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THE BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN ORCHID SOCIETY VOL. 82 NO. 9 SEPTEMBER 2013
ORCHIDS
The Bulletin of the American Orchid Society
CONTENTS September 2013 Volume 82 Number 9
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A Scaly Problem
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While Orchids endeavors to assure the reliability of its advertising, ORCHIDS CLASSIFIEDS 575
neither Orchids nor the American Orchid Society, Inc. can assume Aerangis distincta
responsibility for any transactions between our advertisers and our Brenda Oviatt and Bill Nerison AD INDEx 575
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POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: American Orchid Society,
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World Checklist of Selected Plant Families with regard to questions of Mexican Orchid Genus
botanical nomenclature and synonymy in orchid species names and the Species and Natural Hybrids of Aerangis 530
International Orchid Register for hybrid nomenclature and parentage Carlos Leopardi, Germán Carnevali and Eric Brenda Oviatt and Bill Nerison
in editorial. The opinions and recommendations that appear in Orchids Hágsater
regarding the selection and use of specific plant-care products,
including but not limited to pesticides, fungicides and herbicides, An Aerangis Compendium 531
are those of the individual authors, and not those of the American Orchid Evolution 564 A New Book by Isaobyl la Croix
Orchid Society, which neither adopts nor endorses such opinions and Part VIII. Floral Polymorphism and Speciation
recommendations and disclaims all responsibility for them. When
Alejandro Zuluaga
selecting and using such products, readers should seek and obtain the How to Grow Aerangis distincta 532
advice of the manufacturer and of responsible government agencies. Brenda Oviatt and Bill Nerison
Mail date: August 24, 2013. Parting Shot 576
The Pencil Drawings of Pavel Arlt
The 21st WOC in South Africa 549
Ron McHatton
Johan Hermans
FRONT COVER
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A Scaly Problem
Prepared by the American Orchid Society Education Committee/Photographs by Greg Allikas
While clowns can be funny, or ridiculous, [1] Rossioglossum grande ‘dene b.’ hcc/
or downright scary, rossioglossums are AOS. grower: carol beule
superb plants with spectacular, impressive 2 [2] Rossioglossum williamsianum flowered in
flowers. there is nothing funny about costa rica
them! surprisingly easy to grow, though nights of 50 F [10 C] on average). this [3] Rossioglossum rawdon Jester ‘Mario
somewhat shy about blooming if their temperature regimen, combined with a
palmieri’ Fcc/AOS (grande × williamsia-
specific needs are not met, it would be winter dry period (remember it’s from
num). This particularly fine example was
exceedingly difficult to find showier a deciduous forest area) make the plant
flowers in the oncidiinae. those with exhibited in guatemala in the winter of
most suitable for those growers able
large yellow-and-brown flowers are to provide year-round cool conditions. 2012. grower: Mario and Silvia palmieri
denizens of upper-elevation deciduous this being said, we can cultivate this
forests from mexico to Panama, those plant successfully through the torrid 3,300 feet [1,000 m]) of Guatemala and
with white or pink flowers are found at Washington, dC, summers, as long as they honduras. this species has flowers that
somewhat more moderate elevations and cool sufficiently during their winter rest. are similar to, if somewhat smaller than,
one species, Rossioglossum ampliatum, We cannot, however, bloom them to their Ros. grande but is equally showy in
is found in warm forests all the way to full potential in our climate. Growers in that it can have up to a dozen or more
Peru. regardless of where they are from, the Pacific northwest, the cool, dry areas blooms of fuller form on a longer spike.
rossioglossums require an unusual and of coastal California, other northern states, Rossioglossum schlieperianum prefers
counterintuitive cultural regimen in order Canada and temperate areas of Europe cooler conditions like Ros. grande but the
to bloom well. should have glorious results. flowers differ in having more of a yellow
Rossioglossum grande, arguably the though Ros. grande is possibly the background color and distinct differences
showiest of the species, is found between most magnificent, all the Rossioglossum in details of its column wings. many
4,600 and 8,800 feet (1,400–2,700 m) in species are deserving of cultivation. find the hybrid Rossioglossum rawdon
mexico and Guatemala. the year-round Growers with warmer conditions will Jester (grande × williamsianum), to be
temperatures at that altitude are quite cool want to try Rossioglossum williamsianum, easier to bloom and more vigorous than
(summer days of 75 F [24 C] and winter which is from lower elevations (under either parent. though the flowers are
JAme e. mccullOch
coloration and a very long (up to six month)
blooming period. Unlike most of the other
rossioglossums, Ros. krameri will grow
and bloom in intermediate to even warm
4
conditions. Rossioglossum oerstedii, found
in Costa Rica and Panama at elevations
generally over 6,500 feet (2,000 m), is
a decidedly cool-grower and is rarer in
cultivation but has similar qualities and
perky white-and-yellow flowers. While
they will grow potted, I’ve found that
both prefer dryer basket conditions and
a coarser, well-draining potting mix than
the cooler growers, which seem to like to
be kept on the moist side while in active
growth (spring and summer). All the
rossioglossums prefer to be quite dry in the
frAncO pupulin
frAncO pupulin
winter months. I am a little wistful about
the loss of the genus Ticoglossum.. It was
created to honor the country of Costa Rica 5 6
with what, at the time, was believed to
be an endemic genus. Costa Ricans refer of the flowers is largely dependent on the
to themselves as Ticos, a term that stems size of the specific bee species involved;
from their endemic linguistic propensity to large flowers are pollinated by large
use the diminutive suffix -ico rather than - bees and small flowers by small bees.
ito in common language, i.e., “poquitico” Rossioglossum ampliatum, with its yellow
instead of “poquitito” as you would find in and brown flowers, is clearly a malpighia
the rest of Latin America. mimic, presumably pollinated by a small
While the addition of the previous oil-collecting bee These orchids mimic
two species is rather easy to accept, I the malpighia flowers almost perfectly
need to include one rather controversial to attract the bees by deception, (there
plant here, a plant many of us know and is usually no oil reward in the orchid
love by other names. Commonly known flowers). When one examines Ros.
as the turtle shell orchid, Rossioglossum ampliatum critically, we can see many
ampliatum seems, on first glance, to be far physical similarities to the others in the
different from the rest because the flowers genus, for example the sizable keeled
look so very much like what we think of as pseudobulbs and the panduriform lip.
typical of oncidiums. But, what we have While you may think I am jesting, I am
GreG AllikAs
seen repeatedly in the orchid family is that now convinced that what we once knew
floral characteristics evolve based on the as Oncidium ampliatum is indeed more 7
available pollinators in their environment closely related to Rossioglossum. One of
the most impressively grown specimens [4] Rossioglossum insleayi ‘erin’ hcc/AOs.
and therefore floral convergence happens
frequently among distantly related or even of this outstanding species was actually Grower: Jordan hawley
totally unrelated species. In the Oncidiinae grown on a cork mount. It had massive [5] Rossioglossum krameri, a beautiful cen-
in general, many different genera mimic and beautiful pseudobulbs which, to my tral American species.
flowers in the Malpighiaceae. These large eye, were even more impressive than the [6] Rossioglossum oerstedii, unusual in the
shrubs and trees grow in the same habitats well-flowered spikes! genus for its delicate white flowers
and produce hundreds of thousands of Thomas Mirenda is the orchid collection [7] Rossioglossum ampliatum, perhaps now
yellow-and-brown flowers that offer specialist at the Smithsonian Institution
and an AOS accredited judge. 3000 Cedar the most unusual species in the genus
a nutritious oil as a reward for the
Lane, Fairfax, Virginia 22031 (email with its most Oncidium-like flowers.
pollinators, oil-collecting bees. The size MirendaT@si.edu)
Aerangis distincta
By Brenda Oviatt and Bill Nerison
Images unless otherwise noted by Brenda Oviatt
1
We’ve been groWing AerAngis
for many years now, and have to say that
our favorite thing about them is that there’s
hardly a day of the year that we don’t have
one in spike or bloom in our greenhouse.
They’re nearly all fragrant (to greater and
lesser degrees), and most are relatively
easy to grow once you familiarize yourself
with their needs. When we decided to
write about one, it was difficult to pick a
favorite. We settled on Aerangis distincta
in part because of its wider availability, its
greater tolerance of changing conditions
than other Aerangis (making it easier to
grow well) and because it has one of the
largest flowers of any Aerangis. because
there are frequently other Aerangis (e.g.,
Aerangis splendida) sold that are in fact
Aergs. distincta, we explain the differences
and what to look for.
The genus name Aerangis was first
used by H.g. reichenbach in 1865 and
is greek for air [aer] vessel [angos],
referring to the hollow spur or nectary.
Many species were previously known
as angraecums, but there were enough
differences to warrant a new genus. even
the novice will instantly recognize the
similarities — the primarily white flowers
with long spurs. As with angraecums,
Aerangis are endemic to Africa and
Madagascar (and locale). Aerangis
distincta was described by the late Joyce
Stewart and isobyl la Croix (1987). isobyl
has told us that though it was not formally
described until 1987, “there is a collection
in the Kew herbarium dating from 1892. it
has no flowers and was originally labeled
as Aerangis alcicornis, but it is obviously
Aergs. distincta.”
As of this writing there are 57 Aerangis
species and two natural hybrids. Limited
DnA work is being done and recently all
Microterangis (Chamaeangis) species
were transferred to Aerangis. Chamaeangis 2
(the genus from which Mictroterangis wer
previously transferred) has been merged
with Diaphananthe. We’re not changing been three AoS awards given to Aergs.
all of our tags just yet. distincta and the average flower count
[1] it’s easy to see why the flowers of
There is considerable confusion in per inflorescence is three–four each. Five
Aerangis are likened to “birds in flight.”
Aerangis species, in large part due to flowers on an inflorescence is excellent.
the spur or nectary on Aerangis distincta
improper labeling. Two instances come We’ve had quite a number of people
to mind in reference to Aergs. distincta. it contact us with pictures of their Aergs. is 5–9 inches (13–23 cm) long. Grower:
has been hybridized with Aerangis biloba, splendida, and if memory serves correctly, botanica Ltd.
but this unregistered primary hybrid not a single one has actually been Aergs. [2] A specimen Aerangis distincta demon-
sometimes appears as Aergs. distincta and splendida. Most have been Aergs. strating the modest size and beautiful
not as the hybrid. it is unknown whether distincta. once you have a mature plant fan-shaped arrangement of foliage.
they’ve been mislabeled or if growers and bloom it, the differences between Grower: botanica Ltd.
unknowingly use just the first part of Aergs. splendida and Aergs. distincta are
the hybrid cross name. because of the easy to see, both in the plant and in the
increased flower count and flower size, flowers. Mature plants of Aergs. splendida
there is a “wow” factor for this hybrid that have leaves up to a foot (30 cm) long, and
is lacking in either species. There have though they’ll occasionally branch and
The Species and Natural Hybrids of Aerangis produce a new plant, it is not as common.
and Country of Origin Mature plants of Aergs. distincta are fan
shaped, will branch and form clumps and
Africa cryptodon are a beautiful sight even out of bloom.
alcicornis decaryana
Their leaves though rarely exceed 6
appendiculata divitiflora
arachnopus ellisii inches (15 cm). Both species have large,
biloba fastuosa similarly sized flowers, the sepals and
bouarensis fuscata petals of Aergs. splendida being more
brachycarpa hyaloides uniform in size, pure white with loose
calantha macrocentra coiling spurs. Aerangis distincta has long
carnea monantha lateral sepals; longer than the dorsal sepal
× chirioana = (biloba × kotschyana) pallidiflora and at least 3/8 inch (1 cm) longer than
collum-cygni pulchella the petals. The sepals, petals and spur are
confusa seegeri almost always tinged with salmon-pink at
coriacea
the tips, and the spur is nearly straight. We
distincta Madagascar and Comoros
gracillima articulata have some plants that are more strongly
gravenreuthii boutonii colored salmon-pink than others; there is
hologlottis modesta some variation, but all are beautiful!
jacksonii mooreana We have specimens of both Aergs.
kirkii rostellaris distincta and Aergs. splendida from Isobyl
kotschyana spiculata la Croix. Because Isobyl and the late
luteoalba var. luteoalba stylosa Joyce Stewart originally described both
luteoalba var. rhodosticta species, we’ve called on Isobyl for expert
maireae Madagascar and Réunion information. We asked her to help us
montana × primulina = (citrata × hyaloides)
provide a key of things to look for to tell
mystacidii punctata
oligantha the difference between them, especially
somalensis São Tomé when looking at an immature, out-of-
splendida flexuosa bloom plant. She replied, “There is a big
stelligera difference in the leaves of the two species.
thomsonii Comoros In Aergs. distincta, the leaves are almost
ugandensis hariotiana triangular in shape, widest at the apex and
verdickii var. rusituensis hildebrandtii with deep lobes diverging from each other.
verdickii var. verdickii humblotii They are olive green and slightly ridged
and usually dotted with black. Aerangis
Madagascar Annobón
splendida has glossy, dark green leaves,
citrata megaphylla
concavipetala not so deeply divided and with the lobes
coursiana rounded. They are widest a bit below the
apex and can grow up to a foot (30 cm)
long or perhaps more, in fact they are not Lake Malawi. The climate is hot in the
[3] the flowers open flat and can be up to 3
too unlike Phalaenopsis leaves.” low-lying areas in the south and temperate
1/2 inches (9 cm) across and are tinged
In our experience reproducing these two in the northern highlands. The altitude
species, we’ve had success with a selfing moderates what would be an otherwise with salmon-pink. Grower: botanica Ltd.
of Aergs. splendida and an outcross of equatorial climate. Between November [4] After just a day or two, the petals begin to
Aergs. distincta. We had good germination and April the temperature is warm with reflex (point backward). they have a light
of the seed of both, but whereas the Aergs. equatorial rains and thunderstorms, with gardenia-like fragrance; strongest after
distincta thrived, the Aergs. splendida the storms reaching their peak severity dark. Grower: botanica Ltd.
stalled out as protocorms. The Aergs. in late March. After March, the rainfall [5] After several days, the petals will be com-
distincta have been replated and some rapidly diminishes and from May to pletely reflexed — very interesting from
are now growing on cork plaques in the September wet mists float from the above. Grower: botanica Ltd
greenhouse. We made many adjustments highlands into the plateaus, with almost no [6] in malawi, Aerangis distincta is found
to the growing media in the lab and finally rainfall during these months. The rains are
growing on tree trunks and small
found something the Aergs. splendida like, slightly later in the north than in the south.
branches in riverine or evergreen forest,
but they are months (if not years) behind In the south, the heaviest rain is usually in
the Aergs. distincta, though both species January and February, while in the north, typically near a river, usually between
germinated about the same time. We March is usually the wettest month. There 3,300 and 5,800 feet (1,000–1,750 m),
mentioned this to Isobyl and she related is variation from year to year of course, but occasionally lower.
similar experience with her seedlings of but this does have an impact on a specific
Aergs. splendida, and we concur that this, plant species like Aerangis distincta
in part, is why Aergs. distincta is more growing in different regions. (and this cannot be said of all Aerangis).
widespread in cultivation. HOPE FOR SURVIVAL In our work Continued efforts in quality propagation,
Aerangis distincta is known only from with rare and endangered angraecoids, it’s correct labeling of species and education
Malawi. Isobyl notes that plants from the always a relief to find one that has been are paramount for species survival. What
northern region of Malawi flower in the grown and reproduced successfully ex situ! can YOU do? Pick a threatened species
wild in March and April, and those from Aerangis distincta is not exactly widely orchid (and there are plenty of them) and
the central and southern regions flower in available, but it can be found for sale work to keep it alive and protected, both
November and December. In cultivation,
these differences persist. In the northern
hemisphere the northern plants still flower An Aerangis Compendium
in the winter (November and December)
and the central and southern plants flower Isobyl la Croix, author extraordinaire, is writing a new book, dedicated to the
in the spring and early summer (May and memory of Joyce Stewart, covering Aerangis. She plans to include information on how
June). Our plants, here in Montana, bloom the species grow in the wild, and have several photographs illustrating each species;
consistently in July and August. showing the whole plant as well as just close-ups of the flowers. The book is currently
Malawi, the home of Aergs. distincta, in the preliminary stages and will be published by Timber Press in October 2014. As
lies between 9 and 18 degrees south this is a “specialty book”, Timber Press will be setting up a dedicated website where
latitude and ranges from 200 to 9,900 feet people can sign up to pre-order it. We thoroughly enjoy Isobyl’s style of writing and
(60–3,000 m) elevation with an average highly recommend her books and articles. If you like Aerangis and want to know more
of 30 inches (90 cm) annual rainfall. A about them, this book will most certainly be a “must-have!” Watch for advertising in
great portion of Malawi is the Great Rift Orchids and the Timber Press website (www.timberpress.com).
Valley, and to the east of the valley is
[7] Notice the strongly triangular, deeply lobed leaves of Aerangis distincta. Grower: botanica Ltd.
[8] Aerangis distincta leaves are slightly ridged and usually dotted with black. Grower: botanica Ltd.
FIGURE CREDIT
5 1786 and died in London in 1854, while
working in India for the British East India
[4] specimen plant of Paph. appletonianum Company, received a new type of slipper
frequent repotting (every 6–12 months) orchid from the mountains around Sylhet
from the Chinese mainland. Grower:
and extensive flushing of the substrate (today northernmost Bangladesh). He
hengduan mts. biotechnology.
every few weeks to avoid the build-up of was the superintendent of the East India
[5] Close-up of a Paph. appletonianum culti-
waste products and salts helps to keep the Company’s Botanical Garden at Calcutta.
var from hainan Island. Wallich named the plant Cypripedium
plants healthy and can lead to impressive
specimen plants. However, producing venustum without publishing it, and had a
seedlings to renew your stock, either by collection of it in cultivation in Calcutta.
(Liu et al. 2009, Xu et al. 2010), where engaging a laboratory or doing it yourself, In 1819 the nursery of Messrs. Whitley,
it occurs at altitudes from 1,000 to 4,000 is a good policy to ensure its ongoing Brames and Milne at Fulham (today part
feet (300–1,200 m) in forests. The species presence in a collection. It seems to me of South West London, England) imported
is confined to areas with mild winters and that, unlike most Paphiopedilum species living plants from the Botanic Garden in
needs to be kept warmer in winter than living on cliffs and attaining many decades Calcutta. The Royal Botanic Gardens,
most other Chinese paphiopedilums. Like of age, many of those species that live as Kew, purchased a plant in November
such species as Paphiopedilum callosum terrestrials on forest floors seem to have 1891 and flowered it soon after. A quick
(not found in China) it is initially an a rather short life cycle. They rarely form drawing was made while the flower
easy grower but seems to exhaust itself large clumps and might not live to an old still wasn’t fully expanded, and the new
relatively fast after a few flowering seasons age. Unlike their lithophytic and epiphytic species published by John Sims (1820).
and easily declines. Some extra care with cousins they probably don’t “hang on” Today, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine is
12
8 9
13
[8] the markings and coloration of Paph.
venustum are unique. Grower: michiko
mineta.
[9] An excellent specimen plant of Paph. ve-
nustum f. measuresianum presented and
awarded at the All Japan Orchid society
annual show in tokyo 2012. Grower:
michiko mineta.
10 [10] A vividly spotted Paph. venustum.
Grower: harold Koopowitz.
and Norito Hasegawa in California, I saw venustum var. ablum horticulturally).
[11] A very intensely colored Paph. venus-
such a collection of different forms in the Once rare, this attractive white, green and
tum. Grower: Norito hasegawa.
flowering season of Paph. venustum in yellow form is now common in cultivation
late winter and early spring. due to extensive line breeding. The rest of [12] Paphiopedilum venustum ‘Asahina’.
It is not surprising that such variability the remarkable variability within Paph. Grower: Katsuhiro roboshi.
has led to many names over the last two venustum opens a wide field for clonal [13] due to the rich patterns, the albinistic
centuries. Most of these taxa have the rank names, which is important in judging form, Paph. venustum f. measuresianum,
of variety; however, two, Paphiopedilum and further breeding. Interesting brightly is quite attractive.
pardinum (Rchb. f.) Pfitzer 1894 and colored forms with lots of orange can be
Paphiopedilum qingyongii Z.J. Liu & achieved by crossing certain dark forms
L.J. Chen 2010, are synonyms at the with the album form. Growing Paph.
species level. None of the taxa have venustum under cool conditions during
scientific standing because they simply the winter and intermediate to warm
fall within the considerable variability temperatures in the summer is relatively
of Paph. venustum. Only one form straightforward and doesn’t seem to
deserves recognition, Paph. venustum f. require any unusual precautions, at least
measuresianum (hort.) Braem 1998, which not in our nursery in Chengdu, Sichuan.
is the album form (incorrectly called Paph.
26
25
References
Sims, J. 1820. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, volume 47.
Mark, B. 1987 NAME Orchid Digest, 51(X), PAGE
Flora of China, Vol. 25
Kingston-Ward, 1932. Gardener’s Chronicle, May 1932.
Fowlie, J.A. 1987. NAME, Orchid Digest 51(3), PAGE
Averyanov, L., et al. 2003 FIND REFERENCE
Barretto, G., P.J. Cribb, and S. Gale. 2011. The Wild Or-
chids of Hong Kong. Kota Kinabalu and Hong Kong.
Fu, L.K., T.Q. Chen, K.Y. Lang, T. Hong, Q. Lin, and R. Li.
2002. Higher Plants of China. Volume 13. Qingdao .
Jenny, R. 2009. An Illustrated History of Paphiopedilum
purpuratum. Orchid Digest 73(4):256–265.
Kingdon-Ward, F. 1960. Pilgrimage for Plants. London
. p. 109–116.
Koopowitz, H. 2011. Jack Be Nimble. Orchid Digest
75(3):173.
Liu, Z.J., S.C. Chen, L.J. Chen, and S.P. Lei. 2009. The Ge-
nus Paphiopedilum in China. Science Press, Beijing.
Pe, F.T. 1981. A rediscovery of Paphiopedilum wardii
Summerhayes. Orchid Digest 45(3):98–103.
Pradhan, G.M. 1974. Paphiopedilum venustum (Wall.) 27
Pfitz. Orchid Digest 38(5):195–198.
Pradhan, U.C. 1975. A survey — Paphiopedilum venustum
(Wall.) Pfitz. Orchid Digest 39(6):204–209. [25] the first specimen of Paph. wardii
Senghas, K. and G. Schoser. 1965. Paphiopedilum su- propagating native orchids and marketing
them internationally to mitigate collection discovered and then lost, photographed
kakhulii. Die Orchidee 16:224–236.
Xu, Z.H., H. Jiang, D.P. Ye, and E.D. Liu. 2010. The Wild pressure for the natural populations. November 1922 by F. Kingdon-Ward. [F.
Orchids in Yunnan . Kingdon-Ward]
Perner’s focus is on slipper orchids, which
for the domestic market his laboratory and [26] Paph. wardii wild strain, mass-propa-
Holger Perner is a plant ecologist nursery is also raising the genera Phragmi- gated from seed at hengduan mts.
trained in Germany and living in China pedium and Mexipedium, but his attention biotechnology.
since 2001. He works for the Huanglong has spread to include a wider range of [27] Paph. wardii in its natural habitat in
National Park in Sichuan, southwest China. terrestrial and epiphytic orchids. Besides West Yunnan. illustration from ‘the Wild
Together with his wife, Wenqing, he also propagating species he is an active breeder Orchids of Yunnan’, page 53.
runs a nursery and orchid laboratory in of hybrids, an international orchid judge and
Chengdu. The company is registered with a frequent author. (email holger_perner@
the national Chinese CITES authorities hotmail.com).
and conducts ex-situ orchid conservation
by a proactive approach: artificially mass-
In preparatIon for the 21st World paintings. this area was the origin of many
orchid Conference (WoC) we traveled garden plants now seen in the temperate
to south africa, mainly to discuss the parts of the world, mainly introduced
exciting plans the local organizing team during the middle of the 19th century and
are preparing for the conference and show, into the 20th century; including several
which is to be held in september 2014. Gladiolus, Nerine, Crocosmia, Agapanthus
as a bonus we also had the wonderful and Kniphofia. our main aim was to see
opportunity to explore the exceptional some of the orchids, which are also well-
orchid flora of this part of the world. the represented; many are terrestrials and only
logo of the 21st WoC is Angraecum stella- found in these mountains. although the
africae or the “star of africa,” and what weather had been erratic and our local
could be more appropriate than to go in companions were not optimistic, we were
search of this rare and elusive species. looking forward to seeing many different
the trip took us to the Drakensberg species during the principal flowering
Mountains, one of the floral diversity season of January.
hot spots of the world; its geographical our base was a spacious lodge in the
location and different microclimates offer Lekgalameetse nature reserve in the
a multitude of plants, many of them found Wolkberg mountain range towards the
nowhere else. the Drakensbergs lie about northern end of the Drakensbergs near
125 miles (200 kilometer) inland in parallel tzaneen in the Limpopo province. our
to the east coast of south africa and run local guides and companions included
for almost 620 miles (1,000 kilometer) several of the organizers of the 21st WoC,
2 northeast to southwest. a large part of all very experienced and enthusiastic
the higher massif is a world heritage site orchid people. our lodgings were
[1] Lekgalameetse reserve, polokwane
known as the uKhahlamba–Drakensberg idyllic, surrounded by rich forest and
park. the Zulu name for the range means overlooking an expansive valley. south
south Africa
“barrier of spears” and the afrikaans name african hospitality was immense with
[2] the habitat of Angraecum stella-africae,
of “Drakensberg” or “Dragon Mountains” beautifully cooked meals, prepared by the
Lekgalameetse reserve, polokwane was given by the Dutch early settlers. different members of the team, forming the
south Africa the national park protects the immense perfect background for nocturnal orchid
variety of plant and animal life, the natural reminiscences accompanied by carefully
beauty of the landscape and ancient cave chosen local wines.
16 17
18
large, pendent to
Robert Fuchs
semierect terete
leaves and produce pseudoumbellate rather
than arched, branched inflorescences
typical of Phalaenopsis. the dutch
botanist Johannes Jacobus (J.J.) smith
first described Paraphalaenopsis denevei 3
in 1925. the species produces clusters
of fragrant, greenish-yellow to tawny
yellow-brown flowers, typically with a the four species of Paraphalaenopsis
lighter picotee on the edges of the sepals [1] Paraphalaenopsis labukensis, from north-
and petals. the inflorescence can carry up
ern borneo described in 1981
to 15 long-lasting 2-inch (5-cm) flowers
[2] Paraphalaenopsis laycockii ‘roman spar-
of heavy substance. Well-grown plants
may have four to six terete, pendent leaves kle’, aM/aos. grower: Joseph romans
up to 30 inches (75 cm) long. [3] Paraphalaenopsis denevei ‘orchidglade’,
Paraphalaenopsis laycockii is ccM/aos grower: Jones & scully
generally similar, with larger, 3-inch [4] Paraphalaenopsis serpentilingua ‘Whis-
(7.5-cm) flowers typically whitish with key hill’, cbr/aos grower: Millicent
aos photographic archives
10 11
14 15
to Pps. Ponce es Ponce. However, the hybrids as well. Crossing Pps. Boediardjo Pps. Boediardjo and Pps. labukensis is
issue of plant size and crowded flowers (denevei × laycockii) back to Pps. denevei Paraphalaenopsis Eileen, also a parent of
remains. Paraphalaenopsis, whether gives us Paraphalaenopsis Asean and some notable hybrids.
species or hybrids, are large plants with crossing Pps. Boediardjo back to Pps. Progeny of Pps. Asean have been
often crowded, short inflorescences. laycockii produces Paraphalaenopsis recognized with AOS awards as well.
“Modern” Paraphalaenopsis hybrids Nonito Dolera. Both of these hybrids Paraphalaenopsis Asean crossed
are, for the most part, the progeny of a very appear as parents in other crosses and with Vanda Sagarik Gold (miniatum
few primary and F2 intrageneric hybrids. one cultivar of Pps. Asean has received × curvifolium) is Paravanda Redland
Some breeders have tried crossing the two AOS awards: ‘Robert’s Ruby’ AM/ Stardust. Originally registered as an
species with more recent intergeneric AOS and CCM/AOS. The hybrid of Asconopsis, cultivars of this hybrid have
received two awards from the AOS and one
[8] Paravanda. Redland Sparkler ‘Naranja flowers dusted with rust-red. Grower: R.F. from the South Florida Orchid Society. The
Starburst’ HCC/AOS (Pps. Kolopaking Orchids, Inc. cross of Pps. Asean with Vanda Crownfox
× Vanda Madame Kenny) — 13 yellow [12] Paravanda Crownfox Twinkle ‘Starburst’ Golden Dawn, Paravanda Crownfox Sun
flowers overlaid with red-orange. Grower: AM/AOS (Pps. serpentilingua × Vanda Splash, also has two awards from the
falcata) — 12 creamy-white flowers.
AOS, ‘Orange Crush’ AM/AOS and ‘Pink
R.F. Orchids, Inc.
Glow’ HCC/AOS.
[9] Paravanda Dato Anuar Bashah ‘Chili Pep- Grower: R.F. Orchids, Inc.
Paraphalaenopsis Nonito Dolera is a
per’ AM/AOS (Pps. Lenggeng × Vanda [13] Pararenanthera Redland ‘Crownfox
parent of several intergeneric crosses, one
Dhongchai Pusavat) — 19 red-purple Inferno’ HCC/AOS (Pps. Boediardjo x of which has received AOS flower-quality
flowers on an upright inflorescence. Renanthera storiei) — 18 orange flowers awards to date. Crossed with Vanda Yip
Grower: R.F. Orchids, Inc. with deep red markings. Grower: R.F. Sum Wah, the result is Paravanda Maria
[10] Parastylis Seletar Jewel ‘Crownfox Pink Orchids, Inc. Wood. Two cultivars, ‘Crownfox Plum
Glow’ AM/AOS (Pps. laycockii × Rhy- [14] Paravanda Redland Stardust ‘Crownfox’ Tart’ AM/AOS and ‘Pink Jubilee’ AM/
chostylis coelestis) — 24 flowers on two HCC/AOS (Pps. Asean × Vanda Sagarik AOS, have been awarded under the old
inflorescences, pale pink with a dusting Gold). Grower: R.F. Orchids, Inc. Paravandrum name.
of fine, darker pink spots. Grower: R.F. [15] Paravanda Nadia Butler ‘Paul’s Passion’ Many of the early intergeneric hybrids
HCC/AOS (Pps. laycockii × Vanda Meda
with Paraphalaenopsis used vandas
Orchids, Inc.
or papilionanthes, the so-called terete
[11] Paravanda Marry Lim ‘Crownfox Sunrise’ Arnold) — an excellent arrangement of
vandas. More recent intergeneric hybrids
AM/AOS (Pps. Boediardjo × Vanda rose-pink flowers. Grower: R.F. Orchids,
with smaller-growing vandas (formerly
Fuchs Golden Shiner) — butterscotch Inc. ascocendas, ascocentrums and Neofinetia),
Plant genera often need to 1972, Stern and Carlsward 2009). base of the lateral sepals and absence
be diagnosed by a unique combination Amoana leopardi & Carnevali, as of digitiform processes in the labellum
of characters, rather than by conspicuous proposed by leopardi et al. (2012) based (figure 1 n–o). We can distinguish
morphological features unique for a group on both morphological and molecular Oestlundia from Amoana because the
that are the exception rather than the evidence, is composed of two species, former has the column and the labellum
rule. this is particularly true in orchids, namely Amoana kienastii and Amoana partially fused (through ½ of its length),
where most characters traditionally used latipetala leopardi & Hágsater. this a complex structure of the blade of the lip
to circumscribe genera usually associated genus has cigar-shaped, homoblastic and the absence of digitiform processes
with floral morphology, are highly (showing no differences between juvenile (figure 1 P–Q).
homoplasic. Homoplasic characters evolve and mature plants) pseudobulbs, usually Amoana is a genus endemic to México
independently in different lineages, as did with three leaves at their apices; the (oaxaca) where it grows on oak trees at
the wings of birds and bats. inflorescence is an apical panicle clothed about 1,800 m altitude in the Sierra Madre
Amoana kienastii (rchb.f.) leopardi by tubular, eventually scarious sheaths del Sur. Plants are found in mixed pine–oak
& Carnevali was originally described as 2.5–7cm (1-2.75 inches) long, the area of forests either amidst clouds at the crest of
Epidendrum kienastii by reichenbach f. in which is narrowly triangular-lanceolate mountains or near streams and waterfalls;
1887, based on a plant sent from Mexico and acute, whilst the branches are they seem to require cool, humid growing
to Consul ludwig Kienast-Zölly in subtended by sheaths similar to those of conditions and should never be kept dry for
Hirslanden, Zurich, Switzerland. Initially the peduncle but smaller. floral bracts are long periods, but should be grown in well-
it was placed in section Encyclium by 0.4–1.0 × 0.1–0.3 cm, linear-lanceolate, drained containers. Seed of A. kienastii
lindley, because of the thickened, relatively conspicuous (⅓–½ the length was distributed to growers in Canada, the
cigar-shaped pseudobulbs; though it is of the pedicellate ovary), spreading and United States, australia and South africa
quite distinct from what we consider papyraceous upon drying. the flowers in 1988 in an effort to ensure the survival
Encyclia today, where ovoid pseudobulbs are membranaceous, very showy, usually of this very rare species. though it was
predominate. It was transferred to Encyclia pale rose-pink, and the lip has three dark reported that the seed germinated well, it
Hook. by dressler and Pollard in 1971, and veins (figure 1, C, I); sepals lanceolate, has yet to be reported in cultivation.
has been known as such until recently. acute, 1.6–2.5 × 0.3–0.4 cm; petals linear- the name, Amoana, honors the aMo
Since its discovery, Epidendrum oblanceolate, acute, slightly falcate, 1.6– Herbarium, formerly associated with the
kienastii has been considered a peculiar 2.3× 0.3–0.7 cm wide; lip basally adnate asociación Mexicana de orquideología,
entity and ames (1923) commented, “It to the column (about ⅓ of its length), a.C. according to the International Union
is a very distinct species, quite unlike trilobed, total length 1.6−2.5 cm; lateral for the Conservation of nature criteria,
any other Mexican Epidendrum that I lobes spatulate–oblanceolate, somewhat Amoana kienastii can be considered in
have seen.” dressler and Pollard (1971: falcate, apex truncate and obliquely danger of extinction because it is only
435) stated that Encyclia kienastii (rchb. subacute, 1.1–1.3 × 0.06−0.10 cm wide known from a handful of collections.
f.) dressler & g.e. Pollard was more at its base, 0.3–0.6 cm wide near its apex; Amoana latipetala, a species that can
related to their section Leptophyllum (now midlobe clawed, oblong–obovate, acute, be distinguished by its wider petals (in
Oestlundia W.e. Higgins) than it was to 1.3–1.5 × 0.6–1.1 cm, margins somewhat comparison with those of A. kienastii) is
section Encyclia, where they placed it undulate apically; callus on the claw and only known from the type collection, a
because its flowers superficially resembled base of midlobe, oblong, distantly forming cultivated plant, and may also be in danger
those of Encyclia adenocaula (la llave & two acute, ascending, fingerlike processes of extinction.
lexarza) Schlechter (figure 1 C, l). (figure 1 g–I), midlobe with five keeled
In a phylogenetic analysis of Encyclia veins; column slender, clavate, sharply References
at the sectional level, Higgins et al. (2003) bowed upwards in the middle (figure 1 J– ames, o. 1923. new or noteworthy orchids from Central
america and the Philippine Islands. Schedulae Orchidi-
found that Amoana (Encyclia) kienastii K), about 1 cm long, middle tooth obtuse, anae 5:1–40.
was more closely related to Alamania denticulate and shorter than lateral teeth, Baker, r. 1972. Foliar Anatomy of the Laeliinae (Orchi-
lex. than it was to Encyclia. this was an which are surpassed by the anther. daceae). Phd dissertation, Washington University, St.
louis, Missouri.
interesting finding because Alamania is Based on the description, when dressler, r.l. and g.e. Pollard. 1971. nomenclatural notes
also related to Oestlundia, and all three comparing Amoana with Encyclia, some on the orchidaceae — IV. Phytologia 21:433–439.
genera are mostly centered in Mexico and clear differences are the heteroblastic Higgins, W., C. van den Berg, and M. Whitten. 2003. a
are found at medium to high elevations pseudobulbs, the presence of extravascular Combined Molecular Phylogeny of Encyclia (orchi-
daceae) and relationships within laeliinae. Selbyana
(900 to more than 2,000 m). these genera fiber bundles in the leaves and the absence 24:165–179.
differ dramatically from each other, of digitiform processes in the callus leopardi, C.l., g. Carnevali, and g.a. romero-gonzález.
especially in floral characters (figure 1), of Encyclia (figure 1l). Amoana and 2012. Amoana (orchidaceae, laeliinae), a new genus
and Species from Mexico. Phytotaxa 65:23–45.
but all three lack the extravascular fiber Alamania also have clear differences: Reichenbach, H. 1887. Epidendrum kienastii. Gardeners’
bundles that are found in the mesophyll of the latter has dimorphic stems (separate Chronicle ser. 3 2:126.
leaves of other members of the Encyclia reproductive and vegetative stems), Stern, W. and B.S. Carlsward. 2009. Comparative vegeta-
tive anatomy and systematics of Laeliinae (Orchidaceae).
alliance (such as Prosthechea) and vesicles at the base of sepals, tiny lateral
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 160:21–41.
especially in species of Encyclia (Baker lobes of the labellum, adnation at the
Continuing with our series of within populations (e.g., plants with slightly
essays on orchid evolution, we now leave different petal shapes, color or size) is
the terrestrial subfamily orchidoideae, and widespread throughout all of life, both plant
turn our attention to one of the several tribes and animal, but can be quite conspicuous
within the large subfamily epidendroideae. within orchid species. herein lays one
Most of these orchids are tropical of the significant difficulties in orchid
epiphytes, but among the so-called “lower taxonomy! on the other hand, whereas
epidendroids” one also may find terrestrial morphological variation makes the study
members native to various temperate and/ of orchids a challenge for taxonomists,
or subtropical parts of the world. this is it offers up a unique opportunity for the
the case for the orchid tribe Arethuseae evolutionary biologists. orchids that are
(figure 1), which includes well-known polymorphic for floral traits are the ideal
Asian and north American genera such as model in which to study the evolution of
Arethusa, Arundina, Calopogon, Bletilla, these traits, and to assess their impact on the
Pleione and Coelogyne. historically, reproductive success of some individuals
taxonomists also placed genera such as compared to others.
Spathoglottis, Phaius and Calanthe in since Darwin first proposed his theory
this tribe as well. however, new evidence of evolution by means of natural selection,
from DnA sequences indicates that these biologists have been fascinated with [1] A red arrow highlights the placement
latter orchids may be distantly related to understanding how floral polymorphism of the orchid tribe Arethuseae within
the core of Arethuseae, even though their within a species comes to be, and more
the evolutionary tree of Orchidaceae.
superficial growth form and leaf and importantly how it is maintained in
Calanthe was originally placed in this
floral morphologies are quite similar. if populations. special attention has been
this pattern of relationships continues to given to color polymorphism, but variation tribe. However, new DNA based evidence
stand as additional data are collected, then may occur in different floral traits such indicates that these orchids may be dis-
Calanthe and its closest allies will likely as overall size, nectar spur length and/or tantly related to the core of Arethuseae,
be classified in their own tribe, Collabieae. fragrance, among others. these floral even though their superficial growth form,
research is ongoing. characters are the main attractants for leaf, and floral morphology are quite
regardless the pollinators, and also allow them to similar.
of exactly where associate through learning the presence
Calanthe fits among (or absence) and quality of the rewards
the branches of being offered by the plant. for this reason, the tendency of pollinators to exclusively
the orchid family stability or only minor variation among visit or entirely avoid certain flowers). to
tree, this genus of flowers of a given species is expected, explain this, imagine a population where
approximately 187 but that is not always the case. scientists flowers of one species display different
species is quickly have not been able to explain fully how colors; these flowers produce fragrance as
gaining popularity a polymorphism is maintained within a lure, but do not produce a nectar reward.
Alejandro Zuluaga if all the flowers were the same color,
among orchid populations, but an evolutionary process
enthusiasts and flower gardeners in warmer called “balancing selection” seems to pollinators would quickly learn to avoid
areas of the country where some species are be the best explanation. in brief, during them. however, with different color morphs
winter-hardy. the genus also has captured balancing selection, floral variation results growing together, it will take a longer time
the attention of botanists who are intrigued as a product of the interaction among many and more visits to different flowers for
by the pollinator deception and the wide selective processes; in orchids, factors individual pollinators to learn to avoid these
range of floral variation exhibited by some such as visitation by different pollinator deceptive orchids. A beautiful example of
of the more common tropical species. since species, pollinator preferences for different evolution in action!
we already considered the topic of orchid morphologies, and differences among unfortunately, there is little empirical
deception in the May issue of Orchids, foraging behavior by pollinators may play a evidence to support this hypothesis. for this
here we give equal attention to one of the role in maintaining the balance of different reason, nicolas Juillet and other researchers
most fascinating aspects of orchid biology floral morphs in a population. conducted a series of experiments and
— the role that floral variation can play in however, in deceptive orchids such as observations on different populations of
the evolution of new species. Calanthe that do not offer a reward — the the tropical terrestrial orchid Calanthe
when biologists talk about variation subject of this article — floral variation sylvatica in the island of La reunion (Juillet
among different individuals of the has been proposed to have a completely et al. 2010, Delle-Vedove et al. 2011). the
same species, they often use the word different purpose. in this case, it is believed goal of their research was to investigate
”polymorphism,” and use the term “morph” that different individuals of the same species patterns of variation among floral characters
informally to refer to individual variants. exhibit different flower-colored morphs as other than color, and to determine their
the occurrence of multiple floral morphs a way to combat pollinator constancy (i.e., correlation with the reproductive success of
every trait they examined. In addition, the varieties alba and lilacina tend to grow
researchers found, to their surprise, that in in habitats together with other plants that
most cases each population is composed display similar flower colors and the same
[2] color varieties of Calanthe sylvatica. A.
of plants of only one color morph — a blooming time. Perhaps this helps to explain
C. sylvatica variety alba; B. C. sylvatica
situation unlike that documented among what must be facilitating their pollination
variety lilacina; C. C. sylvatica variety other deceptive orchids, and contrary to the and explain the spatio-temporal separation
purpurea. hypothesis that mixed morph populations of the varieties.
will tend to confuse pollinators forcing Finally, analysis of scent profiles among
them to visit many flowers. Furthermore, morphs produced another unexpected
the plants. Calanthe sylvatica is an orchid populations of each color morph grow at result. Varieties purpurea and lilacina have
characterized by deceptive pollination that different altitudes, and bloom at different different compositions, and flowers of the
also grows in Madagascar, Mauritius and times of the year (i.e., they are separated in white morph may have one or the other
other southeast African countries. It has a time and space). The variety alba is the most scent profile, independent of the population
long floral spur and displays the classic abundant on the island, and is restricted to they come from. Three morphs, but only
hawkmoth-pollination syndrome. At altitudes less than 3,281 feet (1,000 m), two scents! This case of a white flower
least one diurnal hawkmoth in the family whereas varieties pupurea and lilacina grow producing two different odors in a single
Sphingidae has been seen visiting flowers in high-altitude forests above 3,281feet population is unique in orchids, and raises
on La Reunion Island. This orchid is an (1,000 m). So, do these differences add up some intriguing hypotheses. It has been
ideal system for study since it has been in any way to influence the reproductive proposed that orchids on the island of La
long known that C. sylvatica presents success of some morphs over others? The Reunion originated from Madagascar, and
polymorphism in its flower color on the answer is “yes, but . . .” On the one hand, subsequently dispersed to the island where
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