Md.

Salah Uddin Sangwoo Lee Sangho Choi

Published by
International Biological Material Research Center (IBMRC)
Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)
125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
Editors-in-Chief
Md. Salah Uddin, Sangwoo Lee, Sangho Choi
Editors
Jinhyub Paik, Sooyong Kim, Changyoung Lee, Yongin Kim, Jeongkwang Park, Mijin Park
Photographs
Md. Salah Uddin, Tapash Bardhan, Sangwoo Lee
Published
September, 2017
Copyright
Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may reprinted or reproduced in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical or by any information storage or retrieval systems without prior
permission of the authors.
Design & Printed by GeoBook Publishing Co.
ISBN 978-89-6709-090-6 96480
Correct citation of this publication
Uddin, M.S., Lee, S.W. and Choi, S. (eds.). 2017. Herbal plants of Bangladesh. International
Biological Material Research Center (IBMRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience &
Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea. 200 pages.
Explanatory Notes
The efficacy contained in this book is refered to some references. KOREA RESEARCH INSTITUTE ETHNOBOTANICAL DATABASE

The uses of plants must be followed by a medical doctor.

OF BIOSCIENCE AND OF BANGLADESH (EDB)
BIOTECHNOLOYG (KRIBB)
4 5

Foreword Preface

This book is an outcome of project work implemented by Ethnobotanical Database of Like Bangladesh, in the subcontinent of Indomalaya ecozone, traditionally, native
Bangladesh (EDB) and International Biological Material Research Center (IBMRC), people in Bangladesh have lived in agricultural based livelihood and treated their
sponsored by Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning in Korea. This book health care using the indigenous therapies and recipes of Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and
describes 150 herbal plants along with digital photos of plants and voucher specimen Naturopathy originated from the ancient India.
images of the species. The herbal plant details have been arranged in alphabetical order
According to historical heritage, Cross cultural experience through the field trips
according to their latest scientific names, so that readers may not have difficulty finding
for surveying of medicinal plants under the participatory-action into the hilly moist
any particular plant. All the enlisted scientific names of the plants have been checked
deciduous jungles forests, the wetland of paddy rice field and at the local market
with the worlds updated The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org), a working list of
survey in Bangladesh was very impressive for my first time ethnobotanical research.
all world plant species. At the end references, glossary of medical terms and indexes
Known through the field trips, in countryside villages surrounded with lush vegetation,
have been included. Although no individual reference could be cited for all the varied
many tropical farming cash crops for local peoples livelihood, were cultivated like
information given in this book, the major sources have been recorded in the reference
as bamboos, betel nut, coconut, mango, guava, jackfruit, Musa basjoo (hardy banana)
list. For quick access to identifying and checking any name, all the scientific names,
Musa acuminata (banana), Borassus flabellifer (sugar palm), Diospyros blancoi (velvet
vernacular/Bengali names, tribal names and English names are arranged alphabetically
apple) and many kinds of vegetables.
in the index.
As a result of field surveys for the long period, Ethnobotanical Database of Bangladesh
The uses of herbal plants described in this book are not recommendations, and the
(EDB) has played a very pioneering role in recording traditional knowledge of medicinal
authors are not responsible for any liability arising directly or indirectly from the use of
plants used by native healers and people who practiced traditional medicinal knowledge.
information in this book. We sincerely hope that this book will be useful to the people
who are interested in herbal plants of Bangladesh. As a series of documentation as EDB, in former two books published, Vol.1 First
one Medicinal plants of Bangladesh and Vol. 2 Second one Ethnomedicinal plants
We are greatly indebted to the authorities of Ministry of Science and ICT in Korea
of Bangladesh; we have introduced very diverse and authentic traditional medicinal
Republic for generous grants of fund and continuous support to carry out the project
knowledge of Bangladesh through the long period of international cooperation.
work, which resulted in the publication of this book. It is hoped that this book will
facilitate research on herbal plants of Bangladesh. We are grateful to Tapash Bardhan On this time the 3rd volume 3rd one of book named Herbal Plants of Bangladesh will be
and Dr. Md. Ahsan Habib for providing some photographs of herbal plants. We would published and hope it will be helpful for getting information for the research interests on
like to express our sincerest thanks to Noor Ahmed, Salma Ahmed, Noor Jahan Akhter, every topics of study.
Farhanul Jannah, Md. Awal, and Shahab Uddin for their kind and generous support. We
greatly appreciate the cooperation and assistance received directly or indirectly from the
Md. Salah Uddin
researchers and staff of the EDB and KRIBB in carrying out this project work. Finally
Sangwoo Lee
we express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to the local people and traditional
healers without whose cooperaton the work could not be accomplished.

September, 2017
Sangho Choi, Ph.D.
Director, IBMRC
Contents Cucumis sativus L. 59 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. 93
Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth 60 Limonia acidissima L. 94
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf 61 Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. 95
Dasymaschalon longiflorum (Roxb.) Finet & Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. 96

Foreword 4 Gagnep. 62 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 97

Datura metel L. 63 Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr.
Preface 5
Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. 64 98

Dimocarpus longan Lour. 65 Marsilea minuta L. 99

Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F.Gaertn 66 Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis 100
Duabanga grandiflora (DC.) Walp. 67 Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small 101
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 10 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. 36
Ehretia acuminata R.Br. 68 Merremia vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hallier f. 102
Acalypha hispida Burm.f. 11 Brassica napus L. 37
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC. 69 Mimosa pudica L. 103
Adiantum latifolium Lam. 12 Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch 38
Eryngium foetidum L. 70 Mirabilis jalapa L. 104
Aerides odorata Lour. 13 Buddleja asiatica Lour. 39
Erythrina variegata L. 71 Momordica charantia L. 105
Allium cepa L. 14 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. 40
Etlingera linguiformis (Roxb.) R.M.Sm. 72 Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. 106
Allium sativum L.15 Calophyllum inophyllum L. 41
Euphorbia hirta L. 73 Morus alba L. 107
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. 16 Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze 42
Euphorbia thymifolia L. 74 Mucuna monosperma Wight 108
Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe 17 Capparis zeylanica L. 43
Euphorbia tirucalli L. 75 Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 109
Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f.) Roscoe 18 Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin 44
Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. 76 Murdannia spirata (L.) G.Brckn. 110
Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt 19 Celosia argentea L. 45
Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr. 77 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack 111
Ammannia baccifera L. 20 Centipeda minima (L.) A.Braun & Asch. 46
Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis 78 Nerium oleander L. 112
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees 21 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Glycine max (L.) Merr. 79 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. 113
Annona reticulata L. 22 47
Grewia nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi 80 Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze 114
Artocarpus chama Buch.-Ham. 23 Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees &
Helianthus annuus L. 81 Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. 115
Arundina graminifolia (D.Don) Hochr. 24 Eberm. 48
Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. 82 Oldenlandia corymbosa L. 116
Asclepias curassavica L. 25 Cinnamomum verum J.Presl 49
Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh 83 Paederia foetida L. 117
Asparagus racemosus Willd. 26 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai 50
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. 84 Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. 118
Astraea lobata (L.) Klotzsch 27 Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. 51
Homonoia riparia Lour. 85 Pavetta indica L. 119
Averrhoa bilimbi L. 28 Codariocalyx motorius (Houtt.) H.Ohashi 52
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. 86 Phyllanthus niruri L. 120
Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. 29 Coix lacryma-jobi L. 53
Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl 87 Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv. 121
Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. 30 Cotula hemisphaerica Wall. ex Benth. & Hook.f.
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 88 Physalis minima L. 122
Bauhinia acuminata L. 31 54
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. 89 Piper betle L. 123
Bauhinia variegata L. 32 Crateva religiosa G.Forst. 55
Ipomoea triloba L. 90 Piper retrofractum Vahl 124
Begonia roxburghii A.DC. 33 Crotalaria calycina Schrank 56
Justicia adhatoda L. 91 Pisum sativum L. 125
Beta vulgaris L. 34 Crotalaria pallida Aiton 57
Kaempferia galanga L. 92 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.126
Bixa orellana L. 35 Cryptolepis sinensis (Lour.) Merr. 58
Pluchea indica (L.) Less. 127 Solanum tuberosum L. 146
Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntze 128 Solanum virginianum L. 147
Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr. 129 Sterculia hamiltonii (Kuntze) Adelb 148
Herbal
Plants
Polianthes tuberosa L. 130 Sterculia villosa Roxb. 149
Polygonum plebeium R.Br. 131 Strobilanthes scaber Nees 150
Portulaca oleracea L. 132 Syzygium megacarpum (Craib) Rathakr. &

of
Punica granatum L. 133 N.C.Nair 151
Raphanus sativus L. 134 Tacca integrifolia Ker Gawl. 152
Rosa chinensis Jacq. 135 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 153
Ruellia tuberosa L. 136 Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corra 154
Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees 137
Salvia plebeia R.Br. 138
Sarcochlamys pulcherrima Gaudich. 139
Thladiantha cordifolia (Blume) Cogn. 155
Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T.Anderson 156
Tradescantia spathacea Sw. 157
Bangladesh
Schima wallichii Choisy 140 Trichosanthes cucumerina L. 158
Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 141 Youngia japonica (L.) DC. 159
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 142
Sida cordifolia L. 143
Solanum melongena L. 144
Solanum torvum Sw. 145

Photographs of Field Work 160

References 162

Glossary of Medical Terms 170

Index of Families 177

Index of Scientific Names 178

Index of Bengali Names 183

Index of Tribal Names 186

Index of English Names 191

Index of Diseases 194

Bengali/Vernacular Name
Tribal Name
English Name
 Malvaceae Euphorbiaceae
10 11
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Acalypha hispida Burm.f.

An annual or perennial herb or undershrub, up to 3 A shrub growing to a height of 1-3 m. Leaves

m high. Leaves green and toothed, orbicular-ovate alternate, petioles 2-11 cm long, broad-ovate, shortly
to broadly ovate, shallowly 3-lobed, 5-12 cm long cuneate at the base, cuspidate-acuminate at the
and nearly as wide, with a prominently heart-shaped apex, with crenulate-serrate margins. Inflorescence
base and pointed apex, margin entire or irregularly axillary, solitary, in long pendant spikes, up to 15-40
toothed. Flowers yellow, solitary, borne in the axils cm long. Flowers small and bright red.
of the leaves. Fruit a rounded capsule, 1.5-2 cm in
diameter, with 15-20 mericarps, somewhat hairy.
Plant parts used Leaf, stem, bark, flower. Herbal uses
A decoction made with the leaves and flowers of the
Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root, flower, seed. Herbal plant is taken thrice a day (50 ml amount each time)
uses An extract made with the leaves and stems of until the gonorrhoea is cured. Decoction prepared
the plant by boiling in water is taken twice a day (50 from the roots and flowers of the plant is used for the
ml amount each time) until the constipation is cured. treatment of hemoptysis. Bark is used as expectorant
Infusion of root is used to relieve strangury and and to treat asthma. A paste made with the leaves
haematuria; also used for leprosy. Decoction made and stems of the plant is applied externally to the
with the leaves of the plant is used as mouthwash in infected skin to treat leprosy. Infusion made with the
toothache and tender gums; also used in gonorrhoea leaves and stems of the plant is used for skin rashes
and bladder inflammation treatment. Flowers and treatment. The leaves and stems of the plant are used
leaves of the plant are applied locally to treat boils. to treat bleeding wounds, and ulcers. The flowers
Decoction prepared from the seeds of the plant is of the plant are used for the treatment of kidney
used for the treatment of piles. A decoction made ailments, and diarrhoea.
with the leaves of the plant is taken twice a day
(10 ml amount each time) until dysuria, diabetes,
and dysmenorrhoea is cured. Infusion prepared
SYNONYM from the leaves of the plant is taken thrice a day (5 SYNONYM
Sida indica L. ml amount each time) for three days to treat fever. Acalypha sanderi N.E.Br.
Decoction made with the leaves of the plant is used
Jhumka, Potari, Petari. for cleansing wounds and ulcers. The plant is used to Lal hatishur, Bara hatishur.
treat tinnitus, deafness, earache, hives, tuberculosis,
Potari (Chak), Ha-nijang-zalek (Garo).
cough, body ache, haemorrhoids, bronchitis, and Bicha gach (Chakma), Sang-zuey (Rakhaing).
boils.

Indian mallow, Moon flower. Red-hot captail, Chenille plant, Foxtail.

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
The species occurs throughout the country. It occurs in Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet districts, mostly
planted.
 Adiantaceae Orchidaceae
12 13
Adiantum latifolium Lam. Aerides odorata Lour.

Rhizomatous herb, rhizome long-creeping, densely Plant epiphytic, monopodial. Stem 10-11 cm long,
scaly all over, scales pale-brown, stipes black, about very stout, sometimes branched. Leaves leathery,
25 cm long, lamina broadly ovate, about 22 cm up to 25 cm long, flat, coriaceous, distichous,
long, bipinnate, primary pinnae alternate, distinctly sessile, unequally bilobed at the tip. Inflorescence
stalked, pinnules up to 12 pairs per primary pinnae, up to 30 cm long, cylindrical, pendulous with many
alternate, shortly stalked or sessile, pinnae dark flowers. Flowers 4 cm long, number of flowers
green, long, narrow, texture herbaceous, sori oblong approximately 30, sweetly lemon-scented, waxy
or reniform, distributed all along the upper margin white with light amethyst purple shades, bracteate,
and unexcised part of the lower margin. pedicellate. Both the sepals and petals tipped with
purple colour. Lip adnate to short foot of the column,
side lobe of the lip is sub-cuneate but middle lobe
Plant parts used Frond, rhizome. Herbal uses is short, dark purple colour. Spur curved upward,
Decoction prepared from the leaves (fronds) of the yellowish-green. Capsule oblong-clavate, angled,
plant (fern) is used as tea for the treatment of chest subulate.
affliction, cold, cough, and snoring. A paste made
with the fronds of the fern is applied to the head and
kept for one hour before washing to treat hair fall. A Plant parts used Leaf, fruit. Herbal uses Paste prepared
decoction prepared from the rhizomes of the fern is from the fruits of the orchid is applied to treat
taken thrice a day (100 ml amount each time) for 15 wounds. Poultice of the orchid is used to treat boils
days to treat jaundice. Decoction of rhizomes is used and pimples. Juice extracted from the leaves of
as tea for the treatment of respiratory problem, fever, the orchid is used for the treatment of ear and nose
and abdominal colic. The fern extract is used to treat infections.
asthma, bronchitis, dysentery, epilepsy, leprosy, and
ulcers.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Adiantum fovearum Raddi Aerides suavissima Lindl., Aerides virens Lindl.

Biddapata. Sukhphul.

Bandar tala (Chakma). Fragrant aerides.

DISTRIBUTION
Maiden hair fern. It is distributed in most of the areas of south east part and greater
district of Sylhet.
DISTRIBUTION
The fern occurs in Chittagong district.
 Liliaceae Liliaceae
14 15
Allium cepa L. Allium sativum L.

Annual herb. Stem underground and modified into a An erect herb, stem much reduced. Bulbs broadly
small disc, generally known as bulb. Leaves radical, ovoid, 2-4 cm in diameter, consisting of several,
simple, long cylindrical, fistular and sub-distichous. densely crowded, angular and truncated tubers.
Flowers arranged in a terminal umbel inflorescence Leaves linear and flat. Umbels globose, many
borne on a long leafless scape and enclosed by flowered; fruits seedless.
membranous bracts. Flowers pedicellate, complete,
bisexual. Fruit a membranous, loculicidal capsule;
seeds compressed, black. Plant parts used Leaf, bulb. Herbal uses Cottonseed-
sized pills made from bulbs of the plant are taken
twice a day (two pills each time) for one month to
Plant parts used Bulb. Herbal uses A fresh juice treat asthma. Juice extracted from freshly crushed
extracted from the bulb of the plant is applied to garlic is used for the treatment of cold, cough, sore
the affected skin once a day for one week to treat throat, hoarseness, and bronchitis. Bulb of the plant
blistery. Onion juice with mustard oil in equal is used to treat hypertension, wounds, leprosy, piles,
proportions is applied to treat rheumatic pains, and and diabetes. Steam inhalation of chopped garlic and
other inflammatory swellings. Bulb is applied as a teaspoon of vinegar in boiling water used for nasal
cooling poultice for boils, bruises, and wounds; congestion treatment. Garlic juice diluted in water
applied to the navel for the treatment of dysentery, is applied externally to prevent hair from turning
and body heat. Juice extracted from the bulb is grey. Juice extracted from the bulb with common
dropped warm into ears to relieve earaches; applied salt applied to treat bruises, and sprains; also used
hot to the soles of feet for convulsive disorders. for the treatment of neuralgia, and earache. A fresh
Bulb mixed with vinegar is used as a remedy for juice extracted from the bulb is used as antiseptic for
sore throat; cooked in vinegar for the treatment of control of wound suppuration. Decoction prepared
jaundice, splenic enlargement, and dyspepsia. An from the leaves and bulbs of the plant is used to treat
extract made by boiling in water is taken thrice a day fever, dyspepsia, and worm infestation. Crushed
SYNONYM
(100 ml amount each time) until the chicken pox SYNONYM several cloves and rubbed to affected areas for the
Allium cepaeum St.-Lag. is cured. Juice extracted from the bulb of the plant Allium pekinense Prokh. treatment of arthritis, rheumatism, and toothache.
is used for the treatment of fever, dropsy, catarrh, Paste prepared from the bulb of the plant is applied
Piyaj (Bengali), Heiyaj (Noakhali). asthma, and chronic bronchitis. Bulb mixed with Rashun (Bengali), Rown (Noakhali, Sandwip). to treat headache. Decoction made from the bulbs
common salt, used as a remedy for colic and scurvy; of the plant is taken twice a day (5 ml amount each
eaten raw as diuretic and emmenagogue. Juice or time) for 15 days to treat tonsillitis. Cottonseed-
Pias (Chakma, Marma, Tripura); Chungasa (Chak); Parun sen Ron (Chakma), Chungfro (Chak), Cher-risun (Khasia), Parun
(Lushai); Masausan (Pangkhoa); Kra-sthway-ning, Kasthe- slices of raw onion is applied to treat insect bites nau (Lushai), Yao-ui (Murang), Masaunau (Pangkhoa), sized pills made with the bulbs of the plant are taken
bawn (Rakhaing); Peyat (Tanchangya). and stings or burns. The fresh juice extracted from Krasoipru (Marma), Kra-sthway-pru (Rakhaing), Roin three times a day (one pill each time) for three days
(Tanchangya).
the bulb is taken (10 ml amounts) once a day for one to treat chest pain. Fresh bulb is eaten as a preventive
Onion, Bulb onion. month to treat hypertension. A fresh juice extracted for tuberculosis.
from bulbs of the plant is taken twice a day (10 ml Garlic.
DISTRIBUTION
Onion is cultivated all over the country. amount each time) for three days to treat insomnia. DISTRIBUTION
Garlic is cultivated throughout Bangladesh.
 Aloaceae Zingiberaceae
16 17
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Alpinia calcarata (Haw.)
Roscoe

A xerophytic perennial herb, succulent, stem A rhizomatous perennial herb, 1-1.5 m tall. Leaves
short, thick, triangular or spear-like. Leaves fleshy, subsessile, lamina linear-lanceolate, 37-47 cm long,
mucilaginous, sessile, crowded, numerous, 30- acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base. Flowers
60 cm long, 6-10 cm wide, light green with white large, in a dense terminal panicles, up to 13.5 cm
blotches, narrowly lanceolate, tapering, spiny- long. Lip ovate-oblong, yellow, streaked with purple
toothed margins. Flowering stalk erect, usually veins.
twice the height of the plant; flowers 2-3 cm long,
yellow. Fruit a capsule, somewhat elongated.
Plant parts used Leaf, rhizome. Herbal uses The fresh
juice extracted from the rhizome of the plant is
Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Juice extracted from advised to take (15 ml amount) once a day until
the leaves of the plant mixed with milk is used for the asthma is cured. Pea-sized pills made with the
the treatment of dysentery and pains in the kidney. rhizome of the plant are taken three times a day (one
Leaves of the plant are used to treat herpes simplex, pill each time) until the hyperacidity is cured. A fresh
sores, tendinitis, dandruff, menstrual cramps, juice extracted from the rhizome of the plant is taken
acne, psoriasis, stomatitis, varicose veins, warts, thrice a day (two tea spoons amount each time) for
and haemorrhoids. The mucilaginous substance one week to treat dysentery. The burning ash of the
collected from the leaves of the plant, after adding plant is applied to the sores once a day for three days
some sugar it is taken thrice a day (25 ml amount to treat sore in tongue. Pea-sized pills made with the
each time) for three weeks to treat spermatorrhoea. rhizome of the plant are taken with water thrice a day
Fresh juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is (one pill each time) for 15 days to treat typhoid. A
applied to skin burns, scalds, sunburns, and wounds paste made with the leaves of the plant is applied to
to treat it. Leaf juice is used to control diabetes. For the forehead twice a day until the headache is cured.
the treatment of conjunctivitis, leaf juice is applied Cottonseed-sized pills made with the rhizomes of
to the outer eyelid. The mucillaginous substance the plant are taken thrice a day (one pill each time)
SYNONYM separated from the leaves of the plant is applied to SYNONYM until the bronchitis is cured. The rhizome of the
Aloe barbadensis Mill. the infected skin twice a day for three days to treat Alpinia alata A.Dietr., Languas calcarata (Haw.) Merr. plant is used for the treatment of rheumatic pains,
eczema. A fresh juice extracted from the leaves of sore throat, pain in the chest, diabetes, burning of the
Ghritokumari, Musabbar, Ghritakanchan. the plant, after warming it is taken twice a day (two Deshi chhoto elachi. liver, and dyspepsia.
tea spoons amount each time) for one week to treat
Dipthi-kanchon (Garo), Kaltru (Murang), Kolatru (Khumi),
constipation. For alopecia and falling hair, remove Play (Murang).
Chla-doro (Lushai), Kala daru (Rakhaing), Ritakumari the spines, cut leaves and rub directly to the scalp.
(Tanchangya). The leaves of the plant are used for the treatment of
Cardamon ginger, Miniature ginger.
flatulence, facial paralysis, gynecological disease,
Aloe, Aloe vera, Barbados aloe. impotence, menopause, piles, and rheumatism. DISTRIBUTION
The species occurs in the eastern part of the country.
DISTRIBUTION
It is cultivated commercially in the northern districts and also in
many gardens as ornamental and medicinal plants.
 Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae
18 19
Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.)
f.) Roscoe Burtt

A robust perennial rhizomatous herb with 1.8- An herb with 2-5 m leafy stem and stoloniferous
3 m leafy stem. Leaves 60-90 cm long, oblong- rhizome. Leaves 35-75 cm long, oblong-lanceolate,
lanceolate. Flowers large, in a long terminal raceme, acuminate, glabrous and glossy on both surfaces.
20-30 cm long; calyx and corolla white; lip ovate, Inflorescence terminal, paniculate, lax, rachis
margin pale, centre beautifully variegated red and pubescent, flowers greenish-white with pinkish tip.
yellow. Fruit globose, 2-3 cm across, hairy. Fruit a capsule, globose, black, 1.25 cm across.

Plant parts used Leaf, fruit, seed, rhizome. Herbal uses Plant parts used Leaf, rhizome. Herbal uses Pills made

The juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is from the rhizomes of the plant are taken with warm
administered for the treatment of stomachache. An water three times a day (one pill each time) until
extract made with the fruits of the plant by boiling the bronchitis is cured. An extract made from the
in water is used for having hot bath once a day for rhizome of the plant is mixed with salt and water,
three days to treat fever. A fresh juice extracted from and then it is taken twice a day (10 ml amount each
the rhizomes of the plant is taken twice a day (5 ml time) for one week to treat hyperacidity. Pea-sized
amount each time) for three days to treat indigestion. pills made with the leaves of the plant are taken
The crushed seed is applied for gastralgia with twice a day (two pills each time) for two weeks to
tympanites treatment. Pea-sized pills made with the treat abdominal pain. Pea-sized pills made with the
leaves of the plant are taken twice a day (two pills rhizome of the plant are taken in empty stomach
each time) for two weeks to treat abdominal pain. twice a day (two pills each time) until the piles is
A paste prepared from the rhizomes of the plant is cured. Cottonseed-sized pills made with the dried
applied to cure wounds, and sores. A fresh juice rhizomes of the plant and salt are taken with thrice
extracted from the rhizomes of the plant is taken a day (one pill each time) for seven days to treat
thrice a day (three tea spoons amount each time) schizophrenia. A fresh juice extracted from rhizome
for three days to treat respiratory problems like of the plant is applied to the infected skin twice a day
SYNONYM bronchitis. A fresh juice extracted from the leaves of SYNONYM
for three days to treat skin disease. A decoction made
Costus malaccensis Koenig the plant is used to treat cough. Alpinia allughas (Retz.) Roscoe, Zingiber nigrum Gaertn. with the rhizome of the plant is taken thrice a day for
seven days to treat dyspepsia and flatulence. Pills
Amli elach (Bengali), Deotara (Chittagong). Jongli ada, Ora, Falachanga (Bengali); Tara (Chittagong). prepared from the rhizome of the plant are given for
Tribal name: Bringblei (Tripura). the treatment of impotence.

Krenga (Chakma), Khangki (Chak), Bawngkawr (Lushai), Kom

Malacca ginger, Ornamental ginger. hing (Murang), Bawnkawr (Pangkhoa), Cheing-yan (Rakhaing),
Tara (Tanchangya).
DISTRIBUTION
The species commonly occurs in Sylhet and Chittagong districts,
and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Black-fruited galangal.

DISTRIBUTION
This species is found all over the Bangladesh by the side of the
streams, canals and low lying areas.
 Lythraceae Acanthaceae
20 21
Ammannia baccifera L. Andrographis paniculata
(Burm.f.) Nees

An annual, hygrophilous herb, up to 60 cm tall. An annual herb, erect, growing to a height of 30-100
Stem erect or decumbent, usually much branched, cm; stems quadrangular. Leaves simple, opposite,
branches ascending and shorter than the main axis. lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers
Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, glabrous. white, bilabiate, with rose-purple spots or markings
Flowers small, greenish or purplish, borne in in the lower lip in axillary or terminal racemes or
dense axillary clusters. Capsules nearly spherical, panicles. Fruit a capsule, linear-oblong, up to 2
depressed; seeds black. cm long and 4 mm wide, furrowed, compressed
longitudinally with small seeds.

Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Leaf paste is used for
wound, and burn body healing. Decoction prepared Plant parts used Leaf, stem. Herbal uses Fresh juice
from the plant is given for the treatment of fever. extracted from the leaves and stems of the plant is
Fresh bruised leaves of the plant are used as external used to take two times a day (two tea spoons amount
remedy for skin diseases, ringworm, and parasitic each time) until the scabies is cured. The juice
skin infections. Ashes of the plant, mixed with oil, extracted from the leaves and stems of the plant is
are applied to treat herpetic eruptions. The plant is taken for the treatment of blood dysentery. The plant
used in the treatment of malaria, jaundice, and to is used for the treatment of sore throat, flu, upper
eliminate blood clots. Paste prepared from the leaves respiratory tract infections. Fresh juice extracted
of the plant is applied externally to treat swellings. from the leaves and stems of the plant is taken twice
The plant is used to treat leprosy, psoriasis, eczema, a day (two tea spoons amount each time) for three
and dandruff. days to treat fever. A fresh juice extracted from the
leaves and stems of the plant is taken twice a day
(two tea spoons amount each time) for three days to
treat hook worm infestation. Fresh juice extracted
from the leaves and stems of the plant is taken twice
SYNONYM SYNONYM a day for one week to treat hyperacidity.
Ammannia apiculata Koehne, Ammannia indica Lam. Justicia paniculata Burm.f.

Dadmari, Janglimendi, Janglimehedi. Kalomegh, Mahatita (Bengali); Kalamegh (Noakhali).

Blistering ammannia, Monarch red stem, Tooth cup. Kalameghat (Chakma), Chirota (Marma), Gumkhahsum (Garo),
Nimtita (Koch), Chorotta (Lalong), Doh-pented (Khasia).
DISTRIBUTION
The species is found throughout the country.
King of bitters, Green chiretta.

DISTRIBUTION
It is commonly found throughout the country.
 Annonaceae Moraceae
22 23
Annona reticulata L. Artocarpus chama Buch.-
Ham.

A tree growing to a height of 10 m or less. Leaves A large deciduous tree, up to 30 m tall, with milky
lanceolate to oblanceolate, 20 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, latex, young shoots covered with long hairs. Leaves
base rounded to cuneate, apex acute to acuminate, simple, alternate, petiolate and stipulate, stipules
glabrous above, sparsely hairy beneath, young large, amplexicaul, juvenile leaves very large, up to
leaves densely hairy on both surfaces. Inflorescence 90 cm long, lobed or pinnatifid, adult leaves elliptic-
leaf-opposed or extra axillary, usually 2-3 flowered; ovate, 15-20 12-16 cm, hispid, subcordate or
flowers greenish-yellow, fragrant, 2-2.5 cm long. rounded base, obtuse apex, and entire to minutely
Fruit sub-globose to roughly heart-shaped, almost serrate margin. Flowers densely crowded on globose
smooth, areoles separated by marked reticulation but receptacles, solitary, and axillary. Fruit a syncarp,
tuberculate, reddish-brown when ripe, pulp white or globose, tuberculate; seeds oblong.
cream, adhering closely to the seeds.

Plant parts used Leaf, bark, seed, root. Herbal uses A

Plant parts used Leaf, bark, fruit, root. Herbal uses paste made with the bark of the plant is applied to the
Powder made from the leaves of the plant is applied boils once a day for five days to treat boils. Decoction
to the sore two times a day until the breast sore prepared from the roots of the plant is given for
is cured. The leaves are warmed in open fire and the treatment of diarrhoea and fever. Powder
applied to the stomach while still warm, kept in made from the dried seeds of the plant is taken to
place by an abdominal binder, and renewed every 2 treat impotence. Burnt ashes of leaves (preferably
hours for the treatment of abdominal pain. Powder fresh) with coconut oil are used as ointment for the
prepared from the dried unripe fruit or bark is used treatment of ulcers. A decoction prepared from the
for the treatment of diarrhoea, and dysentery. An roots of the plant is taken twice a day (50 ml amount
extract made with the root bark by boiling in water each time) for one month to treat asthma. The plant is
is used for gargling four times a day for five days to used for the treatment of wound and skin disease.
treat toothache. Crushed leaves or paste of the fruit
SYNONYM used as poultice for boils, abscesses, and ulcers. SYNONYM
Annona laevis Kunth A fresh juice extracted from the leaves of the plant Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb.
is taken two times a day (5 ml amount each time)
Ata, Nona ata, Nona (Bengali); Atahol (Noakhali). for seven days to treat asthma. Decoction prepared Chapalish, Chambal, Chambul, Cham, Kathalicham.
from the roots of the plant is used to treat fever and
Ooh-jaa-sechey (Chak), Nona-king (Khumi), Thei-kel-ek
epilepsy. Fresh juice extracted from the leaves of Chama (Koch), Soh-chawm (Khasia), Chamkanthal (Manipuri).
(Lushai), Nu nachhi (Marma), Nay-nay-sthei (Rakhaing). the plant is taken for the cure of worm. A fresh juice
extracted from the leaves of the plant is taken thrice
Monkey jack.
Bullocks heart, Custard apple, Sweetsop. a day (10 ml amount each time) for three days to treat
colic. DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION The species occurs in Tangail (Madhupur), Chittagong, Coxs
It is a common homestead fruit plant, and found all over the Bazar, Sylhet districts, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
country.
 Orchidaceae Asclepiadaceae
24 25
Arundina graminifolia Asclepias curassavica L.
(D.Don) Hochr.

A tall terrestrial, perennial, erect herb; stem more An erect perennial herb, up to 1 m tall, stem
than 1 m long, woody, elongate, rigid, bearing many branched. Leaves opposite, petiolate, narrowly
grass-likes leaves. Leaves borne in two ranks, linear- lanceolate, 10-12 cm in length, tapering towards
lanceolate, 20-25 cm long, acuminate, alternate, both ends. Cymes umbel-like with 8-10 flowers,
sheathing, entire, many-nerved. Inflorescence 8-22 solitary at the nodes; flowers orange-red, 1.2-1.4 cm
cm long, terminal; flowers purple red, pink to white. in length. Fruit a follicle, narrow and pointed at both
Fruit a capsule, ribbed. ends.

Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses Juice Plant parts used Leaf, stem, flower, and root. Herbal
extracted from the leaves and roots of the plant is uses Poultice made with leaves and stems of the plant
used to treat ear pain. A decoction made with the is used to treat ringworm and bleeding. A powder
roots of the plant is used to treat rheumatism and made with the dried roots of the plant is taken twice
joint pain. The roots of the plant are used for the a day (5 g amount each time) for 15 days to treat
treatment of snakebite and also to cure intestinal and gonorrhoea. A paste prepared from the crushed
biliary colic disorders. A paste made with the leaves leaves and stems of the plant, combined with salt,
and stems of the plant is applied to the boils once a vegetable oil, and bread, is used for treating skin
day for four days to treat carbuncles. Juice extracted ulcers, sores, and rashes. A fresh juice extracted
from bulbous stems of the plant is used to treat from the roots of the plant is taken twice a day
cracks of hand and feet. Roots and stems of the plant (5 ml amount each time) until the tuberculosis is
are used to treat jaundice, beriberi, abdominal pain, cured. Infusion of roots with a little sugar is used for
and sores. blennorrhagia and leucorrhoea treatment. Flowers
bruised in cold water are used as poultice for
headache.
Powder made with the dried roots of the plant is
SYNONYM SYNONYM used to treat piles. Decoction of dried plant is used
Arundina densiflora Hook.f., Bletia graminifolia D.Don Asclepias cubensis Wender. as cardiac tonic; also for tonsillitis, pneumonia,
bronchitis, urethritis, internal bleeding, and
Ghasphul. Moricha, Kakturi, Bankarpas. externally for wounds treatment. The plant is used
to treat cancer, wart, haemorrhoids, roundworm
Boss (Tanchangya). Dumdi (Khumi), Dingdi par (Lushai), Masi gain da (Marma).
infestation, and abdominal tumours.

Bird orchid. Blood flower, Tropical milkweed, Mexican milkweed, Scarlet

milkweed.
DISTRIBUTION
The species is scattered in distribution throughout hilly areas of DISTRIBUTION
Bangladesh especially in Bandarban, Chittagong, Coxs Bazar, The species occurs in many parts of the country.
Khagrachari, Rangamati, and Sylhet districts.
 Liliaceae Euphorbiaceae
26 27
Asparagus racemosus Willd. Astraea lobata (L.) Klotzsch

A perennial, slender, scandent shrub with reflexed Annuals, monoecious, 6070 cm high, branched.
spines, root tuberous, many together. Leaves scale- Stems ribbed, stellate-hairy when young. Leaves
like, minute, cladodes present in scale-like leaf axils. alternate, sometimes opposite towards apex, 2.510
Inflorescence a raceme; flowers white and sweet cm long, deeply 35-lobed; lobes oblanceolate to
scented. Fruit a berry, globose. obovate, crenate-serrate at margins, acuminate
at apex. Inflorescences a raceme, axillary or
terminal, to 12 cm long, slender; male and female
Plant parts used Root. Herbal uses Cottonseed-sized flowers intermixed on inflorescences or sometimes
pills made with the roots of the plant are taken male flowers in upper half and female flowers in
twice a day (one pill each time) until the respiratory lower half. Flowers unisexual, 5-merous, regular,
troubles is cured. A fresh juice extracted from the yellowish green. Capsules ovoid-oblong, c. 7 mm
roots of the plant is taken in empty stomach thrice a in diameter, glabrous or sparsely stellate-hairy,
day (each time 5 ml amount of juice mixed with same 3-lobed; seeds 3, ellipsoid.
amount of water) for one week to treat impotence.
A fresh juice extracted from the roots of the plant
is taken thrice a day (two tea spoons amount each Plant parts used Leaf, stem, flower, root. Herbal uses
time) for 15 days to treat gonorrhoea. The roots of Paste prepared from leaves and stems of the plant
the plant are useful in nervous disorder, dyspepsia, is applied for the treatment of boils, ulcers, skin
scalding of urine, throat infection, tuberculosis, diseases, and headache. A decoction of the flowers or
cough, bronchitis, and general debility. The herb is roots is used as remedy for muscle pain. Decoction
useful for treating anorexia, insomnia, hyperactive prepared from the leaves and stems of the plant is
children, and people who are under-weight. The used for the treatment of gynecological disease.
fresh juice of the roots, mixed with honey, helps in Pounded fresh leaves are applied as poultice for
reducing the burning sensation pain in tumour. A snakebites treatment. Heated leaves of the plant
fresh juice extracted from the roots of the plant is are rubbed to the skin to treat rheumatic pain.
SYNONYM taken thrice a day (5 ml amount each time) for seven SYNONYM Decoction made with the leaves and stems of the
Asparagus zeylanicus (Baker) Hook.f. days to treat dysuria. Croton lobatus L. plant is advised to give for the treatment of fever. A
paste made with the leaves and flowers of the plant
Shotomuli. Khaj kata croton. is applied to the infected skin twice a day until the
ringworm is cured.
Shaktichara (Chakma), Hamaigrang (Chak), Mimong tamache Aa-sthu-neey (Rakhaing).
(Garo), Keisago (Munda), Sattirsora (Rakhaing), Sattis chara
gaas (Tanchangya), Sattirsora (Tripura).
Lobed croton.

Asparagus. DISTRIBUTION
The species is found in Chittagong district.
DISTRIBUTION
The species is common in the Sal forests of Dhaka, Gazipur,
Mymensingh, and Sherpur districts.
 Oxalidaceae Euphorbiaceae
28 29
Averrhoa bilimbi L. Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.

A small tree, up to 5 m tall. Leaves pinnately A medium-sized tree, young shoots hairy, bark grey
compound, alternate, imparipinnate, rachis with vertical lenticels. Leaves alternate, 12-22
pubescent. Leaflets subopposite, 10-17 pairs, oblong 6-10 cm, membranous, ovate, obovate, elliptic-
or linear-lanceolate, 5-10 cm long, acuminate, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate,
entire. Panicles growing from the trunk and larger base cuneate, margin entire, almost glabrous.
branches hairy; flowers purplish to red. Fruit 7 cm Female flowers yellow, in simple racemes up to 15
long, more or less uniformly narrowed at both ends, cm long, elongating in fruits. Fruit globose, yellow.
obtuse, faintly 5-angled.

Plant parts used Leaf, bark, fruit. Herbal uses Juice

Plant parts used Leaf, fruit. Herbal uses A paste made extracted from the young leaves of the plant is taken
with the leaves of the plant is applied to the infected twice a day (5 ml amount each time) for three days
face twice a day until the acne is cured. An extract to treat diarrhoea. A fresh juice extracted from the
made with leaves of the plant; hot bath is advised bark of the plant is taken to treat constipation. The
to have once a day for seven days with that extracts fruits of the plant are used to treat skin diseases. A
to treat skin disease, and itching. Paste prepared decoction made with the bark of the plant is taken
from leaves of the plant is applied to the affected thrice a day (100 ml amount each time) until the
part of the body once a day for three days to treat jaundice is cured. Pea-sized pills made from the bark
mumps. The fruit has been used for a variety of of the plant are taken three times day (one pill each
maladies: beriberi, cough, prevention of scurvy. time) for 15 days to treat ureterolithiasis. The leaves
Leaves of the plant are used for the treatment of of the plant are used for the treatment of rheumatoid
fever, and diabetes. Fruit decoction or syrup is used arthritis, abscess, and injuries.
to treat hepatitis, diarrhoea, and other inflammatory

conditions. The plant is used to treat boils, piles,
rheumatism, hypertension, and whooping cough.
SYNONYM SYNONYM
Averrhoa obtusangula Stokes Baccaurea sapida (Roxb.) Mll.Arg.

Bilimbi, Belumbu, Belumbo. Latka, Latkan, Dubi, Natuk, Bhubi.

Belumbi (Chakma), Bilomboo cheraleddu (Hajong), Cangra- Tepangai (Bawm); Kusumgula (Chakma); Soh-moremdiung
bawn (Rakhaing). (Khasia); Dojuka (Garo); Kushumai, Khuchumu bathai
(Tripura); Rawng-kung (Lushai).

Bilimbi, Cucumber tree.

Burmese grape.
DISTRIBUTION
It is found all over the country, but more abundant in DISTRIBUTION
Brahmanbaria district. It is found throughout the country.
 Lecythidaceae Caesalpiniaceae
30 31
Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Bauhinia acuminata L.
Gaertn.

A small to medium-sized evergreen tree, crown An erect, small, much-branched shrub, up to 3 m

spreading. Leaves simple, alternate, usually high. Leaves simple, stipulate, leaflets 8-15 cm long
crowded at the end of branchlets, petiole short, apex and broad, ovate to rounded, deeply cleft from the tip
acute to round, margin minutely serrate. Flowers to about one third of the length of the leaflets, base
dark scarlet, numerous, axillary and pendulous cordate, lobes acute. Inflorescence branched, lateral,
racemes, 10-45 cm long. Fruit a fibrous berry, and terminal, short racemes, consisting of 3-10
crowned by persistent calyx, oblong, 4-angled flowers; flowers snow-white. Fruit a pod, linear, 7-11
throughout. cm long.

Plant parts used Bark, fruit, seed, root. Herbal uses Plant parts used Leaf, bark, root. Herbal uses A fresh
Powdered seeds kernels mixed with butter and sago juice extracted from the roots of the plant is taken
are taken for the treatment of diarrhoea. Decoction after having meals thrice a day (15 ml amount each
of bark is used as mouthwash in gum problems. time) for three days to treat jaundice. Decoction
Seeds rubbed with water are applied to the chest of bark is used for the treatment of leprosy and
to relieve pain, to the abdomen to relieve colic and smallpox. A fresh juice extracted from the leaves
flatulence. The fruits of the plant are used to treat of the plant is taken thrice a day (three tea spoons
cough, and cold. A paste made with the bark of the amount each time) for three days to treat epilepsy. A
plant is applied to treat wounds, ulcers, sores, and paste made with the leaves of the plant is used to treat
itches. Decoction prepared from the roots of the mental disorder. A fresh juice extracted from the
plant is used to treat epilepsy. A paste prepared from roots of the plant is advised to take three times a day
the seeds of the plant is applied to the forehead for (two tea spoons amount each time) until the painful
the treatment of headache. A decoction made with micturition is cured. Paste prepared from the leaves
the bark of the plant is advised to take twice a day of the plant is applied to treat skin disease. Bark of
(100 ml amount each time) for seven days to treat the plant is used for the treatment of dropsy.
SYNONYM menorrhagia. The scraped bark is squeezed with SYNONYM
Barringtonia coccinea (Lour.) Kostel., Eugenia acutangula L. coconut meat and the juice is drunk daily for treating Bauhinia linnaei Ali
pneumonia, and asthma. Seeds of the plant are used
Hijal, Kumia. for the treatment of gonorrhoea. The plant is used for Sada kanchan, Swetkanchan.
the treatment of arthralgia, dysmenorrhoea, chest
Key-bawn (Rakhaing).
pain, and inflammation. Dhub kanchan (Chakma), Aumbrong paing (Chak), Magong-
aphal (Garo), Leyei-kaowling (Khumi), Thangba pang (Marma),
O-kaw (Murang), Senpui (Pangkhoa), Sang-ra-pru (Rakhaing).
Indian oak, Wild almond.

DISTRIBUTION White bauhinia, White mountain ebony, White orchid tree.

The species occurs in the fresh water swamp forests of Sylhet
(Haor). Also occur along the canals and roadside ditches DISTRIBUTION
throughout the country. The species occur in the forests of Chittagong, Chittagong Hill
Tracts, and Maulvi Bazar.
 Caesalpiniaceae Begoniaceae
32 33
Bauhinia variegata L. Begonia roxburghii A.DC.

A medium-sized deciduous tree. Leaves simple, An herb with succulent stems, 30-90 cm long.
alternate, petiolate, lamina 5-16 cm long, as broad as Leaves large, ovate, cordate, sinuate-toothed,
long, with a medium cleft reaching one third, lobes unequal at the base. Cymes short, axillary,
obtuse, base deeply heart-shaped. Inflorescence dichotomous, few-flowered; sepals and petals white
terminal or axillary, few-flowered, pubescent or nearly so. Fruit a capsule, pink, pendent, with
raceme; flowers large showy, purple, pink. Fruit a very thick, succulent wall, indehiscent or finally
pod, oblong, flat, slightly curved. dehiscent at the angles.

Plant parts used Bud, bark, root. Herbal uses Juice Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses The juice
extracted from the bark of the plant is used for the extracted from the stems of the plant is taken thrice
treatment of seminal emission. Bark is used for the a day (10 ml amount each time) until the jaundice
treatment of skin diseases, scrofula, and ulcers. A is cured. Extract prepared from the leaves and roots
paste made with the bark of the plant is applied to the of the plant is taken for diarrhoea and dysentery
infected skin twice a day until the leprosy is cured. treatment. A paste made with the leaves and stems
Decoction of the root is used to treat dyspepsia. Paste of the plant is applied to the forehead twice a day
prepared from the bark of the plant is applied to treat for two days to treat headache. Juice extracted
leucoderma. Extract prepared from the stem bark from the roots of the plant is used as a remedy for
of the plant is used for the treatment of glandular conjunctivitis. Leaves of the plant are used for the
inflammation. The dried buds are used in the treatment of indigestion. Extract prepared from the
treatment of piles, dysentery, diarrhoea, and worms. stems of the plant is given to the children for drinking
A paste made with the roots of the plant is applied to treat tongue abnormalities. A decoction made with
to the snakebite place by tightly tying with a piece the plant is used for the treatment of traumatic pain,
of cloth to treat it. The plant is used to treat diabetes, haematemesis, gonorrhoea, postpartum vaginal
inflammation, tumours, menorrhagia, haemoptysis, discharge, amenorrhoea, and snakebites.
SYNONYM and cervical lymphadenopathy. SYNONYM
Bauhinia chinensis (DC.) Vogel Diploclinium roxburghii Miq.

Rakta kanchon, Lal-kanchon, Vaga-kanchon. Gonirakto.

Wa-kaw-pa (Murang), Sang-ra-bawn (Rakhaing). Khartetoi, Khartedoi (Chakma); Kah khaing (Marma); Shurja
(Murang).

Mountain ebony, Camels foot, Red flowered bauhinia,

Variegated bauhinia. East Himalayan begonia.

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
The species is found all over the country. It is found in Sylhet, Chittagong, and Chittagong Hill Tracts.
 Chenopodiaceae Bixaceae
34 35
Beta vulgaris L. Bixa orellana L.

A succulent, glabrous herb. Tap root modified into A large shrub or small tree. Leaves entire, alternate
underground tuber. Stem very short, producing with long petioles, ovate, 8-20 cm long, 5-12 cm
basal leaves giving a rosette appearance, leaves long wide, with a broad and heart-shaped base, and a
petioled, simple, alternate or spiral on a short stem, pointed tip. Flowers white or pinkish, 4-6 cm in
often ovate, 20-40 cm long, base attenuate, apex diameter on terminal panicles. Fruits spiny capsules,
broadly obtuse. Flowers greenish, stalkless, solitary, ovoid or rounded, reddish brown, about 4 cm long,
or 2- to 3-adnate, in axillary spikes or corymbose and covered with long, slender, and soft spines. Fruit
clusters. dry and split open in two parts exposing many small
red seeds covered with a dye-yielding red pulp.

Plant parts used Leaf, seed, root. Herbal uses Fresh

juice extracted from the roots of the plant is taken Plant parts used Leaf, bark, root, seed. Herbal uses An
twice a day for general weakness. Paste prepared extract made with the leaves of the plant, gargling
from the leaves of the plant is applied to treat burns is done with that extract three times a day for seven
and bruises. Seeds of the plant are used to treat days to treat sore in mouth. Paste prepared from
diabetes. Curry prepared from the roots of the plant the seeds of the plant is applied to treat burn. A
is taken for the treatment of constipation. Beet juice decoction made with the leaves of the plant is used
is used as medicine for anaemia and jaundice. Root as a remedy for dysentery and to reduce vomiting
juice is used against dandruff and in prevention of during pregnancy. A paste made with the leaves
hair loss. A paste made with the leaves of the plant of the plant is applied to the head and to sprains to
is applied to the cutting wound once a day for two relieve ache. The leaves of the plant are used to treat
days to treat it. A decoction prepared from the seeds skin problems, liver disease, and hepatitis. Seed oil
of the plant is used as a remedy for tumours of the is used as remedy for leprosy. The leaves of the plant
intestines. The juice extracted from the roots of the are used in baths to relieve muscular aches, fever,
plant is said to help in the treatment of tumours, colic or to get rid of worms in children. A decoction
SYNONYM leukaemia and other forms of cancer such as cancer SYNONYM made with the bark of the plant is used as a remedy
Beta rosea Steud. of the breast, oesophagus, glands, head, intestines, Bixa americana Poir. for malaria and asthma. An infusion of the root in
leg, lip, lung, prostate, rectum, spleen, stomach, and water is used to treat venereal diseases. Sap from
Beet, Beetpalang, Palak. uterus. Latkan, Belatihaldi, Watkana, Utkana. the bark and crushed leaves are used as a remedy for
skin rashes. A paste made with the leaves of the plant
Garden beet, Common beet. Ronjak-phang (Garo), Eldi (Hajong), Reyan (Khumi), Rawng
is applied for the treatment of snake bite. A tea made
kung (Lushai). from the root is used to treat oliguria and jaundice.
DISTRIBUTION
The plant is sparsely cultivated as a winter crop.
Arnotta plant, Annato, Lipstic plant.

DISTRIBUTION
It is found throughout the country.
 Nyctaginaceae Brassicaceae
36 37
Bougainvillea spectabilis Brassica napus L.
Willd.

An evergreen climbing shrub, with large thorny An annual herb, 30-150 cm tall. Lower leaves ovate,
stems and long drooping branches. Leaves simple, oblong or lanceolate, 5-25 cm long, pinnately lobed
alternate, 5-10 cm long, pubescent, base ovate, apex or lyrate, sometimes undivided, petiolate, rounded at
acuminate. Flowers tubular, partially to completely the apex, subtruncate at the base, broadly crenate or
surrounded by showy colourful purplish bract. dentate, upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, 8 cm long,
apex acute, shallowly cordate at the base, entire or
dentate. Racemes 15-40 flowered, laxly corymbose,
Plant parts used Leaf, stem, flower. Herbal uses An 5-50 cm long, flowers pale yellow. Fruit a siliqua,
extract made from leaves and stems of the plant is 2-locular, linear, terete or slightly 4-angled.
taken to treat diabetes. Decoction prepared from the
dried flowers of the plant is used to treat leucorrhoea.
The powder made from leaves and stems of the plant Plant parts used Seed, root. Herbal uses Paste prepared
is used to treat diarrhoea. A fresh juice extracted from the seeds of the plant is applied to the infected
from the leaves and stems of the plant is taken thrice skin twice a day until the leprosy is cured. A fresh
a day (two tea spoons amount each time) until the juice extracted from the roots of the plant is taken for
stomach disorder is cured. Decoction made from the treatment of chronic cough and bronchial catarrh.
leaves and stems of the plant is administered to treat A powder made with the seeds of the plant is taken to
hepatitis. Infusion made with the flowers of the plant treat cancer. A paste made with the seeds of the plant
is used as treatment for low blood pressure. The plant is applied to the affected area for the treatment of
is used for the treatment of cough and sore throat. rheumatism and stiff joints. Seed oil is taken once a
day (5 ml amount) until the filariasis is cured. A tooth
powder made with the seeds of the plant is used for
brushing the teeth twice a day until the gingivitis is
cured.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Bougainvillea brasiliensis Raeusch. Raphanus napus (L.) Crantz

Bagan bilash, Kagoj phul. Maghi sarisha, Maghi, Tori.

Kagojphul gach (Chakma), Chakun-pay-aphru (Rakhaing). Colza, Cole seed, Rape.

DISTRIBUTION
Bougainvillea, Paper flower. This species is cultivated all over the country.

DISTRIBUTION
It is planted as an ornamental plant throughout the country.
 Brassicaceae Buddlejaceae
38 39
Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch Buddleja asiatica Lour.

An annual erect herb, up to 1 m tall. Leaves 10-15 A shrub, up to 2 m high, often trichotomously
cm long, lower lyrate-pinnatisect, the upper oblong- branched. Leaves 12.5 cm long, lanceolate,
linear. Racemes 40-60 flowered, flowers bright, acuminate, entire, crenate or toothed, grey-white
yellow. Fruit a siliqua, linear or narrowly oblong, beneath, fulvous-tomentose or pubescent beneath.
4-angled, seeds 3-6 in each locule, globose. Flower small, white in axillary and terminal often
panicled spikes, 5-20 cm long. Capsule 6 mm,
ellipsoid.
Plant parts used Leaf, seed. Herbal uses Powder made
from seeds of the plant is taken (5 g amount each
time) two times a day for the treatment of anorexia. Plant parts used Leaf, stem. Herbal uses A fresh juice
A paste made with the seeds of the plant is applied extracted from the leaves and stems of the plant, after
to the affected part of the body twice a day until the adding few drops of honey it is taken twice a day (5
rheumatism is cured. Tea prepared from grounded ml amount each time) for three days to treat cough. A
seeds of the plant is taken thrice a day for five days decoction prepared from the leaves and stems of the
to treat fever. Paste prepared from the seeds of the plant is taken as warm condition twice a day (50 ml
plant is applied to the affected areas for the treatment amount each time) for 15 days to treat leucorrhoea.
of snake bite, and scorpion sting. The juice extracted A fresh juice extracted from the leaves and stems of
from the leaves of the plant is taken thrice a day the plant, after adding few drops of honey it is taken
(5 ml amount each time) until the stomachache thrice a day (5 ml amount each time) for five days
is cured. A decoction of the seeds is used in the to treat mania infantum. An extract made with the
treatment of indurations of the liver and spleen. A leaves and stems of the plant, and hot bath is advised
paste prepared from the seeds of the plant is used to to have once a day for one week with that extracts to
treat pneumonia, pleurisy, arthritis, lower back pain, treat skin disease. Infusion of roots is used to treat
and aching feet. Seeds of the plant are used for the malaria. A fresh juice extracted from the leaves and
treatment of alopecia, epilepsy, and toothache. stems of the plant is taken thrice a day (5 ml amount
SYNONYM SYNONYM each time) for one month to treat rheumatism.
Sinapis nigra L. Buddleja neemda Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb

Kalosarisha, Raisarisha. Budbhota, Neemda, Badbhota.

Sarisha (Chakma). Adathora, Dhuptora (Chakma); Kassey-khoyhu (Khumi); Lang

giao (Marma); Langtel (Pagnkhoa).

Black mustard, True mustard, Mustard.

Asian butterfly bush, White butterfly bush.
DISTRIBUTION
This species is cultivated in many parts of the Bangladesh. DISTRIBUTION
It is found in Lawachara area of Maulvi Bazar, Chittagong
districts, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
 Fabaceae Clusiaceae
40 41
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Calophyllum inophyllum L.
Taub.

A medium-sized deciduous tree. Leaves pinnately A medium-sized, evergreen, glabrous tree, about 20-
trifoliolate, rachis 12-25 cm long, terminal leaflet 30 m tall. Leaves simple, opposite, 10-18 cm long,
largest, rhomboid or obovate, obtuse with cuneate 6-8 cm wide, broadly elliptic to obovate-oblong,
base, 10-15 cm long and as broad, 2 lateral leaflets entire, apex rounded or shallowly notched, base
smaller, obliquely ovate. Flowers large, in rigid cuneate or rounded, glabrous, thick, dark green.
racemes, 15 cm long; calyx 13 mm long, dark olive Flowers white, 2-3 cm across. Fruit a drupe, 3-4 cm
green, densely velvety outside; corolla 3.8-5 cm across, globose, yellow or greenish.
long, orange. Pods oblong, flat, thin, 12.5-20 cm
long.
Plant parts used Leaf, bark. Herbal uses Decoction of
leaves is used to treat disorder of eye. Poultice of
Plant parts used Leaf, seed. Herbal uses A fresh juice leaves is used for the treatment of cutting wounds.
extracted from the leaves of the plant is dropped Gum resin from the bark is applied to treat old
into eyes to treat conjunctivitis. Tow tea spoonful sores. Leaves of the plant are used to treat skin
amount of leaf powder is mixed with cup of water inflammation. Decoction prepared from the bark
and this mixture is drunk to control diabetes. of the plant is used for the treatment of dysentery,
Powder prepared from the dried seeds of the plant gonorrhoea, and intestinal cold. Oil extracted
is consumed to kill worms in the stomach and the from the plant is used as external applications for
intestines. An extract prepared from the leaves of the rheumatism and gout. A paste made with the leaves
plant by boiling in water is used as a mouthwash to of the plant is applied to the forehead twice a day
relieve sore throat. Powder prepared from the dried until the vertigo is cured. Seed oil is used to treat
flowers of the plant is taken with milk to treat sexual leprosy, scabies, and dysuria.
dysfunction, intestinal infection, and ulcer. A paste
made with the leaves of the plant is applied to the
boils to treat it. The gum of the plant is also useful
SYNONYM in relieving diarrhoea, and dysentery. For relieving SYNONYM
Erythrina monosperma Lam., Butea frondosa Willd. eczema, itching and other skin disorders, the seeds Calophyllum blumei Wight
should be ground to a paste and the paste should then
Palas, Kingsuk, Kinaka, Dhak. be applied to the affected area regularly. A decoction Sultanchampa, Kannyal, Nagchampa, Kathchampa, Panial,
made with the leaves of the plant is used to wash the Punyal (Bengali); Puinnal (Noakhali).

Jadob (Hajong), Tuang-toa-par (Lushai), Tuangtoapar

genital parts regularly to relieve the leucorrhoea. A
(Pangkhoa), Keya-mow-sthei (Rakhaing). fresh juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is Thyklii-wing (Khumi), Tain-yaa-bawn (Rakhaing).
drunk at night (10 ml amount) for three months to
Parrot tree, Bengal kino tree, Flame of the forest. treat irregular bleeding in menstruation. Alexandrian laurel, Dilo oil tree, Borneo mahogany.

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
It grows wild in the forests or Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tract, The species occurs in coastal forests of the country, especially
Dhaka, and Mymensingh districts. Also planted as an ornamental Noakhali, Bhola, and Patuakhali.
tree in most of the districts of the country.
 Theaceae Capparaceae
42 43
Camellia sinensis (L.) Capparis zeylanica L.
Kuntze

A shrub or small tree. Leaves alternate, elliptic- A climbing and spiny shrub, 3 or more m tall. Leaves
oblong, 8-20 cm long, 3-6 cm wide, base cuneate, and branches are hairy. Spines are short, sharp,
apex acuminate, toothed margin. Flowers white, recurved and subtending each leaf or branch. Leaves
axillary, 3 cm in diameter. Fruit a subglobose oblong to oblong-ovate, 8-17 cm long, leathery,
capsule, 3-seeded; seed globose. shiny, with a rounded base, pointed at the tip.
Flowers arranged in supra-axillary rows, white. Fruit
a berry, ellipsoid or globose, pericarp woody.
Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Decoction
prepared from the leaves of the plant, after cooling
it is used for wash the head to remedy of hair fall. Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses A
Infusion prepared from the leaves of the plant is paste made with the leaves and stems of the plant
used as external applications for skin ailments and is applied to the biting place to treat snake bite.
eruptions. Decoction of leaves is used as stimulant Decoction prepared from the root-bark of the plant
and to relieve fatigue. Leaves of the plant are used to is used for vomiting, abdominal pain, and gastric
soothe headache, aid digestion. Green tea is used as irritation treatment. Paste prepared from the plant
a remedy for obesity. It has been shown that drinking is used for the treatment of boils, swelling, piles,
tea can protect the teeth from decay. Tea is reportedly rheumatism, diabetes, and colic. Juice extracted
effective in clinical treatment of amoebic dysentery, from the leaves and stems of the plant is advised to
bacterial dysentery, gastro-enteritis, and hepatitis. take with cup of fresh goat milk for curing cough and
Externally tea is used as a poultice or wash to treat cold. Decoction prepared from the leaves of the plant
cuts, bruises, ophthalmia, swellings etc. A paste is used for the treatment of syphilis. The plant is used
made with the leaves of the plant is applied to the to treat smallpox, cholera, colic, neuralgia, sores,
forehead to relieve the headache. Green tea is often pneumonia, and pleurisy.
used for digestive ailments, to soothe insect bite,
treat burn, and reduce swollen eyelids.
SYNONYM SYNONYM
Thea sinensis L. Capparis crassifolia Kurz

Cha, Chapata, Cha gach. Biralnokha, Kalkera, Birazarilata, Asarilata, Kalookra, Kalukoan.

Laa-pha-khraw (Rakhaing). Kya-maw-sthei (Rakhaing).

Tea. Ceylon caper, Indian caper, Caper berry.

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
The species is found under cultivation in Sylhet, Maulvi Bazar, It is found in Bagerhat, Chittagong, Dhaka, Jessore, Jhalakati,
Panchagar, Chittagong districts, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Kushtia, Mymensingh, Naogaon, Pabna, Rajshahi, and Tangail
districts.
 Vitaceae Amaranthaceae
44 45
Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin Celosia argentea L.

A perennial vine, climbing by means of tendrils An erect, coarse, simple or branched, smooth annual
found opposite the leaves. Leaves pinnately herb, 0.5-1.5 m high. Leaves alternate, linear to
trifoliate, petioles up to 10 cm long. Leaflets ovate to lanceolate, entire, 4-14 cm long. Flowers, small, in
oblong-ovate, 2-8 cm long, 1.5-5 cm wide, pointed at dense erect spikes , 8-12 mm long, borne in solitary,
the tip, and coarsely toothed at the margins. Flowers erect, stout, dense, white, purple, or pink, glistening
small, greenish white, borne on axillary and solitary spikes, 3-30 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide, without petals.
cymes. Fruit a berry, fleshy, juicy, dark purple or Fruit a circumscissile capsule; seeds shining and black.
black, subglobose, and about 1 cm in diameter.

Plant parts used Leaf, stem, flower, root, seed. Herbal

Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root, seed. Herbal uses An uses Paste prepared from the leaves and stems of
extract prepared from leaves and stems of the plant the plant is applied to the infected skin twice a day
is given in abdominal pain to treat it. Paste prepared until the boils and snake bite is cured. Powder or
from the leaves and stems of the plant is applied to decoction made from the seeds of the plant is used
boils and pimples to treat it. Decoction of leaves and to treat diarrhoea. Decoction prepared from the
stems of the plant is advised to give in high fever. flowers of the plant is used for the treatment of
Paste prepared from the roots of the plant is applied phthisis. Roots of the plant are used as a remedy
to treat the boils, and snake bite. Infusion of seeds is for colic, gonorrhoea, and eczema. A fresh juice
used for the control of diabetes. The leaves and roots extracted from the leaves and stems of the plant is
are commonly used for poulticing ulcers of the nose. taken twice a day (two tea spoons amount each time)
The juice extracted from the leaves of the plant, until the irregular menstruation is cured. Stems and
combined with the juice of young pineapple, is used leaves, bruised and applied as poultice for infected
on the head as a treatment for itch and dandruff. The sores, wounds, and skin eruptions. Decoction of the
heated leaves are applied as a poultice on boils in seeds with sugar is prescribed against dysentery.
order to relieve inflammation. Poultice of leaves, smeared with honey, used as
SYNONYM SYNONYM cooling application to inflamed areas and painful
Vitis trifolia L. Celosia cristata L. Celosia coccinea L. affections such as buboes and abscesses. A decoction
made with the leaves and stems of the plant is taken
Amol lata, Anal lata, Anol lata. Morogphul (Bengali), Moroghul (Noakhali). thrice a day (100 ml amount each time) until the
menopause and spermatorrhoea is cured. Seeds of
Lodi mallang (Chakma), Paranga ludi (Tanchangya). Ul chang ping, Ranga chuma (Chakma); Se-ankanlingpo
the plant are used to relieve gastrointestinal disorders,
(Khumi); Soononbom, Kasopai (Marma); Cramui-aphru leucorrhoea, mouth sores, and fever associated with
(Rakhaing); Su sang sak (Tanchangya). liver ailments. Cottonseed-sized pills made from the
Fox grape, Three-leaf cayratia, Bush grape, Three-leaved wild vine.
leaves and stems of the plant are taken twice a day
DISTRIBUTION Cocks comb, Quail grass. (one pill each time) until the tuberculosis is cured. An
The species occurs in the Chittagong, Rangamati, and Dhaka
extract prepared from the leaves and stems of the plant
districts. DISTRIBUTION
It is grown in Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Dhaka, is taken twice a day (5 ml amount each time) until the
Dinajpur, Barisal, Mymensingh, Rangpur, Rajshahi in fallow fever and itching is cured.
lands.
 Asteraceae Asteraceae
46 47
Centipeda minima (L.) Chromolaena odorata (L.)
A.Braun & Asch. R.M.King & H.Rob.

A prostrate or ascending, slender, leafy herb, An erect or straggling herb or undershrub, up to 2.1
somewhat wooly or nearly smooth, with numerous m tall, branches striate, sparsely pubescent. Leaves
branches spreading from the root, and 8-20 cm long. arrowhead-shaped, 5-12 cm long and 3-7 cm wide,
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, 1 cm long with three characteristic veins in a pitchfork pattern,
or less, and with few coarse teeth on the margins. growing in opposite pairs along stems and branches.
Heads stalkless, rounded, 3-4 mm in diameter, Inflorescence a capitulum, in terminal corymbs,
many flowered, and borne singly in the axils of the peduncles, flowers bluish-white. Fruit a cypsela,
leaves, flowers yellowish. Fruit a cypsela, linear to hairy, pappus hairy.
oblanceolate with apical corona.

Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Paste prepared from

Plant parts used Leaf, stem, whole plant. Herbal the leaves of the plant is applied to the affected area
uses Paste prepared from the leaves of the plant to stop bleeding from cutting wound. A fresh juice
is applied to the infected teeth to relief toothache. extracted from the leaves of the plant is taken twice
Fresh juice extracted from the plant is given in the a day (two tea spoons amount each time) for three
infected eye thrice a day (one drop each time) for days to treat fever. Juice extracted from pounded
three days to treat ophthalmia. The plant is used in leaves, mixed with honey, castor oil, and olive oil,
general as a treatment for eye and sinus infections used for cold and flu treatment. Fresh juice extracted
and nose polyps. The plant is also used as a treatment from the leaves, and adding some salt then it is taken
against cough, common cold, and bronchitis. A three times a day (10 ml amount each time) until the
paste made with the leaves and stems of the plant is flatulence is cured. Decoction made from the leaves
used as a topical application to treat swellings and of the plant is taken for the treatment of gastric ulcer.
inflammations. A decoction made with the leaves A fresh juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is
and stems of the plant is used for the treatment of advised to treat painful micturition.
paralysis and pain in the joints, and also used as a
SYNONYM remedy for malaria, hepatitis, diabetes mellitus, SYNONYM
Artemisia minima L. eczema, insect bites, and opium poisoning. A paste Eupatorium odoratum L., Eupatorium conyzoides Mill.
made with the plant is used to treat worms, sprain,
Hachuti, Mechuta, Nakchikni, Machiti, Dal phul. bone fracture, and poisonous snake bite. Assamlata, German lata, Barashialmuti.

Hangsaudi (Marma). Ba-che (Bawm), Mugujuher (Chakma), Welemra (Chak), Owila

(Khumi), Kalang-sam (Lushai), Ashumabaong (Marma), Yi la
(Murang), Belnum (Pangkhoa), Wui-hla-raw-aphru (Rakhaing),
Spreading sneeze weed. Desmara kher (Tanchangya).

DISTRIBUTION
The species occurs in Chittagong, Noakhali, Comilla, Sylhet, Jack in the bush, Triffid weed, Paraffin weed.
Sunamganj, and Jessore districts, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
DISTRIBUTION
The species found throughout the country.
 Lauraceae Lauraceae
48 49
Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.- Cinnamomum verum J.Presl
Ham.) T.Nees & Eberm.

A medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 15 m high. A moderate-sized evergreen tree, all parts glabrous.
Leaves opposite, subopposite or alternate, 10-15 cm Leaves leathery, shining, ovate, ovate-lanceolate,
long, ovate-oblong or elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 cm long, pointed at both ends, blade strongly
apex acuminate, base narrowed. Inflorescence a 3- or 5-nerved. Inflorescence a lax panicle, terminal,
panicle, 8-15 cm long, branches and pedicels grey many-flowered; flowers numerous, pale yellow,
pubescent; flowers grey outside and yellow inside. small. Fruit oblong or ovoid-oblong.
Fruit a drupe, ovoid or globose, black when ripe.

Plant parts used Bark. Herbal uses Powder prepared

Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Pea-sized pills made from the bark of the plant is taken for the treatment
with the leaves of the plant are taken twice a day (one of dyspepsia, flatulence, diarrhoea, dysentery,
pill each time) with warm water for one week to treat and vomiting. The bark of the plant is used for
abdominal pain, body pain, hook worm infestation, the treatment of asthma, anal blister, anal fissure,
gynecological complexity, and anorexia. Powder constipation, dysmenorrhoea, hiccup, hyperacidity,
made with the dried leaves of the plant, after mixing impotence, insanity, jaundice, leprosy, leucorrhoea,
with honey it is taken twice a day (2 g amount each malaria, rabies, sexual weakness, and tuberculosis.
time) until the cardiac weakness is cured. An extract
made with the leaves of the plant is taken four times a
day (100 ml amount each time) until the chicken pox
is cured. Cottonseed-sized pills made with the leaves
of the plant are taken thrice a day (one pill each time)
for two days to treat flatulence. Cottonseed-sized
pills made with the leaves of the plant are taken twice
a day (one pill each time) until the tuberculosis is
cured. A paste made with the dried leaves of the plant
SYNONYM is applied to the boils once a day for seven days to SYNONYM
Cinnamomum albiflorum Nees, Laurus tamala Buch.-Ham. treat it. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume

Tejpata (Bengali), Tejhata (Noakhali). Daruchini (Bengali), Darchini (Noakhali).

Garuifung (Chak), Shifruu (Marma), Matuinana (Pangkhoa), Dalchini (Chakma), Kuruowen pang (Marma), Daruchini
Kaa-wie-raw (Rakhaing). (Tripura).

DISTRIBUTION
Cassia lignea, Cassia cinnamon. It is cultivated in the Hill Tracts districts and also elsewhere in
gardens.
DISTRIBUTION
It is found in the hilly forest areas of greater Sylhet districts and
also found in other areas under cultivation.
 Cucurbitaceae Rutaceae
50 51
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Clausena heptaphylla
Matsum. & Nakai (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.

A spreading, hairy, tendril-bearing annual vine. A shrub to small tree, up to 6 m tall. Leaves
Tendrils puberulous, bifid. Leaves long-stalked, imparipinnate, up to 45 cm long, leaflets 5-11,
oblong-ovate, 8-20 cm long, deeply 3-7 lobed, subopposite and alternate, 7-19 cm long, ovate to
pinnatifid with usually narrowed segments. Plant ovate-lanceolate, cuneate at the base, acuminate
monoecious, flower yellow, and about 2 cm in at the apex, entire to crenulate along margin with
diameter, occurring singly in axils of the leaves. profusely gland-dotted petioles. Inflorescence
Fruit large, about 30 cm in diameter, subglobose or terminal or axillary, corymbose, paniculate cymes,
ellipsoid, smooth, green or variegated, pulp soft and up to 25 cm long; flowers 4-merous, white or
juicy, red; seeds compressed, sometimes red, and greenish-yellow. Fruit a berry, oblong or ovoid, apex
usually black. truncate, orange when ripe.

Plant parts used Fruit, seed, root. Herbal uses Paste Plant parts used Leaf, flower, fruit, root. Herbal uses
of seed mixed with the sugar and water to make A fresh juice extracted from the roots of the plant,
mixture then the mixture is taken to treat dysuria. after adding little amount of salt, it is taken two times
Powder made from rind of the fruit is used for a day (three tea spoons amount each time) for three
mouth sores treatment. The juice of the roots is used days to treat mental disorder. An extract prepared
for the treatment of haemorrhage after abortion. from the leaves of the plant is taken for the treatment
Seeds of the plant are used to treat tapeworms and of menorrhagia. Cottonseed-sized pills made with
roundworms. The rind of the fruit is prescribed in the leaves, flowers and fruits of the plant are taken
cases of alcoholic poisoning and diabetes. The seeds with honey thrice a day (two pills each time) until
of the plant are used in the treatment of the urinary the cancer is cured. Leaves of the plant are used for
passages and has been used to treat bed wetting. A the treatment of dysentery and impotence. A fresh
paste made with the seeds of the plant is applied to juice extracted from the roots of the plant is taken
the affected areas to treat inflammation. The fruit is four times a day (5 ml amount each time) until the
SYNONYM used in herbal medicine for the treatment of erectile SYNONYM hysteria is cured. Paste prepared from the leaves
Citrullus vulgaris Schrad., Cucumis citrullus (L.) Ser. dysfunction, acne, diabetes, and nephritic oedema. Clausena macrophylla Hook.f. of the plant is applied to the affected areas for the
treatment of boils. Cottonseed-sized pills made
Tarmuj. Karan phal, Pan-kafur, Panbahar. with the leaves of the plant are taken thrice a day
(one pill each time) for one week to treat epilepsy.
Fray (Khumi), Fang-mazil (Lushai), Fray ui (Murang), Nandul Jonglakati (Bawm); Alkatra, Saderruchi (Chakma); Rowak cu
A fresh juice extracted from the roots of the plant
(Pangkhoa), Pha-hri-sthei (Rakhaing). ba, Wamabokhor, Crowkidung, Chee pru (Marma); Wamcure is prescribed to take twice a day (three tea spoons
(Murang). amount each time) for three days to treat fever. The
Watermelon. DISTRIBUTION plant is used for the treatment of gynecological
The species commonly occurs in the forests of Sylhet, Habiganj, disease, headache, liver cancer, and rheumatism.
DISTRIBUTION Rangamati, Bandarban, Khagrachari, Chittagong, and Coxs
The species is cultivated throughout the country mostly in Char Bazar districts.
areas.
 Fabaceae Poaceae
52 53
Codariocalyx motorius Coix lacryma-jobi L.
(Houtt.) H.Ohashi

An undershrub, glabrous. Leaves 1-3 foliolate, A coarse annual grass, culms 1-3 m high, densely
leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 7-10 cm long, tufted, nodes glabrous. Leaf blades linear-
subcoriaceous, obtuse, glabrous above, silky- lanceolate, 10-45 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, apex
pubescent beneath. Racemes axillary and terminal, acuminate, cordate at the base. Spikes 6-10 cm long,
the latter copiously panicled, up to 15 cm long. erect, and peduncled. Fruits a capsule, enclosing the
Flowers hidden by the large, ovate, deciduous bracts, female flowers. Grains hard, bony, white or nearly
pink. Fruit a pod, slightly falcate. black, shining, ovoid.

Plant parts used Leaf, stem, flower. Herbal uses Paste Plant parts used Leaf, stem, seed, root. Herbal uses
prepared from the leaves and stems of the plant A decoction made with leaves and stems of the
is applied to treat lipoma (tumour). Decoction plant is administered for the treatment of headache,
prepared from the leaves and stems of the plant is rheumatism, and diabetes. Seeds of the plant are
taken thrice a day (100 ml amount each time) for four prescribed for blennorrhagia treatment. An extract
days to treat measles. A fresh juice extracted from prepared by boiling in water is used for the treatment
the leaves and stems of the plant is taken two or three of warts; also used for lung abscesses, appendicitis,
times a day (5 ml amount each time) until the malaria rheumatoid arthritis, and dysuria. Decoction
is cured. A paste made with the leaves and stems of prepared from the roots of the plant is used to treat
the plant is applied to the biting place by tightly tying gonorrhoea. Roots of the plant are used for the
with piece of cloth to treat snake bite. The leaves treatment of menstrual disorders. Juice extracted
of the plant are used for heart diseases, rheumatic from the stem is used as drops for eye irritation due
problems, diabetes, and skin disorders treatment. A to injury. Decoction and tincture of seeds is used to
fresh juice extracted from leaves and flowers of the treat bronchitis, and inflammatory conditions of the
plant is utilized as a home remedy to treat wounds. urinary tract. Sap of the stem is applied against insect
The plant is used as remedy for various ailments such bites.
SYNONYM as paralysis, cough, pyrexia, dysentery, hepatitis, SYNONYM
Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Merr. and haemoptysis etc. Coix pumila Roxb.

Turut chandal, Gorachan. Tojbi.

Indian telegraph plant. Kesh bizi (Chakma), Riksiri (Garo), Kingku (Khumi), Mimte
(Lushai), Gei chi (Marma), Poom (Murang), Jey-apang
DISTRIBUTION (Rakhaing), Kakariguch (Tripura).
It is found in most of the districts.

Jobs tears, Adlay.

DISTRIBUTION
The species commonly occurs throughout the country in fallow
lands.
 Asteraceae Capparaceae
54 55
Cotula hemisphaerica Wall. Crateva religiosa G.Forst.
ex Benth. & Hook.f.

An annual herb with spreading branches. Leaves A small to medium-sized deciduous tree, up to 15 m
2-4 cm long, pinnatisect, segments very numerous, high. Leaves clustered at the ends of the branchlets,
linear, rarely subulate, 2-7 mm long, mucronate, with a common petiole 5-10 cm long, at the summit
sometimes acuminate or acute, half-amplexicaul of which are three leaflets. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate
at the base, glabrous. Inflorescence a capitulum, or ovate, 7.5-12 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, pointed at
heterogamous, solitary; flowers yellow. the base, a rather slender point at the tip. Corymbs
terminal, many-flowered, rachis 10-15 cm long.
Flowers creamy, polygamous. Fruit a berry, 2-6
Plant parts used Leaf, stem. Herbal uses Leaf paste cm in diameter, oblong-ellipsoid or oblong-ovate,
with honey is given to cure stomach disorder. The pericarp woody, yellowish-grey, with powdery crest.
powdered dry leaves or wet-leaf compress are Seeds dark brown, embedded in creamy pulp.
applied to treat contusions. Paste prepared from the
leaves of the plant is given with cow milk to cure
menstrual disorder. Externally, the leaf-sap is used to Plant parts used Leaf, bark, root. Herbal uses
treat earache. A paste made with the leaves and stems Decoction prepared from leaves of the plant is taken
of the plant is applied to the biting place twice a day thrice a day (20 ml amount each time) for three
for four days to treat insect sting. weeks to treat asthma. Bark sap is used as a cure for
tympanites, and convulsions. Paste prepared from
the leaves of the plant is applied to the swelling
places, at the same time leaf juice is taken twice a
day to treat gout. Fresh juice extracted from the roots
of the plant is given thrice a day (10 ml amount each
time) until the jaundice is cured. Paste prepared from
the leaves of the plant is applied after warming to the
affected part of the body once a day for three days to
SYNONYM SYNONYM treat lipoma (tumour). Decoction of bark is used for
Artemisia hemisphaerica Roxb. Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. the treatment of urinary calculi, and various urinary
disorders. Fresh juice extracted from the leaves of
Babuni. Barun, Bannay, Tikoshak, Bonna, Gotaburna, Ladung, the plant is taken twice a day (two tea spoons amount
Tikthashak (Bengali); Haniboruna (Noakhali). each time) for seven days to treat piles. The plant
Seokley (Khumi).
is used for the treatment of bronchitis, pneumonia,
Pitagola (Chakma), Buron (Hajong), Jong-sia (Garo), La pova tonsillitis, eczema, abscess, acne, scabies, scars,
(Marma), Kaingtha (Mogh), Laa-khaw-bawn (Rakhaing), warts, dysentery, constipation, stomachache,
Brassbuttons, Pin-cushion weed. Senatuk (Tripura).
headache, and toothache.
DISTRIBUTION
The species occurs in Sylhet, Sunamganj, Maulvi Bazar, Coxs Three leaved caper.
Bazar, Pabna, Netrokona, and Rajshahi districts.
DISTRIBUTION
The species occurs throughout Bangladesh on river bank, canal
banks, and low-laying areas.
 Fabaceae Fabaceae
56 57
Crotalaria calycina Schrank Crotalaria pallida Aiton

An erect annual herb, 30-60 cm high, simple or with An erect low shrub up to 1.5 m high. Leaves
a few ascending branches with short adpressed silky 3-foliolate, leaflets 7-10 cm long, obovate-oblong,
hairs. Leaves simple, 5-8 cm long, but in the linear obtuse or subacute, glabrous above and obscurely
form 12-15 cm long, acute, glabrous, obscurely silky beneath. Racemes 20-50-flowered, reaching
silky beneath. Flowers 2-12 in lax terminal racemes, 15-30 cm long. Corolla yellow striped with red.
and solitary form leafy nodes. Calyx large, densely Pods turgid, deflexed, rather recurved, 4-5 cm long,
clothed with long brown silky hairs; corolla pale 20-30-seeded.
yellow, shorter than the calyx. Fruit a pod, sessile,
oblong, glabrous, black when mature.
Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses An
extract made with the leaves and stems of the plant is
Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses A balm used for having hot bath once a day for three days to
made with the juice extracted from the leaves of the treat boils. Powder made from the dried roots of the
plant and mustard oil, after warming it is used for plant is taken with water once a day (10 g amount)
massaging to the affected parts of the body three for five days to treat cold and cough. A fresh juice
times a day until the paralysis is cured. A fresh juice extracted from the roots of the plant is applied to
extracted from the roots of the plant is taken thrice the tongue and lips for five times a day to treat facial
a day (5 ml amount each time) for three days after paralysis. The juice extracted from the roots of the
adding little amount of salt to treat the cholera. A plant is taken thrice a day (two tea spoons amount
paste made with the leaves and stems of the plant each time) until the indigestion is cured. A fresh juice
is applied to the boils twice a day for five days to extracted from the stems of the plant is advised to
treat the carbuncle. A fresh juice extracted from treat irregular menstruation at the same time paste
the roots of the plant is taken twice a day (three tea made with the leaves of the plant is applied to navel
spoons amount each time) until the tetanus is cured. region. An extract made with the leaves and stems of
A powder made with the dried roots of the plant is the plant is advised to treat piles. Decoction prepared
SYNONYM
taken with water twice a day (5 g amount each time) SYNONYM from the dried leaves and stems of the plant is taken
Crotalaria roxburghiana DC., Crotalaria stricta Roxb. for two weeks to treat syphilis. Cottonseed-sized Crotalaria javanica Jungh., Crotalaria pallida Klotzsch for the treatment prostate enlargement.
pills made with the roots of the plant are taken with
Kali jhunjhuni. honey thrice a day (two pills each time) for fifteen Jhunjhuni, Jhunjhuna.
days to treat haematuria. The plant is used for the
treatment of pain, convulsions, wounds, venereal
Jhunjhuni (Chakma). Kudug jhunjhuni (Chakma); Tha sim noi, Rati aapa (Marma);
sores, dysentery, and spider-lick. Roa bay (Murang); Rockac pabel (Pangkhoa); Kadyo-gree,
Keymbai-bawn (Rakhaing); Easy gass (Tanchangya).
Hairy rattle pod, Hairy crotalaria.

DISTRIBUTION Striped crotalaria.

It occurs in Chittagong, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Comilla, Sylhet, and
Rajshahi districts. DISTRIBUTION
The species occurs all over the country in fallow lands.
 Asclepiadaceae Cucurbitaceae
58 59
Cryptolepis sinensis (Lour.) Cucumis sativus L.
Merr.

A slender, wiry twiner. Leaves petiolate, petioles An annual, climbing herb; stem prostrate, hirsute.
very slender, lamina oblong or oblong-lanceolate, Tendrils slender, simple. Leaves broadly cordate-
glabrous above, glaucous beneath, apex apiculate, ovate, 12-20 cm long and as much as broad, villose-
base rounded. Inflorescence of slender cymes, hispid, palmately 3-5 lobed, lobes triangular,
glabrous; flower greenish-yellow. Fruit a follicle, dentate, acute. Flowers axillary, solitary, or
slender. fascicled, stalkless or short-stalked, and bell-shaped.
Male and female flowers are similar in color and
size, yellow, and about 2 cm long. Fruit usually
Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses A cylindric, 10-20 cm long, smooth, yellow when
decoction prepared from the roots of the plant is mature, and slightly tuberculated. Seeds whitish,
taken in empty stomach twice a day (50 ml amount oblong, both ends subacute.
each time) for 15 days to treat impotence. A paste
made with the leaves of the plant is applied to the
snakebite place by tightly tying with a piece of cloth Plant parts used Leaf, root, fruit, seed. Herbal uses
to treat it. The leaves and stems of the plant are used Paste prepared from the seeds of the plant is mixed
externally for the treatment of traumatic injury, and with water, and then the mixture is taken once a day
scabies. for some days to treat urination problem. Seeds of
the plant are taken to expel the worms. The leaf juice
is emetic; it is used to treat dyspepsia in children. A
fresh juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is
taken to treat indigestion. Paste prepared from the
roots of the plant is used as remedy for swelling.
Extract prepared from the seeds of the plant had a
role in control of diabetes. Immature fruit is given to
children as remedy for dysentery. Seeds of the plant
SYNONYM SYNONYM
are used for the treatment of throat infection.
Cryptolepis elegans Wall. ex G.Don Cucumis esculentus Salisb.

China karanta. Khira, Sasa, Momo (Bengali); Hoa (Noakhali).

Elegant cryptolepis. Mamrara, Sindirey shak (Chakma); Joytang (Khumi); Fangma

(Lushai); Mou-prishi aa-rwo (Marma); Changma (Pangkhoa);
DISTRIBUTION Sthaw-khaa-sthei (Rakhaing); Dramai (Tripura).
It is found in Sylhet, Chittagong districts, and the Chittagong
Hill Tracts.
Cucumber, Garden cucumber.

DISTRIBUTION
The species is cultivated throughout the country.
 Lythraceae Poaceae
60 61
Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth Cymbopogon citratus (DC.)
Stapf

A small evergreen much-branched subshrub A tufted and perennial grass. Leaves about 1 m tall,
growing to 1.5 m. Stems semi-woody, slender and 1-1.5 cm wide, scabrous, flat, long-acuminate, and
crooked. Leaves green, opposite, stalkless and smooth. Panicles 30-80 cm long, interrupted below;
numerous on the branches, narrow-lanceolate, up to the branches and branchlets somewhat nodding.
1.5 cm long. Flowers small, purplish violet to light Perfect spikelets are linear-lanceolate, pointed, not
purple with green calyx. awned, and about 6 mm long.

Plant parts used Leaf, stem. Herbal uses A paste made Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses Pea-sized
with the leaves and stems of the plant is applied pills made with the leaves of the plant are taken
to tumour once a day until the disease is cured. with warm water thrice a day (two pills each time)
The plant is used for treating dermatitis, stomach until the asthma and bronchitis are cured. An
disorder, syphilis, gonorrhoea, and cancer. extract made with the leaves of the plant is taken
four times a day (100 ml amount each time) for
three days to treat cold and cough. Hot decoction
of roots is used for the treatment of toothache. The
leaves of the plant are used for the treatment of liver
disease, pneumonia, stomachache, and tuberculosis.
Internally, the grass is used as a tea in the treatment
of digestive problems, where it relaxes the muscles
of the stomach and gut, relieving cramping pains
and flatulence. Paste prepared from the leaves of the
plant is applied to the forehead to relieve headache.
Decoction prepared from the leaves of the grass is
taken three times a day (100 ml amount each time)
SYNONYM SYNONYM
until the fever is cured. The leaves of the grass are
Parsonsia hyssopifolia (Kunth) Standl. Andropogon citratus DC. used for the treatment of haemoptysis, rheumatism,
back pain, and bladder problems.
Kuphea. Lebugandhi ghash, Agnighas, Ghandhabena.

False heather, Elphin plant. Dhan sabrang, Kukisawarang (Chakma); Chebela (Chak);
Longthing, Longkeon (Khumi); Krah-tor (Khasia); Chabalan
DISTRIBUTION apan (Marma); Tokli chong, Takligonj (Murang); Dhan saberang
It is found throughout the country. (Tanchangya); Maibana (Tripura).

Lemon grass.

DISTRIBUTION
The species is cultivated more or less throughout the country.
 Annonaceae Solanaceae
62 63
Dasymaschalon longiflorum Datura metel L.
(Roxb.) Finet & Gagnep.

A slender, sparingly branched, glabrous shrub or A robust herb or undershrub, up to 2 m tall. Leaves
small tree, buds golden-silky. Leaves with petiole 8-17 cm long and 4-12 cm wide, ovate to angular
1-2 cm long, lamina 12-30 3-10 cm, narrowly or broad ovate, entire, sinuate or deeply toothed,
oblong or lanceolate, entire, acuminate, base acute to acuminate, base oblique. Flowers axillary,
rounded, pellucid dotted, chartaceous, shining solitary, funnel-shaped, creamy-white or purplish,
above, glaucous beneath. Flowers axillary, red, lobes usually 5. Fruits rounded capsules, green,
elongated, silky when young, soon glabrous. about 3.5 cm in diameter and covered with stout,
short spines, dehiscing at the apex when ripe forming
an irregular suture. Seeds numerous, closely packed,
Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses An extract made nearly smooth, and pale brown.
with the leaves of the plant, hot bath is advised to
have with that extract once a day for ten days to treat
oedema. An extract made with the leaves of the plant Plant parts used Leaf, flower, seed, root. Herbal uses
is used for having hot bath once a day for seven days Dried flowers of the plant are used as anesthetic and
to treat nausea. Extract prepared from the leaves of prescribed for the treatment of asthma, cough, and
the plant is used as mouth wash during toothache. convulsions. Powdered roots are rubbed to the gums
for the treatment of toothache. Ointment of seeds
is used for the treatment of smallpox. For epilepsy,
seeds of ripe fruit are burned and the smoke inhaled.
Paste prepared from the leaves of the plant is applied
to the forehead and kept from sunrise to sunset for
seven days to treat cluster headache. A balm made
with the juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is
applied to the boils twice a day for four days to treat
boils. A paste made with the leaves of the plant is
SYNONYM SYNONYM
applied to the fractured bone after warming on fire to
Desmos longiflorus (Roxb.) Saff. Datura nigra Hassk., Datura alba F.Muell. treat it. The fume is obtained after burning the dried
leaves of the plant thrice a day until the dyspnoea
Kulla. Dhutra, Dhutura. is cured. A balm made with the leaves of the plant
is used for massaging on the affected parts of the
body twice a day until the facial paralysis is cured.
Echoihrang (Chakma). Row-shan-they (Rakhaing), Dhutura gaith (Tanchangya),
Dudurphul (Chakma). Fresh juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is
DISTRIBUTION applied to the infected gum during night time until
It is found in Sylhet, Chittagong, and Chittagong Hill Tracts.
Datura, Thorn-apple.
the gingivitis is cured. Fomentation is given to the
affected parts of the body with the leaves of the plant
DISTRIBUTION
after heated on fire to treat rheumatism.
It is found all over Bangladesh in road sides and other fallow
lands.
 Fabaceae Sapindaceae
64 65
Desmodium gangeticum (L.) Dimocarpus longan Lour.
DC.

An undershrub, 60-120 cm tall. Leaves unifoliate, A medium-sized to large tree, up to 40 m tall. Leaves
leaflets oblong, usually 3-6, rounded at the base, pinnate, 7.5-45 cm long; leaflets 4-8, opposite or
narrowed gradually to an acute point. Flowers sub-alternate, 5-17 cm long, oblong or oblong-
violet or white, in a copious ascending terminal and elliptic, obtusely acuminate, entire. Racemes
axillary racemes, 15-30 cm long. Pods subfalcate, simple or branched, shortly pubescent; flowers very
12-20 mm. long, deeply indented. small; calyx cup-shaped, 4-5-fid. Fruits pendulous,
forming clusters rather like grapes, broadly ellipsoid
to globular, smooth to warty, containing a single
Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses An extract large seed surrounded by a thin layer of white juicy
made with the plant; hot bath is advised to have pulp.
with that extract once a day for three days to treat
burning sensation of the body. A paste made with
the roots of the plant is applied for the treatment of Plant parts used Leaf, fruit, seed. Herbal uses Paste
snake bite. Decoction prepared from the roots of the prepared from the leaves of the plant is applied
plant is taken to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, to treat snake bite. The seeds of the plant are
piles, inflammation, asthma, bronchitis, cough, administered to counteract heavy sweating. A
and asthma. The leaves of the plant are used for decoction prepared from the dried flesh of the fruit
the treatment of toothache, chest pains, and fungal is taken as a tonic for the treatment of insomnia,
infections. A fresh juice extracted from the roots of and neurasthenic neurosis. A paste made with the
the plant is taken twice a day (two tea spoons amount leaves of the plant is applied to the forehead to treat
each time) until the mental disorder is cured. An headache. A powder made with the dried fruits
extract made with the leaves of the plant is taken of the plant and mixed with honey and water, it is
twice a day (100 ml amount each time)for 30 days, taken twice a day (10 ml amount each time) until the
at the same time it is used for having hot bath once a stomachache is cured.
day for one week to treat oedema. A decoction made
SYNONYM
with the roots of the plant is taken thrice a day (50 ml SYNONYM
Desmodium lanceolatum Walp. amount each time) until the piles is cured. Pea-sized Euphoria longana Lam.
pills made with the roots of the plant are taken with
Chalani, Salpani, Gonga modi. water thrice a day (one pill each time) for 15 days to Ashphal, Kathlichu.
treat typhoid. Root extract is used for the treatment
of whooping cough. Decoction of leaves is used to
Bormajal, Hizing haba pata (Chakma); Chungmue (Marma); Ui mia (Murang).
Kroonui-bawn-angey (Rakhaing); Turki madan (Tanchangya). treat urinary disorder. A paste made with the plant is
applied to the forehead to treat headache.
Longan, Dargons eye, Eye ball tree.
Ticktree.
DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION The species rarely occurs in the evergreen rain forests of
The species occurs throughout the country in fallow lands. Chittagong district, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. It is also
found in scattered natural condition in other parts of the country
as well as under cultivated condition.
 Dipterocarpaceae Sonneratiaceae
66 67
Dipterocarpus turbinatus Duabanga grandiflora (DC.)
C.F.Gaertn Walp.

A lofty tree, 30-40 m tall with a straight bole. Leaves A large glabrous tree, up to 45 m tall with pendulous
12-36 cm long, variable, elliptic or oblong-ovate, branches. Leaves petiolate, 10-30 cm long, 5-12
rarely oblong, acute or acuminate, glabrous on cm wide, oblong to oblanceolate, base rounded
both surfaces, coriaceous. Flowers in axillary, few- to shallowly cordate, acuminate. Inflorescence 5
flowered spikes; petals 2-4.5 cm long, tomentose, to many-flowered, terminal, drooping corymb.
more densely on the outside. Fruit-belly ovoid; Flowers come out in panicles in leaf axils and at
wings 11.5-18 cm long. the end of branches. Each flower is large, 5-6 cm
across, white in colour and ill-smelling. The sepal
structure is very thick, bell-shaped, and persistent.
Plant parts used Leaf, bark. Herbal uses Extract made The 6 petals fall off soon. Stamens numerous, white,
with the leaves of the plant, gargling is done with that longer than the petals. The fruit is a more or less
extract four times a day until the gingivitis is cured. rounded, leathery capsule, about the size of a small
The bark is especially used in urinary tract disorders orange.
treatment. A resin obtained from the tree is used for
the treatment of ulcers, ringworm, and other skin
infections. A powder made with the dried barks of Plant parts used Bark. Herbal uses The bark of the plant
the plant is given to treat gonorrhoea. The bark of the is utilized for the treatment of smallpox. Powder
plant is used for the treatment of gleet, rheumatism, made from the bark of the plant is mixed in water and
and skin problems like eczema, psoriasis, and applied externally as a poultice or rub to rheumatic
chronic respiratory problems. swellings to treat it. Bark of the plant is used for the
treatment of ulcers in the mouth.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Dipterocarpus laevis Buch.-Ham. Duabanga sonneratioides Buch.-Ham.

Teli garjan, Telia gorjan, Garjan (Bengali); Tellya-garjan Bandorhola, Kocha, Lampati, Ramdala.
(Chittagong, Coxs Bazar); Kali gorjon (Chittagong Hill Tract);
Kuroli (Sylhet).
Ramdala (Manipuri).

Gajjam (Chakma), Kainyapang (Chak), Kaingia (Mogh),

Keyngaa (Rakhaing). Duabanga.

DISTRIBUTION
Garjan-oil tree, Garjan balsam, Common garjan tree. It is found in the forests of Chittagong, Coxs Bazar, and Sylhet
districts, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
DISTRIBUTION
The species frequently occurs in the forests of Chittagong, Coxs
Bazar, Sylhet districts, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
 Boraginaceae Asteraceae
68 69
Ehretia acuminata R.Br. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.
ex DC.

A medium-sized, semi-evergreen to deciduous An erect or ascending, variable, smooth or sparingly

tree, up to 10 m tall. Leaves simple, alternate, 5-16 hairy, more or less branched plant 10-40 cm high.
cm long, 3-7 cm wide, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, Leaves sessile, somewhat fleshy and clasping, the
acuminate, cuneate at the base, margin sharply lower ones being lyrate-lobed or sinuate toothed
serrate, chartaceuous, glabrescent, shining above. and 5-10 cm long, and the upper ones much smaller
Inflorescence 18 cm long, axillary or terminal and usually entire. Flowering heads 12-24 mm in
panicles, dense, pyramidal. Flowers small, length and long-peduncled; the branches usually
numerous, white, fragrant, sessile or nearly so. Fruit dichotomous. Involucral-bracts green, cylindric,
a drupe, very small, globose to ellipsoid, yellow to somewhat inflated below, and about as long as the
orange-red or nearly black when ripe. purple flowers. Flowers all perfect and tubular, the
limb long, 5-toothed. No ray flowers. Fruit a cypsela.

Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Decoction prepared

from the leaves of the plant is used to treat fever. Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses The juice
Paste prepared from the leaves of the plant is used extracted from the leaves of the plant is taken twice
for swollen joints, facial inflammation, and post- a day (10 ml amount each time) until the cough and
traumatic swellings treatment. asthma is cured. Juice extracted from the leaves
of the plant is used remedy for eye inflammation,
night blindness, and ear-sores. Decoction prepared
from the plant is taken for the treatment of bowel
complaints. A fresh juice extracted from the roots of
the plant is taken thrice a day (5ml amount each time)
for three days to treat diarrhoea. A decoction made
with the leaves of the plant is given for the treatment
of cough, tapeworm, and roundworm infestations.
SYNONYM SYNONYM
Paste prepared from the plant is applied to treat
Ehretia serrata Roxb. Emilia purpurea Cass. abscess, wound, and snakebite. Juice extracted from
leaves of the plant mashed with salt and onion is
Punia, Punyam konda, Kalahuja, Kala-huja, Kaal-auja, Kat-goa. Mechitra, Sadimudi, Sadusi. applied to the throat for the treatment of tonsillitis.
Decoction prepared from the plant is taken twice
a day (10 ml amount each time) until the fever and
Heliotrope tree. Bel naw nuh (Bawm), Fao ma (Marma), Plowi pang (Murang),
Mra-apang (Rakhaing), Dandha upon (Tanchangya). influenza is cured.
DISTRIBUTION
It occurs in the forests of Sylhet, Chittagong, Coxs Bazar,
Dhaka, Panchagarh, Kurigram, Gaibandha, Netrokona, and Lilac tasselflower.
Mymensingh districts, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
DISTRIBUTION
The species is found all over the country in fallow lands.
 Apiaceae Fabaceae
70 71
Eryngium foetidum L. Erythrina variegata L.

An herb, 8-40 cm high from a basal rosette, taproot A small to medium-sized tree. Leaves trifoliolate,
fusiform with fibrous roots, stem branching, deciduous, leaflets rhomboid, orbicular, broader
green. Basal leaves numerous, petioles short or than long, shortly acuminate, terminal leaflets
obsolete, sheath up to 3 cm long, blade lanceolate large. Flowers in dense raceme, borne at the ends of
or oblanceolate, 4-16 cm long, base cuneate, apex branchlet, appearing before the leaf, bright red. Fruit
obtuse, callous-margined, spinulose-serrate. a pod, sub-cylindrical, sharply pointed, glabrous
Inflorescence divaricately trifurcate, heads outside, silky inside; seeds kidney-shaped, red or
numerous. brown.

Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Paste prepared Plant parts used Leaf, bark, seed. Herbal uses An
from leaves of the plant is applied to the forehead by extract made with the leaves of the plant is taken
making a bandage twice a day for two days to treat thrice a day for five days to treat scabies. Decoction
headache. A fresh juice extracted from leaves of the prepared from the leaves of the plant is taken twice a
plant is taken twice a day (5 ml amount each time) for day (10 ml amount each time) for three days to treat
seven days to treat malaria. Juice extracted from the cough. Dried bark decoction or infusion in alcohol
leaves of the plant is taken thrice a day (5 ml amount is used for the treatment of lumbar and leg pain.
each time) for three days to treat diarrhoea. An Juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is used
extract made with the leaves of the plant by boiling as remedy for earache, toothache, and constipation.
in water is given twice a day until the constipation is A decoction made with the leaves of the plant and
cured. A powder made with the leaves of the plant is adding some sugar to make the syrup, then it is
advised to take with water twice a day (5 g amount taken two times a day (10 ml amount each time)
each time) until the hypertension is cured. until the asthma is cured. Seeds of the plant are used
internally and externally for cancer; externally for
abscesses treatment. Fresh juice extracted from the
SYNONYM SYNONYM
leaves of the plant is taken thrice a day (5 ml amount
Eryngium antihystericum Rottler Erythrina indica Lam. each time) for three days to treat fever.

Bilati-dhone. Mandar, Madar.

Bwhak pata (Bawm), Bilati baghor (Chakma), Belek bohok Madal gaas (Chakma); Bol-mandal, Kantab, Mandal-phang
(Chak), Pungra pata (Hajong). (Garo); Fartua (Lushai); Thai po (Marma); Kashipaow, Kasthai-
bawn (Rakhaing); Gaschala (Tanchangya).

Wild coriander.
Indian coral tree, Sunshine tree.
DISTRIBUTION
The species occurs in Dhaka and Tangail districts under DISTRIBUTION
cultivated condition. It is found throughout the country.
 Zingiberaceae Euphorbiaceae
72 73
Etlingera linguiformis Euphorbia hirta L.
(Roxb.) R.M.Sm.

A tall, leafy, perennial herb, up to 2 m high, with A small annual herb, 15-50 cm high, hispid, with
stout, copiously stoloniferous aromatic rhizome. white latex. Leaves opposite, 1.3-3.8 cm long,
Leaves 30-45 cm long, oblong, lanceolate, glabrous. obliquely oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate,
Spikes about 8 cm long, red, oblong, narrowed at serrulate or dentate. Flowers very small, crowded in
both ends, few-flowered, submerged mostly in the small axillary shortly pedunculate globose cymes.
soil. Lip of the flower 5 cm long, oblong, bright red Capsules minute, hairy.
and yellow, deflexed, folded below the middle.

Plant parts used Leaf, whole plant. Herbal uses

Plant parts used Leaf, rhizome. Herbal uses Pieces Cottonseed-sized pills made with the dried plants
of rhizomes are chewed with betel leaf to cure sore are taken with warm water three times a day (one pill
throat. A fresh juice extracted from the rhizomes each time) for seven days to treat asthma. Fresh juice
of the plant is taken twice a day (5 ml amount each extracted from the plant is advised to take two times
time) until the stomachache is cured. Pea-sized pills a day (5 ml amount each time) until the diarrhoea
made with the rhizomes of the plant are taken thrice and dysentery are cured. One of the other popular
a day (one pill each time) for 15 days, at the same names for this herb is snakeroot, as it can quickly
time fomentation (fresh leaves of those plant after neutralize toxins and reduce inflammation at the
heated on fire) is given to the swelling place to treat site of snakebite. The herb has long been used as a
rheumatism. Rhizome of the plant is used for the sexual stimulant in males, both to increase libido and
treatment of respiratory complaints. boost fertility; it can even help to prevent premature
ejaculation. For women, Euphorbia hirta can
stimulate the production of breast milk; however,
it should not be given to pregnant women, as it can
cause miscarriages. A paste made with the plant
is applied to the sore in breast once a day until the
SYNONYM SYNONYM
disease is cured. The salves made from leaves of the
Alpinia linguiformis Roxb. Euphorbia capitata Lam. herb can be applied directly to the skin to treat boils,
wounds, rashes, burns, and other marks. An extract
Tara. Dudhiya, Ghaopata, Barakeru, Baradhudi, Barakarni. made with the plant is taken two times a day until the
constipation is cured. Leaves of the plant are used in
the treatment of cough, bronchial infections, bowel
Ching-yang (Chak), Pynuei (Khumi), Airia (Lushai), Korm hing Dutta ludi (Chakma); Dudal, Khatri-biphang (Garo); Labeng-
(Murang). aaowi-asi (Khumi); Buimit (Lushai); Chinu, Noma, Sai ma complaints, helminthic infestations, wounds, kidney
mungye (Marma); Dudhia (Rakhaing); Abu kantey akua stones, and abscesses
DISTRIBUTION (Tripura).
It is found in Chittagong, Coxs Bazar, and Maulvi Bazar, and
the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
Austrlian asthma herb, Pil-bearing spurge, Snake weed.

DISTRIBUTION
It is found throughout Bangladesh in fallow lands.
 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae
74 75
Euphorbia thymifolia L. Euphorbia tirucalli L.

A prostrate annual herb, more or less hispidly A large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m high. Stem
pubescent. Stem divaricately branched, slender, green, cylindrical, unarmed, densely branched,
terete and glabrous beneath, extending up to 25 cm spreading, scattered, whorled, or clustered. Leaves
long, cylindric. Leaves opposite, very small, 3-6 absent or few, small, linear-oblong, deciduous.
mm, obliquely oblong or elliptic-oblong, rounded Flowers very small.
at the apex and at the base, crenulate. Involucres
axillary, solitary or 2-3 in an axil, campanulate,
purplish. Fruit a capsule, trigonous. Plant parts used Stem, root. Herbal uses Poultices of
stems is used for healing of fractured bones. Latex
of the stem is used for wound healing. A decoction
Plant parts used Leaf, root, whole plant. Herbal uses made with the roots of the plant acts as an emetic
A decoction made with the plant is taken thrice in cases of snake bite, and is used for sterility in
a day (50 ml amount each time) for three days to women. Milky juice of the stem applied to itches
treat diarrhoea. Powder prepared from the leaves and insect bites, also used for earache, whooping
of the plant is given to treat bowel complaints of cough, and asthma treatment. The pulped twigs
children. Poultice of leaves is applied to areas of are applied externally to treat oedema of the legs.
dislocated bones and skin complaints to treat it. Ash from the burned branches and stems is applied
Decoction prepared from the roots of the plant is externally to treat abscesses. Poultice of roots is used
taken two times a day (100 ml amount each time) for ulcerations of the nose and for haemorrhoids
until the women amenorrhoea is cured. Vegetable treatment. A root-decoction, combined with
soup made with the plant is taken for the treatment of other drug-plants, is taken in the treatment of
constipation and bleeding piles. Paste prepared from schistosomiasis and gonorrhoea. Latex applied to
the leaves of the plant is applied to the affected area various warts, swollen glands, and tumours of the
for the treatment of snake bite. A decoction made nose. Decoction of the stems is used for colic and
from the leaves of the plant is taken twice a day (30 stomach pain. Decoction of stem applied to skin to
SYNONYM
ml amount each time) until the asthma, cough, and SYNONYM
treat leprosy and paralysis.
Euphorbia microphylla Lam. Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp. bronchitis are cured. Tirucalia tirucalli (L.) P.V.Heath, Euphorbia media N.E.Br.

Dudhia, Swetkan, Swetkerui, Swetkarni, Hat vangri. Dudh bush, Trikantak, Lankasij, jatasij, Latadaona, Jalasij.

Bheeng-shey-bawn (Rakhaing). Milk bush, Milk hedge, Indian tree spurge.

DISTRIBUTION
Gulf sandmat. It is found in Dhaka, Shatkhira, Sylhet, and Chittagong districts.

DISTRIBUTION
It occurs throughout the country.
 Convolvulaceae Fabaceae
76 77
Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Flemingia macrophylla
(Willd.) Merr.

An annual herb, with creeping stems and small A suffruticose perennial shrub, stem woody,
rounded leaves alternately arranged on the stems. branches few. Leaves trifoliate, leaflets 3-8 2-4
Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, apex rounded to cm, the terminal one obovate, narrowed, the lateral
slightly emarginate, base rounded to subcordate. obliquely elliptic, rounded at the base, apex acute,
Small white flowers occur 1-2 per leaf axil. The more or less downy, 3-nerved. Racemes dense, 7-10
flowers tiny, only 7-8 mm across, five-petalled, cm long, oblong-cylindrical, often fascicled, flower
typical morning glory form. greenish-pink with darker stripes. Fruit a pod, oblong,
turgid, clothed with greenish-grey, tomentum and
covered with viscid glands; seeds 2, round.
Plant parts used Whole plant. Herbal uses Fresh juice
extracted from the plant is taken thrice a day (10
ml amount each time) for 20 days to treat painful Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses Paste prepared
micturition. An extract made with the plant is taken from the roots of the plant is applied to the body for
twice a day (100 ml amount each time) until the the treatment of inflammation and bone fracture. A
ureterolithiasis is cured. A paste made with the fresh juice extracted from the roots of the plant is
plant is applied to the infected skin once a day for advised to take thrice a day (5 ml amount each time)
seven days to treat scabies. The plant is used for the until the asthma is cured. The leaves of the plant are
treatment of hysteria, to cure burns, cuts, wounds, used for treating postpartum fever, paralysis, and pain
and scorpion stings. in the joints. Fresh juice extracted from the roots of the
plant is taken with water until the diarrhoea is cured.
The whole plant is given to relieve stomachache.
Juice extracted from the roots of the plant is used for
gargling once a day for one week to treat pyorrhoea.
Pea-sized pills made from the roots of the plant are
taken at two hours interval (one pill each time) for
SYNONYM SYNONYM
seven days to treat food poisoning. An extract made
Convolvulus nummularius L., Evolvulus repens D. Parodi Crotalaria macrophylla Willd. from the roots of the plant is used for having hot bath
once a day for three days to treat insomnia. Paste
Bhuiokra, Bhui akra, Bhui ankara. Bara salphan. prepared from the roots of the plant is applied to the
infected skin four times a day until the leucoderma
is cured. Fresh juice extracted from the roots of the
Saing maning kak (Chakma), Mringka (Marma). Harsanga, Khaskura, Uskura (Chakma); Sailaibang, Sai kheu,
Sai pa desha (Marma); Myumokambochoke (Tripura). plant is taken thrice a day (two tea spoons amount each
time) for one month to treat osteo-arthritis. Powder
Roundleaf bindweed. DISTRIBUTION
It is found in most of the districts of the country.
made from the dried roots of the plant is taken twice
DISTRIBUTION a day (5 g amount each time) for seven days to treat
The species commonly occurs throughout the country. irregular menstruation. Fresh juice extracted from the
roots of the plant is applied to the cutting wound twice
a day for two days to treat skin sore.
 Rubiaceae Fabaceae
78 79
Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis Glycine max (L.) Merr.

A large shrub, about 2 m tall. Leaves opposite, An annual herb. Stem stout, densely clothed with
elliptic-ovate, 2-6 cm long, narrowed and pointed at fine rusty hairs. Leaves 3-foliolate, long petioled,
both ends, shining and short petioled, and stipulate. leaflets 5-10 cm long, ovate, acute. Flower in short,
Flowers large and very fragrant, occurring singly in clustered, axillary raceme of 3-15 flowers, white.
the upper axil of the leaves; corolla usually double, Fruit a pod, linear-oblong, densely pubescent, 3-4
white but soon turning yellowish, and 5-8 cm wide. seeded.
Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid.

Plant parts used Leaf, flower, seed, root. Herbal uses

Plant parts used Leaf, stem, flower, bark, fruit, root. The fermented seed is used for the treatment of cold
Herbal uses Decoction of leaves is used for the and fever. Paste prepared from the leaves of the plant
treatment of dyspepsia. Decoction of roots is used is applied to the biting place to treat snake bite. A
to treat flatulence, and nervous disorders due to decoction prepared from the roots of the plant is used
dentition. Poultice of leaves is used for the treatment to stop the bleeding from cutting wound. Flowers
of swollen breasts and headache. The burning ash of the plant are used for the treatment of blindness
of dried fruit is used for brushing teeth twice a day and corneal opacities. Soaked and germinated seeds
for six days to treat toothache. The fruits of the plant of the plant are taken for the control of diabetes. A
are used against diseases of the kidneys and lungs. paste made with the seeds of the plant is applied to
Decoction made from bark of stems and branches the infected areas for the treatment of smallpox. Soy
is used for the treatment of intermittent fever, milk is taken to relief general weakness. The seeds
dysentery, and abdominal pain. Fruits of the plant of the plant are used for the healthy functioning of
are used to treat inflammation, jaundice, fever, liver bowels, heart, kidney, liver, and stomach.
disorder, and hypertension. Decoction of bark is
used for the treatment of menorrhagia and uterine
problems. Decoction of flowers is used as wash for
SYNONYM
inflamed eyes. SYNONYM
Gardenia angustifolia Lodd. Phaseolus max L.

Gondhoraj. Soyabean, Garikalai.

Jee-song-payn (Chak); Purchen cha (Murang); Anney-sha, Soya bean.

Jhithawaye (Rakhaing).
DISTRIBUTION
It is cultivated in many districts.
Cape jasmine, Gardenia.

DISTRIBUTION
It is cultivated in garden throughout the country.
 Tiliaceae Asteraceae
80 81
Grewia nervosa (Lour.) Helianthus annuus L.
Panigrahi

A semi-deciduous tree, up to 15 m in height. Leaves A coarse, stout, and erect annual plant, up to 1-3
elliptic-oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, m high. Stems straight, rarely branched. Leaves
serrulate, chartaceous, glabrescent, slightly opposite at the lower part of the stem, alternate
cordate, or unequal at the base. Flowers pale yellow, above, ovate, rough, hairy, with toothed margins,
involucrate, in terminal panicles. Fruit a drupe, long-stalked, 10-25 cm long. Lower leaves
globose. somewhat heart-shaped. Flower heads solitary or in
clusters, up to 40 cm across. Disk florets yellow to
brown, with tubular, 5-limbed corolla. Ray florets
Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses Fresh juice yellow and spreading. Involucral bracts ovate or
extracted from the leaves of the plant is taken twice oblong. Fruit a cypsela, oblong, thick.
a day (three tea spoons amount each time) for one
week to treat dysmenorrhoea. Paste prepared from
the leaves of the plant is applied externally to the Plant parts used Leaf, flower, Seed. Herbal uses The
fractured bone and tied with a piece of cloth; the seeds of the plant are used in remedies for cancer,
bandage is replaced five times with a new one at malaria, and menorrhagia. Tea prepared from
three days interval up to 15 days. An infusion of flowers, dried or fresh leaves is used for facilitating
the leaves is taken as a cooling drink and to remedy expectoration, relieving cough, cold. Poultice of
indigestion. A drink prepared from the roasted and leaves is used for sores, insect bites treatment.
boiled leaves of the plant is given to children as an Decoction prepared from the seeds of the plant is
anthelmintic medicine. A paste made with the leaves taken twice a day (20 ml amount each time) until the
of the plant is applied externally to the boils twice or asthma is cured. Paste prepared from the seeds of the
thrice a day for five days to treat boils. A decoction plant is applied to the navel region once a day for the
made with the the roots of the plant is used to treat treatment of dysuria. The seeds of the plant are used
cough. Fresh juice extracted from the leaves of the in cardiac weakness treatment. Flower decoction
plant is taken after warming thrice a day (three tea is used for malaria and lung problems treatment. A
SYNONYM
spoons amount each time) until the paratyphoid is SYNONYM
paste made with the seeds of the plant is applied to
Microcos nervosa (Lour.) S.Y.Hu cured. Helianthus multiflorus Hook. snake bite and wounds to treat it.

Pichandi, Asar gach (Bengali); Asar golla (Chittagong). Surjomukhi.

Raschi-pang (Chak), Bol-subret (Garo), Bakong (Khumi), Nipu-jaw-payn (Chak), Nihawi-par (Lushai), Sath-paw
Soh-chirdrem (Khasia), Thlai-chal (Lushai), Tarani (Marma), (Murang), Namheiper (Pangkhoa), Negaa-bawn (Rakhaing).
Yoria sock (Murang), Hasalcong (Pangkhoa), Paan-hla-bawn
(Rakhaing).
Sunflower.

Shiral. DISTRIBUTION
It is mainly grown in the gardens for ornamental purpose, but
DISTRIBUTION now-a-days, it is also cultivated in the field as an edible oil-
It is found in Chittagong, Coxs Bazar, Sylhet, and Tangail yielding plant.
district.
 Ophioglossaceae Convolvulaceae
82 83
Helminthostachys zeylanica Hewittia malabarica (L.)
(L.) Hook. Suresh

A stipitate fern, with thick, fleshy, creeping rhizome, A perennial herb, twining or prostrate, 1-2 m,
stipes often 30 cm long, barren segment palmately occasionally rooting at nodes. Leaves petiolate,
pinnate, often in three principal divisions, which are petiole 1-6 cm, leaf blade ovate, 3-10 3-8 cm, base
again forked or pinnate; fertile spike solitary, arising cordate, hastate or truncate, margin entire or 3-lobed,
from the base of the barren segment, 7.5-10 cm long apex acuminate. Inflorescence often 1-flowered,
and 13 mm broad. flower pale yellow or whitish with purple center.
Fruit a capsule, enclosed by persistent calyx,
depressed globose, 8-10 m across; seeds dull black-
Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses Decoction trigonous.
prepared from the fern is taken to treat asthma, and
tuberculosis. Fresh juice extracted from the roots
of the fern is taken twice a day (two tea spoons Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses Paste prepared
amount each time) for ten days to treat menopause. from the leaves of the plant is applied into cuts,
Cottonseed-sized pills made from the fronds of the boils, and abscesses once a day for seven days to
fern are taken thrice a day (one pill each time) until treat it. A decoction prepared from the roots of the
the pneumonia is cured. A fresh juice extracted plant is taken in empty stomach thrice a day (50 ml
from the fronds of the fern is taken twice a day (5 amount each time) for two days to treat thread worm
ml amount each time) for one week to treat malaria. infestation. The leaves of the plant are crushed into
Fresh juice extracted from the fern is taken twice paste and applied for the treatment of wounds. The
a day (two tea spoons amount each time) for three leaves are rubbed into sores to treat it. A powder
days to treat diarrhoea. Paste prepared from the fern made with the roots of the plant is taken with water
is applied to treat snake bite. Root juice is used to twice a day (5 g amount each time) until the syphilis
treat jaundice. The fern is used for the treatment of is cured. A paste prepared from the leaves of the plant
leprosy, dysentery, and constipation. is applied to the snakebite place by tightly tying with
a piece of cloth to treat it.
SYNONYM SYNONYM
Ophiala zeylanica (L.) Desv. Convolvulus malabaricus L., Hewittia bicolor Wight & Arn.

Krimi fern. Hiwet.

Baringa ludi, Chamasssa, Chamassey, Chimoho kangkhi Tallun-payn (Chak).

(Chakma); Cha hnah kangkhri, Cha massa, Chohma kang khri,
Simakangcree (Marma); Chamassey (Tanchangya).
Malabar hewittia.

Flowering fern, Kamraj. DISTRIBUTION

The species is found in Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill
DISTRIBUTION Tracts.
It is found in Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Sundarbans,
and occasionally in other places.
 Malvaceae Euphorbiaceae
84 85
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Homonoia riparia Lour.

An erect, annual herb, 1-5 m high. Leaves 8-12 cm A gregarious evergreen shrub or small tree, 2-4 m
long, variable in shape, deeply digitately 3-7 lobed tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 12-20 cm long, 1.5-
or deeply 3-7 palmatisect, lobes elliptic to oblong. 2 cm wide; the upper surface is green and shining;
Flowers large, purple with darker center, axillary, the lower surface, brown and hairy. Inflorescence a
solitary. Fruit ovoid, pointed, hairy, about 2.5 cm many-flowered spike. Fruit a capsule, subglobose,
long, enclosed by a fleshy and enlarged calyx. densely pubescent, tricoccus, yellowish-grey.

Plant parts used Leaf, stem, fruit, seed. Herbal uses Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses A decoction
Fresh juice extracted from leaves and stems of the made with the leaves of the plant is used against
plant after warming is massaging the whole body itches. The pounded leaves are applied as a poultice
four times a day for one month to treat paralysis. against skin diseases. Decoction of root is used as
Lotion made from leaves of the plant is used for remedy for stone, bladder stones, gonorrhoea, and
sores treatment. A boiled drink prepared from the gastric ulcer. An extract made with the leaves of the
fruit and calyx, with salt, pepper, and molasses, used plant is used for gargling twice a day for six days to
for the treatment of biliousness. Decoction of seeds treat toothache. A fresh juice extracted from the roots
is used for the treatment of dysuria and strangury; for of the plant is taken twice a day (5 ml amount each
mild dyspepsia and debility. Heated leaves applied time) for seven days to treat influenza. An infusion
to cracks in the feet; also, to boils and ulcers to prepared from the leaves of the plant is used to treat
hasten healing and maturation. Decoction prepared malaria and scabies.
from leaves and stems of the plant is taken for the
treatment of hypertension. A fresh juice extracted
from leaves and stems of the plant is taken twice a
day (5 ml amount each time) for three days to treat
hysteria.
SYNONYM SYNONYM
Hibiscus fraternus L. Adelia neriifolia B.Heyne ex Roth

Lalmesta, Mesta, Patoa, Chukair (Bengali); Kharapatsa, Painna vedaka, Jamynerei.

(Chittagong); Chuaiy (Noakhali).

Water-willow.
Amile (Chakma); Puyngshi, Un thun sung krak (Bawm); Mikch
arapaing (Chak); Menda-guru (Garo); Anthur (Lushai); Jang gri se DISTRIBUTION
(Marma); kan sur ka (Murang); Anthur (Pangkhoa); Mayn-bawn-
apang (Rakhaing); Mukhoi-kechak, Mukhroi bathai (Tripura). It is found in Chittagong and Sylhet districts.

Indian sorrel, Jamaica sorrel, Natal sorrel, Red sorrel, Rosella,

Rozella, Hemp, Siam jute.

DISTRIBUTION
It is cultivated in all parts of the country.
 Apiaceae Hydrophyllaceae
86 87
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl
Lam.

A perennial herb, stem creeping or terminally An annual marsh herb, prostrate to semi erect, up
ascending, terete, glabrous, sparsely pubescent. to 40 cm or more long. Leaves 2.5-12 cm long,
Leaves simple, 0.2-1.2 0.5-2.5 cm, alternate, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous.
ovate, orbicular, reniform, lobed, entire or fringed, Flowers very numerous, bright blue, and borne in
glabrous to glabrescent, stipulate, petiole up to 5 cm racemes. Fruit a capsule, ovoid.
long, deeply cordate. Inflorescence in umbel on long
pedeuncle; flowers 3 to many, more or less compact,
greenish-white. Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Pea-sized pills
made with the plant are taken with the water thrice
a day (one pill each time) for two weeks to treat
Plant parts used Leaf, stem, whole plant. Herbal uses leucorrhoea. Paste of whole plant with coconut
Juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is taken oil is applied to minor cuts, wounds, and boils as
for the treatment of fever. An extract made with the antiseptic for quick healing. The plant is used for
leaves and stems of the plant is used for having hot the treatment of pain. Young shoots are eaten as
bath once a day for two days to treat itching. Poultice vegetable and are reported to control diabetes.
is used for wounds and boils treatment. Cottonseed-
sized pills made with the dried leaves of the plant
are taken once a day (one pill) for seven days to treat
influenza. A fresh juice extracted from the leaves and
stems of the plant is taken thrice a day (5 ml amount
each time) until the jaundice is cured. Pea-sized pills
made with the leaves and stems of the plant are taken
thrice a day (one pill each time) for one month to
treat cirrhosis. Decoction prepared from the leaves
of the plant is used to treat abscesses, cold, cough,
SYNONYM
hepatitis, influenza, pruritus, and sore throat. Juice SYNONYM
Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb. ex DC. of the plant mixed with honey, used for typhoid fever Hydrolea inermis Lour.
remedy.
Gimashak. Kasschara, Ishalanguli, Kalchra, Bisha-languli, Pani agra,
Jirunika.

Kutithankuni (Hajong).
Rehankhuni (Marma).

Lawn marshpennywort.
Water leaf.
DISTRIBUTION
It grows naturally in almost all districts. DISTRIBUTION
It is found throughout the country in fallow wet-lands.
 Lamiaceae Convolvulaceae
88 89
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.

A tall, coarse, aromatic, annual herb, up to 2 m high, A prostrate herb with trailing stem and tuberous
with 4 angled stems. Leaves opposite, ovate, 4-9 cm roots; tubers red, white or rarely yellow. Leaves
long, hairy, base cordate, apex acute, sinuate and ovate-cordate, acute angular or more or less lobed.
crenate-denticulate. Flowers small, blue in axillary Flowers 1-several in axillary cymes. Corolla 3-4.5
cymes or cymes collected into thyrsiform almost cm campanulate to funnel-shaped, pale violet.
leafless panicles. Fruits have flat and mucilaginous Capsule ovoid, rarely formed.
seeds.

Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses Fresh juice

Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root, seed. Herbal uses extracted from root tubers of the plant is taken for the
An infusion made with the seeds of the plant is treatment of diarrhoea. A paste made with the leaves
taken once a day for five days after adding some of the plant is applied to treat whitlow. Decoction
sugar to treat constipation. Leaves of the plant made from root tubers is taken once a day until the
are crushed and applied to treat boils. Infusion of strangury is cured. Sweet potato is used to treat
seeds is taken once a day (one glass) for seven days gastric ulcer. Crushed leaves are applied to treat boils
after adding some sugar to treat general weakness. and acne. A decoction made with root tuber of the
A paste prepared from the leaves and stems of the plant is taken twice a day for three days to treat fever.
plant is used as poultice to treat skin disorders such
as dermatitis, and eczema. A fresh juice extracted
from the roots of the plant is taken twice a day (10 ml
amount each time) for 15 days to treat menstruation
problem. Leaves juice applied to athletes foot and
ringworm lesions to treat it. Decoction prepared
from the roots of the plant is prescribed for the
treatment of rheumatism. The juice extracted from
SYNONYM
leaves of the plant, mixed with lime juice, is drunk to SYNONYM
Hyptis plumieri Poit. treat stomach ache. Seeds are soaked in water then Convolvulus batatas L.
it is taken with water once a day (200 ml amount)
Tokma, Bilatitulsi, Gangatulsi. for one week to treat dehydration. Crushed leaves Misti alu, Mitha alu, Lomba aloo, Ranga alu.
also applied to forehead for relieving headaches.
A decoction made with the leaves of the plant is
Chongadana, Janguli jangol, Thomma (Chakma); Mikch arapaing Ranga alo (Chakma), Lyho (Khumi).
(Chak); Do-ju (Garo); Ky-sy-sheiyprang, Sikalma(Khumi); Krah- advised to take for the treatment of diabetes and in
tgma (Khasia); Chang kasey (Marma); Morah lumia (Murang); fever associated with colds.
Biparthu (Pangkhoa); Thukma (Tanchangya). Sweet potato.

DISTRIBUTION
Hyptis. It is cultivated throughout the country.

DISTRIBUTION
It is very common especially in the hilly areas of Chittagong and
Chittagong Hill Tract, also in fallow lands of other areas.
 Convolvulaceae Acanthaceae
90 91
Ipomoea triloba L. Justicia adhatoda L.

An annual climber with 13 m long, somewhat An evergreen dense shrub, up to 2.7 m high. Leaves
angled stems. Leaves cordate, acuminate, mostly large, elliptic or oblanceolate, 8-16 cm long, 2-4
510 cm long, longer than wide, not always three- cm wide, acute at both ends, entire. Flowers white,
lobed as the specific epithet suggests. Inflorescence 2-lipped, in short, dense, axillary pedunculate
axillary, peduncle shorter to longer than the petiole, spikes. Fruit a capsule, clavate.
angular toward the apex, one-flowered or cymosely
few to several-flowered, branches of the cyme very
short. Flowers aggregate, pedicels glabrous, 2.5 to Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Extracted fresh

8 mm, closing before noon, sepals slightly unequal, juice is taken thrice a day (two tea spoons amount
corolla 5lobed, funnel shaped, 2022 mm long, each time) for three days to treat bronchitis. Paste
glabrous, pinkish, with or without white markings. prepared from the leaves of the plant is applied to
Fruit a capsule, depressed globose with sharp point, the affected are to treat wounds, bone fracture, and
bristly hairy. rheumatism. Fresh juice extracted from the leaves of
the plant is given for the treatment of diarrhoea, and
dysentery. Powdered leaves are used to treat malaria.
Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses A decoction 30 ml of the juice prepared from the leaves of the
prepared from the leaves of the plant is taken twice plant is taken thrice a day with honey for relieving
a day (30 ml amount each time) for three days to irritable cough. The juice extracted from the leaves
treat stomachache. A paste made with the leaves of of the plant is taken thrice a day (10 ml amount each
the plant is applied to the forehead twice a day for time) until the jaundice is cured. Powder prepared
two days to treat headache. A paste prepared from from the leaves of the plant is given for the treatment
the leaves of the plant is applied to treat boils and of asthma.
acne. Decoction of the whole plant is used in the
management of diabetes mellitus.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Batatas triloba (L.) Choisy Adhatoda vasica Nees, Adhatoda zeylanica Medik.

Bonno alu. Basak, Bakas, Bashak, Alok bizak (Bengali); Bashak hata
(Noakhali).

Littlebell, Three-lobe morning glory.

Sada basak (Chakma), Alok-bizak (Garo), Tumpang (Lushai),
DISTRIBUTION Dasiban (Marma), Tumpang (Pangkhoa), Bosa (Rakhaing),
The species is found in Dhaka and Chittagong district. Sadioruiccha (Tanchangya), Basak (Tripura).

White dragons head, Malabar nut.

DISTRIBUTION
It is very common and found throughout the country.
 Zingiberaceae Lythraceae
92 93
Kaempferia galanga L. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.)
Pers.

A stemless rhizomatous herb, rhizome small, A medium-sized to large much branched deciduous
tuberous, aromatic with several tubers bearing roots. tree. Leaves opposite, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate,
Leaves 2, spreading flat on the ground, orbicular 10-20 cm long, acuminate at the apex, acute to
to broadly ovate, 7-15 cm long, with rounded base. rounded at the base. Inflorescence a terminal panicle;
Flowers white or pale pink spotted with violet, 6-12 flowers large, showy, mauve-purple, 5-7 cm across.
from the centre of the plant between the leaves. Lip Fruit a capsule, ellipsoid or sub-globose.
broad, deeply 2-lobed, with a lilac spot at the base.

Plant parts used Leaf, bark, fruit, root. Herbal uses

Plant parts used Leaf, rhizome. Herbal uses The fresh A decoction made with the barks of the plant is
juice extracted from the rhizome of the plant is advised to take once a day (50 ml amount) for 30
advised to take once a day until the asthma is cured. days to treat anaemia. Leaf decoction or infusion is
A fresh juice extracted from the rhizomes of the used for bladder and kidney inflammation, dysuria,
plant is taken twice a day (two tea spoons amount and other urinary dysfunctions. Roots have been
each time) for three days to treat flatulence. A paste used for a variety of stomach ailments. A fresh juice
made with the rhizome of the plant is applied to the extracted from the barks of the plant is taken twice
forehead to treat headache. Leaves of the plant are a day for three days to treat flatulence. Decoction
applied externally to treat sore throat. Rhizome is prepared from the dried fruits of the plant is used to
used for the relief of toothache. Juice extracted from treat diabetes. Decoction of bark is advised to treat
the rhizomes of the plant is mixed with little amount diarrhoea. Pea-sized pills made with barks of the
of salt, then it is taken for the treatment of diarrhoea. plant are taken twice a day (one pill each time) for
Decoction of rhizome is given for the treatment one month to treat general weakness. Pea-sized pills
of dyspepsia. Externally, the root is applied as a made with the barks of the plant are taken thrice a
poultice to swellings and ulcers, and is also used to day until the tetanus is cured.
treat dandruff. Paste of rhizome is mixed with oil and
SYNONYM
then it is applied to the affected part of the body for SYNONYM
Kaempferia latifolia Donn ex Hornem. healing wounds and rheumatism. Lagerstroemia major Retz.

Ekangi, Sugandha bach, Chandumula, Humula. Jarul, Kantajarul, Bonjarul, Paniajarul.

Ada kamala (Chakma), Pamung (Chak), Wak-fatra (Garo), Khamong-paa (Chak), Kha mong (Mogh), Kha mong pa
Pramuii-kanneyei (Khumi), Miri si ga (Marma). (Marma).

Kencur, Aromatic ginger, Sand ginger. Crepe flower, Queen flower, Pride of India, Indian lilac.

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
It is found in Dhaka, Tangail, Sherpur, Chittagong, and Sylhet It is found throughout the country.
district, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
 Rutaceae Cucurbitaceae
94 95
Limonia acidissima L. Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.

A medium-sized, semi-deciduous tree, up to 12 A large climber, stem 5-angled, with usually 3-fid
m tall, armed with axillary sharp spines. Leaves tendrils. Leaves subcircular, often 5-7 lobed, heart
alternate, imparipinnate, up to 12 cm long, petioles shaped at the base. Flowers yellow, large; male
and rachis narrowly winged, leaflets 5-7, opposite, flowers in axillary 12-20 flowered racemes; female
obovate, 3-4 cm long, base cuneate, crenate at the flowers solitary. Fruit 20-30 cm long, clavate-
apex, entire. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, oblong, acutely 10-angled, tapering towards the
many-flowered panicles, or racemes. Flowers small, base.
dull red or greenish-white. Fruit a globose berry, 5-8
cm in diameter with greenish-white or brownish,
hard, woody rind, pulp fleshy, chocolate-coloured Plant parts used Leaf, fruit, seed, root. Herbal uses

when ripe, many-seeded. Powder made from the dried fruits of the plant is
taken twice a day (5 g amount each time) with water
until the jaundice is cured. An extract made from
Plant parts used Leaf, fruit, seed. Herbal uses Leaf juice the fruits of the plant is taken thrice a day (50 ml
is used as a remedy of intestinal troubles of children. amount each time) for three days to treat headache.
Seeds of the plant are used to treat heart diseases. A Decoction made with the leaves of the plant is
mixture made with the fruit pulp, water and salt then used to treat amenorrhoea. Pounded leaves are
it is taken twice a day (100 ml amount each time) used for the treatment of haemorrhoids, splenitis,
for two days or until the stomachache is cured. A and leprosy. Juice extracted from the leaves of
fresh juice extracted from the young leaves of the the plant is used externally for sores and various
plant is mixed with milk and sugar then it is given to animal bites treatment. Root decoction is used to
children to stop vomiting and other gastric problems. treat dropsy. Seeds of the plant are eaten to expel
Powdered leaves are mixed with honey and it is intestinal worms. Leaf juice is used for the treatment
taken for the treatment of diarrhoea, and dysentery. of conjunctivitis in children. A fresh juice extracted
Fresh juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is from the leaves of the plant is applied to treat
SYNONYM
taken thrice a day for three days to treat hiccup. SYNONYM
eczema. Powder made from the fruits of the plant is
Feronia limonia (L.) Cucurbita acutangula (L.) Blume taken twice a day (3 g amount each time) with water
until the piles is cured.
Koethbel. Jhinga, Ghosalata, Jinga (Bengali); Jhiya (Noakhali).

Angklu (Khumi), Ching- por-ui (Murang), Oray-sthei (Rakhaing). Jhing-a (Chakma), Chebokci (Chak), Beyoi (Khumi), Umpawng
(Lushai), Khota-shi (Marma), Pang lai (Murang), Archongchem
(Pangkhoa), Kha-ui-bawn (Rakhaing), Jhiya (Tanchangya).
Wood apple, Elephant apple, Curd fruit, Monkey fruit.

DISTRIBUTION Ridged gourd, Angled loofah.

It is very common in Dhaka, Rajshahi, Kushtia, and other north-
western districts. DISTRIBUTION
The species is cultivated throughout the country.
 Cucurbitaceae Solanaceae
96 97
Luffa cylindrica (L.) Lycopersicon esculentum
M.Roem. Mill.

A large climber, with 2-4-fid tendrils. Leaves A viscidly pubescent, branched, annual herb, up to
orbicular-reniform 10-20 cm long, palmately 1 m tall. Stems weak and trailing. Leaves arranged
5-(rarely 7- ) lobed, both surfaces finely scabrous. spirally, up to 30 cm long, imparipinnate, lyrate
Male flowers in axillary 10-20 flowered racemes, or sometimes only slightly lobed, ovate, pinnae
petals yellow, spreading. Female flowers solitary, unequal, irregularly toothed. Flowers small, 1.5-1.7
yellow, axillary. Fruit 12-30 cm long, cylindric, cm across, yellow, on lax, few-flowered, peduncled
blunt at the end, marked with longitudinal lines. cymes. Fruits juicy, variable in size, 2-10 cm across,
shape (round, oblong or lobed) and colour (deep red,
brick red or yellowish).
Plant parts used Leaf, fruit, seed. Herbal uses Leaf
juice is used for the treatment of skin disease. A fresh
juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is taken Plant parts used Fruit, root. Herbal uses A paste made
for the treatment of bronchitis. Seeds have been used with the roots of the plant is applied to the affected
in the treatment of asthma, sinusitis, and fever. Fruits parts of the body once a day until the rheumatism is
of the plant are used for the treatment of jaundice, cured. Decoction prepared from roots of the plant
biliary and intestinal colitis, syphilis, tumours, is used for gargling twice a day for five days to treat
splenomegaly, toothache, smallpox, haemorrhoids, toothache. Juice extracted from the fruits of the plant
and leprosy. Tincture of seed oil is used for the is used as a remedy for asthma and bronchitis. Sliced
treatment of various skin diseases. A paste made with fruits are a quick and easy first aid treatment for
the leaves of the plant is applied to the boils once a burns, scalds, and sunburn. Fruit pulp is used to treat
day for five days to treat carbuncle. dyspepsia, biliousness. Paste prepared from the roots
of the plant is applied to the forehead twice a day for
two days to treat headache.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Momordica cylindrica L. Solanum lycopersicum L.

Dhundal, Purul, Titpola (Bengali); Chinal (Noakhali). Tomato, Tok begun, Bilatibegun (Bengali); Gurbegun
(Chittagong), Khatta baioon (Noakhali).

Myong-chun (Chak), Powgul (Tanchangya), Phorul (Chakma),

Sw-bwoe-shi (Marma), Ui-tha (Murang), Thumpong Kharang-shang-chae (Chak), Bawk-bawn-thur (Lushai),
(Pangkhoa), Mree-u-sthei (Rakhaing), Fwr dalok (Tripura). Surcha-min-tao (Murang), Andakthur (Pangkhoa), Kha-rey-
shying-sthei (Rakhaing).

Sponge gourd, Smooth luffa.

Tomato.
DISTRIBUTION
The species is cultivated throughout the country. DISTRIBUTION
It is cultivated throughout the country.
 Sapotaceae Marsileaceae
98 99
Madhuca longifolia Marsilea minuta L.
(J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr.

A medium-sized to large, handsome, deciduous A perennial fern with slender, rooted, creeping,
tree. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate, clustered branching rhizomes bearing erect leaves (sterile
at the end of branches, elliptic-oblong, 12-20 cm fronds) along their length. The leaves, which consist
long, base broad, apex acuminate. Flowers cream- of four, clover-like leaflets at the apex of a slender
coloured, fleshy, sweet, in dense clusters near the erect stalk, arise along the length of each rhizome,
end of branches, drooping. Fruit a berry, egg-shaped, margin entire or crenate. At the base of the petioles
greenish, usually 1-seeded. the sporocarps are formed on about 5 mm long
stalks. The sporocarps 3-4 mm long, oblong with
rounded ends, with their long axis at right angles to
Plant parts used Leaf, bark, flower, seed. Herbal uses the stalk. The bean-shaped sporocarps contain both
The leaves of the plant crushed with sesame oil can megasporangia and microsporangia.
be heated and applied to the affected area to treat
eczema. Infusion of bark is taken to treat diarrhoea.
The oil from the seeds is used in the treatment of Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Decoction prepared
skin diseases. The bark of the plant is used for the from leaves of the plant is taken once a day at night
treatment of tonsillitis, leprosy, and fever. The ash for 15 days to treat asthma. Fresh juice extracted
of the leaves can be mixed with ghee and used as from the leaves of the plant is mixed with sugar
a dressing to relieve burns and scalds. It can also then the mixture is taken for the treatment of high
be used to relieve itching problems. Decoction of blood pressure. The leaves of the plant are pounded,
stem bark is used to treat scabies. The flowers of the cooked with rice and then eaten for the treatment
plant are used in the treatment of cough and cold. of indigestion. The plant is cooked and taken as
The leaves of the plant are used to treat chronic vegetable to relief hypertension, sleeping disorders,
bronchitis. and headache. Leaf decoction is taken once a day for
5 days to treat dysuria. The leaf juice is used to stop
nose bleeding. Decoction prepared from leaves of
SYNONYM SYNONYM
the plant is used to treat cough and other respiratory
Bassia longifolia J.Koenig ex L. Marsilea aegyptica Wall. troubles. Leaf juice is applied to the affected area
to treat insect bite. The leaves are rolled in a leaf
Mohua. Susni sak. of Shorea robusta; the whole is then boiled and
then applied to swollen gums in order to reduce the
swelling Decoction made from the leaves of the
Unn-rain (Murang), Aarra-bawn (Rakhaing). Mring blu (Marma), Susnisak (Tripura).
plant is mixed with cow milk, and it is taken for one
week to treat insomnia. The fern is recommended for
Butter tree, Mahua tree. Water clover.
the treatment of psychopathy, diarrhoea, respiratory
DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION diseases, and skin diseases.
It occurs throughout the country. The species is found in Dhaka, Chittagong, Coxs Bazar,
Noakhali, Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Manikganj districts.
 Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae
100 101
Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Mecardonia procumbens
Steenis (Mill.) Small

A small annual herb. Leaves rosetted below, An annual, prostrate, glabrous herb. Stem usually
sometimes opposite or alternate above, oblong- branched, 10-30 cm long, rooting at nodes, 4-angled,
oval to obovate-spathulate, base acute, apex obtuse, slightly twisted. Leaves opposite, leaf blade elliptic
irregularly crenate-serrate. Flowers in lax racemes, to ovate, chartaceous, apex acute, base decurrent,
white, purple, or blue; uper lip short, lobes ovate, margin serrulate. Flowers axillary, 2 per node,
triangular; lower lip middle lobe smaller than lateral subtended by leafy bracts; corolla lemon-yellow,
lobes, slightly exserted, obovate. Fruit a capsule, slightly exserted beyond the calyx. Fruit a capsule,
obovoid. oblong, loculicidally 2-valved; seeds minute.

Plant parts used Leaf, stem. Herbal uses A decoction Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Leaves of the
made with the leaves and stems of the plant is taken plant are used as poultice in boils, and sores. Paste
once a day (100 ml amount each time) for three days prepared from the leaves of the plant is applied to
to treat constipation. Fresh juice extracted from the treat cuts, wounds, and ringworm.
leaves of the plant is taken thrice a day (5 ml amount
each time) for three days to treat fever. The powder
is made with the dried leaves of the plant with water
and little amount of salt it is taken twice a day (5 ml
amount each time) for seven days to treat typhoid.
A fresh juice extracted from the leaves and stems of
the plant is taken twice a day (two tea spoons amount
each time) until the irregular menstruation is cured.
The plant is used for the treatment of atherosclerosis,
stroke, and diabetes.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Lobelia pumila Burm.f, Mazus japonicus (Thunb.) Kuntze Bacopa procumbens (Mill.) Greenm.

Tutra. Mikardan.

Maalati Jhaar (Manipuri). Baby jump up.

DISTRIBUTION
Japanese mazus, Asian mazus. The species is found in Chittagong, Bogra, Rajshahi, Dhaka, and
Tangail district.
DISTRIBUTION
The species is found in Comilla, Dhaka, Tangail, Kushtia,
Mymensingh, and Sylhet districts.
 Convolvulaceae Mimosaceae
102 103
Merremia vitifolia (Burm. f.) Mimosa pudica L.
Hallier f.

A large, glabrous, or patently hirsute twiner. Leaves A diffuse, thorny, under shrub. Leaves subdigitately
pal hairy, woody climber with slender stems. pinnately compound, very sensitive, both pinnae
Leaves rounded, 5-15 cm wide, palmately 5-lobed, and leaflets, folding when touched. Pinnae 1-2 pairs,
andmately 5-7 lobed, entire or coarsely dentate 5-9 cm long; leaflets 12-20 pairs, 1-1.5 cm long,
or crenate, sparsely to densely pilose. Flowers 1 linear-oblong, acute. Inflorescence a globose head,
to several in axillary cymes on patently hirsute long-peduncled, solitary, or paired in each axil, 1
peduncle; corolla yellow, bell-shaped. Fruit a cm across; flowers pink. Fruit a pod, oblong, flat,
capsule, 4-valved, papery. slightly recurved.

Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses Infusion Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root, seed. Herbal uses
prepared from the leaves of the plant is taken for the A fresh juice extracted from the leaves and stems
treatment of high fever and malaria. An infusion of the plant is applied to the boils twice a day for
of the stem is used internally and externally in the three days to treat it. Powdered seeds applied for
treatment of smallpox. The plant is used to treat the treatment of wounds and sores. Decoction
strangury and urethral discharges. Juice extracted prepared from the roots of the plant is given to treat
from the plant is used for poulticing soreness and dysentery, urinary complaints, and dysmenorrhoea.
inflammation. The root is eaten raw as a remedy for Pea-sized pills made from the leaves and stems of
stomachache. Paste prepared from the leaves of the the plant are taken with the honey and water to treat
plant is applied to the fractured bone for making gonorrhoea. Decoction or infusion made with the
bandage; the bandage is replaced five times with a leaves of the plant is used to treat asthma. Paste
new one at three days interval to treat bone fracture. prepared from the leaves and stems of the plant is
applied to the affected parts of the body to treat gout.
Powdered roots and leaves are taken with milk for
piles and fistula treatment. Roots of the plant are
SYNONYM SYNONYM
used for the treatment of leprosy, vaginal and uterine
Ipomoea vitifolia (Burm. f.) Blume Mimosa hispidula Kunth complaints, inflammation, fatigue, fever, jaundice,
and smallpox. Leaves of the plant are used for
Kormolata, Kangolata. Lajjabati, Lajak, Sarminda. haemorrhoids, conjunctivitis, rheumatism, itching,
and scabies treatment.

Babhoi toring (Chakma); Engffeyei (Khumi); Ta mangha, Khyai Lajuri hada, Lajuri kher (Chakma); Hrak paing (Chak); Ambi-
pacha, Kha mongno (Marma). michhum (Garo); Lajburi (Hajong); Aangze (Khumi); Belhzak
(Lushai); Kak pine (Marma); Pinjorukri (Murang); Beljak (Pangkhoa);
Hraa-apang , Kraa-bawn, Shraprem (Rakhaing); Lajubaher shikor,
Grape-leaf wood rose. Lasjuk gaith (Tanchnagya); Sada sorminda pata (Tripura).

DISTRIBUTION
It is found in Bandarban, Chittgong, Jamalpur, and Rangamati Sensitive plant, Humble plant.
districts.
DISTRIBUTION
It is found all over Bangladesh in fallow lands.
 Nyctaginaceae Cucurbitaceae
104 105
Mirabilis jalapa L. Momordica charantia L.

A perennial herb with a large tuberous root, up to 1.5 An annual, climbing herb. Tendrils simple, up to
m tall. Leaves ovate, base cordate, apex acute, and 20 cm long. Leaves 2.5-10 cm in diameter, cut
margin slightly wavy. Flowers usually purple but nearly to the base into 5-7 lobes, oblong-ovate,
very numerous colours are found, born solitary in the variously toothed, and heart-shaped at the base.
leaf axils. Fruit an anthocarp, ovoid, 5-ribbed, black Plant monoecious, flower yellow solitary with
when mature. long slender peduncles. Fruit green, fleshy, oblong,
cylindric, 15-25 cm long, pointed at both ends,
ribbed and wrinkled, bursting when mature to
Plant parts used Leaf, flower. Herbal uses Juice release seeds; seeds compressed, oblong.
extracted from the leaves of the plant is taken three
times a day (5 ml amount each time) for three days
to treat urination problem. Decoction prepared from Plant parts used Leaf, flower, fruit, seed, root. Herbal
the leaves of the plant is used to treat abscesses. The uses Fresh juice extracted from the fruits of the plant
leaf juice is used to treat wounds. Paste prepared is taken twice a day (5 ml amount each time) for one
from the flowers of the plant is applied to treat week to treat flatulence. Seeds of the plant are used
headache. A paste made with the leaves of the plant to expel worms. Powdered leaves or root decoction
is used to treat scabies and muscular swellings. The is applied to treat haemorrhoids. Infusion of leaves
decoction of whole plant is used to treat vaginal or leaf juice is used for the treatment of fever. A
discharge, dysentery, diarrhoea, abdominal colic, fresh juice extracted from the fruits of the plant is
and muscle pain. Poultice of leaves and flowers taken thrice a day (10 ml amount each time) until
is used for eczema, skin infections, and itching the diabetes is cured. Infusion of flowers is given
treatment. The plant is used for the treatment of for the treatment of asthma. Pounded leaves are
dropsy, fever and reduces the inflammation, pain. applied to treat headache, skin diseases, burns, and
scalds. Juice of leaves is used for the treatment of
chronic coughs. Fresh juice extracted from the fruits
SYNONYM SYNONYM
of the plant is taken twice a day (two tea spoons
Nyctago jalapae (L.) DC. Momordica chinensis Spreng. amount each time) for two weeks to treat allergy. A
fresh juice extracted from the fruits is taken thrice
Sondhamaloti, Sondhamoni, Krishnokoli. Korolla, Tita korolla. a day (10 ml amount each time) for seven days to
treat chicken pox. The plant is used to treat eczema,
malaria, gout, jaundice, abdominal pain, kidney
Khranaa-payn (Chak), Arta khuang pa (Lushai), Yeak kup chi Tit gula (Chakma), Chaimranci (Chak), Achamasi (Khumi),
(Murang), Ching-shey-apang (Rakhaing). Chamgkha (Lushai), Titkorolla (Marma), Ching-che (Murang), stone, leprosy, leucorrhoea, piles, pneumonia,
Vurluk (Pangkhoa), Gank-khera-apang (Rakhaing), Belati tira psoriasis, rheumatism, and scabies.
gula (Tanchangya).
Four oclock plant, Marvel of Peru, Beauty of the night.

DISTRIBUTION Bitter gourd, Carilla fruit, Bitter melon.

Cultivated as an ornamental plant throughout the country.
DISTRIBUTION
The species is cultivated throughout the country.
 Cucurbitaceae Moraceae
106 107
Momordica cochinchinensis Morus alba L.
(Lour.) Spreng.

A large climber with perennial root stock and A small to medium-sized deciduous tree. Leaves
tuberous roots. Leaves broadly ovate, 12-18 cm simple, alternate, petiolate, 5-16 cm long, rounded
long as broad, deeply palmately 3-lobed, sometimes to shallowly cordate at the base, acute apex, margin
entire, with pointed tips and heart-shaped base. Plant sharply serrate. Flowers unisexual, the female
monoecious, flower large, solitary, white, tinged flowers numerous and crowded in short spikes. Fruit
with yellow. The fruit large, ovoid to rounded, 10- an ovoid syncarp, 1.5-3 cm long, pinkish to dark
15 cm in diameter, yellow and roughened with purple when ripe.
scattered, tubercle-like spines; seeds large, flattened,
and circular.
Plant parts used Leaf, fruit, bark, root. Herbal uses
Decoction prepared from the leaves of the plant
Plant parts used Leaf, root, seed. Herbal uses Juice is given for cold, cough, sore throats, and fever
extracted from the leaves of the plant, after warming treatment. Paste prepared from the leaves of the
it is taken with the sugar twice a day for one month plant is applied to the affected part of the body for
to treat anaemia. Roots of the plant are used for the treatment of rheumatism, wounds, and insect
treatment of head lice. A fresh juice extracted from bite. Decoction made with the leaves of the plant
the leaves of the plant is taken every day until the is used for the treatment of sweating feet, dropsy,
liver and spleen disorder is cured. An infusion and intestinal disorders. The bark is anthelmintic
of the leaves is used as a remedy for intestinal and purgative; it is used to expel tape worms. The
disturbances, pain after childbirth, stomach cramps, fruit has a tonic effect on kidney energy, it is used
and various swellings. Seeds of the plant are used in the treatment of urinary incontinence, dizziness,
for the treatment of glandular swelling of the neck, tinnitus, insomnia due to anaemia, neurasthenia,
abscesses, bruises, ulcers, and chronic malaria. A hypertension, diabetes, premature greying of the
paste made with the roots of the plant is applied to hair, and constipation in the elderly. Root bark of the
treat bones swollen by rheumatism. The poisonous plant is used internally in the treatment of asthma,
SYNONYM
seed is used externally as a poultice in the treatment SYNONYM
bronchitis, and oedema. Extract of the leaves can be
Muricia cochinchinensis Lour. of skin eruptions and infections, haemorrhoids, Morus chinensis Lodd. ex Loudon used in the treatment of elephantiasis. Leaves of the
mastitis, and enlarged lymph nodes. A paste made plant are used for the treatment of conjunctivitis.
Boro kakrol, Kata kakrol, Kakrol, Golkak, Golkakra (Bengali); with the leaves of the plant is applied to the cutting Tut.
Aakri (Noakhali). wound to treat it.

Soh-miaoh (Khasia), Mokhum-yam-phak (Tripura).

Shejlock shak (Chakma), Kain- khan- polong- chae (Chak),
Achampol (Khumi), Kang-chaing-za (Murang), Hang-khaa-
bawn-sthei (Rakhaing). Mulberry, White mulberry.

DISTRIBUTION
Sweet gourd, Giant spine gourd, Spine bitter cucumber. It is cultivated throughout the country, particularly in northern
districts.
DISTRIBUTION
The species is cultivated in most parts of the country.
 Fabaceae Fabaceae
108 109
Mucuna monosperma Wight Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.

A large, woody, perennial twiner, young branches An annual or perennial, large climbing herb,
clothed with rusty brown, deciduous tomentum. glabrescent at maturity. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate,
Leaves 15-25 cm long, 3-foliolate; leaflets 7-10 cm membranous, ovate, rhomboid. Racemes pendulous,
long, ovate-oblong or elliptic, shortly acuminate. 10-25 cm long, with many flowers, purple. Pods 10-
Flowers purple, in 6-12 flowered corymbose axillary 15 cm long, turgid, falcately curved on both ends,
racemes; corolla 3.8 cm long, purple. Fruit a pod, densely clothed with dark brown, persistent, irritant
winged on both sutures and obliquely pliated on bristles; seeds pinkish-brown, oblong-ellipsoids.
the faces, covered with brown, deciduous, irritant
bristles. Seed solitary, slightly compressed, dark
brown, smooth, shining. Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root, seed. Herbal uses
Paste prepared from the leaves and stems of the plant
is applied to the affected part of the body until the
Plant parts used Seed. Herbal uses Paste prepared from rheumatism is cured. Roots of the plant are used for
the seeds of the plant is applied to the affected area paralysis and affections of the of nervous system
to treat paralysis. Seeds of the plant are used for the treatment. Infusion made with the pods of the plant
treatment gonorrhoea, sterility, and general debility. is used as remedy for dropsy. Seeds of the plant are
Decoction prepared from the seeds of the plant is used internally as remedy for Parkinsons disease,
used to treat cough and asthma. oedema, impotence, intestinal gas, and worms.
The leaves and stems of the plant are used for the
treatment of gout and snake bite. Infusion of root
mixed with honey prescribed for cholera treatment.
The plant is used for the treatment of worms,
dysentery, diarrhoea, sexual debility, tuberculosis,
rheumatic disorders, diabetes, cancer, and gout.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Mucuna anguina Wall. Mucuna prurita (L.) Hook.

Nata alkushi, Soash guri. Alkushi, Bichchoti, Khamach, Bilaiachra, Soash guri.

Bong-cha-khu (Chak), Yaa-bawn (Marma). Eng rhi noi (Marma), Kru-kuch (Murang).

Negro bean. Common cowitch, Velvet bean plant, Cowhage.

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
It is found in Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts, and Sylhet It is found throughout Bangladesh in village thickets and jungle.
districts.
 Commelinaceae Rutaceae
110 111
Murdannia spirata (L.) Murraya paniculata (L.)
G.Brckn. Jack

A small annual herb, with erect stems, rooting at A strong smelling, shrub or small tree. Leaves
lower nodes. Alternately arranged stalkless leaves pinnately compound, often 30 cm long; leaflets 2.6-4
are 1-3 cm long. Lower ones linear-lance-shaped, cm long, variable, usually obliquely ovate, obtusely
upper ones oblong, heart-shaped, stem-clasping. acuminate, crenulate. Flowers few, white, very
Flowers borne in branched panicles, blue, carried fragrant, 2 cm long, and borne on short, terminal or
on 2 cm long stalks, 3 rounded petals and 3 fertile axillary cymes. Fruit fleshy, red when ripe, pointed
stamens with bearded filaments. Filaments of or oval-shaped, 2 cm long.
staminodes are naked. Fruit a capsule, 2-3 mm across
round.
Plant parts used Leaf, bark, root. Herbal uses Fresh
juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is taken
Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses Paste as a cure for diarrhoea and dysentery. The ground-up
prepared from the plant with common salt is applied bark of the roots is both eaten and applied externally
to the affected area for the treatment of leprosy. A in the treatment of body ache. A decoction made
paste made with leaves and stems of the plant is with the barks of the plant is used in the treatment of
applied to the infected face twice a day until the acne diarrhoea. A paste prepared from the leaves of the
is cured. A fresh juice extracted from the leaves and plant is applied to the affected parts of the body to
stems of the plant is applied into the ear twice a day treat bruise. Decoction prepared from the leaves of
(two to three drops each time) for five days to treat the plant is taken twice a day for three days to treat
otitis media. A paste made with the leaves of the fever. An infusion is made with the leaves of the
plant is applied to the infected skin once a day for plant is taken twice a day (10 ml amount each time)
three days to treat scabies. Root paste with goat milk until the vomiting is stopped. Crushed leaves applied
is prescribed to cure asthma. externally to relieve burn, to cure skin eruptions and
leucoderma. Leaves and root bark of the plant are
used for rheumatism, cough, and hysteria treatment.
SYNONYM SYNONYM
A decoction made with the leaves of the plant is used
Commelina spirata L. Murraya exotica L. as mouthwash for toothache. A paste made with the
leaves of the plant is applied externally to treat the
Shishir murdan. Kamini. bites of poisonous animals. The plant is used for
the treatment of piles, stomachache, rheumatism,
paralysis, diabetes, abdominal pain, headache,
Hanki-zachi (Garo). Tayou-janaa (Rakhaing).
swelling, inflammation, itching, and blood disorder.

Asiatic dew-flower. Orange jessamine, Cosmetic bark.

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
It occurs in meadows and paddy fields throughout the country. It is found throughout the country as an ornamental plant.
 Apocynaceae Verbenaceae
112 113
Nerium oleander L. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.

A large, erect evergreen shrub with white latex. A small deciduous tree; branchlets rough, pubescent,
Leaves usually 3 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, 4-angular. Leaves opposite, 5-10 cm long, 3-7 cm
tapering at both ends, 10-15 cm long. Flowers pink wide, ovate to ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate at
or white, 4 cm across, in terminal cymes. Fruit the apex, rounded, cuneate at the base, margin entire
cylindric, paired, with deep linear striations, 15-20 or distantly toothed, densely pubescent beneath with
cm long. Seed numerous and compressed, with a tuft appressed hairs. Flowers 1-1.5 cm across, fragrant,
of fine, shining, white and grayish, silky hairs. petals white, tube and throat orange, 3-7 together on
quadrangular peduncles. Capsule 2 cm long and as
broad, obcordate or nearly orbicular, compressed,
Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses Paste prepared 2-celled.
from the leaves of the plant is applied to the wounds
to treat snake bite. A decoction made with the
leaves of the plant has been applied externally in Plant parts used Leaf, bark, flower, root. Herbal uses
the treatment of scabies and parasitic skin worms, A decoction made with the leaves of the plant is
and to reduce swellings. Fresh juice extracted from taken twice a day until the gout is cured. A fresh
the leaves of the plant with 5 drops of fresh coconut juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is used
oil is applied three times daily to treat ringworm. for the treatment of hepatomegaly. Decoction
Crushed leaves mixed with oil and apply to lesions prepared from leaves of the plant is taken once a day
and eczema to treat it. Roots of the plant made for five days to treat malaria. A decoction of leaves,
into paste with water are used for the treatment of bark, roots, and flowers of the plant is used for the
haemorrhoids. Oil prepared from the root bark is treatment of intestinal worms, fever, rheumatism,
used in the treatment of leprosy and skin diseases and enlargement of spleen. Powder made from the
of a scaly nature. The plant is used for the treatment leaves of the plant is taken with water to treat obesity.
of cardiac illness, asthma, scabies, cancer, malaria,
fever, diabetes, and epilepsy.
SYNONYM SYNONYM
Nerium indicum Mill. Nyctanthes dentata Blume

Karabi, Rakta karabi. Sheuli, Shefali, Sinkhora, Horsinghora, Shefalika.

Tai-cha-apang (Rakhaing), Kanail dare (Santal). Shinguri phul (Chakma), Shingraphul (Hajong), Ru-raa-bawn
(Rakhaing), Hingra-bubar (Tripura).

Oleander, Roseberry spurge.

Night jasmine, Coral jasmine, Sorrowful tree, Indian mourner.
DISTRIBUTION
It is grown in gardens throughout the country. DISTRIBUTION
The species is found throughout the country.
 Menyanthaceae Apiaceae
114 115
Nymphoides indica (L.) Oenanthe javanica (Blume)
Kuntze DC.

A floating annual herb, with several long branches, A perennial, glabrous, often aquatic herb, root
branches reach the surface of the water, each node fibrous, stem terete, erect or ascending from a
with tuft of roots, a cluster of flowers, and a single creeping base, up to 80 cm tall, much branches.
floating leaf. Leaves orbicular, deeply cordate, Basal leaves petiolate, blade oblong-ovate, 1-2
with obtuse basal lobes and triangular sinus and pinnate, ultimate segments ovate or rhombic-ovate,
with somewhat sinuate margin. Flowers appearing margin serrate. Inflorescence a compound, many-
above the water between the basal lobes of leaf, flowered umbel, terminal and opposite the leaves;
petals lobed, densely clothed with long cottony flowers small, white. Fruit a subglobose schizocarp.
papillose hairs, not created down the middle. Fruits
subglobose.
Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Decoction prepared
from the leaves of the plant is taken with honey
Plant parts used Leaf, rhizome. Herbal uses Paste thrice a day (10 ml amount each time) for seven
prepared from the leaves of the plant is applied days to treat influenza. The leaves are chewed with
to treat wounds. A fresh juice extracted from the wild ginger and traditional ash salt as an antidote to
rhizomes of the plant is taken with little amount of poisoning. The leaves are rubbed onto the forehead
sugar twice a day (20 ml amount each time) until in order to ease a headache. An extract prepared from
the jaundice is cured. Leaf paste is applied to the the leaves of the plant by boiling in water is taken
forehead to get relief from headache. Fresh juice thrice a day (10 ml amount each time) for three days
extracted from the rhizomes of the plant is taken to treat fever. The stem is chewed and swallowed to
thrice a day (5 ml amount each time) for three days ease the cough. A decoction made with the leaves of
to treat fever. Decoction prepared from the plant is the plant, after adding some sugar it is taken thrice a
taken for the treatment of dysentery. A fresh juice day until the jaundice is cured. An extract made with
extracted from the rhizomes of the plant is taken with the plant is taken thrice a day (10 ml amount each
little amount of honey thrice a day (10 ml amount time) until the haematuria is cured.
SYNONYM
each time) for seven days to treat menorrhagia. Leaf SYNONYM
Menyanthes indica L. paste with turmeric is applied to cure scabies and Sium javanicum Blume
swelling. Fresh juice extracted from the rhizomes
Panchuli, Chandmala. of the plant is taken twice a day (5 ml amount each Bon dhonia, Pan tulsi, Pan-turasi.
time) for 15 days to treat leucorrhoea.

Tharo macha (Manipuri). Water dropwort, Java water dropwort.

DISTRIBUTION
Water snowflake, Floating hearts. It is grows in Barisal, Patuakhali, Noakhali, Mymensingh, and
Rajshahi districts.
DISTRIBUTION
The species commonly occurs throughout the country.
 Rubiaceae Rubiaceae
116 117
Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Paederia foetida L.

A slender, erect or spreading, sparsely branched, An extensive, foetid climber. Leaves opposite, ovate
annual herb, 20-50 cm in length. Leaves 2-4.5 cm or lanceolate, 10 cm long, 3.5-5 cm wide, pointed
long, subsessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute. at the tip, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the
Flowers very small, white, on filiform pedicels, base. Flowers sessile or very short pedicelled, pink
longer than the calyx, usually 2-3 on the top of a or blue, funnel-shaped. Fruits globose, yellow to
very slender, axillary, solitary peduncle. Capsules reddish-brown.
globose to ovoid, longitudinally dehiscent.

Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses Fresh

Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses Fresh juice juice extracted from the plant is taken thrice a
extracted from the plant is taken two times a day (20 day (two tea spoons amount each time) until the
ml amount each time) until the jaundice and liver dysentery, jaundice, and gout is cured, after adding
disorder is cured. Leaves and roots of the plant are few drops of honey. Decoction made with the roots
used to improve circulation and treat inflammation. of the plant is used for expelling gas. Pounded leaves
Decoction prepared from the plant is taken twice a are applied to the abdomen for flatulence remedy.
day (10 ml amount each time) for five days to treat A paste made with the leaves and stems of the plant
abdominal pain and stomachache. The plant is used is applied to the fractured bone and tied with a piece
as mouthwash for toothache. Poultice of leaves is of cloth, the bandage to be replaced at three days
used for sore eyes and wounds treatment. An extract interval up to 15 days. Roots of the plant are used as
made with the plant by boiling in water is taken three emollient and carminative remedy for colic, spasms,
times a day until the remittent fever is cured. The and rheumatism. A fresh juice extracted from the
juice of the plant is applied to the hands and feet to leaves of the plant is taken thrice a day for four days
cool them when the patient has a fever. The plant is to treat diarrhoea. Fresh juice extracted from the
used for the treatment of dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, roots of the plant is taken with cow milk every day
constipation, helminthiasis, leprosy, bronchitis, viral for three days to treat piles. Root juice is used for
SYNONYM
infections, cancer, acne, boils, appendicitis, and SYNONYM
the treatment of liver and spleen ailments. The plant
Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. hepatitis. Paederia chinensis Hance is used for the treatment of fever, spermatorrhoea,
stomach disorder, tuberculosis, asthma, bowel
Khet papra, Khet papri, Panki. Gandhabhaduli, Gandhal, Modhulata, Badali, Baduli-badulia, problems, diabetes, and seminal weakness.
Gandhabhadali.

Bhuti tida (Chakma), Gango-bawn (Rakhaing).

Patabansludi (Chakma); Sibu-ri-fu (Chak); Clemra, Ambikku
(Khumi); Kha bu noya, Noya bock (Marma); Thai-vnn
Pearl grass, Snake tongue grass. (Murang); Noy-bawn (Rakhaing); Ghorbobaishak, Ghorbobhai
shak (Tanchangya).
DISTRIBUTION
The species occurs almost throughout the country.
Chinese flower plant, Chinese moon-creeper, Kings tonic.

DISTRIBUTION
It is found in most of the district on fences and bushes.
 Orchidaceae Rubiaceae
118 119
Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Pavetta indica L.
Schltr.

An epiphytic scrambling herb, roots piercing An erect, nearly smooth or somewhat hairy shrub
through leaf sheaths. Stem branched, terete, long, 2-4 m or more in height. Leaves elliptic-oblong to
covered by leaf sheaths. Leaves cylindrical and elliptic-lanceolate, 6-15 cm long, and pointed at
bluntly pointed, 8-20 cm long. Inflorescence leaf- both ends. Flowers 4-merous, white, rather fragrant,
opposed, racemose, laxly 3 to 6-flowered, peduncles and borne in considerable numbers in hairy terminal
ridged, sheathed. Flowers 4-10 cm across, long panicles which are 6-10 cm long; tube slender and
lasting, fragrant, sepals and petals white to pink, lip about 1.5 cm long, with obtuse petals about half the
darker pink with a yellow base veined with pink, length of the tube. The flowers attract butterflies and
spur with a yellow mouth. Fruits strongly ridged, insects. Fruit black when dry, somewhat rounded,
cylindric. and about 6 mm in diameter.

Plant parts used Leaf, stem. Herbal uses Paste prepared Plant parts used Leaf, stem, bark, root. Herbal uses
from the leaves and stems of the orchid is applied A poultice of the stem bark is applied topically for
to the forehead to keep it cool during high fever and soothing haemorrhoids. A decoction made with the
also used for the treatment of cold and cough. Paste leaves of the plant is drunk during the first days after
of the orchid is applied to treat dislocated bones. childbirth as a protective medicine and also taken
when the birth is delayed and as a treatment for fever.
The crushed root bark, combined with rice water
and ginger, is taken for the treatment of dropsy.
A paste prepared from the leaves and stems of the
plant is applied to the affected area for the treatment
of boils and itches. A fresh juice extracted from the
roots of the plant is taken twice a day(10 ml amount
each time) for seven days to treat constipation. A
SYNONYM SYNONYM
decoction prepared from the roots of the plant is
Dendrobium teres Roxb., Vanda teres (Roxb.) Lindl. Ixora indica (L.) Baill. taken twice a day (50 ml amount each time) for 15
days to treat jaundice. An infusion made with thinly
Paphoteri orchid. Kathchapa, Faldu, Kukurchura, Bishofol, Falda, kalda, Bana cut wood is taken for the treatment of rheumatism.
mali, Sudra man. A local fomentation with the leaves is useful in
relieving the pain of piles. The roots of the plant
Cylindrical vanda.
Na raing, Sherprang, Si sa Thang (Marma); Moroo kambe (Mogh); are used to treat intestinal obstructions and urinary
DISTRIBUTION Kanyorsing (Murang); Nongmangkha Ashinba (Manipuri). complaints. A paste made with the leaves of the
The species is found in Chittagong, Coxs Bazar, and Sylhet
districts, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
plant is applied to the forehead twice a day until the
Indian pavetta, Indian pellet shrub. headache is cured.
DISTRIBUTION
The species occurs in Coxs Bazar, Bandarban, Chittagong,
Khagrachari, Dhaka, Tangail, Sherpur, Kustia, Netrokona, and
Rajshahi districts.
 Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae
120 121
Phyllanthus niruri L. Phyllodium pulchellum (L.)
Desv.

An erect, branching, slender, smooth herb growing A shrub, 1-1.5 m high, branches slender, terete.
50-60 cm high. Leaves small and oblong, alternate Leaves 3-foliate; leaflets finely hairy beneath,
and often imbricated, oblong to elliptic-oblong, the terminal one being oblong, 8-13 cm long, and
5-8 mm long, rather pale beneath, and on very short more than twice as large as the two lateral ones.
stalks. Flowers axillary and solitary, pale green Inflorescence terminal and axillary, and 8-25 cm
or white, about 0.5 mm long. Capsules smooth, long. Flowers white, umbellate or fascicled, hidden
rounded, or somewhat flattened, 1.5-2 mm in by the distichous, orbicular bracts, which 1-1.5 cm in
diameter. diameter. Fruit a pod, oblong, hairy and usually of 2,
rarely 1 or 3 joints.

Plant parts used Leaf, fruit, root. Herbal uses Fresh

juice extracted from the plant, after adding little Plant parts used Leaf, bark, flower, root. Herbal uses
amount of honey or sugar it is taken twice a day An extract made with the plant; hot bath is advised
(20 ml amount each time) until the jaundice is to have with that extract once a day for three days to
cured. Infusion made with the roots and leaves of treat burning sensation of the body. Paste prepared
the plant is used as tonic for cold remedy. Powder from the leaves of the plant is applied to treat
made from the dried plant is taken twice a day (5 g wounds, and snake bite. Decoction of bark is used to
amount each time) with water until the leucorrhoea treat haemorrhage, diarrhoea, dysentery, poisoning,
is cured. Bitter fruit is used for tubercular ulcers, and eye diseases. Decoction prepared from dried
wounds, sores, scabies, and ringworm remedy. A leaves of the plant is used for the treatment of cold
decoction made with the plant is taken twice a day and fever. A paste made with the leaves of the plant is
(10 ml amount each time) until the spermatorrhoea applied to the forehead to treat headache. Decoction
is cured. Powder made from the dried plant is taken of dried roots is used to treat malaria, swelling,
twice a day (5 g amount each time) for some days enlargement of liver and spleen, rheumatism, bone
to treat gonorrhoea. Decoction prepared from the pain. Flower decoction is used for the treatment of
SYNONYM
roots and leaves of the plant is used for stomachache SYNONYM
biliousness. The plant is used for the treatment of
Diasperus niruri (L.) Kuntze remedy. The leaves and roots of the plant are used Desmodium pulchellum (L.) Benth. typhoid, asthma, bronchitis, vomiting, piles, cholera,
for the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, leprosy, and and scorpion sting.
Vuiamla, Hajar dana, Chhatudana. anaemia. Jutasalpani, Jata salpani.

Grukhri (Marma), Kura amluki (Tanchangya). Angels locks.

DISTRIBUTION
Seed-under-leaf, Stone-breaker. It is found in Chittagong, Coxs Bazar, Khagrachari, and Dhaka
districts.
DISTRIBUTION
The species is found throughout the country.
.
 Solanaceae Piperaceae
122 123
Physalis minima L. Piper betle L.

An erect, branched, hairy annual herb, up to 90 A perennial stout twinning climber, 5-20 m long,
cm tall. The branches terete and often tinged with branches with swollen nodes, adhering to supports
purple; the ultimate ones slightly angular. Leaves with short adventitious roots present at the nodes.
ovate, 5-8 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, with pointed Leaves simple, alternate, firmly coriaceous, cordate
tip, rounded, or slightly heart-shaped base, nearly or ovate-oblong or ovate-cordate, base cordate,
entire or faintly undulately lobed margins. Flowers rounded, apex acuminate, margin entire. Spikes
solitary, axillary; corolla pale yellow, with 5 large, dense, cylindrical, female 2.5-5 cm long, pendulous.
purple spots at the base inside. Fruit a berry, 1 cm Fruit a fleshy drupe, small, ovoid, or globose.
across, ovoid.

Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Paste prepared from

Plant parts used Leaf, fruit, root. Herbal uses A paste the leaves of the plant is applied for the treatment of
made with the plant is applied to the forehead for boils, cuts, and wounds. A fresh juice extracted from
headache and infected skin for itching to treat it. the leaves of the plant, after adding little amount of
A fresh juice is extracted from roots of the plant honey the mixture is taken three times a day (5 ml
is taken thrice a day (5 ml amount each time) for amount each time) for three days to treat cold and
three days to treat fever. A decoction made with fever. A paste made with the leaves of the plant is
the roots of the plant is drunk to treat hypertension applied to the forehead to treat headache. Heated
and diabetes. The roots are chewed and applied as leaves are applied as a poultice on the chest against
a poultice to the lower abdomen in order to reduce cough, on the breasts to stop milk secretion, and on
pain. Fruits of the plant are used to treat dropsy, the abdomen to relieve constipation. The leaves of
urinary diseases, gout, swelling pain of the throat, the plant are used for treating eczema, lymphangitis,
and bronchitis. Decoction prepared from the plant asthma, and rheumatism. Chewing the leaf with
is advised to take as a remedy for cancer. A fresh or without tobacco used to alleviate toothache. A
juice extracted from leaves of the plant mixed with decoction of the leaves is used to bathe a woman
SYNONYM
mustard oil and water; it has been used as a remedy SYNONYM
after childbirth, or is drunk to lessen an unpleasant
Physalis parviflora R. Br. for earache. Paste prepared from leaves of the plant Chavica betle (L.) Miq. body. Fresh juice extracted from the leaves of the
is applied to the throat twice a day for three days to plant is taken three times a day (5 ml amount each
Bontepari, Phutka, Tepari, Morich phul, Foska bugun, Fotka, treat tonsillitis. Pan (Bengali), Han (Noakhali). time) for three days to treat rabies. The leaves of the
Buntepuria. plant are used for the treatment of lice infestation,
indigestion, and glandular swelling.
Pandongna (Bawm), Kowaingtak (Chak), Mra (Khumi), Pan
Pitting gulu, Pitus (Chakma); Fotokci (Chak); Ambichok, nah (Lushai), Ram (Murang), Panthongna (Pangkhoa), Koweyn
Sisitappa, Thepa (Garo); Bakbakum (Hajong); Tumplang (Rakhaing).
(Khumi); Fwa-lowk-shi, Faooma, Afang falow (Marma); Pukki
(Tripura).
Betel, Betel-leaf, Betel vine, Betel pipper.

Cape gooseberry, Winter cherry, Insipid physalis. DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated all over the country.
DISTRIBUTION
The species sparsely occurs throughout the country.
 Piperaceae Fabaceae
124 125
Piper retrofractum Vahl Pisum sativum L.

A perennial, rather bushy climbing shrub, up to 10 m A long, weak annual herb with hollow stems.
long. Stem stout. Leaves simple, alternate, glabrous, Leaves pinnately compound, with terminal tendril,
firmly coriaceous, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, base leaflets 2-8, ovate or elliptic, undulate margin,
cordate, apex acuminate. Fruiting spikes 2.5-5 cm stipules large, foliaceous, ovate, denticulate in the
long, stoutly peduncled, suberect, conico-cylindric, lower half, rather larger than leaflets. Inflorescence
forming a fleshy cone of innumerable fruits. axillary, solitary, or 2-3 flowered racemes; flowers
white, pink and purple. Pods straight or curved, 5-10
cm long, containing 6-9 seeds. Ripe seeds round,
Plant parts used Leaf, fruit, root. Herbal uses Fruits smooth, or wrinkled.
of the plant are used for asthma, cough, cold,
bronchitis, inflammation, piles, and pain in the
abdomen and at the anus treatment. Decoction Plant parts used Seed. Herbal uses Poultice prepared
prepared from the roots of the plant is taken from dried and powdered seeds is used for acne and
internally as cure for colic, dyspepsia, and gastralgia. other skin complaints treatment. Infusion made from
Fruits of the plant are used for improves appetite the seeds of the plant is taken once a day at morning
and taste. A handful of leaves are salted and oiled, for some days to treat spermatorrhoea. The dried
then heated over embers and stroked over the entire and powdered seed has been used as a poultice on
body, from head to foot for fever remedy. Leaves the skin where it has an appreciable affect on many
of the plant are used for the treatment of body pain. types of skin complaint including acne and wrinkled
A fresh juice extracted from the leaves of the plant skin. Seeds of the plant are used for the treatment of
is taken thrice a day (three tea spoons amount each stomachache and joint pain. Seed oil given once a
time) until the schizophrenia is cured. Fresh juice month to women for contraception.
extracted from the leaves of the plant and massage is
done to the affected part of the body twice a day until
the rheumatic pain is cured.
SYNONYM SYNONYM
Piper chaba Hunter Pisum vulgare Jundz.

Chuijhal. Mator, Cabuli mator, Motor-shuti.

Choimarich (Khumi). Atusa (Chak).

Long pepper. Pea, Garden pea.

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
It is cultivated in Jessore and Khulna districts, especially in the It is cultivated throughout the country.
Satkhira-Bagerhat areas.
 Mimosaceae Asteraceae
126 127
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Pluchea indica (L.) Less.
Benth.

A small to medium-sized evergreen tree, armed with A small shrub, nearly glabrous, stem up to 60
straight stipular thorns. Leaves bipinnate, each pinna cm long. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, acute,
with a pair of leaflets; leaflets oblique, obovate- apiculate or obtuse, 2-5 cm long, minutely serrate,
oblong, obtuse, 2.5-5 cm long, subsessile. Flowers gland-dotted, narrowed into a small petiole.
small, whitish, in small globular heads, 1 cm diam., Inflorescence a capitulum, in compound terminal
solitary or fascicled in axils of bracts. Pods turgid, corymb, 0.6 cm in diameter, pubescent. Fruit an
twisted, and spiral, 10-15 cm long, 1 cm wide, and achene minute.
dehiscent along the lower suture. Seeds 6-8, with an
edible, whitish, pulpy aril. The arillus is sweet when
the fruit is ripe. Plant parts used Leaf, stem, bark. Herbal uses A paste
made with the leaves of the plant is applied to the
affected part of the body once a day for seven days to
Plant parts used Leaf, bark, seed. Herbal uses treat lumbago. Fresh juice extracted from the leaves
Decoction prepared from bark of the plant is taken of the plant is given for the treatment of fever. An
for the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. infusion made with the leaves of the plant is given
Decoction of leaves is used as remedy for for anorexia treatment. A decoction made with the
indigestion, earache, leprosy, toothache. A paste leaves and stems of the plant is drunk to ease asthma
made with the bark of the plant is applied to the and other pulmonary problems. A decoction of
infected skin for the treatment of skin disease. the fresh leaves is used in an inhalant to cure cold.
Decoction prepared from the barks of the plant is Bark of the plant is used for haemorrhoid remedy.
used as remedy for dermatitis and eye inflammation. The crushed leaves, raw or steamed, are eaten
A paste made from the leaves is applied externally to correct foul breath and offensive perspiration
to treat muscular swellings caused by some odour. The juice from the crushed leaves, mixed
inflammations. The leaves can be used as a plaster with the juice of other plants, is used as a remedy
to allay pain even from venereal sores, and can for dysentery. An infusion of the leaves, usually in
SYNONYM
relieve convulsions. The seed juice is inhaled into SYNONYM
combination with other ingredients, is given as a
Mimosa dulcis Roxb. the nostrils against chest congestion and pulverised Conyza indica (L.) Blume ex DC. treatment against leucorrhoea. A decoction of the
seeds are ingested for internal ulcers. The fruit roots or leaves is recommended for treating fever,
Khoibabla, Dakhinibabul, Dharsundar, Balatiamil (Bengali); pulp is taken orally to stop blood flow in case of Mundorokha, Kokronta. headache, rheumatism, sprains, and dyspepsia. An
Khoi (Satkhira); Jilapi hol (Noakhali). haemoptysis. Decoction of bark is given for the extract made with the roots of the plant by boiling
treatment of enema and fever. with water, it is used for having hot bath once a day
Indian camphorweed.
Aoway-de-sthei (Rakhaing), Quamochil (Tripura). for seven days to treat scabies. The roots, mixed
DISTRIBUTION with other ingredients, are applied as a poultice for
The species is found in Noakhali district.
Madras-thorn, Manila tamarind, Deccany babool, Madras
rheumatic pain treatment. Leaves of the plant are
thorne. used for the treatment of inflammation, and kidney
stones.
DISTRIBUTION
It is found in Khulna, Satkhira, and planted elsewhere in the
country.
 Lamiaceae Urticaceae
128 129
Pogostemon benghalensis Poikilospermum suaveolens
(Burm.f.) Kuntze (Blume) Merr.

An erect, stout, aromatic undershrub, more than 2 m A stout and woody climber. Leaves oblong-ovate or
high. Leaves petiolate, lamina 6-9 3-4 cm, ovate, subobovate, 15-25 cm long, 8-15 cm wide, tapering
cuneate, acute to acuminate, doubly serrate, faintly to a point at the apex, rounded or heart-shaped at
pubescent, gland-dotted bellow. Flowers occur in the base, smooth or hairy on both surfaces, dotted
dense spikes forming a large pyramid-like panicle, and streaked with cystoliths. Stipules large, rusty-
30-45 cm long. Purple flowers 2-lipped, 5-6 mm, brown, and smooth. Male heads about 6 mm in
with 4 protruding stamens. Fruit a nutlet, ellipsoid, diameter, in broad, short, peduncled, dichotomous
shiny reddish-brown. cymes; stamens 3 or 4. Female heads about 25 mm in
diameter, occurring in rounded, concave, deciduous
bracts. Flowers sweet-scented.
Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses A fresh
juice extracted from roots of the plant is taken
twice a day (5 ml amount each time) for three days Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses Poultice
to treat fever. A paste made with the leaves of the of roots is used to treat itching and fever. The latex
plant is applied to the cutting wound once a day for or sap of stem is used for relief or treatment of sore
three days to cure it. A fresh juice extracted from eyes. Paste prepared from the leaves and stems of the
the leaves of the plant is taken for the treatment of plant is applied to treat wound. The plant is used for
hypertension. Fresh juice extracted from the leaves diseases of the eye treatment.
of the plant is given thrice a day (three tea spoons
amount each time) until the colic is cured. A fresh
juice extracted from the leaves and stems of the plant
is taken in empty stomach once a day for one week
to treat piles. A decoction made with the roots of
the plant is taken three times a day (50 ml amount
each time) until the typhoid is cured. A fresh juice
SYNONYM
extracted from the roots of the plant is taken thrice SYNONYM
Pogostemon indicus (Roth) Kuntze a day (10 ml amount each time) until the snake Poikilospermum sinense (C.H. Wright) Merr.
bite is cured at the same time leaf paste is applied
Pacholi, Bangali juilata, Jin, Bakhoea. to the biting place by tightly tying with a piece of Dolia sat.
cloth. Extract prepared from the plant is used for
DISTRIBUTION
the treatment of food poisoning, vomiting, stomach
Kau-jaa-pang (Rakhaing), Lamgi thoiding (Manipuri). It is found in Hazarikhil forest of Chittagong.
troubles, and respiratory tract infection. The plant
is used for the treatment of kidney stone, jaundice,
Bengal pogostemon.
diarrhoea, dysentery, indigestion, skin disease,
DISTRIBUTION cough, asthma, and malaria fever.
The species is found in all over the country.
 Agavaceae Polygonaceae
130 131
Polianthes tuberosa L. Polygonum plebeium R.Br.

A leafy tuberous herb. Basal leaves linear, 40-60 cm A much-branched prostrate annual herb, branches
long, less than 1 cm wide, those on the stem much narrow, channelled, ridges usually corrugate. Leaves
shorter. Stem erect, 0.5-1 m high. Flowers fragrant, almost sessile, narrow, about 3 0.2 cm, lateral veins
waxy white, in pairs, 5-6 cm long, and the segments, obscure. Flowers axillary, 3-4 per axil, pedicillate,
oblong-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm long. Fruits and seed not exserted, articulation in the middle. Tepals 5,
compressed. single veined, greenish-white or light pink inside, at
least the outer 2 tepals acute, the outermost longer,
corrugate dorsally.
Plant parts used Flower, root. Herbal uses Juice
extracted from the flowers of the plant is taken
for the treatment of urination problem. Roots of Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root, seed, whole plant.
the plant are used to treat burns, infections, and Herbal uses A paste made with the plant is applied
swellings. Paste prepared from the flowers of the to the infected skin twice a day until the eczema
plant is applied to the boils to treat it. Decoction is cured. A fresh juice extracted from the leaves
prepared from the bulbs of the plant is taken to treat and stems of the plant is taken with sugar thrice
gonorrhoea. a day (5 ml amount each time) for two weeks to
treat gallstone. The crushed seeds of the plant are
cooked and eaten as a remedy fort bowel complaint.
The juice extracted from the roots of the plant is
taken thrice a day (5 ml amount each time) until the
stomachache is cured. Pea-sized pills made with the
plant are taken with warm water thrice a day (one pill
each time) until the pneumonia is cured.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Polianthes gracilis Link Polygonum roxburghii Meisn., Polygonum parviflorum Y.L.
Chang & S.H. Li

Rojonigondha.
Khudi bishkatali, Mechhua shak, Dubia sag, Anjaban, Khet
pakri, Bongotula, Chinaduli ghas (Bengali); Chemti sag (Sylhet).
Tai-sa-pay (Rakhaing).

Yung krun (Murang).

Tuberose.

DISTRIBUTION Small knotweed, Alpine knot-weed.

It is widely cultivated in almost all parts of the country.
DISTRIBUTION
It is very common and found throughout the country.
 Portulacaceae Punicaceae
132 133
Portulaca oleracea L. Punica granatum L.

An annual, prostrate, succulent herb; stem up to A large deciduous shrub, often armed. Leaves
30 cm long, reddish, quite glabrous. Leaves fleshy, opposite, 3.5-5 cm long, oblong-oblanceolate, or
flat, oblong-obovate, 1-2.5 cm long, with obtuse oblong-lanceolate, entire, short-stalked, and pointed
apex and wedge-shaped base. Flowers yellow, few at both ends. Flowers bright red and showy, usually
together, in sessile terminal heads. Fruit a capsule, with six segments in the calyx, mostly solitary,
ovoid. sometimes 2-4 together. Fruit rounded, reddish-
yellow or purplish, 7-10 cm in diameter. Rind thin,
tough, and brittle. Fruit contains numerous seeds,
Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Curry prepared each seed surrounded by a watery, translucent,
from the plant is taken for constipation treatment. flavorful pinkish-red pulp.
An extract made with the plant is used for gargling
thrice a day for three days to treat sore in mouth.
Pounded leaves and stems are used for tumours, Plant parts used Leaf, flower, fruit, root. Herbal uses
swellings, bruises, gout, and erysipelas remedy. Leaf A fresh juice extracted from the flowers of the plant,
juice is used for remedy of dysmenorrhoea, dysuria, after adding little amount of honey it is taken thrice
dysentery, and for expelling worms. Decoction a day (10 ml amount each time) until the diabetes
prepared from the plant is taken twice a day until the is controled. Decoction made with the dried rind
dysentery is cured. The plant is used for the treatment of the fruit is used for stomach pain and dysentery
of type-II diabetes, asthma, stomachache, headache, remedy. Decoction of leaves is used as eyewash.
and snake bite. Paste prepared from the leaves of Decoction of flowers is used in gargle to treat throat
the plant is used to treat burns, cuts, and wounds. inflammation. Powdered flower buds are used for
Decoction made with the leaves of the plant is used the treatment of bronchitis. Decoction prepared
as a wash for skin diseases. The crushed plants or from the roots of the plant is used for the treatment
juice can be applied directly to the skin to treat insect of tuberculosis, chronic debility, and chronic
stings, sores, acne, and psoriasis. feverishness. Flowers of the plant are used as remedy
SYNONYM SYNONYM
for cut wounds, bronchitis, digestive problems, and
Portulaca olitoria Pall. Punica nana L. erectile dysfunction. Decoction of root bark is used
for tapeworm treatment. A fresh juice extracted from
Borolunia, Boronunia, Nune, Lanya, Ghee klom, Nune shak, Dalim, Anar, Bedana. the flowers of the plant and adding a little amount of
Kulfi, Munia. honey then it is taken thrice a day (5 ml amount each
time) for the treatment of diarrhoea.
Dalim-phang (Garo), Thing-kel-ek (Lushai), Denge-sthei
Tonkami (Chakma), Kaing dikdong (Chak), Bakchen (Rakhaing).
(Pangkhoa), Tee-jey-shey (Rakhaing).

Pomegrante.
Common pursaline, Garden pursaline.
DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION The species is found throughout the country.
The species is found throughout the country.
 Brassicaceae Rosaceae
134 135
Raphanus sativus L. Rosa chinensis Jacq.

An annual herb, 10-30 cm tall, glabrous, hispid. A small evergreen spreading shrub, branches
Roots usually fleshy, white, pink, red or black, glabrous, prickles equal and not mixed with bristles.
linear, fusiform, oblong or globose Leaves roughly Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets serrate, stipules very
hairy, the lower ones lyrate. Flowers variable, about narrow, adnate nearly to the apex. Flowers large,
1.5 cm long, usually white or lilac, with purple white, rose, purple or yellow on long pedicels,
veins, sepals erect, lateral ones saccate at the base. strongly scented. Fruit an achene.
Pod indehiscent, lanceolate, cylindrical, and 2-2.6
cm in length, and terminates in a long beak. Seeds
separated by pith. Plant parts used Leaf, flower, fruit, root. Herbal uses
Infusion of flowers is used for the treatment of
leucorrhoea. A decoction made with the leaves,
Plant parts used Leaf, Root, seed. Herbal uses Roots fruits, and roots of the plant is used in the treatment
of the plant are used for the treatment of piles. of arthritis, boils, and cough etc. Decoction made
Old roots of the plant are used to treat asthma and with the flowers is taken for the treatment of
chest complaints. Decoction prepared from the diarrhoea and dysentery. The flower buds are used
leaves of the plant is given as remedy for diarrhoea. in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea, poor circulation,
Cottonseed-sized pills made from the roots of the stomach pain, and swelling. Infusion prepared
plant are taken thrice a day (one pill each time) from the flowers of the plant is used for having bath
until the hyperacidity is cured. Leaf juice is used as once a day for the treatment of itching and burning
remedy for dropsy. Seeds of the plant are used for sensation of body.
the treatment cancer and stomachache. Fresh juice
extracted from the roots of the plant is taken thrice a
day (5 ml amount each time) for seven days to treat
tetanus. Decoction prepared from the roots of the
plant is taken thrice a day (50 ml amount each time)
SYNONYM
for five days to treat fever. Paste prepared from the SYNONYM
Raphanus caudatus L. roots of the plant is applied to the burned skin once Rosa indica Lour.
a day until the burning wound is cured. Roots of the
Mula. plant are used as remedy for gastric pains, dysuria, Kanta golap.
and strangury.

Mulwa (Chakma), Mala (Marma), Mou-laa (Rakhaing). Fallong-bawn (Rakhaing).

Radish, Cultivared radish. Tea rose.

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
It is cultivated all over the country. It is found in throughout the country.
 Acanthaceae Acanthaceae
136 137
Ruellia tuberosa L. Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees

An annual or perennial, low-growing herb with A much-branched, very variable herb. Leaves
tuberous roots, erect, 20-60 cm tall. Leaves opposite, opposite, petiolate, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, ovate,
elliptic, short petioled, abruptly narrowed at the obovate or oblong, base acute or obtuse, rounded
base, with undulate margins and up to 12 cm long. at the apex. Flowers in both terminal and axillary
Flowers showy, with funnel-shaped, 5-lobed corolla, spikes, densely-flowered, blue. Fruit a capsule,
up to 5 cm across, and mauve or light bluish purple. ovoid.
Fruit a pod with 7 to 8 seeds, bursting open and
hurtling the seeds when it gets wet.
Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses Juice
extracted from the leaves and stems of the plant is
Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses An given to children suffering from smallpox. Crushed
extract made with leaves and stems of the plant is leaves and stems are applied to relief pain and
used for gargling four times a day for five days to diminish swelling. Fresh juice extracted from the
treat toothache. Roots of the plant are used against roots of the plant is given for the treatment of fever.
kidney diseases and whooping cough. Paste
prepared from the leaves and stems of the plant is
applied to the affected part of the body to treat joint
pain. The plant is used for gonorrhoea, syphilis,
bladder stones, bronchitis, and cancer treatment.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Cryphiacanthus barbadensis Nees Justicia pectinata L.

Alughanti, Chotpoty. Pindi, Birlongo park, Punaka pundu.

Chrasak (Khasia). Krebuchi (Marma).

Spear pod. Comb rungia.

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
The species occurs in most of the areas of the country. The species grows in almost parts of the country.
 Lamiaceae Urticaceae
138 139
Salvia plebeia R.Br. Sarcochlamys pulcherrima
Gaudich.

An aromatic herb, 15-45 cm high. Stem suffruticose, A large shrub to small tree, 2-6 m tall. Leaves
branched, obtusely 4-angled, grooved. Leaves alternate, petiolate, lanceolate to narrowly
petiolate 3-6 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, acute, lanceolate, 13-17 cm long, thinly leathery, base
crenate to serrate, pubescent. Inflorescence with broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, serrulate,
whorls in panicles of slender spicate racemes; flower 3-nerved, adaxial surface dark green, abaxial surface
white. Nutlets minute, ovoid, brown, mucilaginous greyish tomentose. Spikes in branched cymes, about
when wetted. equally to the petiole; flowers minute.

Plant parts used Leaf, seed. Herbal uses Leaves of the Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses A paste made with
plant are used for the treatment of hepatitis, cough, the leaves of the plant is applied externally to the
and inflammation. The leaves of the plant are used to wetted head and kept for half an hour, then head
treat inflammatory skin diseases and asthma. Seeds is washed with shampoo, this procedure should
are used as remedy for gonorrhoea, menorrhagia, be followed for consecutive seven days to treat
diarrhoea, and haemorrhoids. Paste prepared from dandruff. Paste prepared from the leaves of the plant
the leaves of the plant is applied to wounds between is applied to the infected place twice a day until
toes caused by prolonged walking barefoot in muddy the eczema is cured. A fresh juice extracted from
water. the roots of the plant is taken three times a day (50
ml amount each time) in empty stomach for three
weeks to treat jaundice. Decoction prepared from
the leaves of the plant is taken twice a day for two
days to treat flatulence. A paste made with the leaves
of the plant is applied to the affected area twice a day
for five days to treat boils and blister. Fresh juice
extracted from the leaves of the plant is applied into
SYNONYM SYNONYM
the affected eye thrice a day (one drop each time) for
Salvia minutiflora Bunge Urtica pulcherrima Roxb. five days to treat itching of eyes.

Bhuitulsi. Murichia, Brihoti, Jongallya shak.

Sage. Nahplanggi (Bawm), Jungalya shak (Chakma, Tanchangya),

U-chain-khayn (Chak), Amthay (Khumi), Ma cha da (Marma),
DISTRIBUTION Kang leng (Murang), Jangira buchuk (Tripura).
It is found different parts of the country.

Dogal tree.

DISTRIBUTION
It is found in the forests of Sylhet, Chittagong, and Coxs Bazar
districts.
 Theaceae Caesalpiniaceae
140 141
Schima wallichii Choisy Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby

An evergreen tree, up to 30 m tall. Leaves alternate, An erect, strongly foetid herb or undershrub, about
eilliptic-lanceolate, usually entire, coriaceous, 2-3 m tall, with zigzag branches, all parts densely
apex acute or acuminate, base attenuate, cuneate brown hirsute. Leaves paripinnately compound;
or rounded, glabrous and shiny above, pubescent linear-lanceolate, acute, leaflet 3-5 pairs, ovate to
beneath. Flowers white, fragrant, solitary, axillary. oblong-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, membranous,
Fruit a capsule, subglobose, silky when young, base unequal. Inflorescence of terminal or axillary,
glabrous when old. few-flowered racemes; flowers golden-yellow. Fruit
a pod, falcate to nearly straight, flat, densely brown
hirsute, many-seeded.
Plant parts used Leaf, bark, flower. Herbal uses Paste
prepared from the leaves of the plant is applied to
healing wound. The sap from the stem is used in the Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses Decoction
treatment of ear infections. Ointment prepared from prepared from the leaves of the plant is used against
the flowers of the plant is used to treat smallpox. The irritation of the skin. An infusion of the leaves is
bark of the plant is used to treat fever. The flowers of applied externally to treat skin disease and cracked
the plant are used as remedy for uterine disorders and nipples. Juice extracted from the leaves of the
hysteria. plant is advised to give for the treatment of kidney
disorders and herpes. A paste made with the roots of
the plant is applied to treat rheumatism. Decoction
prepared from the leaves of the plant is taken for the
treatment of pneumonia, hernia, stomach ache, and
headache.

SYNONYM
Bonak, Makrishal, Chila uni (Bengali); Kanak (Chittagong). Cassia hirsuta L.

Sreng-gun (Khasia). Gandhosenna.

Needle wood tree, Schima. Foetid senna, Woody senna.

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
It is found in the hill forests of Chittagong, Sylhet, and It frequently occurs in the forests of Sylhet, Bandarban,
Mymensingh districts and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Khagrachari, and Rangamati districts.
 Caesalpiniaceae Malvaceae
142 143
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Sida cordifolia L.

An erect, branched, suffrutescent herb, 1-3 m high, An annual or perennial, erect herb or undershrub,
often shrubby. Leaves paripinnately compound, up to 1 m high with an unpleasant smell. Leaves
15-20 cm long; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 2.5-10 cm long, petiolate, ovate-oblong or orbicular, base shallowly
ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in short peduncled few- cordate, apex obtuse to acute, margin crenate-
flowered, axillary, corymbose racemes, and forming serrate, 5-7 nerved at the base, both sides hairy.
a terminal panicle. Petals 5, free, imbricate, 1.3 cm Flowers axillary, solitary or in the axillary short
long, ovate-oblong, yellow. Fruit a pod, 8-13 cm racemes with terminal clusters of 2-5 or more
long, oblong, flattened, compressed; seeds 20-30 per flowers, yellow. Fruit a schizocarp, globose.
pod.

Plant parts used Leaf, stem, root. Herbal uses Juice

Plant parts used Leaf, stem, flower, seed, root. Herbal extracted from the leaves and stems of the plant
uses Fresh juice extracted from leaves and stems is given for the treatment of spermatorrhoea,
of the plant is used to message on the chest twice rheumatism, and gonorrhoea. Leaves of the plant are
a day for three days to treat chest pain. Pea-sized cooked and eaten in cases of bleeding piles. Infusion
pills made with the leaves and stems of the plant are of roots is given as remedy for urinary disease.
taken twice a day (two pills each time) with warm The fresh leaves are bruised and then applied as a
water for two weeks to treat anorexia. The powder poultice on boils in order to promote suppuration.
made from dried leaves and stems of the plant is The leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of
mixed with water, and then the mixture is taken conjunctivitis. The bark is considered to be cooling,
thrice a day for three days to treat diarrhoea. Leaves it is useful in the treatment of problems related to the
of the plant are made into a tea for treating afterbirth blood, throat and urinary system; and is also used to
problems, cough, cold, headache, haemorrhage, treat conditions such as phthisis, insanity etc. The
and thrush. An ointment prepared from the leaves juice of the roots is applied topically as a healing
of the plant is applied as a remedy for ringworm and application for wounds. A decoction made with the
SYNONYM
other affections of the skin. An infusion of seeds is SYNONYM
leaves of the plant is used for the treatment of fever.
Cassia occidentalis L., Cassia falcata L. drunk to calm ones nerves, and as a treatment for Sida herbacea Cav. Root barks powder in milk and sugar given to treat
kidney problems, worms, and cleaning womb and leucorrhoea. Decoction prepared from the roots of
Bara-chalkesunda, Oksisena, Boro kalkasunda, Eski, Essi. tubes. An extract made from leaves and stems of the Bala, Shet-berela, Kureta, Berela. the plant is advised to treat asthma. Extracts of the
plant by boiling in water is taken for the treatment of plant were tested for blood pressure lowering and
strangury. A decoction made with the leaves of the controlling diabetes.
Dangor dattlong, Khtrange shag (Chakma); Kaing basok tung Oak khi pane (Marma), Waa-she-ney-asshey (Rakhaing).
(Chak); Micia-kung (Lushai); Kojojjya, Ka-ja baong (Marma); plant is used for treating jaundice. Pea-sized pills
Kusondra (Munda); Kalbeia (Pangkhoa); Haru, Rotha (Tripura). made from leaves and stems of the plant are advised
Country-mallow, Flannel weed.
to take with 5 ml amount of honey thrice a day (one

Coffee senna, Negro-coffee, Foetid cassia, Septic weed, Rubbish pill each time) for one month to treat gynecological DISTRIBUTION
cassia, Coffee weed, Stinking weed, Wild coffee. complexity. Decoction of leaves, roots and flowers This species occurs in various parts of the country.

DISTRIBUTION is highly prized in hysteria to relieve the spasm; also

It occurs all over the country as a weed, often forming dense relieves flatulence and dyspepsia.
mats by the roadsides and fallow lands.
 Solanaceae Solanaceae
144 145
Solanum melongena L. Solanum torvum Sw.

A woody herb or undershrub, up to 1.5 m or more A spreading or scrambling slender shrub, up to 3 m

tall, often-branched, armed with prickles or tall, with scattered prickles on stem, branches and
unarmed, stellate. Leaves simple, alternate, ovate to leaves ultimate branches pubescent with stellate
ovate-oblong, densely stellate hairy, base rounded to hairs. Leaves alternate, solitary or in unequal
cordate. Flowers usually solitary or in 2-5 flowered pairs, 12-15 7-10 cm, ovate, usually coarsely and
cymes, purplish-violet. Fruit a large pendent berry, sinously 7-lobed with triangular. Flowers white, in
depressed-globose to ellipsoid, ovoid or obovoid, short, extra-axillary, lateral cymes, often bifurcated
up to 40 20 cm, but very variable, smooth, shiny, and dense, many-flowered. Fruit a berry, 1.1.5 cm in
purple or purplish-violet. diameter, globose, smooth, yellow when ripe.

Plant parts used Leaf, fruit, root. Herbal uses Leaves of Plant parts used Leaf, stem, flower, fruit. Herbal
the plant are used for the treatment of stomachache. uses Leaves and stems of the plant are used for the
An extract made with the leaves by boiling in water treatment of fever and body pain. Decoction made
is used for gargling four times a day for five days to with the fruits of the plant is used as remedy for
treat toothache. Fruits of the plant are bruised with cough, liver and splenic enlargement. An infusion of
vinegar and used as a poultice for cracked nipples, leaves is used as a treatment for thrush. The leaves
abscesses, and haemorrhoids. It is made into a of the plant are dried and ground to powder; this is
powder and applied both internally and externally used as a medicine for diabetic patients. The leaves
as a remedy for bleeding. The boiled root of the are applied topically to treat cuts and wounds. Syrup
plant, mixed with sour milk, has been used for the prepared from the leaves and flowers of the plant
treatment of syphilis. The burning ash of the leaves is is used as a remedy for cold. An infusion of the
applied in the anus twice a day until the piles is cured. leaves and fruits is used as a treatment for sores. A
Decoction made with the roots of the plant is taken decoction made with the roots of the plant is drunk
internally for the treatment of asthma. Gargling is to treat malaria. The juice of the roots is used to treat
SYNONYM
done with the leaf extract of the plant twice a day SYNONYM
vomiting caused by weakness. The pounded root is
Solanum esculentum Dunal until the sore in mouth is cured. Leaf juice is used as Solanum ficifolium Ortega inserted into the cavity of a decayed tooth to relieve
antidote to poison. The plant is used to treat diabetes, toothache. A paste made with leaves and stems of the
Begun, Bagun, Baigoon (Bengali); Baion (Noakhali). otitis, cholera, bronchitis, and dysuria Gothbegun, Tit begun, Hat begun, Gota begun. plant is applied to the infected skin twice a day for
three days to treat skin disease. The plant is used for
the treatment of amenorrhoea, indigestion, gastric
Poaungci (Chak), Meto (Khumi), Bawk bawn (Lushai), Kajah Bigol bichi, Mida begul bichi (Chakma); Engfy-poi (Khumi);
she (Marma), Mentao (Murang), Andok (Pangkhoa), Kha-rean- Linghawi (Lushai); Kargola, Kajo-ba, Khaja (Marma); Kurkha, pain at the navel, sprain contusion, and lumbar
ching (Rakhaing), Jhum-baigun (Tanchangya). Kurka plawo (Murang); Anchangti (Pagnkhoa); Kha-ray-ja- muscular pains.
key-sthei (Rakhaing); Titar berul (Tanchangya); Borshiborduk,
Khamka (Tripura).
Brinjal, Aubergine, Eggplant.

DISTRIBUTION Devils fig, Plate brush, Pea eggplant, Cherry eggplant.

Cultivated widely throughout Bangladesh.
DISTRIBUTION
It occurs throughout the country.
 Solanaceae Solanaceae
146 147
Solanum tuberosum L. Solanum virginianum L.

A perennial herb with rough, pinnate leaves. Flowers A very prickly, diffuse herb, up to 50 cm high,
rather large, white or purple, star-shaped, and borne with procumbent branches, bearing numerous,
on compound inflorescences, 3-4 cm in diameter. compressed, straight and bright yellow prickles.
Roots grow round and edible fleshy tubers. Leaves elliptic, very prickly, deeply pinnately lobed
with sinuous outlines to the lobes, very unequal at
the base, petioles and nerves with long prickles.
Plant parts used Leaf, tuber. Herbal uses Decoction of Inflorescence a lax, few-flowered cyme, up to 10 cm
leaves is used as remedy for chronic cough. Mashed long. Flowers pentamerous, prickly, purplish-blue
potato is taken for the treatment of diarrhoea. Peel to violet. Fruit a spherical berry, 2 cm across, white
and slice a potato and apply a slice to the affected with green markings when young but light or whitish
skin until the potato warms up, repeat as necessary when ripe.
for the treatment of inflammation. Peeled fresh
potatoes have been pounded in a mortar and then
applied cold as a soothing plaster to burns and scalds. Plant parts used Leaf, seed. Herbal uses Paste prepared
Chronic constipation, gout, kidney stones, and from the leaves of the plant is applied to painful
dropsy have been treated with a potato diet. Fresh joints to relieve pains. The seeds of the plant are used
juice extracted from the potato is taken once a day in the treatment of asthma and catarrh. The plant is
in the morning on an empty stomach to treat gastric used for the treatment of cough and chest pain.
acidity and gastric ulcer. The plant is used to treat
scurvy, dyspepsia, hyperacidity, gout, and arthritis.
One or two tea spoons pressed out of mashed, raw
potatoes are taken to relieve rheumatism.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Solanum cultum Berthault, Solanum fonckii Phil. Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & H. Wendl.

Alu, Gol alu. Kantikari begun, Kantakini.

Mraa-u-shey (Rakhaing). Bhatbaigun (Murang), Chow-kha-ree-je-key-sthei-pawn

(Rakhaing).

Potato.
Yellow-berried nightshade.
DISTRIBUTION
It is cultivated throughout the country. DISTRIBUTION
This species occurs in all parts of the country.
 Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae
148 149
Sterculia hamiltonii Sterculia villosa Roxb.
(Kuntze) Adelb

A small tree, 8-10 m tall, bark thin, grey, warty, A small to medium-sized deciduous tree, 10-
whitish inside. Leaves simple, alternate, elliptic- 15 m tall. Leaves simple, crowded at the ends of
lanceolate or oblanceolate, tapering at the base, branchlets when young, 30-40 cm long, cordate at
abruptly short acuminate at the apex, chartaceous or the base, 5-7 lobed, each lobe again 3-lobed, lobes
subcoriaceous, glabrous above, sparsely stellately oblong, blade 30-45 cm across. Flowers pinkish-
hairy beneath. Flowers axillary, 10-15 cm long, yellow, in crowded drooping panicles from the end
rarely supra-axillary, yellowish, scented, velvety of thick shoots. Fruit a follicle, 3-5, oblong, sessile,
outside. Fruit a follicle, oblong-lanceolate, thinly leathery, rusty pubescent, many seeded red when
coriaceous, and velvety outside; seed ovoid, smooth, ripe; seed 3-5, oblong, smooth, black.
black.

Plant parts used Leaf, bark, root. Herbal uses

Plant parts used Bark. Herbal uses Bark of the plants Cottonseed-sized pills made with the roots of the
is used to treat fever, gout, hysteria, obesity, and plant are taken six times a day (one pill each time)
spermatorrhoea. A paste made with the bark of the for seven days to treat fever (high). Infusion of
plant is applied to treat rheumatism. barks is given to treat seminal weakness. Pea-sized
pills made with the roots of the plant are taken once
a day (one pill each time) for seven days to treat
spermatorrhoea. Decoction prepared from the roots
of the plant is taken once a day (20 ml amount each
time) for 30 days to treat gastric ulcer. Infusion
prepared from the leaves of the plant, after adding
little amount of honey it is taken once a day (50 ml
amount) for one week to treat impotence. Pea-sized
pills made with the roots of the plant are taken thrice
SYNONYM SYNONYM
a day (one pill each time) for two weeks to treat
Sterculia indica Merr. Sterculia ornata Wall. ex Kurz jaundice.

Toni udal. Udal.

DISTRIBUTION
It is found in Maulvi Bazar, Chittagong, Coxs Bazar, and Sylhet Udul pata (Chakma); Langowi (Khumi); Umak (Garo); Tloe-stey
districts. (Khasia); Baro ujal, Chambai, Fi yo ba (Marma); Sambeing, Tia sing,
Ya sing (Murang); Guiza (Pangkhoa); ambuk, Naichini udal (Tripura).

Hairy sterculia, Elephant rope tree.

DISTRIBUTION
It is common in the forests of Chittagong and Coxs Bazar districts, and
the Chittagong Hill Tracts. It is also found in the Dhaka-Mymensingh
Sal forests, and in homesteads, particularly in Chittagong region.
 Acanthaceae Myrtaceae
150 151
Strobilanthes scaber Nees Syzygium megacarpum
(Craib) Rathakr. & N.C.Nair

A pubescent herb, 30-80 cm tall, rootstock woody. A medium sized evergreen tree, all parts glabrous.
Leaves petiolate, petiole up to 3 cm long, lamina 10 Leaves 15-35 6-14 cm, oblong-lanceolate to
4 cm, elliptic, acuminate, crenate, scabrous, nerves elliptic or oblanceolate, coriaceous, minutely dotted,
7-8 pairs. Inflorescence of dense spikes, 3-6 cm long, shortly acuminate. Cymes subcorymbose, few-
often clustered, flowers yellow. Fruits a capsule, flowered, terminal; flowers sessile or subsessile,
4-seeded. 5-9 cm across when fully expanded, pale pink. Fruit
a globose berry, 5 cm or more in diameter, several-
seeded, crowned by the inflexed calyx lobes.
Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses Decoction
prepared from the leaves of the plant is taken to treat
stomach ailments. A paste made with the leaves of Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses Ash made with the
the plant is applied to the infected skin once a day for leaves of the plant is advised to take once a day to
five days to treat body itching. A fresh juice extracted treat asthma. The leaves of the plant are used to treat
from the roots of the plant is taken thrice a day (5 ml dysentery. Juice of leaves is used for having bath to
amount each time) until the hysteria is cured. Juice treat fever.
extracted from the leaves of the plant is given for the
treatment of gynecologcial complexity. Fomentation
is given to the affected parts of the body, with the
leaf-paste of the plant binding with a piece of cloth
and after heated on fire, thrice a day for three days to
treat bruise.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Ruellia scabra Wall. Syzygium macrocarpum Bahadur & R.C.Gaur

Khaskhasabila. Chaltajam.

Sagra rang mui (Marma). Chi-ya-bang (Marma).

DISTRIBUTION
Kimchat. It commonly occurs in the hilly evergreen forests of Sylhet and
Chittagong districts.
DISTRIBUTION
The species is found in Chittagong, Bandarban, Rangamati,
Patuakhali, Dhaka, and Sylhet districts.
 Taccaceae Fabaceae
152 153
Tacca integrifolia Ker Gawl. Tephrosia purpurea (L.)
Pers.

A perennial herb with cylindric rhizome. Leaves An annual or short-lived perennial herb, branches
2-13 together, rosulate, variable in shape, usually spreading. Leaves imparipinnate, 5-10 cm long,
oblong or lanceolate, petiolate, base attenuate, leaflets 11-21, oblanceolate, glabrous above, clothed
margin entire, apex acuminate, nerves pinnate. with fine appressed silky hairs beneath. Flowers
Inflorescence 1 to few, each up to 30-flowered, purplish-pink, in leaf-opposed lax racemes. Fruit a
scape 10-50 cm long. Flowers pedicellate, bracteate, pod, 4-6 cm long, linear, slightly curved, mucronate,
bisexual, actinomorphic, off-white. 5-9 seeded.

Plant parts used Rhizome. Herbal uses Cottonseed- Plant parts used Leaf, stem, fruit, root, seed. Herbal
sized pills made with the dried rhizomes of the plant uses A fresh juice extracted from the leaves and
are taken thrice a day (one pill each time) for seven stems of the plant is applied to the biting place thrice
days to treat epilepsy. Pea-sized pills made with the a day to treat snake bite. A fruit extract is used to
rhizome of the plant are taken thrice a day (one pill relieve body pains and inflammatory problems. A
each time) for 30 days to treat hyperacidity. A fresh paste made with the leaves and stems of the plant
juice extracted from the rhizome of the plant is taken is applied to the infected skin once a day until the
twice a day (two tea spoons amount each time) until eczema is cured. A decoction made with the fruits
the tetanus is cured. The plant is used to treat gout, of the plant is given as a treatment against intestinal
liver cancer, paratyphoid, and rheumatism. worms. Root decoction is given for the treatment of
dyspepsia and chronic diarrhoea. Powder is used for
brushing the teeth to relieve the toothache. Oil from
seeds is used as remedy for scabies, itching, and
other skin eruptions. The dried herbs are used for the
treatment of jaundice, boils, pimples, and bleeding
piles.
SYNONYM SYNONYM
Tacca cristata Jack Cracca purpurea L.

Bara hikand, Matimunda, Motimonda, Vrahikanda. Bon-neel, Lohamri, Sarpunkha.

Kiangpitta (Chakma), Lykkho (Khumi), Lyru-chikam (Tripura). Dummuijja (Chakma), Rhoya-boung (Marma), Bairi (Pangkhoa).

White bat flower. Wild indigo.

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
This species occur in the forest areas of greater Sylhet and It occurs throughout the country.
Chittgong districts, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
 Malvaceae Cucurbitaceae
154 155
Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. Thladiantha cordifolia
ex Corra (Blume) Cogn.

A medium-sized evergreen tree. Leaves cordate, A large, pubescent, climbing herb. Stem much-
acuminate, 15-20 cm, entire, dark green, petiole 3-10 branched, robust, angular-sulcate. Tendrils simple,
cm long. Flowers yellow with purple base, axillary, pubescent at first, glabrescent at age. Leaves
solitary or in 2 together on slender 2-7 cm long membranous, ovate-cordate, apex acuminate, base
pedicels; corolla 5-7.5 cm diameter. Fruit a capsule, cordate, margin irregularly dentate. Flowers bell-
2.5 cm diameter, depressedly globose, 5-valved. shaped, about 2 cm, with petals turned back at the
tips. Male flowers borne in the axils of broad, fringed
bracts, in stalked clusters 5-8 cm long. Female
Plant parts used Leaf, flower, fruit, bark. Herbal uses flowers: solitary, slender, 2-4 cm long. Fruits oblong,
The leaves of the plant are made into a paste and 3-5 cm long, 2-3 cm in diameter.
applied as a bandage over inflammations. The fruit
juice is used to treat herpes. The crushed fruit is
used in a treatment for urinary tract problems and Plant parts used Leaf, root. Herbal uses Paste prepared
abdominal swellings. The cooked fruit, crushed in from the leaves of the plant is applied to the affected
coconut oil, provides a salve, which is applied to areas for rapid healing of cuts and wounds. A fresh
the hair to kill lice. Decoction of bark is used for juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is taken
washing skin diseases, grounded bark mixed with once a day (two tea spoons amount each time) for
coconut oil used for the treatment of skin diseases. three days to treat cough after adding little amount of
Paste prepared from the leaves of the plant is applied salt. Cottonseed-sized pills made with the roots and
externally to treat skin infection and leucoderma. A leaves of the plant are taken four times a day (one pill
leaf tea is taken as a treatment for rheumatism and each time) for five days to treat diarrhoea. Pea-sized
urinary retention. A decoction made with the leaves pills made with the leaves of the plant are taken twice
is used in treating coughs and influenza. Decoction a day (one pill each time) until the abdominal tumour
of leaves is used as remedy for cough and headache. is cured. A fresh juice extracted from the roots of the
Flowers of the plant are used to treat itches. A plant is taken thrice a day (two tea spoons amount
SYNONYM
decoction of the astringent bark is used to treat SYNONYM
each time) for three days to treat hysteria. Pea-sized
Hibiscus populneus L. dysentery and haemorrhoids, and a maceration of it Luffa cordifolia Blume, Thladiantha calcarata C.B. Clarke pills made withe the roots of the plant are taken
is drunk for cold. A cold infusion of the bark is used thrice a day (one pill each time) for three days to treat
Poreshpipul, Porem, Gojasindhu, Dumbla, Polaopipal, in treating diabetes, gonorrhoea, yellow urine, and Keshkorola. stomachache.
Gajasundhi, Paresh, Pakor, Ban kapas, Paras. thrush. The inner bark is used to treat constipation
and typhoid. The plant is used to treat dysentery,
Paranga ludi (Chakma), Muipan chokh (Tripura).
Portia tree, Umbrella tree, Indian tulip tree, False rosewood. diabetes, and scabies.

DISTRIBUTION Golden creeper.

It is found in forests of Coxs Bazar, Sundarbans, Chittagong,
and occasionally, planted elsewhere. DISTRIBUTION
The species is found in Chittagong, Coxs Bazar, Gazipur, Sylhet
districts, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
 Acanthaceae Commelinaceae
156 157
Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) Tradescantia spathacea Sw.
T.Anderson

An erect, small shrub, 1-2 m tall, glabrous. Leaves A stout herb with short stem. Leaves 30-45 4-6
shortly petiolate, lanceolate-ovate or ovate-elliptic cm, spirally arranged, lanceolate, acute, glabrous,
to obovate, basally rounded, entire or distinctly dorsal surface green and the ventral surface purple.
serrate, acute, apiculate. Inflorescence axillary, Flowers in axillary cymes, enclosed by 3-5 cm long,
flowers 4-6 cm long, 1-2 nate, tube infundibuliform, purplish spathaceeous bracts exserted from tops of
more or less curved, yellowish-white or white, subtending leaf sheaths, petal colour white.
glandular hairy outside, lobes subequal, obtuse,
lobes and mouth bluish-purple or violet, sometimes
whitish, throat ochre-coloured. Plant parts used Leaf. Herbal uses The leaves of the
plant are used to treat cancer. Cook fresh leaves of
the plant with sugar to stop diarrhoea and dysentery.
Plant parts used Leaf, stem. Herbal uses A paste made Poultice of leaves is used for asthma treatment. A
with the leaves of the plant is applied to the forehead paste made with the leaves of the plant is applied
once a day for three days to treat headache. Paste to the affected areas to treat wounds. Decoction
prepared from the leaves and stems of the plant is prepared from the leaves of the plant is given for
applied to the affected parts of the body until the cough, cold, whooping cough, haemoptysis, and
rheumatism is cured. bronchitis treatment.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Meyenia erecta Benth. Rhoeo discolor (LHr.) Hance, Tradescantia discolor LHr.

Nilghanta. Chamapindo.

Luch choai yee (Marma). Rheo, Moses in the cradle, Oyster plant, Purple-leaved spider
wort.

Bush clock vine, Kings mantle. DISTRIBUTION

It is commonly grown in gardens.
DISTRIBUTION
The species occurs in Chittagong, Sylhet, and Dhaka districts.
 Cucurbitaceae Asteraceae
158 159
Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Youngia japonica (L.) DC.

An annual, climbing herb. Stem slender, branches, An erect, annual herb, stem slender, minutely
angular, puberulous. Tendrils 2-3 fid. Leaves grooved, elongated, up to 50 cm tall, glabrous.
cordate, suborbicular or orbicular-reniform, Leaves mostly radical, up to 12 4 cm,
membranous, more or less deeply 5-(rarely 3-7) oblanceolate-obovate, few, alternate, cauline and
lobed. Male flowers in axillary racemes with 5-15 semi-amplexicaul, simple or lyrate, pinnatified,
cm long peduncle; female flowers axillary, solitary; petiolate, acute-obtuse at the tip. Inflorescence a
flowers white. Fruit varies in size; young fruit is capitulum, numerous in cymose-corymbs, involucre
green striped with white. urceolate-cylindric; flowers 10-20 per capitulum,
yellow. Fruit a cypsela, compressed, usually
10-ribbed, pappus 1-seriate.
Plant parts used Leaf, stem, fruit, root, seed. Herbal
uses Fresh juice extracted from fruits of the plant and
mixed with honey, then the mixture is taken thrice Plant parts used Leaf, stem. Herbal uses Paste prepared
a day (15 ml amount each time) until the bronchitis from the leaves and stems of the plant is applied to
is cured. Leaves and stems of the plant are used for the wounds by tying with a piece of cloth to treat it.
the treatment of bilious disorders and skin diseases. A fresh juice extracted from the leaves of the plant is
Roots of the plant are used for expelling worms. A taken thrice a day (5 ml amount each time) for three
fresh juice extracted from the fruits of the plant is days to treat fever. Leaves of the plant are used for
taken once a day (5 ml amount) for seven days to the treatment of boils and snakebites.
treat asthma. Seeds have been sued as remedy for
dysentery, cough. Fresh juice extracted from the
fruits of the plant is taken everyday (10 ml amount)
until the itching is cured. Roots of the plant are used
as remedy for diabetes, skin swellings likes boils.

SYNONYM SYNONYM
Trichosanthes anguina L. Crepis japonica (L.) Benth., Prenanthes japonica L.

Chichinga (Bengali), Koinda (Noakhali). Youngaful.

Horinkan shak, Faranga ludi, Khoinda (Chakma); Derul Oriental false hawksbeard, Japanese hawkweed.
(Lushai); Faranga ludi (Marma); Mring-bawn (Rakhaing).
DISTRIBUTION
The species is found all over the country.
Snake gourd.

DISTRIBUTION
The species is cultivated throughout the country.
160 161

Photographs of Field Work

Authors were talking about herbal

medicine preparation.

Triphala is a traditional herbal

formulation consisting of three fruits:
Bohera (Terminalia bellirica) and
Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Amalaki
(Phyllanthus emblica).

Traditional healer (Kobiraj) was giving in-

formation about the herbal medicine

Dried herbal plant parts and other

ingredients for sale at a traditional herbal
medicine shop in Bangladesh.

Authors were doing market survey about

the traditional medicine. Author was checking the herbal tonic,
which was made from 32 types of herbal
plant species.
162 Begum, M. 1987. Edible Fruits of Bangladesh. (in Bengali). Hassan Book House, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 163

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170 Bruise An injury appearing as an area of discolored
membrane in the nose, caused especially by a cold or by 171
skin on the body, caused by a blow or impact rupturing hay fever.

Glossary of Medical Terms underlying blood vessels. Cough A sudden, usually noisy expulsion of air from
the lungs, often involuntary.
Bubo A swollen inflamed lymph node in the armpit or
groin. Cut wound A wound is a type of injury in which skin
is torn, cut, or punctured, or where blunt force trauma
in asthma symptoms, including coughing, wheezing, C causes a contusion. In pathology, it specifically refers to
shortness of breath, and chest tightness. a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin.
A Cancer The disease caused by an uncontrolled division
of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Cystitis Inflammation of the urinary bladder. It is often
B
Abdominal pain Pain that occurs between the chest and caused by infection and is usually accompanied by
Candidiasis Infection with candida, especially as
pelvic regions. Back pain The pain felt in the back that usually frequent painful urination.
causing oral or vaginal thrush.
originates from the muscles, nerves, bones, joints, or
Abscess A swollen area within body tissue, containing Carbuncles A severe abscess or painful clusters of D
other structures in the spine.
an accumulation of pus. boils in the skin that are contagious typically infected
Baldness The condition of having no hair on the top of Dandruff The shedding of dead skin cells from the
Acne The occurrence of inflamed or infected with Staphylococcus bacteria.
the head. scalp.
sebaceous glands in the skin; in particular, a condition Catarrh Excessive discharge or build-up of mucus in
characterized by red pimples on the face, prevalent Beriberi A disease causing inflammation of the nerves Deafness Hearing loss, also known as hearing
the nose or throat, associated with inflammation of the
chiefly among teenagers. and heart failure, caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1. mucous membrane. impairment, is a partial or total inability to hear.
Allergy A damaging immune response by the body to a Biliousness A term used in the 18th and 19th Decoction Both the fresh and or dried materials are
Chickenpox An infectious disease causing a mild fever
substance, esp. pollen, fur, a particular food, or dust, to centuries pertaining to bad digestion, stomach pains, and a rash of red itchy spots that turn into inflamed boiled in wide mouth earthen pot in water (1:10 ratio)
which it has become hypersensitive. constipation, and excessive flatulence (passing gas). fluid blisters, it is caused by the herpes zoster virus and are reduced to about one fourth of the original
and mainly affects children, who are afterward usually volume. Sometimes a pinch of salt or honey is added
Alopecia The partial or complete absence of hair from Black fever Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as
immune. in it. The decoction is used internally and may be
areas of the body where it normally grows; baldness. kala-azar, black fever, and Dumdum fever, is the most
preserved for 2-3 weeks.
severe form of leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a disease Cirrhosis A chronic disease of the liver marked by
Amenorrhoea An abnormal absence of menstruation.
caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. Dehydration The excessive loss of body water, the
degeneration of cells, inflammation, and fibrous
Anaemia A condition marked by a deficiency of red body does not have as much water and fluids as it
Blennorrhagia An excess of such discharge, often thickening of tissue. It is typically a result of alcoholism
blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in should.
specifically referring to that seen in gonorrhoea. or hepatitis.
pallor and weariness.
Dermatitis A condition of the skin in which it becomes
Blister A small pocket of fluid within the upper layers of Cold A common viral infection in which the mucous
Anal fissure A tear in the lining of the anus and anal red, swollen, and sore, sometimes with small blisters,
the skin, typically caused by forceful rubbing (friction), membrane of the nose and throat becomes inflamed,
canal that causes pain during bowel movements and resulting from direct irritation of the skin by an external
burning, freezing, chemical exposure or infection. typically causing running at the nose, sneezing, a sore
bleeding from the anus. agent or an allergic reaction to it.
Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid called serum or throat, and other similar symptoms.
Anorexia A lack or loss of appetite for food. plasma. Diabetes Diabetes is a group of diseases characterized
Colic Severe, often fluctuating pain in the abdomen
Aphthae A small ulcer occurring in groups in the caused by intestinal gas or obstruction in the intestines by high blood glucose levels that result from defects in
Blood disease A disease or disorder of the blood.
mouth or on the tongue. and suffered esp. by babies. the bodys ability to produce and/or use insulin.
Boils Also known as a furuncle is a skin abscess, a red,
Arsenic poisoning Also known as arsenicosis occurs Diarrhoea A condition in which feces are discharged
painful lump on the skin caused by bacteria; it is full Conjunctivitis Inflammation or infection of the
when a persons body contains greater than normal membrane lining the eyelids (conjunctiva). from the bowels frequently and in a liquid form.
of pus and dead tissue, often looks like an overgrown
levels of arsenic. pimple. Dysentery Infection of the intestines resulting in severe
Constipation A condition in which there is difficulty
Arthralgia Pain in a joint. in emptying the bowels, usually associated with stools diarrhoea with the presence of blood and mucus in the
Bone fracture A medical condition in which there is a
that are hard, dry, and small, making them painful or feces.
Arthritis Painful inflammation and stiffness of the break in the continuity of the bone.
joints. difficult to pass. Dysmenorrhoea Painful menstruation, typically
Bowel The part of the alimentary canal below the
Contraception The deliberate use of artificial
involving abdominal cramps.
Ash The dried plant materials are put into fire and stomach; the intestine.
allowed for full combustion. After cooling, the ash is methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a Dyspepsia A vague discomfort in the upper abdomen or
Breast cancer A form of cancer that affects the cells of
taken out and applied with oil or water. consequence of sexual intercourse. chest that may be described as gas, a feeling of fullness,
the breast.
Contusion A region of injured tissue or skin in which
gnawing, or burning.
Asthma A chronic disease of the airways that makes Bronchitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane in
breathing difficult, there is inflammation of the air blood capillaries have been ruptured; a bruise. Dyspnoea Difficult or laboured breathing.
the bronchial tubes it typically causes bronchospasm
passages that results in a temporary narrowing of the and coughing. Coryza Catarrhal inflammation of the mucous Dysuria Painful or difficult urination.
airways that carry oxygen to the lungs. This results
172 or between two hollow or tubular organs. coughing up blood or blood-stained mucus from the 173
E bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs. This can occur with I
Flatulence The accumulation of gas in the alimentary
canal. lung cancer, infections such as tuberculosis, bronchitis,
Eclampsia A condition in which one or more Impotence Also known as erectile dysfunction an
or pneumonia, and certain cardiovascular conditions
convulsions occur in a pregnant woman suffering from Fomentation The fresh leaves, mainly latex bearing erection problem is when a man cannot get or keep an
high blood pressure, often followed by coma and posing Haemorrhoids A painful, swollen vein or group of erection that is firm enough to have intercourse. May be
plants, are put on fire for about few minutes after adding
a threat to the health of mother and baby. little oils. Then the leaves are allowed for cooling for veins in the lower portion of the rectum or anus. unable to get an erection at all. Or, may lose the erection
Eczema A medical condition in which patches of skin about 1-2 minutes and applied externally on the affected Hay fever An allergy caused by pollen or dust in during intercourse. If the condition continues, it is
become rough and inflamed, with blisters that cause parts of the body. which the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose are called erectile dysfunction.
itching and bleeding, sometimes resulting from a Fresh juice The fresh plants or plant parts are cut into
inflamed, causing running at the nose and watery eyes. Indigestion Mild pain or discomfort in the stomach
reaction to irritation (eczematous dermatitis) but more pieces and is crushed either in mortar like stone or in Head lice Tiny gray-brown wingless parasitic insects associated with difficulty in digesting food.
typically having no obvious external cause. between the two palms. Then the extract is made by that affect only humans, they live by sucking blood Indolent ulcer A defect in the cornea that is unable to
Epilepsy A neurological disorder marked by sudden squeezing. It is believed that the fresh juice has the from the scalp. heal due to a layer of denatured tissue on the surface of
recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of highest potency and is administered orally or applies Headache Pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or the eye.
consciousness, or convulsions, associated with externally. Fresh juice is always advised to prepare a neck. Inflammation A localized physical condition in which
abnormal electrical activity in the brain. new just before use every time.
Hemiplegia Paralysis of one side of the body. part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and
Erysipelas An acute, sometimes recurrent disease Fume The fume is created by burning the dried material often painful, esp. as a reaction to injury or infection.
caused by a bacterial infection, characterized by large or boiling dried or fresh material water. It is inhaled by Hemorrhage Any profuse internal or external bleeding
from the blood vessels. Infusion The dry materials, after cleaning, are cut
raised red patches on the skin. covering the part of the body with cloth.
into pieces and soak in drinking water about 1:6 ratio
Extract Both the fresh and or dried materials are boiled Hepatitis An inflammation of the liver, most overnight. The decanted water is used as medicine
G
in wide mouth earthen pot in water or alcohol (1:20 commonly caused by a viral infection. and taken orally. Sometimes a pinch of salt or honey is
ratio) and are reduced to about one third of the original Gallstone A small, hard crystalline mass formed Hepatomegaly Abnormal enlargement of the liver. added in the infusion is used internally and cannot be
volume. The extract is used internally and may be abnormally in the gall bladder or bile ducts from bile preserved more than once a day.
Hepatosplenomegaly The simultaneous enlargement
preserved for 2-3 weeks. pigments, cholesterol, and calcium salts. Gallstones can Insanity The state of being seriously mentally ill;
of both the liver and the spleen.
cause severe pain and blockage of the bile duct. madness.
F Hernia A sac formed by the lining of the abdominal
Gastric ulcer This is a sore in the lining of stomach.
cavity (peritoneum). Intermittent fever A malarial fever in which feverish
Facial paralysis Loss of facial movement because of Gastritis An inflammation of the lining of the stomach. periods lasting a few hours alternate with periods in
nerve damage. Herpes A sexually transmitted infection caused by
Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and
which the temperature is normal.
HSV (herpes simplex virus). This virus affects the
Faint Lose consciousness for a short time because of a intestine. Itch An uncomfortable sensation on the skin that causes
genitals, the cervix, as well as the skin in other parts of
temporarily insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain. the body. a desire to scratch.
Gingivitis Inflammation of the gums (gingiva). It
Fatigue Extreme tiredness resulting from mental or commonly occurs because of films of bacteria that Hiccup An involuntary spasm of the diaphragm and J
physical exertion or illness. accumulate on the teeth - plaque; this type is called respiratory organs, with a sudden closure of the glottis
Feces Waste matter discharged from the bowels after plaque-induced gingivitis. and a characteristic sound like that of a cough. Jaundice A medical condition with yellowing of the
food has been digested; excrement. Goiter A swelling of the neck resulting from Hookworm A parasitic nematode that lives in the small
skin or whites of the eyes, arising from excess of the
Febrile convulsion A convulsion which associated enlargement of the thyroid gland. intestine of its host. pigment bilirubin and typically caused by obstruction
with significant rise in body temperature suddenly, of the bile duct, by liver disease, or by excessive
Gonorrhoea A bacterial sexually transmitted infection Hyperacidity A condition in which a persons stomach breakdown of red blood cells.
most commonly occur in children between the ages of 6 (STI), involving inflammatory discharge from the produces too much acid during digestion, causing
months to 6 years. urethra or genital organ. gasiness, vomiting. L
Fever An abnormally high body temperature, usually Gout An extremely painful inflammation of joints, Hyperglycaemia An excess of glucose in the Leishmaniasis A tropical and subtropical disease
accompanied by shivering, headache, and in severe especially of the big toe, caused by a metabolic defect bloodstream, often associated with diabetes mellitus.
instances, delirium. caused by leishmania and transmitted by the bite of
resulting in the accumulation of uric acid in the blood sandflies. It affects either the skin or the internal organs.
Hypertension Abnormally high blood pressure.
Filariasis A parasitic and infectious tropical disease and the deposition of urates around the joints.
caused by the presence of thread-like filarial nematode Hysteria An uncontrollable outburst of emotion or fear, Leprosy A chronic infection caused by the bacteria
worms, esp. in the lymph vessels where heavy H often characterized by irrationality, laughter, weeping, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium
infestation can result in elephantiasis. etc. lepromatosis that affects the skin, mucous membranes,
Haematuria The presence of red blood cells in the and nerves, causing discoloration and lumps on the
Fistula An abnormal or surgically made passage urine. skin.
between a hollow or tubular organ and the body surface, Haemoptysis The coughing of blood. The act of Leucoderma White skin, medically known as
174 Vitiligo is a chronic skin disorder that causes from aging. anything) in part or most of the body. transmissible through the saliva to humans. 175
depigmentation of skin. It causes discolouration of parts Menorrhagia Abnormally heavy bleeding at
Parturition The action of giving birth to young; Rheumatism Any disease marked by inflammation
of skin forming patches due to gradual decrease of menstruation. childbirth. and pain in the joints, muscles, or fibrous tissue and
melanin from the dermal layers or when the skin cells Menstrual cramps Also known as dysmenorrhoea or other parts of the body.
known as melanocytes, which are responsible for the Paste Both the fresh and dried materials, after cleaning,
period pains, are painful sensations felt in the lower are made into paste on a stone and are used both orally Ringworm A contagious itching skin disease occurring
pigmentation of skin are unable to function. abdomen that can occur both before and during a in small circular patches, caused by any of a number
and apply externally. The paste is usually used fresh
Leucorrhoea A whitish or yellowish discharge of womans menstrual period. of fungi, and affecting chiefly the scalp or the feet. The
or can be preserved for 24 hours by adding honey or
mucus from the vagina. Menstrual disorder An irregular condition in a common salt. most common form is athletes foot.
Lipoma A soft fatty lump. It is a non-cancerous womans menstrual cycle. Roundworm A nematode worm, especially a parasitic
Phthisis Pulmonary tuberculosis or a similar
(benign) growth made up from fat cells that clump Mixture This either the combination of the powders of progressive wasting disease. one found in the intestines of mammals.
together. A lipoma can occur in any part of the body dried materials or the combination of the decoctions and
where there are fat cells. Piles Haemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swellings S
extracts of plant materials in a certain ratio. The mixture that contain enlarged and swollen blood vessels in or
Liver disease Many diseases and disorders that cause is used internally and may be preserved for 2-3 weeks in Scabies A contagious skin disease marked by itching
around the rectum and anus.
the liver to function improperly or stop functioning. tight mouth jar. and small raised red spots, caused by the itch mite.
Abdominal pain, yellowing of the skin or eyes Pill The powder of the dried plant materials or paste of
Mouth sore A sore or open lesion in the mouth. Scrofula A disease with glandular swellings, probably
(jaundice), or abnormal results of liver function tests the fresh plant materials mixed with some edible gums,
Mumps A contagious and infectious viral disease honey, maize or rice powder, which act as binding a form of tuberculosis.
suggest you have liver disease.
causing swelling of the parotid salivary glands in the materials, are made into small round pill and then dried Scurvy A disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin
Liverish Slightly ill, as though having a disordered
face, and a risk of sterility in adult males. in the sun. The pills are advised to take orally and can be C, characterized by swollen bleeding gums and
liver. preserved for a long time. the opening of previously healed wounds, which
Lumbago Pain in the muscles and joints of the lower N particularly affected poorly nourished people.
Pimple A small swelling in the skin caused by the
back. blockage of a pore.
Nausea A feeling of sickness with an inclination to Shigellosis An infectious disease caused by a group
M vomit. Plaster It is made from the pastes of fresh plant of bacteria called Shigella. Symptoms of Shigella
Neuralgia Intense, typically intermittent pain along the materials in a specific ratio, sometimes lime is added to infection include diarrhoea (often bloody), fever, and
Malaria An intermittent and remittent fever caused by a it. stomach cramps starting a day or two after exposure to
course of a nerve, esp. in the head or face.
protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells. The the bacteria.
parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical Night blindness Also called nyctalopia, the inability to Pleurisy Inflammation of the pleurae, which impairs
their lubricating function and causes pain when Sinusitis Inflammation of a nasal sinus.
and subtropical regions. see well at night or in poor light.
breathing. It is caused by pneumonia and other diseases Smallpox An acute contagious viral disease, with fever
Malnutrition Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not O of the chest or abdomen. and pustules that usually leave permanent scars.
having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right
things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat. Oedema Also known as dropsy is where there is an Pneumonia Lung inflammation caused by bacterial Snakebite An injury caused by a bite from a snake,
excessive build-up of fluid in the body's tissues. or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus often resulting in puncture wound inflicted by the
Mania Mental illness marked by periods of great and may become solid. Inflammation may affect animal's fangs.
excitement or euphoria, delusions, and overactivity. Oligomenorrhea Light or infrequent menstrual
either lungs (double pneumonia) or only one (single
periods. A woman who regularly goes more than 35 Sore throat Pain or irritation of the throat.
Massage balm The dried plant and animal produces pneumonia).
days without menstruating may be diagnosed with Sore A painful wound, ulcer or skin lesion.
are mixed with oil or butter or ghee by stirring for hours. Powder The dried materials are pounded and made
oligomenorrhea.
Then it is boiled for about 30 minutes to one hour. The into fine powder. The powder is used internally and Spasm A sudden involuntary muscular contraction or
massage balm is advised to use externally and can be Ophthalmia Inflammation of the eye, esp. convulsive movement.
preserved for a longer period. It is believed that the
stored for a long time at normal temperature. conjunctivitis.
medicine gets more potency with storage for a longer Spermatorrhoea An involuntary discharge/ejaculation
Measles An infectious viral disease causing fever and Osteomalacia Softening of the bones, typically period. of semen without any sexual event or thoughts.
a red rash on the skin, typically occurring in childhood. through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium.
Psoriasis A skin disease marked by red, itchy, scaly Spleen An abdominal organ involved in the production
Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges caused Otitis Inflammation of the ear, usually distinguished patches. and removal of blood cells in most vertebrates and
by viral or bacterial infection and marked by intense as otitis externa (of the passage of the outer ear), otitis forming part of the immune system.
Pyorrhoea The inflammation of the gums and tooth
headache and fever, sensitivity to light, and muscular media (of the middle ear), and otitis interna (of the inner
sockets and leads to pus formation and loosening of the Splenitis Inflammation of the spleen.
rigidity, leading (in severe cases) to convulsions, ear; labyrinthitis).
teeth.
delirium, and death. R Sprain Wrench or twist the ligaments of (an ankle,
P wrist, or other joint) violently so as to cause pain and
Menopause The point in time (typically between the
Rabies A contagious and fatal viral disease of dogs and swelling but not dislocation.
ages of 45 and 50) when menstrual cycles permanently Paralysis The loss of muscles function for one or more
other mammals that causes madness and convulsions,
cease due to the natural depletion of ovarian oocytes muscles, inability to move (and sometimes to feel Stomachache A pain in a persons belly.
176 Stomatitis A viral infection of the mucous membrane 177
of the mouth, that causes small sore or ulcers and U
inflammation. It is not a stomach problem. Stoma is a
medical term referring to a mouth-like opening.
Ulcer An open sore on an external or internal surface
of the body, caused by a break in the skin or mucous
Index of Families
Strangury A condition caused by blockage or irritation membrane that fails to heal.
at the base of the bladder, resulting in severe pain and a Urethritis Inflammation of the urethra.
strong desire to urinate. A
Urticaria A rash of round, red weals on the skin which
Suppuration The formation or discharge of pus. itch intensely, sometimes with dangerous swelling, Acanthaceae 21, 91, 136~137, 150, 156 108~109, 121, 125, 153
Swelling An abnormal enlargement of a part of the caused by an allergic reaction, typically to specific Adiantaceae 12
body, typically as a result of an accumulation of fluid. foods. Agavaceae 130 H
Syphilis The result of a bacterial infection of the genital Aloaceae 16
V
tract by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. a highly Amaranthaceae 45 Hydrophyllaceae 87
contagious disease spread primarily by sexual activity, Varicose veins Enlarged, swollen, and twisting veins Annonaceae 22, 62
including oral and anal sex. Occasionally, the disease near the surface of the skin. They are most common in Apiaceae 70, 86, 115 L
can be passed to another person through prolonged the legs and ankles. Apocynaceae 112
kissing or close bodily contact. Lamiaceae 88, 128, 138
Venereal disease A disease typically contracted by Asclepiadaceae 25, 58
Syrup The powdered dried raw materials are soaked in sexual contact with a person already infected; a sexually Asteraceae 46~47, 54, 69, 81, 127, 159 Lauraceae 48~49
drinking water and put in an earthen pot covered with transmitted disease. Lecythidaceae 30
lids for 3-4 days. The contained is shaked for about 30 Liliaceae 14~15, 26
Vertigo A body condition characterized by giddiness, B
minutes every day. The decanted liquid is then mixed Lythraceae 20, 60, 93
dizziness and whirling, in which the affected person
with honey (4:1 ratio) is considered as syrup. The syrup Begoniaceae 33
loses the power of balancing himself.
is advised to take orally and can be preserved for several Bixaceae 35 M
months. Vomiting The forceful expulsion of the contents of
Boraginaceae 68
the stomach via the mouth or sometimes the nose, also Malvaceae 10, 84, 143, 154
Brassicaceae 37~38, 134
T known of as emesis. Marsileaceae 99
Buddlejaceae 39
Tendinitis Inflammation of a tendon, most commonly Menyanthaceae 114
W
from overuse but also from infection or rheumatic Mimosaceae 103, 126
C
disease. Wart A small, hard, usually painless growths on the Moraceae 23, 107
skin caused by a virus. Caesalpiniaceae 31~32, 141~142 Myrtaceae 151
Tetanus A bacterial disease marked by rigidity and
spasms of the voluntary muscles. Weakness The state or condition of lacking strength. Capparaceae 43, 55
Whitlow A painful and highly contagious infection on Chenopodiaceae 34 N
Threadworms A very slender parasitic nematode
the fingers caused by the herpes simplex virus. It is also Clusiaceae 41
worm, especially a pinworm which are tiny that hatch Nyctaginaceae
Commelinaceae 110, 157 36, 104
eggs in and infect the large intestine of humans. known as herpetic whitlow.
Convolvulaceae 76, 83, 89~90, 102
Tinnitus Ringing or buzzing in the ears. Whooping cough Also known as pertussis, a
Cucurbitaceae 50, 59, 95~96, 107~106, O
contagious bacterial disease chiefly affecting children,
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils most commonly 155, 158
characterized by convulsive coughs followed by a Ophioglossaceae 82
caused by viral or bacterial infection.
whoop. Orchidaceae 13, 24, 118
Toothache A pain in and around the tooth or teeth. D
Worm Any of various invertebrates, as those Oxalidaceae 28
Tuberculosis An infectious bacterial disease of the phyla Annelida, Nematoda, Nemertea, or
Dipterocarpaceae 66
characterized by the growth of nodules (tubercles) in Platyhelminthes, having a long, flexible, rounded or P
the tissues, especially the lungs. flattened body, often without obvious appendages.
E
Tumour A swelling of a part of the body, generally Wound An injury to living tissue caused by a cut, blow, Piperaceae 123~124
without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth or other impact, typically one in which the skin is cut or Euphorbiaceae 11, 27, 29, 73~75, 85, 120 Poaceae 53, 61
of tissue, whether benign or malignant. broken. Polygonaceae 131
Portulacaceae 132
Tympanites Swelling of the abdomen with air or gas. F
Punicaceae 133
Fabaceae 40, 52, 56~57, 64, 71, 77, 79,
178 Rosaceae 135 U AsclepiascubensisWender. 25 CelosiacoccineaL. 45 179
Rubiaceae 78, 116~117, 119 AsclepiascurassavicaL. 25 CelosiacristataL. 45
Urticaceae 129, 139
Rutaceae 51, 94, 111 AsparagusracemosusWilld. 26 Centipedaminima(L.) A.Braun & Asch. 46
Asparaguszeylanicus(Baker) Hook.f. 26 Chamaesycethymifolia(L.) Millsp. 74
V Astraealobata(L.) Klotzsch 27 Chavicabetle(L.) Miq. 123
S
AverrhoabilimbiL. 28 Chromolaenaodorata(L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. 47
Verbenaceae 113
Sapindaceae 65 AverrhoaobtusangulaStokes 28 CinnamomumalbiflorumNees 48
Vitaceae 44
Sapotaceae 98 Cinnamomumtamala(Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees & Eberm. 48
Scrophulariaceae 100~101 B CinnamomumverumJ.Presl 49
Solanaceae 63, 97, 122, 144~147 Z CinnamomumzeylanicumBlume 49
Sonneratiaceae 67 BaccaurearamifloraLour. 29 Citrulluslanatus(Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai 50
Zingiberaceae 17~19, 72, 92
Sterculiaceae 148~149 Baccaureasapida(Roxb.) Mll.Arg. 29 CitrullusvulgarisSchrad. 50
Bacopaprocumbens(Mill.) Greenm. 101 Clausenaheptaphylla(Roxb.) Wight & Arn. 51
T Barringtoniaacutangula(L.) Gaertn. 30 ClausenamacrophyllaHook.f. 51
Barringtoniacoccinea(Lour.) Kostel. 30 Codariocalyxmotorius(Houtt.) H.Ohashi 52
Taccaceae 152 BassialongifoliaJ.Koenig ex L. 98 Coixlacryma-jobiL. 53
Theaceae 42, 140 Batatastriloba(L.) Choisy 90 CoixpumilaRoxb. 53
Tiliaceae 80 BauhiniaacuminataL. 31 CommelinaspirataL. 110
Bauhiniachinensis(DC.) Vogel 32 ConvolvulusbatatasL. 89
BauhinialinnaeiAli 31 ConvolvulusmalabaricusL. 83
BauhiniavariegataL. 32 ConvolvulusnummulariusL. 76
BegoniaroxburghiiA.DC. 33 Conyzaindica(L.) Blume ex DC. 127
BetaroseaSteud. 34 CostusmalaccensisKoenig 18
BetavulgarisL. 34 CotulahemisphaericaWall. ex Benth. & Hook.f. 54
BixaamericanaPoir. 35 CraccapurpureaL. 153
Index of Scientific Names BixaorellanaL.
BletiagraminifoliaD.Don
35
24
Cratevamagna(Lour.) DC.
CratevareligiosaG.Forst.
55
55
BougainvilleabrasiliensisRaeusch. 36 Crepisjaponica(L.) Benth. 159
BougainvilleaspectabilisWilld. 36 CrotalariacalycinaSchrank 56
A AlpiniaalataA.Dietr. 17 BrassicanapusL. 37 CrotalariajavanicaJungh. 57
Alpiniaallughas(Retz.) Roscoe 19 Brassicanigra(L.) K.Koch 38 CrotalariamacrophyllaWilld. 77
Abutilonindicum(L.) Sweet 10 Alpiniacalcarata(Haw.) Roscoe 17 BuddlejaasiaticaLour. 39 CrotalariapallidaAiton 57
AcalyphahispidaBurm.f. 11 AlpinialinguiformisRoxb. 72 BuddlejaneemdaBuch.-Ham. ex Roxb 39 CrotalariapallidaKlotzsch 57
AcalyphasanderiN.E.Br. 11 Alpiniamalaccensis(Burm.f.) Roscoe 18 ButeafrondosaWilld. 40 CrotalariaroxburghianaDC. 56
AdelianeriifoliaB.Heyne ex Roth 85 Alpinianigra(Gaertn.) Burtt 19 Buteamonosperma(Lam.) Taub. 40 CrotalariastrictaRoxb. 56
AdhatodavasicaNees 91 AmmanniaapiculataKoehne 20 CrotonlobatusL. 27
AdhatodazeylanicaMedik. 91 AmmanniabacciferaL. 20 C CryphiacanthusbarbadensisNees 136
AdiantumfovearumRaddi 12 AmmanniaindicaLam. 20 CryptolepiselegansWall. ex G.Don 58
AdiantumlatifoliumLam. 12 Andrographispaniculata(Burm.f.) Nees 21 CalophyllumblumeiWight 41 Cryptolepissinensis(Lour.) Merr. 58
AeridesodorataLour. 13 AndropogoncitratusDC. 61 CalophylluminophyllumL. 41 Cucumiscitrullus(L.) Ser. 50
AeridessuavissimaLindl. 13 AnnonalaevisKunth 22 Camelliasinensis(L.) Kuntze 42 CucumisesculentusSalisb. 59
AeridesvirensLindl. 13 AnnonareticulataL 22 CappariscrassifoliaKurz 43 CucumissativusL. 59
AlliumcepaL. 14 ArtemisiahemisphaericaRoxb. 54 CappariszeylanicaL. 43 Cucurbitaacutangula(L.) Blume 95
AlliumcepaeumSt.-Lag. 14 ArtemisiaminimaL. 46 CassiafalcataL. 142 CupheahyssopifoliaKunth 60
AlliumpekinenseProkh. 15 ArtocarpuschamaBuch.-Ham. 23 CassiahirsutaL. 141 Cymbopogoncitratus(DC.) Stapf 61
AlliumsativumL. 15 ArtocarpuschaplashaRoxb. 23 CassiaoccidentalisL. 142
AloebarbadensisMill. 16 ArundinadensifloraHook.f. 24 Cayratiatrifolia(L.) Domin 44
Aloevera(L.) Burm.f. 16 Arundinagraminifolia(D.Don) Hochr. 24 CelosiaargenteaL. 45
180 D Flemingiamacrophylla(Willd.) Merr. 77 Lagerstroemiaspeciosa(L.) Pers. 93 Nymphoidesindica(L.) Kuntze 114 181
Languascalcarata(Haw.) Merr. 17
Dasymaschalonlongiflorum(Roxb.) Finet & Gagnep. 62 LaurustamalaBuch.-Ham. 48
G O
DaturaalbaF.Muell. 63 LimoniaacidissimaL. 94
DaturametelL. 63 GardeniaangustifoliaLodd. 78 LobeliapumilaBurm.f 100 Oenanthejavanica(Blume) DC. 115
DaturanigraHassk. 63 GardeniajasminoidesJ.Ellis 78 Luffaacutangula(L.) Roxb. 95 OldenlandiacorymbosaL. 116
DendrobiumteresRoxb. 118 Glycinemax(L.) Merr. 79 LuffacordifoliaBlume 155 Ophialazeylanica(L.) Desv. 82
Desmodiumgangeticum(L.) DC. 64 Grewianervosa(Lour.) Panigrahi 80 Luffacylindrica(L.) M.Roem. 96
DesmodiumlanceolatumWalp. 64 LycopersiconesculentumMill. 97 P
Desmodiummotorium(Houtt.) Merr. 52 H
Desmodiumpulchellum(L.) Benth. 121 PaederiachinensisHance 117
M
Desmoslongiflorus(Roxb.) Saff. 62 Hedyotiscorymbosa(L.) Lam. 116 PaederiafoetidaL. 117
Diasperusniruri(L.) Kuntze 120 HelianthusannuusL. 81 Madhucalongifolia(J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr. 98 Papilionantheteres(Roxb.) Schltr. 118
DimocarpuslonganLour. 65 HelianthusmultiflorusHook. 81 Marsilea aegyptica Wall. 99 Parsonsiahyssopifolia(Kunth) Standl. 60
DiplocliniumroxburghiiMiq. 33 Helminthostachyszeylanica(L.) Hook. 82 MarsileaminutaL. 99 PavettaindicaL. 119
DipterocarpuslaevisBuch.-Ham. 66 HewittiabicolorWight & Arn. 83 Mazusjaponicus(Thunb.) Kuntze 100 PhaseolusmaxL. 79
DipterocarpusturbinatusC.F.Gaertn 66 Hewittiamalabarica(L.) Suresh 83 Mazuspumilus(Burm.f.) Steenis 100 PhyllanthusniruriL. 120
Duabangagrandiflora(DC.) Walp. 67 HibiscusfraternusL. 84 Mecardoniaprocumbens(Mill.) Small 101 Phyllodiumpulchellum(L.) Desv. 121
DuabangasonneratioidesBuch.-Ham. 67 HibiscuspopulneusL. 154 MenyanthesindicaL. 114 PhysalisminimaL. 122
HibiscussabdariffaL. 84 Merremiavitifolia(Burm. f.) Hallier f. 102 PhysalisparvifloraR. Br. 122
E HomonoiaripariaLour. 85 MeyeniaerectaBenth. 156 PiperbetleL. 123
HydrocotylerotundifoliaRoxb. ex DC. 86 Microcosnervosa(Lour.) S.Y.Hu 80 PiperchabaHunter 124
EhretiaacuminataR.Br. 68 HydrocotylesibthorpioidesLam. 86 MimosadulcisRoxb. 126 PiperretrofractumVahl 124
EhretiaserrataRoxb. 68 HydroleainermisLour. 87 MimosahispidulaKunth 103 PisumsativumL. 125
EmiliapurpureaCass. 69 Hydroleazeylanica(L.) Vahl 87 MimosapudicaL. 103 PisumvulgareJundz. 125
Emiliasonchifolia(L.) DC. ex DC. 69 HyptisplumieriPoit. 88 MirabilisjalapaL. 104 Pithecellobiumdulce(Roxb.) Benth. 126
EryngiumantihystericumRottler 70 Hyptissuaveolens(L.) Poit. 88 MomordicacharantiaL. 105 Plucheaindica(L.) Less. 127
EryngiumfoetidumL. 70 MomordicachinensisSpreng. 105 Pogostemonbenghalensis(Burm.f.) Kuntze 128
ErythrinaindicaLam. 71 I Momordicacochinchinensis(Lour.) Spreng. 106 Pogostemonindicus(Roth) Kuntze 128
ErythrinamonospermaLam. 40 MomordicacylindricaL. 96 Poikilospermumsinense(C.H. Wright) Merr. 129
ErythrinavariegataL. 71 Ipomoeabatatas(L.) Lam. 89 MorusalbaL. 107 Poikilospermumsuaveolens(Blume) Merr. 129
Etlingeralinguiformis(Roxb.) R.M.Sm. 72 IpomoeatrilobaL. 90 MoruschinensisLodd. ex Loudon 107 PolianthesgracilisLink 130
EugeniaacutangulaL. 30 Ipomoeavitifolia(Burm. f.) Blume 102 MucunaanguinaWall. 108 PolianthestuberosaL. 130
EupatoriumconyzoidesMill. 47 Ixoraindica(L.) Baill. 119 MucunamonospermaWight 108 PolygonumparviflorumY.L. Chang & S.H. Li 131
EupatoriumodoratumL. 47 Mucunapruriens(L.) DC. 109 PolygonumplebeiumR.Br. 131
EuphorbiacapitataLam. 73 J Mucunaprurita(L.) Hook. 109 PolygonumroxburghiiMeisn. 131
EuphorbiahirtaL. 73 Murdanniaspirata(L.) G.Brckn. 110 PortulacaoleraceaL. 132
EuphorbiamediaN.E.Br. 75 JusticiaadhatodaL. 91 PortulacaolitoriaPall. 132
MuriciacochinchinensisLour. 106
EuphorbiamicrophyllaLam. 74 JusticiapaniculataBurm.f. 21 PrenanthesjaponicaL. 159
MurrayaexoticaL. 111
EuphorbiathymifoliaL. 74 JusticiapectinataL. 137 PunicagranatumL. 133
Murrayapaniculata(L.) Jack 111
EuphorbiatirucalliL. 75 PunicananaL. 133
EuphorialonganaLam. 65 K
N
Evolvulusnummularius(L.) L. 76 R
EvolvulusrepensD. Parodi 76 KaempferiagalangaL. 92
NeriumindicumMill. 112
KaempferialatifoliaDonn ex Hornem. 92 Raphanus caudatus L. 134
NeriumoleanderL. 112
F Nyctagojalapae(L.) DC. 104 Raphanusnapus(L.) Crantz 37
L Nyctanthesarbor-tristisL. 113 RaphanussativusL. 134
Feronia limonia (L.) 94 NyctanthesdentataBlume 113 Rhoeodiscolor(L'Hr.) Hance 157
LagerstroemiamajorRetz. 93
182 RosachinensisJacq. 135 TradescantiadiscolorLHr. 157 183
RosaindicaLour. 135 TradescantiaspathaceaSw. 157
RuelliascabraWall.
RuelliatuberosaL.
150
136
TrichosanthesanguinaL.
TrichosanthescucumerinaL.
158
158
Index of Bengali Names
Rungiapectinata(L.) Nees 137
U
S A Barakarni 73 Brihoti 139
UrticapulcherrimaRoxb. 139
Barakeru 73 Budbhota 39
SalviaminutifloraBunge 138 Aakri 106 Barashialmuti 47
SalviaplebeiaR.Br. 138 V Agnighas 61 Barun 55 C
SarcochlamyspulcherrimaGaudich. 139 Alkushi 109 Bashak 91
SchimawallichiiChoisy 140 Vandateres(Roxb.) Lindl. 118 Alok bizak 91 Bashak hata 91 Cabuli mator 125
Sennahirsuta(L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby 141 VitistrifoliaL. 44 Alu 146 Bedana 133 Cha 42
Sennaoccidentalis(L.) Link 142 Alughanti 136 Cha gach 42
Beet 34
SidacordifoliaL. 143 Y Amli elach 18 Chalani 64
Beetpalang 34
SidaherbaceaCav. 143 Amol lata 44 Chaltajam 151
Youngiajaponica(L.) DC. 159 Begun 144
SidaindicaL. 10 Anal lata 44 Cham 23
Belatihaldi 35
SinapisnigraL. 38 Anar 133 Chamapindo 157
Belumbo 28
SiumjavanicumBlume 115 Z Anjaban 131 Belumbu 28 Chambal 23
SolanumcultumBerthault 146 Anol lata 44 Chambul 23
ZingibernigrumGaertn. 19 Berela 143
SolanumesculentumDunal 144 Asar gach 80 Chandmala 114
Bhubi 29
SolanumficifoliumOrtega 145 Asar golla 80 Chandumula 92
Bhui akra 76
SolanumfonckiiPhil. 146 Asarilata 43 Chapalish 23
Bhui ankara 76
Solanum lycopersicum L. 97 Ashphal 65 Chapata 42
Bhuiokra 76
SolanummelongenaL. 144 Assamlata 47 Chemti sag 131
Bhuitulsi 138
SolanumtorvumSw. 145 Ata 22 Chhatudana 120
Bichchoti 109
SolanumtuberosumL. 146 Atahol 22 Chichinga 158
Biddapata 12
SolanumvirginianumL. 147 Chila uni 140
Bilaiachra 109
SolanumxanthocarpumSchrad. & H. Wendl. 147 B China karanta 58
Bilatibegun 97
Sterculiahamiltonii(Kuntze) Adelb 148 Chinaduli ghas 131
Bilati-dhone 70
Sterculia indica Merr. 148 Babuni 54 Chinal 96
Bilatitulsi 88
SterculiaornataWall. ex Kurz 149 Badali 117 Chotpoty 136
Bilimbi 28
SterculiavillosaRoxb. 149 Badbhota 39 Chuaiy 84
Biralnokha 43
StrobilanthesscaberNees 150 Baduli-badulia 117 Chuijhal 124
Birazarilata 43
SyzygiummacrocarpumBahadur & R.C.Gaur 151 Bagan bilash 36 Chukair 84
Birlongo park 137
Syzygiummegacarpum(Craib) Rathakr. & N.C.Nair 151 Bagun 144
Bisha-languli 87
Baigoon 144
Bishofol 119 D
T Baion 144
Bon dhonia 115
Bakhoea 128 Dadmari 20
Bonak 140
TaccacristataJack 152 Bana mali 119 Dakhinibabul
Bongotula 131 126
TaccaintegrifoliaKer Gawl. 152 Bandorhola 67 Dal phul
Bonjarul 93 46
Tephrosiapurpurea(L.) Pers. 153 Bangali juilata 128 Dalim
Bonna 55 133
TheasinensisL. 42 Bankarpas 25 Darchini
Bon-neel 153 49
Thespesiapopulnea(L.) Sol. ex Corra 154 Bannay 55 Daruchini
Bonno alu 90 49
ThladianthacalcarataC.B. Clarke 155 Bara hatishur 11 Deotara
Bontepari 122 18
Thladianthacordifolia(Blume) Cogn. 155 Bara hikand 152 Deshi chhoto elachi
Boro kakrol 106 17
Thunbergiaerecta(Benth.) T.Anderson 156 Bara salphan 77 Dhak
Boro kalkasunda 142 40
Tirucaliatirucalli(L.) P.V.Heath 75 Baradhudi 73 Dharsundar
Boronunia 132 126
184 Dhundal 96 Gondhoraj 78 Jutasalpani 121 Khudi bishkatali 131 Mechhua shak 131 Panbahar 51 185
Dhutra 63 Gonga modi 64 Kinaka 40 Mechitra 69 Panchuli 114
Dhutura 63 Gonirakto 33 K Kingsuk 40 Mechuta 46 Pani agra 87
Dolia sat 129 Gorachan 52 Kocha 67 Mesta 84 Paniajarul 93
Dubi 29 Gota begun 145 Kaal-auja 68 Koethbel 94 Mikardan 101 Panial 41
Dubia sag 131 Gotaburna 55 Kagoj phul 36 Koinda 158 Misti alu 89 Pan-kafur 51
Dudh bush 75 Gothbegun 145 Kakrol 106 Kokronta 127 Mitha alu 89 Panki 116
Dudhia 74 Gurbegun 97 Kakturi 25 Kormolata 102 Modhulata 117 Pan-turasi 115
Dudhiya 73 Kalahuja 68 Korolla 105 Mohua 98 Paphoteri orchid 118
Dumbla 154 H Kala-huja 68 Krimi fern 82 Momo 59 Paras 154
Kalamegh 21 Krishnokoli 104 Morich phul 122 Paresh 154
E Hachuti 46 Kalchra 87 Kukurchura 119 Moricha 25 Patoa 84
Hajar dana 120 kalda 119 Kulfi 132 Moroghul 45 Petari 10
Ekangi 92 Han 123 Kali gorjon 66 Kulla 62 Morogphul 45 Phutka 122
Eski 142 Haniboruna 55 Kali jhunjhuni 56 Kumia 30 Motimonda 152 Pichandi 80
Essi 142 Hat begun 145 Kalkera 43 Kuphea 60 Motor-shuti 125 Pindi 137
Hat vangri 74 Kalomegh 21 Kureta 143 Mula 134 Piyaj 14
F Heiyaj 14 Kalookra 43 Kuroli 66 Mundorokha 127 Polaopipal 154
Hijal 30 Kalosarisha 38 Murichia 139 Porem 154
Falachanga 19 Hiwet 83 Kalukoan 43 Musabbar 16 Poreshpipul 154
L
Falda 119 Hoa 59 Kamini 111 Potari 10
Faldu 119 Horsinghora 113 Kanak 140 Ladung 55 Puinnal 41
N
Foska bugun 122 Humula 92 Kangolata 102 Lajak 103 Punaka pundu 137
Fotka 122 Kannyal 41 Lajjabati 103 Nagchampa 41 Punia 68
I Kanta golap 135 Lal hatishur 11 Nakchikni 46 Punyal 41
G Kantajarul 93 Lal-kanchon 32 Nata alkushi 108 Punyam konda 68
Ishalanguli 87 Kantakini 147 Lalmesta 84 Natuk 29
Gajasundhi 154 Kantikari begun 147 Lampati 67 Neemda 39 R
Gandhabhadali 117 J Karabi 112 Lankasij 75 Nilghanta 156
Gandhabhaduli 117 Karan phal 51 Lanya 132 Nona 22 Raisarisha 38
Gandhal 117 Jalasij 75 Kasschara 87 Latadaona 75 Nona ata 22 Rakta kanchon 32
Gandhosenna 141 Jamynerei 85 Kata kakrol 106 Latka 29 Nune 132 Rakta karabi 112
Gangatulsi 88 Janglimehedi 20 Kat-goa 68 Latkan 29, 35 Nune shak 132 Ramdala 67
Garikalai 79 Janglimendi 20 Kathalicham 23 Lebugandhi ghash 61 Ranga alu 89
Garjan 66 Jarul 93 Kathchampa 41 Lohamri 153 Rashun 15
O
German lata 47 Jata salpani 121 Kathchapa 119 Lomba aloo 89 Rojonigondha 130
Ghandhabena 61 Jatasij 75 Kathlichu 65 Oksisena 142 Rown 15
Ghaopata 73 Jhinga 95 Keshkorola 155 Ora 19
M
Ghasphul 24 Jhiya 95 Khaj kata croton 27 S
Ghee klom 132 Jhumka 10 Khamach 109 Machiti 46 P
Ghosalata 95 Jhunjhuna 57 Kharapatsa 84 Madar 71 Sada kanchan 31
Ghritakanchan 16 Jhunjhuni 57 Khaskhasabila 150 Maghi 37 Pacholi 128 Sadimudi 69
Ghritokumari 16 Jilapi hol 126 Khatta baioon 97 Maghi sarisha 37 Painna vedaka 85 Sadusi 69
Gimashak 86 Jin 128 Khet pakri 131 Mahatita 21 Pakor 154 Salpani 64
Gojasindhu 154 Jinga 95 Khet papri 116 Makrishal 140 Palak 34 Sarminda 103
Gol alu 146 Jirunika 87 Khira 59 Mandar 71 Palas 40 Sarpunkha 153
Golkak 106 Jongallya shak 139 Khoi 126 Matimunda 152 Pan 123 Sasa 59
Golkakra 106 Jongli ada 19 Khoibabla 126 Mator 125 Pan tulsi 115 Shefali 113
186 Shefalika 113 Tejhata 48 V Belati tira gula 105 Chimoho kangkhi 82 Dummuijja 153 187
Shet-berela 143 Tejpata 48 Belek bohok 70 Ching- por-ui 94 Dutta ludi 73
Sheuli 113 Teli garjan 66 Vaga-kanchon 32 Belhzak 103 Ching-che 105
Shishir murdan 110 Telia gorjan 66 Vrahikanda 152 Beljak 103 Ching-shey-apang 104 E
Shotomuli 26 Tellya-garjan 66 Vuiamla 120 Belnum 47 Ching-yang 72
Sinkhora 113 Tepari 122 Belumbi 28 Chinu 73 Easy gass 57
Soash guri 108~109 Tikoshak 55 W Beyoi 95 Chirota 21 Echoihrang 62
Sondhamaloti 104 Tikthashak 55 Bhatbaigun 147 Chi-ya-bang 151 Eldi 35
Watkana 35 Eng rhi noi 109
Sondhamoni 104 Tit begun 145 Bheeng-shey-bawn 74 Chla-doro 16
Soyabean 79 Tita korolla 105 Bhuti tida 116 Chohma kang khri 82 Engffeyei 102
Sudra man 119 Tojbi 53 Y Bicha gach 11 Choimarich 124 Engfy-poi 145
Sugandha bach 92 Tok begun 97 Bigol bichi 145 Chongadana 88
Youngaful 159
Sukhphul 13 Tokma 88 Bilati baghor 70 Chorotta 21 F
Sultanchampa 41 Tomato 97 Bilomboo cheraleddu 28 Chow-kha-ree-je-key-sthei-pawn 147
Surjomukhi 81 Toni udal 148 Biparthu 88 Chrasak 136 Fallong-bawn 135
Susni sak 99 Tori 37 Bol-mandal 71 Chungasa 14 Fangma 59
Swetkan 74 Trikantak 75 Bol-subret 80 Chungfro 15 Fang-mazil 50
Swetkanchan 31 Turut chandal 52 Bong-cha-khu 108 Chungmue 64 Fao ma 69
Swetkarni 74 Tut 107 Bormajal 64 Clemra 117 Faooma 122
Swetkerui 74 Tutra 100 Borshiborduk 145 Cramui-aphru 45 Faranga ludi 158
Bosa 91 Crowkidung 51 Fartua 71
Boss 24 Fi yo ba 149
T U
Bringblei 18 Fotokci 122
D
Tara 19, 72 Udal 149 Buimit 73 Fray 50
Tarmuj 50 Utkana 35 Buron 55 Dalchini 49 Fray ui 50
Bwhak pata 70 Dalim-phang 133 Fwa-lowk-shi 122
Dandha upon 69 Fwr dalok 96
Dangor dattlong 142
Index of Tribal Names
C
Daruchini 49 G
Cangra-bawn 28 Dasiban 91
Cha hnah kangkhri 82 Denge-sthei 133 Gajjam 66
Cha massa 82 Derul 158 Gango-bawn 116
A Ambi-michhum 103 B Chabalan apan 61 Desmara kher 47 Gank-khera-apang 105
Ambuk 149 Chaimranci 105 Dhan saberang 61 Garuifung 48
Aangze 103 Amile 84 Babhoi toring 102 Gaschala 71
Chakun-pay-aphru 36 Dhan sabrang 61
Aarra-bawn 98 Amthay 139 Ba-che 47 Gei chi 53
Chama 23 Dhub kanchan 31
Aa-sthu-neey 27 Anchangti 145 Bairi 153 Ghorbobaishak 117
Chamassey 82 Dhuptora 39
Abu kantey akua 73 Andakthur 97 Bakbakum 122 Ghorbobhai shak 117
Chamasssa 82 Dhutura gaith 63
Achamasi 105 Andok 144 Bakchen 132 Grukhri 120
Chambai 149 Dingdi par 25
Achampol 106 Angklu 94 Bakong 80 Guiza 149
Chamgkha 105 Dipthi-kanchon 16
Ada kamala 92 Anney-sha 78 Bandar tala 12 Gumkhahsum 21
Chamkanthal 23 Doh-pented 21
Adathora 39 Anthur 84 Baringa ludi 82
Chang kasey 88 Do-ju 88
Afang falow 122 Aoway-de-sthei 126 Baro ujal 149 H
Changma 59 Dojuka 29
Airia 72 Archongchem 95 Basak 91
Chebela 61 Dramai 59
Alkatra 51 Arta khuang pa 104 Bawk bawn 144 Hamaigrang 26
Chebokci 95 Dudal 73
Alok-bizak 91 Ashumabaong 47 Bawk-bawn-thur 97 Hang-khaa-bawn-sthei 106
Chee pru 51 Dudhia 73
Ambichok 122 Atusa 125 Bawngkawr 19 Hangsaudi 46
Cheing-yan 19 Dudurphul 63
Ambikku 117 Aumbrong paing 31 Bawnkawr 19 Ha-nijang-zalek, 10
Cher-risun 15 Dumdi 25
Bel naw nuh 69
188 Hanki-zachi 110 Kalbeia 142 Korm hing 72 Lykkho 152 N Plowi pang 69 189
Harsanga 77 Kaltru 16 Kowaingtak 123 Lyru-chikam 152 Poaungci 144
Haru 142 kan sur ka 84 Koweyn 123 Na raing 119 Poom 53
Hasalcong 80 Kanail dare 112 Kraa-bawn 103 Nahplanggi 139 Potari 10
M
Hingra-bubar 113 Kang leng 139 Krah-tgma 88 Naichini udal 149 Powgul 96
Hizing haba pata 64 Kang-chaing-za 106 Krah-tor 61 Ma cha da 139 Namheiper 81 Pramuii-kanneyei 92
Horinkan shak 158 Kantab 71 Krasoipru 15 Maalati Jhaar 100 Nandul 50 Pukki 122
Hraa-apang 103 Kanyorsing 119 Kra-sthway-ning 14 Madal gaas 71 Nay-nay-sthei 22 Pungra pata 70
Hrak paing 103 Kargola 145 Kra-sthway-pru 15 Magong-aphal 31 Negaa-bawn 81 Purchen cha 78
Kashipaow 71 Krebuchi 137 Maibana 61 Nihawi-par 81 Puyngshi 84
Kasopai 45 Krenga 19 Mala 134 Nimtita 21 Pynuei 72
J
Kassey-khoyhu 39 Kroonui-bawn-angey 64 Mamrara 59 Nipu-jaw-payn 81
Jadob 40 Kasthai-bawn 71 Kru-kuch 109 Mandal-phang 71 Noma 73
Q
Jang gri se 84 Kasthe-bawn 14 Kudug jhunjhuni 57 Masaunau 15 Nona-king 22
Jangira buchuk 139 Kau-jaa-pang 128 Kukisawarang 61 Masausan 14 Nongmangkha ashinba 119 Quamochil 126
Janguli jangol 88 Keisago 26 Kura amluki 120 Masi gain da 25 Noya bock 117
Jee-song-payn 78 Kesh bizi 53 Kurka plawo 145 Matuinana 48 Noy-bawn 117 R
Jey-apang 53 Keya-mow-sthei 40 Kurkha 145 Mayn-bawn-apang 84 Nu nachhi 22
Jhing-a 95 Key-bawn 30 Kuruowen pang 49 Menda-guru 84 Ram 123
Jhithawaye 78 Keymbai-bawn 57 Kushumai 29 Mentao 144 O Ramdala 67
Jhiya 95 Keyngaa 66 Kusondra 142 Meto 144 Ranga alo 89
Jhum-baigun 144 Micia-kung 142 Oak khi pane 143 Ranga chuma 45
Kha bu noya 117 Kusumgula 29
Jhunjhuni 56 Mida begul bichi 145 O-kaw 31 Raschi-pang 80
Kha mong 93 Kutithankuni 86
Jonglakati 51 Mikch arapaing 84, 88 Ooh-jaa-sechey 22 Rati aapa 57
Kha mong pa 93 Kya-maw-sthei 43
Jong-sia 55 Mimong tamache 26 Oray-sthei 94 Rawng kung 35
Kha mongno 102 Ky-sy-sheiyprang 88
Joytang 59 Mimte 53 Owila 47 Rawng-kung 29
Khaja 145
Jungalya shak 139 Khamka 145 Miri si ga 92 Rehankhuni 87
L
Khamong-paa 93 Mokhum-yam-phak 107 P Reyan 35
K Khangki 19 La pova 55 Morah lumia 88 Rhoya-boung 153
Paan-hla-bawn 80 Riksiri 53
Kharang-shang-chae 97 Laa-khaw-bawn 55 Moroo kambe 119
Kaa-wie-raw 48 Pamung 92 Ritakumari 16
Kha-ray-ja-key-sthei 145 Laa-pha-khraw 42 Mou-laa 134
Kadyo-gree 57 Pan nah 123 Roa bay 57
Kha-rean-ching 144 Labeng-aaowi-asi 73 Mou-prishi aa-rwo 59
Kagojphul gach 36 Pandongna 123 Rockac pabel 57
Kha-rey-shying-sthei 97 Lajburi 103 Mra 123
Kah khaing 33 Pang lai 95 Roin 15
Khartedoi 33 Lajubaher shikor 103 Mra-apang 69
Kain- khan- polong- chae 106 Panthongna 123 Ron 15
Khartetoi 33 Lajuri hada 103 Mraa-u-shey 146
Kaing basok tung 142 Paranga ludi 44, 155 Ronjak-phang 35
Khaskura 77 Lajuri kher 103 Mree-u-sthei 96
Kaing dikdong 132 Parun nau 15 Rotha 142
Khatri-biphang 73 Lamgi thoiding 128 Mring blu 99
Kaingia 66 Parun sen 14 Rowak cu ba 51
Kha-ui-bawn 95 Lang giao 39 Mring-bawn 158
Kaingtha 55 Patabansludi 117 Row-shan-they 63
Khoinda 158 Langowi 149 Mringka 76
Kainyapang 66 Peyat 14 Ru-raa-bawn 113
Khota-shi 95 Langtel 39 Mugujuher 47
Ka-ja baong 142 Pha-hri-sthei 50
Khranaa-payn 104 Lasjuk gaith 103 Muipan chokh 155
Kajah she 144 Phorul 96
Khtrange shag 142 Leyei-kaowling 31 Mukhoi-kechak 84 S
Kajo-ba 145 Pias 14
Khuchumu bathai 29 Linghawi 145 Mukhroi bathai 84
Kak pine 103 Pinjorukri 103 Sada basak 91
Khyai pacha 102 Lodi mallang 44 Mulwa 134
Kakariguch 53 Pitagola 55 Sada sorminda pata 103
Kiangpitta 152 Longkeon 61 Myong-chun 96
Kala daru 16 Pitting gulu 122 Saderruchi 51
Kingku 53 Longthing 61 Myumokambochoke 77
Kalameghat 21 Pitus 122 Sadioruiccha 91
Kojojjya 142 Luch choai yee 156
Kalang-sam 47 Play 17 Sagra rang mui 150
Kom hing 19 Lyho 89
190 Sai kheu 77 Tai-sa-pay 130 V 191
Sai ma mungye 73 Takligonj 61

Index of English Names

Sai pa desha 77 Tallun-payn 83 Vurluk 105
Sailaibang 77 Tara 19
Saing maning kak 76 Tarani 80 W
Sambeing 149 Tayou-janaa 111
Waa-she-ney-asshey 143
Sang-ra-bawn 32 Tee-jey-shey 132 A Bulb onion 14 Custard apple 22
Wa-kaw-pa 32
Sang-ra-pru 31 Tepangai 29 Bullock's heart 22 Cylindrical vanda 118
Wak-fatra 92
Sang-zuey 11 Tha sim noi 57 Adlay 53 Burmese grape 29
Wamabokhor 51
Sarisha 38 Thai po 71 Alexandrian laurel 41 Bush clock vine 156
Wamcure 51 D
Sath-paw 81 Thai-vnn 117 Aloe 16 Bush grape 44
Welemra 47
Sattirsora 26 Thangba pang 31 Aloe vera 16 Butter tree 98 Dargons eye 65
Wui-hla-raw-aphru 47
Sattis chara gaas 26 Tharo macha 114 Alpine knot-weed 131 Datura 63
Se-ankanlingpo 45 Thei-kel-ek, 22 Angel's locks 121 Deccany babool 126
Y C
Senatuk 55 Thepa 122 Angled loofah 95 Devil's fig 145
Senpui 31 Thing-kel-ek, 133 Annato 35 Camels foot 32 Dilo oil tree 41
Ya sing 149
Seokley 54 Thlai-chal 80 Arnotta plant 35 Cape gooseberry 122 Dogal tree 139
Yaa-bawn 108
Shaktichara 26 Thomma 88 Aromatic ginger 92 Cape jasmine 78 Duabanga 67
Yao-ui 15
Shejlock shak 106 Thukma 88 Asian butterfly bush 39 Caper berry 43
Yeak kup chi 104
Sherprang 119 Thumpong 96 Asian mazus 100 Cardamon ginger 17
Yi la 47 E
Shifruu 48 Thyklii-wing 41 Asiatic dew-flower 110 Carilla fruit 105
Yoria sock 80
Shingraphul 113 Tia sing 149 Asparagus 26 Cassia cinnamon 48 East Himalayan begonia 33
Yung krun 131
Shinguri phul 113 Tit gula 105 Aubergine 144 Cassia lignea 48 Eggplant 144
Shraprem 103 Titar berul 145 Austrlian asthma herb 73 Ceylon caper 43 Elegant cryptolepis 58
Shurja 33 Titkorolla 105 Chenille plant 11 Elephant apple 94
Si sa thang 119 Tloe-stey 149 B Cherry eggplant 145 Elephant rope tree 149
Sibu-ri-fu 117 Tokli chong 61 Chinese flower plant 117 Elphin plant 60
Sikalma 88 Tonkami 132 Baby jump up 101 Chinese moon-creeper 117 Eye ball tree 65
Simakangcree 82 Tuangtoapar 40 Barbados aloe 16 Cinnamon tree 49
Sindirey shak 59 Tuang-toa-par 40 Beauty of the night 104 Cocks comb 45 F
Sisitappa 122 Tumpang 91 Bengal kino tree 40 Coffee senna 142
Soh-chawm 23 Tumplang 122 Bengal pogostemon 128 Coffee weed 142 False heather 60
Soh-chirdrem 80 Turki madan 64 Betel 123 Cole seed 37 False rosewood 154
Soh-miaoh 107 Betel pipper 123 Colza 37 Flame of the forest 40
Soh-moremdiung 29 U Betel vine 123 Comb rungia 137 Flannel weed 143
Soononbom 45 Betel-leaf 123 Common beet 34 Floating hearts 114
Sreng-gun 140 U-chain-khayn 139 Bilimbi 28 Common cowitch 109 Flowering fern 82
Sthaw-khaa-sthei 59 Udul pata 149 Bird orchid 24 Common garjan tree 66 Foetid cassia 142
Su sang sak 45 Ui mia 65 Bitter gourd 105 Common pursaline 132 Foetid senna 141
Surcha-min-tao 97 Ui-tha 96 Bitter melon 105 Coral jasmine 113 Four o'clock plant 104
Susnisak 99 Ul chang ping 45 Black mustard 38 Cosmetic bark 111 Fox grape 44
Sw-bwoe-shi 96 Umak 149 Black-fruited galangal 19 Country-mallow 143 Foxtail 11
Umpawng 95 Blistering ammannia 20 Cowhage 109 Fragrant aerides 13
T Un thun sung krak 84 Blood flower 25 Crepe flower 93
Unn-rain 98 Borneo mahogany 41 Cucumber 59 G
Ta mangha 102 Uskura 77 Bougainvillea 36 Cucumber tree 28
Tai-cha-apang 112 Brassbuttons 54 Garden beet 34
Cultivared radish 134
Tain-yaa-bawn 41 Brinjal 144 Garden cucumber 59
Curd fruit 94
192 Garden pea 125 K Negro-coffee 142 S U 193
Garden pursaline 132 Night jasmine 113
Gardenia 78 Kamraj 82 Sage 138 Umbrella tree 154
Garjan balsam 66 Kencur 92 Sand ginger 92
O
Garjan-oil tree 66 Kimchat 150 Scarlet milkweed 25 V
Garlic 15 King of bitters 21 Oleander 112 Schima 140
Kings mantle 156 Onion 14 Seed-under-leaf 120 Variegated bauhinia 32
Giant spine gourd 106
Kings tonic 117 Orange jessamine 111 Sensitive plant 103 Velvet bean plant 109
Golden creeper 155
Grape-leaf wood rose 102 Oriental false hawksbeard 159 Septic weed 142
Green chiretta 21 L Ornamental ginger 18 Shiral 80 W
Gulf sandmat 74 Oyster plant 157 Siam jute 84
Lawn marshpennywort 86 Small knotweed 131 Water clover 99
Lemon grass 61 Smooth luffa 96 Water dropwort 115
H P
Lilac tasselflower 69 Snake gourd 158 Water leaf 87
Lipstic plant 35 Paper flower 36 Snake tongue grass 116 Water snowflake 114
Hairy crotalaria 56
Littlebell 90 Paraffin weed 47 Snake weed 73 Watermelon 50
Hairy rattle pod 56
Lobed croton 27 Parrot tree 40 Sorrowful tree 113 Water-willow 85
Hairy sterculia 149
Long pepper 124 Pea 125 Soya bean 79 White bat flower 152
Heliotrope tree 68
Longan 65 Pea eggplant 145 Spear pod 136 White bauhinia 31
Hemp 84
Pearl grass 116 Spine bitter cucumber 106 White butterfly bush 39
Humble plant 103
M Pil-bearing spurge 73 Sponge gourd 96 White dragons head 91
Hyptis 88
Plate brush 145 Spreading sneeze weed 46 White mountain ebony 31
Madras thorne 126 Pomegrante 133 Stinking weed 142 White mulberry 107
I
Madras-thorn 126 Portia tree 154 Stone-breaker 120 White orchid tree 31
Indian camphorweed 127 Mahua tree 98 Potato 146 Striped crotalaria 57 Wild almond 30
Indian caper 43 Maiden hair fern 12 Pride of India 93 Sunflower 81 Wild coffee 142
Indian coral tree 71 Malabar hewittia 83 Purple-leaved spider wort 157 Sunshine tree 71 Wild coriander 70
Indian lilac 93 Malabar nut 91 Sweet gourd 106 Wild indigo 153
Indian mallow 10 Malacca ginger 18 Sweet potato 89 Winter cherry 122
Q
Indian mourner 113 Manila tamarind 126 Sweetsop 22 Wood apple 94
Indian oak 30 Marvel of Peru 104 Quail grass 45 Woody senna 141
Indian pavetta 119 Mexican milkweed 25 Queen flower 93 T
Indian pellet shrub 119 Milk bush 75 Y
Indian sorrel 84 Milk hedge 75 R Tea 42
Miniature ginger 17 Tea rose 135 Yellow-berried nightshade 147
Indian telegraph plant 52
Indian tree spurge 75 Monarch red stem 20 Radish 134 Thorn-apple 63
Indian tulip tree 154 Monkey fruit 94 Rape 37 Three leaved caper 55
Insipid physalis 122 Monkey jack 23 Red flowered bauhinia 32 Three-leaf cayratia 44
Moon flower 10 Red sorrel 84 Three-leaved wild vine 44
Moses in the cradle 157 Red-hot captail 11 Three-lobe morning glory 90
J
Mountain ebony 32 Rheo 157 Ticktree 64
Jack in the bush 47 Mulberry 107 Ridged gourd 95 Tomato 97
Jamaica sorrel 84 Mustard 38 Roseberry spurge 112 Tooth cup 20
Japanese hawkweed 159 Rosella 84 Triffid weed 47
Japanese mazus 100 N Roundleaf bindweed 76 Tropical milkweed 25
Java water dropwort 115 Rozella 84 True mustard 38
Jobs tears 53 Natal sorrel 84 Rubbish cassia 142 Tuberose 130
Needle wood tree 140
Negro bean 108
194 195
C D

Index of Diseases cancer 25, 34, 37, 51, 60, 71, 81, 109, dandruff 16, 20, 34, 44, 92, 139
112, 116, 122, 134, 136, 157 deafness 10
carbuncle 24, 56, 96 debility 84
cardiac illness 112 dehydration 88
A bladder stones 85, 136 cardiac weakness 48, 81 dermatitis 60, 88, 126
bleeding 11, 25, 40, 47, 74, 79, 143~144, catarrh 14, 147 diabetes 10, 15~17, 28, 32, 34, 36, 40,
abdominal colic 72, 104 153 cervical lymphadenopathy 32 43~44, 46, 50, 52~53, 59, 79,
abdominal pain 18~19, 22, 24, 43~44, 48, 78, bleeding in menstruation 40 chest affliction 12 87~88, 90, 93, 100, 105, 107,
105, 111, 116 bleeding wounds 11 chest complaints 134 109, 111~112, 117, 122, 133,
abdominal tumour 25, 155 blennorrhagia 25, 53 chest congestion 126 143~144, 154, 158
abscess 22, 29, 45, 53, 55, 69, 71, 73, blindness 79 chest pain 15, 30, 64 diarrhoea 11, 22~23, 28~30, 32~33, 36,
75, 83, 86, 104, 106, 144 blister 14, 49, 139 chicken pox 14, 48, 105 40, 45, 49, 64, 69~70, 73~74,
ache 35 blood clots 20 cholera 43, 56, 109, 121, 144 77, 82, 89, 91~94, 98~99, 104,
aching feet 38 blood disorder 111 chronic bronchitis 14, 98 109, 111, 117, 121, 126, 128,
acne 16, 28, 50, 55, 89~90, 110, 116, blood dysentery 21 chronic coughs 105 133~135, 138, 142, 146, 153,
125, 132 blood pressure 36 chronic debility 133 155, 157
allergy 105 body ache 10, 111 chronic feverishness 133 digestive problems 61, 133
alopecia 16, 38 body heat 14 chronic malaria 106 dislocated bones 74, 118
amenorrhoea 33, 74, 95, 145 body pain 48, 124, 153 cirrhosis 86 dizziness 107
amoebic dysentery 42 boils 10, 13~14, 22~24, 27~28, 40, cold 12, 15, 25, 30, 41, 43, 46~47, dropsy 14, 31, 95, 104, 107, 109, 119,
anaemia 34, 93, 106~107, 120 43~45, 48, 51, 56~57, 63, 73, 57, 61, 79, 81, 86, 88, 98, 107, 122, 134, 146
anal fissure 49 80, 83~84, 86~90, 96, 101, 118, 120~121, 123~124, 127, dysentery 12, 14, 16~17, 22, 32~33, 35,
anorexia 26, 38, 48, 127, 142 103, 116, 119, 123, 130, 135, 142, 145~146, 154, 157 40~41, 45, 49, 51~52, 55~56,
appendicitis 53, 116 139, 143, 153, 158~159 colic 14, 22, 24, 30, 35, 43, 45, 75, 59, 64, 73, 78, 82, 91, 94,
arthralgia 30 bone fracture 46, 77, 91, 102 124, 128 103~104, 109, 111, 114, 117,
arthritis 15, 38, 135, 146 bone pain 121 conjunctivitis 16, 33, 40, 95, 103, 107, 143 121, 126~128, 132~133, 135,
asthma 11~12, 14~15, 17, 22~23, 30, bowel complaints 69, 73~74, 131 constipation 10, 16, 29, 34, 49, 55, 70~71, 151, 154, 157~158
35, 49, 55, 61, 63~64, 69, 71, bowel problems 117 73~74, 82, 88, 100, 107, 116, dysmenorrhoea 10, 30, 49, 80, 103, 132, 135
73~75, 77, 81~82, 91~92, breast sore 22 119, 123, 132, 146, 154 dyspepsia 14~15, 17, 19, 26, 32, 49, 59,
96~97, 99, 103, 105, 107~ 108, bronchial catarrh 37 contusions 54 78, 84, 92, 97, 116, 124, 127,
110, 112, 117, 120~121, 123~ bronchial infections 73 convulsions 55~56, 63, 126 142, 146, 153
124, 127~128, 132, 134, 138, bronchitis 10, 12, 15, 17~19, 25~26, 46, convulsive disorder 14 dyspnoea 63
143~ 144, 147, 151, 157~158 53, 55, 61, 64, 74, 91, 96~97, corneal opacities 79 dysuria 10, 26, 41, 50, 53, 81, 84, 93,
atherosclerosis 100 107, 116, 120~122, 124, 133, cough 10, 12, 15, 18, 26, 28, 30, 99, 132, 134, 144
136, 144, 157~158 36~37, 39, 43, 46, 52, 57, 61,
B bruise 14~15, 34, 42, 106, 111, 132, 63~64, 69, 71, 73~74, 80~81, E
150 86, 91, 98~99, 107~108, 111,
back pain 61
buboes 45 115, 118, 123~124, 128, 135, earache 10, 15, 54, 71, 75, 122, 126
bacterial dysentery 42
burn 14, 35, 42 138, 142, 145~147, 154~155, ear infections 140
bed wetting 50
burn body 20 157~158 ear pain 24
beriberi 24, 28
burning of the liver 17 cracked nipples 141, 144 ear-sores 69
bilious disorders 158
burning sensation of the body 64, 121, 135 cracks of hand 24 eczema 16, 20, 40, 45~46, 55, 66, 88,
bilious fever 142
burning wound 134 cuts 42, 76, 83, 87, 101, 123, 132, 95, 98, 104~105, 112, 123, 131,
biliousness 84, 97, 121
burns 34, 73, 76, 97~98, 105, 130, 145, 155 139, 142, 153
bladder inflammation 10
132, 146 cutting wound 47, 79, 106, 128 elephantiasis 107
bladder problems 61
enema 126
196 enlarged lymph nodes 106 53, 60, 66, 75, 85, 103, 108, 149 L 197
enlargement of liver 121 120, 130, 136, 138, 143, 154 indigestion 18, 33, 57, 59, 80, 99, 123, 126,
enlargement of spleen 113 gout 41, 55, 103, 105, 109, 113, 117, 128, 145 lactopania 139
epilepsy 12, 22, 30~31, 38, 51, 63, 112, 122, 132, 146, 148, 152 indurations of the liver 38 leg pain 71
152 gum problem 30 infections 106, 130 leprosy 10~12, 15, 20, 31~32, 35, 37,
erectile dysfunction 50, 133 gynecological complexity 48, 142, 150 inflamed eyes 78 41, 49, 75, 82, 95~96, 98, 103,
erysipelas remedy 132 gynecological disease 16, 27, 51 inflammation 30, 32, 44, 46, 50, 64, 68, 73, 105, 110, 112, 120, 126
eye diseases 121 77~78, 93, 102~104, 111, 116, leucoderma 32, 77, 111, 154
eye inflammation 69, 126 124, 127, 138, 146 leucorrhoea 25, 36, 39~40, 45, 49, 87, 105,
H
inflammatory problems 153 114, 120, 127, 135, 143
haematemesis 33 inflammatory swelling 14 leukaemia 34
F
haematuria 10, 56, 115 influenza 69, 85~86, 115, 154 lice 123, 154
facial paralysis 16, 63 haemoptysis 11, 32, 52, 61, 126, 157 injury 29, 53 lice infestation 123
fatigue 42, 103 haemorrhage 50, 121, 142 insanity 49, 143 lipoma 52, 55
fever 10, 12, 14~15, 18, 20~23, haemorrhoids 10, 16, 25, 75, 95~96, 103, insect bite 14, 42, 46, 53, 75, 79, 99, 107 liver cancer 51, 152
27~28, 35, 38, 44~45, 47, 51, 105~106, 112, 119, 127, 138, insect sting 54, 132 liver disease 35, 61
61, 64, 68~69, 71, 78~79, 86, 144, 154 insomnia 14, 26, 65, 77, 99, 107 liver disorder 78, 116
88~89, 96, 98, 100, 102~105, hair fall 12, 42 intermittent fever 78 lower back pain 38
107, 111~119, 121~124, hair loss 34 internal bleeding 25 lumbago 127
126~129, 134, 137, 140, head lice 106 intestinal colitis 96 lumbar muscular pains 145
142~143, 145, 148~149, 151, headache 15, 17, 25, 27, 30, 33, 42, 51, intestinal disorders 107 lung problems 81
159 53, 55, 61, 63~65, 70, 78, 88, intestinal infection 40 lymphangitis 123
filariasis 37 90, 92, 95, 97, 99, 104~105, intestinal troubles 94
fistula 103 111, 114~115, 119, 121~123, intestinal worms 95, 113 M
flatulence 16, 19, 30, 47~49, 61, 78, 127, 132, 141~142, 154, 156 irregular menstruation 45, 57, 77, 100
92~93, 105, 116~117, 139, 142 heart disease 52, 94 malaria 20, 35, 39, 46, 49, 52, 70,
irritation of the skin 141
flu 21, 47 helminthic infestations 73 81~82, 85, 91, 102, 105,
itch 30, 44, 75, 85, 119, 154
food poisoning 77, 128 hepatitis 28, 35~36, 42, 46, 52, 86, 116, 112~113, 121, 128, 145
itching 28, 40, 45, 86, 98, 103~104,
fractured bones 75, 80 138 mania infantum 39, 143
111, 122, 129, 135, 139, 150,
hepatomegaly 113 mastitis 106
153, 158
hernia 141 measles 52
G
herpes 141, 154 menopause 16, 82
J
gallstone 131 herpes simplex 16 menorrhagia 30, 32, 51, 78, 81, 114, 138
gastralgia 124 herpetic eruptions 20 jaundice 12, 14, 20, 24, 29, 31, 33~35, menstrual cramp 16
gastric acidity 146 hiccup 49, 94 49, 55, 78, 82, 86, 91, 95~96, menstrual disorder 53~54
gastric irritation 43 high blood pressure 99 103, 105, 114~117, 119~120, menstruation problem 88
gastric pain 134, 145 hives 10 128, 139, 142, 149, 153 mental disorder 31, 51, 64
gastric problems 94 hoarseness 15 joint pain 24, 125, 136 micturition 76
gastric ulcer 47, 85, 89, 146, 149 hook worm infestation 21, 48 miscarriages 73
gastro-enteritis 42 hyperacidity 17, 19, 21, 49, 134, 146, 152 mouth sores 45
K
gastrointestinal disorder 45 hypertension 14~15, 28, 70, 78, 84, 99, 107, mumps 28
general debility 26, 108 122, 128 kidney ailments 11 muscle pain 27, 104
general weakness 34, 79, 88, 93 hysteria 51, 76, 84, 111, 140, 142, 148, kidney diseases 136 muscular aches 35
gingivitis 37, 63, 66 150, 155 kidney disorders 141 muscular swellings 104, 126
glandular inflammation 32 kidney stones 73, 105, 127~128, 146
glandular swelling 123 I N
gleet 66
gonorrhoea 10~11, 25~26, 30, 33, 41, 45, impotence 16, 19, 23, 26, 49, 51, 58, 109, nasal congestion 15
nausea 62
198 nervous disorder 26, 78 premature ejaculation 73 sexual dysfunction 40 sterility 108 199
neuralgia 15, 43 prostate enlargement 57 sexual weakness 49 stiff joints 37
neurasthenia 107 pruritus 86 sinus infections 46 stomach ache 18, 38, 55, 61, 65, 72, 77,
neurosis 65 psoriasis 16, 20, 66, 105, 132 sinusitis 96 88, 90, 94, 102, 111, 116, 120,
night blindness 69 psychopathy 99 skin ailments 42 125, 131~132, 134, 141~142,
nose bleeding 99 pulmonary problems 127 skin burns 16 144, 155
nose infections 13 pyorrhoea 77 skin complaints 74, 125 stomach ailments 93, 150
nose polyps 46 skin disease 19~20, 23, 27~29, 31~32, 39, stomach cramps 106
R 85, 96, 98~99, 105, 112, 126, stomach disorder 36, 54, 60, 117
O 128, 132, 138, 141, 145, 154, stomach pain 75, 133, 135
rabies 49, 123 158 stomach troubles 128
obesity 42, 113, 148 rashes 25, 73 skin disorders 40, 52, 88 stomatitis 16
oedema 50, 62, 64, 75, 107, 109 remittent fever 116 skin eruptions 45, 106, 111, 153 strangury 10, 84, 89, 102, 134, 142
oliguria 35 respiratory complaints 72 skin infection 66, 104, 154 stroke 100
ophthalmia 42, 46 respiratory diseases 99 skin inflammation 41 sunburn 16, 97
osteo-arthritis 77 respiratory problem 12 skin problems 35 sweating 65
otitis 110, 144 respiratory tract infection 21, 128 skin rashes 11, 35 sweating feet 107
otitis media 110 respiratory troubles 26, 99 skin sore 77 swelling 20, 42~43, 46, 55, 59, 67~68,
rheumatic disorders 109 skin ulcers 25 72, 92, 99, 106, 111~112, 114,
P rheumatic pain 14, 17, 27, 124, 127 sleeping disorders 99 121~122, 130, 132, 135, 137,
rheumatic problem 52 smallpox 31, 43, 63, 67, 79, 96, 102~103, 154, 158
pain 26, 30, 33, 46, 56, 61, 77, 87, rheumatism 15~16, 24, 28, 37~39, 41, 43, 137, 140 swelling pain of the throat 122
104, 106, 119, 122, 124, 126, 51, 53, 61, 63, 66, 72, 88, snakebite 27, 33, 35, 38, 43~46, 52, 58, swollen breasts 78
137, 142, 145, 147 91~92, 97, 103, 105~107, 109, 64~65, 69, 73~75, 79, 81~83, swollen glands 75
pain in the abdomen 124 111, 113, 117, 119, 121, 123, 109, 112, 121, 128, 132, 153, syphilis 43, 56, 60, 83, 96, 136, 144
pain in the chest 17 127, 141, 143, 146, 148, 152, 159
pain in the joints 46, 77 154, 156 snoring 12 T
painful micturition 31, 47 rheumatoid arthritis 29, 53 sore eyes 116, 129
pains in the kidney 16 ringworm 20, 25, 27, 66, 88, 101, 112, sore in breast 73 tapeworm 50, 69, 133
paralysis 46, 56~57, 75, 77, 84, 108~ 120, 142 sore in mouth 132, 144 tendinitis 16
109, 111 roundworm infestation 25, 50, 69 sore in tongue 17 tetanus 56, 93, 134, 152
parasitic skin infections 20 sore throat 15, 17, 21, 36, 40, 72, 86, 92, throat infection 26, 59
parasitic skin worms 112 S 107 throat inflammation 133
paratyphoid 80, 152 soreness 102 thrush 142, 145, 154
Parkinsons disease 109 scabies 21, 41, 55, 58, 71, 76, 85, 98, sores 16~18, 24~25, 30, 35, 41, 43, tinnitus 10, 107
phthisis 45, 143 103~105, 110, 112, 114, 120, 45, 50, 81, 83~84, 95, 101, 103, tongue abnormalities 33
piles 10, 15~16, 19, 25, 28, 32, 43, 127, 153~154 120, 132, 145 tonsillitis 15, 25, 55, 69, 98, 122
55, 57, 64, 74, 95, 103, 105, scalding of urine 26 spasm 142 toothache 10, 15, 22, 38, 46, 55, 61~64,
111, 117, 119, 121, 124, 128, scalds 16, 97~98, 105, 146 spermatorrhoea 16, 45, 117, 120, 125, 143, 71, 78, 85, 92, 96~97, 111, 116,
134 143~144, 153 scars 55 148~149 123, 126, 136, 144~145, 153
pimples 13, 44 schistosomiasis 75 spider-lick 56 traumatic injury 58
pleurisy 38, 43 schizophrenia 19, 124 spleen ailments 117 tubercular ulcers 120
pneumonia 25, 30, 38, 43, 55, 61, 82, 105, scorpion sting 38, 76, 121 spleen disorder 106 tuberculosis 10, 15, 25~26, 45, 48~49, 61,
131, 141 scrofula 32 splenic enlargement 14, 145 82, 109, 117, 133
poisoning 121 scurvy 14, 28, 146 splenitis 95 tumour 26, 32, 34, 60, 75, 96, 132
poor circulation 135 seminal emission 32 splenomegaly 96 tumours, tympanites 18, 55
postpartum fever 77 seminal weakness 117, 149 sprain 15, 46, 127 type-II diabetes 132
postpartum vaginal discharge 33 sexual debility 109 sprain contusion 145 typhoid 17, 64, 86, 100, 121, 128
200 U

ulcer 10~12, 22~23, 27, 30, 32, 40,

44, 66~67, 84, 106, 126
unpleasant body 123
ureterolithiasis 29, 76
urethral discharges 102
urethritis 25
urinary complaints 103, 119
urinary disease 122, 143
urinary disorder 55, 64
urinary dysfunctions 93
urinary incontinence 107
urinary tract disorder 66
urination problem 59, 104, 130
uterine complaints 103
uterine disorders 140
uterine problems 78

vaginal discharge 104

varicose veins 16
venereal diseases 35
venereal sores 56, 126
vertigo 41
viral infections 116
vomiting 35, 43, 49, 94, 111, 121, 128,
145

warts 16, 25, 53, 55, 75

whitlow 89
whooping cough 28, 64, 75, 136, 157
worm 15, 22, 32, 35, 40, 46, 59, 83,
105, 107, 109, 132, 142, 153,
158
wound 10, 13~16, 18, 20, 23, 25, 30,
34, 41, 45, 52, 56, 69, 73,
75~77, 81, 83, 86~87, 91~92,
101, 103~104, 107, 112, 114,
116, 120~121, 123, 129,
132~133, 138, 140, 143, 145,
155, 157, 159
wrinkled skin 125