ecologically close to the
marine environment
The BSRDB exists in two versions: as a conventional book (this version), and as a
web site and CD-ROM. Both versions include an Introduction (how to use the
document.), a main text with species files, and a list of references.
3
The preparation of the Regional List, one of the most important stages in the design of
the BSRDB, required multiple cross-consultations between various specialists both
from within and outside the Black Sea region. The resulting Regional List is therefore
not be a simple amalgamation of national lists.
Key Contributors:
Stanislav Volovik - Deputy Director. Research Institute of the Azov Sea Fishery
Problems. Rostov-on-Don, 21/2 Beregovaya str., 344007, Russian Federation. Tel:
(7-8632)-624850, Fax: (7-8632)-624742
Akaki Komakhidze - Director. The Black Sea Ecology and Fisheries Institute. 51,
Rustaveli str., P.B.58, Batumi, Republic of Georgia. Tel: (7-88200)-35519,36315,
Tel: (Satellite): 873-140-6444. Fax: (Satellite): 873-140-6443
Boris Alexandrov - Director. Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas. 37,

Pushkinskaya str., Odessa, Ukraine. Tel: (7-0482)-250918, Fax: (7-0482)-250918.
e-mail: inbum@farlep.net.
Adriana Petranu. Romanian Marine Research Institute. B-dul Mamaia N.300, 8700
Constantsa 3, Romania. Tel: (40-41)-650870, Fax: (40-41)-831274
Tsonka Konsulova. Institute of Oceanology. PO Box 152,9000, Varna, Bulgaria.

Tel: (359-52)-776698, Fax: (359-52)-774256
Yuvenaly Zaitsev - (Chairman and Main Editor). Institute of Biology of the

Southern Seas (Odessa Branch). 37, Pushkinskaya str., Odessa, Ukraine. Tel:
(7-0482)-250917, Fax: (7-0482)-250918. e-mail: inbum@farlep.net.
Alexei Birkun, Jr. BREMA Laboratory. R. Luxemburg Str. 27-2a, 333720

Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine. Tel: (380-0652)-253503, Fax: (380-0652)-253503. e-
mail: alexei@birkun.crimea.ua.
Cem Kirac. Underwater Research Society. P.K. 420 Yenisehir, Ankara, 06444,
Turkey. Tel: (90-312)-2151883, Fax: (90-312)-2151883
Bayram Oztiirk. Istanbul University, (Marine Technology School). Ordu Caddesi

No. 200, Laleli, Istanbul, Turkey. Tel: (90-216)-3239050, (90-212)-5913875,3876.
Fax: (90-216)-323-9050. e-mail: ozturkb@doruk.com.tr.
4
Vladimir Vladimirov (Software development and Design). Marine Hydrophysical
Institute. 2, Kapitanskaya str., Sevastopol, 335000, Crimea, Ukraine. Tel: (380-692)-
525276, Fax: (380-692)-444253. e-mail: vlvlad@alpha.mhi.iuf.net.
Vladimir O. Mamaev (Overall Coordination and Design). Communications and

Public Information Officer, Black Sea PCU. Dolmabahce Sarayi, U Harekat Kosku,
80680 Istanbul, Turkey. Tel: (90-212)-2279927/8/9, Fax: (90-212)-2279933.
Geographical Coverage of the Black Sea Red Data Book
It was decided that the geographical scope of the BSRDB should cover the Black Sea
and the Sea of Azov, and also their coasts, including wetlands connected to the sea.
The geographical scope of the BSRDB does not cover the entire Black Sea basin or
extend to the Sea of Marmara. The geographical scope of the BSRDB is thus not
identical with the scope of the GEF BSEP.
International Union of Conservation of Nature Categories used in this Red

DataBook.
The IUCN Red List Categories of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (1994) to
describe the status of each species were used, viz.
-Extinct (EX)
-Extinct in the Wild (EW)
-Critically Endangered (CE)
-Endangered (EN)
-Vulnerable (VU)
-Lower Risk (LR)
-Data Deficient (DD)
General Structure of the Black Sea Red Data Book
This Book consists of:
-an introduction
-sheets (files) describing threatened species of plants, including Algae (part 1) and
animals (part 2)
-annexes (references, indexes)
5
The book was written in English. The scientific names of each species are also given
in Latin and in the official languages of the Black Sea countries (Bulgarian,
Romanian, Russian, Turkish and Ukrainian). The species descriptions (sheets/files)
are divided into sections according to plant and animal taxonomy. Each species
description includes the following information:
-names: full scientific name, synonym(s), common names

-taxonomy: order, family, taxonomic comments
-picture of a species (as an aid to its identification)
-IUCN status: global status, Black Sea regional level (regional view on population
status), subregional (national) levels
-distribution (including a map)
-habitat type, critical habitats, limiting factors
-notes on biology (since the 1960s, including the dynamics of species numbers)
-threats (anthropogenic impacts)
-conservation measures taken
-conservation measures proposed
-references
-the compilers' name(s)
The Scientists who contributed in compiling species descriptions for the Black Sea
Red Data Book are:
Bulgaria
Andreev, S.; Dencheva, K.; Filipova, M.; Konsulov, A.; Konsulova, T.; Kumanski,
K.; Nankinov, D.; Prodanov, K.; Siykov, Y.; Stanev^T.
Georgia
Komakhidze, A.
Romania
Bayaru, A.; Bologa, A.; Dumitrache, C; Gomoiu, M.-T.; Moldoveanu, M.; Petranu,
A.; Radu, G.; Stanciu, M; Tiganus, V.; Verioti, F.
Turkey
Ozturk, B.
Ukraine
Alexandrov, B.; Andryushchenko, Y.; Ardamatzkaia, T.;Birkun, A.; Chernichko, J.;
Dyatlov, S.; Gerasimov, S.; Gorlov, P.; Gubanov, V.; Khutornoy, S.; Kinda, V.;
Kolodkovskaya, E.; Krivokhizhin, S.; Minicheva, G.; Monchenko, V.; Siokhin, V.;
Vakhrusheva, L.; Vasilieva, T.; Vorobyova, L.; Yena, A.; Zaitsev, Yu.
Scientific Editor: Academician Yuvenaliy P. Zaitsev, Editor: Dr. Vladimir O.
Mamaev
HTML version created by:

Leader Scientist Dr. Vladimir V.Vladimirov vlvlad@alpha.mhi.iuf.net
Leader Programmer Vladimir V. Mirosnichenko database@alpha.mhi.iuf.net
Scientist Vladislav V. Lyubartsev database@alpha.mhi.iuf.net
Senior Scientist Dr. Alexey V.Mishonov niishonov@alpha.mhi.iuf.net
SUMMARIES OF RED DATA BOOKS IN THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES

1. BULGARIA
by Tsonka Konsulova
The "Red Data Book (RDB) of the Republic of Bulgaria" was published in 1985 in
order to make the public familiar with the prevailing state of plant and animal species
which were found only infrequently in the country, e.g. they were not as widespread
as "ordinary ones". Three categories of deficiency were adopted:
-Category A - plant and animal species and subspecies that had disappeared or
become extinct
-Category B - plant and animal species and subspecies that were threatened either
because of an unfavorable change in their habitats and narrow ecological niches or
because of poor self-restoration of their populations
-Category C - rare plant and animal species, which either consisted of only a very
small number of specimens or were extremely limited in occurrence and which, if no
urgent measures were taken for their protection, were in danger of becoming extinct.
The two-volume Bulgarian RDB provides a sound basis for a large number of
initiatives and statutory acts aimed at the improvement, protection and restoration of
the species included. It also serves as a basis for the adoption of measures to protect
other species that are not yet included in it. The species in the Bulgarian RDB were
classified according to our present level of knowledge on their "genetic fund" (= their
total genetic variation or gene pool); this knowledge is rather scarce on certain groups
of plants and animals. Volume 2 of the Bulgarian RDB includes information on 157
vertebrate species of the classes Cyclostomata, Osteichthyes, Amphipoda, Reptilia,
Aves and Mammalia. The description of each species contains the following
information: Category of the species; Distribution; Abundance (density); Habitat
characteristics; Reproduction; Factors affecting negative consequences; conservation
measures taken; Conservation measures proposed; References.
The Bulgarian RDB gives the number of extinct (Category A), threatened by
extinction (Category B) and rare (Category C]) animals as follows:
Fishes Amphibia Reptilia Birds Mammals Total
Category A 3 2 9 2 16
Category B 16 9 57 8 90
Category C 4 4 34 9 51
Total 157
Of these 157 animals, 65 are marine and brackish water species. They are subdivided
as follows:
Fishes Amphibia Reptillia Birds Mammals Total
19 2 39 5 65
The RDB of Bulgaria (animals) consists of the following chapters: Preface, Maps of
the Existing and Projected Protected Faunistic Areas of National and International
Importance, List of Extinct (A), Threatened (B) and Rare (C) Animals in Bulgaria as
of 1 January, 1982, Fishes (Cyclostomata, Osteichthyes), Amphibia, Reptilia, Birds,
Mammals, References, Index of Bulgarian names of animal species and subspecies,
Index of Latin names of animal species and subspecies, Index of Bulgarian RDB
authors, Summary in Russian, Summary in English, Legend of the chronological
species maps in Bulgaria
2. GEORGIA
by Akaki Komakhidze
The following publications are available in Georgia: The Red Data Book of the
USSR, 1984. Vol. 1 and 2, Moscow, Lesnaya promysh-lennost Publ. (in Russian);
and the Red Data Book of the Georgian Republic. 1982, Tbilisi, Sabchota Sakartvelo
Publ. (in Georgian).
The Red Data Book (RDB) of the USSR uses five different status categories:
-1st category. Endangered species which cannot be saved without special measures.
-2nd category. Species with respectively high numbers, but declining so dramatically
that they could quickly become endangered.
8
-3rd category. Rare species which are not endangered at the moment, but occur in
such low numbers or in such limited areas that they could become extinct if there
were unfavorable changes in their habitat due to natural or anthropogenic impacts.
-4th category. Species whose biology has been insufficiently studied or whose number
or condition causes concern, but for which the data is insufficient to assign them to
any of above categories.
-5th category. Rehabilitated species which are no longer in danger and whose future
has been secured by protective measures but which are not exploited industrially and
whose numbers need to be constantly controlled.
The following species of Black Sea fauna and flora are included in the RDB of the
USSR: the sturgeon {Acipenser sturio), the monk seal (Monachus monachus); and the
Black Sea bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus ponticus).
The RDB of Georgia contains status categories, namely:
-1st category. Species which are almost extinct or whose habitats are difficult to
access
-2nd category. Endangered species
-3rd category. Rare species
The following species of Black Sea fauna and flora are included in the RDB of
Georgia:
-the sturgeon Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758;

-the monk seal Monachus monachus Hermann, 1779.
The compilation of a Black Sea RDB necessitates a consistent approach to

classification in all the littoral states. It is suggested that the classification adopted in
1994 by the International Union on the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) be taken as a
basis, namely:
-Extinct (EX) - a taxon is considered extinct when the last individual dies.
-Extinct in the wild (EW) - when a taxon can be saved in cultivation, captivity or
when research cannot locate an individual at the time (daily, seasonally, annually)
which corresponds to the life cycle of the taxon concerned.
-Taxon crucially endangered (CR) - when a taxon is endangered under certain

conditions.
9
-Taxon endangered (EN) - a taxon which is not threatened with extinction at the
moment, but faces high risks and may disappear in the near future.
-Vulnerable (VU) - a taxon is considered vulnerable when does not come under any of
the above categories, but may become endangered under certain conditions.
-Taxon with low risk (LR) - all remaining taxa. They can be divided into three
subcategories:
-Dependent on conservation.
-Close to danger.
-With the lowest risk.
-Category with deficient data (DD) - includes taxa on which information is inadequate
to evaluate the risk of extinction. IUCN adopted criteria for each category taking into
account the number, distribution, habitat and existing potential level of exploitation.
-Non-evaluated (NE) - includes taxa which cannot be included in any of the above
categories.
However, we believe that for the marine hydrobionts such classification is so detailed
and complicated as to make it impossible to use practically. The issue should be
studied by relevant experts and an acceptable classification adopted according to their
recommendations. All the littoral states should set up national expert teams to assist
with the compilation of a Black Sea RDB. These teams will identify the geographical
areas (swamps, estuaries, adjacent lakes, etc.) connected with the Black Sea and
decide whether they should be included in the Black Sea RDB. Only after the
geographical scope of the book has been finalized can other issues connected with the
Red Book be discussed.
3. ROMANIA
by Adriana Petranu
There is no national Red Data Book (RDB) in Romania. The preparation of a Danube
Delta RDB is one of the tasks of the Strategic Plan for the Management of Danube
Delta, and considerable information concerning the marine sector of the delta is
already stored in its database. In addition, some Romanian marine biologists have
published lists of rare and threatened species, including a Red List of extinct,
endangered, rare and insufficiently known benthic macrophytes in the Romanian
10
Black Sea. An inventory of marine algae was prepared on the basis of categories
proposed by the International Union on the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Field
studies covering the last three decades identified 143 macrophytes in Romanian
maritime waters, including: 20 extinct and endangered species (6 Chlorophyta, 4
Phaeophyta, 10 Rhodophyta), 34 rare species (6 Chlorophyta, 2 Xanthophyta, 9
Phaeophyta, 17 Rhodophyta), and four insufficiently known species (1 Phaeophyta,
3 Rhodophyta).
Extinct and Endangered Species of Marine Macrophytes in Romania

Chlorophyta Phaeophyta Rhodophyta
Cladophora rupestris Myrionema strangulans Corallina elongata
Cladophora hatchinsiae Petalonia zosterifolia Dasya baillouriana
Enteromorpha kylinii Pilayella littoralis Erythrocladia irregularis
Enteromorpha torta Stictyosiphon adriaticus Gelidium latifolium
Entocladia viridis Gelidiella antipai
Pseudopringsheimia Laurencia ortusa
confluens
Lophosiphonia reptarunda
Polysiphonia riolacea
Spermothamnion strictum
Stylonema alsidii
Five species of Natantia and three species of Reptantia decapods have disappeared
from Romanian Black Sea coastal waters:
Extinct Species of Decapods in Romania

Natantia Reptantia
Hippolyte inermis Leach, 1815 Callianassa pontica Czern, 1884
Lysmata seticaudata Risso, 1816 Callianassa truncata Giard-Bonnier, 1890
Pontophylus fasciatus Hailst, 1835 Macropodia aegiptia Milne-Edov, 1834
Pontophylus trispinosus Hailst, 1835
Processa pontica Sorinsky, 1885
4. RUSSIA
by Stanislav Volovik
The Red Data Book of the USSR (1984) and the Red Data Book of the RSFSR (1983)
were published in Russia. The following Black Sea/Azov Sea Basin animal species
are included in the Red Data Book (RDB) of the USSR:
11
-Mammals - 15 species (9 species in Russia);
-Birds - 22 species (15 in Russia)
-Amphibians and Reptiles - 1 5 species (4 in Russia)
-Fish - 1 species (1 in Russia)
-Arthropods - 66 species (55 in Russia)
-Crustaceans - 1 species (1 in Russia)
-Molluscs - 1 species (1 in Russia)
The RDB of the RSFSR contains less species than the RDB of the USSR, particularly
as regards aquatic organisms. For example, the RSFSR RDB does not include any
species of Black Sea/Azov Sea fish or molluscs.
In 1996 a two-volume book of the rare and endangered plants and animals in the
Rostov-on-Don region was published. It includes some representatives of Black
Sea/Azov Sea ecosystems, but the data presented pertains to the early and mid 1980s.
During the preparation of Russian National Report on Black Sea Biodiversity it was
found that in recent years the population status of many species in the Rostov-Don
region has deteriorated. It is possible that a similar situation exists in the Krasnodar
region, although data has yet to be published. Support should be provided for the
publication of a RDB for the Black Sea/Azov Sea Basin. The State Committee of
Fisheries of the Russian Federation promised to provide some financial support for
the preparation of the book, but only for the section on aquatic organisms.
All the threatened and rare organisms in the marine and coastal ecosystems (including
wetlands) should be included in the Black Sea RDB. A source of funding should be
sought for specialists who will compile data on plants (excluding algae), amphibians,
reptiles, birds and mammals.
5. TURKEY
by Bay ram Ozturk
No Red Data Book (RDB) has yet been published in Turkey. After the Turkish
Ministry of the Environment signed the Rio Declaration in 1992, it decided to prepare
a Turkish RDB. The book will include both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Even
though Turkey has no RDB, some threatened species are nevertheless under legal
protection. For example, all catching of Huso huso, Monachus monachus, and three
cetacean species in the Black Sea is forbidden. DHKD, a Turkish NGO, recently
compiled a Turkish RDB for birds.
12
STATUS OF THE MONK SEAL (M.monachus) ON
THE BLACK SEA COASTS OF TURKEY
By Cem Kirac
The existence of the Monk Seals was mentioned by Mursalaglu (1964), Berkes
(1978), Ozturk (1996) and Kirac & Savas(1996). Two monk seals were recorded on
the Turkish Black Sea coast in 1991 -1994, swimming along the coast between Cide,
Gatalzeytin, Inebow, Abana and Doganyurt (Ozturk, 1996). Meanwhile, studies of
AFAG between Akcakoca and Zonguldak (74 km of coastline) performed between
1989 and 1994 revealed that monk seal is extinct in this zone, with the last regular
sighting dating back to December 1987 (Kirac & Savas, 1996). SAD/AFAG made
two expeditions along these coasts in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Our studies
included interviews with professional fishermen who spend more hours and days at
sea than scientists and conservationists can afford. Also, amateur fishermen, sailors,
divers and other interested people were interviewed. A standard inquiry form of
AFAG for "Monk Seal Sightings" was used in collecting data; each sighting sheet is
stored in a Dbase Program. In contrast to our studies made on the western coasts
(between Akcakoca and Zonguldak), AFAG could not make field studies in the
Central Black Sea due to limited finance. However, we could obtain preliminary data
about the existence of monk seals (approximate number and approximate distribution
on 350 km of coastline). The results show that minimum three monk seals survive on
the Turkish Black Sea Coasts. This number is not the result of individual
identifications but reflects the total number of seal sighted together. AFAG obtained
97 seal sighting data for 1960-1995, against 78 sighting data for 1990-1995 (July).
There were two seals together (n=4) in three different locations in 1990-1995 and
three seals together (n=3) in three different locations in 1990 - 1995. The locations
having multiple seal sightings indicate higher numbers of monk seals than indicated
above. Habitat degradation is minimal and there is little tourist development in this
zone of Turkish Black Sea Coast. Protection of species is therefore easier than in
other parts of Turkey (Kirac & Veryeri, 1996; Guclusoy, 1995,1996). There are also
17 caves, found by Ozturk (1996) in just one part of the mentioned zone.
6. UKRAINE
by Boris Alexandrov
Law N2750-XU "Red Data Book of Ukraine" was signed on 29 October 1992.
According to this law, 430 species of plants and 396 species of animals in Ukraine are
listed as Red Data Book (RDB) organisms. They include 19 species of algae and 100
species of which are inhabitants of the Black Sea. The first volume of the Ukrainian
RDB (Animals) was published in 1994. It includes pictures, maps and detailed
description of extinct and endangered species. The second volume (Plants) was
13
published in February 1997. It is available from the Ministry for Environmental
Protection and Nuclear Safety of Ukraine.
Some Ukrainian specialists recommend including in the Black Sea RDB species
which do not live in the sea but have causal relations (trophic and living connections)
with marine ecosystems. These include some species of birds and plants which
inhabit coastal dunes, peninsulas, islands and wetlands. The following list of these
organisms has been compiled by ornithologists (Dr. J. Chernichko, Ju.
Andriuschenko, V. Kinda and P. Gorlov from the Azov-Black Sea Ornithological
Station of Ukraine) and botanists (Dr. S. Djatlov and Dr. T. Vasiljeva-Nemertsalova
from Odessa State University):
Plants
Eryngium maritimum L. Ephedra distachya L.
Crambe pontica Stev. Ex. Rupri. Cladium mariscus (L.) R. Br.
Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. Eremogone cephalotes (Bieb.) Fenzl.
Ornithogalum refractum Schlecht Pancratium maritimum L.
Birds
Pelecanus onocrotalus Accipiter brevipes Antrhopoides virgo
Pelecanus cripsus Buteo rufinis Otis tarda
Phalacrocorax aristotelis Circaetus gallicus Tetrax tetrax
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus Hieraaetus pennatus Burhinus oedienemus
Areola ralloides Aquiila rapax Charadrius alexandrinus
Platalea leucorodia Aquila clanga Himanntopus nimantopus
Plegadis falcinellus Aquila pomarina Haematopus ostralegus
Ciconi nigra Aquila heliaca Tringa stagnatilis
Rufibrenta rufficollis Aquiila chrysaetos Numenius tenuirostris
Cygnus bewickii Larus ichthyaetus Numenius arquata
Tadorna ferruginea Hydroprogue caspia Numenius phaeopus
Bucephala clangula Bubo bubo Glareola pratíncola
Aythya myroca Haliaetus albicilla Glareola nordmanni
Somateria mollissima Mouticola saxatilis Emberiria melanocepphala
Oxyura leucocephala Aegypius monochus Sturnus roseus
Mergus serrator Gyps fulvus Neophron percnopterus
Pandion haliaetus Falco cherrug Tyto alba
Milvus milvus Falco peregrinus Lanius senator
Circus cyaneus Falco naumanni
Circus macrourus Grus grus
14
SPECIES SHEETS
PART I. PLANTS (INCLUDING ALGAE)
Aegilops geniculate (Roth)
Synonyms: Aegilops ovatap.p., 1759; Aegilopspontica auct. (Deg.) Valev, 1963;

Aegilops lorentii auct. Höchst., 1845.
Common names: Bulg: Kolenchato divo zhito, Pontiyski egilops, Lorentsiev egilops.
Order POALES
Family POACEAE
Taxonomic description. A hairy plant with a hairy root, noded stems gathered in
tufts reaching upwards from 20 cm to 40 cm. Flat and thick leaves. The spike (without
awns) is 2-3 cm long, hard, with 3-4 spikelets of which the upper 1-2 are always non-
fructiferous and the lower two always fructiferous, rounded, slightly swollen with 6-8
awns each. The chaffs of the fructiferous spikelets are strongly bristlelike, rugged
along the veins but naked between them, ending at the tip, with two long almost
similar awns.
IUCN Status
World level:
Black Sea Regional level:
Subregion level: CE
15
Allium guttatum Steven, 1809
Synonyms: None
Common names: Engl: Spotted onion; Russ: Luk krapchaty; Turk: Kiyi sogani; Ukr:
Tsybulya krapchasta
Order AMARYLLIDALES
Family ALLIACEAE
Taxonomic description. A bulbous perennial grassy plant, 30-70 cm in height.

Daughter bulbs and substituting bulb capsules are yellow or grey. Leaves
semicylindrical and with a chute on the upper side, not narrowed to petioles. Stem
thickness about seven mm. Flowers associated in the top umbel floscule without
bulbs, enclosed into a cover. Perianth petals about 2.5-3.0 mm lengthwise, white with
a violet or brown spot in the middle, with one vein, and the perianth petals combined
at the base. Stamen threads longer than perianth petals by a quarter. Interior stamen
threads extend to a top, three-toothed. Middle tooth, carrying an anther, shorter than
thread-like lateral ones.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Black Sea Regional level: EN
Subregion level: CR in Ukraine
17
Novosad, V. V., 1992. Flora Kerchensko-Tamanskogo Regiona. (The Flora of the
Kerch-Taman Region). Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 277 pp. (in Russian).
Rubtsov, N. I. (Ed.), 1972. Opredelitel' vysshikh rasteniy Kryma. (Identification

Book of the Crimean Higher Plants). Leningrad, Nauka: 550 pp. (in Russian).
Compiled by L. Vakhrusheva
19
Asparagus brachyphyllus Turczaninov, 1840
Synonyms: Asparaguspallasii Misez., Asparagusponticus Woronow

Common names: Engl: Short-leaved asparagus; Bulg: Asperja; Russ: SparzJia
korotkolistnaya, Sparzha Pallasa; Turk: Asparagus; Ukr: Kholodok korotkolysty,
Kholodok Pallasa
Order ASPARAGALES
Family ASPARAGACEAE
Taxonomic description. A perennial prostrate grass with slightly rising wriggled

curved thin stems (2-3 mm in diameter) in the top part. Cladodes 5-10 mm long,
lengthwise fan-like diverging and slightly sickle-like curved, dove-coloured, in
bundles of 3-6. The plants are dioecious, the flowers are unisexual, and located on the
main lateral branches, one or two per floriferous stem. The fruit is a berry.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Black Sea Regional level: VU
Subregion level: VU in Ukraine
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Occurs on a littoral

strip of steppe and saline land close to the sea coast or to salty lakes. Critical
habitats: Crimea steppe near Razdol'noye, sandy coast of Karkinit Bay, northern coast
of Kerch peninsula (Bagerovo, Kurortnoye). Limiting factors: overgrazing,
destruction by storms and other severe weather conditions.
20
Velchev, V. (Ed.), 1984. Chervena kniga na NR Bulgaria. Tom 1. Rasteniya. (The
Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Plants). Sofia, Izdatelstvo na Bulgarskata
Akademia na naukite: 448 pp. (in Bulgarian).
Shelyag-Sosonko, Y. R. (Ed.), 1996. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny. (The Red DataBook

of Ukraine). Kiev, Ukrayins'ka Encyklopediya: 608 pp. (in Ukrainian).
22
Asparagus litoralis Steven, 1857
Synonyms: Asparagus misczenkoi Djin; Asparagus neglectus Kar et Kir; Asparagus

monoclados Vved.; Asparagus ferganensis Vved
Common names: Engl: Coastal asparagus; Bulg: Asperja; Russ: Sparzha
pribrezhnaya; Turk: Kiyi asparagusu Ukr: Kholodok pryberezhny
Order ASPARAGALES
Family ASPARAGACEAE
Taxonomic description. A perennial grass, 30-50 cm in height. The plant is

dioecious. Cladodes thick (0.3-0.7 mm in diameter), bare, furrowed, near 1.0-1.5 cm
lengthwise, to a high degree fan-like diverging from the stem, in bundles of 4-10. The
flowers are located at the top of the floriferous stems and branches. The berry is red,
near 7-8 mm in diameter.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. The plant prefers
littoral strips, sands, cockle-shells, and rocks. Critical habitats: Crimean coastline, in
particular Sudak, Shchebetovka, Maly Mayak, Ayudag mountain. Limiting factors:
endemism, limited distribution, small population sizes; storm destruction and
overgrazing.
23
Rubtsov, N. I. (Ed.), 1972. OpredeliteT vysshikh rasteniy Kryma. (Identification
Shelyag-Sosonko, Y. R. (Ed.), 1996. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny. (The Red Data

Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrayins'ka Encyklopediya: 608 pp. (in Ukrainian).
25
Astrodaucus Uttoralis Prude, 1898
Synonyms: Daucus bessarabicus D C ; Caucalis Uttoralis Bieb

Common names: Russ: Morkovnitsa pribrezhnaya; Ukr: Morkovnitsya pryberezhna
Order ARALIALES (APIALES)

Family APIACEAE (UMB ELLIFERAE)
Taxonomic description. A monocarpous biennial plant, 30-80 cm in height, with

parted leaves, their apexes linear, with rare hairs at the leaf margin. Umbels 4-8 cm in
diameter with 8-18 bare rays. Petals white, slightly pink, hollowed at the top. The
foetus is 3-7 mm long and 0.3 mm wide (without spout), with thick long pyramidal
thorns which are about the width of the foetus.
IUCN Status
World level: DD
26
Biology. Flowering in May-June, fruit-bearing in July-August. Reproduction by
seeds and vegetatively.
Population trends. Population not abundant and with a tendency to decline.
Threats. Picking by people for decoration; habitat destruction by the creation of

artificial beaches.
Conservation measures taken. The species has been entered in the Red Data Book
of Ukraine.
Conservation measures proposed. Inventorize the species' locations, population

monitoring, organization of reservations in the Crimea (in Kerch and Tarkhankut
peninsula areas). An edible plant that can be cultivated!
References
Golubev, V.N., 1996. Biologicheskaya flora Kryma. (Biological Flora of the

Crimea). Yalta, GNBS: 86 pp. (in Russian).
Kryukova, I. V., Y A. Luks & L. A. Privalova et a\., 1988. Redkiye rasteniya i

zhivotnyye Kryma. (Rare Plants and Animals of the Crimea). Simferopol, Tavria:
176 pp. (in Russian).
Luks, Y. A., L. A. Privalova & I. V. Kryukova., 1976. Katalog redkikh,

ischezayushchikh i unichtozhaemykh rasteniy flory Kryma, rekomenduyemykh dlya
zapovednoy okhrany. (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminativ Crimean
Flora Plants Recommended for Protection). Yalta, GNBS: 24 pp. (in Russian).

24
Biology. Reproduction is by seeds and vegetatively. The species has an early spring
development by overground shoots.
Population trends. The population is not abundant. Its range is decreasing by

habitat destruction.
Threats. Habitat reduction or complete destruction due to cattle grazing; local people
pick this plant for decorative purposes.
Conservation measures taken. The species has been entered in the Red Data Books
of Bulgaria and Ukraine. It is conserved in the Belosaray spit reservation (Donetsk
region, Ukraine).
Conservation measures proposed. Complete inventory of locations, monitoring of

populations, more reservations needed.
References
Golubev, V. N., 1996. Biologicheskaya flora Kryma. (Biological Flora of the

Kryukova , I.. V., Y. A. Luks, & L. A. Privalova et al, 1988. Redkiye rasteniya i
zhivotnyye Kryma. (Rare Plants and Animals of the Crimea). Simferopol, Tavria: 176
pp. (in Russian).
Rubtsov, N .1. (Ed.), 1972. Opredelitel' vysshikh rasteniy Kryma. (Identification

21
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Found on a littoral
strip of sea coast, coastal sands and places near rocks. Critical habitats: Evpatoria,
Mysovoye (Kazantip Cape), Sudak, Maly Mayak and Karabakh (southern coast of the
Crimea). Limiting factors: small size of population, elimination during storms and
other unfavourable natural situations, overgrazing.
Biology. Flowering and fruit-bearing in June-August. Reproduction by seeds.
Population trends. The population is not abundant, and has a tendency to decline.
Threats. Habitat destruction by the creation of artificial beaches and construction in

the coastal zone, recreational stress, collecting for eating.
Conservation measures taken. The species has been entered in the Red Data Books
of Bulgaria and Ukraine.
Conservation measures proposed. Complete inventory of locations, population

monitoring, organization of more nature reservations. Can be cultivated for eating.
References

Crimea). Yalta: GNBS: 86 pp. (in Russian).
Luks, Y. A., L. A. Privalova & L. V. Kryukova, 1976. Katalog redkikh,

zapovednoy okhrany. (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminative Crimean
Flora Plants Recommended for Protection). Yalta, GNBS: 24 pp., (in Russian).
27
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Found along a
littoral strip, coastal sands and cockle-shells, and on steppic hillsides. Critical habitats:
Arabat spit sands, steppe hillsides near Simferopol. Limiting factors: small natural
population size and limited distribution.
Biology. Flowering in July-August. Reproduction by seeds and vegetatively.
Population trends. The colonies are not abundant, and have a tendency to decrease.
Threats. Habitat destruction by construction activity, cattle grazing; elimination by

local inhabitants, creation of local market-gardening.
Conservation measures taken. No special measures.
Conservation measures proposed. Regular monitoring of population state; the

species should be included in the national Red Data Lists of all Black Sea countries.
References
Davis, P. H., 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vols.1-9.
Edinburgh University Press.

Luks, Y. A., L.A. Privalova, & I. V. Kryukova, 1976. Katalog redkikh,

zapovednoy okhrany. (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminative Crimean
Flora Plants Recommended for Protection). Yalta, GNBS: 24 pp (in Russian).
18
Novosad, V. V., 1992. Flora Kerchensko-Tamanskogo Regiona. (The Flora of Kerch-
Taman Region). Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 277 pp. (in Russian).


Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrayins'ka Encyklopediya Publ.: 608 pp. (in Ukrainian).

Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Plants). Sofia, Izdatelstvo na Bulgarskata Akademia na
naukite 1: 448 pp. (in Bulgarian).
28
Calystegia soldanella (Linnaeus) R. Brown, 1810
Synonyms: Convolvulus soldanella L., 1753

Common names: Bulg: Kraymorsko chaderche, Soldanelovo chaderche; Russ:
Povoy soldanelevy; Ukr: Pletukha soldanelovydna
O r d e r POLEMONIALES
Family CONVOLVULACEAE
Taxonomic description. A perennial herb with long root system and procumbent
stems, 15-50 cm long, naked and smooth. Leaf blades reniform and fleshy. Flowers
on long pedicels, pentamerous. There are two ovate bracts embracing the receptacle;
sepals ovate, mucronate, equal to bracts; corolla 3,5-5,0 cm long, infundibular, pink.
Fruit a capsule.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Black Sea Regional level: CR
Subregion level: VU, EX in Ukraine
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Sandy and shingly
coasts. Critical habitats: Crimea (Sevastopol, Laspi, Foros, Nikita, Gurzuf, Novy
Svet, Sudak); Bulgaria (mouth of the river Kamchiya, Nesebr, Pomorie, Burgas,
Sozopol, Primorsko, Michurin, Akhtopol). Limiting factors unknown.
29
Biology. Blooms from May to July; fruits from June to August. Propagation both
vegetative (by runners and suckers) and by seeds. The species is a psammophyte,
xeromesophyte and halophyte.
Population trends. Declining in abundance.
Threats. Lack of non-modified sites along the coast due to the development of resort
zones.
Conservation measures taken. Listed in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria and
protected in the "Kamchiya" preserve (Bulgaria).
References
Davis P. H., 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vols. 1-9.
Fyodorov, A. A. (Ed.), 1981. Flora yevropeiskoy chasti SSSR. (Flora of European

Part of the USSR. Vol. 5). Leningrad, Nauka 5: 380 pp. (in Russian).

Kryukova , I. V., Y. A. Luks, L. A. Privalova, et al, 1988. Redkiye rasteniya i

zhivotnyye Kryma. (Rare Plants and Animals of the Crimea). Simferopol: Tavria,
30
Luks, Y. A., L. A. Privalova & I. V. Kryukova, 1976. Katalog redkikh,
zapovednoy okhrany (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminative Crimean

Stoyanov, N., B. Stefanov & B. Kitanov, 1967. Flora na Bulgaria. Tom 2. 4 izd.
(Flora of Bulgaria. Vol.2, 4th Ed.). Sofia, Nauka i Izkustvo: 1325 pp. (in Bulgarian)

Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Plants). Sofia, Izdatelstvo na Bulgarskata
Akademia na naukite: 448 pp. (in Bulgarian).
Vulff, E. W., 1966. Flora Kryma. (Flora of the Crimea). Moscow, Kolos 3 (2): 256
pp. (in Russian).
Yena, A. V., 1997 Nekotoryye itogi izucheniya pribrezhnoy flory Kryma. (Some
results of the investigation of the Crimean coastal flora). In: Proc. of the Crimean
Agricultural State University. Simferopol, Tavriya: 200-204 (in Russian).
Compiled by A. Yena and M. Filipova.
31
Chrysopogon gryllus Linnaeus, Trin., 1820
Synonyms: None
Common names: Engl: Scented grass; Russ: Zolotoborodnik tsikadovy; Ukr:
Zolotoborodnyk tsykadovy
O r d e r POALES
Family POACEAE
Taxonomic description. A perrenial herb, 50-150 cm in height. Spikelets associated

in groups of three, the fertile one of which is unisexual. The two others staminal or
not completely developed. At the base of each group of spikelets, a bunch of straight
golden hairs. Groups of uniflorous spikelets associated in elegant panicles with
whorly grouped branches. Fruit a corn seed.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Subregion level: CR (Ukraine)
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On seaside sands,

sand spits, saline lands, forest edges. In Ukraine found on the Isle of Dzharylgatch,
on the coasts near the Reserve of Dunaiskie Plavni.
32
Biology. Flowering during Fruit-bearing in VIII-IX. Reproducing by seeds.
Population trends. A local species. Populations not abundant.
Threats. Destruction of habitats, extraction of sand, creation of artificial forests with

Pinus sylvestrh, recreational stress.
Conservation measures taken. The species features in the Red Data Book of
Ukraine. It is protected in the Chernomorskiy Biosphere Reserve and the Reserve of
Dzharylgatch of State importance (Ukraine).
Conservation measures proposed. Create protected zones wherever the species

occurs.
References
Red Data Book of Ukraine. 1996. Plant Kingdom, Kiev: 606 pp.
Tchopik, V. I., 1978. Rare and vanishing plants of Ukraine. Kiev: 216 pp.
Zaverucha, B. V., T. L. Andrienko & V. V. Protopopova, 1983. Protected plants of

Ukraine. Kiev: 176 pp.
Compiled by S. Dyatlov & T. Vasilieva
33
Cladium mariscus Linnaeus, Pohl., 1810
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Engl: Saw grass, Twig rush; Bulg: Rezhets kladium; Russ: Mech-
trava obyknovennaya; Ukr: Mech-trava bolotna
O r d e r CYPERALES
Family CYPERACEAE
Taxonomic description. A perrenial herb with thick rootstock and round leaved
stem, 1-1.5 m in height. Leaves linear. Flowers associated in compound panicles,
with a head bunch with long lacerated bracteate leaves.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Subregion level: CR
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A European-

Mediterranean relict, with disjunctive range. Black Sea coast, on wet seaside sands.
Biology. Flowering during VI-VU. Fruit-bearing in DC. Reproducing by seeds and

vegetatively.
Population trends. Populations not abundant.
34
Threats. Draining of wetlands, creation of residental zones.
Conservation measures taken. The species is protected in the Reserve Dunayskiye

Plavne (Ukraine).
Conservation measures proposed. Create protected territories where the species

occurs.
References
Red Data Book of Bulgaria, 1984. Plants. Sofia, 1: 447 pp.
Red Data Book of Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic, 1988. Plants. Moscow:
590 pp.
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1996. Plant Kingdom. Kiev: 606 pp.
Takhtajan, A. (Ed.), 1981. Rare and vanishing plants of the USSR, Leningrad: 264 pp
Tchopik ,V. I., 1978. Rare and vanishing plants of Ukraine. Kiev: 216 pp.
Zaverucha B. V., T. L. Andrienko & V. V. Protopopova , 1983. Protected plants of

Ukraine. Kiev, 176 pp.
35
Crambe mitridatis Juzepczuk, 1951
Synonyms: Crambe koktebelica var. mitridatis Kotov, Crambe orientalis auct

Common names: Engl: Mithridates crambe, Mithridates colewort; Bulg: Divo zele
(mitridatis); Rom: Holodean (mitridatis), Tirtan (mitridatis); Russ: Katran
mitridatskiy; Ukr: Katran mitridats'ky
O r d e r CAPPARALES
Family BRAS SIC ACE AE (CRUCIFERAE)
Taxonomic description. A tall (1.5-2.0 m), annual or biennial plant with numerous
thin branches. Base leaves long, lyre-like, parted (solid ones are more rare), bare on
top, with long rare hairs on the veins on the bottom. Flowers white, petals yellowing
towards the base. Foetus a nut-like podlet. Its base short, empty; top a large sphere,
bearing one seed. The closely related endemic species C. mitridatis is often
considered as a taxonomic variety of C. koktebelica because of only subtle differences
between both.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Subregion level: CR
36
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Sand and shingle
coasts, beaches, cavities and cracks in coastal rocks. Critical habitats: considered
endemic of Opuk mountain (Kerch peninsula in the Crimea) for a long time; in recent
years it has spread to the north of Kerch peninsula (Zolotoye, Bagerovo) and to
Tarkhankut peninsula (Jangul coast). Limiting factors: endemism, small population
size, overgrazing, elimination by storms.
Biology. Flowering and fruit-bearing in June-September. Reproduction by seeds; a

low temperature is necessary for germination.
Population trends. The populationsare scanty. Trends are not quite clear.
Threats. Overexploitation by local inhabitants, because the plant is edible.
Conservation measures taken. The species is listed in the Red Data Book of
Ukraine and conserved in reservation sites at Kazantip Cape and Opuk mountain
(Kerch peninsula of the Crimea).
Conservation measures proposed. Population monitoring; cultivation and

reintroduction measures; creation of Kerch and Tarkhankut natural reservations
including protected areas on Opuk mountain and Kazantip Cape.
References

37
Kryukova, I. V., Y. A. Luks, L. A. Privalova et ah, 1988. Redkiye rasteniya i
Luks, Y. A., L. A. Privalova & L. V. Kryukova., 1976. Katalog redkikh,

zapovednoy okhrany. 1976. (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminative
Crimean Flora Plants Recommended for Protection). Yalta, GNBS: 24 pp. (in
Russian).


Book of the Crimean Higher Plants). Leningrad:, Nauka: 550 pp. (in Russian).

Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrayins'ka Encyklopediya: 608 pp (in Ukrainian).
38
Crambe pontica Stev. ex Rupr., 1869
Synonyms: Crambe maritima sensu Czerniak

Common names: Engl: Sea-kale, Colewort; Russ: Katran pontiyskiy; Ukr: Katran
pontiysky
Family BRASSICACEAE
Taxonomic description. A perennial herb, 50-60 cm in height. Root thick, plant

bluish and bare. Leaves fleshy, oval or oblong and elliptical, emarginate-lacerated or
lobed on the edges. Petals white, near 7-9 mm length. Upper part of the pod 7-12
mm in length, ovate or almost globe-shaped, smooth or wrinkled.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On seaside sands,

limestones and sand spits.
Biology. Flowering during IV-VI. Fruit-in bearing VI-Vm. Reproducing by seeds.
Population trends. Not numerous.
39
Threats. Recreation, building on the seaside.
Conservation measures taken. No special protection.
Conservation measures proposed. Creation of protected
Compiled by S.Dyatlov & T.Vasilieva
40
Cystoseira barbota (Good. & Wood, 1821)
Synonyms: Fucus barbatus Goodenough & Woodward, 1797; Cystoseira hoppii

Agardh, 1821.
Common names: Rom: Cistoseira.
O r d e r FUCALES
Family SARGASACEAE
Taxonomic description. The thallus is 15-20 cm tall; each branch ends with a conic
foot (sole); in most cases the basement branches are joined together in a common
base. The stem is narrow, 3-5 mm thick, cylindrical, its surface smooth and unequal.
The main branches are alternatively or chaotically branched from the stem, very long,
cylindrical in shape, with plenty of small branches whose number gradually
decreases, leaving a few singular cylindrical small branches, much shorter than the
initial ones; the small branches are uniformly distributed along the main branches or
come together as brooms near their top. In winter and spring there are many (air)
bladders on the branches. Cryptostoma are numerous on the surface of the branches
and (air) bladders. The receptacles are cylindrical, 0.2-1 cm long, strongly stressed on
the scaphidia surface and with phyliform sterile tops; gathered in dense installments
on the lateral surface of the branches: often in the receptacles the (air) bladders are
metamorphozed and are distributed close the top branches .
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Rocky bottoms on

pebbly grounds in sublittoral areas at depths of 0.5-10 m. Present also in the Azov
41
and Mediterranean Seas. Species belonging to inferior northern area. Threatened by
suspended particles, with decreased light penetration for a consequence.
Biology. A perennial plant needing much light; reproduction occurs at a depth

of 0.5-5 m.
Population trends. Almost disappeared! On the Romanian littoral, in the

southern zone of Tuzla-Varna Vech, the biomass of Cystoseira has decreased from
5,4001 fresh weight in 1971 to 755 t in 1973 and 120 t in 1979. The first destruction
came from the freezing of the sea water during the 1971/1972 winter when floating
ice destroyed about 80% of the stock of Cystoseira (900 t in 1972). Currently,
only isolated tufts survive.
Threats. Hard frosts, hydrotechnical constructions, silting of rocky bottoms by

suspended matter, lowering of light energy penetration through the water column by
increased turbidity and eutrophication.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication and pollution from point

and non-point sources; declare the protection of the southern sector of the Romanian
littoral (2 Mai-Varna Veche) as a natural submarine park.
References
Bavaru, A., Bologa A. S. & H. V. Skolka, 1991. A checklist of the benthic marine
algae (except the Diatoms) along the Romanian shore of the Black Sea. Rev. roum.
Biol. biol. veget. 36: 7-22.
Bologa A. S., 1986. Importanta ecológica a algoflorei bentale de la litoralul

Romaniasc al Marii Negre. Hidrobiología 19: 75-82.
42
Bologa, A. S., 1987-88. Annotated bibliography on the macrophytobenthos along the
Romanian Black Sea coast (1881-1986). Cercet. mar. 20/21: 353-384.
Bologa, A. S., 1979. Present state of seaweed production along the Romanian Black
Seashore. Vie Milieu 39: 105-109.
Bologa A. S., N. Bodeanu, A. Petran, V. Tiganus & Y.P. Zaitsev, 1995. Major
modifications of Black Sea benthic and planktonic biota in the last three decades.
Bull. Inst, oceanogr. Monacol5: 85-110.
Bologa, A. S. & A. Bavaru, in press. Lista rosie a algelor macrofite bentale disparate
si pe cale de extinctie, rare si insuficient cunoscute din sectoral Romaniasc al Marii
Negre. Ocrot. nat. prot. med.
Muller, G. I., 1973. On the possibility of a marine reserve being established on the
Romanian coast of the Black Sea. in Atti. Conv. Int. "I parchi costieri mediterranei",
Salerno-Castellabate, 18-22 giugno, pp. 715-730.
Vasiliu, F., 1984. Causes and consequences of the present status of perennial algae
from the Romanian Black Sea littoral. Rev.Mus.Mon. 5 (in Romanian).
Zinova, A. D., 1967. Opredelitel' zelenykh, burykh i krasnykh vodoroslei iuzhnykh

morei SSSR. Moskva-Leningrad, Nauka: 398 pp.
Compiled by A. Bologa & A .Bavaru.
43
Cystoseira crinita (Desf. Bory, 1832)
Synonyms: Cystoseira bosphorica (Sauv.), 1912; Cystoseira crinita (Desf.) Duby/.

bosforica A.Zin.& Kalug
Common names: Rom: Cistoseira, Russ: Tsistozeira bosforskaya; Turk: Bagazici
yosunu.
O r d e r FUCALES
Family SARGASACEAE
Taxonomic description. The thallus is over 30-40 cm long and grows in the same
conditions as Cystoseira barbata. The stem is short or stretched along the whole
stem, almost 2 mm high; the main branches are 5-10 cm long, one mm thick; its
branches branch out alternatively. The surface of the stem and branches is smooth.
The branches are cylindrical with a large number of cryptostoma coming out on the
surface in shapes visible to the naked eye. The number of (air) bladders is small,
interspersed or superficial, one or two on small branches at a certain distance from
one another. These (air) bladders are large, 4-8 mm long and 3-4 mm thick,
ellipsoidal, sometimes with a lateral growth, or split such a pitch-fork. Cylindrical or
spare-shaded receptacles at the top of the branches, often with bladders and
sometimes with some small thorns on their surface, and without sterile shoots
on the top.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN, on the north-western and western shelves
44
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Rocky bottoms on
pebbly grounds in sublittoral areas. Suspended particles hindering light penetration.
Biology. Perennial, in need of much light; reproduction at a depth 0,5-5m. Endemic

of the Black Sea.
Population trends. The species has almost disappeared and may soon be extinct.
Threats. Hard frosts, hydrotechnical constructions, silting of rocky bottoms by

suspended matter, lowering of light penetration to the water column, eutrophication.
Conservation measures taken. None.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication and pollution from point

and non-point sources; organization of a submarine nature park.
References
Bavaru, A., S. Bologa & H. V. Skolka., 1991. A checklist of the benthic marine algae
(except the Diatoms) along the Romanian shore of the Black Sea. Rev. roum. Biol.,
Biol.veget. 36: 7-22.
Bologa, A. S., 1986. Importanta ecológica a algoflorei bentale de la litoralul

Romaniasc al Marii Negre. Hidrobiologia 19: 75-82.

Bologa, A. S., 1979. Present state of seaweed production along the Romanian
Black Sea shore. Vie Milieu 39: 105-109.
45
Bologa, A. S., N. Bodeanu, A. Petran., V. Tiganus & Y. P. Zaitsev, 1995. Major
modifications of the Black Sea benthic and planktonic biota in the last three decades.
Bull. Inst, oceanogr. Monaco 15: 85-110.
Bologa, A. S. & A. Bavaru, in press. Lista rosie a algelor macrofite bentale disparate
si pe cale de extinctie, rare si insuficient cunoscute din sectoral Romaniasc al Marii
Negre. Ocrot. nat. prot. med.
Dentsheva, K., 1996. Gradienti na eutrofikacia ustanoweni waw wrazka s promenite

na stracturata na macrophitobentosnite cenozi w uslowiata na antropogenna
eutrofikacia. Varna, Marine sciences. Marine technologies 3: 386-392.
Kalugina-Gutnik, A.A., 1975. Phytobentos Tshernogo morja. Kiev, Naukova

Dumka: 245 pp.
Minicheva, G. G., 1993. Strakturno-funkcionalnie osobennosti formirowanij

soobshtestv morskich bentosnich wodoroslej. Algologia: 3-12.
Muller, G. I., 1973. On the possibility of a marine reserve being established on the
Romanian coast of the Black Sea. in Atti. Conv. Int. "I parchi costieri mediterranei",
Salerno-Castellabate, 18-22 giugno: 715-730.

morei SSSR. Moscow-Leningrad, Nauka: 398 pp.
Compiled by A. Bologa, A. Bavaru & K. Dencheva.
46
Dictiota dichotoma (Lamour, 1809)
Synonyms: Viva dichotoma Hudson, 1762.

Common names: Russ: Diktiota dikhotomicheskaya.
O r d e r DICTYOTALES.
Family DICTYOTACEAE.
Taxonomic description. Thallus 10-20 cm tall, with numerous attached risodes. The
thallome is rude leathern, dichotomic, divided into numerous segments of 2-8 mm
width. Tips of the segments oval or forked. Diameter of the tetrasporangia 100-150
um, usually single, distributed over the surface of the thallome.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN (Ukraine)
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On rocks, stones

and shells. Disturbed rocky-stony biotopes are critical. High concentration of organic
matter is limiting.
Biology. A yearly plant. Reproduction both sexual and asexual.
Population trends. In the 1960s it dominated Dilopheta associations. The average

2
biomass was 380 g.m . At present, D. dichotoma is a rare species.
Threats. Hydrotechnical constructions, eutrophication.
47
Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Book of the Ukraine.
Conservation measures proposed. Protection of biotopes. Lowering the level of

eutrophication.
References
Kalugina-Gutnik A. A., 1975. Phytobenthos of the Black Sea. Kiev, Naukova

Dumka: 245 pp.
Red Book of the Ukraine. 1996. Plant world. Kiyiv, Ukraniynski Encyclopedia Publ.
494 pp.
Zinova A. D.,1967. Definition of green,brown and red algae of the southern seas of
the USSR. Leningrad, Nauka: 397 pp.
Compiled by G. Minicheva.
48
Elymus pycnanthus (Godron) Melderis)
Synonyms: Agropyron littorale Dumortier, 1823; Triticum littorale Host, 1809;

Triticum pycnanthum Godr., 1854; Triticum repens L. var. littorale Aschers. &
Graebn., 1901.
Common names: Bulg: Kraymorski pirey, Kraybrezhen pirey.
O r d e r POALES
Family POACEAE
Taxonomic description. Blue-greenish plant with stems usually gathered in loose

tufts, naked, up to 50 cm high, with short rambling roots. Naked blades, rough at the
margin, short and bristle-like twisted; short stigma ciliated at the top. Inflorescence
up to 10 cm long, with rough, crumbly axis. The spikelets are reverse ovate to
lanceolate, 12-18 mm long with (3) 5-7 florets. Chaffs 7 to 9 mm long, naked, rather
similar to each other, gradually short-pointed out, in the lower spikelets often with a
prickle with 5 to 7 veins and projecting rough midrib. The lower chaff is naked, from
7 mm to 10 mm long, lanceolate, blunt, cut or with a short prickle or awn. The upper
chaff is a bit longer than the lower one, naked and thickly ciliated only around its
margin.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
49
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal sands.
Requires a correct humidity and salinity.
Biology. A perennial grassy plant. Blooms in July, propagates in August-September.

Reproduces through seeds and vegetatively through sprouts.
Population trends. Decreasing.
Threats. Site contamination.
Conservation measures taken. The site is located in the Kavatsite resort which is
within the range of the Reserve "Pyasachna Liliya" (Sandy Lily).
Conservation measures proposed. Include other sites in protected areas.
References
Kitanov, B., 1963. Flora na Balgaria. Rod Agropyrum Gart.: 447-456.
Stoyanov, N., B. Stefanov & B. Kitanov, 1966. Flora na Bulgaria. 1: 563 pp. Sofia.
50
Ephedra distachya (Linnaeus, 1753)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Engl: Great shrubby, Horse tail; Russ: Efedra dvukhkoloskovaya;
Turk: Deniz usumu; Ukr: Efedra dvykhkoloskova.
O r d e r EPHEDRALES
Family EPHEDRACEAE
Taxonomic description. A strongly branching, evergreen small shrub with lying or

straight-boled stem, 10-50 cm in height. Leaves small and pelliculate. Dioecious
plants with unisexual strobilae. Cone-berries with red, juicy integuments.
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A mediterranean

and West-Siberian species, growing on stony areas and coastal sands.
Biology. Flowering during V-VI. Fruit-bearing from VII onwards. Reproducing by

Population trends. Decreasing because of overharvesting for their medical value.
Threats. Recreation, building at the seaside.
51
Conservation measures proposed. Organize protected territories in places where
the species occurs.
References
Takhtajan, A. (Ed.), 1981. Rare and vanishing plants of the USSR. Leningrad:
264 pp.
Compiled by S. Dyatlov & T. Vasilieva.
52
Eremogone cephalotes (Bieb., Fenzl.)
Synonyms: Arenaria cephalotes Bieb.

Common names: Russ: Eremogona golovchataya; Ukr: Eremogona golovchata.
O r d e r CARYOPHYLLALES
Family CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Taxonomic description. A perrenial herb with straight glabrous stem, 20-50 cm in

height with shorter fruitless shoots at the base. Leaves 4-12 cm in length. Petioles
white sessile flowers associated in a thick semiglobed floscule. Fruit an oval pod.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Subregion level: VU (Ukraine)
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Seaside sands,

steppe hillsides and rocky places.
Biology. Flowering during VI-VU, fruit-bearing during VU-VIII. Reproducing by

Population trends. Not abundant.
Threats. Destruction of habitats, output of sand, recreational stress.
Conservation measures taken. The species features in the Red Data Book of
Ukraine (1996).
53
Conservation measures proposed. Set up protected territories in places where the
species occurs.
Reference
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1966. Plant Kingdom. Kiev: 606 pp.
54
Eryngium maritimum Linnaeus, 1753
Synonyms: None
Common names: Bulg: Morski vetrogon, Morski eringium; Russ: Sinegolovnik
primorskiy; Ukr: Mikolaichikprimors^ky
O r d e r ARALIALES (APIALES)
Family APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)
Taxonomic description. A perrenial herb, 40-70 cm in height. Leaves leathery, light

green, dissected, heart-shaped. Flowers blue, in the head floscule. Fruits
cremocarpia.
IUCN Status
WorldlevehNE
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal zones of

the Baltic, Black and Azov Seas. On sand and saline land. Can be found in isolated
groups.
Biology. Flowering during VI-IX, fruit-bearing in VII-X. Reproducing by seeds.
Population trends. Not abundant.
Threats. Picking for bouquets, recreation stress.
55
Conservation measures taken The species has been entered in the Red Data Book of
Bulgaria (1984).
Conservation measures proposed. Organize protected territories in places where

the species occurs.
References
Takhtajan,A- (Ed.), 1981. Rare and vanishing plants of the USSR. Leningrad: 264
pp.
Red Data Book of Bulgaria, 1984. Plants. Sofia 1: 447 pp.
56
Euphorbia paralias Linnaeus, 1753
Synonyms: Tithymalus paralias (L.) J. Hill, 1768

Common names: Engl: Sea spurge; Bulg: Primorska mlechka; Russ: Molochay
pribrezhny Turk: Sutlegen; Ukr: Molochay pryberezhny
O r d e r EUPHORBIALES
Family EUPHORBIACEAE
Taxonomic description. A dwarf semishrub, up to 60 cm, tall, glabrous, with

numerous thick upright densely leaved stems; leaves are setiform, 10-30 mm long, 1-6
mm in width; inflorescence of 3-5 branches; bracts ovate, cyathium small, wide; seeds
wrinkled.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal sands.

Critical habitats: coasts of the Crimea (Sevastopol, Laspi, Alushta, Karadag) and
57
Caucasus (southwards from Novorossiysk). Limiting factors: unknown; probably,
a low competitive ability in coastal communities.
Biology. Blooms from June to September, fruits from July to October. Successful
seed propagation. Deep tap root system, psammophyte, mesoxerophyte, halophyte.
Threats. Lack of non-modified sites along the coast due to the development of the
coast into a resort zone.
Conservation measures taken. The species is protected in the Karadag natural

reserve (the Crimea, Ukraine), listed in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria.
Conservation measures proposed. Establish additional reserves in Bulgaria,
Turkey, and Georgia.
References
Davis P. H., 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vols. 1-9.


58
zapovednoy okhrany (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminative Crimean


Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Plants). Sofia, Bulgarska Akademia na naukite:
448 pp. (in Bulgarian).
Tzvelyov, N. N. (Ed.), 1996. Flora vostochnoy Yevropy. Tom 9 (Flora of the East
Europe. Vol.9). Sankt-Peterburg, Mir i Sem'ya 95: 455 pp. (in Russian).
Vulff, E. W., 1953. Flora Kryma. Moscow, Nauka 2(3): 220 pp. (in Russian).
Compiled by A. Yena
59
Euphorbia peplis Linnaeus, 1753
Synonyms: None
Common names: Russ: Molochay buterlakovidny; Turk: Kucuk sutlegen; Ukr:
Molochay shchebrikovydny
O r d e r EUPHORB JALES
Family EUPHORBIACEAE
Taxonomic description. An annual herb. Stern not completely developed,

consisting of forks of cymose floscule with opposite leaves on the knots. Fleshy
leaves with subulate white stipuls. Nectaries with linear white appendages. Stipules
consisting of 2-3 subulate parts. Fruits 3-4 mm long, seeds smooth, 2.75-3 mm long.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal zones of

western and southern Europe, coasts of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the
Caspian Sea. This plant can be found alone or with Eryngiwn maritimum and
Centaurea arenaria on coastal saline sands.
Biology. Flowering during V-VIU, fruit-bearing during VU-X. Reproducing by

seeds.
Population trends. Not clear
Threats. Recreation, tourism.
of Bulgaria (1984).
60
Conservation measures proposed. Create protected territories in places where the
species occurs.
References
447 pp.
61
Festuca vagi nata (Waldst. & Kit, ex Willd., 1809)
Synonyms: Festuca ovina L.; var. vaginata Hask., 1882.

Common names: Bulg: Vlagalischna vlasatka
O r d e r POALES
Family POACEAE
Taxonomic description. A loose tufty plant coated with wax. The stem is from 40
cm to 60 cm high, smooth, with blunt edges or rounded. The leaves are with long,
entire, wide axils and with bristly or cylindrically shaped blades with a diameter of
0.45-1.35 mm, with seven to 15 or most often nine veins, smooth, and two to five
sclenchymatous fascicles. The corymb is up to 20 cm long, patent and then
compacted, smooth or slightly rough. The spikelets are small, 5-8 (10) mm long; the
lower chaff is 2-3 cm long, pointed; the upper one - blunt with an awn at the tip (often
cilliated along the margin ). The chaffs are 3.5-4 mm long, lanceolate, pointed, most
often ciliated at their upper end, with or without an awn.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
62
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Sands, sand dunes
and rocky areas.
Biology. A perennial herbaceous plant. Blooms in June. Propagates in July.

Reproduces through seeds or vegetatively.
Threats. Resort construction and trampling.
Conservation measures taken. Most of the populations are within the borders of
protected areas.
Conservation measures proposed. Strict control in the protected areas where the
plant still exists.
References
Ahtarov, B., 1953. Rodat Festuca L. (Vlasatka) v Balgaria. Izv. Botan. Inst. BAN 3
3-91.
Valev, S., 1963. Flora na NRB. I. Rod Festuca L:. 390-416.
Compiled by M. Filipova.
63
Frankenia pulverulenta (Linnaeus, 1753)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Bulg: Frankeniya..
O r d e r TAMARICALES
Family FRANKENIACEAE
tKJWn,*rt) to"3t) cnfnigh,

T'Avfvruvtx<dLp_ dfisnji«Jj£i«R>.. ^H^^ccTii^"a~upTi^u vn'rditi
branched, thick, simply fibrous. Entire blades4-6 in nodes; florets gathered in semi-
umbels, synoecious and reddish, at the tips of twigs or their offshoots. The receptacle
is 4-5 cotyledonous, pipe-like; 4-5 petals, narrowed at the bottom; 4-6 stamens; a
mono-ovule ovary; style with 3-4 stigmata. The fruit is a box.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: CE
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Salty coastal sands
and clay soils. Humidity and salinity are threats.
Biology. An annual herbaceous plant. Blooms in July-August, propagates in August-

September. Reproduces through seeds.
Population trends. Rapidly declining.
Threats. Human activities.
64
Conservation measures taken. Included in the list of protected plants in Bulgaria.
Conservation measures proposed. Confirmation of the sites and declaring them

protected.
References
Iordanov, D. & D. Peev, 1979. Flora na NRB. 7. Rod Frankenia L: 416-418.
Stoyanov, N. & B. Stefanov, 1925. Йога na NRB. 2. 640-1104.
65
Glacium flavum Crantz., 1763
Synonyms: None
Common names: Engl: Yellow horned-poppy; Bulg: Zheltmak, Zhelta paparonka,
Zhelt rogatets, Zhelt kadenka; Russ: Machok zholty; Turk: Gelincik; Ukr: Machok
zhovty
O r d e r PAPAVERALES
Family PAPAVERACEAE
Taxonomic description. An annual, biennial or perenial herb, 20-50 cm in height.

Stem bluish and fleshy. The lower leaves have thick hairs. Flowers large, yellow, with
four petals like a poppy. The fruit is a pod of up to 25 cm length.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal sands

and shingles.
66
Biology. Flowering during V-VII, fruit-bearing during Reproducing by
seeds.
Population trends. Rare, in little groups. Populations are stable (100-130

specimens).
Threats. Destroying its ecotopes, by "improving" beaches; high recreational stress

and overharvesting for the medical value of the species.
Conservation measures proposed. Create protected zones in places where the

species occurs.
References
Red Data Book of Bulgaria, 1984. Vol. 1. Plants. Sofia.
590 pp.
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1996. Vegetal Kingdom. Kiev: 606 pp.
67
Hymenolobus procumbens (L) Nuttall
Synonyms: Horungia procumbens (L.) Hayek, 1924; Hutschinsia procumbens (L.)

Desf., 1814; Lepidium procumbens L., 1753; Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Nutt.,
1838.
Common names: Bulg: Pelzyascha horungiya.
Family BRAS SICACEAE
Taxonomic description. The stems are from 3 cm to 20 cm tall, single or branching

from the base, down or upright, covered with rare, unbranched hairs. The lower
leaves have petioles and are abruptly pinnatifid. The upper leaves are lanceolate,
dentate or entire. The inflorescences are thick, cluster-like. Multiple small florets
with pedicels from 1 mm to 3 mm long (after fading quite elongated, horizontally
outstretched). White petals with equal sepals.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: CE
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Salty coastal sands. Treats
include humidity and salinization.
68
Biology. An annual or perennial herbaceous plant. Blooms and propagates in April-
May. Reproduces through seeds.
Population trends. Rapidly declining.
Threats. Resort construction and intensive use of sandy coastal strips.
Conservation measures proposed. To be included in the list of protected plants.
Reference
Valev, S., 1970. Flora na NRB. Rod Horungia Reichenb. 4: 545-546.
Compiled by M. Filipova
69
Leucojum aestivum Linnaeus, 1759
Synonyms: None
Common names: Bulg: Letno blatno kokiche, Kokichka, Lyatno kokiche, Blatno
kokiche; Russ: Belotsvetnik letniy; Ukr: Bilotsvit litniy
O r d e r LILIALES
Family AMARYLLIDACEAE
Taxonomic description. A bulbous perrenial, ephemeroid, 40 cm in height. Leaves

the same height of the stem or longer. Flowers with a belted perianth in the umbel (3-
8 on one). Six white petals with a green spot on the edge.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Black Sea
Regional level: CR. Subregion level: CR (Ukraine)
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Wet coastal sands.
Biology. Flowering during IV-V, fruit-bearing during VII-VUJ. Reproducing by

daughter bulbs and seeds. The species has a wide ecological amplitude, easily
surviving summer droughts.
Population trends. Declining.
70
Threats. Destruction of its locations; overharvesting for its medical and ornamental
value.
Conservation measures proposed. Create protected zones in places where it occurs.

Cultivate the species in botanical gardens.
References
Red Data Book of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic, 1988. Plants. -
Moscow: 590 pp.
Red Data Book of Bulgaria, 1984. Vol. 1. Plants. Sofia: 447 pp.
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1996. Plant Kingdom. Kiyiv: 606 pp.
264 pp.
71
Linaria sabulosa (Czern. ex Klok.)|
Synonyms: None.
Common n a m e s : Engl: Toad flax; Bulg: Lulichka; Russ: L'nyanka peschanka; Ukr:
L'onok pischany.
O r d e r SCROPHULARJALES
Family SCROPHULARIACEAE
Taxonomic description. A perrenial herb with smooth bluish stem, 15-30 cm in

height. Stem ascending, not complicated, slightly branched. Leaves orbicular, ovate,
sessile, almost stem-clasping, alternate, from below fleshy, associated at a base.
Flowers yellow, 14-16 mm in length.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. South-western

Crimean peninsula. Coastal sands and cockle-shell beaches.
72
Biology. Flowering and fruit-bearing during VI-VIII.
Population trends. A rare species.
Threats. Destruction of its habitat, anthropogenic stress.
Conservation measures proposed. Create protected zones in places where it occurs.
Reference
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1996. Plant Kingdom. Kyiv:606pp.
Compiled by S. Dyatlov & T. Vasilieva.
73
Medicago marina Linnaeus, 1753
Synonyms: None
Common names: Engl: Sea alfalfa; Bulg: Morska lyutserna; Rom: Lucerna
(marina); Russ: Lyutsernaprimorskaya; Ukr: Lyutsernaprymors'ka
O r d e r FAB ALES
Family FABACEAE
Taxonomic description. A perennial white-tomentose herb with procumbent stems;

leaflets obovate, 5-7 mm long, dentate at the tip; stipules ovate, acute, smooth edged;
flowers yellow, 6-8 mm long, in densely flowered racemes; beans spiralled, twisted,
5-6 mm in diameter, prickly.
IUCNStatus
World level: NE
Black Sea Regional level: NE
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal sands and
shingles. Critical habitats: Sevastopol and Evpatoria areas and Tarkhankut Cape (the
74
only localities in the Crimea). Limiting factors: a low competitive ability in coastal
plant communities; the stenotopic nature of the species.
Biology. Blooms from May to June; fruits from July to August; a deep tap root
system; propagation by seed and vegetatively by long rhizomes. An euxerophyte and
a halophyte.
Threats. The expansion of coastal tourism.
Conservation measures taken. No special measures.
Conservation measures proposed. The species needs to be monitored; creation of

Tarkhankut nature reservation.
References
Davis, P. H., 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vols. 1-9.
Fyodorov, A. A. (Ed.), 1987. Flora yevropeiskoy chasti SSSR. Leningrad, Nauka, 6:

Kryukova, I. V., Y. A. Luks, L. A. Privalova et al, 1988. Redkiye rasteniya i

75

zapovednoy okhrany. 1976. (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and Exterminative
Crimean Flora Plants Recommended for Protection). Yalta, GNBS: 24 pp.


Book of Ukraine). Kyiv, Ukrayinska Encyklopediya: 608 pp. (in Ukrainian).
Vulff, E. W., 1960. Flora Kryma 2 (2). Moscow, Sel'khozgiz: 312 pp. (in Russian).
Yena, A. V., 1997. Nekotoryye itogi izucheniya pribrezhnoy flory Kryma. (Some
results of the investigation of the Crimean coastal flora). Proc. Crimean Agricultural
State University. Simferopol, Tavriya: 200-204 (in Russian).
Compiled by A. Yena.
76
Nymphoidespeltata S.G.Gmel
Synonyms: None
Common names: Russ: Bolototsvetnik shchitolistny; Ukr: Plavun shchitolystny
O r d e r GENTIAN ALES
Family MENYANTHACEAE
Taxonomic description. A perennial water herb with long creeping rootstock,

holding firm on the bottom of the water. Leaves round, heart-shaped, floating on the
water surface. Flowers yellow with deeply divided corolla. Fruit an ovate pod.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Black Sea Regional level: LR
Subregion level: LR (Ukraine)
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Shallows (30-50

cm depth) with rapid or slow-flowing water with sandy and silty sediments.
Biology. Flowering during VI-Vm. Fruit-bearing during Vffl-IX. Reproducing by

Population trends. Populations are numerous, but decreasing.
Threats. Drying, pollution and salinisation of reservoirs.
77
Conservation measures taken. This species has been entered in the Red Data Books
of Ukraine (1996) and Bulgaria (1984). It is protected in the Danube delta (Ukraine
and Romania).
Conservation measures proposed. Create additional protected zones.
References
Red Data Book of Bulgaria, 1984. Vol. 1. Plants. Sofia, 447 pp.
Red Data Book of Ukraine. Plant Kingdom, 1996. Kyiv: 606 pp.
Takhtajan, A. (Ed.), 1981. Rare and vanishing plants of the USSR. Leningrad,
Nauka: 264 pp.
78
Ornithogalum refractum Kit & Schlecht, 1814
Synonyms: None
Common names: Engl: Summer snowdrop; Russ: Ptitsemlechnikprelomleny; Turk:
Tukruk oto; Ukr: Ryastka vidignuta
O r d e r LILIALES
Family LILIACEAE
Taxonomic description. A perenial bulbous herb, 10-15 cm tall. The bulb is ovate,
with numerous daughter bulbs. Its leaves are linear with a white stripe in the middle.
The floscules are thin, shielded, consisting of 5-10 flowers; the leaflets of the perianth
are white with wide green stripes below.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
79
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Western Black Sea
coasts, Zmeiniy Island.
Biology. Flowering during IV-V. Fruit-bearing during V-VI. Reproducing by seeds

and daughter bulbs.
Population trends. Populations are still numerous.
Threats. Destruction of habitats.
Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (1996).
Conservation measures proposed. Create protected zones.
References
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1996. Plant Kingdom. Kyiv: 606 pp.
Takhtajan, A. (Ed.), 1981. Rare and vanishing plants of the USSR. Leningrad: 264
pp.
80
Pancratium maritimum (Linnaeus, 1753)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Bulg: Pyasechna liliya; Russ: Pankratsiy morskoy.
O r d e r LILIALES
Family AMARYLLIDACEAE
Taxonomic description. A plant with a large, almost spherical bulb, coated with a
brown skinny cover. Stem 30-40 cm high, partially flattened. Long linear leaves (5-
6), blue-green like the stem. The inflorescence contains from five to ten florets,
embraced before blooming by two large skinny sepals. Large, white, fragrant blooms
up to 16 cm long with infundibular perianth. Stamens prop out of the corrola; anthers
arch-shaped. Fruit large and almost spherical, over 2 cm in diameter.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
81
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On coastal sands
and in dunes. Threat: humidity.
Biology. A perennial bulbaceous plant. Blooms in July-August (September).

Propagates in October. Reproduces vegetatively and through seeds. High seed
productivity but limited reproduction through seeds.
Threats. Active use of the sandy coastal strip; resort construction and flower picking.
Conservation measures taken: Protected plant. There is a reserve named Sandy Lily
in the countryside of Kavatsite.
Conservation measures proposed. Effective protection and maintenance of the

reserve in Kavatsite. Include other sites within the borders of protected areas.
References
Iordanov, D., 1964. Flora na NRB. 2. Rod Pancratium L., pp. 323-324.
Velchev, V. & P. Vasilev, 1976. Ecobiologichno I fitocenologichno prouchvane na

Piasachnata lilia (Pancratium maritimum L.) v raiona na Sozopol. Fitologia 5: 3-20.
Velchev, V., P. Vasilev & T. Meshinev, 1979. Vlianie na ecologichnitr uslovia varhu
generativnoto razmnojavane na Piasachnata lilia (Pancratium maritimum L.).
Ecologia 5: 64-72.
82
Parapholis incurva (Linnaeus) C.E.Hubbard, 1946
Synonyms: Lepidurus incurvus (L.) Janch. nom. invalid., Lepturus incurvus (L.)
Druce, Pholiurus incurvus (L.) Schinz & Thell
Common names: Engl: Curved parapholis; Bulg: Izvit foliurus; Russ: Parafolis
sognuty; Ukr: Parafolis zignuty
O r d e r POALES
Family POACEAE
Taxonomic description. An annual grass of up to 5-25 cm in height, with curved

brittle spike; spikelets solitary, one-flowered, with two glumes as long as the lemma;
Lemma without awn.
RJCN Status
World level: NE
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On coastal slopes,

sands and shingles. Critical habitats: the Crimea (Alupka, Yalta region, Salgir river),
Georgia (Adzharia), Turkey, Bulgaria (Tolbukhin and Burgas districts). Limiting
factors: a low competitive ability.
Biology. Blooms from May to June; fruits from June to July. Root system - short
fibrous. Only seed propagation. A psammophyte, xeromesophyte and glyco-
halophyte.
83
Threats. Scarcity of non-modified sites along the coast due to the development of
the coast into a populated zone.
Conservation measures taken. The species is listed in the Red Data Book of
Bulgaria.
Conservation measures proposed. The species needs to be monitored in the region;

new reservations are desirable.
References
Davis, P. H., 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vols 1-9.

Luks, Y.A., L. A. Privalova & I. V. Kryukova, 1976. Katalog redkikh,

ischezayushchikh i unichtozhaemykh rastemy flory Kryma, rekomenduyemykh dlya
zapovednoy okhrany. 1976. (Catalogue of Rare, Disappearing and:Exterminative
Crimean Flora Plants Recommended for Protection). Yalta, GNBS: 24 pp. (in
Russian).
84
Rubtsov, N. I. (Ed.), 1972. Opredelitel vysshikh rasteniy Kryma. (Identification Book
of the Crimean Higher Plants). Leningrad, Nauka: 550 pp. (in Russian).
Tzvelyov, N. N., 1976. Zlaki SSSR. (Cereals of the USSR). Leningrad, Nauka: 788
pp. (in Russian).

Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Plants). Sofia, Bulgarskata Akademia na
naukite: 448 pp. (in Bulgarian).
Vulff,E. W., 1951. Flora Kryma, 1 (4). Moscow, Izdatel'stvo

sel'skokhozyaystvennoy literatury: 170 pp. (in Russian).
Compiled by A. Yena
85
Phyllophora brodiaei (Turn J. Ag., 1842)
Synonyms: Fucus brodiaei Turner, 1809; Coccotylus brodiaei in Kutzing, 1869;

Phyllophora truncata (Pallas) A. Zin f. brodiaei Turn.
Common names: Rom: Filofora; Russ: Fillofora; Turk: Filofora.
O r d e r GIGARTINALES
Family PHYLLOPHORACEAE
Taxonomic description. Thallus with brush shape, 5-40 cm tall, most of the surface
smooth, the inferior side cylindrical, the superior side a thin stem, simple or branched
out; on the stem top and branches there are smaller membranaceous lamellae in the
feather, oval or heart shaped, superior margins waved and lobated. The leaflet pairs
appear in large numbers, often with the same length as those of the main lamella
where the superior margins are branched in lamellas; the strong detachment of the
lamellas give them the shape of a fan. At the end of the lamellas, a pair of leaflets.
The stem can provide support for new lamellas; proliferation at the base of the long
and short stems. The central part of the lamella consists of big cells with thicker
membranes, which become thinner on the margins; the cortical strata consist of one
small cell range, almost square with rounded corners. Reproductive organs on the
upper side of the lamellas. Nemathecae with spherical tetraspores of up to 2 mm in
diameter. Spermatangia develop at certain ages, under smaller leaves or on the
thickened margins of the lamellas; appearing under short blades, uncoloured, grouped
not deep in the stem and reminiscent of conceptacles. The matured cristocarps grow
on the superior margins of the lamellas' spherical bodies. This species does not form
carpospores; cleavage of cells takes place in the gonimoblast cell blades.
86
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In "Zernov's field".

On rocky, and shelly bottoms, at depths ranging between 4 and 47 m. Also in the
Arctic Ocean, Atlantic littoral of Europe and North America, Morocco, Japan Sea,
near Mauritius Island. A northern species, limited by light penetration.
Biology. Reproduction between June and November.
Population trends. A severe reduction! (together with Phyllophora nervosa and

Phyllophora pseudoceranoid.es). Assessments made in 1971 on the Romanian shelf,
2
in a area of 1,296 k m , recorded a quantity of 5,9761, of which 3,983 t was situated
2
in an area of 216 km of Zernov's field, at a depth of 43-48 m.
Threats. Lowering of light energy penetration, eutrophication.
Conservation measures proposed. Improve the ecological conditions of the central

Northwestern Black Sea.
References
Bavaru A., A. S. Bologa & H. V. Skolka, 1991. A checklist of the benthic marine
Biol., Biol, veget. 36: 7-22.
87
Bologa A. S., N. Bodeanu, A. Petran, V. Tiganus & Y. P. Zaitsev, 1995. Major

Kalugina-Gutnik, A. A., 1975. Phytobenthos of the Black Sea. Kiev, Naukova

Dumka: 245 pp.
Vasiliu, F.& N. Bodeanu, 1972. Repartition et quantité d'algues rouge du genre

Phyllophora sur la platforme continentale roumaine de la mer Noire. Cercet. mar. 3:
47-52.

morei SSSR. Moscow - Leningrad, Nauka: 398 pp.
Compiled by A. Bologa, A. Bavaru & G. Minicheva.
88
Phyllophora nervosa (P.C. Grev., 1830)
Synonyms: Fucus nervosus De Candolle, 1805; Phylophora rubens (Good. & Wood.)
Grev., F. nervosa Hauck, 1885; Phyllophora crispa (Huds.) Dixon.
Common names: Rom: Filofora; Russ: Fillofora; Turk: Filofora.
Taxonomic description. Thallus formed by brushes of 50 cm length. Base consists

of suckers or of a small foot (sole), provided with short, branched twigs (sprigs,
shoots) which often join and grow together, forming a thicker stratum. From the base
rise vertical suckers with a short stem (cylindrical at the base and flat on the upper
side). Stem passing over the lamellate site of the thallus. Shape of the lamella linear
and linear-oval with a dense central zone and wavy margins, abundantly branched;
new lamellas appear on the old surface; on its denser upper side, a pair of leaflets; a
forked cleavage is often observed. Lamella length 2-8 cm, 1-2.7 mm wide. In cross
section, some small cells with thick walls, close to one another, permanently
transformed into small cortical strata; cell ranges at the site of the leaflet formation
double those of the margins. Tetrasporangium, spermatangia and cystocarps develop
into spherical nemathecae provided with pedicels on stem surface, along both
sides of the leaflets and near the lamella margins. Surface of the cystocarps
wrinkled and folded.
89
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Found in Zernov's

fields; on rocky, gravely bottoms at depths of 0 to 60 m. A deterioration in water
transparency reduces light penetration and leads to the disappearance of this plant.
Biology. Formation of cystocarps in summer.
Population trends. A severe reduction of all three species has been recorded on the
7
Romanian shelf. In the 1950s, total biomass reached about 10 tonnes. In 1980, it had
5 5
declined to 14.10 tonnes, and in 1990 to 3-5.10 tonnes.
Threats. Decline in light energy penetration; eutrophication.
Conservation measures proposed. Improve the ecological conditions of the central

northwestern Black Sea; areas of the main Phyllophora beds to be closed to dragged
fishing gear disturbing the bottom; delimit ecological sanctuaries to protect unique
associated fauna.
References
Bavaru A., A. S. Bologa & H. V. Skolka, 1991. A checklist of the benthic marine
algae (except Diatoms) along the Romanian shore of the Black Sea. Rev. roum. Biol.,
Biol, veget. 36: 7-22.

Bologa A. S., N. Bodeanu, A. Petran, V. Tiganus & Y. P. Zaitsev, 1995. Major

Kalugina-Gutnik, A.A., 1975. Phytobenfhos of the Black Sea. Kiev, Naukova

Dumka: 245 pp.
Kaminer, K. M., 1987. Degradation of the phytocoenoses of Dzharylgachskiy Bay of

the north-western Black Sea as a result of several years anthropogenic load. In:
Hydrobiological investigation on the Ukraine in thel 1th Five-Year Plan. Kiev, 41-42.
90
v
Katukov, A. B., 1983. Phyllophora s field as indicators condition of the ecosystem.
In : Systems analysis and modelling processes on the shelf of the Black Sea.
Sevastopol. Akad. Nauk. Ukr. SSR, 140-147.
Vasiliu, F., 1984. Cauze si consecinte ale starii actuale a populatiilor de alge perene
de la litoralul Romaniasc al Marii Negre. Rev. Muz. Monum. 5.
Vasiliu, F. & N. Bodeanu, 1972. Repartition at quantité d'Algues rouges du genre

Phyllophora sur la platforme continentale roumaine de la mer Noire. Cercet. mar. 3:
47-52.
Zaitsev, Y., 1992. Recent changes in the trophic structure of the Black Sea. Fish.
Oceanogr. 1: 180-189.

morei SSSR. Moskva - Leningrad, Nauka: 398 pp.
Zinova, A. D., 1967. Definition of green,brown and red algae of the southern seas of
Compiled by A. Bologa. A. Bavaru & G. Minicheva.
91
Phyllophora pseudoceranoides (Gmel.) Newr. & R. Taylor, 1971.
Synonyms: Phyllophora membranifolia (Good. & Wood.) J. Ag. Hauck, 1885; Fucus
pseudoceranoides Gmelin, 1768.
Common names: Russ: Fillofora psevdorogataya; Turk: Filofora.
Taxonomic description. Thallus 3-20 cm high, chaotically branched. Stems end on

the top leaf-shaped lamellas which have a triangular shape. Base of the stems
cylindrical, width c. 1 mm, almost black in colour. Leaf lamellas without rib, but thin
and tender. Length of the lamellas 1.5-3 cm, width at base 2-5 mm, at the top 10-20
mm. Same lamellas with dichotomic division on the top. Tsistocarps developing on
stems. Lamellae 1.5-2 mm on the feet.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: CE (Ukrainian sector)
92
Distribution. Mostly in the north-western part of Zernov's Phyllophora fields.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On stones and shelly bottoms at a
depth of 25-30 m. High concentration of suspended matter highly detrimental. Plant
suffers from low light penetration.
Biology. Perennial. P. pseuduceranoid.es has tetrasporophites and two-housed

gametes.
2
Population trends. In the 1960s, the biomass reached 10-350 g.m" , and stocks were
3
of the order of 25-10 tons. Currently in decline.
Threats. Decreased water transparency. Eutrophication.
Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Book of the Ukraine.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce concentrations of suspended matter.

Reduce the level of phosphorus and nitrogen.
References
Kalugina-Gutnik, A. A., 1975. Phytobenthos of the Black Sea. Kiev, Naukova

Dumka: 245 pp.
Red Book of the Ukraine, 1996. Plant World, 1996. Kiyiv, Ukrainskyi
Encyklopediya Publ.: 494 pp.
Zinova, A. D., 1967. Definition of green,brown and red algae of the southern seas of
Compiled by G. Minicheva.
93
Polycnemum heuffelii (Lang, 1828)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Bulg: Hoyfelova hrupenka.
Family CHENOPODIACEAE
Taxonomic description. A plant 5 to 30 cm tall. Stem upright, pyramid-like,

branching, with rare curly hairs. Filiform, almost tubular leaves, the middle and lower
ones 6 to 10 times longer than the sepals, pointed at the tip, usually arch-shaped and
horizontally spread. White, skinny, oviform bracts with elongated pointed tips, up to
two times longer than the petals. The latter from 1 to 1.5 cm long, oval, pointed on
the back, without knots. The seeds are lenticular, dark brown to black, finely warty.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
94
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Dry rocky and
sandy places. Humidity.
Biology. An annual herbaceous plant. Blooms in June-September. Propagates in

August-October. Reproduces through seeds.
Threats: Anthropological activities.
Conservation measures taken. Some of the sites are in the Ropotamo reserve.
Conservation measures proposed. Species to be included in the list of protected

plants in Bulgaria.
References
Ball, P. W., 1964. Flora Europaea. 1. Genus Polycnemum L.: p. 91.
Iordanov, D. & B. Kuzmanov, 1966. Flora na NRB, 3. Rod Polycnemum L.: 570-572
pp.
Reichinger, K., 1933. Neue pflanzen aus dem Alibotusch-Gebirge. Magyar. Bot.
Lab. 32: 152-153.
Velenofski, J., 1891. Flora Bulgarica. Prague:676p
95
Salvinia natans (L.) All., 1785
Synonyms: None
Common names: Russ: Salviniya plavayuschaya.; Ukr: Salviniya plavayucha
O r d e r SALVJMALES
Family SALVINIACEAE
Taxonomic description. An annual water plant, 8-20 cm tall, with both mega- and
microspores. The stem is floating, filamentous and branched. The leaves are located
in nodes in threes of which two are above the surface, and one submerged.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Surface of slow

running waters.
Biology. Reproduction by spores and vegetatively. Spore ripening during VHI-IX.
Population trends. Numerous.
Threats. Drying and pollution of water-bodies.
of Ukraine (1996) and protected in the Danube delta (Ukraine and Romania).
96
Conservation measures proposed. Create more protected zones.
References
Takhtajan, A. (Ed.), 1981. Red Data Book of Ukraine, Vegetal Kingdom. Kiev:
606 pp
Tchopik, V.l., 1978. Rare and vanishing plants of Ukraine. Kiev: 216 pp.
Zaverucha, B.V., T. L. Andrienko & V. V. Protopopova, 1983. Protected plants of

97
Silene caliacrae (D.Jord. & P.Pan., 1966)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Bulg: Kaliakrensko plyuskaviche; Russ: Smolyovka.
Taxonomic description. A plant with an upright, naked stem, 20-55 cm tall. The
lower leaves are oval and spade-shaped. The inflorescence is usually fork-like,
branched at the base. The receptacle is oval during blooming and after that bubble-
like and swollen. The corolla is white or lightly pink.
IUCN Status
World level: CE
Black Sea Regional level: CE
Subregion level: CE (Bulgarian endemic)
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Lime-stone rocky

sites nearby the sea.
Biology. An annual or biennial herbaceous plant. Blooms in May-June, propagates

June-July. Reproduces through seeds.
Threats. Trampling, resort construction and flower picking.
98
Conservation measures taken. One of its sites is in the Kaliakra reserve.
Conservation measures proposed. Protecting the site at Rezovska River.
Reference
Iordanov, D. & P. Panov, 1966. Flora na NRB. 3. Rod Silene L.: 435-512 pp.
99
Silene euxina (Rupr., 1869)
Synonyms: Silene racemosa Otth. var. rubriflora boh., 1867.

Common names: Bulg: Chernomorsko plyuskaviche; Russ: Smolyovka.
Taxonomic description. A plant with a creeping stem, upright at the top, 10-30 cm
tall, thick hairy, without leaves. Inflorescences dehisce. Grassy bracts, lanceolate and
pointed at the ends. Synoecious florets or with sterile stamens. Tubular or bell-shaped
calyx covered with stiff hairs. White or pink-reddish petals.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On coastal sands.

Threats: humidity and running sands.
Biology. Annual, biennial to perennial herbaceous plant. Blooms in June-July.

Propagates in July-August.
Threats. Resort construction.
100
Conservation measures proposed. Identification and preservation of remaining

sites.
References
Chater, A. O. & S. M. Walters, 1964. Flora Europaea. 1. Genus Silene L.: 158-181
pp.
Iordanov, D. & P. Panov, 1966. Flora na NRB. 3. Rod Silene L.: 435-512 pp.
101
Tetragonolobus maritimus ((Linnaeus) Roth, 1788)
Synonyms: Lotus maritimus L., 1753, Lotus siliquosus L., 1758.

Common names: Bulg: Tetragonolobus.
O r d e r FAB ALES
Family FABACEAE
Taxonomic description. The stem is spreading or upright, thick, bristling, hairy.

Triple leaves. Stipules leave-like, partially accreted with the petiole. Single florets
within the leaves. Tubular and bell-shaped naked receptacle. Slightly yellow, naked
corolla, 22 -25 mm long. Germen cylindrical, pointed at the tip. Wide, lenticular,
dark brown seeds.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EX
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Wet, marshy

meadows and swamps. Limited by humidity.
Biology. A perennial herbaceous plant. Blooms in May-July. Propagates in July-

September. Reproduction by seeds.
Population trends. Extinct.
102
Threats. Changes in the water regime and contamination of the Lake of Varna.
Conservation measures proposed. Reintroduction.
References
Kuzmanov, B., 1976. Flora na NRB. 4, Rod Tetragonolobus Scop.: 214-215 pp.
103
Thymus littoralis Klok & Shost
Synonyms: T. moldavicus Klok. & Shost. x T. marschalianus Willd

Common names: Russ: Timyan pribrezhniy, Ukr: Chebrets prybrezhny
O r d e r LAMIALES
Family LAMIACEAE
Taxonomic description. A semifrutex, c. 15 cm tall with short horizontal stems with

floscules on the top. Rising shoots fruitless. Shoots with flowers have long
protruding hairs. Leaves petiolar, elliptical and oblong. Floscule oblong. Corolla
rose-purple.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. An endemic

psammophyte, typical of the littoral strip. Sea of Azov coast of Crimea.
Biology. Flowering during VI-VITJ, fruit-bearing during VHI-DC. Reproduction by

seeds and creeping shoots.
Population trends. Local populations up to 50 specimens.
Threats. Excessive amount of pastures, recreational stress, stenotopic character of

species.
104
Conservation measures taken. The species is in the Red Data Book of Ukraine
(1996).
Conservation measures proposed. Increase Arabat Reserve territory; maintain in

botanical gardens.
Reference
105
Trapa natans Linnaeus, 1753
Synonyms: Trapa longicarpa Jank., 1961

Common names: Bulg: Voden orekh, Julyun; Russ: Vodyanoy orekh plavayushchiy;
Ukr: Vodyany gorikh plavayuchy
O r d e r MYRTALES
Family TRAPACEAE
Taxonomic description. An annual water plant. Submarine stem 40-150 cm long.

Leaves 3-4 cm long, 3-4.5 cm wide, floating, wide diamond-shaped, below with hairs
along veins. Petioles 3-10 cm long, cylindrical or with oblong swellings near leaf
blades. Fruit diameter 6-10 mm, with firm cover, four-cornered.
IUCN Status
World level: VU
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Geographic range

of species covers both Europe and Mediterranean. In stagnant or slow-flowing water.
Occurs in pure growths or mixed with other water plants.
Biology. Probably, the species has obligate self-fertilization: there is no evidence of

cross fertilization. Fruits are distributed by flowing waters, mammals and birds.
106
Seeds have good germination power (up to 40-50 years), annually only a part of
them shoot. Flowering during VI-VII. Fruit-bearing in V1TI-IX. Reproduction
only by seeds.
Population trends. Populations abundant, particularly in the Dunaiskie plavni

reserve (Ukraine).
Threats. Drying of wetlands, chemical pollution, use for animal feeding.

Conservation measures taken. The species is in the Red Data Books of delta
(Ukraine and Romania).
Conservation measures proposed. Create new protected zones.
References
Lucas, G., 1977. List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe. Strasbourg:
286 pp.
Peev, D., 1979. Flora na NRB. 7 Sem. Trapaceae: 444-446 pp.
Rare and vanishing plants of the USSR (A. Takhtajan, Ed.), 1981. Leningrad: 264 pp.
590 pp.
Red Data Book of Bulgaria, 1984. Plants. Sofia 1: 447 pp.
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1996. Plant Kingdom. Kyiv:606pp.
107
Zaverucha B. V., T. L. Andrienko & V. V. Protopopova, 1983. Protected plants of

Compiled by S. Dyatlov, M. Filipova & T. Vasilieva
108
Zostera marina (Linnaeus, 1753)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Rom: Iarba de mare; Russ: Vzmornik morskoy.
O r d e r HELOBIALES
Family POTAMOGETONACEAE
Taxonomic description. Creeping rhizome, more or less thickened. Floating linear

leaves, 60-150 cm long, 3-9 mm broad, rounded point, with 3-7 (9) nerves.
Multiflorous inflorescence, included in a sheath of 5-8 cm long. Flowers placed on a
foliaceous sympode. Peduncle more or less thickened under the leaf. Male flowers
next to the female flower, consisting of only one monocarpic ovary. Lanceolate fruit,
longitudinally grooved, 2-3.5 mm long, with a bifurcate beak.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Rocky and sandy
bottoms next to seashore and lakes. Sensitive to effects of water quality, and human
exploitation (by fisherman). General distribution: Europe, Middle East, China, Japan
and North America.
Biology. The detritus found amidst these plants constitutes an abundant source of
food for fish (especially grey mullet) and sea birds. The plant is also used as a
fertilizer and for reinforcing home-made bricks. The leaves (seagrass) are used for
filling pillows and mattresses, as well as for packing eggs, pieces of furniture and
other fragile objects.
109
Population trends. A severe reduction due to the construction of harbours (Midia,
Agigea, Mangalia) near to their typical habitat.
Threats. Increasing turbidity due to hydrotechnical constructions; over-exploitation.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce pollution from coastal point sources.
References
Bavaru, A., A. S. Bologa & H. V. Skolka, 1991. A checklist of the benthic marine
Biol, veget. 36: 7-22.

Romanian Black Sea coast (1881-1986). Cercet mar. 20/21: 353-384.
Sea shore. Vie Milieu 39: 105-109.
Bologa, A. S., N. Bodeanu, A. Petran, V. Tiganus & Y.P. Zaitsev, 1995. Major
Savulescu, T. & E. I. Nyarady (Eds), 1966. Flora R.S. Romania. Bucuresti, Acad. R S
Romane 11: 876 pp.
Compiled by A. Bologa & A. Bavaru.
110
Zostera noltii (Hörnern, 1832)
Synonyms: Zostera nana Roth.

Common names: Rom: Iarba de mare; Russ: Vzmornik maliy; Turk: Ince deniz otu.
O r d e r HELOBIALES
Family POTAMOGETONACEAE
Taxonomic description. Thin, branched rhizome stems, 10-40 cm long. Narrow

linear leaves, 5-20 (30) cm long, 0.5-2 mm broad, with 1-3 main nerves and 3-4
secondary nerves and emarginate point. Peduncle not thickened under the sheat. Ear
1.5 cm long, with (3) 6-12 flowers. Ripe fruit completely smooth - VI-VJTI.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Rocky and sandy
bottoms of the sea and littoral lakes. Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, Caspian Sea,
Karacum. Species of arctic-northern origin. Threats: high turbidity; human
exploitation (by fishermen).
Biology. Beside the utilization mentioned for the previous species, it is used as a
substitute for artificial wool. It contains 14% protein and 2 . 1 % fat, and can be used as
food for pigs.
111
Population trends. On the sandy-muddy bottoms of the Romanian littoral in the
Mamaia-Midia, Agigea and Mangalia zones, belts of this phanerogam occurred till
1975-1980. A severe reduction after harbour building.
Threats. Exploitation, increased turbidity causing diminution of light penetration.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce pollution from coastal point sources.
References
Avaru, A., A. S. Bologa & H. V. Skolka, 1991. A checklist of the benthic marine
Biol., Biol, veget. 36: 1-2, 7-22.

Sea shore. Vie Milieu 39: 105-109.
Bologa, A. S., N. Bodeanu, A. Petran, V. Tiganus & Y. P. Zaitsev, 1995. Major

Savulescu, T. & E. I. Nyarady (Eds), 1966. Flora R.S. Romania. Bucuresti, Acad.
Sci. Romania 11: 876 pp.
Compiled by A. Bologa, A. Bavaru & B. Oztiirk.
112
PART II. ANIMALS
Acipenser gtildenstaedti (Brandt, 1833)
Synonyms: Acipenser giildenstaedti Berg, 1911; Acipenser giildenstaedti var.

colchicus Marti, 1940; Acipenser giildenstaedti colchicus Berg, 1948.
Common names: Engl: Russian sturgeon; Bulg: Ruska esetra; Rom: Nisetru; Russ:
Russkiy osetr. Turk: Karaca; Ukr: Oseter.
O r d e r ACIPENSERIFORMES
Family ACIPENSERIDAE
Taxonomic description. Body subcylindrical and elongate, with large bony scutes
arranged in five rows; one in the middle of the back, one pair on the sides and another
on the belly; a pair of large triangular bony scutes on the isthmus beneath the head;
the mouth, placed beneath the head, is small, transverse and can project as a short
tube; gill membranes joined to the isthmus, thus not forming a free fold; lower lip
interrupted in mid-line of snout blunt and short, barbels on underside of snout do not
reach the mouth and insert on a transverse row nearer to the tip of the snout than to
the mouth; colour of the back and sides variable, from greyish-black to dark green.
Belly whitish. Size: maximum 210 cm; commonly 110-145 cm (males), and 130-170
cm (females).
RJCN Status
World level: listed in appendix II of CITES
Black Sea Regional level: idem
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat types, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Mainly in coastal

waters of the sea and rivers; enters the Don, Kuban, Dniepr, Danube and rivers of the
Caucasian coasts of the Black Sea. Spends winter in the zone of the Mytilus and
113
Modiolus biocoenosis (at a depth of 60-70 m). Abundant in the Azov Sea, and also
occurring in the Caspian Sea but absent from the Mediterranean Sea.
Biology. Feeds mainly on molluscs, crustaceans and fish. A migratory, anadromous

species; in spring (February-May), it enters the rivers and in autumn (August-
November) it moves to its hibernation grounds in the sea. During their spawning run,
fish move separately or in small shoals. Sexual maturity is reached at 8-12 years
(male) and 13-15 years (female); after reproduction, adults return to the sea.
Population trends. Caught with drift and stake net, long lines and beach seines. In
June 1903 - March 1904, 85,160t were caught, in front of the St.Gheorghe branch of
the Danube, and 60,175 kg in the Portita zone. Compared with the 1920-1940 period,
the catches of 1940-1960 decreased by 80%; in front of the Danube, the catches
recorded were: in 1989-19,0001; in 1990-4,000 t and in 1991-15,000 t; for the 1993-
1994 period, there was an estimated (for the North-West zone of the Black Sea) stock
of 3,300,000 specimens, 180,000 of these were exploitable.
Threats. Overfishing, marine pollution, and reservoir-building on the spawning

rivers, blocking the traditional migration routes and destroying spawning grounds or
preventing access to them.
Conservation measures. Development of methods of artificial reproduction;

building of hatcheries to release fry to the sea. This species has been under protection
in Turkey since 1997. A special recovery and monitoring programme was started by
the Turkish Marine Research Foundation in the Sakarya and Kizilirmak estuaries.
Conservation measures proposed. Protection of the feeding sites of the fry in the
Danube mouth; interruption of fishing with pound nets during the great
agglomerations of fry in July-August; protection of spawners during migration and
spawning (April-July); production of fingerlings to repopulate the Danube river.
114
Adoption of strict national measures to reduce poaching; conduct fisheries under strict
international control.
References
Antipa, G., 1933. Les esturgeons de la Mer Noire, leur biologie et les mesures
necessaires pour leur protection. Bull. Sect. Sci. Acad. roum. 16: 1-17.
Antipa, G., 1941. Black Sea - oceanography, bionomy and generally biology. Acad.
Rom. Publ. Fond Vasile Adamachi 10: 313 pp (in Romanian).
Busnita, T., 1953. The problems of sturgeons and clupeids from the Black sea.
Bull. Inst. Cere. Pise. 4 (in Romanian)
Caloianu-Iordachel, M., 1965. Data regarding the ecology of four species of

sturgeons in the first post-embrionic development stage. Hidrobiología 6 (in
Romanian).
Leonte, V., 1956. Contributions to the study of the biology of marine sturgeons from
the waters of the RPR. An. Inst. Cercet. Pise. 15: 167-185. (in Romanian).
Leonte, V. & N. Pogarneata, 1963. Contributions to the knowledge of ages and sizes
and migration of marine sturgeons from the Danube rivers, concerning their industrial
fishing. Hidrobiología 4: 287-297. (in Romanian).
Manea, G. & M. Mihai, 1957. First experiments in the reproduction and artificial
growing of sturgeons in RPR. Bui. Inst. Cercet. Pise. 16: 57-72. (in Romanian).
Manea, G., I. Alexandrescu & M. Mihai, 1963. Actual and long-term state of the
sturgeons and their culture in RPR. Hidrobiología 4: 229-320. (in Romanian).
Compiled by A.Petranu & B.Óztürk.
115
Acipenser stellatus (Pallas, 1711)
Synonyms: Acipenser he lops Pallas, 1811; Acipenser stellatus donensis Lovetzky,

1834; Acipenser stellatus ilyricus Brusina, 1902; Acipenser stellatus stellatus
Banarascu, 1964.
Common names: Eng Starry sturgeon; Bulg: Pestruga; Rom: Pastruga; Russ:
Sevryuga; Turk Mersin javrusu; Ukr: Sevryuga.
O r d e r ACIPENSERD70RMES
Family ACIPENSEPJDAE
Taxonomic description. Body subcylindrical elongate, with bony scutes arranged in

five rows, one on the middle of the back, one pair on the sides and another on the
belly; on the isthmus beneath the head, a pair of triangular bony scutes. The mouth,
placed beneath the head, is small, transverse and can project as a short tube; lower lip
interrupts at the mid-line; snout swordlike and very long, making up more than 60%
of the head length. Barbels on the underside of the snout short, ending well before the
mouth and inserted nearer to the mouth than to the tip of the snout. Back and sides
coffee-brown, belly whitish. Size: Maximum length 180 cm; commonly 130 to 140
cm (females) and 110 to 120 cm (males).
IUCN Status
World level: listed in appendix II of Cites
Black Sea Regional level: Idem
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat types, Critical habitats, Limiting factors

Lives close to the bottom, in summer in coastal zones, coming up to the surface for
feeding at night; enters the Kuban, Don, Dniepr, Danube and other rivers flowing into
the Black Sea, also in Sinoe lagoon. Abundant in the Azov and Caspian Sea, rare in
the Sea of Marmara; only incidentally recorded in the Mediterranean Sea (in the
Adriatic Gulf).
116
Biology. A migratory, anadromous species, which enters the rivers in April-October.
Reproduction in May-June; a female can lay 20,000-360,000 eggs. Sexual maturity
reached when five (male) or seven (female) years old. Feeds mainly on fish, also on
molluscs, crustaceans and chironomids. Caught mainly with stake nets, drift nets and
beach seines. A highly esteemed table fish. A ponto-caspian relict.
Population trends. Like Acipenser guldenstaedti, the population of this species has
dropped by 80 % in 1940-1960 relative to the previous two decades (1920-1940). In
the catches of the northern zone of the Romanian littoral (Chituc - Vadu), in May
1991 this species represented 50 kg in May (15 specimens); in June 30 kg (11
specimens) and in August 14 kg (358 specimens, all juveniles). The catches recorded
for the entire Romanian littoral were: 1989-19,000 t; 1990-4,0001, 1991-15,000 t, for
Bulgaria 15,0001 (1989), for US 27,0001 (1989), 15,000 (1990), 15,000 (1991). In
1993-1994, the exploitable stock of the north-western area of the Black Sea was
assessed at 220,000 specimens.
Threats. Overfishing, chemical pollution, large-scale dam building which block the
traditional routes of migration and access to spawning grounds.
Conservation measures taken. This species has been under protection in Turkey
since 1997. Total catch was 110 tons in 1995. A special recovery and monitoring
programme was started by the Turkish Marine Research Foundation in the Sakarya
and Kizilirmak estuaries.
Conservation measures proposed. Protection of spawners during migration and

spawning; protection of spawning and feeding areas; artificial reproduction; strict
national measures to reduce poaching.
117
References
Antipa, G., 1909. Ichthyologic fauna of the Romania. Acad. Rom. Public. Fond
Vasile Adamachi 16: 251-254. (in Romanian).
Antipa, G, 1933. Les esturgeons de la Mer Noire, leur biologie et les mesures
nécessaires pour leur protection. Bull. Sect. Sci. Acad. roum. 16: 1-17.
Antipa, G, 1941. Black Sea - oceanography, bionomy and general biology. Acad.
Rom. Publ. Fond Vasile Adamachi 10: 313 pp. (in Romanian).
Busnita, T., 1953. Problems of sturgeons and clupeids in the Black Sea. Bull. Inst.
Cercet. Pise. 4. (in Romanian).
Caloianu-Iordachel, M., 1965. Data regarding the ecology of four species of

sturgeon, in the first post-embryonic development stages. Hidrobiologia 6 (in
Romanian).
Leonte, V., 1956. Contributions to the study of the biology of sturgeons from the
waters of RPR. An. Inst. Cercet. Pise: 167-185. (in Romanian).
Manea, G. & M. Mihai, 1957. First experiments in the reproduction and artificial
growing of sturgeons in RPR. Bull. Inst. Cercet. Pise. 16, 1: 57-72. (in Romanian).
Rodewald, L., 1940. Some theoretical and practical considerations regarding the
artificial growing of sturgeons. Bull. Inf. Agr. Min.
Compiled by A. Petranu & B. Ôztiirk.
118
Aidablennius sphynx Valenciennes, 1836
Synonyms: Blennius sphinx Giinther, 1861

Common names: Georg: Zgvis pinia [spinksi]; Turk: Horozbina
O r d e r PERCIFORMES
Family BLENNUDAE
Taxonomic description. D Xn 16-17; A I I 1 7 - 1 9 ; P 13-14. V 14. Vertebrae 34-36

(Stojanov etal, 1963; Svetovidov, 1964). The body is elongated, laterally
compressed, naked. Snout very short, with vertical profile. Mouth small. Colour
basically greenish to olive-brown; 5-6 vertical bars with blushing margins on body; 8-
9 oblique bars on dorsal fin. Size up to 8 cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution. Mediterranean, Black Sea and Atlantic coast of Morocco (Zander,

1986). In Bulgaria found along the entire coast.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore, rocky, shelly, sea-grass
bottoms.
Biology. Reproduction: April-July. Food: benthic invertebrates, algae.
Threats. Industrial pollution.
119
Conservation measures proposed. Reduction of chemical pollution.
References
Stojanov, S. etal, 1963. The fishes of the Black Sea. Varna: 246 pp.
Svetovidov, A., 1964. The fishes of Black Sea. Publ. House of Science: 550 pp.
Zander, C, 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3: 1197
pp.
Compiled byY. Sivkov & K. Prodanov
120
Anax imperator Leach, 1815
Synonyms: Anax imperator Leach, 1815.

Edinb. Enc, Vol. IX, Edinburg, p. 137; Aeshna formosa: Vander Linden, 1820, p. 3,
fig. 1; Anax imperator Schmidt, 1929, p. 40, fig. 27e, 33k
Common names: Engl: Emperor dragonfly; Bulg: Vodno konche-imperator; Russ:
Dozorshchik; Turk: Yusufcuk; Ukr: Dozorets'
O r d e r ODONATA
Family AESHNIDAE
Taxonomic description. A very large insect with total body length 72-77 mm and
length of hindwing 47-51 mm. Eyes big, contiguous dorsomedially, covering most of
the head. Wing pairs differently shaped, hindwing broader than forewing, especially
in its dilated basal portion. A pronounced colour dimorphism between the sexes.
Male: wings colourless, veins yellow or black. Abdomen bright blue, ornamented in
black. Female: wings slightly yellowish. Abdomen green to blue-greenish, dorsally
ornamented in brown-black.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Black Sea regional level: DD
Subregion level: VU
Distribution. A widespread dragonfly species, occurring both in the Afrotropical and

Palearctic regions, i.e. from the Cape Province in the south to Scandinavia, and to
Central Asia in the east. Found all over the Balkan peninsula.
121
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Ecologically broadscoped insect,
inhabiting slow-running and vegetation- rich localities of the rhithral, and, most of all
lakes, marshes and flooded estuary zones of rivers (limnal). Those habitats in the
Black Sea coastal region, situated in or near urbanized or otherwise polluted sites
should be considered critical. Important limiting factors are also the drying-up of
coastal marshes, industrial and anthropogenic water pollution, as well as the draining
and realignment of the upper courses of rivers.
Biology. Larvae phytophilous, living in stagnant or slow running water, rich in

aquatic vegetation. Adults occur from V to X. Active predators in all stages. Life
cycle two years. Excellent fliers, that can sometimes be observed far away from
water.
Population trends. Although widespread, the species never occurs in large numbers,
thus appearing rare rather than common. A decline in abundance during recent
decades has been observed in Black Sea coastal regions adjacent to sites with
intensive tourism and resort urbanization.
Threats. Worsening quality of stagnant basins due to industrial and household water
pollution, with resulting degradation of phyto- and zoocoenoses.

Conservation measures proposed. Include Anax imperator in list of vulnerable
animal species of Black Sea region.
References
Beschovski, V., 1964a. Dragonflies (Odonata) from S-Bulgaria. Bull. Inst. zool.
Mus. Sofia 15: 115-129.
122
Beschovski, V., 1964b. Odonata (Dragonflies) from the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal
region. Bull. Inst. zool. Mus. Sofia 17: 109-124.
Beschovski, V., 1994. Fauna of Bulgaria. 23. Odonata. Bulg. Acad. Sei. Sofia.: 372
pp.
Beutler, H., 1987. Libellen aus dem Einzugsgebiet der Struma in Bulgarisch-
Mazedonien. Opuse, zool. fluminensia 16: 1-8.
Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of Ukraine), 1994. Kijiv: Ukrajinska
Encyklopediya Publ.: 68 (in Ukrainian).
Cirdei, F. & F. Bulimar, 1965. Fauna of Romania. Insecta, Odonata. Bucuresti, Acad.
R.P.Romane8:274pp.
Conci, C. & C. Nielsen, 1956. Odonata. Fauna d'Italia. Bologna, Calderini.: 255 pp
Donath, H., 1987. Odonaten von der südbulgarischen Schwarzmeerkueste. Notul.

odonatol. 2: 157-168.
Dumont, H. J., 1977a. A review of the dragonfly fauna of Turkey and adjacent
mediterranean islands. Bull. Ann. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 113: 119-171.
Mauersberger, R., 1985. Libellen (Odonata) von der nordbulgarischen

Schwarzmeerkueste. Ent.. Nachr. 29: 199-207.
Peters, G., 1987. Die Edellibellen Europas. Neue Brehm-Buecherei. 585: 140 pp.
Schmidt, E. 1929. Ordnung: Libellen, Odonata. Tierwelt Mitteleuropas. Quelle &

Meyer, Leipzig 4: 66 pp.
Schmid, E. 1978. Odonata. In: J. lilies (Ed.), Limnofauna Europaea. Stuttgart,

Fischer Verlag: 274-279.
Urbanski, J. 1947. Notulki odonatologische z Bulgarii. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-

Sklodowska (Lublin) 2 C: 241-268.
Compiled by K. Kumanski
123
Anomalocera patersoni (Templeton, 1837)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: None.
O r d e r CALANOIDA
Family PONTELLIDAE
Taxonomic description. One of three species of Pontellidae in the Black Sea. The
head is somewhat triangular with a recurved spine or cephalic hook on each side. It
bears two pairs of dorsal ocular lenses. There is a ventral eye and five thoracic
segments, the last of which is asymmetrical in the male. The antennule is about half
the length of the body and has twenty segments. It is of very uneven thickness in the
male. This large copepod is of a blue or blue-green colour. The length of females is
3.5-4.2 mm, that of the males 3-4 mm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution. All over the Black Sea, except in low salinity zones such as the Sea of
Azov. In the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, English Channel, North Sea, and
Pacific Ocean.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A neustonic species inhabiting

the surface microlayer (0-5 cm). Winter (dormant) eggs are sink to the bottom.
Limiting factors are the pollution of the water surface by surfactants and the lack of
oxygen in the near-bottom layer.
124
Biology. Well adapted to the surface layer of water, living in coastal and open sea
areas, this blue coloured carnivorous copepod is capable of aerial jumps. It is a North
Atlantic species with mass development in spring and autumn. Abundant in
convergence zones in which surface waters of different origins come together.
Population trends. A sharp decline in population numbers since the 1970s, with a
reduction of 50-70% over the last 10 years.
Threats. Pollution of the surface microlayer of water and eutrophication, triggering

bottom hypoxia.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce Black Sea pollution.
References
Dolgopolskaya, M. A., 1969. Otryad calanoida G.O. Sars (Order Calanoida G.O.
Sars), In: Opredelitel fauny Chernogo I Azovskogo morey (A key to Black Sea and
the Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 34-48 (in Russian).
Newell, G. E. & R. C. Newell, 1966. Marine Plankton, a practical guide. London,

Hutchinson Educational: 221 pp.
Zaitsev, Y. P., 1971. Marine Neustonology. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific
Translations: 207 pp
Zaitsev, Y. & V Mamaev, 1997. Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea. A
study of change and decline. New York, United Nations Publications: 208 pp.
Compiled by Y. Zaitsev.
125
Anthropoides virgo Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms: Grus virgo, Árdea virgo Linnaeus, 1758

Common names: Engl: Demoiselle Crane; Russ: Krasavka, ZhuravV-krasavka; Turk:
Telli turna; Ukr: Stepovy zhuraveV
Order GRUIFORMES
Family GRUID AE
Taxonomic description. In the areas along the sea coast, it is estimated that 330-380
of these birds can be found. About 120-140 pairs breed here; in pre-migration
periods, gatherings may reach c. 1000 specimens.
IUCN Status
World level: LR
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeds in steppes

and cultivated fields, either with low and thinned out mosaic vegetation or without
vegetation. In the post-breeding period , it occurs on shallow water-bodies (bays,
estuaries, river mouths) surrounded by agricultural fields or steppe.
Biology. A breeding, summer and migratory species. Arrives by the beginning of the
second third of April. The nest is a trampled plot on the ground, encircled by old
parts of plants, small stones, clods of earth, and dry cattle droppings. Egg-laying
starts from the second third of April onwards. The clutch consists of 1-2, rarely three
126
eggs and is incubated for 28-29 days. The parents share incubation equally.
Fledglings are observed at the end of June - beginning of July. Non-breeders associate
in flocks of irregular size and move within the breeding area. In July-August these
flocks move to the shallow waterbodies of the sea coast where families concentrate
before departure to the winter grounds. Autumn migration commences by mid
October. Both vegetative (vegetal parts of plants, seeds) and animal (insects,
molluscs) food is consumed.
Population trends. The numbers are low, but stable. Insufficient breeding range, in
spite of an ability to breed in agricultural fields and low-grazing pastures.
Threats. Clutch and chick losses due to the intensification of agriculture, disturbance
and killing by people, increase in predation by Crows (Corvidae), Raccoons
(Nyctereutes procyonoides), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and domestic dogs.
Conservation measures taken. There is no real protection. Only one pair breeds
within a protected area.
Conservation measures proposed. Expansion of the protected areas in the breeding

and concentration sites (Kerch and Tarkhankut peninsulas, the Sivash), limitation of
grazing in the breeding sites, reduction in predator numbers, toughening of measures
prohibiting hunting and extraction of eggs, chicks and adults.
References
Andryushchenko Y., 1995. Demoiselle Crane and some other rare Gruiformes in the
agricultural landscapes of the Steppe Zone of the left-bank Ukraine and the Crimea.
Author's abstract of Candidate of Biological Sciences Degree dissertation. Moscow:
127
Chervona Knyga Ukrainy, 1994. (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska
Encyclopediya Publ.: 342 pp (in Ukrainian).
Winter S. & O. Lezhenkin , 1988. The Demoiselle Crane {Anthropoides virgo).

Biology in the Zhaporozhie Region. In Cranes of the Palearctic. Vladivostok: 35-48.
(in Russian).
Winter S. V., Y. A. Andryushchenko & P. I. Gorlov, 1995. The Demoiselle Crane in

the Ukraine: Status, ecology and conservation prespects. In "Crane Research and
protection in Europe". Halle-Wittenberg, Martin Luther-Universitat.: 285-289.
Compiled by Y. Andryushchenko
128
Aporrhais pespelecani (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Chenopus pespelecani Philippi, 1836.

Common names: Engl: Common pelican foot; Georg: Moluski aporaisi; Russ:
Pelicanya noga; Turk: Pelikan ayagi.
Order PROS OBRANCHI AT A

Family APORRHAIDAE
Taxonomic description. Shell fusiform, opercule elliptic, labrum with three long
furcae, shell ornamented.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat, Critical habitat, Limiting factors. Sandy and muddy deeps,
infralittoral and circalittoral of the sea. The critical zone is the infralittoral part of the
Black Sea between 15-50 meters. Main threats: sand dredging from the sea, trawling,
mussel dredging.
Biology. Lives in sandy bottoms, digging into the sand.
Population trends. No data on population trends.
129
Threats. Sand dredging and trawling.
Conservation measures taken. No conservation measures have been taken yet.
Conservation measures proposed. Sand dredging should be banned in the Black

Sea as this method is very destructive for all of its bottom fauna.
Reference
Schneider, M., W. Fisher & L. M. Bauchot, 1987. Fiches d'identification des espèces
pour les besoins de la Pèche. Méditerranée et Mer Noire. Végétaux et Invertébrés.
Rome, FAOand CEE 1.
Compiled by B. Ôztùrk & A. Komakhidze
130
Apseudopsis ostroumovi Bacescu & Carausu, 1947
Synonyms: Apseudes coecus Ostr.1803; Apseudes latreillei var. coecus Sowinsky

1895, Guryanowa 1936, Bacescu, 1940
Common names: Georgian: Tskhlis viruka
Order ANISOPODA (TANAIDACEA)

Family APSEUDIDAE
Taxonomic description. Body flattened; frontal side of carapace toothed. Eyes

absent. Third thoracic segment fused with head capsule. Antenna II with two
flagella. Chelipeds thin, flattened in female, thicker in male. First pair of pereiopods
with 6-8 spines; the second and other pairs of pereiopods are walking legs.
Ectopodite of uropod with three articles.Endopodite of uropod with 33-36 (female) up
to 45 articles (male). Size: length of female c. 7 mm; of male - 6.7 mm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: LR
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Found in the

circalittoral zone and silty bottoms, at 35-100 m depths. Frequent in Modiolus
biocoenosis. Sensitive to pollution and eutrophication.
Biology. An iliophilic species. Reproduction in the warm season of the year; a

female spawns c. 85 eggs. A benthic organisms without planktonic larval stages.
131
Population trends. A characteristic common species of the Modiolus phaseolinus
biocoenosis. In recent years, it has been found in considerable quantities in the
2
Southern Romanian Black Sea littoral (Mangalia zone) (1993 - 795 ind.m ,1994 -
2 2
584 ind.m" , 1995 - 1133 ind.m" and 1996 - 1438 ind.m \ at a depth of c. 60 m.
Threats. Hypoxia by eutrophication.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication.
References
Bacescu , M. & A. Carausu, 1947. Apseudopsis ostroumovi n. sp. dans la Mer Noire.
Bull. Sect. Sti. 26: 366-384.
Bacescu , M., G.I. Muller & M.T. Gomoiu ,1971. Cercet. mar. 4: 7-274.
Makkaveeva, E. B., 1969. Opredeliteli fauna Cernogo i Azoskogo morei. Kiev, Ed.
Naukova Dumka 2.
Compiled by C. Dumitrache
132
Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli, 1769)
Synonyms: Ardea ralloides.

Common names: Engl: Squacco heron; Russ: Zholtaya tzaplya; Turk: Alaca balikcil;
Ukr: Zhovta chaplya, Chepura.
Order CICONUFORMES
Family ARDEIDAE
Taxonomic description. Ardeola ralloides is one of five species in its genus, widely
distributed in Africa and Southern Asia, and the only one to occur in the Black Sea
region.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeds in dense

reed-beds of fresh and brackish water-bodies or flooded marshes of river-valleys.
Ardeola ralloides always joins other Ciconiiform colonies, ocupying the outer rims of
them. Its feeding habitats are open and half-open shallow-waters, where it forages on
insect larvae and other invertebrates.
Biology. Arrival in April-early May (usually between 13 April - 2 May). Breeding in

mid June, sometimes late May. Hatching is in early July. Autumn migration starts
early - from late August to mid September. Some birds may stay till the end of
September. Breeds always colonially, together with larger herons and Plegadis
falcinellus. Due to its late breeding, Ardeola ralloides has to settle in the periphery of
the colonies, thus risking prédation on its nests. Clutch size varies from three to five
eggs, breeding success depends on the disturbance level nearby. If not disturbed,
133
birds usually breed successfully. The heron preys in open or slightly vegetated
shallow water-bodies, searching for food. Its diet consists mostly of molluscs, insects
and their larvae, small copepods, spiders and leeches. A rare visitor to gardens in the
river valleys, where it may prey on invertebrates after rains.
Population trends. Hard to estimate, since it varies in sub-regions: in some places,

numbers sharply decrease, whereas new colonies appear in others. The population
"balances on the edge" and new colonies may not ensure its stability. Up-to-date
estimates of population size show fluctuations within 200-900 pairs.
Threats. Constant human disturbance, degradation of reed-beds in some regions, and

river pollution. Water pollution and a decrease in feeding capacity in big and small
river deltas as well as disturbance of colonies are the major threats.
Conservation measures taken. Special protection of all new colonies, expansion of

the network of reserves.
References
Kostin Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea. 241 pp (in Russian).
Smogorzhevsk'kyi L. 0 , 1 9 7 9 . Divers, Grebes, Shearwaters, Cormorants, Shags,

Egrets, Herons, Flamingoes. Fauna of Ukraine. Birds. Kiev, Akad. Nauk. USSR 5:
Stepanian, 1994. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv,
Ukrajinska Encyclopediya Publ.: 308 pp. (in Ukrainian).
Compiled by J. Chernichko
134
Aythya nyroca Guldenstadt, 1770
Synonyms: Anas nyroca Guldenstadt, 1770 (1769)

Common names: Engl: Ferruginous duck; Russ: Beloglazy nyroc; Turk: Karabas;
Ukr: Bilooka chern'
Order ANSERIFORMES
Family ANATDDAE
Taxonomic description. See Lysenko, 1994.
IUCN Status:
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeding habitats

are deep lakes, large lagoons, sandy spits with water-bodies covered by reeds, and
river estuaries.
Biology. The spring arrival of the first flock occurs between the end of February and
the first third of March. Mass immigration at the end of March. Breeding begins in
May. The nest is situated on broken reeds. The clutch consists of 6-14 eggs.
Incubation takes 25-28 days. In autumn, the birds depart imperceptibly from the end
of September till the end of October. Small groups of stay to overwinter in the region
of the Danube and Black Sea Reserves and on the Southern coast of the Crimea. This
duck mainly eats plants.
135
Population trends. About 2000 pairs are breeding in the Danube Reserve, 130-140
pairs in the Black Sea Reserve, 150 pairs in the Crimea, 10-15 pairs in Priazovie. In
the Danube Reserve and Dnestr lagoon their number has decreased; on the lagoon of
Azov-Black Sea region it is stable, in the northern Crimea it is slowly increasing.
Threats, not well defined.
Conservation measures proposed. Creation of a protected areas network along the

Azov coast and adding Stenzovsky Plavni to the Danube Reserve.
References
Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny, 1994. (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska
Encyklopediya Publ.: 315 pp. (in Ukrainian).
Lysenko ,V. I., 1994. Fauna of Ukraine. Vol.5. Birds. Part 3.
Compiled by P. Gorlov
136
Betone betone euxini (Günther, 1899)
Synonyms: Esox betone Pallas, 1811; Betone rostrata Nordman, 1840; Betone betone
Borna, 1929; Betone acus euxini Popov, 1930.
Common names: Engl: Garfish Bulg: Zargan; Georg: Sarghani; Rom: Zargan; Russ:
Sargan; Turk: Zargana baligi; Ukr: Sargan.
Order BELONIFORMES,
Family BELONIDAE
Taxonomic description. Body elongate, almost cylindrical in section; head

prolonged into a beak-like, very long and sharp snout; lower jaw longer than upper
one so that the mouth is on top; small teeth on the jaw margins and a row of strong,
sharp and spaced internal teeth; large, near, triangular nostrils. Dorsal and anal fins
similar in shape and inserted far behind the mid-point of the body; neither fin has
finlets; dorsal fin margin slightly concave; pectoral fins with wide base and sharp top;
caudal fin deep emarginate, lower lobe shorter that the upper one; the lateral line runs
along the belly from the gill opening to near the tail. Gill rakers present (to be seen
after detaching the gill cover); scales easily detached, except along the lateral line;
back greenish-blue, sides and belly silvery, the latter with a; yellow tinge; pelvic and
anal fins yellowish with dark tips; the other fins are dark.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN (Ukrainian sector)
Distribution. All Black Sea coastal waters, Sea of Azov, Sivash lagoon, Sinoe
lagoon, Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean
137
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In coastal waters. Young
specimens are most common near the Cystoseira and Zostera belts. The critical
habitat is the surface microlayer. Main limiting factors are the pollution of the surface
microlayer, and the reduction of the Cystoseira and Zostera biocoenoses.
Biology. A coastal pelagic carnivorous fish feeding mainly on anchovy (Engraulis

encrasicholus ponticus) and silverside (Atherina mochon pontica). Spawning occurs
from May to September. Its filament-bearing eggs, nearly 2 mm in diameter, are
attached to algae (Cystoseira) or sea grasses (Zostera). Newly hatched larvae 9-12
mm long, are intensily coloured in brown and appear like floating fragments of
Cystoseira. Young fish 5-10 cm long are green coloured, resembling floating leaves
of Zostera. Both larvae and young fish occur in the neuston layer 0-5 cm.
Population trends. A sharp decline in population numbers since the early 1980s. A
reduction of at least 50% over the last 10 years.
Threats. Pollution of the surface microlayer of water, considerable reduction of

Cystoseira and Zostera meadows, and decline in anchovy population.
Conservation measures proposed. Include in Black Sea Red Data Book. Reduce
coastal waters pollution.
138
References
Banarascu, P., 1964. Pisces - Osteichthyes. Fauna R. P. Romania. Bucuresti,

Ed. Acad..
FAO, 1973. Species identification sheets for Mediterranean and Black Sea. Rome,
United Nations 1.
Svetovidov, A. N., Ryby Chernogo morya (Fishes of the Black Sea).

Moscow-Leningrad, Nauka: 551 pp. (in Russian).
Teodorescu Leonte, R. et al., 1956. Observations regarding the lagoonal complex

Razim-Sinoe, during 1950-1952 period. Anal. ICP. 1. (In Romanian).
Zaitsev, Y. P., 1971. Marine Neustonology. Jerusalem, Israel Program for

Scientific Translations: 207 pp.
Zaitsev, Y. P., 1993. Impact of Eutrophication on the Black Sea Fauna. Studies and
Reviews 64: 59-86.
Compiled by G. Radu, F. Verioti, Y. Zaitsev & A. Komakhidze.
139
Benthophiloides brauneri (Beling & Iljin, 1927)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: None.
Order PERCIFORMES
Family GOBHDAE
Taxonomic description. D VI, 111-13; AI 9-11; P 18-20. Vertebrae: 27-29

(Gheorgiev, 1966). Head wide, dorso-ventrally depressed. Body depth 60-66 % of
body width. Upper lip uniformly wide. Eyes 20-24 % of head length. Colour: with
broad dark band across behind pectoral fin and below first dorsal. Size up to 7.2 cm,
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU (Bulgarian Coast)
Distribution. Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Caspian estuaries and rivers (Miller,
1986). In Bulgaria only in Lake Shabla.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In fresh and brackish waters;
limited by changes in hydrological regime of Lake Shabla.
Biology. Reproduction: July-August. Food: chironomid larvae, small crustaceans,

gastropods.
140
Threats. Changes in the hydrological regime in Lake Shabla.
Conservation measures proposed. Settling in Lakes Durankulak and Ezeretz.
References
Gheorgiev, J., 1966. Composition d'espèces et caractéristique des Gobiides (Pisces)

en Bulgarie., Proc. Res. Inst. Fish. Oceanogr. Varna 7: 159-228.
Miller, P., 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3:
1024 pp.
Compiled by K. Prodanov & Y. Sivkov.
141
Biancolina cuniculus (Stebbing, 1874)
Synonyms: Amphithoe cuniculus Stebbing, 1874; Biancolina algicola Delia Valle,

1893.
Common names: None.
Order AMPHIPODA
Family AMPHITHOIDAE
Taxonomic description. Head large, with two lateral lobes where the two pairs of
antennae articulate. Antenna I much longer than antenna U, in the male reaching
more than half of the body length. The two pairs of female gnatopods similar, male
gnatopods II much stronger than gnatopods I. Male gnatopod II with a large propodus
and a deeply excavated palm edge. Outer ramus of uropod III armed, on the edge,
with two upward-pointing thin hooks.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Macrophyte fields,

especially Cystoseira belts'. Treatened by disappearance of Cystoseira belts, pollution,
eutrophication.
Biology. A phytophilic species, detritivorous and herbivorous.
2
Population trends. In 1961 - 30 ind.m on rocky substratum with macrophytes; in
1
1970-1974, 57-88 ind.kg of wet macrophyte substratum. Research on the rocky and
142
macrophyte fauna of the Romanian Black Sea littoral did not identify this species
after 1980.
Threats. Disappearance of perennial macrophytes biotopes, especially Cystoseira,

pollution, eutrophication.
Conservation measures proposed. General measures for the reduction of

eutrophication and pollution.
References
Bacescu, M., M. Dumitrescu, A. Marcus, C. Palladian & R. Mayer, 1963. Données

quantitative sur la faune pétricole de la mer Noire à Agigea (secteur roumain) dans les
conditions spéciales de l'année 1961. Trav.Mus.Hist.Nat. G.Antipa 4: 123-147.
Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F. D., 1.1. Greeze & S. V.Vasilenko, 1969. Opredeliteli fauny

Tchernogo i Azovskogo Morei. (Otriad Amphipoda) 2: 440-525.
Tiganus, V., 1976. Dynamique saisonnière des populations d'Amphipodes des

champs à Cystoseira barbata (Ag.) du littoral roumain de la mer Noire. Cercet. mar.
Constantsa, IRCM9: 151-171.
Tiganus, V., 1983. Données comparatives sur la faune associée aux différentes
espèces d'algues macrophytes. Cercet. mar. 16: 129-145.
Compiled by V. Tiganus.
143
Branchinectella media Schmankewitsch, 1873
Synonyms: None
Common names: Russ: Brankhinektella srednyaya; Ukr: Brankhinektella serednyaya
Order ANOSTRACA
Family CHIROCEPHALIDAE
Taxonomic description. One of two species of this genus of fairy shrimp, shaped
more or less like an Artemia, in the fauna of Eurasia.
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution. The species range includes South Europe, Northern Kazakhstan, North
Africa (Marocco, Algeria). Discovered in the north-west Black Sea basin in saline
waters of the Kinburn peninsula and adjacent areas of the Kherson and Mikolaiv
districts (Golaya Pristan, Ochakov).
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Saline water-bodies (salinity 1.5-
4.0 ppt), drying-out lakes in saline swamps.
Biology. A halobiont; a filtering organism which feeds on phytoplankton, detritus,

organic matter and bacteria. Active at water temperatures of 4-24 °C for 35-55 days
(from late March to late May). Produces resting eggs, in 3-6 broods of 12-120 eggs
each. Length of the different life cycle periods: nauplial 10-14, prereproductive -12-
17, reproductive - 26-34 days.
144
Population trends. Before 1940, found in the Kuyalnitsky, Khadzhibeysky and
Molochny limans. Present population trends unknown.
Threats. Excessive antropogenic influence, in particular increases in water salinity,

siltation of soil on irrigated lands.
Conservation measures taken. Included in Red Data Books of Ukraine and the
Black Sea. Protected together with other aquatic organisms in Chernomorsky
Biosphere Reserve (Ukraine).
Conservation measures proposed. Organization of biological control of the

population status.
Reference
Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny, 1994. (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Branchinectella

media. Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya Publ.: p. 36 (in Ukrainian).
Compiled by B. Alexandrov
145
Branchinecta spinosa Schmankewitsch, 1873
Synonyms: None
Common names: Russ: Brankhinektella koluchaya; Ukr: brankhinektella kolucha
Order ANOSTRACA
Family THAMNOCEPHALIDAE
Taxonomic description. One of 29 species of a genus otherwise characteristic of the

Australian fauna. Distinctive features of the species are its relatively weakly
developed antennas II; the epipodites of I-ffl pairs of appendages differ markedly in
the number of distinct teeth and spines.
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution. Range includes Eurasia (from Southern Europe to Central Asia -

Mongolia), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria), Mediterranean and Black Sea coast of
Turkey. Found in the north-western part of the Black Sea, in saline water bodies near
Odessa, Kinburn peninsula and adjacent areas of the Kherson and Mikolaiv oblasts
(Golaya Pristan, Ochakov). Encountered also in the Crimea peninsula and at the foot
of the Caucasus.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Shallow waters (depths of 0.3-2.5
m), usually drying out in summer. Saline lakes and puddles (salinity 1.5-9.5 ppt).
Biology. A halobiont; filters out bacteria, phytoplankton, detritus and small

crustaceans. The active life phase in the spring generation extends from early April to
late July at water temperature of 4-26 °C; summer generation from July to September
at temperatures of 19-33 °C. The species may have 1-2 spring and 3-4 summer
generations. Life span of these generations is 45-65 and 25-35 days, respectively.
The amount of broods is 3-5, with 20-310 eggs each. The life cycle includes the
following periods: nauplial 7-15, prereproductive - 8-19 and reproductive - 18-24
days. Fertility of females in spring is lower than t in summer.
Population trends. Until the 1940s, it was encountered in the Kuyalnitsky and
Khadzhibeysky limans. At present it is still sometimes numerous.
146
Threats. Cattle-grazing, pollution of water bodies by runoff from cattle farms, etc.
Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Books of Ukraine and the
Black Sea. Protected together with other hydrobionts in the Chernomorsky Biosphere
Reserve (Ukraine).
Conservation measures proposed. Organization of control of the state of the

populations.
References
Vekhov, M. V., 1990. Golie dzabronogy (Crustacea, Anostraca) vodoyomov

Chernomorskogo zapovednika. Soobschenie 1. Branchinectella spinosa. (Anostraca
of Chernomorsky reserve water bodies. 1. Branchinectella spinosa). Vestnik Zool. 6:
10-13.
Vekhov, M. V., 1994. Branchinectella spinosa. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red

Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyclopediya Publ.: 35 pp. (in Ukrainian).
147
Branchiostoma lanceolatum Pallas, 1774
Synonyms: Amphioxus lanceolatus Pallas, 1744

Common names: Engl: Amphioxus, Lancelet; Bulg: Lantsetnik, Russ: Lantsetnik,
Ukr: Lantsetnyk
Order AMPHIOXI
Family BRANCHIOSTOMIDAE
Taxonomic description. The Amphioxus belongs to the chordates. It does not have
a spine, but, by possessing a notochord, it ranks only just below the vertebrates. The
chorda is well differentiated and runs along the whole body. The body is segmented,
dorso-ventrally flattened, spindle-shaped, and pointed at both ends. Colour pink,
body semi-transparent. A membranaceous flipper along the dorsal side. The caudal
end of the body has a lance-like flipper, where the name of the animal originates
from. Cranium, head and central nervous system not differentiated. There is no heart,
but pulsating blood vessels instead. The length of the body reaches usually 3-5 cm,
rarely 8 cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Amphioxus inhabits

the sandy sublittoral at depths down to 28-30 m. It is accompanied by some specific
Polychaeta species (e.g. Staurocephalus keffersteini) in a biocoenoses called
Amphioxus sands. It prefers sand mixed with shells. It is very rare on muddy bottoms
because it is not adapted to life on bottoms with fine particles.
Biology. Amphioxus feeds on microalgae, infusoria, crustaceans, etc. Its behaviour

differs according to bottom structure. In coarse sand, where water is rich in oxygen
and food particles circulate freely, it buries itself entirely. In fine sand, only half of
the body is buried, the other half emerges from the bottom. In muddy grounds it does
not bury itself at all because it can neither feed nor breathe there. The animal is more
active during the night. It reproduces during summer and lives for three to four years.
Population trends. Muddy areas have expanded during the last decade as a result of
intensive dumping of dead organic matter. This is unfavourable for Amphioxus and
any such change in bottom structure results in a considerable decrease in its
abundance. In the 1960s, it was common along the Bulgarian coast, with the highest
148
2
abundance recorded north of Cape Maslen Nos at 21 m deep (1130 ind.m" ). In 1981
it was still encountered in Varna bay, but in 1991 it had disappered from the region.
Isolated individuals of B. lanceolatum are found in the southern region (Sozopol) in
only 1996.
Threats. The main threat is the reduction of the areas with coarse sand, by
eutrophication and organic pollution.
Conservation measures taken. None so far.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce pollution and eutrophication.
References
Cherno more Sbornik, 1978. G.Bakalowle, Varna: 123-124 pp.
Kaneva-Abadjieva & V. T. Marinov, 1966. Razpredelenie na zoobentosa na

piasachnata biocenoza pred balgarskia chemomorski briag. Varna, Izv. NIORS: 7:
69-95.
Konsulova, Т., 1992. Seasonal structure and ecological status of Varna Bay (Black
Sea) sandy and muddy macrozoobenthic coenoses. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer medit. 33
42.
Marinov, Т., 1990. Zoobentosat ot balgarskia sector na Cherno morelo. BAN,

Bulg.Akad.Nauk: 195 pp.
Compiled by T. Konsulova
149
Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Charadrius oedicnemus, Oedicnemus crepitans.

Common names: Engl: Stone-curlew; Russ: Avdotka; Turk: Kocagos; Ukr: Lezheri.
Order BURHINIDAE
Family BURHINUS
Taxonomic description. Population preliminarily estimated at around 180-240 pairs.
IUCNStatus
World level: VU
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeding and post-
breeding habitats do not differ. They are salinas, sandy beaches, spits and islands,
stony areas with low and thinned out mosaic vegetation or without any at all,
including areas subjected to human transformation (pastures, agricultural fields, open-
cast mines, new gardens, vineyards).
Biology. A breeding, summer and migratory species. In the southern parts of the
region it arrives by the end of March - beginning of April. At the end of the first third
of April it appears in the northern zones. The nest is a trampled plot on the ground
encircled by vegetation from the previous year, small stones, clods of earth, and dry
cattle droppings. Egg-laying starts from the beginning of the second ten days of
April. The clutch consists of 1-3 eggs and is incubated for 26 days. Parents share the
incubation duties equally. Fledglings are observed in July. In the post-breeding
period birds occur in small groups (2-5, sometimes more) or solitarily. Autumn
150
migration from September to early October. Food mostly insects, molluscs, and small
vertebrates.
Population trends. Insufficient breeding range, but ability to breed in agricultural

fields and pastures with low grazing pressure.
Threats. Disturbance, clutch and chick losses due to over-grazing and recreation
pressure, killing by people, predation by Crows (Corvidae), raccoon (Nyctereutes
procyonoides), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and domestic dogs.
Conservation measures taken. There is no real protection most pairs breed outside
the protected areas.
Conservation measures proposed. Expansion of the protected areas for more

breeding sites, limitation of grazing therein, reduction of predator numbers.
References
Andryushchenko, Y., 1995. Demoiselle Crane and some other rare Gruiformes in the
agricultural landscapes of the Steppe Zone of the left-bank Ukraine and the Crimea.
Author's abstract of the Candidate of Biological Sciences Degree dissertation.
Moskow: 45 pp. (in Russian).
Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny , 1994. (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska
Kistiakivs'ki, O. B., 1957. Fauna of Ukraine. Birds. Kiev, Akad. Nauk. USSR 4: 432
pp.(in Russian).
Kostin ,Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea: 241 pp. (in Russian).
151
Van der Have, T. M., S. van der Sant, Y. Verkuil & J. van der Winden (Eds), 1994.
Waterbirds in the Sivash, Ukraine, Spring, 1992, WTWO-report 36, Zeist, The
Netherlands.
Compiled by Y. Andryushchenko.
152
Callionymus belenus Risso, 1826
Synonyms: Callionymus risso Le Sueur

Common names: Engl: Dragonet Russ: Malaya morskaya mysh; Turk: Uzgun baligi;
Ukr: Mors'ka mysha mala, Piskarka sira
Order PERCIFORMES
Family CALLIONYMIDAE
Taxonomic description. One of three species of the family inhabiting the Black Sea.
Spinous dorsal fin with three rays. Rostrum length less than eye diameter and
representing not more than 30% of head length.
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution. Mainly sandy bottom shallow water coastal areas of the Black Sea,
including low salinity areas. Mediterranean Sea.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Sandy and muddy grounds from
surface to 10, sometimes 18 m depth. Limiting factors are the bottom hypoxia for
adult fishes, surface water pollution and disappearance of Cystoseira belts for
neustonic larvae.
Biology. A small bottom fish, up to 7-8 cm length, feeding on meiobenthos and

laying pelagic eggs. Larvae neustonic, 4-7 mm long, covered with a dense network of
dark brown melanophores, making them appear like floating fragments of brown alga
Cystoseira barbata to which predators are indifferent.
153
Population trends. Sharp decline in population numbers since the late 1970s. The
reduction estimate of 50-70% over the last 10 years is based on direct observations.
Threats. Pollution of the surface microlayer of water, bottom hypoxia and

disappearance of Cystoseira barbata belts from the north-western coast of the Black
Sea.
Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (1994), in
the Data Deficient (DD) category.
Black Sea eutrophication.
References
Smirnov, A. I., 1994. Callionymus belenus Risso. Chervona Kniga Ukrayni (Red
Data Book of Ukraine): 280 pp. (in Ukrainian).
Svetovidov, A. N., Ryby Chernogo morya (Fishes of the BlackSea).

Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad: 551 pp. (in Russian).
Zaitsev, Y. P., 1971. Marine Neustonology. Jerusalem, Israel Program for

Scientific Translations: 207 pp.
Zaitsev, Y. P., 1993. Impact of Eutrophication on the Black Sea Fauna. Studies and
Reviews 64 : 59-86.
Compiled by Y. Zaitsev
154
Calopteryx splendens - complex
Synonyms: Libellula splendens Harris, 1782:99; Calopteryx splendens Selys &

Hagen, 1850:138; Calopteryx splendens balcanica Fudakowski, 1930:57-63.
Common names: Engl: Banded demoiselle; Russ: Krasotka blestyashchaya
balkanskaya; Turk: Yaz yusufcugu.
Order ODONATA
Family CALOPTERYGIDAE
Taxonomic description. Total body length 49-51 mm, length of hindwing 29-31
mm. Eyes hemispherical, distant, situated laterally on the head. Both wing pairs
similarly shaped. Pronounced sexual dimorphism in coloration. Male: body shining
metallic blue-green; wings with basal third hyaline, veins blue, distal area with a
broad blue spot. About a dozen of subspecies exist, most of which can be
distinguished by the extension of the coloured wing spot in the males. This may vary
form a complete absence to almost occupying the full wing surface. In the Black Sea
basin, both extremes occur. Ventral side of terminal abdomina segements yellow,
marked with flack. Female: Abdomen slender, generally olive greenish; wings from
colourless to green-brownish due to the shining green veins.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU (Bulgarian coast)
Distribution. A palaearctic, polytypic species, occurring in the East as far as lake

Baikal. The populations Bulgaria show features transitional between the nominate C.
s. splendens, that occurs in more or less typical form in the Danube valley and C. s.
balcanica, a broad-banded form from the southern Balkans and coastal Greece. In the
north (the Dniepr and Don valleys), a robust form occurs that may be a close relative
155
of balcanica, but has been called ancilla (a name that takes precendence over
balcanica). Along the Turkish Black Sea coast, a form with average wings spots
occurs (C. splendens amasina) as far east as Gorele (not far from Trabzon).
Eastwards, it is replaced by a form with colourless wings (C. splendens waterstoni),
that extends as far as the Coroh (Coruh) valley in Georgia. North of that, and as far as
the Caucasus, it is replaced by narrow-banded C. splendens mingrelica (possibly a
hybrid between several other forms). All these subspecific taxa freely hybridize and
form clines of varying steepness and width. In the coastal rivers of the Crimean
coastal mountains, finally, a very narrow-banded subspecies, C. splendens taurica,
occurs in isolation. The populations of south Russia deserve more study. Of all
subspecies listed, C. s. waterstoni is probably the most restricted in range and hence
the most threatened one.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Brooks and rivers rich in
vegetation and slow water velocity, from sea level to c. 1000 m a.s.l. in the
mountains. The main limiting factors are water pollution and the elimination of zones
rich in vegetation as a result of stream realignments.
Biology. Larvae rheophilous, relatively common, inhabitants of rich in vegetation

localities in the rhithral and the potamal; both larvae and adults active predators. Two
year life cycle. Period of emergence V-IX. Adults are relatively slow fliers.
Population trends. Although not measured, a trend towards a declining abundance is

observed in Black Sea coastal brooks and wetlands.
Threats. Polluting and/or drying up of the habitats as a result of urbanization as well

as of uncontrolled livestock-farming activity, both on the coastal plain and in
mountainous regions.
156
Conservation measures taken. Some of the habitats in each of the Black Sea
countries should be preserved from human interference.
Conservation measures proposed. Inclusion of Calopteryx splendens and its

numerous Black Sea subspecies in the List of Rare and Vulnerable Species.
References
Adamovic, Z., 1967. Odonata collected in Dubrovnik district, Jugoslavia. Dtsch.

Ent. Z. 14: 285-321.
Bartenef, A. N., 1912. Die palaearktischen und ostasiatischen Arten und Unterarten
der Gattung Calopteryx Leach. Lab. Arb. Zool. Kabin. Univ. Warchaui 1, 1911
(1912): 1-193 + erratum (in Russian)
Bartenef, A. N . , 1930. Uber Calopteryx spelendens und ithre Biotypen, besonders

die Westasiatischen. Zool. Jb. Syst. 58: 521-540.
Beschovski, V., 1989. Representatives of the families Epallagidae and

Calopterygidae (Odonata) in Bulgaria. Acta zool. bulg. 38: 3-8.
Beschovski, V., 1994. Fauna of Bulgaria. Odonata. Sofia, Acad. Sei. bulg. 23: 372
pp.
Beutler, H., 1987. Libellen aus dem Einzugsgebiet der Struma in Bulgarisch-
Mazedonien (Odonata). Beitr. Ent. 16: 327-344.
Buchholz, K. 1963. Odonaten aus Macédonien. Opusc. zool. 70: 1-16. 5.
Cirdei, F. & F. Bulimar, 1965. Fauna Rep. pop. Romania. Insecta. Odonata.
Bucuresti, Acad. R. P .Romania 7(5): 274 pp.
Demirsoy, A., 1996. Genel ve Turkiye Zoocografyasi. Meteksan, Ankara: 630 pp.
Donath, H.,1987.Odonaten von der suedbulgarischen Schwarzmeerkueste. Notul.

odonatol. 2: 157-168.
Dumont, H. J., 1977a. A review of the dragonfly fauna of Turkey and adjacent
mediterranean islands. Bull. Ann. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 113: 119-171.
157
Dumont, H. J., 1977b. Sur une collection d'Odonates de Yougoslavie, avec notes sur
la faune des territoires adjacents de Roumanie et de Bulgarie. Bull. Ann. Soc. r. Belg.
Ent. 113: 187-209.
Fudakowski, J., 1930. Ueber die Formen von Calopteryx splendens Harr, aus
Dalmatien und Herzegovina (Odonata). Ann. Mus. zool. Pol. 9: 57-63.
St. Quentin, D., 1944. Die Libellenfauna Dalmatiens. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
90/91: 66-76.
St. Quentin, D., 1965. Zur Odonatenfauna Anatoliens und der angrenzenden Gebiete.
Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien 63: 531-552.
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. p. 65.
Compiled by K. Kumanski & H. J. Dumont.
158
Calopteryx virgo - complex
Synonyms: Libellula virgo Linnaeus, 1758:245; Calopteryx virgo Selys & Hagen,
1850:134; Calopteryx virgo race meridionalis Selys, 1873:509; Calopteryx virgo
meridionalis Capra, 1945:254.
Common names: Engl: Beautiful demoiselle; Russ: Krasotka-devushka yuzhnaya;
Turk: Buyuk kiz bocegi.
Orde ODONATA
Family CALOFTERYGIDAE
Taxonomic description. Total body length 49-54 mm, length of hindwings 31-37
mm. Eyes hemispherical, relatively small, distant, situated laterally on the head. Both
wing pairs similar in shape. Wings uniformly coloured or their basal region narrowly
transparent. Pronounced sexual dimorphism in colour pattern. Male: body metallic
blue; wings dark-brown, with shining deep blue veins. Ventrum of terminal segments
of abdomen largely live red. Female: body dull dark green-brownish; wings dull
brown, veins dull metallic. Abdomen slender.
IUCN Status
World level: VU
Subregion level: VU
Distribution. A transpalearctic, polytypic species with several subspecies. In the

West Mediterranean area, North Africa, South France, and the Iberian Peninsula, a
semi (?) species, C. meridionalis occurs, which looks more or less like some
populations in Bulgaria that have been designated by that name, but extend to the
Marmara region of Asia Minor and the Strandzha Mts. These populations are
therefore more probably linked to a subspecies that occurs from Greece eastwards
through Anatolia, C. virgo festiva. East of Trabzon, this is replaced by yet another
robust subspcies, C. virgo feminalis, which probably extends along most of the east
coast of the Black Sea. Along the north coast, C. virgo virgo is expected to occur.
159
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Clear, small rivulets rich in
vegetation, including small brooks on the sea shore line. The latter could be
considered critical in connection with urbanization and sea-resort expansion. It may
be added that the south-east corner of the Black Sea harbours yet a few other species
of Odonata, not currently included in this Red Book, but which should be considered
for the future. These include Coenagrion ponticum, a member of the C. puella-
superspecies that is restricted from the coastal foothills of the Caucasus to Trabzon
area, and Cordulegaster mzymtae, a large dark anisopteran that lives in the Pontic
Alps and the Caucasus mountains.
Biology. Larvae rheophilous, quite rare, inhabitants of the rhithral; both larvae and
adults active predators; period of emergence from V to IX-X; adults relatively slow
fliers.
Population trends. A continuing decline has recently been observed, although not
quantitatively documented.
Threats. Polluting and/or drying up the habitats as a result of urbanization, as well as

of uncontrolled stock-farming (pig, sheep etc.) activity both on the coastal plain and
in the Strandzha Mts. hilly land.
Conservation measures taken. Some of the habitats need saveguarding from human
inerference.
Conservation measures proposed. Include Calopteryx virgo and its subspecies in

the list of Rare and Vulnerable Species.
160
References
Bartenef, A. N., 1912. Die palaearktischen und ostasiatischen Arten und Unterarten
der Gattung Calopteryx Leach. Lab. Arb. Zool. Kabin. Univ. Warchau, 1, 1911
(1912): 1-193 + erratum (in Russian).

Beschovski, V., 1994. Fauna of Bulgaria. Insecta,Odonata. Acad. Sei. bulg. Sofia 23:
372 pp
Capra, F., 1945. Odonata di Liguria. Les Ligustricae LXXI. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor.
Nat. Genova 62: 253-275.
Donath, H., 1987. Odonaten von der suedbulgarischen Schwarzmeerkueste. Notul.

odonatol. 2: 157-168.
Dumont, H. J., 1977. A review of the dragonfly fauna of Turkey and adjacent
mediterranean islands. Bull. Ann. Soc. r. ent. Belg 113: 119-171.
St. Quentin, D.,1965. Zur Odonatenfauna Anatoliens und angrenzende Gebiete. Ann.
Nat. hist. Mus. Wien 63: 531-552.
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. p.64.
Compiled by K. Kumanski and H. J. Dumont
161
Carcinus mediterranem Czerniavsky, 1884
Synonyms: Carcinus aestuarii, Nordo 1847

Common names: Engl: Green crab; Bulg: Kriv rak; Rom: Crabul de iarba; Russ:
Travyanoy krab; Turk: Calpara, Cingene pavuryasi; Ukr: Travyany krab
Order DECAPODA
Family PORTUNIDAE
Taxonomic description. A large-sized crab. Carapace smooth, more or less

hexagonal. Posterolateral margin more or less straight, without armature, longer than
anterolateral side, with five prominent sharps anterolateral teeth. Front produced into
three low teeth. Short antenulles with 25 articles. Antennae with a thin flagella.
Dactylus of the fifth pleopods normal, with a long, cylindrical and slightly flattened
claw, four times longer than wide; with strong hyaline tip. The top of the first
pleopods straight or very slightly bent. Size: length 63 mm, width 80 mm. Colour
variable; the upper side generally deep green in adults, while the under side is tinged
with yellow or red.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A littoral species,

found on stony algal grounds, common in Zostera fields. In winter, it may retreat to
30-40 m depth. Inhabits brackish lagoons also. Present throughout the Mediterranean
162
Sea; in the Atlantic known to occur around the Canary Islands. A decapod with a high
ecological plasticity, relatively resistant to a polluted environment, and to a decrease
in eelgrass beds.
Biology. Carnivorous, eats small fish and shrimp, usually carrion. Highly prolific,
with a long period of reproduction, from May until December. In the period of
reproduction it makes migrations to the shore. Its planktonic larvae (zoea and
megalope) are the most resistant of all decapods of the Black Sea. An eurythermic
and euryhaline species.
Population trends. Up to 1980 it was frequent on the Romanian littoral, after that it
became more rare. A small number of individuals were found during 1991-1995 on
the northern Romanian coasts.
Threats. Anthropic pressures from large-scale coastal hydrotechnical works,

degradation of Zoster a communities.
Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994.
Conservation measures proposed Reduce eutrophication.
References
Bacescu M., E. Dumitrescu , A. Marcus, G. Palladian & R. Mayer, 1963. Données

quantitatives sur la faune petricole de la Mer Noire à Agigea (secteur Roumain) dans
les conditions speciales de l'année 1961. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. G. Antipa 4: 131-153.
Bacescu M., G. I. Muller & M-T Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 7-274.
163
Borcea, I., 1926. Note sur quelques crabes de rivage du littoral Roumain. Ann. Sci.
Univ. Jassy 14: 140.
Borcea, I., 1926. Données sommaires sur la faune de la Mer Noire (littoral de
Roumanie). Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy 14: 536-583.
Borcea, I. ,1931. Action du froid sur la faune littoral de la Mer Noire. Ann. Sci.
Univ. Jassy 16: 751-759.
Gutu, M., 1980. Recent changes in the Decapod fauna of the Romanian Black Sea
littoral. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. G. Antipa 21: 103-110.
164
Centropages kroyeri pontica (Karawaev, 1895)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: None.
Order CALANOIDA
Family CENTROPAGIDAE
Taxonomic description. All Centropagidae are composed of six segments. All

segments of almost the same length but the last one with elongated side angles.
Second antennae with six-segmented exopodite, significantly longer than the two-
segmented endopodite. Second segment of fourth pair of thorax legs of male with
large prong at its posterior end. Length of female 1.60 mm,of male 1.40 mm. Side
angles of last thorax segment of female extended into wings.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. The most

favourable conditions for the development of this species occur in Black Sea coastal
surface waters during spring, summer and autumn, at water temperatures of 14-23°C.
During the same seasons it can also be found in the open sea although in lower
numbers. The strong eutrophication of the coastal zone and the ctenophore
Mnemiopsis leidyi are limiting factors. The first is a form of contamination and the
second a predator.
165
Biology. Inhabits the upper water layers (up to 50 m) and performs diurnal
migrations down to the thermocline. In the Black Sea, it propagates from May to
November. The number of eggs laid by a female reaches c. 200. A female lays 10
cluches of, c. 20 eggs each. C. kroyeri feeds mainly on phytoplankton. Infusoria are
part of the food of its larvae.
Population trends. In coastal waters in front of the Bulgarian coast, C. kroyeri

3
reached average numbers of 732 ind.m in 1967-1988. In 1974-1988, their mean
3 3
number was 236 ind.m" , in 1988-1995 only 3-4 ind.m . After 1996, numbers in
coastal waters rose back to 10-14 ind.m .
Threats. High degree of eutrophication in the Black Sea coastal surface waters and
the presence of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduction of eutrophication in the coastal zone

which may also limit the abundance of M. Leidyi.
References
Opredelitel fauni Chernogo i Azovskogo morej, 1969. Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 2:49-
50.
Konsulov, A., 1991. Izsledvania varhu biologiata, ecologiata I znachenieto na

zooplanktona na Cherno more pred balgarskia briag. Dr. Sci. Thesis, Varna: 300 pp.
Konsulov, A. & L. Kamburska, 1997. Sensitivity to anthropogenic factors of the

plankton Fauna adjacent to the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea. In: Sensitivity to
Change: Black Sea, Baltic Sea and North Sea. NATO ASI Series 2. Environment, 27:
95-104.
Compiled by A. Konsulov.
166
Chaetogammarus ischnus major (Stebling, 1898)
Synonyms: C. ischnus Stebling 1898, Gammarus tenellus G.O. Sars 1914, Ch.
Tenellus major S. Carausu 1943.
Common names: Bulg: Mamarets; Russ: Bokoplav.
Order AMPHIPODA
Family GAMMARIDAE
Taxonomic description. Length male 12-15 mm, of female 10-13 mm. On the
urosome, a group of 2-3 spines on the differentsegments. Many groups of curved
setae on antenna II as well as on pereiopods I and II of the male.
IUCN Status
World level: VU
Subregion level: VU
Distribution. A pontocaspian species, found along the Bulgarian and Romanian

coasts.
167
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Brackish and fresh waters,
coastal lakes, swamps and rivers; threatened by salinity increase and pollution.
Biology. Inhabits brackish and fresh water lakes. Found under stones and among
water plants at a depth of up to 0.5-1 m. Breeding from April to October.
Threats. Pollution caused by urbanization and uncontrolled livestock farming.
Conservation measures taken. The Shabla lake is the only stated reserve.
Conservation measures proposed. Formation of protected territories and reserves in

and around lakes and in humid zones.
References
Birstein, J., A. Vinogradova, M. Kondakova, V. Kun & N. Astahova, 1968.

Romanova. Atlas of invertebrate fauna of the Caspian Sea.
Carausu, S., 1943. Amphipodes de Roumanie. I. Gammarides de types caspien. Bull.

Inst. Cercet. Pise. Roman.
Carausu, S., E. Dobreanu & C. Manolache, 1955. Amphipoda forme solmastre si de

apadulce. Fauna R. P. Romania 4 (4).
Kaneva-Abadjieva, V., 1972. A Contribution to the Study of the Amphipodus Fauna

in the Black-Sea-Coast Lakes and River Mouths (in Bulgarian). Bull. Inst. Zool. Mus.
35: 164-168.
Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F., 1969. Guide book of the fauna of Black and Azov Sea.
Crustacea, Amphipoda.
Valkanov, A., 1957. Katalog unserer Schwarzmeerfauna. Arbeiten aus der

Biologischen Meeresstation in Varna Bulgarien,19.
Compiled by S. Andreev.
168
Chromogobius quadrivittatus Steindachner, 1863
Synonyms: Relictogobius kryzhanovskii Ptchelina, 1939

Common names: Engl: Banded goby
Order PERCIFORMES
Family GOBJJDAE
Taxonomic description. D VI, I 8-11; A 1 7 - 1 0 . P 16-18. Scales in lateral series 56-

72. Vertebrae 27 (Gheorgiev, 1966; Miller, 1986). Body spindle-shaped. Head wide
0.65-0.80 times head length. Upper lip uniformly wide. Colour pale brown, with
fine reticulation and one or two pale saddles conspicuous across the back. Size up to
6.5 cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: CR (Bulgarian Coast)
Distribution. Mediterranean and Black Sea. In Bulgaria in the Bay of Varna.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore shallows, below stones or
between weed tufts, and into mid-tide pools. Suffers from changes in hydro-chemical
regime.
169
Biology. Reproduction: no data. Food: crustaceans.
Population trends. Strongly diminishing.
Threats. Changes in hydrologie and chemical regime.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce contamination.
References

en Bulgarie. Proc. Res. Inst. Fish. Oceanogr. Varna 7: 159-228;
Miller, P., 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3: 1028.
Compiled by K. Prodanov & Y. Sivkov
170
Ciconia nigra Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms: Ciconia niger Linnaeus, 1758; Ciconia fiisca Brehm, 1831; Ciconia nigra
vera Brehm, 1866; Ardea nigra Linnaeus, 1758; Ardea atra Gmelin, 1789; Ardea
chrysopelargus Lichtenstein, 1793; Melanopelargus niger Linnaeus, 1758
Common names: Engl: Black stork, Bulg: Cheren scherkel; Rom: Cocostirc negru;
Russ: Chorny aist; Turk: Siyah leylek; Ukr: Leleka chorny
Order CICONJJFORMES
Family CICONITDAE
Taxonomic description. Black bird with white belly, red legs and a red beak. As big
as the white stork (Ciconia ciconia). The black colour of young individuals is later
replaced with dark brown.
R7CN Status
World level: NE
Black Sea Regional level: NE
Subregion level: NE
Distribution. Along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, the Black stork used to nest in
Dobrudja, near the town of Balchik (Simpson, 1861), in the Provadiiska valley (Elwes
& Buckley, 1870), in East Stara Planina and the mountain Strandja, especially along
water-courses running into the rivers Batova, Kamchia, Ropotamo, Djavolska,
Kitenska and Veleka. In the last century one pair was nesting in the Romanian part of
Dobrudja, near Babadat, on a rock near the edge of a wood (Elwes & Buckley, 1870).
There are no nesting areas along the Black sea-coast of Ukraine and Russia and along
the seashore of the Sea of Azov. According to Kostin(1983), the Black stork was
breeding in the mountains of the Crimea peninsula in the nineteenth and at the
beginning of the twentieth century. The last nest was found there in 1919 and later
171
only single specimens were recorded during their summer wandering and annual
migrations. The Black stork has a wider distribution than the White stork in the
Caucasus, but is rarer (Portenko, 1958). Its nesting places include the whole seashore
of Georgia (Cramp & Simmons, 1977), but according to Abuladze (1993) only 2-3
pairs were breeding in West Georgia in 1980. Along the South Black Sea coast
several nesting sites are known, located mostly in the Turkish part of the mountain
Strandja, in the Kizilirmak delta, near Trabzon and in some areas distant from the sea
(OST Bird Report, 1975). During seasonal migrations, Black storks can be seen
everywhere along the shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It is believed
(Lebedeva, 1979) that migrating Black storks over the western part of the Black Sea
were hatched in Lithva, Latvia, Byelorussia. Those migrating over the eastern part
came from central Russia. In autumn Black storks from Lithuania, Latvia,
Byelorussia, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Germany, Denmark and possibly specimens
from Central Romania, Ukraine and Estonia concentrate along the western Black Sea
coast (Nankinov, in press).
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Settles in woods and rocky
places. The choice of the nesting places depends on the proximity of basins rich in
food, safe places for building nests, and lack of disturbance.
Biology. Some Black stork pairs are formed during spring migration. The repair of
old nests and the building of new ones is accomplished after mid March. The nests
are situated on trees and rocks. Egg laying in late March. The number of eggs is 1-5
The first young hatch during 5-15 May. The brood consists of an average of 3.2
youngs. Flying young are observed from 11 June till 18 August. The nesting period
extends to 149 days (Nankinov D., in press). Black stork feed not only on fish, but
also on amphibians, reptiles, small rodents, insects, crustaceans, snails and other
invertebrates. To some degree the feeding regime of Black and White storks is
172
similar. Often the two species gather food together, especially in mixed flocks during
the migrations. The joint feeding suggests that, like the White stork, the Black stork
helps in the destruction of small rodent and insect pests.
Population trends. Old sources suggest that until the middle of the last century the
Black stork was a comparatively common nesting bird along the Black Sea coast.
After that, its numbers decreased, especially in the first half of the twentieth century,
when the species left many areas. After 1960, a revival began. In Bulgaria the
nesting pairs increased from 35 to 122, and from 1975 till 1992 they reached 257
pairs. Of these, 20 pairs breed along the seashore. About 50 pairs breed now along the
whole Black Sea coast (Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia).
Threats. Destruction of habitats (urbanization, cutting down of old forests, water

pollution, intensive farming...), pursuit by ichtyophagous birds, egg collecting. In the
past of prejudices by people in Bulgaria had a negative effect on the Black stork.
Conservation measures taken. The species is included in Appendix II of the

Washington Convention. In Bulgaria and in some other countries in the Black Sea
region the Black stork is protected for. It is included in the Red Books of Bulgaria,
Ukraine, Russia and Georgia. Some nesting areas and resting places during migration
along the Black Sea coast are within protected areas.
Conservation measures proposed. Ceasing habitat destruction, mainly the cutting

down of old forests and the pollution of river basins. Ceasing shooting and egg
collecting. All nesting sites along the Black Sea coast should be protected.
References
Abuladze A., 1993. The Black Stork in the West and Central Transcaucasus. irlst Int
Black Stork Conservation and Ecology Symposium, 19-23 April 1993, Jurmalal 9,
Abstracts: 22.
Cramp S. & K. Simmons (Eds), 1977. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Oxford 1:
1-722.
Elwes H. & T. Buckley, 1870. A list of the Birds of Turkey. Ibis 2:6-59, 188-201,
327-341.
Kostin , J., 1983. Pticia Krima. Moscow, Nauka: 241 pp.
173
Lebedeva , M., 1979. Migracii chernogo aista - Ciconia nigra (L). i Migracii ptic
Vistichnoi Evrope i Severnoi Aziiln. Moscow, Nauka 2: 28-31.
Nankinov, D. (in press). Past and present status of the Black Stork in Bulgaria.
Portenko, L., 1958. Pticia Kavkaza. Jivotnii mir SSSR 5: 220-269
Simpson, W., 1862. Fortnight in the Dobrudscha. Ibis 3: 361-374
Compiled by D. Nankinov
174
Clupeonella cultriventris Nordmann, 1840
Synonyms: Clupea cultriventris Nordmann, 1840; Clupea delicatula Nordmann,

1840; Clupeonella delicatula Svetovidov, 1952
Common names: Engl: Tyulka sprat; Bulg: Ezerna tritsona; Rom: Gingirica; Russ:
Tyul'ka; Turk: Tilka
Order CLUPIFORMES
Family CLUPEIDAE
Taxonomic description. D 14-16; A 17-21; P 13-16; V 8; C 117 I; Keeled scales 26-

30. Gill rakers 41-62. Vertebrae 41-43 (16-18 + 17-19) (Sivkov, 1994). Body
elongated, laterally strongly depressed. Body width 0.08-0.11 SL. Belly with a sharp
edge of keeled scales. Last two anal finrays enlarged. Size up to 10.5 cm.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Subregion level: EN
Distribution. Brackish waters of the north-western part of the Black Sea and Sea of
Azov and Caspian (Whitehead, 1984). In Bulgaria in Lakes Shabla, Varna, Burgas,
and in the Bay of Varna (Stojanov et ah, 1963).
175
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A pelagic, euryhaline, essentially
brackish water species, vulnerable to chemical pollution of coastal lakes.
Biology. Reproduction in April-June on the Bulgarian coast. Food: zooplankton,

copepods, mollusc larvae and small fish.
Threats. Chemical pollution of coastal lakes.
Conservation measures taken. Lake Shabla has been made a reserve. The species
is included in the Bulgarian Red book (Karapetkova, 1985).
Conservation measures proposed. Eliminate pollution.
References
Karapetkova, M., 1985. Red book of Bulgaria. Animals, Sofia, 2: 182 pp
Sivkov, Y., 1994. Morphological characteristics of the Clupeonella cultriventris

(Pisces, Clupeidae) from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Bui. Mus. Nat. Varna 30: 45.
Stojanov, S. et al, 1963. The fishes in the Black Sea. Varna, Publishing house
Varna: 246 pp.
Whitened, 1984. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 1:

274 pp.
Compiled by Y. Sivkov & K. Prodanov
176
Colpocyclops dulcís (Monchenko, 1977)
Synonyms: None.
Common names. None.
Order CYCLOPOIDA
Family CYCLOPIDAE
Taxonomic description. This genus displays some of the most modified and
oligomerized structures known in Cyclopidae, especially in the mouth parts: the
spines on the masticatory part of the mandibula, the maxillular palp, the strongly
modified maxilla, which is of a prahensile type, and the maxilliped which is absent.
Total female length 744-850 urn, male 498-517 urn.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU (Ukrainian sector)
Distribution. In irrigation channels and water reservoirs connected with the lower
Dnieper, which is considered to be its area of origin. As a result of damming of the
Dnieper it was introduced to the water reservoirs of Kakhovka, Zaporozhye,
Dnieprodzerzhinsk and Kremenchug. Genus allied to the Ponto-Caspian genus
Smirnoviella. Morphology, range and halopathy provide reasons to consider it a
member of the Ponto-Caspian zoogeographic complex.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A meiobentic species inhabiting

sands and muddy sands at different depths of oligohaline to fresh waterbodies. Found
at a salinity of 0.56-1.51 ppt.
177
Biology. Polycyclic development during the warm season of the year. The prehensile
mouth parts suggest raptorial feeding on small invertebrates.
Population trends. The habitat and distribution pattern provide a rare case where the
activity of man (the damming of the Dnieper) benefitted the preservation of a rare
species.
Threats. Pollution of irrigation systems and eutrophication, causing hypoxia in the

bottom layer of water.
Conservation measures proposed. Include in the Black Sea Red Data Book. A
reduction of water reservoir pollution.
References
Monchenko, V. I., 1977. About the strong modificated new copepod Colpocyclops
dulcis gen. et sp.n. (Crutasera, Cyclopidae). Vestnik Zool.ll: 25-32 (in Russian with
English Abstract).
Monchenko, V. I., 1996. A Ponto-Caspian complex of Cyclopoida in the Caspian,

Azov and Black Seas and their predecessors. VI Int. Conference on Copepoda,
Oldenburg, Aug., p.82
Compiled by V. Monchenko.
178
Colpocyclops longispinosus (Monchenko, 1977)
Synonyms: Halicyclops longispinosus Monchenko.

Common names: None.
Order CYCLOPOIDA
Family CYCLOPIDAE
Taxonomic description. By the structure and armature of its mouth parts, this
species is among the most modified of the Cyclopidae. Female length 700-730 um,
male 510-530 um.
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution. The lower part of the Dniester river liman and central part of the
Dnieper-Boug river liman. Endemic to these two river limans. Genus allied to the
Ponto-Caspian genus Smirnoviella. This generic relation, range and halopathy
provide a reason to consider it a member of the Ponto-Caspian zoogeographic
complex and which arose in one of the basins that preceded the Black Sea.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A bottom-dweller, inhabiting

sands and mud-sands at different depths of oligohaline and meiomesohaline
aestuarine water-bodies. Found at a salinity of 1.8-5.6 ppt.
Biology. Polycyclic development during the warm season of the year. The prehensile
mouth parts structure suggests predation on small invertebrates.
179
Population trends. A decline in population numbers during the last 10-15 years (up
to 50-60%).
Threats. Pollution of the river limans and eutrophication causing hypoxia in the
bottom layer of water.
Dniester and Dnieper-Boug basin pollution.
References
Monchenko, V. I., 1974a. A new representative of the genus Halicyclops (Crustacea,

Copepoda) from the Dnieper-Boug river liman. Vestnik Zool. 8: 47-52 (in Russian
with English Abstract).
Monchenko, V. I., 1974b. Gnathostomata Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae. Fauna of the

Ukraine. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 27: 437 pp
Monchenko, V. I., 1978. The allocation of the Halicyclops longispinosus to the genus
Colpocyclops (Crutasera, Copepoda) and the first description of its males. Vestnik
Zool. 12: 68-72 (in Russian with English Abstract).
180
Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Engl: Conger-eel; Russ: Morskoy ugor; Turk: Migri.
Order ANGUILLIFORMES
Family CONGRIDAE
Taxonomic description. Eel-shaped body with a subcylindrical front end. Elongated

snout with a wide mouth and big lips. Well developed pectorals. Colour varies from
blackish to whitish. Maximum length two meters.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. This benthic

species lives on sandy-muddy, rocky bottoms, to depths of 100 metres.. Marine zones
near 100 meters, underwater caves and reefs for breeding.
181
Biology. This species is a carnivore, feeding on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods,
benthonic life, sexual maturity starts at five years; three to eight millions of eggs..
Population trends. There is no available information on population trends. But due

to overfishing and pollution, a decline is probable.
Threats. Turbidity, food shortage and pollution.
Conservation measures proposed. Mitigate pollution, stop overfishing.
References
Aksiray, F., 1987. Turkish Marine Fishes Identification Book. Istanbul, Publication
of University of Istanbul no. 3490: 811 pp.
Compiled by B. Oztiirk.
182
Coryphoblennius galerita (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Blennius mongui Fleming, 1828; Blennius artedii Valenciennes, 1836;

Blennius galerita, Giinther, 1861.
Common names: Engl: Montagu's blenny.
Order PERCIFORMES
Family BLENNIIDAE
Taxonomic description. D XH-XIII16-17; A I I 1 7 - 1 9 ; P 13-14; VI 3. Vertebrae

35-36 (Stojanov et al, 1963). Body elongated, laterally compressed, naked. Snout
short, with a slightly oblique profile. Eyes 0.20-0.23 of head length. Colour grey or
brown; with dark vertical bars on body. Size up to 8 cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution. Mediterranean and Black Seas (Zandar, 1986). In Bulgaria inshore,

along entire coast, rare.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Steep rocks in the surf zone, or
on stony and shelly grounds.
Biology. Reproduction in May-August. Males guard eggs in shells. Food: bottom

invertebrates, algae.
183
Conservation measures proposed. Stop chemical contamination.
References
Stojanov, S. et al, 1963. The fishes in the Black Sea. Vama: 246 pp.
Zander, C, 1986. Fishes of the North - eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3:
1098-1099.
184
Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms: Delphinus delphis ponticus Barabasch-Nikiforov, 1935

Common names: Engl: Common dolphin; Bulg: Obiknoven delfin, Karakas; Rom:
Delfin comun; Russ: Belobochka chernomorskaya, Obyknovenny deVfin Turk: Tirtak;
Ukr: Bilobochka chornomors'ka
Order CETACEA
Family DELPHINIDAE
Taxonomic description. One of two extant Delphinidae and single representative of

the genus in the Black Sea cetacean fauna. The Black Sea common dolphin is
distinguished by some as an endemic sub-species, D. delphis ponticus, but more
taxonomic studies are needed before this view can be confirmed or rejected.
According to recent studies, the genus Delphinus includes two species, the long-
beaked and short-beaked common dolphins. It is possible that the Black Sea
population belongs to the short-beaked species. External distinctions: prominent beak
with numerous small, conical teeth; tall, falcate dorsal fin; hourglass-like pattern
(complex composition of grey, white, black and yellowish stripes and areas) on both
sides of the body.
IUCN Status
World level: DD
Black Sea Régional level: DD
Subregion level: VU in Bulgaria, DD in Ukraine, EN in Romania
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. D. delphis

predominantly lives offshore, but visits coastal waters following the seasonal
aggregations and mass migrations of small pelagic fish. Common dolphins have
never been recorded in the Sea of Azov although, they are observed occasionally in
the Kerch Strait as well as in the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara, where they are
quite common except in December and January. Cross-relations including exchange
185
movements between the Black Sea and Mediterranean populations seem possible, but
no direct evidence for this has been obtained. Critical habitats are not so clear as
dangerous zones (e.g. Black Sea straits and forestrait areas), where animals may get
hurt by heavy marine traffic, fisheries and pollution. Two natural pathogens are
known to cause mass mortality: the lung nematode Skrjabinalius cryptocephalus and
an unidentified morbillivirus. The morbilliviral disease observed in July-September
1994 was accompanied by the stranding of sick animals.
Biology. Black Sea individuals seem to be the smallest representatives of this species
anywhere in the world: the average length is 1.5-1.7 m (maximum 2.0 m) for adult
females, and 1.7-1.8 m (maximum 2.2 m) for males. According to dental growth
layers, females and males attain sexual maturity after 2-4 and 3-4 years; life span is
20-22 years or more (probably 25-30 years). The mating period (ate spring-early
autumn) peaks in July-August. The annual pregnancy rate of the population (46-75%
of fertilized females) depends on the duration of calving intervals, estimated at 1.3 to
2.3 years. Gestation (one foetus) and lactation take up 10-11 and 14-19 months, but
calves feed on the mother's milk only for the first 5-6 months. Small pelagic fishes,
forming large aggregations (sprat, anchovy, pipefish), are the basic prey of subadult
and adult animals (daily ration 4-10 kg).
Population trends. The Common dolphin population still continues to be the most
abundant cetacean in the Black Sea despite over-exploitation (mass kills on an
industrial basis) during 1930s-early 1980s. However, this point of view is not more
than a speculation, not based on of reliable scientific data. The stock of Common
dolphins in Romanian waters is estimated at 600-800 individuals.
Threats. Contemporary human activities limiting the Black Sea population have not
been adequately studied. By-catches in bottom-set gill nets are not frequent, and
186
cases of dolphins entangled in pelagic trawls are also unusual. Few animals were
described to have distinct traumatic injuries. The level of organochlorine residues in
Delphinus blubber is lower than in Black Sea harbour porpoises and bottlenose
dolphins. The decline in anchovy and sprat abundance (result of overfishing and
accidental introduction of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi) could be a reason for the
problems in dolphin nutrition.
Conservation measures taken. The Common dolphin is listed in the IUCN Red
Data Book and Red Data Book of Ukraine, and all six Black Sea states have stopped
commercial hunting in their waters: Turkey in 1983, other countries since 1966.
Together with other cetacean species in the region it is protected by the Berne and
Bonn conventions, CITES and ACCOBAMS. The UNEP Marine Mammal Action
Plan and IUCN/SSC Action Plan stress that the Black Sea population is at risk. Some
conservation measures are foreseen in the Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation
and Protection of the Black Sea (Paragraph 62).
Conservation measures proposed. Adoption of ACCOBAMS by Black Sea

countries; establishment of a regional program for marine mammals research and
conservation, including a monitoring study on Common dolphin population.
References
Arsenyev, V. A., 1980. Atlas morskikh mlekopitayushchikh SSSR. (Atlas of Marine

Mammals of the USSR). Moscow, Pishchevaya Promyshlennost: 183 pp. (in
Russian).
Birkun, A. A. (Jr), S. V. Krivokhizhin, A. B. Shvatsky etal., 1992. Present status and

future of Black Sea dolphins. In: European research on cetaceans 6 (Ed. P. G. H.
Evans): Proc. 6th Annual Conf. Europ. Cetacean S o c , San Remo, Italy, 20-22
February. Cambridge, ECS: 47-53.
Birkun, Jr., A. A. & S. V. Krivokhizhin, 1996. Sovremennoye sostoyaniye i prichiny

ugneteniya populyatziy chernomorskikh del'finov. Soobshcheniye 1 i 2.
(Contemporary life conditions of Black Sea cetacean populations and the causes of
their suppression. Parts 1 and 2). Vestnik. Zool.: 36-42; 53-59 (in Russian).
Geptner, V. G., K. K. Chapsky, V. A. Arsenyev & V. E. Sokolov, 1976.

Mlekopitayushchiye Sovetskogo Soyuza. Tom 2. Chast' 3. Lastonogiye i zubatye kity.
(Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol.2. Part 3. Pinnipeds and Toothed Whales).
Moscow, Vysshaya Shkola: 718 pp. (in Russian).
187
Kleinenberg, S.E., 1956. Mlekopitayushchiye Chernogo i Azovskogo morey: opyt
biologo-promyslovogo issledovaniya. (Mammals of the Black and Azov Seas: the
research experience for biology and hunting). Moscow, USSR Acad. Science Publ.:
Klinowska, M., 1991. Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World. The IUCN Red
Data Book. Gland and Cambridge, IUCN: viii + 429 pp.
Ozturk, B. & A. A. Ozturk, 1997. Preliminary study on dolphin occurrence in

Turkish straits system. In: European research on cetaceans - 1 1 (Ed. P. G. H. Evans):
Proc. 11th Annual Conf. Europ. Cetacean S o c , Stralsund, Germany, 10-12 March.
Kiel: ECS: 79-82.
Stanev, T. T., 1997. Distribution and number of dolphins in the Bulgarian sector of
the Black Sea. In: Proc. Inst. Fish.24. Varna (in Bulgarian).
Tomilin, A. G., 1957. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran. Kitoobraznyye. (Mammals

of the USSR and Adjacent Countries. Cetaceans). Moscow, USSR Acad. Science
Publ. House 4: 717 pp. (in Russian).
Tzalkin, V. I., 1940. Nekotoryye nablyudeniya nad biologiey del'finov Azovskogo i

Chernogo morey. (Certain observations on biology of Azov and Black Sea dolphins).
Bull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Ispytatel. Prir., Biol. Div. 49: 61-70 (in Russian).
Vasiliu, F. & L. Dima, 1990. Some considerations regarding the presence and the
mortality of the dolphins at the Black Sea Romanian littoral. Cercet. mar. 23: 171-
176 (in French).
Compiled by A. Birkun, Jr., M. Moldoveanu, M. Stanciu, T. Stanev & B. Ozturk
188
Dikerogammarus vilosus (Sovinskii, 1894})
Synonyms: Gammarus marinus v. vilosa Sovinskii, 1894.

Order AMPHIPODA
Family GAMMARTDAE
Taxonomic description. Length of male 10-21 mm, female 8-16 mm. First and
second segment of the urosome with strongly developed swellings with spines. Third
uropod with long exopodite with pinnate bristles and prickles. Endopodite ; very
small.
IUCN Status
World level: VU
Subregion level: VU
Distribution. The Black Sea and the Azov Sea coast.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Brackish and fresh waters,
coastal lakes, swamps and rivers. Treaths: rising salinity, pollution.
Biology. Inhabits the coastal zone, under stones, sandy bottoms, among macrophytes.
Threats. Pollution caused by urbanization and uncontrolled livestock farming.
Conservation measures taken. Shabla lake is the only declared reserve.
189
Conservation measures proposed. Establishment of reserves and protected
territories around lakes and humid zones.
References
Birstein, I. A., L. G. Vinogradova, N. N. Kondakova, M. S.. Kun, T. V.Astakhova &

N. N. Romanova, 1968. Atlas of invertebrate fauna of Caspian Sea. Moscow,
Pichchevaia Promichlennost: 415 pp.
Carausu, S., 1943. Amphipodes de Roumanie. I. Gammarides de types caepien. Bull.


apadulce. Fauna R. P. Romania 4 (4).
Kaneva-Abadjieva, V., 1972. A Contribution to the Study of the Amphipodus Fauna

in the Black-Sea-Coast Lakes and River Mouths (in Bulgarian). Bull. Inst. Zool. Mus.
35: 164-168.
Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F., 1969. Guide book to the fauna of the Black Sea and Azov
Sea. Crustacea, Amphipoda.
Sowinskyi, 1894. Les Crustacés de la Mer d'Azoph (in Russian). Mém. Soc. Nat.
Kiev, 13: 1-2.

Biologischen Meeresstation in Varna Bulgarien. 19.
190
Diogenes pugilator (Roux, 1828)
Synonyms: Diogenes varions Makarov, 1938.

Common names: Engl: hermit crab; Russ: Rak otshel'nik diogen; Ukr: Rak-diogen
samitnik.
Order DECAPODA.
Family PAGURIDAE.
Taxonomic description. One of two species of Paguridae in the Black Sea. First left
leg, with claw, much bigger than right leg. Dactylus moves in a vertical plane. The
Body colour yellow. Anterior edge of carapace with acute triangular lateral
projections. Internal sides of dactyli with unequal teeth. Length up to 30 mm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution. Black Sea coastal waters and southern Sea of Azov, Mediterranean
Sea, East Atlantic coast from the North Sea to the coasts of Angola.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inhabits shallow-water, sandy-

bottom shelf areas. Critical habitats are the hypoxic shelf zones. The main limiting
factors are oxygen deficiency and a decline of the populations of the gastropod Tritia
reticulata.
Biology. A psammophilic hermit crab, inhabiting shallow biotopes including low

salinity areas. Prefers sandy and shelly grounds, usually at depths of 1-10 m , but
sometimes found up to 40-42 m. It is easily recognized by its habit of carrying a shell
191
of Tritia reticulata., Ceritium vulgatum, or, sometimes, of young Rapana thomasiam,
in which the unarmored Diogenes conceals its soft abdomen.
Population trends. Strong decline in numbers since the late 1970s. A reduction by
60-70% over the last 10 years.
Threats. Bottom hypoxia provoked by eutrophication.
Black Sea coastal zone pollution.
References
Kiseleva, M. I., 1992. Changes in bottom communities on the sand biotope near the
south-western Crimean coast. In: Mnogoletnye izmenenya zoobentosa Chernogo
morya (Multiannual changes in the Black Sea zoobenthos). Kiev, Naukova Dumka:
pp. 62-69 (in Russian).
Povchun, A. S., 1992. Changes in the bottom communities of Karkinitsky Bay. In:
Mnogoletnye izmenenya zoobentosa Chernogo morya (Multiannual changes in the
Black Sea zoobenthos). Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 105-138 (in Russian).
192
Diplodus annularis Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms: Spams annularis Linnaeus, 1758; Diplodus annularis Rafinesques, 1810;

Sargus annularis Valenciennes, 1830; Diplodus annularis Fawler, 1964; Diplodus
annularis Cadenot, 1964
Common names: Engl: Annular seabream; Bulg: Morskiy karas; Rom: Sparos;
Russ: Morskoy karas'; Turk: Ispari
Order PERCIFORMES
Family SPAREDAE
Taxonomic description. Body oval, moderately elongate, rather deep; dorsal profile
of head curved; eyes moderately developed, their diameter about 11 times the
preorbital length; jaws armed in front with eight incisors (flattened, cutting teeth)
followed by three rows of molars (rounded teeth) in the upper jaw and two rows in the
lower jaw. Back and sides grey, belly silvery; a broad black cross band on the caudal
peduncle, between the caudal and the dorsal fins, and seven to eight less distinct cross
bars on the back and sidewise; pelvic fins yellow. Scales small; dorsal fin high;
pectoral fins extended to the level of the vent. Size maximum: 40 cm; usually about
15 to 25 cm.
RJCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
193
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Shallow zones of
the continental shelf, on muddy-sand and on vegetated bottoms close to the shore, as
well as in deeper waters, down to about 50 m, but mostly between five and 20 m.
Often enters saline littoral lagoons. Common in the Mediterranean Sea, the eastern
Atlantic coast along the South African coasts of the Indian Ocean. Threatened by
increasing pollution in coastal zones and by hypoxia.
Biology. Feeds on crustaceans, molluscs and fish. Spawning period July-September;

sexual maturity at one year of age, small pelagic eggs; hermaphroditic.
Population trends. More frequent in the past and rare at present; only incidentally in
catches on the Romanian littoral, from Portita to Mangalia. There are not separate
statistics for this species. Generally caught with trammel nets, beach seines and
floating longlines, also with bottom trawls.
Threats. Pollution, hypoxia.
Conservation measures proposed. Mitigate coastal pollution.
References
FAO, 1973. Species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Mediterranean and
Black Sea, fishing area 37. Rome.
Radu, G., E. Leonte, G. Butoi, F. Veriti, A. Gorban & E. Radu, 1996 Principalele
specii de pesti si mamifere din Marea Neagra (Determinator). (Main
fish and mammal species from the Black Sea) (Identification sheets). RMRI
Constantsa, (in Romanian).
Compiled by A. Petranu
194
Donacilla cornea (Poli, 1791)
Synonyms: Mactra cornea Poli, 1791; Donax elliptica Krynicki, 1837; Mesodesma
donacilla Middendorff, 1849; Mesodesma cornea (Poli) Ostroumoff, 1893.
Common names: None.
Order VENERIDA.
Family MESODESMATIDAE.
Taxonomic description. Shell flattened, elongated, triangular, with small but

prominent umbo, slightly curved forward, without ribs; thin periostracum. Surface of
shell smooth, with fine concentric lines and discrete growth striations. Background
colour yellowish-white with rare brownish radiating pigment striations; some
specimens have yellowish, reddish or mauve pigment. Length 20-24 mm;
width 8 cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inhabits coarse

sands in the midlittoral, sometimes found in the phreatic of supralittoral sands.
Present in the Azov Sea, Mediterranean Sea and along the European coasts of Atlantic
Ocean, north to England. Endangered by modifications in the structure of substrata
due to hydrotechnical works and by turbidity caused by sand extraction.
Biology. This species has no planktonic larvae, since these are incubated in the paleal
cavity of the female as an adaptation to the semiliquid environment in which they
live.
Population trends. On the Crimean littoral, densities of more than 3,000

2
individuals.m occurred until the 1950s. On the southern Romanian littoral, it was
frequent till 1975-1980, in the coarse-sand littoral, forming a specific community with
195
Ophelia bicornis, both forms prevailing in the midhttoral fauna with coarser sands (up
2
to 10,000 i n d . m ) . After 1980 it became extremely rare, and in the last decade it has
not been seen at all.
Threats. Changes in the granulometric structure of sand through the closing the
interstitial spaces of coarse sand.
Conservation measures proposed. Limit sand extraction from sandy beaches;

reduce pollution.
References
Bacescu, M., E. Dumitrescu, M.-T. Gomoiu & A. Petran, 1967. Elements pour la
caracterisation de la zone sediméntaire medi-littorale de la mer Noire. Trav. Mus.
Hist. nat. G. Antipa 7: 1-14.
Bacescu, M., G. I. Müller & M.-T. Gomoiu, 1971. The quantitative, qualitative and
comparative analysis of Black Sea benthic fauna. Ecol. mar. 4: 357 pp. (in Romanian)
Gomoiu, M.-T., 1969. Some aspects of the Black Sea benthos. Hidrobiologia 10:
265-277.
Gomoiu, M.-T., 1976. Ecological studies regarding psammobiontic molluscs from

the Black Sea Romanian littoral. Ecol. mar. 5: 173-339. (in Romanian).
Mokievski, O. B., 1949. Fauna rikhlih gruntov litorali zapadnih beregov Krima. Tr.
Inst. Okeanolog. Akad. Nauk SSSR 4: 124-159.
Compiled by M. Gomoiu & A. Petranu.
196
Epallage fatime (Charpentier, 1840)
'synonyms: Agrion fatime Charpentier, 1840: 132; Epallage fatime St. Quentin, 1965
531-552.
Common names: None.
Order ODONATA
Family EUPHAEIDAE
Taxonomic description. Total body length 45-51 mm. Length of hindwing 35-37.5
mm. Eyes hemispherical. Wings equally shaped, densely reticulated, wholly
transparent except for darkened wingtips; the latter marked by a brown half-moon
spot. Sexual dimorphism in body colour. Male: thorax olive-green; abdomen from
black to olive-green, covered by a blue-greyish film of pruinosity. Female: thorax
yellow-brown, with black stripes; abdominal segments each with a broad black dorsal
stripe, divided medially by a yellow line, powdered in blue-grey. Abdomen of male
and female relatively slender, nearly cylindrical.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Black Sea Regional level: DD
Subregion level: VU
Distribution. The only representative of an otherwise Oriental family, occurring in

the south of the Iranian-Turanian subregion and the east of the Mediterranean, viz. the
Anatolia and European part of Turkey, south-eastern Bulgaria, Greece and
Macedonia.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Small rivers and brooks of the
plain and in hilly land. Bulgaria is at the limits of its range, where the habitats
adjacent to the Strandzha Mts.-Black Sea shores are threatened because of
urbanisation and the uncontrolled use of the region's water resources.
197
Elsewhere, in particular in Anatolia and Georgia, the species is plentiful and under no
particular threat.
Biology. Larvae typically rheophilous, inhabiting small torrents with stony-sandy

bottoms. Both larva and adult are predators. Adults emerge in June. Life-cycle
biannual. Imagines relatively good fliers.
Population trends. In Bulgaria, a rare species with localized populations.

Widespread and not rare in Anatolia.
Threats. Besides the above mentioned limiting factors, the colonies of this dragonfly
situated at the western limit of its range, may suffer from overcollecting by amateur-
entomologists.
Conservation measures taken. Some of the Bulgarian localities are within the limits
of the Uzunbodzhakl. forest reserve.
Conservation measures proposed. Include Epallage fatime in the World List of

Rare and Endangered Species.
References
Beschovski, V., 1964. Dragonflies (Odonata) from S-Bulgaria. Bull. Inst. Zool. Mus.
Sofia 16: 109-124.

Calopterygidae (Odonata) in Bulgaria. Acta zol. bulg. 38: 3-8.
Beschovski, V., 1994. Fauna of Bulgaria. Odonata. Bulg. Acad. Sci. Sofia 23: 372
pp.
Bilek, A., 1967. Beitrag zur Odonatenfauna Griechenlands. Beitr. Ent. 14: 303-312.
198
Dumont, H. J. A review of the dragonfly fauna of Turkey and adjacent mediterranean
islands. Bull. Ann. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 113: 119-171.
Peters, G. & H. Hackenthal, 1986. Notizen ueber Libellen (Odonata) in Mazedonien.

Acta M s . JvTaced: Sei. (g: HS-lSg.
Schmidt, E., 1978. Odonata. In: J. lilies (Ed.), Limnofauna Europaea. Stuttgart,
Fischer Verlag: 274-279.
Compiled by K. Kumanski and H. J. Dumont.
199
Eriphia verrucosa Forskall, 1755
Synonyms: E. spinifrons Rathke 1837; Czerniavsky 1884, Zernov 1913; E.

verrucosa, Holthuis &. Gottlieb 1958
Common names: Bulg: Pagurt; Rom: Pagurie; Russ: Kameny krab; Turk: Pavurya
Ukr: Kamyany krab
Order DECAPODA
Family XANTHIDAE
Taxonomic description. Carapace thick, its upper face slightly convex, smooth, with
transverse granulous ridges behind frontal border and on lateral regions. Antero-
lateral borders shorter than postero-lateral ones, armed with seven tooth-like
protrusions, the first one with secondary lateral spinules, the last ones reduced. Front
broad, indented in the middle, each frontal lobe armed with a comb of five or six
teeth; a little behind it a second, parallel comb, consisting of four to five teeth. Orbits
almost circular, their lower border denticulated. Chelipeds strong and unequal; the
larger one generally bears rounded tubercles in front of the upper articulation with the
carpus; the smaller one bears numerous sharper tubercles arranged in lines. Black
fingers; the movable finger with a strong obtuse tooth and some smaller; immovable
finger with subtriangular teeth. Pereiopods with strong hairs, rare, without spines.
Female with a large, oval abdomen. Male with a narrow abdomen. A large-sized
species. Length 6.5-7 cm; width 8-9 cm. Colour: brownish-red or brownish-green,
with yellow spots.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
200
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Shallow waters
along rocky coasts, living among stones and seaweeds down to 5-15 m deep. Favorite
biotope: stony bottoms. Present throughout the Mediterranean, also in the eastern
Atlantic from the southern coast of Brittany to Mauritania and the Acores. Threats:
Terrigenous pollution, hard frost, hypoxia.
Biology. A species with a high fecundity Reproduction begins in May-June. In

spring it makes migrations in the shallow waters below one meter depth. Planktonic
larvae with four metamorphosis stages from zoea to megalope. Eats molluscs and
polychaetes.
Population trends. Frequent in the past, but became very rare after the 1980s; at
present, no recent specimens on record
Threats. Eutrophication (hypoxia caused by phytoplankton blooms), pollution.
Conservation measures taken. Included in the Ukrainian Red Data Book, 1994.
Conservation measures proposed. Prohibit all catching for consumption.
References
Bacescu, M., 1954. The influence of the severe winter of 1954 on the Black Sea
ecosystem and fisheries.( in Romanian). Bull. Inst. Cercet. P.S.C. 4: 5-12.
Bacescu, M., E. Dumitrescu, A. Marcus, G. Palladian & R. Mayer, 1963. Données

quantitatives sur la faune pétricole de la Mer Noire à Agigea (secteur Roumain) dans
les conditions spéciales de l'année 1961. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. G. Antipa 4: 131-153.
Bacescu, M., G. I. Muller & M-T Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 7-274.
Borcea, L, 1926. Note sur quelq es crabes de rivage du littoral Roumain. Ann. Sci.
201
Borcea, I., 1931., Action du froid sur la faune littoral de la Mer Noire. Ann. Sci.
Univ. Jassy 16: 751-759.
Bulgurkov, K., 1938. Some fresh- and saltwater Decapoda from the vicinity of Varna
and Sozopol. Tr. Chemomorsk. Biol. St. Varna 7: 88-103.
Guru, M., 1980. Recent changes in the Decapod fauna of the Romanian Black Sea
Marinov, T., 1990. Zoobentosat ot balgarskia sector na Cherno more. Sofia, BAN:
pp. 195.
Opredelitel fauni Chernogo i Azovskogo morei. Kiev 2: 194-195.
Compiled by C. Dumitrache & T. Konsulova
202
Falco cherrug (Gray, 1834)
Synonyms: Falco cyanopus Tienemann, 1846; Falco saker gurneyi Menzbier, 1888;
Falco hierofalco danubialis Kleinschmidi, 1939; Falco hierofalco aralocaspius
Kleinschmidf, 1939.
Common names: Engl: Saker, Russ: Baloban; Turk: Uludogan; Ukr: Baloban.
Order FALCONIFORMES
Family FALCONIDAE
Taxonomic description. In 1965-1973 there were at least 12-15 breeding pairs in the
Crimea; 19-25 pairs were reported in 1978-1985. These numbers remained stable
across the mid 1990s.
IUCN Status
World level: VU
Subregion level: VU
Distribution. Irregular breeding pairs occur in the sea-side districts of the Odessa
region and in the northern parts of the Sivash (Kherson region). Total number of
breeding pairs may be estimated to be within 25-28. Falco cherrug is a rather rare
migrant, but occurs throughout the area. Winter-time numbers hardly reach 10
specimens.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In the Crimea they prefer
highland plateau precipices, less frequently cliffs in old forests bordering open areas,
where the species reaches an altitude of 600 metres, rocky sites in the steppe, rocky
203
and clay precipices on the sea shore. The forestless agricultural landscapes of the
Odessa region were occupied owing to its ability to nest on pylons.
Biology. A breeding migratory species. Part of the Crimean population probably

overwinters. In rocky areas, breeding sites include niches and ledges, when nesting
on pylons Falco cherrug uses old raven nests. Display flights are observed in the first
and second thirds of March. The earliest clutches can be found at the end of the
month. Clutch size varies from 1 to 5 eggs, usually 3-4, sometimes 2-5. Incubation
takes 28-30 days. Chicks appear by early April and the majority fledge out at the end
of May - beginning of June. Males begin to forage on their own earlier than females,
somewhere around the first third of August. From the second third of the month,
males start autumn movements, whereas juvenile females stay in the breeding areas
till end September. Adult birds leave in the first third of November. Single birds and
pairs overwinter either in the nest surroundings or in adjacent areas. The diet consists
basically of gophers (65-70% of the ration), small and middle-sized birds like larks,
starlings, and crows. Rarely feeds on small mice.
Population trends. The first pylon nests were recorded in the late seventies (in
Odessa region). Since then this has become usual. Southward expansion of the
breeding range resulted in an increase of numbers in the forestless steppe areas.
Threats. Grazing, human disturbance, hunting of migratory birds, illegal bird-trade

and extraction of the chicks, clutch loss connected with natural landscape
transformation (falling of precipices), decrease in prey species, various sicknesses of
the chicks (aspergillose, candidamicose).
Conservation measures taken. Falco cherrug is protected in the Karadag natural

reservoir and successfully breeds in captivity in Odessa Zoo.
Conservation measures proposed. A special programme for the protection of each

breeding pair is necessary.
204
References
Ardamatzkaia, T. B. & A. G. Rudenko, 1996. Birds. Invertebrates of the

'Chernomorski' State Biosphere reserve /annotated lists of the species. Vestnik Zool.
11:19-32 (in Russian).
Beskaravainyi, M. M., 1996. New data on the rare and poorly studied species of the
South-East Crimea. Vestnik Zool. 3: 71-72 (in Russian).
Kostin, Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea. Moscow, Nauka: 241 pp. (in Russian).
Piluga, V. I., 1991. New data on the nesting of disappearing species of raptors in the
Odessa region and neighbouring territories. Rare birds of the Black Sea coastal areas.
Kiev-Odessa. Lybid: 139-164 (in Russian).
Piluga, V. I & A. A. Tille, 1991. Adaptation of Saker Falkon to an anthropogenic

environment in the north-west of the Black Sea coastal area. Proceedings of the 10th
All-Union Ornithological Conference. Minsk: Navuka i technika. Book 2, part 2:
147-148.. Rare birds of the Black Sea coastal area. Kiev-Odessa. Lybid: 139-164. (in
Russian).
Prokopenko, S. P., 1986. The Saker Falkon in the Crimea. Bird studies in the USSR,
their protection and rational use. Leningrad 2: 170-171 (in Russian).
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. 337 pp.
Zubarovsky, V. M., 1977.. Fauna of Ukraine. Birds of prey. Kiev 5 (2): 332 pp. (in
Russian
Compiled by V. Kinda.
205
Falco peregrinus (Tunstall, 1771)
Synonyms: Falco peregrinus peregrinus - Falco peregrinus brevirostris Menzbier,

1882, Falco barbarus germanicus Erlanger, 1903, Falco peregrinus riphaeus
Buturlin, 1907; Falco peregrinus calidus -Falco leucogenys C.L. Brehm, 1854, Falco
peregrinus caeruleiceps Stegmann, 1934; Falco peregrinus brookei - Falco
peregrinus caucasicus Kleinschmidt, 1907.
Common names: Engl: Peregrine; Russ: Sapsan; Turk: Gok dogan; Ukr: Sokil-
sapsan, Sapsan, Mandrivny sokil.
Order FALCONIFORMES
Family FALCONIDAE
Taxonomic description. The Crimean population of the South-European subspecies

(F. p. brokex) is comprised of only 12-15 pairs. The tundra sub-species (F. p. calidus)
overwinters in small numbers (10-12 specimens). During migration and winter, the
nominative sub-species F. p. peregrinus is the most common. About 60-80 birds
migrate through, and 20-30 overwinter in the region.
IUCN Status
World level: VU
Subregion level: EN

are rocky precipices in the Crimean mountain forests bordering open areas. Migratory
206
birds occur throughout the area: on the coast, in the inland water bodies, on the
steppe, in villages and towns and their surroundings.
Biology. The subspecies F. p. calidus and F. p. peregrinus migrate and spend winter
in the region. The South-European subspecies (F. p. brokei) breeds, migrates and
partly overwinters. Breeding sites include niches and hardly accessible rocks.
Breeding starts rather early: display flights and copulation take place from late
February till mid March (22.05 -16.03). Earliest clutches in the third ten days of
March. Incubation takes 30-33 days. Fledglings appear in the last ten days of April.
Brood size is 2-4 eggs. Part of the population leaves for the winter grounds. Pairs
and single birds move to the foothill areas and big towns where they spend winter.
The diet consists basically of small and middle sized birds like larks, starlings,
waders, doves and pigeons, crows, small ducks. Falco peregrinus preys exclusively
in the air and catches its prey in flight.
Population trends. In the last decade a slight increase in numbers has been recorded.
Threats. Human disturbance, hunting of migratory birds, the illegal bird-trade and
extraction of chicks, various sicknesses of chicks (aspergillose, candidamicose).
Conservation measures taken. Falco peregrinus is protected in the Karadag and

Crimean natural reservoirs.
Conservation measures proposed. A special program for the protection of each

breeding pair is necessary.
References
Ardamatzkaia, T. B. & A. G. Rudenko, 1996. Birds. Invertebrates of the

3:19-32. (in Russian).
207
Beskaravainyi, M. M., 1996. New data on the rare and poorly studied species of the
south-east Crimea. Vestnik Zool. 3: 71-72.(in Russian).
Grinchenko, A. B., 1991. New Data about Rare and Disappearing birds of the
Crimea. Rare birds of the Black Sea coastal areas Kiev-Odessa. Lybid: 78-90 (in
Russian).
Prokopenko, S. P. & A. B. Grinchenko, 1996. Winterings of Peregrine. Proc. of the

Important Bird Areas in Ukraine Conference. D3A Programme. Kiev, Ukrainian
Society for Bird Conservation: 296-297 (in Russian).
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. 338 pp
Zubarovsky, V.M., 1977. Fauna of Ukraine. Vol. 5, Birds. Issue 2. Birds of prey.
Kiev, 332 pp. (in Russian).
208
Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777
Synonyms: Felis (Catus) silvestris Schreber, 1777; Felis catus ferus Erxleben, 1777,
Catusferox Martorelli, 1896,
Common names: Engl: European wild cat; Russ: Dikaya evropeyskaya lesnaya
koshka; Turk: Yaban kedisi; Ukr: Kit lisovy
Order CARNIVORA
Family FELIDAE
Taxonomic description. Similar to, but more robust than striped tabby domestic cat.
Chief distinguishing feature is its bushy tail, which has 3-5 completely separate broad,
black rings, and a rounded/blunt black tip. Head-body length: 48-68 cm; tail length:
21-38.5 cm; hind foot length: 10-16 cm; shoulder height: 35-40 cm; weight: 1.6-8 kg.
Dental formula: 3/3, 1/1, 3/2, 1/1=30.
IUCN Status
World level: EN
Subregion level: EN
Distribution. Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor. Black Sea Coast: in coastal regions
of Strandja Mts., Stara Planina Mts., Kamtcia River, Batova River.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Lives in deciduous forests of the
plains and lower hill regions, mainly near natural clearings and in the peripheral zones
of large forests. A critical and limiting factor could be the absence of old trees.
209
Biology. Carnivorous (small rodents and lagomorphs, amphibians, fish, insects taken
only rarely). Largely crepuscular and nocturnal. Females sedentary and exclusively
territorial. Many males, particularly young animals, are nomadic, and movements
overlap females' ranges. Mating in late winter and spring, births in April-September
(peaks in May). Males sexually mature after one year; females after 9-10 months.
Gestation 63-69 days. Litter size averages 3.4 (range 1-8). One litter per year,
occasionally a second litter in captivity.
Population trends. Stable populations in the reserves and in larger forests.
Threats. Environmental pollution, habitat fragmentation, tourist pressure.
Conservation measures taken. Part of the habitats are included in reserves.
Conservation measures proposed. Regular recording of the species numbers in the

region.
References
Ellerman, T. & C. S. Morrison-Scott, 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian

Mammals (1758 to 1946). London, Trustees of the British Museum: 303-304.
International Conventions for biodiversity conservation. Bern Convention, 1996.

Publ. Green Balkans and PHARE Programme, Annex II: 97 pp.
Macdonald, D. & P. Barret, 1993. Mammals of Britain & Europe. Collins Field
Guide. Harper Collins Publishers: 133-136.
Sokolov, W. E. 1988. Dictionary of animal names in five languages. Mammals.

352 pp.
Compiled by S. Gerasimov
210
Glareola nordmanni Nordmann, 1842
Synonyms: None
Common names: Engl: Black-winged pratincole; Russ: Stepnaya tirkushka; Turk:
Kara kanatli bataklik kirlangici; Ukr: Derykhvist stepovy
Order CHARADRIIFORMES
Family GLAREOLIDAE
Taxonomic description. The genus is widely distributed in Africa and Southern

Asia. This is one of its two members known in the Black Sea region. The population
size is critically low and barely reaches 20 pairs on the entire sea coast of Ukraine.
IUCN Status
World level: EN
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Habitats do not

differ from those of Glareola pratincole, but are drier, preferably dry salinas and half-
arid sites.
211
Biology. A breeding species, migrations non-detectable owing to extremely low
numbers. Ecology to a great extent like that of Glareola pratíncola..
Population trends. In critical condition, with a high probability of disappearance in

the very near future.
Threats. Sharp transformation of habitats, irrigation and replacing of steppe by

grasslands, grazing, anthropogenic pressure, high prédation, pesticides.
Conservation measures taken. Urgent creation of reservoirs in the breeding areas.
References
Siokhin, V. D., 1.1. Chernichko, T. B. Ardamatskaia et al, 1988. Colonial

Hydrophilic Birds of the South of Ukraine: Charadriformes. Kiev, Naukova Dumka:
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994. 354 pp
212
Glareola pratincola (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Common names: Engl: Collared pratincole; Russ: Lugovaya tirkushka;

Turk: Bataklik kirlangici; Ukr: Derykhvist luchny.
Family GLAREOLIDAE
Taxonomic description. The genus is widely distributed in Africa and S Asia. Two
members known in the Black Sea region. Their numbers fluctuate widely over the
years. Current estimate for the sea coast of Ukraine is 500-1,100 pairs.
IUCN Status
World level: EN
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeds in lowland

salinas of sea bays and estuaries, brackish and fresh lakes, avoiding dense vegetation.
Sometimes successful in degraded perennial herbs and fallows.
213
Biology. A breeding and, in some places, a migratory species. Arrives in April, last
birds in late May. Breeding begins in mid May. Normal clutch consists of three eggs
(2-5), nest is a deepening in the ground with light plant bedding. Colonies are usually
loose and mixed with terns and waders, although mono-species settlements can be
found too. Chicks leave the nests straight after hatching. Fledglings begin to
concentrate by early July, with adult birds always present. The major part of the
population leaves for winter grounds in August. Some birds stay till mid October.
Glareola pratíncola prey on flying insects, sometimes foraging on the ground picking
spiders. Feeding success depends on insect concentrations, and may be very low in
the areas where pesticides are applied
Population trends. A slow but constant decrease in breeding numbers.
Threats. Habitat transformation, cattle, (especially sheep) grazing, pesticides, high

predation, human disturbance at the breeding sites.
Conservation measures taken. Expansion of national parks in coastal areas, setting

up of water-body protection zones.
References
Siokhin, V. D., 1.1. Chernichko & T. B. Ardamatskaia et al., 1988. Colonial

Compiled by J. Chernichko.
214
Gobius bucchichi Steindachner, 1870
Synonyms: Gobius lynx Kessler, 1874; Gobius fallax Sarato, 1889; Gobius
(Zostericola) Ophiocephalus (non Pall.) de Buen, 1930; Berg, 1949
Common names: Engl: Bucchich's goby; Turk: Kaya baligi
Order PERCIFORMES
Family GOBIIDAE
Taxonomic description. D VI, 113-14; A112-14; P 17-20. Scales in lateral series:

50-58. Vertebrae: 28 (Gheorgiev, 1966). Head depth 0.9 to equal with width. Eye
diameter 0.28-0.28 of head length. Upper lip uniformly wide. Nape scaled, cheek
naked. Pectoral free rays well developed. Pelvic disc 0.24-0.25 SL. Anterior
membrane without lateral lobes. Suborbital papillae with seven transverse rows.
Colour grey to grey-brown, with longitudinal rows of dark spots along head and body.
Size up to 10 cm.
RJCN Status
World level: EN
Distribution. Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea (Miller, 1986). In

Bulgaria on Maslen Cape.
Habitat type, Critical habitats Limiting factors. Inshore, on sand and mud, with
sea-grasses.
Biology. Reproduction in June-August. Sexually mature after one year. Food:

polychaetes, crustaceans, molluscs and algae.
Threats. Pollution.
215
Conservation measures proposed. Stop industrial pollution.
References

en Bulgarie. Proc. Res. Inst. Fish. Oceanogr. Varna 7: 159-228.
Miller, P., 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 3:1037
pp.
Compiled by K. Prodanov & Y. Sivkov
216
Gobius cobitis (Pallas, 1811)
Synonyms: Gobius capito Valenciennes, 1837; Gobius capitonéllus Kessler, 1874.

Common names: Engl: Giant goby; Russ: Bychok-kruglyash; Turk: Kaya baligi.
Order PERCIFORMES
Family GOBUDAE
Taxonomic description. D VI, I 11-14; A 1 1 0 - 1 3 ; P 18-21. Scales in lateral series:

60-66. Vertebrae: 27-29 (Gheorgiev, 1966). Head depth 0.81-0.90 of width. Eye
diameter 0.17-0.23 of head length. Upper lip uniformly wide, comparatively short.
Nape scaled, cheek naked. Pectoral free rays well developed Pelvic disc 0.18-0.21
SL. Anterior membrane with lateral lobes. Suborbital papillae with seven transverse
rows. Colour grey-brown to yellow. Size up to 27cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution. Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea (Miller, 1986). In

Bulgaria: along the whole Black Sea coast.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore, on stone and weedy
ground, two to 10m deep; inshore zone.
Biology. Reproduction from May to early July. Eggs below stones. Sexually mature
after 2-3 years. Food: green algae, crustaceans, polychaetes, insects.
217
Threats. Chemical contamination.
Conservation measures proposed. Defend use of fishing-nets during breeding

period.
References

1038 pp.
Compiled by Y. Sivkov & K. Prodanov.
218
Grus grus Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms: None
Common names: Bulg: Syv zhurav; Rom: Cocor mare; Engl: Crane; Russ: Sery
zhuravl'; Turk: Turna; Ukr: Siry zhuraveV
Order GRUIFORMES
Family GRUIDAE
Taxonomic description. The species is included in Appendix I of Birds Directive

79/409/EEC, Appendix II of the Bonn Convention and Appendix II of the Bern
Convention. At present the nesting of Common Crane in the Black Sea Region is
limited to the Danube Delta (Radu, 1979) and the Northern Sivash (Siokhin,1982).
In all other parts of the Black Sea region, the species is migratory, summer visiting
and overwintering.
R7CN Status
World level: LR
Distribution. The main direction of spring migrations are north-east, north, and east.
In autumn, the first young birds arrive in the northern Black Sea region at the end of
August. The mass passage begins in late September and continues to mid-October.
The last third of October and mid-November are the period for separate birds or small
flocks of several individuals to appear. Several migration routes can be distinguished
over the territory of Black Sea region. In the north-western part the main direction is
south-western and southern, in the Crimea it is southern; it is south-western in the
valley of the Dnieper, along the coastline of the Black Sea. The biggest gathering site
219
in the Black Sea region is situated in the zone between the biosphere reserve Askania-
Nova and Sivash where more than 40,000 Common crane arrive. During autumn
migration of 1996, more than 50,000 cranes flew through Askania-Nova. The second
largest gathering and resting area is situated in North Sivash (Djankoy region), with
10,000 cranes every autumn. Many small crane assemblages are scattered over the
region. In winter some groups stay till mid-December and a few birds stay
throughout winter. Nearly 100,000 cranes fly through the Black Sea region every
autumn. About 20,000 - 30,000 cranes fly along the western Black Sea coast through
Romania and Bulgaria; 50,000 - 60,000 fly through the Crimea Peninsula, and
probably 10,000 fly along the Caucasian coast.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Valleys of large rivers and
swamps, relatively shallow lakes covered by reeds. Premigratory gathering of cranes
are situated on the saline bays of Sivash, sand-bars. The cranes feed on winter and
spring crops, on harvested cornfields, and on pastures.
Biology. The arrival time is between February 20th and March 5th with two peaks.
A first peak is in mid-March and the second in the first half of April.
Population trends. The number of birds in the region is stable.
Threats. Habitat transformation, human disturbance, hunting, poisoning.

Conservation measures taken. At present the main gathering places are not
protected.
Conservation measures proposed. Expansion of the area of the Azov-Sivash

National Park and some places in Northern Sivash to be included in it.
220
References
Grinchenko, A .B., 1987. Cranes in the Crimea. Communications of the Baltic

Commission for the study of bird migration. Tartu 19: 75-79.(in Russian).
Grinchenko, A. B., 1989. Common Crane migration in the Crimea in 1983 and 1984.
Communications of the Baltic Commission for the study of bird migration. Tartu 21:
134-136.(in Russian).
Radu, D., 1979. Pasarile din Delta Dunarii. Bucuresti, Editura Academei.
Siokhin, V. D., 1982. Distribution and number of the cranes on the northern coast of
the Azov Sea and the Sivash. Cranes in the USSR: 141-144 pp. (in Russian).
Compiled by P. Gorlov
221
Haematopus ostralegus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Bulg: Stridoyad; Engl: Oystercatcher; Rom: Scoicar; Russ: Kulik-
soroka, Turk: Poyraz kusu; Ukr: Kulyk-soroka.
Family HAEMATOPODIDAE
Taxonomic description. Haematopus ostralegus is one of four (according to other

sources 7-8) species of Haematopus (Linnaeus, 1758). The Black Sea region is
populated by the nominal subspecies, H. o. ostralegus. The Azov-Black Sea
population is subject to annual fluctuations related to weather conditions during the
year. Its size is estimated at between 250 and 400 pairs.
IUCN Status
World level: VU
Subregion level: VU

are sandy sites on islands, spits and big rivers, coasts and estuaries. The species was
recorded breeding on agricultural lands (bare fallow, degraded fallow, perennial
herbs) in recent years. Feeding birds occur exclusively in shallow areas and along the
water-line.
Biology. A breeding, usually migratory species. Arrival depends on weather

conditions and has been recorded from late February till late March. Breeding begins
in mid April. The nest is a small deepening in the ground, almost without any
bedding. The clutch consists of three eggs. Chicks hatch from the end of May till
early June, fledglings occur from late June. Autumn migration is prolonged from
August and lingers till early October. As a rule, Haematopus ostralegus preys on
222
small molluscs and copepods along the shore-line. Large invertebrates comprise their
basic food in agricultural lands.
Population trends. A slight decrease has been recorded, though in some sub-regions
their numbers have remained stable across the last two decades.
Threats. Low breeding numbers and the vulnerability of the habitats pose a clear risk
for the Black Sea Haematopus ostralegus population. Recreation development, sand
extraction at the seaside and in the estuaries, constant human disturbance and
prédation may destroy its relative population stability in future.
Conservation measures taken. Creation of the Sivash and Azov Sea National Parks
System, which will greatly contribute to species protection in the region.
Conservation measures proposed. None.
References
Siokhin, V. D., I..I. Chernichko & T.B. Ardamatskaia et al, 1988. Colonial
Compiled by J. Chernichko.
223
Halacarellus procerus (Viets, 1927)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: None.
Order ACARIFORMES
Family HAL AC ARID AE
Taxonomic description. One of 18 species of the subfamily Halacarinae, and one of

seven species in the Black Sea. The body is narrow and stretched. Length from 0.475
to 0.580 mm on average, width 0.240 mm. Ocular plates well developed and
stretched in length.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN (Ukrainian shelf)
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. The species occurs
in the Black Sea and the North Sea. In the north-west of the Black Sea it was only
discovered in 1973. It is a typical representative of the interstitial meiofauna of the
sandy beaches. Its only habitat is the pseudolitoral (mediolitoral) and supralitoral zone
on beaches with coarse sand. Threats: pollution of the sea shore, man-made changes
in granulometric composition of the sand.
Biology. As all Halacaridae, H. procerus is a creeping animal, dispersed by water

currents. It feeds on liquid food.
Population trends. A sharp decline in abundance (80-90%) since the 1980s.
Threats. Pollution of the pseudolitoral (mediolitoral) zone and changes in the

granulometric composition of the sand
224
Conservation measures proposed. Include in Black Sea Red Data Book and
prohibit pollution of the seashore.
Reference
Sokolov, 1.1., 1952. Paukoobraznye (Arachnida). In Fauna SSSR. Moscow:,AN

SSSR Publ.5 (5): 200 pp. (in Russian).
Compiled by L. Vorobyova.
225
Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Haliaeetus nisus Savigny,1826; Haliaetus brooksiHume, 1870;

Haliaetus hypoleucus Ridgway, 1884; Haliaetos orientalis Brehm, 1831; Haliaetos
islandicus Brehm, 1831; Haliaetos leucocephalus Brehm, 1831; Haliaetos
groenlandicus Brehm, 1831; Haliaetos einereus Brehm, 1855; Haliaetos funereus
Brehm, 1855; Vulture albicilla Linnaeus, 1758; Aquila albicilla Nilson, 1858; Aquila
borealis Brehm, 1824; Aquila Islandica Brehm, 1824; Aquila Groenlandica Brehm,
1824; Falco albicilla Linnaeus, 1758; Falco melanaetos Linnaeus, 1766; Falco
Ossifragus Linnaeus, 1766; Falco albicaudus Gmelin, 1788; Falco hinnularius
Latham, 1790; Falco pygargus Daudin, 1800.
Common names: Engl: White-tailed eagle: Bulg: Morski orel; Rom: Codalb; Russ:
Orlan-belokhvost; Turk: Beyaz kuyruklu kartal, Ak kuyruklu kartal; Ukr: Orlan-
bilohvist.
Order FALCONIFORMES
Family ACCIPITRIDAE
Taxonomic description. A very large eagle with wide, long wings, a massive yellow
beak and short wedge-shaped white tail. In flight the primaries are flung out like
fingers. It has a brown-grey plumage, but the head and throat are lighter. Young
have a dark brown head and tail and dark grey beak, and barred underwings and belly.
IUCN Status
World level: NE
Subregion level: VU
Distribution. Along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast nesting areas are located near
Lake Mandra, on the rivers Djavolska and Ropotamo (and on the marsh Arkutino),
and in Dobrudja - to the west of Lake Shabla. Several pairs nest in the Danube delta,
226
on the large basins in the Romanian part of Dobrudja (Puscariu, 1968). In the past
nests were found on Lake Serbanul by Braila, near Chilia Veche, near Lake Sinoe and
to the south of Gridul Lupitor (Lintia, 1954). According to Zubarowskii (1977), the
White-tailed Eagle was nesting in Odessa and the districts of Hersonska and
Zaporojka. Nests were found on the lower courses of the rivers Dnestar and Dniepr.
Several pairs were nesting regularly in the southern rocky part of the Crimean
mountains and in the high-stemmed woods of the Crimean reserve (Kostin, 1983); 7-8
pairs of White-tailed Eagles nest in the lower course of the river Don (Golushin,
1983). Two pairs breed in the lower course of the river Kuban (Zabalotnii & Hohlov,
1995). During the breeding season, one White-tailed Eagle was also observed in the
Ahtanizolski firth (Tilba et ah, 1990). Nesting areas along the Georgian coast are
unknown. In the northern regions of Turkey, White-tailed eagles nest to the west and
east of Istanbul and mainly in the river Kizilirmak delta (OST Bird Report, 1975;
Cramp & Simmons, 1980). During migrations and especially in winter, the basins
along the whole Black Sea coast become important habitats for White-tailed eagles
from northern populations (from the Scandinavian peninsula and the European part of
Russia).
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In the breeding season as well as
during migrations and overwintering, birds keep close to wooden and rocky areas
near the seashore or lakes and rivers. They are attracted by clear water basins full of
fish and water birds.
Biology. A monogamous bird which starts breeding after its fourth year. Pairs build
nests on high trees or on rocks at a distance of several km. from each other. They lay
3-4 eggs in February - March, brood more than one month, young remain in the nest
2-3 months and afterwards stay one more month in the area, where parents continue to
feed them. Omnivorous. Beside fish and water birds it also feeds on mammals, rats,
rabbits, foxes, wandering dogs and cats, and tortoises. It also scavenges. In winter it
stays close to concentrations of water birds (geese, ducks, coots, herons, grebes, gulls
227
and others) and feeds on ill, weak or frozen birds. By the seashore it picks up
carcasses of dolphins, fish, and birds.
Population trends. A common nesting species along the coasts of theBlack and the
Sea of Azov and along the valleys of the big rivers emptying into these seas in the
past. There was a major decline in the population during 1960-1965. After that, the
number slowly increased again. This was a result of the successful breeding and
resettlement of the species in Central Europe (Hlorig, 1986), the huge increase of the
population in Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia. From the Danube, the White-
tailed Eagle resettled its previous habitats along the Black Sea. The feeding of birds
in Scandinavia, the decrease environmental pollution and the decline in hunting in
Eastern Europe during the last 10th years has also helped . Currently, about 30 pairs
breed along the coasts of the Black and the Sea of Azov.
Threats. Threats include pollution of water basins with different kinds of poisons,
the drainage of marshes, the cutting down of woods and the tourist invasion along the
seashore, the use of poisonous baits and traps for wolves and foxes, the meaningless
shooting of birds and the destruction of their nests. Among the enemies of the
Haliaeetus albicilla are Falco cherrug and large colonies of ants, which sometimes
force the eagles to leave their nests.
Conservation measures taken. The species is "world endangered" and is listed in

Appendix II of the Washington Convention. It is protected by law in many European
countries, including in the Black Sea region (Bulgaria, Ukraine and Russia). Many of
its habitats along the seashores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov are protected
wetlands of international importance (National Park Strandja, the deltas of the rivers
Danube, Dnestar, Dnepar, the Black Sea reserve, the islands of Lebiajie, the river
Kizilirmak delta and others).
Conservation measures proposed. Ban pollution with poisons and industrial waste.
Promote preservation of woods, restrict of hotel building and tourist invasion of
habitats along the seashore. Protective propaganda among the human population,
especially among hunters.
References
Cramp, S. & K. Simmons (Eds), 1980. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Oxford,
2: 1-695.
Golushin, V., 1983. Orlan-belohvost Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758). Krasnaia

kniga RSFSR, jivotniela. Moscow, Rosselhozizdat: 215-217 pp.
228
Hörig, H., 1986. Seeadlerbestand weiter angewachsen. Unsere Jagdle 36: 148-149.
Kostin, J., 1983. Pticiu Krima. Moscow, Nauka: 241 pp.
Lintia, D., 1954. Pasarile din R.P.R., Bucuresti 2: 1-301.
Ornithological Society of Turkey, 1975. Bird Report 3: 1-319.
Puscariu, V., 1968. Observations sur la reproduction et l'écologie de Haliaeetus

albicilla dans le delta du Danube. Trav. Mus. hist. nat. G. Antipa 8: 959-968.
Tilba, P., R. Mnacekanov, M. Emtal, G. Plotnikov, S. Solovev & A. Ivanenko, 1990.

0 redkih pticah Vostochnoto Priazovia. Redkie, malochislenie I maloizuchenie prie
Sev. Kavkazalh, Stavropol: 91-96.
Zabolotnii, N. & A. Hohlov, 1995. Zametki o nekotorih redkih pticah ptitsah nizovid
Kubani. Kavkazskii orn. vestnikls 7: 16-17.
Zubarowskii, V., 1977. Fauna Ukraini. Tom 5. Ptah,. Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 331 pp.
Compiled by D. Nankinov.
229
Halichondria panicea (Pallas, 1766)
Synonyms: Spongia panicea Pallas, 1766; Pellina semitubulosa Czerniavsky, 1880;

Pellina longispicula Czerniavsky, 1880; Halichondria grossa
Swartschewsky, 1905.
Common names: None.
Order CORNACUSPONGIDA
Family HALICHONDRIIDAE
Taxonomic description. An encrusting sponge provided with numerous, low upright

tubules (H=2-5 cm) each terminating in an oscule (A =5-6 mm), dermal skeleton a
regular network of multispicular tracts. Colour orange-yellow to greenish.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat types, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A rock species of

the superior infralittoral, including artificial dams; epibiont on mussels; eurybathic, at
depths of two up to 65 m, but rare below 10 m.
Biology. Plenty of algae inhabit the sponge body, some ending up as food, other
symbiontic and giving rise to the external colour. Feeds on organic particles which
enter with the water current through the pores and through the oscula. An
hermaphrodite, with sexual elements embedded in the mesenchyme. Ovules
fecundated on the spot, the first phases of the larval development take place in the
parenchyma of the mother.
Population trends. Species frequently cited during the 1960s-70s in the mussel
biocoenosis living on rocks along the Constantsa and Agigea coasts, but in rather low
numbers.
230
Threats. Turbidity in shallow zones; hypoxia.
Conservation measures proposed. Construction of artificial reefs in degraded

nearshore areas; reduce eutrophication.
References
Borcea, I., 1930-1931. Nouvelles contributions à l'étude de la faune benthonique

dans la mer Noire, près du littoral roumain. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy 16: 655-750.
Borcea, I., 1937. Les résultats de l'expédition de recherches dans la mer Noire dès 28
Août - 1er Sept., 1935. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy 23.
Chichkoff, G., 1912. Contribution à l'étude de la faune de la mer Noire. Animaux

récolté sur les côtes bulgares. Arch. Zool. exp. Gén. S 5. Notes et Revues 10:
Gomoiu, M. T., 1963. Kizucheniya gubok zapadnoy chasti Cernogo Morya. Rev.
roum. Biol. 8: 252-264.
Kaminsaya, L. I., 1968. Tip gubki - Porifera. In Opredeliteli fauni Cernogi i

Azovskogo moreilo. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 1: 35-54.
Valkanov, A., 1957. Katalog na nashata Cernomorskata fauna. Tr. Morsk. Biol. St.
Varna.
Compiled by M.-T. Gomoiu & A. Petranu.
231
Hemimysis anomala G.O. Sars, 1907
Synonyms: None
Common names: Russ: Myzida anomaVnaya; Ukr: Myzida anomaVna
Order MYSIDACEA
Family MYSIDAE
Taxonomic description. One of seven species of its genus and close to Hemimysis
serrata. All ventral appendages in females are reduced, in males only the first and
second pairs of pleopods reduced. Telson with shortened apex and serrated along the
whole length of the edges.
IUCN Status
World level: Endemic of the Azov-Black Sea basin
Distribution. One of the few Ponto-Caspian endemics living both in the sea and in
freshwater bodies. Inhabits the Azov and Black seas, as well as the lower reaches of
the Dniepr, Dniestr and Don. Encountered on the west coast of the Caspian Sea.
Acclimatized in water reservoirs: Dnieprovsk, Sympheropolsk, Chernorechens
(Ukraine); Dubossarsk (Moldova) and Kaunas (Lithuania).
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Near-bottom lithophilic

organism. Inhabits shells, rocky, rarely silty sediments; prefers firm sediments, more
often rocky, rarely shells and sandy. Also encountered in river estuaries, in silty
sinks. Benthic during the day, rising to the pelagic zone in the evening.
232
Biology. A euryhaline organism, living in at a salinity of 0.5-18.0 ppt. Euryphagous.
Reproduction from April to October. After fertilization, the female carries 9-31
embryos (18 on average) in the brood pouch. Not less than two generations a year. In
the Black Sea it reaches a length of 8-10 mm, in the Sea of Azov and freshwater only
6.7-8.5 mm. Blood-red in colour. The species is capable of changing colour due to
chromatophores and become completely transparent.
Population trends. Low abundance, with only single specimens encountered.
Threats. Pollution and silting of water bodies, reduction in river deltas, areas of
seabed with hard sediments.
Conservation measures taken. Included in Red Data Books of Ukraine.

Acclimatized to Dniepr and Dniestr reservoirs. Recently invaded drinking water
reservoirs in The Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, where it may soon become a
pest species.
Conservation measures proposed. Extension of reserve areas in the limans and

deltas of rivers, measures to reduce water pollution and increase river water flow.
References
Bacescu, M., 1969. Order Mysidacea. In Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo

more (Key of Black Sea and Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 363-381
(in Russian).
Komarova, T. I., 1991. Vyschie rakoobraznie. Mysidae (Mysidacea) (Higher

crustaceous. Mysidae (Mysidacea), Fauna Ukrayni. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 26 (7):
104 pp.
233
Komarova, T. I., 1994. Hemimysis anomala. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data
Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya Publ.: p. 39 (in Ukrainian).
Reznichenko, O. G., 1959. K ekologyi y morfologyi myzid roda Hemimysis

(Crustacea, Malacostraca) (Ecology and morphology of mysid genus Hemimysis
(Crustacea, Malacostraca)), Tr. Vsesojuz. gydrobiol. Obsch. 9: 320-343 (in Russian).
234
Hemimysis serrata (Bacescu, 1938)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Russ: Myzida zubchataya; Ukr: Myzida zubchasta.
O r d e r MYSIDACEA
Family MYSIDAE
Taxonomic description. One of the four species of the genus, three of which are
encountered in the Azov-Black Sea basin. A close relative of Hemimysis anomala,
but the scale of antenna II is longer than the stalk of antenna I and has 8-12 spicules
on its external edge.
IUCN Status
World level: EN
Distribution. Endemic of the Azov-Black Sea basin. Inhabits the coastal areas of the
Sea of Azov, and the Romanian coastal area of the Black Sea.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A Photophobie species,

inhabiting crevices in rocks and cliffs. The species is euryhaline and eurythermic,
very resistant to changes in salinity and to a lesser extent to different temperature
regimes.
Biology. Euryphagous, although prefering animal food (polychaetes, crustaceans).

Reproduces in the warm part of the year. After fertilization females carry from 7-47
(average 33) embryos in the brood pouch. One summer generation. Life span about
14 months. Length of adult female 9-11 mm, male 7-8 mm. Bright red in colour.
235
Nocturnal, benthic, non migratory animal, inhabiting rocky bottoms overgrown with
algae.
Population trends. Low abundance. Single specimens encountered only.
Threats. Anthropogenic influence, in particular pollution of coastal zones.
Conservation measures taken. Included in Red Data Books of Ukraine and the
Black Sea.
Conservation measures proposed. Protect the habitat of the species, for example
Cape Kazantip (Sea of Azov, Ukraine).
References
Bacescu, M., 1969. Order Mysidacea. In Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo

more (Key of Black Sea and Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 363-381
(in Russian).

crustaceous. Mysidae (Mysidacea), In Fauna Ukrayni. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 26 (7):
104 pp.
Komarova, T. I., 1994. Hemimysis serrata. Chervona Knyga Ukrayni (Red Data
Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya Publ.: 40 pp.(in Ukrainian).
Reznichenko, O. G., 1959. K ekologyi y morfologyi myzid roda Hemimysis

(Crustacea, Malacostraca) (Ecology and morphology of mysid genus Hemimysis
(Crustacea, Malacostraca)). Trudy Vsesojuz. gydrobiol. obsch. 9: 320-343 (in
Russian).
Compiled by B. Alexandrov.
236
Hesionides arenarius (Friedrich, 1936)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: None.
Order NEREIMORPHA
Family HESIONIDAE
Taxonomic description. One of three species of Hesionidae in the Black Sea.

Length from 1.7 to 3.0 mm, with brownish pigmentation, up to 19-25 segments, eyes
absent. Pygidium with two distinctly separated anal lamellae, which do not overlap
but distally broaden and fan-shaped. Two long, threadlike anal cirri
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN (Ukrainian and Romanian sectors), VU (Romanian sector)
Distribution. Hesionides arenarius has a wordwide distribution in tropical and

subtropical beaches; it also inhabits boreal regions. In the Black Sea, it was reported
on the Bulgarian, Romanian and Ukrainian shelves. This species belongs to the
characteristic forms of the interstitial meiofauna of bare-washed sandy beaches.
Limiting factors. Limiting factors are the size of sand grains, the pollution of the
sandon the sea shore, and man-made changes in the granulometric composition of
sand.
Biology. Species of Hesionides form a common element in the interstitial animal

community.
Population trends. A sharp decline in population numbers (80-90%) since the

1980s.
237
Threats. Pollution of the mediolittoral and supralittoral zones, changes in the
granulomere composition of sand.
Conservation measures proposed. Include in the Black Sea Red Data Book.
References
Bacescu, M, G. I. Muller & M. T Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 7-259.
Bacescu, M, M. T. Gomoiu & E. Dumitrescu,1968. Quelques considérations sur la

dynamique des organismes de la zone médiolittorale sableuse en Mer Noire. Rapp.
Comm. int. Mer Médit. 10: 117-119.
Gomoiu, M-T., 1969. Some aspects of the Black Sea benthos. Hidrobiologia 10:
256-277.
Vinogradov, K.A. & E. Losovskaja, 1968. Opredeliteli fauna Cernogo i Azovskogo

Morei. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 1: 251-359.
Compiled by C. Dumitrache & L. Vorobyova.
238
Himantopus himantopus Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms:
Common names: Bulg: Kokilobegach; Engl: Black-winged Stilt; Rom: Piciorong;
Russ: Khodulochnik; Turk: Uzun bacak; Ukr: Khodulychnyk
Order CHARADRID70RMES
Family RECURVIROSTRTDAE
Taxonomic description. A monotypic genus; the only species and nominative

subspecies, H. himantopus, occurs in the Black Sea region. Numbers have increased
lately to 2,000 breeding pairs.
IUCN Status
World level: VU
Subregion level: EN

are fresh and brackish shallow waters, where large nests are made in the water, or on
elevations of various origin. Avoids dense vegetation.
239
Biology. A breeding and migratory species. Spring migration takes place in April
and is over by early May. Mass egg-laying is in late May, early clutches appear by
the middle of the month. Breeds in loose colonies, often together with terns and other
waders. Clutch size is always four, double clutches of 6-8 eggs may be found in
places of high concentration. Hatching peaks in mid June, or in the second ten days
of the month. Fledglings occur from mid July onwards. Autumn migration is hardly
detectable, post-breeding movements gradually become migration. A sharp decrease
follows in August, the majority leaves by early September. Single birds may stay till
early October. Surface or plankton aquatic invertebrates form the basic diet of Black-
winged stilts, but birds can forage on the ground for insects and spiders as well.
Population trends. Probably a stabilization of numbers in the years ahead.
Threats. Water pollution, cattle grazing, human disturbance, high prédation risk.
Conservation measures taken. Creation of reservoirs within the ranges of water

protection zones in estuaries and coastal lakes.
References
Siokhin V. D., 1.1. Chernichko, T. B. Ardamatskaia et al, 1988. Colonial

240
Hippocampus guttulatus microstephanus Slestenenko, 1937
Synonyms: Hippocampus brevirostris Slestenenko, 1936

Common names: Engl: Sea horse; Bulg: Morsko konche; Georg: Zghvis tskheni;
Rom: Calut de mare; Russ: Morskoy konyok; Turk: Karadeniz deniz aygiri; Ukr:
Mors'ky konyk
Order SYNGNATHIFORMES
Family SYNGNATHIDAE
Taxonomic description. The only subspecies of Hippocampus in the Black Sea.

Body articulate, of unusual form. Head forms an angle with body axis. Reverse part
of tail section turned down. Dorsal fin 18-21 soft rays. Body rings 11, tail rings 34-
38, subdorsal rings 3-2. Length of adult fishes up to 13 cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution. Northern part of the Black Sea (Crimean, Russian, Caucasian,

Romanian and Bulgarian coasts, western part of Azov Sea, Kerchensky Strait).
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal waters. Adult fishes
most common among Zostera belts. The critical habitat is therefore the Zostera
thicket. The main limiting factors are the reduction of this Zostera biocenosis.
241
Biology. A coastal fish with restricted mobility feeding mainly on plankton. Adult
fish are most common among Zostera belts or floating algal fragments. Spawning
from May to September. Eggs develop in the male brood pouch.
Population trends. Population numbers unknown. Common in the 1960s.
Threats. Freshening of habitat areas, fragmentation of Zostera meadows.
Conservation measures taken. Entry in Ukrainian Red Data Book.
Conservation measures proposed. Include Black Sea Red Data Book. Protect
Zostera belts.
References
Fauna Ukraini (Fauna of Ukraine).Kiev, Naukova Dumka 8 (5): 320 pp. (in Russian).
Svetovidov, A. N. Ryby Chernogo morya (Fishes of the Black Sea). Moscow-

Leningrad, Nauka: 551 pp. (in Russian).
Compiled by A. Komakhidze, B. Oztiirk & S. Khutornoy.
242
Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas, 1770)
Synonyms: Sterna caspia Pallas, 1770, Hydroprogne tschedrava Lep.

Common names: Engl: Caspian Tern; Russ: Chegrava; Turk: Hazer sumrusu; Ukr:
Chegrava.
Family LARIDAE
Taxonomic description. Around 400-950 pairs in the region.
IUCN Status
WorldlevehLR
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Mostly bare shell-
covered areas on accumulative islands in brackish shallow waters and estuaries.
Numbers limited by human disturbance of the colonies and by storms.
Biology. A breeding, migratory species. Arrival in early April. Egg-laying in late

April - early May. Formed colonies recorded between the 20th and 25th of May. In
the post breeding period, birds either stay in the colony or move eastwards and
westwards. Migration to the winter grounds takes place in September-October. At
the end of October Caspian terns already occur in the Mediterranean. Colonies of
Caspian terns are always apart from other colonial birds and characterized by a high
nesting density. Its nest is a flat shallow scrab on the shell substrate. Clutch size
varies from one to three eggs. The egg-laying period is rather prolonged. If first
clutches are lost, replacements are normally laid. Under favourable conditions
breeding success is high. Exclusively ichtyophagous (sea and fresh-water fish).
Forages up to 20 km from colony, quickly responds to the mass availability of food.
243
Population trends.
Numbers are fluctuating. A general decline has been recorded. Only two out of four
existing colonies have stable numbers and favourable breeding conditions. The
numbers of Caspian terns are critical and colonies are likely to disappear.
Threats.
Disturbance and unfavourable weather conditions leading to overcrowding.
Conservation measures taken. One of the two main colonies is in a reserve

protected.
Conservation measures proposed. Obligatory protection of all breeding colonies.
References
Kistiakivs'ki, O .B., 1957. Fauna of Ukraine. Birds. Kiev, AN USSR 4: 432 pp.tin
Russian).
Kostin, Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea. 241 pp. (in Russian).
Siokhin V. D., 1.1. Chernichko & T. B. Ardamatskaia et al., 1988. Colonial

Compiled by V. Siokhin.
244
Iphigenella acanthopoda G O . Sars, 1896
Synonyms: None
Common names: Russ: Ifiginella koluchkonogaya; Ukr: Ifiginella kolyuchkonoga
Order AMPHIPODA
Family GAMMARIDAE
Taxonomic description. One of the three species of an endemic Ponto-Caspian

genus. Propoduses of I-V pereiopods half nipping, claw-shaped; claw very short,
slightly longer than wide lower ventral corner of third epimeral plate elongated and
sharp.
IUCN Status
World level: VU (Endemic of the Azov-Black Sea basin)
Subregion level: VU (Ukrainian sector)
Distribution. Inhabits the lower Danube, Dniestr, Dniepr and South Bug including
the Dnieprovsky, Dniepr-Bug and Kuchurgansky limans. Also in rivers discharging to
the Sea of Azov. Range includes the Caspian Sea.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Freshwater and brackish parts of
limans, deltas and rivers. The main biotopes are silty-sandy, silty-rocky and muddy-
sandy sediment.
Biology. An oligohaline and freshwater species, tolerant of significant variation in

water temperature. In the coastal zone of waterbodies. Commensal with the river
crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. Adults reach a length of 8-9 mm.
2
Population trends. Abundance low (1-3 i n d . m ) .
245
Threats. Water pollution, erosion of shores.
Conservation measures taken. Included in Red Data Book of Ukraine
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce Black Sea coastal pollution. Study

biological peculiarities of the species, protect characteristic biotopes, including the
Danube, Dniestr and Don deltas.
References
Polischuk, V. V., 1994. Iphigenella acanthopoda. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red

Data Book of Ukraine). Kiji, Ukrajinska Encyklopediy: 46 (in Ukrainian).
Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo morey (Key of Black Sea and Sea of Azov
fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 536 pp(in Russian).
246
Iphigenella andrussovi (Sars, 1896)
Synonyms: Gammarus andrussovi Sars 1896, Martinov 1924, Carausu 1943.

Order AMPHIPODA
Family GAMMARTDAE
Taxonomic description. One of the three species of on endemic Ponto-capsian

genus. Propoduses of I-V pereiopods half nipping, clawshaped; claw longer than
wide; third epimeral plate with a straight angle on lower its back edge.
RJCN Status
World level: LR (Endemic of the Azov-Black Sea and Caspian basins)
Subregion level: LR (Ukrainian sector)
Distribution. Found in the lower reaches of the Danube, including limans of the
Dniestr, Dniepr and South Bug. Acclimatized to Kakhovka reservoir and water
bodies of the Ingulets River irrigation system. An isolated population lives in the
central part of the Caspian Sea at the latitude of Krasnovodsk (Turkmenistan).
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Freshwater and brackish parts of
limans and lower, reaches of rivers; prefers biotopes of sandy, silty-sandy and sandy-
shelly sediments; at depths of up to 5 m.
Biology. Eurythermic. Length of female 4-5 mm, of male - 4-6 mm.
2
Population trends. Low abundance (1-3 i n d . m ) .
Threats. Pollution of water bodies.
247
Conservation measures taken. Acclimatized to the Kakhovka reservoir and
Ingulets irrigation system. Included in the Red Data Books of Ukraine and the Black
Sea.
Conservation measures proposed. Studies of the biological peculiarities of the

species are needed. Protect its characteristic habitats. Reduce in the pollution of
lower reaches of rivers and limans.
References
Birstein, I. A., L. G. Vinogradov, N. N. Kondakov, M. S. Kun, T. V.. Astakhova & N.

N. Romanova, 1968. Atlas of invertebrate fauna of Caspian Sea. Moscow: 415 pp.
Carausu, S., 1943. Amphipodes de Roumanie. I. Gammarides de types caspien. Bull.


apadulce. Fauna R.P.Romania 4 (4).
Kaneva-Abadjieva, V., 1972. A Contribution to the Study of the Amphipod Fauna in

the Black-Sea-Coast Lakes and River Mouths (in Bulgarian). Bull. Zool. Mus. 35:
164-168.
Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F., 1969. Guide book to the fauna of the Black Sea and Azov
Sea. Crustacea, Amphipoda.

Biologischen Meeresstation in Varna Bulgarien, 19.
248
Polischuk, V. V., 1994. Iphigenella andrussowi. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red
Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya Publ.: p. 47 (in Ukrainian)
Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo morey (Key of Black Sea and Sea of
Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 536 pp. (in Russian).
Compiled by S. Andreev & B. Alexandrov.
249
Iphigenella shablensis (Carausu, 1943)
Synonyms: Gammarus shablensis Carausu, 1943; Shablogammarus shablensis

Carausu, 1943.
Order AMPHIPODA
Family GAMMARIDAE
Taxonomic description. Length male 3-5 mm, female 2.5-3.5 mm. Flagellum of
antenna is 2.5 times as long asantennal base width. Gnatopods oval. Palmar edge
skewed. Third gnatopod elongated. Coxal plates high. Basal segment of fifth, sixth
and seventh pereiopods broadened.
IUCN Status
World level: VU
Subregion level: VU
Distribution. Bulgaria-Shabla lake, Dniepr river, Caspian Sea.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In brackish and freshwater.

Threats: salinity increase, pollution.
Biology. Widely distributed in the middle and eastern part of Shabla lake, especially
in the zone with Dreissena polymorpha. Found under stones, on sandy bottoms and
2
among macrophytes. Sometimes reaching 15,400 specimens m" . A mass
development occurs in spring.
250
Population trends. Stable in the reserve of Shabla lake.
Threats. Pollution caused by urbanization and excessive livestock farming.
Conservation measures taken. Shabla lake is the only established reserve.
Conservation measures proposed. Create protected territories and reserves around

the lakes and in humid zones where this species is found.
References
Carausu, S., 1943. Amphipodes de Roumanie. I. Gammarides de types caspien.

Bull. Inst. Cercet. Pise. Roman.
Carausu, S., E. Dobreanu & C. Manolache, 1955. Amphipoda. Forme solmastre si de

apa dulce. Fauna R. P. Romania 4 (4).
Kaneva-Abadjieva, V., 1972. A Contribution to the Study of the Amphipod Fauna in

the Black-Sea-Coast Lakes and River Mouths (in Bulgarian). Bull. Zool. Mus. 35:
164-168.
Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F., 1969. Guide book to the fauna of the Black and Azov Sea.
Crustacea, Amphipoda.
Valkanov, A., 1957. Katalog unserer Schwarzmeerfauna. Arb. Biol. Meeresst.

Varne:19.
251
Katamysis warpachowskyi G.O. Sars, 1893
Synonyms: None
Common names: Russ: Myzida varpakhovskogo; Ukr: Myzida varpakhovskogo
Order MYSIDACEA
Family MYSIDAE
Taxonomic description. The only species in the genus. Thick body with
exceptionally broad shell. The upper lip has a long spine. Tongue-shaped telson.
IUCN Status
World level: EN (Endemic of the Azov-Black Sea basin)
Distribution. Endemic of the Azov-Black and Caspian seas. Encountered in the

lower reaches of the Dnieper, Dniester and Danube. Can swim up to 150 km against
the current. Its range includes the Caspian Sea and Volga Delta (Russia).
Acclimatized to the Dubossarsky reservoir (Moldova), where it is rare today.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Bathypelagic. Encountered at

0.34-1.00 ppt salinity in sandy or shelly sediments, sometimes in overgrowths of
aquatic plants.
Biology. Euryphagous. Reproduces from the beginning of March to October. After

fertilization, the female carries 10-22 embryos in a brood pouch. The number of
generations is unknow. Length 4.2-6.8 mm. Colour dark brown.
Population trends. Low abundance (single specimens).
252
Threats. Silty lower river reaches; disappearance of bottoms with hard sediments.
Conservation measures taken. Included in Red Data Book of Ukraine.

Acclimatized to Dubossarsky reserve (Moldova).
Conservation measures proposed. Study the biology of the species. Reduce

pollution by water treatment, increase water flow in rivers.
References
Bacescu, M., 1969. Order Mysidacea. In: Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo
morey (Key to Black Sea and Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 363-381
(in Russian).

crustaceous. Mysidae (Mysidacea). Fauna Ukrayni. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 26 (7):
104 pp.
Komarova, T.I., 1994. Katamysis warpachowskyi. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red

Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya Publ.:p. 41 (in Ukrainian).
253
Knipowitschia longicaudata Kessler, 1877
Synonyms: Pomatoshistus knipowitschi Beling, 1927; Knipowitschia georghievi

Pinchuk, 1978
Common names: Bulg: Dolgoopashoto popche; Russ: Knipovichiya; Turk: Kaya
baligi; Ukr: Bychok knipovichiya dovgokhvosta
Order PERCIFORMES
Family GOBIIDAE
Taxonomic description. One of two species of Knipowitschia in the Black Sea.

Body spindle-like but not flattened. First dorsal fin with 5-7, usually 6 spiny rays,
second fin with one spiny and 7-9 soft rays, anal fin with one spiny and 7-9 (10) soft
rays. Length of adult fishes does not exceed 5 cm., usually 3 cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution. Brackish and fresher parts of the Black Sea, Danube delta, Dnieper
delta, Southern Bug delta, Azov Sea and Caspian Sea.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In coastal waters. Spawning on

sandy-shellstone bottom in the coastal zone. Its critical habitat is the bottom
biocoenosis. Main limiting factors are a decrease in river flow, degradation of the
bottom biocoenois, and rarefaction of spawning areas.
Biology. A small coastal pelagic migratory fish, feeding mainly on Copepoda and
Cladocera. Cannot expand into sea areas and rivers above 50-60 km inland from the
sea. Spawning from May to July. Eggs spawn in a nest under stones.
Conservation measures taken. None
254
Conservation measures proposed. Include in Black Sea Red Data Book, preserve
natural river regime in habitat areas.
References
Gheorgiev, J., 1966. Composition d'espèce et caractéristique des Gobiides (Pisces)

Svetovidov A. N., Ryby Chernogo morya (Fishes of the Black Sea). Moskow-
Leningrad: Nauka Publ., pp. 551, (in Russian). Fauna Ukraini. Kiev, Naukova
Dumka 8(5): 320 pp.
Compiled by K. Prodanov, Y. Sivkov & S. Khutornoy
255
Labidocera brunescens (Czernjavsky, 1868)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: None.
Order CALANOIDA
Family PONTELLIDAE
Taxonomic description. One of three species of Pontellidae in the Black Sea, Sea of
Azov, and salty coastal wetlands. Head ovoid without lateral hooks and with one pair
of dorsal ocular lenses. A middle sized, rather transparent copepod. The length of the
females is 2.0-2.1 mm; that of the males 1.65-1.70 mm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution. Coastal waters of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, coastal lagoons and
limans, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean.

the surface layer (0-5 cm) of water. Winter eggs are laid on the bottom. Limiting
factors are pollution of the water surface and bottom hypoxia.
Population trends. A reduction by 60-70% over the last 10 years.
Threats. Pollution of the water surface and bottom hypoxia.
256
Black Sea pollution.
References
Newell, G. E. & R. C.Newell, 1966. Marine Plankton, a practical guide. London,

Dolgopolskaya, M. A., 1969. Otryad Calanoida G O . Sars (Order Calanoida G O .

Sars), In: Opredelitel fauny Chernogo I Azovskogo morey (A key to Black Sea and
the Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2: 34-48 (in Russian).
Translations: 207 pp.
Zaitsev, Y. & V. Mamaev, 1997. Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea. A
study of Change and Decline. New York, United Nations Publications 15: 208 pp.
257
Lipophrys pavo Riso, 1810
Synonyms: Blennius lepidus Pallas, 1811; Blennius pavo Risso, 1826

Common names: Georg: Parshevangi, Zgvis pinia; Turk: Horozbina
Order PERCIFORMES
Family BLENNTTDAE
Taxonomic description. D XH-XHI 21-24; A I I 2 3 - 2 5 ; P 13-15; VI 3. Vertebrae

40-41 (Stojanov etal., 1963; Svetovidov, 1964). Body naked, laterally compressed.
Snout short with protruding profile. Males with high crest on dorsal part of the head.
Basic colour yellow-greenish; vertical bright bars and specks on the body. Size up to
13 cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution. Mediterranean, Black Sea and Atlantic coast, from Morocco to mouth
of Loire, France (Zander, 1986). In Bulgaria comparatively rare along entire coast.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Pelagic and euryhaline,

essentially in brackish waters; vulnerable to changes in hydrochemical regime.
Biology. Reproduction in May-July. Males guard eggs between stones. Food:

benthic invertebrates, molluscs, algae.
258
Threats. Breakdown of the hydrochemical regime.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce industrial pollution.
References
Stojanov, S. et al., 1963. The fishes of the Black Sea. Varna, Publishing house
Varna: 246 pp.
Svetovidov, A., 1964. The fishes of the Black Sea. Publ. House Science: 550 pp.
Zander, C, 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3: 1104.
259
Liza ramada Risso, 1826
Synonyms: Mugil capito Cuvier, 1829; Mugil capito Bonaparte, 1834; Liza capito
Popov, 1930; Mugil aramada Borcea, 1934; Liza tamada Buen, 1935
Common names: Engl: Thin lip grey mullet; Bulg: Kefal; Rom: Platarin; Russ:
KefaV; Turk: Pulatarina
Order MUGILIFORMES
Family MUGILIDAE
Taxonomic description. Body elongate, fusiform, slightly compressed; head short

and flattened with a broad terminal mouth; teeth very small, hardly visible; upper lip
thin (its greatest depth less than half the eye diameter) and smooth (without
tubercles); two dorsal fins: the first one short with four slender spines, taller than
longer; the second as tall as the first; ventral fins inserted at mid-distance between
pectoral and first dorsal fin; pectoral fin short; anal fin usually with nine soft rays;
caudal fin deeply forked; no external lateral line; scales large and adherent; scales on
the top of the head extending forward to anterior nostrils (almost to upper lip); eye not
covered by a thick adipose lid; a scaly appendix at base of pectoral fin; colour grey-
dark brown on the back, belly whitish-grey, often with 6-7 lengthwise stripes. Size:
maximum 60 cm; average 20-40 cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Habitat type, Critical habitat, Limiting factors. Schools of L. ramada occur

mostly in shallow water, especially in brackish and coastal lagoons of varying
salinity. Common throughout the Mediterranean and along the northwestern
260
coast of the Black Sea; also in the eastern Atlantic, from southern Norway to
Natal (South Africa).
Biology. A fast swimmer, leaping out of the water when disturbed; enters estuaries
and rivers for feeding but spawns in the sea; juveniles often concentrate in the vicinity
of freshwater outflows; feeds on minute bottom-living or planktonic organisms
(diatoms, amphipods); also on suspended organic matter. Two spawning periods: first
one during spring and early in summer and second one late in summer and autumn;
Population trends. Caught mainly with gill nets, trammel nets, beach seines, cast
nets and occasionally with purse seines. In recent decades the catches in the
northwestern part of the Black Sea are decreasing. On the Romanian coasts it occurs
more and more rarely. All mugilid species are included in a single statistical
category: 1989 - Bulgaria -3 t; Romania - 8 t; Turkey - 2843 t; 1990 - Bulgaria - 1 t;
Turkey - 1741; Russia - 26 t; 1991 - Bulgaria - 11; Turkey - 40261; Russia - 9 t.
Threats. Heavy pollution of coastal waters and of many coastal lagoons.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication and pollution.
References
Radu, G., E. Leonte, G. Butoi, F. Verioti, A. Gorban & E. Radu, 1997. Main fish and
mammal species from the Black Sea. Species identification sheets, (in Romanian).
Compiled by G. Radu & F. Verio
261
Population trends. At the end of the 19th century, this was still a mass species.
Significant catch-reduction since the 1950s.
Threats. Degradation of habitats and spawning areas as a result of changes in the

hydrological regime and the hydrochemical composition of runoff and pollution,
hydrotechnical construction and overfishing.
Conservation measures taken. Included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, 1994,
Bulgaria and the Black Sea. Aquacultured in Krasnovodsk (Turkmenistan).
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce Black Sea coastal zone pollution,

especially in the Dnieper-Bug estuary (main breeding and feeding area). Artificial
reproduction of the species.
References
Berg, L. S., A. S. Bogdanov, N. I. Kozhyn & T. S. Rass (Eds), 1949. Promislovie

riby SSSR (Commercial fishes of the USSR) Moscow, Pishepromizdat Publ.: 787 pp
Fauna Ukraini (Fauna of Ukraine). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 8 (5): 320 pp. (in
Russian).
Scherbukha, A., 1994. Lucioperca marina. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data
Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyclopediya: 272 pp (in Ukrainian).
Svetovidov A. N., 1964. Ryby Chernogo morya (Fishes of the Black Sea).
Moskow-Leningrad, Nauka: 551 pp. (in Russian).
Compiled by B. Alexandrov & S. Khutornoy
263
Lutra lutra Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms: Mustela lutra L., 1758; Lustra vulgaris Ercsl., 1777; Mustela lutra
piscatoria Kerr., 1792; Lutra nudipes Melch., 1834; Lutra roensis Ogillby, 1834;
Lutronectes whiteleyi Gray, 1847
Common names: Engl: Common (Eurasian, European, Old World, river) otter;
Bulg: Vidra; Rom: Lutra; Russ: Obyknovennaya, rechnaya vydra; Ukr: Vydra
richkova
Order CARNÍVORA
Family MUSTELIDAE
Taxonomic description. Body long and slender, legs short, tail long with thick base
and tapering evenly. Broad muzzle, small ears, all four feet webbed. Swims
smoothly, watching from the water with only the eyes and nose above the surface.
Head-body length: male 60-90 cm; female 59-70 cm. Tail length: male 36-47 cm;
female 35-42 cm. Hind-foot length: 1-13.5 cm. Shoulder -height: 30 cm. Weight: 6-
17 kg. Dental formula: 3/3, 1/1, 4/3-4, _ = 36-38.
IUCN Status
World level: EN
Subregion level: EN
Distribution. Throughout Europe, but not on Mediterranean islands In Algeria and

Morocco, Asia Minor, India, Indo-China, China and Japan, and Central Asia and
South Siberia. Black Sea Coast: in the rivers flowing into the Black Sea. On the
Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in the rivers Rezovska, Veleka, Diavolska, Ropotamo,
Kamtchia, Batova, and some coastal lakes and swamps.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Fresh water (rivers,lakes, canals,
marshes, sometimes ditches with only a few centimeters of water); also marine
environment (coasts and estuaries). Lives in cavities in banks, hollow trees, between
264
roots, rocky clefts or tunnels in peat. Largely nocturnal, with a period of inactivity in
the middle of the night.
Biology. Carnivorous. Catches fish and occasionally other vertebrates (water

rodents, especially Water voles, amphibians and invertebrates - crabs, worms,
insects). Lives in family groups of one or more females and cubs of the year
occupying a group territory, otherwise adults solitary and coming together only for a
few days for mating. Breeding any time of year but mostly in summer. Earliest
known breeding: male-1.5 year; female- 1 year 10 months. Gestation: 61-63 days.
Litter size - 1-5 (usually 2-3). Taken to water and encouraged to swim around three
months of age. Weaning age 16 weeks. Parental care by female only. Cubs remain
with mother for 10-12 months.
Population trends. Relatively stable in clear rivers but highly sensitive to water
pollution and poaching.
Threats. Environmental pollution, habitat fragmentation, poaching.
Conservation measures taken. Some of the habitats are included in reserves and
protected wetland areas.
Conservation measures proposed. Regular monitoring of numbers in the region;

water quality control.
References
Ellerman T. & C .S. Morrison-Scott, 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian

Mammals (1758 to 1946). London, Trustees of the British Museum: 275-276.
265
International Conventions for biodiversity conservation. Bern Convention, 1996.
Publ. Green Balkans and PHARE Programme, Annex II, p. 97.
Macdonald, D. & P. Barret, 1993. Mammals of Britain and Europe. Collins Field
Guides. HarperCollins, 129-130.
Red Data Book of Ukraine, 408 pp.
Sokolov, W. E. 1988. Dictionary of animal names in five languages. Mammals.

352 pp.
Compiled by S. Gerasimov
266
Macropipus arcuatus Leach, 1814
Synonyms: Portunus rondeletii Risso, 1816; P. longipes Rathke, 1837

Common names: Bulg: Rak plubet; Rom: Crabul rosu; Russ: Krab-plavunets; Turk:
Calpara; Ukr: Krab-plavunets'
Order DECAPODA
Family PORTUNIDAE
Taxonomic description. Front not produced into teeth; anterolateral margin of

carapace with four unequal teeth; the third small, hardly visible. Flagellum of antenna
about 2.5 times longer than eye. Chelipeds big, with 2-3 ridges in male, smaller and
smooth in female. Carpus with strong postero-superior spine. Fingers with few teeth
(2-3); terminal teeth small. Dactylus of the fifth pereiopods like a lance, consolidated
by a longitudinal ridge. Female with abdomen larger than male, yet not covering the
eggs completely. Size: length -18 mm; width - 22 mm. Colour red-purple in
specimens from Phyllophora fields.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. An iliophilic

species, found down to depths of 30-70 m. Favourite biotope: very deep bottoms
covered by P/iyfibp/iora ooze. Treatened by shrinking of Phyllophora fields.
Biology. A species with a high fecundity (up to 3,000 eggs); reproduction begins in
spring. Eggs yellow, in clusters, with 3-4 eggs into a verticillum.
267
Population trends. Abundant in the past, in Phyllophora fields. Found on the entire
2
Romanian littoral (hundreds of ind.m" ). However, in the last 20 years, the species has
become very rare.
Threats. Hypoxic conditions on the shelf.
Conservation measures proposed. Mitigation of negative environmental impacts.
References
Bacescu M. 1967. Decapoda. Fauna R. S. Romania 4 (9): 335 pp.
Bacescu M., G. I. Muller.& M-T Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 7-274.
Bacescu M., E. Dumitrescu, A. Marcus, G. Palladian & R. Mayer, 1963. Données

quantitatives sur la faune petricole de la Mer Noire â Agigea (secteur Roumain) dans
les conditions speciales de l'année 1961. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. G. Antipa 4: 131-153.
Borcea, I., 1931. Action du froid sur la faune littoral de la Mer Noire. Ann. Sci.
Univ. Jassy 16: 751-759.
Gutu, M., 1980. Recent changes in the Decapod fauna of the Romanian Black Sea
Compiled by C. Dumitrach
268
Marthasterias glacialis (Linnaeus, 1765)
Common names: Engl: Spiny star fish; Russ: Morskaya zvezda; Turk: Adi deniz
yildizi.
Order FORCIPULATA
Family ASTERIIDAE
Taxonomic description. A starfish with large subcylindrical, pointed arms. Body

covered with large protuberances set in longitudinal series and with strong spines.
Colour from greenish to reddish-brown. Size up to 70-80 centimeters.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Found on rocky

and detrital bottoms 3-180 meters deep. This species is associated with mussels and
oysters and feeds on them. Common in the prebosphoric area and the western Black
Sea. Distributed through the Mediterranean Sea, Marmara Sea and Black Sea.
Marine zones near the coast at depths of 50 metres are where they reproduce.
Threatened by siltation, sand dredging and trawling.
Biology. Feeds on mussels and oysters.
Population trends. No data on numerical trends, but currently rare in the Black Sea.
269
Threats. Sand dredging, trawling.
Conservation measures taken. No conservation measures.
Conservation measures proposed. Ban sand dredging.
Reference
Artuz, I., 1967. Sea stars of the Turkish waters. Turk biyoloji dergisi (J. turk.
Biol.) 1: 11-24.
270
Mergus serrator (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Engl: Red-breasted merganser; Russ: KrokhaV dlinnonosiy; Rom:
Ferestras; Turk: Sutlabi; Ukr: KrokhaV dovgonosy.
Order ANSERIFORMES
Family ANATIDAE
Taxonomic description. NB - numerous, CB -common.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU (Ukraine sector)
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. An inhabitant of

brackish shallow waters and salinas. Breeding habitats include islands and spits with
dense, sometimes thinned-out grasses. Coastal reed-beds are preferred. Feeding
habitats are deep areas of bays and the sea.
Biology. Mergus serrator is a partly resident, late-breeding species. Despite the early
display and fighting of the males, starting end of March, the first nests appear only by
late April. Clutches are laid at the end of May and can be found till mid July.
Incubation takes 30-32 days. Nests are made in the reed-beds (up to 43.3%) or
growths of Atripex tatarica and other shore vegetation. The species shows a strong
nesting conservatism: some females breed in the same locations annually. Clutch size
is 16-22 eggs; the larger clutches are either mixed or laid by two females. Hatching
begins in the second third of June, and fall brooding is in the last third of June.
Unfledged juveniles can be found till the second half of October. Can normally breed
anew after clutch loss, but clutch size is reduced to 5-8 eggs. Breeding habitats are
often destroyed by floods, which may wipe off parts of the shore. In cold winters
271
Mergus serrator of Black Sea origin occur in the Aegean. Probably, part of the
population overwinters in the Balkans, where they concentrate in large numbers, but
this has not been confirmed by ringing data. Usually birds leave their winter quarters
in early March. Mergus serrator is typical ichtyophagous (gobies constitute their
basic diet). Chicks forage on copepods and aquatic insects.
Population trends. In the past the species was never found in large numbers. Now it
has become common, and even numerous in some locations (e.g. on the islands of
Tendra Bay).
Threats. Reduction of breeding habitats, water pollution and food scarcity, nest
predation by Yellow-legged gull.
Conservation measures taken. The species is protected in the "Chernomorski" and

"Krymski" reserves.
Conservation measures proposed. Stop eutrophication of marine bays, strengthen

the protection regime in the Chernomorski reserve, increase public awareness.
References
Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska

Encyklopediya Publ.: 319 pp.(in Ukrainian).
Kostin Y.V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea. 241 pp. (in Russian).
Rudenko Y. G., O. A. Yaremchenko & K. I. Rybachuk, 1996. The state of the

"Chernomorski" biosphere reserve ornifhocomplexes in 1994. Kiev, 148-142 (in
Russian).
Compiled by T. Ardamatzkaia.
272
Mesogobius batrachocephalus Pallas, 1811
Synonyms: Gobius batrachocephalus, Pallas, 1811; Gobius (Mesogobius)

batracocephalus Bleecker, 1874
Common names: Engl: Flat-head goby; Bulg: Stronghil; Rom: Harms; Russ: Bychok
knut; Turk: Kurbaga kayasi baligi; Ukr: Bychok zhaba
Order PERCD70RMES
Family GOBIIDAE
Taxonomic description. Two dorsal fins, the second a little longer than the anal fin;
no scales on the upper side of the head. The gills cover the throat and bases of the
pectoral fins. Head flattened and rather pointed, with prominent lower jaw. Body of
yellowish ground colour; back yellow-brown with five broad cross bands; pelvic fins
fused by a membrane which extends across the front of these fins as a skin fold,
forming a sucking disc; posterior border of the sucking disc well before the vent.
None of the dorsal rays sharp and spiny; no lateral line on the sides of the body. Size:
maximum 35 cm; average about 19 cm (male) and 21 cm (female).
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: LR
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A brackish water

fish, inhabiting sandy bottoms, in inshore waters down to a depth of 40 m. Common
in coastal waters of the Black and Azov Seas and in the estuaries of the Dnieper, Bug,
Dniestr and Don rivers; also in the Bosphorus. Threats: increasing pollution, hypoxia;
destruction of breeding grounds (sand covering stony egg substrates).
Biology. Feeds mainly on small fish (sand smelt, anchovies, stripped mullet, scad,
gobiids); spends the winter in deeper waters. Migrates towards the shore in April-
273
May for reproduction (at 6 °C); reaches sexual maturity at three years of age. The
largest and most tasty goby!
Population trends. Rather abundant, caught with stake nets and drag seines; 1989
landings on the Romanian littoral 23 t, on the Bulgarian littoral - 23 t; in Turkey 2101,
in Russia 810 t. Stocks endangered by periods of hypoxia following algal blooms,
when hundreds of dead specimens are thrown on the beaches. In August 1989,
massive numers of dead fish were recorded along the Romanian littoral.
Threats. Eutrophication and algal blooms followed by hypoxia.
Conservation measures taken. Construction of artificial reefs in the Dniester River

estuary strongly increased the local abundance of gobiids.
Conservation measures proposed. Mitigation of anthropogenic stress; building of

different types of artificial reefs; full protection in breeding seasons.
References
Borcea, I., 1933. Révision systématique et distribution géographique des Gobiidés

de la Mer Noire et particulièrement des eaux roumaines. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy, 19.
Gomoiu, M.-T., 1983. Sur la mortalité en masse des organisms benthiques du

littoral roumain de la Mer Noire. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer médit. 28: 203-204.
Gomoiu, M.-T., 1989. Observations sur la mortalités des organisms marins sur le
littoral roumain en été 1989. Cercet. mar. 22: 263-270.
Porumb, I., 1961. Contribution to the knowledge of gobiids biology (Gobius
274
batrachocephalus, G. cephalarges and G. melanostomus) from the Romanian waters
of the Black Sea. Hidrobiologia 3: 271-282. (in Romanian).
Zaitsev, Y., 1992. Recent changes in the trophic structure of the Black Sea.
Fish. Oceanogr. 1 (2).
275
Moerisia maeotica (Ostroumov, 1896)
Synonyms: Thaumantias maeotica Ostroumov, 1896; Moerisia inkermanica

Paltschikowa-Ostroumova, 1925; Ostroumovia inkermanica Valkanov, 1933; Pontia
ostroumovi Paspalev, 1936; Odessia maeotica Paspalev, 1937.
Common names: None.
Order (HYDROZOA) LEPTOLIDA

Family MOERISIIDAE
Taxonomic description. The species has botha polyp and a planktonic medusa stage.
The polyp may be solitary or in bipolar colonies, formed by fusion of two polyps.
The body has 3-12 tentacles with an irregular arrangement. The medusa develops
only on the polyps. It has a spherical shape and a diameter up to 20 mm (at sexual
maturity). On the borders of its umbrella, it has up to 36 tentacles with ocelli at the
base. Medusae have four radial canals and an oral cavity with four lobes. The gonads
at the base of the oral cavity descend in the radial canals, on the margins of the
umbrella. Mesoglea thick and transparent
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN (Romanian sector), VU (Romanian and Ukrainian sector)
Distribution. In the Sea of Azov, Black Sea, limans of the Azov-Black Sea basin. Its
range includes brackish-water areas bordering the Mediterranean Sea (in particular the
276
east and the Adriatic Sea), and the Atlantic coast of Africa. After the opening of the
Volga-Don Canal in 1952, the species also penetrated the Caspian Sea.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. The polyps occur in the upper
sublitoral. They attach to rocks, wood, and different types of floating objects.
Jellyfish inhabit the near-surface layers.
Biology. Lives at temperatures of 15-25°C and at a salinity of 0.5-3.5 ppt. Feeds on

zooplankton. The life cycle includes a succession of polypoid and jellyfish stages. In
the Black Sea, budding of polyps occurs in August - September, forming weakly
branched laminated colonies. The polyp has a thin long stalk. The jellyfish becomes
mature 30-40 days after separating from the polyp.
Population trends. Abundance unknown. Probably rare.
Threats. Increasing salinity, pollution.
Conservation measures taken. Included in Red Data Book of Ukraine.
Conservation measures proposed. Create conditions for normal reproduction,

including the prevention of pollution of brackish coastal areas.
References
Borcea, I., 1930-1931. Nouvelles contributions a l'étude de la faune benthonique

dans la mer Noire, près du littoral roumaine. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy. 16: 655-750.
Naumov, D. V., 1960. Gidroidy і gydromeduzy morskikh, solonovatovodnykh і

presnovodnykh basseinov SSSR (Hydroids and hydromedusas of marine, brackish
and freshwaters reservoirs of the USSR). Moscow-Leningrad: Nauka: 626 pp.
277
Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo morey (Key to Black Sea and Sea of Azov
fauna). Kiev, Naukova Dumka 1: 437 pp. (in Russian).
Müller, G. I., 1991. Composition of benthic fauna from the Black Sea littoral lakes
Sinoe and Istria, in the conditions of the increasing eutrophication. (Annual study,
RMRI, Constantsa) (in Romanian).
Stepanyants, S. D. & V. V. Murina, 1994. Moerisia maeotica. Chervona Knyga

Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyclopediya: 17 (in
Ukrainian).
Teodorescu-Leonte, R., 1977. Le complex Raelm-Sinoe, un système typiquement

saumâtre. MAMBO/IRCM 2: 78-92.
Compiled by B. G. Alexandrov & A. Petranu.
278
Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Engl: Mediterranean monk seal; Russ: Tyulen'; Turk: Akdenizfoku.
Order CARNIVORA
Family PHOCIDAE
Taxonomic description. Adult Monachus monachus are robust mammals, with short
flippers, a long fusiform body, and a proportionaly small head. The head is wide and
somewhat flat, with the eyes widely paced. The muzzle is particularly wide, but
compressed from top to bottom. The nostrils are situated at the top of the muzzle.
The vibrissae are smooth Females with four retractable teats. Colour varies in
isolated subpopulations. Most animals are dark brown. Some have a large white
belly patch.
rUCN Status
World level: CE
Black Sea Regional level: CE
Subregion level: CE
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Monachus

monachus is sedentary. Underwater caves, shelters and long quiet beaches suit it best.
Marine zone up to depths of 50 metres in the Black Sea. Underwater caves and gravel
beaches are the critical habitat for this animal. Loss of habitat, incidental killings,
pollution, catching in nets, overfishing and coastal degradation all contributed to its
decline. However, live capture was one of the main reasons for the collapse of the
Black Sea population. On the Turkish coasts, 20 animals were captured in the
Zonguldak and Akcakoca areas before legal protection measures were taken in 1978
(Oztiirk, 1996). These animals were kept in zoos. All are now dead. A few
279
individuals still live between Zonguldak and Dogankent (see Oztiirk, this volume:
introduction). In addition, there are some sporadic observations in the Danube delta
and at Cape Caliacra. The creation of a nature reserve for the monk seal is an urgent
priority for Turkey. A special public awareness programme should be aimed at
fishermen and other local people.
Biology. Sexual maturity at four years of age. Newborn pups have been found at
different times of year, but most often in summer and early fall. Observations suggest
that whelping is asynchronous and may take place around the year. Gestation takes c.
11 months. This mediterranean species is a shallow-water feeder. Its diet consists of
a large variety of fish, e.g. Sea bream, Sea bass, Mullet, Bonito, and also cephalopods.
Population trends. The population collapsed in the last 20 years.
Threats. Deliberate killing, incidental catch, loss of habitat.
Conservation measures taken. Protected in the Mediterranian basin. Under

protection in Turkey since 1977. Hunting, harvesting, selling, buying and
transportation are forbidden.
Conservation measures proposed. Include in Black Sea Red Data Book. In situ
protection on central south Black Sea coast. Designation of special protected areas
between Doganyurt and Cide. Mass public awareness campaigns.
References
Oztiirk, B., 1996. Past, Present and Future of the Mediterranean Monk Seal
Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779) in the Black Sea. Proceedings of the first
International Symposium on the Marine Mammals of the Black Sea. p. 96-102.
Istanbul, Turkey.
Red Data Book of Ukraine. 411 pp.
280
Mullus barbatus ponticus (Esipov, 1927)
Synonyms: Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758; Mullus barbatus Pallas, 1811.

Common names: Engl: Red mullet; Bulg: Barbunja; Rom: Barbun; Russ: Sultanka;
Turk: Barbunya; Ukr: Barabulya.
Order PERCIFORMES
Family MULLEDAE
Taxonomic description. Head deep and short, c. 20 % of total length, with a pair of
long barbels under the chin; profile of snout nearly vertical, mouth reaching level of
the eyes. Under the orbit, two large scales preceded by a smaller suborbital scale.
Upper jaw toothless; back and sides reddish-pink without yellow lengthwise bands.
First dorsal fin without dark spots or bands. Body rather compressed, two well
separated dorsal fins, the first with 8-9 spines, the second with one spine and eight
soft rays. Scales large and easily detached. Size maximum 30 cm; on average
10 to 15 cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A bottom fish of

shallow sands and mud bottoms, but may occur down to depths of between 20 and
200 m. Common in the Mediterranean, Azov Seas, eastern Atlantic from the British
Isles to the coast of Senegal. Hypoxia and pollution are limiting factors.
Biology. Feeds predominantly on small bottom-living invertebrates (crabs, worms...),

but also zooplankton, fish larvae and vegetal debris. Small schools live in deep
waters in the summer, coming to the coasts at 7-8 °C in spring; after that, at 15-16 °C
they sink again to deeper waters. Reproduction takes place in June-September, at 9-
281
23 °C. First reproduction at the age of one year (8-11 cm). Females longer than
males; pelagic eggs.
Population trends. Catches during recent decades on the Romanian littoral were
generally small; the catches in stake nets were 5 t (1989), 8 t (1990), 25 t (1991). The
catches in Turkish waters were 5,641 1 (1989), 2,3441 (1990), 2,7121 (1991). For
Russia: 3 8 4 1 (1989), 236 (1990), 255 t (1991).
Threats. Hypoxia in the near-bottom layer and pollution of the surface microlayer.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication; prohibit

dredging/trawling.
References
Fauna Fauna of Ukraine. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 8 (5): 320 pp. (in Russian).
Radu, G., E Leonte, G. Butoi, F. Verioti & E. Radu, 1996. Principalele specii de pesti
si mamifere din Marea Neagra (Determinator) (Fish and mammal species of the Black
Sea) (identification sheets) (in Romanian).
Svetovidov, A. N., Ryby Chernogo morya (Fishes of the Black Sea). Moscow-
Leningrad, Nauka: 551pp (in Russian).
Compiled by G. Radu, F. Verioti & S. Khutornoy.
282
Neogobius ratan Nordmann, 1840
Synonyms: Gobius ratan Nordmann, 1840; Gobius trautwetteri Kessler, 1884

Common names: Engl: Ratan goby; Bulg: Ratan; Russ: Bychok-rotan; Turk: Kaya
baligi; Ukr: Bychok-ratan
Order PERCIFORMES
Family GOBHDAE
Taxonomic description. D VI, 115-19; A112-15; P 18-21. Scales in lateral series

52-61. Vertebrae 32-34 (Gheorgiev, 1966). Head depth 0.91-0.95 of width. Upper
lip thin and long. Its length 0.40-0.45 and width 0.07-0.09 of head length. Angle of
jaws below pupil. Pelvic disc 0.18-0.21 SL. Anterior membrane with large, angular
lateral lobes. Suborbital papillae with 8 (rarely 7) transverse rows. Colour dark-
brown. First dorsal-fin with upper yellow or orange edge. Size up to 23cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution. Black sea, Sea of Azov and Caspian Sea. A Pontian relict. In Bulgaria
along the whole coast.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. On inshore rocks, stones, gravel,
at 5-19 m of depth; near inshore zone. Threats: chemical contamination and fishing
with nets in the breeding-season.
Biology. Reproduction in March-April. Eggs beneath stones. Sexually mature at two

years of age. Food: crustaceans and fishes (Miller, 1984).
283
Threats. Chemical contamination and fishing with nets in the breeding season.
Conservation measures proposed. Protection from fishing in the breeding season.
References

1064.
284
Neogobius syrman Nordmann, 1840
Synonyms: Gobius syrman Nordmann, 1840; Gobius trautwetteri Kessler, 1859

Common names: Engl: Syrman goby; Bulg: Sirman; Russ: Shirman; Turk: Kaya
baligi; Ukr: Shirman
Order PERCIFORMES
Family GOBITDAE
Taxonomic description. D VI, 115-19; A112-15; P 18-21. Scales in lateral series

59-67. Vertebrae 33-36. Head depth 1.1-1.2 of width. Eye diameter 0.16-0.26 of
head length. Upper lip thin and long. Angle of jaws below anterior part of pupil.
Pelvic disc 0.19-0.24 SL. Anterior membrane with shallow, rounded, lateral lobes.
Caudal peduncle depth about half its own length. Suborbital papillae with eight
transverse rows. Colour: body grey to grey-brown with large brown spots in
staggered rows. Size up to 22 cm (Gheorgiev, 1966).
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution. Estuaries of Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Caspian Sea (Miller, 1986).
In Bulgaria in Lakes Burgas and Mandra.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Lives inshore, on stony gravels,
sand, muddy sand or mud; in slightly brackish, rarely in freshwater; Lakes Mandra
and Burgas.
285
Biology. Reproduction from March to end of April. Eggs below and between stones.
Sexually mature after one or two years. Food: crustaceans, small fish, bivalves,
polychaetes.
Population trends. Declining rapidly.
Threats. Chemical contamination.
Conservation measures proposed. Decrease pollution.
References
Gheorgiev, J., 1966. Composition d'espèce et caractéristique des Gobiides (Pisces)

286
Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Syngnathus ophidion Linnaeus, 1758; Scyphius littoralis Risso, 1826;

Scyphius teres Rathke, 1837; Nerophys ophidion Slastenenko, 1956; Nerophis
ophidion Banarascu, 1964.
Common names: Engl: Straight-nosed pipefish; Rom: Ata de mare; Russ: Morskoye
shilo, Igla zmeyevidnaya; Turk: Deniz ignesi.
Family SYNGNATHIDAE
Taxonomic description. Body cylindrical, anterior part flattened, thread-like

posterior part; no edges; dorsal fin two times longer than head; snout tubular, with
superior mouth; body greyish-yellow or greenish-brown; small dots on dorsal fin.
During spawning, individuals have the body covered by blue stripes and spots. Size
maximum 25 cm.
R7CN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inhabits the marine
coastal zones among algae, in which the species is perfectly camouflaged. Also in
brackish waters. Juveniles are pelagic. Common along the western Atlantic coasts,
from Norway to North Africa; Mediterranean and Azov Seas. In Romania also in
Sinoe lagoon. Threats: pollution of coastal shallow waters, limans and lagoons.
Biology. Feeds on crustaceans and vegetal debris; females spawn on the male
abdomen during June-July.
Population trends. Formerly rather frequent in algal and Zoster a fields; currently
rare; occurs in catches with stake nets.
Threats. Pollution of littoral waters; hypoxia; impoverishment of algal communities

and Zoster a fields.
287
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication and pollution by

improving the quality of riverine input and reducing pollution from point and non-
point sources.
References
Banarescu, P., 1964. Fauna of RPR. Pisces - Osteichthyes. Ed. Acad.R. P. Romania.
Müller, G. I., V. H. Skolka & N. Bodeanu, 1969. Preliminary data regarding the algal
and animal algae associated with Cystoseira barbata fields from the Romanian Black
Sea littoral. Hidrobiología 10: 270-289.
Stojanov, S. et al., 1963. Fishes in the Black Sea. Varna Publ.house: 246 pp.
Rass, T. S., 1987. Present state of Black Sea ichthyofauna composition and its
changes. Voprosy Ikhtiologii 27: 179-187 (in Russian).
Compiled by G. Radu, F. Verioti, K. Prodanov & Y. Sivkov.
288
jNumenius arquata (Linnaeus, 1758))
Synonyms: None.
Common names: Engl: Curlew; Rom: Culic mare; Russ: Kronshnep bolshoy; Turk:
Kervan cullugu; Ukr: Kronshnep velyky.
Family SCOLOPACIDAE
Taxonomic description. Resident population size not more than eight pairs. During
migration, local concentrations of up to 70 specimens may occur.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Lowland estuaries,

brackish lake shores, and marine sandy beaches are the main breeding habitats. The
nest has been found on fallow land. Concentrates in coastal and shallow areas during
migration.
Biology. A breeding, migratory, summer vagrant and overwintering species. Arrives

from the beginning of March to mid April. Small groups and single birds occur in
May-June. Breeding ecology insufficiently studied. A well incubated clutch was
found on 25 April. Adult birds with a brood were recorded on 27 May. Autumn
migration from August to early November. The most intensive movements usually in
October. Single birds and small groups spend winter in the area. Their diet is animal
(terrestrial insects and their larvae, worms, polychaetes, molluscs and tadpoles).
Population trends. In recent years, the species has developed an ability to occupy
new habitats, such as the agrocoenosis.
289
Threats. Human disturbance, hunting, grazing in breeding sites.
Conservation measures taken. Curlews are protected in the Chernomorski

Biosphere Reservoir and in "Lebiazhi Ostrova" Reservoir.
Conservation measures proposed. Creation of a reservoir network in the

stop-over sites.
References
Andryushchenko Y., A. Grinchenko & S. Winter, 1990. About the Demoiselle Crane,
Great Bustard, Little Bustard and Curlew breeding numbers in the Kerch peninsula.
Proc. All-Union scientific and methodological conference of zoologists from the
Teachers' Training Colleges. Makhachkala 2: 5-7 (in Russian).
Ardamatzkaia T. B., A. Rudenko & G. Birds, 1996. Invertebrates of the

Chernomorski' State Biosphere reserve /annotated lists of species. Vestnik. Zool. 1:
19-32.(in Russian).
Beskaravainyi, M. M., 1996. New data on the rare and poorly studed species of the
South-East Crimea. Vestnik Zool. 3: 71-72 (in Russian).
Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of Ukraine), 1994. Kijiv, Ukrajinska
Encyklopediya Publ.: 351 (in Ukrainian).
Kostin, Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea, 241 pp. (in Russian).
Zubarovsky, V. M., 1977. Fauna of Ukraine. Birds of prey. Kiev, 5 (2): 332 pp. (in
Russian).
290
Numenius phaeopus Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms: Numenius phaeopus alboaxilaris Lowe, 1921

Common names: Engl: Whimbrel; Rom: Culic mic; Russ: Kronshnep sredniy; Turk:
Yagmur kervan cullugu; Ukr: Kronshnep seredniy
Family SCOLOPACIDAE
Taxonomic description
IUCN Status
World level: EN
Subregion level: EN
Distribution. Numbers low throughout the area. About 200-300 birds migrate
through the region.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inhabits coastal shallow bays and
inland waterbodies.
Biology. A migratory species, with breeding grounds far away from the region.
Spring migration takes place in March-April; some birds stay till the last third of May.
Autumn migration starts early: the first birds arrive in late July. The latest records are
29.X - l.XI. Numenius phaeopus forages on aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates
(beetles, copepods, insects and their larvae).
291
Population trends. U n k n o w n .
Threats. Hunting during migration.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. Numenius phaeopus is protected in the

Chernomorski Biosphere Reservoir and in Lebiazhi-Ostrova Reservoir.
Conservation measures proposed. Creation of a reservoir network along the stop-

over sites.
References
Ardamatzkaia, T. B., A. R u d e n k o & G. Birds, 1996. Invertebrates of the

Kiev 1: 19-32 (in Russian).
Chervona K n y g a Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of Ukraine), 1994. Kijiv, Ukrajinska

Encyclopediya Publ.: 352 p p . (in Ukrainian).
Kostin, Y.V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea, 241 pp (in Russian).
Compiled by V. Kinda
292
Oithona minuta (Kriczagin, 1873)
Synonym: Oithona nana Giesbr., 1892.

C o m m o n n a m e s : None.
Order CYCLOPOIDA
Family O I T H O N I D A E
T a x o n o m i c d e s c r i p t i o n . Céphalothorax with enlarged middle part. In the

Zonguldak and Akçakoça areas, rostrum absent in both sexes. Anal segment shorter
than preceding one. Female's first antennae extending to e n d of third thorax segment
Fifth pair of legs bears two setae. Egg sacs ciniform. Length of female 0.5-0.7 m m ,
of male 0.4-0.6 m m .
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. An euryhaline

species which mainly inhibits the surface of the Black Sea. T h e high degree of
eutrophication and feeding competition with larval Mnemiopsis leidyi in the last ten
years was an important limiting factor. Another factor is that adult M. leidyi feed on
0. minuta. T h e elimination of O. minuta is mostly due to the fact that its eggs are
carried in egg-sacks. Together with the m o t h e r these fall prey to the ctenophore and
are effectively eliminated.
Biology. Mainly in the upper water layers. Performs diurnal migrations with a w i d e
vertical range. Observed during the whole year. Feeds on tiny phytoplankton,
293
bacteria and Infusoria. T h e female lays its eggs in two sacks located on the sides of
the genital segment.
Population trends. Until 1984, O. minuta was c o m m o n in the mesoplankton in front

of the Bulgarian coast. After the appearance of the ctenophore M. leidyi in 1986-1991
O. minuta rapidly fell, to b e c o m e almost extinct in 1991- 1994. In 1995 it reappeared
3
in the mesoplankton, but in modest n u m b e r s (134-152 ind.m" ) compared with 7,000 -
3
8,000 ind.m' in 1970-1984.
Threats. Increased eutrophication and M. leidyi predation and competition.
Conservation m e a s u r e s t a k e n . None.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. A reduction in eutrophication, which may lead to

a drop in M. leidyi numbers.
References
Konsulov, A., 1991. Izsledvania varhu biologiata, ecologiata I znachenieto na

zooplanktona na Cherno m o r e pred balgarskia briag. Dr. Sci. Thesis, IO, BAS, Varna,
300 pp.
Konsulov, A. & L. Kambursk,. 1997. Sensitivity to anthropogenic factors of the

plankton fauna adjacent to the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea. In: Sensitivity to
Change: Black Sea, Baltic Sea and North Sea. N A T O A S I Series 2. Environment 27:
95-104.
Opredelitel fauni Chernogo I A z o v s k o g o m o r e j , 1969. Kiev, Naukova Dumka 2:49-

50.
Compiled by A. Konsulov.
294
Ophelia bicornis (Savigny, 1820)
Synonyms: None.
Common names: None.
Order DRILOMORPHA.
Family OPHELIIDAE.
Taxonomic description. P r o s t o m i u m small, conical. Anterior part of body

expanded. A b d o m e n with a ventral groove, beginning on tenth segment; composed of
32 segments. Tenth anterior and seventh posterior segment without branchiae. Last
segments with long setae. T w o big anal papillae and 10-15 of smaller size. :Length:
30-45 mm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution. Sandy bottom shallow water areas. A boreal form, inhabiting the
Black Sea, English Channel, North Sea, and Chesapeake Bay.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In the sandy bottom m e d i o -

littoral. Limiting factors are the pollution of the sand at the sea's edge, m a n - m a d e
changes in the granulometric composition of the sand, and trampling.
295
Biology. A typical contourobiont inhabiting almost exclusively the sandy bottom
mediolittoral (pseudolitoral). Its preferred habitat is coarse sand, free of mud. It
burrows headfirst into the sand and forms a channel for respiratory currents.
Population trends. A sharp decline in numbers since the 1980s. A reduction of 70-
8 0 % over the last 10 years.
Threats. Pollution of the mediolittoral stripe, changes in the granulometric

composition of the sand, silting and trampling in recreational areas.
Conservation measures taken. N o n e so far.
Conservation measures proposed. Include species in Black Sea Red Data Book.
References
Bacescu M., G. I. Muller & M.-T. Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 1-259.
Bacescu M., M.-T. G o m o i u & E. Dumitrescu,1968. Quelques considerations sur la

d y n a m i q u e des organismes de la zone mediolittorale sableuse en M e r Noire. Rapp.
C o m m . int. M e r M e d i t . 10: 117-119.
G o m o i u M - T . , 1969. S o m e aspects of the Black Sea benthos. Hidrobiología 10: 256-

277.
Marinov, T., 1977. Mnogochetinesty chervy (Polychaeta). F a u n a na Bulgaria (Fauna

of Bulgaria) 6: 258 pp. (in Bulgarian).
M o k i e v s k y , O., 1949. F a u n a rykhlikh gruntov litoraly zapadnykh beregov Kryma

(Fauna of soft bottoms in the western Crimean littoral). Tr. Inst. Okeanolog. 4:124-
159 (in Russian).
Vinogradov, K. A. & G. V. Losovskaya, 1968. Klass mnogoshetinkovye chervi -

Polychaeta (Polychaeta w o r m s in the Black Sea). In: Opredelitel fauny Chemogo i
A z o v s k o g o morey (A k e y to Black Sea and Sea of A z o v fauna). Kiev, Naukova
D u m k a 1: 251-359 (in Russian).
Compiled by C. Dumitrache & Y. P. Zaitsev.
296
Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Ostrea taurica Krynicki, 1837; Ostrea adriatica Lam.-Middendorff,

1848.
Common names: Engl: European flat oyster, Bulg: Stridia; R o m : Stridie; Russ:
Ustritsa; Turk: Istiride.
Order CYRTODONTIDA
Family O S T R E I D A E
Taxonomic d e s c r i p t i o n . Shell moderately light, irregularly ovate, without a distinct

hooked beak; patterned with delicate foliations and yellowish-brown in colour.
Outline of both valves identical; left valve fixed to the substrate, slightly cupped, with
corrugated borders; right valve flat and m a r k e d with inconspicuous, radiating folds.
Shell consists of a series of chalky layers which may include laminar, hollow
chambers. Size: m a x i m u m length 80 m m ; width 26 m m .
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN (Romanian and Ukrainian sector), VU (Romanian sector)
Distribution. Mediterranean and Black Seas, Atlantic coast of Europe up to the

Norwegian coast. Introduced to the Atlantic coast of U S A . In Ukraine, the largest
remaining colonies are encountered near Tarkhankut Cape, South Crimean coast
(Laspi Bay, near Sevastopol, Sudak and Kara-Dag). Near the Caucasian shores,
found at Utrish Cape.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Limited by oxygen deficiency,

siltation of habitats, rising turbidity and pollution. Scavenged by Rapana thomasiana.
Uncontrolled catches are frequent.
297
Biology. A sedentary sestonophage. The left shell attaches to the substrate. Feeds on
detritus, phyto- and bacterioplankton. Fertilization in mantle cavity. Fertility 800,000
- 900,000 eggs. T h e planktonic larvae develop in 8-14 days.
P o p u l a t i o n t r e n d s . A commercial resource till the 1970s. Towards the end of the

1970s, the range started shrinking and the abundance of oysters drastically declined.
By 1985 the species had completely disappeared in Dzarylgachsky (52,000,000
individuals in 1979) and Karkinitsky bays (207,000,000-1,766,000,000 individuals in
1979).
C o n s e r v a t i o n m e a s u r e s t a k e n . Catching prohibited. Included in the Red Data Book

of Ukraine.
C o n s e r v a t i o n m e a s u r e s p r o p o s e d . Conserve the remaining populations. Organize

marine farms and breeding grounds for receiving spat. R e d u c e Black Sea pollution.
References
Borcea, I., 1926-1927. Note sur les huitres du littoral roumain de la m e r Noire. Ann.
S c L U n i v . Jassy 14: 111-128.
Borcea, I., 1930-1931. Nouvelle contribution a l'étude de la faune benthonique dans

la mer Noire près du littoral roumain. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy 16: 655-750.
F A O , 1973. Identification sheets for fishery purposes. Mediterranean and Black Sea,
fishing area 37. R o m e .
298
Golikov, A. N. & Y. I. Starobogatov, 1972. Klass dvustvorchatye mollyuski -
Bivalvia. Opredelitel fauny Chernogo i A z o v s k o g o morey (Key of Black Sae and Sea
of Azov fauna). Kiev, N a u k o v a D u m k a 3: 178-270 (in Russian).
Nevesskaya, L. A., 1965. Posdnechetvertichnye dvustvorchatye mollyuski Chernogo

morya, ich sistemática, ecologia. M o s k v a , Nauka: 391 pp. (in Russian).
Skarlato O. A. & Y. A. Starobogatov, 1979. Osnovnye cherty evolutsii i sistema

llassa Bivalvia. Morfología, sistematika, philigenia mollyuskov 80: 5-38.
Compiled by M.-T. Gomoiu, A. Petranu, E. Kolodkovskaya, V. Gubanov.
299
Pachygrapsus marmoratus Fabricius, 1787
S y n o n y m s : Cancer marmoratus Fabr. 1788; Grapsus varius Latreillei 1867; Grapsus

marmoratus Grube 1 8 6 1 ; Pachygrapsus marmoratus Czerniavsky 1884, Casper 1951
C o m m o n n a m e s : Bulg: Mramorniat rak; R o m : Crabul de piatra; Russ: Mramorny
krab; Turk: Marmara pavuryasi; Ukr: Marmurovy krab
Order D E C A P O D A
Family GRAPSIDAE
T a x o n o m i c description. A large-sized crab. Side of front makes a straight angle

with inner-orbital side. Front straight. T w o epigastric lobs. Carapace with
transversal thin vein. Merus of third maxilliped with intero-superior tooth. Chelipeds
short and thick. Pereiopods II-V longer than chelipeds; the fourth the longest; articles
flattened. Dactylus short, flattened; superior and inferior side with spine and terminal
claw. F e m a l e with large abdomen, almost circular; triangular in male. Male with
pleopods I strong; pleopod II reduced. Size: length 38 m m ; width 43 m m . Colour
chesnut-reddish above; chela and dactylus dark-brown; inferior part of paws ivory.
IUCN Status
W o r l d level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In the rocky

midlittoral zone among boulders near the coast; at night in the supralittoral zone.
C o m m o n in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean (coasts of France and
Morocco). During high floods of the Danube, this species retreats to deep bottoms.
Sensitive to pollution with toxic chemicals or inflow of fresh water, particularly near
the coast.
300
Biology. Highly prolific; main period of reproduction in the middle of s u m m e r
(July, August), when water temperature reaches 17 °C. Incubation lasts 25 days; life
span three years (rarely four). Female spawns in the second year of life; adapted for
aerial respiration; maladapted to a m e d i u m with chloride level under 10 or over 30 per
mil.
Population trends. Abundant in 1960-1970s w h e n hundreds of individuals were

found on the rocky shores on the southern littoral (Eforie-Mangalia zones). After
1980 it became rare; in recent years young individuals have been found in small
numbers on the southern rocky zones of the R o m a n i a n littoral.
Threats. Coastal pollution, coastal hydrotechnical constructions, hard frost in winter;

excess inflow of fresh water.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce microbial pollution.
References
Bacescu, M, 1954. The influence of the severe winter of 1954 on the Black Sea
ecosystem and fisheries ( i n Romanian). Bull. Inst. Cercet. P.S.C. 4: 5-12.
Bacescu, M., Dumitrescu E., Marcus A., Palladian G. & R. Mayer, 1963. D o n n e e s
quantitatives sur la faune petricole de la M e r Noire a Agigea (secteur Roumain)
dans les conditions speciales de l'annee 1961. Trav. M u s . Hist. nat. G. Antipa 4: 1 3 1 -
153.
Bacescu, M. 1967. Decapoda. Fauna R. S. R o m a n i a 4 (9): 7-335.
301
Bacescu M., G. I. Muller, M - T Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 7-274.
Borcea, L, 1926. Note sur quelques crabes de rivage du littoral Roumain. Ann. Sei.
Borcea, I., 1926. Données sommaires sur la faune de la M e r Noire (littoral de

Roumanie). Ann. Sei. Univ. Jassy 14: 536-583.
Borcea, I., 1931. Action du froid sur la faune littoral de la M e r Noire. Ann. Sei.
Univ. Jassy 1 6 : 7 5 1 - 7 5 9 .
Chervona K n y g a Ukrayiny, 1994. (Red Data B o o k of Ukraine). Kiyv, Ukrajinska

Encyclopediya Publ.: 54 (in Ukrainian).
Gutu, M., 1980. Recent changes in the D e c a p o d fauna of the Romanian Black
Sea littoral. Trav. M u s . Hist. nat. G. Antipa 2 1 : 103-110.
302
Patella tarentina (Salis, 1793)
Synonyms: Patella caerulea vor. tenuistriata Weink.-Ostroumoff, 1893; P.caerulea

L.-Kobelt, 1898; P.pontica Mil.-Milashevich 1914, 1916; P.caeruleapontica Mil.-
Ilina, 1966).
Common n a m e s : Engl: Limpet; Bulg: Kitayska shapitsa; R u s s : Blyudechko; Turk:
Cin sapkasi; Ukr: Blyudechko.
Order D O C O G L O S S A
Family P A T E L L I D A E
Taxonomic description. A sea snail with a shell resembling a Chinese cap, hence its
Bulgarian n a m e . Shape of the shell almost circular, with the upper part slightly
shifted to the front end, which is noticeably narrower than the back end. Shell
sculptured with dense radial ribs, unequally high and dense and with thin concentric
growth circles. Edge of shell finely indented. Colour yellow-white with red-brown
rays. Length of shell up to 45 m m , breadth up to 30 m m , height up to 14 m m .
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution. Black Sea, Sea of Azov, Mediterranean Sea.
Habitat type. Critical habitats. Limiting factors. A typical contourobiont,

inhabiting the rocky coast mediolittoral zone, except low salinity waters and areas
covered with ice in winter, even if only for a few hours. T h e main limiting factor is
the pollution of coastal waters, especially by toxic surfactants, including oil.
303
Biology. A vegetarian, browsing on algae on rocky surfaces. Their pelagic larvae are
trochophores. In some places, these limpets are eaten, after a light boiling in sea
water.
Population trends. Visibly declining in n u m b e r s since the early 1980s. A reduction

of at least 7 0 % over the last 10 years.
Threats. Pollution of coastal waters by toxic surfactants.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. None.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Include in the Black Sea Red Data Book. Reduce
pollution of the Black Sea coastal zone.
References
Chuhchin, V. D., 1984. Ekologia briuhonogih molluskov Chernogo moria. Kiev,

N a u k o v a D u m k a : 175 p p .
Golikov, A. N. & Y. I. Starobogatov, 1972. Klass bryukhonogie mollyuski-

Gastropoda (Class Gastropoda), Opredelitel'fauny Chernogo I Azovskogo morey
(Key to B a c k Sea a n d Sea of A z o v fauna). K i e v , N a u k o v a D u m k a 3: 65-166 (in
Russian).
Marinov, T. M., 1990. Zoobentost ot bulgarskya sector na Cherno more (Zoobenthos

of the Bulgarian sector of the Black Sea). Sofia, Bulg. Acad. Sci. Publ.: 196 pp (in
Bulgarian).
Opredelitel fauni C h e r n o g o I A z o v s k o g o morei. 1969. Kiev 3: 77-78.
Compiled by T. Konsulova & Y. Zaitsev.
304
Synonyms: N o n e
Common names: Bulg: Cadroglav pelican; Engl: Dalmatian pelican; R o m : Pelican
chet; Russ: Kudryavy pelikan; Turk: Tepeli pelikani; Ukr: Kucheryavy pelikan
Order PELECAND70RMES
Family P E L E C A N I D A E
Taxonomic description. WB - occurs in the D a n u b e Delta and on the surrounding

lakes during migration and in summer. The first breeding attempt w a s recorded in
1985 in the Kugurlui lake (three pairs). NB - a rare vagrant to the "Chemomorski"
reserve. CB - single birds and small groups are recorded throughout the year, but not
annually. NA - vagrants were recorded near the town of Berdiansk. BS - Romania,
Bulgaria.
IUCN Status
World level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Prefers large

waterbodies with old reed-beds and plenty of fish, but also occurs in bays and islets
with little vegetation. Breeding habitats include hardly accessible lakes in estuarine
areas. Sensitive to eutrophication, changes in salinity, drops in fish productivity,
wetland transformation and similar disturbances.
Biology. Only few pairs breed in Ukraine on Kugurlui lake in the Odessa region.
Winter grounds are located in the D a n u b e delta area, but the flocks appearing there at
the end of M a r c h are much smaller. Breeds in small colonies. Both birds take part in
the building of a nest m a d e of reeds and lined with grass and moss. The most
305
frequent are floating nests near open water. T h e clutch, varying from 1 to 6, usually
consists of 2-4 eggs, and is incubated by the female for 33-40 days. Dalmatian
pelicans are often accompanied by White pelicans. Both species can fish at various
depths. By September their n u m b e r decreases and almost all leave the area by the end
of the month. Winter grounds are situated in Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and NW India.
Population trends. In the past, the breeding range of the Dalmatian pelican included
the entire coast of southern Europe. By the end of the 19th century it had disappeared
from the low reaches of all Black Sea rivers. A sharp decrease was recorded by the
beginning of the 20th century. The current population size in the D a n u b e delta is
small, but stable. In other sub-regions of the Black Sea coast, it remains a vagrant.
Threats. Eutrophication, changes in salinity, decreasing fish numbers.
Conservation measures taken. Protected in the "Dunaiskie Plavni" reserve.
Conservation measures proposed. Strengthen protection in the reserve and create a

pelican sanctuary on Kugurlui lake (the only breeding site of the Dalmatian Pelican in
Ukraine).
References
Ardamatzkaia, T. B. & S. M. Semionov, 1977. Ecological and faunistic rewiew of the

birds in the "Chernomorski" reserve. Vestnik Zool. 2: 18-43.(in Russian).
Chervona K n y g a Ukrayiny, 1994. (Red Data B o o k of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska

Kostin, Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea, 241 p p . (in Russian).
Compiled by T. Ardamatzkaia
306
Pelecanus onocrotalus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: None.
Common n a m e s : Bulg: Rosov pelican; Engl: White pelican;
Rom: Pelican comun; Russ: Pelikan rozoviy; Turk: Akpelikan;
Ukr: Pelikan rozhevy.
Order P E L E C A N I F O R M E S
Family P E L E C A N I D A E
Taxonomic description. DU - c o m m o n , numerous at some locations in D a n u b e

Delta. In summer and autumn their n u m b e r may reach 7,000, in especially suitable
places up to 1,500 or even 2,000. NB - since 1990 migrants pass over Tendra bay in
flocks of more than 500, but despite this increase, a local depression is apparent.
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Occurs primarily in

downstream shallow riverine areas (Danube Delta) and shallow bays. Habitat loss
due to breeding site transformation, disturbance, eutrophication.
Biology. A resident species in the Black Sea Region. Since 1995 the W h i t e pelican
has bred in small numbers in Tendra bay. Winter quarters are in Bulgaria, Turkey,
Iran, Iraq and Egypt. Fledglings occur from August onwards. Sometimes associated
with the Dalmatian pelican and Cormorant. The nests are m a d e of reeds and other
water plants and located either afloat near open water or on the shore. T h e clutch,
two, rarely one or three eggs, is incubated mostly by the female for 30-39 days. No
second nesting. During migration and summer m o v e m e n t s W h i t e pelicans occur in
307
the Azov-Black Sea area (lakes of the Kinburski peninsula, Tendrovski, Jagorlytski
and Dzharalgachski bays) from April to the first third of October. Infrequent visitor
to the NW Crimean coast. W h i t e pelicans will populate all areas with sufficient fish.
An adult requires 1 kg of fish daily. A family consumes c. 7 0 0 kg during their eight
months stay in the breeding area.
Population trends. T h e n u m b e r of W h i t e pelicans began to grow in the 1980s. The

first breeding attempts w e r e in 1995, on Orlov Island. Their numbers are relatively
stable in the Danube delta. An abundant Crimean migrant in the 19th century:
currently the species h a s significantly declined here.
Threats. Habitat loss due to intensive breeding site transformation, disturbance,

eutrophication of waterbodies.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. Protected in the "Dunaiskie Plavni" and

"Chernomorski" reserves.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Prohibition of fishing in the waters of the

"Dunaiskie Plavni" reserve, strengthen protection propaganda.
References
Ardamatzkaia, T. B. & S. M. Semionov, 1977. Ecological and faunistic review of the

birds in the "Chernomorski" reserve. Vestnik Zool. 2: 18-43 (in Russian).
Chervona K n y g a U k r a y i n y , 1994. (Red Data B o o k of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska

Encyclopediya Publ.: 3 0 4 p p . (in Ukrainian).
Kostin, Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea, 241 p p . (in Russian).
308
Zhmud, M. E., 1994. White Pelican, Dalmatian Pelican. R e d Data B o o k of Ukraine:
304-305 (in Russian).
309
Phalacrocorax aristotelis Linnaeus, 1761
Synonyms: Phalacrocorax albus Tray

C o m m o n n a m e s : Bulg: Sreden cormaran; Engl: Shag; R o m : Cormaran motat; Russ:
Khokhlaty baklan; Turk: Tepeli karabatak; Ukr: Baklan dovgonosy
Order P E L E C A N I F O R M E S
Family P H A L A C R O C O R A C I D A E
Taxonomic description. A r o u n d 650-750 pairs.
I U C N Status
W o r l d level: E N
Subregion level: E N
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeds in niches

and small cavities on the high cliffs of the Crimean coast. Monospecific colonies are
c o m m o n , but sometimes they mix with Yellow-legged gulls and Rock doves. The
two kilometers of water adjacent to the Black Sea coast are its principal feeding
habitat. Small fish comprise its basic diet; copepods are also consumed. The major
limiting factors are disturbance of the breeding sites, and pollution by oil products and
by solid domestic waste.
Biology. A breeding and resident species. Arrival in the colony area depends on the
weather and is from late February to early April. Breeding density and altitude (3-15
m) vary. Clutch size 2 - 3 , infrequently four eggs. Egg-laying extends for up to two
months. After leaving the nest, birds remain in the surroundings of the colony.
Second year birds, in some areas 30-50 % of the total, keep close to the colonies too.
The best assimilated feeding habitat is the 200 meter strip of sea along the shore-line.
Gobies (Gobiidae) and scads (Carangidae) predominate in the diet.
310
Population trends. The population declines, as well as the n u m b e r of colonies. Only
three out of 15 known colonies reach 35-40 pairs. The entire estimate is 8,020 pairs.
Their major stronghold is the Tarkhankut peninsula, with 1,200 pairs in 1962. In
1973 this number was halved. A recent survey shows a further decline to 400-450
pairs. The numbers of Shag are critical since the largest colonies are within the zone
of considerable human influence, whereas smaller ones cannot guarantee the
necessary reserve.
Threats. Growing h u m a n disturbance at the breeding sites, water pollution by oil

products and solid waste disposal, decrease of the habitat feeding capacity, predation.
Conservation measures taken. O n e of the three main colonies is situated in a

reserve.
Conservation measures proposed. Obligatory protection of all breeding colonies.
References

Encyclopediya Publ.: 306 pp. (in Ukrainian).
Kostin, Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea: 241 pp. (in Russian).
Smogorzhevsk'kyi, L. O., 1979. Divers, Grebs, Shearwaters, Cormorants, Shags,

Egrets, Herons, Flamingoes. F a u n a of Ukraine. Kiev 5 (1): 4 3 2 pp. (in Russian).
Compiled by V. Siokhin
311
Phocoena phocoena Linnaeus, 1758
S y n o n y m s : Phocoena relicta Abel, 1905; Phocoena phocoena relicta Abel, 1905

C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Harbour porpoise; Bulg: Mutkur, Morska svinya; Rom:
Marsuin, Focena, Pore de mare; Russ: Morskaya svinya chernomorskaya, Azovka;
Turk: Mutur; Ukr: Azovka, Pykhtun
Order CETACEA
Family PHOCOENIDAE
T a x o n o m i c description. T h e single representative of this genus and family in the

Black Sea fauna. In Bulgaria, Georgia, the Russian Federation and Ukraine the
Harbour porpoise is k n o w n as a relict sub-species, P. phocoena relicta.. However, to
date there are no comparative genetic and/or morphometric data, which reliably
support its distinctive status. Moreover, most zoologists of the former U S S R do not
accept the existence of the family Phocoenidae, and continue to list P. phocoena
among the Delphinidae. External distinctions: blunt, short-beaked head; slightly
falcate, wide-based, short dorsal fin; small, spatulate, blunt teeth.
I U C N Status
W o r l d level: D D
Black Sea Regional level: D D
Subregion level: EN in Ukraine and Romania, VU in Bulgaria
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Coastal, relatively

shallow waters along the perimeter of the Black Sea constitute the typical range of the
Harbour porpoise. A n i m a l s do not avoid waters with low salinity and transparency;
sometimes they invade semi-fresh b a y s , lagoons, estuaries. In the D a n u b e and Don
they occur far from the sea. Every spring significant numbers m o v e through the
Kerch Strait to the Sea of A z o v and return by winter. A migration through the
Bosphorus to the Sea of M a r m a r a and back is possible. Perhaps, both small seas are
312
important breeding, calving and feeding areas for the Black Sea population, isolated
from the nearest one in the North-East Atlantic. On the other hand, the Azov and
Marmara Seas and their straits are critical habitats because of heavy boat traffic,
extensive fisheries and water pollution there. Severe, but infrequent natural
phenomena limiting the Black Sea population are: (a) mass mortality due to lung
worm infection (nematodes, Halocercus taurica and H. ponticus); and (b) kills as a
result of sudden ice formation in the Sea of A z o v before animals can migrate back to
the Black Sea.
Biology. A relatively short-lived marine m a m m a l with a high individual fecundity

relative to other Black Sea cetaceans. Both males and females attain sexual maturity
after 3-4 years. Mating mainly in summer; females b e c o m e pregnant almost annually,
with a gestation period of 9-11 m o n t h s and usually the birth of one calf between M a y
and early August. After lactation (4-6 months) the young adopt a basic diet of small
benthic (various g o b y species) and m a s s pelagic (anchovy, atherine) fish. The daily
ration of an adult animal is 3-5 kg. T h e life-span of Black Sea P. phocoena is not
clear, and is perhaps similar to that of their relatives in the North Atlantic - c . 7-8,
maximum 15 years. P. phocoena is the smallest cetacean of the Black Sea: its
average body length is 1.3 to 1.5 m, m a x i m u m 1.8 m; average weight approximates
30 kg. Females are slightly larger than males.
Population trends. Between 1930 and 1980, the population was strongly affected by
mass commercial killing. Subsequent estimates of abundances m a d e by Soviet and
Turkish scientists (1967-1989) w e r e declared unreliable by the TWC Scientific
Committee because of a faulty methodology for observation and extrapolation. At
present both the animal numbers and population trends are unknown. According to
recent sightings off the Bulgarian, Georgian, R o m a n i a n , and Ukrainian (Crimea)
313
coasts, single animals and small groups (2-10 individuals) are c o m m o n , but herds of
dozens or hundreds are rare.
Threats. Incidental deaths in fishing gear, predominantly in bottom-set gill nets for
turbot, dog-fish and sturgeon; marine traffic, gas and oil exploitation, (e.g. mass
mortality after a gas-platform explosion in the Azov Sea in 1982); illegal hunting,
water pollution and a decline in food resources.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. The species is in the national R e d Data Books of

Bulgaria and Ukraine, and in the JUCN R e d Data Book. It is protected by the Berne
Convention (Appendix II), B o n n Convention (Appendix II), C I T E S (Appendix II),
and A C C O B A M S . The state of P. phocoena is a topic for periodical review by IWC,
I C E S , and the marine m a m m a l working party of G E F / B S E P . A moratorium on Black
Sea cetacean fishing w a s declared in the e x - U S S R countries, Bulgaria and Romania in
1966, and in Turkey in 1983.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Adoption of A C C O B A M S by all Black Sea

countries; creation of a regional programme for marine m a m m a l population research
and conservation including, in particular, investigations on P. phocoena abundance
and establishment of protected areas.
References

M a m m a l s of the U S S R ) . M o s c o w , Pishchevaya Promyshlennost: 183 p p . (in
Russian).
Birkun, Jr., A. A., S. V. Krivokhizhin, A. B. Shvatsky, et al., 1992. Present status and
future of Black Sea dolphins. In: European research on cetaceans (Ed. P. G. H.
Evans): San R e m o , Italy, February 1992. Cambridge, E C S : 47-53 pp.
Birkun, Jr., A. A. & S. V. Krivokhizhin, 1996. Sovremennoye sostoyaniye I prichiny

ugneteniya populyatziy chernomorskikh del'finov. Soobshcheniye 1 i 2.
their suppression. Parts 1 and 2). Vestnik Zool. 3: 36-42; 4 - 5 : 53-59, (in Russian).
Geptner, V.G., K. K. Chapsky, V. A. Arsenyev & V. E. Sokolov, 1976.

Mlekopitayushchiye Sovetskogo Soyuza. T o m 2. Chast' 3. Lastonogiye i zubatye
kity. ( M a m m a l s of the Soviet Union. Vol. 2 (3). Pinnipeds and Toothed
Whales). M o s c o w , V y s s h a y a Shkola: 718 p p . (in Russian).
314
Kleinenberg, S. E., 1956. Mlekopitayushchiye Chernogo i A z o v s k o g o morey: opyt
biologo-promyslovogo issledovaniya. ( M a m m a l s of the Black and Azov Seas: the
research experience for biology and hunting). M o s c o w , U S S R Acad. Science Publ.
House: 288 pp. (in Russian).
Klinowska, M., 1991. Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World. The I U C N Red
Data Book. Gland and Cambridge: I U C N , viii + 429 pp.
Oztiirk, B. & A. A. Oztiirk, 1997. Preliminary study on dolphin occurrence in

Turkish straits system. In: European research on cetaceans 11 (Ed. P.G.H. Evans):
Proc. 11th Annual Conf. Europ. Cetacean S o c , Stralsund, G e r m a n y , 10-12 M a r c h
1997. Kiel, E C S : 79-82 pp.(in English).
Stanev, T T . , 1997. Distribution and n u m b e r of dolphins in the Bulgarian sector of

the Black Sea. Proc. Inst. Fish. Varna: 24. (in Bulgarian) (In press).
Vasiliu, F. & L. D i m a , 1990. S o m e considerations regarding the presence and the

mortality of the dolphins at the Black Sea Romanian littoral. Cercet. mar. 2 3 : 171-
176.
Tzalkin, V. I., 1940. Materialy k biologii morskoy svin'i (Phocaena phocaena relicta
Abel) Azovskogo i Chernogo morey. (Data on biology of A z o v and Black Sea
harbour porpoise (Phocaena phocaena relicta Abel). Zool. Zh. M o s c o w 19: 160-171
(in Russian).
Tomilin, A. G., 1957. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran. T o m 4. Kitoobraznyye.

(Mammals of the U S S R and Adjacent Countries. Vol. 4. Cetaceans). M o s c o w , U S S R
Acad. Science Publ. House: 717 pp. (in Russian).
Compiled by A. Birkun, Jr., M. Moldoveanu, M. Stanciu, T. Stanev & B. Oztiirk
315
Pilumnus hirtellus Linnaeus, 1758
S y n o n y m s : Pilumnus hirtellus Czerniavsky 1884; Cancer hirtellus (L. 1766)

C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Mud crab; R o m : Crabulparos; R u s s : Volosaty krab; Turk:
Camur yengeci; Ukr: Volokhaty krab
Family X A N T H I D A E
T a x o n o m i c description. A small-sized, hairy crab. Antero-lateral side shorter than

posterio-lateral side. Front with large m e d i a n split and t w o lateral, smaller ones, each
with a preorbital spine; b o t h lobes well delimited, toothed. Superior margin of the
orbit without, the inferior and the two edges with a spine. Antero-lateral edge with
four big spines. Chelae unequal; the right one the stronger. Merus short. Carpus
hirsute with tubercles and a big interdistal spine. Hairs and spines all over the body
and palm. Fingers nude, with tubercles. Pereiopods II-V without spine. The other
pereiopods hairy, with long, conical dactylus and terminal craws. Size: length 20
m m ; width 28 m m . Colour: carapace and superior side of pereiopods reddish - violet.
Fingers of chela brown. Inferior part of pereiopods ivory. Y o u n g less than 5 mm in
size completely white, especially in winter.
I U C N Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In the midlittoral

and superior infralittoral, on different substrata; its favourite biotope are stony
bottoms with algae and mussels down to a depth of 10m . Throughout the
Mediterranean Sea and the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the North Sea to the Cape
Verde Islands. Threats: frost, storms and pollution of the coastal zone.
316
Biology. A sedentary species; spawns up to 4,000 eggs; planktonic zoea and
megalope; eats carrion and even shells.
Population t r e n d s . Abundant on the R o m a n i a n Black Sea littoral in the past, still

frequent up to 1980; a small n u m b e r of individuals were found on the southern littoral
2
zone in 1980-1993 (in 1993 - 40 ind.m" in the superior infralittoral of Eforie, North -
Mangalia zone).
T h r e a t s . Coastal pollution and hydrotechnical works.
Conservation m e a s u r e s t a k e n . Included in the R e d Data B o o k of Ukraine, 1994.
C o n s e r v a t i o n m e a s u r e s p r o p o s e d . Artificial reef building, to increase biofiltration

and reduce turbidity.
References
Bacescu, M., 1954. The influence of the severe winter of 1954 on the Black Sea
ecosystem and fisheries.( in Romanian) Bull. Ins. Cercet. P.S.C. 4: 5-12.
Bacescu M., E. Dumitrescu, A. Marcus, G. Palladian & R. Mayer, 1963. Données

quantitatives sur la faune pétricole de la M e r Noire à Agigea (secteur Roumain) dans
les conditions spéciales de l'année 1961. Trav. M u s . Hist. nat. G. A n t i p a 4: 131-153.
Bacescu, M . , 1967. Fauna R. S. R o m a n i a ( D E C A P O D A ) 4 (9): 7-335.
Bacescu M., G. I. Muller & M. T. G o m o i u , 1971. Ecologie marina 4: 7-274.

Borcea, I., 1926 - N o t e sur quelques crabes de rivage du littoral R o u m a i n . Ann. Sci.
Univ. Jassy 14:140.
317
Borcea, I., 1926. D o n n é e s sommaires sur la faune de la M e r Noire (littoral de
Roumanie). Ann. Sei. Univ. Jassy 14: 536-583.
Borcea, I., 1931. Action du froid sur la faune littoral de la M e r Noire. Ann. Sei.
Univ. Jassy 16:751-759.

Guru, M., 1980. Recent changes in the Decapod fauna of the Romanian Black Sea
littoral. Trav. M u s . Hist. nat. G. Antipa 2 1 : 103-110.
318
Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms: N o n e
Common n a m e s : Bulg: Lopatar, Engl: Spoonbill; R o m : Lopatar, Russ: Kolpitza;
Turk: Kasikci; Ukr: Kolpytza, Kosaf
Order CICONIIFORMES
Family THESKIORNITHIDAE
Taxonomic description. See Kostin, 1983. A r o u n d 200-250 pairs in the region.
RJCN Status
World level: EN
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Breeds in the dense
reed-beds of brackish and freshwater bays and marshy downstream riverine areas.
Colonies usually well hidden, far from the shore. Feeding grounds within a 100
kilometer zone, visited irregularly. T h e major ones include open and semi-open
shallow waters, irrigation canals and rice-fields. Major limiting factors are water
pollution, degrading of reed-beds and the food reserves of the shallow riverine bays
and coastal areas.
Biology. A breeding and migratory species. Arrives in March, in some years in early
April. The beginning of egg-laying depends on weather conditions and varies from
10 April to 15 M a y . Hatching at the end of M a y or early June. There are no
monospecific colonies in the south of Ukraine, whereas those mixed with other herons
are c o m m o n . Nests are located on broken reeds near small straits or on open water,
either in the centre or at the periphery of the colony. Clutch size is 3 (2-5) eggs.
319
Fledging at the age of 50-55 days. Diet chiefly terrestial and aquatic insects and their
larvae, molluscs, a n d small fish.
Population trends. N u m b e r s fluctuate over the years. T h e oldest colonies in the

D a n u b e Delta are currently in decline, whereas new ones appear in the Sivash area.
No colony capable of ensuring a stable population. Total numbers are critically low.
T w o main colonies account for 9 0 % of the entire population.
Threats. Water pollution of the shallow b a y s with reed-beds and downstream

riverine areas, decrease in food resources, direct human disturbance.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. O n e colony is located in a reserve.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Strict protection of all breeding colonies.
References
Kostin, Y. V., 1983. Birds of the Crimea: 241 p p . (in Russian).
Petrovich, Z. O., 1 9 8 1 . Hydrophilic Bird Colonies in the Soviet Part of the Danube
delta. In T h e distribution and state of water birds nesting in the U S S R .
M o s c o w (in Russian).
Red Data B o o k of Ukraine, 1994. Chervona K n y g a Ukrayiny (Red Data Book of

Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya Publ.: 309 pp. (in Ukrainian).
Siokhin V. D., 1.1. Chernichko & T. B. Ardamatskaia et al, 1988. Colonial Water
Birds of the South of Ukraine: Charadriforrnes. Kiev, N a u k o v a D u m k a : 176 pp. (in
Russian).
320
Smogorzhevsk'kyi, L. O., 1979. Divers, Grebes, Shearwaters, Cormorants, Shags,
Egrets, Herons, Flamingoes. F a u n a of Ukraine Birds. Kiev, Akad. N a u k U k r S S R 5
(1): 432 pp. (in Russian).
321
Plegadis falcinellus Linnaeus, 1766
Synonyms: Tantalus falcinellus Linnaeus, 1766

C o m m o n n a m e s : Bulg: Blestyach ibis; Engl: Glossy ibis; R o m : Tiganus; Russ:
Karavayk; Turk: Celtikci; Ukr: Korovayka
Order CICONUFORMES
Family T H R E S K I O R N I T H I D A E
T a x o n o m i c description. A b o u t 1500-2000 pairs occur in the region.
I U C N Status
W o r l d level: LR
Subregion level: LR
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Selects dense reed-
beds in brackish and fresh water-bodies, arboreal or bushy vegetation of flood-plains.
Breeding and feeding habitats are alike, but it most frequently forages on fresh or
freshened shallow waters a n d rice fields. Major limiting factors include disturbance of
the colonies, water pollution and a decrease in habitat feeding capacity.
Biology. Arrival at the end of M a r c h - beginning of April. Egg-laying varies

annually and topographically within the colony, but most are laid between 20 April
and 26 M a y . Separate sub-colonies of glossy ibis are m i x e d with colonies of other
herons. Nesting density is high. Usually the nests occupy the lowest level (up to 0.4
m over the water). W h e n nesting on bushes and trees, the height may be more
variable, but these habitats do not play a key role in the region. Clutch size 2-7,
normally 4-5 eggs. After fledging, juveniles m o v e out in various directions.
Sometimes birds stay in the breeding area till late September. Departure to winter
grounds is in October.
322
Population t r e n d s . N o d a t a
Threats. Water pollution of shallow bays degrading the reed-beds, régularisation of

downstream riverine areas, h u m a n disturbance.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. Colonies of Plegadis falcinellus are protected in the

Danube Delta.
C o n s e r v a t i o n m e a s u r e s p r o p o s e d . Obligatory protection of all breeding colonies.
References

Kostin , Y. V. 1983. Birds of the Crimea: 241 pp. (in Russian).
Smogorzhevsk'kyi, L. O., 1979. Divers, Grebes, Shearwaters, Cormorants, Shags,

Egrets, Herons, Flamingoes. F a u n a of Ukraine. Birds. Kiev, A k a d . Nauk. U S S S : 4 3 2
pp. (in Russian).
323
Pomatoschistus minutus (Pallas, 1770)
S y n o n y m s : Gobius gracilis Cabrera, 1817; Gobius elongatus Canestrini, 1861;

Gobius cobitiformes Kessler, 1874; Gobius minutus gracilis de Buen, 1923;
Pomatoschistus minutus Iljin, 1927.
C o m m o n n a m e s : Bulg: Dalache; Engl: Sand goby.
Order PERCIFORMES
Family GOBIDOAE
T a x o n o m i c description. D V I , I 8-12; AI 8-12; P 17-21. Scales in lateral series 58-

69. Vertebrae 31-34 (Gheorgiev, 1966). H e a d depth 1.01-1.04 of head width. Eye
diameter 0.25-0.29 of h e a d length. Upper lip uniformly wide. Pelvic disc 0.20-0.26
SL. Anterior m e m b r a n e without lateral lobes. Suborbital papillae with 9-11
transverse rows. Colour grey with numerous fine brownish spots. Males with 4-6
vertical dark bars. Size up to 7 c m .
I U C N Status
World level:
Subregion level: CE (Bulgarian coast)
Distribution. East Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Seas (Miller, 1986). In

Bulgaria found along the entire coast.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore gravel and sand, down to
about 20 m; sensitive to chemical substances.
324
Biology. Reproduction: March-July. Eggs under shrills or stones. Sexually mature
after one year. Food: polychaetes, amphipods, mysids.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Reduce pollution.
References

en Bulgarie. Proc. R e s . Inst. Fish. Oceanogr. Varna 7: 159-228.
Miller, P., 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3: p.
1067.
325
Ponteila mediterránea (Claus, 1863)
Synonyms: None.
C o m m o n n a m e s : None.
Order C A L A N O I D A
Family P O N T E L L I D A E
Taxonomic description. O n e of three species of Pontellidae in the Black Sea. The

head is triangular with lateral hooks and o n e pair of dorsal ocular lenses. A large
copepod with a blue or blue-green colour. Length of females 2.9-3.0 m m ; of males
2.75-2.85 m m .
I U C N Status
World level:
Distribution. T h e whole Black Sea, except low salinity areas and the Sea of Azov.
Also in the Mediterranean Sea.

the surface microlayer of the water. W i n t e r (dormant) eggs are laid on the bottom.
Limiting factors are the pollution of the w a t e r surface by toxic surfactants and a lack
of oxygen on the bottom.
Biology. Well adapted to the surface layer of water, living in coastal and open sea
areas, blue coloured, capable of aerial j u m p s , carnivorous. A thermophilic
Mediterranean-origin species with a m a s s development in summer. It is especially
abundant in convergence zones.
326
Population trends. A sharp decline in numbers since the 1970s, with a reduction of
50-60% over the last 10 years.
Threats. Pollution of the surface microlayer and eutrophication causing hypoxia at

the bottom.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. N o n e .
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Include in Black Sea R e d Data Book. Reduce

Black Sea pollution.
References
Dolgopolskaya, M. A., 1969. Otryad Calanoida G.O. Sars (Order Calanoida G.O.
Sars). In Opredelitel fauny Chernogo I Azovskogo morey (A key to Black Sea and
Sea of Azov fauna). Kiev, N a u k o v a D u m k a 2: 34-48 (in Russian).
Newell, G. E. & R. C. Newell, 1966. Marine Plankton, a practical guide. London,

Translations: 207 p p .
Zaitsev, Y. & V. M a m a e v , 1997. Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea. A

Study of Change and Decline. N e w York, United Nations Publications: xv + 208 pp.
327
Potamon tauricum Czerniavsky, 1884
S y n o n y m s : Potamon antiquum Szombathy, 1916

C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Freshwater crab; R o m : Crab de apa dulce; Russ:
Presnovodny krab; Turk: Tatli su yengeci; Ukr: Prisnovodny krab
Family P O T A M I D A E
T a x o n o m i c description. Adult carapax length up to 4cm, width up to 5 cm. Total

weight about 50 g. Ambulatory leg digits elongated. Shell olive-brown on its upper
part, and from light-brown to red underneath; nippers tinged with purple.
I U C N Status
World level: D D
Subregion level: EN in Ukraine
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. This crab is an

inhabitant of mountain rivers and streams, but it is absent from their headwaters and
estuaries. Upstream distribution is limited by low water temperature; downstream, it
is obstructed by salinity and pollution. Crabs survive temporary droughts hiding in
deep burrows and cavities under stones, and u s e the underflow of river-beds. Crabs
occur in artificial ponds but do not breed in stagnant water. They visit land at night
and during rains, and can subsist without water for a long time in h u m i d
environments. K n o w n from Crimean, Caucasian, Anatolian and Bulgarian coastal
areas.
Biology. T h e animal is euryphagous, feeding on detritus, green filamentous algae,

fallen leaves, olygochaetes, amphipods, insect larvae, molluscs, frogs (including
tadpoles), fishes and carrion. Crabs will eat any plant or animal marterial in captivity.
Cannibalism is c o m m o n . Copulation and spawning predominantly from June till
328
October. Fertility low in comparison with marine crabs: each female contains not
more than 200 eggs. Y o u n g appear after 1-2 days from the roe on the female's
pleopods. They remain under the female pleon for the first 5-7 days, where they feed
and grow. At a size of 3.6 mm they gradually adopt an independent m o d e of life.
Population trends. Since the mid 1970s there has been a tendency towards a decline
in abundance and range in Ukraine (south coast of the Crimea); some biotopes have
disappeared, others are endangered.
Threats. Habitat destruction by river-bed régularisation and reservoir building,

surface flow withdrawal for water-supply systems, pollution by raw sewage.
Sometimes crabs are caught for human consumption or by aquariumists.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. The species is listed in the Red Data Book of

Ukraine.
Conservation measures proposed. Compile a complete inventory of all locations;

monitor populations; create special reservations.
References
Czemiavsky, V., 1884. Materialia ad Zoographiam Ponticam Comparatam. F a s c H .

Crustacea Decapoda Littoraliam. (Proceedings on the Comparative Zoography of the
Black Sea. Vol.2 Coastal D e c a p o d Crustaceans). Khar'kov, Universitetskaya
tipographia: 268 p p . (in Latin).
Krivokhizhin, S. V. & T. V. Krivokhizhina, 1988. K izucheniyu biologii

presnovodnogo kraba, Potamon tauricum C z e m i a v s k y 1884, v Krymu. (Iinvestigation
of the biology of the freshwater crab Potamon tauricum C z e m i a v s k y , 1884, in the
Crimea). In T h e Study of C r i m e a n Ecosystems for their Conservation. Kiev, U M K
VO: 64-69 p p . (in Russian).
329
Makarov, Y. M., 1994. Prisnovodny krab (Freshwater crab). R e d Data B o o k of
Ukraine: Animal K i n g d o m . (Ed. M. M. Shcherbak). Kijiv, Ukrajinska Encyklopediya
Publ.: p.55. (in Ukrainian).
Starobogatov, Y. I. & S. V. Vasilenko, 1979. K sistematike presnovodnykh krabov

semeystva Potamidae Sredizemnomor'ya i Peredney Azii. (The systematics of the
freshwater Potamidae of the Mediterranean and Asia Minor). Zool. Zh. Moscow 58:
1790-1801 (in Russian).
Compiled by S. Krivokhizhin
330
Proterorhinus marmoratus (Pallas, 1811)
Synonyms: Gobius marmoratus Palass,1811; Gobius quadricapillus Pallas, 1811;

Gobius semilunaris Heckel, 1840; Gobius macropterus N o r d m a n n , 1840; Gobius
rubromaculatus Kriesh, 1873.
Common n a m e s : Engl: Tubenose goby; Bulg: Mramorno popche; Russ: Bychok-
tsutsik; Turk: Kaya baligi.
Order P E R C I F O R M E S
Family GOBHDAE
Taxonomic description. D VI, 1 1 4 - 1 8 ; A 1 1 2 - 1 5 ; P 14-16; squ. 44-16. Vertebrae:

30-33; (Gheorgiev, 1966). Head depth 1.03-1.07 of head width. Eye diameter 0.18-
0.23 of head length. Pelvic disc 0.19-0.23 SL. Anterior m e m b r a n e without
conspicuous lateral lobes. Nape scaled, cheek naked. Colour grey-brown, with 5-6
broad, irregular dark bands across the body. Size up to 11cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN (Bulgarian Coast)
Distribution. Rivers and estuaries of Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Caspian Sea.
(Miller, 1984). In Bulgaria in Lakes Shabla, Varna, Beloslav and Burgas.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors

Lakes, lagoons, brackish to slightly saline; on sand near sea-grasses; Lakes Beloslav,
Varna and Burgas. Threats: toxic chemical substances.
331
Biology. Reproduction: April-May. E g g s under shells or stones. Sexually mature
after one year. Food: green algae, crustaceans, polychaetes, insects.
Conservation m e a s u r e s t a k e n . L a k e Shabla has been declared a reserve.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Decrease contamination.
References

en Bulgarie. Proc. Res. Inst. Fish. Oceanogr. V a r n a 7: 159-228.
Miller, P., 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 3: p.
1078.
332
Pungitius platygaster (Kessler, 1859)
Synonyms: Gasterosteus platygaster Steindachner, 1899.

Common n a m e s : Bulg: Devetigla bodlivca; Engl: Nine or ten-spined stickleback;
Rom: Palamida de balta; Russ: Malaya yuzhnaya kolyushka.
Order G A S T E R O S T E I F O R M E S
Family G A S T E R O S T E I D A E
Taxonomic description. D V I I I - X I 7 - 1 0 ; A 1 6 - 9 ; P 10-11; V 1 1 . Usually nine or 10

free spines in front of the dorsal fin (Stojanov et ah, 1963; Svetovidov, 1964). B o d y
covered with b o n y scats. Lateral keel on caudal peduncle absent. Pelvic fin spine
serrated. Size up to 7 cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: CE (Bulgarian coast)
Distribution. Rivers surrounding the Black Sea, Sea of Azov, Caspian and Aral Seas
(Banister, 1986). In Bulgaria in Lakes M a n d r a and Beloslav.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Fresh and brackish water; lakes;
threatened by changes in hydro-chemical regime.
Biology. Reproduction in March-May. T h e male makes a nest in vegetation. Food:

small invertebrates.
333
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Reduce chemical pollution.
References
Banister, R., 1986. Fishes of the North - eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 2:
642 p p .
Stojanov, S., et al, 1963. The fishes in the Black Sea. Publishing house Varna: 246
pp.
Svetovidov, A., 1964. T h e fishes of the Black Sea. Publ. H o u s e Science: 550 pp.
334
Rufibrenta ruficollis Pallas, 1769
Synonyms: Rufibrenta ruficollis Bonaparte, 1856; Anser ruficollis Pallas, 1769, Anas
torquata Gmelin, 1774; Anas pulchricollis George, 1775
Common n a m e s : Engl: Red-breasted goose; Bulg: Chervenogusha guska; R o m :
Gisca cu git rosu; R u s s : Krasnozobaya kazarka; Turk: Kirmizi gerdanli kaz; Ukr:
Chornovola kazarka
Order A N S E R I F O R M E S
Family A N A T I D A E
Taxonomic description. A small goose with varied p l u m a g e and red-brown breast,

throat and cheecks. L e g s , beak, belly, back, wings, nape and crown of head black.
Base of beak, around cheek stripes, cross breast band, flanks,underside of tail and of
rump white.
I U C N Status
World level: VU
Subregion level: N E
Distribution. T h e Red-breasted goose is a Russian endemic that nests in North-West

and Central Siberia. Its breeding areas include the tundra and leso-tundra of the
peninsulas Yamal, G l u d a n and Taymyr. To the east of T a y m y r it nests only around
the Popugay river (Krivenko, 1983). Till 1967 its main winter areas were along the
south-west and south coast of the Caspian Sea. As a result of worsening conditions in
this area, birds m o v e d to spend winter in the Black Sea region, mostly in the
Bulgarian and R o m a n i a n parts of Dobrudja (Isakov, 1979). Before reaching their
Balkan winter quarters, Rufibrenta ruficollis flies over the North Prichernomorie
(Lusenko, 1991). Along the south Bulgarian coast, flocks reach 100-200 specimens.
Rarely single specimens and small flocks are recorded along the seashore of Turkey
(OST Bird Report, 1975). In autumn, the first Rufibrenta ruficollis arrive along the
335
Black Sea coast in late September-early October. Migration peaks in November and
early December. Geese leave their winter quarters in March to return to their nesting
places.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. The nesting areas are part of the
tundra and leso-tundra, rich in water basins and islands and situated on high river
banks.
Biology. Nests in groups of 3-20 pairs, near nests of the Ruff-legged buzzard (Buteo
lagopus), Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), or gulls. In June the female lays 4-10
eggs, which it broods for 26 days. During autumn migration birds rapidly cover the
distance between the nesting and winter areas, resting only few times. They feed on
roots and seeds of different plant species. Their main food in winter along the Black
Sea are green parts of barley and wheat, and seeds from previous crops of maize, rice
and other grains.
th
Population trends. In the 1 9 century, the population of the Rufibrenta ruficollh
was estimated as "dozens of thousands of specimens" (Krivenko, 1983). In 1956, c.
60,000 spent winter in Azerbaijan (Cramp & S i m m o n s , 1977). Around 1960 the
population began to decline, possibly in connection with b a d winters in the Caspian
Sea. Afterwards, the breeding population increased again and in 1979 it reached
27,000 specimens (Vinokurov, 1982). During migrations and winter, concentrations
form on the lower course of the river Kuban (up to 3,350 specimens), on Veselovski
dam - up to 4,600 specimens, on the Molochnii and Utljukskii firths (up to 1,500-
2,000 specimens), in East Sivash (up to 4,000 specimens) and over Dunavski plavni
reserve (up to 9,000 specimens) (Sabinevskii & Adamatskaia, 1984; Kazakov et al,
1988; Lusenko, 1991). In R o m a n i a n Dobrudja (region of Istria) a large number (c.
25,000 specimens) stopped for the first time in December 1968 (Puscariu, 1983). For
comparison only 1,000-2,000 specimens then spent winter in Azerbaijan (Cramp &
Simmons, 1977). Later, the n u m b e r of the Red-breasted geese overwintering in
336
Dobrudja increased further, to reach 68,000 during January 1992 (26,000 specimens
in Romanian Dobrudja and 42,000 specimens in Bulgarian Dobrudja) (Didier
Vangeluwe, pers. com.) and 75,000 in January 1993 (Black & Madsen, 1993). This
shows that virtually the whole population of Rufibrenta ruficollis spends winter along
the Black Sea coast.
Threats. Destruction of habitat and killing of birds in the nesting areas during
migration, and in their winter quarters. The decline of Lemmings (genus Lemmus)
and Peregrine falcon in the tundra indirectly limit its breeding success. The biggest
danger in its winter quarters along the Black Sea is the use of pesticides. Also,
poaching, shooting tourism, and night hunts are destructive.
Conservation measures taken. A world threatened species, included in Annex JJ of

the Washington Convention. It is protected by law in all countries in its range and
listed in the Red Books of Russia, Kazakstan and Bulgaria. Its winter quarters in
Bulgaria and R o m a n i a are protected territories. S o m e areas along its migratory route
are also protected (Krivenko, 1983).
Conservation measures proposed. The establishment of a network of protected

territories in its nesting and winter areas and along its migratory route. Enlargement
of the existing protected territories. Prohibition of hunting in places of concentration.
Hunting only allowed during the day and limited to species such as White-fronted
goose (Anser albifrons). Propaganda as a means of mass information and education
of hunters. Prohibition of hunting tourism in places with high concentrations of this
goose.
References
Black J. & J. Madsen, 1993. Excellent news for the Red-breasted Goose J W K B
Threatened Waterfowl Res. G r o u p Newsletter 4:16-17.
Isakov J., 1979. Migratsii krasnozoboi kazarki - Rufibrenta ruficollis. Migratsii ptits
Vost. Evropy i Sev. Azii. Aistoobraznue - plastinchatokliuvue, M o s c o w : 203-209 pp.

Encyklopediya Publ.: 312 p p . (in Ukrainian).
Kazakov, B . , N. Loinadze, V. Goncharov, V. Petrenko & N. Kavernichenko, 1988.

Krasnozobaia kazarka na V e s e l o v s k o m vodohranilishte. Resursi jivotnogo mira
Severnogo Kavkaza, Stavropol: 7 3 - 7 5 .
337
Krivenko, V., 1983. Krasnazobaia kazarka - Rufibrenta ruficollis (Pallas, 1769).
"Krasnaia kniga R S F S R , jivotnie". M o s c o w , Rosselhozizdat: 177-180 pp.
Lusenko, V., 1991. F a u n a Ukrainy 5 (3) Ptitsy. Guseobraznue. Kiev, Naukova

D u m k a : 201 p p .
Puscariu, V., 1983. La presence de Branta ruficollis pendant I'hiver en Roumanie.

Aquila 90: 23-27.
Sabinevskii, B. & T. Ardamatskaia, 1984. O b z o r izmenenia sostoiania zimovok

vodoplavashtih ptits v A z o v o - C h e r n o m o r s k o m regione po materialam yanvarskikh
utshetov 1975-1984g, Sovremennoe sostoianie resursov vodoplavashtih ptic.
M o s c o w , Nauka: 75-77 pp..
Vinokurov, A., 1982. Present status of the Branta ruficollis population and measures
for its conservation. Aquila 89: 115-122.
Compiled by P. Gorlov & N. Nankinov
338
Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793
Synonyms: Scomber sarda Bloch, 1793; Scomber pelamis Brunich, 1763; Scomber
sarda Schneider, 1 8 0 1 ; Thunnus sardus Risso, 1826; Pelamys sarda Cuvier, 1832;
Sarda mediterránea Jordan, 1883; Sarda sarda Banarascu, 1964
Common n a m e s . Engl: Atlantic bonito; Bulg: Palamud; Georg: Atlantikuri
pelamida, Pelamida; R o m : Palamida; Russ: Pelamida; Turk: Palamut-torik; Ukr:
Pelamida
Family S C O M B R I D A E
Taxonomic description. A small, relatively narrow-bodied tuna; sharp snout; large

oblique mouth; upper j a w reaching the hind edge of the eye or beyond; lower j a w
almost equal to the upper one; strong teeth on j a w s and palatins; dorsal fins close
together. First (spiny) dorsal fin very long and straight or only slightly concave in
outline; second fin smaller; anal fin short; pectoral fins short, triangular with large
base; ventral fins short, in same plan; lateral line conspicuously wavy; t w o flaps
(interpelvic process) between the pelvic fins. Body entirely covered with scales
which are minute, except on the well developed corselet (area behind the head and
around the pectoral fins, covered with larger and thicker scales). On each side of the
slender caudal peduncle, a well developed lateral keel between two small keels
located at the base of the caudal fin lobes; colour of the back and upper sides steel-
blue, with five to 11 dark oblique stripes running forward and downward; lower sides
and belly silvery; with seven to 10 dorsal, and six to eight anal Unlets. Size m a x i m u m
80 cm; average 30 to 50 cm.
IUCN Status
World level:
Subregion level: C R
339
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A pelagic,
migratory species often schooling near the surface in inshore waters, mainly over the
continental shelf. C o m m o n throughout the Mediterranean, in the Black Sea and in the
tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic; present also at higher Atlantic
latitudes, up to the coasts of Scandinavia and Ireland. Threatened by pollution, and
overfishing.
Biology. Thermophilic and stenohaline. T h e majority of individuals spend winter in

the M a r m a r a and Aegean Seas. In April, small schools of similar size and sex enter
the Black Sea, staying here up to late October. Feeds mostly on fish, particularly
small clupeids, gadoids and mackerels. Spawning extended, from M a y to mid July.
G r o w t h is fast and longevity is c. 12 years.
Population trends. During 1954-1960, S. sarda was the main target of offshore
fishing in the R o m a n i a n sector ( 9 9 . 8 % in 1954 and 1955; 9 6 . 0 % in 1956). In 1954,
34,000 kg were caught in front of Sulina-St.Gheorghe; in June-August 1955 and
1956, 150,000 kg were landed in the Portita-Constantsa zone. In the 1960s, all Black
Sea countries together caught 3 , 1 0 4 1 ; after 1960, this figure drastically decreased.
Threats. Strong pollution of M a r m a r a Sea and pre-bosphoric zone; overfishing.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Decrease anthropogenic pressure on the Black

and M a r m a r a Seas. Assure fish passage through the Bosphorus into the Black Sea.
Limit swordfish fishing in the Black Sea, introducing closed periods. Establish a
special recovery p r o g r a m m e for the entire B l a c k Sea.
References
Banarascu, P., 1969. F a u n a R P R : Pisces - Osteichthyes. Bucuresti, Acad.R P

R o m a n i a 8 (5): 809 p p . (in Romanian).
340
Ionescu, N . , N. Gadidov & S. Stanescu, 1958. Contributions to the knowledge of the
biology and fishery of Sarda sarda Bloch, in the Romanian Black Sea waters, during
1954-1956. Hidrobiologia 1: 165-186. (in R o m a n i a n ) .
FAO, 1973. Species identification sheets for fishery purpose. Mediterranean and
Black Sea, fishing area. R o m e 37.
Zaitsev, Y., 1992. Recent changes in the trophic structure of the Black Sea. Fish.
Oceanogr. 1: 180-189.
Compiled by G. Radu & F. Verioti
341
Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758
S y n o n y m s : Scomber scomber Bonnatere, 1788; Scomber punctatus Canah, 1857;

Scomber scombrus Smith, 1893; Scomber scombrus Banarascu, 1964
C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Atlantic mackerel; Bulg: Skumrija; Georg: Scumbria,
Makreli; R o m : Scrumbie albastra; Russ: Skumbriya; Turk: Uskumaru baligi; Ukr:
Skumbriya
T a x o n o m i c description. S. scombrus is characterized by an elongate, rounded body,

a pointed snout, a slim caudal peduncle, t w o dorsal fins. Behind the second dorsal
and the anal fin, five finlets. The two dorsal fins widely separated (interspace at least
equal to the length of the first dorsal fin base); an adipose lid covers the front and hind
edges of the eye; head and the body entirely covered with small scales; 11 to 13
spines in the first dorsal fin; t w o small keels on each side of the caudal peduncle (at
the base of the caudal fin lobes), but no central keel between them. Colour of the
back brilliant green-blue, often turning to bluish-black on the head; sides metallic,
belly white, series of characteristic dark, curving lines across the back. Size
m a x i m u m 50 cm, average 30-35 cm.
I U C N Status
World level:
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A schooling

pelagic fish inhabiting cold and temperate waters. C o m m o n in most of the western
and central Mediterranean Sea; occasionally entering the A z o v Sea; rare in the eastern
Mediterranean. Also in the North Atlantic, from M u r m a n s k to the Canary Islands and
342
from Cape Lookout to Labrador. Threats: pollution of the Bosphorus and presence of
predators such as tuna, dolphins and shark.
Biology. The species spends winter in the Marmara Sea, in front of the Bosphorus;
entering the Black Sea in spring, it m o v e s northward, reaching the Romanian coasts in
April-May when water temperature is 8 °C. In October-November it m o v e s south and
in D e c e m b e r it leaves the Black Sea. Spawning takes place in late winter - early
spring in the M a r m a r a and Aegean Seas. Individuals staying in the Black Sea in
winter do not reproduce, because juveniles need to move to great depths, which are
predator-free. Feeds chiefly on pelagic invertebrates (Acartia, amphipods, mysids,
pilchard, sprat and eel).
Population trends. The stocks considerably decreased due to adverse conditions for
feeding and breeding. In R o m a n i a separate statistics were kept for this species until
after the 1960s, when it disappeared as a commercial species. On the Turkish coast,
the catches recorded by F A O were 39 t (1989), 5 6 1 (1990), and 780 t (1991).
Threats. Overfishing, pollution, predation (bonito, shark and dolphins).
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. In the last 25 years, no gill nets have been allowed
for catching mackerel.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Ensure migration into the Black Sea by

mitigation of eutrophication/pollution.
References
F A O , 1973. Species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Mediterranean and

Black Sea, fishing area 37. R o m e .
343
Radu, G., E. Leonte, G., Butoi, F. Verioti, A. Gorban & E. Radu, 1996. Principalele
specii de pesti si mamifere din M a r e a Neagra (Determinator) (Main fish and
m a m m a l s from the Black Sea) (Identification sheets) (in Romanian).
344
Scorpaena porcus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Cottus massiliensis Gmelin, 1778; Scorpenaporcus Blach, 1788;

Scorpena rascassa Lacepede, 1801.
C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Scorpionfish; Bulg: Skorpid; R o m : Scorpia de mare; Russ:
Morskoy yorsh; Turk: Lipsoz.
Order SCORPAENTFORMES
Family S C O R P A E N T D A E
Taxonomic description. Head with conspicuous branched fleshy flaps, particularly

above the eyes and at the anterior nasal openings, but none on the lower j a w , on the
free edges of the scales, along the lateral line and the back. Upper j a w without a
conspicuous longitudinal ridge; two pores under the chin behind the junction of the
lower jaws; back and sides brown, marbled with irregular dark bands and patches.
Large head, armed with numerous spines and crests. V e n o m o u s spines on the anterior
portion of the dorsal fin. Mouth wide, with small teeth and large, rounded pectoral
fins with upper rays branched and lower ones simple. Profile of head, behind the
eyes, with a pronounced depression. Size m a x i m u m 25 cm, average about 15 cm.
I U C N Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A sedentary,

solitary species inhabiting littoral waters among rocks and seaweeds. C o m m o n in the
Mediterranean and east Atlantic, from the British Isles to the Canary Islands. T h e
345
littoral areas of the north-western Black Sea are critical habitats due to pollution and
hypoxia.
Biology. Feeds mainly on small fish such as gobies and blennies, but also on
crustaceans and other invertebrates. S p a w n s in summer; eggs covered with a
mucilaginous m e m b r a n e ; sexual maturity reached at three years of age, rarely after
t w o years.
Population trends. After 1975, with intensified eutrophication, periodic hypoxia and
other anthropogenic pressures, a decline occurred. The species is currently rare in
catches but remained present in isolated individuals, even in 1990-1995.
Threats. L o w o x y g e n concentrations and an increase in organic matter content in

littoral waters; impoverishment of algal communities.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Construct artificial reefs for the restoration of the

species' habitat.
References

Black Sea, fishing area 37, R o m e .
Radu, G., E. L e o n t e , G. Butoi, F. Verioti, A. Gorban & E. R a d u , 1996. Principalele

specii de pesti si mamifere din Marea N e a g r a (Determinator) (Main fish and
m a m m a l s from the Black Sea) (in R o m a n i a n ) .
Compiled by A. Petranu.
346
Smirnoviella reducta (Monchenko, 1977)
S y n o n y m s : None.
C o m m o n names: None.
Order C Y C L O P O I D A .
Family C Y C L O P I D A E : H A L I C Y C L O P I N A E .
T a x o n o m i c description. This species exhibits a modified morphology, not known in

other Cyclopidae, of the structure of the maxillae and maxillipeds etc. The maxilla is
prehensile with only one apical and subapical setae or spine on the distal segment and
without armature on the distal endite of the sympod; the maxilliped is reduced to one
small joint with two weakly developed setae (on other parts too there is a m i n i m u m of
setae). Total female length 617-688 m.
I U C N Status
World level:
Distribution. Central part of the Dniestr river liman of the Black Sea. Endemic of
this river liman. All three congeners are k n o w n only from the Caspian Sea
( M o n c h e n k o , 1982). This genus, by its range and peculiarities of halopathy, belongs
to the Ponto-Caspian Zoogeographie c o m p l e x and arose in o n e of the basins that
preceded the Black Sea.
347
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A bottom-dwelling species
inhabiting the m u d sands at different depths of the river limans. F o u n d at a salinity
0.56-1.51 ppt.
Biology. Polycyclic during the w a r m season of the year. Limiting factors include
strong seasonal salinity oscillations and a very narrow area of distribution.
Population trends. A Decline of the population numbers by up to 5 0 - 6 0 % during

the last 10-12 years.
Threats. Pollution of the river limans and eutrophication causing hypoxia of bottom
water.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Include in Black Sea R e d Data Book. Reduce

pollution in the Dniestr basin.
References
M o n c h e n k o , V. I., 1977. Smirnoviella reducta gen. et sp. n. (Crutasera, Copepoda)

from Dniester river liman (Black Sea basin). Zool. Zh. 5 6 : 1402-1406 (in Russian
M o n c h e n k o , V. I., 1982. The genus Smirnoviella (Crutasera, Cyclopidae) in the

Caspian Sea with the description of a n e w species. Vestnik Zool. 16: 12-15 (in Russian
348
Solea nasuta Nordmann, 1840
S y n o n y m s : none.
C o m m o n names: Engl: Snouted sole; Bulg: Morsky ezik; Georg: Zghvis ena; R o m :
Limba de mare; Russ: Morskoy yazyk; Turk: Ege dil baligi; Ukr: Mors'ky yazyk
Order P L E U R O N E C T I F O R M E S
Family S O L E I D A E
Taxonomic description. An oval flatfish with the eyes on the right side of the head.
Small, slightly curved mouth. Varies in colour due to its mimetic ability, but usually
grey-brown or reddish. Size up to 50 centimeters.
I U C N Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A benthic species,

typical of sandy bottoms. Also found in estuaries and on continental shelves. D e e p
trawling, degradation of coastal ecosystems and sand dredging are the main reasons
for its decline. Overfishing has also depleted the stocks.
Biology. A carnivore, living at depths of up to 150 meters. Reproduction is in

spring, sexual maturity starts at four years of age. Feeds on molluscs, crustaceans and
polychaetes. Eggs pelagic. Colour of ventral part white, dorsal part grey. Penetrates
some Black Sea river estuaries.
Population trends. No available information, but overfishing and illegal fishing are
probably contributing to a decliing trend.
349
Threats. Overfishing, illegal fishing, sand dredging, coastal nets, pollution.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. No particular measures.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Reduce coastal fisheries, pollution and ban sand

dredging.
References
Aksiray, F., 1987. Turkish Marine Fishes Identification Book. Publication of the
University of Istanbul no. 3490. Second Edition. Istanbul, Turkey : 811 pp.
Compiled by B. Ozturk & A. Komakhidze
350
Solen vagina (Linnaeus, 1758)
S y n o n y m s : Solen marginatus Pennat, 1777.

C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Grooved razor clam; Bulg: Diavolski nokt: R o m : Unghiuta;
Russ: Cherenok; Turk: Tarak; Ukr: Kologochka.
Order V E N E R I D A
Family S O L E N I D A E
Taxonomic description. Shell fragile, equivalved, straight, almost cylindrical,

strongly elongated, open at both ends, with sharp ventral margin and grayish-brown
colour. Dorsal and ventral margins parallel, u m b o n e s almost terminal and indistinct.
Outer surface with a deep grove near the anterior margin and patterned with two
series of growth striae at right angles to each other, following a diagonal line from
umbo to opposite comer. Valves smooth internally, whitish in colour, bearing two
muscular scars and the impression of the siphon. Hinge of both valves formed by a
single cardinal tooth which is prominent and laterally flattened; colour white or
yellow. M a x i m u m length 13 cm; average length 10 to 11 c m .
I U C N Status
World level:
Subregion level: EN
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Low-lying beaches,

muddy sands bottoms in shallow waters (infralittoral zone). Very c o m m o n in the
Mediterranean, North Sea, English Channel and north Atlantic. Threats: progressive
degradation of its biotopes by deposition of a stratum of mud.
Biology. T h e sexes are distinct, the species is oviparous and feeds on phytoplankton
and suspended organic particles. Burrows sometimes deeply (up to 50 c m ) . It is
extracted by digging into the sand, or by introducing grains of salt into its burrow.
351
Population trends. After 1970, very small n u m b e r of individuals only in Romanian
Black Sea waters. Mostly empty shells in b o t t o m samples during the last two decades.
Threats. Terrigenous pollution, hypoxia; turbidity due to use of various type of

bottom gear.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Reduce negative environmental impacts.
References
Bacescu, M., G. I. Miiller & M.-T. Gomoiu, 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 357 pp. (in
Romanian).

Compiled by M.-T. Gomoiu & A. Petranu.
352
Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms. None.
C o m m o n n a m e s : Bulg: Obiknoveva gaga; Engl: Eider; Rom: Eider; Russ: Gaga
obyknovennaya; Turk: Pufla; Ukr: Gaga zvychayna.
Order ANSERIFORMES
Family A N A T I D A E
Taxonomic description. A c o m m o n species, with a world-wide breeding range. BS

- in small numbers occur on the Bulgarian and Romanian Black Sea coasts. NB -
there is one isolated population in Ukraine on the islands of the "Chernomorski"
reserve, known since 1975. In 1990, there were 678 pairs in the region.
IUCN Status
World level:
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. In Ukraine the

habitats are small islets with reed beds, although in its main breeding range, Eider
prefers rocky or stony island coasts, often with arboreal vegetation. In cold winters
such habitats are often destroyed by cracking ice, which may wipe off low parts of
islands and reeds. On the densely populated Kruglyi and Dolgi islands in Yagorlytzki
bay, the area of these habitats is sharply reduced under such conditions. The majority
of the nests is in the shore reeds (in some years up to 6 3 % ) , less frequently in reed-
beds around inland lakes, or in growths of sagebrush (Artemisia). S o m e nests may be
located openly on cast-ashore aquatic vegetation. Major limiting factors are nest and
chick predation by Yellow-legged gull (Lams cachinnans), a reduction in mussel bed
area, hunting (these ducks are easy targets), and kills in fish-nets.
Biology. The birds begin to arrive in the first days of March. Egg laying is observed
in April and the first half of M a y . Second-year females start breeding in early June.
353
2
Breeding density can be up to 5 nests.m" . Clutch size 4-8 eggs, normally 5-6. Those
of 9-16 eggs are laid by two females. No second breeding. Incubation lasts for 26-28
days. Hatching well synchronized. T h e first broods appear at the end of April. In
July-August, juveniles and females aggregate in flocks of up to 3,000 birds and stay
along the coast of the Tendra and Dzharalgach bays. Part of the Black Sea population
overwinters in bays within the area of the "Chernomorski" reserve or moves offshore.
Most of this southernmost population overwinters along the Bulgarian coast. Diet
basically c o m p o s e d of molluscs (mussels predominate), small crabs and copepods.
Population trends. Decreasing, birds redistributing over the islands of Tendra bay.
Threats. Nest and chick predation by yellow-legged gull, reduction of mussel bed
area, hunting, fish-nets.
Conservation measures taken. T h e species is protected in the "Chernomorski"

reserve.
Conservation measures proposed. Protection from gulls, reduction in fox numbers,

strengthening of protection regime in general, decrease pollution.
References
Ardamatzkaia, T. B., 1992. Changes of the species composition, numbers and

distribution of the "Chernomorski" reserve island ornithocomplex within the last 60
years. Natural complexes of the "Chernomorski" State Biosphere reserve: p . l 10-121.
(in Russian).
354
Ardamatzkaia T. B., A. R u d e n k o & G. Birds, 1996. Invertebrates of the
1: 19-32. (in Russian).

Nankinov, D. N., 1979. A record of Eider in the Balkans.Ecology and morphology of

eiders in the USSR: 38-45 pp. (in Russian).
355
Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
S y n o n y m s : Maena smaris (Linnaeus, 1758); Sparus alcedo Risso, 1810; Spams

smaris Risso, 1826; Sparus vulgaris Valenciennes, 1830; Smaris gracilis Bonaparte,
1836; Spicara smaris Lazano C a b o , 1953.
C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Picarel; Bulg: Vretenest smarid; R o m : Smarid auriu; Russ:
Smarida; Turk: Izmarit; Ukr: Smarida.
Order PERCIFORMES
Family C E N T R A C A N T H I D A E
Taxonomic description. B o d y rather elongate, its length five to six times its height;
snout pointed, m o u t h protractile; eye diameter smaller than preorbital length; scales
small; j a w s bearing villiform teeth, some of the anterior ones stronger; palate smooth
or nearly so (none or very few teeth). Dorsal fin without a notch; pectoral fins
moderately developed; dorsal fin high; back grayish-brown or grayish-yellow, with
rather indistinct b r o w n cross bands. A black rectangular blotch between lateral line
and pectoral fin. Size m a x i m u m 20 cm (males) and 15 cm (females); average
8-20 cm.
I U C N Status
World level:
Subregion level: D D
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A benthic species

preferring offshore water, especially in winter; over m u d d y or vegetated bottoms,
from the littoral to depths of 15-170 m. C o m m o n throughout the Mediterranean Sea,
also found on the Atlantic coasts from Portugal to M o r o c c o . Rare in the Black Sea
due to p o o r oxygenation of its deeper waters (100-150 m ) , this species preferring
356
these depths, especially in winter. Threat: pollution of coastal waters where
reproduction takes place.
Biology. Lives in small schools which perform irregular migrations; spawning in

May-June near the coasts; spherical eggs deposited on algae or on the bottom. A
marked sexual dimorphism, males having brighter colours (blue-striped) and longer
fins. Feeds on both algae and animals (crustaceans, molluscs, worms and small fish);
feeds intensely, also in winter, a little less during reproduction.
Population trends. Caught with trammel nets, bottom trawls and pots. On the
Romanian littoral the species is accidental in the catches. On the Turkish littoral, the
catches recorded in 1989 were 6 5 4 1 , in 1990 - 1,638 t and in 1991-3391.
Threats. Pollution and unfavourable hydrological conditions.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Reduce eutrophication and pollution.
References
Banarascu, P., 1964. Fauna of RPR. Pisces, Osteichthyes. Edit. Acad.R. P. Romania.

Compiled by G. Radu & F. Verioti.
357
Symphodus ocellatus (Forsskal, 1775)
S y n o n y m s : Labrus reticulatus Lacepede, 1802; Lutjanus ocellatus Risso, 1810;

Crenilabrus olovaceus Risso, 1826; Crenilabrus ocellatus Kessler, 1859.
C o m m o n n a m e s : Russ: Rulen; Turk: Circir.
Family L A B R I D A E
T a x o n o m i c description. D XIII-XV 8 - 1 1 ; A HI 8-11; P 11-13. Scales in lateral

series 30-34. Gill-rakers 14-18. Vertebrae 30-32 (Stojanov etal, 1963; Svetovidov,
1964). H e a d length equal to or shorter than body depth. Snout shorter than post-
orbital. Colour variable. A large spot, of varying colour on operculum, usually
outlined in red. Size up to 12cm.
I U C N Status
W o r l d level:
Distribution. Mediterranean, Adriatic, Black Sea, Sea of Azov. In Bulgaria rare, on

the whole coast.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore, near rocks; senstive to
toxic chemicals.
Biology. Reproduction in May-July. E g g s on stones or gravel. Sexually mature at 1-

2 years. Food: w o r m s , amphipods, molluscs (Quingard & Pras, 1986).
358
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce chemical pollution.
References
Quingard, J. & A. Pras, 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the
Mediterranean 2: 937-938.
Stojanov, S. etal, 1963. T h e fishes in the Black Sea. Varna, Publishing House: 246
pp.
Svetovidov, A. 1964. T h e fishes of the Black Sea. Publ. House Science: 550 p p .
C o m p i l e d by Y. Sivkov & K. Prodanov.
359
Symphodus tinca (Linnaeus, 1758)
S y n o n y m s : Labruspavo Brunich, 1768; Labrus lapina Forskal, 1775; Lutjanus

geofroyius Riso, 1810; Crenilabrus tinea Risso, 1826.
C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Peacock wrasse; Russ: Zelenushka; Turk: Lapin.
Order PERCIFORMES
Family LABRIDAE
T a x o n o m i c description. D XrV-XVII, 19-12; A III 8-12; P113-15. Scales in lateral

series 33-38. Vertebrae 32-34. Gill-rakers 13-16 (Quignard & Pras, 1986; Stojanov
etal., 1963). B o d y elongated, laterally compressed. B o d y depth 0.32-0.35 SL. Head
slightly longer than body depth. Colour greatly variable; a small dark spot at base of
caudal fin. Size up to 25 cm.
I U C N Status
World level:
Distribution. F r o m northern Spain to M o r o c c o . Mediterranean and Black Sea. In

Bulgaria rare, in the inshore zone.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore, near rock and sea-grass,
1 to 20 m; inshore, rear rocks; Sensitive to organic contamination.
Biology. Reproduction in May-July. E g g s on stones or gravel. Sexually mature

after 2-3 years. Food: molluscs, crabs.
360
Threats. Organic pollution.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Stop contamination.
References
Quingard, J. & A. Pras, 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the
Mediterranean 2: 940.
Stojanov, S. et ah, 1963. T h e fishes in the Black Sea. Varna, Publishing House:
246 pp.
361
Syngnatus tenuirostris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: None.
C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Horse pipefish; Russ: Tonkorylaya ryba-igla; Turk: Deniz
ignesi.
Family SYNGNATHIDAE
T a x o n o m i c description. Pipefish with thin, elongated, body. A distinctive high,

compressed nose, with a straight profile, and an almost vertically cut mouth at its
extremity. Colour from b r o w n to greenish-brown.
I U C N Status
World level:
Subregion level: LR
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Infralittoral zone of

the sea, mostly a m o n g macroalgae. Near macroalgal communities, close to Zostera.
Threats: pollution, oil spills, coastal fisheries, gill nets, eutrophication.
362
Biology. A herbivore; reproduction starts in spring and ends in summer, eggs develop
within 6-10 days.
Population trends. No information.
Threats. Coastal fisheries, gill net fisheries, pollution.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. No particular conservation measures.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Reduce gill net fisheries and pollution, protect

the Zostera belts.
Reference
Slastenenko, E., 1955-1956. The Fishes of the Black Sea Basin. General Directorate
of the Meat and Fish Office. Istanbul, Turkey: 705 pp.
363
Syngnathus typhle (Linnaeus, 1758)
S y n o n y m s : Syngnathus virids Risso, 1810; Syngnathus argentatus Pallas, 1811;

Syngnathus pyrois Risso, 1826; Syngnathus typhle Di Caporiaceo, 1948; Syngnathus
typhle argentatus Slastenenko, 1956; Syngnathus rotundatus Totonnese, 1970.
C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Deep-smotedpipefish; Rom. Ac de mare; Russ: Morskaya
igla; Turk: Deniz ignesi.
Order S Y N G N A T H I F O R M E S
Family SYNGNATHIDAE
T a x o n o m i c description. B o d y very elongate and straight, with conspicuous

longitudinal edges; long, high and strong snout, flattened from side to side; mouth,
small and oblique, situated on superior tip of snout; caudal region very long, non-
prehensile. Seven longitudinal ridges along the body: t w o parallel to the back line,
two lateral, t w o parallel to the ventral line and one mid-ventral. In the caudal region,
the mid-ventral edge disappears, and the t w o laterals approach the sub-dorsal ones;
dorsal fin begins above or near anus; pectoral fins short and rounded; no ventral fins;
caudal and anal fins reduced. Males with t w o lateral folds in caudal region which
approach each other on median line of head, producing an incubation chamber. Here,
the eggs are spawned and develop. Ventral wall of head near incubation region
intensely vascularized. B o d y greenish or brown-reddish, generally with dark spots
and stripes.
I U C N Status
World level:
Subregion level: V U
Distribution, Habitat type. A marine pelagic fish, able to survive in fresh ater.
Living only between plants, especially Zostera. C o m m o n throughout the Black Sea
littoral and A z o v Sea; also recorded in lakes Razelm-Sinoe.
Critical habitats. Littoral zones of north-eastern Black Sea.
364
Limiting factors. Loss of vegetation, essential for its development and spawning;
eutrophication of littoral waters; hydrotechnical works which reduce the Zostera
fields.
Biology. Feeds on crustaceans and juvenile fish; spawning period from March till
August; females lays eggs in the incubation pocket of males; incubation lasts four
weeks.
Population trends. Very c o m m o n in the Zostera fields in the Agigea and M a n g a b a

marine zones until 1950-1970, more rare in the Cystoseira fields of the southern
littoral zone during the same period. During the last two decades, the population
diminished due to the reduction of the Zostera fields. Presently caught in stake nets.
Threats. Predatory fish; anthropogenic pressure.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Purification of the drainage waters of coastal
cities.
References
Banarascu, P., 1964. F a u n a of R. P. R o m a n e , Pisces, Osteichthyes. Bucurest,

Ed.Acad.R. P. Romania.
Muller, G. I., V. H. Skolka & N. B o d e a n u , 1969. Preliminary data regarding the algal
and animal populations associated with the Cystoseira barbata fields from the
Black Sea R o m a n i a n littoral. Hidrobiología 10: 270-289. (In Rom.).
Compiled by G. Radu & F. Verioti.
365
Tado ma ferruginea (Pallas, 1764)
Synonyms: Casarca ferruginea, Anas ferruginea Ruddy.

C o m m o n n a m e s : Bulg: Cherven angach; Engl: Shellduck; R o m : Califar rosu; Russ:
Ogaf; Turk: Angit; Ukr: Ogar'.
Order ANSERIFORMES
Family ANATIDAE
T a x o n o m i c description. About 90-100 pairs out of a total population of 280-350

birds breed in Ukraine.
I U C N Status
W o r l d level:

include rocky precipices along the banks of waterbodies, but alsoin abandoned
buildings. Major limiting factors are the reduction of the breeding range due to
recreational and economic activities, disturbance and killing by people, increased
predation (crows, raccoons, foxes, domestic dogs).
Biology. A resident of the whole Black Sea basin. In the northern sub-regions it is a
breeding, s u m m e r and irregular winter species. Breeding starts in late March -
beginning of April. Nests are located in rocky niches and holes (those dug by foxes
are occupied as well) often fairly high, or in abandoned buildings. The clutch consists
of 8-12 eggs and is incubated by the female, while the male protects the nesting
territory. Brooding duties are shared. Non-breeders associate in flocks of irregular
size and stay in the breeding areas. In April-June these flocks are joined by
unsuccessful breeding birds, in August and later the families with juveniles complete
these associations. In late October the northern populations m o v e southwards. In
366
w a r m years some birds spend winter in the coastal areas of the northern sub-regions.
Both vegetative (plants, seeds) and animal (insects, molluscs) food is consumed.
Population trends. N u m b e r s are low, but stable. Insufficient extension of the

breeding range owing to a decrease of nesting opportunities in recreational and
industrial zones.
Threats. Reduction of the breeding range due to recreational and economic activities,
disturbance and killing by people, predation by crows, raccoons, foxes, and domestic
dogs.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. No conservation exists. Most birds breed outside the

protected areas.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Expansion of the protected areas where it breeds,

toughening of measures prohibiting hunting and extraction of eggs, chicks and adults.
Reduction of predation pressure.
References
Andryushchenko Y., V. Kinda & I. Stadnichenko, 1996. T h e neccesity of the creation

of national parks in the northern part of the Kerch peninsula to protect a unique
ornithocomplex. Proc. of Important Bird Areas in Ukraine Conference, I B A
P r o g r a m m e . Ukrainian Society for Bird Conservation. Kiev: 163-173 pp. (in
Russian).

L y s e n k o , V.I., 1991. F a u n a of Ukraine, Anseriformes. Kiev, N a u k o v a D u m k a : 5 (3).

(in Russian).
Compiled by Y. Andryushchenko.
367
Thunnus thynnus Linnaeus, 1758
S y n o n y m s : Scomber thynnus Linnaeus, 1758; Scomber thynnus Risso, 1810; Thynnus

vulgaris Cuvier, 1832; Thynnus brachypterus Moreau, 1 8 8 1 ; Thynnus thynnus Frade,
1931; (Thynnus) thynnus Fraser-Bruner, 1935
C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Bluefin tuna; Bulg: Tunets; Georg: Chveulebrivi tinusi,
Cisperi tinusi; R o m : Ton, ton rosu; Russ: Tunets; Turk: Orkinos; Ukr: Tunets
Order PERCIFORMES
T a x o n o m i c description. A large fish with fusiform, rounded b o d y (nearly circular in

cross-section), very robust in front; immature specimens are m o r e slender. Relatively
large head with small eyes; a r a w of small, conic and pointed teeth on both jaws; teeth
on v o m e r and palatins; nine to ten dorsal and eight to nine anal Unlets; two dorsal fins
separated only by a narrow interspace, the second higher than the first. Pectoral fins
very short, never reaching the interspace between the dorsal fins; t w o separate flaps
(interpelvic process) between the pelvic fins. A well developed, although not
particularly conspicuous corselet (= the area behind the head and around the pectoral
fins covered with larger and thicker scales). V e r y small scales on rest of body; on
each side of the caudal peduncle, a strong lateral keel between t w o small keels located
at the b a s e of the caudal fin lobes. Back dark-blue or back, lower sides and belly
silvery-white with colourless transverse lines alternated with rows of colourless dots
(the latter dominate in older fish), visible only in fresh specimens. First dorsal fin
yellow or bluish, the second reddish-brown; anal fin and finlets dusky yellow, edged
with black; lateral keel black in adults.
I U C N Status
World level:
Black Sea Regional level: E N
368
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A pelagic species;
immature specimens found in w a r m waters only, adults also enter cold waters in
search of food. Present throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea; c o m m o n
mainly along the North African coasts, from Gibraltar to Libya, off the coasts of
Spain and France, around Sicily and Sardinia, in the Bosphorus and the Black Sea.
Also widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean, extending as far north as
Newfoundland, the northern coasts of Norway, Lofoten Islands and Iceland.
Threatened by pollution of the Sea of M a r m a r a and by lack of food.
Biology. A fast swimming species, k n o w n to perform transoceanic migrations. The

young form schools, sometimes together with other scombroids of similar size.
Enters the Black Sea in spring, staying here till October-November; at the end of
summer it spawns pelagic eggs; a voracious predator, eating all sorts of fish,
crustaceans and cephalopods.
Population trends. A large reduction in stocks, up to a disappearance. On the

R o m a n i a n littoral, the species has not been found for the last three decades. No
catches on the Turkish coasts for in the last five years.
Threats. Pollution.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Fight pollution.
References
Akyuz, E. & I. Artuz, 1957. S o m e observations on the biology of tuna (Thunnus

thynnus) caught in Turkish waters. G F C M Proc. Tech. Pap. 4 (14): 93-97.
369
Ozturk, B. & A. A. Ozturk, 1996. On the biology of the Turkish straits system. Bull.
Inst, oceanograph. M o n a c o , CDZSM Science Series 17 (2).
Radu, G., E. Leonte, G. Butoi, F. Verioti, A. Gorban & E. R a d u , 1996. Principalele

specii de pesti si mamifere din M a r e a N e a g r a (Determinator). (Main fish and
m a m m a l species from the Black Sea) (Identification sheets). R M R I Constantsa, (in
Romanian).
Compiled by G. Radu, F. Verioti & B. Ozturk
370
Trachinus draco (Linnaeus, 1758)
S y n o n y m s : None.
C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Greater weever; Bulg: Morski drakon; Russ: Morskoy
drakon; Turk: Trakonya.
Order PERCIFORMES
Family T R A C H I N I D A E
T a x o n o m i c description. D V-VII 28-32; A I I 2 7 - 3 1 ; P 14-17; V 1 5 . Scales in

lateral series 77-85. Vertebrae 40-41 (Svetovidov, 1964). B o d y elongated, laterally
compressed. Eyes disposed dorsally, interorbital distance very small. Size up to
40 cm.
I U C N Status
W o r l d level:
Subregion level: CE
Distribution. Mediterranean, Adriatic, Black Sea, eastern Atlantic from Norway to

M o r o c c o and Madeira (Tortonese, 1986). In Bulgaria rare along the entire coast.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Littoral and benthic; on sandy,
m u d d y or gravel bottoms. Sensitive to hydro-chemical regime.
Biology. Reproduction: June-September; eggs and larval stages pelagic. Food: small
invertebrates and fishes.
371
Threats. Changes in the hydro-chemical regime.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Improve the quality of the water.
References
Svetovidov, A., 1964. T h e fishes of the Black Sea. Varne, Publ. H o u s e Science :550
pp.
Tortonese, E., 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 2:
953.
372
Trigla lucerna Linnaeus, 1758
S y n o n y m s : Trigla hirundo Bloch, 1758; Trigla corvus Risso, 1826; Trigla

poeciloptera Cuvier, 1829; Trigla corax Moreau, 1881; Trigla lucerna LeDanois,
1913; Chelidonichthys lucernus Richards, 1988
C o m m o n n a m e s : Bulg: Morska lystovitsa; Georg: Zgvis citeli mamali; R o m :
Randunica de mare; Türk: Kirlangic; Russ: Morskoy petukh
Order S C O R P A E N I F O R M E S
Family T R I G L I D A E
T a x o n o m i c description. B o d y conical, head completely covered with more or less

spiny b o n y plates. The three lower rays of the pectoral fins completely free from the
interradial m e m b r a n e . Lateral line smooth, without enlarged b o n y scales. Snout
terminates in two small lobes armed on their margin with spines and separated by a
shallow notch. Behind the head and immediately above the pectoral fin, a broad
coracoid spine, as long as eye diameter. Back and sides dull red or reddish-brown,
belly white, pectoral fins purple-red externally, inner side blue with a circular blackish
patch. Size m a x i m u m 65 cm; average about 30 cm.
I U C N Status
W o r l d level:
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A bottom species

occurring over sand, muddy-sand or gravel at depths from 5 to 200 m, most
c o m m o n l y between 50 and 100 m. C o m m o n in the Mediterranean and the Sea of
M a r m a r a , present in the eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to the coast of Senegal.
Threats: pollution, hypoxia.
373
Biology. Feeds mainly on crustaceans, mostly decapods, but also on fish and
molluscs; spawning from D e c e m b e r till July, with m a x i m u m intensity in June-July;
pelagic eggs, spherical in shape, with a large fat drop.
Population trends. A rare species, caught with bottom trawls but also with long-
lines and band lines. The species constitutes a separate statistical category in Turkey.
In the other countries it is included in larger statistical categories, being rare in
catches. On the Turkish coasts catches were 80 t (1989), 60 t (1990) and 1 1 2 1 (1991).
Threats. Hypoxia, pollution.
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication/pollution.
References
Chervona K n y g a Ukrayiny, 1994. (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska


Radu, G., E. Leonte, G. Butoi, F. Verioti, A. Gorban & E. Radu, 1996. Principalele
specii de pesti si mamifere din M a r e a Neagra (Determinator). Main fish and mammal
species from the Black Sea (Identification sheets). I R C M Constantsa (in Romanian).
374
Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821
Synonyms: Tursiops truncatus ponticus Barabasch-Nikiforov, 1940

C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Bottlenose dolphin; Bulg: Afala; Georg: Aphalina; R o m :
Afalin, Delfinul cu bot de sticla, Delfinul cu bot gros; Russ: Afalina chernomorskaya;
Turk: Afalina; Ukr: Afalina chornomors'ka
Order CETÁCEA
Family D E L P H I N I D A E
T a x o n o m i c description. The single representative of the genus, and one of two

dolphins in the Black Sea. Non-Soviet authors consider it an endemic sub-species, T.
truncatus ponticus, but no indisputable proof supports this opinion. External
distinctions: moderate-length snout separated from the melon by distinct crease; tall,
falcate dorsal fin; robust conical teeth, partially worn in old animals.
I U C N Status
W o r l d level: D D
Subregion level: EN in Romania, VTJ in Bulgaria and Ukraine
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Bottlenose

dolphins used to be found all over the Black Sea continental shelf. Occasionally, they
occur offshore, and, very rarely, in the Sea of Azov. There are no exact data on
resident dolphin schools, although groups of foraging animals may stay in some
places off the Crimean, Caucasian and Anatolian coasts for a few days to several
months. Dolphins annually form m o r e or less compact groups in the Kerch Strait and
adjacent forestrait zone, from early spring to late autumn. Herd migrations
(sometimes of several hundred animals) are k n o w n along the south coast of the
375
Crimea in autumn, but migratory routes should be studied m o r e thoroughly, including,
in particular, the Turkish strait system - the single possible route for genetic exchange
between Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea populations. T h e Kerch Strait, Bosphorus,
and contiguous waters are the m o s t critical places for cetacean m o v e m e n t s because of
strong antropogenic pressure, caused by a variety of activities. T h e peculiarities of
bottlenose dolphin reproduction mentioned b e l o w seem to be the m a i n natural factor
limiting population growth.
Biology. T h e biggest (up to 3.3 m long) Black Sea cetacean, with a long life span
(about 25-30 years) and low fertility. Females b e c o m e mature earlier (after 5-6,
m a x i m u m 12 years) than males (8-12 years). Sexual behaviour during the whole
year, with a peak in spring-early summer. T h e 12-months gestation periods take turns
with barren intervals from 2-3 to six years. Usually one calf. Lactation varies from
four months to 1.5 year. Most benthic and pelagic fish species, both small and big,
are suitable prey, including Black Sea scad, herring, anchovy, whiting, turbot, grey
and striped mullet, red mullet, bonito, etc. In recent years the acclimatized Far East
mullet (Mugil so-iuy) has b e c o m e its preferred prey during migrations off the Crimea.
Each dolphin consumes 6-32 kg of fish per day.
Population trends. T h e bottlenose population w a s always estimated as smaller than

that of the other Black Sea cetacean. In the 20th century, up to the early 1980s, it was
reduced by m a s s kills by the dolphin-processing industry which w a s highly developed
in the U S S R and Turkey. Currently, there are no strict scientific data on population
abundance.
Threats. Incidental catching in fishing nets; disturbance caused by extensive

cabotage traffic; habitat limitation as a result of chronic pollution and artificial
freshening of former feeding areas, e.g. Karkinit Bay in Ukraine. Since the 1960s
376
hundreds of bottlenose dolphins were captured alive in the Soviet Union and R o m a n i a
for scientific, military and commercial needs. T h e Russian Federation and Ukraine
are continuing that practice periodically in T a m a n Bay and near the south coast of the
Crimea.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. Industrial dolphin killing has been prohibited in

Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine since 1966, and
since 1983 in Turkey. In the 1980s the Black Sea T. truncatus was entered to the
national R e d Data Books of Georgia, Russia, Bulgaria and Ukraine. At an
international level this species is protected by the Berne, B o n n and Washington
(CITES) conventions (Appendix II), the I U C N R e d Data Book, and, since N o v e m b e r
1996 by the multilateral Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black
Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area ( A C C O B A M S ) . T h e Black
Sea population is mentioned as endangered in the U N E P Global Action Plan on
Marine M a m m a l s . A number of intergovernmental and international non-
governmental organizations give attention to bottlenose dolphin conservation.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Adoption of A C C O B A M S by all Black Sea

states; design and implementation of a regional Black Sea program for marine
m a m m a l conservation, including a bottlenose dolphin stock assessment, organizing
specially protected areas, enhancement of rescue and rehabilitation activities for stick
and traumatic animals Any catching of wild cetaceans should be stopped completely.
References
Arsenyev, V.A., 1980. Atlas morskikh mlekopitayushchikh SSSR. (Atlas of Marine

M a m m a l s of the U S S R ) . M o s c o w , Pishchevaya Promyshlennost: 183 pp. (in
Russian).
Birkun, Jr., A . A . , S. V. Krivokhizhin, A. B. Shvatsky, etal., 1992. Present status and

future of Black Sea dolphins. In European research on cetaceans, 6 (Ed. By P.G.H.
Evans): Proc. 6th Annual Conf. Europ. Cetacean S o c , San R e m o , Italy, 20-22
February 1992. Cambridge, E C S : 47-53 pp .
Birkun, Jr., A. A. & S. V. Krivokhizhin, 1996. Sovremennoye sostoyaniye I prichiny

ugneteniya populyatziy chernomorskikh del'finov. Soobshcheniye 1, 2.
their suppression. Parts 1, 2). Vestnik Zool. 3: 3 6 - 4 2 , 4 - 5 : 53-59 (in Russian).

Mlekopitayushchiye Sovetskogo Soyuza. T o m 2. Chast' 3. Lastonogiye i zubatye kity.
377
( M a m m a l s of the Soviet Union. Vol.2. Part 3. Pinnipeds and T o o t h e d Whales).
M o s c o w , Vysshaya Shkola: 718 pp. (in Russian).
Kleinenberg, S. E., 1956. Mlekopitayushchiye Chernogo i A z o v s k o g o morey: opyt

biologo-promyslovogo issledovaniya. ( M a m m a l s of the Black and Azov Seas: the
research experience for biology and hunting). M o s c o w , U S S R Acad. Science Publ.
House: 288 pp. (in Russian).
Klinowska, M., 1991. Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World. T h e IUCN Red
Data Book. Gland and Cambridge, I U C N : iii + 429 pp.
Oztiirk, B. & A. A. Oztiirk, 1997. Preliminary study on dolphin occurrence in

Turkish straits system. In European research on cetaceans - 11 (Ed. by P.G.H. Evans):
Proc. 11th Annual Conf. Europ. Cetacean S o c , Stralsund, G e r m a n y , 10-12 March
1997. Kiel, E C S : 79-82 pp.
Stanev, T. T., 1997. Distribution and n u m b e r of dolphins in the Bulgarian sector of

the Black Sea. In Proc. Inst. Fish. Varna : 24 (in Bulgarian).
Tomilin, A. G, 1957. Zveri S S S R i prilezhashchikh stran, 4. Kitoobraznyye.

( M a m m a l s of the U S S R and Adjacent Countries. Vol. 4, Cetaceans). Moscow, USSR
Acad. Science Publ. House: 717 pp. (in Russian).
Compiled by A. Birkun, Jr., M. Moldoveanu, M. Stanciu, T. Stanev, B. Oztiirk & A.

Komakhidze
378
Upogebia pusilla Petanga, 1792
S y n o n y m s : Thalassina littoralis Risso, 1816; Gebia littoralis Czerniavsky, 1884;

Zernov, 1913; Upogebia littorallis Makarov, 1938; Dolgopolskaia,1948; Upogebia
pusilla Holthuis,1961
C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Flat-browed mud shrimp; Bulg: Upogebiya; R o m : Gebia;
Russ: Morskoy krot; Turk: Mamun; Ukr: Mors'ky krit
Family C A L L I A N A S S I D A E
T a x o n o m i c description. T h e body of this decapod has a soft cover. It inhabits self-

dug holes in the bottom. The body is flat, consisting of a cephalothorax and abdomen,
with a longitudinal line on the back side, the linea thallassinica. A broad triangular
rostrum covered with filaments that screen the eyes furnishes the front end of the
cephalothorax. The first pair of extremities has the form of tongs, equal in size and
fshape. The rest of the extremities have a simple structure and are covered with
filaments. The colour is b r o w n or gray-green on the back part of the body and pale or
light-yellow on its ventral part. The colour variation is due to a pigment layer in the
outer part of the carapace, rich in chromatic cells with different pigments. The animal
changes colour according to its environment. Length up to 45 m m .
I U C N Status
W o r l d level:
Subregion level: EN
379
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Upogebia pusilla
inhabits b u r r o w s in sandy-clay and m u d d y bottoms. Sometimes, after a heavy storm,
specimens are cast ashore. A specific feature of its behaviour is that it leaves its hole
during the night to search for food. This causes mass mortality in conditions of
oxygen shortage, which is strongest in the night and is a result of the intense summer
phytoplankton blooms of the last ten years.
Biology. This species lives in holes in the ground that it leaves only to seek food. It
feeds on dead organic matter. It is monosexual, with summer reproduction. Many
benthic fish (flounder, gobies etc.) feed on it.
Population trends. In the 1960s the species h a d a high coefficient of occurrence on

the Bulgarian shelf (18.3%). At the beginning of the 1980s U. littoralis had the
highest m e a n biomass of all crustaceans in B u r g a s bay. At the same period it was
c o m m o n in V a r n a bay, in the biocoenoses called by its name. In the 1990s a strong
decline w a s recorded, due to m a s s mortality of benthos in the post-bloom hypoxia
periods that began in 1986. Four dead individuals per square meter were recorded in
Varna bay on 29.06.1989. In 1 9 9 1 , the species did not occur in benthic samples at all.
Single individuals were recorded in 1996 around C a p e Kaliakra and in front of Burgas
bay.
Threats. H y p o x i a of bottom waters during s u m m e r due to blooms of phytoplankton.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. No measures up to now.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Reduction of pollution and eutrophication to

restrict algal b l o o m s .
380
References
Bulgurkov, K., 1938. S o m e fresh- and saltwater Decapoda from the vicinity of
Varna and Sozopol. Tr. Chernomor. Biol. St. Varna 7: 103 - 159.
Bulgurkov, K., 1939. Po-vajni nashenski sladkovodni I morski desetokraki

rakoobrazni (Crustacea-Decapoda). Tr. Balgarskoto Prirodoizpitatelno Drujestvo 18:
90.
Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. & T. Marinov, 1960. Hrana na niakoi bentosoiadni vidove

ribi. Tr. NITRRP 2 : 4 1 - 7 1 .
Konsulova,T., A. Konsulov & S. M o n c h e v a , 1991. Ecological characteristics of

Varna Bay (Black Sea) coastal ecosystem under summer bloom conditions.
Compt. r. Acad. Bulg. Sci. 44: 115-118.
Konsulova, T., 1992. Seasonal structure and ecological status of Varna bay (Black
Sea) sandy and m u d d y macrozoobenthic coenoses. Rapp. C o m m . int. M e r medit.
3 3 : 42.
Marinov, T., 1990. Zoobentosat ot balgarskia sector na Cherno more. Sofia, B A N :

195 pp.
R e d Data B o o k of Ukraine: p. 49.
Compiled by T. Konsulova
381
Uranoscopus scaber (Linnaeus, 1758)
S y n o n y m s : Cottus anostomus Pallas, 1811.

C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Stargazer; Bulg: Zvezdobroets; Russ: Zvezdochet; Turk:
Kurbaga baligi; Ukr: Zirkoglyad.
Family U R A N O S C O P I D A E
T a x o n o m i c description. D III-IV 13-15. A 1 1 2 - 1 4 ; P 14-16. Scales in lateral series

76-90. Vertebrae 25-26 (Svetovidov, 1964; Stojanov et al, 1963). Body massive in
front, somewhat compressed posteriorly. Head large and flat dorsally. Eyes on top of
head. Interorbit space narrow. Colour: back and sides greyish-brown, belly
yellowish-white. Size up to 35cm.
I U C N Status
W o r l d level:
Subregion level: CE (Bulgarian Coast)
Distribution. Atlantic coast of Europe and Africa, Mediterranean and Black Sea
(Hureau, 1986). In Bulgaria very rare along the entire coast.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. A benthic species, on sandy or

m u d d y bottoms; on sandy bottoms. Threats: chemical pollution.
Biology. Reproduction in July-August. Post-larval and juvenile stages pelagic.

Food: mainly fishes.
Threats. Chemical pollution.
Conservation measures takerr. None.
382
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Improve water quality.
References
Hureau, J. 1986. Fishes of the North - eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean 2:
955-956.
Stojanov, S. et ah, 1963. T h e fishes in the Black Sea. Varna, Publishing house
Science: 246 pp.
Svetovidov, A. 1964. T h e fishes of the Black Sea. Varna, Publ. House Science:
550 pp.
383
Xantho poressa (Qlivii, 1792)
S y n o n y m s : Xantho rivulosus Risso 1816, Rathke, 1837; Xantho hydrophilus Pesta,

1918; Xantho rivulosus Drach & Forest, 1953; Xantho poressa: Holthuis, 1954.
C o m m o n n a m e s : R o m : Crabul de tarm, camiorca; Russ: Ksanto; Turk: Yalama;
Ukr: Ksanto.
Family X A N T H I D A E
Taxonomic description. Chelipeds with black fingers; carpus with antero-inner teeth
without tubercles or granulations. Dactylus with longitudinal margin; not completely
closed. Claws short, thick, short, hairy in adults. Size : length 28 m m , width 20 mm.
Colour variable - chestnut with red points. Fingers of chelae black. Eggs lilac.
I U C N Status
World level:
Subregion level: VU
Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Stony bottoms with
mussels. F o u n d at depths of 0.5-3 m but can reach 20 m. Suffers from hard frost or
storms. Its biotope is also affected by developments along the shores such as the
building of seaside resorts and ports.
Biology. A species with a rather low fecundity. Reproduction during July-August.

Females spawn 800-1400 eggs. Larvae plankton with three metamorphic stages.
Population trends. During 1950-1970 very abundant in southern Romanian waters;

also frequent until 1980, but rare at present. A narrowed distribution area compared
2
with the 1980s. In 1993 only 20 ind.m" at 6 m depth on the southern R o m a n i a n
littoral (Eforie South).
384
Threats. Pollution from point sources, hypoxia; silt, covering stony bottoms.
Conservation m e a s u r e s taken. Included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine in 1994.
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Reduce microbial pollution, increase the

protection of coastal waters against chemical and microbiological contamination.
References
Bacescu, M., E. Dumitrescu, A. Marcus, G. Palladian & R. Mayer, 1963. Données

quantitatives sur la faune pétricole de la M e r Noire à Agigea (secteur Roumain) dans
les conditions spéciales de l'année 1961. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. G. Antipa 4: 131-153.
Bacescu, M., 1967. Fauna R.S.Romane ( D E C A P O D A ) 4: 7-335.
Bacescu, M., G. I. Muller. & M - T G o m o i u , 1971. Ecol. mar. 4: 7-274.
Borcea, I., 1926. D o n n é e s sommaires sur la faune de la M e r Noire (littoral de

Roumanie). Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy 14: 5 3 6 - 5 8 3 .
Borcea, I., 1931. Action du froid sur la faune littoral de la M e r Noire. Ann. Sci.
Univ. Jassy 16: 751-759.
Gutu, M., 1980. Recent changes in the D e c a p o d fauna of the Romanian Black Sea
littoral. Trav. M u s . Hist. nat. G. Antipa 2 1 : 103-110.
Compiled by C. Dumitrache.
385
Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758
S y n o n y m s : Xiphias gladius Gunther, 1860

C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Broadbill swordfish; Bulg: Mechenosets; Georg: Khmala
tevzi; R o m : Peste spada; Russ: Mech-ryba; Turk: Kilic baligi; Ukr: Mech-ryba
Family X I P H I I D A E
T a x o n o m i c description. A large and distinctive fish with a rounded body, very

robust in front; snout ends in a long flattened sword; young specimens are covered
with scales and have a single dorsal and anal fin which, with growth, become divided.
Large specimens without scales and with a high, short first portion, but smaller
second elements to both fins. Pelvic fins absent; a single strong lateral keel on each
side of the caudal peduncle; colour of back and upper side brownish-black; lower
sides and belly light brown; teeth are present in the young only. Size: m a x i m u m 450
cm; average 100 to 220 c m .
I U C N Status
World level:
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Pelagic, in coastal waters as well
as in offshore surface waters. C o m m o n throughout the Mediterranean, Azov Sea and
in all tropical and temperate oceans. In the E a s t Atlantic from the North Sea to a
latitude of 45 °S.
Biology. A highly migratory and very aggressive fish, generally not forming schools.
Feeds on a w i d e range of fish, especially schooling species, on pelagic crustaceans
and on squids. It uses its sword to kill larger prey. In coastal waters it is caught with
fixed nets but mainly with floating long lines (small specimens).
386
Population trends. In the last three decades, only isolated specimens have been
caught in stake nets in the R o m a n i a n waters (Sulina, Constantsa and Agigea). No
catch for the last five years on the Turkish coast.
Threats. Eutrophication, turbidity in shallow water.
Conservation measures taken. N o n e .
Conservation measures proposed. Reduce eutrophication and pollution by

improving the quality of riverine input. Mitigate pollution in the Bosphorus Strait and
Black Sea. Ban swordfish fisheries in certain periods in the Black Sea. Establish a
special recovery p r o g r a m m e in the entire Black Sea.
References
Radu, G., E. Leonte, G. Butoi, F. Verioti, A. Gorban & E. Radu, 1996. Principalele
specii de pesti si mamifere din M a r e a Neagra (Determinator). Main fish and m a m m a l
species from the Black Sea (Identification sheets). I R C M , Constantsa, (in Romanian).
F A O , 1973. Species identification sheets for fishery purposes. 1973. Mediterranean
and Black Sea, fishing area 37. R o m e .
387
Zosterisessor ophiocephalus Pallas, 1811
S y n o n y m s : Gobius ophiocephalus Pallas, 1 8 1 1 ; Gobius reticulatus Eichwald, 1 8 3 1 ;

Gobius lota Valenciennes, 1838; Gobius cephalarges (non Pall.) Antipa, 1909;
Zostericola ophiocephalus Iljin, 1927.
C o m m o n n a m e s : Engl: Grass goby; Bulg: Cherno popche; R o m : Guvidde iarba;

Russ: Bychok-travyanik; Turk: Saz kayasi; Ukr: Zelenchak.
Order PERCIFORMES
Family G O B J J D A E
T a x o n o m i c description. D VI, I 13-16; A 1 1 2 - 1 6 ; P 17-20. Scales in lateral series

56-58. Vertebrae 27-29 (Gheorgiev, 1966). H e a d depth 0.97-1.05 of head width. Eye
diameter 0.15-0.25 of head length. Upper lip uniformly wide. Pelvic disc 0.19-0.23
SL. Anterior m e m b r a n e without lateral lobes. Suborbital papillae with seven
transverse rows. Colour greenish-grey to brown-olive with numerous irregular
brownish vertical bands down the sides. Size up to 24cm.
I U C N Status
W o r l d level:
Subregion level: CR
Distribution. Mediterranean, Black Sea and Sea of Azov. In Bulgaria in Lakes

Burgas and Varna.
Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Inshore, brackish water of

estuaries and lagoons, between sea-grasses. Threats: toxic chemical toxins.
Biology. Reproduction in April-July. Eggs on grasses. Sexually mature after two or

three years. Food: larger crustaceans and small fishes (Miller, 1986).
388
Conservation m e a s u r e s proposed. Reduce contamination.
References

en Bulgarie. Proc. Res. Inst. Fish. Oceanogr. V a r n a 7:159-228.
389
References
Abuladze, A., 1993. The Black Stork in the West and Central
Transcaucasus. First international Black Stork Conservation and Ecology
Symposium, 19-23 April 1993, Jurmala. Abstracts: 22.
Adamovic, Z., 1967. Odonata collected in Dubrovnik district, Jugoslavia.

Dtsch. Ent. Z. 14: 285-321.
Ahtarov, B., 1953. Rodât Festuca L. (Vlasatka) v Balgaria. Izv. Bot.

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The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do

The opinions expressed in this publicaton are those of the individual

The BSEP is to be implemented through an interactive matrix of national

Boris Alexandrov - Director. Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas. 37,

Tsonka Konsulova. Institute of Oceanology. PO Box 152,9000, Varna, Bulgaria.

Yuvenaly Zaitsev - (Chairman and Main Editor). Institute of Biology of the

Alexei Birkun, Jr. BREMA Laboratory. R. Luxemburg Str. 27-2a, 333720

Bayram Oztiirk. Istanbul University, (Marine Technology School). Ordu Caddesi

Vladimir O. Mamaev (Overall Coordination and Design). Communications and

Geographical Coverage of the Black Sea Red Data Book

International Union of Conservation of Nature Categories used in this Red

General Structure of the Black Sea Red Data Book

This Book consists of:

-names: full scientific name, synonym(s), common names

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SUMMARIES OF RED DATA BOOKS IN THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES

The RDB of Georgia contains status categories, namely:

-the sturgeon Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758;

The compilation of a Black Sea RDB necessitates a consistent approach to

-Taxon crucially endangered (CR) - when a taxon is endangered under certain

-With the lowest risk.

Extinct and Endangered Species of Marine Macrophytes in Romania

Extinct Species of Decapods in Romania

PART I. PLANTS (INCLUDING ALGAE)

Aegilops geniculate (Roth)

Synonyms: Aegilops ovatap.p., 1759; Aegilopspontica auct. (Deg.) Valev, 1963;

Taxonomic description. A bulbous perennial grassy plant, 30-70 cm in height.

Rubtsov, N. I. (Ed.), 1972. Opredelitel' vysshikh rasteniy Kryma. (Identification

Synonyms: Asparaguspallasii Misez., Asparagusponticus Woronow

Taxonomic description. A perennial prostrate grass with slightly rising wriggled

Distribution, Habitat type, Critical habitats, Limiting factors. Occurs on a littoral

Shelyag-Sosonko, Y. R. (Ed.), 1996. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny. (The Red DataBook

Synonyms: Asparagus misczenkoi Djin; Asparagus neglectus Kar et Kir; Asparagus

Taxonomic description. A perennial grass, 30-50 cm in height. The plant is

Shelyag-Sosonko, Y. R. (Ed.), 1996. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny. (The Red Data

Synonyms: Daucus bessarabicus D C ; Caucalis Uttoralis Bieb

Order ARALIALES (APIALES)

Taxonomic description. A monocarpous biennial plant, 30-80 cm in height, with

Population trends. Population not abundant and with a tendency to decline.

Threats. Picking by people for decoration; habitat destruction by the creation of

Conservation measures proposed. Inventorize the species' locations, population

Golubev, V.N., 1996. Biologicheskaya flora Kryma. (Biological Flora of the

Kryukova, I. V., Y A. Luks & L. A. Privalova et a\., 1988. Redkiye rasteniya i

Luks, Y. A., L. A. Privalova & I. V. Kryukova., 1976. Katalog redkikh,

Novosad, V. V., 1992. Flora Kerchensko-Tamanskogo Regiona. (The Flora of the

Population trends. The population is not abundant. Its range is decreasing by

Conservation measures proposed. Complete inventory of locations, monitoring of

Golubev, V. N., 1996. Biologicheskaya flora Kryma. (Biological Flora of the

Rubtsov, N .1. (Ed.), 1972. Opredelitel' vysshikh rasteniy Kryma. (Identification

Biology. Flowering and fruit-bearing in June-August. Reproduction by seeds.

Threats. Habitat destruction by the creation of artificial beaches and construction in

Conservation measures proposed. Complete inventory of locations, population

Golubev, V. N., 1996. Biologicheskaya flora Kryma. (Biological Flora of the

Luks, Y. A., L. A. Privalova & L. V. Kryukova, 1976. Katalog redkikh,

Biology. Flowering in July-August. Reproduction by seeds and vegetatively.

Threats. Habitat destruction by construction activity, cattle grazing; elimination by

Conservation measures taken. No special measures.

Conservation measures proposed. Regular monitoring of population state; the

Golubev, V. N., 1996. Biologicheskaya flora Kryma. (Biological Flora of the

Luks, Y. A., L.A. Privalova, & I. V. Kryukova, 1976. Katalog redkikh,

Rubtsov, N. I. (Ed.), 1972. Opredelitel' vysshikh rasteniy Kryma. (Identification

Shelyag-Sosonko, Y. R. (Ed.), 1996. Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny. (The Red Data

Velchev, V. (Ed.), 1984. Chervena kniga na NR Bulgaria. Tom 1. Rasteniya. (The