CTIQ Book 1 Defintions and Descriptions Sept2013

Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Construction timbers in Queensland

Book 1: Definitions and descriptions
Revised edition: March 2013
Great state. Great opportunity.

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Construction timbers in Queensland
Properties and specifications for satisfactory
performance of construction timbers in Queensland
Class 1 and Class 10 buildings (houses, carports, garages, greenhouses
and sheds)
Book 1: Definitions and descriptions
Revised 2013
PR10–5019
First published 2006

Revised and updated 2010, 2013
This publication has been compiled by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.
© State of Queensland, 2013.
The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its
information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
Australia (CC BY) licence.
Under this licence you are free, without having to seek our permission, to use this publication in
accordance with the licence terms.
You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland as the source of the
publication.
For more information on this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en
The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. The Queensland Government
shall not be liable for technical or other errors or omissions contained herein. The reader/user
accepts all risks and responsibility for losses, damages, costs and other consequences resulting
directly or indirectly from using this information.
ii
Contents
List of tables .................................................................................................................... v
List of figures .................................................................................................................. v
List of notes ..................................................................................................................... v
Purpose........................................................................................................................... vi
Legal status .................................................................................................................... vi
Succession ..................................................................................................................... vi
Amendments .................................................................................................................. vi
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
Short title ....................................................................................................................... 2
Scope ............................................................................................................................ 2
Definitions, abbreviations, codes and symbols used in schedules A, B and C.......... 4
Descriptions relating to timber species, origin and properties contained in Book 2,

schedules A, B and C (Part 1, columns 1–10, tan-coloured tables) ............................. 9
Column 1: Index number................................................................................................ 9
Column 2: Standard trade name .................................................................................... 9
Column 3: Botanical name ............................................................................................. 9
Column 4: Origin .......................................................................................................... 10
Column 5: Density ....................................................................................................... 11
Column 6: Strength groups .......................................................................................... 11
Column 7: Joint groups ................................................................................................ 14
Column 8: Natural durability ratings ............................................................................. 14
Column 9: Lyctine susceptibility ................................................................................... 16
Column 10: Termite resistance .................................................................................... 17
Descriptions relating to applications, target design life and decay hazard zones
contained in Book 2, schedules A, B and C (Part 2, columns 11–18, blue-coloured
tables) ............................................................................................................................ 18
Target design life ......................................................................................................... 18
Applications (columns 11–17) ...................................................................................... 18
Above-ground decay hazard zones (columns 13 and 16) ............................................ 19
In-ground decay hazard zones (columns 14 and 17) ................................................... 22
Conditional use codes in schedules A, B and C ........................................................... 26
Advisory codes used in Part 2 of schedules A, B and C (column 18) ........................... 27
Building members, target design life and applications .................................................. 28
Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 iii

Appendix: Additional advisory information (informative) .......................................... 38
Wood density .............................................................................................................. 38
Seasoning and moisture content ................................................................................. 38
Acclimatisation before installation ................................................................................ 39
Time of sale................................................................................................................. 39
Time of use or installation ............................................................................................ 39
Grade and quality ........................................................................................................ 40
Timber preservatives ................................................................................................... 40
Weather-exposed decking timber ................................................................................ 40
Restrictions on use of CCA-treated timber products .................................................... 40
Queensland pine beetle............................................................................................... 41
References .................................................................................................................... 42
Additional reading ........................................................................................................ 44
Australian Standards listed by reference number ...................................................... 45
Index of botanical names ............................................................................................. 46
iv
List of tables
Table 1 Interpreting geographical origins in schedules A, B and C 12
Table 2 Traditional stress grades by strength group and visual
grade for unseasoned and seasoned timber 14
Table 3 Natural durability ratings system for heartwood 16
Table 4 Interpreting lyctine susceptibility in the schedules 18
Table 5 Interpreting resistance to subterranean termites in the
schedules 18
Table 6 Queensland local governments and corresponding
above-ground decay hazard zones 23
Table 7 Queensland local governments and corresponding
in-ground decay hazard zones 27
Table 8 Building members, target design life and applications 30
Table A1 Density, hardness and utilisation 40
List of figures
Figure 1 Above-ground decay hazard zones for Queensland 22
Figure 2 In-ground decay hazard zones for Queensland 26
List of notes
Note 1 For timber treated to H2 6
Note 2 Headings 10
Note 3 Stress grades 13
Note 4 Manufactured products 15
Note 5 Framing sizes 15
Note 6 Natural durability of timber 15
Note 7 Untreated sapwood 16
Note 8 Regulatory durability performance requirements 16
Note 9 Round timbers 17
Note 10 Termite management systems 19
Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 v

Purpose
This publication (in two books) describes the properties of timbers used in the construction
of Class 1 and Class 10 buildings in Queensland. It also provides recommendations for
the appropriate and serviceable use of timbers across the state.
Legal status
This publication is noted as a primary referenced document in the Queensland variations
to the Building Code of Australia (BCA, Australian Building Codes Board) under the
Queensland Building Act 1975.
Succession
This publication replaces:
Hopewell, G (ed.) 2006, Construction timbers in Queensland: properties and

specifications for satisfactory performance of construction timbers in Queensland—Class
1 and Class 10 buildings, books 1 and 2, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries,
Queensland.
Any consideration of timber used in construction in Queensland during the period May
2007 to May 2010 should refer to the provisions detailed in the 2006 edition.
Amendments
1 (2013, June) Book 2, Index number 531, Mastixiodendron pachyclados (garo garo,
origin PNG) natural durability ratings revised to: Above-ground (4); In-ground (4).
vi
Introduction
The Queensland Department of Lands Sub-Department of Forestry first issued Pamphlet
no. 1: North Queensland building timbers and specifications for their use in 1939
(Queensland Forest Service 1939). The purpose of this publication was to promote
greater service efficiency in timber and encourage the proper use of a wider range of
north Queensland building timbers. A complementary paper providing detail on 100
southern Queensland timbers—Pamphlet no. 2: South Queensland building timbers and
specifications for their use—was issued in 1947 (Queensland Forest Service 1947).
The original issue of pamphlet no. 1 was exhausted shortly after World War II, and in 1951
it was revised and enlarged to include 171 timbers (Queensland Forest Service 1951).
Pamphlets 1 and 2 were superseded in 1964 when Pamphlet no. 5: Queensland building
timbers and specifications for their use (Queensland Forest Service 1964) was issued.
This provided detailed data on building applications for 360 timbers from all parts of the
state. It was reprinted several times until a complete revision resulted in the publication of
Technical pamphlet no. 1 in October 1991 (Smith et al. 1991).
Between 1991 and 2006, there were significant changes in construction technologies,
timber resources, industry recommendations and Australian Standards relevant to building
in Queensland. Examples include:
 the scarcity of native rainforest species due to significant areas of this resource
being classified with World Heritage status
 subsequent increased importation of Asian, Pacific Island, South American and
African rainforest species
 the introduction of design service life specifications for timber applications and
designation of decay hazard zones based on regional climatic conditions
 the introduction of above-ground durability and termite resistance classes
 the introduction of machine-graded pine (MGP and SP grades)
 revised botanical (scientific) names
 changes to the Timber Framing Code AS 1684 series Residential timber—framed
construction parts 2 and 3 (Standards Australia 2006a,b)
 the introduction of novel termite treatments.
These changes were included or acknowledged as appropriate in the original edition of

Construction timbers in Queensland.
This publication (books 1 and 2) replaces Construction timbers in Queensland (Hopewell

2006). Amendments include consideration of the repeal of the Timber Utilisation and
Marketing Act 1987 (TUMA) and revised local government boundaries due to
amalgamations.
The Building Code of Australia (BCA) includes a specific requirement for the use of
suitable materials in construction. In addition, the Australian Building Codes Board have
published a guide for technical committees, manufacturers and others on the durability
and life-expectancy requirements for building materials, assemblies and sub-assemblies
for use in accordance with the BCA (Australian Building Codes Board 2002). Construction
timbers in Queensland provides information on the properties and performance of timber
that will satisfy these requirements. Further, structural timber scheduled for the
appropriate conditions of use in this publication will meet the ‘construction deemed to
satisfy’ provisions of the BCA.
Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 1

Short title
This publication may be referred to as CTIQ (Construction timbers in Queensland) 1 and
2, to represent two separate documents—Book 1 and Book 2.
Scope
This publication lists the more important wood properties of commercial timbers used for
construction in Queensland. It also provides requirements and conditions of use for these
timbers to provide appropriate design service life in various construction applications. The
correct specification of timber will usually require consideration of a range of timber
properties including, but not limited to, stress grade, durability class, moisture content and
insect resistance. For the specification of timber sizes and spans, relevant Australian
Standards and design manuals should be consulted—e.g. Australian Standard AS 1684
series Residential timber—framed construction parts 2 and 3 (Standards Australia
2006a,b).
Book 1 explains the terms used, with reference to nomenclature, origin and timber
properties presented under specific column headings in the schedules (Book 2). It also
explains target design life, applications and decay hazard zones, presented in the
schedules. Book 1 includes:
 definitions of abbreviations, codes and symbols used in schedules A, B and C
 descriptions relating to timber species, origin and properties contained in Book 2,
schedules A, B and C (Part 1, columns 1–10, tan-coloured tables)
 descriptions relating to applications, target design life and decay hazard zones
contained in Book 2, schedules A, B and C (Part 2, columns 11–18, blue-coloured
tables)
 conditional use codes
 advisory codes
 an appendix (informative).
Book 2 consists of reference tables, presented as schedules A, B and C:

 Schedule A contains commercial mixtures of unidentified timbers (the most
usual market presentation of various Australian open forest and rainforest
hardwoods) and of some Australian and imported softwoods.
 Schedule B contains Australian-grown timber species, including both natural
forests and plantations.
 Schedule C contains timbers imported into Australia from overseas.
Each schedule has two parts presenting data in tables.
Part 1 (tan-coloured tables) lists:

 construction timbers in alphabetical order by standard trade name
 botanical name/s
 region of origin
 timber properties.
2
Part 2 (blue-coloured tables) lists:
 target design life (i.e. 5-year, 15-year and 50-year categories)
 approved construction uses for each species or species group
 decay hazard zones for above-ground and in-ground applications
 codes denoting approval, conditions for use (C1 to C17 and H1 to H5) or non-
approval
 advisory codes (A1 to A9), where applicable.
In Part 2 of the schedules, a tick symbol () under an application indicates that the
corresponding timber species or species group is approved for applications within that
category. For some uses, a timber may be used only if it meets a certain minimum
condition or provision indicated by a restrictive C or H code. When a timber species or
species group is not allowed for a particular application a cross (X) is used to denote
prohibition.
The advisory codes A1 to A9 (schedules, Part 2) highlight specific characteristics that

may affect performance, but are informative only and not normative (mandatory)
requirements. Additional advisory information is given in the Appendix.
The recommendations made in this publication assume that good building practice will be
carried out.
Additional wood properties information can be found at www.timberanswers.com

Definitions, abbreviations, codes and symbols
used in schedules A, B and C
 Allowed for this application (unless qualified by a restrictive code indicating mandatory
conditions for use)—see conditional use codes
X Not allowed for this application
— No reliable data at the time of publication
A Australia, non-Queensland states
A1–A9
Advisory codes used in column 18, Part 2 of Book 2; described in Book 1, page 29
Acclimatisation
The process of exposing timber articles to the average in-service environment in which
they will be installed
ADD Air-dry density—timber density at 12% moisture content
Ag Above-ground
Ag:A Above-ground decay hazard zone A; least potential for decay
Ag:B Above-ground decay hazard zone B; lower potential than zone Ag:C and greater potential
than zone Ag:A for above-ground decay
Ag:C Above-ground decay hazard zone C; lower potential than zone Ag:D and greater potential
than zone Ag:B for above-ground decay
Ag:D Above-ground decay hazard zone D; greatest potential for decay
AF Africa
AP Asia–Pacific region: Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Fiji, Solomon
Islands
Applications
Construction applications with similar environments and conditions of use have been
grouped into seven applications in columns 11 to 17 (see Table 8 for examples)
Approved
Approved by the person, body or authority empowered under state legislation to give that
approval
Approved preservative
A preservative treatment approved under AS 1604
APVMA
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority
AS Australian Standard, published by Standards Australia (www.saiglobal.com)
AS/NZS
Australian/New Zealand Standard, jointly published by Standards Australia and Standards
New Zealand, and distributed by SAI Global Limited (www.saiglobal.com)
Basic density
Oven-dry mass divided by green-soaked volume, expressed in kg/m 3
BCA Building Code of Australia
Building Act
The Queensland Building Act 1975
C1–C17
Conditional use codes used in Part 2 of Book 2; described in Book 1, page 28
CA Central America
4
CCA Copper chrome arsenate
Class 1 and Class 10 buildings
Class 1= houses; Class 10 = sheds, garages, carports
CTIQ Construction timbers in Queensland (this publication)
Density
Mass divided by volume, expressed in kg/m 3 when describing timber
Durability rating
A value in a four-class rating system indicating a timber species’ resistance to fungal
organisms that cause decay (rot)—two ratings are provided for each species or species
group (above-ground durability rating and in-ground durability rating), to be applied in
accordance with the corresponding situation; the ratings apply to sound, untreated
(natural) heartwood
EMC Equilibrium moisture content—the moisture content to which timber approaches where it
would neither lose nor gain moisture from the surroundings
E Europe
EWPAA
Engineered Wood Products Association of Australasia
Exposed
Not fully protected from weather
Genus A taxonomic category ranking below a family and above a species; related species
exhibiting similar botanical characteristics
Genera
Plural form of genus
GLTAA
Glued Laminated Timber Association of Australia
GPa Gigapascals—unit of measure for pressure; giga = 109
Hardness
A material’s ability to resist indentation and its degree of difficulty in working with hand tool
blades; strongly correlated with density
Hardwoods
Trees, and their timber, of the dicotyledon angiosperm (flowering) botanical group; includes
members of the Eucalyptus (most ‘gums’ and ironbarks), Corymbia (spotted gum and
bloodwoods), Shorea (meranti) and many other genera—the term doesn’t imply that the
actual timber is necessarily hard; for example, Ochrama spp. (balsa) and Toona ciliata (red
cedar) are classified botanically as hardwoods.
Heart-in material
Low-density material within 50 mm of the pith
Heartwood
The central core of dead wood providing support to the tree
hf Hem-fir—commercial mixture of Tsuga spp. and Abies spp.
High shrinkage
Having an average tangential shrinkage of 10% or more, when drying from the green
condition to 12% moisture content
H level
A number prefixed by the letter ‘H’ identifying the biological hazards to which the timber is
to be exposed and the appropriate conditions of use—the ‘H level’ (e.g. H1 and H2) is
used to prescribe the extent of preservative treatment (retention and penetration) required
when combined with the timber’s natural durability to protect the wood against the
biological hazard/s identified.
H1 (H level 1)

The minimum level of preservative treatment required to protect the timber from attack by
insects other than termites—H1 preservative treatments are suitable in above-ground,
well-ventilated situations protected from weather and wetting.
H2 (H level 2)
insects, including termites—H2 preservative treatments are suitable in above-ground, well-
ventilated situations protected from weather and wetting.
Note 1: For timber treated to H2

For timber treated to H2, for use south of the Tropic of Capricorn only, the designated
treatment brand is H2 (F).The designated brand of timber that may be used throughout
Queensland is H2.
H3 (H level 3)
decay fungi and insects, including termites—H3 preservative treatment offers protection in
situations above-ground, exposed to the weather or periodic wetting. Depending on the
application, preservative treatment to provide protection in H3 conditions can involve one
of two levels. The lower retention must not be used in a load-bearing application where
routine inspection and maintenance cannot be readily carried out. The lower retention level
applies only to vertical (water-shedding) applications that are able to be regularly
maintained. In Australian Standard AS 1604.1-2005 these constraints are signified in the
brand by the letter ‘A’; that is, H3A.
H4 (H level 4)
insects, including termites, and severe decay—H4 treatments are suitable for use in
situations where the timber is in contact with the ground or is continually damp. H4 is
appropriate for less critical ‘non-structural’ applications and/or where the decay hazard
zone indicates a lower in-ground hazard.
H5 (H level 5)
insects, including termites, and very severe decay—H5 treatments are used in situations
where timber is in contact with the ground or fresh water.
Ig In-ground
Ig:A In-ground decay hazard zone A; least potential for decay
Ig:B In-ground decay hazard zone B; lower potential than zone Ig:C and greater potential than
zone Ig:A for in-ground decay
Ig:C In-ground decay hazard zone C; lower potential than zone Ig:D and greater potential than
zone Ig:B for in-ground decay
Ig:D In-ground decay hazard zone D; greatest potential for decay
Joint group
For the purpose of joint design, timber is classified into six joint groups—J1 to J6 for the
unseasoned or green condition, and a further six joint groups JD1 to JD6 for the seasoned
or dry condition
kg/m3 Kilograms per cubic metre—standard expression for mass per unit volume (density) of
timber
Local government
Local government as defined in the Queensland Building Act 1975
LVL Laminated veneer lumber—glued, veneer-based product in which the grain direction of the
constituent veneers is mostly longitudinal
Lyctine susceptibility
6
A timber’s propensity to infestation by lyctine insects, principally the powderpost beetle
Lyctus brunneus
MPa Megapascal—unit of measure for pressure (mega = 106)
MGP Machine-graded pine
N New South Wales
NA North America
Natural durability
Natural resistance of the outer heartwood to decay and termites
Non-structural
Not load-bearing or not supporting in function
NZ New Zealand
Origin The likely geographical source area of the timber
Pith First-formed wood, weaker than the wood that forms around it; in most hardwoods it is
often unnoticeable but in softwoods it can be prominent and 3–13 mm wide
Protected
In relation to the weather and other dampness, not exposed to the elements and not liable
to become damp due to rain or any other source of moisture under normal conditions of
use—exposed timbers may be considered fully protected for the applications listed in this
publication where a roof or structural overhang provides protection against wetting by rain
driven at angles of less than 30 degrees from the vertical
Q Queensland
Qc Central Queensland; from Gladstone north to Bowen (latitudes 24° S to 20° S)
Qn Northern Queensland; from Bowen (latitude 20° S) northwards
Qs Southern Queensland; from Queensland – New South Wales border to Gladstone
(latitudes 28° S to 24° S)
QTIEWA
Queensland Timber Importers, Exporters and Wholesalers Association
S South Australia
Sapwood
Wood, outside the heartwood, containing living cells which conduct water and mineral salts
from the roots to the crown
Seasoned (as used in this publication)
 Structural framing timber—having an average moisture content not exceeding 15% at a
time when the main gravity loads are applied
 Other timber and timber products—having a moisture content for seasoned timber as
defined by the relevant Australian Standard (for interior milled products, usually 9% to
14%) or, where no standard exists, between 10% and 15% or within a moisture content
range as agreed by purchaser and supplier for a particular location or purpose
Softwoods
Trees, and their timber, of the gymnosperm (cone-bearing) botanical group; includes
members of the Pinus (pine), Picea (spruce), Abies (fir), Callitris (cypress) and Thuja
(western red cedar) genera—the term doesn’t imply that the actual timber is necessarily
soft
SP Machine-graded structural pine
Species group
Two or more timber species with similar properties, not readily separated by visual means
and therefore sold as a commercial mixture

spf Commercial mixture of spruce-pine-fir, Picea spp., Pinus spp. and Abies spp.
Strength group
Group representing the inherent strength of a timber species—there are seven strength
groups for unseasoned timber (S1 to S7) and eight for seasoned timber (SD1 to SD8)
Stress grade
The classification of a piece of timber for structural purposes, by means of visual, machine
or other grading or sorting methods, to the relevant Australian Standard, to indicate its
characteristic structural properties and stiffness
Structural
Load-bearing or supporting in function
Structural properties
The mechanical properties of timber; used in design calculations for construction
Termite resistance
A two-class system advising whether the heartwood is resistant (R) to termite attack or not
(NR) as specified in AS 5604-2005
Timber Design Code
Australian Standard AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures—design methods (Standards
Australia 1997a, or its successor)
TP1 Technical pamphlet no. 1: Building timbers—Properties and recommendations for their use
in Queensland (Smith et al. 1991)
TQ Timber Queensland Limited
TUMA The Timber Utilisation and Marketing Act 1987, or its successor
Well ventilated
When applied to under-floor areas, cross-ventilated by openings not more than 1 metre
from every corner and otherwise evenly spaced in both external and internal walls, so as to
provide an area of unobstructed free airspace not less than 7500 mm 2/metre length of wall
for tongue and groove (T&G) feature flooring, whether laid over other sheet flooring or not
and not less than the requirements prescribed by the BCA for other flooring
8
Descriptions relating to timber species, origin and
properties contained in Book 2, schedules A, B and
C (Part 1, columns 1–10, tan-coloured tables)
Note 2: Headings
Headings correspond to columns 1 to 10 in Part 1 of schedules A, B and C.
Column 1: Index number

An index number has been allocated to each standard trade name for a construction
timber species or species group in schedules A, B and C. Index numbers link species’
scientific names and synonyms listed in the botanical index with the standard trade names
used in the schedules.
Column 2: Standard trade name

Standard trade names are generally taken from AS/NZS 1148-2001 Timber—
nomenclature—Australia, New Zealand and imported species (Standards Australia 2001)
and Technical pamphlet no. 2: Queensland timbers—Their nomenclature, density and
lyctine susceptibility (Cause et al. 1989). These publications can be used to establish the
correct standard trade name or preferred name of a timber before consulting the
schedules in Book 2 of CTIQ. See also www.timberanswers.com
The chronological alphabetical style follows, which is used by Standards Australia (2001).
Where a standard trade name comprises more than one word, the alphabetical listing is
based on the noun in the name (e.g. ironbark, grey). This ensures that all the ironbarks
within a schedule are conveniently grouped together.
In Schedule C, common marketing name synonyms for imported timbers are provided to
enable readers to link it with the standard trade name and corresponding properties and
uses for the species. For example, timbers of Intsia species are available in the
Queensland market as merbau and kwila, depending on the source of origin. Therefore, if
readers searched for merbau, they would be directed to kwila, the standard trade name
for Intsia species.
Column 3: Botanical name

The only true name for a timber species is its botanical name. Botanical nomenclature
(scientific name) reflects timber species’ names current at December 2005 (Standards
Australia 2001; Cause et al. 1989; L Jessup, Senior Principal Botanist [Queensland
Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency] 2005, pers. comm., March; The Australian
National Botanic Gardens 2005; The International Plant Names Index 2005). Only the
genus is recorded for commercial mixtures comprised of multiple species with similar
properties or those unable to be readily separated in the market. Botanical names are not
provided for commercial mixtures comprising many genera, such as for unidentified
rainforest timbers and imported softwoods.
The ‘Index of botanical names’ (at the end of this book) lists current scientific names of
timber species alphabetically, in italics. Previously used synonyms are also included in

small italics in the index. The botanical index is linked to schedules A, B and C with index
numbers allocated to each species’ trade name. The reader can look up current and older
scientific names of timbers in the botanical index and use the index number(s) to find the
current (2005) trade and botanical name(s) listed in the schedules.
Hardwood timber sourced from open forests has been classified into three broad groups
based on geographical areas, corresponding to column 1, index numbers 1, 2 and 3 in
Schedule A, Book 2:
 Category a timbers include open-forest hardwoods (predominantly Eucalyptus

species) sourced from Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria, excluding
high-shrinkage timbers.
 Category b timbers include mixed, high-shrinkage species sourced from
Tasmania, Victoria and the tableland regions of New South Wales (predominantly
Eucalyptus species).
 Category c timbers include open-forest hardwoods (predominantly Eucalyptus
and Corymbia species) sourced from Queensland and New South Wales,
excluding highland ‘ash’-type eucalypts.
Column 4: Origin
‘Origin’ refers to the likely geographical source of the timber.
The geographical origins and corresponding codes for timber species listed in Part 1 of
schedules A, B and C are given in Table 1. In Schedule A, mixed Australian species group
origins are allocated on a state basis. Imported timber groups in Schedule A are coded as
for Schedule C species. In Schedule B the Queensland-grown species origins relate to
three broad geographical zones. In Schedule B interstate timbers are given the code A,
meaning Australia, non-Queensland states. In Schedule C, origins are based on broad
global regions.
If specific states or countries of occurrence are required for these timbers, refer to
AS/NZS 1148-2001 Timber—nomenclature—Australian, New Zealand and imported
species (Standards Australia 2001).
Table 1 Interpreting geographical origins in schedules A, B and C

A Australian states other than Queensland NA North America
N New South Wales E Europe
Qs Queensland – from New South Wales SA South America
border to Gladstone (to latitude 24° S)
Qc Queensland - from Gladstone to Bowen AF Africa
(latitudes 24° S to 20° S)
Qn Queensland - from Bowen (latitude 20° S) NZ New Zealand
northwards
S South Australia AP Asia–Pacific (includes Papua New
Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia, the
T Tasmania Philippines, Fiji, Solomon Islands)
V Victoria
W Western Australia
10
Column 5: Density
Density is defined as mass per unit volume and, for timber, this varies with moisture
content. Density values shown in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3) in column 5, Part 1 in
the schedules are average values to the nearest 5 kg for the species in the air-dry
(seasoned, 12% moisture content) condition, based on the most reliable information
available at the time of publication. Where a species or species group is known to have
high variability, a range is provided. More information on the implications of timber
density is given in the Appendix.
Column 6: Strength groups

Unseasoned and seasoned strength groups have been assigned to each species and
species group in this publication. They are listed in column 6, Part 1 of the schedules.
These strength groups have been classified according to the principles set out in
AS/NZS 2878-2000 Timber—classification into strength groups (Standards Australia
2000a). Separate strength classifications have been given to seasoned and unseasoned
timber due to differences in the mechanical properties of defect-free timber of a given
species in each condition. The code S symbolises unseasoned timber and SD symbolises
seasoned (dry) timber.
Classifications without brackets (i.e. S and SD listings) have been derived from
mechanical test data using small, clear specimens. When shown in brackets—e.g. (S2),
(SD3)—these are provisional assessments based on density and/or limited mechanical
test data. Provisional classifications can be used with confidence as they are assessed
conservatively.
There are seven strength groups for unseasoned timber, ranging downwards from S1
(strongest) to S7 (weakest); and eight strength groups for seasoned timber, ranging
downwards from SD1 to SD8.
Strength group classifications applied to species groups or broader marketing categories

(e.g. ‘mixed hardwoods’, ‘pine’, ‘spruce-pine-fir’) are those applicable to the lowest rated
species in the group. There are occasional exceptions where it is known that lower rated
species have a relatively small influence on the mechanical properties of mixtures as
marketed.
When used in conjunction with the grade-quality descriptions from the relevant Australian
Standards for structural timbers, strength group classifications enable stress grades to be
allocated. The structural properties for these are given in AS 1720.1-1997 Timber
structures—design methods (Standards Australia 1997a).
The system of stress grading is fundamental to the structural use of timber under the
provisions of AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures—design methods (Standards Australia
1997a), AS 1684 series Residential timber—framed construction parts 2 and 3 (Standards
Australia 2006a,b) and the Building Code of Australia (Queensland Building Act 1975).
Note 3: Stress grades

Stress grades, and hence structural properties, for a species or species group can be
allocated by several means. In order of precedence, these are:
 determination by full size in-grade testing in accordance with AS 4063-1992
Timber—stress graded—in-grade strength and stiffness evaluation (Standards

Australia 1992)
 confirmation of traditional ‘F’ grades (based on strength group or visual grade
relationships) using full-size in-grade testing in accordance with AS 4063-1992
Timber—stress graded—in-grade strength and stiffness evaluation (Standards
Australia 1992)
 traditional ‘F’ grades based solely on strength group or visual grade relationships
determined from small, clear properties testing.
Stress grades determined by in-grade testing

The following species or species groups have had their stress grades established by full-
size, in-grade testing programs:
 seasoned and unseasoned white cypress designated F4, F5 and F7
 seasoned hoop pine designated F5, F7 and F8
 seasoned plantation Pinus species (maritime, slash, radiata and Caribbean pines)
designated MGP10, MGP12 and MGP15, as well as SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4
 seasoned Victorian ash designated A17.
The stress grades and structural properties given for these species concur with
AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures—design methods (Standards Australia 1997a) and
AS 1720.2 Timber structures—timber properties (Standards Australia 2006c).
Traditional stress grades confirmed or adjusted by in-grade testing

The following species or species groups have had their traditional stress grades confirmed
by full-size, in-grade testing:
 north-eastern Australian hardwoods, including spotted gum, blackbutt, ironbarks
 north American Douglas fir
 spruce-pine-fir
 Australian-grown plantation Pinus species, including slash, maritime, radiata and
Caribbean pines.
The stress grades and structural properties given for these species concur with
AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures—design methods (Standards Australia 1997a) and
AS 1720.2-2006 Timber structures—timber properties (Standards Australia 2006c).
Traditional stress grades based on strength grouping

For species or species groups not covered by in-grade testing, the range of possible
stress grades can be determined from Table 2 and the strength groups given under
column 6 in Part 1 of schedules A, B and C. For structural properties, refer to AS 1720.1-
1997 Timber structures—design methods (Standards Australia 1997a).
12
Table 2(i) Traditional stress grades by strength group and visual grade for
unseasoned (S) and seasoned (SD) timber
Unseasoned strength
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
group
Seasoned
SDI SD2 SD3 SD4 SD5 SD6 SD7 SD8
strength group
Visual grades Stress grades
Structural 1 F34 F34 F27 F22 F17 F14 F11 F8 F7

Structural 4 F22 F17 F14 F11 F8 F7 F5 F4 —
Structural 5(ii) — — — — F7 F5 F4 — —
Source: AS 2878-2000 Timber—classification into strength groups (Standards Australia 2000a)
(i) This table does not apply to white cypress (Callitris glaucophylla), which has equivalent strength
properties in both seasoned and unseasoned conditions, with available stress grades of F7, F5 and
F4.
(ii) The visual grade ‘Structural 5’ only applies to softwoods (eg, Pinus, Picea, Larix, Araucaria and
Abies species).
Stress grades applicable to timber graded by a mechanical process are recorded on the
piece by branding or colour-coded markings in accordance with the relevant Australian
Standard. Applicable structural properties and other engineering design data (including
joint design) are published in AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures—design methods
(Standards Australia 1997a).
The F grades applicable to seasoned structural timber apply only when the average
moisture content in the piece does not exceed 15% at the time when the main gravity
loads are applied. Timber which is partially seasoned to not more than 20% for use under
certain applications must be allocated an F grade appropriate to the unseasoned timber
strength or joint group, or be specially designed in accordance with the requirements of
AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures—design methods (Standards Australia 1997a).
Note 4: Manufactured products

Most engineered and panel products such as glued, laminated timber (glulam), laminated
veneer lumber (LVL) and I-beams have specific structural properties for each proprietary
product or grade. Characteristic properties for these materials can be obtained from the
appropriate Australian Standard or the product manufacturer or relevant industry
association (e.g. GLTAA for glulam and EWPAA for plywood and LVL).
Note 5: Framing sizes

Framing sizes, spans, spacings and other design information for timber species of a
particular stress grade may be obtained from the AS 1684 series Residential timber—
framed construction parts 2 and 3 (Standards Australia 2006a,b), or may be derived by
calculation based on the requirements of the Australian Standard AS 1720.1-1997 Timber
structures—design methods (Standards Australia 1997a) or from manufacturers or
industry association information.

Column 7: Joint groups
Under column 7 in Part 1 of the schedules, joint groups for seasoned timber are provided
for all species. Joint groups for unseasoned timber have also been provided where
published basic density data was available at the time of publication (2010). The structural
use of timber recommended in this document requires the application of adequate jointing
and fastening procedures in accordance with the joint design data and specifications
presented in the AS 1684 series Residential timber—framed construction parts 2 and 3
(Standards Australia 2006a,b), or AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures—design methods
(Standards Australia 1997a).
The code J is used to denote joint groups for unseasoned timber and JD for seasoned
(dry) timber. There are six joint groups for unseasoned timber, ranging downwards from
J1 to J6; and six joint groups for seasoned timber, ranging downwards from JD1 to JD6.
The joint group classification of species groups uses the rating applicable to the lowest
rated species in the group.
Column 8: Natural durability ratings

Note 6: Natural durability of timber
Timbers in schedules A, B and C are allocated separate natural durability ratings for
above-ground and in-ground situations, in accordance with AS 5604-2005 Timber—
natural durability ratings (Standards Australia 2005a). These ratings are listed under
column 8 in Part 1 of the schedules.
Because many variables are involved, it is very difficult to classify timbers accurately in
terms of their resistance to decay, so the ratings are based on a range of years of
expected service life.
The rating system used in AS 5604-2005 Timber—natural durability ratings (Standards

Australia 2005a) is based on the average life (range in years) of test specimens of sound,
untreated heartwood (35 mm  35 mm for the above-ground tests and 50 mm  50 mm for
the in-ground trials). Where no data exist to confirm an above-ground rating, a provisional
above-ground rating denoted by brackets—e.g. (2)—is provided in column 8 in Part 1 of
the schedules, based on the timber’s in-ground rating.
The performance and life expectancy of timber used in specific applications and
environments will be influenced greatly by many other factors in addition to the natural
durability ratings. These other factors include:
 presence or absence of preservative treatment
 the manufacturing process
 detailing, supplementary protection and maintenance
 climate and environmental conditions
 member size and orientation of wide surface.
Member size is important because an increase in sectional area generally results in a

corresponding increase in expected service life. This is why the target design lives for
some applications listed in Part 2 of the schedules extend to 50 years despite the
life expectancy indicated by durability rating definitions described in AS 5604-2005
Timber—natural durability ratings (Standards Australia 2005a) and reproduced in
Table 3. In construction, timber member dimensions would normally exceed the section
14
sizes of specimens used in trials and the construction timber should provide satisfactory
performance, providing normal good building practice and maintenance is followed and
the timber meets the grade quality requirements for the application.
Table 3 Natural durability ratings system for heartwood

Durability Above-ground life expectancy In-ground life expectancy
class
1 > 40 years > 25 years
2 15 to 40 years 15 to 25 years
Source: AS 5604-2005 Timber—natural durability ratings (Standards Australia 2005a)
Note 7: Untreated sapwood

The untreated sapwood of all timber species is regarded as class 4 (non-durable),
regardless of heartwood rating.
Note 8: Regulatory durability performance requirements

The building regulation framework in Australia is performance-based, and specifically
addresses health, safety and amenity as primary objectives. While the Building Code of
Australia (BCA, Australian Building Codes Board 2006) currently does not have specific
durability performance requirements, it does have implicit requirements, and it contains
prescriptive deemed-to-comply solutions, acceptable construction practices and
verification procedures.
The Australian Building Codes Board has published a guideline on durability in buildings
(Australian Building Codes Board 2002). This explains the implicit requirements of the
BCA that should be followed by manufacturers and specifiers wishing to satisfy the BCA’s
requirements.
The administration and application of the BCA is devolved by legislation to state and
territory authorities and/or private certifiers, who then have to interpret and apply relevant
standards or acceptable solutions.
The hierarchy of building regulations in Australia for timber and durability is as follows:
 The BCA is adopted by all states and territories under an intergovernmental
agreement (IGA) between the Australian Government and the states and
territories.
 The BCA, in turn, calls on primary references such as Australian Standards and
documents such as AS 1684 series (Standards Australia 2006), also known as the
Timber framing code and AS 1720.1-1997 (Standards Australia 1997a), also
known as the Timber structures code and in some cases, individual states may
adopt variations that call on state-specific references such as Construction timbers
in Queensland (CTIQ).
 BCA primary-referenced documents call up secondary references such as the
AS 1604 series for the specification for preservative treatment of timber
(Standards Australia 2004a,b,c 2005b,c) and AS 5604 (Standards Australia
2005a) on natural durability ratings.

CTIQ reflects the performance expectations implicit in the BCA as at 2010.
Above-ground natural durability ratings
Where data was available, timbers have been allocated an above-ground durability class.
Where reliable data was not available, provisional above-ground durability classifications
based on published in-ground ratings have been allocated. In the schedules (Book 2),
these provisional ratings are shown in brackets—e.g. (4) in column 8, Part 1. This means
the timber has a provisional above-ground durability rating of 4. Table 3 gives the four
ratings (life-expectancy definitions) of the above-ground durability scale.
In-ground natural durability ratings
The predicted performance of a timber in contact with the ground (and therefore exposed
to decay and termites), is determined by an allocated in-ground durability rating. The in-
ground durability rating refers to the performance of the heartwood. The ratings apply to
sound, mature heartwood with a minimum cross-section thickness of 40 mm. Table 3
gives the four rating definitions of the in-ground durability scale.
Note 9: Round timbers

Round timbers with a complete annulus of preservative-treated sapwood (H4 or H5) will
have life expectancies significantly greater than those given in Table 3.
Column 9: Lyctine susceptibility

The sapwood of all softwoods (Pinus, Callitris, Picea, Larix, Araucaria, Agathis,
Pseudotsuga, Thuja and Abies species) and the sapwood of some hardwood species are
immune to lyctine attack (i.e. infestation and damage by the powderpost beetle, primarily
Lyctus brunneus). The sapwood of all other (lyctine-susceptible) hardwoods is rendered
non-susceptible to attack by lyctine borers when immunised by preservative treatment.
Another option for processors or suppliers is to remove lyctine-susceptible sapwood
during processing.
The use of non-immunised lyctine-susceptible timber representing a greater cross-

sectional area than permitted under want and wane allowances in the relevant Australian
Standard is not recommended in permanent buildings in Queensland.
All species recognised as being non-susceptible to lyctine attack are listed with the
symbol NS in column 9, Part 1 of the schedules. All other species are considered lyctine-
susceptible—these species are identified with the symbol (s). Where laboratory tests
(conducted in accordance with the approved protocols or commercial evidence) have
confirmed susceptibility, the symbol S is used. These codes are summarised in Table 4.
Table 4 Interpreting lyctine susceptibility in the schedules

Code in schedules Lyctine susceptibility status
NS Non-susceptible to lyctine attack
(s) Unconfirmed
S Confirmed lyctine-susceptible
The protection of sapwood in lyctine-susceptible timbers is based on a minimum

preservative treatment of hazard level 1 (H1 or H level 1).
16
H1 (H level 1): In a well-ventilated place where the timber is kept off the ground and
completely protected from weather and wetting—preservative treatment is designed to
reduce the likelihood of attack by insects other than termites
Column 10: Termite resistance

In Part 1 of the schedules, subterranean termite resistance of heartwood is classified in
column 10 as either R, for those species highly resistant to termites; or NR, where the
timber is known to have little or no resistance to termites. Where reliable data is lacking, a
timber species is classified as non-resistant until authoritative, contrary evidence becomes
available. These codes and their definitions are summarised in Table 5.
While some Pinus species have heartwood designated as R, for practical and commercial
purposes due to the extent of the sapwood present, they are required to be treated to H2
to achieve termite resistance.
Table 5 Interpreting resistance to subterranean termites in the schedules

Code in schedules Termite resistance
R Highly resistant
NR Low or no resistance or no reliable data
The corresponding minimum treatment (H level) for termite protection is H2.

H2 (H level 2): In a well-ventilated place where the timber is kept off the ground and
completely protected from weather and wetting—preservative treatment is designed to
reduce the likelihood of attack by insects, including termites
Note 10: Termite management systems

On 1 January 2001, the Queensland provisions of the BCA were amended to address the
installation of termite management systems in Class 1 buildings (houses) and Class 10
buildings (sheds, garages, carports and greenhouses). Specifically, the provisions require
termite management systems in new buildings (Building Codes Queensland 2000).

Descriptions relating to applications, target design
life and decay hazard zones contained in Book 2,
schedules A, B and C (Part 2, columns 11–18, blue-
coloured tables)
This section includes information relevant to Book 2, Part 2, schedules A, B and C.
General information is provided for target design life, applications, decay hazard zones for
both above-ground and in-ground applications, and seasoning requirements.
Target design life

In the schedules (Book 2, Part 2), three categories for target design life (5, 15 and 50
years) are provided in association with different applications.
Target design life, as it relates to timber usage in this publication, refers to the anticipated
satisfactory service life of a timber member, if assembled and maintained in accordance
with good building practice and the requirements specified in this document.
Queensland has a long-established culture of using timber as the preferred material for a
wide variety of applications in construction. Within a single dwelling, there is usually a
range of design life expectancies for different components. This means that at the time of
design and construction it is envisaged that some timber components will have a shorter
service life than others, which will be expected to provide satisfactory service for the full
life of the structure.
Factors such as ease of access for maintenance, relative cost of materials and labour for
assembly, and propensity for refitting due to changes in fashion or the introduction of new
materials mean that different components of structures may only be expected to provide
satisfactory performance for 5 years (eg, battens or fence palings), while other
components are required to provide a service life of 50 years (e.g. roof trusses and house
stumps).
Part 2 of the schedules nominates approved construction applications for commercial

timbers in Queensland according to three target design life categories:
 target of 5 years service
 target of 15 years service
 target of 50 years service.
Applications (columns 11–17)

In the schedules (Part 2), seven categories for applications are provided for each timber
species or species group under column headings 11 to 17. The headings refer to
applications with similar requirements, which are described in the section, ‘Building
members, target design life and applications’, and Table 8, with examples of typical
applications. These categories apply to commercial timber usage in the construction of
Class 1 buildings (houses), Class 10 buildings (carports, garages, greenhouses, sheds)
and associated landscaping.
18
The classification of timbers into applications in schedules A, B and C assumes that
normal, good design, construction and maintenance practices will be followed, particularly
in regard to avoiding the creation of damp, poorly ventilated situations.
Deficiencies that lead to the development of damp situations are water-trapping design,
faults in flashing, sarking and other forms of damp-proofing in and around wet areas such
as bathrooms, and in roof and external wall framing. Practices such as filling sub-floor
cavities between false joists on slabs (pugging), the use of moisture-retaining types of wall
insulation and inadequate provision for free air movement through vented wall, roof and
sub-floor cavities also lead to damp, poorly ventilated situations. The specification or use
of durable timbers is not to be regarded as a substitute for good building practice.
Where the applications refer to a weather-exposed or in-ground application, the columns

in Part 2 of the schedules are further subdivided into broad decay hazard zones based on
those described in the Timber service life design guide (MacKenzie et al. 2005) and
rationalised to Queensland local government boundaries.
Above-ground decay hazard zones (columns 13 and 16)

Climate is one of the most significant environmental factors affecting the serviceability and
performance of construction timbers. Subtropical to tropical climates with periods of warm
temperatures and high humidity pose a higher risk of attack by fungal organisms that
cause decay than drier climates. In recognition of the strong correlation between climate
and decay hazard, CTIQ incorporates a system of classifying local government areas into
above-ground decay hazard zones. These classifications are based on data from maps
produced in the Timber service life design guide (MacKenzie et al. 2005).
The above-ground decay hazard zones for Queensland are classified as:
Ag:A—Least potential for above-ground decay
Ag:B—Lower potential than zone Ag:C and greater potential than zone Ag:A for above-
ground decay
Ag:C—Lower potential than zone Ag:D and greater potential than zone Ag:B for above-
ground decay
Ag:D—Greatest potential for above-ground decay
These zones and the corresponding local governments are shown in Figure 1 and listed in
Table 6.

Figure 1 Above-ground decay hazard zones for Queensland
20
Table 6 Queensland local governments and corresponding above-ground decay
hazard zones
Local govt. Ag:zone Local govt. Ag:zone Local govt. Ag:zone Local govt. Ag:zone
A Croydon Ag:A Lockyer Ag:D Richmond Ag:A
Valley
Aurukun Ag:C D Logan Gold Ag:D Rockhampton Ag:C
Coast
B Diamantina Ag:A Longreach Ag:A S
Balonne Ag:B Doomadgee Ag:A M Scenic Rim Ag:D
Banana Ag:B E Mackay Ag:D Somerset Ag:D
Barcaldine Ag:A Etheridge Ag:B Maranoa Ag:B South Burnett Ag:B
Barcoo Ag:A F Mapoon Ag:D Southern Ag:C
Downs
Blackall Ag:A Flinders Ag:A McKinlay Ag:A Sunshine Ag:D
Tambo Coast
Boulia Ag:A Fraser Coast Ag:D Moreton Bay Ag:D T
Brisbane Ag:D G Mornington Ag:A Tablelands Ag:B
Bulloo Ag:A Gladstone Ag:C Mount Isa Ag:A Toowoomba Ag:C
Bundaberg Ag:D Goondiwindi Ag:B Murweh Ag:A Torres Ag:D
Burdekin Ag:D Gympie Ag:D N Torres Strait Ag:D
Burke Ag:A H Napranum Ag:D Townsville Ag:D
C Hinchinbrook Ag:D North Ag:D W
Burnett
Cairns Ag:D Hope Vale Ag:D Northern Ag:D Weipa Ag:D
Peninsula
Area
Carpentaria Ag:A I P Western Ag:B
Downs
Cassowary Ag:D Ipswich Ag:D Palm Is. Ag:D Whitsunday Ag:D
Coast
Central Ag:B Isaac Ag:C Paroo Ag:A Winton Ag:A
Highlands
Charters Ag:B K Pormpuraaw Ag:B Woorabinda Ag:B
Towers
Cherbourg Ag:B Kowanyama Ag:B Q Wujal Wujal Ag:D
Cloncurry Ag:A L Quilpie Ag:A Y
Cook Ag:D Lockhart River Ag:D R Yarrabah Ag:D

In-ground decay hazard zones (columns 14 and 17)
In-ground decay hazard zones have also been defined to describe the relative hazard for
in-ground decay. These are based on Australian decay hazard zones as described in the
Timber service life design guide (MacKenzie et al. 2005) and rationalised to Queensland
local government boundaries to align with the building approval process (Figure 2).
The four decay hazard zones for in-ground decay are classified as:
Ig:A—Least potential for in-ground decay
Ig:B—Lower potential than zone Ig:C and greater potential than zone Ig:A for in-ground
decay
Ig:C—Lower potential than zone Ig:D and greater potential than zone Ig:B for in-ground
decay
Ig:D—Greatest potential for in-ground decay
Defining in-ground decay hazard zones enables better utilisation of our timber resources.
For example, a moderately durable (class 3) timber species would not be suitable for in-
ground use in the wet tropics (zone Ig:D, the highest potential for in-ground decay), but
could be expected to give satisfactory performance if used in the arid zone (zone Ig:A, low
hazard) provided it is also protected from termites. Table 7 lists Queensland local
governments and their corresponding in-ground decay hazard zones.
22
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Figure 2 In-ground decay hazard zones for Queensland
24
Table 7 Queensland local governments and corresponding in-ground decay hazard
zones
Local govt. Ig:zone Local govt. Ig:zone Local govt. Ig:zone Local govt. Ig:zone
A Croydon Ig:C Lockyer Ig:C Richmond Ig:A
Valley
Aurukun Ig:C D Logan Gold Ig:C Rockhampton Ig:C
Coast
B Diamantina Ig:A Longreach Ig:A S
Balonne Ig:B Doomadgee Ig:A M Scenic Rim Ig:C
Banana Ig:C E Mackay Ig:D Somerset Ig:C
Barcaldine Ig:B Etheridge Ig:C Maranoa Ig:B South Burnett Ig:C
Barcoo Ig:A F Mapoon Ig:D Southern Ig:B
Downs
Blackall Ig:B Flinders Ig:A McKinlay Ig:A Sunshine Ig:D
Tambo Coast
Boulia Ig:A Fraser Ig:D Moreton Bay Ig:D T
Coast
Brisbane Ig:D G Mornington Ig:A Tablelands Ig:D
Bulloo Ig:A Gladstone Ig:C Mount Isa Ig:A Toowoomba Ig:C
Bundaberg Ig:D Goondiwindi Ig:B Murweh Ig:B Torres Ig:D
Burdekin Ig:C Gympie Ig:D N Torres Strait Ig:D
Burke Ig:A H Napranum Ig:D Townsville Ig:C
C Hinchinbroo Ig:D North Burnett Ig:C W
k
Cairns Ig:D Hope Vale Ig:D Northern Ig:D Weipa Ig:D
Peninsula
Area
Carpentaria Ig:C I P Western Ig:C
Downs
Cassowary Ig:D Ipswich Ig:C Palm Is. Ig:D Whitsunday Ig:D
Coast
Central Ig:C Isaac Ig:C Paroo Ig:B Winton Ig:A
Highlands
Charters Ig:B K Pormpuraaw Ig:C Woorabinda Ig:C
Towers
Cherbourg Ig:C Kowanyama Ig:C Q Wujal Wujal Ig:D
Cloncurry Ig:A L Quilpie Ig:A Y
Cook Ig:D Lockhart Ig:D R Yarrabah Ig:D
River

Conditional use codes in schedules A, B and C
The following symbols and codes appear in the schedules to denote a timber’s
recommended uses and conditions of use (if applicable).
Where a timber species is recommended for a particular application, a tick symbol () is
given in the corresponding application column in the schedules. Conversely, where a
timber is not approved for a particular application, it has a cross symbol (X) for that
application.
Timbers allocated a C or H code under an application column are recommended for use in
that application, provided the specification and timber used meets the minimum provision
denoted by the codes defined here:
C1 De-sapped for portion in-ground contact if untreated

C2 Minimum dimensions to be 100 mm  100 mm
C5 Round timber only—minimum treatment level H4
C6 Round timber > 200 mm diameter only—minimum treatment level H4
C10 Recommended to be partially seasoned to not more than 20% moisture content
C11 Not permitted for in-ground poles in pole frame construction; must be set on
stirrups or similar
C12 Single species only, free of heart-in material (material within 50 mm of the tree
pith)
C13 De-sapped for portion in-ground contact—minimum diameter 200 mm
C16 Seasoned
C17 For weather-exposed door jambs and mullions; can only be used in non-structural
applications subject to compliance with industry recommendations
H3 Minimum H3 level of preservative treatment
26
Advisory codes used in Part 2 of schedules A, B and C
(column 18)
Advisory codes are included (column 18 in the schedules) to emphasise characteristics of
a species that might affect performance in some applications:
A1 High shrinkage
A2 Variable density, hardness and strength depending on origin or species
A3 Gum veins common
A4 To be painted or protected against the Queensland pine beetle
A5 Usually knotty
A6 Included bark is sometimes present
A7 Finishes sometimes affected by resin bleed
A8 Latex canals common
A9 Corrodes ferrous fastenings when wet
Advisory information on a range of important issues is also included in the Appendix.
Seasoning and timber moisture content
Seasoning refers to the process of drying moisture from timber. It is undertaken for two
important reasons:
1. to improve structural performance—a prerequisite to the allocation of seasoned
timber strength (SD) and joint groups (JD) is that the average moisture content in
the piece be no more than 15%
2. to improve stability—appearance-grade, milled products (e.g. strip flooring,
parquetry, decking, panelling, chamferboard cladding, mouldings, furniture and
joinery) should be seasoned to ‘pre-shrink’ them prior to use.
Following these provisions means that the timber will have satisfactory performance with
respect to appearance and stability, and the seasoning recommendations of the
Australian Standards have been considered in this context. Australian Standards set
different moisture content ranges for different products (but usually 9% to 14% for interior
milled products) reflecting the type of timber and product application.
Refer to the Appendix for further information on the implications of timber moisture content
on product performance.

Building members, target design life and applications
Table 8 is an alphabetical listing of building members linked to applicable target design life
and application number/s corresponding to column number/s in Book 2.
Table 8 Building members, target design life and applications
Target design Application

Building member Environment (column no. in
life (yrs) schedules A, B and C)
Architraves Protected 15 12
Exposed 50 16
Balusters
Protected 50 15
Barge boards Exposed 15 13
Between stumps 5 11
Under lining or cladding 50 15
External wall 15 13
Battens
Greenhouse 15 13
Pergola 15 13
Roof, ceiling 50 15
Exposed 50 16
Beams
Protected 50 15
Exposed 50 16
Bearers
Protected 50 15
Binders and braces Protected 50 15
Exposed 15 13
Boards (non-structural)
Protected 15 12
Exposed 50 16
Bracing
Protected 50 15
Brackets Protected 15 12
Capping Exposed 15 13
Exposed 15 13
Carved work
Protected 15 12
Cladding Exposed 15 13
Exposed 50 16
Columns
Protected 50 15
Structural, commercial and
50 16
Decking industrial foot traffic
Domestic 50 16
Exposed 15 13
Doors
Protected 15 12
Eaves, soffits Protected 15 12
End-stops Exposed 15 13
Exposed 50 16
Engineered products
Protected 50 15
Fascias Exposed 15 13
Palings 5 11
Fences, gates Posts 15 14
Rails 15 13
28

Flooring Non-structural or overlay 15 12
Protected, structural 50 15
Foundation timbers In-ground 50 17
Framing (wall, floor, Exposed 50 16
roof) Protected 50 15
Framing Greenhouse 15 14
Exposed 50 16
Handrails
Protected 50 15
Exposed 15 13
Jambs (door, window)
Protected 15 12
Exposed 15 13
Joinery (non-structural)
Protected 15 12
Exposed 50 16
Joists
Protected 50 15
Landings Exposed 15 13
Exposed 5 11
Lattice panels
Erotected 5 11
Exposed 15 13
Lining
Protected 15 12
Lintels Protected 50 15
Exposed 15 13
Mouldings
Protected 15 12
Exposed 50 16
Mullions
Protected 50 15
Exposed 50 16
Newel posts
Protected 50 15
Framing 15 13
Pergolas Posts in-ground 15 14
Posts above-ground 15 13
Exposed 50 16
Plates, top and bottom
Protected 50 15
Pergolas 15 14
House/deck, in-ground 50 17
Poles, posts
House/deck, above-ground 50 16
House, protected 50 15
Purlins Protected 50 15
Exposed 50 16
Rafters and ridges
Protected 50 15
Exposed 15 13
Railings, non-structural
Protected 15 12
Railings, structural Exposed 50 16
Non-structural 15 14
Retaining walls
Structural1 50 17


Reveals Protected 15 12
Sheeting, non- Exposed 15 13
structural, non-bracing Protected 15 12
Sills Foundation 50 17
Skirting Protected 15 12
Exposed 50 16
Stair treads
Protected 50 15
Step, stair risers and Exposed 15 13
treads, fully supported Protected 15 12
Exposed 50 16
Step, stair stringers
Protected 50 15
Exposed 50 16
Struts
Protected 50 15
Exposed 50 16
Studs
Protected 50 15
Stumps In-ground 50 17
Exposed 50 16
Trusses
Protected 50 15
Weatherboards Exposed 15 13
Exposed 15 13
Window boards
Protected 15 12
1
For the purposes of retaining walls:
(a) ‘moderate importance’ means anything other than ‘high importance’
(b) ‘high importance’ means retaining walls:
(i) where the total height of the wall and or the fill or cut retained by the wall is greater than 2 m,
or
(ii) that provide support to a building and structures such as an in-ground swimming pool,
carport, garage or a deck more than 1 m above ground level beneath, where these buildings
or structures are not supported by other independent means such as piers and the like that
extend beyond the zone of influence of the retaining wall, or
(iii) that support another retaining wall described in (i) or (ii) above.
30
Five-year target design life applications (column 11)
Target design life Environment Schedule reference
Protected from and/or exposed

5 years Column 11
to the weather
Environment
 Fully protected from and/or exposed to the weather or other dampness
 Clear of the ground, well drained and/or ventilated and with free air circulation
 Non-structural (not load-bearing or not supporting in function)
Conditions of use
 C and H codes—none applicable for 5-year target design life applications
 Unless otherwise specified for appearance reasons, sawn timber may contain
untreated non-lyctine-susceptible sapwood provided that the combination of such
sapwood and any associated wane does not exceed the wane limits permitted by
the relevant Australian Standard
Treatment (other than for termites)

 Any lyctine-susceptible sapwood must be treated to minimum H1 level in
accordance with the provisions of AS 1604
Termite protection
 Where termite-resistant timber is required in accordance with the BCA, it may be
either:
o timber classified as naturally termite resistant (R in column 10) or
o timber classified as not resistant (NR in column 10) that has been treated
to minimum H2 level in accordance with the provisions of AS 1604
Examples
Building members with a 5-year target design life are listed in Table 8.

Fifteen-year target design life applications (columns 12, 13 and 14)
15 years Protected Column 12
Environment
 Fully protected from the weather or other sources of dampness
 Clear of the ground, well ventilated and with free air circulation
 Structural and non-structural
Conditions of use
 As indicated by C and H codes for high shrinkage timber species and species
groups

Termite protection
either:
Examples
Protected building members with a 15-year target design life are listed in Table 8.
32
15 years Weather-exposed Column 13
Environment
 Exposed to or not fully protected from the weather or other sources of dampness
 Clear of the ground, well drained and ventilated and with free air circulation
 Structural and non-structural, relatively accessible for maintenance or replacement
Conditions of use
 As indicated by C and H codes for each species in each of the four above-ground
decay hazard zones (Ag:A, Ag:B, Ag:C and Ag:D)
 Unless otherwise required by the relevant Australian Standard or by explicit
specification, timber for sawn weatherboards, fascias and barge boards may be
unseasoned except if subject to the requirements of any C codes in the schedules
 Unless otherwise specified for appearance reasons, timber may contain untreated,
non-lyctine-susceptible sapwood provided that the combination of such sapwood
and any associated wane does not exceed the wane limits permitted by the
relevant Australian Standard

 Above-ground durability class 2, 3 and 4 timbers coded as suitable for these uses
must meet the minimum requirements of H3 level in accordance with AS 1604 and
may contain limited amounts of unpenetrated or inadequately treated heartwood
comprising no more than 20% of the cross-section of the piece at any point
 Any sapwood, except as allowed above, must be treated to minimum H3 level in
Termite protection
 Where termite protection is required in accordance with the BCA it may be either:
o timber classified as naturally termite resistant (R in column 10) may be
used provided any sapwood is treated to minimum H3 level or
Examples
Weather-exposed building members with a 15-year target design life are listed in Table 8.

15 years In-ground Column 14
Environment
 In-ground or in contact with the ground or in poorly ventilated, persistently damp
conditions
 Structural (load-bearing or supporting in function)
 Relatively accessible for maintenance or replacement
Conditions of use
 As indicated by C and H codes for each species in each of the four in-ground
decay hazard zones (Ig:A, Ig:B, Ig:C and Ig:D)
Treatment and termite protection

 In-ground durability class 3 and 4 timber coded as suitable for these uses must
meet the minimum requirements of H4 level in accordance with AS 1604 and may
contain limited amounts of unpenetrated or inadequately treated heartwood
provided:
o in sawn timber, not exceeding the want and wane limits permitted by the
relevant Australian Standard (where no such standard exists, this
unpenetrated heartwood must not exceed 20% of the cross-sectional area
of the piece and not extend face to face or edge to edge through the piece)
o in round timber, not extending beyond half the radius from the central axis
of the piece, as determined at end sections
o any sapwood, except as allowed above, must be treated to H4 level in
o timber classified as not resistant (NR in column 10) used as members
forming or directly supported on primary foundations are to be protected
against subterranean termite access by soil treatment and/or physical
barriers in accordance with AS 3660.1-2000 Termite management part 1—
new building work (Standards Australia 2000b)
Examples
Building members in ground contact or in persistently damp conditions with a 15-year
target design life are listed in Table 8.
34
Fifty-year target design life applications (columns 15, 16 and 17)
50 years Protected Column 15
Environment
 Fully protected from the weather or other dampness
 Clear of the ground, well ventilated and with free air circulation
 Structural and/or non-structural
Conditions of use
 As indicated by C and H codes in column 15 for each species
 For applications involving feature flooring, refer to the advisory notes in Appendix
regarding the implications of moisture content, density and hardness

Termite protection
either:
Examples
Protected building members suitable for a 50-year target design life are listed in Table 8.

50 years Weather-exposed Column 16
Environment
 Exposed to or not fully protected from the weather or other sources of dampness
 Clear of the ground, well drained and ventilated and with free air circulation
 Structural and non-structural
Conditions of use
 As indicated by C and H codes for each species in each of the four above-ground
decay hazard zones (Ag:A, Ag:B, Ag:C and Ag:D)
 All timbers for use as prefabricated structural frames to external door and window
openings to be seasoned, irrespective of general coding under column 16 in
schedules A, B and C
untreated non-lyctine-susceptible sapwood, provided that the combination of such
sapwood and associated wane does not exceed wane limits required by the
relevant Australian Standard

 Above-ground durability class 2, 3 and 4 timbers coded H3 under column 16 are
suitable for these uses if the timber achieves the minimum requirements of H3
level as defined in AS 1604 and may contain limited amounts of non-penetrated or
inadequately treated heartwood provided:
relevant Australian Standard (where no such standard exists, non-penetrated
heartwood must not exceed 20% of the cross-sectional area of the piece and
not extend face to face or edge to edge through the piece)
o in round timbers, not extending beyond half the radius from the central axis of
the piece, as determined at end sections
o any sapwood, except as allowed above, must be treated to minimum H3 level
o treatment must be in accordance with the provisions of AS 1604
Termite protection
 Where termite-resistant timber is required in accordance with the BCA it may be
either:
 Structural members, such as poles and posts held clear of the ground by stirrups
in pole frame and similar applications, are to be protected against subterranean
termite access by soil treatment and/or physical barriers in accordance with
AS 3660.1-2000 Termite management part 1—new building work (Standards
Australia 2000b)
Examples
Weather-exposed building members with a 50-year target design life are listed in Table 8.
36
50 years In-ground Column 17
Environment
 In-ground or in contact with the ground or poorly ventilated, persistently damp
conditions
 Structural (load-bearing, structural or supporting in function)
 Difficult to access for maintenance or replacement
Conditions of use
 As indicated by C and H codes for each species in each of the four in-ground
decay hazard zones (Ig:A, Ig:B, Ig:C and Ig:D)
 Timber is to be free from untreated lyctine-susceptible sapwood
 In-ground durability class 3 and 4 timbers coded H5 are suitable for these uses,
except for poles in-ground in pole frame construction, if preservative treated
to H5 level in accordance with AS 1604 and may contain limited amounts of
unpenetrated or inadequately treated heartwood:
relevant Australian Standard (where no such standard exists, this
heartwood must not exceed 20% of the cross-sectional area of the piece
and not extend face to face or edge to edge through the piece)
o in round timbers, not extending beyond half the radius from the central axis
of the piece, as determined at end sections
Treatment and termite protection

 In-ground durability class 2, 3 and 4 timbers coded as suitable for these uses must
meet the minimum requirements of H5 level in accordance with AS 1604 and may
contain limited amounts of unpenetrated or inadequately treated heartwood not
comprising more than 20% of the cross-section of the piece at any point
 Any sapwood, except as allowed above, must be treated to minimum H5 level in
 Timber classified as not resistant (NR in column 10) used as members forming or
directly supported on primary foundations are to be protected against
subterranean termite access by soil treatment and/or physical barriers in
accordance with AS 3660.1-2000 Termite management part 1—new building work
(Standards Australia 2000b)
Examples
Building members in ground contact or in persistently damp conditions with a 50-year
target design life are listed in Table 8.

Appendix: Additional advisory information
(informative)
Wood density
Wood density has considerable influence in classifying and scheduling species for use.
Informative remarks relating to hardness, based on timber densities, are provided in
Table A1.
Table A1 Density, hardness and utilisation
Air-dry density Hardness

Remarks
(range) description
Very poor resistance to indentation; not

< 480 kg/m3 Very soft recommended for uncovered flooring and bench
tops; easy to work with hand tools
Poor resistance to indentation; suitable for flooring
in lightly trafficked areas such as bedrooms
485–560 kg/m3 Soft
Suitability for use in high-traffic areas is to be
determined by a specifier
Suitable for flooring; generally easy to work with
565–800 kg/m3 Firm
hand tools
Excellent resistance to wear and indentation in
805–960 kg/m3 Hard
flooring, step treads and bench tops
As above—some species difficult to work and
> 965 kg/m3 Very hard
require sharp tool edges
Seasoning and moisture content

Research has shown that in-service moisture contents will vary on a seasonal basis and
may differ from the target manufacturing range. In addition, other factors relating to house
design, heating and cooling systems, and the micro-climate of the particular locality can
have a significant influence on in-service moisture contents. Installation and finishing
practices need to accommodate both the adjustment to climatic conditions associated with
the in-service environment and the seasonal movement that will occur in that climate.
Relative humidity is the major influence determining whether seasoned products will
absorb moisture from the air and swell or lose moisture to air and shrink. If the moisture
content of timber products is close to the average in-service moisture content, seasonal
changes in humidity will result in small dimensional changes. The average equilibrium
moisture content (EMC) of timber used indoors is often 1% to 3% below that of timber
articles, components and assemblies used in outdoor applications.
38
Acclimatisation before installation
Acclimatisation is appropriate for ‘feature’ interior applications, such as flooring, where
information obtained from timber moisture-content testing indicates that the moisture
content of the timber to be used varies from the average EMC for the in-service
environment by more than 2%.
Time of sale
At the time of sale, moisture content for timber supplied for feature products, such as
floors, must meet the following requirements:
Hardwoods 9–14% moisture content with the average of 11% (AS 2796.1-1999
Timber—hardwood—sawn and milled products—part 1: product
specification, Standards Australia 1999)
Softwoods 9–14% moisture content with the average 11% (AS 4785.1-2002 Timber—
softwood—sawn and milled products, Standards Australia 2002)
White cypress 10–15% moisture content with the average 12% (AS 1810-1995 Timber—
seasoned cypress pine–milled products, Standards Australia 1995)
Time of use or installation

The range nominated by the relevant standard may not be appropriate for all in-service
environments. Prior to installation the installer should ascertain whether the timber
moisture content is appropriate for the in-service environment. Moisture-content testing is
done in accordance with AS/NZS 1080.1-1997 Timber—methods of test—moisture
content (Standards Australia 1997b).
If timber is installed at an average moisture content that is higher than the average in-
service moisture content, greater shrinkage can be expected after installation. Similarly,
timber installed at an average moisture content lower than the average in-service moisture
content will swell after installation and allowance needs to be made during installation to
accommodate this potential for expansion.
Where appropriate, acclimatisation can be used to raise or lower the average moisture
content of the timber supplied, to bring it closer to its average in-service moisture content.
Acclimatising should therefore be considered when the average in-service moisture
content is high (e.g. 14% in the tropics) or low (e.g. 9% in inland regions or with air-
conditioning used continuously).
The usual method of acclimatising timber products is to stack boards in such a way as to
allow free air movement to all surfaces. With products such as flooring, boards may be
loose laid for a period prior to fixing until they have equalised to the average in-service
conditions.
At the time of construction, if conditions are not similar to the average in-service
conditions, acclimatisation may be detrimental (e.g. acclimatising during dry weather in a
normally humid climate).
Acclimatisation is usually only effective in an air-conditioned building if the air-conditioning

is operating at the time or, in dry localities during normal weather conditions. The species

type, period and method of acclimatisation will also influence how effective the process is.
For some higher density species that are slow to lose or take up moisture, acclimatisation
may have little effect. Acclimatising products such as flooring and paneling in dry climates
does not remove the need to provide for expansion during periods of wet weather.
For more information on best practice for installing flooring, see Hayward (2005).
Grade and quality

Most timber products have a relevant Australian Standard that provides specifications for
grade and quality. Australian Standards should be referenced in specifications to define
grade and quality. For some products, such as flooring, the Australian Standards also
recognise and permit manufacturers to define their own grades. Specifiers should ensure
that the grade they require is clearly defined.
Timber preservatives
Immunisation by some preservative treatments impart colour to sapwood. This tends to
reduce contrast between sapwood and heartwood in timbers having dark or brownish
heartwood colours. For feature applications where the owner or specifier does not desire
this sapwood shading, timber free from sapwood on the face or immunisation by a
colourless preservative should be specified.
Weather-exposed decking timber

The service life of decking fully exposed to sunlight and the weather will be enhanced by
the application of a protective finish system to all joints and exposed surfaces at the time
of construction and as a regular maintenance procedure in accordance with manufacturer
or Timber Queensland recommendations. Pale-coloured finishes are preferred. A tongue
and grooved profile is not suitable for external flooring and decking applications.
Restrictions on use of CCA-treated timber products

The Australian Government Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority
(APVMA) recently reviewed the use of copper chrome arsenate (CCA) as a timber
treatment, reinforcing its status as a safe, durable and inexpensive way to preserve wood
for most outdoor purposes (Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority
2005).
The APVMA has adopted a precautionary position, however, by requiring some

restrictions on certain timber products where there may be exposure to children.
Consequently, since 12 March 2006 it has been an offence to sell CCA preservative
chemical for treating timber products intended for use as garden furniture, picnic tables,
exterior seating, children’s play equipment, patio and domestic decking, and handrails.
Products that are not garden furniture, picnic tables, exterior seating, children’s play
equipment, patio and domestic decking, and handrails may continue to be treated with
CCA, but these products will be required to be marked with the words ‘Treated with
copper chrome arsenate’.
40
Queensland pine beetle
In schedules A, B and C, known susceptibility to Queensland pine beetle is given by the
advisory code A4. Timbers in the family Araucariaceae, including indigenous hoop
(Araucaria cunninghamii), kauri (Agathis spp.) and bunya (Araucaria bidwillii) pines and
imported klinki pine (Araucaria hunsteinii, Papua New Guinea), are susceptible to attack
by the Queensland pine beetle (Calymmaderus incisus) when used within the coastal
zone of south-east Queensland east of the Great Dividing Range and extending from
Murwillumbah (New South Wales) to Bundaberg (approximate latitude 25° S). However,
protection against attack in interior building uses can be easily achieved by adopting one
of the following measures:
 total enclosure in construction, for example as framing in double sheeted walls (full
sarking with brick veneer) or in fully ceiled roof cavities
 painting or other film finishing of surfaces exposed as, for example, beams,
flooring, lining, joinery or mouldings
 treatment with an approved insecticide (AS 1604.1-2005, Standards Australia
2005b).
Timbers susceptible to the Queensland pine beetle, as indicated in schedules A, B and C,

should be protected against such attack by one of the methods above when used in fully
protected applications within the defined geographic region.
The preservative treatments prescribed for H levels H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5 of the species
concerned will prevent Queensland pine beetle attack.

References
Australian Building Codes Board 2002, Guideline on durability in buildings, Australian
Building Codes Board, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, <www.abcb.gov.au>.
Australian Building Codes Board 2006, Building code of Australia, Volume 1 (Class 2 to
Class 9 buildings) and Volume 2 (Class 1 and Class 10 buildings), Australian Building
Codes Board, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, <www.abcb.gov.au>.
Australian National Botanic Gardens 2005, Australian Government, Canberra, viewed
May 2005, <http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/databases/apni.html> .
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority 2005, The reconsideration of
registrations for arsenic timber treatment products (CCA and arsenic trioxide) and their
associated labels: report of review findings and regulatory outcomes, Summary report.
Review Series 3, March 2005, Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority,
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.
Building Codes Queensland 2000, Proposed amendments to the BCA housing provisions:
termite risk management, Building Newsflash, Building Codes Queensland, Department of
Communication and Information, Local Government, Planning and Sport, Queensland.
Cause, ML, Rudder, EJ & Kynaston, WT 1989, Technical pamphlet no. 2: Queensland
timbers—their nomenclature, density and lyctid susceptibility, Queensland Forest Service,
Brisbane.
Hayward, D 2005, Timber flooring—version 1, Forest and Wood Products Research and
Development Corporation, Victoria, viewed February 2006, <http://www.timber.org.au>.
Hopewell, G (ed.) 2006, Construction timbers in Queensland: properties and
specifications for satisfactory performance of construction timbers in Queensland, Class 1
and Class 10 buildings, books 1 and 2, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries,
Queensland.
International Plant Names Index 2005, Collaborative project between the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, the Harvard University Herbaria and the Australian National Herbarium,
viewed 23 May 2005, <http://www.ipni.org>.
MacKenzie, C, Wang, C-H, Leicester, RH, Foliente, GC & Nguyen, MN 2005, Timber
service life design guide, draft October 2005, Forest and Wood Products Research and
Development Corporation, Melbourne.
Queensland Forest Service 1939, Pamphlet no. 1: north Queensland building timbers and
specifications for their use, Sub-Department of Forestry, Department of Public Lands,
Brisbane.
Queensland Forest Service 1947, Pamphlet no. 2: south Queensland building timbers and
specifications for their use, Sub-Department of Forestry, Department of Public Lands,
Brisbane.
specifications for their use, revised edition, Sub-Department of Forestry, Department of
Public Lands, Brisbane.
specifications for their use, Department of Forestry, Brisbane.
Smith, WJ, Kynaston, WT, Cause, ML & Grimmet, JG 1991, Technical pamphlet no. 1:
building timbers—properties and recommendations for their use in Queensland,
Queensland Forest Service, Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane.
42
Standards Australia 1992, AS/NZS 4063-1992 Timber—stress graded—in-grade strength
and stiffness evaluation, Australian Standard/New Zealand Standard, distributed by SAI
Global Limited, <www.saiglobal.com>.
Standards Australia 1995, AS 1810-1995 Timber—seasoned cypress pine—milled
products, Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited, <www.saiglobal.com>.
Standards Australia 1997a, AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures—design methods,
Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited, <www.saiglobal.com>.
Standards Australia 1997b, AS/NZS 1080.1-1997 Timber—methods of test—moisture
content, Australian Standard/New Zealand Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited,
<www.saiglobal.com>.
Standards Australia 1999, AS 2796.1-1999 Timber—hardwood—sawn and milled
products—part 1: product specification, Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global
Limited, <www.saiglobal.com>.
Standards Australia 2000a, AS/NZS 2878-2000 Timber—classification into strength
groups, Australian Standard/New Zealand Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited,
Standards Australia 2000b, AS 3660.1-2000 Termite management—part 1: new building
work, Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited, <www.saiglobal.com>.
Standards Australia 2001, AS/NZS 1148-2001 Timber—nomenclature—Australian, New
Zealand and imported species, Australian Standard/New Zealand Standard, distributed by
SAI Global Limited, <www.saiglobal.com>.
Standards Australia 2002, AS 4785.1-2002 Timber—softwood—sawn and milled
products, Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited, <www.saiglobal.com>.
Standards Australia 2004a, AS 1604.2-2004 Specification for preservative treatment—
reconstituted wood-based products, Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global
Limited, <www.saiglobal.com>.
Standards Australia 2004b, AS 1604.3-2004 Specification for preservative treatment—
plywood, Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited, <www.saiglobal.com>.
Standards Australia 2004c, AS 1604.4-2004 Specification for preservative treatment—
laminated veneer timber products, Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited,
Standards Australia 2005a, AS 5604-2005 Timber—natural durability ratings, Australian
Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited, <www.saiglobal.com>.
Standards Australia 2005b, AS 1604.1-2005 Specification for preservative treatment—
sawn and round timber, Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited,
Standards Australia 2005c), AS 1604.5-2005 Specification for preservative treatment—
glued laminated timber products, Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited,
Standards Australia 2006a, AS 1684.2-2006 Residential timber—framed construction—
non-cyclonic areas, Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited,
Standards Australia 2006b, AS 1684.3-2006 Residential timber—framed construction—
cyclonic areas, Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited,
Standards Australia 2006c, AS 1720.2-2006 Timber structures—timber properties,
Australian Standard, distributed by SAI Global Limited, <www.saiglobal.com>.

Additional reading
Additional sources used to prepare this and the previous version of Construction
timbers in Queensland
Alston, AS 1982, Timbers of Fiji: properties and potential use, Department of Forestry,
Suva, Fiji.
Berni, CA, Bolza, E & Christiansen, FJ 1979, South American timbers: the characteristics,
properties and uses of 190 species, CSIRO, Melbourne.
Bolza, E & Keating, W 1972, African timbers: the properties, uses and characteristics of
700 species, CSIRO, Melbourne.
Bolza, E & Kloot, NH 1963, The mechanical properties of 174 Australian timbers, CSIRO,
Melbourne.
Bolza, E & Kloot, NH 1966), The mechanical properties of 81 New Guinea timbers,
CSIRO, Melbourne.
Boughton, GN & Crews, KI 1989, Timber design handbook, Standards Australia,
Bragg, C 1986, An equilibrium moisture content survey of Queensland, DPI technical
paper no. 44, Department of Forestry, Brisbane.
Building Research Establishment 1981, A handbook of softwoods, Forest Products
Research Laboratory, Department of Environment, London, UK.
Clifton, NC 1994, New Zealand timbers: the complete guide to exotic and indigenous
woods, GP Publications Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand.
Corkhill, T 1989, The complete dictionary of wood, Dorset Press, New York.
Eddowes, PJ 1977, Commercial timbers of Papua New Guinea: their properties and uses,
Forest Products Research Centre, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry,
Papua New Guinea.
Eddowes, PJ 1980, Lesser known timber species of SEALPA countries: a review and
summary, South East Asia Lumber Producers Association, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Farmer, RH 1972, Handbook of hardwoods, The Trinity Press, London, United Kingdom.
Flynn, JH & Holder, CD 2001, A guide to useful woods of the world, 2nd edn, Forest
Products Society, Madison, United States.
Gerhard, J, Miller, RB & ter Welle, BJH 1996, Major timber trees of Guyana: timber
characteristics and utilization, The Tropenbos Foundation,Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Hopewell, GP, Leggate, W, Leet, M & Spring, G 1999, Paulownia: an evaluation of 10-
year-old, Australian-grown paulownia, unpublished report, Queensland Forestry Research
Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane.
Keating, WG & Bolza, E 1982), Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers—volume
1: South-East Asia, Northern Australia and the Pacific, Inkata Press, Melbourne.
Leicester, RH, Foliente, GC, Wang, C-H, Nguyen, MN, Seath, C & MacKenzie, C 2002,
Timber durability compendium, unpublished BCE Doc 02/062, CSIRO, Melbourne.
Lincoln, WA 1991, World woods in colour, Stobart Davies Ltd, Hertford, United Kingdom.
Mullins, EJ & McKnight, TS 1981, Canadian woods: their properties and uses, 3rd edn,
University of Toronto Press, Canada.
Sudo, S 1990, Illustrated commercial foreign woods in Japan, All Nippon Checkers
Corporation, Japan.
44
Timber Queensland Ltd 2005, Timber Queensland Ltd, Brisbane, viewed April 2005,
<http://www.timberqueensland.com.au>.
Woods, RP 1951, Timbers of South America, 2nd edn, Timber Development Association
Limited, London, United Kingdom.
Australian Standards listed by reference number

AS/NZS 1080.1-1997 Timber—methods of test—moisture content, Australian
Standard/New Zealand Standard.
AS/NZS 1148-2001 Timber—nomenclature—Australian, New Zealand and imported
species, Australian Standard/New Zealand Standard.
AS 1604.1-2005 Specification for preservative treatment—sawn and round timber,
Australian Standard.
AS 1604.2-2004 Specification for preservative treatment—reconstituted wood-based
products, Australian Standard.
AS 1604.3-2004 Specification for preservative treatment—plywood, Australian Standard.
AS 1604.4-2004 Specification for preservative treatment—laminated veneer timber
AS 1604.5-2005 Specification for preservative treatment—glued laminated timber
AS 1684.2-2006 Residential timber—framed construction—non-cyclonic areas, Australian
Standard.
AS 1684.3-2006 Residential timber—framed construction—cyclonic areas, Australian
Standard.
AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures—design methods, Australian Standard.
AS 1720.2-2006 Timber structures—timber properties, Australian Standard.
AS 1810-1995 Timber—seasoned cypress pine—milled products, Australian Standard.
AS/NZS 2878-2000 Timber—classification into strength groups, Australian Standard/New
Zealand Standard.
AS 2796.1-1999 Timber—hardwood—sawn and milled products—part 1: product
specification, Australian Standard.
AS 3660.1-2000 Termite management—part 1: new building work, Australian Standard.
AS/NZS 4063-1992 Timber—stress graded—in-grade strength and stiffness evaluation,
Australian Standard/New Zealand Standard.
AS 4785.1-2002 Timber—softwood—sawn and milled products, Australian Standard.
AS 5604-2005 Timber—natural durability ratings, Australian Standard.

Index of botanical names
Current names for Australian species are in italics (e.g. Corymbia maculata). Imported
species are in bold italics (e.g. Pseudotsuga menziesii). These current names appear in
schedules A, B and C. Synonyms and other alternative names are in small italics
(e.g. Tristania conferta). These names do not appear in schedules A, B, and C but are included
in the index so the timber can still be located.
Index numbers locate the species in the schedules (Book 2).
Abbreviations: sp.—species; spp.—more than one species; subsp.—subspecies; aff.—

similar to; AFO—Atherton Forestry Office; RFK—Rain Forest Key (Atherton)
Botanical name Index no. Botanical name Index no.
Abarema grandiflora 423 Acmena divaricata 383

Abarema sapindoides 423 Acmena graveolens 383
Abies alba 530 Acmena hemilampra subsp.
hemilampra 380
Abies spp. 5,9
Acacia aulacocarpa 376 Acmena macrocarpa 383
Acmena resa 386
Acacia aulococarpa var. macrocarpa 376
Acacia bakeri 483 Acmena smithii 393
Acacia cambagei 182 Acmena sp. aff. smithii 393
Acacia crassicarpa 376 Acmenosperma claviflorum 390

Acradenia euodiiformis 408
Acacia doratoxylon 237
Acacia excelsa 480 Acronychia acidula 41
Acronychia acronychioides 43
Acacia fasciculifera 481
Acacia harpophylla 119 Acronychia baueri 44
Acacia implexa 253 Acronychia haplophylla 42
Acacia mangium 376 Acronychia laevis 40
Acacia melanoxylon 78 Acronychia melicopoides 43
Acacia pendula 287 Acronychia wilcoxiana 42

Acronychia vestita 43
Acacia rhodoxylon 482
Acer saccharum 556 Actephila mearsii 364
Aceratium concinnum 133 Afzelia australis 236
Aceratium doggrellii 131 Afzelia bijuga 236

Agathis atropurpurea 344
Aceratium megalospermum 130
Agathis microstachya 344
Ackama australiensis 17
Agathis palmerstonii 344
Ackama muelleri 12
Agathis robusta 344
Ackama paniculata 12
Agathis spp. 541
Ackama quadrivalvis 17
Aidia racemosa 180
Acmena australis 403
Acmena brachyandra 403 Ailanthus imberbiflora 424
Ailanthus malabarica 424
46
Ailanthus triphysa 424 Anisoptera spp. 564
Akania bidwillii 458 Anthocarapa nitidula 208
Akania hillii 458 Anthocephalus spp. 547
Akania lucens 458 Antiaris toxicaria 497
Alangium villosum 286 Antidesma bunius 161
Albizia basaltica 238 Antidesma dallachyanum 161
Albizia procera 421 Antidesma erostre 161
Albizia thozetiana 420 Aphananthe philippinensis 201
Albizia toona 422 Apodytes brachystylis 13
Albizia xanthoxylon 425 Araucaria angustifolia 579
Aleurites moluccana 129 Araucaria bidwillii 341
Aleurites triloba 129 Araucaria cunninghamii 343
Allocasuarina littoralis 412 Araucaria hunsteinii 578
Allocasuarina torulosa 414 Araucaria spp. 8
Alloxylon wickhamii 292 Archidendron grandiflorum 423
Alphitonia excelsa 35 Archidendron hendersonii 423
Alphitonia petriei 34 Archidendron vaillantii 52
Alphitonia whitei 35 Archidendropsis basaltica 238
Alstonia actinophylla 149 Archidendropsis thozetiana 420
Alstonia muelleriana 285 Archidendropsis xanthoxylon 425
Alstonia scholaris 149 Argyrodendron actinophyllum
subsp. actinophyllum 316
Alstonia somersetensis 285
Argyrodendron actinophyllum
Alstonia spectabilis 285
subsp. diversifolium 318
Alstonia spp. 520
Argyrodendron peralatum 319
Alstonia verticillosa 149
Argyrodendron polyandrum 317
Alstonia villosa 285
Argyrodendron sp. (=RFK/1403) 319
Amoora nitidula 208
Argyrodendron sp. (=RFK/2139) 319
Amoora spp. 495
Argyrodendron sp. aff. A. peralatum 319
Amorphospermum antilogum 115
Argyrodendron sp. aff. A. trifoliolatum 317
Andira inermis 574
Argyrodendron trifoliolatum 317
Angophora costata 24
Aristotelia megalosperma 130
Angophora floribunda 23
Aristotelia pubescens 133
Angophora intermedia 23
Arytera divaricata 447
Angophora leiocarpa 24
Arytera lautererana 443
Angophora subvelutina 22
Aspidosperma peroba 575
Angophora woodsiana 25
Atalaya multiflora 484
Aningiera spp. 496

Atalaya salicifolia 484 Bleasdalea bleasdalei 294

Atalaya virens 484 Blepharocarya involucrigera 122
Athertonia diversifolia 299 Bosistoa euodiiformis 408
Atractocarpus fitzalanii 179 Bosistoa transversa 408
Austromuellera trinervia 306 Brachychiton acerifolius 233
Austromyrtus acmenoides 224 Brachychiton discolor 232
Avicennia marina subsp. australasica 276 Brachychiton diversifolius 234
Avicennia officinalis 276 Brachychiton luridus 230
B Brachychiton populneus 230
Backhousia bancroftii 203 Brackenridgea australiana 320
Backhousia citriodora 45 Brackenridgea nitida subsp. australiana 320
Backhousia hughesii 46 Bridelia exaltata 217
Backhousia myrtifolia 222 Bridelia minutiflora 72
Balanocarpus heimii 521 Bridelia penangiana 72
Balanops australiana 337 Bruguiera gymnorhiza 274
Baloghia inophylla 85 Bruguiera rheedii 274
Baloghia lucida 85 Bubbia semecarpoides var.
Barringtonia asiatica 47 semecarpoides 65
Barringtonia calyptrata 47 Bubbia whiteana 65
Barringtonia longiracemosa 47 Buckinghamia celsissima 312
Barringtonia racemosa 47 Bursera australasica 160

C
Bauerella australiana 44
Bauerella simplicifolia 44 Cadellia monostylis 325
Beilschmiedia bancroftii 479 Caesalpinia granadillo 606
Beilschmiedia collina 463 Cadellia pentastylis 324

Caldcluvia australiensis 17
Beilschmiedia elliptica 470
Beilschmiedia obtusifolia 463 Caldcluvia paniculosa 12
Callicoma serratifolia 125
Beilschmiedia oligandra 472
Beilschmiedia recurva 472 Callitris arenosa 164
Callitris calcarata 162
Beilschmiedia sp. (=AFO/1479,=RFK/308) 463
Callitris columellaris 164
Beilschmiedia sp. aff. B. obtusifolia 463
Callitris cupressiformis 165
Beilschmiedia sp. aff. B. oligandra 472
Beilschmiedia tooram 468 Callitris endlicheri 162
Beilschmiedia volckii 464 Callitris glauca 165

Callitris glaucophylla 167
Betula pubescens 508
Bischofia javanica 140 Callitris hugelii 167
Callitris intratropica 166
48
Callitris macleayana 163 Casuarina littoralis 412
Callitris rhomboidea 165 Casuarina suberosa 412
Callitris tasmanica 165 Casuarina torulosa 414
Calophyllum australianum (=RFK/501) 454 Cedrela australis 143
Calophyllum calaba var. australianum 454 Cedrela mexicana 144
Calophyllum costatum 456 Cedrela odorata 144
Calophyllum inophyllum 126 Cedrela spp. 518
Calophyllum spp. 512 Cedrela toona 143
Calophyllum tomentosum 454 Cedrela toona var. australis 143
Calophyllum touriga 455 Celastrus dispermus 113
Campnosperma spp. 513 Celtis paniculata 147
Cananga odorata 128 Celtis philippensis 146
Canarium australasicum 160 Ceratopetalum apetalum 152
Canarium australianum 460 Ceratopetalum succirubrum 437
Canarium baileyanum 160 Ceratopetalum virchowii 436
Canarium muelleri 460 Cerbera dilatata 284
Canarium spp. 514 Cerbera floribunda 284
Carallia brachiata 136 Cerbera inflata 284
Carallia integerrima 136 Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 519
Carapa rnoluccensis 275 Chariessa moorei 61
Carapa obovata 275 Chickrassia tabularis 597
Carapa spp. 524 Chionanthus ramiflora 323
Cardwellia sublimis 307 Chisocheton longistipitatus 258
Carnarvonia araliifolia 291 Chlorophora excelsa 536
Casearia dallachii 73 Choricarpia subargentea 99
Casearia grayi 73 Chrysophyllum antilogum 115
Cassia brewsteri 139 Chrysophydum chartaceum 115
Cassine australis var. australis 108 Chrysophyllum pruiniferum 423
Castanopsis spp. 571 Chrysophyllum sp. (=AFO/520,=RFK/3144) 115
Castanospermum australe 51 Cinnamomum baileyanum 87
Castanospora alphandii 442 Cinnamomum laubatii 335
Casuarina cristata 68 Cinnamomum oliveri 127
Casuarina cunninghamiana 413 Cinnamomum tamala 335
Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana 411 Cinnamomum virens 127
Casuarina glauca 415 Citronella moorei 61
Casuarina lepidophloia 68 Citronella smythii 61

Cleistocalyx gustavioides 390 Cryptocarya cunninghamii 244

Cnesmocarpon dasyantha 446 Cryptocarya densiflora 241
Coatesia paniculata 485 Cryptocarya erythroxylon 278
Commersonia bartramia 231 Cryptocarya foveolata 250
Commersonia echinata 231 Cryptocarya glabella 248
Copaifera spp. 510,595 Cryptocarya glaucescens 438
Cordia dichotoma 157 Cryptocarya hypoglauca 247
Cordia myxa 157 Cryptocarya hypospodia 247
Cordia spp. 523 Cryptocarya leucophylla 247
Corymbia abergiana 82 Cryptocarya mackinnoniana 249
Corymbia bloxsomei 490 Cryptocarya meissneri 438
Corymbia citriodora 197 Cryptocarya microneura 246
Corymbia confertiflora 138 Cryptocarya moretoniana 438
Corymbia dichromophloia 80 Cryptocarya multicostata 478
Corymbia gummifera 83 Cryptocarya oblata 416
Corymbia henryi 197 Cryptocarya obovata 478
Corymbia intermedia 83 Cryptocarya obovata var. tropica 247
Corymbia maculata 197 Cryptocarya palmerstonii 474
Corymbia papuana 186 Cryptocarya patentinervis 278
Corymbia polycarpa 83 Cryptocarya pleurosperma 248
Corymbia polysciada 138 Cryptocarya rigida 278
Corymbia setosa 84 Cryptocarya sp. (=RFK/2153,=AFO/685) 242
Corymbia terminalis 81 Cryptocarya saccharata 243
Corymbia tessellaris 137 Cryptocarya sp. aff. C. corrugata 243
Corymbia torelliana 124 Cryptocarya sp. aff. C. A. hypospodia 247
Corymbia trachyphloia 79 Cryptocarya sp. aff. C. glaucescens 239
Corymbia watsoniana 491 Cryptocarya densiflora 241
Corynocarpus australasicus 159 Cryptocarya sp. aff. C. cinnamomifolia 241
Corynocarpus cribbianus 159 Cryptocarya subtriplinervis 465
Cotylelobium spp. 587,588 Cryptocarya triplinervis 240
Cratoxylon spp. 532 Cupania lucens 458
Croton triacros 74 Cupania pseudorhus 446
Cryptocarya angulata 245 Cupania xylocarpa 448
Cryptocarya cinnamomifolia 241 Cupaniopsis anacardioides 444
Cryptocarya cocosoides 242 Cupaniopsis anacardioides var. parvifolia 444
Cryptocarya corrugata 243 Cupaniopsis parvifolia 444
50
D Durio spp. 527
Dacrydium cupressinum 589 Dyera spp. 537
Daphnandra aromatica 377 Dysoxylum sp. aff D. alliaceum 257
Daphnandra dielsii 377 Dysoxylum cerebriforme 260
Daphnandra micrantha 377 Dysoxylum decandrum 259
Daphnandra repandula 377 Dysoxylum fraserianum 263
Darlingia darlingiana 296 Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum 259
Darlingia ferruginea 309 Dysoxylum klanderi 257
Darlingia spectatissima 296 Dysoxylum micranthum 265
Darlingia spectatissima var. ferruginea 309 Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. molle 260
Decaspermum fruticosum 288 Dysoxylum muelleri 260
Decaspermum humile 288 Dysoxylum oppositifolium 261
Decussocarpus vitiensis 584 Dysoxylum papuanum 265
Deplanchea tetraphylla 69 Dysoxylum pettigrewianum 266
Diatoma brachiata 136 Dysoxylum rufum 264
Didymocheton rufum 264 Dysoxylum schiffneri 269
Dillenia alata 60 Dysoxylum sp. aff. D. alliaceum 257
Dillenia spp. 526 Dysoxylum sp. aff. D. klanderi 257
Dinosperma erythrococcum 453 E
Diospyros australis 336 Echinocarpus australis 11
Diospyros fasciculosa 171 Ehretia acuminata 37
Diospyros pentamera 336 Ehretia acuminata var. pyrifolia 37
Diplanthera tetraphylla 69 Elaeocarpus angustifolius 369
Diploglottis australis 441 Elaeocarpus arnhemicus 360
Diploglottis bracteata 441 Elaeocarpus bancroftii 367
Diploglottis cunninghamii 441 Elaeocarpus coorangooloo 362
Dipterocarpus spp. 544 Elaeocarpus cyaneus 361
Dissiliaria baloghioides 372 Elaeocarpus eumundi 365
Doryphora aromatica 377 Elaeocarpus foveolatus 368
Doryphora sassafras 377 Elaeocarpus grandis 369
Dracontomelum spp. 604 Elaeocarpus johnsonii 367
Drimys semecarpoides 65 Elaeocarpus kirtonii 363
Dryadodaphne novoguineensis 378 Elaeocarpus largiflorens 370
Dryobalanops spp. 539 Elaeocarpus longifolius 363
Drypetes deplanchei 110 Elaeocarpus obovatus 366
Drypetes australasica 110 Elaeocarpus obovatus var. foveolatus 360
Drypetes lasiogyna var. australasica 110 Elaeocarpus reticulatus 361

Elaeocarpus ruminatus 362 Endospermum myrmecophilum 172

Elaeocarpus sericopetalus 366 Endospermum peltatum 172
Elaeodendron australe var. australe 108 Endospermum spp. 503
Elattostachys xylocarpa 448 Entandrophragma cylindricum 592
Elmerrillia papuana 505 Entandrophragma utile 601
Embothrium wickhami 292 Erythrophleum chlorostachys 223
Emmenosperma alphitonioides 88 Erythrophleum laboucheri 223
Endiandra acuminata 465 Erythroxylum ecarinatum 354
Endiandra bancroftii 479 Erythroxylum ellipticum 354
Endiandra bessaphila 463 Eucalyptus abergiana 82
Endiandra compressa 183 Eucalyptus acmenoides 268
Endiandra cowleyana 475 Eucalyptus alba var. alba 188
Endiandra crassiflora 469 Eucalyptus albens 105
Endiandra dichrophylla 468 Eucalyptus andrewsii subsp.
andrewsii 77
Endiandra dielsiana 467
Eucalyptus andrewsii subsp.
Endiandra discolor 475
campanulata 77
Endiandra glauca 468
Eucalyptus argophloia 200
Endiandra globosa 462
Eucalyptus baileyana 427
Endiandra hypotephra 475
Eucalyptus bancroftii 189
Endiandra longipedicellata 466
Eucalyptus baueriana 91
Endiandra monothyra 475
Eucalyptus bicolor 90
Endiandra montana 468
Eucalyptus blakelyi subsp. blakelyi 190
Endiandra muelleri 475
Eucalyptus bloxsomei 490
Endiandra palmerstonii 474
Eucalyptus brassiana 185
Endiandra pubens 471
Eucalyptus bridgesiana 121
Endiandra rubescens 468
Eucalyptus brownii 92
Endiandra sankeyana 477
Eucalyptus caleyi 209
Endiandra sideroxylon 466
Eucalyptus camaldulensis 192
Endiandra sieberi 473
Eucalyptus cambageana 94
Endiandra sp. 476
Eucalyptus campanulata 77
Endiandra sp. aff. E. glandulosa 467
Eucalyptus capitellata 429
Endiandra sp. aff. E. muelleri 475
Eucalyptus carnea 268
Endiandra sp. (=AFO/1473,=RFK/19) 464
Eucalyptus citriodora 197
Endiandra sp. (=AFO/56,=RFK/72) 466
Eucalyptus clavigera 138
Endiandra subtriplinervis 465
Eucalyptus cloeziana 283
Endiandra tooram 468
52
Eucalyptus confertiflora 138 Eucalyptus mensalis 433
Eucalyptus conica 96 Eucalyptus micrantha 196
Eucalyptus coolabah 153 Eucalyptus microcarpa 97
Eucalyptus corymbosa 83 Eucalyptus microcorys 440
Eucalyptus crebra 216 Eucalyptus microtheca 153
Eucalyptus cullenii 210 Eucalyptus miniata 486
Eucalyptus dealbata 198 Eucalyptus moluccana 97
Eucalyptus deanei 195 Eucalyptus multiflora 267
Eucalyptus decepta 211 Eucalyptus nigra 433
Eucalyptus decorticans 212 Eucalyptus normantonensis 101
Eucalyptus deglupta 538 Eucalyptus nova-anglica 333
Eucalyptus delegatensis 26 Eucalyptus obliqua 282
Eucalyptus dichromophloia 80 Eucalyptus ochrophloia 487
Eucalyptus diversicolor 229 Eucalyptus oreades 28
Eucalyptus drepanophylla 211 Eucalyptus orgadophila 154
Eucalyptus dunnii 199 Eucalyptus pachycalyx 188
Eucalyptus erythrophloia 80 Eucalyptus paniculata 211
Eucalyptus eugenioides 433 Eucalyptus papuana 186
Eucalyptus exserta 334 Eucalyptus pellita 262
Eucalyptus fastigata 120 Eucalyptus peltata 374
Eucalyptus fibrosa subsp. fibrosa 215 Eucalyptus phaeotricha 433
Eucalyptus grandis 194 Eucalyptus pilligaensis 98
Eucalyptus gummifera 83 Eucalyptus pilularis 76
Eucalyptus hemiphloia 97 Eucalyptus planchoniana 431
Eucalyptus henryi 197 Eucalyptus platyphylla 188
Eucalyptus huberana 193 Eucalyptus polycarpa 83
Eucalyptus insulana 334 Eucalyptus populifolia 89
Eucalyptus intermedia 83 Eucalyptus populnea 89
Eucalyptus laevopinea 435 Eucalyptus populnea subsp. brownii 92
Eucalyptus largiflorens 90 Eucalyptus propinqua var. propinqua 187
Eucalyptus largiflorens var. xanthophylla 101 Eucalyptus punctata 187
Eucalyptus leptophleba 102 Eucalyptus pyrophora 81
Eucalyptus macrorhyncha 432 Eucalyptus quadrangulata 106
Eucalyptus maculata 197 Eucalyptus racemosa 216
Eucalyptus major 187 Eucalyptus racemosa var. signata 196
Eucalyptus marginata 227 Eucalyptus raveretiana 221
Eucalyptus melanophloia 218 Eucalyptus raveretiana var. jerichoensis 153
Eucalyptus melliodora 107

Eucalyptus reducta 433 Eucalyptus woollsiana subsp.

microcarpa 97
Eucalyptus regnans 32
Eucalyptus youmanii 434
Eucalyptus resinifera 262
Eucalyptus robusta 267 Eugenia angophoroides 399
Eugenia australis 385
Eucalyptus rostrata 192
Eucalyptus saligna 184 Eugenia brachyandra 403
Eucalyptus seeana 191 Eugenia bungadinnia 382

Eugenia claviflora var. leptalea 390
Eucalyptus setosa 84
Eucalyptus shirleyi 219 Eugenia coolminiana 402
Eugenia cormiflora 381
Eucalyptus siderophloia 211
Eugenia corynantha 391
Eucalyptus siderophloia var. rostrata 215
Eucalyptus sideroxylon 214 Eugenia crebrinervis 400
Eucalyptus sieberi 39 Eugenia cryptophlebia 397
Eucalyptus signata 196 Eugenia cyanocarpa 402

Eugenia fortis 388
Eucalyptus spenceriana 95
Eucalyptus sphaerocarpa 428 Eugenia francisii 400
Eucalyptus spp. 6,315 Eugenia grandis 388
Eucalyptus staigeriana 213 Eugenia graveolens 383

Eugenia gustavioides 390
Eucalyptus stuartiana 121
Eucalyptus tectifica 95 Eugenia hedraiophylla 398
Eucalyptus tenuipes 268 Eugenia hemilampra 380
Eucalyptus tereticornis 190 Eugenia johnsonii 400

Eugenia kuranda 392
Eucalyptus terminalis 81
Eucalyptus tessellaris 137 Eugenia leptantha 390
Eucalyptus tetrodonta 430 Eugenia luehmannii 384
Eucalyptus thozetiana 488 Eugenia macoorai 397
Eucalyptus tindaliae 433 Eugenia myrtifolia 385
Eucalyptus torelliana 124 Eugenia oleosa 402

Eugenia paniculata 385
Eucalyptus trachyphloia 79
Eucalyptus triantha 268 Eugenia parviflora 384
Eugenia smithii 393
Eucalyptus umbellata 190
Eucalyptus umbra subsp. carnea 268 Eugenia sp.(=AFO/2968) 394
Eucalyptus umbra subsp. umbra 268 Eugenia sp. (=RFK/1101) 399
Eucalyptus viminalis 193 Eugenia sp. (=RFK/l891) 395

Eugenia sp. aff. E. angophoroides 399
Eucalyptus watsoniana 491
Eucalyptus whitei 220 Eugenia sp. aff. E. johnsonii 396
Eugenia sp. aff. E. luehmannii 405
Eucalyptus wilkinsoniana 433
Eugenia sp. aff. E. smithii 386,387
54
Eugenia sp. aff. E. suborbicularis 394 Flindersia brassii 280
Eugenia sp. aff. E. suborbicularis 394 Flindersia brayleyana 277
Eugenia spp. 572,593 Flindersia collina 31
Eugenia suborbicularis 389 Flindersia ifflaiana 30
Eugenia tierneyana 379 Flindersia laevicarpa 279
Eugenia trachyphloia 401 Flindersia laevicarpa var. laevicarpa 279
Eugenia ventenatii 404 Flindersia maculata 252
Euodia bonwickii 176 Flindersia maculosa 252
Euodia elleryana 173 Flindersia oxleyana 492
Euodia erythrococca 453 Flindersia pimenteliana 417
Euodia haplophylla 44 Flindersia pubescens 38
Euodia micrococca 175 Flindersia schottiana 38
Euodia vitiflora 174 Ffindersia schottiana var. pubescens 38
Euodia xanthoxyloides 176 Flindersia xanthoxyla 492
Euroschinus falcatus 358 Franciscodendron laurifolium 426
Euroschinus falcatus var. falcatus 358 Fraxinus americana 498
Eusideroxylon zwageri 506 G
Evodia bonwickii 176 Galbulimima baccata 255
Evodia elleryana 173 Galbulimima belgraveana 255
Evodia micrococca 175 Ganophyllum falcatum 36
Evodia vitiflora 174 Garcinia cherryi 57
Evodia xanthoxyloides 176 Gardenia ovularis 178
Excoecaria dallachyana 70 Garuga floribunda 181
Excoecaria parvifolia 71 Geijera muelleri 485
Exocarpos cupressiformis 151 Geijera paniculata 485
Exocarpos latifolius 150 Geijera salicifolia 407
F Geissois benthamii 256
Fagara brachyacantha 493 Geissois biagiana 256
Fagraea cambagei 489 Geissois lachnocarpa 281
Fagraea gracilipes 489 Gevuina bleasdalei 294
Fagraea muelleri 498 Gillbeea adenopetala 15
Fagus sylvatica 504 Glochidion ferdinandi 123
Ficus spp. 177 Glochidion harveyanum 123
Flindersia acuminata 419 Glochidion mindorense ssp. harveyanum 123
Flindersia australis 29 Glochidion perakense 123
Flindersia bennettiana 27 Glochidion sumatranum 123
Flindersia bourjotiana 38 Glochidion supra-axillare 123

Gmelina dalrympleana 64 I
Gmelina fasciculiflora 64 Intsia bijuga 236
Gmelina leichhardtii 64 Intsia spp. 545
Gmelina macrophylla 64 Irvingbaileya australis 55
Gomphandra australiana 55 J
Gossia acmenoides 224 Jagera discolor 446

Gonystylus spp. 585 Jagera pseudorhus 446
Grevillea baileyana 300 Jagera sp. (=AFO/482) 446
Grevillea hilliana 302 Juglans nigra 603
Grevillea pinnatifida 300 K
Grevillea robusta 311 Kermadecia bleasdalei 294

Grevillea striata 67 Kissodendron australianum 48
Guilfoylia monostylis 325 Koompassia spp. 542
H L
Halfordia drupifera 375 Larix spp. 548
Halfordia kendack 375 Lepiderema sp. (=AFO/893) 441

Halfordia scleroxyla 375 Levieria acuminata 62
Harpullia pendula 457 Lindsayomyrtus brachyandrus 329
Hedera australiana 48 Linociera ramiflora 323

Hedycarya loxocarya 66 Litsea bindoniana 87
Helicia diversifolia 299 Litsea ferruginea var. lanceolata 87

Helicia lamingtoniana 303 Litsea glutinosa 87
Hemicyclia australasica 110 Litsea leefeana 87
Heritiera actinophylla 316 Litsea reticulata 87
Heritiera peralata 319 Litsea zeylanica 87

Heritiera spp. 535,549 Lomatia fraxinifolia 304
Heritiera trifoliolata 317 Lomatia sp. 301

Hevea brasiliensis 591 Lophostemon confertus 93
Hicksbeachia diversifolia 299 Lophostemon grandiflorus subsp.

riparius 104
Himantandra baccata 255
Lophostemon suaveolens 103
Hollandaea lamingtoniana 303
Lucuma amorphosperma 115
Homalium alnifolium 109
Lucuma galactoxylon 418
Homalium circumpinnatum 109
Lysicarpus angustifolius 204
Homalium foetidum 554
Lysicarpus ternifolius 204
Homalium vitiense 109
M
Hopea spp. 533,563
Maba fasciculosa 171
Hylandia dockrillii 86
Macadamia grandis 310
56
Macadamia sp. aff. M. hildebrandii 310 Metrosideros nigroviridis 328
Macadamia whelanii 313 Metrosideros queenslandica 289
Macaranga inamoena 254 Millettia laurentii 605
Macaranga tanarius 254 Millettia pinnata 357
Mallotus angustifolius 228 Mimusops elengi 156
Mallotus discolor 228 Mimusops parvifolia 156
Mallotus philippensis 228 Mischarytera lautereriana 443
Mallotus polyadenos 228 Mischocarpus anodontus 445
Mammea touriga 455 Mischocarpus pyriformis 445
Manilkara spp. 555 Mollinedia subternata 63
Maranthes corymbosa 326 Musgravea heterophylla 295
Maranthes corymbosa 583 Musgravea stenostachya 298
Marlea vitiensis 286 Myristica globosa subsp. muelleri 290
Mastixiodendron pachyclados 531 Myristica cimicifera var. muelleri 290
Maytenus disperma 113 Myristica insipida 290
Medicosma fareana 43 Myristica muelleri 290
Melaleuca argentea 451 Myristica spp. 565
Melaleuca bracteata 450 Myrsine achradifolia 371
Melaleuca leucadendra 449 Myrsine variabilis 371
Melaleuca mimosoides 449 Myrtus acmenioides 224
Melaleuca quinquenervia 449 N
Melaleuca viridiflora 449 Nauclea orientalis 148
Melia azedarach 145 Nauclea undulata 148
Melia azedarach var. australasica 145 Neesia spp. 527
Melia dubia 145 Neolitsea australiensis 87
Melicope australasica 170 Neolitsea cassia 87
Melicope bonwickii 176 Neolitsea involucrata 87
Melicope elleryana 173 Neonauclea gordoniana 251
Melicope erythrococcum 453 Neonauclea sp. (=RFK/85) 251
Melicope fareana 43 Neorites kevediana 301
Melicope melanophloia 40 Nephelium divaricatum 447
Melicope micrococca 175 Nephelium lautererianum 443
Melicope octandra 170 Nesogordonia papaverifera 525
Melicope vitiflora 174 Niemeyera chartacea 115
Melicope xanthoxyloides 176 Notelaea longifolia 321
Memecylon australe 405 Nothofagus moorei 59

O Pinus caribaea 7
Octomeles sumatrana 528 Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis 342
Olea paniculata 322 Pinus caribaea var. caribaea 342
Opisthiolepis heterophylla 294 Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis 342
Oreocallis wickhamii 292 Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis 577
Orites excelsa 305 Pinus echinata 350
Orites racemosa 297 Pinus elliottii 7
Ormosia ormondii 53 Pinus elliottii var. densa 351
Ostrearia australiana 16 Pinus elliottii var. elliottii 351
Owenia cepiodora 141 Pinus hondurensis 342
Owenia venosa 19 Pinus insignis 349
P Pinus insularis 338
Palaquium galactoxylum 418 Pinus kesiya 338
Palaquium galactoxylum 515 Pinus khasia 338
Palaquium spp. 515,573 Pinus palustris 346
Panax elegans 49 Pinus patula 348
Panax murrayi 50 Pinus pinaster 7,347
Papuodendron lepidotum 499 Pinus radiata 7,349
Paranthes corymbosa 326 Pinus radiata 580
Pararchidendron pruinosum var. Pinus sylvestris 581
pruinosum 423
Pinus spp. 7,8,10
Paraserianthes toona 422
Pinus taeda 345
Paratecoma peroba 576
Pitaviaster haplophyllus 44
Parinari corymbosum 326
Pithecellobium grandiflorum 426
Parinari griffithianum 326
Pithecellobium pruinosum 426
Parinari nonda 326
Pittosporum rhombifolium 352
Pasania spp. 571
Pittosporum undulatum 352
Paulownia fortunei 327
Placospermum coriaceum 309
Pennantia cunninghamii 54
Planchonella australis 21
Pentaceras australis 33
Planchonella chartacea 353
Peripentadenia mearsii 364
Planchonella euphlebia 111
Persea baileyana 87
Planchonella laurifolia 155
Phlebocalymna lobospora 58
Planchonella macrocarpa 114
Picea abies 596
Planchonella obovata 118
Picea spp. 10
Planchonella obovoidea 118
58
Planchonella papyracea 114 Prumnopitys amara 339
Planchonella pohlmaniana 118 Prumnopitys ladei 340
Planchonella pohlmaniana var. Prunus serotina 522
asterocarpon 118
Prunus turneriana 20
Planchonella queenslandica 155
Pseudocarapa nitidula 208
Planchonella sp. (=AFO/520,=RFK/3144) 115 Pseudomorus brunoniana 202
Planchonella spp. 582
Pseudoweinmannia lachnocarpa 281
Planchonella xerocarpa 155
Pseudotsuga menziesii 529a,529b
Plathymenia reticulata 551
Pterocarpus indicus 590
Pleiococca wilcoxiana 42 Pterocymbium spp. 494
Pleiogynium cerasiferum 356
Pterygota macrocarpa 543
Pleiogynium solandri 356 Pullea stutzeri 14
Pleiogynium timorense 356
Pygeum turnerianum 20
Podocarpus amara 339 Q
Podocarpus elatus 340 Quercus spp. 568,569
Podocarpus grayi 340 Quintinia sieberi 359
Podocarpus ladei 340 R
Podocarpus neriifolius 340 Randia cochinchinensis 180
Podocarpus spicatus 557 Randia densiflora 180
Podopetalum ormondii 53 Randia fitzalanlii 179
Polyalthia michaelii 56 Randia racemosa 180
Polyalthia nitidissima 56 Rapanea achradifolia 371
Polyosma alangiacea 18 Rapanea variabilis 371
Polyscias australiana 48 Ratonia pyriformis 445
Polyscias elegans 49 Ratonia stipitata 158
Polyscias murrayi 50 Rhodamnia acuminata 273
Pometia spp. 598 Rhodamnia argentea 270
Pongamia glabra 357 Rhodamnia blairiana 272
Pongamia pinnata 357 Rhodamnia costata 270
Pouteria castanosperma 116 Rhodamnia rubescens 271
Premna acuminata 461 Rhodamnia sessiliflora 272
Premna glabrata 461 Rhodamnia trinervia 271
Premna lignum-vitae 207 Rhodosphaera rhodanthema 409
Proteaceae (family) 570 Rhus rhodanthema 409
Protium australasicum 160 Ristantia pachysperma 332
Rockinghamia angustifolia 228

S Sloanea langii 134

Sandoricum spp. 540 Sloanea macbrydei 132
Sapotaceae (family) 566,567 Sloanea woollsii 135
Sarcocephalus bartlingii 148 Sphalmium racemosum 297
Sarcocephalus coadunatus 148 Sphenostemon lobosporus 58
Sarcocephalus papagola 148 Stemonurus australianus 55
Sarcocephalus undulatus 148 Stenocarpus reticulatus 293
Sarcomelicope simplicifolia subsp. Stenocarpus salignus 308
simplicifolia 44
Stenocarpus sinuatus 314
Sarcopteryx stipata 158
Sterculia acerifolia 233
Sarcotoechia lanceolata 446
Sterculia caudata 234
Schizomeria ovata 75
Sterculia discolor 232
Schizomeria whitei 75
Sterculia diversifolia 230
Schizomeria spp. 507
Sterculia laurifolia 426
Scolopia braunii 410
Sterculia quadrifida 235
Scolopia brownii 410
Sterculia shillinglawii 426
Scorodocarpus borneensis 546
Streblus brunonianus 202
Semecarpus australiensis 355
Streblus pendulinus 202
Sequoia sempervirens 586
Strychnos arborea 117
Sersalicia australis 21
Strychnos axillaris 117
Sersalisia laurifolia 155
Strychnos psilosperma 117
Shorea inaequilateralis 594
Swietenia spp. 550
Shorea spp. 500,501 552,553 Symplocos cochinchinensis ssp.
559,560 561,562 thwaitesii var. stawellii 206
Sideroxylon australe 21 Symplocos cochinchinensis ssp.
Sideroxylon chartaceum 353 thwaitesii var. thwaitesii 205
Sideroxylon euphlebium 111 Symplocus spicata 206
Sideroxylon laurifolium 155 Symplocos stawellii 206
Sideroxylon obovatum 118 Symplocos thwaitesii 205
Sideroxylon pohlmanianum 118 Syncarpia glomulifera 459
Sideroxylon richardii 155 Syncarpia hillii 406
Sindora spp. 595 Syncarpia laurifolia 459

Siphonodon australis 225 Syncarpia procera 99
Siphonodon membranaceus 225 Syncarpia subargentea 99
Siphonodon pendulus 226 Synima cordieri 439
Sloanea australis subsp. parviflora 11 Synoum glandulosum 373
60
Synoum muelleri 373 T
Syzygium alliiligneum 394 Tarrietia actinophylla 316
Syzygium australe 385 Tarrietia argyrodendron 317
Syzygium bungadinnia 382 Tarrietia argyrodendron var. peralata 319
Syzygium canicortex 405 Tarrietia trifoliolata 317
Syzygium coolminianum 402 Tectona grandis 599
Syzygium cormiflorum 381 Terminalia arenicola 169
Syzygium corynanthum 391 Terminalia melanocarpa 169
Syzygium crebrinerve 400 Terminalia porphyrocarpa 169
Syzygium dictyophiebium 396 Terminalia sericocarpa 168
Syzygium endophloium 399 Terminalia spp. 600
Syzygiun floribundum 404 Terminalia thozetii 169
Syzygium forte subsp. forte 388 Ternstroemia cherryi 57
Syzygium francisii 400 Tetrasynandra laxiflora 63
Syzygium gustavioides 390 Tetrasynandra pubescens 63
Syzygium johnsonii 400 Thuja plicata 517
Syzygium kuranda 392 Tieghemella heckelii 558
Syzygium luehmannii 384 Tieghemopanax elegans 49
Syzygium oleosum 402 Tieghemopanax murrayi 50
Syzygium paniculatum 385 Timonius rumphii 452
Syzygium papyraceum 395 Timonius sericens 452
Syzygium rubiginosum 388 Timonius timon 452
Syzygium sayeri 396 Toechima erythrocarpum 446
Syzygium sp. (=1FO/2968,=RFK/728) 394 Toechima lanceolatum 446
Syzygium sp. (=RFK/1891) 395 Toona australis 143
Syzygium sp. (=RFK/2511) 399 Toona calantas 511
Syzygium sp. (=RFK/3030) 387 Toona ciliata 143
Syzygium sp. aff. S. luehmannii 405 Toona spp. 516
Syzygium sp. aff. S. clavifrorum 391 Trema amboinensis 142
Syzygium suborbiculare 389 Trema orientalis 142
Syzygium tierneyanum 379 Tristana conferta 93
Syzygium trachyphloium 401 Tristania exiliflora 100
Syzygium wesa 387 Tristania grandiflora 104
Syzygium wilsonii subsp. Tristania laurina 100
cryptophlebium 397

Weinmannia biagiana 256

Tristania odorata 332
Weinmannia paniculata 12
Tristania pachysperma 332
Wormia alata 60
Tristania suaveolens 103
Wrightia laevis subsp. millgar 149
Tristania spp. 509
Tristaniopsis exiliflora 100 Wrightia millgar 149
X
Tristaniopsis laurina 100
Xanthophyllum macintyrei 112
Tsuga heterophylla 5,534
Xanthophyllum octandrum 112
Turraea decandra 259
V Xanthostemon brachyandrus 329
Xanthostemon chrysanthus 328
Vatica spp. 587,588
Xanthostemon oppositifolius 331
Villaresia moorei 61
Xanthostemon pachyspermus 331
Vlllaresia smythii 61
Virola spp. 502 Xanthostemon pubescens 330
Xanthostemon whitei 330
Vitex acuminata 461
Vitex glabrata 461 Xylocarpus australasicum 275
Xylocarpus granatum 275
Vitex lignum-vitae 207
Xylocarpus moluccensis 275
Vitex spp. 602
W Z
Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum 493
Waterhousea floribunda 404
Waterhousea hedraiophylla 398 Zanthoxylum veneficum 493
Zygogynum semecarpoides var.
Waterhousea unipunctata 462 semecarpoides 65
Weinmannia benthamii 256
62
Notes

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CTIQ Book 1 Defintions and Descriptions Sept2013

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Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry

Construction timbers in Queensland

Revised edition: March 2013

Great state. Great opportunity.

Book 1: Definitions and descriptions

First published 2006

List of figures .................................................................................................................. v

List of notes ..................................................................................................................... v

Legal status .................................................................................................................... vi

Definitions, abbreviations, codes and symbols used in schedules A, B and C.......... 4

Descriptions relating to timber species, origin and properties contained in Book 2,

Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 iii

Additional reading ........................................................................................................ 44

Australian Standards listed by reference number ...................................................... 45

Index of botanical names ............................................................................................. 46

Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 v

Hopewell, G (ed.) 2006, Construction timbers in Queensland: properties and

These changes were included or acknowledged as appropriate in the original edition of

This publication (books 1 and 2) replaces Construction timbers in Queensland (Hopewell

Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 1

Book 2 consists of reference tables, presented as schedules A, B and C:

Each schedule has two parts presenting data in tables.

Part 1 (tan-coloured tables) lists:

The advisory codes A1 to A9 (schedules, Part 2) highlight specific characteristics that

Additional wood properties information can be found at www.timberanswers.com

Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 3

Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 5

Note 1: For timber treated to H2

Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 7

Column 1: Index number

Column 2: Standard trade name

Column 3: Botanical name

Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 9

 Category a timbers include open-forest hardwoods (predominantly Eucalyptus

Table 1 Interpreting geographical origins in schedules A, B and C

Column 6: Strength groups

Strength group classifications applied to species groups or broader marketing categories

Note 3: Stress grades

Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 11

Stress grades determined by in-grade testing

Traditional stress grades confirmed or adjusted by in-grade testing

Traditional stress grades based on strength grouping

Visual grades Stress grades

Structural 1 F34 F34 F27 F22 F17 F14 F11 F8 F7

Note 4: Manufactured products

Note 5: Framing sizes

Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 13

Column 8: Natural durability ratings

The rating system used in AS 5604-2005 Timber—natural durability ratings (Standards

Member size is important because an increase in sectional area generally results in a

Table 3 Natural durability ratings system for heartwood

Source: AS 5604-2005 Timber—natural durability ratings (Standards Australia 2005a)

Note 7: Untreated sapwood

Note 8: Regulatory durability performance requirements

Construction timbers in Queensland: Book 1 15

Above-ground natural durability ratings

In-ground natural durability ratings

Note 9: Round timbers

Column 9: Lyctine susceptibility

The use of non-immunised lyctine-susceptible timber representing a greater cross-

Table 4 Interpreting lyctine susceptibility in the schedules

The protection of sapwood in lyctine-susceptible timbers is based on a minimum

Column 10: Termite resistance

Table 5 Interpreting resistance to subterranean termites in the schedules